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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

sa PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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S74

LIST
OF

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Bexcuzr, Capt. R.N. page
Note on the Length of the Peduncle of the Pentalasmis
Pee gn WY ear UES I Dee ee 120
Bett, T. Esq.
Characters of two New Genera of Reptiles .......----+ 98
Observations on the Neck of the three-toed Sloth (Brady-
pus tridactylus, Linn.) ..--..+++-+- +022 re errr ttre 99

‘Bennett, E. T. Esq.

Characters of a New Species of Antelope (Antilope Mhorr)

presented by E. W. A. Drummond Hay, Esq......------- 1
* Characters of a New Species of Aphrophora (Aphr. Goudoti)
from Madagascar, presented by C. Telfair, Esq......--.-- 12
On a Specimen of an Antelope, probably the young of An-
tilope Cervicapra, Pall., presented by C. Telfair, Esq....... 12
Characters of New Species of Fishes from the Mauritius,
presented by C. Telfair, Esq. .-.--------++e esr etree 32

Characters of New Species of Mammalia from California... 39
Notice of a New Genus of Viverridous Mammalia from

“Madagascar, presented by C. Telfair, BA cineted Aut ee 46
On the Family of Chinchillide, and on a New Genus re-
Rees GONE os. ok en Mids = abr nant set 57
Characters of two New Species of Monkeys in the So-
ciety’s Collection ....-.-.-----------+e0 +222 0e nee 67
‘Characters of a New Species of Cat (Felis, Linn.) from
the Continent of India, presented by J. M. Heath, Esq... .. 68

Characters of a New Species of Lemur (Lemur rufifrons) 106

Characters of a Species of Monkey (the Malbrouck of Buf-
fon), hitherto confounded with the Simia Faunus, Auct..... 109

On several Animals recently added to the Society’s Me-
WOGEE «=~ ease wgae 2 se ee ee 118

Bennett, F. D. Esq. |
On the Larynz of the Albatross (Diomedea exulans, Linn.) 78
On the Light emitted by a Species of Pyrosoma.......- 79

pe?

Bennett, G. Esq. page
On the Generation of the Kangaroo and Ornithorhynchus,
Wales iin aie oc = wins nip es. a ee 82

Boasz, Dr. H.
On two Species of Fishes taken in Mount’s Bay, Cornwall 114

Bovurcuier, R. J. Esq.
Letter from, relating to the Vultur Kolbii, and to his en-
deavours to procure for the Society living Bustards from
TIGNES 0/500. ss Jn Deen te ee eee 81

Brovenrip, W. J. Esq.

Characters of New Species of Mollusca and Conchifera, col-

Peeved by Wir, Onitiing...-0e eer 4, 52, 82
Descriptions of some New Species of Cuvier’s Family of
LOT | ee er | 124

CoupstrEeam, Dr.
On the Ova of Sepia officinalis, Linn. ........ 6.2.2.6 86

Cox, J. C. Esq.
On the Circumstances which modify the Existence of Ani-

mals in Northern Regions...........0..0 00. 00.002.00005 87
Notice of a living Mocking-bird (Turdus polyglottus, Linn.)
pire posecemitnn 2. Se. Deo oes Gece 1l4

Cumine, H. Esq.
Characters of New Species of Mollusca and Conchifera,
comectoaOy as). TPRAS as 12: 4, 16, 34, 52, 70, 82, 124, 134

Dessarpins, M. J.
Abstract of the Third Report of the Proceedings of the
«* Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de l’Isle Maurice” ........ 117

Gerorrroy-Saint-Hixarre, M.
Reflections on Dr. Weatherhead’s Communication respect-

STI Clie OP MELOY NYRUNRD Ceres an Gas cen cee oo) st OREN 15
On the Abdominal Glands of the Ornithorhynchus ...... 28
New Observations on the Nature of the Abdominal Glands

onthe 'Ornithoriynchas - 000. ioat sain’ = ere ee 91

Govpor, M.
Letter from, to C. Telfair, Esq., on a remarkable Phzeno-
menon observed in Madagascar................2...000- 11

Goutp, Mr. J.
On Specimens of the Phasianus lineatus, Lath., presented

Dy Ce eee, SU. ss a «og +n, ps ene ane here 13
Characters of a | New Species of Toucan (Pteroglossus uloco-

RAS SNS TRAGER lars wie Pn SoS ajo estes, os Seeing heer er Oe 38
Characters of a New Genus of Jnsessorial Birds ........ 57

On a Specimen of a Hornbill (Buceros cavatus, Lath.) ie
at the Societytadbaydehs seed. evs). betiinie. weal. eit 2 61

Govtp, Mr. J. (continued.) “
Characters of three New Species of Toucan (Rhamphastos
andi:Pieroglossus)2..2 Ase lens. SAO wee arian LD
Characters of a New Species of Dove (Columba Princeps,
Wir.) sib). Jo.p08S, dhe 200 Jo. mdacwd). bes oopgineaw)
Characters of a New Species of Malurus, Vieill.........
Description of the Female of Trogon pavoninus, Spix ...
Characters of a New Species of Toucan (Pteroglossus cas-
TOGUES)) Pyaar betty Sarees ae RMS ae ee a LS Gyo h erst arm
Characters of a New Species of Woodpecker (Picus flavi-
SORA? toiae ee can TD jis-eoradl> “silt is: patos
Characters of a New Species of Hurylaimus (Eur. lunatus)

Grant, Dr. R. E.
On the Nervous System of Beroé Pileus, Lam., and on the
Sirieture of iy Cilia Von. es OS OTe gay hep ate
On TLanthina vulgaris, Lam., and Velella limbosa, Lam. ..
On a New Species of Sepiola (Sep. stenodactyla) from the
Mauritius, presented by C. Telfair, Esq. ...............-
On the Structure of the Heart and Distribution of the Blood-
vessels of the large. Indian Tortoise (Testudo Indica, Limn.). .
On the Cranium of the round-headed Grampus (Delphinus
plobacepsy Cu.) i+... 2. turn rece ta tein lo DOT ER MITEL. BI: IE
On the Cloaca of ‘the Female Condor (Sacorhamphus Giry-
hes, Pn. y. aps, SO Ae ERO War, be
On the Anatomy of Loligopsis -risig ad Grant, and Sepiola
RIULGIOT 18, -NAQACID. 63 cre oa eon tee wo tore rere re Sed AS Lee eee et

Gray, J. E. Esq.
On the Reproduction of Cirripeda...............0044.
On the Torpidity of some Marine Gasteropodous Mollusca
On the Emission of a Glutinous Thread by the Animal of
SRM SIR BURE «id E ae <8. <pagandigdoe rasta sae vo~~5 A's (SOE RET
Characters of a New Genus of Bats (Brachyphylia), ob-
tained by the Society from the collection of the late Rev.
Lansdown Gundam 3.) ei. 8 ei ois I
Characters of a Species of Bulinus in the collection of Mr.
MMR AE Stern ea ce oh! oni 3 we ihn anon wage

Hata, Col.
Letter on a singular Race of Pigs ............. Apiary

’ Haruan, Dr.
On the Structure of the Heart, &c. in the Pike-headed Alli-
gator (Alligator Mississippensis) ..........+-+++002-0-5:

Hay, E. W. A. Drummonp, Esq.
Characters of a New Species of Antelope presented by. .
Letter on several Deojects in Zoolomy. 3... ee

Haare, J.M. Esq. :
Characters of a New Species of Cat, forming part of a col-
lection of Mammalia, Birds and Reptiles, presented by ...

age

115
116

116

122

123

‘Hopeson, B. H. Esq. page
Letter on various subjects in Zoology ..........- eathis 105
Characters of a New Species of Perdiz ............-- 107

Further Illustrations of the Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel .... 110
Description and Characters of the wild Dog of Nepal.... 111

Hors, Rev. F. W.
Characters of several New Genera and Species of Coleo-
pterous Insects .....---00-- +222 cree cece ere 61

Hunt, James.
Notes on the Changes of Plumage in several Species of

Birds in the Society’s Gardens...........-.-+------++:- 9
Note on the Breeding of the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes
migratorius, Swains.), in the Society’s Menagerie ........ 10

Legs, J. C. Esq.
On the Habits and Economy of a Species of Glaucus, Forst. 51

Lowe, Rev. R. T.
Remarks on the Nature of the Respiratory Organs in cer-

tain Littoral Mollusca of Madera ........-.---000--00 0 101
Letter accompanying a Series of the Land and Freshwater

Shells of Madera, presented by..........200+ 000+ c0eee8 102
Letter on several Subjects in Zoology ..........-..+.- 102
Characters of a New Genus of Fishes .......... eo ae 104
Characters of a New Genus, and of several New Species

of Misnes ‘from Mader rr oe oso os on oe nip elias bi 142

Martin, Mr. W.
Notes of the Dissection of a slender Loris (Loris gracilis,

Geapeer.) 205212 2 SAY SLE P38, Fae pe a ae eae 22
Notes of the Dissection of a Squirrel Monkey (Callithrix
amarens: ACO). See ee og cis eo it es 0 88

Notes of the Dissection of a Pekan, or Fisher Marten (Mus-
tela Canadensis, Schreb.). 2)... 265 sje eis i260 oes ate D0 Oe :
Notes of the Dissection of a Puma (Felis concolor, Linn.) 120
Notes of the Dissection of a Grison (Galictis vittata, Bell) 140

Ociitsy, W. Esq.
Characters of a New Species of Antelope (Antilope ellipsi-

prymna), from the collection of Mr. Steedman........-.-. 47
Characters of a New Genus of Carnivorous Mammalia, from
the collection of Mr. .Steedman..............---. to Se aa 48
Owen, R. Esq.
On the Mammary Giands of the Ornithorhynchus .... 30, 95

On the Stomachs of two Species of Semnopithecus, F.Cuv. 74
On the Anatomy of the concave Hornbill (Buceros cavatus,
Lath). «025 eiecaeie bald Hewes ge sxe aan eases ota 102
On the Anatomy of the Cheetah (Felis jubata, Schreb.) .. 108
On the Anatomy of the Brachiopoda of Cuvier, and more
especially of the Genera Terebratula and Orbicula ........ 125

Owen, R. Esq. (continued).

P
On the Period of Uterine Gestation, and the Condition of

. the New-born Feetus in the Kangaroo (Macropus major, Shaw.)

Porrer, Sir R. Ker.
Letter on several Zoological Subjects .......-..+--+--

Painsep, J. Esq.
Letter accompanying a List of Zoological Specimens for-
warocd Dy 1. Fi. Hoageon; sq. foo Se ee we eae

Saxsine, J. Esq.
Address on opening the Business of the First Meeting . . .

Savi, Prof. GarTano.
Letter accompanying a Series of his Works, and a Collec-
tion of most of the New Animals described in them.......

Smeez, Capt. W.
On the maneless Lion of Guzerat .......-..-. cece eee

Smits, Anprew, M.D.
Letter on several Subjects in Zoology ................

Spooner, Mr.
Notes of the post mortem Examination of a M’horr Ante-
lope (Aatilope Mharr, Benn.) ... 1.2... 0 556 sae esewnines
Remarks on the post mortem Appearance of a Moose Deer
SRP T lees AMAT) OV Ss ee eae se o ee UP ae

Sowersy, G. B. Esq.
Characters of New Species of M ollusca and Conchifera, col-

128

140

lected by Mr. Cuming .............. 16, 34, 54, 70, 82, 134

Srarx, Dr.
On the Occurrence of the edible Frog (Rana esculenta,
Linn.) in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh ..............
On the Changes of Colour in various Fishes, in conse-
quence of their being kept in Water contained in Vessels of
OC SE Ee EE Fn ee oe a

Syxzs, Lieut.-Col. W. H.
On the Fetus of a Panther, exhibiting all the Markings of
Othe Adult Animal... tte ede SO
On a Remarkable Tnithiiee of affectionate Attachment in
the common Hyena (Hyena vulgaris, Cuv.) .........-...-
On the Power of leaping to a considerable Height, pos-
sessed by the Loligo sagittata, Lam.....................

Texrarr, C. Esq.
Letter from M. Goudot on a remarkable Phenomenon ob-
served in Madagascar, communicated by............-...
Letter on the Bones of the Dodo (Didus ineptus, Linn.),
and other Zoological Subjects ........ 000... 00 cece eens

vill

Texrarr, C. Esq. (continued). page
Letter accompanying a present of a New Quadruped from

Madegeltar:: sai. <.e5l) sone ai whecwsd siod worl 46
Letter accompanying a present of a Fossil Inferior Pharyn-

geal Bone of a gigantic Species of Scarus .............. 52

Letter on the History of a living Specimen of the Indian
Tortoise (Testudo Indica, Linn.), presented by General Sir

Charles Cicily, ya: un oN: A-Sok 3 <p cagtteaeanens Seale 81
Letter on the Sokinah, an undescribed Species of Tenrec?
CREM ERE UNIEOD 5, oh ciibsi i w'ny sin: « Lie. aecpuske ake + = 2m Hake Ee 81

Tuompson, W. Esq.
On the Occurrence of the Young of the Arctic Tern (Sterna

Arctica, Temm.) in the North of Ireland................ 33
On the Occurrence of the black-headed Gull (Larus capi-
stratus, Temm.) in the North of Ireland ................ 33

Vicors, N. A. Esq.

On a New Species of Barnacle Goose (Bernicla Sand-
vicensis,) from the Sandwich Islands, presented by Lady
CRIP Ai Niiciet 2 Ob: Jigs han dee on 0 47ee arin Siete 65

’ On a Collection of Skins of Birds from California ...... 65

Wituiamson, W. Esq.
Account of a Specimen of the Garrulous Roller (Coracias
garrula, Linn.) shot near Scarborough........-...++.++: 88

Wittsarre, W. Esq.
On the Dub of the Arabs (Uromastix acanthinurus, Bell).. 16
On the MW’horr Antelope (Antilope Mhorr, Benn.) ...... 77
On the Method of Dressing Skins practised in Marocco.. 77

Wooter, W. A. Esq.

Account of a Wild Dog from the Mahablishwar Hills. . .. 113

Yarrevt, W. Esq.
On the Trachee of the Penelope Guan, Temm., and the Anas

DONUIOCH, LUCE, 0550... ot to ne hen ote eee 3
On the Laws that regulate the Changes of Plumage in
Mae. 8. 5 ee. CR 9, 56

Description, with additional Particulars, of the Apteryr
gustralis, ShaW 2... 209225 sp>oeresheeeees caeeebh- ie 24, 80
On the woolly and hairy Penguins (Aptenodytes, Forst.) of
Driiathem .....- (sa) aaspled- sweep aaaeek acca 33
On the Identity of the woolly Penguin of Dr. Latham with
the Aptenodytes Patachonica, Gmel.,.....---.-- 0100080 65

Characters of the Irish Hare, a New Species of the Genus

doemua,. Vatgnias) 0 22a 2 Sine sh worsen es on tee ee eee 88

_ On the Deficiency of Teeth in the hairless Egyptian Va-
riety-of the Dow... 20" DR aS See ees a a tte 113

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

ene

January 8, 1833.
Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Chairman opened the business of the Meeting by referring
to the By-laws under which it was held, and stated the anticipation
of the Council that the General Meetings for the transaction of
Scientific Business, of which the present was the first, would be
productive of great advantage to science. He adverted to the
known abilities and industry of many of the Members of the So-
ciety, who have contributed to the Proceedings of the Committee
of Science and Correspondence, (the meetings of which have now
ceased, ) and dwelt on the certainty of much important information
being communicated by their continued labours. There were also
other Members equally in possession of facts of interest, and equally
capable ‘of imparting the knowledge of them, to whom the Society
might look with confidence for contributions. He trusted that these
experienced zoologists would be continually excited to fresh dis-
coveries, by the acquisition of additional subjects of investigation

“in the Society's Menagerie and Museum, and that others would
be stimulated by their example to pursue similar inquiries with
equal zeal, and with all the increased facilities for successful study
afforded by more extensive collections. The result of such researches
would, he hoped, be freely brought before the Society at the Meet-
ings which had now commenced, and which would thereby be ren-
dered at once interesting to the Members, and important to the ad-
vancement of knowledge.

The Secretary then read the By-laws referred to in the Chairman's
address.

The Vice-Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to a stuffed
specimen of the M’horr Antelope, which was exhibited on the table.
He remarked that it belonged to that form of the genus to which the
name of Antilope Dama has been given, on account of the horns
being curved forwards; a character mentioned by Pliny as belonging
to the animal which he designated Dama, and which was also of
transmarine origin. By references, however, to other classical
authors, Mr. Bennett was induced to infer that the same name was
used by them to designate another animal which was subservient to
the chase in Europe, and not improbably the Fallow Deer.

_ Nos. I, I], 11f. Procreepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Sociery.

The earliest distinct mention in modern times of an Antelope of
the form of Dama was by Buffon, who described under the name
of Nanguer, an animal brought by Adanson from Senegal: on
this description is founded the Ant. Dama of Pallas. Under the
same name M. Lichtenstein and M. Ruppel have severally described
an Antelope with procurved horns, the Addra or Leddra of Nubia
and Upper Egypt. These differ, however, in colouring from each
other, and also from the M’horr of Tafileht ; and Mr. Bennett was
therefore disposed to regard them as distinct races of the same form
of Antelope, (a form for which the name of Dame may be retained,)
and to consider them provisionally as the representatives of three
species, equivalent probably in value to the Corinne and Kevel re-
cently distinguished by M. F, Cuvier from the Gazelle, Ant. Dorcas,
Pall. He characterized them respectively under their local names
as follows :—

Genus AXNTILOPE, Pall.

Sectio, Dama. Cornua reflexa, annulata; versus apicem in-
signiter procurva, lavia. Collum elongatum, macula media antica
transversé alba,

Antitove Muorr. Ant. obscure badius; facie albidd vittis tribus
griseis, vel nigrescentibus ; prymnd linedque latd utrinque inde
antrorsum ductd, caudd, ventre, artubusque inlerné anticé posti-
ceque albis ; coloribus abruptis.

AnTiLope NANGuER, Ant. supra fulva; infra, prymnd, cluni-
busque totis albis. r

AntiLore Appra, Ant. collo dorssque medio diluté fulvis ; in-
Jia, prymnd, dorso posteriore, lateribusque albis.

The individual of the M’horr A itelope exhibited was one of the
two recently presented, while living, to the Society by E. W. A.
Drummond Hay, Esq., Corr. Memb, Z.S., His Majesty’s Consul Ge-
neral at Tangier, for whom it had been procured by the exertions of
W. Willshire, Esq , Corr. Memb. Z.S., Vice-Consul at Mogadore.
The characters of the animal were further illustrated by reference
to an imperfect skin, also presented to the Society by Mr. Drum-
mond Hay.

Mr, Bennett's detailed description of the Morr Antelope will be
published, with a figure, in the Society’s Transactions.

At the request of the Chairman Mr, Spooner read the following
Notes of the post mortem examination of the Mhorr Antelope :—

« The external conformation of the animal exhibited great ema-
ciation, On laying open the abdominal cavity it was remarked that
the peritoneal secretion was more abundant than is usual in health,
and the membrane exhibited marks of chronic inflammation through-
out its extent, but more particularly in the portion reflected over
the smal) intestines. Several hydatids were adherent to the me-
sentery and omentum. ‘The latter viscus was extremely thin and
transparent, and did not possess the slightest portion ef adeps, which
is somewhat singular in the Ruminantia, among which an accumu-
lation of adeps is generally observed in this viscus, even where great

emaciation has been present in other parts. The anatomical struc-
ture of the abdominal viscera, for the most part, agreed with the
same in the tribe of Antelopes in general.

« The kidneys were healthy, and were rather larger than is usual,

while the bladder was very small. ‘The renal capsules were of an
oblong figure, and situated about half an inch anterior to the kid-
neys.
«The tendinous portion of the diaphragm was very extensive,
and most beautifully developed, having nearly the appearance in
colour of the tapetum lucidum of the eye. The substance of the lungs
was hepatized, and there were in many parts adhesions to the in-
ward surface of the ribs. The right lung consisted of four lobes,
the left of three. The right side of the heart was peculiarly flaccid,
and the blood found in both sides was very dark in colour, and had
not undergone coagulation. The vena azygos passed upon the
left side of the spine, and terminated in the anterior cava: I have
observed a similar disposition in the Sheep and Chamois, but in the
latter animal the termination was in the posterior cava.”

A stuffed specimen was exhibited of a female of the harnessed
Antelope, Antilope scripta, Pall., which had lived for some months
in the collection of the Zoological Society of Dublin, by whom it
was presented to the Society.

Preparations were exhibited of the trachee of the Penelope Guan
of M. Temminck, and of the Anas Magellanica, Auct., and Mr. Yar-
rell read the following short descriptions of them.

“The trachea of the Guan is uniform, in size and substance
throughout its whole length. After descerfding by the neck in the
usual way, it is extended and passes downwards under the skin, but
over the outer surface of the pectoral muscle on the right side, to
the extent of 2 inches beyond the angle formed by the junction
of the two portions of the os furcatortum. The tube of the trachea
is then reflected, and ascending to the cavity of the thorax, again
turns to be carried to the lungs as in other Birds, and is previded
with one pair of true muscles of voice, which have the usual origin
and insertion. The loop or fold of the tube formed on the surface
of the pectoral muscle is imbedded in cellular tissue, and further
retained in its place by a strong ligament, which firmly adhering
to the loop, passes backwards to be first attached to the posterior
angle of the sternum, and afterwards dividing once, and passing still
further backwards, the two slips are inserted on the two elongated
pubic points of the pelvis. +

«“ This structure in the Guan has been noticed and figured by
M. Temminck, in his ‘ Histoire des Pigeons et Gallinacés,’ but this
is the first opportunity that has occurred of exhibiting a preparation
from the bird on the tabie of the Society.

_ “ The trachea of the male Magellanic Goose is furnished with a

large hollow bony protuberance on the left side, near the bottom of

the tube, at the point of divarication, similar in character to those

observed in the wading Ducks, but differing in its form, The dorsal
a2

surface is flat, the external surface convex, the lateral circumference
rounded,

« The male of the Egyptian Goose possesses also a bony enlarge-
ment at the same part; but as much difference exists between the
appendages in these two Geese, as is known to prevail in the form
of the enlargements of the trachee in the various species of Ducks.

« The protuberance in the Egyptian Goose is much broader than
it is high, its greatest measurement being in the line of its trans-
verse diameter ; that of the Magellanic Goose is, on the contrary,
higher than it is broad, and its line of greatest measurement is from
before backwards.

« As in all those Ducks possessing tracheal enlargements of bone
only, the stomach of the Magellanic Goose is a true muscular gizzard,
with a small internal cavity having a dense and strong cuticular
lining ; the intestines are long and furnished with two cecal append-
ages, each 9 inches in length. This bird has also one pair of true
muscles of voice. It and the Egyptian Goose are the only species
of Anser, as far as 1am aware, in which any bony enlargements
have been noticed. They bear considerable general resemblance
to each other in the colour of their plumage, and both exhibit a
brilliant speculum on the wing, like those observed in the Ducks.”

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Mollusca and Conchifera,
hitherto undescribed, which form part of the collection made by
Mr. H. Cuming, during a voyage undertaken by him in 1827, 1828,
1829, and 1830, for the purpose of obtaining subjects in Natural
History on the western coast of South America, its adjacent islands,
and many of those which form the Archipelago of the South Pacific
Ocean. Nearly three hundred new species of these classes have
been already brought under the notice of the Committee of Science
and Correspondence, at various meetings during the past year, and
characters of them from the pens of Mr. Broderip and Mr.G. B. Sow-
erby, have been published in the Proceedings of that Committee.
The remaining species Mr. Cuming proposes to Jay before the
Society from time to time, as the descriptions of them are com-
pleted. The intention of publishing coloured figures of them was
again announced.

The new species exhibited at the present Meeting were accom-
panied by characters by Mr, Broderip. They are as follow :—

Genus SponpdyLvs.

SponpyLus Princers. Spond., testd rotundatd, 6-costatd, rubrd,
spinosit, spinis lingulatis, latis ; costis interstitialibus 5, spinosis,
spinis brevioribus ; intus albd, limbo lato profunde plicato, rubro :
long. 54, alt. 5, lat. 3 poll. (spinis haud inclusis).

Hab. ad Insulam Platam Columbiz Occidentalis,

Found attached to coral rocks at the depth of seventeen fathoms.

In old specimens the interior is of a brownish hue, especially at
the hinge.—W. J. B.

SronpyLus pusius. Spond. testd subrotundatd, croced, 6-costatd,

costis interstitialibus numerosis, spinis frequentibus, brevibus, sub-
arcuatis ; intis alba, limbo latoxplicato croceo, plicis numerosis :
long. 42, alt. 44, lat. 2% poll. (spinis inclusts) .

Hab. in America Centrali. (Gulf of Tehuantepec).

Oss, Varietas forsan Spond. Principis.

Dredged up from ten fathoms attached to shells—W. J. B.

SponpyLus LeucAcAnTHA. Spond. testd rotundatd, 6-costatd,
spinosd, subcroced, spinis sublingulatis, subreflexis, longtoribus,
albis ; interstitiis striatis ; costis interstitialibus 3 (medid maxima)
spinosis, spinis brevioribus ; intus albd, limbo angusto pallidé
subcroceo: long, 24, alt. 23, lat. 14 poll. (spinis haud inclusts).

Hab. ad Insulam Platam.

Oss. Spinis infra subcanaliculatis—W. J. B.

SronDYLUS ACULEATUS. Spond, testé rotundatd, planiusculd,
albd, spinis aculeatis, subrecurvis, frequentibus, gracilibus horridd :
long. 1, alt. 1, lat. = poll. ( spinis haud inclusis).

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.)

Found attached to a piece of coral on the reefs.—W. J. B.

Genus Triton.

TRITON LIGNARIUS. rit. testa globoso-pyriformi longitudinali-
ter subplicatd, transversim granuloso-striatd, flava striis satura~
tioribus ; columelld excavatd, aperture limbo luteo-sanguineo, den-
tihus albis; labro lato, crasso; caudd mediocri subrecurvd; epi-
dermide fuscd, reticulatd, ad labrum villosa : long. 14, lat. % ‘sol.

Hab. ad Portum Protrero et Panamam.

The elevated striz, especially the two middle ones of the body
whorl, aie of a much darker colour than the ground of the shell,
which is reddish yellow, here and there mottled with whitish on the
longitudinal plaits, and on the ledge of the lip. The teeth of the
outer lip are very large, and there is one very large one at the upper
angle of the inner lip. The reticulated epedermzs is villous at the
outer lip, and the villous edges mark the stages of growth in young
specimens. Found in sandy mud at a depth of from seven to twelve
fathoms.—W. J. B.

TRITON constRictus. Trit, testd fusiformi, valde distortd, trans-
versim noduloso-striatd, subcancellatd, subfulod ; spird elongata,
attenuata; ‘canali brevissimd, subrecurvd; apertura coarctatd,
limbo castaneo, granuloso, granulis albidis: long. 24, lat. 13 poll,

Hab. ad Montem Christi et Xipixapi.

Another species of those shells called grimaces, It differs ma-
terially both from Trit. Anus and Trit. clathratus, is a heavier shell
than the latter, and has a much longer spire and shorter canal than
either of those species, while it wants the laminated border. that so
remarkably surrounds the aperture of Trit. Anus, and is even more
distorted. 9 b baie
_ Mr. Cuming dredged it up from sandy mud from seven to ten
fathoms below the surface —W. J. B.

Triton TIGRINUS, Trit. testd fusiformi, levi, subcostatd, anfrac-

tibus subangulatis, hinc et hinc subnodosis, anfractu basal ven-
tricoso, lato, et suturam juata carinato; spird elongatd, attenuata ;
croceo-fuscd, varicibus et labri limbo externo, nigro vel castaneo
maculatis ; aperturd expansd, auranitacd, strigts et maculis nigro-
castaneis pictd; epidermide fuscd, subfoliaced: long. 6%, lat. 4
oll.
Hub. in America Centrali. (Guacomayo.)
This fine shell bears some distant resemblance to Trit. femoralis,
‘and there was a specimen in the Tankerville collection marked No.
1718. a. in the Catalogue as a variety of that species in these terms:
‘« Var. notabilis, latissima, apertura expansa.” This resemblance is
greater in dwarfs than in well-grown individuals, but the length and
shape of the spire, the comparative smoothness, the breadth of the
ventricose body-whorl, the expanded aperture with its rich orange
mouth, variegated towards the border of the outer lip with dark
chestnut stripes in pairs, and the shortness of the canal, indicate that
Trit. tigrinus is very distinct from Trit,femoralis ; and Mr. Sowerby,
who drew up the Tankerville Catalogue, is now of that opiuion. The
throat or internal part of the aperture is of a blueish white, and, as
in the rest of the species, the outer lip, and, consequently, the va-
rices, acquire a greater thickness as the shell advances in age. The
epidermis is particularly foliaceous upon the varices and edge of the
cuter lip.
Mr. Cuming dredged up this species at Guacomayo from a bot-
tom of sandy mud at the depth of eleven fathoms,—W. J. B.

Triton ruvis. Trit. testd ovato-fusiformi, fulvd, transversim
lineatd, longitudinaliter unduloso-nodosd ; aperturd alba, labro
intus denticulato ; epidermide fuscd, rugosd: long. 1%, lat. 1%

oll.

Hab. ad Pervviam. (Iquiqui.)

The aperture of this shell has the appearance of white porcelain,
and the internal denticles, placed about the eighth of an inch from
the margin of the lip, are ranged ina line. There are a few obscure
plaits towards the bottom of the pillar, and the canal is open, very
short, and somewhat recurved. ‘This species approaches Buccinum
very closely.

Found in mud and sand at a depth. of from six to ten fathoms, and
in coarse gravel at the depth of nine fathoms.—W. J. B.

Triton tineatus. Trit. testd sub-fusiformi, undulato-nodulosd,
subcancellatd, pallidé flava lineis transversis crenulatis, fusco-
castaneis, frequentibus vittatd; anfractibus subventricosis, vari-
cibus crassis; aperture ovate one albo, denticulato, fauce
atro-purpured: long. 2%, lat. 13 poll

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

In young shells the rich dark purple of the throat, with its denti-
culated white border, is absent, but in these the varices are thick
and large. Ina young shell of this species I found the remains of
a very beautiful Pagurus, which is new to me. The legs, two of
which are the only visible remnants, are of a brownish black, and
the feet are tipped with red. The body whorl of Trit. lineatas (in-

cluding the canal which is moderate,) is twice the length of the
spire, and much more ventricose than the other whorls.
Found in coral sand, in six fathoms.—W. J, B.

Triron cissosus. Trit. testd sub-fusiformi, subfulod vel sub-
fused, subnodulosd, transversim creberrimé lineata ; anfractibus
subtrigonis ; aperturd subrotundd, albd, labri expanse radiate
margine interno dentato + long. 14, lat. 44 poll.
Hab, ad Panamam et ad Montem Christi,
This shell approaches Tit. lineatus, but differs from it in many
oints.
. Found in coarse sand at the depth of seven fathoms.—W. J. B.

TriTon sCALARIFoRMIS. Trit. testa fustformi, sordidé albd, sub-

cancellatd, lineis transversis elevalis, crassiusculis, crenulatis, cre-

bris vittatd; labri limbo subfimbriato ; canali brevi, subrecurvd :
long. 2, lat. 4 poll.

Had. in sinu Montijano.

This elaborately wrought species has the varices, in well-grown
specimens, placed with a regularity that almost entitles it to a situ-
ation among the Ranelle. 1t was found in coarse sand at the depth
‘of ten fathoms.—W. J. B.

Trrron convoLutus. Trit.testd fusiformi, spird e'ongatd, albidd,
lineis elevatis, subacutis, creberrimis ‘oittatd ; labri margine cre-
nulato: long. 14, lat. + poll,

Mus. Sowerby.

This species approaches Trit. scalariformis, but differs maserially
fromit. The lines which gird Trit. convolutus are much finer, much
more frequent than those of Trit. scalariformis, and are without the
crenulations that distinguish the coarser ridges of the latter. There
ate also other points of difference, and the varices are irregular and
not arranged in a nearly lateral direction as they are in the last-
mentioned species.

Mr. Sowerby, who sent me this shell, does not know its locality.
—W. J. B.

Genus TURBINELLA.

TURBINELLA TUBERCULATA. Turb. testd fusiformi-turritd, trans-
versim tuberculato-costatd, et insterstitialiter striatd, anfracti-
bus angulatis, angults noduliferis, albidd costis nodulisque nigro-
a 3 apertura albd, columella 3—-plicatd : long.1%, lat. 1

oll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found under stones.

This shell, in its general appearance, approaches some of the

Pleurotomata, which have a short canal.—W. J. B.

“Tursrne.va armata. Turb. testd fusiformi, transversim striatd,
‘tuberculis spinisque fortibus muricatd, griseo castaneoque fasciatd
‘et maculatd ; aperturd albd ; columella 6—7-plicatd, labro sinuato,
intus striato et dentato, dentibus castaneis : long. 2¢, lat. 1% poll,

Hab; ad tnsulam Elizabe he.

The tubercles and strong spines are disposed in transverse series.
The angle of the body whorl is coronated with spines, and then fol-
lows, after an interstitial transversely striated space, a band of large
tubercles; this is followed by an intermediate space transversely
ribbed and striated, and towards the base is an elevated transverse
ridge, armed with stout but rather blunt spines; the other whorls
have one row of spines only, and no tubercles.

Found on the coral reef.—W. J. B.

TuRBINELLA Czastus. Turb. testd subrhomboided, crassissimd,
ponderosissimd, albd, anfractu basali longitudinaliter subplicato,
angulato et transversim sulcato, angulo tuberculis conico acutis,
maaimis, armato, sulcis maximis ; cingulis basalibus tuberculatis,
penultimo maximo ; columella quadriplicata ; labro sinuato ; epi-
dermide crassd, longitudinaliter striatd ; umbilico magno : long.
3, lat. 31 poll.

Hab. ad Caraccas.

This species approaches nearest to Turb. pugillaris, but the dif-
ference of shape, the extreme thickness and weight of the shell, the
smaller number but increased size of the furrows, the immense bulk
of the conical tubercles, the reduced number of the plaits on the
pillar, and the enlarged umbilicus, point it out as distinct,—to say
nothing of the epidermis, which is much thicker and coarser, and
not unlike that of Pyrula patula, nobis. Turb. Cestus varies much
in size, but not in character.

It was found in soft mud among the rocks of the bay.—W. J, B.

Genus PcrpurRA.

Purpura XAnrHostoma, Purp. testd ovato-acutd, ventricosd,
tuberculiferd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transversim costatd et
interstitialiter striatd, anfractibus angulatis ; aperturd flavd, ni-
tente; labro inttis substriato et denticulato, striis distantibus, den-
tibus intermedits ; long. 32, lat. 2 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

The angulated body-whorl, which is nearly thrice as long as the
spire, is crowned by waved tubercles. The aperture is ofa shining
yellow, and the denticles, which are whitish, are generally placed
in pairs between the internal stri@ of the outer lip.

_ Dredged up from gravel and sand at a depth of from seven to
twenty-five fathoms.—W. J. B.

A paper was read by Dr. Grant, “ On the Nervous System of
Beroé Pileus, Lam., and on the Structure of its cz/za.”

Dr. Grant having obtained, in September last, on the coast of
Sheppey, a specimen of this animal, examined it with great care; and
from this examination he describes it in detail as regards its external
form, its alimentary canal, its ovaries, and its two lengthened fenta-
cula, which latter organs distinguish it from the group comprehend-
ing Beroé ovatus ; and mark it as the type of a genus designated by
Péron Eucharis, and by Dr. Fleming Pleurobrachia.

At a short distance above the mouth a double transverse filament,
resembling in colour the abdominal nerves of Pectznaria, surrounds
the body: it swells out in each space intervening between the
bands of cilia into a ganglion ; and from each of these ganglza there
pass on each side two nerves to the adjoining band, while a larger
filament proceeds upwards to beyond the middle of the body, having
two or three smaller ganglionic enlargements, from whicly filaments
are detached to the viscera. The whole of this system is seated
near the surface of the body. In the circular disposition of the
central filaments and ganglia, and in the regular radiation of nerves
from that centre, it resembles the nervous system of Holothuria and
Asterias among the Echinodermata.

The comparatively large size of the cilia on the Beroé Piicus,
enabled Dr. Grant to observe their structure more satisfactorily
than in the microscopic animals on which they have previously been
particularly noticed. In the latter they appear like flat tapering
filaments prolonged from the homogeneous cellular tissue of the body
to which they are attached. But in the Beroé it is evident that
they are not single fibres, but consist of several straight, short, trans-
parent filaments placed parallel to each other in a single row, and
connected together by the skin of the animal, like the rays support-
ing the fin of afish. These fins are of the same breadth with the
band to which they are attached, and extend from the mouth to the
anus, there being about forty on each band. Under a lens the pa-
railel fibres appear like transparent tubes, sometimes a little de-
tached from each other at their extremities, by injury done to the
‘connecting membrane, and at these parts the isolated spines pro-
ject stiffly outwards. When the ciliu are in active vibration, there
isobserved along the middle of each band to which they are attached,
a motion like the continued undulations of a fluid. Connecting
this with the analogy which may be deduced from the motion pro-
duced in the tubular feet of Asterias and Echinus by the entrance
and exit of water sent into them by vessels destined for that office,
it seems highly probable that the motions of the czza of Beroé are
intimately connected with the streams passing along the bands, and
‘that hence an explanation may be obtained of one of the most re-
markable phenomena of animal motion, which is at the same time
one of the most frequent oceurrence among the less highly or-
ganized of animated beings.

Dr. Grant's paper will be published entire, with a figure of the
animal, in the Society’s Transactions.

Mr. Yarrell detailed some observations on the changes of plumage
‘in Birds; which he illustrated by Notes on several species in the
Society’s Gardens made by James Hunt, one of the Keepers.

In his observations Mr. Yarrell pointed out three modes by which
changes in the appearance of the plumage of birds are produced :
1, By the feather itself becoming altered in colour. 2. By the
bird’s obtaining a certain portion of new feathers without shedding
any of the old ones. 38, By an entire or partial moult, in which

the old feathers are thrown off, and new ones produced in their
places. The first two of these modes of change are observed gene-
rally in the spring, indicating the approach of the breeding season ;
the third is usually partial in the spring, and entire in the autumn.

The Keeper's notes furnish some remarkable instances of change
of plumage, observed by him on birds in the Society’s Menagerie:
—on the Ruff, Tringa pugnaz, Linn., in which the spring moult is
partial, and in which the ruff produced round the neck of the male
preparatory to the breeding season is found to differ in colour in
successive years; that of an individual which had it black in 1832
having been ash-coloured in 1831:—on the Mandarin Duck, Anas
galericulata, Linn., which moults entirely in the spring, and under-
goes a partial moult in the autumn, to assume his breeding plumage :
—on the Summer Duck, Dendronessa sponsa, Swains.,which resembles
the preceding in its moult:—on the Cormorant, Carbo Cormoranus,
Meyer, which acquires in the spring white feathers on the head and
neck, and on the thighs, without parting with any of its old feathers:
—on the immature Herring Gull and lesser black-backed Gull, Lari
argentatus and fuscus, Brunn., which during two years have been
undergoing a continued change of colour in their feathers, inde-
pendent of moulting, which does not appear to influence the change
of colour:—and on thelaughing Gull, Larus ridibundus, Linn., in which
the feathers of the head change in the spring from white to black,
the colour alone being changed without a feather being shed, and
the change being effected in four or five days ; in the autumn the
black feathers are moulted, and are replaced by white ones.

Mr. Yarrell stated his intention of entering more fully into the
explanation of the laws which regulate the changes of plumage in
Birds, in a paper which he is preparing to lay before an early meet-
ing of the Society. ;

A Note by James Hunt, one of the Society’s Keepers, was read.
It related to the breeding ofthe Passenger Pigeon, Ectopistes migra-
torius, Swains., in the Society’s Menagerie.

«A pair of these birds began to build their nest on the 25th of
April, 1832, having been three or four days in selecting a proper
place in a fir-tree in the inclosure appropriated at the Gardens to
the Pigeons. The female was the nest-builder. The male bird
performed the most laborious part of the work: he collected and
conveyed to the spot all the materials, principally sticks and straw,
of which the nest was composed. He alighted on the back of the
female with each fresh supply, so as not to disarrange any part of
the nest which she had formed. They began their task in the
morning, and completed it the same evening. One egg was laid on
the morning of the 26th, and the female commenced sitting imme-
diately. A young bird was hatched in sixteen days. The male re-
lieved the female during the period of incubation.”

Another instance of the breeding in this country of the Pas.
senger Pigeon occurred nearly at the same time in the Menagerie
of the President.

January 22, 1833.
William Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr.
Memb. Z.S.,as President of the Mauritius Natural History Society,
by M. Goudot. It is dated at Tamatave (in the island of Mada-
gascar), April 20, 1832, and contains an account of a remarkable
phenomenon, connected with a tree of the genus Morus, which is
not uncommon inthe vicinity of that place. From the branches of
this tree, which are covered with a thick coriaceous foliage, there is
seen to fall, more especially towards mid-day, and under the influ-
ence of a burning and almost vertical sun, a copious and refreshing
supply of limpid dew, or rather rain. On ascending the tree an
explanation of this singular property is at once obtained. Around
the vigorous shoots, loaded with leaves, and particularly at their
ramifications, are found large clusters of Jarve, covered by a whitish
froth, in constant agitation, and pressing eagerly upon each other
in their attempts to apply themselves to the surface of the bark,
from which they extract the sap in such quantity as to maintain
their bodies in a state of saturated humidity. This sap is afterwards
poured out, either through particular organs scattered over the
surface of the body, or by means of the common excretory ducts,
and forms drops of small size, which are gradually collected into
Jarger drops, and appear to M. Goudot to escape from the bodies of
the lJarve with a rapidity proportioned to the action of the solar
rays. The activity of the /arve is, in fact, increased in a corre-
sponding degree with the increase in the atmospheric temperature.
Towards evening, and when the influence of the solar rays is sen-
sibly diminished, the production of the fluid, thus singularly se-
creted, is partially suspended, and the drops fall slowly ; as night
advances, a few rare and tardy drops are heard at distant intervals ;
until at last they altogether cease, to be again renewed with the first
rays of the morning sun. When fifty or a hundred such clusters of
larve are placed, as often happens, on the same tree, it may well be
imagined that the secretion may become sufficiently copious to as-
sume the appearance of actual rain.

Some idea of the rapidity with which it falls may be obtained from
the mode in'which M.Goudot collected a bottleful for transmission to
the Natural History Society of the Mauritius. He states that in the
beginning of February, he placed under one of the trees in question a
vessel capable of holding about a litre (nearly equal to an English
quart). The mass of larve selected as purveyors consisted of from
‘sixty to seventy individuals, about half grown; and the sun being
‘powerful, the drops were very large, and fell in quick succession.
‘He estimates that, setting aside the loss by evaporation, and by the
animals which drank from the vessel, he could have filled the bottle

12
in an hour and a half. The limpid character of the water encoura-
ging the belief that it was free from any pernicious qualities, M.
Goudot tasted it, and found no unpleasant flavour: he also gave it
to some fowls, without producing any inconvenience, When ex-
posed to the air, however, it speedily loses its transparency, and
assumes a lemon-coloured tinge.

The insect by whose larva the fluid is secreted, is described at
length by M. Goudot as a species of the genus Cercopis of Latreille,
and nearly related to the Cercopis spumaria ( Cicada, Linn.) of Eu-
rope; which latter recalls in miniature what takes place in the large
Madagascar larva, secreting, like it, large quantities of white froth,
and suspending itself, with its foamy mantle, from the blades of grass
on which it feeds, It appears to be entirely new, andas M. Goudot
had neglected to name it, Mr. Bennett stated that he embraced with
pleasure the opportunity of dedicating it to its discoverer, under the
name of Aphrophora Goudoti, the former name having been generi-
cally applied by M. Germar to that subdivision of Latreille’s genus
Cercopis, to which the insect in questionbelongs, He characterized
it as follows:

ApuropHora Goupoti. Aph. nigra; thorace flavescenti, punctis
4 nigris anticis transversim positis, duobus intermediis impressis ;
capile scutelloque flavis, hoc punctis 4 (2—2).

Long. corp. 1 unc. 1 lin.

The size above given is that of the specimens communicated to
the Society by Mr. Telfair ; but M. Goudot states that the insect
attains a length of 36 millimetres, which is little short of an inch and
ahalf. He adds, that even after having attained its perfect state it
remains upon the tree, fixed to the small branches, but in astate of
isolation : and that, having observed several individuals in this con-
dition, he perceived that they continued to emit, from time to time,
minute drops of clear and limpid water. He describes the /arva as
being about 30 millimetres in length at its full period of growth, its
colours consisting of an irregular mixture of dull grey, yellowish
and black. The legs are entirely black, and the claws which termi-
nate the tarsz very strong. It emits a disagreeable scent,

Mr, Bennett called the attention of the Society to a stuffed spe-
_cimen of an Antelope, from the southern part of the peninsula of
India, which had been presented to the Society several months
since by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. He remarked,
that notwithstanding some discrepancies between the specimen ex-
hibited and the description published by Pallas, he was disposed to
regard it as the young of the Indian Antelope, Antilope Cervicapra,
Pall, Its general colour is pale fawn, and it has a paler streak on
each side, passing from the shoulders to the haunches ; characters
by which, as well as by the form of its horns, the pale circle sur-
rounding the eyes, and the white patch under the tail, it agrees with
the young of the Indian Antelope: but it differs by the fawn colour
-extending down the sides to the under parts of the body, which are

merely of a lighter shade than the upper, and are not pure white ;
and by the length of the ears, which does not exceed 4 inches, while
in no specimen of the Indian Antelope possessed by the Society, is
the length of these organs less than 5 inches. The latter circum-
stance is so remarkable, as to suggest the necessity of further in-
quiries into the history of the race from which this individual was
derived. Its age may be conjectured from the size of its horns,
which have made two nearly complete turns, and are surrounded by
eighteen rings.

Specimens were exhibited of the adult male of the lineated Phea-
sant, Phasianus lineatus, Lath., and of two immature birds of the
same species: for the whole of these the Society is indebted to
George Swinton, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. The immature birds
died on their passage to this country; the adult skin was obtained
from the Tennasserim coast.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould made some observa-
tions on these specimens. ‘The adult bird differs in some particulars
from the description published by Dr. Latham. “Its total length
is 2 feet Sinches; the length of the wings, from the shoulder to the
end of the longest feather, 9 inches; of the beak, from the gape to
the tip, |Zinch; of the tarsus, $i inches; and of the tail, 1 foot 2
inches.

*« The beak is strong, and considerably arched ; the naked space
round the eye bright red, and covered with numerous papill@; the
head crested with long giossy blue-black feathers ; the back of
the neck, and whole of the upper surface, delicate grey, very nume-
rously barred with fine zigzag lines of black, which are broader on
the quill feathers ; the throat, breast, and belly, black; the sides of
the breast and flanks having white lanceolate feathers with black
edges ; the tail, of eighteen feathers, very much graduated, and
arched, as in the Silver Pheasant, Phasianus Nycthemerus, Linn., the
outer edge of the two centre feathers, and the tips of the two next,
being white ; the remainder are alternately marked with irregular
lines of black and white, the black predominating ; and the legs
strong, of a reddish flesh colour, furnished with conical sharp
spurs,

Pe The two immature birds are alike in colouring, and appear to
be male and female. They differ very materially from the adult,
and very much resemble the female or the young male of the Silver
Pheasant. They are about 18 inches in length; wing, 84 inches;
tarsus, 22; beak, 14; tail, 10. The head is crested with feathers
nearly 2 inches long, of a reddish brown, obscurely marked with mi-
nute zigzag lines of black; the naked skin round the eye is not so
much developed as in the adult male ; the neck, throat, breast, and
under parts are brown, each feather having a lancet-shaped mark of
white; the whole of the back and shoulders brown, minutely
sprinkled with a darker colour; the quill-feathers brown, having
the outer edges barred with yellowish white; the secondaries brown,
with oblique, irregular, and narrow lines of a lighter colour; the

tail irregularly barred, and dotted with rich brown and yellowish
white ; the legs aud feet reddish brown.”

Dr. Grant exhibited numerous specimens of Janthina vulgaris,
Lam., and of Velella limbosa, Lam., both animals of rare occurrence
on the English coast, and chiefly met with floating in tropical or
warmer seas. They were obtained by him at the beginning of Sep-
tember last, in Whitsand Bay, close to the point of the Land’s End,
Cornwall, where they were thrown in great numbers on the sands,
after a storm, of three days’ continuance, from the north-west : they
must consequently have been floating, before they were directed to
the coast by the storm, in latitudes at least as high as that in which
they were found. Dr. Grant regards it as probable that neither of
these animals is capable of discharging at will the gaseous fluid by
which they are supported on the surface of the sea; otherwise in such
a violent and continued tempest as that which stranded them, they
would have emptied their vesicles, and have sunk to the stiller bot-
tom. Ie suspects alsothat Physalia is equally incapable of emptying
its air-bag,

In the Velellz of our coast, Dr. Grant remarked, as in those of
tropical seas, the perpendicular crest crosses obliquely the horizontal
disc of the base; in both, the margin of the mantle, destitute of ten -
tacula, hangs free over the circumference of the disc; in both, the
outer ranges of tentacula are long and filiform, and the inner ranges
of tentacula, immediately surrounding the mouth, are short, thick,
tubular, and much resembling the fleshy tubular feet of ichinoder-
mata; and in both, the mouth forms a projecting fleshy tube in the
centre of the base of the body. The tubular mouth in the centre,
much resembling in form the short tubular feet around it, leads to
an oval stomach, occupying a concavity in the middle of the lower
surface of the thick basilar plate. But in the Indian Velella the
perpendicular crest is proportionally very strong and thick, and pre-
sents a beautifully serrated margin, and that margin takes a zigzag
course, which he has not observed in our specimens, and which must
add much to its effects in decomposing the sun-beams, while swim-
ming on the calm surface of tropical seas.

The specimens of Velella cast on the shore of Cornwall were gene-
rally much injured, and many of tlem had lost all their fleshy sub-
stance. Nearly a hundred of them were collected, and were exhibited
to the Society. On lifting them, the deep blue matter of their sur-
face came easily off, and tinged the fingers, like the yellow matter of
decaying Asterie, or the colouring matter of the surface of almost
all the Echinodermata, when their vitality has ceased.

The Velella probably feeds on the myriads of microscopic
Crustacea, which abound in every part of the sea; and the Janthina,
a predaceous Gasteropod thus accompanying the Velella, may prey
upon it, and acquire from it the blue colouring matter of its shell.

February 12, 1833.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter from M., Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, For. Memb. Z.S., was
read, consisting of reflections on the communication respecting the
Ornithorhynchus, made by Dr, Weatherhead to the Committee of
Science and Correspondence, on September 11, 1832, and published
in the Proceedings, Part II. p. 145. With this communication M.
Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire was only partially acquainted, by the extracts
from it given by Mr, Owen (with some observations upon them, ) as
an Appendix to his Paper onthe Mammary Glands of the Ornitho-
rhynchus paradoxus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for
1832: he requests to have a literal copy of the communication.

He recalls attention to the history of our knowledge of the sexual
organs of Ornithorhynchus; refers to M. Meckel’s discovery of a
gland, situated under the integuments of the abdomen of the female,
and considered by him as mammary, and to his own subsequent ob-
servations on this subject, in which these glands are regarded as
analogous to the structure that surrounds the true mammary glands
of the Shrews ; and hints at the probability that M. Meckel may
not, in 1833, entertain the same ideas which he expressed in 1826.
M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire repeats some of the most striking pecu-
liarities of the organs of reproduction: 1, the existence of a uterus
and vagina in a state of atrophy, which he has repeatedly represented
under the name of a little indistinct organ, the utero-vaginal canal ;
2, the non-continuity of the urinary bladder to the ureters; 3, the
interposition, when in action, of the genital organ between the folds,
&c.; and, referring to his published accounts of the sexual anomaly
in all its details, reproduces the conclusion to which he has been led
by his observation of these parts. The organization, he finds, is
that of a Reptile; now, such as the organ is, such must be its func-
tion; the sexual apparatus of an oviparous animal can produce no-
thing but an egg.

The statement that a milky fluid has been observed is one which
especially attracts M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire’s attention: he is
anxious to know the details of this observation. Supposing it esta-
blished, rather than believe in a secretion of real milk from long
cellular ceca, of which Meckel’s gland is composed, (whereas, he
states, it can be secreted only from lactiferous ganglia,) he would
be disposed to think that this gland might secrete carbonate of soda
{lime ?], the earthy matter of which egg-shells are composed. This
would be extraordinary, he admits ; but what is there about the or-
ganization of the Monotremata that is not extraordinary, or, in other
words, different from what we find in the Mammalia? This addi-
tional anomaly seems to lead to its necessary consequence, he re-
marks, and an hypothesis which suggests the necessity of further

examination is far better, in his opinion, than an assimilation to nor-
mality, founded on strained and mistaken relations, which invites in-
dolence to believe and slumber.

M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire concludes by repeating his request for
a literal copy of the whole of the letter addressed by Lieut. the
Honourable Lauderdale Maule to Dr. Weatherhead. If the facts
contained in it, he remarks, should make him change his opinion, so
much the better: he would rather be put right, than indulged in
any views formed @ priori,; in this way he learns more; and it is to
him always more gratifying to get rid of an error in science than to
introduce into it an additional observation.

The Vice-Secretary stated, that the request of M. Geoffroy-Saint-
Hilaire for a copy of the letter in question had been complied with.
He also referred to the Proceedings of the Committee of Science
and Correspondence, Part II, p. 179, for an account of the glands
discovered in Echidna by Mr. Owen, who, in his observations there
published, briefly adduces several reasons why little difficulty should
be experienced in the consideration of the Monotremata as oviparous
or ovoviviparous, and at the same time as mammiferous animals.

A letter was read from William Willshire, Esq., Corr. Memb.
Z.S., H.M.’s Vice-Consul at Mogadore, giving an account of a
Reptile, known by the Arabs under the name of el Dub. _A living
specimen of the animal, presented to the Society by Mr. Willshire,
accompanied the ietter. It is the Uromastyx acanthinurus, de-
scribed and figured by Mr. Bell in the first volume of the ‘Zoological
Journal,’ from specimens brought from Fezzan by Capt. Lyon. The
Dub is noticed by Marmol, Capt. Lyon, and other travellers; but
the precise species to which the reptile so named was referrible had
not, previously to the arrival of Mr, Willshire’s specimen, been sa-
tisfactorily ascertained.

A note from Col. Hallam was read, accompanying drawings of
the Mango-fish, Polynemus paradiseus, Linn.; and of two indi-
viduals of a race of pigs with only two legs, the hinder extremities
being entirely wanting. The latter, Col. Hallam states, were ob-
served “at a town on the coast in the Tanjore country, in the year
1795: they were from a father and mother of a similar make, and
the pigs bred from them were the same.”

The exhibition was resumed of the collection of Shells formed by
Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America, and among
the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. The new species brought
on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom-
panied by characters by Mr. G, B. Sowerby.

Genus Byssoarca, Swains.

Byssoarca Lirnepomus. Byss. testd elongatd, cuneiformi, sub-
cylindraced, (utplurimum erosd,) concinne decussato-striatd ;
latere antico breviore, oblique truncato, postico elongato, declivi,
rotundato-acuminato ; ared ligamenti profundd, ligamento an-

17.

tice in angulum obtusum desinente; emdermide denticulaid, ad
angulum anticum subfoliaced, consprcud +, long. 3°5, lat. 0°9, alt.

1+ poll.

° Habe ad Montem. Christi. a
» Found in holes in stones, pierced by Pholades? at low water.

“This is a'very remarkable species, decidedly appertaining to Mr.
Swainson’s genus Byssoarca. Its hinge line is entirely posterior,
very straight, and the teeth are very numerous, very small, and much
interrupted.—G, B.S. "

- Byssoanca pactrica, Byss. testd oblongd, pallidd, brunneo varie
strigatd ; radiatim costatd ; medio coarctato, ‘costis minoribus ;
umbonibus remotissimis ; latere antico breviore, superné acumi-

‘ nato, costis plerumque majoribus, rugosis, margine ventrali de-~
clivi ; latere postico maximo, posticé emarginato, carind obtusa
ex umbone ad marginem ventralem decurrente ; ared ligamenti
maximd, marginibus latis ; margine ventrali hiatu byssi magno :
long. 4°, lat. 2°5, alt, 2°3 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. :

| Found on rocky ground, in from six to eighteen fathoms, adhering

to each other in large bunches.—G. B. S. |

_ Byssoakca ALTERNATA, Byss. testéoblongd, subcylindraced, pal-
lide brunned, radiatim striatd, anticé posticeque profunde sul-
cataé ; latere antico brevissimo, superné obtuse angulato, infra
rotundato ; postico elongato, costis duabus validis ex umbone ad
marginem veniralem posticam decurrentibus, costis posticis validis
rugosis; dentibus marginalibus posticis alternantibus ; ared liga-
__menti angustd, antice latiore : long. 1-4, lat. 0-7, alt. 0-6 poll...
* Hab. in Columbia Occidentali. inate Dy + Spm
~ Found attached to stones, on a rocky bottom, in twelve fathoms.
—G. B.S. “ ) ¥

ByssoARCA MACULATA, » Byss: testd oblongd, subrhomboided; 0b -
bon laqua, decussatim striatd, pallida ; ared\ posticd fusco-maculata ;
latere antico parvo, superne angulato, latere postico-longiore; su-
perne angulato, carind validd ex umbone ad marginem inferam et
\posticam decurrente ; ared ligamenti latd ;\ umbonibus incurvis :
> long. 1°35, lat. 0°75, alt. 0-8 poll.
* Hab. ad insulas Oceani Pacifici.
- Found attached to Mother-of-pearl Shells at Lord. Hood’s Island.
A thin pale-coloured epidermis covers the shell, which is ‘conspi-
cuous on the edge of the posterior ridge, where it forms lengthened
plumose seta.—G. B. 8S. ork A

. ByssoaRcA MUTABILIS, ‘Byss.testd oblongd, pallid? fuscd, decus-
~~ satim striata; latere’antico plerumque breviore, nonnunquam
subequali, superné angulato, ‘subtis rotundato ; postico longius-

\ culo, superné angulato, carind ex umbone ad marginem inferam
et posticam decurrente ; ared posticd suleis majoribus decussatis :

long. 1:9, lat, 1:1, alt. 0-9 poll.

18)

Hab. in Columbia Occidentali.
. Found under’ stones at the Isle of Plata.—G. B.S. .

Byssoarca Divaricata. Byss, testd oblonga, allicante, longitu-
dinaliter sulcatd et radiatim decussata ; latere antico superne
subangulato, postico carind ex umbone ad marginem ventralem

.» posticam decurrente spiniferd, sulcis divaricatis, eleganter decus-
. satis conspicuo; ared ligamenti angusta: long. 1°, lat. 0-5, alt.
0°55 poll. .
Hab. ad \ittora insularum Maris Pacifici. (Annaa or Chain
Island.)
Found attached to stones.—G. B. S.

Byssoarca pEcussATA. Byss. testd oblongd, albd, decussatim striatd,
epidermide squamoso-setosd indutd ; latere antico breviore, superné
subangulato ; postico superne rotundato-angulato, infra rotun-
dato ; margine ventral rectiusculd ; ared ligament? angustd -
long. 2°, lat. 1°, alt. 1°2 poll.

Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici.
Found attached to Mother-of-pearl Shells at Lord Hood's and

Chain Islands.—G. B.S.

Byssoarca ILLoTA. Byss. testd ovatd, albd,' radiatim costatd,
costis numerosis, decussatis; epidermide fuscd, foliaced induta ;
lutere antico breviore, rotundato, postico declivi ; area ligamenti
angustd, brevi: long. 1*5, lat.0°75, alt. 1° poll.

. Hab.in America Centrali.
. Found under stones in the Gulf of Nocoiyo.—G, B. S.

BySsOARCA VELATA, Byss. testd ovata, compressiusculd, radiatim
costatd et decussatd ; dorso biangulato ; epidermide fusca, squa-
mosd, squamis acuminatis ; ared ligamenti angustd: long. 3-1,
lat. 1°8, alt. 1° poll.

Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici.
Found attached to Mother-of-pearl Shells at Lord Hood’s and
Chain Islands. One specimen is 6 inches long.—G. B.S.

ByssoaRca soLipa. Byss. testd ovato-quadratd, crassa, solidd,
aquilaterali, radiatim striatd,, minutissime decussatd ; latere an-
tico rotundato, postico superné obtuse angulato, obsolete carinato ;
ared ligamenti elongatd, ligamento rhomboideo, centrali: long.
0:6, lat. 0:5, alt. 0-4 poll.

- Hab. ad Paytam, Peruvie.
“Wound under stones.—G. B.S.

ByssOARCA) PUSILLA. . Byss, testd ovato-subrhomboidali, albidd,
decussatd ; latere antico breviore, rotundato, postico longiore, de-
clivt ;.margine dorsali posticd angulatd ; area ligaments angustd;
ligamento brevi, ad posticam arece partem solim adjuncto ; carind
abtusd ex umbone ad marginem posticam inferiorem decurrente :
long. 0°45, lat, 0°2, alt. 0°25 poll.

. Hab, ad Iquiqui, Peruviz.
Found attached to stones at low water.—G. B. S.

ByssoaARcA TRUNCATA. Byss. testd oblongd, naviculiformi,
Suscd, parte mediand anticdque radiatim striatis, striis granosis ;
caring obtusd ex umbone ad marginem posticam inferiorem decur-
rente ; parte posticd rudiatim costatd, costis interstitiisque ob-
tusis, rugosis ; latere antico brevissimo, superné angulato, infra
rotundato, postico elongato, abrupté truncato ; ared ligamenti
elongatd, latd, ligamento quadrangulari, prope anticam aree
partem soliim adjuncto : long. 2°3, lat.1+1, alt. 1:2 poll.
Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos, saxis adherens.
This species has also been found at Lord Hood’s Island attached
to Mother-of-pearl Shells.—G. B. S.

ByssoARCA LURIDA. Byss. testd ovato-oblongd, decussato-striatd,
castaned, epidermide fusca fimbriato-lacerd indutd ; latere antico
rotundato, postico obliqué truncato; margine dorsali postic? an-
gulatd, ventrali postice rotundato-angulatd: long. 1°5, lat.0°75,
alt.0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam. Elenam.

Found attached to stones, at a depth of twelve fathoms, in rocky

ground. ;

This species varies in its proportions.—G. B.S,

Byssoarca PARVA. Byss. tesid oblongd, parvd, pulcherrim? de-
cussato-striatd, castaned ; latere antico brevi, rotundato, postico
elongato.; ared ligamenti breviusculd, angustd: long. 0°83, lat.
0°35, alt. 0'4 poll.

Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici.

‘Found in coral rock, and attached to Mother-of pearl Shells, at

Ducie’s Island.—G. B.S.

Genus ARCA.

§ Aquivalves.

ARCA TUBERCULOSA. Arcatestd ovalt, turgidd, obliqud, subauritdé,
radiatim costatd, costis numerosis, sparsim tuberculiferis, antic?
presertim ; umbonibus proximis ; ared ligamentiferd angustd ;
latere antico breviore: long. 2°8, alt. 2:2, lat. 2‘) poll.

. Hab. ad Real Llejos.
. Found at low water at the roots of the Mangrove trees. :

The shell is covered, except the wmbones, with a thick dark-bra “n

epidermis.—G. B. S.

Arca Nux. Arca testd obliqud, turgidd, inequivalvi, radiatim cos-
tatd; valve dextralis costis anticis graniferis, sinistralis costis om-
nibus graniferis ; umbonibus distantibus, prominentibus ; epider-
mide fuscd, corned, tenut, ad posticam costarum partem setigerd :
long. 0°7, lat. 0°6, alt, 0°65 poll.

Hab. ad Xipixapi.
Found in sandy mud at a depth of twelve fathoms,—G, B.S.

ARCA REVERSA. Arca testd obliqud, turgidd, radiatim costatd,
costis rugulosis ; latere postico longiore, rotundato, antico bre-
viore, oblique truncato ; umbonibus approximatis ; ared ligamen-
tiferd angustd, omnino posticd ; epidermide fuscd, crassd, harsutd :

» dong. 1+15, lat..0°8, alt. 0'9 poll.
Hab, in Peruvia.
Found in soft mud, at a depth of seven fathoms, at Tumbez.

Named by Mr. Gray from a specimen in Mr. Foy’s cabinet.—
G. B.S. .

ARCA CONCINNA. Arca testd oblongd, inequivalvi, albd, radiatim
costatd, costis anticis rugulosis, interstitiis decussatis ; latere an-
tico breviore, supern? angulato; latere postico pone angulum
inconspicuum productiore ; ared ligamenti angustd, antic? utrin-
que crenulatd ; legamento postico ; epidermide olivaced, ad sulcos
anticé postictque spiniferd: long. 1:15, lat. 0'5, alt. 0-65 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. ;

Found in coarse sand, at a depth of twelve fathoms, in the Gulf

of Nocoiyo.—G, B. S.

ARCA EMARGINATA. Arca testd oblongd, subcylindraced, inequi-
valvi, alba, radiatim costatdé ; latere antico fs costis angus-
tioribus, rugulosis ; latere postico elongato, costis latioribus, le-
vibus ; margine posticd superiore emarginatd; ared ligamenti
angustd ; epidermide fuscd, ad sulcos setosd: long. 1:6, lat, 0-7,
alt. 0'8 poll.

Hab. ad littora Maris Pacifici.

. From Atacamas, Real Llejos, Xipixapi, Panama, and the Gulf of
California.—G. B. S. 7

AkcA ForMosA. Arca testd oblongd, subcylindricd, albicante, ra-
diatim costatd, epidermide fuscd squamoso-setosd obtectd; costis
numerosis, planulatis, anterioribus duplicatis ; margine cardinali
utrdque angulatd ; latere antico breviore; ared cardinali elongatd,

-_ latiusculd: long. 4°6, lat. 2°3, alt. 2-3 poll.

Hab.in America Centrali, (Gulf of Tehuantepec.)

_ This very fine species of Arca most nearly resembles the Arca
- Scapha, but is much longer in proportion to its breadth and height.
It is covered, in the interstices of the ribs, with long, pointed scales,

~ which become longer bristly hairs at the posterior side.—G, B. S.

ARCA AURICULATA. Arca testd oblongd, albd, radiatim costatd,
epidermide fuscd squamoso-setosd obtectd ; margine cardinali
utrdque, precipue postic?, auriculatd : long. 1-2, lat. 0-6, alt.0°65
poll.

Hai, ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found, at a depth of ten fathoms, ina muddy bottom.—G. B. S.

2]
ARCA BIANGULATA. » Arca testd oblonga, vventricosd,, albd, ‘ra-
» -diatim costatd, epidermide fuscd setosd indutd ; margine dorsali
antic? acut?, postice obtuse angulatd 5 latere antico breviore, al-
tiore, postico subacuminato, margine laterali declivi ; ared liga-
menti elongatd, antic? latiore, pland: long. 2+, lat. 1°2, alt. 1°3
poll. mea 04 |
Hab..ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis. (Atacamas.)
A single specimen was dredged at a depth of seven fathoms.—
G. B.S.

Arca MuLvicostaTa. Arca testa ovato-rhombed, albd, radiatim
\ _multicostatd, epidermide fuscd subvelutind indutd; latere antico
superne angulato, subtus rotundato, postico superne, angulato ;
margine laterali declivi; carind rotundatd ex umbone ad mar-
ginem inferam posticam decurrente ; costis rotundatis, minu-
tissime decussatis, anticis subgranosis; sulcis rotundatis ; ared
ligamenti latiusculd: long. 2°8, lat. 2-1, alt. 2°4 poll.
‘Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis.
"Dredged from a depth of twelve fathoms in the Gulf of Tehuan-
tepec.—G. B, S.

§§ Inzequivalves. »

* Arca oBesa. Arca testd ovatd, ventricosd, alba, radiatim costaid,
epidermide fuscd squamosd obtectd ; costis numerosis, confertis,
planulatis, levibus ; latere antico breviore, postico subangulato ;

~~ cardinali breviusculé, angustd : long. 1°55, lat. 1-1, alt. 1-1
po. po. 27100 ;
‘Rab. in Columbia Occidentali. )

A few specimens only were dredged, in seven fathoms, at Ataca-
mas.—G. B.S. id
- ° '
. ARCA LABIATA.. Arcatestd brevi, quadrato-globosd, albd, radiatim
» costatd ; costis anticis, valve majoris precipue, rugulosis, posticis
_ latioribus levibus, omnibus planulatis ;\ latere, antico breviore,
rotundato, postico longiore, subangulato ; ared ligamenti latd,

\ rhomboided ; epidermide| fused long. 1-2) lat..1+, alt, 1-1 poll.

Hab. ad. Real Liejos et ad-Tumbez: y
_. Dredged among) sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms. The
epidermis at the posterior edges of the ribs is setose.—G..B. 8.)

Arca LAsIosa. Arca, testd brevi, quadrato-globosd, albicante, ra-
_. diatim costatd, costis anticis, value majoris. precipue, granosis,
posticis levibus ; latere antico breviore; superne angulato, infra

rotundato ; postico longiore subangulato ;. ared higamenti an-
.. gustd ; epidermide tenut, uscd: long. 1:45, lat. 0-9, alt. 1:15

pou. 4.3 at
Hab, ad. Tumbez, Peruvie.,
A few specimens only were dredged, in soft mud, at a depth of
seven fathoms.—G, B.S. ; ’,

ARCA QUADRILATERA. Arca testd quadrangulari, ventricosd, al-
bicante, radiatim costatd, epidermtde olivaced indutd ; lateribus
supern? angulatis, antico supra rotundato, postico infra obtuse
angulato; costis rotundatis ; ared ligamenti angustd: long. 1°,
lat. 0-7, alt, 0-85 poll.

Hab. ad Real Llejos.

Dredged in sandy mud at eight fathoms depth.—G. B. S.

ARCA BREVIFRONS. rca testd oblongd, radiatim costatd, albd,
epidermide fuscd, interstitiorum setosi, indutd; latere antico
brevi, postico latiore, longiusculo ; margine dorsali postic? angu-
latd ; costis planulatis ; ared ligamenti obsoletd: long. 1°25, lat.
06, alt. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad Tumbez, Peruviz.

Dredged among soft mud at seven fathoms depth.—G. B.S.

ARCA CARDIIFORMIS. Arca testd subovali, ventricosd, albidd, ra-
diatim costatd, costis anticis rugulosis, ceteris levibus, interstitus
valve majoris angustissimis, minoris latiusculis ; latere antico
rotundato, postico subtus angulato; margine laterali declivi;
ared ligamenti parvd, subaequali : long. 2", lat. 1°5, alt. 1°7 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Californiensi.

Found on the sands at San Blas. At first glance it has the ap-

pearance of, and might easily be mistaken for, a common Cockle.—
G. B.S.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin read the following
notes of his dissection of a slender Loris, Loris gracilis, Geoff., which
had recently died at the Society’s Gardens. It was presented by
Captain Faith.

«“ The animal was a female, and its admeasurements were as
follow : i

«« Total length of the body, 83 inches; of the arm, 5 (the humerus
measuring 2, the fore-arm 3 inches) ; of the inferior extremities, 54
inches (exclusive of the foot; the femur being 23, and the leg 3
inches long).

“On laying open the abdomen, the liver, the stomach, a portion
of spleen, and the convolutions of the small intestines were presented
to view. The liver was tripartite ; the left lobe was single; the
middle lobe divided into two portions, on the right of which, in a
sulcus, on the under or convex side, was situated the gall-bladder ;
and the right lobe was also divided, the lobulus Spigeli existing as
usual. The spleen was of a dark colour, long aa narrow, being
barely half an inch broad, but 2 inchesin length, and attached pretty
closely to the convex portion of the cardium. The gall-bladder
was oval, its duct entering half'an inch below the pylorus; the length
of the duct was nearly half an inch, The pancreatic duct termi-
nated with it, that gland being long and slender, running an inch and
a half along the curve of the duodenum, to which, beginning at the
pylorus, it was closely attached.

123

| 8 The stomach was simple, the cardiac portion haif an, inch be-
-yond the entrance of the esophagus. The intestines were slender,
-and exhibited very great difference of circumference between their
-Jarge and» small portions.. The length of the small was 21 inches,
of the large 8 inches. _ The distance from the cardiac to the pyloric
opening, foliowing the smail curve of the stomach, was little more
-than half an inch... The greater curve of the stomach measured 34
-inches, The cecum, of considerable size, extended 34 inches beyond
-the entrance of the zleum. ;

, * Thekidneys were large, and almost oval; the cortical substance
being thin, but very distinct ; the right was situated somewhat the
highest. The urinary ¢ubuli entered the pelvis of the kidney by
-one large conical papilla. . The bladder was small, and oval, the
ureters entering half-way between the fundus and the neck.

“* Between the anus and the external parts of generation a distance
of 3, or 4 lines intervened; the clitoris, projecting like a penis, de-
pended from the inferior edge of the vagina, and at its extremity the
urethra opened, the length of that canal;being an inch anda half;
_the urethra passed down the clitoris, as in the penzs of the male, The
‘uterus|was very small-and bifid ; the vagina was 2 inches long, the
urethra running attached to its surface. The bones of the pubes were
‘not in contact at the symphysis for nearly a quarter of an inch.

“The chest was next opened. . ti va

‘«« The lungs had two lobes on the left, and threeon the right side,
with a small posterior one on the posterior mediastinum. The heart

_ itself presented nothing remarkable; its right cavities were, however,
gorged with blood. nouns

“The tongue, an inch and ahalf long, tapering and smcoth, exhi-
bited three papille on its basal portion, disposed so as to form the
three points of a triangle. |

“ The epiglottis, arising from the root of the tongue, had its edges
-curled forwards, so as to form three parts of a cylinder, the tip’or
extremity being bifid. Beneath the epiglottis the rzma opened, rather
‘widely at its commencement, but narrowing to a mere slit.

»- © The aorta gave off at its arch three branches, viz. the arteria
énnominata, whence the right carotid and right subclavian sprung ;
the left carotid; and the left subclavian.

© With reference to the distribution of the arteries in the limbs of
‘slow-moving animals, as discovered by Sir A. Carlisle, the course of
the subclavian: and of the femoral: arteries was examined, with a
\view to observe the subdivisions noticed in the slow Lemur and the
Sloth by that eminent anatomist. Both were injected with mercury,
but the femoral most successfully. This latter artery, on leaving
the aorta, subdivided into'a:number of tubes, running a parallel
course in contact, intertwined together, and communicating freely
with each other. This lengthened plexus of vessels, giving off the
profunda in a single large trunk, was found to run the’ usual course
down the thigh, the distinct/tubes uniting more and more into one,
until it became popliteal, and then divided as usual into the anterior
and posterior tibial arteries.. During the:course of this congeries;

several véry small arteries were given off to the muscles ;—it is to be
_ observed, that, divided as it is, this femoral plecus bore a great rela-
tive proportion to the bulk of limb it was destined to serve. The sub-
-clavian artery exhibited precisely the same character as the femo-
ral. This plexus, as it passed over the first rib, sent off several minute
arteries to the adjacent muscles, and entered the axilla, where it gave
_ off similar radii, and continued its course, decreasing to the el-
bow; but the injection not having well succeeded in this part, it was
impossible to trace the character of its subdivisions. As was the case
with the femoral pletus, the present bore a large relative volume to
that of the limb: indeed, it strongly impressed the observer with the
idea, that, however impeded by this arrangement of vessels, an un-
usual quantity of blood would be habitually conveyed tothe ex-
tremities.. This arterial structure may perhaps be more connected
with tenacity of grasp, and endurance of muscular contraction, than
with mere slowness of motion. The present animal, although on its
first arrival very torpid and inanimate, was, when warmed before
the fire and secluded from a direct light, very lively, and as active
as its cage permitted, becoming, however, dull and inanimate the
‘moment it was removed from the influence of the exciting and —
genial temperature. 0 ©
«The results of this dissection agree generally with those of
Daubenton and Sir A, Carlisle, as regards the several particulars
observed’ by them. .
:1 The disease of which the animal died was peritonitis ; the peri-
toneal membrane’ having a universal and deep blush of inflam.
mation.” :

The specimen of the Apteryx Australis, Shaw, which was figured
in the ‘ Naturalist’s Miscellany,’ plates 1057 and 1058, was exhibited.
This specimen, hitherto unique, forms part of the collection of the
President, Lord Stanley, by whom it was purchased at the sale of
Dr. Shaw’s effects. . Doubts having been expressed: by some conti-
nental writers as to the existence of such a bird, it was communicated
by His Lordship for exhibition; the materials with whichit was'stuffed
having been previously removed from it by his directions, so as to per-
mit of the skin being closely examined.

Mr. Yarrell called the attention of the Meeting to its several parts
jn detail, which he described fully, with reference to the illustration
of a paper “‘ On the Apteryx Australis, Shaw.” He dwelt, particu-
larly on the singular combination of characters presented. by this bird,
which render it so remarkable and so highly interesting to the orni-
thologist.. With the strong feet and claws of a Rasorial bird, it has
tarsi'so short.:as to incapacitate it from running with speed, a move-
ment apparently required as a compensation for the absence of the
power of flight occasioned by its merely rudimentary wings. ‘The ab-
sence of any tendency to palmation between the toes equally unfits it
for progression in the water. Hence must result a peculiarity of habits,
respecting which it'is much to be regretted that we are at present en-
tirely without information. | Its long and’slender bill, resembling in

form that of an Jbis but somewhat more straight, is singular on ac-
count of neither of the mandibles presenting any concavity on their
inner or opposed surface, except close to the base: itis scarcely less
extraordinary in the position of its nostrils, which are seated close to
_ the apex, and through which a bristle may be passed freely along
the whole length of the beak, 64 inches, to the head.

‘The position of the nostrils, the short ¢ars?, and the decidedly ra-
sorial character of the toes and claws, indicate the necessity of its food
being obtained on dry land; and Col. Sykes having found beetles,
‘grasshoppers, seeds, and vegetable fibres, in the stomachs of some of
the Indian species of Ibis, Mr. Yarrell conjectures that the food of the
Apteryz is probably similar.
~ “Mr. Yarrell concluéed by stating his impression that a second repre-
‘sentation of the bird might be acceptable to zoologists, the figures in
the “ Naturalist’s Miscellany,” besides being but little known, being
deficient in two or three particulars which he enumerated. «>

Howe

February 26, 1833.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of a Seal, presented to the Society by
- Mr. Henry Reynolds. It was obtained by that gentleman from a
native of New Holland, who stated that he brought it from the in-
terior of the country adjoining the settlement of New South Wales.
The marine habits of the animal (a species of Arctocephalus, and most
probably the Otaria Peronii, Desm.) render this statement problema-
tical. Should it be correct, it would seem to indicate the existence of
salt water in large masses at a distance remote from the coast.

A specimen was exhibited of the Carolina Cuckoo, Coccyzus Caroli-
aensis, Bon., which was killed in the last autumn in the preserves of
Lord Cawdor in Wales: it was communicated for exhibition by His
Lordship. Two instances of the occurrence of a bird of the same
species in Ireland have been recorded.

Dr. Grant called the attention of the Society to a specimen of a
Cephalopod, forming part of his own collection, which he exhibited in
illustration of a paper ‘‘ On the Zoological Characters of the Genus
Loligopsis, Lam., and Account of a New Species from the Indian
Ocean.” , '

In his introductory remarks Dr. Grant refers to the history of the
‘genus Loligopsis, of which no specimen appears to have been hitherto
submitted to the inspection of European naturalists. It was founded’
by Lamarck on a drawing, made by Péron and Le Sueur, of a specimen
obtained by them in the South Sea. A drawing of another specimen
from the South Pacific Ocean, forms the type of the genus Leachia
of M.C. A. Le Sueur, a genus evidently, as it has been considered by
M. Sander Rang, synonymous with Loligopsis. But in neither of
these instances had the specimen been brought home, and in the ab-
sence of subjects for observation the genus has been regarded as of
doubtful existence by Cuvier, by the Baron de Férussac, and by
M. Blainville, who gives little credence to the combination on the
same animal of the eight arms of an Octopus, and the caudal fin of a
Loligo.

Dr. Grant’s specimen presents this combination of characters,
and may therefore be regarded as establishing the existence of the
genus Loligopsis. It has, moreover, two very small cylindrical pe-
duncles between the outer pair of arms, which have not been noticed
by previous observers: it constitutes a third species of Loligopsis, di-
stinguishable from the others by the comparative length of its arms.
In the Lol. Peronii, Lam., the arms are all of equal length; the Lo/.
eyclura, (Leachia cyclura, Le §.),’ has the superior pair of arms equal

- 27

in length to the inferior pair; in the Lol. guitata, Grant, the upper
pair are shorter than the lower.

Dr. Grant described in detail the new species represented by his
specimen, and noticed some particulars of its anatomy. ‘The trivial
name of guétata is applied to it on account of the existence on the lower
half of the mantle, and chiefly on its back part, of about fourteen large
round dark spots, which are remarkably distinguished from the speckled
appearance of the mantle generally.

__ The paper was accompanied by a drawing of the animal. © It will
be published in the Transactions of the Society.

_ Mr. Yarre]l read a Paper “On the Laws which regulate the Changes
of Plumage in Birds.”’

In this paper Mr. Yarrell embodied with greater developement-the
observations on the same subject, which he communicated to the So-
ciety on January 8th (see page 9). He also entered into some details
_ of the origin and growth of the feather. He referred particularly to
the labours of Montagu in our own country as having cleared away
many difficulties in tracing specific identity, that persevering ornitho-
logist having by a long series of observations distinguished and re-
corded various periodical appearances.

Age, sex, season, and disease were enumerated as the principal
causes of changes in plumage, and the various modes by which these
changes were effected in the appearance of the birds were severally
alluded to. The laws by which the assumption of plumage in young
birds appears to be governed were also stated, with numerous refer-
ences to particular families of birds in which the operation of these
laws was most apparent. The moulting and its consequences were
also pointed out. :

Some of the principal facts detailed in this communication were
illustrated by observations and notes made on the changes in various ~
birds at the Gardens of the Society, and the changes in plumage from
youth to age, as well as the assumption of particular colours at the
approach of the breeding season, were shown by a series of feathers
of different birds, arranged on cards in the order in which the extent
of change appeared most obvious.

Mr. Yarrell stated his belief that most of the conspicuous changes
observed in birds were induced by an altering or altered state of the
sexual organs.

March 12, 1833.
The President, Lord Stanley, in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Vice-Secretary by M. Geoffroy-
Saint-Hilaire, For. Memb. Z. S., and dated Paris, March 5, 1833.
It acknowledges the receipt of the copy of the letter of Lieut. the Ho-
nourable Lauderdale Maule to Dr. Weatherhead respecting the Orni-
thorhynchus, and states that the writer has proposed a system calcu-
lated to put an end to the controversy respecting these animals. This
system is contained in a “‘ Memoir on the Abdominal Glands of
the Ornithorhynchus, falsely presumed to be mammary, but which
secrete, not milk, but mucus, destined for the first nutriment of the
young, when newly hatched,”’ published in the ‘ Gazette Medicale,’
under the date of Feb. 18th. A copy of the Memoir was laid on the
table, and an abstract of it was read.

M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire translates the whole of Lieut. Maule’s
letter, and quotes also Mr. Qwen’s observations on the Mammary
glands of Echidna, from the Preceedings ot the Committee of Science
and Correspondence. He then enters into some details on the history
of our knowledge of the Monotremata, and on the various opinions which
have been held respecting their mode of generation, and the nutrition
of their young. Recurring to the very curious observation of Lieut.
Maule, he admits the effusion of a fluid of a milky appearance, but he
doubts that this fluid was actually milk. “‘To arrive so rapidly at this
decision,” he proceeds, “ many impossibilities must have been for-
gotten. You have not the function, nor the result of the function
which: characterizes the Mammalia, if the organs that produce it are
truly wanting. Now this is what I think I can demonstrate; and
what I undertake to do in the following remarks.

** For this purpose I seek for analogous facts; and they have’ toe
since been furnished to me by the. Shrews. There are on each side
of the bodies of these animals two kinds of glands arranged parallel
to each other. 1st, Internally, conglobate and truly lactiferous glands,
of the known structure: 2ndly, Externally, an apparatus formed of
ceca, furnished with some membranous and diaphragmatic frena, and
with many cellulosities. This apparatus, in the young state and during
the inactivity of the sexual organ, consists only of a longitudinal projec-
tion without distinct characters; but during the season of sexual ex-
citement, this projection becomes enlarged and is visibly surmounted
on its internal surface by a multitude of small parallel ceca, dissemi-
* nated over and attached to the glandular body, like the bristles upon
a brush. These ceca open on the projection made by the gland, which
on its tegumentary surface has but a single excretory orifice. The

secretion consists of a mucus possessing a very powerful odour.
* * ** * * *

“ The epigastric artery is divided into two principal branches; one
passing towards the median line to'supply the mammary glands ; the
other ramifying externally and performing the same function with re-
gard to the odoriferous glands. ‘The same structure exactlyis presented
by'the ventral glands of the Ornithorhynchus, two characters excepted,
which do not militate against the determination and analogy assigned
to them : | viz. a much more extensive development, and two secretory
orifices instead of one, as in the Shrews. I explain this difference by
the atrophy and: entire suppression of the mternal epigastric branch.
This branch being annihilated, there is no formative vessel, and con-
sequently no apparatus produced,—no mammary gland; but, on the
other hand, the whole arterial alimentation passing more excentrically
by means of the single terminal branch, the apparatus to which this
branch is distributed is proportionally enlarged. This shows why and
how the odoriferous glands have reached, in the Monotremata, their
maximum of development. Where the apparatus becomes more con-
siderable, the function is so much the more powerful, and the mucus
secreted must in fact exist in such quantity in the Monotremata, that
its effusion may become a fact susceptible of observation.

_ * I should not be surprised, if this mucus, more abundant and more
substantial in the Monotremata, became the nutriment of the young
after their hatching. The Monotremata would act, in this respect,
like some aquatic birds which conduct their young after hatching to
the water, and assist them in their substantation. The maternal in-
stinct would lead the female Ornithorhynchus to effect the contraction
of the gland, which ‘is possible by the efforts of the panniculus carnosus
and the great oblique muscle, between the fibres of which the gland is:
seated, and thus to procure for the young, at several periods of the day,
- by way of nutriment,an abundant supply of mucus. If this education is
carried on in the water, wherewe know, by the history of the generation
of frogs and the nutrition of their tadpoles, that the mucus combines
with the ambient medium, becomes thick, and supplies’an excellent
nutriment for the early age of these reptiles, we shall understand the
utility of the ventral glands of the Ornithorhynchus, as furnishing a
source of nutriment for the young of these animals,—for young ovipara
. newly hatched. When we meet with such curious organic conditions,
we do not attempt, by a truly retrograde march, to throw back well
averred differential facts, decidedly acquired to science, by means of
a forced assimilation, among other facts peculiar to the class of Mam-
malia; but on the contrary we are under the necessity of placing the
Monotremata further within the limits of oviparous animals.

se ye" * * * * * *

/ * At the other extremity of the scale of beings, where the fishes are
placed, ‘we meet with a gland secreting mucus, extending along the
sides from the head to the tail. - Ascending the scale, we see it sepa-
rate’ into fractions ; some Reptiles, and among others the Salamanders,
have it large and forming a continuous band, as in Fishes: we have
said in what state it is found in the Monotremata.”

In a postscript, dated February 19th, M. Geoffroy states that at a
Meeting of the Academie des Sciences on the previous day, M. de

Blainville had read a paper, in which he maintained his former opinions
on the subject of the Monotremata, and supported the views of
Mr. Owen. He states that some contradictions and physiological
impossibilities contained in it had been noticed by MM. Duméril and
Serres, in the course of the discussion, but does not enter into any
details.
The reading having been concluded of the abstract of the views
proposed by M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire in the memoir submitted,
Mr. Owen addressed the Society on its subject. The following is an
outline of his observations.
When the glands in question were first detected by M. Meckel,
that eminent anatomist at once regarded them as mammary. M. Geof-
froy-Saint-Hilaire objected to this mode of viewing them, that their
structure is not conglomerate, like that of mammary glands, but
lobed and consisting of numerous ceca, resembling the structure which
he has described as existing in the odoriferous glands which surround |
the mamme of the Shrews; hence he concluded that their function is:
similar to that of the corresponding organs, as he considered them, in
these little animals, namely, to secrete an odorous substance for the
purpose of attracting the other sex in the season of heat. M. von
Baer subsequently proved that it is incorrect to assume that a mam-
mary gland must necessarily be conglomerate, by showing that these:
organs in the Cetacea consisted of simple ceca, a structure even less
complicated than that demonstrated in Ornithorhynchus at a later pe-
riod, by Mr. Owen. During his investigation of the structure of
these glands Mr. Owen proved, by comparing their condition with the:
state of the sexual organs in several individuals which he examined,
that they correspond in the phases of their development with the true
mammary glands, their greatest size being attained when the ovaries
appear to have recently parted with their contents. The fact of their
development being at its maximum at about the time of the birth of
the young, evidently indicating the connexion of their function with
this period, M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire at first conjectured that they
might secrete the earthy matter of the egg-shell, with which he con-
ceives the young to be provided when brought into the world; but
this may be regarded as improbable, the tubes, (upwards of a hundred
and fifty in number and opening by as many orifices,) which convey
the secretions from the glands being so very slender and elongated
as to be evidently adapted for carrying fluids. M. Geoffroy-Saint-
Hilaire’s subsequent and most recent opinion is that they secrete
mucus, which being squeezed out by the mother in the water, be-
comes thereby thickened, and adapted for the aliment of the young ;
but Mr. Owen remarked that as he had shown that similar glands exist
in Echidna, animals inhabiting sandy places, and unfitted for going
into the water, such cannot be their use in Echidna at least, and it
may therefore be concluded that such is not their use in Ornitho-
rhynchus. - '
Mr. Owen added, that he had purposely limited his observations
on the present occasion to the theories propounded by M. Geoffroy-
Saint-Hilaire respecting the uses of the abdominal glands of Orni-

thorhynchus.° Lest, however, it should be inferred from:his silence as
to the other views advanced by that distinguished zoologist in the
two communications recently laid before the Society, that he coin-
cided in them, he thought it necessary to remark that he was by no
- means disposed to admit their general correctness.

/Extracts were read from a'letter addressed to the Secretary of the
Society, by Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Port
Louis (Mauritius), November 8th, 1832. It accompanied some skins
of Mammalia and Birds, and a.collection of Fishes, Mollusca, and
Crustacea, presented to the Society by its writer. It also announces
it as probable that specimens of the Tendraka and Sokina of Mada-
gascar, will shortly be obtained for the Society.. Mr. Telfair has re-
cently had opportunities of making some researches about the buried
bones of the Dronte or Dodo, found in the island of Rodriguez. The
result of these researches he communicates, and incloses letters ad-
dressed to him by Col. Dawkins, Military Secretary to the Governor
of the Mauritius, and by M. Eudes, resident at Rodriguez.

Col. Dawkins, in a recent visit to Rodriguez, conversed with every
person whom he met respecting the Dodo, and became convinced that °
the bird does not exist there. ‘The general statement was that no
bird is to be found there except the Guinea-fowl and Parrot. From
one person, however, he learned the existence of another bird, which
was called Oiseau-beuf, a name derived from its voice, which resem-
bles that of a cow. From the description given of it by his informant,
Col. Dawkins at first believed that this bird was really the Dodo ; but
on obtaining a specimen of it, it proved to be a Gannet. It is found
only in the most secluded parts of the island.

Col. Dawkins visited the caverns in which bones have been dug
up, and dug in several places, but found only small pieces of bone.
A beautiful rich soil forms the ground-work of them, which is from
six to eight feet deep, and contains no pebbles. No animal of any
description inhabits these caves, not even bats.

M. Eudes succeeded in digging up in the large cavern various bones,
including some of a large kind of bird, which no longer exists in the
island: these he forwarded to Mr. Telfair, by whom they were pre-
sented to the Society. The only part of the cavern in which they
were found was at the entrance, where the darkness begins; the little
attention usually paid to this part by visitors, may be the reason why
they have not been previously found. Those near the surface were
the least injured, and they occur to the depth of three feet, but no-
where in considerable quantity ; whence M. Eudes conjectures that
the bird was at all times rare, or at least uncommon. A bird of so
large.a size as that indicated by the bones has never been seen by
M. Gory, who has resided forty years on the island.

M. Eudes adds, that the Dutch who first landed at Rodriguez
left cats there to destroy the rats which annoyed them: these cats
have smce become very numerous, and prove highly destructive to
poultry ; and he suggests it as probable that they may have destroyed
the large kind of bird to which the bones belong, by devouring the

young ones. as soon as they were hatched;—adestruction which may
have been completed long before the island was inhabited.

_ The bones procured by M. Eudes for Mr. Telfair have been pre-
sented by that gentleman to the Society. They were laid on the
table. They include, with numerous bones of the extremities of one
or more large species of Tortoise, several bones of the hinder extre-
mity of a large bird, and the head of a humerus. With reference to the
metatarsal bone of the bird, which was long and strong, Dr. Grant
pointed out that it possessed articulating surfaces for four toes, three
directed forwards and one backwards, as inthe foot of the Dodo pre-
served in the British Museum, to which it was also proportioned in
its magnitude and form.

_ The Gannet, designated in Rodriguez as the Oiseau-beuf, was also
exhibited. It was apparently referrible to the lesser Gannet of Dr.
Latham, the Sula candida, Briss., and Pelecanus Piscator, Linn:

_ The Fishés presented by Mr. Telfair were exhibited. They include
specimens of about fifty species, among which the following were

‘pointed out. by Mr. Bennett as apparently hitherto undescribed.

Apocon vitticER. Ap. brunnescenti-rufescens; vittd laterum medida
rectd antice productd rostrumque cingente, maculdque parvd ro-~
‘tundata ad basin pinne caudalis, nigris.

Dp stke, Ler ;

Gonivus semicincrus. Gob. oculis lateralibus : pinnd caudali subro-
tundatd: brunneus, infra. pallidior, semicingulis. sex ventralibus
argenteis nigro-marginatis ; genis operculisque ceruleo-guttatis
lituratisque ; guttd nigrd ad basin pinne caudalis,; pinnd analiad
basin ceruleo punctatd.

D. 6,16... A. 14... C.. 1% Po d8.:¢Ve.6—6..

Cuvrza Mavarriana. Clup. pinnd dorsali vir pone equilibrium
positd ; ventralibus subdorsalis medio ; anali subelongatd : dorso
' vittdque supra lineam lateralem iridescenti-plumbeis, ventre flavi-
cante-argenteo. e
SDPIGHOAI TS? VIO" POTE.

Murana Motenpinaris. Mur. dentibus rotundatis; maville su-
perioris utringue. uniseriatis, vomerinis numerosissimis confertis
irregulariter 10O—12-seriatis; maaille, inferioris utringue 5—6-
seriatis : corpore brunnescenti-nigro, lineis albidis ultra centenis

___ eircumdato.
A Murend. Zebrd, Shaw, satis differt numero et ordinatione den-
tium : cxterum colore: picturaque simillima, lineis tamen albidis cir-
cularibus magis numerosis.. Longitudo circiter 4-pedalis.

_ Opuisurus crocopiLinus. Oph. pinnis pectoralibus parvis: maz-
illd inferiore longiore : dentibus acutis ; mazille superioris parvis
_subapproximatis, palatinis majoribus distantibus, vomerinis 4—5 |
maximis ; maxille inferioris utrinque 8—10, intermediis distan-
libus maximis : oculis rhinario proximis, cristd ossed postice su-
pereminente : supra fusco-cinerascens, infra pallidior ; pinnis pal-
lidis; lined laterali serie stigmatum nigrorum distinetd.

- At the request of the President, Mr. William Thompson of Belfast
exhibited a'specimen of a Tern shot by him in June last on one of
the three Copeland Islands, which are situated a few miles off the
north-east'coast of the county Down, Ireland. .Mr. Thompson stated
that the bird was evidently identical with those described as. the
young of the Arctic Tern, Sterna Arctica, Temm., in the Appendix to
Capt. Parry’s Voyage in 1819-20, page 203. In a detailed description
of the specimen, which was read, Mr. Thompson pointed out various
differences of proportions and: colouring between it and the adult
Arctic Tern, specimens of which, as well as of Sterna Hirundo and
Sterna Dougalii, were shot by him on the same day, thus affording
opportunity for comparison of these several species in a recent state
and’ at precisely the same season.

Mr. Thompson availed himself of the opportunity to exhibit also
‘specimens of the black-headed Gull, Larus capistratus, Temm., and
of the Sandwich Tern, Sterna Cantiana, Temm., which were shot in the
neighbourhood of Belfast, It is believed that no previous instance of
the occurrence of these birds in Ireland has been recorded.

Specimens were exhibited of the woolly and hairy Penguins of Dr.
Latham. They form part of the collection of the President, by whom
they were communicated for exhibition. Mr. Yarrell briefly described
them.

“ Woolly Penguin of Dr. Latham’s ‘ General History of Birds,’ vol. x,
page 392. Length of the beak, 2% inches; from the point to the
gape, 33 inches; length of the beak and head, 6} inches; from the
top of the head to the end of the tarsus, 31 inches; length of the
foot and claw, 63 inches; length of the wing, 123 inches; girth of
the body, 34 inches; beak black towards the point, slightly curved ;
basal third of the upper mandible, dusky brown ; basal half of, the
lower mandible, orange. __

“The terms woolly and hairy Penguins appear somewhat inappro-
priate, the covering of both these birds being only different modifi-

_ cations of those tufts of down which in young birds precede the first
true feather. The colour of the covering in this specimen is a uni-
form light brown; the tail is cuneiform, composed of numerous dark-
coloured feathers, narrow and bristly, the longest of which are 3
inches ; the feet and part of the toes yellow; the ends of the toes,
webs and claws, black. The fourth toe of each foot, in both these
birds, appears to have been overlooked by the original describer : it is
small, articulated to the inner side of each inner toe, and the birds
may consequently be considered as having four toes, all pointing
forward. From the length of the wing in this specimen, and .the
orange colour of the base of the lower mandible, this bird is probably
the young of the Patagonian Penguin.

“ Hairy Penguin of Dr. Latham’s work before quoted, the same
volume and page. Length of the beak, 2} inches; from the. point
to the gape, 34 inches; length of the beak and head, 5 inches ; from
the crown of the head to the end of the tarsus, 274 inches; length

' Cc

of the foot and claw, 43 inches; length of the wing 104 inches:
girth of the body, 23 inches. Beak black, slender and slightly curved
towards the point; covering in this bird uniform dark brown ; right
wing wanting: no appearance of tail-feathers ; toes vermilion, webs
orange, claws brown. It is probably the young of a large-sized
Penguin, of which several species are described by authors as having
red legs and feet. All that is known of this specimen is, that it was
brought to England by the master of a South Sea Whaler, and
formed part of an exhibition of subjects in natural history.”

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells collected
by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America and among
the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. They were accompanied
by characters from the pen of Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

CumInGIA, noy. gen.

Testa bivalvis, inequilateralis, equivalvis, latere antico rotundato,
postico subacuminato ; dentibus, cardinali, in utrdque valvd, unico,
parvo, antico, lateralibus in alterd valvd ad utrumque latus uno,
valido, in alterd nullo; ligamento interno foveole sub-coch-
leariformi affixo ; impressionibus muscularibus duabus, laterali-
bus, distantibus, anticd irregulari, oblongd, posticd subrotundatd ;
impressione musculari pallii sinu maximo.

An interesting new genus of Bivalves, which should be placed near
to Amphidesma. It is remarkable for the dissimilarity of the hinge
of the two valves, one having a strong lateral tooth on each side of
the ligament, and the other being entirely destitute of lateral teeth.
Having only met with a single small West Indian species, I did not
venture to consider this genus established until Mr. Cuming showed
me several species in his rich collection of South American and Pacific
shells, one of which is sufficiently large to show the characters di-
stinctly.—G. B.S.

Cumrinei1a mutica. Cum. testd ovatd, minutissime decussatd, an-
tice rotundatd, postice acuminatiusculd ; latere postico breviusculo,
margine dorsali declivi : long. 1°2, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°85 poll.

Hab. prope littora Maris Pacifici.

This species has been obtained at the following places; at Con-

ception in seven fathoms, sand and mud; at Iquiqui in nine fathoms,
gravel and mud; at Payta in hard clay at low water ; and at Muerte.

—G. B.S

CuMINGIA LAMELLOSA. Cum. testd ovatd, concentric? lamellosd,
latere antico rotundato, postico subacuminato ; lamellis distantibus :
long. 0°7, lat. 0°35, alt. 0°55 poll. '

Hab. prope littora Oceani Pacifici. ,

Found at Payta in hard clay at low water; and at Panama in deep

water.—G. B.5.

Cuminera coarcrata. Cum. testd ovali, concentric? lamellosd ;

latere antico altiore, rotundato ; postico subacuminato, infra co-
arctato, margine dorsali declivi ; lamellis confertis : long. 0-6,
lat. 0°3, alt. 0-4 poll.
- Hab. ad Sinum Caraccensem.
Dredged from a sandy muddy bottom in seven fathoms water in
the Bay of Caraccas.—G. B. S.

Cuminera triconunaris. Cum. testd orbiculato-subtrigond, con-
centrice lamellosd; latere antico rotundato, postico acuminato,
margine dorsali declivi: long. 0°8, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°7 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found among stones in deep water.—G. B.S.

‘Genus CorButa.

- CorBuLa nucrrormis. Corb. testd ovatd, crassd, ventricosd, antice
rotundatd, postice rostrata, obtusd; margine ventrali valve sinis-
tralis postice coarctatd, transversim sulcatd : long. 0°55, lat. 0°35,
alt.0°3 poll.

Hab. in Americé Centrali.
Found at a depth of six fathoms in sandy mud at Real Llejos.

The same species is also found in a fossil state near Guayaquil.— ~

G. B.S.

Corsua sicarinata. Corb. testd ovatd, depressiusculd, subequi-
laterali, antice paulld longiore, postic? bicarinatd ; carinis ex um-
bone ad marginem posticam ventralem decurrente : long. 0°45,
lat. 0°3, alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in sandy mud at from seven to seventeen fathoms at Pa-

nama, Real Llejos, Caraccas and St. Elena.—G. B. 8.

Corsuna srrapiatTa. Corb. testd ovato-oblongd, longitudinaliter
striatd, pallidd ; margine dorsali posticd subcarinatd, rufd, anticd
breviore, rufo maculatd ; radiis binis intermediis albis : long. 0°6,
lat. 0°3, alt. 0-4 poll.

” Hab. ad Chiriqui et ad sinum Caraccensem.

Found i. mud and sand in from three to six fathoms at Chiriqui,
and in seven fathoms in the Bay of Caraccas. The species varies
much in thickness and in the colour of the inside, where some spe~
cimens are of a dark blood red colour.—G. B.S.

Corsuna nasuta. Corb. testd ovatd, gibbosd, antice altiore, ro-
tundatd, postice rostratd, acuminatd, valvis subcarinatis : long.
0°7, lat. 0°35, alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad Xipixapi.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms. Some small spe-

cimens which I suppose to be the young of this species were found
in the gulf of Nocoiyo.—G. B. S.

- Corsuna ovuLtata. Corb. testa ovatd, albicante, interdum roseo
tinctd, antic subproducto-rotundatd, postice subrostratd ; extis
longitudinaliter sulcatd : long. 1, lat. 0-5, alt, 0°55 poll.

Hab. ad littora Americte Meridionalis. ;

Found in sandy mud at various depths, from seven to seventeen
fathoms, at Xipixapi, and in the Bays of Montijo and Caraceas: De-
tached valves of a beautiful pink colour were picked up on the sands
_ at Real Llejos and Mazatlan.—G. B. S.

Corsuta raDiATA. Corb. testd subtrapeziformi, albidd, prope mar-
ginem ventralem sanguineo radiata ; latere antico brevi, postico
longiore, bicarinato ; intiis sanguined: long. 0°35, lat. 0°17, alt.
0°25 poll.

Hab. ad Acapulcam.

A single specimen was picked up on the sands.—G. B. S.

Corsuta tenuis. Corb. testd oblongd, albicante, tenui ; latere an-
tico superne declivi, antice rotundato ; latere postico longiore, bi-
carinato, postice biangulato ; margine posticd declivi ; umbonibus
subincurvis; margine dorsali posticd subexcavatd ; long, 0-9, lat.
0°4, alt. 0°5 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. :

One specimen was dredged among sandy mud at a depth of twelve

fathoms in the Bay of Montijo.—G. B. 8.

Genus Butinvus.

Burinus Curpensts. Bul. testd ovali, cinerascenti-fulvd, albido
variegatd ; anfractibus quatuor, minutissimé rugulosis, ultimo
mazimo ; suturd crenulatd ; aperturd ellipticd ; peritremate reflexo,
albente : long. 1°4, lat. 0°75 poll. ,

Conchological Illustrations, by G. B. Sowerby, jun.

Hab. ad Coquimbo, sub lapidibus.—G. B. S.

~ Burrnvs puncturirer. Bul. testd ovato-oblongd, subacuminatd, al-

bidd, minutissime rugulosd, epidermide tenuissimd flavicante indutd ;
punctulis nigricantibus, seriatim dispositis, sparsim ornatd ; an-
fractibus quinque, ventricosiusculis, suturd sub-impressd ; aperturd
ellipticd, superne acuminatd, peritremate tenui: long. 1:5, lat.
0°75 poll.

Hab. in Chili, sub lapidibus.

From the Questa Prado.—G. B. 8.

Buinus rvucirervus. Bul. testd turrito-pyramidali, brunned ; an-
fractibus octo, longitudinaliter rugulosis ; suturd distinctd ; aper-
turd subovali ; labio externo tenui, irregulari ; umbilico parvo : long.
0°5, lat. 0.2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Jacobi, inter Gallapagos Insulas.

Found under scorie.—G. B. 8S.

Butinus prurnosus. Bul. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, corned, albo
varid ; anfractibus quinque, ventricosis ; suturd profundd ; aper-
turd ellipticd, superne acuminatd ; umbilico parvo ; labio tenui :
long. 0°55, lat. 0°3 poll.

Hab. in Peruvia.

Found on dead leaves in the clefts of rocks in the mountains of
Cobija.—G. B. 8.

- Butinus Lavrenti. Bul. testd ovato-pyramidali, tenui, albicante,
transversim fusco fasciata ; anfractibus quinque, levibus, ventri-
cosis; gradatim majoribus ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd feré circu-

» lari ;-umbilico mediocri ; labio tenui ; long. 0°55, lat. 0°3 poll.

Hab, in Peruvia.

Var, (. testa omnino albicante.

Found on stones on the top of the mountain in the Island of San
Lorenzo, Bay of Callao, Peru; about 2500 feet above the level of the
sea.—G. B.S.

- Bouuinus unirascratus. Bul. testa vite dlapetaty tenui, pel-
lucida, brunned, fascid unied albida ; anfractibus 5—6, ventricosis,
longitudinaliter striatis, nitidis ; aperturd ellipticd, superneé acu-
minatd ; labio tenui ; umbilico parvo : long. 0°8, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.
_ Found under detached pieces of lava on Charles’s Island, one of
the Gallapagos.—G. B. S

Bouuinus sirineatus. Bul. testd ovato-oblongd, tenuiusculd, palles-
' << cente, lineis duabus brunneis transversis, interstitio albo ; anfrac-
tibus 6—7, levibus, ventricosis, longitudinaliter striatis ; suturd
distinctd ; aperturd ovatd; labio tenui; umbilico parvo: long.
0°65, lat. 0°25 poll.
' Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et in Columbia Occidentali.
-Variat coloribus saturatioribus vel pallidioribus. .
Found under stones at St. Elena, and buried in the earth under
bushes in the Island of Plata on the coast of West Columbia.—
G. B. Ss. '

Fert thar corners. Bul. testd ovatd, obtusd, tenui, pellucidd, cor-
ned. ; anfractibus 5—6, ventricosis, longitudinaliter striatis, levi-
bus; suturd distinctd; aperturd ovatd ; labio tenui ; umbilico medio-
cri: long. 0°6, lat. 03 poll.

Hab.-in America Centrali.

Found under decayed grass at Real Llejos.—G. B. S.

Burrnus eEryturostoma. Bul. testd ovato-subglobosd, alba ; spird
obtusd, conicd; anfractibus quinque, ventricosis, minutissime grano-
sis; aperturd ellipticd, intis rubente ; labio tenui ; umbilico magno :
long. 0°8, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. apud Huasco, Chilie.

One young specimen is covered with longitudinal streaks of red-

dish brown; and one adult shell has its lip thickened, but not re-
flected. Found under bushes.—G. B. S.

Buuinus curysatipirormis. Bul. testd ovato-oblongd, medio ven-
tricosiore, tenui, levigatd, albd, suturd labioque externo reflexo
brunneis ; anfractibus 6—7, rotundatis ; aperturd longiusculd ; um-
bilico minimo : long. 2°9, lat. 1-1 poll.

Hab. in Americ4 Meridionali.

Mr. Cuming brought a single specimen of this shell, of which he
does not know the locality, it being a dead shell and not having been
found by himself.—G. B. S.

At the request of the President, Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of
a Toucan, remarkable for the peculiar form of the feathers on the back
part of the head and cheeks. They are without barbs towards
their extremities, the shafts being widely expanded; those of the,
crown of the head are curled and horn-like, and, being of a jet black
colour, bear some resemblance to fine ebony shavings; as they pro-
ceed along the neck they become straighter, narrower, and spatulate :
the feathers of the cheeks have the latter form, and are straw-coloured
slightly tipped with black. Mr. Gould proposed for it the name of

PreroGLossus uLocomus. Pter. plumis capitis, genarum, nucheque
foliiferis, illius crispis nigris, harum spatulatis, genarum stramineis
nigro apiculatis ; cervice, dorso, pectorisque lateribus coccineis ;
alis, caudd, femoribusque olivaceis ; remigibus brunneis ; guld,
pectore, abdominis medio crissoque flavescentibus, pectoris plumis
coccineo marginatis.

Long. 18 unc. ; rostri a rictu ad apicem mandibule superioris, 4 ;
ale, 5%; caude, 7+; tarsi, 24.

The beak is lengthened, and both mandibles are edged with thickly
set white serratures; the upper has the culmen orange, bordered by
a narrow longitudinal stripe of dull blue extending nearly to the tip,
below which the sides of the mandible are fine orange red; a white
line surrounds the apertures of the nostrils; the under mandible is
straw-coloured, becoming orange at the tip; a narrow band of rich
chestnut encircles both mandibles at their base. The bare space sur-
rounding the eyes is of a blueish lead colour, as are also the tarsi and
toes.

March 26, 1833.
Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Mammalia recently obtained
by the Society from that part of California which adjoins to Mexico.
‘They comprehended several species hitherto apparently undescribed,
to which the attention of the Meeting was particularly called by
Mr. Bennett.

Mepuitis nasuta. Meph. naso prominente, rhinario supern? pro-
ducto ; vellere denso, pilis elongatis, rigidiusculis, setaceis ; plantis
omnind nudis.

Long. corporis cum capite, 163 unc. ; caude, 54; céude cum pilis,

9235; pedis postici, 23.

By its robust form; the shortness and strength of its limbs; the
greater production of its nose; the denseness, firmness, and resistance
of its strong hairs, and the entire nakedness of its soles, this animal
differs from the Common Skunk of America. In the dried skin exhi-
bited the nose extends an inch beyond the line of the upper incisors,
a hairy space of half an inch in width intervening between the upper
lip and the soft muzzle. On its upper surface the muzzle is produced
backwards seven eighths of an inch in an elliptical form. The fur
of the body is composed ‘of an under coat of crisped fine hairs, and
of an outer coat of strong, somewhat rigid hairs, which, however, have
little of harshness, although they offer to the touch a marked difference
in the resistance they oppose to pressure, as compared with the equally
long but silky and soft hairs of the Common Skunk. The soft feel
exists in two specimens, apparently referrible to the latter, which are
contained in the collection, and the difference in the quality of the
fur can therefore scarcely be attributed to locality. This difference is,
moreover, combined with characters of form, especially about the
nose, which authorize the consideration of the long-nosed Skunk as a
distinct species. ,

The colouring, which in the genus Mephitis is evidently but little
fitted to afford characters on which reliance can be placed, consists,
in the individual exhibited, of a single broad white band, extending
from behind the eyes along the middle of the back, where it is more
dilated, and passing continuously to the tail, the whole of which it
occupies: with this exception the entire fur is black. The claws,
remarkably strong on the anterior feet, are, as usual, horn-coloured.

The hinder tarsi of the Meph. nasuta are destitute of hair on their
under surface, and the nakedness extends even beyond the heel. In
one of the specimens before alluded to, the hinder third is slightly,
and in the other densely, hairy. These may, perhaps, help to furnish
specific characters, but without further and more extensive observation

Mr. Bennett hesitated in having recourse to them, or to the compa-
rative length of the tail, which in one individual equals, without the
hairs, that of the body.

Dipvetruis Cauirornica. Did. vellere lanato ad apicem nigro,
setis longis omnino albis exstantibus ; facie pallidé brunneo-nigres-
cente, maculd preoculari saturatiore ; labiis genisque albis.

Long. corporis cum capite, 12 unc. ; caude, 16; a naso ad auris
marginem posticam, 44.

Drvetruis BrEvicers. Did. capite breviore; vellere lanato ad api-
cem nigro, setis longis omnino albis eaxstantibus ; facie pallidé
brunneo-nigrescente, fascid oculari a naso ad aures extensd nigra;
labiis genisque albis.

Long. corporis cum capite, 12 unc. ; caude@, 12; a naso ad auris
marginem posticam, 3.

Of the former of these Opossums two specimens were exhibited ;
of the latter, one. They are distinguished from each other at first
sight by the comparative length of their heads, the ears in Did. bre-
viceps being rather more than an inch nearer to the tip of the nose
than those of Did. Californica. They both belong to that section
of the genus which has long bristles intermingled with and projecting -
far beyond the woolly undercoat; and in both, as in the Virginian
and Bruasilian species, Didd. Virginiana, Cuv., and Azare, Temm.,
the bristles are white throughout their whole length. From the Vir-
ginian Opossum they are distinguished by the darker colour of the
face, and by the much greater length of the tail. From Did. Azare
they differ by the last-mentioned character, and by the absence from
the face of the four spots, one over each eye and one near each ear,
which give to the head of that animal some resemblance to that of
Did. Opossum.

SrerMoruitus sprtosoma. Sperm. auriculis nullis ; brunneo-ru-
fescens, dorso pariim nigro tincto albogue creberrim® guttato ;
labiis, mento, palpebrisque albis ; ventre artubusque flavescentibus ;
caudd prope apicem nigra, albo apiculatd.
Long. corporis cum capite, 54 unc.; caud@, 25 ; caude cum pilis, 3.
This animal, of which two skins were exhibited, agrees in colour
and markings with the description of the American Souslik, Arctomys
(Spermophilus) guttatus ?, Rich., published in the * Fauna Boreali-
Americana,’ vol. i. p. 162. But the length of the tail as compared
with that of the body is so different both from Dr. Richardson’s
measurements of the American, and Pallas’s of the European species,
that it can scarcely be considered as a variety of either. If the di-
mensions of the American Souslik had been taken from one specimen
only, it might have been suspected that its tail had been mutilated ;
but the measurements of two individuals are given, in only one of
which does the length of the tail exceed in a trifling degree one sixth
of that of the body and head taken together. In the Californian
Souslik its length considerably exceeds one third of that of the head

and body. The markings of its tip are peculiar: a black spot occu-
pies the fur covering the end of the caudal vertebre, and about one
half of the space beyond their termination, the remaining half being
pure white. .

The. specimens are young, and, have probably not attained their
full growth, | The crowns of their molar teeth are not at all worn.

SrermorHinus MAcRourus. Sperm. auriculis mediocribus; niger,
_ albo, subfasciatim creberrime irroratus ; capite nigro, pilis albis
ad faciem parce sparsis ; palpebris albis ; labtis mentoque ferru-
. gineis ; venire ferrugineo nigro vario ; cqudd longd nigro alboque
varid.
Long. corporis.cum capite, 114-une, ; caude, 7; caude cum pilis, 8+.
The black head, on which a very few white “hairs exist, and the
purely white. eye-lids, are very conspicuous marks of this species,
which is nearly related to Spermm. Franklinti, Beecheyi, &c., by the
length of its tail; the similar markings on all sides of this organ, and
the laxness and length of the hairs which cover it.The hair on the
body is short, adpressed, and firm but not harsh. . The markings on
the back and sides consist. of white, undulating, interrupted and fre-
quent transverse white stripes on a black ground ; the black predomi-
nating along the middle line of the back, and the white on the sides.

~ Scrurvs nicrescens. Sci. niger, albo arenoso-varius ; subtis pal-
lidior, grisescens'; maculd post-auriculari albidd ; caudd nigro
alboque varid:

‘Long. corporis cum capite, 114 unc. ; caudee, 10}; caude cum

pilis, 14.

The hairs of the upper surface are atte long, soft and smooth ;
each of them is tipped with white, occasioning, when viewed in cer-
tain lights, an iron-grey colour: on the under surface the black is
less deep, and the white tips are longer than on the upper surface.
The colour of the limbs corresponds with that of the adjoining sur-
faces, except on the upper part of the tarsus, where it is black; on
the toes, however, the hairs are again freely tipped with white. The
long hairs of the tail are nearly all terminated by white, occupying
the terminal fourth or fifth part of their length; hence the sides and
extremity of that organ are nearly white, the black being most con-
spicuous along its middle, and for about the first quarter of its length.

The pale spot behind each ear, if permanent in the species, will
furnish a ready distinguishing mark.

LEPUS NIGRICAUDATUS. Lep. vellere mollissimo, pilis raris elongatis

_ Sericeis intermiztis ;. supra nigrescenti flavidoque varius, infra et
ad clunes artusque albus ; nuchd cauddque superne nigris ; gutture
flavescente ; tarsis saturate rufis ; auriculis ad apices albis.

_ Long. age cum. capite, 23 unc. ; capitis ante aures, 4; auri-

cule, 5; tibie, 44; pedis postici, 43.
_ The ee and general appearance of the fur resemble those of
a Rabbit rather than of a Hare. The colouring of the under surface
is separated from that of the upper by a. distinct line about the middle

of the side, which slopes upwards over the haunches to the middle
line of the back. Behind this point, the white passing backwards
along the middle line becomes more and more blended with black,
until the colour of the upper surface of the tail is entirely black.

The ears, which are longer than the head, are closely covered with
short adpressed hairs. These are in front mixed black and yellow,
giving a grizzled appearance; on the hinder part they are entirely
ochraceous for about two thirds of the length of the ear, the terminal
third, as well as the tip and the hinder fringe, being white, and fur-
nished with much longer hairs. The long hairs fringing the anterior
edge are ochraceous, excepting for a short distance immediately below
the tip, along which space they are black.

Mr. Bennett concluded by calling the attention of the Society to
two skins forming part of the same collection, which, notwithstanding
their marked difference in fur and colour from an arctic specimen of
the Meles Labradoria, Sabine, he felt disposed to consider as referrible
to that species. The general form is the same; the colour of the
legs similar ; and the light markings on a dark ground on the head
and face correspond precisely ; the ground colour being, however,
much darker, of a blackish brown, and grizzled with white on the
hinder part of the head. The middle white line shows itself indi-
stinctly in two or three places along the back, where the hairs are
long, silky, and soft, but without any intermixture or woolly appear-
ance. ‘Towards their base they are slightly crisped; their colour is
here tawny ; it then becomes black; and the tips are white. Hence
results a grizzled white and black with only an occasional tinge of
tawny on the back; a somewhat undulated appearance of white and
black, with a considerable mixture of tawny, on the sides, where the
white strongly predominates ; the black then disappears altogether,
the sides of the belly being tawny and its middle white. The tawny
colour extends across the chest; but the throat and chin are pure
white. The tail is tawny on both surfaces, and becomes much darker
at the tip. From this description it will be seen that the animal ac-
cords sufficiently with the Tlacoyotl of Hernandez. The difference
in the adpressed and firmer character of its fur from the lax and
almost woolly nature of the fur of the arctic Badger, may be accounted
for by its being less exposed to cold, and consequently not requiring
the additional protection of a much warmer covering; in the arctic
specimen, too, it is probable that the pale grey colour, scarcely varied
except about the head, is merely a result of that general law which
gives to animals of snowy countries a white winter fur.

A specimen was exhibited of a species of Sepiola from the Mauritius,
which had been presented to the Society by Charles Telfair, Esq.,
Corr. Memb. Z.8., and Dr. Grant explained its distinctive charac-
ters by comparison with a specimen of the Sepiola vulgaris of the
Mediterranean, exhibited for that purpose. He showed that while
the body of the Eastern species is four times the size of that of the
European, its arms do not exceed in length those of the latter species.
On account of this comparative shortness of its members he proposed

to designate it as the Sepiola stenodactyla, regarding it as the type of
a new species distinguished from the single species previously known
not merely by the important structural character just noticed, but
also by the greater number of pedunculated suckers on its tentacula,
and by the markings of the ¢entacula which are transversély banded,
those of the European species having round spots.

Dr. Grant described the animal in detail, and exhibited a drawing
in illustration of his description.

Dr. Grant subsequently gave a demonstration of the structure of the
heart and of the distribution of the blood-vessels of the large Indian
Tortoise, Testudo Indica, Linn., which died lately at the Society’s Gar-
dens. He pointed out the manner in which the quadrangular fold lying
over the openings of the two auricles serves as a valve to these auricles
during the contraction of the ventricle, and to direct the currents of

venous and arterial blood to opposite sides of the ventricle during its
dilatation. The remarkable spongy texture of the left chamber of
the ventricle, formed by innumerable minute and separate fleshy co-
lumns which traverse it in every direction, to mingle thoroughly the
two kinds of blood to be sent through the systemic arteries, was
finely displayed in this large animal. The fleshy fold bounding the
right chamber of the ventricle, ingeniously compared by M. Meckel
(Vergleich. Anat. 1831, p. 223,) to the fleshy tricuspid valve of Birds,
was also found largely. developed, and might well assist in the sepa-
’ ration of the venous blood of the right auricle, and in its propulsion
through the dulbus arteriosus and pulmonary arteries. The two sy-
stemic aorte were distinctly seen to commence by separate orifices
_ from the ventricle, as in the aquatic Chelonia, and not by a single
orifice as stated by Cuvier to occur in the land Tortoises (Le¢ons, iv.
p- 221). All the orifices of the ventricle are provided with two valves
of a semilunar form; even the auriculo-ventricular orifices are each
provided with a semilunar valve besides the continuous fold extended
over both their orifices. No trace of valves could be observed on the
entrance of the pulmonary veins into the left auricle; but two very
large semilunar folds protect the entrance of the systemic veins into
the right auricle. The partitions of the interior of the ventricle are
here but imperfectly developed, compared with those of the aquatic
Chelonia.
He directed the attention of the Members to the size and condition
of the two ductus arteriosi, one leading from each pulmonary artery
to the descending aorta of the corresponding side, which in this adult
animal were still obvious and strong cords, though with their canals
almost obliterated. He observed that the Chelonia here exhibited as
a permanent character what is found in Birds only at an early period
of their life ; the ductus arteriosus being double in birds in their fcetal
state, and the one on the right side disappearing before that on the
left, while in Mammalia the left only is present in the embryo.
The distribution of the great trunk sent to the upper parts of the
_ body, the smallness of the communicating branch between the two

44
descending aorte, the origin and distribution of the cceliac and supe-
yior mesenteric arteries, the subdivisions of the single abdominal
aorta, the limited distribution of the vena porte, and other parts of
the circulating system of this large Tortoise, were also pointed out.

sds

April 9, 1833.
Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair.

Several extracts were read from a letter, addressed by Dr. A.
Smith, Corr. Memb. Z.S., to Mr. Yarrell, and dated Port Elizabeth,
Algoa Bay, December 22, 1832.

Dr. Smith states his belief that the Hyena vulgaris, Cuy., does
not inhabit South Africa; its place being occupied by the Hyena
villosa, Smith, which bears, when young, considerable resemblance
to that species.

He also states that the Eagle from the Cape, which was presented
to the Society by the Hon. J. T. Leslie Melville, and which is now °
living in the Menagerie, is not the young of Aquila vulturina, Daud.,
but of 4y. Choka, Smith, (Falco rapax, Temm.).

‘He remarks that Vultur auricularis, Daud., is not confined to
the interior of South Africa, but is met with close to Cape Town,
over which he has seen it flying. The belief that several pairs
build their nests together (whence the appellation of sociable Vul-
ture has been derived,) is erroneous ; for Dr. Smith has never met
with more than one nest actually occupied upon the same tree: the
error has probably originated in a new nest being occasionally
built adjoining to an old one, which had been deserted on account
of its having become unserviceable. The bird seems but little
disposed to sociability ; rarely more than two are seen together,

and if four occur in the vicinity of a carcass, the number is consi-

‘dered as great ; while of Vudtur fulvus, it is by no means uncommon
to see a hundred, or even more, congregated together where carrion
exists.

Dr. Smith adds that Aguila Verreauxu, Less., is synonymous
with Aq. vulturina, which has recently been described by M. Lesson
as a Halidetus: it has, however, none of the habits ot the Fishing
Eagles. It inhabits the highest and most rocky mountains, preying

- chiefly on the Cape Hyrux. The error has probably arisen from
the white back being concealed, in stuffed specimens, by the
wings. " .
M, Lesson, in November 1530, founded two new genera, Gymno-
genys and Teratophius, on the Falco Gymnogenys, Temm., and Falco
ecaudatus, Shaw, These genera are respectively synonymous with
Polyboroides and Helotarsus, proposed by Dr. Smith in the ‘ South
African Journal’ in April of the same year.
_» The Circaetus pectoralis and Falco Chicqueroides of Dr. Smith are
fTespectively synonymous with Circ. thoracinus, Cuv., and Falco bi-
armicus, Temm. ’

Dr. Smith also states that the Antelope described by Mr. Woods
in the ‘ Zoological Journal’ as the Antilope personata, is the young

.of Ant. pygarga, Pall., the Bonte Bok. .
- No. LV, ProceEepines of THE ZooLOGIcAL Society.

An extract was read from a letter, addressed to the Secretary by
Charles Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and referring toa Viver-
ridous animal obtained by that gentleman from Madagascar, which
lived for several months in his possession, and on its death was
transmitted in spirit to the Society. Mr. Telfair states his belief
that the animal is new to science ; a belief in which Mr, Bennett
participated. The specimen was exhibited, and Mr. Bennett pointed
out, in reference to a ** Description of a Viverridous Animal from
Madagascar,” its resemblance to the Paradozuri in the plantigrade
character of its feet; the webbing of its toes almost to their extre-
mities ; and the number and retractility of the claws, which on the
fore-feet are sharp and resembling those of the Cats. Its general
appearance also approaches that of Paradoxurus ; but the fur is
short, adpressed, and of uniform colour, and the tail is slender,
cylindrical, and equally hairy all round, rendering it probable that
this organ is not subject to being curled in the manner usual in that
genus, from which it also differs in the possession of an anal pouch.
In the young individual exhibited the dentary characters could not
be ascertained, its teeth being only of the deciduous class. Its
anatomical structure resembles, in the shortness of the intestines,
the size and direction of the cecum, the disposition of the superficial
vessels of the kidneys, and in some other respects, that of the
typical }iverride@, and approaches nearly to the structure of the
Felide. shtiv

Mr. Bennett stated his impression that the animal should be re-
garded as the type of a new genus, nearly allied to, but distinct
from, Paradoxurus. He proposed for it the name of Cryptoprocta

Serox.

Some remarks by Mr. Spooner on the post mortem appearances of
the Moose Deer, which died suddenly, at the Society’s Gardens, on
the morning of the 28th of March, were read. ' ;

‘Having been informed by the keeper that a copious ejection
from the stomach took place a few minutes previous to dissolution,
I was impressed with the idea that a rupture of that organ had
taken place, or that the animal had taken some poisonous ingredient
with its food. A careful investigation of the alimentary canal,
however, did not tend to verify such opinion, as the whole of the

“ organs composing it bore a healthy aspect, with the exception ofa

few hydatids, which were found to be adherent to the peritoneal
tunic of the stomach. The kidneys were in a state of chronic
disease, which was more particularly confined to their cortical sub-
stance. The structure of the liver was also much impaired by chronic
inflammation.

“On examining the viscera of the thorax, the ravages of acute
disease were sufficiently apparent to account for the sudden death
of the animal. The heart and pericardium were highly inflamed, as
were also the large vesse's proceeding to and from that organ. The
liquor pericardiz was morbidly augmented, and of a sanguineous
hue. The right side of the heart was hypertrophic, and the lungs

were more than usually congested: In conclusion I beg leave to
state that, in my opinion, there can be no doubt that the immediate
cause of death was the acute disease of heart, but that the chronic
disease of kidneys and liver was the remote cause.”

“A specimen was exhibited of an Antelope, previously undescribed,
which forms part of the collection of Mr. Steedman, by whom it was
communicated to the Society. It was characterized by Mr. Ogilby
as the y

ANTILOPE ELLIPSIPRYMNUS, Ant. coriubus maximis, elongatis,

procurvis, annulatis: rhinario magno: scopis nullis: ports in-

guinalibus: caudd longd, floccosd: pilis rigidis, floccosis, linee

dorsalis cervicisque media reversis: rufo-brunneo griseoque varius,

metopio saturaté brunneo, maculd longa supraoculari, labiis, fascia
' indistinct gulari, macula jugulari, ellipsique prymnalt, albis,

Mr. Ogilby gave the following detailed description.

“ This magnificent animal, which belongs to that section of the
Antelope genus which Colonel Smith denominates gocerz, and
which comprehends the Ant. leucophea and Ant. equina of natu-
ralists, measures 7 feet 31 inches from the muzzle to the root of the
tail, 3 feet 10 inches in height at the shoulder, and 3 feet 8 inches
at the croup. The horns measure 30 inches along the curve, and
the tail with the hair 21 inches.

« The ground colour, both above and below, is a mixture of grey

_and russet brown, the latter predominating on the back, croup,
cannons and pasterns. The forehead and chaffron are uniform dark
brown. The hair is uniformly harsh, and divided into separate locks,
which lie in different directions. On the back, immediately above
the loins, there is a little whorl or centre, from which the hair all
along the back and neck is reversed or directed forwards. The
hair of the neck is longer and more bristly than that of the body,
reversed above, and directed transversely over the sides so as to
form a lengthened ridge on the throat. There is no mane nor beard.
A large white mark passes over each eye, extending 3 or 4 inches
down on each side of the chaffron; the lips and interior of the ear
are also white, and an indistinct band of the same colour crosses the
throat, at the junction of the head and neck. The hair on the chest
is also reversed, and directed upwards, The ears are large and
broad like those of an Ox; they are covered on the outside with
short hair of a pale red colour, having a white mark on the under
edge, and marked with five longitudinal str within, as in the gene-
rality of the Antelope genus. The tail reaches nearly to the heel, ~
and is covered with hair like that of the body, brown above, white.
beneath, and very slightly tufted. But the most extraordinary
mark is a white ribband which passes over the croup, down each hip,
and unites between the thighs, so as to form a perfect and regular
ellipse, of which the root of the tail occupies the upper focus, This
mark contrasts in a most remarkable manner with the deep russet
colour of the surrounding parts, and is in itself so singular and cha- _

racteristic of the animal, that I have judged it proper to commemo-
rate it in the specific appellation.

“The horns are 23 inches distant at the base, and 22% at the
points. They first point backwards and outwards, spreading widely
and directed nearly in a straight line for the first 12 inches of their
length, then bend forwards and slightly inwards with a uniform
curvature, the concavity being in front, or just in the opposite di-
rection from that which is observed in the Ant.leucophea and Ant,
eguina. At first I was inclined to believe that this direction might
have been given them by mistake in the stuffing of the specimen,
but Mr. Gould assured me that they were attached to the os frontis,
and could not possibly have been reversed, They are surrounded
by twenty-four distinct and prominent annuli, nearly obliterated
behind, and extending to within 6 inches of the points, which are
smooth and blunt. Between the annuli, the horns are marked with
deep and regular striz, which run in a longitudinal direction. As
far as the annuli extend they are of a light brown colour, but the
smooth part is black, and they are almost of a uniform thickness
from the root to the points. Their circumference at the base is 9
inches. The muzzle is large and naked ; there are neither crumene,
nor scope on the knees, but the inguinal pores are very distinct, and
surrounded by a naked space of considerable extent,

“The locality from which Mr. Steedman procured this magnifi-
cent specimen, which at present forms one of the principal orna-
ments of his valuable collection of South African animals, lies about
twenty-five days’ journey north of the Orange river, between Lata- -
koo and the western coast of Africa. That gentleman informs me
that he never saw but one other specimen, which, however, was not
perfect, but of much larger dimensions than the present individual,
and with longer and stouter horns.”

Mr. Ogilby subsequently called the attention of the Society to a
specimen of a Mammiferous Quadruped, also communicated by
Mr. Steedman for exhibition, which he described in detail with
reference toa paper ‘On the Characters and Description of a new.
Genus of Carnivora, called Cynictis.”

The new genus proposed by Mr. Ogilby connects the family of
the Civets with that of the Dogs, participating with the one in its
organs of mastication, and with the other in those of locomotion,
‘and consequently ranging with Proteles, Isid. Geoff., as a second
genus, intermediate between those two groups. Proteles, however,
partakes in some degree of the characters of the Hy@nas, while
Cynictis is more immediately interposed between the Dogs and
Ichneumons, to the latter of which it bears a pretty close resemblance
in external form.

The generic characters may be thus expressed :

CyNICTIS.

. See Oh we —6 °
Dentes primores, : 3 laniarii, 3 molares, eae quorum utrinque

yD tres priores spufii, quartus carnarius, sequertes tuber-
¢ i {1 : f 0 } ; hj ; ; } . ;

Pedes digitigradi, digitis 5—4, unguibus falcularibus Tongis fos-
taped eran 3 PL wadiq
Cauda longa, comosa.'' : ha Wags Dh Th
Genus inter Ryzenam et Herpestem intermediuin, et dentibus et
aiitgnin angele wate ST NENG kabul

; : "tist ;

Oxnictis' STEEDMANNI, Cyn. rufus; dorso. saturatiore; gents,
«colle, lateribus cauddque rufis priseo intermixtis ; caude apice
bee sordidé alboin'0o 0 948 I) 40K . thio

» Long. corporis cum’ capite,'] ped. 6:unc.}! caudce, 1 ped. ; capitis,
a rostro ad auricule basin, 24 unc); auricule, 4; auricule lati-
tudo; 13.5 0° un ott gnetltio 1 r

- The general colour, as well as the whole’external appearance of
the animal, is that of a small Fox.

Mr. Ogilby described in detail the generic and specific pecu-
liarities, and pointed them out on the preserved skin and on the
cranium ; in the latter, as in that of Herpestes, the bony ring sur-
rounding the orbit is complete. He added also references to the
Travels of Sparrman, for a notice apparently of this animal; and to
those of Mr. Barrow, (vol. i. p. 185,) in which a brief, but per-
fectly intelligible account of it is contained: it is there said to be
«« known to the colonists under the general name of Meer-kat.”

Mr. Steedman’s specimen was obtained in the neighbourhood of
Uitenhage, on the borders of Caffraria.

Lieut. Col. Sykes exhibited a foetus of a Panther, preserved in
spirit, and exhibiting ali the markings of the adult; thus showing
that the animals of this species do not undergo the changes in
markings in their progress towards maturity which are generally
found to occur in the genus Felis. Col. Sykes’s chief object in
bringing it before the Society, was to call attention to certain sub-
cuticular appearances, involving questions on the vascularity and
colouring principle of hair, and, by analogy, of feathers also. The

body of the foetus is covered with the tawny hair and numerous
black rings of the adult, and of an equally brilliant colour: on the
limbs, however, there is not any hair, but where the future spots
are to appear there exists a black circle or blotch, indicating an
arrangement of the colouring matter, or a textural arrangement for
the reflection of this particular colour, at a period antecedent to the
access of light.

In the Paper in which Col. Sykes described these appearances,
he considered the growth of hair and of feathers, and the causes of
the changes of colour observed in them, quoting largely from va-
rious authorities. He also adduced remarks made by himself in
support of the probability that, although their existence has not yet
been demonstrated, these assumed extra-vascular parts are provided
with vessels and with nerves. His principal arguments were de-
duced from the deep attachment of some feathers and quills; the

multitude of vessels in the roots, and thenerves traceable to the bulbs
of hair; the direct action of the will upon hair and feathers in cer-
tain animals; the fact of hair becoming an organ of sensation in
plica Polonica ; the effect of impressions of the mind and of disease
upon the hair in man; the internal preparatory. process for re-
flecting particular colours; and the changes produced by sexual
periods. He further inquired whether, as hair grows from the cutis
and passes through the rete mucosum, this latter membrane may not
be the depository of the colouring matter, whence it is.taken up
perennially by hair and by most feathers, but only at certain seasons
by others. Whether, however, the change of colour in feather and
hair be owing to the diffusion of a new body through them, or toa
modification in the arrangement of their primary molecules causing
them to reflect other rays,—in either case, he apprehends, organic
action is equally implied. 6 bot

= We |

April 23, 1833.
The Dean of Carlisle-in the Chair,

The following ietter, addressed to the Secretary by Mr. J.C.
Lees, was read. It was accompanied by.a drawing of the animal
referred to in it, which was exhibited: it represented a species of
Glaucus, Forst. We ,
_ Being at sea about two years ago, between the (Azores and the
Bahama Islands, in about lat, 30°.N. long. 50°. W.,.I observed the
surface of the sea thickly covered in every direction, as far as I
could see, with small animals. Having drawn up some of them in
a bucket, I found them to have bodies. and tails nearly resembling
those of a Lizard, but the head was thick and blunt without any
appearance of neck. I could not discover either eyes or mouth,
Four short arms, or limbs, were attached to the body, nearly in the
same situation as the legs of a Lizard, and from the outer end of
each of them proceeded, in a radiating direction, fifteen slender
feelers, diminishing to a fine point, the centre ones longer than the
others. These animals were of a deep, but vivid blue colour, with
a bright, well-defined line of silver down the back, from the head
to the extremity of the tail; this streak of silver branched off.also
into the arms, and along each of the feelers, till towards the points
it formed so thin a line as to become gradually imperceptible. The
under part of the animals was of a silvery white ; their appearance
was very beautiful ; they were about, 14 inch long from the front
of the head to the end of the tail, and about the same across from
the extremities of the longest of the opposite feelers. The water
continued covered with them for two days, during which time we
sailed over about 100 miles ; the number of them must therefore
have been prodigious. st

“ They remained perfectly quiet in the water except. when
touched, when they either partially or entirely drew themselves up
into a ball: they could in this manner draw up either one or more
feelers, or the whole limb, with its fifteen.. They did not appear to
notice the approach of a finger or piece of stick until it actually,
touched them, and then did not attempt to swim away, but only
drew up the part touched with a sudden and apparently angry jerk
of the head. If the touch was violent or repeated, they drew them;
selves entirely up in a globular form ; and the same thing occurred
when they came in contact with each other. 1 endeavoured to
preserve some of them alive by keeping them in sea water, but in
three or four days they all died, and immediately shrunk up into a
shapeless mass ofa brown colour. I. was equally unsuccessful in
my endeavour to preserve them in spirits, in strong salt and water,
or in vinegar: the instant they were introduced into those liquids
they shrivelled up into a brownish shapeless mass. Although I

have several times crossed the Atlantic, and have continually had
other opportunities of observing the sea, 1 have never before or
since seen any of these animals. Neither the captain nor seamen
of the vessel I was in recollected ever having seen any of them.”

A note was read, addressed to the Secretary by Charles Telfair,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. It was accompanied by a fossil bone from
Vohemar in Madagascar, which was exhibited. The bone was
considered as ‘‘ part of the palate of a fish, called, in these seas, la
gueule pavée.” » It was contrasted with the bones constituting the

rinding apparatus of the spotted Eagle Ray, Myliobatis Narinari,

um, from which it was remarkably distinct both in form and
stricture. It appears to be referrible to the inferior pharyngeal
bone of a gigantic species of Scarus. Ina recent Scarus, a foot in
length, the inferior pharyngeal bone is 3 lines wide, and the num-
ber of series of ‘oval lamine forming its teeth is three, reckoned
transversely, and ‘exclusive of the elevated series forming a border
along each side.’ In the fossil, the raised margins are wanting :
without these its breadth is 1 inch and‘a half, and the number of
series*of lamin is four. Some recent specimens in the Museum
of'the Royal ‘College of Surgeons are little inferior in size.

‘The exhibition was resumed of the collection of Shells formed by
Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America, and among
the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. The new species brought
on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom-
panied by characters by Mr. Broderip and Mr, G. B, Sowerby.

Genus Conus.

Before the author proceeds to describe the species brought to
this country by Mr. Cuming, it may be necessary to point out the
difficulty of the task, arising from the infinite varieties presented by
this genus, and the very few points of form and structure in the
shell which can be relied on as the foundation of specific character.

M. de Blainville, when noticing the numerous species already re-
corded, gives us a hint that many of them may be what Adanson
calls “espéces de cabinet ;” and no one can examine an extensive
collection of Cones, particularly if it contain many individuals of
each’ species for the purpose of comparison, without being struck
by the force of the observation. Colour,—granulation or smooth-
ness,—length or shortness of the spire,—its plainness or corona-
tion, —will be found in many species to be the result of locality,
food, or temperature. The following descriptions are, therefore,
given with the diffidence which an investigation of the subject can-
not fail to inspire—W. J. B.

Conus, TIARATUS: Con. testd rhomboided, castaneé monilibus
castaneo-albis tessellatis et basin versus pallide bifasciatd ; spira
subproducté coronatd : long. 14, lat. ¢ poll. BY, fl

Hab, ad Tnsulas Gallapagos. uc

“This ‘species varies in size and intensity of colour. In fine spe-
cimens the white and chestnut tessellated necklaces are very di-
stinct. The interior of the shell corresponds in colour with its
exterior.

Found on sand in small ponds of sea-water.—W. J. B.

Conus tornatus. Con. testa rhomboideo-productd, sulcatd,
.» sulcis prominentibus, scabris, albd castaneo maculatd et punctatd ;
spird conicd, productd, carinatd ; epidermide subfuscd, tenut :
F ‘ong. 14, lat. + poll.
.Habsin America Meridionali. (Xipixapi.)
. This elegant species looks as if it had been turned in a lathe. It
5 ay from: ten to twelve fathoms deep in sandy mud.—
- oe DB.

Conus NiviFER. Con. testa conicd, subfuscd maculis niveis fre-
- quentissimé sparsa et fasciis 3 castaneis (ultimo maximo) cinctd ;
spird planiusculd, apice acuto ; basi castaned : long. 1, lat. poll.
Var. a fasciis subobsoletis.
Var. B sine fasciis: varietas forsan Coni nivosi, Lam,; quere
tamen.
Hab. ad Insulas Capo de Verde dictas.—W. J. B.
| A very elegant species, especially when well developed and with
the three dark bands complete. :
The variety 6 may be Lamarck’s Con. nivosus, but he refers to
no figure, and the term “ mouchetures” will hardly apply to the
flake-like spots on our shell.—W. J. B.

Conus nanus. Con. testd conicd, sursum albd, deorsum lividd ;
spird coronatd, apice acuto; basi et fauce purpurascentibus :
long. 4, lat. + poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood's Island.)

Found on the reefs.—W. J.B.

Conus LurEus. Con. testd rhomboideo-productd, luted monilibus
_castaneis exilibus cinctd et maculis nigro-castaneis albo limbatis
in spiram et in anfractis basalis medium tessellatd: long. 14,
lat. poll.
- Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Annaa.)
The spire of this species, though full and rounded, terminates in
ashort acute point. The shell tapers rapidly towards the base.
When in perfection, its rich saffron colour, girt with numerous
delicate necklaces, and the broad belt of interrupted tessellated
spots of the darkest chestnut bordered with the purest white, give
it a very beautiful appearance. The tessellated spots are so regu-
larly set on the whorls of the spire as to look like mosaic work.
Some of the specimens have a pale yellow for the ground colour;
but these seem to be faded. tbe.
Found on the reefs.—W. J. B.

Conus concinnus. Con. testd sub-pyriformi, politd, basi trans-
versim sulcatd, albo luteoque quasi geographicé pictd ; spire

subrotundate suturis subcrenulatis, apice acuto, roseo: long. ,*,
tut. +45 poll. To am)

Hab. in Sinu Californie.

Found on the sands.— W, J. B.

Conus recurvus. Con. testd elongato-conicd, subrecurvd, albd
rubro-castaneo nebulosd et vittatim punctatd ; spiré prominente,
acuta, albo castaneoque maculata; epidermide tenuissimd : long.
2, lat. Z poll.

Hab. in America Meridionali. (Monte Christi.)

In young specimens the top of the body whorl, just as it joins the
spire, is surrounded by athin elevated edge. This, in young indi-
viduals, is almost sharp: with age all traces of it disappear. In its
markings it sometimes resembles Conus Amadis.

Found in gravel at a depth of twenty-two fathoms.—W. J. B.

Conus Nux. Con. testd brevi, conicd, obesd, albd brunneo nebu-
losd; spird subcoronatd ; basi granulosd, acutd, violaced : long. 1,
lat. +7, poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

In some individuals the brown predominates almost to the exclu-
sion of the white, save a few scattered spots and flakes. This Cone
approaches to Con. sponsalis, and perhaps may be a variety of that
species.—W. J. B.

Conus MONILIFER. Con. testd subfusiformi, transversim striatd,
albicante, castaneo-variegatd, punctis castaneis seriatim ordinatis ;
ge oe albo castaneogue varid, apice acuto: long. 2,
at. 44 poll.

Hab. in jaan Meridionali. (Salango.)

_ Dredged at the depth of nine fathoms in sandy mud. A single
specimen.—G. B, S, ~ 4). 4. % (

Conus Ancuon. Con. testd conicd, albd maculis flavo-castaneis

geographicé distributis varia : long. 2%, lat. 14 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Bay of Montija.)

This shell approaches some of the varieties of Con. Cedo-nulli in
its contour and markings. It is the only specimen found by Mr.
Cuming, and was taken from sandy mud at a depth of twelve fa-
thoms.—W. J. B.

Conus Musivum. Con. testd rhomboided, transversim striatd,
pallidé rosed albo tessellatd, maculis strigisque castaneis pictd:
long. 1%, lat. ¢ poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Philippinas.

This elegant Cone, which is in some degree allied to Con. Tectile

and its varieties, was found on the sands.—W. J. B

Conus purpurascens, Con. test conoided, subgranulosd, pur-
purascente monilibus frequentibus fusco-albis ornatd et maculis
Juscis nubild; labri limbo interno violaceo ; epidermide fused,
moniliformi: long. 23, lat. 1+ poll,

Hab, ad Panamam,

~—

- Oo

This Cone varies much in its colouring and markings. Some va-
tieties present fantastic figures like Con. Augur; in others the brown
patches are large and like cloudy shapes; in all, the brown and white
tessellated necklaces are to be seen, as well as the violet rim on the
inside of the lip. As in most of the Cones which have that peculi-
arity, some individuals are much more granulose than others.

Found on sandy mud in the clefts of rocks.—W. J. B.

Conus GrapiaTor. Con. testd conicd, brunned albo obscuré lon-
gitudinaliter strigatd, balteo subcentrali subobsoleto; albente ;
_.- spird subcoronatd, granuloso-striatd, brunned albo maculatd ;
epidermide crassd longitudinaliter rugosd, hinc et hinc subtomen-
_ tosd: long. 1%, lat. 1 poll.
Hab. ad Panamam,
Sometimes the ground colour is ash-colour, with longitudinal
chestnut stripes.
Found in sandy mud in the clefts of rocks.—W. J. B.

Conus Orton. Con. testd conicd, castaned albo sparsim ma-
culatd, balteo albo superné interdum castaneo tessellatd cinctd ;
* spird mediocri albo castaneoque maculatd: long. 1+, lat. % poll,
Var. vitta alba moniliformi inter spiram et balteum.
Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Liejos).
_ Found in soft sand in the clefts of rocks.—W. J. B.

Conus GEOGRAPHUS.

_ Varietas nana, rosea: long. 2, lat. % poll.

_ Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Annaa.)
__ I do not find sufficient grounds for distinguishing this shell from
Con: geographus. It is rather more dense in proportion to its size,
and the spire is somewhat more elongated and contracted than that
of the large variety: but these differences cannot be depended on
as specific distinctions when set against the resemblance to Con,
Beographus in general form, and in the texture of its markings.

_ Found on the reefs.—W. J. B.

‘Conus PRinceps.
Var. a. Con. testa conicd, croced vel fluod lineis castaneis frequen-
tibus longitudinalibus tenuibus inscripté : long. 24, lat. 12 poll.
Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. wei
- I cannot distinguish this shell specifically from Con. Princeps. In
some individuals, there is a blank interval without any lineations,
The only epidermis which I have seen is smooth and thin.
Found in sandy mud in the clefts of rocks —W. J. B.'
Var. 6. long. 23, lat. 14 poll. a9
- Hab. ad Panamam. ; a.
’ This much resembles-the last, but the lineations are less regular,
and in some individuals almost entirely absent: the shell too is
somewhat more ponderous than that of var.a. The only epidermis
which I have seen is rather thick and tufted, like that of Con Prin-
Se
Found in soft mud in the crevices of rocks.— W. J. B.

Var.y. ‘Tota crocea: long. 2¢, lat. 14 poll.

Hab. ad Montem Christi.

The spire of this is somewhat more developed than that of the
shells above described ; and elevated transverse lines surround most
of the specimens. In some, traces of attempts at the longitudinal
lineations are found. After a careful examination, I cannot sepa~
rate this variety specifically from the other two. The elevated
transverse lines are to be found in both the others.

Found in sandy mud in the clefts of rocks.—W. J. B.

In further illustration of his Paper “On the Laws that regulate
the Changes of Plumage in Birds,” Mr. Yarrell exhibited several
varieties of British species, which possessed in part only the plumage
common to the race. In some of these the feathers assamed at the
moult were of the natural colour, and distinct from those previously
borne; from which it was inferred, that, as the bird increased in
age and strength, the plumage would assume entirely the colours
peculiar to the species.

Mr. Yarrell also referred to some newly-collected series of
feathers, which were shown, They were taken from birds at this
time assuming the plumage of summer. In the black-tailed Godwit,
Limosa melanura, Leisl., many of the old feathers produced at the
preceding autumn moult still retained the colours they had borne
through the winter ; others were changing; and some had entirely
assumed the colours peculiar to the breeding season, bearing the
same tints and markings as some new feathers, the webs of which
were only partly expused, A series of feathers from the breast of
the Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis, Linn., were also shown,—
some entirely white, the colour peculiar to winter; some entirely
black, being the prevailing colour of the breeding season; and
others bearing almost every possible proportion of well-defined
black and white on the same feathers.

Several feathers were also shown which were taken from a Her-
ring Gull, Larus argentatus, Brunn., in its third year, which is now
at the Society’s Gardens. This bird was examined at Christmas
last. Several tertial feathers were found to have their basal half
blue-grey, the other half mottled with brown. Two notches were
made with scissors in the webs of these feathers, intended to refer
to the two colours then present. Some other feathers were wholly
mottled with brown, and were marked with one notch. This bird
was re-examined in April. The tertial feathers, which, when
marked, were of two colours, were now entirely blue-grey ; one
feather was tipped with white. The other feathers, which, when
marked, were wholly mottled, were now, for two thirds of their
length, pure white, the terminal third alone retaining the mottled
brown.

May 14, 1833.
William Yarrell, Esq. in the Chair.

Various skins of Birds from Switzerland, presented to the Society
by the Administration of the Musée Académique of Geneva, were
exhibited. They comprised several species not previously contained
in the collection.

At the request of the Chairman, a paper by Mr.Gould “On a new
Genus of the Family Corvide” was read. The genus proposed by
Mr. Gould comprehends the Pica vagabunda, Wagl., Pica Sinensis,
Gray, and a third species which the author believes to have been
hitherto unnoticed. To this group, on account of its arboreal ha-’
bits, he gives the name of

DENDROCITTA.

Rostrum capite brevius, cultratum, ad basin Jatum, culmine ar-
cuato, lateribus subtumidis.

Nares basales, plumis setaceis partim tectz.

Ale mediocres, remigibus 5t4 6taque longioribus.

Cauda elongata, cuneata, rectricibus spatulatis.

Tarsi breves, debiles, _ Digiti mediocres. Hallux fortis, ungue
forti, incurvo. -

is 38 Typus genericus.

~DeEnpRocITTA LEUCoGASTRA. Dend. aira; occipite, cervice,
'- strigd transversd ad remigum basin, abdomineque albis; scapu-
taribus, interscapulio, tectricibusque caude inferioribus dilute
castaneis ; rectricibus duabus internis nisi ad apices cinereis.
Hab.

The shortness and comparative feebleness of the farsi in Dendro-
citta, and its more elongated tail, the feathers of which are equally
graduated, except the two middle ones which are much longer than
the others, distinguish it from the typical Pzce, the common Magpie
for example. These characters are in accordance with its habit of
wandering from tree to tree in search of its food. It is further di-
stinguished by the form of its bill.

All the species yet known are natives of Eastern Asia.

MEO DULAC ; :
_. Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Society to the skin and

skeleton of an animal recently living in the Menagerie, and exhibited
in illustration of a paper “On the Family of Chinchiliide, and ona
New Genus referrible to it,” the commencement of which he read.
The animal in question was purchased, in June 1832, from a dealer,
who was completely ignorant of the locality from which it was ori-
ginally obtained ; and was brought by Mr. Bennett under the notice

No. V. PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. ;

of the Committee of Science and Correspondence at its first meeting
in that month. He then stated his conviction that it would be found
to constitute the type of a new genus, intimately related to Lagosto-
mus and Chinchilla, which he proposed to designate by the name of
Lagotis, adding the specific denomination of Cuvieri, in commemo-
ration of the illustrious naturalist, whose irreparable loss the world
of science was just then called upon to deplore. He deferred, how-
ever, the completion of his account of the animal, until he should
be enabled, at its death, to add the dentary and other internal cha-
racters, to the more obvious external distinctions on which he then
relied. That opportunity having now occurred, he proceeded on
the present occasion to redeem his pledge, and also to take a ge-
neral view of the history, zoological characters and anatomy of the
family to which it manifestly belongs.

As regards the history of Lagotis, although the last of the three
animals constituting the family to come under the cognizance of
zoological science, Mr. Bennett stated that he had little doubt
that it was in fact. the earliest known to travellers in South Ame-
rica, which he had no hesitation in assigning as its native country.
He believed it to be the Viscacha of all the writers from Pedro de
Ciega downwards, (including Acosta, Garcilasso, De Laet, Nierem-
berg, Feuillée, Ulloa, Vidauré, Molina, Schmidtmeyer and Steven-
son,) who have mentioned that animal as an inhabitant ofthe Western
or Peruvian acclivities of the Andes. The Lagostomus, on the other
hand, is clearly the Viscacha described by so many travellers as co-
lonizing the vast plains eastward of that great chain. Among these
he cited Dobrizhoffer, Jolis, D'Azara, Proctor, Head, Miers and
Haigh. For its zoological history he referred to its various de-
scribers, from M. De Blainville to M. Lesson. To complete the
history of Chinchilla he also gave an account of the various notices
regarding it, which have.appeared since September 1829, the date
of his account of it in the ‘Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoolo-
gical Society.’ ,

The following characters point out the situation occupied by the
three animals in the Order Rodentia, and the generic differences that
exist between them. =

: Trib. Hersivora, F. Cuv. ‘

Dentes molares eradicati, per totam vitem pulpd persistente cres-
centes.

Fam. CHINCHILLIDZ.

Dentes incisores superiores simplices; molares *—*, e lamellis osseis
binis ternisve tenialibus inter se parallelis, substantid vitred om-
nino circumdatis, constantes: coronidibus invicem exact oppo-
sitis, attritu complanatis. Americe Australis incole, gregarii,
subterranei, mites. Artus postici anterioribus subdupl6é longi-
oribus. Cauda producta, ad apicem supernéque longé setosa.

Gen. 1. Lacoris,
a c . aaa : . .
Dentes incisores 2. acutati ; molares ——, singuli e iamellis tribus com.

pletis obliquis constantes. Cranium posticé supernéque arcuatum,
tympani cellulis supertoribus inconspicuis. Pedes omnes tetra-

actylt, pollice omnino deficiente, unguibus parvis subfalcularibus.
Auricule longissime. Cauda longa. Rupicole (Peruviani)
vellere molli caduco induti.

Lacotis Cuvieri.
Gen. 2. CHINCHILLA.

Dentes incisores 2. acutati; molares =*, singuli e lamellis tribus com-

' pee obliquis constantes, preter anticum inferiorem bilamellosum
melld anteriore profunde bilobd. Cranium postic? retuso-trun-
catum, superne depresso-complanatum, tympani cellulis conspicue
inflatis. _Pedes antici pentadactyli, pollice completo ; postici te-
tradactyli, unguibus parvis subfalcularibus. Auricule ample.
Cauda longiuscula, Rupicole Chilenses et Peruviani, vellere
mollissimo tenacissimo induti.
1, Chinchilla lanigera, Benn.
2? Chinchilia aurea.
Callomys aureus, Isid. Geoffr. St. Hil. in Ann. Sci, Nat.
tom, 21, p. 291.

Gen. 3. Lacostromus.

Dentes incisores 2 acutati; molares <4, singuli e lamellis binis com-

| pletis obliquis constantes, postico superiore trilamelloso. Pedes

antici tetradactyli, pollice omnino deficiente, unguibus parvis fal-
cularibus ; postict tridactyli, unguibus productis rectis robustis.
Auricule mediocres. Cauda mediocris. Campestres Bonarienses
et Paraguaienses, vellere parum utili.induti.

Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes.

The Lagotis Cuviert has the size, and much of the general form
of the rabbit. Its posterior limbs measure twice the length of the
anterior ; and its tail is about equal in length to its body exclusive
of the head. Its whiskers are very numerous, closely set, and entirely
of a jet black, ten or twelve of the longest on each side being ex-
ceedingly thick and rigid, and measuring 7 inches in length. The ears
have nearly the form of a long parallelogram, regularly rounded
at the tip, 3 inches in length, and 1 in breadth, with the margins
rolled in below: they are so sparingly furnished with short scattered
hairs as to appear almost naked. ‘The fore feet, like the hinder,
have only four toes, there being no vestige of a thumb; and the
claws are small, slightly sharpened, and entirely concealed by long
and somewhat bristly hairs. Those of the hinder feet are similar
in shape and rather larger ; but that of the inner toe is flattened,
curved inwards, and exposed, the hairs immediately adjoining it
giving place to a tuft of about eight rows of short, stiff, horny, curved
bristles, approaching nearly in their rigidity to the comblike ap-
pendage, which is found in almost the same situation in the Cteno-
dactylus Massonit, Gray. A similar structure also occurs in the
Chinchilla,

' The hairy covering of Lagotis is almost entirely composed of a
beautifully soft and downy fur, of considerable length, but loosely
attached to the skin, and readily falling off, unless carefully handled,
This fur is of a dusky hue at the base, and to within a short di-
stance of the tip, where, for a space of from one to three lines in
extent, it is of a dirty white, more or less tinged with yellowish
brown. ‘Through it protrude a few long hairs, which are entirely
black: these are more numerous posteriorly. The mixture of these
colours. gives the general effect of a mottled greyish ash-colour.
On the sides of the neck and body, where the tips of the fur verge
more into yellowish brown than on the back, and where they are
also of greater length, as well as on the haunches and beneath, the
latter tinge appears rather more predominant. There is little of
the dusky colour visible on the under surface. The hairs of the
tail below are extremely short, closely adpressed, and entirely of a
brownish black ; on its sides they are of two kinds, black and white ;
and this is also the case with the very long, rigid, and erectile hairs,
which form a crest along its upper surface. The very long, bristly
hairs which project in a tuft at the tip are wholly black. ;

Mr. Bennett next proceeded to compare Lagotis with Chinchilla,
occasionally illustrating his remarks by a reference to the structure
of Lagostomus. He afterwards entered at length into the internal
anatomy of the two former animals, and gave a full description of
their skeletons, dwelling more particularly on the points of diffe-
rence existing between them. He concluded by some observations
on the tribe of Rodentia to which these animals are referrible, and
an the genera which compose it.

May 28, 1833.
Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair,

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould adverted to a speci-
men of a Hornbill, now living at the Society’s Gardens. He re-
garded it as a very young individual of the concave Hornbill of Dr.
Latham, Buceros cavatus, and exhibited, in illustration of the adult
characters of the bird, specimens of it from the Society's Museum.

» A Paper was read “On the Characters of several New Genera
and Species of Coleopterous Insects, by the Rev. F. W. Hope.” - It
was accompanied by drawings of the objects represented, exhibit-
ing the generic characters in detail. Those subjoined refer only to
the more prominent distinguishing marks.
. ~The insects described were the following :

APLoA, n. g. Carabidarum Truncati-pennium, Lebiz affine.

- Antenne filiformes. Palpi mazillares articulo extimo simplici.
Mentum in medio edentulum. Thorax anticé capite latior, mar-
gine postico recto. Pedes et wngues simplices.

ApLoa ricra. Ap. flava ; elytrorum maculis tribus fascidque un-
dulatd posticd nigris ; antennis apicem versus obscurioribus ; pe-
dibus flaveolis.

~ Long. 5 lin.; lat. 23.
Hab. in India Orientali circa Poona.

CaLosoMA ORIENTALE. Cal. supra obscur? viridi-eneum ; ely-
tris crenato-striatis, interstitiis equalibus, transversim rugosis,
punctis impressis viridi-cneis triplici serie dispositis.

Long. 10+ lin.; lat. 43.

Hab, in India Orientali circa Poona.

CuLanius Syxesi. Chl. ater ; capite tricolori; elytrorum macu-
lis sex aurantiis.

Long. 9 lin.; lat. 4.

Hab. in India Orientali circa Poona.

OICEOPTOMA TETRASPILOTUM. . Oic. atro-violaceum ; thorace
miniato, quadrt-punctato ; pedibus nigro-cyaneis.

Long. 9 lin.; lat. 41.

Hab. in India Orientali circa Poona,

Lancuria Nepatensis. Lang. cyanea; antennis piceis ; elylris
striato-punctatis.

Long. 3 lin.; lat. 1.

Hab, in Nepal.

This will probably be regarded as the type of a subgenus, having
long antenne with a slightly incrassated 3-jointed clava, legs com-
paratively long, narrow tarsz, and the posterior part of the thorax
contracted,

OPILUS AURIPENNIS. Op. ater ; thorace nigro; elytris auratis

nitidissimis ; pedibus nigricantibus.

Long. 7 lin.; lat. 2.

Var. thorace rubro, antennis pedibusque rufescentibus.

Hab, in Brasilia. (Rio Janeiro.)

The three last joints of the antenne in this insect differ from those
of the typical Opilz, The ninth and tenth are trigonate, with a
deep incision, and the eleventh is ovate, depressed; in Opilus, the
ninth and tenth are trigonate, and the eleventh is obliquely trun-
cate. The tars? are also 4-jointed, the basal articulation of those
of the typical Opilz being in this insect wanting. On these accounts
it may be regarded as the type of a new subgenus.

CopToruinA, n. g. Copridi affine.

Antenne clavato-lamellate. Clypeus profundissimé incisus. Cor-
pus magnum, Elytra ad latera anticé sinuata.

CoproRHINA AFRICANA. Copt. nigra; clypeo profunde inciso ;
thorace antic? retuso, postice prominentid latd; elytris tenuissime
striato-punctatis.

Long. 8 lin. (dentibus clypei inclusis); lat. 5.

Hab. in Sierra Leone.

CoproruinA Kiucit. Copt. nigra; clypeo profunde inciso, den-
tibus porrectis, subreflexis ; prominentid thoracis media subfoveo-
latd.

Long. 6 lin.; lat. 4.

Hab. ad Caput Bone Spei,

PHZNOMERIS, n, g. Anomalz affine.

Antenne 9-articulate, articulis tribus ultimis capitulum rotundum
formantibus. Palpi macillares atticulo extimo ovato-elongato ad
apicem conico. Corpus ovato-elongatum. Caput oblongiusculum,
Thoraz \ongitudine latitudini inequalis. Elytra abdomine breviora.
Femora incrassata, externé rotundata.

PH#NOMERIS MAGNIFICA. Phen. viridis ; capite nigro ; thorace
aurato ; elytris striato-punctatis, igne micantibus ; pedibus bico-
loribus.

Long. 7 lin. ; lat. 3.

Hab. in Africa. (Soudan.)

MAcRONATA TETRASPILOTA. Macr. nigro-olivacea, punctata ;
thoracis lateribus pallidé stramineis ; elytris olivacets, maculd
medid irregulari alterdque apicali minore notatis.

Long. 8 lin.; lat. 41.

Hab, in India Orientali circa Poona.

CeTonta creTosa. Cet. picea; thorace utringue maculd albd ;
elytris albo variegatis.

Long. 8 lin.; lat. 4.

Hab. in India Orientali circa Poona,

Lucanus Downest1. Luc. ater ; thorace elytrisque ferrugineo-
brunneis ; mandibulis multidentatis, femoribus tibiisque ferrugi-
neis ; tarsis nigris.

Long. (mandibulis inclusis) 31 lin. (mandibulis exclusis 21) ; lat.
thoracis 8, ad humeros 7.

Hab. in Africa. (Fernando Po.)

Lucanus =RATus. Luc. eneo-virens; mandibulis dentatis ni-
gris ; tarsis flavo-pubescentibus.
Long. (mandibulis inclusis) 10 lin. (mandibulis exclusis 9}; tho-
racis vel elytrorum, 4. ;
. Hab. in India Orientali. (‘Tenasserim Coast.)

PHotipotus rrrorRatus. Phol. ater; thorace albo irrorato ;
elytris lined elevatd albo variegatis. (9)

Long. 54 lin.; lat. 2.

Hab. in Brasilia. (Rio Janeiro.)

Antuicus cyaneus. Anth. cyaneus; capite nigro; antennis
pedibusque atris. ‘

Long. 2 lin.; lat. +.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

This may be regarded as the type of a subgenus, for which Mr.
Hope proposes the name of Anthelephila. ‘Its maxillary palp: are
unusually large, while the labial are scarcely longer than the /a-
bium, and are terminated by a cup-shaped articulation.

IsacanTHA, n. g. Curculionidarum Infracticornium,

Antenne@ 1\-articulate, extrorsum crassiores. Mandibule denta-
te. Macille aperte. Corpus elongatum, posticé dilatatum. Femora
spinosa.

IsacanTHA Rutnorioipes. Is. grisea; elytris punctatissimis ;

Jemoribus anticis spinis duabus equalibus armatis.

Long. 5: lin. (rostro incluso, 7); lat. 2.
Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

Luproprs, n. g. Helopidarum.

Lakium retuso-truncatum. Palpi labiales 3-articulati, articulo
1mo minimo, 2tio subfusiformi. Caput anticé utrinque angulariter
productum, antennis sub angulo insertis. ars? dilatati.

Luprops cHRyYsoPHTHALMUS. Lupr. ater; oculis auratis; tho-
race elytrisque punctatissimis ; tarsis infra flavo-pubescentibus.

Long. 5 lin.; lat. 14.

Hab. in [ndia Orientali.

Lamia Royiu. Lam. nigra; antennis corpore longioribus ; ely-
tris mucronatis, basi scabris, maculis octo albis notatis.

Long. 28 lin.; lat. 84.

Hab, in Nepal.

Lamia Crux niGrA. Lam. straminea; thoracis nigro, vittis tri-
bus luteis ; elytris maculd cruciformi nigrd alterisque duabus ro-
tundatis aurantiis notatis.

Long. 11 lin.; lat. 4.

Hab, in Africé. (Sierra Leone.)

Prionus Hayesu. Pri. nigro-brunneus; thorace marginato
multispinoso ; mandibulis porrectis, quadridentatis ; pedibus an-
ticis valdé elongatis.

Long. 4; unc.; lat. ad humeros, 12 lin.; elytrorum, 17.

Hab, in Africa.

This magnificent insect is not surpassed in size by any Coleopte-

rous species with which Mr. Hope is acquainted.

Prionus Cumineu. Pri. ater; thoracis bifoveolati angulo antico
utringue dilatato hamato ; elytris varioloso-tuberculatis.

Long. 27 lin.; lat. ad humeros 8, elytrorum 12.

Hab. in Chili. (Concepcion, Valparaiso. )

Prionus Pertit. Pri. ater; capite oblongo; thorace nigro; ely-
tris castaneis ; femoribus piceis ; tarsis ferrugineis.
Long. 12 lin.; lat. 4.
Mr. Hope proposes as a generic name for this insect, Dissoster-
num. Its prosternum is produced between the anterior legs, and
deeply incised, so as to form two strong processes.

URACANTHA, n. g. Stenocoro affine.

Antenne 11-articulate, articulo ultimo ad apicem acuto. Cor-
pus lineari-oblongum, Jiytra 2-dentata. Pedes simplices.

URACANTHA TRIANGULARIS. Ur. brunnea; thorace albo lineato,
tuberculato ; elytris albo-pubescentibus, apicibus bidentatis lateri-
busque purpureo-fuscis. ,

Long. 14 lin.; lat. 3.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

ScoLecosrortus, n. g. Uracanthe affine.

Antenne 12-articulate, erose, articulo ultimo scalpelliformi sub-
serrato. _Ceterum Uracanthe simillima.

ScoLecosrotus Westwooni. Scol. flavo-ferrugineus ; elytris
basi punctulatis, ad apicem bidentatis. .

Long. 14 lin.; lat. 3.

Hab, in Nova Hollandia.

- June'll, 1633.
John Cole, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen of the Patagonian Penguin, Aptenodytes Patachonica,
- Gmel., recently presented to the Society by Lady Rolle, was ex-
hibited. Mr. Yarrell availed himself of the opportunity to point
out on it the proofs which it afforded of the statement made by
him at the Meeting on March 12, (page 33,) that the woolly Pen-
guin of Dr. Latham is the young condition of this species.

A specimen was exhibited of a Goose from the Sandwich Islands,
being one of a pair recently living at the Society’s Gardens, to which
they were presented. by Lady Giengall.. Mr. Vigors characterized.
it asa species of Barnacle Goose, by the name of Bernicla Sandut-
censis, and pointed out its distinguishing marks. He also observed
on the general resemblance in the distribution of colouring which
-_—* in the species of Bernicla and in those of many other groups
of Birds.

Numerous skins of Birds were exhibited, which had recently been
obtained by the Society from California. ‘They formed part of the
collection, the Mammalia of which were brought under the notice of
the Society by Mr. Bennett on March 26. Mr. Vigors remarked
on them generally as regarded the geographical distribution of
many of them; and pointed out, as apparently hitherto undescribed,
an Ortyx, a Falco, two species of Coccothraustes, and a Psittacara.
Among the known birds were several of those first described by
Mr. Swainson in the ‘ Fauna Boreali-Americana,’ and a specimen
of Ortyx Montezume, Vig.

Dr. Grant directed the attention of the Meeting to a fine entire
skull of the round headed Grampus, (Delphinus globiceps, Cuv.,)
from the North Pacific Ocean, presented to the Society by Capt.
Delvitte, R.N., Corr. Memb. Z.S. He availed himself of the op-
portunity of entering into some details regarding the osteology
of the head of the Grampus and other predaceous Cetacea. The
inferiority of these Mammalia, so obvious in many of their more
important internal organs, is strikingly illustrated by the small-
ness of their cranial development, compared with the length and
magnitude of the bones of the face, and with the entire bulk
of the body. The extension: of the face and its horizontal di-
rection in the carnivorous Cetacea, the similarity of the form
and the alternate disposition of the teeth as in Crocodiles, and
the shortness and immobility of the neck as in the latter aquatic
Reptiles, form a striking contrast when compared with these parts
in the herbivorous species, and indicate their uses as organs adapted
for prehension. Although the teeth of the Grampus and other Dol-
phins have the usual recurved conical form and want of opposition

No. VI. Proceepines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

of those of Fishes and Reptiles, and are liable to an early disappear-
ance from the jaws, they are lodged in deep afveoli, and are accom-
panied with a fixed condition of all the bones of the face as in
Gavials, Crocodiles and Alligators, in order to afford a stronger re-
sistance during the conflicts of these animals with living prey-
The great extension of the intermaxiflary bones raises the nostrils
to the crown of the head, and enables the animals to breathe with-
out raising their large head above the water, or bending backwards
their very short neck. The extension backwards of their strong
upper jaw-bones over the cranial cavity, and the inclination up-
wards and forwards of their flat occipital bone from the horizontal
position of the head, produce a remarkably compressed ridge across
the verter of the skull, and incline the occipital foramen of the
Grampus upwards and forwards as in the above-mentioned Reptiles.
The parietal bones being thrown to the lateral parts of the cranium,
and the frontal bone forming a narrow band across the head, the
occipital bone almost touches the upper jaw bones along:this trans-
verse ridge, and presents an extensive surface for the attachment
of the strong muscles connecting the head to the spine. The coarse
fibrous and spongy texture of the bones, and the thickness of the
parietes of the cranium, are further analogies with Reptiles, and the
want of perforations in the ethmoid bone for olfactory nerves, shows
a deficiency of one important organ of sense.

Dr. Grant adverted to the want of symmetry in the bones of the
head, which is so remarkable in the animals of this genus, and stated
that in examining lately the large collection of skeletons and skulls
of blowing Cetacea in the Cabinet at Paris, he found scarcely
one which did not exhibit an increased development of the right
side of the head, frequently twisting the nostrils so considerably
to the left side that the streams directed through these passages
must have fallen at some distance from the body of the animal.
The left side is generally less developed in Mammalia than the
right, and it appears to be the reverse in Birds, where the de-
velopment of the ovary and oviduct is always checked on the right
side. These phenomena may depend on the different position of
the descending aorta in the two classes, and its influence on the
nervous and other systems along its course. The unity of plan in
the development of the head of piscivorous Cetacea is remarkably
illustrated by the discovery of teeth in the lower jaw of the faius
of the toothless Balena. The whole proportions of the bones of
the head and trunk of the Grampus are massive and strong, and in-
dicate an animal possessed of great muscular strength, and a most
formidable antagonist to the gigantic whales of the Arctie Seas.

He observed that the feeble attachment of the slender jugal
bones and of the petrous and tympanic portions of the temporal
bones, generally causes them to disappear, as in the present instance,
in macerating the skulls of Cetacea. But such donations as this
were most valuable to the Society, as objects of comparison both for
recent and extinct species of animals but little known and difficult of
access, and as specimens rarely to be obtained by any other means,

Specimens were exhibited of two Monkeys, forming pert of the
Society’s Museum, which Mr, Bennett characterized as follows :

Semnoriruecus Nestor. Semn. saturate cinereus ; capite, prym-
nd, femoribus postice, cauddgue pallidioribus, illo fusco tincto,
hac ad apicem, mystacibus longiorthus, labiis, mentogue albidis ;

facie, auribus, manibusque nigris ; artubus nigrescentibus.

Long. corporis cum capite, 16 ; caud@, 20 unc.

Hab.

The prevailing colour is a deep grey with a slight tinge of
brown, becoming paler on the back of the neck and on the head,
where the fuscous tinge is much more marked. On the loins the
deep grey passes into a pure light grey, which is continued on the
hinder part of the thighs and along the tail; the tail becomes gra-
dually lighter in colour, and is for several inches at the tip almost
white. In passing down the limbs the prevailing grey becomes
gradually darker, the colour.of the hands being nearly black. The
under parts are somewhat lighter than the upper, particularly about
the throat. Passing upwards from the throat the colour becomes
much lighter, owing to a greater proportion of the lower part of
the hairs being exposed. Hence the lips, the chin, and the whiskers
are nearly pure white, the tips of the latter, which are prolonged
‘backwards, being alone grey. Over the eyes is the ridge of stifl
black hairs, which is usually met with in the Semnopithect,

The hairs are of moderate length, measuring about an inch and a
half.

The moderate length of the hairs, the somewhat lighter colour,
and especially the white of the lower part and sides of the face, di-
stinguish this species from Semn. leucoprymnus. ;

It may be assumed.to be.a native of India; but the dealer of
whom it was purchased knew not whence it was obtained.

_CercopirHecus roconias. Cerc. nigrescens, albo punctulatus ;
dorso medio, prymnd, caudd superné et ad apicem, fascidque
temporali nigris; fronte, scelidibusque externé flavidis, nigro
___ punctulatis; mystacibus longissimis, albido-flavescentibus ; cor-

__ pore caudique subtus, artubusque interne, Jflavido-rufis.

Long. corporis cum capite, 17; caude, 24 unc.

_ Hab. ad Fernando Po.

The hairs of the upper surface are black, ringed with whitish,
producing a grizzled appearance, which oceupies the back part of
the head, the fore part of the back, the sides, the outer surface of
the anterior limbs, and the posterior hands. In the middle of the
back commences a broad black patch, which extends to the tail,
and is continued along its upper surface for about two thirds of
the length of that organ, the remaining portion being black both
above and below. On the forehead the hairs are yellowish ringed
with black; a few black hairs occupy the middle line; and on each
side passing from above the eye to the ear is a broad patch of
black. The whiskers expand very broadly on each side of the face ;
he hairs composing them are yellowish white, occasionally but

G2-

very sparingly ringed with dusky black. The ear bas internally a
long tuft of hairs of the same colour with those of the whiskers. —
The outer side of the hinder limbs, the hands. excepted, is yel-
lowish grizzled with black, their colour being intermediate in in-
tensity between the lightest portion of the sides and the whiskers.
The under surface of the body, the insides of the limbs, and the
under surface of the proximal two-thirds of the tail, are reddish
yellow.

In colouring, this species differs remarkably from every known
Monkey.

The specimen is without a skull.

A specimen was exhibited of the black Lemur, Lemur niger,
Geoff., which had recently been added to the Society’s Menagerie. _
In calling the attention of the Society to it, Mr. Bennett stated his
belief that this was the first individual of the species which had
fallen under the observation of zoologists since the days of Edwards,
its original describer, who saw and figured one which was living in
1755 in the possession of a surgeon in London. The description
and figure given by Edwards have consequently been hitherto the
only proofs of the existence of such an animal.

Mr. Bennett added that the black Lemur is the type of the Lemur
Macaco, Linn. ; and that the Vari,to which the name of Lem. Ma-
caco has been applied by modern authors, is given by Linnzus as
the Var. d. of that species. Custom having, however, transferred
the specific name to the variety, he deemed it better to acquiesce
in the use which has obtained, leaving to the Vari the name of
Lem. Macaco, and to the black Lemur that of Lem. niger.

Specimens were exhibited of various Mammalia, Birds, and Rep-
tiles, from the continent of India, which had heen recently presented:
to the Society by Thomas Heath, Esq. Mr. Bennett observed on
the several objects, pointing out especially the more interesting
among them. ‘They included an individual apparently referrible to
the Semnopithecus cucullatus, sid. Geoff. St.-Hil., although darker
in all its markings than is indicated in the description given by the
original observer of the species. They also included a species of
Felis, of a size intermediate between the larger and the smaller ani-
mals of that genus, and having in its grey colour and longitudinal
striping a general external resemblance to some of the Viverre,
This Mr. Bennett regarded as new to science, and proposed to de-
signate it

Fewis viverrinus. Fel. fulvo-cinereus, subtis albescens ; capite,

nuchd, dorso, genis, guldque nigro vittatis ; lateribus, ventre, pedi-
busque nigro maculatis.

Long. corporis cum capite, 33 unc.; caude mutile, 7; auricula, 14.

The prevailing colour of the upper surface is a rather deep yellow-
ish grey, the separate hairs being dusky at the base, yellowish in the
middle, and having short black tips. .'The black lines and spots are
formed of hairs destitute of yellow, and having the black tips of much

‘greater length. A longitudinal black band passes on each side, from
‘tthe inner canthus of the eye above the ear nearly to the shoulder; a
second, more internally, passes to the same distance backwards, and
is somewhat interrupted anteriorly ; and between this and its fellow
on the vertex is the vestige of a median line, which on the forehead
as broken up into a double row of spots; these and the two adjoin-
‘ing lines subdivide in front into numerous very small spots between
‘tthe eyes. Two black lines pass downwards obliquely on either side
from below the eye, over the angle of the jaw; and from their ter-
Minations on each side there passes a transverse band across the
‘throat: the space between these lines is nearly white, as is also a
‘stripe over each eye, and the whole of the under jaw and chin,
‘There is a large black spot surrounding the base of the ear poste-
Yiorly, and the ear is also tipped with black. The long, linear mark-
‘ings of the back are disposed in about five interrupted, longitudinal
bands, and some of the spots on the sides assume a linear form.
Of these the most remarkable are, one on each side of the neck, and
‘oblique wavy band on the shoulder. The spots on the sides gene-
‘tally approach a rounded shape, and’ form, posteriorly, four or five
interrupted longitudinal rows. Those of the under surface are larger,
and are arranged without order. On the fore limbs the spots are
small externally, and internally there are on each two large trans-
verse black patches. On the hinder limbs the spots are arranged
so as to form interrupted transverse bands on both surfaces. ‘The
hairs of the soles of the feet are dusky brown. The tail is spotted
‘above in the same manner as the sides; its colour beneath is uni-
form. The spots are throughout numerous. The whiskers are
white, and take their origin from three black lines on either side...
The species is nearly allied to Felis Serval, Schreb., but will
adily be distinguished by the characters above given, by the
parative shortness and strength of its limbs, and by the locality
Ww ence it was obtained. .

a Specimens were exhibited of three species of Toucan, hitherto ap-
‘parently undescribed, which form part of the Society’s Museum,
At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould pointed out their di-
‘stinguishing characteristics. He described them as

_ Ruamenastos Swarnsonu. Rhamph, ater; vertice nuchdque
_ _ rufo tinctis ; gutture luteo, abdomen versus lined alba alterdque
_ coccined cincto ; tectricibus caude superioribus albis, inferiort-
_.. bus coccineis.
| . Long. 18 unc.; caude, 61; ale, 9; tarsi, 1%. Rostrz long. 54;
i , 243 culminis ad basin lat., 14.
wd. in montosis Columbiz.
_. The pure whiteness of the upper tail-coverts is an important cha-
| racter of this bird; but its most distinctive feature is in the mark-
ings of its bill, which presents three distinct and contrasted colours,
isposed obliquely from the base to the point. The base of the
wer part of the upper mandible, as well as the entire base of the
, is of arich salmon colour, bounded by a narrow line of black
the upper mandible, the point of the lower being entirely of the

ey STs
3

latter colour; the remainder of the upper mandible, from the fore- —
head to the point, is of a rich orange yellow. The bare space round ©
the eyes is of a blueish lead colour.

In one specimen which has fallen under Mr. Gould’s observation,
the salmon colour towards the base of the mandibles is entirely —
wanting, its place being occupied by a dull black, only less intense —

han that of the oblique line which borders it, and which passes from
near the culmen at the base of the bill to the edge of the gape at
about one third from the tip.

In the colours of its plumage this bird agrees so completely with —
Rhamph. ambiguus, Swains., (Zool. Mlust. pl. 168,) as to induce a —
suspicion of their specific identity. But unless the colours of the —
bill and their disposition have been incorrectly observed by the —
artist whose drawing was used by Mr. Swainson, the two birds may
be regarded in these particulars as really distinct.

RHAMPHASTOS CULMINATUS. Rhamph. ater; prea cara ot

albis; fascid pectoris posticd tectricibusque caud@ inferioribus —
cocciners ; uropygio sulphureo, plumis versus apices in aurantium —
transeuntibus. 5

Long. 18-20 unc. ; caude, 63-7; ale, 81-9; tarsi, 2. Rostré —
long., 4-5; ad basin Jat., vix 1. :

Hab. in Mexico.

The bill is black, with a broad line of pale straw yellow run-
ning the whole length of the culmen, from which a band of the same —
colour passes downwards encircling the base of both mandibles. :

This species resembles the Rhamph. Cuvieri, Wagl., which ap-
pears to Mr. Gould to be synonymous with Rhamph. Erythrorhynchus, —
the bill of which, he states, changes its colour according to the sea- —
son from a brilliant scarlet to black.

PTEROGLOSSUS HYPOGLAUCUS, Pter. oltvaceo-brunneus, subtis

eceruleo-canus ; vertice, occipite, cauddque nigris, rectricibus qua-
tuor intermediis ad apicem Ielacit remigum pogoniis externis
viridibus, internis brunneis ; uropygio lutescente ; teetricibus —
caude superioribus viridi-olivaceis.

Long. 184 unc.; caude,7; ale, 6%; tarsi,14. Rostri long. 4;
alt., 14; lat. ad basin, 12.

Hab. :

The varied colouring of this bird, and particularly the uniform —
silvery blueish grey of its under surface, afford a ready distinction ©
of it from all the other Toucans. Its upper mandible is edged on —
its basal aspect by a narrow line of yellow, succeeded by a tri- —
angular spot of black; then follows an irregular mark of yellow,
edged by a narrow irregular black line; the rest of the upper
mandible throughout the whole of its culmen and sides is deep blood
red : the lower mandible, for the basal half of its length, has the
yellow and black colouring of the upper, but instead of terminating
in red, this colour is exchanged for deep black.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells, form-
ing part of the collection made by Mr. Cuming on the western
coast of South America, and among the islands of the South Pacific

Ocean. Those exhibited on the present occasion were accompanied
by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus TRITON. :
‘Triton craturatus. Trit. testd oblonga, turritd, crassd, albidd,
JSusco maculatd ; anfractibus octo, decussatim.sulcatis, granosis ;
suturd crenulatd; varicibus irregularibus, crassis, transversim
sulcatis, longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura subovatd, margine in-
ternd labii externi denticulatd, labio columellari granuloso : long.
1:2, dat. 0-6 poll.
Hab. ad Insulam Annaa.
Found on the reefs.— G. B.S.

Triton nitTipuLus. Tit. testd turritd, crassiusculd, politd,
JSuscescente, maculis saturatioribus vartis pictd ; anfractibus de-
cem, inferioribus levibus, superioribus longitudinaliter granoso-
striatis ; labio columellari levissimo ; varicibus albicantibus :
long. 1°5, lat. 0:5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaa.

Found on the reefs.—G., B.S.

TRITON vistortTus. Tit. testd oblongo-turritd, crassiusculd, ro-
seo-albicante, fusco maculata et Seed ; anfractibus undecim
irregulariter tortuosis, seriatim graniferis, infra suturam crenu-
latis; varicibus secundis, levibus, antice granulosis ; labio co-

_ _ dumellari antict expanso, granuloso ; margine internd labii ex-

_terni denticulatd : long. 1-6, lat. 06 poll.
Hab. ad Insulam Annaa.
Found on the reefs.—G. B. S.

’ Triton reETIcuLaTus. Trit. testd turrita, acuminatd, fuscescente,

maculis nebulisque saturatioribus pictd ; anfractibus decem reti-
culatis, suturd tmpressd ; varictbus reticulatis ; margine internd
labii externi dentatd ; labio columellari anticé rugoso : long. 1-3,

lat. 0°4 poll.

~ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.
_ Found under stones,—G. B. S.

‘Triton MEDITERRANEvS. Tvrit. testd turritd, acuminatd, fusces-

cente, maculis nebulisque saturatioribus, nonnunguam strigisque
pictd ; anfractibus novem, reticulatis, suturd distincté ; vert-
cibus elevatis, latere dorsalt profundé impresso, lineis transversts

- elevatis; margine internd lab externi dentatd ; labio columel-
lari anticé ruguloso: long. 1-, lat. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad oras Siciliz.

__ This nearly resembles the last. It is placed here in order that

’ the differences between the two may be seen by a comparison of
the descriptions.—G. B. S.

Triton CryLonensis. Trit. testé turritd, gracili, pallescente,

_, fusco maculatd et variegatd; anfractibus undecim, anticis octo

reticulatis, suturd subinconspicud ; varicibus depressis ; apertura
_oblongd, margine labii externi internd denticulatd, peritremate
reflexo, anticé dilatato; labiv eterno expanso: long. 1°65, lat.

0-56 poll.

Hab, ad Insulam Ceylon. —G. B.S.

TRITON LINEATUS, Trit. testd turritd, crassd, pallescente, fulvo
variegatd ; anfractibus novem, obsoleté transversim sulcatis, sulcis
brunneis, interstitiis granulosis ; varicibus obtusis ; aperturd ob-
longd, labio externo intius sulcato ; labio interno antic? reflexo,
encrassato ; columellé rugulosd : long. 2°6, lat. 1° poll.

Hab.

Much larger than any of the others. These seven may be re-
garded by some as mere varieties of Tit. maculosus of Lamarck,
although I am fully satisfied of their being perfectly distinct spe-
cies. |] am, however, of opinion that it matters not whether they be
regarded as species or varieties, seeing that it is equally neces-
sary to describe them all particularly.—G. B.S.

TRITON DECOLLATUs. Trit. testd oblongo-subturritd, pallescente,

JSusco variegata ; x id retuso ; anfractibus quingue, primis duo-
bus reticulatis, reliquis ventricosis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis
brunnets, interstitiis planiusculis ; suturis distinctis ; varice unico;
aperturd ovatd, perttremate crenato; labio interno antic? re-
Bons, incrassato : long. 1+, lat. 0°4 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaa.

Found on the reefs, and easily distinguished from all the above
by the fact of its being decollated and by its having only a single
varix.—G. B. 8.

Genus Butinus.

BuLInus DIscREPANS. Bul. testd oblongd, sabacuminatd, albi-
cante, nitidiusculd ; anfractibus quingue vel sex gibbosiusculis,
lineis fuscis, obliquis irregulariter pictis, transversis duabus infe-
rioribus subdistantibus ; aperturd subovatd, superné subacuminatd :
long. 0°7, lat. 0°33 poll.

Hab. sub cortice arborum in America Centrali.

This was found at Conchagua; it is somewhat similar to Bul.

nitidus, but upon comparison may easily be distinguished.—G. B.S.

Buinus catvus. Bul. testi oblongd, subturritd, pallescenti-
brunned ; anfractibus septem breviusculis, rotundatiusculis ; aper-
turd elliptica, margine internd incrassaté ; umbilico mediocri :
long. 0°6, lat. 0°25 poll.

Variat nonnunquam linea spirali albicante.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found on dried tufts of grass on James's, one of the Gallapagos

Islands.—G. B. S.

BuLinus ustuLatus., Bul. testd oblongd, subacuminatd, fusco-
nigricante; anfractibus sex vel septem gibbosiusculis, linets non-
nullis pallescentibus pictis ; aperturd ellipticd, columella cras-
siusculd, albicante, margine acutd : long. 0°6, lat. 0°3 poll. ~

Variat nonnunquam linea spirali pallida.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found under detached pieces of lava on Charles’s, one of the

Gallapagos Islands.—G. B. S.

BuLinus PALLIDIOR.—Bul. testé oblongd, subacuminatd, totd al-
bicante ; anfractibus sex, gibbosiusculis, ultimo maximo, inferiort-
bus postic? marginatis ; aperturd oblonga, intis pallideé brunned,

gARAER inSS FO

OS aa

* A

peritremate reflexo, antic? expanso, umbilicum mediocrem suboc-
cultante : long. 1-6, lat. 0°7 poll.

Mr. Cuming obtained two specimens of this species in South

America, but without being able to ascertain its locality —G. B. S.

Butinus Luzonicus. Bul. testd oblongd, subacuminatd, albd ;
apice obtuso, brunnescente ; anfractibus quinque, levibus, planu-
latis, inferioribus fusco cingulatis; apertura infra rotundatd,

_ peritremate reflexo, cingulo fusco intis notabili.

Hab. ad Insulam Lu¢on, Philippinarum.

Two specimens of this very beautiful species are in Mr. Cuming’s
collection, both of which have only one dark brown band; a sin-
gle specimen was among Mr. Humphrey’s shells, which had three
bands ; he had called it Chersina abbreviata.—G. B.S.

Buxtinus consrersus. Bul. testd ovato-subacuminatd, tenui, corned,
apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus sex, rotundatis, albido guttulatis
et lineatis ; apertura ovatd, coloribus concoloribus pictd ; peri-
tremate acuto, tenut ; umbilico parvo: long. 0°65, lat. 0°4 poll.

Hab. in collinis prope Lima.
Found buried im the earth under bushes on the hills around Lima.

Two varieties abound there, of which one is more ventricose than

the other. ¢ 7,6.

BuLinus Asus. Bul. testd ovato-ventricosd, albd, ore nonnun-
quam carneo ; apice obtuso; anfractibus quingue, rotundatis, le.
vibus, suturd distinctd ; aperturd ovali, peritremate tenut, acuto ;
‘umbilico minimo : long. 0°8, lat. 0-5 poll.

Variat punctulis corneis conspersa.

Hab. in arenosis prope Copiapo.

Found in a sandy plain under bushes at Copiapo.—G. B. S.

Boinus striatuLus. Bul. testd oblongo-acuminatd, albicante,
subfusco tesseilatd ; aptce obtusiusculo ; anfractibus sex vel sep-
tem, rotundatis, longitudinaliter striatis, striis elevatiusculis, exi-
libus ; aperturd oblonga, peritremate tenuis acuto: long. 0-9,
lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. in collinis prope Lima sub lapidibus.—G. B. S,

BuLinus DEcoLoRATUS. Bul. testd oblonga, subacuminatd, al-
bidd, tenuissimd ; anfractibus quinque vel sex, longitudinaliter
striatis, gibbosiusculis, cingulis nonnullis interruptis fuscescenti-
bus aperturd ovali, margine acutd; umbilico minimo : long.
0°5, lat. 0-25 poll.

_ Hab. sub frutices prope Lima, Peruvie.
Found buried in the earth under bushes on the hills around
Lima.—G. B. S.

BuLinus unicotor. Bul. tesid oblong, corned, tenui, apice ob-
tuso; anfractibus sex, ventricosis, striatis, suturis distinctis ; aper-
turd ovatd, margine tenui, acutd; umbilico parvo: long. 0°8,
lat, 0°3 poll. '

Hab. ad Insulam Perico in Smu Panamensi.

Found on dead leaves,—G, B.S.

Butinus Jacost. Bul. testd oblongd, tenui, fuscd, nonnunquam
albido _ bilineatd; anfractibus sex, ‘ventricosis, minutissimé
granosis, granulis seriatis ; suturd profunde impressd ; aperturd
ovati, peritremate tenui, labio interno partim supra umbilicum
magnum expanso ; long. 0°55, lat. 0-3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Jacobi, inter Gallapagos.

Found under scorie.—G. B.S.

Butinus scasiosus. Bul. testd oblongo-pyramidali, brunned,
apice saturatiore, albido guttatd et maculata ; anfractibus sep-
tem subventricosis, suturd leviter impressd ; apertura subovalt,
peritremate tenui ; umbilico parvo.

Hab. ad Cobijam sub lapidibus.

This species resembles Bul, pupiformis ; it is, however, much

smaller and differently proportioned.—G. B.S.

Specimens were also exhibited from the same collection of two
species of Cirripedes, apparently hitherto undescribed. ‘They were
‘ characterized by Mr. G. B. Sowerby as follows:

PovuictPes RUBER. Poll. testd irregulariter subtrigond, rubra, an-
tic? subtusque pallidiore ; valvis superioribus majoribus, planu-
latis, subtrapeziformibus, superne acuminatis ; dorsali magno,
sagittato, dorso rotundato-carinato ; pedunculo squamulis mi-
nimis obtecto.

Hab, apud Inner Lobos Island, ad littora Peruviz.

This species is generally from 2 to 3 inches long; it is remark-
able for the form and colour of the upper pair of valves and the
dorsal valve. ‘The interstices of the valves also are of a deep blood-
red colour.—G. B. S.

PoLiiciPes POLYMERUS. Poll. testd obtuse subtrigond ; valvis
levibus, substriatis, superioribus quatuor majoribus convexis,
subtrapeziformibus, apice posticé acuminato, basi subtruncato,
reliquis plurimis plerumque subtrigonis ; pedunculo squamulis
minimis resupinatis obtecto.

Hab. ad oras Californie.

The remarkable characters of this species are, the great number

of small valves, and the minute scales of the peduncle being all
placed with their apices downwards.—G. B. S.

Preparations were exhibited of the stomach and cecum of two
species of Semnopithecus, F.Cuv., Semnn. Entellus and fascicularis.
They were obtained from individuals which recently died in the
Society's Gardens.

Mr. Owen called the attention of the Society to these prepara-
tions in illustration of a Paper which he read “On the Sacculated
Form of the Stomach in the Monkeys of the Genus Semnopithecus,
F. Cuv.” He referred to M. Otto as the first observer of this
peculiar structure among the Monkeys, that eminent anatomist
having described and figured it in the ‘Nova Acta Academie
Cesaree’ (tom. xii. p.511.), as it exists in a species to which he
gave the name of /eucoprymnus, placing it doubtingly among the

‘Cercopitheci, although it now seems by general consent to be re-

garded as a Semnopithecus. rom its existence in M. Otto’s species,
and in the only two species of Semnopithecus which Mr. Owen has
had opportunities of dissecting, the latter gentleman is disposed to
consider it as appropriated to the genus, which may consequently
be now regarded as established on anatomical as well as on zoolo-

‘gical and geographical grounds.

The stomach of the Entellus Monkey (taken from an individual
1 foot 8 inches in length from the mouth to the anus) measured
along the greater curvature, 2 feet 7 inches ; along the lesser curva-
ture, | foot: its greatest circumference was 1 foot and half an
inch; its least circumference, 3 inches and two thirds. It may
be regarded as consisting of three divisions: ]. a cardiac pouch,
with smooth and simple parietes, slightly bifid at the extremity ;
2. a middle, very wide, and sacculated portion ; 3. a narrow elon-
gated canal, sacculated at its commencement, and of simple struc-
ture towards its termination. The latter, from its greater vascula-
rity and the more abundant distribution of the nerves of the eighth
pair, Mr. Owen regards as the true digestive stomach ; the two
former divisions being rather to be considered as preparatory recep-
tacles. Mr. Owen described the several portions in detail, and
explained their physiology respectively, especially with respect to
their fitness for performing a function analogous to rumination, He
remarked, however, that while he referred to them, for the sake of
perspicuity, as three principal divisions, it was necessary to observe
that they are not characterized, like the stomachs of Ruminants or
Cetacea, by any essential difference of structure, none of them pos-
sessing a cuticular lining.

The stomach of the Croo Monkey had precisely the same strue-
ture as that of the Entellus, but was smaller in proportion to the
size of the animal. The individual from which it was obtained was
much younger than the Entellus.

Mr. Owen referred to the displacement of some of the abdominal
viscera, particularly of the liver, in consequence of the great deve-
lopment of the stomach. He also adverted to the length of the
intestines, and by a tabular view of the measurements in the two
Semnopitheci, in a Cercopithecus, and in a Macacus, he showed that
notwithstanding the complication of the stomach in the former
genus, the small intestines were proportionally longer than in the
other two ; the ratio being in Semnopithecus, eight to one ; in Cer-
copithecus, six and a half to one; and in Macacus, four to one.

' The stomach of Semnopithecus was carefully compared with
that of the Kangaroo, and with that of the Sloth ; both of which

_ are well known to be remarkable for their complication. These

were exhibited, as was also a preparation of the complicated sto-
mach of a species of Pteropus.

In conclusion Mr. Owen inquired, what are the natural habits
and food of these slow Monkeys, as M. F. Cuvier denominates the
Semnopitheci? Will they be found to resemble those of the Sloths?
Is their food more herbaceous than that of the Monkeys generally ?
This, he conceives, is highly probable ; and that the enlarged capa-

city of the stomach enables them to carry off great quantities of
herbage to masticate at their leisure, the great development of
these receptacles compensating at once both for the absence or
rudimentary condition of the cheek pouches ‘and for the less nu-
tritious quality of the food. )

Col. Sykes reminded the Society that, in submitting his Catalogue
of the Mammalia observed in Dukhun, East Indies, he took occa-
sion to comment on the popular error respecting the ferocious and
untameable disposition of the common Hyena, Hyena vulgaris, Cuy.
His opinions were founded partly on observation of a cub which he
had domesticated, and partly on facts communicated by his friends.
He went on to state as foliows:

‘« Two years have elapsed since I placed in the Gardens of the
Society the above-mentioned cub (a female), which has now attained
its full growth, and I am happy to be enabled to confirm the opinions I
formerly advanced. In India it was allowed to run about my house,
and on board ship it was released from its cage two or three times
a day, to play with the sailors and gambol with the dogs. It early
recognised my person and voice, and would obey when called ; and
in general was as playful and good-humoured as a puppy. My visits
to it in the Gardens have been rare, and at long intervals, nor have
I ever carried it food; | anticipated, therefore, that it would out
grow its early associations, and that I should be to it as any other
stranger; but it has always greeted me not only as an acquaintance,
but as an old friend; and if 1 am to judge from its agitation and
peculiar cries, the animal's recognition is that of affection.

“On Sunday last it was asleep in its cage when I approached,
On calling to it by its name it looked up, distinguished me in the
crowd, started on its legs, and on my applying my hand to its mouth
to smell to, it threw itself down against the bars, rubbed its head,
neck, and back against my hand, and then started on its legs and
bounded about its cage, uttering short cries. On ceasing to speak
to it, and moving away, it stopped, and looked wistfully after me,
nor resumed its motions until I addressed it again. Its manifesta-
tions of joy were so unequivocal, as to excite the surprise of a great
number of bystanders. As these pleasing traits in the disposition
of a calumniated animal appeared so new to those who surrounded
me on that occasion, they may possibly be deemed of sufficient _in-
terest to be worthy of extended promulgation by record in our Pro-
ceedings, 43

“‘I take occasion to repeat my conviction, that association with
man, constant kindness, and abundance of food, will suffice not only
to modify, and indeed eradicate, the worst traits in the disposition
of any animal of the higher classes, but give birth to others of which
their natures were not deemed susceptible.”

June 25, 1833.
Richard Owen, Esq. in the Chair.

Extracts were read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by.
W. Willshire, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Mogadore, May 5,
1833. It referred to various animals of Marocco which Mr, Will-
shire is in expectation of procuring for the Society. It also stated
the opinion of the writer that “the M’horr Antelope [recently de-
scribed by Mr. Bennett as a distinct species, ] will be found to be of
the same race as the Nanguer of Senegal ;” Mr. Willshire “havin
traced the existence of the M’horr to Whadden (or Hoden on the
maps), and even further to the southward, thus approaching near to
Senegal.” Mr. Willshire adds that he considers that ‘the Antilope
Leucoryz is almost beyond a doubt the Bekker-al-wash of the Arabs
of this neighbourhood,”

Mr. Willshire forwarded at the same time the following account
of the method practised in dressing skins in Marocco, the results of
which are excellent as regards the preservation and colour of the
fur and the flexibility of the pelt.

«¢ Wash the skin in fresh water to deprive it of the salt; as soon
as this is done scrape the flesh off; when take

_ «2 Ibs. alum,

*¢ 1 quart buttermilk,

_ 2 or 3 handfuls barley meal,

«‘ which mix well together, and lay on the fleshy side of the skin
equally ; fold up and press it together carefully, and let it lie twodays,
On the third day take it to the sea side, wash the skin well, and,
when clean and free from the mixture, hang it up to let the water
run from it: then take 2 lbs. rock alum finely powdered, and throw
or spread it equally on all parts of the skin ; again fold up as before,
and allow it to lie three days, when it will be in a proper state to
dry in the sun, laid flat without taking away the powder. When itvis
dry, take a pint or two of fresh water and sprinkle it upon the skin, ,
and again fold it up carefully for about two hours to imbibe the
water ; then lay it on a table, and after scraping it free from the
mixture and flesh, take a sand stone (rather rough) and rub the
skin well until it becomes soft and pliable, then hang it in the shade
to dry, The process is then complete.

_ « When the skin is perfect, having the head, horns, &c., take off
the horns and fill their cavity with a mixture of equal parts of pow-
dered alum and ashes of charcoal, dissolved in water, and expose
them two days to the sun, Saturate the trunks of the horns with
8 ounces of alum dissolved in water, and fold up with the skin, and
apply the same on each occasion when employed in curing the skin.
The flesh on the head and jaws to be carefully taken off, filling the

same with powdered alum. It should remain in the sun until per-
fectly dry.

“ In addition to the foregoing description of the mode used in
this country in dressing skins, as related by the person employed
by me, it may be well to observe that the process does not take so
long here, as I have often received back skins of the Aoudad and
Leopard from the dresser, on the third or fourth, and never ex-
ceeding the fifth day, perfectly cured. Allowance has been made
by the dresser, in the foregoing description, for the difference in
the climate of London.

«« The skins of smaller animals must not be subjected to so length-
ened a process, or they will become harsh, and the pelt impover-
ished—W. W.” ;

A brief description was read of a pair of Doves, now living at
the Suciety’s Gardens, which had been pointed out by Mr. Vigors
as representatives of a species hitherto undescribed. It may be
characterized as follows : '

Cotumsa Princeps, Vig. Col. supra cinerea, subtis alba ; nuchd
rufo-castaned, metallicé splendente, scapulas versus vinaced ; gut-
ture viridi, metallice Steiiteta cauddé supra cacaoticd, infra

allidiori.

Hab. in Australia.

This bird exceeds by one fourth the size of the Wood Pigeon of

Europe. Its beaks and legs are crimson, and its irides hazel.

Dr.Grant exhibited a preparation of the cloaca of a female Condor,
Sarcorhamphus Gryphus, Dum., which recently died at the Society's
Gardens. He entered into a series of observations on the subject,
demonstrating the differences of structure and appearance existing
in its several parts, and the several orifices opening into it. He ad-
verted to the imperfect development of the right oviduct and ovary
in the class of Birds, and considered it as probably dependent on
the position of the aorta in that class. To the position of the aorta
in the Mammalia he was also disposed to attribute the inferior powers
of the left side of the animals composing that class, an inferiority
which is very striking in the cranial structure of the Cetacea, to
which he had occasion to refer at the last Meeting of the Society.
He dwelt particularly on the bursa Fabricii, remarkably evident in
this large bird, and explained the several uses which had been at-
tributed to that organ by its discoverer and by subsequent ana-
tomists. With M. Geoflroy-Saint-Hilaire he regarded it as the
analogue of Cowper’s glands in the Mammalia, and adduced various
reasons in favour of this view.

Mr. F. D. Bennett exhibited a dried preparation of the upper
larynx and adjoining parts of the Albatross, Diomedca exulans, Linn.,
for the purpose of demonstrating the existence in that bird of an
epiglottis.

The rima glottidis is bounded by two elevated fleshy lips, which

consist of mucous membrane and some few muscular fibres, and are
armed with retroflexed spicule. ‘These lips are in perfect contact
at the hinder part of the glottis when it is closed, but diverge near
‘their anterior part so as to leave a triangular open space of about
the size of a pea, the edges of which are incapable of being approxi-
mated to each other. In front of this triangular aperture, and at
some distance behind the tongue, (to which it is connected by mu-
cous membrane and muscular fibres, ) is an elevated substance of a
soft leathery texture, resembling that of the epiglottis of Mammalia:
its form is triangular, the apex being inferior and connected with
the tongue, and the base being elevated and terminating in three
thin convex portions or lobes. The middle one of these lobes is
the largest ; it is free, and rests immediately over the triangular
_ Orifice of the larynx just described, which, when depressed, it is in
size adapted to cover. In a line continuous with the floor of the
upper larynx and penetrating deeply beneath the epiglottis is a
cavity or sac lined with mucous membrane.

Having demonstrated these parts on the preparation exhibited by
him, Mr. F. D. Bennett added that as it had been the opinion of
naturalists in all ages that no bird possesses an epiglottis, the
structure which he had brought under the notice of the Society ap-
peared to him highly interesting. So fixed was the opinion to
which he had adverted that when Warren showed the existence in
the Ostrich, Struthio Camelus, Linn., of a structure which. he re-
garded as an epiglottis, the denomination was generally rejected
even in this anomalous d7rd, and the part was considered as a mere
elevation at the base of the tongue, a rudiment, but without the
function, of the organ. In the Albatross, however, the function is
that of an eprglottis ; and the size, though small, is sufficient for the
protection of that portion of the rima glottidis which cannot be
closed in the manner usual in Birds by the apposition of its mar-
gins. With a peculiar structure of the glottis there exists an ap-
paratus equally peculiar in the class, as a provision against the in-
convenience which might otherwise result from the deviation fror
the normal structure.

_Mr. F. D. Bennett also exhibited several specimens of a species
of Pyrosoma captured by him, on the 6th September 1832, at sea,
in lat. 1° 41! N., long. 11° 56’ W. Between 2 and 4 a.m. the sea,
having been two hours before less luminous than usual, presented
one mass of bright phosphoric light extending to a considerable
distance around the vessel. The extensive field of bright luminous
matter emitted so powerful a light as to illuminate the sails, and to
permit a book of small print to be read with facility near the win-
dows of the stern cabins. Above this luminous field numerous sea

fowl were hovering in search of their prey. The light appeared to!

be entirely owing to the Pyrosomata.

Specimens taken from the sea and placed in a vessel containing
sea water, ceased altogether to emit light, or emitted it but spa-
ringly while they remained at rest. On the water, however, being

agitated, or when one of the masses of animals was taken into the
hand, the whole mass became instantly illuminated by myriads of
bright dots, much resembling in hue the points on the elytra of a
diamond Beetle, Curculio imperialis, Fab.

The Pyrosoma, thus enveloped throughout its whole extent in a
flame of bright phosphorescent light gleaming with its peculiar hue,
presented a most splendid spectacle; the light shed by it was suffi-
cient to render objects distinctly visible in every part of an other-
wise dark room. If long retained in the hand, or returned toa
quiescent state in the water, the luminous spots gradually faded,
and no light was visible until the animal was again disturbed, when
the illumination instantly returned with all its vivid splendour.
After death it emitted no light.

The mass of Pyrosoma, of the usual cylindrical form and gelati-
nous substance, was about 4 inches in length and 13 in circum-
ference. The tube, passing along its middle, is described as being
open at both ends ; the orifice at the broader extremity being much
better defined in its circular form, larger, and more distinct than
that of the opposite end. The surface of the mass appeared to be
studded with numerous prominent rigid and pearly tubercles inter-
mingled with small specks of a brown or red colour. In these latter
the power of emitting light appeared chiefly to be seated, these
being frequently bright while the remainder of the body exhibited
only its natural white or yellowish white hue; a hue which changed
after death into a red tinge. The brown specks, when removed from
the body, did not emit light.

A“ Description, with Additional Particulars, of the Apteryx Au-
stralis of Shaw,” by Mr. Yarrell, was read. It described in greater
detail than the communication made by the author on February 12,
(page 24,) the external structure of this singular bird. It also ob-
served on its probable habits, and on its place in the natural series in
immediate relation with the Struthionide. Following up the history
of our acquaintance with it, which commenced with the possession
by Dr. Shaw ofa single perfect skin (hitherto unique and brought
under the observation of the Society by the kindness of the Presi-
dent, of whose collection it now forms part), Mr. Yarrell referred
to the incidental notices of it by Captain Cruise, M. Lesson, M: Du-_
perrey, and M. Gaimard, and from the evidence thus collected
pointed out its locality to be Mount Ikou-Rangui, near East Cape, -
New Zealand, and its native name to be Kiwi, frequently doubled,
according to the custom of the natives, into Kiwi- Kiwi. With this
information it is hoped that some of our enterprising countrymen in
that quarter may, ere long, succeed in acquiring additional speci-
mens and additional knowledge, as regards both the habits and
the structure of this curious race.

July 9, 1833.
Thomas Bell, Esq,, in the Chair.

“A

- A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Charles Telfair,

_Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Port Louis, February 25, 1833.

It gave an account of the history of a gigantic living specimen of
the Indian Tortoise, Testudo Indica, Linn., which has recently been
presented to the Society by Lieut. General Sir Charles Colville,
late Governor of the Mauritius. The specimen is one of those
which were brought from the Seychelles Islands to the Isle of
France in 1766, by the Chevalier Marion du Fresne; and is believed
to have since remained unchanged in size and appearance. Its

length, measured along the curve of the back, is 4 feet 44 inches;

its breadth, taken in the same manner, 4 feet 9 inches ; the length
of its sternum, 2 feet 8 inches; the breadth of its sternum, 2 feet
1: inch. Its weight is 285 pounds.

An extract was read froma second letter from Mr. Telfair, of the
date of Feb. 26, referring to an animal known in the interior of Mada-
gascar by the name of Sokinah. Mr. Telfair regards it as an un-
described species of Tenrec, Centenes, Ill. A specimen of a very
young individual, which was transmitted in spirit by Mr. Telfair,
was exhibited, and compared with young specimens of the Euro-
pean Hedge-hog, Erinaceus Europeus, Linn., and of the half-spiny
Tenrec, Centenes semi-spinosus, ll. Its extreme youth, however,

& precluded the possibility of satisfactorily characterizing it. It was

_ born in confinement, and lived for seventeen days; its parents hav-

ing escaped from their cage on the night of its birth.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by R. J. Bourchier,
Esq., Cort. Memb. Z.S., dated Malta, June 8, 1833. It contained
an account of two Vultures, Vultur Kolbii, Daud., (the Chasse-
_ fiente of Le Vaillant,) which have recently been presented to the

siety’s Menagerie by Sir Thomas Reade, Corr. Memb. Z.S., His
sty’s Consul at Tunis. Mr. Bourchier also adverted to his
mpts to procure for the Society living Bustards from Northern

; : ‘Aftica. Although the birds are secured without much difficulty,

his attempts have been hitherto unsuccessful, owing to the impos-
| sibility of keeping them alive in confinement for any considerable

length of time, so inveterately sulky is their nature. He proposes

_ to endeavour to obtain them at a very early age; or, if possible, to

b procure their eggs and have them hatched under a domestic Turkey.

_ A specimen was exhibited of the Indian variety of the Nélotic

_ Crocodile, Crocodilus vulgaris, Cuv., obtained in Vellore, and pre-

No. VII, ProceEepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

sented to the Society by Alexander Bain, Esq. At the request of
the Chairman, Dr. Harlan explained the structure of the heart and
the course of the circulation in the pike-headed Alligator, Alligator
Mississippensis, which he had described in detail in the ¢ Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.’

Specimens of various objects of zoology, coilected by George
Bennett, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., during his late voyage to New
South Wales and in that colony, were exhibited. They were trans-
mitted by Mr. G. Bennett to the Royal College of Surgeons, and the
exhibition was made with the permission of the Board of Curators
of the College Museum. They included a portion of a Flying-fish, toa
parasite on which several Barnacles ( Cineras, Leach,) were attached :
several Mollusca: a river Lobster: portions of the Death Adder,
&c.&c. They also included the uterus of a Kangaroo, ‘*showing the
foetus with a placenta attached, contained within it.” Mr. Owen, by
whom the preparations were brought under the notice of the Society,
and who remarked on each of them as they were severally presented,
observed on this that he had not yet examined it sufficiently to de-
termine the structure of the umbilical appendage visible in the pre-
paration. It was accompanied by sketches by Mr. G, Bennett of
the foetal Kangaroo in utero, which were exhibited.

The preparations were accompanied by a letter addressed by Mr.
G, Bennett to Mr. Owen, and dated Sydney, New South Wales,
February 4, 1833, from which several extracts were read. Among
them was the following :

‘«« [have a section of one female Ornithorhynchus which I shot, in
which the milk gland is very large ; and I can now inform you from
actual observation that milk is secreted from it: it comes out (as
your mercury did when you injected the ducts,) in small drops on
the surface of the skin, I intend sending you a further account of
this ; but you can mention it to the Zoological Society as a decided
fact ; and which had also been seen by some intelligent gentlemen
in this country ;—but I was not satisfied to assert it until I became
an eye-witness of the fact. I wish you to show the specimens to
the Zoological Society, with some brief comments in»my name,
stating also that I am about to send home a detailed account of
the habits and ceconomy of the Ornithorhynchus and Kangaroo.”

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shel/s contained
in the collection made by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South
America, and among the Islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those
brought on the present evening under the notice of the Society
were accompanied, as on previous occasions, by characters by Mr.
Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby. They comprehended the follow-
ing species of the ;
Genus CARDIUM. ,
Carpiom Cumineit. Card. testd equivalvi, tumidd, fragili, rosed,

diaphand, egregi? cancellatd, antic? rugosd, valvis postice hian-

tibus ; cristd anticd subalbidd ab umbonis latere postico ad mar-

yall ventralem extensd, in utrdque valvd : alt. =8,, lat. +5, long.
1 poll.
Hab. in America Centrali. (Gulf of Dulce.)

This beautiful bivalve, rosy, transparent, and exquisitely wrought,
was found by Mr. Cuming, whose name it bears. It was obtained
from sandy mud, at a depth of twelve fathoms.

Pellucid, and with the valves separated posteriorly like the Ana-
tine, with a crest so identical in form and structure with that of
some of the Mactre as to leave no doubt that this appendage is se-
creted in the same manner as it is in the latter genus,—Cardium
Cumingii has the teeth and hinge of Cardium, and approaches so
closely in many points to Cardium bullatum or soleniforme and others
of that division, that, in the absence of all assistance which might be
derived from investigating the anatomical structure of the animal,
I do not feel justified in separating it from them.

Every one conversant with the subject has observed how very
variable the teeth are in the genus Cardium. We have an edentu-
lous Cardium (Card. Greenlandicum), and another, a fossil species,
entirely destitute of lateral teeth on one side. Whether this genus
does not require revision is a question into which I shall not now
enter. Certain it is that it comprehends a very great variety of ex-
ternal form and structure.—W. J. B.

-CaRpDIUM PRocERUM. Card. testi ovatd, dorso acuminatiusculo,
pallidd, fusco maculatd, anticé rotundatd, postice subangulata ;
costis radiantibus 25, anticis quatuor primis obsoletiusculis, re-
liquis prominentibus, postice angulatis, subrugosis ; mediants pla-
nulatis, utringue obtuse anguliferis ; posticts antice angulatis ;
insterstitiis planulatis ; latere postico ringente, dentibus margi-

nalibus validis ; epidermide fuscd : long. 3-3, lat. 3-1, alt, 3-9

poll.
Hub. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.)
Found in coarse sand in from four to six fathoms water.—G. B.S.

Carpium Orpita. Card. testd obovali, pallescente, fulvo varie-
gatd; anticé rotundatd, posticé subangulatd; costis radiantibus
42, anticis rotundatis, transversim costatis ; medianis utringue
granosis, granis posticis majoribus ; posticis posticé granosis,
granis obliquis dentiformibus ; interstitis, precipué medianis,

rofundis ; cardinis dente laterali antico maximo: long. 2:5,
lat. 2°3, alt. 3°3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaa in Oceano Pacifico. _ ; /

Found in fine coral sand on the reefs. Ate Aaa (“Fert

CarpDIuM PLANICostaTUM. Card. testd subcordiformi, palles-
cente, fusco fulvoque variegatd ; anticé rotundatd, posticé trun-
_ catd, rotundato-angulatd ; aree postice medio prominulo ; costis
radiantibus 30, planulatis, acutimarginatis, anticis transversim
costellatis, posticis posticé crenulatis, omnibus creberrimé trans-
versim striatis ; umbonibus prominentibus ; depressione profundd
_ sub umbonibus anticé conspicud: long. 1-4, lat. 1-2, alt. 1°6 poll.
Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. .(Guacomayo.)
Found in fine sand, at a depth of thirteen fathoms.
H2

This species resembles Card. medium in its general form and ap-
pearance, but may easily be distinguished by a careful attention to
the above characters.—G., B. S.

Carpium oBovaLe. Card. testa obovali, altiore quam longd,
alba, lateribus brevissimis, antico pauld longiore ; medio ex um-
bone ad marginem inferam rotundato-carinato ; costis radiantibus
22, lateralibus depressiusculis, anticis posticé crenulatis, medianis
supern® transversim rugosis, interstitiis omnibus transversim strt-
atis ; dente laterali antico ad cardinem propiis admoto: long.
0°55, lat. 0°55, alt. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americ Meridionalis. ( Xipixapi.)

Found in sandy mud at eleven fathoms depth.

A species very remarkable for the peculiarity of its general form ;

its length and breadth being equal, and its height much greater.—
Gre...

Carpium ELAtuUM. Card. testd ovali, obliqud, levigatad, ventri-
cosissimd, flava ; sulcis radiantibus plurimis, medianis, prater
posticis, obsoletis ; ared laterali, posticd, anticdque levibus, mar-
ginibus edentulis ; marginibus ventralibus dentatis ; epidermide
tenui: long. 4+, lat. 3°5, alt. 4°5 poll.

Hab. ad Guaymas in Sinu Californiensi.

Found in sandy mud at low water.

This is the largest species of Cardiam which I am acquainted
with, its dimensions sometimes far exceeding.those given above.
It belongs to the same group in the genus as Card. levigatum, Card.
serratum, Card. sulcatum, &e.—G. B. S.

Canrvium senticosum. Card. testd suborbiculurt, compressiusculd,
albidd, purpurascenti-fusco variegatd ; costis radiantibus 39 —40,
tredecim anticis antice graniferis ; demum 2—3 utringue gra-
niferis ; reliquis posticé angulatis, graniferis, granis obliquis,
posteriortbus majoribus ; interstitits omnibus angustis, transver-
sim striatis ; latere postico ringente, dentibus marginalibus validis,
purpurascentibus: long. 1°5, lat. 1*1, alt. 15 pote. “a

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam, Americe Meridionalis.

Found in sandy mud at from six to twelve fathoms depth.

Very like Card, muricatum, but differing from it in being orbi-

cular, in having more ribs, and in the form of the little grains upon
the ribs.—G. B. S.

CARDIUM MuLTIPUNCTATUM. Card. testd ovali, obliqud, depres-
siusculd, levi, politd, roseo-fulvd, maculis punctisque plurimis satu-
ratioribus ; strits radiantibus confertissimis ; margine posticd dor-
sali subangulatd: long. 1-3, lat. 0°8, alt. 1-5 polt.

Hab. ad littora Chine.

Only two specimens of this rare and beautiful species are in Mr.

Cuming’s collection.—G. B.S.

CARDIUM UNIMACULATUM. Card. testd cordiformi, albd, maculé
sanguined posticd ; valvis valde convexis, carinatis, carind den-
tatd ; latere antico productiore, tumidiusculo ; latitudine 0-55
longitudinem duplo superante, alt. 0-6 poll.

ee ie

Variat interdum immaculatum.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaa in Oceano Pacifico.

At first I took this for the young of Card. Cardisce, but find it
differs in several particulars, and there are a great number of spe-
cimens exactly alike.

- Foundin fine coral sand on the reefs in great abundance —G. B.S.

Carpium Consors. Card. testd obovali, turgidd, altiore guam
longd, pallescente, fusco-rufescente marmoratd, radiatim multi-
costatd ; costis confertim squamosis, squamis fornicatis, antert-
oribus marginibus reflexis, posterioribus porrectis ; intus purpu-
rascenti-fuscd : long. 2°, lat, 2-2, alt. 2°6 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Guacamayo.

Collected in sandy mud at from six to eleven fathoms,

The number of ribs in this species is 34 ; they are more numer-

ous and more closely set together than in Card. Isocardia, which
it otherwise much resembles.—G. B. S.

CARDIUM LATIcosTATUM, Card. testd rotundatd, subventricosd,
posticé subangulatd, ringente, pallidd, fusco maculosd, radiatim
costatd ; costis anticis medianisque latis, rotundatis, posticis an-
gulatis ; interstitiis angustis: long. 1-7, lat. 1°3, alt. 1°7 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Xipixapi.

Found in sandy mud at the depth of eleven fathoms.—G., B. S.

_ Carptum Macutosum. Card. testd obovali, subventricosd, posticé
subdeclivi, marmoratd, radiatim costatd ; costis anticis planatis
marginibus crenatis, posticis rotundatis ; interstitiis anticis an-
gustissimis : long. 1-9, lat. 1-5, alé. 2°5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Tres Marias, in Sinu Californiensi.

Found on the sands.—G. B. S.

_ Carpium Panamense. Card. testd obovali, antic? rotundatd,
_posticé subangulatd, ringente ; costis radiantibus anticis media-
nisque latis, magnis, primum angulatis, demiim rotundatis, pos-
we angustioribus anticé crenatis: long. 1°5, lat. 1-4, alt. 1:9
oll.
Hab. ad Panamam.
Found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.—G. B. S.

Carpium Aspersom. Card. testi longitudinaliter ovali, posticé
_hiante, pallida, rufescente marmorata, serrata ; laleribus sub@-
qualibus ; costis radiantibus numerosis, lateralibus crenulatis,
- medianis planulatis: long. 1-6, lat. 0°75, alt. 1-2 poll.
_ Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam ct ad Mentem Christe.
Found in sandy mud at seven fathoms depth,
This resembles Card. soleniforme ; by comparison, however, it is
easily distinguished.—G. B. S.
~Carpium Muttistriatum. Card. testd obovali, pallidé filvd,
rufo punctulata ; striis radiantibus numerosis, anticis decussatis,
— subgraniferis : long. 0-8, lat. 0-7, alt, 0'9 poll.
ab.
Only one specimen was found.—G. B. S.

Dr. Grant communicated the following extract from a letter
which he had received from Dr. Coldstream, of Edinburgh :—

« Torquay, (Devon,) Nov. 10, 1832.—Today I examined the
ova of Sepia officinalis. A group of eighteen was attached (each by
a ring formed of its semigelatinous coats) to a leaf of Zostera marina.
They were of an elongated oval shape, about 1 inch in length and
4i;ths in breadth ; colour black, shining; consistence soft. Tunics
of the ovum very numerous, of various thickness, arranged concen-
trically. When these tunics were removed in succession until the
ovum became transparent, I saw distinctly the contained foetus and
its yelk within the inner coat. 1 could see it move and respire.
When the egg was gently pressed, it moved briskly. I succeeded in
getting the inner membrane with the contained foetus out of the
egg entire. I kept one in this state in sea-water for many hours,
at the end of which time no change had taken place. Others I
opened, and Jet out the foetus ; at first preserving it in its own fluid.
Its only evident motion was that of respiration performed with more
or less activity, according to the degree of disturbance given to it.
When at rest, the respirations were thirty two per minute. The sac
was dilated, and the funnel raised as in the adult; and from the
transparency of the mantle, I could see plainly the motions of the
lateral valves. The surface was marked with several spots; pro-
portionally, not so numerous as in the adult. These seemed to me
to become larger after the removal from the egg ; but I saw no con-
traction and dilatation similar to what occurs in the adult, The
yelk at first adhered to the front of the body, being placed between
the arms ; but I could not see how it was attached. In a short time
it dropped off. It seemed to consist of a very thin membrane, in-
closing a homogeneous transparent jelly. The lateral fin was broad,
and, when the animal moved, had much wavy motion. When
touched, before the yelk separated, the sac was contracted, raised,
and a sharp expiration took place. The same, after separation of
the yelk, was sufficient to make the animal move backwards a short
distance. When salt-water was mixed with the fluid in which the
foetus floated, the animal, at first, appeared uneasy, drew its mantle
over its eyes, and breathed quickly. This agitation, however, soon
subsided, and there seemed to be additional vigour imparted.
Viewed ventrally, the ink bag’s silvery coats were seen shining
through the mantle; and when the animal was touched, it twice or
thrice ejected minute streams of ink. Whole length of the fcetus
tsths of an inch. The eyes were very large proportionally. The
suckers on the arms appeared only as minute tubercles. The shape
of the yelk was nearly spherical ; diameter about .2;ths of an inch.

“« Nov. 12—The feetus taken out of its egg on the 10th instant
was, on the same evening, put into salt water, which happened to
be muddy; it continued to respire, and appeared well all the even-
ing; but afterwards its sac contracted so as to allow the lateral
valves to be seen outside, and it was languid: next morning it was
dead. Today I dissected it. The shell was found loosely imbedded
in the mantle. It was -2,ths of an inch in length; white; in shape

—

aOR Cee NE SP rere

Re Feta

Se ie eS

ovate; thickest at the narrow end, where it was almost opaque ;
composed of five concentric layers; outermost very thin, translu-
cent, spotless ; others marked with variously shaped spots ; near the
margin of the shell these were simple [roundish, oval, or oblong];
towards the centre more complex [elongated and variously but
slightly branched}. Internally, I found the gills distinctly, and,
to all appearance, perfectly formed. The ink bag contained a con-
siderable quantity of very deep-coloured ink. ‘The inferior pair of
arms were very broad at their base, and furnished with a fin-like
expansion.

“ The foetus which I laid aside (in salt water), covered with the
inner coat only (that membrane being entire), I found this morning
outside of it and dead. I opened others of the group of eggs, and
found every foetus dead. Some had ejected part of their ink within
the egg. In some the amniotic fluid was, in part, gelatinous. The
spots were distinctly visible on the skin of the mantle, head, and

arms; yellowish brown beneath ; darker above.”

Mr. Cox read a Paper “‘ On the Circumstances which modify the
Existence of Animals in Northern Regions.” He dwelt on the mi-
grations of these animals, chiefly in search of food, which in the
countries they usually inhabit could scarcely be obtained during the
winter months. When the spring returns, and the supply of nutri-
ment becomes abundant, plethora and consequent disease would
probably result; but this, the author conceives, is provided against
partly by the expenditure of the animal forces for the purposes of
generation, and, in the Ruminants with deciduous horns at least, by
the extra supply of blood required for the renovation of these or-
gans. Thehornsof the several species of Deer, Mr. Cox remarked,
appear to be Jarge proportionally with the extent to which the va-
riation in the deficiency and abundance of food at different seasons
of the year prevails; those of the extreme north being much more
heavy and branched than those of the animals of more temperate
regions; and the branching being at its minimum in the Deer of
India. In still warmer countries and in tropical regions, Deer al-
most cease to exist, their place being occupied by Antelopes, Rumi.
nants with persistent horns; a provision quite in accordance with
the assumed law that the growth of horn is designed to employ su-
perabundant blood produced by excess of nourishment at one period
of the year, these animals in which the horns are continually grow-
ing having constantly at their disposal food in sufficient and nearly
equable quantity.

July 23, 1833.
William Yarrell, Esq. in tue Chair,

A letter was read, addressed to the Society by W. Williamson,
Esq., dated Scarborough, July 2, 1833. It contained a full de-
scription of a specimen of the garrulous Roller, Coracias garrula,
Linn., which was shot in the previous week in a limestone quarry
near that place. The description was that of a female in nearly adult
plumage.

A specimen was exhibited of the Irish Hare, recently presented -
to the Society by Mr. Yarrell, who pointed out the characters by
which it is distinguished from the common Hare of England and the
Continent of Europe. Its head is shorter and more rounded; its
ears still shorter than its head; and its limbs less lengthened.
The fur also differs essentially from that of the common Hare, and
is useless as an article of trade. Mr. Yarrell added, that he had
lately brought a specimen of it under the notice of the Linnean
Society. .

At the request of the Chairman, Dr. Stark exhibited the skeleton
of the edible Frog, Rana esculenta, Linn., and stated that this spe-
cies is found in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, whence his speci-
men was obtained. He pointed out some of the differences between
its osseous structure and that of the common Frog, Rana tempo-
varia, Linn. ;

Dr. Stark also stated that he had obtained in the neighbourhood
of Edinburgh specimens of a species of Stickleback, Gasterosteus,
Linn., not previously known to exist in Great Britain.

In answer to a question on the subject, Dr. Stark described the
changes produced in the colour of various Fishes, both of fresh and
salt water, but especially in Minnows, Leuciscus Phoxinus, Cuv., in
consequence of their being kept in water contained in vessels of dif-
ferent colours ; the tendency of the fish being to assume the colour
of the vessel in which it is kept. .

The stomach and cecum of a Squirrel Monkey, Callithria sciureus,
Geoff., which recently died at the Society’s Gardens, were exhibited.
At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin read his notes of the
dissection of the animal.

«¢ The length of the body in this individual was 10 inches; that of
its tail, 14.

«© On opening the abdomen, the viscera were observed to occupy
the usual situation, aud presented nothing remarkable in their gene-
ral aspect.

STI

‘“‘ The liver consisted of three lobes on the right and two on the
left side. On the under surface of the first of the lobes belonging
to the right portion, so as to be entirely concealed, was situated the
gall bladder. In shape this organ was oval, and 3 of an inch in
length. Its duct, nearly 1 inch in length, entered the duodenum
about srd of an inch from the pylorus, being joined 4th of an inch
before its entrance by the hepatic duct. The bladder was full of
green bile.

_» «The pancreas began distinct and narrow, closely adherent to the

pyloric portion of the stomach on its dorsal aspect, and ended ina
broad irregular mass, surrounded by the first curve of the duodenum.
The length, when dissected away and extended, was 12 inch.

‘« The spleen, of a prismatic form, lay closely attached to the
cardiac portion of the stomach, by which it was almost wholly con-
cealed. Its length was 2 inches.

«« The small intestines measured 3 feet in length: their circum-
ference was 1 inch: their texture thin and transparent.

** The large intestines measured 14 inch in circumference, and
were firmer than the small intestines: their surface was smooth
and uniform, being destitute of longitudinal bands, or sacculz. In
length they measured 64 inches.

_ © The cecum, 14 inch in length, was pointed and recurved. Several
mesenteric glands were clustered around the junction of the small
and large intestines.

«« The stomach was large, somewhat globular, having the cardiac
portion developed, and the pyloric short. The measurement of the
larger curve was 5 inches and 2 lines. The omentum was small and
very thin.

_ « The kidneys, of which the right was rather the highest, were
oval in shape, with a depression at the spot where the vessels enter.
Their cortical substance was very thin and not very distinct. Their
length was | inch. The urinary tubulz entered the pelvis by a single
papilla. Renal capsules of the size of peas were closely attached.
The ureters entered the bladder on its posterior aspect, two thirds
from the fundus.

© The uterus was small. The ovaries were about the size of tares.
The clitoris was 1 an inch in length, pointed, and like a penis pend-
ent from the symphysis pubis.

«©The lungs had two lobes on the Jeft side and three on the

right: those on the left side were healthy; but those on the right
were diseased, adhering to the pleura costalis, which was highly in-
flamed and covered with a coating of coagulable lymph. On cutting
into the lobes one was found to be completely disorganized, and

filled with caseous matter; the other two were in a state of active

inflammation, having a firm fleshy feel and appearance, the cells
being filled with lymph. The lining membrane of the larynz and
bronchi appeared healthy. P

_-« The tongue was pointed, and on its basal portion were three
papille, placed so as to form the three points of a triangle, the apex

pointing towards the gullet, and being distant 4 inch from the
glottis: the length of the tongue was 14. inch.

‘ The epiglottis was broad and indented on the anterior edge.

*« The thyroid gland was single, of an oval form, and nearly 3ths
of an inch in length,

“« The heart was broad, and its apez blunt.”

Colonel Sykes exhibited several specimens of Loligo sagittata,
var. (3, Lam., which came on board the Lady Feversham on his pas-
sage to England in 1831. He read the following extracts respect-
ing them from his journal.

**Monday, April 3, 1831.—Lat. 22° 20! S., long. 1° 52’ E.—
Three specimens of Loligo sagittata leaped on board at sun-set on
the forecastle, which the men saw, the trade wind being so light at
the time as to threaten a calm.

« Two days afterwards, in lat. 18° 6' S., long. 3° 12! W., several
other individuals of the same species were found at daylight on the
poop, having come on board during the night, the wind having been
steady and the sea smooth.”

Col. Sykes stated that his object in bringing the specimens under
the notice of the Society, was to point out the locality from which
they were obtained, the habitats given by Lamarck being the Euro.
pean and American seas ; and to direct particular attention to the
leaping powers of the animal, which he believed to have been
hitherto unobserved. He added that he was unable to satisfy himself
as to the organization by which it was enabled to throw itself above
the surface of the sea.

Mr. Owen mentioned as an additional instance of the existence
of this power in the Loligo sagittata, that two specimens were pre-
served in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, to which
they were presented by Dr. Henderson as having leaped on board a
vessel in the Mediterranean,

Dr. Grant again called the attention of the Society to his spe-
cimen of Loligopsis guttata, Grant, and to specimens of Sepiola vul-
garis, Leach, for the purpose of explaining more fully the anatomical
structure of these species, which he had exhibited, with Sepiola steno-
dactyla, Grant, at the Meetings on February 12 and March 26. He
gave a detailed account of their anatomy, which he illustrated by
reference to an extensive series of diagrams prepared by himself,
These diagrams have been engraved on a reduced scale for publi-
cation in the Society's Transactions.

In the Loligopsis the parietes of the mantle are remarkably thin
and loose, excepting where they are supported by the dorsal trans-
parent damina, and by two thin cartilaginous amine extending from
the free edge of the mantle about half-way down the sides, and
placed rather towards the ventral surface of the animal. These la-
teral /amine present an appearance anomalous in Cephalopods. Each
of them sends out twelve or thirteen conical tubercles, about a line

in diameter at’ their base, and projecting to the distance of a line
beyond the general surface of the mantle.

The viscera occupy but a small portion of the cavity of the mantle,
in which they are placed far backwards, the branchie themselves not
extending forwards beyond the middle of the sac. The liver is di-
vided, as in Nautilus, into four principal lobes, which are quite se-
parate from each other; but the lobules which compose these lobes
are not, asin the Testaceous Cephalopod, detached from each other.
The branchial arteries are surrounded, before entering the auricles,
by a spherical cluster of vesicles, like those which open into these
vessels in Nautilus ; but the auricles are not, as in Nautilus, wanting:
they are, however, destitute of those singular appendices usually
found attached to these muscular sacs in the Naked Cephalopods.
The branchie are single on each side, and are proportionally the
smallest which Dr. Grant has yet met with. The systemic ventricle
is very muscular, aud of a lengthened fusiform shape: it has an
aortal trunk at each end. On the large dorsal or descending aorta
there is, as in Nautilus, a distinct bulbous enlargement, probably
the commencement of a bulbus arteriosus.

In meer in addition to the usual dorsal lamina which is thin
and short, there exist, external to the mantle and supporting the
fins, two firm crescentic cartilaginous plates, like scapule, playing
freely on the outer surface of the mantle, and furnished with an outer
and an inner layer of muscles, passing in the form of minute white
Jasciculi, from the middle of the dorsal part of the mantle: by this
structure, great extent and effect are given to the motions of these
powerful dorsal arms, which have thus a singular resemblance in
their mode of attachment to the anterior extremities of Vertebrata.

The cavity of the mantle is comparatively small, and its whole
extent is occupied by the viscera, which are largely developed, par-
ticularly the digestive organs, the ink gland, and the two glands of
the oviducts. The ink gland is remarkable for its form as well asits
magnitude. It consists of three longitudinal lobes placed trans-
versely, and extending more in that direction than lengthwise. The
two lateral lobes are kidney-shaped ; the third or middle lobe is
smaller, and from its upper part the duct arises.

‘The Secretary read a communication from M. Geoffroy-Saint-
Hilaire, entitled «‘ New Observations on the Nature of the Abdo-
minal Glands of Ornithorhynchus,” in which the author states it to
be his purpose to reply to the observations of Mr. Owen on that
subject, contained in the Proceedings of the Society, under date of
the 12th of March in the present year (page 30).

-“ The question no longer regards merely the simple fact, whether,
decidedly and absolutely, the Monotremata are viviparous, or ovipa-
rous ; whether we should reason upon them according to the rules
of the past, and apply to them the entire character of Mammalia ; or
whether we are not compelled to see in them sufficient anomalies to
embrace them in views of progress.

* Let us state the case more precisely. ‘There is but one single _

consideration to be discussed; viz. whether the gland on each side
of the abdomen is mammary and lactiferous (as Mr. Owen thinks),
or whether it is not a gland of a different kind (as I, for my part,
believe). I call it a gland sui generis, and have lately proposed to
denominate it Monotrematic, as it attains its maximum of composi-
tion among the Monotremata.

«Is it a mammary gland? Mr. Owen's concessions militate
strongly against this conclusion; for it is not conglomerate, it is not
invested with an erectile tissue, and it is without nipples. In Meck-
el’s time the appearance of the latter was hoped for, the nipples
being frequently developed under the action of sucking; but at
present this can no longer be anticipated. Females have been seen
in full nutritive action, in New South Wales, by Lieut. Lauderdale
Maule and Mr. James M’Arthur, and at London by Mr. Owen
himself; and each observer has insisted on the circumstance that
there were no nipples. : ,

“ Thus the fact of a decidedly assimilated structure is wanting:
the gland of Monotremata is not in its composition comparable with
a mammary gland. But I observe that 1 am answered here by a
fact of an assimilated function. Lieut. Maule and Mr. MgArthur
speak of an abundant secretion, milky according to one, of a milky
appearance according to the other. It is therefore inferred that there
reinains at least this character (the function) in common, to prove
mammary a gland of a different structure. But, I may reply, begin
by being certain that the product of the secretion is a true milk; do
not introduce an unknown to characterize a new organ of a structure
hitherto equally unknown. What! the organ is not in its compo-
sition mammary, and yet its secretion is/acteal! What would become,
then, of the principle, Such as the organ is, such necessarily is its

Junction?

“« The vascular system does not go the length, as in conglobate
glands, of folding itself round, of mutually anastomosing, and of pe-
netrating itself, in obedience to the law of affinity of self for self
(de sot pour sot); whence, at the proper period, a compound fluid,—
milk, But this vascular system, as in mucous membranes, extends
its terminating branches into cavities with an external exit. From this
more simple apparatus I expect a fluid in itself more elementary—
mucus, as I suppose.

*« But I do more than believe this by way of conjecture: I offer
this demonstration of the fact. On the 8rd of June I laid before the
Academy of Sciences, of which I am this year President, a paper
on the exjstence of a gland in all respects similar to that which is
described and figured (Phil. Trans. 1832, pl. 17, fig. 2 and 3) by
Mr. Owen in the Echidna,—a Monotrematic gland consequently,
which I have observed in the Water-Rat (Mus amphibius, Linn.). I
subjoin the figure of this gland magnified, and invite a comparison
of this drawing with that of Mr. Owen’s plate.

“<I begged of our learned chemist, M. Dumas, Member of the
Academy of Sciences, to analyse the product of the secretion of the
monotrematic gland of the Water-Rat; his researches determine

TG ig! ee en oe

that it is not milk. M. Dumas has obtained this result still more
positively by microscopic observations. Each of these products
is invariable in its form: milk has the appearance of perfectly sphe-
tical globules ; while the matter from the gland of the Water- Rat
exists under the form of thin flakes strongly angular at the edges.
Tae mucus of the saliva presents the same aspect, except that the
edges of the flakes are not so deeply indented. The result is, that
the glandular secretion furnished by the Water-Rat appeared to us
to be mucus mixed with a small proportion of fatty odorous matter;
and there can be no doubt that the same is the case with the secre-
tions of the glands of the Shrews.
_ * Now there remains an experiment to be made by the Zoological
Society, but principally by Mr. Owen, animated like myself with
zeal for scientific truth ; and which I invite my colleagues to make.
Alcohol does not alter the form of the elementary molecules, either
of milk or of mucus. Mr. Owen has deposited in the Museum of
the College of Surgeons his anatomical preparations; it is easy,
without damaging the preparations, to take from the monotrematic
apparatus a small quantity of its secretion, and to place it in the
field of microscope. An answer will thus be obtained, of which I
admit beforehand all the consequences.

“«« The negative characters indicated above, (no conglobate tissue,
no erectile tissue, no nipples,) are remarkable concessions on the part
of Mr. Owen. He might have advanced still further in the same

direction, and not have accepted, for example, from Lieut. Maule

his milky fluid only, reserving himself to combat afterwards what.
that observer says de visu of the shells in the nest, and rejecting also
the opinion of the country in favour of the oviparous character of
the Monotremata.

“ But I will not return here to all the accessory points of the con-
troversy : I pass to Mr. Owen’s observations in reply.
_ “ Firstly, To destroy the effect of the analogy of the glands of
the Shrews, to which I had referred the glands of the Monotremata,
Mr. Owen cites the authority of Von Baer, who in the Archives of
Anatomy and Physiology, published at Leipzig in 1827, p. 168, had
combatted my views, in order to support the opinions of his friend.
and fellow-countryman Meckel, remarking that, proceeding from
analogy to analogy, that of the Cefacea must also be taken into’con-
sideration, Von Baer says that the structure of the glands of the

Ornithorhynchus, as described and figured by Meckel, reminded

him in all particulars of the mammary glands of the Cetacea; and
actually refers to a similar arrangement in the Porpoise. Now, adds
this learned anatomist, ‘ it has never entered into the mind of any
man to deny the Porpoise to be a lactiferous animal.’ It is true,
that nobody has hitherto raised a doubt on this point; but it would,
not be by any means extraordinary if we were obliged to doso nowy,
if it were certain, as I believe, that the monotrematic glands of the
Ornithorhynchus give rise to a new mode of nutrition as regards the. .
young. For if this were the fact, the Cetucea would participate in
this new mode, in these new functions, which it will become ulte-

94.

riorly necessary to determine better, inasmuch as offering an inter-
mediate generation, viz. between that proper to the Monotremata,
and a third sort, that of the Ovovivipara, (that is to say of the Sharks
and Rays,) the eggs of which are hatched either within or without
the body of the mother, they would furnish facts of the same rank as
those of the vipers and other snakes, and would not offer such im-
portant characteristic differences between all these animals, as have
hitherto been uniformly believed to exist. I refrain from proceeding
further in order not to overpass the boundaries of analogies and of
trath ; but it might happen that the objection proposed by Von Baer
should lead to this result; not that the Monotremata should be thrown
back into the centre of the Mammalia, but that the Cetacea should
be separated from among them. The affinity of structure, if it be
such as the German physiologist announces, may lead to an idea
that the mode of nutrition which I have sketched for the Monotre-
mata may be equally adapted to the Cetacea. Formerly one mode
only was known, and it was supposed @ priori that the Cetacea must
have passed through it. At all events it is necessary to revise the
doctrine of the nutrition of the fetus of Cetacea.

« Secondly, Mr. Owen points out the contradictoriness of"my two
opinions in two papers published at an interval of less than a month,
and this is fair play in his capacity of critic. Nevertheless I had
scarcely touched on the fact relative to the egg-shells in my first
paper, proposing to return to it again. This 1 actually did some
weeks afterwards, when I conceived a system complete in itself, well
connected, opening out new views to research, and of which | frankly
declare that [ had not the smallest idea a few days before I became
attached to it. Let it not, however, be believed that I present either
my old or my new conjectures as facts, the solidity of which I de-
cidediy maintain. In the absence of facts, I venture to recur to pre-
sumptions, which may become motives for research ; but if I calcu-
late certain probabilities, I merely desire to have applied to them
the criterion of observation. ! know well that the mind of no man
is endowed with the faculty of imagining with regard to substantial
bodies, of distinctly conceiving the idea of a form, What has been.
seen of this kind is thenceforth known. Seriously admitting the truth
of this proposition, I merely wish to play a useful part, restricting
myself to the duties of a naturalist having the privilege of age, con-
fident in the experience of ancient studies, and acquainted with the
possible extent of the diversities of the acts of nature, in order to
assist observers less practised than myself in the study of natural
history, so that if there should exist in the most distant part of the
globe, organic conditions which we are interested in becoming im-
mediately acquainted with, I may say to them ‘ There is a chance
that it is A, or B, or C; see what is the fact; instruct us with re-
gard to it.’

« Thirdly, The monotrematic glands follow the phases of the de-

velopment of the sexual apparatus: like the mammary, they form
part of it, being large only in the females. To this I answer that it is
presuming too much with regard to the resources of nature, (which

a a ee a a Tae

shows on the contrary a tendency, as well as the most ingenious
means of execution, for a diversity of forms,) to fall into absolute
rules. What do we know of it? On the contrary, let us better un-
derstand our duties; let us constantly restrict ourselves to the con-
sideration of facts. It is a means of exposing ourselves to grave
mistakes, if we so easily and so precipitately determine with regard
to functions. In fact the Shrews alone share with the Monotremata
this fact of resemblance, viz. that the monotrematic glands are more
developed in the female during’ the period of heat. The circum-
stances are different in the Water-Rat, which possesses the same gland
at all seasons and in both sexes.

_ « Fourthly, What are we to infer from the distinction drawn from
the nature of the localities, aquatic as regards'the Ornithorhynchus,
dry with reference to Echidna ? And why might it not happen that
the function should be modified according to the nature of the am-
bient medium? Let us not establish a general thesis on facts which
are not accurately known. To acquire a knowledge of these facts
is our object, and our uncertainty with regard to them forms the pro-
blematic part of our controversy. We are dealing with a new fact;
let us wait till we have seen and Jearned it before coming to a definitive
conclusion. The Shrews offer ys another useful piece of instruction:
they consist, in fact, of several species, all having the same gland,
but not inhabiting the same localities. Some do not quit the low-
lands and take freely to the water; while others are met with on the
dry soil of upland plains.”

The reading of M. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire’s Paper having been
concluded, Mr. Owen addressed the Society. He spoke of the glands
adverted to by M. Geoffroy, as differing essentially from those of
the Monotremata : in the Water-Rat, the glands exist in both sexes,
and at all seasons ; in the Shrews; they exist in the female only, and

are developed in the season of heat ; in the Monotremata, they exist

also in the female alone, but their development is at the period of
bringing forth the young. To these important discrepancies is to be
added one still more important—the glands referred to in the Water-
Rat and in the Shrews are additional to those for the nutrition of the
young, and their function is wholly different : in the Monotremata
only one set of glands exists, and these are admitted by M. Geoffroy,

in his later hypothesis, to be for the secretion of nutriment for the

young.
_ As regards the glands of the Cetacea, Mr. Owen adduced various

testimonies to show that their secretion is milk, of a very rich quality,
‘approaching to that of cream. Simplicity of structure, in a secreting

organ which is usually complicated, cannot therefore be relied

on as affording proof of a difference of function. All glands are

in their lowest condition, simple tubes, which become, in the
more highly developed forms of the gland, complicated in various
degrees, conglomerate or conglobate. Such is the case with the
organs for the secretion of bile, which commence in Jnsects in the
form of simple tubes, and passing through various stages of compli-
cation, become in the higher classes condensed into a liver. Such is

the case also with the pancreatic organ; a case more in point, as it
exhibits, within tle compass of a single class, that of Fishes, all de-
grees of complication. In some it seems to be altogether wanting ;
in others, it is rudimentary, consisting of one or two minute c@ca
appended to the pylorus ; and these, in others, increase in extent,
in number, in complication, by becoming branched, and eventually
form, in the Cartilaginous Fishes, true conglomerate glands. To the
class of Mammalia mammary glands are peculiar ; and it might al-
most have been expected @ priori that in that class these organs
should be found in the various degrees of simplicity or complication
of which they are capable. Such appears to be the case; in Cetacea
they are simple cca (and in this respect the glands of Monotremata
agree with these mammary glands); in higher forms they are con-
glomerate, and cannot be misunderstood.

Mr. Owen added, with reference to the microscopic test of the
nature of the secretion which was proposed by M. Geoffroy, that he
had not been able to procure either from the glands themselves or
the openings of their ducts any portion of their secretions to which
the test could be applied ; globules of oil alone offering themselves
to his observation, and these existed also in the spirit in which the
animals were preserved,

aes

Ti
fires

me bare

ae
=

Le, DeemtrieS,

See”:

August 13, 1833.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by E. W. A. Drum-
mond Hay, Esq.; Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Tangier, July 5,
1833. It referred to various animals which Mr. Drummond Hay
has obtained for the purpose of forwarding them to the Society's
Menagerie ; and adverted to others which he is in hopes of pro-
curing.

Gn the subject of the Bakra I whash, in the plural Bakkar el whash,
Mr. Drummond Hay states that this term, as well as Mahats and
Targeea, (all signifying wild Cow,) appears to be applied by the
Arabs to Antilope Leucory«. It is, however, possible that the same

‘name may be applied to large Ruminants of different species ; al-

though to any having the general appearance of an Antelope it is
likely that the Arabs would give the term, generic as it were, Gazal.

The skins were exhibited of a Cayman, and of the Coyote or
Mexican Jackal, the latter being apparently the Prairie Wolf,
Canis latrans, Say. They were obtained in Mexico by Captain
Colquhoun, by whom they were presented to the Society ; as were
also the horns, which were similarly exhibited, of the Berenda, a

prong-horned Antelope.

~The stomach was exhibited of the Pekan or Fisher Marten,
Mustela Canadensis, Schreb. ; and Mr. Martin, at the request of
the Chairman, read his notes of the dissection of the animal.

_ «Its length from the nose to the origin of the tail was 21 inches.
An immense deposition of fat loaded the cellular tissue, as well as
the omentum and intestines.

«“ The liver, like that of the Mustela Foina, was tripartite, con-
sisting of a large middle and two lateral lobes; to which may be
added the Jobulus Spigelii. The middle lobe was deeply cleft into
three portions, the right portion being the largest. In the fissure
between this and the next portion was situated the gall-bladder,
globular, or nearly so, in shape, and filled with green bile. The.he-
patic ducts leading from the several lobes of the liver were as large
as crow-quills ; they united in a single trunk previously to joining
the cystic duct, which they did half way down its course. The
general duct entered the duodenum 1 inch below the pylorus.

«The stomach was 54 inches in length, and of a somewhat
elongated form, the cardiac portion being but little enlarged.

« The omentum covered the whole of the intestines.

No. VIII. Proceepines oF THE ZooLoGIcAL Sociery.

« The spleen, of considerable size, and of a soft and flaccid tex-
ture, was connected by fatty omentum to the stomach, at the
distance of 1 inch. Its length was 3 inches, and its breadth = of
an inch.

« The pancreas was thin and of a long irregular figure, following
the fold of the duodenum, and closely attached to it.

«“ The total length of the intestines was 9 feet 2 inches. In the
Mustela Martes, the body. of which is 1 foot 4 inches in length, their
length is 5 feet 11 inches; in the Mustela Foina, they measure 5
feet 6 inches: these measurements are given by Daubenton. In the
Polecat, Putorius vulgaris, Cuv., with the body 15 inches long, the
length of the intestines is@ feet... No-distinction existed between)
the small and large intestines, until arriving at the rectum, which for
the extent of 7 inches presented a decided increase of circumfe-
rence. ‘This part was in a state of high inflammation, and thickly
studded with minute gritty particles: a similar state of disease,
though not to so great an extent, and without any deep redness,
existed also in other portions of the intestines. The peritoneal
lining of the abdominal parietes was universally and deeply inflamed,
and still’ more rough than the rectum, with a thick sprinkling of
gritty particles.

“The bladder also was inflamed, but rough only on the surface:
in contact with the rectum. It was empty, uncontracted, flaccid,
and appeared as if on the eve of gangrene.

« The anal glands were as large asia nut, and filled with thin
yellowish strongly-scented fluid. Their ducts opened just within
the verge of the rectum.

“The kidneys were soft, and rather large; their length being 2)
inches.

“«‘ The uterus was very small ;—the length of the cornua 2 inches.
This organ partook of the inflammation which-affected the rest of
the pelvic viscera.

« The lungs consisted of two lobes on the left, and three on, the;
right side. The heart was rounded, its depth being 2 inches, its
breadth below the auricles 13 inch. The aorta was found to give
off two arteries from its arch ; of these the right, as large as a quill,
ran single for 14 inch, and then sent off the left carotid, and se-
condly, a right branch, which divided immediately into right
carotid and right subclavian. The other, or left artery, arising from:
the aorta, formed the left subclavian.

«The tongue was 3 inches in length and rough on its upper sur-.
face. The epiglottis was acuminate.” i

Mr. Bell exhibited) specimens: of two Reptiles, forming part of
his collection, which he regarded as the types of two genera hitherto;
undescribed. He stated his intention of publishing, in the 20th
Number of the ‘ Zoological Journal’ shortly about to appear, de-
scriptions and figures of them.

To one of them he gave the generic name

ee ey a ee ee ear

Cn ee ee Ok

ANOFS.
Pedes nulli.

Annuli thoracict completi.

Rostrum porrectum, scutello arcuato compresso tectum.

‘Oculi sub scutellis latentes.

"Linea lateralis depressa.
“Cauda'breviuscula.
~ Port preanales nulli.

Anors Kineu. An. corpore supra fusco, infra albido.
_ Long. 8 une. 5 lin.; capitis, 4 lin. caude, 1 unc. 2 lin.
_ Hab. in America Australi.
_ This genus is referrible to the Amphishenide, with which ‘it
-agrees in general form, in the structure and arrangement of the
scales, the concealed .eyes and ears, and the short obtuse ‘ail.
From the other genera of the family it is distinguished by ‘the form
of its rostrum and of its singular compressed frontal plate, which
seapetperebiy resembles that which characterizes the genus Ty-

Ops. '
P the second of these Reptiles belongs to the family Scincide. It
is_characterized by Mr. Bell as follows: .

LERISTA.

(Caput scutatum ; palpebre nullz; aures sub cute Jatentes.

Corpusigracile ;. squame leves zquales.

Pedes quatuor:: anteriores exigui, brevissimi, didactyli; poste-

\riores longiores, tridactyli.

Anus simplex, semicircularis ;, port,preanales et femorales nulli,
“Lerista trveata. Ler. eneo-viridescens, subtis pallidior;;
| ‘Vineis binis dorsalibus et binis lateralibus nigris.
- Hab. in ‘Australia.

This new genus of ‘Scincide agrees with Gymnophthalmus, Merr.,
“and Ablepharus, Fitzing., (in ‘the absence of eyelids; ;but differs
‘from’ both in the number of its toes: the former shaving }4-5, ‘and
the latter 5—5, while Lerista has only '2-3. In addition to this dif-

ference*in'the structure of the feet, it is remarkably distinguished

"by ‘the want of external ears, «and ‘by its elongated.and anguiform
‘body ; characters in which it agrees with Sazphos, Gray. The Jast-
‘named ‘genus, however, possesses eyelids, -and differs jalso) in the

_ ‘number of its toes from Lerista.

_ “Mr. Bell also read a paper, entitled ‘“Observations on;the Neck
%of the three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, Linn., demonstrating
that this Animal ‘possesses only the Normal Number of Cervical
WVertebra.”

By/all preceding‘anatomists/since the days of Hermann the num-

*ber ‘of the cervical vertebre in the three-toed Sloth has been consi-

“deredto be nine; and the animal has ‘consequently been regarded

_ as ‘deviating in this respect from the other Mammalia, inwhich class

‘seven is the normal number of these parts,—a number which exists

100

equally in the short interval between the head and the thoraz,
scarcely deserving the name of a neck, of the Cetacea, and in the
long flexile neck of the Camel and the Giraffe, It was natural
that so marked a deviation from a general law should attract con-
siderable attention, and numerous skeletons of the animal in which
it was stated to occur have accordingly been examined by Cuvier,
Meckel, and others, who have all, with the exception of the last-
named anatomist, concurred in the statement that nine cervical
vertebre exist; Meckel alone hinting at the probability that what
had been previously regarded as the ninth cervical might, in truth,
be a first dorsal vertebra. On what grounds M. Meckel was in-
duced to offer this suggestion does not appear; it is probable that
he was led to it by the form of the vertebra itself, which is altogether
that of a dorsal vertebra; or he may have been guided by a statement
made by Cuvier that in a young individual examined by him the
transverse processes of the ninth cervical vertebra, as he described
it, were not united to the vertebra itself, whence Cuvier was in-
duced to inquire, May not this be a small vestige of arib? Cuvier
does not appear to have noticed this detached portion of bone in
any but this young individual, nor as connected with any but that
which he continued, even in his latest work, to regard as the ninth
cervical vertebra.

In two skeletons, however, which Mr. Bell possesses, one of a
young individual and the other adult, there are bony detached
appendages on each side both of the eighth and ninth vertebre,
reckoning from the cranium, and Mr. Bell is therefore disposed
to regard these vertebre as being rather the first and second dorsal
than the eighth and ninth cervical, and to consider the seven ver-
tebre craniad of them as constituting the normal set. ‘The trans-
verse processes of these vertebre are longer and narrower than the
preceding ones, and each is terminated by a perfect articular sur-
face, which is slightly depressed. ‘To these articular surfaces are
attached the heads of the rudimentary ribs. The first of these
rudiments is small and slender, about four tenths of an inch in
length, having a distinct rounded head at the articular extremity,
then becoming abruptly smaller, and tapering to the apex. The
second is considerably larger and assumes more of the character of
ashort rib. It is about 6 lines in length and nearly 2 in breadth.
Its head is oblong and rounded; and there is a tubercle on the
upper and anterior side. ‘Towards the extremity it becomes broader
and flatter, with an excavated surface inwards, and a convex rough
prominence on the outer side, apparently the point of muscular
attachment. Immediately behind and beneath the head of the
bone is a minute foramen for the passage of intercostal vessels.

The character of the transverse processes of the two vertebre
differs very materially from that of the true cervical. In the supe-
rior vertebre this process is transverse and slightly bifid. In the
seventh cervical it stands obliquely forwards, and its apex is broad
and oblong. In the first dorsal each transverse process is com-
pletely divided into an anterior flattened process which is turned

101

forwards, and a true lateral or transverse one which supports the
little rudimentary rib: the transverse process is smaller, but con-
siderably longer than those of the true cervical vertebre, and stands
more in a lateral or transverse direction. In the second dorsal
vertebra the anterior process does not exist, and the body assumes
the form of the succeeding ones. The transverse processes are
simple and obtuse, and the articular surface is slightly excavated.

_ Mr. Bell exhibited, in illustration of his paper, the two skeletons
referred to ; that of the young individual being natural, and pre-
served with its connecting ligaments in spirit. The paper was
also accompanied by drawings of the structure described in it.

A paper was read, entitled “ Remarks on the Nature of the Respi-
ratory Organs in certain Littoral Mollusca of Madeira: by the Rev.
R. T. Lowe, A.M., Corr. Memb, Z.S.” It referred to certain ex-
‘periments published by the author in the 19th Number of the
* Zoological Journal,’ which were instituted with the view of ascer-
taining, by the duration of their life when deprived by immersion in
water of the access of free air, whether the animals of Melampus,
Tornatella, &c., are pectinibranchiate or pulmoniferous. Mr. Lowe,
in his present paper, intended for publication in the same Journal,
is anxious to guard against the too strict adoption of his conclusion
that animals which continue to exist for a long time immersed in
‘water cannot be lung-breathing ; as he conceives it to be possible

_ that in animals so comparatively low in organization as Mollusca,
the quantity of oxygen required for the aération of the blood may
be so, small as to be furnished even by sea-water to lung-bearing
races ; or, in the second place, the Jungs being supposed to be in-
active during the immersion, that some compensating power may
exist, as in the skins of the Batrachia, which may enable existence
‘to be prolonged for a considerable time without the access of free
air to animals whose organization is adapted for breathing it.

102

August 27, 1833.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by'the Rev. R. T.
Lowe, Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Madeira, June 25, 1833. It
accompanied an extensive series of the land and freshwater Shells
of that island, which the writer presented to the Society’s Museum,
and which were exhibited. With one exception, they have been de-
scribed by Mr. Lowe in a paper published, with figures, in the ‘Trans-
actions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.’

In another letter, of the same date, Mr. Lowe states, “* We have no
native Mammalia (except a few Seals now and then onthe coast,)
existing on the Island, at least in its present state. The common
Grown Rat and the Mouse abound, of course introduced ; ‘and the
Ferret is said to have become wild in one part of the island, though
T have not myself seen it. The Raddit ispretty common : it abounds
in the desertas. As we have neither Hares, Foxes, Shrews, Moles,nor
Weasels, so of the Birds we have no Crows nor Rooks, Daws, Mag-
pies, Sparrows, (Fringilla Petronia, Linn., takes the place of the
latter, at least'in Porto Santo,) no Titmice, Yellow-hammers,'&e.”

A letter was read, addressed to Mr. Vigors by James ‘Prinsep,
Esq., and dated Calcutta, March 9, 1833. It accompanied a list:of
numerous zoological specimens forwarded to the Society by B.'H.
Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., Resident in Nepal; and also
of a large collection of living Pheasants, Partridges, &c., obtained
by that gentleman at the request of the Council for ‘transmission
to England. On this list Mr. Prinsep had noted the condition
of the various articles at the time of their arrival in Calcutta, by
which it appeared that many of the birds had died during their
journey from the interior. Of the Mondl or Impeyan Pheasant, only
two remained alive from among seventeen sent; and of these two,
one was reported to be dying.

The gizzard, liver, duodenum, and adjacent parts, and the cloaca,
were exhibited of the young concave Hornbill, Buceros cavatus,
Lath., which recently died at the Society’s Gardens; and Mr. Owen
read his “‘ Account of the Anatomy” of the bird.

Its tongue is very short, of a triangular form, and smooth. The
air-cells are very large, and that in front of the neck contains the
cesophagus and the trachea. The esophagus, as in the Toucan, is
very wide, and of nearly equal diameter as far as the gizzard. The
gizzard is thicker in its coats and of a more elongated form than
that of the Toucan: its cuticular lining is very tough, and dis-
posed in longitudinal ridges. After the duodenal fold, the remainder

103

of the intestinal canal, is disposed in two similar folds,;, and, then: ex-
tends along the. middle line, of the back to the cloaca,, There.are
no c@ca. The coats of the intestines are stronger than is.usuah im
Birds; and the diameter of the canal is. more considerable, diminish-
ing, however, gradually from the commencement of the zleum. as far
as, the beginning, of the, yectum, and thence becoming wider. to. its,
termination., The whole length of the intestines is 5 feet ; that of the
bird, from the end of the bill to the vent, being 2 feet 2 inches, of
which the bil] measures 7 inches.

. The, liver has the usual two.lobes, of which the right is the largest.
The gall-bladder is of considerable size, The pancreas, of an,elon-~
gated slender form, has a small, oval,enlargement at, its, commence-
ment at the lower end of the spieen, and,a flattened; oblong mass. on
head, at the, bottom, of the duodenal fold: it. accompanies, the duode-
num throughout its length, being folded on. itself similarly. to the,in-
testine. Its. secretion is conveyed into the intestine by three ducts ;

- one from its head, which enters the duodenum at the bend of the

_ analogous to it, destitute, as is usual in Bir

fold ; the others, from, the elongated lubes, which, terminate close
together, at/ the end of the-fold between the insertions, of the hepatie -
ducts: an, arrangement corresponding with that described by Cuvier
in, his *Lecons d’Anat. Comp.,’ tom. iv. p.55, as existing in the
Heron.

In the cloaca, the rudimentary bladder is little.more than,a,line in
width, and the ridges boun:ing it above. and below are confined’ to
the'back part of the cavity. The dursa Fadbrici: (which Mr. Owen
regards as analogous to the glandular pouch, found single or double
dorsad of the rectum in so many other classes,) is of a triangular
form, large, and surrounded, as usua/, by a capsule of muscular
fibres.

The muscles of the mandibles consist ofa Deets, or ofa muscle

S, Of a middle tendon ;
a temporal muscle of moderate size; and, pterygoidet externi and

_ imterni, proportionally more developed. There is also a strong liga-
_ ment occupying the place of the masseter; and a second, destined

to prevent dislocation backwards, which passes from. the zygoma
directly backwards to the condyle or articular depression of the
lower jaw. Disproportionate as this apparatus seems to the moving

_ of so large a body as the bill of the Horndill, it is yet fully adequate,

the weight of that organ by, no means corresponding with its size.
The cavities in the bones, the arrangement. of the columns support.
ing their parietes, and the air-cells, produce at the same time light-

hess and strength.
___ With respect to other parts of the skeleton, Mr. Owen particu-
larly noticed the extension of the air-cells into the distal bones of

he extremities. In the Pelican Mr. Hunter observes that the air

. passes not only into the ulna and radius, but “into those bones which

answer to the carpus and metacarpus, of Quadrupeds.” In the Horn-
bill the air passes also into the bones corresponding to the phalanges ;

in the posterior extremity it permeates the tibia, tarsi, and pha-
anges.

104

Mr. Owen concluded by some remarks on the affinities of the
Hornbill as deducible from its anatomy. Its nearest approach is
to the Toucan. The Toucan, however, in the want of a gall-bladder
agrees with the Parrots ; the presence of that organ in the Horn-
bill, places the bird in more immediate relation with the Crows. The
disposition of the intestines in Jong and narrow loops also agrees
with the Raven. The tongue, so remarkably varied in form and use
among the Scansores, resembles, in the Hornbill, that of the carnivo-
rous Birds.

The individual was observed to be more attached to animal than
to vegetable food, and would quit any other substance if a dead
mouse were offered to it. This it would swallow entire, after squeez-
ing it twice or thrice with the bill: and no castings were noticed.
Petiver, however, has borne testimony to its regurgitating habits.

The communication was accompanied by drawings of the organs
of nutrition ; of the cloaca ; and of the bill and its muscles.

A “ Description of Alepisaurus, a new genus of Fishes,” by the
* Rev. R. T. Lowe, A.M., Corr. Memb. Z.S., was read. It was con-
tained in a letter addressed to the Secretary, and was accompanied
by a coloured drawing of the Fish, which was exhibited, as was also
a specimen, preserved in spirit, which had been presented to the
Society by Mr. Lowe in the summer of 1832.

Mr. Lowe refers the genus in question to that family of the Acan-
thopterygii to which Cuvier has given the name of T@nioides. Its
generic characters may be thus expressed.

ALEPISAURUS.

Caput compressum, anticé productum; rictu magno, pone oculos
longé diducto; dentibus uniseriatis, validis, retrorsum spectantibus,
quibusdam przlongis.

Corpus elongatum, attenuatum, cum capite omnino nudum.

Pinne diated due; prima alta, a nucha longé per dorsum pro-
ducta ; secunda parva, trigona, adiposa: ventrales mediocres, abdo-
minales : analis mediocris, anticé elevata: caudalis magna, furcata,

Membrana branchiostega 6-7 radiata.

ALEPISAURUS FEROX.

Hab. in Mari Atlantico Maderam alluente, rarissimus.

In its habit, shape of body, smoothness of skin, compressed head,
wide gape, and long formidable teeth, Alepisaurus agrees with Tri-
chiurus and Lepidopus ; but in the former of these genera the ven-
tral fins are wanting, and in the latter they are rudimentary only
and pectoral: Trichiurus is also destitute of a caudal fin. In both
of them, moreover, the anal fin is anormal and the dorsal is single.
The two dorsal fins of Alepisaurus are remarkable among the Fishes
with which it is most nearly related; and the small adipose second
dorsal evidently indicates a curious relation of analogy to the Sal-
monide among the Malacopterygit.

es se ee

105

September 10, 1833.
N. A. Vigors, Esq,, in the Chair.

_ A letter was read, addressed to Mr. Vigors by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z, S., and dated Nepal Residency, February 23,
1833. It referred to the zoological specimens which the writer had
forwarded to Calcutta, to be thence transmitted to England, some

“account of which, as contained ina letter from Mr. Prinsep, was

read at the last Meeting.

Referring to his ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia of Nepal,’ pub-
lished in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta,’ Mr.
Hodgson states that he has since ascertained, by living specimens,
the existence of two kinds of wild Sheep in the Himalayan Region,
—one a variety of Ovis Ammon, the other of Ovis Musmon. The
native name of the former is Ban-bhéra, literally wild Sheep; that
of the Jatter is Nayour or Na’hoor. The Nayour is described by
Mr. Hodgson in the forthcoming volume of the Transactions of the
Calcutta Society; as is also the wild Goat, the local name of which
is Jhdral. ‘This is truly a Goat, and is a variety of Capra Aiga-
grus, agreeing in its horns with the Alpine race: its head is closely
shorn on all parts, and there is no vestige of a beard: there is,
however, a copious flowing leonine mane, covering the whole neck
and shoulders.

The Jhdral is not to be confounded with the Ghéral (not Goral),
the latter being truly an Antelope : its horns are cylindrical, while
those of the Jhdral are angular ; the latter is at first sight distin-
guished by the large flowing mane just alluded to, of which there is
no vestige in the Ghérdl. As compared with the Ghdral, Antilope
Goral, Hardw.,—which is a small agile creature, without suborbital
sinuses, (as Mr. Hodgson has ascertained by the examination of
three living individuals,) and without mane,—the Thdr is a massive
beast, twice the size, and has suborbital sinuses, and a mane along
the back of the neck and shoulders, as described in a communica-
tion made by the writer to the Society, and published in the ‘ Pro-

_céedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence,’ Part II.

p-12. For the name of Ant. bubalina, then employed by him, Mr.
Hodgson now proposes to substitute that of .4nt. Thar; and states
his intention of forwarding to the Society a detailed account of it,
‘of the Ghordl, of the Goat, and of the wild Sheep of Himalaya.

_ Mr. Hodgson adds, that the royal Tiger is found in the central
region of Nepal : he has a living specimen, which was taken in the
latitude of Vully.

The Secretary called the attention of the Society to several re-
cent acquisitions to the Menagerie; including a specimen of the red-
No. IX. Procerpines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society,

106

handed Tamarin Monkey, Midas rufimanus, Geoff., presented by J.
Christopher, Esq.; of the crested Porcupine, Hystrix cristata, Lino.,
which had recently been brought forth there, being the first instance
of such an occurrence in this species, and respecting which he added,
that observation of the young while sucking confirmed the correct-
ness of M. Blumenbach’s statement that the nipple is nearly axil-
lary ; of the purple-crested Touraco, Corythaix porphyreolopha, Vig.,
presented by J.J. Audubon, Esq.; and of the Platycercus Nove
Hollandie, Vig., Psittacus Nove Hollandie, Lath., a species which
appears not to have been seen since the time when it was originally
described until very recently, when a living specimen for the Me-
nagerie, and skins for the Museum, were obtained nearly simulta-
neously.

Mr. Bennett also called the attention of the Meeting to a living
Lemur, forming part of the Society’s collection, and pointed out the
distinguishing marks which induced him to consider it as the repre-
atte of an undescribed species, for which he proposed the name
)

Lemur ruriFrons, Lem. cinereus, subtis artubusque rufescente
tinctis; caudd saturatiore ; fronte superné rufo inferné albo, lined
longitudinali medida nasoque nigris.

Long. corporis, plus quam pedalis; caudd corpore longiore.

The back is grisly, the fur being dusky at the base and grey at
the tip: the tail is rather darker than the back, and is, on its under
surface at its base only, as well as the parts surrounding the anus,
black ~ The under parts, the haunches, and the limbs, especially
the back part of the hinder ones, have an intermixture of rufous. A
broad patch of rufous occupies the upper part of the forehead, ex-
tending to the ear on each side; it passes downwards and becomes
fainter in forming whiskers surrounding the throat, somewhat simi-
larly to those of Lem. collaris. Lower than this rufous patch, and
extending on each side over, outside, and beneath the eye, is a broad,
nearly complete circle of white. Down the middle of the forehead
passes a longitudinal line of deep black, which expands between the
eyes, and is continuous with the jet black of the nose.

The face is lengthened, and agrees in form with that of the sec-
tion of the Lemurs represented by Lemm. Macaco, niger, Catta, and
ruber; it is much more elongated and pointed than in Lemm. albi-

Jrons, collaris, &c.

The tail is cylindrical, and has evidently been bushy, some of the

hairs being of considerable length.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited a series of
specimens of the genus Malurus, Vieill., including the whole of the
species previously known, together with one, forming part of the
Society’s collection, which he regarded as hitherto undescribed.
He characterized it as the ;

MALUuRUS PECTORALIS. Mal. capite dorsoque cyaneis; maculd

infra-orbitali metallicé azured; lined a rictu ad oculum, fascia

107

‘
| « cervicem cingente a lateribus productd, alterdque pectorali posticd
nigris ; jugulo pectoreque saturaté purpureis, ventre pallidiore ;
-alis sordidé cauddque eruginoso-ceeruleis, remigum apicibus
rhachibusque internis brunneis. ,
Long. tot. 44 unc.; rostri, +; tarsi, 7 lin.; ale, 1 unc. 7 lin,;
caude, 2+ unc,
_ Rostrum nigrum ; tars? sataraté brunnei.
Hab.in Australia.

_ Mr. Gould also exhibited specimens of the male and female of
the Trogon spavoninus, Spix: the latter, he stated, has hitherto
escaped the observation of ornithologists, It has recently been
acquired for the Society's collection.

__ The female rather exceeds the male in all her proportions. Her
bill is black instead of yellow: her crest is shorter, and has bronzy
reflections. The whole of the under surface is of a brownish grey,
with the exception of the under tail coverts, which are scarlet.
The outer tail feathers, which in the male are white with black
shafts, are in the female barred, except at the base, where they are
dull black. The colours of the upper surface are:similar in both
sexes; but the plumes which spring from the rump, and which in
the male attain so remarkable a length, scarcely extend in the fe-
male beyond the tip of the tail,

A “Description of Perdix Lerwa,” by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr.
Memb. Z.S., was read. It was accompanied by a coloured draw-
ing of the bird, which inhabits the northern region of Nepal, and
forms, by its half-plumed ¢arsz, a sort of link between the Partridges
and the Grouse. Its habits assimilate with those of the latter genus.
It is found close to the permanent snows, among rocks and low
brushwood, and sustains itself upon aromatic buds, leaves, and small
insects. It is characterized as follows:

- Perpix Lerwa. Perd. nigra, albo castaneoque transversim line-
ata; pectore brunneo ; tarsis ultra calcar plumosis ; remige 2dd
longiore.

The great comparative expanse of the wing; the diminution of
its rounded form by the second quill feather being the longest ; the
increased length and strength of the tail; and the extent of the
feathering of the tarsi, are very remarkable characters, which give
to this species a peculiar interest. Its dimensions, as compared with
several allied birds, are given by Mr. Hodgson in the following table:

Pera. Perd. Perd. | Perd.
Chukar. gularis. 'Francolinus,
Length, from the tip of the bill to .

BMBEIOL PNC.£0Ul ny c-adpornnnsiicnss 23 1-14 124 12
Length of the bill ............ one Bae | ly 1 lye
Basal height of ditto ..........00065 q aaa vs 3
Basal breadth of ditto.........06 ee $ aaa 1 =
Length of the tail ............00008 45 3y 43 33
Expanse of the wings ......... ecuar epee Dee 1:8 1-92 1:8
Length of the farsi ......ss.cecec000.] 13 2Y5 25 Qs
Length of the central toe and nail} —1¢ 2345 5 13
IY CLP ses akeae saass sess EAS eee lb. 2oz. | 1b. 20z.| Ib. 20z.} Ib.

108

A paper “On the Anatomy of the Cheetah, Felis jubata, Schreb.,”
was read by Mr. Owen. It commenced by remarking on Felis as a
truly natural genus, and by observing that the anatomical structure
of the animals composing it offers even fewer differences than their
outward forms. The principal deviation from the common type is
that which obtains in the organs of voice of the Lion (and, as Mr.
Martin has observed, in those of the Jaguar also), where the larynx
is situated at a considerable distance from the posterior margin of
the bony palate, the soft palate and the tongue being proportionally
increased in length, and thus a gradually expanding passage is
formed, which leads from the glottis, where the air is rendered so-
norous, to the mouth. This structure may contribute, in the Lion,
to produce the peculiar roar of that animal.

In the Cats generally, the connexion of the os hyoides to the cra-
nium is not by a long elastic ligament, as in the Lion, but by an
uninterrupted series of bones. This latter structure exists in the
Cheetah. The Cheetah has also the circular pupil of the Lion, Tiger,
Leopard, and Jaguar, and is perhaps the most diurnal of the genus.

In the form of the esophagus, and in the transverse ruge of its
lower half, the Cheetah agrees with the Lion; and, as in it and in the
other Feles, the esophagus is not prolonged into the abdomen, but
terminates immediately after passing through the diaphragm in the
stomach, This organ in the Cheetah has all the peculiarities which
are found in the genus Felis. The intestines also agree in charac-
ter with those of that group; and the cecum, as usual in it, is sime
ple, having none of the convolution which is found in the Dog. The
liver, pancreas, and spleen, resemble those of the Cats generally; as
do also the kidneys in the arborescent form of their superficial veins:
a form, however, equally common to the Viverride and the Felidae,
which also agree in having spicule on the tongue.

The viscera of the thorax in the Cheetah agree with those of the
Cats. The dytta, or rudiment of the lingual bone, so conspicuous
in the Dog, is reduced in it, as in the other feline animals, toa small
vestige.

There is, as in the Feles generally, no bone of the penis; and the
glans, as usual in them, has retroverted papille.

The elastic ligaments of the ungual phalanges exist in the same
number and position as those of the Lion; they are, however, longer
and more slender, their length alone occasioning the incomplete
retraction of the claws as compared with the rest of the Felide.

Mr. Owen concluded by observing that in the circulating, respi-
ratory, digestive, and generative systems, the Cheetah conforms to
the typical structure of the genus Felis.

109

: September 24, 1833.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A collection of skins of Birds, sixty-four in number, formed in
the Himalayan Mountains, and presented to the Society by Lady
William Bentinck, was exhibited. It included several species ap-
parently new to science, and was particularly rich in the interesting
Pheasants of the Himalaya. The collection was remarkable on
account of the fine condition of the specimens, which generally sur-
passed in beauty those previously contained in the Society's Mu-
seum.

Aseries of eighty skins of Birds, selected from a collection formed
in India by H. B. Hillier, Esq., and presented by that gentleman to
the Society, was exhibited. It comprised specimens of many spe-
cies in fine or interesting plumage.

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to a Monkey which
had been for some time living at the Society’s Gardens, and which,
from a comparison of the figures and descriptions of recent authors,
he had regarded as entirely new, until Mr. Ogilby pointed out to
him its identity with the Malbrouck of Buffon, a very different animal
from that figured under the same name by M. Fréderic Cuvier. The
Simia Faunus, Linn., to which Buffon referred his Malbrouck, is wholly
founded on a figure given by Clusius in his ‘ Exotica,’ which repre-
sents, if correctly drawn, a species nearly related to the Simia Diana,
Linn. (not F. Cuvier); and the Simia Cynosurus, Scop., with which
M.Geoffroy and others have since identified it, is so imperfectly figured
and described as to apply with almost equal justice to any of the re-
lated species. It became necessary therefore to give a new name to
the true Malbrouck ; which, as its characters appear to have been of
late completely misunderstood, even in France, seemed also to require
a new description to assist in its recognition. Buffon’s figure, and the
accompanying description by Daubenton, were taken from a female ;
the Society’s specimen is a male.

CERCOPITHECUS TEPHROPS. Cerc. supra fusco-virescens, infra
albidus; artubus eaterné grisescentibus; facie pallidé carned,
naso, genis, labiorumque marginibus pilis brevibus fuliginosis
conspersis.

The colour of the upper surface resembles that of the Green Mon-
key, Cerc. Sabaus, Geoff., having the separate hairs ringed with black
and yellow ; on the outsides of the legs it has more of a greyish hue,
the lighter rings on the hairs having little of the yellow tinge. The
under surface is nearly of a pure white, and this extends to the in-
sides of the limbs and to the sides of the neck anteriorly, where the

110

hairs do not attain a sufficient length to constitute moustaches.
The naked parts of the hands, and the nails, are black ; the ears
dusky ; and the face is of a light flesh colour, with short black hairs,
giving a sooty tinge to the nose, cheeks, and edges of the lips, from
which a circle round the eyes and the space surrounding the nos-
trils are free. There is a narrow light bandeau traversing the fore-
head above the superciliary ridges. The tail, in its mutilated state,
is nearly as long as the body, and is of the same colour as the latter
above, and lighter beneath. The length of the body appears to be
about 18, that of the tail 16 inches.

A paper entitled «Further Illustrations of the Antilope Hodgsonit,
Abel,” by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., was read. These
are derived from opportunities of observing other individuals which
have occurred to the author since his original description was drawn
up; the latter having been communicated to the Society in March
1831, and with some additional particulars in January 1832. A
full abstract of these communications was given in the ‘ Proceedings
of the Committee of Science and Correspondence,’ Part I. p. 52
and Part II. p. 14; and they have also been published at Calcutta
in the ‘ Gleanings of Science.’

The nasal tumours, which form so remarkable a peculiarity of the
Chiru, are found, on closer examination, to consist of fine elastic
skin and cartilage, similarly to the nostrils, immediately behind the
posterior boundary of which they are situated, and into which they
open freely ; being, in fact, a prolongation backwards, and acces-
sory dilatation of that reflection of the skin which lines the nostrils.
Externally they present a round, firm, elastic swelling on each lip,
well defined, and covered with hair like the adjoining parts: inter-
nally they constitute a sac, of capacity to contain a marble, lined
with the same skin that lines the nostrils, and not communicating
with the interior of the nose except by and through the ordinary
nostrils, into which the sacs open forwards by a slit that will admit
the finger to be passed into it, and thence all over the interior of
the sac. These sacs are usually defiled with mucus secreted from
the nose; and they seem to Mr. Hodgson to be nothing more than
supplementary nostrils, designed to assist this exceedingly fleet ani-
mal in breathing when he is exerting all his speed: for the ex-
pansion of the nostrils opens them also, and their elasticity allows
of their being dilated in the manner of the nostrils.

There is no appearance, either external or on the bones of the
face, of lacrymal sinuses.

There is reason to believe that the female of the Chiru is destitute
of horns. This is stated to Mr. Hodgson by Vir Keshwar Pandé,
the Envoy of the Court of Nepal to that of China; who adds, that
the female has but two teats, and produces only one young ata
birth.

As to the ‘existence of inguinal pores, Mr. Hodgson states that
he is yet uninformed.

Adverting to the opinion of Colonel Hamilton Smith that the

111

Chiru is probably identical with the Kemas of Elian, Mr. Hodgson
remarks, that if the latter animal is justly characterized as having a
white tail, and residing in woods, it must be distinct from the Chiru,
which inhabits open plains exclusively, never frequenting either
mountains or woods; and in which, moreover, the tail on its outer
surface is always coloured like the proximal part of the back.

_ Mr. Hodgson concludes his paper by a detailed description of
the skull and horns of the Chiru. The bony nucleus of the latter
has a large oval cavity, communicating by one clean canal with the
frontal sinuses, A cavity also exists in the osseous core of the horns
of the Thar Antelope.

__ A “Description of the wild Dog of Nepal,” by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., was read, Its local name is Bidnsi. It
is characterized as the

Canis pRiMzvus. Can. dentibus molaribus in mazilld inferiore

ulringue sex; palmis plantisque pilosis; auribus erectis; supra
saturaté rubiginosus, infra flavescens ; caudd insigniter comosd,
rectd, mediocrt.

The very remarkable peculiarity in the number of the molar teeth
of the lower jaw, indicated in the specific character, has been veri-
fied by Mr. Hodgson on the examination of the crania of three adult,
two mature, and one young individual of the race. The deficient
number is occasioned by the absence of the second tubercular tooth.
All the other teeth exist in the ordinary number and positions.

At the commencement of his paper, Mr. Hodgson remarks on the
uncertainty that prevails as to the primitive stock of the familiar Dog,
and rejecting, with most modern zoologists, the claim of the Wolf,
the Jackal, and the For to rank as its prototype, he also argues against
regarding as such the haif-reclaimed Dingo of Australia. He thinks
that he has detected this original race in the Bidnsi of Nepal,
the eastern and western limits of whose range appear to be the Sut-
lege and the Burhampootra, and which seems to extend, with some
immaterial differences, into the Vindyia, the Ghauts, the Nilgiris, the
Casiah Hills, and in the chain passing brokenly from Mirzapore
through South Bahar and Orissa to the Coromandel Coast.

_ Of this race, although so wild as to be rarely seen, Mr. Hodgson
has succeeded in obtaining many individuals ; some of which lived in
confinement many months, and even produced young, having been
pregnant when they reached him. He is consequently enabled to
describe not only the form and colours, but the manners also, which
he does in great detail. The form he compares particularly with
that of the Indian Jackal and the Indian Fox, short notices of which
he gives as an Appendix, and comparative figures of which with the
Biidnsti he also forwards with his paper. The paper is also accom-
panied by comparative figures of the crania of these several species ;
and the description given of this important part of the animal structure
is also comparative. __

The Biansi preys by night as well as by day, and hunts in packs
of from six to ten individuals, maintaining the chase rather by its

112

powers of smell than by the eye, and generally overcoming its quarry
by dint of force and perseverance. In hunting it barks like a hound ;
but its bark is peculiar, and equally unlike that of the cultivated
breeds of Dogs and the strains of the Jackal and the Fox.

Adults in captivity made no approach towards domestication ; but
a young one, which Mr. Hodgson obtained when it was not more than
a month old, became sensible to caresses ; distinguished the dogs of
its own kennel from others, as well as its keeper from strangers ;
and in its whole conduct manifested to the full as much intelligence
as any of his sporting dogs of the same age.

It appears by a notice in the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Cal-
cutta,” that Mr. Hodgson’s paper on the Badnst has been read before
that body. It is consequently to be expected that it will be published
in the ‘ Asiatic Researches.’

Pe ne ee te ee

————— ee

oh eA

11%

October 8, 1833.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by W. A. Wooler,
Esq., and giving an account of a wild Dog from the Mahablishwar
Hills, now known as Malcolm’s Pate, in the Presidency of Bombay :
its local name is Dhale. The habits of this Dog, in a state of nature,
are described by Mr. Wooler: they accord with those of the Biansu
of Nepal, as detailed by Mr. Hodgson in a paper read at the previous
Meeting of the Society. ;

A specimen was exhibited of the hairless Egyptian variety of the
familiar Dog, which had recently died at the Society’s Gardens,
The exhibition was made principally with the view of illustrating
the apparent connexion between teeth and hair. In this animal,
so remarkable for its deficiency of hair, a corresponding deficiency
of teeth was observed; there being neither incisors nor canines in
either jaw, and the molars being reduced to one on each side, the
large tubercular tooth being the only one remaining.

Mr. Yarrell stated in further illustration of the subject, that he
had examined the mouths of two individuals of the same variety
still living at the Gardens, in both of which he found the teeth re-
markably deficient. In neither of them were there aby false molars;
one was entirely destitute of canines also, these teeth being in the
other short of the usual number ; and the incisors were also in both
deficient in number.

He also exhibited from his collection the cranium of a hairless
Terrier, in which the false molars were wanting.

A letter was read addressed to the Secretary by M. Savi, For.
Memb. Z.S., and dated Pisa, July 22, 1833. 1t accompanied a col-
lection of the works of the writer, which he presented to the Society,
together with specimens of most of the zoological objects which he
had added to science. These specimens were exhibited.

In bringing them severally under the notice of the Society, the
Secretary continually referred to those writings of M. Savi which
related to them, and explained from thence the most interesting par-
ticulars connected with each of the specimens submitted.

A collection of skins of Mammalia, obtained from the Frankfort
Museum, was exhibited. The whole of them were from Abyssinia,
where they were procured by M. Riippell, in the ‘ Zoological Atlas’
of whose ‘ Travels in Northern Africa’. many of them were for the
first time described and figured. They included thirteen species new
to the Society's collection, and were severally brought under the ng-
tice of the Meeting by the Secretary.

No. X. Procrepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

October 22, 1833.
William Clift, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Sir R. Ker
Porter, Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated City of Caracas, August 14,
1833. It described a Bear now living at that place and brought
from the Andes, which differs in the marking of its face both from
the individual of Ursus ornatus, figured by M. F. Cuvier, and from
that which forms at present a part of the Society’s Menagerie.
The yellowish white of its face begins on the bridge of the nose
between the eyes, and describes under each eye a semicircle, whence
it extends over the whole of the muzzle, taking rather a greyish hue,
until it ends in pure white, covering the whole throat and chest, and
forming a point between the fore legs. The rest of the animal is
jet black, the hair being silky and shining. It is smaller by far in
size than the Bears of the Northern countries of Europe, and is more
compact in form.

Sir R. Ker Porter also enters into various details respecting the
Curassows or Powies of Caracas. Of a pair kept by him in con-
finement, the female laid an egg without making any provision for
its reception or paying it any subsequent attention.

He adds that he has obtained a specimen of a bearded Capuchin
Monkey from the Rio Negro, which he intends forwarding to the
Society in the spring.

Mr. Cox stated that he had at present in his possession a living
Mocking-bird, which he had recently obtained from North America,
and to which he invited the attention of the Members.

A specimen was exhibited of the female Antilope Bennettii, Sykes,
which had been presented to the Society by the President, Lord
Stanley. It had lived in his collection for about a month, and was
believed to be pregnant, which was ascertained on examination after
death to be the fact.

Drawings were exhibited of two Fishes taken in Mount’s Bay,
Cornwall. They were communicated by Dr. Henry Boase, and one
of them was accompanied by a short description. It appears to be
the Capros Aper, La Cép., Zeus Aper, Linn.,a Mediterranean species
which has not before been noticed as occurring on our shores, un-
less it be the fish included by Mr. Couch in his list of the Fishes
found in Cornwall, (Linn. Trans., vol. xiv. p. 81.) under the name
of Stone Basse; the reference to Ray, however, made by the latter
author is to a species of Gerres, Cuv. Dr. Boase’s drawing agrees
well with the figure published by Rondelet, His description is as
follows :

“ Body thin and compressed, of a reddish colour, brightest at
the origin of the fins ; firm and rough with small shining scales ; no

PE Lage Ame:

115

spots, stripes, nor bands. Jaws nearly equal; mouth small with
retractile lips; snout cylindrical, and, when protruded, more than
an inch in length; teeth setaceous. Eyes large; irides orange
yellow and brilliant, furnished with a nictitating membrane. Gill-
cover of two pieces, not spinous, but both angular. Lateral line

curved. Fins: dorsai very long and divided, anterior portion of

nine spines of unequal length connected by a thin membrane, the
posterior consisting of fifteen [twenty-four?] bristly rays; pectoral
small, of thirteen rays; ventral of six rays, the first a strong curved
spine, all united by a membrane like the dorsal ; anal of twenty-six
rays, the first three being distinct spines ; caudal square, of fourteen
setaceous rays.” .

The other drawing represents a Tetrodon, evidently identical with
that obtained from the same coast by Pennant and by Mr. Donovan.

Mr. Gray gave some account of the reproduction of Czrrhipeda,

_ founded on observations made by him on Balanus Cranchii, Leach,
_ during a recent visit to the coast of Devonshire. In illustration of
_ his remarks he exhibited an adult of that species with the eggs at-

tached to the body at the base of the shell, and the young zn ovo.
He also exhibited numerous very minute individuals of Bal, vulgaris
affixed to rock.

He described the mode of reproduction as ovoviviparous. On
opening under water, after they had been preserved in spirit, the
eggs attached to the body of the adult, each was found to contain

; a perfectly developed animal, which occupied nearly the whole of

its cavity. The form of the young Barnacle at this period of its
existence is ovate, rather tapering above, and truncated and ciliated

_ at the tip: it is furnished with three pairs of arms along the sides,
_ the base of each arm being two-jointed ; the lower pair of arms has
_ only one elongated process, while each of the two upper ‘pairs has
_two fusiform, thick, articulated and ciliated processes, similar to
_ those of the anterior part of the perfect animal, but less elongated.

From the adult it differs chiefly in having a smaller number of feet
and in the less development of the hinder part. It is also destitute

_ of shelly covering, which is probably not formed until the young
_ animal becomes fixed. In very small attached individuals of the
_ common Barnacle the shell is rather soft, transparent and horn-co-
loured.

In the absence of shell from the animal in the egg, an additional

_ evidence is furnished of the affinity of the Cirripedes to Crustacea
_ rather than to Mollusca: the foetus in the latter class being covered

by a shell at a very early stage of its embryo growth. The existence
in the young animal of a smaller number of arms than that found

in the adult is also analogous to the corresponding fact which has

been observed in several of the Branchiopodous Crustacea. A simi-
lar fact has recently been noticed by Dr. Nordmann as occurring in
Lernea.

Mr. Gray remarked that he had been the more induced to call

% the attention of the Society to the subjects which he exhibited, on
account of his observations being at variance with those recorded

116

by Mr. J. V. Thompson in the fourth Memoir of his ‘Zoological

ened a

Researches.’ The young of Balanus is there described as being,

when +3,th of an inch in length, a free swimming animal, resembling
Cyclops in its general form, and having pedunculated eyes: and it is
stated that it then throws off its bivalve-shell-like envelope together
with the greater part of the black colouring matter of the eyes, be-
comes fixed and covered with calcareous matter, and is changed
into a young Barnacle, such as is described by Pennant as Balanus
pusillus, the arms at the same time acquiring the usual ciliated ap-
pearance. In Mr. Gray’s specimens of the young, on the contrary,
the general form of the adult is found, and the arms are ciliated
while it is still in the egg, its total length being less than ~,th of an
inch. Of this length it is also by no means uncommon to find
common Barnacles attached.

Mr, Gray added that on examining the eggs which are found
around the base of the animals of Pentalasmis, Leach, and Ofion,
FEj., he had observed indications of the existence of young similar
to the adult. They were not, however, sufficiently developed to
enable him to describe them with precision,

Mr. Gray also called the attention of the Society to a fact con-
nected with the history of some of the marine Gasteropodous Mol-
lusca, which he had observed on the same occasion with the young
of the Balani. It is well known that the animals of terrestrial shells
are torpid during the winter in cold and temperate climates, and
during the dry season or summer in tropical regions; but it had not
been previously remarked that a similar state occurs in those of
marine shells. Mr. Gray found that many individuals of Lzttorina
petrea, and some of Litt. rudis, were in this condition during his
stay at Dawlish. They were attached to the rocks several feet
above the reach of the highest autumnal tides; their foot was en-
tirely retracted ; and a membranous film was spread between the
rock and the edge of the outer lip of the shell: the gills were only
moist, the branchial sac being destitute of that considerable quan-
tity of water which exists in it in those of the same species which
are adherent to the rock by their expanded foot. In this torpid
condition, the individuals observed by Mr. Gray continued during
the whole of his stay, which lasted for more than a week. On re-
moving several of them and placing them in sea water, they re-
covered in a few minutes their full activity.

Mr. Gray further stated that he had on the same occasion ob-
served that the animal of Rissoa parva has the power of emitting
a glutinous thread, by which it attaches itself to floating sea-weeds,
and is enabled, when displaced, to recover its previous position. A
similar property, he remarked, was Jong since observed in one of the
land Mollusca, a species of Limax, Linn.; and it has recently been
recorded by M. Sander Rang as occurring in a marine genus of
Mollusca, to which he has given the name of Litiopa. Mr. Gray
added his belief that it would probably be found to be common to
many species of marine Mollusca.

117

eels." November 12, 1833.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair,

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by M. Julien Des-
jardins, Corr. Memb. Z. S., and dated Mauritius, June 20, 1833. It
was accompanied by an ‘Extrait du Troisitéme Rapport sur les
Travaux de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Ile Maurice,” of
which Society M. J. Desjardins is the Secretary. This extract,
containing an account of the Zoological Proceedings of the Mau-
ritius Natural History Society, was read.

- In Ornithology only one paper has been read. It is a description,
by M. J. Desjardins, of the Greenshanks, Totanus Glottis, Cuv., taken
from a specimen killed in Mauritius: the bird not being known to
have previously occurred in the island.

~ In Ichthyology the contributions have been numerous. M. Lié-
nard, sen., has described a new species of Grammistes, Cuv., distin-
guishable from the two previously kaown by its compressed form,
on which account it has been designated Gramm. compressus : its
first dorsal fin has nine rays. He has also described a new species
of Cirrhites, Cuv., remarkable for a vertical septum formed in the
middle of its palate by a prolongation of the lining membrane of the
mouth: and an Aphareus, Cuv., which to some differences in the
number of the rays from Aph. ceerulescens, Cuv., adds others in co-
Jouring, and particularly a yellow spot on the forehead, and an-
other near the angle of the pra@operculum. He has given a par-
ticular account of Epibulus Insidiator, Cuv., and of its anatomy ;
aud has noticed a fish, which he regards as a variety of this species,
distinguished principally by its colour being pale yellow instead of
reddish green. He has also described Trichiurus lepturus, Linn. ,
and Zanclus cornutus, Cuv., adverting, as regards the latter, to some
particulars of the anatomy of this scaleless Chetodon. M. E. Liénard
has described two new species of Holacanthus, La Cép., one of
which is marked with numerous transverse bands, of which the an-
tetior are interrupted ; the other having also numerous bands simi-
larly directed, but curved. M. J. Liénard has given a detailed de-
scription of a fish, which he regards as constituting a new subgenus
between Anampses, Cuv., and Odax, Ej.: it has six incisor teeth,
and these, instead of being directed outwards like the two incisors
of Anampses, are curved inwards. And lastly, M. J. Desjardins has
described two new species of Chetodon, Cuv.: one of them, Chat.
Jestivus, has a large eye-like spot on the soft. rays of the dorsal fin,
and a black spot on those of the anal ; its form is orbicular, and the ©
spinous rays of its dorsal fin are twelve: the other, Chet. chrysu-
rus, is of a rather elongated form, and has thirteen spinous rays in
its dorsal fin; its principal markings are eight transverse bands,
angular in the middle, succeeded by a white zone, which is followed
by a region of orange yellow occupying the soft part of the dorsal
and ‘anal fins and the whole of the tail, and becoming paler at its
hinder part.

No. XI, PRocEEDINGS oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

118

M. J. Desjardins has also described a new species of the Crus/a-
ceous genus Ranina, Desm., to which he has given the name of Ran,
cristata.

In Entomology M. W. Bojer has described a new species of the
Prionidous genus Dorysthenes, Vig. ; and M. J. Desjardins has given
an account of three new species of Libellula, Linn., under the re~
spective names of Lib. limbata, Lib. semihyalina, and Lib. bimacu-
lata, all being indigenous to Mauritius.

The Secretary called the attention of the Society to several ani-
mals which had recenily been added to the Menagerie. They in-
cluded an ursine Opossum, Dasyurus ursinus, Geoff. an animal
known to the colonists of Van Diemen’s Land by the appellation of
the Native Devil; a Secretary Vulture, Gypogeranus serpentarius, Ill.,
presented to the Society by Lieutenant-General Sir Lowry Cole;
and two crowned Cranes, presented by the same distinguished officer,
on his return from the government of the Cape of Good Hope.

Referring more particularly to the latter, he brought under the
notice of the Meeting specimens from the Society's Museum of
crowned Cranes from Northern and from Southern Africa, with the
view of illustrating the characters which distinguish as species the
hirds from these several localities. Their specific distinction, he
stated, on the authority of Professor Lichtenstein, had been pointed
out, nearly thirty years since, by the Professor's father, who gave
to the Cape bird the name of Grus Regulorum: this distinction
has, however, not been generally known among ornithologists, al-
though to those connected with the Society it has for some time
been familiar, from observation both of numerous skins and of living
individuals. In the bird of North Africa, for which the specific
name of pavoninus will be retained, the wattle is small, and there
is much red occupying the lower two thirds of the naked cheeks: in
that of South Africa the wattle is large, and the cheeks are white,
except in a small space at their upper part; the neck also is of a
much paler slate colour than that of the North African species.
He added that the latter characters had been observed to be per-
manent in an individual presented to the Society, in April 1829, from
the collection of the late Marchioness of Londonderry, and which
is still living at the Gardens: they exist also in both the individuals
presented by Sir Lowry Cole.

The two species may be thus distinguished :

Genus ANTHROPOIDES, Vieill.
* Occipite cristato, cristd erect, effusd, e plumis setaceis constante.

ANTHROPOIDES PAVONINUS, Vieill. Anth. genis nudis, supern?
albis infern® lat? roseis ; paleart minimo ; gutturis plumis elon-
gatis nigrescentibus.

Ardea pavonina, Linn. et Auct.

Hab. in Afric Septentrionali et Occidentali.

AntHrRopoipes RecuLorum. Anth. genis nudis, albis superné

roseis; paleari magno; gutturis plumis elongatis pendulis ceeru-
lescenti-cinerets.

a Se ee eee Oe ee ee ee

one

119

Grus Regulorum, Licht.

Hab. in Africa Meridionali.

It is probable that this latter species has been figured by Petiver

_ and by Kolbe; but their representations are by no means sufficiently
defined to authorize a positive reference to them,

-Mr. Gray took occasion to remark that the oval form of the
nostrils in the crowned Cranes, added to other distinguishing cha-
racters which have frequently been pointed out, might be regarded
as indicating a generic difference between them and the Demoiselle
and Stanley Cranes, in which the nostrils have the lengthened form
usual in the genus Grus, a genus from which they scarcely differ
except in the comparative shortness of their bill. For the group
including the crowned Cranes the name of Balearica might, he
thought, be retained ; and that of Anthropoides be appropriated to
the one comprehending Anth. Virgo, Vieill., and Auth. paradiseus,
Bechst.

_ Acollection of crania and skins of Mammalia from Nepal, pre-
sented to the Society by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S.,
was exhibited. It contained skulls of the Buansu, Canis primevus,
Hodgs., remarkable for the absence of a second tubercular molar
tooth in the lower jaw, as described in a communication by the
donor read at the Meeting on September 24th, (see page 111); of
the Thibetan Mastiff, and of the Pariah Dog: of the Indian Jackal
and of the Indian Fox, both of which are regarded by Mr. Hodgson
as belonging to species hitherto undescribed, the molar teeth of the
latter having in their acute tubercles much of an insectivorous cha-
racter: and of the Felis Nepalensis, Vig. & Horsf.

_ Among the skins were those of a Sczuropterus, F. Cuv., -as large
as Sci. nitidus, Ej., and apparently new to science: of a Sciurus,
Linn., also apparently new: and of a Herpestes, Ill., which Mr.
Hodgson at present regards as a small variety of the common In-
dian Ichneumon, Herpestes griseus, Desm. .

erie |

_ At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen
of a Toucan, hitherto undescribed, and which he had recently ac-
_ quired. It is nearly related to Pteroglossus Aracari, Ill., and to Pter.
regalis, Licht.; and Mr. Gould pointed out the characters which
distinguish it from those and other species. He proposed for it the
name of

PTEROGLOSSUS CASTANOTIS. Prter. supra olivaceo-viridis, sub-
tas sulphureus ; capite guttureque nigris ; regione paroticd femo-
-ribusque saturaté castaneis ; uropygio, interscapulio, abdominis-
que fascid latd coccineis ; tectricibus caude@ infertoribus sordidé
_ flavis; remigibus brunneis.
Long. tot. 174 unc; rostri, a rictu ad apicem, 5; ale, 61;
caude, 74; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Brasilia.

The beak is depressed, of a deep straw yellow, with a broad tri-
angular mark of black along its culmen for two thirds of its length,
and a nearly similar mark of black on each side; its edges are

120

strongly dentated, the intervals between the notches being black :
the under mandible is black througbout: an abrupt line of yellow

perramnds the base of the beak. The tarsi are of a dark lead co-
our,

Mr. Gould also exhibited a Woodpecker, which he regarded as
new to science, He described it as

Picus FLAVINUCHA. Pic. supra viridis, subtis fiscescens ; ver-
tzce olivaceo ; occipite nuchdque flavo cristatis ; fronte, facie, colli
lateribus, jugulogue saturate brunneis, hoc albo maculato ; guldé
sulphured ; caudé nigrd. ;

Fem. guld saturaté brunned.

Long. tot., 13 unc.; ale, 63; tarsi, 1; rostri, a rictu ad api-
cem, 13.

The beak is somewhat feeble, slightly arched, pointed, and broad
at the base. The feathers of the occiput and back of the neck are of a
silky texture, and constitute a golden yellow crest, which is drawn
out to a point, and is edged abruptly by the dark brown of the
face, the sides of the neck and the ear-coverts.

It inhabits the Himalayan mountains and also the lower regions
of India.

Captain Belcher laid on the table several specimens of a Barnacle,
the Pentalasmis striata, Leach, remarkable for the great length of
their peduncles, which exceeded two feet.

The following notes by Mr. Martin of a dissection of a Puma,
Felis concolor, Linn., which recently died at the Society’s Gardens,
were read.

** Among animals of the feline genus so few points of anatomical
difference are found to exist, that the notes of the dissection of one
species (allowance being made for relative magnitude,) are closely
applicable to that of almost any other. We can therefore only ex-
pect to trace out minor differences in structure; and these not
among organs essentially connected with the habits and general
characteristics of the genus, but with habits peculiar and specific:
Hence perhaps we find in this group the greatest difference to ob-
tain in the organs of voice ; a circumstance which might naturally be
expected, as some according modification must necessarily produce
the deep-toned roar of the Lion, the snarl of the Jaguar, and the
hissing cry of the Puma.

«« The distance between the base of the tongue and the larynx
in the Lion, has. been brought more than once under the notice of
the Society; in the Jaguar, this distance, comparatively speaking, is
nearly as great; but in the Puma, an animal equal, or nearly so, in size
to. the Jaguar, the distance is reduced to an inconsiderable space,
I inch or 1+, according as the tongue is more or less protruded: In
addition to this, it is worthy of observation, that the circumference
of the larynx in the Puma is also very inconsiderable : compare, for
example, the /arynx of the Jaguar with that of the present animal,
both natives of the wilds of the American continent. In the Jaguar

imam.

on eee ee ee |

see et ee 28 Se ela, gill

eel a eaitomel

—

121

we find a Jarynz indicating from its general magnitude considerable
depth in the intenations of the voice, whereas in the Puma, if we
take either its diameter, or its distance from the termination of the
palate and base of the tongue, we are led to expect neither the
roar of the Lion nor the growl of the Jaguar, but the shrill tones of
an animal, ferocious indeed, but of all others of the genus perhaps
the most stealthy and insidious. Iam the more inclined to call at-
tention to these differences, because I think that I have observed a
kind of mutual correspondence between the voice and the habits
of animals, a point well worthy minute investigation, and on which,
ona future occasion, I design to offer a few observations.

“ Leaving the /arynx of the Puma, little of peculiar interest pre-
sented itself, except in the stomach, which, after the entrance of the
esophagus, became somewhat contracted, and then expanded sud-
denly, diminishing to a long pyloric portion as usual. Before being
distended with air, the stomach on its internal surface was evidently
contracted into longitudinal folds: its partetes were firm. Its length,
following the greater curvature, was 2 feet, along the lesser curva-
ture, 9 inches: its greatest circumference, 11 inches.

_ The length of the intestines was 14 feet 6 inches, the small
intestines measuring 12 feet, and the large 2 feet 6 inches; the
length of the cecum was 2 inches. The greatest diameter of the
small intestines was 2 inches; of the colon, immediately below the
cecum, 4 inches; of the rectum, 5. 87

‘« The length of the animal, measured from the extremity of the
jaws to the root of the tail, was 3 feet 2 inches.

_. The large intestines were destitute of muscular bands. . The
cecum was pointed, and had several large glands at its base.

«¢ The liver consisted of a middle and two lateral lobes, each sub-
divided; the middle one into one large and two smaller portions.
The gall-bladder, irregularly contracted, as if from disease, was seated
in the cleft of the middle lobe of the liver : its secretion entered the,
duodenum, with that of the pancreas, 14 inch below the pylorus.
The pancreas was flattened in form, and commencing 1+ inch below

' the pylorus, followed the course of the duodenum for 11 inches, The

spleen was tongue-shaped, and 6 inches in length. .
, * The luags consisted of five lobes: three on the right and two.
on the left side. The heart was 44: inches long and 3 broad.

. “ The circumference of the trachea was 23 inches.

_ “ The epiglottis was long and pointed.
_‘¢ The os aaa consisted of a slender middle portion, united to
the points of the thyroid cartilage by two distinct and somewhat
arched portions (one on each side) passing down to meet the point
of the cartilage: to the cranium it was connected on each side by a.
chain of four slender portions, of which the last and smallest was.
cartilaginous, and the others bony.

. «© The only internal morbid appearances were those of the me-,
senteric, glands, which were universally enlarged. The body was)
much emaciated and the skin diseased.” ) evan

122

November 26, 1833.

John Hamilton, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of a Bat, which had recently been ob-
tained by the Society from the collection of the late Rev. Lansdown
Guilding, Corr. Memb. Z. S.

Mr. Gray, in directing the attention of the Meeting to them,
remarked on them as constituting the type of a new genus, for
which he proposed, on account of the shortness of the nose-leaf, the
name of

BRACHYPHYLLA.

Dentes incisores +-, superiorum intermedii magni conici, approxi-
mati, externi minimi ; canini, <=-; molares 2? , quorum anteri-
ores duo utrinque utrinsecus spurii, superiores antici minimi.

Rostrum truncatum; nasus a facie sulco profundo sejunctus, pros-
themate lato, plano; /abium inferius excisum, excisure marginibus
verrucosis.

Lingua elongata, undique verrucosa.

Cauda brevissima.

Patagium anale amplum, posticé profundé emarginatum, bi-tendi-
nosum.

Genus Glossophago, Geoff., maximé affine.

«« The cutting teeth are four in each jaw, of which the two upper
central are large, conical and close together; the side ones very
small, low and rudimentary; and the lower ones small, equal and
closely pressed between the canines. The canines are large, the lower
ones fitting before the upper; the upper ones very large, with a
deep notch on the hinder side. The grinders are five on each side
of either jaw, of which three are true and two false: the two lower
false grinders on each side are equal; the front ones of the upper
jaw are very small and rudimentary.

“The head is ovate: the face short and blunt: the end of the
nose truncated, with a short broad flat nose-leaf, connected with
the lips in front, and surrounded by a deep groove behind, separa-
ting it from the rest of the face; the groove is edged behind by a
- rounded callous ridge. The nostrils are ovate, rather large, open,
and placed widely apart from each other, one being situated on each
side of the middle of the nose-leaf. The lips are smooth, without
any beard on the inner side of the angle of the mouth: the upper
one is entire ; the lower has a deep notch in the centre, which is
bald, triangular, and edged with a series of close, short, rounded
warts. The tongue is elongated, and is closely’ and minutely
warty.

«« The wingsare large and broad. The thumb is long, two-jointed,

wee es nl
eee,

123

free and sharply clawed ; the index finger is composed of two, and
the middle of four, bony joints.

«« The interfemoral membrane is rather large, and is deeply notched
behind.

«« The tail is rudimentary, consisting of a single joint imbedded in
the base of the interfemoral membrane. It has, in the female, a
slight cartilaginous band extending beyond its tip, and separating
behind into two diverging bands, one extending to the middle of each
shin: in the male, these bands are distinct at their origin.

_.« The hinder feet are large ; their toes are nearly equal, and are
strongly clawed.

«« This genus agrees with Glossophaga in most of its characters,
and has the same warty-edged slit on the middle of the under lip, and
the same elongated tongue: but it differs in the form and structure
of the nose-leaf; in the tongue being covered with rough and closely
set warts, which are not placed, as in that genus, in oblique plaits ;
and in the shape of the central upper incisors, which are elongated
and conical, and not short and flat-topped and bevel-edged. In the
form of its upper middle incisors it agrees with Vampyrus soricinus,
Spix; but it is distinguished from that, and from all the other Vam-
pyri, by the structure of its under lip and tongue, and by the hinder

-part of the nose-leaf being separated by a groove from the skin of

the forehead. Its interfemoral membrane is somewhat Jike that of
Vamp. Spectrum, Geoff., and has the same muscular bands.

BracuypuyLtta Cavernarum. Brach. supra badia, pilorum
apicibus saturatioribus; infra pallidé flavescenti-badia,

| Feem, pallidior. ,

Long. corporis cum capite, 44 unc.; ulne, 2+; tibie pedisque pos-
tici, in mare, 24, in foeemina, 23 ; expansio alarum, 16.

Hab. apud St. Vincent’s, Indize Occidentalis,

_“ The nose-leaf is oblong, transverse,notched and elevated behind.
Thetragus is triangular, elongated, crenulated on its outer and upper
edge and 3-lobed. The face is rather bald in front, with scattered,
rigid hairs; and there is a large convex wart, covered with rather
rigid hairs, on the back part of the cheek just under the eyes. The
wings are dark brown and bald; their front part and index fingers
yellow, with a few scattered hairs on the outside of the thicker part
near the Joins and hinder members. The male is bay above, with
the tips of the hairs darker ; beneath it is pale yellowish bay. In
‘the female the neck and wings are rather paler.

_ “This Bat inhabits caves in St. Vincent’s according to the late

Rev. Mr. Guilding, who proposed to call it Vespertilio Cavernarum.”

aks :

_ Mr. Gray exhibited a drawing of a Shell, contained in the col-

lection of Mr. Adamson of Newcastle. It was obtained from the

base of the Parremo, near the Volcano of Tolyma, on the east slope

of the Andes. ;

~ It may be thus characterized : Mah

~ Buxinus ApAmsonir. Bul. testd ovato-conicd, subtenui, purpu-
rascenti-albidd purpureo nebulosd, maculis oblongis purptreis
albisque bifasciatd; anfractibus convexiusculis ; aperturd ovata,

124

anticé subeffusd; labro subincrassato, purpureo ; labio purpuras-
centi-nigro ; columelld antice rectd; guld albd; periostraco oli
vaceo.
Axis 32 unc. ; diameter 2.
This shell approaches most nearly to Bul. Phasianella, Val. it
is distinguishable by its bands, the dark colour of its inner lip, and
the straightness of its pillar in front.

A paper was read, entitled, ‘ Descriptions of some new Species
of Cuvier’s Family of Brachiopoda, by W. J. Broderip, Esq.,
V.P.G.S. and Z.S., F.R.S., L.S., &c.”

The characters of these new species are as follows :—

Genus TEREBRATULA.

TEREBRATULA CuILENSIS, Ter. testd suborbiculari, gibbd, albente,
radiatim striatd, striis latioribus, margine subcrenulato, subflex-
uoso: long. 1%, lat, 12, crass. % poll.

Hab. in sinu Valparaiso.

This species varies much in size and appearance. In the older
shells the radiated strige almost disappear ; and very young indivi-
duals are nearly smooth and oblong; while those of intermediate
growth have the stri¢ strongly marked.

Mr. Cuming found this Terebratula in the Bay of Valparaiso, at
a depth ranging from sixty to ninety fathoms. The older shells
were attached to rocks, and the younger to Corallines and Fuci.—
W. J.B.

TreREBRATULA Uva. Ter. testd ovato-oblongd, ventricosd, sub-
glabra, subdiaphand, lineis concentricis substriatd ; valvd perfo-
ratd subelongatd : long. 1, lat. %, crass. +’, poll.

Hab. in sinu Tehuantepec.

This Terebratula was found by Captain Dare, while dredging for
Meleagrine margaritifere, attached to a dead sea-worn bivalve, at
a depth of from ten to twelve fathoms, and on a bottom of sandy
mud.—W. J. B.

: Genus ORBICULA.

ORBICULA LAMELLOSA, Orb. testd corned, fusca, suborbiculari,
subdepressd, lamellis concentricis elevatis rugosd: long. 1,0;
lat, 1 poll.

Hab. ad Peruvie oras. (Iquiqui—Bay of Ancon.)

This species was found by Mr, Cuming in groups, the individuals
being in many instances piled in layers one over the other ona sandy
bottom, at a depth ranging from five to nine fathoms. At Ancon the
were found attached to dead shells, and also clinging to the wrec
of a Spanish vessel of about 300 tons, which went down in the bay
about twelve years ago. The sunken timbers (for the sheathing was
gone to decay,) were covered with these shells, much in the same
way that beams on land are sometimes invested with flat parasitic
Fug At Iquiqui they were taken adhering to a living Mytilus.—

J. B. < ibe? kt

OrpicuLa Cuminci, Orb. testa subconicd, suborbiculari, cras-

ion.

125

_ » siusculd, strus ab apice radiantibus numerosis ; epidermide fuscd ?

| dong. +5, lat. +8; poll.

Hab. ad Paytam Peruviz, ad Sanctam Elenam, et ad Panamam.

The concentric lines of growth in this species are crossed by the
numerous strie which radiate from the apex of the upper valve. The
under valve, which varies from convexity to flatness, is much the
thinnest, and is only marked by the concentric lines.

Found by Mr. Cuming at the localities above given, attached to
the lower sides of stones in sandy mud at low water, and in some
instances at a depth of six fathoms. The remains of the cilia of the
branchie give a bearded appearance to the border of the shell in
many of the dried specimens, as in Orb. lamellosa.

Orb. Cumingit approaches nearest to Orb. striata, described by
Mr. G, B. Sowerby in the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society.’ —
W. J.B.

Genus Lincura.

Lincuta AupesaArpil. Ling. testd oblongd, glabrd, corned,
pallide flavd, viridi transversim pictd, limbo anteriore rotundato,
- viridi: long, 12, lat. 8, poll. ’
Hab, ad Insulam Punam. (Bay of Guayaquil.) ;
_ The rounded anterior edge of this shell is green, and the trans-
verse lines of that colour are produced by the progressive increase of
the shell, which is smooth and parchment-like. In all the dried spe-
cimens the thin anterior edge is contracted into a square form, so
as to produce a resemblance to a very square-toed shoe ; but in its
natural state this edge is rounded. A general contraction, moreover,
gives the dried shells a narrower and more ventricose character
than they really possess; and the remains of the cilia of the branchie
give to their anterior edges a bearded appearance.
Mr. Cuming found this species, at about half-tide, in an extensive
bottom of hard coarse sand, from four to six inches below its sur-
face.—W. J. Bs é *

Lincura Semen. Ling. testa ovato-oblongd, crassiusculd, pland,
allida, levissimd, politd, limbo anteriore rotundato: long. ++,
lat. +2, poll...
_ Hab. ad Insulam Platam Columbiz Occidentalis.
_ This shell, the only one Lhave seen, was dredged by Mr. Cuming
in fine coral sand from a depth of seventeen fathoms, It may be a
young individual; but the shell is so much firmer than it usually is
in Lin la (so firm, indeed, as not to have contracted at all in dry-
ing), that I cannot but look on it as an undescribed species. In size
id appearance it bears a near resemblance to a melon seed.
_ Mr, Cuming informs me that he found another specimen, about a
ine longer, at the same time and in the same place, but that he has
unately mislaid it —W. J. B. j *
~ dn illustration of Mr. Broderip’s paper the Shells described in it
were exhibited; as were also drawings of them. They form part of

~ the extensive collection made by Mr, Cuming on the western coast

of South America.

_ Mr, Owen read a paper “On the Anatomy of the Brachiopoda of

126

Cuvier, and more especially of the genera Terebratula and Orbicula.”

The paper commences by a brief history of the formation of the
order by Cuvier, and then refers to the anatomical particulars
which have been recorded as regarding Terebratula by preceding
writers: Among these Pallas seems to have given the best de-
scription of the animal. It is on one of this subdivision that the de-
scription given by Linnzus of the animal of his genus Anomia is
founded.

Mr. Owen’s materials for the anatomy of Terebratula consist of
speciraens of four spgcies, three of which are inhabitants of the_
South Pacific Ocean (including one brought home by Mr, Cuming,
and two by Captain P. P. King, R.N.); the fourth, er. psittacea,
Brug., was brought from Felix Harbour, Boothia Peninsula, by
Commander J. C. Ross, R.N.

‘y? The mantle adheres very closely to the valves: the Jobe which

' corresponds to the perforated valve is traversed longitudinally by
four large vessels ; the opposite lobe is similarly traversed by two
such vessels. Its margins are thickened, not as in the Lamellibran-
chiate Bivalves from contraction, but owing to a peculiar structure
connected with respiration. They are puckered at regular distances,
the puckerings being apparently caused by the insertions of delicate
cilia, which pass as far within the mantle as they project out of it,
but which are so minute as to be observable only by means of a
lens. In the interspaces of the cilia the margin of the mantle is mi-
nutely fringed, and within the fringe isa canal, which extends along
the whole circumference. From this canal the large vessels of
the mantle lobes take their origin: they may be regarded as the
branchial veins conveying the aerated blood to the two hearts,
which are situated exterior to the liver, and just within the origin
of the internal calcareous loop: they are accompanied in their course
by much smaller vessels, probably the branchial arteries. Such is
apparently the system of respiration in Terebraiu/a.

vw The viscera occupy a very small space near the hinge. The ali-
mentary canal commences bya small puckered mouth, situated im-
mediately behind the folded extremities of thearms. It passes back-
wards, and expands into a membranous stomach, surrounded by the
liver, a bulky gland of a green colour and minute follicular tex-
ture, which communicates with it by many orifices. The intestine
passes down to the hinge, and then turns to the right side and ter-
minates between the two mantle-lobes. No trace of a salivary gland
was found.

~~ The generation of Terebratula is that of the ordinary Bivalves.
In two of the larger specimens the ova had insinuated themselves
between the layers of the mantle, and partly surrounded the
branchial vessels. When so far advanced they obscure the organi-
zation of the mantle which adapts it for respiration ; this organi-
zation is consequently most satisfactorily observed in very young
individuals. ,

Mr. Owen describes in detail the muscles, the arms, and the pe-
culiar internal testaceous apparatus or loop connected with the
hinge and supporting the arms. In the species which he examined,
with the exception of Ter. psittacea, he finds that the loop possesses.

See eee ed

127

some elasticity, and when acted on by the muscles becomes in its
reflected part sufficiently convex to press upon the perforated
‘valve and separate it slightly from the opposite one ; thus compen-
‘sating for the absence of the thick arms of Lingula, which in their
tabi push open the valves, and also for that of the elastic
bres constituting the ligament of ordinary Bivalves.
The Orbicule examined by Mr, Owen consist of specimens of Ord.
lamellosa, Brod.

Along the whole circumference of the valves shining cilia are
seen projecting for an extent varying from 2 to 4 lines: they are
‘consequently much longer than in Zerebratula and in Lingula anatina,
and are rather longer than in Lzng. Audebardii, Brod. On exami-
nation under a high power they are observed to be beset with
smaller sete, which probably gives them greater power in determi-
ning the respiratory currents. ‘The mantle is similarly vaseular to that
of Terebratula, there being, in the upper lobe, four principal trunks
(comparatively, however, much shorter than in that genus); and
two in the lower. These trunks terminate in sinuses, situated close
to two strong tendinous membranes, which circumscribe the visceral
mass, and to which the mantle-lobes firmly adhere. Here the veins
of both mantle-lobes join, and the common trunk or sinus passes ob-
liquely through the membrane, and may be plainly seen distributing
ramuli over the liver and ovary.

The muscles and viscera form a rounded mass, situated in the pos-
terior half of the shell. The mouth is seated between the base of
thearms. The cwsophagus passes obliquely through the tendinous
wall of the viscera in a direction towards the upper valve: it be-
comes slightly dilated, and is then surrounded by the liver. The in-
testine is continued straight to the opposite end of the visceral ca-
Vity, is there again contracted, makes a sudden bend upon itself,
and returns to the middle of the right side of the visceral belt, which
_ it perforates obliquely, and terminates between the lobes of the
_ mantle a little below the bend of the arm. _ The liver is of a beau=
tiful green colour, and consists of a congeries of elongated fol-
licles, closely compacted together, which communicate by numer-
Ous orifices with the stomach. As in Terebratula, there is no sali-
ey gland. a

one n Lingula Audebardii, Brod., there is also no salivary gland; and
‘Mr. Owen is therefore disposed to believe that the gland described
‘as Such in Ling. anatina by Cuvier, was only a portion of the liver,
os gate the colour had probably been removed by long macera-
; In spirit. ; .

“Tn Elie wiht of salivary glands the Brachiopoda would agree with

the ordinary Bivalves. Destitute, like them, of any hard parts about

t > mouth for comminuting alimentary substances, glands for

iting in a fluid to blend with the food during that operation are
not wanted.

_ The nervous system in Terebratula was not detected by Mr.

Owen. In Orbicula two small ganglia’ were found on the side of the

gsophagus next the perforated valve; from which two filaments, ac-

panying the esophagus through the membranous wall, imme-
~ diately diverge and pass exterior to the anterior shell muscles, pro-

128

ceeding with corresponding arteries to near the hearts, beyond which
he could not trace them. A single small gazglion is situated on the
opposite side of the esophagus, but on a plane posterior to the pre-
ceding ; this is probably the cerebral ganglion for giving off nerves to
the free spiral extremities of the arms, close to the base of which it
is situated.

Mr. Owen exhibited, in illustration of his paper, drawings of the
several objects described in it.

The following Notes relative to the period of Uterine Gestation
and the Conditiontof the new-born Feetus in the Kangaroo, Macro-
pus major, Shaw, were read by Mr. Owen.

« Perhaps there is no question in animal physiology that has
given rise to more numerous and contradictory theories, and in
which fewer facts have been well ascertained, than that which re-
lates to the generation of the Marsupial Animals.

«In the present communication I propose to limit myself to the
narration of some of the circumstances that have occurred in eluci-
dation of this subject during a series of observations which have
been. made at the Gardens in Regent’s Park during the past summer,

«< All the Kangaroos at the Farm were for this purpose transferred
from the Farm to the Gardens at the Jatter end of June. The whole
stock consisted of two males and six females, all fully grown. The
animals of different sexes were kept apart until they had become
in some measure accustomed to the gaze of visiters, and reconciled
to their new abode.

«‘ It was to be expected that some accidents would occur in ex-
posing so timid an animal, and one whose locomotion is of so violent
a kind, to this change; and shortly after their arrival one of the fe-
males died in consequence of leaping against the wire fence. It is,
however, probable, from the appearances observed on the post mor-
tem examination of subsequent cases, that this, like the other indi-
viduals, was rendered highly excitable by great determination of
blood to the brain. When the remainder had become more ha-
bituated to their new circumstances, the experiments were com-
menced, and the first step taken was to examine the pouches of all
the females.

‘The Ist female had previously been kept at the Gardens, and
had a young one, which measured about 1 foot 2 inches from the
nose to the root of the tail: this, of course, had quitted the nipple
and the pouch, and now only returned occasionally to suck. There
was no other young one in the pouch. The right superior nipple
was the oue in use ; it was nearly 2 inches long and 4rd of an inch
in diameter, the gland forming a large swelling at the base. The
other three nipples were everted, and about + aninchin length. _

«A Qnd female, from the Farm, had a young one attached to the
lower nipple on the right side. It measured about 7 inches from
the nose to the vent, was naked, with the skin of a bright pink
colour, being still, in the language of M. De Blainville, a mammary
foetus. The nipple in use was 1} inch long from the gland to the
mouth of the foetus; the rest were everted, and about the size of
those in the first-mentioned female. ;

129

_ ©The 3rd female had a mammary feetus, about 4 inches long from
the nose to the vent, adhering to the left lower nipple, covered like
the preceding with a naked vascular integument, which probably
assists in oxygenating the blood. The eyes in this, as well as in
the preceding, were closed. The other nipples were everted, but
‘were not all of the same Jength, the right lower nipple being shorter
than the right upper one. I could not ascertain when this female
been impregnated.

“ The 4th and 5th females had no young in the pouch; all the
nipples were everted. ;

“ From this examination two facts were ascertained ; Ist, that the
Kangaroo, at least in a state of captivity, has no particular period
or season for breeding ; and 2nd, that the upper as well as the lower
nipples are used both during the period of mammary gestation and
for the young animal’s subsequent supplies of nourishment.

« With respect to the female No. 2., the following facts relative
to her gestation were obtained from Joseph Fuller, Head Keeper at
the Farm, She received the male on the 14th of September 1832;
but copulation might also have occurred previously. On the 14th

. of October of the same year Fuiler observed her looking sickly, and
when the male approached her she scratched and repulsed him.
He perceived much slime, like white of egg, passing from the va-
gina. This was about 3 p.m., when he was unfortunately called

_away on some business. In the evening, at 8 o’clock, suspecting
that parturition had taken place, he examined her pouch, and found
a young one attached to a teat: on being touched the young one
dropped off to the bottom of the pouch. Next day he again examined
her, and found the young one adhering to the nipple. It fell off a se-
cond time on being handled, and both Joseph and Devereux Fuller
had the little one in their hands out of the pouch, and both assert
that it was not more than 1 inch in length. It-was again put into the
pouch, and the mother was meddled with no more till the 3rd of
November following. On that day Mr. Yarrell and myself visited
the Farm, and on hearing this account we examined the female,
and found the young one, now 3 inches long, adhering strongly to
the nipple. On further questioning Fuller on the subject, he said,
that when first he saw the young one it was covered with blood-clot
or coagulum; but on the following day it was quite clean and dry,
and moved its body vigorously. The mother still suckles one of the

-year.
. From Mr. Morgan’s experiments it would appear that when the
mmary foetus has. arrived at nearly the size of a fully grown Nor-
way Rat, it will bear a separation from the nipple for two hours,
and regain its hold. According to Fuller’s statement it will bear a
separation from the nipple, and again become joined to it, at what is
pet ie to have been a very short period after uterine gestation ;

id Mr. Collie’s observations, in the 18th Number of the ‘ Zoological
Journal’, are in confirmation of the same opinion. It is still uncer-
tain in what manner it regained the nipple, although in a subsequent
experiment, where a similar foetus was detached, the mother made
many, but, as it appeared, unsuccessful, attempts to replace it.

“In order to ascertain precisely the period of gestation, as an es-

130

sential guide to future experiments, the feniale No. 1. was selected,
she being still suckling the young one of the previous year, and
being known not to be impregnated. She was placed with the male
only at such times as they could be watched. fae

“‘ The coitus was observed on the 27th of August at 1 p.m. She
was separated from the male the same day, and was kept in a di-
stinct shed and paddock until parturition took place. In order to
inure her to the examinations of the pouch when they should be-
come indispensable, they were commenced six days after the copu-
lation, and were repeated every morning and evening by James
Hunt, the intelligent Keeper whose services were allotted tome by
the Council during these investigations. At many of these exami-
nations I was present, and the following are among my notes made
on those occasions.

« Sept. 6th.—10th day of gestation. Pouch tolerably free from
secretion ; the right upper nipple about 2 inches long and 4rd of an
inch in diameter; the young one, which has left the pouch, still
sucking occasionally ; the other nipples as when first examined.

“Sept. 1lth.—15th day. No alteration in the pouch or nipples;
the young one still sucking occasionally.

«Sept. 30th._—34th day. ‘The young one that was sucking is
dead. The nipple in use by it has begun to shrivel, and the brown
secretion to form. itt

“Oct. 4th.—38th day. Hunt observed the female in the after-
noon putting her nose into the pouch, and licking the entry. He
examined her at 6 in the evening; but a slight increase of the se-
cretion was the only perceptible change, and there was no appear-
ance in the nipples indicative of approaching parturition.

“Oct. 5th.—39th day. Hunt examined the female at 7 a.m- and
found the young one attached to the nipple. No blood or albumi-
nous discharge could be detected on the litter, nor any trace of it
on the fur between the vagina and orifice of the pouch. As the
birth took place in the night, the mother had probably had time to
clear away all indications of it.

«<I repaired to the Gardens the same day and examined the pouch.
The young one was attached to the left superior nipple: it resem-
bled an earth-worm in the colour and semitransparency of its)inte-
gument, and adhered firmly to the point of the nipple. It breathed
strongly but slowly, and moved its fore legs when disturbed. Its
body was bent upon the abdomen, its short tail tucked in between
the hind legs, which were about one third shorter than the fore legs,

‘but the thrée divisions of the toes were distinct. The whole length,
from the nose to the end of the tail, would not exceed 1 inch 2 lines.
A linear longitudinal mark of the wmézlicus was apparent.

«It has been asserted by Barton that the young of the Opossum
immediately after birth are in a much more imperfect condition than
that above described in the Kangaroo, being merely gelatinous cor-
puscles, comparable to a Medusa; but the later observations of
Dr. Rengger on an Opossum (Didelphis Azare@, Temm.,) nearly allied
to the Virginian species (Did. Virginiana, Cuv.,) accord as to the
condition of the new-born foetus with what we have now been able to.
ascertain with accuracy is the condition of the new-born Kangaroo.

131

* Oct. 9th.—I again examined the pouch; the young one was
evidently grown, and respired vigorously. I determined to detach
it from the nipple for the following reasons: Ist, to decide the na-
ture of the connexion between the feetus and nipple; 2nd, to ascer-
tain, if possible, the nature of the mammary secretion at this period ;
$rd, to try whether so small a foetus would manifest anything like
voluntary action to regain the nipple; and, lastly, to observe the
actions of the parent herself to effect the same purpose, as we might
presume they would be instinctively analogous to those by means of
which the foetus was originally applied to the nipple, supposing that
to take place through the agency of the mother.
_ “An organical connexion by vessels between the mammary fcetus
and the nipple being a necessary consequence of the truth of Dr. Bar-
ton’s assertion as to the condition of the product of generation at
uterine birth, this has been much insisted upon ; a discharge of blood
has been described as a concomitant of marsupial birth; and even
the anastomoses of the maternal vessels with those of the foetus have
been speculated upon. (See Mém. du Muséum, tom. ix. p. 393.)

The dissections of the mammary foetus of the Kangaroo by
Mr. Hunter, showing the relation of the nipple to its tongue and
mouth, the passage of the darynz into the posterior nares, the ab-
sence of the wrachus and umbilical vessels, &c., tended indeed to
disprove the theory of the vascular connexion ; and the observations
of Mr. Morgan and Mr. Collie, with the testimony of Joseph Fuller,
were completely subversive of it. Nevertheless it was desirable to
have ocular demonstration of the real state of the facts at this early
period of the young animal’s existence.

«It was removed from the nipple without the slightest trace of
laceration of continuous vessels, or of any kind of connecting sub-
stance: but it adhered more firmly than I had been led to expect from
Fuller. . After it was detached, a minute drop of serous milk ap-
peared on pressure at the point of the nipple: this was the smallest
part of the nipple, and was not swollen or clavate ; about half a line

had entered the mouth of the feetus.

“wd aay A

» “The young one moved its extremities vigorously after being
detached, but made no effort to apply its legs to the fur or skin of

the mother so as to creep along: it seemed perfectly helpless. It

was deposited at the bottom of the pouch, and the mother was libe-
rated and carefully watched. She immediately showed symptoms
of uneasiness, stooping down to lick the orifice of the vagina, which

she could easily reach, and scratching the exterior of the pouch

with her fore paws. At length she grasped the sides of the opening
of the marsupium with her fore paws, and drawing them apart, just
as one would open a bag, she thrust her head into the cavity as far
as her eyes, and could be seen moving it about in different directions.
During this act she rested on her tripod, formed by the ¢arst and
tail. She occasionally lay down, but in that posture never med-
dled with the pouch: when stimulated to do so she immediately
rose, and repeated the process of drawing open her pouch and in-
serting therein her muzzle, which she sometimes kept in for half a
‘minute at a time. I never observed her put her fore legs, or either
of them, into the pouch ; these were invariably employed to widen

132

the orifice, or in scratching the exterior. When she withdrew her
head, she generally concluded by licking the orifice of the pouch
and ‘swallowing the secretion.

_ © After repeating the above act of insertion at least a dozen times,
she lay down and seemed at ease. When she had rested quietly
about a quarter of an hour we examined her again, and found the
young one not at the bottom of the pouch, but within 2 inches of
the nipple. It was moving its extremities, and respiring as vigorously
as before. 1 attempted to replace it on the nipple, but without
success; it was therefore Jeft in the pouch, and the mother was
released.

__ «My engagements prevented me from visiting the Gardens until
the day but one after this examination, when at 10 a.m, I examined
the marsupiumnt ; but the foetus was gone. We searched very carefull
every portion of the litter, &c., in the hope of finding it, but with-
out success. I concluded, therefore, that the feetus had died, and
that the mother had probably eaten it.

«« From what I observed of the mother after the separation of the
foetus, I should conclude that parturition takes place in the erect
and not in the recumbent posture; and on perceiving the ease with
which she can reach with her mouth the orifices of the vagina and
pouch, a means adequate to the removal of the young from the one
to the other became obvious. I should suppose the fore paws not
to be used for the transmission of the foetus, but to keep open the
pouch ready for its reception, while the mouth would be the means
by which it would be deposited therein, and perhaps held over a
nipple till the mother felt the sensitive extremity grasped by the
young one.

«« This mode of removal is consistent with analogy. Cats, Dogs
and Mice transport their young by the mouth.

«I ought, perhaps, to have forborne this hypothesis when an op-
portunity of actually observing the process may so soon be afforded ;
but it was suggested by observing the actions of the mother after
an artificial separation of the foetus from the nipple, and accords
with the phenomena better, I think, than any that have previously
been proposed. There is no internal passage; there is no power of
bringing the mouth of the vagina in contact with that of the pouch,
either in the living or dead Kangaroo, without lesion of the parts;
the fore paws could not so effectually protect the tender embryo
from the external air as the lips, nor so safely ensure its passage ;
and the young one itself did not by any of its actions give the idea
of its having the power of creeping up along the fur to the pouch
or nipple.

«© Where, however, the structure of the pouch, as in Perameles
and some South American Opossums, is different, the mother’s aid
may be less necessary; but the period of gestation beingnow as-
certained, every endeavour will be made to clear up this part of the
problem ex visu.”

cpa & bo Cte,

OI a a *

133

December 10, 1833.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

__ Specimens were exhibited of Nyctinomus acetabulosus, Geoff. ; an
Ibis, apparently Ibis religiosa, Cuv.; and a Chameleon, Chameleo
verrucosus, Cuv. They were presented to the Society by Charles
Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z, S., by whom they were obtained from
Madagascar.

.. Colonel Sykes placed on the table his specimen of the wid Dog
of Dukhun, Canis Dukhunensis, Sykes, for the purpose of comparing
it with a skin of the wild Dog of Nepal, Canis primevus, Hodgs.,
recently presented to the Society by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr.
Memb. Z. S. He showed that the two Dogs are perfectly similar
in their general form, and in the form of the cranium; and that in
his specimen, equally with that of Mr. Hodgson, the hinder tuber-
cular tooth of the lower jaw is wanting. The only differences re-
markable between the two specimens is in the quality and colour

_of the fur, that of the Dukhun Dog being paler and less dense than

that of the individual from Nepal. These differences, depending
probably on climate and individual peculiarity, cannot be regarded
as sufficient to indicate a distinction between the two races. Iden-
tical as they are in form and habits, Col. Sykes considers them as
belonging to one species. A short notice of the Dukhun Dog, com-
municated by him to the Committee of Science and Correspondence,
was published in its ‘ Proceedings,’ Part I. p. 100; and a detailed
account of it, read by him before the Royal Asiatic Society, has
just appeared in the Transactions of that body.

. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited a series of
Eurylaimi, Horsf., in illustration of a paper “ On an undescribed
Species” of that genus, which he characterized as

EuryLaimus Lunatus. Eur. capite cristato; cristd genisque
_ . brunneis ; fascid supraciliart nigrd ; guld cinerascente ; collo, in-
_ terscapulio, pectore, abdomineque ccerulescenti-cinereis; tergo

uropygioque castaneis ; parauchenio lund albd notato; scapula-

> ribus nigris ; alis lazulinis, ad apicem fascid latd nigra notatis,

remigibus prioribus quatuor albo apiculatis acutis, secundariis ab-

' ruptis tribus interioribus castaneis ; caudd nigra, rectrictbus tri-
bus externis apices versus albis.

Foem. Lunuld ad colli latera nulld.

Long. tot. 63 unc.; rostri, a rictu ad apicem, +; rostr? ad basin
lat. £; long. ale, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 4.
_ Hab. apud Rangoon.

No. XII, PRocEepinGs oF THE ZooLoGIcaL Sociery.

134 ; A

The beak is dark olive inclining to black, and is lighter at its edges
and along the culmen. The tarsz are brownish black.

The beautiful semilunar mark which extends across the whole
of each side of the neck, consists of silvery white feathers, elevated
above the rest, and abruptly terminated as if clipped by scissors.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells con-
tained in the collection made by Mr. Cuming on the Western Coast
of South America and among the Islands of the South Pacific Ocean.
Those exhibited on the present evening were accompanied by cha-

racters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and consisted of the following species,
thirty-six in number, of the

Genus PLEUROTOMA.

PLEeuUROTOMA MAURA. Pleur. testd turritd, acuminatd, fusco-
nigricante ; anfractibus duodecim, medio tuberculatis, infra punc-

. tato-striatis, supern® depressione sinum labit sequente; canal
recurvd : long. 1°9, lat, 0°55 poll.; long. aperture 0-8.

Hab. ad Insulam Platam Columbize Occidentalis.

Two specimens were brought up from a depth of fourteen fathoms
in coral sand.—G. B. 8.

PLEUROTOMA UNIMACULATA. Pleur. testa turritd, acuminatd,
albd, anfractis ultimi dorso fusco-unimaculato ; anfraetibus tre-
decim, medio tuberculatis, tuberculis elongatis, ultimi tuberculis
in costellam inferam confluentibus ; aperturd brevi, labio externo
expanso, sinu superiore profundo, inferiore obsoletiore ; labio in-
terno superne callum tuberculiformem efformante: long. 1-4, lat.
0-5 poll. ; long. apert. 0°6.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis et Occidentalis.

Found in sandy mud, in from eight to sixteen fathoms, at Monte

Christe, Guacomayo and Salango.—G. B, S.

PLeuRoTOMA ROSEA. Pleur, testd turritd, acuminatd, albidd,
antice roseo tinctd ; anfractibus undecim, su é connatis, medio
tuberculiferis, tuberculis ovatis, anfractis ultimé in costellas desi-
nentibus ; aperturd brevi, labio externo expanso, sinu superiore
profundo, infertore obsoletiore ; canali brevi, reflexd: long, 1:15,
lat. 0-5 poll.

Hab. ad Salango et ad Montem Christi.

A delicately coloured species, very like the last in shape.

Found in sandy mud in from twelve to sixteen fathoms.—G, B. S.

Prevrotoma Criavutus. Pleur. testd subulatd, levi, albd,
fusco variegatd, infra incrassatd ; anfractibus novem, suturis con-
natis,.ultimo crasso ; aperturd ovalt, labio externo incrassato, re-

flexo,emarginaturd subcirculart posticd ; epidermide tenui: long.
0:9, lat. 0°35 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Montijz Americe Centralis. .
Found in sandy mud at a depth of seventeen fathoms.—G. B.S.
~ Pxreurotoma Rupis. . Pleur. testdé turritd, crassa, rudi, fused ;
anfractibus decem, medio coarctatis, supra infraque tuberculatis,

135

» tuberculis inferioribus superne albo maculatis ; anfractu ultimo
subdistorto, pone aperturam tuberculo magno; apertura ovali,
labio externo tenui, sinuoso: long. 1:3, lat. 0°55 poll.

Hab..ad Montem Christi Columbiz Occidentalis.

, Found under stones.:—G. B. S.

J Prevroroma OxytTroris. Pleur. testéd turrito-subulatd, brun-
mescente ; anfractibus decem, spiraliter carinatis, carind mediand
albicante, conspicud, interstitiis decussatis ; aperturd oblonga, ca-
nali rectd, elongatd, emarginaturd lateral: in carinam medianam
decurrente: long. 1*8, lat..0'5 poll.

‘Hab. ad Panamam et ad Portam Portreram.

Found in sandy mud at from thirteen to twenty fathoms’ depth.—
-( G. B.S.

_.PiLeurotoma macutosa. Pleur. testé oblongo-fusiformi, tur-
ritd, albido-ccerulescente, fusco maculosdé ; anfractibus undecim,
levigatis, medio tubercultferis, tuberculis unisertalibus ; aperturd
oblongd, emarginaturd laterali posticali (seu , tubercula
efformatd) ; canali brevi; columelld rectiusculd: long. 2-2, lat.

0°6 poll.
Hab. fa Montem Christi Columbiz Occidentalis,
_ One specimen only was dredged in sandy mud at a depth of six-
teen fathoms. The aperture is about two fifths of the length of the
shell.—G. B. S.

\ Preuvroroma ALsicostaTa. Pleurstestd acuminato-pyramidali,
rosed ; anfractibus novem, levibus; longitudinaliter costatis, costis
confertis albis; aperturd brevi, emarginaturd posticali ; canals
brevissimd : long. 0-9, lat. 0-3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.
_ A very elegant small species, found in fine coral! sand at a depth
of six fathoms.—G. B. S.

J Ptevrotoma cLAvATA. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidalz,
roseo-albicante; anfractibus decem, levibus, longitudinaliter sub-
‘obsoleté tuberculato-costatis ; aperturd brevi, latiusculd ; emargi-
naturd posticali: long. 1-, lat. 0°3 poll.

_ Hab. ad Xipixapi Columbize Occidentalis.
__ A few specimens were found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fa-
thoms.—G. B. S.

(

\ Preurotoma sicotor. Pleur. testa oblongd, pyramidali, fuscd,
albicante cingulatd ; anfractibus sex vel septem, longitudinaliter
costatis, spiraliter sulcatis, costis posticé tuberculiferis ; aperturd

_ brevi, margine crenatd, emarginaturd posticali; canali brevis-
_. simd: long. 0°85, lat.0'3 poll.

_ Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulas Gallapagos.

_ Found under stones at Panama, and dredged from a sandy floor

at a depth of eight fathoms at the Gallapagos Islands.—G. B. S.

PLEUROTOMA SPLENDIDULA. Pleur. testd elongato-pyramidali,
roseo-fuscescente ; anfractibus undecim, levigatis, costes longitu-
dinalibus obliquis, medio prominulis, subconfertis, albjs ; anfrac-

136

tis ultimi dorso fusco, planulato ; aperturd brevi, canali brevis-
simd ; emarginaturd posticali : long. 1-2, lat. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

From a depth of six fathoms in fine coral sand.—G. B. S.

Prevrotoma otivacea. Pleur. testa fusiformi, olivaced, uni-
colore ; spird acuminato-pyramidali ; anfractibus novem, superné
levibus, infra tuberculosis et spiraliter striatis, ultimo anticé
striato ; aperturd oblongd, anticé canalem efformante ; labio ex-
terno tenui intis striato ; emarginaturd labii externi posticalt ;
suturis connatis : long. 2°4, lat. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Salango et ad Sanctam Elenam Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in sandy mud at from five to twelve fathoms.— G. B.S.

Prevrotoma cincta. Pleur. testd crassd, oblongd, nigra; an-~
» ¢fractibus novem, superne lamella spirali, infra cingulo flavo me-
~ _-diano crenato, ultimo cingulis duobus flavis, superiore crenato,

lineisque tribus elevatis crenatis ; aperturd brevi ; canali brevis-
simd: long. 0°7, lat. 0-3 poll.
Hab. ad Montem christi et ad Xipixapi.
Found in sand and gravel at a depth of seven fathoms.—G. B. S.

PLEUROTOMA BICANALIFERA. Pleur. testd turritd, gracili, tenut ;
anfractibus novem, longitudinaliter costellatis, costellis graniferis ;
apertura oblongd, utrinque canaliferd, labio externo late reflexo :
long. 0°8, lat. 0-3 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis.

Dredged from a depth of ten fathoms in sandy mud; from the

Bay of Montija.—G. B. S.

PLeuRoToMA cornuTA. Pleur. testd oblongo-pyramidali, apice
acuto; anfractibus sex vel septem, superne crenatis, infra longi-
tudinaliter costatis, transversim concinn® striatis ; apertura ob-
longd, canali brevi; peritremate postice incrassato, in cornu
breve producto : long.0°7, lat. 0°3 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Caraccas Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.—G. B. S.

PLEUROTOMA RUGIFERA. Pleur. testd oblongo-pyramidali, apice
acuto ; anfractibus octo vel novem, superne crenatis, mediane
longitudinaliter costellatis, ultimi dorso rugifero ; apertura brevt ;
labio externo incrassato, emarginaturd posticali profunda: long.
0'7, lat. 0-2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Dredged in six fathoms water among fine coral sand.

This species varies much in colour.—G. B. S.

PLEUROTOMA MopESTA. Pleur, testd ovato-subcylindraced, fulvd,
apice subulato-pyramidali ; anfractibus sex vel septem, transversim
carinulatis, carinulis crenatis ; apertura canaligue brevibus, emar-
Sieg) laterali pone medium labit positd: long. 0-7, lat. 0-25

oll. .
Hab. ad Real Llejos et ad Insulam Annaa.
Dredged in sandy mud at eight fathoms’ depth.—G. B, S. >

137

| PLeurotoma piscors. Pleur. testd turritd, fuscd; anfractibus
decem vel undecim, superne prope suturam unicarinatis, infra no-
dulosis, mediané levibus ; ultimo anticé transversim lineato ; varice
ante aperturam conspicuo ; aperturd brevi, ovatd, emarginaturd
profundd ante carinam anfractuum: long. 1-, lat. 0-35 poll.
Hab. ad Insulam Platz Columbiz Occidentalis.
A single specimen was dredged in seventeen fathoms among coral
sand.—G. B, S

PLEUROTOMA PALLIDA. Pleur. testd turritd, albicante ; anfrac-
tibus undecim, subrotundatis, creberrimé costellatis, sulcato-decus-
satis, superné serie unicd punctulorum impressorum ante costellas \'
positd ; aperturd brevissimd, emarginaturd profundd, posticali :
long. 0:85, lat. 0'3 poll.

Hab. ad Portam Portreram Americe Centralis.

_ Found in thirteen fathoms, on a sandy muddy floor.—G. B.S. ;
ACAD

v Pxreurotoma aTEeRRIMA. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali, =?) -p»-
aterrimd ; anfractibus octo, supern? unicarinatis, infra crenulatis,
ultimo. serie unicd mediand tuberculorum, infra striis graniferis
duabus ; aperturd intis nigrd, emarginaturd lateral inter cari-
nam supertorem et seriem tuberculorum anfractis ; canali brevis-
. sma: long. 0°8, lat.0°35 poll.
Hab. ad Montem Christi Americe Occidentalis.
Found under stones.—G. B. S. PD
= Commeat~e

\ Puzuroroma nicrrrima. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali, 4. 3
nigerrimd ; anfractibus octo, superne planulatis, prope suturam
crenatis, infra costis longitudinalibus ornatis, ultimi costis decur-
rentibus ; aperturd nigrd, superné callositate munitd ; canali lon-
giusculd, subreflexd : long. 0°8, lat. 0°35 poll.
Hab, ad Panamam.
Dredged in sandy mud in six and ten fathoms.—G. B.S.

PLEUROTOMA ADUSTA. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali, fuscd ;

anfractibus decem superne planulatis, medianeé tuberculiferis, tu-

berculis longitudinaliter subcompressis, ultimo infra granoso-

striato ; aperturd brevi, stnu posticali ; canali brevissimd: long.

0°7, lat. 0-3 poll.
Hab. ad Montem Christi Columbie Occidentalis. 1 Oy
Found under stones.—G. B. S. Pr as) Anil

=< .
« Pxievrotoma Turricuna. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidalt,
Juscd ; anfractibus decem, supern? serie unicd Ply infra
longitudinaliter costatis, costis decussatis, ultimé costis decurren-
tibus superne tuberculiferts ; aperturd latiusculd, intuis purpureo-
nigricante; canali brevi, latd ; sinu laterali inter seriem tubercu-
lorum et costas constructo: long. 1-7, lat. 0-7 poll.
Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Columbiz Occidentalis.
From sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—G., B. S.

PLEUROTOMA CORRUGATA. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali,
Juscd ; anfractibus decem, superne prope suturam granoso-uni-
carinatis, infra longitudinaliter costatis, costis decussatis, ultime

138

costis decurrentibus ; apertura brevi, sinu laterali superiore ; ca-
nali brevi, latd: long. 1*1, lat. 0-4 poll.

Hab, ad Sinum Montije et ad Portam Portreram.

Found in muddy sand at ten fathoms’ depth.—G. B.S.

PLEUROTOMA INTERRUPTA. Pleur. testé oblongo-pyramidali,
pallescente ; anfractibus octo, spiraliter sulcatis, cingulatis, cingulo
mediano nigro, alo articulato ; aperturd canalique brevibus, sinu
laterali postico: long. 0°6, lat. 0-2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaa.

Found under coral on the reefs.—G., B. S.

PLeuROTOMA EXxceNTRICA. Pleur. testd oblongo-pyramidali,
brunned; anfractibus sex, duobus anticis excentricis, superné
prope suturam unicarinatis, carind undulatd, infra -sthceabl
sulcatis et longitudinaliter costatis; aperturd brevi, subtrigond,
peritremate distincto, labii externi margine undulato ; sinu laterali
postico: long. 1*2, lat. 0*5 poll. ;

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found in coral sand at the depth of six fathoms.—G. B.S.

PLEUROTOMA INCRASSATA. Pleur, testa crassd, acuminato-pyra-
midali, nigricante ; anfractibus novem vel decem, superné prope
suturam obsoleté unicarinatis, carind interruptd, infra longitudi-
naliter costellatis, costellis granosis, lineis elevatiusculis sprralibus
decussaiis; aperturd brevi, sinu laterali postico ; canali brevi, ob-
tusd : long. 2°83, lat. 0-8 poll.

Hab, ad Panamam et ad Montem Christi.

Dredged in from six to ten fathoms from sandy mud.—G. B. S.

« PLEUROTOMA DUPLICATA. Pleur. testd acuminato-turrild, gra-
cili, pallidd, epidermide corned fuscd ; anfractibus undecim vel
duodecim, superné prope suturam lined elevatd unicd, in medio
tuberculato-costatis, lineis duabus elevatis, binis decussatis; ultimo
infra inconcinné striato; apertura brevi, sinu laterali postico;
canali brevi : long. 1-6, lat. 06 poll.

Hab. ad Portam Portreram et in Sinu Montije America Cen-

tralis.

Dredged from a sandy muddy floor at ten fathoms’ depth.—
B.S.

PLEUROTOMA uNIcOLOR, Pleur. testd crassiusculd, oblongo-pyra-
midali, nigréd; anfractibus octo, levibus, superné prope suturam
serie granularum unicd, infra longitudinaliter costatis ; aperturd
brevi ; canali brevissimd ; stnu laterali pesiico infra seriem granu-
larum: long. 0-85, lat. 0-3 poll.
Hab. ad Panamam. '
Dredged in from six to ten fathoms on a sandy muddy floor.—

G. B.S.

PLEUROTOMA RusTICA. Pleur. testd rudi, crassiusculd, oblongo-
pyramidali, fusco-nigricante ; anfractibus septem, superné prope
suturam unicarinatis, infra longitudinaliter costatis, costis nu-
merosis acutis, ultimt costis lineato-decussatis, decurrentibus ;

tw «,

139

aperturd brevi ; canali brevissimd ; sinu laterali postico, retun-
dato: long. 41, lat,.0'4 poll.
. Hab. sub lapidibus ad Xipixapi Columbiz Occidentalis. —G. B.S.

PLEUROTOMA GRANULOSA.. Pleur. testé turrito-pyramidali, brun-
nescente ; anfractibus novem wel decem, superné prope suluram
levibus, tumidiusculis, infra rotundato-costatis, costis lineato-
decussatis, lineis decussantibus minutissimé granulosis ; aperturd
brevi ; canali brevi, laté ; sinu laterali postico, rotundato : long.
0°75, lat. 0°25 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Montijez et ad Panamam.

Dredged in sand from a depth of eight fathoms.—G. B. S.

Prevrotoma varicuLosa. Pleur. testd gracili, turrito-pyramt-
dali, fuscescente ; anfractibus septem vel octo, rotundatis, superne
prope suturam levibus, infra longitudinaliter costatis, costis decus-
satis, granosis ; apertura brevi, ovalt, bast coarctatd; canal bre-
viusculd; labio eaterno tenui, variculd extern? instructo: long.0'6,
lat. 0°2 poll.

Had. ad Sinum Montije Americe Centralis.

Dredged in sandy mud at ten fathoms’ depth—G. B. S.

PLevROTOMA NITIDA. Pleur. testd gracili, turrito-pyramidali,
brunned; anfractibus septem vel. octo, rotundatis, levibus, nitidis,
longitudinaliter concinné costellatis, et striatis ; aperturd canalt-
que brevibus ; suturd crenulatd ; sinu laterali postico, mediocrt :
long.0°6, lat. 0°15 poll.
Hab. ad Sinum Montijez Americe Centralis.
¢ Dredged in sandy mud at ten fathoms’ depth.—G. B.S.

» PrevrotoMa cotvaris. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidah,
- atrd;anfractibus octo, superné prope suturam obsoleté unicarinatis,
. infra serie unicd fs ng wht cingulum efformante albidum, ul-
timo infra granulifero, granulis seriatim ordinatis, serte tertid
albicante ; aperturd brevi; canali brevissima, lata: long. 0°5,
lat. O°2 poll. :
. Hab. ad Sinum Caraccensem Columbiz Occidentalis.
Dredged in eight fathoms from muddy sand.—G. B.S.

PLevrRotoma HExacona. Pleur. testd gracii, acuminato-pyra-
midali, olivaceo-fuscd ; anfractibus decem, hexagonis, levibus,

tuberculosis, tuberculis per series sex oblique ordinatis ; anfractu

- ultimo majori, infra spiraliter striato ; aperturd canalique brevi-

bus; sinu laterali postico, mediocri : long. 0:95, lat. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad Guacomayo Americz Centralis.

“A single specimen was dredged in thirteen fathoms water among

sandy mud.—G. B. S.

_Prevroroma rormicarta. Pleur. testd oblongo-acuminatd, sub-
cylindraced, brunned; anfractibus quinque vel sex, levibus, cos-
tatis, costis majoribus, distinctis ; apertura longitudinali, ovata ;
cont brevissimd, lata; sinu laterali posticali, parvo: long.0-4,

2O1 it diggs

_ Hab. ad Iquiqui Peruvie sub lapidibus.—G. B.S.

140

The skins were exhibited of a Lion and Lioness killed in Guzerat
by Captain Walter Smee, who, at the request of the Chairman,
stated that they were selected from among eleven obtained by him
in the same country, eight of which he had brought with him to
England. The Lion is distinguished from those previously known
by the absence of a mane from the sides of the neck and shoulders,
the middle line of the back of the neck being alone furnished with
longer hairs, which are erect like those in the same situation in the
Cheetah, Felis jubata, Schreb. The under surface of the neck has
long, loose, silky hairs, and there is a tuft at the angle of the ante-
rior legs.

Captain Smee remarked that the existence in Guzerat of a mane-
less Lion had been known thirty years since by Colonel Sykes, and
that Olivier had seen at Bagdad a similar animal, which was under-
stood to have been brought thither from Arabia; but that hitherto,
he believed, no skin of such a race had fallen under the observation
of naturalists in Europe. Besides the absence of the extensive mane,
it has to distinguish it from the ordinary Lion, a somewhat shorter
tail, furnished at its tip with a much larger brush.

Regarding it as a strongly marked variety of the Lion hitherto
known, Captain Smee proposed for it the following characters:

Fetis Leo, Linn., Var. Goosratensis. Jubd maris cervicali

brevi, erecta; caude@ flocco apicali maximo nigro.

Hab. in Guzerat (et in Arabia ?).

A male measured, including the tail, 8 feet 91 inches in length.
His total weight, exclusive of the entrails, was 44 cwt.

The maneless Lion extends in Guzerat through a range of country
about forty miles in length, where it is known as the Ontiah Baug
or Camel Tiger, a name derived from its colour. In the hot months
it is found in the low bushy wooded plains that skirt the Somber.
mutty and Bhardar rivers, from Ahmedabad to the borders of Cutch.
It is destructive to cattle, but does not appear to attack man. When
struck by. a ball it exhibits great boldness, standing as if preparing
to resist its pursuer, and then going off slowly, and in a very sullen
manner ; unlike the Ziger, which, on such occasions, retreats spring-
ing and snarling.

Captain Smee entered into various details respecting the animals
exhibited by him, comprehending the heads of a paper “ On the
maneless Lion of Guzerat,” which he had prepared for the Society.

The following notes by Mr. Martin on the anatomy of the Grison,
Galictis vittata, Bell, (Gulo vittatus, Desm.,) were read. They are
derived from the examination of an individual which recently died
at the Society’s Gardens.

** The animal was a male, measuring from the nose to the insertion
of the tail 1 foot 6 inches ; the length of the tail was 6: inches. As
inthe Mustelide generally, the intestines exhibited no division into
small and large, except that the rectum became gradually increased
in circumference. The total length of the intestines was 4 feet 5
inches. The stomach, when moderately distended with air, measured

141

10+ inches in its greatest circumference, 13 along its greater, and 44
along its lesser curve. The omentum was thin and irregularly puck-
ered together. At about 5 inches from the anus commenced a group
of thickly crowded mucous follicles, occupying a space of 4 inches
in length. The azus was furnished with two glands, of the size each
of a nutmeg, and containing a fluid of the consistence and colour of
liquid honey, and of a most intolerable odour: the orifice or duct
of these glands opened just within the verge of the anus.

«The liver was tripartite, the middle portion being divided
into one large and one small lobe: on the under side of the large
lobe, in a deep furrow, was situated the gall-bladder, of a moderate
size, and somewhat elongated form. ‘The biliary secretion entered
the duodenum 14 inch below the pylorus.

« The pancreas was long, flat and narrow ; beginning in a curved

form near the pylorus, and following the course of the duodenum for

about 4: inches.

« The spleen was loosely attached to the stomach, tongue-shaped,
and in length 6 inches.

« The lungs consisted of three right and two left lobes. The
heart was of an obtuse figure; it measured in length 14 inch, and
in breadth } inch. The primary branches of the aorta were as fol-

low: Ist, a right branch, or arteria innominata, which, running
- for + inch, gave off the two carotids and the right subclavian ; Zndly,

a left branch, passing to form the right subclavian.

« The epiglottis was acuminate, and in close approximation to
the tongue, which was tolerably smooth, with a crescent of distinct
fossulate papille at its base. The os hyotdes was united by a suc-
cession of four bones on each side to the skull.

‘«‘ The kidneys were of an oval form, the right being half its length
higher than the left ; the length of each was 14 inch. The tuduli
entered the pelvis of the kidney by a single large conical papilla.
The suprarenal glands were small,

«¢ The testes were each as large.as a small nutmeg ; the cremaster
muscle, embracing the spermatic cord as it emerges from the ring,
was very distinct. The penis had been injured in removing the skin

_ of the animal ; its length from the pubes was about 3+ inches, and

its muscles were very distinct. It contained, as in the Dog, a slender
bone, 13 inch long, commencing pretty stout, then narrowing as it

_ proceeded till near the apex, when it suddenly bent at an obtuse

angle, giving off at this part two small processes. The distance of
the prostate from the bladder was 1+ inch.

‘¢ The morbid appearances consisted in extensive adhesions of the
abdominal viscera, indicative of great inflammation. The lobes of
the liver adhered to each other, to the parietes of the abdomen and
to the stomach. At the distance of 10 inches from the anus there
was an extensive zntus-susceptio, a portion of intestine above that
part (measuring, when withdrawn, 8 inches,) being received into the
part below, to which it slightly adhered. The strangulated portion
was puckered up so as to take up a space of only 34 inches. The
stomach exhibited dull red patches of inflammation, and was full of
indigested food.”

142

December 24, 1833.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Extracts were read from a letter, addressed to the Secretary by
the Rev. R. T. Lowe, Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Madera, No-
vember 15, 1833. They related toa collection of Fishes made in
that island by the writer, and accompanied about thirty species
presented by him to the Society, in addition to those formerly trans-
mitted by him, and exhibited at the Meeting of the Committee of
Science and Correspondence on August 14, 1832. Those now
sent were severally exhibited. They include the following species
regarded by Mr. Lowe as hitherto undescribed, and for which he
proposes the subjoined names and characters.

SERRANUS MARGINATUS. Serr. nigrescens, luteo maculatus ; pin-
nis dorsali, anali, caudalique nigris, albo marginatis ; pinnd-dor-
sali filamentoso.

D. 11 + 17. P.18. V.1 + 5.A.3 +9. C.18.

This fish is very nearly related to Serr. Gigas, Cuv. & Val.; but
appears to be distinguished by the greater number of the soft rays
of its dorsal and anal fins, as well as by the white margin of these
and the caudal. Its general tone of colouring is somewhat like that
of a Tench, Tinca vulgaris, Cuv.; and it attains the length of 2 feet,
and the weight of 8 pounds.

BERYX SPLENDENS. Ber. ruber ; pinnis ventralibus radiis duo-

decim mollibus.

D.4+4 14 v.15. P.1+4+17. V.1+ 12.A.4+4 30. C. feré 30.
M. B. 9.

This new species of Beryx,—a genus remarkable for the excess
in number of the soft rays of the ventral fins beyond that which is
normal in Acanthopterygian Fishes, viz. five,—has their number
greater than any other except Ber. Delphini, recently described by
M. Valenciennes from an individual obtained from the Indian Ocean,
From Ber. decadactylus, Cuv. & Val., it differs by the greater num-
ber of these rays, by a greater number also of the rays of the bran-
chiostegous membrane, and by its less compact form. Its height is
equal to the length of its head, and measures three times and a half
in its total length: its pectoral and dorsal fins, of equal length, are
one fifth of the entire length of the fish; and the ventral measures
one sixth. The dorsal and anal fins are proportionally higher than
in that species ; and the latter begins under the end of the former.
The caudal fin is deeply forked. The number of vertebra, exclu-
sive of that which supports the rays of the caudal fin, is twenty-
taree. paBonene

.
:
7

143
Fam. CHZTODONTIDZE.
Genus LEIRUs.

Corpus ellipticum, compressum; squamis deciduis parvis.

Caput parvum, nudum, declive.

Os parvum: maxilla superiore obtusissima ; inferiore breviore,
truncata.

Dentes minuti, simplices, in utraque maxilla 1-seriati: palatini
nulli.

Opercula marginibus serratis.

Pinne dorsalis analisque posticé latiores, squamosz.

Membrana branchiostega 7-radiata.

Oss. Genus Brame, Bloch, maximé affine. Differt precipué den-
tibus palatinis nullis : etiam pinna caudali haud profunde biloba.
Leirus BENNETTII.

TETRAGONURUS? sIMPLEX. Tet. caudd utrinque simplict.

D.15, 20 (feré). P.feré 10. V.6. A.feré 20. C. feré 20.
M.B.7.

If this be a true Tetragonurus, Risso, (and there is no reason to
doubt it except the absence of the carine on each side of the tail
which give to that part in the type of the genus a square form,) it
furnishes strong evidence of the affinity of that group to the Scom-
bride. The spurious finlets behind its second dorsal and its anal
fins denote a closer approach to the Mackerels than could be in-
ferred from Tet. Cuvieri, Risso.

Crenitasrus Trutta. Cren. virescens, variegata et maculata,
squamis medio fuscis ; fascits verticalibus fusco-nigrescentibus ;
caudd utringue basi ocellatd ; pinnd anali 5-spinosd.

D.17+ 8 P.15. V.14+ 5. A.5+8. C.15.

By the smaller number of the spinous rays of its dorsal fin, by its

colouring, and by other characters, this fish differs both from Cren.
exoletus (Labrus exoletus, Linn.,) and from the one described under

the same name by M. Risso—two evidently distinct species,—to

which may now be added a third, having equally with them five
spinous rays in the anal fin.

Ruomsus Maperensis. Rhomb. corpore ovali, supra scabrius-
culo, etuberculato, olivaceo-fusco, nigrescente vel ferrugineo ;
annulis punctorum albidorum, maculas ocellosve pallidos forman-
tibus, sparsim picto ; infra albo, immaculato ; pinne dorsalis ra-
diis indivisis, inclusis ; dentibus minutis, 1-seriatis.

D.91. A.69. P.sup. 10.inf.9. V. sup. 6.inf.5. C. 15.

A rather small but elegantly marked species, the spots on the co-
loured side resembling little orreries or planetaria. Its nearest re-
Jation seems to that which Risso has described under the name of
Rhomb, mancus, though it has not the lengthened pectoral fin on
the upper side of that species. It is not very uncommon in the bay
of Funchal, and is the only one of its genus yet observed there.

144

It has all the characters of the second division of Rhombus, indicated
by Cuvier in his ‘ Régne Animal.’

CeNTRINA NIGRA. Cent. corpore toto glabro, nigro; pinnarum

apicibus hyalescentibus.

It is said that this fish does not grow larger than the individual
sent, (10 inches in length). It is intermediate in characters between
Centrina, Cuv., and Acanthias, Ej.; having the teeth of the
former genus, and the form of body of the latter, as well as the back-
ward position of the second dorsal fin. It is entirely black, even on
its under surface.

in Roman Characters :
which. novel information is given, in Jtalies:

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed

“which Anatomical Observations are made, in Carrrats.

Page.
: Alepisaurus, Ne J. Lowes......0000 104
ferox, Lowe ......... 104
Alligator. Mississippensis ......... 82
Anas galericulata, Linn. ......... 10
Anas Macettanica, Auct. ...... 3
Anops, n. g. Bell ......... So ae 99
Kingii, Bell ....... i AST 99
Anthelephila, Hope .............+- 68
Anthicus cyaneus, Hope ......... 62
Anthropoides pavoninus, Vieill.... 118
Regulorum ......... 118
Antilope. Addra, Benticvdedecsees 2
' Bennettii, Sykes ......... 114
bubalina, Hodgs. ...... 105
Cervicapra, Pall. ...... 12
ellipsiprymna, Ogilb.... 47
Goral, Hardw. ......... 105
Hodgsonii, Abel ......... 110
Leucoryx, Pall. ...... 77, '

Mhorr, Benn. .......0.+0.
Nanguer, Benne. Sos ituan :
personata, Woods ...... 45
pygarga, Pall......... ‘7

seripta, Pall. ........000.
a. Thar, Hodgs. ............ 105
aA phrophora Goudoti, Benn. ...... 12
- Aploa, n. g. Hope .....ccscesseeseee 61
©. pieta, Hope.....erereeeee 61
Sane vittiger, Benn. ........03.. 32
MORES hs ih ass.0ste8. eeeeee 33

ee
.
.

Patachonica,Gmel. 33, 65

australis, Shaw......... 24, 80

— Aquila Choka, Smith.......... sions tee
‘ . Verreauaii, Less. ......... 45
: _ vulturina, Daud. .......... 45
_ Arca auriculata, Sow......... Veaiaaie A
-biangulata, Sow. ......... OL

, brevifrons, Sow. .....s000--. 22

those of Species previously known, but respecting
those of Species respecting

Page.

cardiiformis, Sow. ...ss.eseeee 22
Concinna, SOW. s.ccssecsereere 20
emarginata, Sow. .c..s--seee 20
formosa, Sow. ....0sscseeeees 20
labiata, Sow. ...... ROTA 21
labiosa, Sow. .....s.esesseeeeee 21
multicostata, Sow. ......ss.0e- 21
Nux, SOW. si. cccctscccsssstecee 19
Obesa, Sow. ..scseceseereesece 21
quadrilatera, Sow. ......-++++ 22
Teversa, SOW. ...ccsccsesseceees 20
tuberculosa, Sow. ......2..0+6 19
Balanus Cranchii, Leach .......«. 115
Bernicla Sandvicensis, Vig. ...... 65
Bero£é Pineus, Lam. ..........000 8
Beryx splendens, Lowe ......... « 142
Brachyphylla, n. g. Gray ......... 122
cavernarum, a 123

Brapypus Tripactrytus, Linn. 99
Buceros cavatus, Lath. ......... 102
Bulinus Adamsonii, Gray......... 123
albus, Sow. ...... pit ee sae vie
bilineatus, Sow. ...... eta tll

Calvus, SOW. ...ecscsseeeeee 72
Chilensis, Sow. ............ 36
chrysalidiformis, Sow. ... 37
conspersus, SOW. ....+.2+ 73
comneus, Sow. ....sseseeee 37
decoloratus, Sow. ......... 73
discrepans, Sow. ......... 72
erythrostoma, Sow. ...... 37

Jacobi, Sow. .......sseeeeee 74
Laurentii, Sow. ........... eh i |
Luzonieus, Sow. ......... 73
pallidior, Sow. ............ 72
pruinosus, Sow. ......... 36
punctulifer, Sow. ........ - 36
rugiferus, S0w.........00.. 36

146 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Bulinus scabiosus, Sow. ....0.0e00++ 74), Chinchilla» <..s0cs<sedsbeosde waeesceen i Gam
striatulus, Sow. ......ss000. 73 aurea? Benn.......+0+0. . 59
unicolor, Sow. ....ssssse0s 73 lanigera, Benn. ......... 59
unifasciatus, Sow. ......+++ 37 | Chlznius Sykesii, Hope............ 61
ustulatus, Sow. ...+++e0:-. 72] Circaétus pectoralis, Smith ...... 40
Byssoarca alternata, Sow. ......... 17 thoracinus, Cuv.......+0. 45
decussata, Sow. .......+ 18 | Clupea Mauritiana, Benn.......... 32
divaricata, Sow........... 18] Columba Princeps, Vig............. 78
DOA NOE weaetsnconscass 18 | Conus Archon, Brod.........0.. ieee
Lithodomus, Sow.’...... 16 concinnus, Brod. ........ - 53
lurida, Sow. ..,....... 7, 19 Geographus, var., Brod.... 55
maculata, Sow. ......+. 17 Gladiator, Brod........0... 55
mutabilis, Sow, ......... 17 luteus, Brod. ....cc0c0e0008 S53
Pacifica, Sow. ......... 17 monilifer, Sow. ......ss00s . 54
Parva, SOW. csecreceeeee 19 musivum, Brod. .........+++ 54
pusilla, Sow. ...seesesee 18 NaNUs, MPO. .ccaaveeyaw sews 53
solida, Sow. ....sss000. 18 nivifer, Brod. ......++ eres 53
truncata, Sow. ...... wis 9 19 Nux, .Brod.\.ccsdseve deen
velata, Sow. ss..csee. yas «18 Orion, Brod. ...ciccseccseee 55
CaLviTHRIXx sciurEus, Geoffr. ... 88 Princeps, var., Brod....... 55 —
Callomys aureus, Isid. Geoffr....... 59 purpurascens, Brod. ...... 54
Calosoma orientale, Hope ......... 61 recurvus, Brod. ......e000. 54
Canis Dukhunensis, Sykes ....... . 183 tiaratus, Brod. ..icccse0008) 52
familiaris Lgyptius, Linn. tornatus, Brod. ........ oaet 88
latrans, Say ...+-seeeeeerseess Coptorrhina, n. g. Hope ......... 62
primevus, Hodgs. 11 l, 118, 11s, Africana, Hope...... 62
133, Klugii, Hope......... 62
Capra ALgagrus, VOrs+..0000++00004. 105 | Coracias garrula, Linn...........0. 88
Capros Aper, Lacép.....+. eeseeeees 114 | Corbula bicarinata, Sow. ......... 35
Carbo Cormoranus, Meyer ...... 10 biradiata, Sow. .......0000. 35
Cardium aspersum, Sow. «...+... - 85 Nasuta, SOW. .sseseeerseceee 3D
Consors, Sow. ..ssesesees 85 nuciformis, Sow. ......... 35
Cumingii, Brod. ......... 82 ovulata, Sow. ..sesseeee. 35
elatum, S02, ...s0s00+ «ww ©84 radiata, Sow..sssccssdeceeee 36
laticostatum, Sow. ...... 85 tennis, Sow.. ...vsccd.e.00ee 36
maculosum, Sow.......... 85 | CorytHarx PorPuyReoLopna, Vig. 106
multipunctatum, Sow..., 84 | Crenilabrus Trutta, Lowe ..... veoe 145
multistriatum, Sow....... 85 | Crocodilus vulgaris, Caverlii.;.... 81
obovale, Sow. .....-.. +++» 84] Cryptoprocta, n. g. Benn: ......... 46
Orbita,, Sawordecasxdiases.. 83 ferox, Benn. ..... . 46
Panamense, Sow, ...... 85 | Cumingia, n. g. Sowe.ssesceseee. 84
planicostatum, Sow. ... 85 coarctata, Sow.......... 34
procerum, SimDledids000 83 lamellosa, Sow.......... 34
senticosum, Sow.......... 84 mutica, Sow. s......06 | 84
nuimeculaimm, Sow. ... 84 trigonularis, Sow....... 35
Centenes, n. SP: esahspeswssiceose +s 81 | Cynictis, n. g. Ogilb. -.....8s000.... 48
Centrina nigra, Lowe ......0..2..++ 144 Steedmanni, Ogilb. ...... 49
Cercopithecus Pogonias, Benn.... 67 | Dasyurus ursinus, Geoffr. ......... 118
tephrops, Benn. ... 109 | Detruinus cuosicers, Cuv. ...... 65
Gervus Alces,~Linds)?.<idevases..--. 46 | Dendrocitta, n. g. Gould. .1...2.. 57
Cetonia cretosa, Hope «........... 63 leucogastra, Gould . 57
Cheetodon chrysurus, Desj. ...... 117 | Dendronessa sponsa, Swains....... 10
festivus, Des}. ......... 117 | Didelphis breviceps, Benn. ...... 40
Chameleo verrucosus, Cuv. ...... 133 Californica, Benn. ...... 40
Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. ...... 56 | Didus ineptus, Linn. ......4..04- mn. a8
Chinchillide, Benn. .......ese0000 58 | DiomepEa exuxans, Linn.......... 78

INDEX 147
ake = Page.
Dissosternum, Hope woscevervecvese 64 | Littorind petr@d..revccssveresecveees 116
Epibulus Insidiator, Cuv. ......0. 117 TUMET, seta basso cesses 116
Falco biarmicus, Temm.. «......... 45 | Loligo sagittata, Lam. ...........+ 90
chicqueroides, Smith .... 45 | Louicorsis eutraTa, Grant ...... 90
_ ecaudatus, Shaw «+... ««- 45 | Lophophorus Impeyanus ......++. 102
Gymnogenys, Temm. ...-.- 45 | Loris craciuis, Geoffr............. 22
rapax, Temm. ...-.+«se00-+. 45 | Lucanus eratus, Hope ............ 63
Fexis concoxor, Linn, ......+0++. 120 Downesii, Hope ......... 63
guBaTA, Schreb, ......-.++. 108 | Lyprops, n. g- Hope sssees-+.2--+ 63
Leo, var. Goojrattensis, Smee 140 cheyeaphthabisna yal ope 63
Leopardus, Linn.......+--+«. 49 | Macronota tetraspilota, Hope ... 62
Tigris, Linn. sssse2+.22+200 105 | Macropus major, Shaw ...... 82, 128
viverrinus, Benn. .........+++ 68 | Malurus pectoralis, Gould......... 106
Gauictis vitTaTA, Bell............. 140 | Mephitus nasuta, Benn...,......... 39
Glaucus, Forst. ...0+--s000s seseesess, 51 | Meles Labradoria, Sab.?:....+.... 42
Gobius semicinctus, Benn.......... .32 | Midas rufimanus, Geoffr.:....... .. 106
Grammistes compressus, Lién. ... 117 | Murena molendinaris, Benn. 32
Grus Regulorum, Licht.......<.+... 118 | Musrera Canapensts, Schreb.... 97
Guto virratus, Desm. ............ 140 | Nyctinomus acetabulosus, Geoffr. 133
Gymnogenys, Less. ....s.se0+2-+-. 45 | Oiceoptoma tetraspilotum, Hope. 61
Gypogeranus Serpentarius, Mlig. 118 | Ophisurus crocodilinus, Benn. ... 32
| Helotarsus, Smith ....,............. 45 | Opilus auripennis, Hope ......... 62
Hyena villosa, Smith......060...... 45 | Orbicula Cumingii, Brod. ......... 124
vulgaris, Cuv. ...-..0. pace? 40 lamellosa, Brod. ......... 124
Hystriz cristata, Linn. ......+..... 106 LAMELLOSA, Brod. «..... 127
Tanthina vulgaris, Lam. .......... 14| ORNITHORHYNCHUS PARADOXUS,
This religiosa, Cuv. ....0.+++2+4+ svece 133 Blum. ......... 15, 28, 82, 91, 95
Isacantha, n. g. Hope .......0..+- 63 | Ortyx Montexume, Vig. ...+..... 65
rhinotioides, Hope ... 63 | Ovis Ammon, Erxl......00.sesse0eeve 105
Lagostomus — ..,..css-sssseeeceeeees 59 Musmon, Schreb. ..........+ 105
trichodactyius, Brookes 59 | Pelecanus Piscator, Linn. ......... 32
Lagotis, n. g. Benn. ............--. 58 | Penetope Guan, Temm. ~......0. 3
_ Cuvieri, Benn. ............ 59 | Pentalasmis striata, Leach ...... 120
_ Lamia Crux nigra, Hope ......... 64] Perdix Lerwa, Hodgs. ........... - 107
% _ Roylii, Hope ........2002-+. 64 | Phenomeris, n. g. Hope 1.2.2.5. 62
_ Languria Nepalensis, Hope ...... 61 magnifica, Hope oon 6B
{" Larus argentatus, Brunn. .«..... 10, 56 | Phasianus lineatus, Lath. ......... 13
capistratus, Temm. ......+++ 33 | Pholidotus irroratus, Hope........ - 68
4 _ fuscus, Brunn, .........00000s 10 | Pica Sinensis, Gray |... ssse0002008 57
7 ridibundus, Linn......++-.+ 10 vagabunda, Wag). ..... Tn sf
i Leirus, Ds Fo AaOie wisdidsees sia as’ 143 | Picus flavinucha, Gould............. 120
Bennettii, Lowe ......-+.+. . 148 | Platycercus Nove Hollandie, Vig. 106
, Lemur niger, Geofir. ...00..2000+0+ 68 | Pleurotoma adusta, Sow. ......... 137
Be, _. rufifrons, Benn. ....+2000008 106 albicostata, Sow: ...... 135
pars Hibernicus, Yarr. ......... 88 aterrima, Sow.......... 137
. higricaudatus, Benn. ...... 41 bicanalifera, Sow. ... 136
Recista, Bi GbDON picaiscevece cas 99 bicolor, Sow. ......... 135
w) ... lineata,, Bell ....2..005.... 99 cincta, SOW.........00 - 136
Leuciscus Phozinus, Cuguck.... 88 clavata, Sow. ....03.. 135
‘Libellula bimaculata, Desj. «..... 118 Clavulds, SOuncese. ales 134
Hi limbata, Desj. ....+00++0+ 118 collaris, Sow. ......... 139
semihyalina, Des}. ...... 118 cornuta, Sow. ........ - 136
Limosa melanura, Leisl. ......... 56 corrugata, Sow. ...... 137
Lingula Audebardii, Brod. ...... 125 discors, Sow. ......... 137
Avpesarbtr, Brod. ...... 127 duplicata, Sow. ...... 138

Semen, Brod. ..........5. 125

excentrica, Sow. ......

148 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Pleurotoma formicaria, Sow. ....... 139 | Spermophilus macrourus, Benn.... 41
granulosa, Sow. ...... 139 spilosoma, Benn. ... 40
hexagona, Sow. ...... 139 | Spondylus aculeatus, Brod. ...... 5
incrassata, Sow. ...... 138 dubius, Brod. .....00. 4
interrupta, Sow. ...... 138 leucacantha, Brod. ... 5
maculosa, Sow. ..... - 135 Princeps, Brod. ...:.. 4
Maura, Sow. ......... 134 | Sterna arctica, Temm. .......--... 33
modesta, Sow.......... 136 | Sula candida, Briss. «......+. Ceo Sm
nigerrima, Sow. ...... 137 | Sus Serofa monstr. se.cccceeseeeeee 16
nitida, Sow. ..........4. 139 | Teratophius, Less. ...... TRE be . 45
olivacea, Sow. ......... 136 | Terebratula Chilensis, Brod. ....... 124
Oxytropis, Sow. ...... 135 Cuitensis, Brod. ... 126
pallida, Sow. ......... 137 psirTacea, Brug. .... 126
rosea, SOW. ....ssee000. 134 Uva, Brod. ....J.c0080. 124
rudis, Sow. ......00 ... 134] Testupo Inpica, Linn. ........... . 48
rugifera, Sow. ......... 136 | Testudo Indica, Linn. ..........+. 81
rustica, Sow. ......... 138 | Tetragonurus? simplex, Lowe 143
splendidula, Sow. ... 135 | Tetrodon stellatus, Donov. nec La-
Turricula, Sow. ...... 137 CEP> «ven cosh Layee WTAE 115
unicolor, Sow........... 188 | Tringa pugnax, Linn. .........0+ a |
unimaculata, Sow. ... 134 | Triton Ceylonensis, Sow. ......... 71
variculosa, Sow. ...... 139 clathratus, Sow. ...... seontolagd
Pollicipes polymerus, Sow.......... 74 constrictus, Brod. ......... 5
ruber \Sowiee tcsbe sete. 74 convolutus, Brod. ......... i
Polyboroides, Smith .........2+4++ 45 decollatus, Sow. ...-.ss.s008 72
Prionus Cumingii, Hope ......... 64 distortus, Sow. ...e.s.ee00s 71
Hayesii, Hope ...... Sie. 64 gibbosus, Brod. .........+4+ 7
Pertii, Hope .......0..002. 64 lignarius, Brod. .......++++ 5
Pteroglossus castanotis, Gould’... 119 lineatus, Brod. ......... ae IG
hypoglaucus, Gould 70 lineatus, Sow. ........+ oye
ulocomus, Gould ... 38 Mediterraneus, Sow. ...... 71
Purpura xanthostoma, Brod.....,. 8 nitidulus, Sow. ......++2++ oti
PPros0Ma SPI 'Vivsoasccsvevesewssesete 79 reticulatus, Sow. .....s00000s 71
Rana esculenta, Linn. .....000.... 88 rudis, Brodie. AA RY 6
Ranina cristata, Desj. ...-.++.-.. 118 scalariformis, Brod. ...... 7
Rhamphastos culminatus, Gould 70 tigrinus, Brod. .........+++ 5
Swainsonii, Gould 69 | Trogon pavoninus, Spix..... BAe. wy 107
Rhombus Maderensis, Lowe .,.... 148 | Turbinella armata, Brod. ........ 3
Riss00 Parva - sve. Jovreccesedcosscese 116 Cestus, Brod. ......... 8
SarcoruaMpnuus Grypuus, Dum. 78 tuberculata, Brod. ... 7
Sciurus nigrescens, Benn.......... 41 | Turdus polyglottus, Linn. ......... 114
Scolecobrotus, n. g. Hope ......... 64 | Uracantha, n. g. Hope ...s000002-. 64
: Westwoodii, Hope 64 triangularis, 1 364
Semnopithecus cucullatus, Isid. Uromastix acanthinurus, Bal ws 16
Geofinre 23%...5; 68 | Ursus ornatus, F. Cuv. ...;........ 114
ENTELLUS ..... .... 741 Velella limbosa, Lam. ........ Be. 12
FASCICULARIS 74 | Vultur auricularis, Daud. .......... 45
Nestor, Benn..... 67 fulvus, Linn. .......0sc0000. 45
Seria oFFicinatis, Linn. ......... 86 Kolbii, Daud. ........ Per 81
Sepiola stenodactyla, Grant ...... 42 | Zanclus cornutus, Cuv. ......2.0066 117
Serranus marginatus, Lowe ...... 142 | Zeus Aper, Linn. ......... Sdenvaven 114
Simia Faunus, Linn. ......+++... a. 109

Printed by Richarv Taytor,
Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

OF LONDON.
ott -
=. iB

_ PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
i BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

ZO AIONT

m iy, GAew

bie 42
XAG,

Pr st

. a

LIST
OF

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Assorr, K. E., Esq.
_ Letter on various Zoological Subjects, accompanying a Col-
lection of Birds, formed by him in the neighbourhood of Tre-
EE a rect Sol oo ga al ga ie Aa oe Se a Ae
Letter accompanying a Collection of additional arte of
_ Birds from the same locality............+.++..+. Pree

Agassiz, M. L.
On the Anatomy of the Genus Lepisosteus, with Descriptions
RMINOW. MIPCCIES foci ois os sin cece de enasas in’ =) aaa iiale

Auten, Lieut., R.N.
On a Collection of Objects of Zoology, made in the Inte-
_ rior of Africa, and presented by ..............--.-00--
On some Drawings of Fishes of the river Quorra, made by

Baryes, Mrs.
Note on the Rearing of a Species of Humming-bird ...

Bett, T., Esa.
_ Characters of a New Genus of freshwater Tortoise (Cy-
PS. epitertn. oe a Meese} Siw obiniereiek xt

Bennett, E. T., Esq.
Observations on the Genus Cryptoprocta..............
_____ Observations on a Species of Paradorurus, probably Par.
_ prehensilis, Gray, presented by Lord Fitzroy Somerset ....
On several Animals recently added to the Society’s Mena-
i re re als sn ew 0. 9 41,
_ Characters of New Species of Fishes, collected by Lieute-
Merion, mm Western Africa ........--......-.ses0--
On a Specimen of the Manis Temminckii, Smuts, from
South Africa, forming part of the collection of Mr. Steedman
Ona New Species of Kangaroo .......... Pe aes VES

Dag (5

133 .

119

45
147

13
33
110
45

‘
wey

Beynert, G., Esq. page
On the Habits of a Species of horned Pheasant (Tragopan
Pemminchit, GTRY) .\5 oes a.0e sia so vac ees oss
On the Habits of the King Penguin (Aptenodytes Patacho-
mted: Gels): oe NL RS eae) ods le sa cvee ee 34
On a Wound inflicted by a Pelican on its own breast.... 49
Characters of a New Species of Bat from New Holland,
COMER Me EP. Wee. Ss cle bbs Gale a ee 52
On the Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus
panqoran, TO Ss se Se re be ee ee 141
On the Nasal Gland of the wandering Albatross (Diomedea
exulans, Linn.) ...... RST PAE EE es See) 151

Benson, W. H., Esq.
Observations on a Collection of land and freshwater Shells

formed in the Gangetic Provinces of India ...... Seley inves 89
Note on the Importation of a Living Cerithium Telescopium,
BOS oven ate a «fw: o'e ac: sane sls orci « Aeponielin ain ae 91

Biee, H., Esq.
On a Species of Bee from the Brazils, found living on split-
ting a log of peach-wood containing its Comb............ 118

Boser, M. W.
Letter on the Habits, &c. of Cryptoprocta feror, Benn. .. 13

Breton, Lieut., R.N.
On the Habits of the Musk Duck of New Holland (Hydro-

bated lobutus, "Vemm,) "05 ioc aos ss sien so 0.2 ete See 19
On a Mode of Preserving Bird-skins in the absence of the
OLGIBATY MEANS .)5.06 > «0h loess, dead tries 20 see ee 21

Account of the Habits of a Specimen of Echidna, which
survived during a considerable part of his voyage to Europe. 23

Broperip, W. J., Esq.
Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and
Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming .... 2, 13, 35, 47, 114, 148

Descriptions of New Species of Calyptreide ........ 138, 35
Descriptions of a New Genus of Gasteropoda (Scutella) .. 47
On Clavagella, with Characters of New Species ........ 115
Description of some Species of Chama ..........+e+-- 148

Burton, H., Esq.
Characters of a New Species of the Genus Monacanthus,
CW alanis is ohata. sie So, S{ stm Hhb.4, fae, Beare ede =e saettel

Cary, Hon. Byron.
Note on a large Specimen of the Gallapagos Island Tor-

Cuming, H., Esq.
Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and
Conchifera, collected by, 2,6,13,17, 21, 35, 46, 48, 68, 87, 123, 148

Curtis, J., Esq. page
On a Species of Bee (Trigona, Jur.) from South America. 118

DaniE11, G., Esq.
On the Habits and Economy of two British Species of Bats 129

Dersy, The Right Hon. the Earl of
Letter on the Breeding of the Sandwich Island Goose (Ber-

Micka Sandvicensis; Vig.) >. wo. sk or cdle® > Ae isieeiele Mis neysceds 41
Letter on the Breeding of several Birds in His Lordship’s
Menagerie at Knowsley...... b SPA pith iS Riatute od » wonturetond 81

Dessarvins, M. J.
Letter accompanying a Collection of Objects of Zoology,
chiefly Mammalia and Birds, from the Mauritius,........- 57

Foutiort, G., Esq.
On a Collection of Birds from North America, presented by 14

Gerorrroy Sr. Hinarre, M.
On the Structure and Use of the Monotrematic Glands,
and particularly on those Glands in the Cetacea .....+..... 26

Goutp, Mr. J.
On a Collection of Birds from North America, presented by

Br Pomaatt) 2 SP ee Se ee ba cals eee os 14
Characters of three New Species of Trogon in the Collec-
tion of the Society. f) 2b ce ee ees gO. SAEs 25
Character of a New Species of Plover (Vanellus, Linn.)
collected by Lieut. Allen in Western Africa....... Se ogechsy ge 45
On a Collection of Birds formed by Mr. Abbott in the
neighbourhood of Trebizond ........++.+ee+eee eres 50
Characters of the Genera and Species of the Family
Ramphastide, Vig. ......-0+- + eee eee eee eet 72
On a Collection of Birds from Nepaul, presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq. .........- sss escent cere etee eres 115
On a second Collection of Birds from the neighbourhood of
EM EOBUAOTI S115 oi! 9 1 GRE) oe Wicia! so, ohn ayhelele's oS wie Ws ool 133
Characters of a New Species of Toucan ........0202+005 147

Gray, J. E. Esq.

Characters of a New Genus of Radiata (Ganymeda) .... 15
Note on the Conveyance from the Mauritius to England o

two living Specimens of the Cerithium armatum, Brug. .... 22
Characters of a New Species of Bat (Rhinolophus, Geoftr.)

from, New Holland .. . 2.2... 6e eset ements t enc csene es 53
Characters of several New Species of freshwater Tortoises

(Emys) from India and China .......-.+02-- eee eeeeee 53
Note on the Cistuda Bealii, Gray, referred to the Genus

MMM hoes ov wis Was nie wm mh howielelsne cit ola bidiele Bele ele alain inns 54

Notice of Two Varieties of the Cistuda Amboinensis, Gray 54
Characters of New Species of Shells .....-+e0e005 57, 63

Gray, J. E., Esq. (continued.) page
Characters of a New Genus of Mollusca (Nanina) ...... 58
Enumeration of the Species of the Genus Terebra, with

Characters of many hitherto undescribed................ 59
Characters of Two New Genera of Reptiles (Geoemyda and

Gg RG) ete Beta oe ae fe ok nae ot 99
Observations on the Red Viper, regarded as a Variety of

the Common Species (Vipera Berus, Daud.) ..........-- 101
Arguments in favour of the parasitic Nature of the Ani-

mals found in the Shells of the Genus Argonauta, Linn..... 120
Characters of two New Species of Sturgeon (Acipenser,

LS) een. . a ee a ee an ee Peep ee 122
Characters of a New Genus of Reptiles (Lialis) from New

REEL: VRE cea fim ine fo asm on «0 0,9 6.0 8 le 134
Note on the New Holland Ibis of Dr. Latham .......... 135

Observations on two Species of freshwater Tortoises .... 135

Hatt, Marsa, M.D.
Notes of Experiments on the Nerves in a Decapitated
DME CaP ond < nin NT te hie te atte: te eames Str oa. haa 92

Hancock, J., M.D.

On the Lantern-fly, and some other Insects of Guiana.... 19 .

Harpwicxkez, Major-Gen. T.
Description of a New Species of the genus eines Linn.,
from Wester | AGifa weet: . i. casas ooh ibe aot 52

Harvey, J. B., Esq.
Notes on a Collection of Shells and Crustacea, formed on
the.South Coast. of Devonshire, . ........2 5.<.s05. <)> © eyorsee Syste: ee

Hearne, J., Esq.
Letter on various Zoological Subjects relating to the Island

SE ED sn oon s s/t an io + wane wae aphasia go ate 25
Letter accompanying a Present of several Living Animals
zrom the Ishind ‘of HAVE oo ei oe oes cdc cin = Se gee 110

Hemine, — Esq.
Note on a Remarkable Dilatation at the Base of the Lower
Jaw and Upper Part of the Throat in the Swift (Cypselus —
PI LN it 6 anaes on cabs aoe 5x c'a 04 9 ee 92

Honeson, B. H., Esq.
Letter in relation to a Collection of Living Birds forwarded

by him from Nepaul for the Society’s Menagerie.......... 9

Letter on various Zoological Subjects, with Additional Ob-
servations on the Chiru Antelope (Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel).. 80

Letter on the Distinction between the Ghoral (Antilope
Goral, Hardw.) and Thdr (Antilope Thar, Hodgs.)........ 85

On the Mammalia of Nepaul............ Oats « k, 95

Vil

Hopeson, B. H., Esq. (continued). page
_ On the Characters of the Jhdral (Capra Jhdral, Hodgs.),
and of the Ndhdor (Ovis Nahdor, Hodgs.), with Observa-
_ tions on the Distinction between the Genera Capra and Ovis 107
Notice of a Collection of Birds from Nepaul, presented by 115

Jon ES, R., Esq.

__ Notes on the Dissection of a Tiger (Felis Tigris, Linn.).. 54
___Notes on the Dissection of an Agouti (Dasyprocta Aguti,

al .) Bree NS A ies Bn eh So) oo RM wie 's isl dem Se mato a, ction om wi lal’m svese ele 82
___ Notes on the Dissection of Azara’s Opossum (Didelphis

waaare,' Temm.)........,

Kine, Capt. P. P., R.N.
__ Observations on Oceanic Birds, particularly those of the
Genus Diomedea, Linn......,., SOC Sars Oey Year ae 128

MacLray, W. S., Esq.
__ Remarks tending to illustrate the Natural History of Two
Annulose Genera, namely, Urania of Fabricius, and Mygale

CONSE fe cist che dial fondnoblion mech. - 10
vin, Mr. W.
Notes on the Anatomy of the Rhea (Rhea Americana, Vieill.)
and Cassowary (Casuarius Emeu, Lath.) ................ 9
_ On the Occurrence of Aneurism of the Aorta in the brown
Conti (Nasua fusca, F. Cuv.)................ Se Bins cag 9
Notes on the Dissection of Azara’s Opossum (Didelphis
ST alec a aE RI a SAR» eee 101
tes on the Dissection of a Mangue (Crossarchus obscurus,
Amie! ss Haine Vena oie mrad. alii als Bie Si) gael We ha ogo Lass 113
_ W., Esq. :
ce of a New Species of Otter from the North of Ire-
Saver )stiein.d ida sala 4 oc6{8l- bay oe toni. ail ut lll
. Esq.
On the Distinguishing Peculiarities of the Crania of the
EIGER: MoI sae ME ho mle pavagund ans ox 1
On the Anatomy of the Purple-crested Touraco (Corythaix
Redlopha, Vig.)) 0c. eee de), rote Ciot 3
the Stomach of Semnopithecus Maurus, F. Cuv. 6
e Anatomy of the Capybara (Hydrocherus Capybara,
35 CEE A AE eye. ce 3: BESS eA mises cet i 9
ie Anatomy of the Calyptreide ................ 14
the Structure of the Heart in the Perennibranchiate
ties: SO pga Scyotcrcrcndic Sorbo, ea ities 31

the Young of the Ornithorhynchus paradocus, Blum... 43
iption of a Recent Clavagella (Clavagella lata, Brod.) 111
on the Anatomy of a New Species of Kangaroo

oe aca ER ee mda Sai 152

Vill

Parry, Capt. Sir E. W., R.N. page
On a New Species of Kangaroo (Macropus Parryi, Benn.),
presetced Dy il. on. so et ants nc cet pe fF se Ley ot omen 151

Porter, Sir R. K.
Letter on the Characters and Habits of a Specimen of the
Pithecia sagulata, presented by him to the Society........ 41
Letter on various Zoological Subjects ................ 113

Ruprett, Dr. E.
Description of a New Genus of Pectinibranchiated Gastero-

podous Mollusca (Leptoconchus).......+++.0e+000- omnia. ts 105

Sasrne, J., Esq.
Notice of a Hybrid between the common Pheasant (Pha-
sianus Colchicus, Linn.) and the grey Hen (Tetrao Tetrix, Linn.) » 52

Smiru, A., M.D.
Letter on the Zoology of South Africa ............0.4- 25

Sowenrsy, G. B., Esq.
Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and
Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming .. 6,17, 21, 46, 68, 87, 123
Characters of Three Species of the Genus Bulinus, Lam.,
brought to England by Mr. Miller .................. ve, Lam

SreEepMAN, A., Esq.
On a Specimen of the Manis Temminckii, Smuts, forming

part‘of the Collection of.......:..... <i... tsa eae 81
Sropparr, Capt.
Observations on Several Birds, forming part of the Col-
lection of the Naval and Military Museum .............. 52
Syxzs, Lieut.-Col. W. H.
Notice of the Perforation of Leaden Pipes by the Teeth of
Brae the 702 Pa OT ae 54,
On the Nest and Eggs of the Lonchura Cheet, Sykes, and
of the Orthotomus Bennettii, Sykes ..........06.-00000- 140
Tuompson, W., Esq.
On an Immature Specimen of the long-tailed Manis (Manis
tetradactyla, Linn.), from Sierra Leone ................ 28
Notice of the Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus, Linn.) .......... 29

Catalogue of Birds new to the Irish Fauna ............ 29 |

WEATHERHEAD, J. H., M.D.

On two young Specimens of Ornithorhynchus.......... 22

Westwoop, J. O., Esq.
On Nycteribia, a Genus of Wingless Insects .......... 135

YarreELL, W., Esq.
On the Anal Pouch of the Male Fishes in Certain Species

of the Genus Syngnathus, Linn, ........ 06.0 e eee ee eee 118

a i i et te. i i at et Ss

Se ey

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

—

January 14, 1834.
Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

- _ Several crania were exhibited of the Lion and of the Tiger, form-
ing part of the Society’s Museum, on which Mr. Owen explained
the distinguishing characteristics of that part of the osseous system
_ of these two large species of Felis, He adverted in the first instance
to those pointed out by Cuvier in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’, and re-
marked on the first of them,—the straightness of the outline in
the Lion from the mid-space of the postorbital processes to thie
e _of the nasal bones, in one direction, and to the occiput in the
other,—as not beingin all cases available : the second distinction,—
he flattening of the interorbital space in the Lion and its convexity
he Tiger,—he regarded as being more constant and appreciable
n the one just mentioned. There is, however, a distinction
ich he believes has never been published, which is well marked,
hich appears to be constant; for it is found to prevail through-
the whole of the skulls of these animals which he has had -op-
tunities of examining, including ten of the Lion, and upwards of
nty of the Tiger. It consists in the prolongation backwards, in
anium of the Lion, of the nasal processes of the maxillary
; to the same transverse line which is attained by the coronal
erior ends of the nasal bones: in the Tiger the nasal pro-
s of the maxillary bones never extend nearer to the transverse
attained by the nasal bones than 3rd of an inch, and some-
s fall short of it by rds, terminating also broadly in a straight ©
ngular outline, just as though the rounded and somewhat pointed
is which these processes have in the Lion had been cut off.

inor differences, Mr. Owen remarked, exist in the form of the
al aperture, which in the Tiger is disposed to narrow down-
wards, and become somewhat triangular, while in the Lion its
_ No, XIII. Proceepines of THE ZooLocicaL Society.

IZ”

tendency is towards a square shape; in the deeper sinking, in a
longitudinal depression, of the coronal extremities of the nasal
bones in the Tiger than in the Lion; in the bounding of this de-
pression above in most of the. Tigers’ crania by a small but distinct
semilunar ridge, which is not found in those of the Lion; and in the
larger comparative size, chiefly in their transverse diameter, of the
infraorbital foramina in the Lion. These foramina, it is curious to
observe, are double either on one or both sides in the only four
crania examined of Lions which were known to be Asiatic, while in
all the others the foramen was single on each side.

Specimens were exhibited of Placunanomie from the collection
of Mr. Cuming, and the following Notes by Mr. Broderip respecting
them were read.

Genus PLACUNANOMIA.

Since my publication of this genus in the ‘ Proceedings of the
Committee of Science and Correspondence,’ (Part II. p. 28.) Mr.
Cuming has found among his stores the following three species in
addition to Plac. Cumingii, which I have already recorded.

PLACUNANOMIA RuDIS. Plac. testd sordidé alba, crassd, concen-
tricé irregulariter corrugatd, intis nitidé politd: alt. 12, long. 14,
lat. % poll.

Hab. in India Occidentali.

Oss. Ostree edulis speciem referens.

Mr. Cuming detected this Placunanomia attached to a Spondylus

croceus.—W. J. B.

Pracunanomia FOLIATA. Pac. testd subdiaphand, subcirculari,
rudi, subfoliatd, sordid? albd, intus splendente ; value superioris
medio purpureo-fusco: alt. 12, long. 14, lat. +5 poll.

Hab. in sinu Guayaquil Columbize Occidentalis. (Isle of Mu-

erte.

Dredged up attached to a dead Pinna from a bottom of sandy
mud, at the depth of eleven fathoms.

The surface of the inside of the lower valve is uneven but lustrous,
and of a hue somewhat approaching to golden. The inside centre
of the upper valve is of a rich_purple brown. The outer surface of
the lower valve, which has been attached throughout its whole ex-
tent, bears a somewhat crystalline appearance; and this observa-
tion may be applied to the adhering surface of Plac. rudis. In the
last-mentioned species this portion is comparatively small, and the
eye will immediately detect it from the contrast which it affords
with the dull exterior of the part which was free.—W. J. B.

PLACUNANOMIA ECHINATA. Plac. testd subtumidd, valvd supe-
riore seriatim echinatd, limbo purpurascente: alt. 14, long. 12,
lat. 3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Nevis.

Dredged up attached to shells, by Mr. Powers, from sandy mud

at a depth of six fathoms.

The inside of the upper valve is of a shining colour, approaching
to golden, and that of the lower is sometimes silvery and sometimes
of a lighter shade of the colour of the inside of the upper valve.

_This species varies much in shape, according to circumstances.
Mr, G. B. Sowerby possesses one of an irregular ovate form. In-
deed Placunanomia, in conmon with other adherent genera, varies
rs much in shape, accommodating its external form to the surface to
___ which its lower valve is attached. It is remarkable also for putting
__ on the appearance of other genera or species; and this, with the ex-
treme closeness of the adhesion cf the lower valve, has been per-
haps one of the causes why it has escaped the notice of zoologists.
Thus, Plac. Cumingii, to a casual observer, looks like one of the
plicated Oysters; Plac. rudis greatly resembles the common Oyster,
_ Ostrea edulis ; and Plac. echinata wears something of the appear-
ance of some of the short-spined Spondyli.—W. J. B.

_ Besides the species above recorded Mr, G. B, Sowerby has kindly
_ furnished me with an odd valve of a large species from Luconia,
__ beautifully iridescent internally: but as it is believed that this is
- identical with the fine shell sold by him to the British Museum, I
_ leave the description of it to the officers of that institution, in whose
_ province it is, and who are so fully capable of doing it justice.

___ This genus, then, appears to be widely diffused. Mr.G. B.Sow-
erby has some other odd valves which may prove new. I possess
_ two or three specimens adhering to Spondyli. from an unknown lo-
ality; but they appear to be young, and, though I am inclined to
_ think that there is among them a new species, I wait for further
_ information before I venture to characterize it.—W. J. B.

_Mr. Owen read the following Notes on the Anatomy of the pur-
crested Touraco, Corythaix porphyreolopha, Vig.
In commencing the anatomical examination of this Bird, my at-
on was first directed to the form of the tongue. This was large,
not confined to the posterior region of the mouth, but ex-
ded to the end of the lower mandible: its apex was beset with
w small horny bristles directed forwards, as in the Toucans,
nphastos, Linn., but much less produced than in those birds.
probable that the ripeness of fruit on which these birds feed is
d by these yielding processes. The base of the tongue was, as
_ beset with retroverted papilla, and elevated into a distinct
serving, asin many of the cold-blooded ovipara, as an epi-
The interspace between this ridge and the laryngeal aper-
was very glandular. That aperture was simple and terminated
riorly by two retroverted spines; so that it is defended in some
“ against regurgitated food as well as from that which is swal-
ved.
“The esophagus is continued down to the stomach of uniform
ple width (its diameter being ¢rds ofan inch) without any dilatation
t ingluvies, as in the true Rasorial birds. Its termination for about
s of an inch is occupied by the zone of gastric glands, forming
proventriculus, which does not deviate in capacity or course from

the rest of the gullet. ‘The gastric follicles are simple, elongated
and rather flattened. The gizzard is small and weak in its parietes,
resembling that of the Toucan. Its length is 1 inch 4 lines; its
greatest diameter 10 lines. ‘he lateral tendons are distinct, and
the narrower portion beyond the pylorus has the strongest muscu-
Jar coat, which, however, does not exceed at this part 4rd of a line
in thickness.

«The capacity of a gizzard of this structure is obviously one
reason why a crop or reservoir is not required: where the muscu-
lar parietes encroach upon the digestive cavity, so as only to allow
small portions of food to enter at a time for the purpose of under-
going trituration, then a crop is as necessary to the gizzard as the
hopper to amill. It is also required in some of the most carni-
vorous birds to enable them to glut themselves with portions of
their prey when too bulky to be borne away entire, and thus to
carry off more than the true digestive cavity can contain. But in
birds which, like the Joucans, the Hornbills, the Parrots, and the

Touracos, live amidst abundance of nutriment, and that of easy _

digestion, a superadded cavity to act as a reservoir, or to submit the
food to maceration previous to its entering upon the digestive pro-
cess, appears unnecessary.

« ‘The intestinal canal in the Touraco has a similar affinity to that
of the tribes of Birds above mentioned, being short, ample and
without ceca. It measured twice the length of the bird from the
end of the bill to the vent. A small pyloric canal intervenes between
the gizzard and duodenum, and opens into the latter upon a valvular
prominence. The duodenum suddenly dilates, and has a diameter
of half an inch; but I am doubtful whether this is natural, as it
was, in the present instance, distended with Tenia, which had per-
forated it in some places, and probably caused the death of the bird.
The fold of the duodenum is 3 inches long, including a narrow bi-
lobed pancreas. The intestine gradually diminishes in diameter to
within 5 inches of the cloaca, when it suddenly dilates, and this
portion has the usual disposition and course of the rectum in birds.

« The liver was composed, as usual, of two lobes. There was a
gall-bladder, of an elongated form, with the cystic duct continued
from the end furthest from the intestine. The mode of termination
of the biliary and pancreatic ducts I was unable to determine, owing
to the morbid adhesions caused by the irritation of the Tenia. —

«The testes were small. The kidneys and supra-renal glands
were of the usual structure.

«From the affinity pointed out by Cuvier between the Touraco
and the Curassows, ! examined carefully the structure of the trachea,
so remarkable for its convolutions in the latter family of birds. It
was, however, continued straight to the inferior /arynx, and was
connected to the fuwrculum only by a slight aponeurosis: the
sterno-tracheal muscles, a single pair, were strong in proportion to
the size of the bird. ‘The rings of the ¢vachea were of a flattened
form, gradually diminishing in size towards the lower extremity of
the tube. The lungs were of the usual form aud structure, and the

1
—

ipa Fe ty
:

air-cells apparently not extending along the neck, or beyond the
abdominal cavity, except to penetrate the osseous system; but of
this I cannot speak with safety, as the bird was skinned before I dis-
sected it.

« The eye of the Towraco is large, measuring 7 lines in lateral
diameter, The Jens is very convex posteriorly, and its capsule is
attached to a narrow marsupium,

“ The clavicles were united, forming an os furcatorium; but they
were extremely weak, and yielded with facility at the point of union.
The keel of the sternum was of moderate size, its greatest depth
being to the length of the sternum as 1 to 4, The posterior mar-
gin of the sternum has two notches on either side of the keel, as in
the Toucan; the lateral ones extending along two thirds the length
of the sternum, the mesial ones about one third.

« After this detail it is scarcely necessary to observe that in all
the important points of the internal structure the Touraco manifests
close relationship to the Scansorial order, and a marked deviation
from the typical structure of the Rasores, in which the superadded
lateral dilatations of the alimentary tube, the crop and c@ca, are so
largely developed.

«The same affinity is also shown in the nature of its parasitic
worms,—the Tenie belonging to the species jfiliformis of Ru-
dolphi, so remarkable for the length and tenuity of the body, and
which has hitherto been met with only in the Pszttacide.

“1 had an opportunity in this instance of witnessing very satis-
factorily the mode of generation of the Tenia. Many separate
joints were found in the track of the intestines, which, when viewed
under the lens, were seen full of ova. Each of these joints contained

from thirty to thirty-three ova, of a subglobular form, and a sur-

face rendered irregular by minute asperities. The posterior joints
of au unbroken worms were similarly distended, and readily sepa-
rated.

« This division of the body approximates to the fissiparous mode
of generation; but as the joints are merely the capsules of the ova,
it is more strictly analogous to the mode of generation in the
Lernee and Entomostraca.”

January 28, 1834.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A preparation was exhibited of the stomach of Semnopithecus
Maurus, F. Cuv., presented to the Society by G. H. Garnett, Esq.
It was brought under the notice of the Meeting for the purpose of
showing that there exists in that Monkey the extremely elongated
and sacculated form of the viscus, which was first described by
M. Otto, as occurring in Semn. leucoprymnus, and which was subse-
quently exhibited by Mr. Owen, at the Meeting of June 1], 1833,
(Proceedings, Part. I. p. 74.) as obtaining also in the only two spe-
cies of the genus which he had then examined, the Semn. Entel-
lus, F. Cuv., and the Semn. fascicularis, Raffl.,—a structure which
he afterwards described and figured in the ‘Transactions’ (vol. i.
p. 65, pll. 9 and 10). Mr. Owen’s impression that this remark-
able modification of the stomach is a generic peculiarity, receives
confirmation from its occurrence in the first previously unexamined
species which has been dissected within the Society's reach since
the publication of his remarks.

-An extensive series of Eulime, chiefly from the collection of
Mr. Cuming, was exhibited, and the following account by Mr,
G. B. Sowerby of the genus and of the characters of the several
species was read.
Genus Eutima, Risso.

Testa turrita, acuminata, polita, anfractibus plurimis ; apertura
ovati, posticé acuminat4 ; labio externo subincrassato, varices ob-

soletos frequentes, subsecundos, plerumque efformante: operculo —

corneo, tenui, nucleo antico.

This genus of marine Shells appears to be most nearly related to
Pyramidella and Rissoa. A species which has been long known
has had the appellation of Turbo politus among British Linnean
writers; and a fossil species has been placed by Lamarck among
the Bulini, under the specific name of Bul. terebellatus. There
are two distinctly marked divisions of the genus, which are cha-
racterized by the two species above mentioned ; one has a solid
columella, and the other is deeply umbilicated. All the species are
remarkable for a brilliant polish externally, and the shells are fre-
quently slightly and somewhat irregularly twisted, apparently in
consequence of the very obsolete varices following each other in an
irregular line, principally on one side, from the apex toward the
aperture. Several recent species are British, and the fossil species
are found in the calcaire grossier near Paris.

* Perforate.

EuLIMA SPLENDIDULA. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, brun-
nescente, prope suturas albo castaneoque articulatd ; umbilico mag-
no; aperturd anticé angulatd : long. 1°45, lat. 0-6 poll,

Conch. Illustr., f. 7.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Amcrice Meridionalis.

Paneth ep

A single specimen of this brilliant shell was dredged in sandy

mud at from six to eight fathoms’ depth.-—G. B. 8S.

_ Eviima marmorata. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, albido

g brunneoque marmoratd ; anfractibus paululim rotundatis ; wm-
4 bilico magno, patylo ; apertura antice angulatd : long. 0°85,
lat. 0"4 poll. ;

Conch. Illustr., f. 8.

£2a0. :
A single specimen was in the collection of the late G. Humphrey.

_ Eurima interrnupta. Ful. testd acuminato-pyramidali, albi-

__ cante, ad varices brunneo maculata ; pie mediocri ; aperturd

___anticé angulatd: long. 0-7, lat. 0°25 poll.

Siren. asce. fT.” "

__ Hab. in America Centrali.

"Dredged in coarse sand, at from eleven to thirteen fathoms, in the

Gulf of Nocoiyo.—G. B. S.

_ Eutima mericata. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, albidd,

___ longitudinaliter spadiceo lineata ; anfractibus infra angulatis,

ominentibus ; umbilico parvo; aperturd anticé angulatd: long.

08, lat. 0:25 poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 4.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Americe Meridionalis.

Dredged in sandy mud in from six to eight fathoms.— G.B.S.

_ EULIMA BRUNNEA. Eul. testé acuminato-pyramidali, brunned;

‘1, _ anfractibus rotundatis ; umbilico parvo ; apertura anticé rotundatd :

___ long. 0°6, lat. 0-2 poll. .
Conch. Illustr., f. 9. ;

b. ad Insulam Haynan dictam, in mare Sinensi.

ral specimens were in the late G. Humphrey’s collection —

** Imperforate.
‘ee. Eul. testa brevi, acuminatd, hyalind ; varicibus
‘ subsecundis ; aperturd antice rotundatd: long. 0°4, lat.0'15 poll.

on the Mother-of-pearl Shells at Lord Hood’s Island.—

LIMA HASTATA. ‘ul. testd breviusculd, albd, prope apicem
testaced ; aperturd ovatd, margine laterali anticdque subangulatis :
long. 0°7, lat. 0°2, poll.

onch. Illustr., f. 10.

<) lab. ad Sanctam Elenam.—G. B. S.

Evuma masor. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, opacd, lacted ;
labio externo subarcuato : long. 1°6, lat. 0° poll.

~ Conch. Illustr., ff. 1. 1*. 1**.

~ Hab. ad Insulam Tahiti.

The largest specimen was found in coral sand on the reefs. —

~ 7 '. .

Burma rasrosa. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, latiusculd .

anfractibus subrotundatis ; aperturd brevi, labio externo postice
dilatato: long. 0'7, lat. 0-3 poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 2.

Hab, ad Insulam Annaa Oceani Pacifici.

Found in fine coral sand,—G. B. S.

EuLima ANGLICA.

Turbo politus, Mont., Test. Brit. Conch. Ilustr., f. 5.

EuLiMA suBANGULATA. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, tenut,
opacd, is ; anfractu ultimo antic? subangulato: long. 0°7, lat.
0:2 poll.

Wonek Illustr., f. 3.

Hab. ad littora maris Indici.

A few specimens were among the late G. Humphrey’s stores, la-

belled E. 1.—G. B.S.

Euiima pusitia. ul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, tenut, hya-
lind, albd ; anfractibus longiusculis : long. 0-3, lat. 0°05, poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 6.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Americz Meridionalis.

Variat omnino fusca.—G. B. S.

EvuLima ARTICULATA, Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, albds

Jusco articulatd et marmoratd ; anfractibus subrotundatis; varici- —

bus subprominulis ; labio externo crassiusculo: long.0°9, lat.0:25
poll.
Conch. Illustr., f. 12.
_ Hab, ad littora Australie.
This species is remarkable for the dark coloration immediately
anterior to each varix.—G. B.S.

Evia varians. Eul. testd subfusiformi, acuminatd, tenui,

coloribus varid ; aperturd oblongd: long. 0°5, lat. 0:15 poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 14.

Hab, ad Xipixapi Americe Meridionalis.

Two specimens were collected in sandy mud by Mr. Cuming, one
of which is white, the other dark brown: several others were among
G. Humphrey’s stores, some of which are white, others are marked
with brown lines and mottled.—G. B. S.

Euuima uineata. Eul. testa fusiformi, tenui, albd, lineis fuscis

duabus spiralibus ; aperturd oblongd: long. 07, lat. 0'1 poll.

Conch. Illustr , f, 13.

Hab.

Several specimens of this were in G. Humphrey’s collection,
marked “ Spira lineata, Weymouth, M.P.”: these two last letters
stand for Musi Portlandici. 1 make no further remark, save that
it appears to have been published by Da Costa under the name of
‘Turbo glaber.—G. B.S.

Eutima acuta. Eul. testa turrito-acutd, albd ; anfractibus duo-
decim levibus, suturis obsoletis ; varicibus sparsis: long. 04,
lat. 0°05 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Bay of Montiji.)

Found in coarse sand at a depth of thirteen fathoms.—G. B. S.

oe “At

February 11, 1834.
Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

_ drupeds forwarded by him for the Society’s Menagerie, it expressed
_ ahope that a subsequent attempt would be more successful.

| Portions were exhibited of the viscera of a Capybara, Hydroche-
e ed ane Erx]., taken from an individual which recently died

othe Society’s Menagerie. They consisted of the stomach, the
homed cecum, and the fauces. In calling the attention of the
Meeting to the latter parts, Mr. Owen availed himself of the oppor-
tunity to demonstrate the structure first observed in them by Mr.
Morgan, by whom it has been described and figured in the lately

published Part of the ‘Linnean Transactions’. The constriction of
hinder part of the soft palate, which prevents any but minutely
ed substances from passing into the pkaryn«, and which was
observed in the Capybara, is found in many other Rodents, but
not obtain in the whole of the animals of that order.

ious preparations were exhibited of the Rhea, Rhea Ameri-
Vieill., and of the Cassowary, Casuarius Emeu, Lath. They
rought under the notice of the Society by Mr. Martin, who,
request of the Chairman, read his notes of the dissections of
irds. They agreed generally with the descriptions published
Everard Home in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’

Martin also exhibited a preparation of aneurism of the aorta,
tained from a brown Coati, Nasua_ fusca, F. Cuv., sent to the So-
or post mortem examination by J. H. Lance, Esq. He stated
this disease appeared to be rare among Quadrupeds, no previ-
stance of it having occurred to him among more than a hun-
individuals of various orders which he had dissected within
ast few years.
oO:
preparation was exhibited of a young common Macaque Monkey,
meus cynomolgus, LaCép., which was born at the Gardens on
Morning of the 25th January, but was dead when first noticed by
e keeper. It is the first instance that has occurred in the Society's
enagerie of the birth of any Monkey of the Old Continent.

i he reading was concluded of a Paper entitled ‘“‘A few Remarks
No. XIV. ProcerpinGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SocIETY. —

tending to illustrate the Natural History of two Annulose Genera,
namely Urania of Fabricius and Mygale of Walckeniier: by W.S.
MacLeay, Esq.”

Adverting in the first place to the doubts which prevail among
entomologists as to the true situation in nature of the genus Urania,
Mr. MacLeay proceeds to contribute towards the elucidation of the
problem, the history of one species which appears to him to be
possibly new. He characterizes it as

Urania Fernanpinz&. Ur. alis nigris, anticis utringue lineis

transversis auro-viridibus supra undecim, septimd bifidd, subtis
sex humeralibus latis, septimd bifidd, octavd longissimd trifidd;
reliquis apicalibus filiformibus ; posticis supra fascid haud ser= —
ratd et lineis octo brevibus lateralibus transversis auro-viridibus.*

Exp. alarum 4—44 unc. :

Hab. in Cuba,

Mr, MacLeay describes in great detail the perfect insect, and
points out, as far as printed descriptions and figures exhibit them,
(he having at present no access to cabinets,) the marks which di-
stinguish Ur. Sloanus, Godart, and Ur. Boisduvalii, Guér., from the
Cuban species. He conceives, however, from the many variations
that he discovers in it, that this insect may be merely a variety of
Ur. Sloanus, to which species Ur. Boisduvalii may also possibly
be referred as a small variety. ;

The coast of Cuba, in every open sandy part of it, is girt imme-
diately above the coral reefs by a copse belt, close and nearly im-
penetrable, composed of almost one species of tree, the sea-side
Grape, Coccoloba uvifera, Linn. At the base of this belt grow vari-
ous Euphorbiacee and Convolvuli; and behind it the parched sand
supports many sea-side shrubs, including Palms, Cesalpinie, Cacti,
&c., festooned with the flowers of Convolvuli, Echites, and other —
climbing plants: the leaves are studded with small terrestrial shells,
and large sea-shells, brought from their original element by the
singular Paguri which have usurped them, cluster round the short
stunted trunks. :

Among the shrubs of these sands the most interesting is Ompha-
lea triandra, the cob or hog-nut of Jamaica, a Euphorbiaceous
plant, but affording a most delicious and wholesome kernel: its
upper leaves are large, heart-shaped, and thick, having a leathery
texture and scabrous pale green surface; the young leaves and
those of young plants have the same texture and colour, but differ
remarkably in form, being deeply incised, with their divisions long
and narrow, particularly the middle one, and all-more or less den-
tated on the sides. On the upper side of the entire leaves of this
shrub torpidly reposes during the day, under a transparent web
which protects it from the powerful rays of the sun, a caterpillar,
which at night becomes active and greedily strips the Omphalea of
its foliage; this is the /arva of Ur. Fernandine. :

The egg of this insect may be found, throughout the whole of the
spring, glued to the tender incised leaves of the Omphalea, scarcely
ever more than two being attached to a single leaf: it has a pearly

justre and a pale green colour, sometimes turning to yellow; and
varies in shape from an ovate to an oblate spheroid. A circular
space on its summit is smooth, and from hence proceed about
twenty-four longitudinal ribs, the intervals between which are
crossed by obsolete sira.
~The young /arva is of the same colour with the egg, is marked by
seven longitudinal black lines of hairs, and has a dirty yellowish
_ head. When fully grown it is cylindrical, is without hinder pro-
____tuberance on the penultimate segment, and has the more usual six-
teen feet: it rarely rolls itself intoa ring. Its head is sessile and
_ red, with usually nearly twenty black spots, several of which seem
____ tobe tolerably constant; the mandibles are black. The prothorax
is velvety black, with a white dorsal line and two or three white
__ irregular spots at the sides; but the proportion of white varies, and
2 there is sometimes a slight red spot on the back of the segment.
‘The body varies from pale yellowish green to a flesh colour, with
_ five paler longitudinal lines, of which the middle one is dorsal: the
_ false feet are somewhat paler than the body; the true feet are red.
_ The mesothoracic segment is rarely spotted, but ail the others are
often marked more or less with black spots. The spiracles are
_ usually black. Each segment is furnished with about six hairs,
__ which are white,.and nearly one fifth as long as the whole body.
_ + The pupa is not at all angular, but is rather gaily coloured; it is
_ of a yellowish brown, with the thorax paler and the wings darker.
The head is rounded and is marked, as well as the mesothorax, with
_ several black spots; on the latter these are interspersed with points:
_ the abdominal segments are each marked transversely with numer-
_ ous black linear dots. The position of the pupa is horizontal, in
an oval cocoon composed of a loose dirty-yellow silk, (with meshes
so few and so lax as to allow the inmate to be readily seen,) and
apn about withered or dead leaves.
_ The perfect insect is truly diurnal, swift in its flight, mounting
high in the air, and travelling inland for two or three leagues, where
_ it haunts gardens in great numbers, By far the greater number,
___ however, remain on the sea-shore, sporting about the leaves of the
Coccoloba wvifera, unless when depositing their eggs on the Ompha-
fea. Its habit of frequenting the Coccoloba induced Mr. MacLeay
‘to search long in vain for its Jarva on that tree. When it alights,
ll the four wings are expanded horizontally, and rarely, if ever,
ike a vertical position.
__. Mr. MacLeay concludes this portion of his paper by referring to
__ Madame Merian’s description of the metamorphosis of Ur. Leilus,
_ and to her figure of its /arva; both of which he regards as unworthy
of credit. He then passes to her account of a bird-catching Spider.
___ The story of a Spider which catches and devours birds had, Mr.
we. MacLeay believes, its origin with Madame Merian. Oviedo, Labat,
and Rochefort make no mention of any Spider as possessing such
habits, the two latter writers going no further than the statement
___ that in the Bermudas there exists one which makes nets of so strong
_ construction as to entangle small birds. Madame Merian, however,

i 1]
:

went the length of asserting that one Spider not only caught, but
devoured small birds; and figured the Mygale avicularia, Walcken.,
in the act of preying on a Humming-bird. Now the Mygale does
not spin a net, but resides in tubes under ground, and in all its
movements keeps close to the earth; while Humming-birds never
perch except on branches. The food of Mygale consists of Julz,
Porcelliones, subterranean Achete, and Biatte: a living Humming-
bird and a small Anolis, placed in one of its tubes, were not only
not eaten by the Spider, but the latter actually quitted its hole, which
it left in possession of the intruders. The largest Spider of the West
Indies that spins a geometrical web is the Nephila clavipes, Leach;
and its net may perhaps, occasionally, be strong enough to arrest
the smaller among the Humming-birds : but it is not likely that the
Spider would eat the birds. A small species of Spheriodactylus, Cuv.,
introduced into one of these nets, was enveloped in the usual man-
ner by the Spider; but as soon as the operation was completed, the
Spider lost no time in cutting the line and allowing her prisoner to
fall to the ground. Mr. MacLeay consequently disbelieves the
existence of any hird-catching Spider.

The Paper was accompanied throughout by numerous notes, in-
cluding observations on many subjects adverted to by the author;
such as the habits of the Jand-Crabs of Cuba; a description of the
grey Lizard of the coast, apparently a species of Agama; &c. They
also included an account of two species of Spheriodactylus, Cuv.,
which are characterized as follows:

SPH£RIODACTYLUS CINEREUS. Spher, caudd corporis longitudine ;
totus cinereus, translucidus, capite flaviori, apice roseo; squamis
dorsalibus punctis minutissimis nigris aspersis.

Long, tot. 23 unc.
This may possibly be the small house Lizard of Browne’s Jamaica.

SPHERIODACTYLUS ELEGANS, Spher. fasciis dorsalibus transversis
nigris 14; capite cceruleo-cinereo, subtus nigro-fasciato; dorso
subviridi ; caudd rubrd, corpore breviore ; ventre cinereo.

Long. tot. 14 une.

Both these Lizards are very common in houses in Cuba, occur-
ring among books or wherever they can find shelter. They have
bright eyes, are pretty and very harmless, and come out of their
corners in rainy weather, declaring war against everything in the
shape of a fly or musquitoe.

and pupa of Urania Fernandine, which were exhibited,

The Paper was also accompanied by drawings of the egg, larva, _

ke -

February 25, 1834,
Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair.

_ A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by M. W. Bojer,
Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Mauritius, Nov. 15,1833. It referred
principally to the animal from Madagascar, which was transmitted
in the spring of last year to the Society by the late Mr. Telfair,
and which was brought by Mr. Bennett on April 9, 1833, (Pro-
ceedings, Part I. p. 46,) under the notice of the Society as the
type of a new genus, for which he proposed the name of Crypto-
procta, on account of its possessing an anal pouch, and being thereby
distinguishable from Paradoxurus, F. Cuv. One of the habits of
the Cryptoprocta ferox indicated, during the life of the animal, the
existence of this pouch: when violently enraged, and it was apt to
become exceedingly ferocious on the sight of a morsel of flesh, ‘it
frequently gratified the persons present with, not an odoriferous,
but a most disagreeable smell, very like that of Mephitis.’ When
its voracity was not thus excited, it was “‘ quite domesticated and
extremely fond of playing with children,” and ran ‘about the house
and yard free and sprightly, eating everything.” When at liberty
_ ‘it lay constantly in a rolling posture;” in confinement its sleep-
ing position was not that of the Veverre, “but always on its side,
_ or even on its back, holding with its fore-feet the small wires of its
_ tage.” “It died of epileptic fits, which tormented it for nearly
three months, and during the last few days of its existence the at-
tacks were very strong and frequent.” It had lived in the Mauri.
tius, M. Bojer states, about twenty-five months; and he feels on
this account some hesitation as to the immature condition of its
dentary system, inquiring whether ‘this period was not sufficient
for its developement, or were the detention and domestication the
cause of the imperfection?” ;
_ With reference to this inquiry, Mr. Bennett remarked that in
the Viverride generally the replacement of the milk teeth takes
lace at a comparatively late period of existence, a fact recorded
by Mr. Gray in the ‘ Proceedings of the Committee of Science and
Correspondence’ of this Society (Part II., p.65), and principally in-
sisted on as regards Paradowurus, a genus most intimately allied to
Cryptoprocta. He added, that the fits of which the animal died
were not improbably occasioned by the irritation of dentition.
Mr, Bennett’s account of Cryptoprocta ferox, with a figure of the
animal, will be published in the Second Part of the Society’s ¢Trans-
actions.’

The reading was commenced of a Paper, entitled ‘Descriptions
of New Species of Calyptreide: by W. J. Broderip, Esq.”; and
the Shells described in it, chiefly obtained from the collection of

-Mr. Cuming, were exhibited. The abstract of this Paper, in-
cluding the characters of the new species, will be given on the
completion of the reading of it.

Mr, Owen read a Paper “On the Anatomy of the Calyptreide.”
After referring to the account given by Cuvier of the anatomy of
Crepidula, to that by M. Deshayes of Calyptrea, and to M. Lesson’s
of Crepipatella, as elucidating the general plan of organization in
this family, he proceeds to describe the structure of Calypeopsis. »

The anatomy of this genus agrees very nearly with that of the
before-known genera of the family, scarcely differing, except in the
comparative extent of the locomotive and respiratory systems; but
Mr. Owen has been enabled to add to the labours of his predeces-
sors an account of the festis, and a description of the salivary glands,
The testis is lodged in a membranous chamber, and consists of a
glandular part of a light brown colour, and of a fibrous texture when
seen under the lens; though, from analogy, the apparent fibres are
no doubt seminal tubes. By the side of the ¢estis there is a bag, or
vesicula seminalis, appropriated to receive the secretion, which
communicates with the termination of the oviduct posterior to the
anus; the anus being situated on the right side of the branchial
orifice, anterior to the ¢estis, which here separates it from the ovi-
duct. Between the fests and the process on the right side of the
neck (regarded by Cuvier as the penis,) Mr. Owen has been unable
to trace any communication: he feels, consequently, convinced
that if this process forms part of the male generative system, it is to
be regarded rather as an exciting than an intromittent organ,
The salivary apparatus consists of two elongated follicles with
glandular parietes, occupying the neck on either side of the a@so-
phagus, anterior to the nervous collar, and opening into the a@sopha-
gus on each side of the base of the lingual plate. 5

After passing in review the several systems, Mr. Owen concludes
by remarking on the internal chamber or cup which exists in the
shells of this family. He regards it as being necessitated by the
greater extent of the locomotive powers in Calyptrea than in Pa-
tella; a calcareous plate being interposed between the viscera and
the foot to protect them from the pressure to which they would
otherwise be exposed during the comparatively extensive and fre-
quent contractions of the latter organ. As respiration has a direct
relation to locomotion, the Calyptreide approach towards the
higher marine univalves in the organs dedicated to that function.
Throughout. the family the extent of the respiratory lamina is found
to correspond with the extent of the internal shell, and with the
extent and organization of the foot.

Numerous specimens were exhibited of Birds collected in North
America, principally in the United States, by George Folliott, Esq.,
and presented by him to the Socicty. At the request of the Chair-
man, Mr. Gould brought. them severally under the notice of the
Meeting. His principal object being to illustrate, so far as these

Soxey~<-

“15

birds were concerned, the geographical distribution of allied or
identical-species, he directed his observations chiefly to the deter-
mination of those North American Birds which seemed to him to be
referrible to European species, and of those which, haying been
generally considered as identical with European, appeared, on di-
rect comparison, to present differences in form and colouring.
_ The common Turnstone of Europe, Strepsilas collaris, Temm.,
appears to be not only identical with the Turnstone of North Ame-
rica, but to be spread, without any tangible variation, over almost
every portion of the globe. The Sanderling, Calidris arenaria, Temm.,
‘and the Knot, Tringa Canutus, Linn., are also identical in both
continents ; as is the great white Heron or Egret, Ardea Egretta,
Temm. The common Tern or Sea-Swallow of England, Sterna
Hirundo, Linn., occurs equally in North America. The common
Crow, Corvus Corone, Linn., is also identical in both continents.
With respect to the Whimbrel, Numenius pheopus, Temm., and
? o little Sandpiper, Tringa Temminckii, Mr. Gould stated himself
be unable to determine as to their identity without the compari-
son of more specimens from America than he had yet been able to
; in for the purpose of examination.

_ The Cross-dill of North America Mr. Gould showed to be very
‘distinct from that of Europe, the Lozia curvirostra, Linn. ; it is
_ one third less in all its proportions, and is somewhat less brilliant in
; pe ring. The Ring Dottrel of North America is also specifically
_ distinct from that of Europe, the Charadrius Hiaticula, Linn.; in-
dependently of differences in admeasurement, its semipalmated foot
will always serve to distinguish it.

In addition to the Birds that have been already mentioned, Mr.
_ Folliott’s collection contained a series of the Sylviad@ of the United

‘S lates, several Fly-caichers, the Orphea rufa, &c., &c.

__ Mr. Gray exhibited specimens of the shelly covering of a Radiated
animal, allied to the Echinide and the Asteriide, which he regarded
_ as the type of a new genus, and for which he proposed the name

GANYMEDA.
s hemisphzricum, depressum; depressione dorsi centrali

__.. Os inferum, centrale.
; Anus nullus: 5
Ambulacra nulla.*
« The body is hemispherical, depressed, thin, chalky and hollow.
___ * The back is rounded, rather depressed, flattened behind, with a
_ father sunk quadrangular central space.
_ The sides are covered with sunken angular cavities with a small
found ring, having an oblong transverse subcentral hole in their

4 «The under side is small, rather concave, with five slight sloping
_ elevations from the angles of the mouth to the angles of the rather
pentagonal margin. The edge is simple.

« The mouth is central. The vent none.

‘¢ The cavity is simple.

“ The parietes are thin and minutely dotted, and the centre of
the dorsal disc is pellucid.

«« This genus is very nearly allied to the fossil described by Dr.
Goldfuss in his beautiful work on Petrifactions, under the name of
Glenotremites paradoxus (tab. 49. f. 9. and t.51.f. 1.), with which it
agrees in external appearance and form, in the possession of
a sunken space on its upper surface, and in having only a single in-
ferior pentagonal mouth. It differs from Glenotremites by being un-
furnished with ambulacra running from the angle of the mouth to
the margin, by being unprovided with conical cavities between those
near the mouth, and by having in the flattened disc on the back a
central quadrangular impression instead of the pentagonal star of
that genus.

«Dr. Goldfuss describes the glenoid cavities on the surface as
giving attachment to spines similar to those of the Turban Echini,
( Cidaris,Lam.),and states that the under surface is covered with very
small tubercles to which he believes spines were attached. The
cavities on the surface of Ganymeda and the pits in them have very
much the form of those figured by Dr. Goldfuss in his fossil, but I
cannot regard them as being fitted for the attachment of spines:
they have much more resemblance to the mouths of cells. So great,
indeed, is this resemblance, that I entertained doubts whether the
whole mass might not be a congeries of cells like the Lunulites,
rather than the case of a single body, until I considered that it was
impossible, from its form, that it could increase in size with the
growth of the animal, and that its exceeding regularity proved that
it must be the formation of a single creature.

“I am induced to consider these two genera, though differing in
the above-stated particulars, as forming a family or order between
the Echinide and the Asteriide; allied to the latter in having only
a single opening to the digestive canal, and agreeing with the former
in form and consistence, but differing from it in not being composed
of many plates.

“<I only know two specimens of this genus, which I believe were —
found on the coast of Kent, as I discovered them mixed with a quan-
tity of Discopora Patina which I collected several years ago from

Juci and shells on that coast. The specimens are 4 of an inch in
diameter.

«TJ propose to call the species Ganymeda pulchella.”

March 11, 1834.
William Spence, Esq., in the Chair.

_ Specimens and drawings were exhibited of a freshwater Tortoise,
forming part of the collection of Mr. Bell, by whom it was described
as the type of a new genus, for which he proposed the name of

Cyc.emys.

Sternum latum, testam dorsalem longitudine feré zequans, inte-
grum, solidum ; teste dorsali ligamento squamato connexum.

Cyciemys orsicuuata. Cycl. testd suborbiculari, carinatd, postic?
dentatd, fused ; scutis sterni flavescentibus, fusco radiatim lineatis.

Long. dors?, 8 unc. ; lat. 7; alt. 3.

Emys orbiculata, Bell.

Pullus. Emys Dhor, Gray, Syn. Rept., p. 20.?

Hab. in India.

Mr. Bell regards the Tortoise which he has thus characterized as
supplying a link in the connecting series of the land with the fresh-
_ water families which has hitherto been wanting ; and as especially

‘

_ valuable in the natural arrangement, by the clue which it furnishes
_ tothe correct location of the Indian forms of the genus Emys. Itis,
_ indeed, most nearly related to Emys spinosa, and on a superficial ob-
_ servation might almost be referred to that species ; but on closer
_ examination it is found to differ from that Tortoise, not only specifi-
cally, but generically also : its sternal bones are permanently sepa-
_ rated from the dorsal ones, with which they are connected by means
ofa ligament alone, similar to that which performs the same office in
| ian From the Box- Tortoises, however, to which, in this point
_ Of its structure, it is so closely related, Cyclemys is altogether distinct,
_ the whole of its sternum being entire, instead of having, as is invari-
_ ably the case in Terrapene, one or more transverse divisions of the
_ sternum itself, the lobes of which move as ona hinge. In Terr.
_ Europea this mobility of the sternum exists in each lobe in a small
_ degree, combined with the ligamentous connexion of the sternal to
_ the dorsal bones. In Cyclemys the whole sternum moves together,
_ though very slightly.
__ The transition from the land to the freshwater Tortoises may con-
_ sequently be regarded as commencing in Terrapene ; passing through
_ Terr. Europea to Cyclemys orbiculata ; and thence through the In-
dian forms of Emys, which so closely resemble the latter species, to
the other forms of Emys : the natural series of connexion between the
Testudinide and the Emydida being thus completed.

a The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained
im the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those now exhibited were accom-

z
No, XV. Proceepines or tne Zooxocicat Society.

panied by characters by Mr. G, B. Sowerby, and consisted of species
and varieties additional to those previously characterized by Mr. Bro-
derip, (Proceedings, Part I. p. 52.) of the

Genus Conus.

Conus Atcornsis. Con. testd tenuiusculd, subcylindraced, levi,
fused, fascii unicd seu fasciis duabus interruptis albis ; spird
brevi, subrotundatd, albo fuscoque articulatd : long. 1°15, lat. 0°55
poll.

Hab. ad littora Africe Meridionalis.

Found on the sands at Algoa Bay.—G. B. S.

Conus Auuicus.
Var. roseus. Testa formd et staturdé Con. Aulico omnind simillimd,
maculis irregulariter subtrigonis, roseis.
Hab, ad Insulam Annaa,
This, the most beautiful variety of Con. Aulicus, is found on the
coral reefs around the Island of Annaa or Chain Island.—G. B. 8.

Conus NussaTELLa. ;

Var. tenuis. Testd tenui, albd, flavicante nebulatd, punctulis fuscis

transverse seriatim dispositis ; striis transversis tenuissimis.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaa,

Found on the coral reefs,

This variety differs in being more slender, much thinner, more pro-
duced at the spiral end, and wider anteriorly, from the ordinary va-
riety. Its transverse stri@ are, moreover, very fine, and its brown
specks much more distant and regular.—G, B. 3.

Conus TENDINEUS.

Var. granulosus. Testd formd et staturd omnind Con. tendinel, striis
transversis confertis granulosis.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaa.

Found on the coral reefs.—G. B. S.

Conus Luzonicws.

Var. Testa forma et staturd omnino Con. Luzonici, fusco-nigricante,
fascia interruptd mediand carulescente-albidd, antice albido va-
rid.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found in the clefts of rocks at low water.

A specimen of the more usual variety, which accompanies these,

shows the epidermis.—G. B. S.

Conus BRuNNEUS, Wood. Con. testd turbinatd, crassd, coronatd,
fused, maculis albis transverse fasciatim dispositis ; spird subpromi-
nuld, albo fuscoque maculata, spiraliter sulcatd, tuberculis magnis ;
basi lineis elevatis; subgranosis: long. 1°8, lat. \* poll.

Wood, Suppl. pl. 3. f. 1.

Variat testa crassiore, tota fusca, immaculata.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos, ad Puertam Portreram et ad Pana-

mam.
Found in the clefts of rocks —G. B. S.

——— eee ee

Conus putcuE ius. Con. testd oblongo-turbinatd, coronatd, albi-
cante roseo tinctd ; superne turgiduld, infra granoso-lineatd ;
punctulis nonnullis fuseo-nigricantibus sparsis ; aperturd intis car-
ned: long. 1°5, lat. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad littora occidentalia Australie.

From Freemantle.—G. B. S.

Conus Diapema. Con. testd turbinatd, levi, crassd, coronatd, fused,
fascid angustd mediand pallidiore ; spird subdepressd, tuberculis
magnis, albis ; apice mucronato ; basi lineis elevatiusculis nonnul-
lis ; aperturd intits purpureo-albicante : long, 1:7, lat. 1- poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found in the clefts of the rocks at low water.—G. B. S.

Conus rerrucatus. Con. tesid acuminato-conicd, levi, albd, maculis
longitudinalibus punctisque seriatim dispositis ferrugineis ; spird
subacuminatd, albd, ferrugineo maculatd ; basi sulcatd : long. 1-7,
lat. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Californie et apud Insulam Guaymas.

This differs much from Con. monilifer in its proportions.—G. B. S.

Conus Reeauiratis. Con. testdturbinatd, levi, crussiusculd, superne

' ventricosd, spadiced, maculis punctulisque albo-ceerulescentibus va=
rid; spird depressiusculd, spiraliter sulcatd ; basi lineis elevatius-
culis paucis, subrugosis: long. 2°, lat. 1-1 poll.

__ Hab. ad littora Americe Centralis. (Real Llejos.)

Found in the clefts of rocks on sandy mud.

__ It may be designated Real Llejos or Royalty Cone.—G. B. S.

___ A specimen was exhibited of the Musk Duck of New Holland,
_ Hydrobates lobatus,''emm. It had recently been presented to the
Society by Lieut. Breton, R.N., Corr. Memb. Z. S., who entered into
some particulars respecting its habits. He stated that these birds are
_ 80 extremely rare, that he saw only thrée of them during his various
_ excursions, which extended over twelve hundred miles of country.
le has never heard of any instance in which more than two were
“seen together. They are met with only on the rivers, and in pools
left in the otherwise dry beds of streams. It is extremely difficult to
_ shoot them, on account of the readiness with which they dive; the
_ Instant the trigger is drawn, the bird is under water.
ile :
_ Some observations by Dr. Hancock on the Lantern-fly and other
ects of Guiana were reat.
_ The writer concurs with M. Richard and M. Sieber in regarding
erroneous the statement of Madame Merian, that the Lantern-fly,
igora lanternaria, Linn., exhibits at night a brilliant light, and
emarks that the whole of the native tribes of Guiana agree in treating
this story as fabulous : it seems to be an invention of Europeans de-
Sirous of assigning a use to the singular diaphanous projection, re-
Sembling a horn lantern, in front of the head of the insect. He also
States that the Fulgore rarely sing.

The insect whose song is most frequently heard in Guiana is the Ci-
cada clarisona, the Aria-aria of the Indians, and Razor-grinder of the
Colonists : in the cool shade of the forests it may be heard at almost
every hour of the day; but in Georgetown its song commences as
the sun disappears below the horizon. At Georgetown this Cicada
was never heard in 1804, when Dr. Hancock first visited the place ;
but it is now very common, probably in consequence of the shelter
afforded by the growth of many trees and shrubs in the gardens which
have since been formed there. The sound emitted by it is ‘‘ along,
continuous, shrill tone, which might be compared almost to that of a
clarionet, and is little interrupted, except occasionally by some vibrat-
ing undulations.”

— a)

March 25, 1834.
bie William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of an Albatross presented to the So-
ciety by Lieut. Breton, Corr. Memb. Z. S., whose principal object in
calling the attention of the Society to it was to mention that, being
“unprovided at the time at which the bird was killed with any of the
ordinary preserving powder or soap, he had used for its preservation
‘a mixture of Cayenne and black peppers with snuff and salt. The
skin, well rubbed with this mixture, was brought through the inter- _
tropical regions in an ordinary trunk, affording free access to insects,
‘and arrived in England uninjured. Lieut. Breton conceives that it
“may be advantageous to collectors to be made aware that the pre-
ervation of skins can be secured by articles so constantly at hand as

8
those which he employed in this instance.
i.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells forming
art of the collection made by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of
South America, and among the islands of the South Pacific Ocean.
Those brought on the present evening under the notice of the So-

tiety were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and
consisted of five species of the

Genus GasTROCHANA.

_ Gasrrocuzna ovata. Gast. testd ovatd, albicante, longitudina-
later striatd, striis ezilibus, lamellosis, formam marginis semper
__‘ sequentibus ; longitudine lateris antici quintam partem teste
__ @quante: long. \-2, lat. 0°7, alt. 0°7 poll.

_ Hab. in Sinu Panamensi (Isle of Perico,) et ad Insulam Platz.
‘ound in Spondyli at the Isle of Perico, and in coral rocks, at a
h of seventeen fathoms, at the Island of Plata.—G. B. S.

~ Gasrrocuzna truncata. Gast. testd oblongd, postic? rotundato-
___ truncata, striatd, sordidé albicante ; epidermide tenui lamellosdé

-postic? tectd ; latere antico brevissimo, subacuminato : long. 1°4,

lat. 0°7, alt. 0°7 poll.

_ Hab. in Sinu Panamensi. (Isle of Perico.)

_ Found in Spondyli.—G. B.S.

s Pi . “90
_ Gasrrocuzna previs. Gast. lestd breviter ovatd, tenui, pellucidd,

-striatd, striis evilissimis ; longitudine lateris antici octavam par-
__ tem teste equante : long. 0'8, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°5 poll.

~ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos et apud Insulam Lord Hood's dictam.
_ Found in Pear/ oysters in from three to seven fathoms.—G. B. S,

GasrrocHZNA RUGULOSA. Gast. testd oblongd, albidd, striatd, ru-
gulosd, striis anticis prope marginem hiantem confertis, acutis ;
hiatu longissimo : long. 08, lat. 0°3, alt. 0-4 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos et apud Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam.

Found with the last.—G. B. S.

GasrrocHzNA HYALINA. Gast. testd ovali, albidd, hyalind, levi, —
dorso longitudinaliter striato ; latere antico brevi ; hiatu duos —
trientes teste equante : long. 0°55, lat. 0°25, alt. 0-3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam.

Found with the two last.—G. B. S.

A Note was read from Mr. Gray, giving an account of the arrival
in England of two living specimens of Cerithium armatum, which had —
been obtained at the Mauritius, and had been brought from thence in
adry state. That the inhabitants of land Shells will remain alive
without moisture for many months is well known: he had had occa-
sion to observe that various marine Mollusca will also retain life ina —
state of torpidity for a considerable time, some facts in illustration of —
which he had communicated at a recent Meeting of the Society (Pro-*
ceedings, Part I., p. 116.): the present instance included, however, -
a torpidity of so long a continuance as to induce him to mention it
particularly. The animal, though deeply contracted within the shell,
was apparently healthy, and beautifully coloured. It emitted a con-
siderable quantity of bright green fluid, which stained paper of a grass
green colour: it also coloured two or three ounces of pure water.
This green solution, after standing for twelve hours in a stoppered —
bottle, became purplish at the upper part ; but the paper retained its
green colour though exposed to the atmosphere.

The Secretary mentioned an instance of the arrival in this country —
of a living Cerithium Telescopium, Brug., brought from Calcutta, in —
company with some small Paludina, which also reached England ~
alive : these Moliusca were, however, kept in sea water frequently —
changed. The Cerithium was placed by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, for dissec- }
tion, in the hands of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley and G. H. Hoffman,
Esq., who have prepared a paper on its anatomy for the forthcomin
No. of the ‘ Zoological Journal’ : it will be illustrated by a series of —
figures, which were exhibited to the Meeting. It is worthy of re-
mark, that the spirit in which this animal was immersed for the pur-
pose of killing it, and in which it was kept for some weeks, became of
a dark verdigris colour.

Dr. Weatherhead exhibited two young Ornithorhynchi preserved —
in spirit, which he had recently received from New Holland, and
stated his intention of presenting one of them to the Society’s Mu-
seum. The smallest of them is about two inches in length; the
largest about four. Both are destitute of hair; and in both the —
eye-lids are closed. In the smaller one there is a vestige of an
umbilical slit.

4
'
:

The larger of the two is one of those which were kept in captivity,
_ with their dam, by Lieut. the Hon. Lauderdale Maule, as noticed
in a communication read at the Meeting of the Committee of Sci-
ence and Correspondence of this Society on September 11, 1832,
(Proceedings, Part II. p. 145). With it was exhibited the dried:
Ei :

_ skin of the dam, to which the mammary glands, largely developed,

had been left adhering.

A Note from Lieut. Breton, Corr. Memb. Z. S., was read, giving
an account of an Echidna, which lived with him for some time in New
Holland, and survived a part of the voyage to England. The animal
_ was captured by him on the Blue Mountains : it is now very uncom-
mon in the colony of New South Wales. He regards it as being of
its size the strongest quadruped in existence. It burrows readily,
but he knows not to what depth.

Previously to embarkation this individual was fed on ant-eggs and
milk, and when on board its diet was egg chopped small with liver
dmeat. It drank much water. Its mode of eating was very curi-
s, the tongue being used at some times in the manner of that of
the Chameleon, and at others in that in which a mower uses his
‘scythe, the tongue being curved laterally, and the food, as it were,
Swept into the mouth: there seemed to be an adhesive substance on
ongue, by which the food was drawn in, The animal died sudden-
ff Cape Horn, while the vessel was amidst the ice ; perhaps in con-
ence of the cold, but not improbably on account of the eggs with
it was fed being extremely bad.
eut. Breton agrees with MM. Quoy and Gaimard in believing
little difficulty would be experienced in bringing alive to Europe
Echidna or Porcupine Ant-eater of New Holland. He suggests
following plan.
iously to embarkation the animal should gradually be weaned
S natural food of ants, which may be done with great facility
ing it occasionally ants and ant-eggs, (the last is, in fact, more
y speaking, its common food,) but more generally milk, with
chopped very small, or egg alone. When on board ship it should
pt in a deep box, with strong bars over the top, anda deor. It
isite that the box or cage be deep, because the animal con-
ries its utmost to escape ; and possessing very great strength,
e to injure itself in its exertions to force its way through the
ba The effluvia arising from its excrement are so extremely fetid,
at it cannot be kept altogether in a cabin, unless the cage be fre-
atly cleaned. While this is being done, the Echidna may be al-
ed its liberty, but must be narrowly watched, or it will certainly
verboard. It is absolutely necessary that the eggs which are to
iitute its food during the voyage be as fresh as possible: they can
served in lime water. If milk is not to be procured, water must
= supplied daily ; and egg and liver (or fresh meat) cut small, should
be given at least every alternate day ; but, when the weather will per-
‘Mit, it should be fed once a day. Half an egg (boiled hard) and the

’ 24
liver of a fowl or other bird will suffice for a meal. Finally, the ani-
mal should be kept warm, and well supplied with clean straw. It wil
be as well to nail two or three pieces of wood (battens) across the
floor of the cage, to prevent the animal from slipping about when the
ship is unsteady. :

>. «= &

April 8, 1834.
Dr. Marshall Hall in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by John Hearne,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated Port au Prince, Feb. 15, 1834. It
accompanied a present to the Society of a pair of the common Goats
of Hayti; referred to various Birds which it is the intention of the
writer to forward when the season is more advanced ; and gave some
particulars of a bird known in-the island by the name of the Musicien,
respecting which Mr. Hearne hopes to obtain, in the course of a jour-
ney which he projects into the higher lands of the interior, more full
information than he at present possesses.

Some extracts were read from a Letter, addressed to Mr. Yarrell
by Dr. A. Smith, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Cape Town, Jan. 12,
1834. It refers to the projected expedition from the Cape of Good
Hope into the interior of Africa, which it is the intention of the writer
_toaccompany. It is designed to proceed directly northward from
Latakoo ; and Dr. Smith anticipates in this new field numerous ad-
ditions to his Zoological stores : along the eastern and western coasts
_ he has already penetrated to a considerable distance. Speaking of
_ the Rodentia, so numerous in Southern Africa, he mentions as col-
_ lected by him, in his late visit to Port Natal and the Zoola country,
_ asecond species of his genus Dendromys. He also notices a new
“Species of Chrysochloris obtained by him in the same country.

_ At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited an exten-

sive series of Birds of the genus Trogon, Linn., comprising twenty-
_ five species. ‘The greater number of them form part of the Society's

Museum, and the others were derived from his own collection.

_. He pointed out the distinguishing marks of the two sections of
the genus, one of which is confined to America, while the other
inhabits the Old Continent. He also pointed out among the species
exhibited there which he regarded as hitherto undescribed ; these he
named and characterized as follows :

TRoGon ERYTHROCEPHALUS. Trog. capite guttureque sordide
_-Sanguineis, hoc postice strigd albd obsoletd cincto ; pectore ven-
treque coccineis ; dorso tectricibusque caud@ supertoribus arenaceo-
castaneis ; scapularibus aleque tectricibus majoribus nigro alboque
_ flexuosim strigatis.

Foem. Capite guttureque arenaceo-brunneis; torque albomagis quam
__™ mare conspicuo; scapularibus nigro brunneoque strigatis.
Rostrum brunneum ; mandibularum basis regiogue ophthalmica
nuda coccinez.
Long. tot. 12 vel 13 unc.; ala, 5.
_ Hab. apud Rangoon,

No. XVI.—Procrepines or THE ZooLoeicau Society.

Trocon Marasaricus. Tvrog. capite, gutture, pectoreque fult-
ginoso-nigris, hoc torque lato albo ; ventre coccineo ; dorso tectri-
cibusque caud@ supertoribus sordide arenaceo-brunneis ; scapulari-
bus tectricibusque ale majoribus nigro alboque flecuosim strigatis.

Fom. Capite, dorso, gutture, pectoreque sordidé brunneis 3 ventre
luteo; pectore haud torquato; scapularibus nigro brunneoque
strigatis.

Rostrum nigrum ; mandibularum basis regioque ophthalmica nuda

ceerulee.

Long. tot. 11 vel 113 unc.; ale, 5.

Hab. ad littus Malabar dictum.

In both these birds the quill-feathers are black, edged with white ;
the three outer tail-feathers on each side black at their base and
broadly white at their tips; and the two middle tail-feathers tipped
with black, their remaining portion being of a chestnut brown, which
in Trog. erythrocephalus is deep, and in Trog. Malabaricus light.

TROGON ELEGANS. Trog. vertice, genis, guttureque nigris $ cervice,
dorso, pectoreque metallicé aureo-viridibus, hoc posticé torque albo
cincto ; ventre saturate coccineo ; scapularibus aleque tectrictbus
albo nigrescenti-brunneoque minutissimé flexuosim strigatis, pogo-
niis externis lined albd longitudinali notatis.

Foem. Capite, pectore, dorsoque saturate brunnescenti-griseis ; tor-
que albo obsoleto ; ventre quam in mari pallidiore.

Rostrum saturaté aurantio-luteum.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale, 5; caude, 7.

Hab. apud Guatimala, in Mexico.

The tail is considerably lengthened in the male, and its four middle
feathers are bronzed green on the upper surface, and deeply marked
with black at the tip; the three outer feathers are white at the tip,
and barred to a great extent on their outer edges with alternate lines
of black and white, a marking which appears also, though less exten-
sively, on their inner edges, the remainder being black : in some spe-
cimens this marking of the tail is reduced to an irregular and minute
sort of dotting, in place of the bars. In the female the middle tail-
feathers are of a dull chestnut, tipped with black, and the three outer
feathers much resemble those of the male, but are less decidedly dot-
ted, assuming rather a freckled appearance.

Mr. Bennett briefly recapitulated the facts and reasonings which
have from time to time been brought before the Society on the sub-
ject of the abdominal glands of the Monotremata, regarded by Meckel
and by Mr. Owen as mammary, and by M. Geoffroy-Saint Hilaire
as connected with a peculiar function, to which, however, differ-
ent results have been attributed by that learned zoologist at various
times. The object of the recapitulation was to introduce an abstract
of a recent Memoir by M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire, ‘‘ On the structure
and use of the Monotrematic glands, and particularly on those glands
in the Cetacea."" In this Memoir the author regards the mammary
glands of the Cetacea, so analogous in structure to those of Ornitho-

—

hus and Echidna, as having a function similar to that which he has
ted to these latter : he assumes that the fluid secreted by them
milk but mucus, and that this mucus is not sucked by the
(whose organs of deglutition he describes as being unfitted
cking,) but is ejected by the mother into the water, the element
ich they dwell, where, by imbibition of a portion of the water,
nes thickened, and, floating by the mother’s side, is devoured
e progeny.
1. Geoffroy has subsequently changed his opinion as to the na-
the fluid secreted by the nutrient glands of the Cetacea. He’
an opportunity of examining these glands in some Porpoises,
found the secretion to be actually milk. He still, however,
ns that the young of the Cetacea do not suck, but that the.
ects the nutritious fluid from the milk receptacle into the
her young.

nerf! et lo degoney ans A

April 22, 1834.
Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Ciair.

Some Notes by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., were
read: they accompanied a collection of Shells and Crustacea made
by the writer on the coast of Devonshire, near Teignmouth. The se-
veral specimens were exhibited.

Among them were numerous individuals of Cypr@a Pediculus, Cyp.
bullata, and Cyp. Arctica. Of the former there are two vatieties,
one spotted and the other without spots. The spotted variety, Mr.
Harvey states, is generally smaller than the plain one, and is less pro-
duced on one side near the apex.

Cyp. bullata is found in the same localities as Cyp. Pediculus, but
it may be doubted whether it is the young of that species: it is so
comparatively rare, that Mr. Harvey has dredged up only six speci-
mens of it, while he has collected more than a hundred of Cyp. Pedi-
culus : he possesses, moreover, young individuals of Cyp. Pediculus
of smaller size than specimens of Cyp. bullata. In the latter the
whorls are more produced at the apex, and the shell is so delicate as
to be broken by even a slight fall.

On Cyp. Arctica Mr. Harvey remarks, that although its size and
appearance are in favour of its being a young shell, he hesitates in
referring it to the immature condition of the unspotted Cyp. Pedicu-
lus: his principal ground for doubt is the extreme rarity of Cyp.
Arctica. He inquires, however, whether the young animal may not,
perhaps, live deeply imbedded in the sand for a certain period before
it comes to the surface, and thus generally elude the search of the
conchologist until its shell becomes matured ?

With the Shells Mr. Harvey had transmitted to the Society living
specimens of Caryophyllia Smithii, Brod., the Torbay Madrepore,
whose habits were described by Mr. De la Beche in the ‘ Zoological
Journal’ a few years since: these individuals died on the journey.
They are attainable only at the lowest spring tides. ‘They may be
kept alive in sea water, changed every second or third day, by feed-
ing them with a very small piece of fresh fish scraped, and deposited
with a quill upon the animal, by which it is sucked in in a manner
exactly similar to that of Polypi. The colours of some individuals
are very vivid ; and among these green, blue, and blueish grey are
the most predominant. Adhering to the Caryophyllia is occasionally
found the Pyrgoma Anglicum, Leach, which appears to occur in no
other situation.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Thompson of Belfast exhi-
bited an immature specimen of the long-tailed Manis, Manis tetra-
dactyla, Linn., for the purpose of showing that when very young,

—

(the present specimen being but ten inches in length,) the animal is
_ as thoroughly armed, both with respect to scales and spines, as the full-
_ grown one. The specimen was also considered by Mr. ‘Thompson as

interesting on account of its locality, it having been obtained in
_ Sierra Leone.

__ Mr. Thompson also read the following notice of the Cuckoo, Cucu-
~ lus canorus, Linn., copied from his Journal, under the date of 28th
_ May, 1833.

& __** On examination of three cuckoos to-day, which were killed in
_ the counties of Tyrone and Antrim within the last week, I found
_ them all to be in different stages of plumage: one was mature ; ano-
_ ther (a female) exhibited on the sides of the neck and breast the red-
& dish-coloured markings of the young bird, the remainder of the plu-
__ mage being that of maturity ; the third specimen had reddish mark-
f ings disposed entirely over it, much resembling the plumage described
by M. Temminck as assumed by ‘les jeunes tels qu’ils emigrent en
~ automne’, (Man. d’Orn, tom. |. p. 383), but having a greater pro-
_ portion of red, especially on the tail coverts, than is specified in his
_ description of the bird at that age. This individual proved, on dissec-
tion, to be a female, and did not contain any eggs so large as ordi-
_ mary sized peas. ‘he stomach, with the exception of the presence of
- some small sharp gravel, was entirely empty, and was closely coated
over with hair.”
___ Attention was called to the stomach of one of these birds, that the
__ hair with which it is lined might be observed. From its close adhesion
_ to the inner surface of the stomach, and from the regularity with
which it is arranged, Mr. Thompson was at first disposed to consider
this hair as being of spontaneous growth ; but part of the stomach
__ having been subjected to maceration in water, and afterwards viewed
_ through a microscope of high power, the hairs proved, to the entire
satisfaction of Mr. Owen and himself, to be altogether borrowed from
the larve of the Tiger-moth, Arctia Caja, Schrank, the only species
- found in the stomach of the bird in various specimens from different
_ parts of the country which were examined by Mr. Thompson in the
months of May and June, 1833.

oo
5 Mr. Thompson also read a Catalogue, with incidental notices, of
new to the Irish Fauna. He prefaced his list by remarking
he did not bring them forward as. unrecorded, without having
viously consulted every work in which he was aware that the birds
Ireland are either particularly described or incidentally noticed ;
luding the Statistical Surveys of the Irish counties, which contain,
‘im several instances, Catalogues of the Birds that have been observed
in them.
ea e Catalogue is as follows :
1. Alpine Swift, Cypselus alpinus, Temm. By the ‘ Dublin Penny
Journal’ of March 30, 1833, my attention was directed to a rara avis,
id to have been killed at Rathfarnham, and preserved in the fine col-
lection of birds belonging to Thomas W. Warren, Esq. On calling to

de =|

see this bird (its species not having been ascertained,) I found it to be
the Alpine Swift, which has not before been recorded as obtained in any
part of Ireland ; the specimen recognised as the Cypselus alpinus by
my friend, William Sinclair, Esq., and communicated by him to Mr.
Selby for insertion in the British Fauna, having been met with off —
Cape Clear, at the distance of some miles from land.

Mr. Warren’s specimen was received by him on the 14th of March,
and was then in a perfectly fresh state.

2. Redstart, Phenicura Ruticilla, Swains. This species is recorded
on the excellent authority of Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin, who has,
in the-autumnal months, shot several of them in the vicinity of
Youghal, co. Cork.

3. Bearded Titmouse, Parus biarmicus, Linn. Mr. William S.
Wall, Bird Preserver, Dublin, who is very conversant with British
Birds, assures me that he received a specimen of this species from the
neighbourhood of the river Shannen a few years since.

4. Rock Pipit, Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. Common about the
rocks, &c., on the seashore, in the North of Ireland.

5. Crested Purple Heron, Ardea purpurea, Linn. Of this bird
there is a fine specimen in mature plumage in the collection of Mr:
Warren, which I am assured was shot at Carrickmacross.

6. Little Bittern, Botaurus minutus. A specimen of this bird,
shot in the county of Armagh, is preserved in the cabinet of William
Sinclair, Esq., Belfast. Specimens have also been obtained in the
east and south of Ireland.

7. Night Heron, Nycticorax Europeus, Steph. Of this bird I
saw a specimen a few weeks since in the shop of Mr. Glennen, Bird
Preserver, Dublin, which he informed me was sent him in a fresh state
from Letterkenny, early in the present year.

8. * Spoonbill, Plutalea leucoredia, Linn. Mr. Ball informs me,
that in the autumn of 1829, three of these birds were seen in company
near Youghal, and that one of them was shot. It was preserved by
Dr. Green of that town, and is at present in his possession.

9. * Green Sandpiper, Totanus ochropus, Temm. Of this bird I
have seen Irish specimens in several collections.

10. Dottrel, Charadrius morinellus, Linn. A specimen of this bird;
which was shot near Downpatrick a few years ago, is preserved in the
house of Mr. Reid, at Ballygowan Bridge (Down).

11. Black-winged Stilt, Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer. In the
winter of 1823, a bird of this species was seen by Mr. Ball in the
neighbourhood of Youghal.

12. Gadwall, Chauliodus strepera, Swains. Dr. Robert Graves of
Dublin informed me that a specimen of this bird which 1 saw in his
collection was shot at Wexford. ie

13. Smew, Mergus albellus, Linn. Of this bird I have seen speci-
mens from different parts of Lreland.

14. Little Auk, Mergulus melanoleucos, Ray. ‘There is a speci-
men of this bird in the collection of Dr. Graves, which was shot at
Wexford.

| 15. * Black Tern, Sterna nigra, Linn. Mr. Ball has seen this
_ birdin the month of July, for some years successively, at Roxborough,
near Middleton, co. Cork.
_- ‘In addition to these I may mention the
- 16. * Blackcap Warbler, Curruca atricapilla, Bechst., which, though
stated in Rutty’s Dublin to be frequent in that county, admits of some
doubt, as more than one species is commonly called by the name of
_ Blackcap in Ireland. On the Ist March, 1834, I saw, in the shop of
Mr. Galbraith, Bird Preserver, Belfast, a fresh specimen of an adult
male Blackvap, which had been killed (probably the day before) in the
garden at Down and Connor House, co. of Down.

Other individuals of the species marked thus * have been recorded
in the MS. Catalogue of the late J. Templeton, Esq.— W. T.

Mr. Thompson also stated that specimens of the true Lestris para-
siticus, Temm., have repeatedly occurred ‘in the Bays of Dublin and
Belfast. He added, that during the great storm which took place on
the 3lst August, 1833, a great many specimens of the Octopus octo-
podia (which had not before been recorded as occurring on the shores
of Ireland) were thrown ashore in Belfast Bay.

_ Mr, Owen read a Paper ‘ On the Structure of the Heart of the

_ Perennibranchiate Amphibia, or Reptiles douteux of Cuvier.”
He briefly noticed the progressive discoveries relating to the heart
of Reptiles which have been made since the time of Linneus, and
which have successively rendered inapplicable to the Saurians, Cheloni-
ans, and Ophidians, the phrase “ Cor uniloculare, uniauritum”, applied
to the whole of the Reptilia in the ‘ Systema Nature’. Healluded to
the researches of Dr. Davy and M. Martin St. Ange on the structure
of the heart in the Caducibrdnchiate Amphibia, from which it appeared
that two auricles were appended to the ventricle in those Reptiles, as
_ well as in the higher orders above mentioned. He then proceeded to
give the results of an examination of the hearts of specimens of Am-
ie Cuv., Menopoma, Harlan, Proteus, Schreib., and Siren, Linn.
He selected the heart of the Siren lacertina as the subject of detailed
- description, considering that the genus Siren, in combining with per-
‘sistent external Jranchie a limited number of extremities, exhibits the

‘simplest form of the Amphibious Reptile.

__ The heart in this species consists of three distinct cavities, as in the
higher Reptilia, viz. of two auricles and one ventricle. The auricles
oper to form externally one large and remarkably fimbriated cavity,
tuated behind, and advancing forwards, on both sides of the ventricle
and bulbus arteriosus. The venous blood is poured into a large mem-
branous sinus by one posterior and two anterior vene cave prior
to passing into the auricle. The conjoined trunk of the pulmonary
veins appears also to enter this sinus, but it passes through without
communicating with that cavity, and terminates in a small separate
auricle, which opens into the ventricle by an orifice distinct from, but.
close to, the orifice of the right auricle. In the ventricle a rudimen-
tary septum was noticed as affording an indication of a type of forma-

tion superior to that of Fishes. In the bulbus arteriosus a longitudinal
projection appears as a commencing division of the single artery,
which is given off from the ventricle. ft

The differences in the structure of the preceding parts, and in the
origin and distribution of the different vessels exhibited by the other
genera of Perennibranchiata, were successively noticed ; and the affini-
ties indicated by these modifications to the Caducibranchiate Reptiles
on the one hand, and to the Cartilaginous Fishes on the other, were
also pointed out.

The Paper was illustrated by drawings of the structures described
in it,

\
i a, a ee a ae

33
efi
™
+ ni
i May 13, 1834.
¥C

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

BSI

. A Note was read from Mrs. Barnes, in which it was stated that
that lady had brought up from the nest two of the smallest species of
Jamaica Humming-birds. They were so tame, that at a call they
would fly to her, and perch upon her finger. Their food was sugar
and water. During the passage to England one of them was killed

y the cage in which they were kept being thrown down in a storm ;
its companion drooped immediately, and died shortly afterwards.
It was remarked that injury to the bird in consequence of such an
accident might be prevented by the introduction of a gauze-net screen
into the cage, at some little distance within the wires.

_ Specimens were exhibited of several Mammalia from India, which
_ had recently been presented to the Society by Lord Fitzroy Somer-
set. They were brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Ben-
_ nett, who called particular attention to the skin of a Paradoxurus,
‘a he regarded as that of Par. prehensilis, Gray, a species hitherto
known only by a drawing of Dr. Hamilton’s preserved in the East
India House.
__ The general colour of the animal is a pale greyish brown, in which
_ longer black hairs are sparingly intermixed on the sides. On the
ck of the head and neck, and along the middle line of the back,
se black hairs are almost the only ones that are visible. On the
_ loins they form three indistinct black bands, of which the lateral are
_ i) some measure interrupted. The head is brownish, with the usual
grey mark both above and below the eyes, and there are some short
grey hairs between the eyes and across the forehead. The limbs are
wnish black, rather darker towards their upper part. The tail, at
‘its base, is of the same colour as the back, and rapidly becomes black ;
_ its terminal fifth is yellowish white. The ears are rather large, and
ey covered with short brownish hairs.
Bited: 3
a Specimens were exhibited of three species of horned Pheasants, in-
cluding the Tragopan Temminckii, Gray. In illustration of the hi-
Story of the latter bird, Mr, G. Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S., placed
upon the table drawings of specimens observed by him at Macao, and
wing the remarkable wattle in various degrees of development. He
read a note on the subject.
in its contracted state the membrane has merely the appearance
a purple skin under the lower mandible ; and it is even sometimes
much diminished in size as to be quite invisible. It becomes de-
ped during the early spring months or pairing season of the year,
o. XVII.—Proceepines or tun Zooiocican Socrery. .

from January to March, when it is capable of being displayed or con-
tracted at the will of the bird. During excitement it is enlarged, falls
over the breast, and exhibits the most brilliant colours, principally of
a vivid purple, with bright red and green spots: the colours vary in ~
intensity according to the degree of excitement. When they are
most brilliant, or, in other words, when the excitement is great, the
purple horns are usually elevated. The living specimens seen by
Mr. G. Bennett were procured from the province of Yunnan, bor-
dering on Thibet. Mr. Beale, in whose aviary at Macao they were,
had nbdt succeeded in obtaining females of this race. Its Chinese
name is Ju Xou Nieu.

Mr. G. Bennett also read a note on the habits of the King Penguin,
Aptenodytes Patachonica, Gmel., as observed by him on various occa-
sions when in high southern Jatitudes. He described particularly a
colony of these birds, which covers an extent of thirty or forty acres,
at the north end of Macquarrie Island, in the South Pacific Ocean.
The number of Penguins collected together in this spot is immense,
but it would be almost impossible to guess at it with any near ap-
proach to truth, as, during the whole of the day and night, 30,000 or
40,000 of them are continually landing, and an equal number going
to sea. They are arranged, when on shore, in as compact a manner
and in as regular ranks as a regiment of soldiers; and are classed
with the greatest order, the young birds being in one situation, the
moulting birds in another, the sitting hens in a third, the clean birds
in a fourth, &c.; and so strictly do birds in similar condition congre-
gate, that should a bird that is moulting intrude itself among those
which are clean, it is immediately ejected from among them,

The females hatch the eggs by keeping them close between their
thighs ; and, ifapproached during the time of incubation, move away,
carrying the eggs with them. At this time the male bird goes to sea
and collects food for the female, which becomes very fat. After the
young is hatched, both parents go to sea, and bring home food for
it ; it soon becomes so fat as scarcely to be able to walk, the old
birds getting very thin. They sit quite upright in their roosting-
places, and walk in the erect position until they arrive at the beach,
when they throw themselves on their breasts, in order to encounter
the very heavy sea met with at their landing-place.

Although the appearance of Penguins generally indicates the neigh-
bourhood of land, Mr. G. Bennett cited several instances of their
occurrence at a considerable distance from any known land.

The Secretary announced the recent addition to the Menagerie of
the Perdix sphenura, Gray ; the Philippine Quail, Coturnix Sinensis,
Cuv.; and the Hemipodius Dussumieri, Temm.? : all presented to the
Society by John Russel Reeves, Esq., of Canton. He added, thata
second male specimen of the Reeves’s Pheasant, Phasianus veneratus, —
Temm., had also been sent to the Menagerie by John Reeves, Esq.
A pair of the middle tail-feathers of the last-named bird, measuring
upwards of five feet in length, and presented by Wm. Craggs, Esq.,
were exhibited.

Numerous specimens were exhibited from Mr. Cuming’s collec-
tion, in illustration of a Paper by Mr. Broderi ip, entitled, ‘“‘ Descrip-
tions of several New Species of Calyptreide.”’

The new species described in this paper are distributed and charac-
terized as follows :

4 Subgenus Catyprraa.

Testa subconica, subacuminata, cyathi basi adherente, lateribus
liberis.

ets Y a. Cyatho integro.

” Canyprrma rupis. Cal, testd fuscd, subdepressd, suborbiculari, ra-
diatim corrugatd, limbo crenato ; cyatho concentrice lineato, albido,
irregulariter subcirculuri ; epidermide subfuscd : diam. 2 poll.

- Werciter alt. +2.

_ Hab, ad Panamam et Real Llejos.

_ This species, whose white onyx-like cup, adhering only by its base,

shows to great advantage against the ruddy brown which is the ge-

eral colour of the inside of the protecting shell, was found under
ones. The young sheils are the flattest and most regular in form, but
eir inside i is generally of a dirty white, dimly spotted with brown.—

‘ B Cyatho hemiconico, longitudinaliter quasi diviso. (Calyptrea, Less.)

~ Caryprrza corrueaTA. Cal. testd subalbidd, suborbiculari, subde-
Shh pressd, corrugatd; intds nitente ; cyatho concentricé By tga pro-
rt ducto ; epidermide fuscd: diam. ‘1g poll. Cire. alt. 5.
_ Hab. i in America Central. (Guacomayo.)

ound under stones at a depth of fourteen fathoms.—W. J. B.

etn

‘ ier sca varia. Cal. testd albidd, suborbiculari, crassiusculd,

_ ~~ dongitudinaliter creberrimé striata ; sae concentricé lineuto,
Beene extixsculo, producto: diam. 14 abt, maz. $, alt. min. 3 poll.

in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord ‘Hood's Island, the Gallapagos,

and the Island of Muerte in the Bay of Guayaquil.)

re isa very variable species allied to Cal. equestris, and taking

ix st every shape which a Calyptrea can assume. It differs in

; ness according to localities and circumstances.—W. J. B.

a Payee cepacEA. Cal, testd albd, suborbiculari, subconcavd,
es diaphand, striis numerosis subcorrugatd ; ints nitente ;
athi terminationibus lanceolatis : long. 1+, lat. 14, alt. 2 poll.
a in sinu Guayaquil. (Island of Muerte.)
"This was dredged up, adhering to dead shells, from sandy mud, at
de ae eleven fathoms. Besides other differences, the terminat-
points of the divided cyathus are much more lanceolate than they
0 Cal. varia.—W. J. B.

Caaxeraas corNEA. Cal. testd suborbiculari, complanatd, albidd,
_ subdiaphand, concentricé lineatd et radiatim striatd ; intds ni-
_tente: diam. 4, alt. 4 poll.
Hab, ad Aricam Peruvie,
: a up from sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—W. J. B.

Subgenus Catypeopsis, Less.
Cyatho interno integro, lateraliter adherente.

CauypTr@a rApIATA. Cal. testd conico-orbiculari, albidd fusco ra-
diatd, strits longitudinalibus crebris ; limbo crenulato ; apice acuto,
subrecurvo ; cyatho depresso : diam. 1, alt. 5; poll.

Hab. in America Meridionali. (Bay of Caraccas.)

The cup of this pretty species is pressed in, as it were, on one side,
and adheres to the shell not only by its apex, but also by a lateral
seam, which scarcely reaches to the rim of the cup. The apex of the
younger specimens, both externally and internally, is generally of a
rich brown, and there can be little doubt that when first produced
they are entirely of that colour.

Found in sandy mud, on dead shells, at a depth of from seven to
eight fathoms.—W. J. B

Catyprrza imBricata. Cal. testd albidd, crassd, subconicd, ovatd,
costis longitudinalibus et squamis transversis imbricatd ; apice sub-
incurvo, acuto; limbo crenato; cyatho depresso: diam. 1, lat. €,
alt. & poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found on stones, in sandy mud, at a depth of from six to ten fa-

thoms.—W. J. B.

Catyprr&a Lienaria. Cal. testd crassd, fused, deformi, striis cor-
rugatd ; apice prominente subadunco, acuto, posteriore : long. |+s5
lat. &, alt. Z poll.

Hab. in America Centrali, (Real Llejos.)

The majority of individuals of this species have their shells so de-
formed that they set description at defiance : the comparatively well-
formed shell occurs so rarely that it may be almost considered as the
exception to the rule. When in this last-mentioned state, the circum-
ference of the shell is an irregular, somewhat rounded oval, and it
rises into a shape somewhat resembling the back of Ancylus, with the
apex very sharp and inclining downwards. ‘The shell in this shape is.
generally less corrugated than it is in deformed individuals, though
some of those are comparatively smooth ; but in both states the shell
is striated immediately under the apex, atid’ is for the most part cor-
rugated on the other side of it.

Found under stones.

Var. a. Enormiter conica, cyatho valdé profundo.

This variety is often one inch and six eighths in height, and its cup
nearly one inch deep, while the diameter of the shell at the aperture
does not exceed one inch.

Found on shells at the Island of Chiloe, in sandy mud, at the depth
of four fathoms.—W. J. B.

CatypTr2a Tenuts. Cal. testd irregulari, tenui, subdiaphand, cre-
berrime striata, albidd interdum fusco pallide eh crise diam. 1
cire.; alt. 8; poll. :

Hab, ad Peruvie oras. (Samanco Bay.)

Found on living shells, in muddy sand, at a depth of nine fathoms.

—W. J.B. ;

-Canyrprrma uisriva. Cal. testd subovatd, subconicd, albd strigis
maculisque subpurpureo-fuscis varid, striis frequentibus et spinis
tubularibus erectis hispida ; limbo crenulato ; apice turbinato ; cya-

+ tho subdepresso: diam. 12, lat. 8,, alt. 4°, poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte. (Bay of Guayaquil.)

_. This elegant species, the circumference of whose somewhat de-

pressed cup is free, with the exception of one part where it adheres

laterally, was found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of twelve

fathoms.—W. J. B.

» Catyrrr 2a macutara. Cal. testd ovatd, albidd purpureo-fusco ma-
culatd, longitudinaliter rugosd ; limbo serrato ; apice subturbi-
nato, subincurvo: diam. ++, lat, +%, alt. 3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte.

The external contour of this shell, more especially in the position
of the subturbinated apex, much resembles that of Ancylus. The cir
eumference of the cup is free, excepting at one point, where it adheres
laterally throughout its length.

Found in sandy mud, on dead shells, at a depth of eleven fathoms.
: —W. J.B.

_ Canyprrza serrata. Cal. testd suborbiculari, alld subpurpureo

wel fusco interdum fucatd vel strigatd, costis longitudinalibus

prominentibus rugosis ; limbo serrato ; apice subturbinato ; cyatho
valdé depresso: diam. +, lat. +5;, alt. 3, poll.

_ Hab. ad Real Llejos et Muerte.

‘Var. testa alba.

Found on dead shells, in a muddy bottom, at the depth of from six

ae fathoms.—W. J. B.

Subgenus SypuopaTe.ua, Less.?

Lamina interna subtrigona, subcirculari, latere dextro replicato.
ay Sci!

__ Catyprrzasorpipa. Cal. testd subconicd, sordide luted, longitudi-
___naliter subradiatd ; apice turbinato ; cyatho depresso, subtrigono,

__ haud profundo: diam. 4, lat. +5;, alt. +2, poll.

ab. ad Panamam.

S species, the inside and outside of which are of a sordid yellow,

is generally covered externally with coral or other marine adhesions.

ie plate is spoon-shaped.

ound on stones, on a sandy bottom, at depth of twelve fathoms.—

| Catyprrza Uneuis. Cal. testd tenui, conicd, corrugatd, fused ;
a apice subturbinato ; cyatho depresso, subtrigono : diam. +*y, alt. x%
‘Hab. ad Valparaiso.
ne plate is spoon-shaped, but not so shallow as that of Cal.
Pe ra on shells, at a depth of from seven to forty-five fathoms.—
of ? ue

4 Canyrrr#a Licnen. Cal, testé albidd, interdum pallide fusco

‘

sparsd, subdiaphand, subturbinatd, orbiculatd, complanatd : diam.
$, alt, 2 poll.
Hab. ad Insulam Muerte.
Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of eleven fathoms.
—W. J.B.

Catyprrza MAMILLARIS. Cal. testd albidd, subconicd ; apice sub-

purpureo, mamillare: diam. +5,, alt. 74, poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte.

This pretty species varies. It is sometimes milk white, with the
mamillary apex of a brownish purple, and with the inside sometimes
of that colour, sometimes white, and sometimes yellowish. In other
individuals the white is mottled with purplish brown stripes and spots.

Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of eleven fathoms.
—W. J. B.

Catyprr#a striata. Cal. testd sordid albd, suborbiculatd, subco-
nicd, subturbinatd, striis longitudinalibus elevatis creberrimis cor-
rugatd ; intts fusco-flavescente: diam, 42, alt, +%, poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found on shells in sandy mud, at a depth of from forty-five to sixty

fathoms.

Caryprrea conica. Cal. testd conicd, fuscd albido maculatd, sub-
turbinatd: diam. 14, alt. +7 poll.

Hab. ad Xipixapi et ad Salango.

Found attached to shells in deep water.

Subgenus Creprpare ta, Less.
Lamina rotundaté, apice laterali et subterminali.

Caryptr#a Foxiacna. Cal. testd suborbiculari, albidd, foliaced ;
intas castaned vel albd castaneo varid: diam. |, alt. 3 poll.
Hab. ad Aricam Peruvie, saxis adherens.
This Crepipatella, which bears no remote resemblance to the upper
valve of some of the Chame when viewed from above, was found on
exposed rocks near the shore.—W. J. B.

Caryprr#a porsata. Cal. testd subalbidd, planiusculd, costis longi-
tudinalibus irregularibus rugosd ; int&is medio fusco-violaced :
diam. 2, lat. + poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. “gy

The back of this shell is not unlike the upper valve of some of the

Terebratule.

Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of six fathoms.—
W. J.B.

CatypTrza pitatata, Lam., varietas intis nigro-castanea. Cal.
testd sordidé albd castaneo strigatd ; intas nitide nigro-castaned ;
lamind albd : diam. 14, lat. 14, alt. 4 poll. |

Hab. ad Valparaiso. . :

This highly coloured variety was found on exposed rocks at low —

water. The pure white of the plate shows to great advantage, lying ~
above the rich back ground of the interior of the shell. In some in-—
dividuals this internal colour is all but black.—W., J. B.

aan

Ca.yprraa stricata. Cal. testd subcorrugatd, sordidé rubrd albo

varid ; inttis subrufi interdum albd vel albd rubro-castaneo varid :

_ diam. \ poll,

- Hab. ad Valparaiso,

This varies much both in colour andshape. Some of the specimens
are quite flat, and the lamina almost convex. An obscure subar-
cvate longitudinal whitish broad streak may be traced on the backs
of most of them. It is not impossible that it may be a variety of Cal.

‘dilatata.

- Found on Mytili at depths varying from three to six fathoms.—

W. J.B.

- Catyrrraza Ecuinus. Cal. testd albidd violaceo maculatd, inter-
dum fuscd, striis longitudinalibus creberrimis spinis fornicatis hor-
ridd ; intis flavente vel albd : diam. 14, lat. 12, alt. & poll.

Hab, ad Peruviam. (Lobos Island.)

In old specimens the spines are almost entirely worn down, and
rough strie only, for the most part, remain. In this state it bears
a great resemblance to the figure given of Crepidula fornicata in
Sowerby’s Genera of Shells, No. 23, f. 1.

Found under stones at low water.—W.J. B.

Catyprr#a Hystrrix. Cal. sordid? albd vel fuscd, complanatd,
longitudinaliter striatd, spinis magnis fornicatis apertis seriatim
dispositis ; intus albidd, interdum castaneo maculatd: diam. 12,
lat. 4, alt. 3 poll.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Lobos Island.)

Approaching the last, but differing in being always more flatiened,
in the comparatively great size of the vaulted spines, and in the com-
paratively wide interval between them; still 1 would not be positive
that they are not all varieties of Crepidula aculeata, Lam.—W. J. B.

Catyprr#a pALuwa. Cal. testd sordidé albd, ovatd; apice promi-

mente: diam. %, lat. &, alt. 2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Falkland dictas.
Found under stones.—W. J. B.

Subgenus Creprputa, Less.
Lamina subrecta, apice postico et submedio.

é
)

_ Crepiputa uneuirormis, Lam., varietas complanato-recurva :
/ long. 12, lat. $ poll.
Hab. ad Insulam Chiloen et ad Panamam.

___ This variety affords a good example of the powers of adaptation of

the animal. The shell is either flattened or concave on the back, and
_ recurved in consequence of -its adhesion to the inside of dead shells
of Ranelle Vexillum, calata, &c.

_ It was dredged from sandy mud, at a depth ranging from four to

ten fathoms.—W. J. B.

— Caryprrza Lessonn. Cal. testd complanatd, subconcentricé folia-

‘:

ced, foliis tenuibus, albd fusco longitudinaliter strigatd ; intus al-
bidd ; limbo interno interdum fusco ciliato-strigato : long. 144, lat.
44, alt. poll.

Hab. in sinu Guayaquil. (Isle of Muerte.)

This beautiful species, which | have named in honour of M. Lesson,
was found under stones at low water. It will remind the observer of
the upper valves of some of the Chama.—W. J. B.

Catyprrma incurya, Cal. testd fusco nigricante, tortuosd, corru-
gatd ; intds nigricante, septo albo ; apice adunco: long. 4, lat. 4,
alt. poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Xipixapi.

Found on dead shells dredged from sandy mud, at a depth ranging

from six to ten fathoms.—W. J. B.

Catyprr@a excayata. Cal. testd crassiusculd, subtortuosd, levi,
albidd vel subflavd fusco punctatd et strigatd ; intus albd vel albd
fusco fucatd, limbo interdum fusco ciliato-strigato: long. 14,
lat. 14, alt. & poll.

Hab, ad Real Llejos.

This species is remarkable for the depth of the internal margin be-
fore it reaches the septum. In Crepidula adunca, Sow., this depth is
even greater than it is in Crep. evcavata. The apex is close to the
margin, and obliquely turned towards the right side.—W, J. B.

Catyrrrma ARENATA, Cal. testd subovatd, albidd rubro-fusco cre-
berrime punctatd ; intds subrubrd vel albidd subrubro maculatd,
septo albo: long. 14, lat. 4, alt. 4%, poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

This approaches Crep. porcellana. The septum is somewhat distant
from the margin, and the apex, which is also somewhat distant from
it, is obtuse and obliquely turned towards the right side.

From sandy mud, on shells, at a depth ranging from six to eight
fathoms.—W. J. B.

Catyprrza MARGINALIS. Cal. testd subovatd, sublevi vel vix cor-
rugatd, subflavd vel albidd fusco strigatd ; intis nigricante vel
flavd fusco strigatd, septo albo: long. 14, lat. 8, alt. +, poll.

Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulam Muerte.

This species was found on stones and shells, in sandy mud, at a

depth ranging from six to ten fathoms. The white septum shows

beautifully against the black-brown of the interior. The apex is al-—

most lost in the margin, and is directed towards the right side—
W. J.B.

CatypTrzA squama. Cal. testd suborbiculari, complanatd, sublevi,
subtenui, pallide flavd vel albidd fusco substrigatd ; intis subjflavd
vel subflavd fusco strigatd: long. 1, lat. +4, alt. +%5 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

The apex of this very flat species is lost in the margin. Found under

stones.—W. J. B.

May 27, 1834.
5 ld William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

_ A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Sir R. Ker Por-
ter, Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated City of Caracas, April 7, 1834. It
related chiefly to a Monkey, and to some Tortoises, recently presented
to the Society by the writer.

The Monkey is described in detail. It is the Pithecia sagulata, the
jacketed Monkey or Simia sagulata of Dr. Traill. Sir R. Ker Porter

sints out the several differences in colouri ing which exist between

lis individual and the published description by the Baron Humboldt
of the Pithecia Chiropotes: these consist chiefly in the comparative
_ paleness of its back, and the greater darkness of the remainder of its
_ body and of its bushy beard. He adds that the animal drinks fre-
yi always bending down on its hands, and putting its mouth

the-surface of the water, heedless apparently of wetting its beard,
_and indifferent to the observations of lookers-on: he never saw it
take: ‘up water in the hollow of its hand, and carry it in this manner
ay its mouth in order to drink. Its favourite fruit is the apple ; and

does not refuse the pinion of a roasted chicken. Its voice is a
weak and chirping whistle, which becomes shrill and loud when the
animal i is angry. It was obtained from the vicinity of the Orinoco,
“not far distant from the Rio Negro, in the heart of Guiana, It is
eee as the Mono Capuchino.

s ~ The Tortoises are referable to the Testudo carbonaria, Spix.

_ The Secretary announced that there had recently been added to the
ies: a white-crested Cockatoo, Plyctolophus cristatus, Vieill. ;

~ anda pair of the blue Jay, Garrulus cristatus, Cuv.

He also stated that there had been acquired for the Menagerie a
Bi toceres of the one-horned species of Continental India. It is said
to e about four years old. Its height at the loins, the highest part

‘tl ie back, is 4 feet 10> inches ; its length, from the root of the tail
to the tip of the nose, measured i ina straight line, is 10 feet 6 inches ;

weight i Is about 26 cwt.
Be:

A specimen was exhibited of the young of the Sandwich Island
Goose, Bernicla Sandvicensis, Vig., which was hatched at Knowsley.

Survie accompanied by the following note from the President, Lord

nley.

$F Through the kindness of John Reeves, Esq., I received at
Knowsley a pair of these birds on the 15th of February, 1834.

They did not at first, when turned out on the pond among the other
water-fowl, appear to take much notice of each other ; but some
workmen being at the time employed about the pond, one of the
birds (I think, from recollection, it was the male,) seemed to have
formed some sort of attachment to one of the men working. When-
ever he was present the goose was always near to him, and whenever
absent at his dinner, or when otherwise employed, the bird appeared

restless, and gave vent to its solicitude by trequent cries, which as ~

well as the anxiety, always ceased with the reappearance of the
workman.

« The man having frequently occasion to pass through a door, which
was obliged to be kept open, it was feared that the attachment of the
animal might lead to its following its friend, and that on its exit, it
might fall in with and be worried or stolen by vermin, and in conse-
quence the pair of geese were confined in one of the divisions adja-
cent to, but divided from, the pond, on February 26.

** Within this small inclosure, in the sheltered half of it, in one
corner, stood a small hutch, in which the female on the 5th of March
laid her first egg. Till within a few days of that period no alteration
took place in their manners, but it then became obvious that the male
was jealous of intruders, and would run at and seize them by the
trowsers, giving pretty sharp blows with his wings; but this always
ceased if he observed that the female was at some distance, when
he would instantly rejoin her: his returr to the female was always
accompanied by great hurry and clamour, and much gesticulation up
and down of his head, but not of the wings. Three other eggs followed
on the 7th, 9th, and 11th of March. The eggs were white, and very

large in proportion to the size of the bird, being, I should imagine, —

(for, having no proper scales at hand, I did not weigh or subtract any
of them, hoping that more might be laid,) fully equal to those of the
Swan Goose or Anas cygnéides. The goose also surprised us by the
rapidity of her operations, for we were hardly aware of the fourth egg

having been laid that morning, when it was evident that she had be- —

gun to sit. During the whole period of incubation there could not
be a more attentive nurse, and indeed she could not well help it, for
the male, if she seemed inclined to stay out longer than he thought
right, appeared, by his motions, to be bent on driving her back, nor
was he satisfied till he had accomplished his object, when he again
resumed his usual position, with bis body half in half out of the
hutch and his head towards the female ; but if any person crossed the
yard of the division, he would immediately hurry after the intruder,
though, if he found there was no intention of molesting the nursery,
he seemed generally satisfied, and did not like to quit the sheltered
part of the division. At night he constantly made room for himself
by the female, the result of which was unfortunate towards the pro-

eny.
On the 12th of April the eggs began to chip, and on the 13th
two goslings were excluded ; but it was found that the mother had
pushed from under her the other two eggs, which were consequently
taken away and put under a hen, though, as one was very nearly

cold, little hopes of any success with that were entertained, and it was
in fact never hatched, but probably died in consequence of the re-
moval by the goose at an important moment. On the morning of the
14th it was ascertained that she or the male, who always now sat
close beside her in the box, had killed one of the two she had at first
hatched, for it was found dead and perfectly flat. The fourth egg,
_which was put under the hen, was assisted out of the shell, and ap-
red weakly from the first, and as its mother had lost one, we put
it to her, in hopes it would do better than with its nurse. She took
to it at first very well ; but subsequently, both the parents beating it,
it was returned to, and well cared for, apparently, by its nurse, but
died on the 20th, having received some injury in one eye, either from
the old ones, or perhaps from the hen scratching, and thereby hitting
it. The remaining gosling is doing very well, and appears strong
and lively, and the parents are extremely attentive to it; and I have
little doubt but these birds may easily be established, (with a little
care and attention,) and form an interesting addition to the stock of
British domesticated fowls.

“Inits general appearance, and its Quaker-like simplicity of plum-
age, it seems to approximate most to the family of the Bernacles ; but
it appears to have almost as little (if as much) partiality for the water
as the Cereopsis.”’

The bird in question was named by Mr. Vigors at the Meeting of
the Society on June 11, 1833. It may be characterized as follows :
Berniczia Sanpvicensis. Bern. brunneo-nigrescens, subtis mar-
ginibusque plumarum pallidioribus; collo albescenti; guld, facie,
capite superné, linedque longitudinali nuchali nigris ; crisso albo.
Long. tot. 24 unc. ; rostri, rictus, 14; ale, 133; caude, 5; tarsi,

_ Hab. in insulis Sandvicensibus, et in Owhyhee.

__ Mr. Owen read a Paper “ On the young of the Ornithorhynchus
_ paradoxus, Blum.” It was illustrated by drawings of the young ani-
- mal and of various details of its structure, both external and internal,
derived chiefly from the examination of the individual recently pre-
" sented to the Society by Dr. Weatherhead : this individual was ex-
hibited, as was also a smaller specimen, forming part of Dr. Weather-
~ head’s collection.

The circumstances which first attract attention in these singular
_ objects are the total absence of hair; the soft and flexible condition
_ of the mandibles ; and the shortness of these parts in proportion to
their breadth as compared with the adult. The tongue, which in
_ the adult is lodged far back in the mouth, advances in the young ani-
_ mal close to the end of the lower mandible, and its breadth is only
one line less in an individual four inches in length than it is in fully
= animals ; a disproportionate development which is plainly in-
dicative of the importance of the organ to the young Ornithorhynchus

* both in receiving and swallowing its food.
On the middle line of the upper mandible, and a little anterior to
the nostrils, there is a minute fleshy eminence lodged in a slight de-

pression. In the smaller specimen this is surrounded by a discon-
tinuous margin of the epidermis, with which substance, therefore, —
and, probably, from its having been shed, of a thickened or horny con-
sistence,—the caruncle had been covered. It is a structure of which
the upper mandible of the adult presents no trace, and Mr. Owen re-
gards it as analogous to the fcetal peculiarity of the horny knob on the
upper mandible of the Bird. He does not, however, conceive that
this remarkable example of the affinity of Ornithorhynchus to the fea-
thered class is necessarily indicative of its having been applied, under
the same circumstances, to overcome a resistance of precisely the
same character as that for which it is designed in the young bird,
since all the known history of the ovum of Ornithorhynchus points
strongly to its ovoviviparous development.

The situation of the eyes is indicated by the convergence of a few
wrinkles to one point ; but the integument is continuous, and com-
pletely shrouds the eyeball. In the absence of vision in the young
animal, strong evidence is afforded of its being confined to the nest,
there to receive its nourishment from its dam ; and this deduction is
corroborated by the cartilaginous condition of the bones of the ex-

tremities, and by the general form of the body: the head and tail are

closely approximated on the ventral aspect, requiring force to pull the
body into a straight line ; and the relative quantity of integument on
the back and belly shows that the position necessary for progressive
motion is unnatural at this stage of growth.

Mr. Owen describes other external appearances of the young Orni-
thorhynchus, and then enters at considerable length into its anatomy.
The stomach is nearly as large in an individual four inches in length
as in the adult animal. In this specimen it was found filled with
coagulated milk, and no trace was visible, on the most careful exa-
mination, of worms or bread, on which, up to the time of his dis-
covery of the mammary secretion, Lieut. the Hon. Lauderdale Maule
had believed that this individual had been sustained. A portion of
this coagulated substance was diluted with water, and examined un-

der a high magnifying power in comparison with a portion of cow's —

milk coagulated by spirit, and similarly diluted. The ultimate glo-

bules of the Ornithorhynchus's milk were most distinctly perceptible, —

detaching themselves from the small coherent masses to form new
groups : the corresponding globules of the cow’s milk were of larger
size. Minute transparent globules of oil were intermixed with the
milk globules of the Ornithorhynchus. A drop of water being added

to a little mucus, it instantly became opake ; and its minutest divi- ~

sions, under the microscope, were into transparent angular flakes, en= _

tirely different from the regularly formed granules of the milk of the
Ornithorhynchus. 7

In passing in review the several viscera of the young Ornithorhyn-
chus, Mr. Owen observed on various physiological deductions which
might be drawn from them, and on the differences and resemblances
borne by them to the same organs in the ordinary viviparous Mam-
malia and in the Marsupiata.

a Se OR Oe

45
strn
ME June 10, 1834.
ee Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.
baths:

Corr. Memb. Z. S., during his late expedition up the Quorra into
the interior of Africa, and presented by him to the Society, was exhi-
_bited. It was accompanied by another collection formed by the same
entleman at Fernando Po. They comprehended a previously un-
flescribed species of Plover; an undescribed Tetrodon and a Myletes;
_ specimens of Polypterus Senegalus, Cuv., and of a Gymnarchus, Ej. ;
and specimens of the three-horned Chamaeleon, Chameleo Oweni,
Gray, and of a Galago, Galago Senegalensis, Geoff. ; the two latter
being from Fernando Po. They also included numerous Jnsects and
_ Arachnida, both from the interior and from the island.
‘The bird was characterized by Mr. Gould:

Cor. Ment of objects of Zoology, made by Lieut. Allen, R.N.,

NELLUS ALBICEPS. Van. capite, guld, alis in medio, uropygio,

Ale ventre, crissoque albis; faciei lateribus colloque purpurascenti-
cinereis; scapularibus, remigibus prioribus tribus, caudeque di-

_ _ midio apicali nigris.

Long. tot. arostri ad caude apicem, 13 unc., a rostri ad digitorum

m, 15 unc.; ale, 8; caude, 4; tarsi, 3; femoris, 3; rostri,

ad apicem, 14.

ostrum viridi-aurantiacum, ad apicem nigrum.

tween the eye and the upper mandible is situated a fleshy sub-
nce (resembling that of the common Cock) which hangs down at
angles with the beak ; it is of an orange colour, and is narrow
m, being one inch and a half long and half an inch wide at the
whence it gradually tapers throughout its whole length to the
The spur on the shoulders is strong and sharp, and is nearly an
in length.

Fishes were characterized by Mr, Bennett, who remarked on
mplete analogy borne by these species of the rivers of Western
i to some of those of the Nile. The form of Myletes, Cuy., to
ieut. Allen’s fish belongs, has hitherto been obtained only in
Egypt; the genus Polypterus, Geoff., originally observed in the

ile, seems to be limited to that river and to Senegal; the genus
rchus, Cuv., has previously been noticed only in the Nile; and
odon of this collection resembles in its markings that of
The new species may be thus characterized :

eTeES AuLeNtI. Myl. oblongus ; pinnd dorsali primd supra
ventrales positd.

10, 0. A. 14. C.19. P.15. V. 9.

pecimen minimum, biunciale, a Myl. Hasselquistii, Cuv., (Sal-
Denier, Hass.,) differre videtur situ pinne dorsalis prime.

No, XVIII.—Proceepines or tux Zoo.oeicat Society,

Terropon stricosus. Teir. dorso hispido, nigrescente ; ventre
lateribusque levibus, his albo nigroque longitudinaliter lineatis,
illo albo : pinnd caudali quadratd; pectoralibus laté rotundatis.

D, 12. A. 9. P. 19. C::8.

Tetr. lineato, Linn., (Tetr. Physa, Geoff.,) analogus videtur. Dif-

fert maximé ventre lateribusque haud armatis.

rae

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells collected
by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America and among
the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those brought on the pre-
sent evening under the notice of the Society were accompanied by
characters by Mr. G. B, Sowerby. They belonged to the

Genus Petrico.a.

Perricoua “Liiprica. Pet. testd ovato-ellipticd, rufescenti-albidd ;
radiatim costatd, postice levi; lamellis coneentricis sparsis; lu-
nuld anticd distinctd: long. 1+2, lat. 07, alt. 0-9 poll.

Hab. ad Paytam.

Found in hard mud at low water.—G. B.S.

Perricota optones. Pet. testd oblongo-ellipticd, pallescente ;
radiatim costellatd ; lined dorsali posticd rectiusculd; lamellis
concentricis pluribus, postic? levigatis: long. 0°9, lat. 0°5, alt.
0:7 poll. ,

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Pacosmayo.)

Found in hard mud at low water.—G. B. S.

Perricota souipa. Pet. testd subgloboso-ellipticd, pallescente,
umbonibus extremitatibusque ambabus fusco-violaceis; radiatim
costatd, postice levigatd; lineis incrementi nonnunquam subla-
mellosis, postice magis eminentibus : long: 1*3, lat. 0°8, alt. —
1-0 poll. m

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Lambeyeque.)

Found in hard clay and stones at low water.—G, B.S.

Perricoua piscors. Pet. testd oblongo- ellipticd, brunnescente ; ra-

diatim costellatd, costellis acutis, postic® levi; lined dorsali rectd:

long. 0°8, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°55 poll.

Hab. ad littora Peruvie. shasihereare,) ‘
Found in hard clay.—G, B ae

Prrricora concinna. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, albicante; |
concentrice costellatd; antice rotundatd, radiatim sulcatd ; dorsa
declivi, alterius valve lamelld levigatd ; postic? acuminatiusculd,

_ cotesllis concentricis lamellosis, confertis: long. 0°8, lat. 0°35,
alt. 0°35 poll. Re

Hab. ad Montem Christi. ry

Only one perfect pair and a single valve could be preserved. —

Found in hard clay at low water.—G., B. S.

Perricousa penticunata. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, er-
tus pallescente, intis ad extremitates fusco-nigricante tinctd;
antice subrostratd, postice rotundatd; lined dorsali rectiuscula,

‘

ventrali subprominuld; omnind radiatim sulcatd et concentric?
* | striata, striis antic? sublamellosis denticulatis > long. 1*3, lat: 0°6,
alt. 0°6 poll.
“ne. ad Paytam Peruviz.
Found ir in hard clay and stones at low water.—G, B.S,

War. abbreviata. Testa breviore, striis sublamellosis denticulatis
nullis: long.1*1, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°6 poll.
ad Insulam Platz.
ound i in stones at low water.—G. B. S.

- Perricona ruGosA. Pet. testd oeblongd, pholadi iformi, albicante ;
_ gadiatim. costellatd, tenuissimé concentricé striatd ; marginibus
_ plerumque deformibus: long. 1°4, lat. 0°55, alt. 0°7 poll.
* Hab, ad oras Chilenses. (Conception.)
_ Found in Balani at from three to seven fathoms depth.—G.B. S.

_ Perricora tenuis. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, tenui, al-
bicante ; radiatim costellatd, costellis anticis posticisque fortio-
ribus, omnibus striis exilissimis rugulosis decussatis; latere antico

_ brevissimo: long. 1+, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°55 poll.
Hab. ad littora Peruvie. (Lambeyeque & Pacosmayo.)

ke Found i in hard clay at low water.—G. B. S.

- Peraicoza rosusta. Pet. testa rotundato-subtrigond, subgibbosd,
Br solidiusculd, extis rufescente-fuscd, inids nigricante; radiatim
_ eostatd, costis anticis tenuioribus confertioribus, posticis altio-
_ribus ; interstitiis omnibus exilissimé decussatim striatis; latere
ee _ antico rotundato, postico subacuminato ; margine dorsali declivi :
dong. 1-2, lat. 0°8,. alt. 0-9. poll.
. ad Panamam et ad Insulam Muerte dictam.
4 in rocks at the depth of from six to eleven fathoms.—G., B.S.
ones AMYGDALINA. Pet. testd tenui, subhyalind, flavescente,
obovatd, levi; latere antico brevissimo, angustiore ; postico lon-
- giore, altiore, lamellis nonnullis elevatis distantibus ornato :
long. 1°3, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°8 poll.
_ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.
Found in Mother-of-Pearl Shells in from three to six fathoms at
sord Hood’s Island.—G. B.S.

___ The following “ Description of a new Genus of Gasteropoda, by
7.3. Broderip, Esq., Vice President of the Geological and Zoological
siet ies, F.R.S., &c.” was read.
ae ScuTe.a.
Pesta Ancyliformis, intis nitens. Apex posticus, medius, invo-
Impressiones musculares due, oblongo-ovate, laterales.
‘Apertura magna, ovata,
eels snccionc,
_- This genus appears to be intermediate between Ancylus and Patella,
hile the aspect of the back sometimes reminds the observer of Navi-
! or Crepidula, Lam. Its place will most probably be among:
clobranches of Cuvier.

The two muscular impressions are situated on each side of the in-
terior a little below the summit; while, in Patella, they nearly
surround the internal circumference of the same part of the shell.
The aperture is generally surrounded by a margin, and the apex,
which in Ancylus is oblique, is central though posterior.

Mr. Cuming brought home the following species which I now pro-
ceed to describe.

ScuTELLA CRENULATA. Scut. testd subconicd, cancellatd, striis ab
apice radiantibus exasperatis, albd; intds nitente; annulo mar-
ginali et margine crenulatis : long. ¢, lat. $, alt. sy poll.

Hab. ad insulam Andan (Chain Island).

This shell was found dead on coral sand on the beach of the island

at a distance from any fresh water.

The marginal ring is very strongly developed, and the margin it-
self is not even; for when the shell is placed with the aperture down-
wards on a flat surface, it rests on the two ends, the sides of the
margin forming each a low arch.

ScurELia 1rtwescens. Scut. testd oblongo-ovatd, complanatd, mi-
nutissime substriatd, albo et roseo guttatim tessellatd ; intus iri-
descente, margine interno albo, roseo maculato : long. +, lat. 7%,
alt. 5 poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Grimwood’s Island.)

This species was gathered by Mr. Cuming on the sands when the
tide was out. There was no fresh water near, and though he obtained
several individuals in the finest condition, the soft parts were gone,
having evidently but lately fallen a prey to some carnivorous crea-
ture.

The shape of Scut. iridescens is very elegant, and the silvery iri-
descent nacre which lines the inside of the shell, contrasted.as it is
with the less brilliant but lively coloured margin, is almost dazzling.
The back of the shell, which is very brittle, is mottled with white and
rose colour. This disposition of its markings almost conveys the im-
pression that the surface of the back is uneven ; but with the excep-
tion of the very minute série, which are almost imperceptible, it is
smooth.

- Scureztnia rnosxa. Scut. testd-subconicd, striatd, albd, lineis flam-
. mulisque roseis ornatd; intis nitente, interdum subiridescente :
long. 4, lat. +,, alt. +, poll.

Oss. Varietas forsan precedentis.

Hab. cum precedente.

The shape and many other points in this shell differ from those of
Scut. iridescens. Externally it is much more conical and the strie
which run from the apex to the interior margin are direct and minute,
while those which are lateral are much coarser and cross the some-
_ what elevated white parts obliquely: in Scut. iridescens, the exceed-
ingly minute stri@ radiate evenly from the apex. In Seut. rosea we
lose the brilliancy of the internal nacre which distinguishes Scut.
iridescens, and, in some individuals, it is entirely absent. Still the

ee —_

former may only be a variety of the latter: both were found to-

The Shells described in this communication were exhibited.
patie? shay OY
. A-note by Mr..G. Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S., was read. It gave
scount of a Pelican now living in the grounds of Mr. Rawson at
yich, which wounded itself just above the breast to such an ex-
as to expose a spacious cavity. The bandages applied to the
ere repeatedly torn off by the bird for the space of ten days, at
iration of which the wound was healed. During the whole of
> the bird was in perfect health; eating fish and drinking as

_ The scar of the wound is still readily observable.

-
mee ae

P ¥)
ha “4
9
vei
PRIOR Syn laa’: nia
Pat uae tT " AL P
es M7; prewetris i ag 2 ‘ . { ‘ * tat
L See PIeet ye HOA 2 fQiWly a ain ; : evr:
TPES ATU ba be, A hie’ ay ih Eh :
he as taf Usain ep g OY aah ryt

meth"

June 24, 1834.
Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice President, in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Keith E. Abbott,

Esq., and dated Trebizond, Dec. 10, 1833. It referred principally —

toa collection of objects of Zoology formed by the writer in his neigh-
bourhood and presented by him to the Society; and contained notices
of other objects which he expects to be able to procure and
transmit.

It also gave some account of “ the famous honey of Trebizond, which
is spoken of by Xenophon in his history of the retreat of the ten thou-
sand Greeks, as having produced the effect of temporary madness or
rather drunkenness on the whole of the army who ate of it, without,
however, causing any serious consequences. It is supposed to be
from the flowers of the Azalea Pontica that the Bees extract this
honey, that plant growing in abundance in this part of the country,
and its blossom emitting the most exquisite odour. The effect which
it has on those who eat it is, as I have myself witnessed, precisely
that which Xenophon describes: when taken in a small quantity it
causes violent head-ache and vomiting, and the unhappy individual
who has swallowed it resembles as much as possible a tipsy man; a
larger dose will completely deprive him of all sense and power of
moving for some hours afterwards.” A portion of the honey accom-
panied the letter, and was exhibited.

The other objects presented by Mr. Keith Abbott were also exhibited.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould brought the Birds se-
verally under the notice of the Meeting. Their principal interest
rested on the assistance afforded by a collection formed in such a loca-
lity towards the determination of the geographical limits of certain
species. Those among the Birds of Europe which are found in India
also would, it is reasonable to anticipate, occur in the intermediate

locality of Trebizond; but there are, among the Trebizond Birds, —

various European species which do not, as far as is yet known, occur
in India, and the existence of which in so eastern a range is conse-
quently interesting.

The following species are contained in the Trebizond collection
presented to the Society by Mr. Keith Abbott. The remarks as to
the localities inhabited by them respectively are by Mr. Gould.

1. Aquila pennata. Inhabiting eastern Europe and the adjacent —

parts of Asia and Africa.

2. Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. European ; but not previously observed —

in Asia, although there is a nearly allied species in the Himalayan
mountains. It has not yet been noticed in Africa.

3. Circus eruginosus. European, Indian, and African.

4. Circus cyaneus. European, African, Indian, Chinese, and North
American specimens present no apparent specific differences.

a ‘51

5. Circus cineraceus. European, Indian, and African.

6. Coracias garrula, Linn. Inhabiting Europe, and abundantly
Northern Africa; but hitherto not observed in India.

Le 7. Lanius Collurio, Linn. Hitherto not obtained from India.
__. 8. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. Hitherto not obtained from any lo-
_ cality so far to the east as Trebizond.
9. Saxicola Gnanthe, Bechst. Similarly circumstanced with the
10. Parus major, Linn. Also similarly circumstanced.
11. Parus biarmicus, Linn. European, and of Eastern Asia; but
hitherto not observed in India.

12. Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. European, and obtained also from
__ the Nubian mountains, as well as from the Himalayan and from other
parts of India.

i 13. Carduelis communis, Cuv. Not hitherto observed in India.

_ 14. Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Previously not obtained from any
_ locality so far to the east as Trebizond.

15. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Common to the three continents of

3 the old world.

_—«& =~ Troglodytes communis, Cuv. Not hitherto observed in India.

17. Tichodroma muraria, Ill. Inhabiting the South of Europe,

__ and found also in the Himalayan mountains, but not in the low lands,
of India.

B18. Otis Tetrax, Linn. Inhabiting Europe and Africa, but not

19. Gidicnemus crepitans, Cuv. Similarly circumstanced with the

M 0. Vanellus ? Avyoung bird of a species apparently un-
; 2i. Tringa variabilis, Meyer. European and American ; but hi-
therto not observed in India or Africa.

22. Tringa pugnax, Linn. European and Chinese.
23. Totanus Glottis, Bechst. Not hitherto observed in India or

' 7. Tadorna Vulpanser. Similarly circumstanced with the pre-
Anas Boschas, Linn. Almost universal.

Keith Abbott states that in addition to the above-named bids
shot at Trebizond the following :

co rufipes, Bechst.

riolus Galbula, Linn.

Totanus ochropus, Temm.
Anas rutila, Pall.

At the request of the Chairman Capt. Stoddart exhibited, with
the permission of the Committee of the Naval and Military Museum,
three Birds forming part of that collection. These were the Columba
spiloptera, Vig.; the Tetraogallus Nigellii, Gray ; and a new species
of Numida, Linn., remarkable for the nakedness of the head and of
the greater part of the neck; for the possession of long hackled fea-
thers round the base of the neck and on the breast; and for the ab-
sence of caruncle on the head. The latter bird was accompanied by
a detailed description by Major-General Hardwicke, which was read.
In it the author pointed out the distinctive characters between this
new species and the several previously described birds of the genus
Numida. It may be characterizéd as follows :

Numipa vutturina. Num. capite haud cristato collique parte an-
teriore nudis, occipite tanttm brunneo-plumoso ; colli inferioris
pectorisque plumis elongatis, lanceolatis, ceruleo nigroque variis,
vitid albd mediand notatis; brunneo-nigra, albo guttata, fas-
ciata, et lineata.

Long. a rostri ad caude apicem, 18 unc.; ad digiti medii apicem,

24; rostri, 2 unc.

Rostrum brunneo-rubrum.

The specimen was brought by Capt. Probyn from the Western
Coast of Africa. From the injured condition of the tail- and wing-
feathers it is evident that it had been kept in confinement, and it has
the appearance of* having been under the influence of moulting when
it died.

Mr. Sabine called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen of a
hybrid Bird between the common Pheasant, Phasianus Colchicus,
Linn., and the grey hen, Tetrao Tetrix, Linn., which was exhibited.
Its legs were partially feathered ; it bore, on the shoulder, a white
spot ; and its middle tail-feathers were lengthened. Mr. Sabine
stated his intention of entering at some length into the history of
hybrid. and cross animals in connexion with his description of this
bird. It was bred in Cornwall.

A specimen was exhibited of a Bat captured in New Holland by
George Bennett, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. It was brought under
the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Gray, who regarded it as previously
undescribed. He characterized it as

RainoLopaus MEGAPHYLLUS. Rhin. prosthemate posteriore ovato-
lanceolato, faciem latitudine subequante; pallid murinus ; pa-
tagiis subnudis pilis parcis albis subtits prope corpus instructis,

Long. humeri, 124 lin.; ulne, 224; pollicis cum ungue, 4; tibia,

9; pedis, 5; calcaris, 5 ; caud@, 12. :

Hab, in Nova Hollandia, in cavernis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee

dictum. :

© The hinder nose-leaf is bristly, ovate-lanceolate, nearly as broad
at the base as the face, with a rather produced tip; the septum of the
nose is grooved ; and the front leaf expanded with a quite free mem-
branaceous edge. The head is elongated ; the face depressed; the
muzzle rounded; the ears are large, reaching when bent down
rather beyond the tip of the nose. ‘The fur is soft and of a pale
mouse colour. The membranes are dark and naked, with rather di-
stant whitish hair on the under side near the sides of the body.
“This Bat is very nearly allied to the true European Rhinolophi,
and agrees with them in having four cells at the base of the hinder
nose-leaf, and distant pectoral teats. [t differs from them in having a
much broader nose-leaf. The pits on the nose and the distant teats
are not found in the other Rhinolophi, which have no hinder nose-
leaf. These I propose to separate from the others under the name
of Hipposiderus.”

——
~ Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of several fresh-water Tortoises.
Of these he had recently received three from John Russel Reeves,
Esq., of Canton, two of which he regarded as being previously un-
described. These he now characterized as follows :

Emys nicricans. Em. testd obovato-oblongd, convexrd, nigro-
_ fused ; subtricarinatd, carind mediand obtusa postic? continud,
lateralibus indistinctis distantibus ; scutellis obscuré radiatis, ver-
tebralibus latis, anterioribus pentagonis ; marginibus revolutis,
'- posticd subserratd ; infra ad latera luteo maculatd; sternum sub-
converum, luteum, nigro variegatum.
~ Long. teste, 3 poll.
Hab. in China prope Canton.
4 This species is nearly allied in shape and colour to Em. crassi-
collis, Bell, but differs by the distance and indistinctness of its la-
a4 re heels, the convexity of its sternum, and the shape of its anterior
vertebral plates. From Em. Thuzjii, Gray, it is distinguished by its
smaller size, the darkness of its colour, and the yellow spotting
bs on the under side towards the edge of the shell.
_ The character is taken from a half-grown shell, from which the
animal had been removed.

Cae Sinensis. Em. testd ovatd, converd, subcarinatd, olivaced
nigro punctatd ; scutellis levibus, luteo strigatis, vertebralibus

cae ___latis hexagonis ; marginibus integris, lateralibus subrevolutis ; sub-

Ut : _ tas luted, maculis oblongis olivaceis nigro marginatis ornatd ;

wet. -sterni lateribus subcarinatis : collo lineis tenuissimis flavis notato,

; ong. teste, 5 poll.

. in China,

Allied to Em. vulgaris, Gray, but easily distinguished by. the
orange streaks in the centre of each discal shield. ‘The under side
of the marginal plates is marked near its hinder edge by a
e oblong subquadrate olive spot, which is dotted and margined
_ with black ; the axillary and inguinal plates are marked with a black
Page The sternal plates are varied with brown.

_ Athird undescribed species of Emys, of which a specimen was ex-

hibited by Mr.Gray, was brought from Dukhun by Lieut. Col. Sykes.
It was characterized as the
Emys tenrorra. Em. testd ovato-oblongd, olivaced ; dorso sub-
angulariter compresso ; scutellis subrugosis, vertebralium primo
quadrato, reliquis elongato-hexagonis carinatis postice productis
(tertio precipue) tuberculatis, marginalibus sternalibusque flavo
carinatis; sterno subplano parum elevato.
Hab. in Indiz Orientalis regione Dukhun dicta.
A fourth new species characterized by Mr. Gray was the
Emys pratynota. Em. testd ovatd, converd, fuscd; dorso com-
planato ; scutellorum vertebralium primo lato hexagono ; margine
subintegro ; sterno plano ; capite luteo variegato.
Hab. in India Orientali.
Long. teste, 9 poll.
The shell differs at first sight from all the other species of the ge-
nus by the flatness of the middle of the back, agreeing in that cha-
racter with Hydraspis planiceps, Bell.

Mr. Gray also exhibited a specimen of the fresh-water Tortoise
which he had described in his ‘Synopsis Reptilium,’ under the name of
Cistuda Bealii, from a drawing communicated to him by Mr. Reeves,
The examination of the specimen subsequently received from Mr.
Reeves has enabled him to ascertain that it is really an Emys, which
is easily distinguishable from all the other known species of that ge-
nus by the possession of two eye-like spots on each side of the nape :
the shell is in form like that of Em. vulgaris, Gray ; its colour is dull
olive, speckled with black as in Cistuda Europea, Gray, The name of
the species will now necessarily be changed to Emys Bealiz.

With these Terrapins Mr. Reeves had also transmitted to Mr. Gray
three specimens of Cistuda Amboinensis, Gray, two of which, differing
very much from each other and from the typical species in external
form, were exhibited.

The first is extremely heavy and solid, with a very high back.
It appears to have belonged to an old animal, as the plates are
worn nearly smooth ; its sternum is solid, flat, rounded before and
behind, and the gular and anal pairs of plates are each united into
one, leaving only a slight groove between the gular pair, showing
where the division is generally placed.

The second is very much depressed, expanded on the sides, so as
to be nearly orbicular, and is as wide as it islong. This extension is
chiefly produced by the length of the costal plates, for the vertebral
ones are very narrow, the front one being rather longer than broad,
and much narrower behind. The sternum is very broad, flat, rounded
before, and slightly keeled behind. All the plates are separate.

Colonel Sykes exhibited several pieces of the leaden pipes used
for the supply of water to his house, which were perforated by
having been gnawed by Rats.

The following notes, by Mr. Rymer Jones, of the dissection of a

Tiger, Felis Tigris, Linn., which recently died at the Society’s Gar-
dens, were read.
_ The stomach was simple, 18 inches in length, and 13 in its
greatest circumference. It was seated in the left hypochondriac
gas the umbilical regions. The esophagus entered it at 3 inches

om its cardiac end. Its mucous coat exhibited beautifully minute
convoluted plice, perhaps from the arrangement of the gastric glands,
The pyloric valve was little distinct.

The omentum was loaded with fat, and extended about two thirds
of the distance to the pubes,
_ The duodenum was loosely attached by a broad mesentery, and
measured in length about 12 inches: the length of the small intes-
tines was 18 feet; their circumference was uniform throughout,
23 inches. The cecum was 2 inches long, and the same in circum-
ference ; its form being that which is met with in the domestic Cat.
The length of the large intestines was 2 feet 10 inches; their circum-
ference 4 inches. The muscular coat of the intestines was thick
throughout their whole extent.
_ The liver, when spread out, resembled in form a vine-leaf, being di-
vided by deep fissures reaching nearly to the hepatic vessels. It con=
sisted of five lobes, the middle one of which was the largest; this
presented below a deep fissure lodging the gall-bladder, which
seemed to perforate the substance of the viscus, its fundus appearing
in a hole on the convex surface. The length of the gall-bladder was
3 inches ; its circumference 33; its shape pyriform; and its neck
convoluted as in the domestic Cat: the length of the neck, when
unravelled, was 23 inches. The bile entered the intestine at 4 inches
from the pylorus, in common with the pancreatic secretion.

The pancreas was placed between the layers of peritoneum which
formed the mesentery of the duodenum. 1t-was of a long ribband-

_ like form; 22 inches in length; 1 inch in its greatest and §ths

ar)

2 bh cite

in its least breadth.

_ The spleen was loosely attached to the cardiac extremity of the

stomach ; of a flat,’ club-shaped form ; and measured at its broadest

art 3 inches in width, at its narrowest, l inch: its greatest thick-
ess was 1 inch.
he lungs consisted of four lobes on the right and three on the

___ The heart, of a pyramidal shape, and measuring 5 inches in length

“7

num. Themedium thickness of the muscular purietes of the right ven-

icle was + inch, of the left ventricle, ths. There were no traces
of Eustachian valve, or of valve to the coronary vein. The vence cave
were two, one superior and one inferior. The primary branches of the
aorta were also two.

: om in breadth, was seated in the middle of the chest upon the ster-

an a semicircle and being completed behind by a membrane which
vad the appearance of being muscular. It divided inferiorly into
three branches, two of which passed to the right, and one to the left
The vocal ligaments were little prominent, and the saceulus

ryngis was scarcely perceptible.

than trachea consisted of forty-five rings, each forming rather more
”

The pharynx was very muscular. The lining membrane of the
csophagus was disposed, in its upper third, in longitudinal plice,
and throughout the rest of its extent in transverse folds resembling
thickly placed valvule conniventes, becoming more numerous and
smaller towards the stomach. The tonsils were exceedingly small,
consisting of three or four little glandular patches under the mucous
membrane. The apex of the epiglottis was obtusely pointed, and
much curled towards the tongue: the frenum epiglottidis contained
a powerful muscle serving to raise the epiglottis: the aryteno-epi-
glottidean ligament was so studded with mucous follicles as to repre-
sent glandular masses. The dorsum of the tongue, 10 inches in
length, was thickly studded with retroverted spines, which towards
the posterior part became converted into loose, triangular, fleshy
appendages attached here and there to the surface. .

The supra-renal glands were imbedded in fat and situated about
1 inch internal to the anterior extremity of the kidneys ; their length
was 2+ inches, their breadth 1 inch. The kidneys were 4 inches in
length, 24 in breadth, and 24 in thickness. They had the ordinary

position and form, and exhibited on their surface the arborescent

vessels observable in the Felide and Viverride generally. Their cor-
tical and tubular portions were beautifully distinct; the medium
thickness of the former being 3 lines. One papilla received the
tubuli uriniferi of the whole kidney. The ureters terminated about
l inch from the neck of the bladder. The urinary bladder, of an
oval shape and 6 inches in length, was so small that without disten-
sion it would not have contained more than three or four ounces of
fluid.

The prostate gland was 3 of an inch in diameter and #ths in
thickness ; itsform was circular, flattened from before backwards ;
it was placed behind the neck of the bladder, which it did not em-
brace. When cut into, its substance exhibited a rosy white colour,
Its secretion resembled whey,and was poured into the urethra through
several little orifices on each side of the verumontanum, which was a
little eminence half an inch in length. The vasa deferentia terminated
with the ducts of the prostate. Nothing analogous to vesicule se-
minales was observed. Cowper's glands were of the size of mode-

rately large hazel-nuts, surrounded by a strong muscular envelope ;

on cutting through this case the glandular masses were found to be
of the size of large peas, the remainder of the bulk being made up
by the thickness of the muscular covering ; their secretion was poured
out by two ducts into the bulbous portion of the urethra. The

urethra was 9+ inches in length; its mucous lining presented no la-

cun@, and was, when slit open, ths of an inch broad at the veru-
montanum, + at the membranous portion, § at the bulb, and about
gths throughout the rest of its extent. The penis was 54 inches in
length; the glans measuring ths of an inch and being of a conical
form ending in a sharp point; its surface was studded with minute
papilla, but was quite smooth; it inclosed an ossiculum $ of an inch
in length.

The morbid appearances observed consisted of tubercular disease
of the lungs, with rupture of the air cells in several places.

Bs wh July 8, 1834.
“Shy

B ka William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

“ny Letter was read addressed to the Secretary by M. Julien
‘ Desjardins, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Mauritius, January 10, 1834.
_Itaccompanied a collection of objects of Zoology, consisting chiefly
_ of Mammalia and Birds, which were exhibited to the Meeting.

_ Mr. Gray exhibited various undescribed Shells, chiefly contained
in his own collection. He characterized them as follows :

Unto Nov Horranpim. Un. testd oblongo-elongatd, gracili,
_ solidd ; anticé subcompressd, levi, rotundatd, postice subventri-
_- cosd, productd, tuberculis magnis inequalibus in seriebus curvatis
_ radiantibus dispositis ; disco argenteo purpureo maculato, margine
_ tnferiore antic? crassissima ; dente cardinali anteriore parvo,
_ pariim elevato, bituberculato; dentibus posterioribus parvis, sub
_ cartilaginis margine posteriore positis ; periostracd crassa, nigra.
_ Hab. in Nove Hollandiz flumine Macquarrie, 70 circiter mill,
ab ejus ostio.

_Awnovon Parisuit. An. testa ovatd, ventricosd, solidd ; anticé
a _ compressd, subproducta, subgracili, postice expansd, dilatatd,
__ rotundatd ; margine cardinali rectd, marginis inferioris dimi-
dium longitudine equante ; disco margaritaceo-albo ; periostraca

wrunneo-nigrescente.

+ 74, alt. 33 poll.
ab. in fluviis Paraguaye.
submarginal scar has an acute inflection under the hinder
r one; and there are several small unequal scars behind
he anterior adductor, as well as others, also unequal, under

ODON PENICILLATUS. An. testd ovata, ventricosd, crassi,
iusculd, levis; antic? subcompressd, rotundatd, subgracilt,
é oblique truncatd; ad marginem inferiorem postice di-
ato-rotundatd; disco albe, lineis angularibus brunneo-ni-
centibus prope cicatricem muscularem submarginalem notato ;
ostraca olivacea, levi.
1b. in fluviis Paraguaye.
black lines of the inside of the shell are deposited along the
edge of the submarginal muscular scar, and are gradually co-
by the pearly Jayer deposited by the surface of the mantle
e scar; the interior ones, being the most thickly covered,
lightest in colour.

a at
No, XIX.—Proceepines or THE ZooLocicaL Society,

There is a two-lobed oblong muscular scar at the back of the —
lower edge of that of the anterior adductor. There is alsoa small _
deep scar under the front of the umbones. F

ANODON PORCIFER. An, testd ovatd, subventricosd, crassd, solidd ;
antice convexd, rotundatd, postice productd, porcd angulari
prope depressionem marginis postice ; margine inferiore posticé
subrotundatd ; disco nitidissimo, iridescenti-margaritaceo ; perio- \
stracd levi, nigra viridi radiatim picta.

Hab. in fluviis Paraguaye.

There is only a single small ovate scar behind the lower end of

that of the anterior adductor muscle; the part under the wmbones
is destitute of any.

Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of several Shells, which he
referred to a genus to be separated from Helix under the name of

NANINA.

Helix (pars), Fér. Vitrina (pars), Quoy.

Animal, Collare amplum, lobo dextro antico, antro respirationis
in sinu posito, lobo sinistro postico lato expanso partem inferiorem
teste anfractis ultimi tegente. Pes posticé truncatus, processu —
brevi conico dorsali supra truncaturam sito. Gi

Testa depressa, perforata, polita; apertura lunata ; peristomate
tenui, edentulo, costa interna vel nulla vel obsoleta.

India, Chine, &c. Incole. ‘
The shells comprised in this genus have been referred by M. De
Férussac, and by most authors, to Helix: they are, however, more ~

nearly related to Vitrina, with which M. Quoy intends placing them.

But from the shell of Vitrina that of Nanina differs by being um- —
bilicated, as well as by its smaller mouth. The lobation of the collar —
of the animal of Nanina distinguishes it also from Vitrina; the —
collar of the latter being entire, with a linear lobe on the side ex-

tending over the shell, and with the respiratory hole. placed at its —
base. ” a

The animal was first observed and figured by General Hardwicke —
in 1797. 4

The following species belong to the genus:

Nan. Nemorensis. Helix Nemorensis, Miill. t

Nan. Javanensis. Hel. Javanensis, Fér.

Nan. exilis. Hel. exilis, Miill. 4

Nan. citrina. Hel. citrina, Linn. y,

Var. Hel. castanea, Miill.
Hel. Rapa, Chemn.

Nan. monozonalis. Hel. monozonalis, Lam. i

Nan. Clairvillia, Hel. Clairvillia, Fér. “=

Nan. Vitrinoides. Hel. Vitrinoides, Desh.

Nanina Juuiana. Nan. testd solidd, albd ; spird convexiusculd i
|

we Cae

'. anfractibus depressis fascid mediand brunned, ultimo antic? roseo
- fascid brunned axin cingente ; peristomate rotundato, roseo.
: .Axis 11, diam. 20 lin.
-_ Hab. in Ceylon.
| This is one of the most beautiful of the genus. It approaches to
_ Nan. Javanensis, but is thicker and larger.

- Nanina srriata. Nan. testd solidiusculd, subpellucidd, albidd ;
periostracd tenui, olivaced; spird convexiusculd, confertim trans-
- verse striatd ; anfractu ultimo antice sublevi.
~ Axis 9, diam. 15 lin.

= :
__. Mr. Gray also exhibited an extensive series of Shells of the
; Genus Teresra,
+
_ many new species of that group which he presented.
Bs _ He stated that the animal has a small foot, and a very long pro-
- boscis, at the base of which are seated two very small tentacula; the
_ operculum is ovate, thin, horny, rounded behind, and rather taper-
ing in front. The shell is covered by a very thin, pellucid, horn-
coloured periostraca: it is usually white, variously streaked with
brown, the streaks being often interrupted or broken into spots
the two spiral bands of the shell; one of these bands is placed
ar the spiral groove and the other on the middle of the whorl. The
ex of the cavity is frequently filled up by a calcareous deposition ;
this deposition has never been observed in Ter. duplicata.
he species may be divided into the following sections :
I. Anfractibus sulco spirali cingulum posterius efformante ; labio in-
jore tenui, concavo.
_ Oss. Cingulum in junioribus magis conspicuum ; labium internum
in adultis rarissimé incrassatum.
ic sectioni referende sunt
r. maculata, Lam. |
. tigrina.—Buccinum felinum, Dillw.
strigata, Sow.—Buccinum elongatum, Wood, Suppl., f. 22.
Per. dimidiata, Lam.
Ter, striatula, Lam.
Ter. flammea, Lam.
Ter. muscaria, Lam.
subulata, Lam.
| . oculata, Lam.
crenulata, Lam.
| . corrugata, Lam.
| duplicata, Lam.
{- r, pertusa, Sow. Born, Mus., t. 10. f. 13.
Ter. nubeculata, Sow.
| _ Ter. myuros, Lam.
| ( Terepra Knorr, Ter, testd turritd, subulatd, acuminatd, solidd,

; = / $

a- J- Ale nda ark
”
’
-

*
4 < ‘
~ 2 -
%
*

forming part of his own, collection, and ‘illustrating an account of /“ ».

politd ; anfractibus planis, superioribus transverse sulcatis ; albd
brunneo interrupté trifasciatd, fascid posteriore latd maculis irre-
gularibus, mediand angustd, anteriore latiore maculis quadratis.
Axis 24, diam. + unc.
Knorr, Deliciz, vol. iii. t. 23. f. 3.
This species differs from Ter. maculata by being more slender,
and by having the front of the whorls spotted. From Ter. tigrina it
‘is distinguished by the marbling of the back of the whorls.

TEREBRA AFFINIS. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracili, solidius-
culd ; anfractibus planis, transverse punctato-sulcatis, tenuiter
spiraliter striatis, sulco spirali posteriore profundo; aperturd
parvd ; albd nebulis lineisque spiralibus tribus vel quatuor sa-
turate rufis.

Axis 13 unc.

Var. a. Parva. 124 unc.

b. Gracilior. 1 unc.

Allied to Ter. nubeculata, but smaller and more slender in its

proportions.

TEREBRA RuUDIS. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, longitudinaliter
plicatd, spiraliter sulcatd, cancellatd ; anfractibus planis, cin-
gulo posteriore convexiusculo, noduloso; aperturd mediocri; pal- —
lide flavd, apice flavo.

Axis 14 unc.

Teresra striata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracillimd, levi,
striis spiralibus distantibus; anfractibus convexiusculis, sulcis cur-
vatis distantibus, cingulo parum noduloso, superioribus profunde
sulcatis cinguloque altero albo-noduloso, ultimo anticé striis spi-
ralibus frequentibus ; aperturd minimd ; pallidé brunned.

Axis 14 unc.

Resembles Ter. affinis, but the grooves are not punctate.

TeEREBRA UNDULATA. Ter, testd turritd, subulatd, gracillimd,
longitudinaliter undatd, plicis angularibus levibus, interstitiis
linearibus rufis minute punctatis; anfractibus planiusculis, serie —
posticd tuberculorum alborum majusculorum ; aperturd parvds —
pallide flavd. é

Axis 14 unc.

TeREBRA ALBA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, costis longitudinalibus
spiralibusque frequentibus cancellatd ; anfractibus Plants, cingulo
convexiusculo ; aperturd parvd ; alba.

Axis 2 unc.

Teresra ruava. Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, longitudina-
liter plicatd plicis frequentibus equalibus, striis spiralibus fre-
quentibus punctatis ; anfractibus planis, cingulo converiuscula sie
pallidé flavd.

Axis 1 unc.

Var. Subulata, gracilis, costis longitudinalibus magis acutis.

a puncTaTostRriata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracili,
tenui, levi, striis spiralibus distantibus punctatis, sulco spirali
posteriore profundiore; anfractibus convexiusculis, ad suturam
subcrenulatis, superioribus profunde punctatis ; aperturd angustd ;
pallide rufo-flavd.
' Axis 2$ unc.
erepra cracius. Ter. testd turritd, lineari-subulatd, pellu-
cidd, levi, politd, tenuiter spiraliter striatd, plicis longitudina-
lUbus distantibus; anfractibus subplanis, sulco posteriore profundo ;
cinered, anfractu ultimo antiue purpureo.
Axis | unc.
Hab. ad Africe oras.

4 TEREBRA TESSELLATA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, levi; anfrac-
i tibus planis, cingulo convexo noduloso albo, superioribus cingulo
__ altero etiam noduloso ; albd brunneo interrupte trifasciatd, ma-
—— culis equalibus quadratis.

5, Axis (an junioris?) 1 unc.

_ This differs from all the other spotted species by the hinder belt
_ being destitute of spots : the belt is also more nodulose than in the
ther species which are marked with spots.

ceteris oblongis transversis.
Axis 24 unc.
_ Var. Pellucida, albida brunneo maculata, nodulis albis opacis,

~Teresra piicata, Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, tenui, tenu-
+ iter spiraliter striatd, costis longitudinalibus undatis albis sub-
~ distantibus ; anfractibus planis, cingulo suhelevato costato, su-
turd crenulatd; aperturd mediocri; pallidé brunned.

_-Terepra puncrata. Ter. tesid turritd, subulatd, gracili, acumi-
-natd, levi ; anfractibus planis, cingulo subangusto noduloso, su-
yerioribus cingulo altero etiam noduloso ; aperturd parva; pal-
flavescente, seriebus quatuor macularum brunnearum parva-
in strigas aliquando confluentium. si

BREBRA LuvicaTA. Ter. testd turrild, subulatd, gracillimd,

tenui, levi, tenuissimée striata; anfractibus planis, in medio
_subcarinatis, cingulo levi subelevato porcd carinatd utrinque

ucto; anfractu ultimo haud carinuto ; apertura minima ; al-
A

da.

; Terepra Lavis. Ter. testa turritd, subulatd, levi; anfractibus
____ subconcavis, in medio subcarinatis, superioribus transverse sul-

catis, cungulo albo opaco angusto levi sulco subprofundo anticé
porcdque angustissimad carinatd postice aucto ; alba flavescente
varia.

Axis 14 unc.

II. Anfractibus sulco spirali cingulum posterius efformante; labio
interiore incrassato subelevato.

Oss. Quoad aperturam Cerithia quodammodo simulantes.

Huic sectioni referende suat

Ter. cerithina, Lam.

Ter. tricolor, Sow.—Ter. t@niolata, Quoy, cui proprii sunt in-
super sulcum cingulum efformantem sulci alii spirales duo.

’ Terepra anomata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, levi, politd; \
anfractibus planis, sulco spirali postico profundo crenato, pos- \
tice longitudinaliter plicatis ; aperturd anticé subeffusd, posticé
angustatd acutissima, labio interiore preesertim posticé incras-
sato; alba, fascid latissimd subposticd alterdque angustiore
anticd cinereis vel brunneis, apice acutissimo brunneo.

Axis 13 unc.

TEREBRA ORNATA. Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, solida;
anfractibus planis, sulco spirali posteriore profundo, cingulo
convexo subnoduloso ; apertura ovata, labio interiore subincras=
sato declivi ; alba, seriebus quatuor macularum parvarum brun-—
nearum quadratarum, serierum.intermediarum maculis nonnun-
quam in strigas oblongas confluentibus.

Axis 4 unc.

TEREBRA CANCELLATA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, sulcis spi-
ralibus frequentibus profundis, plicis longitudinalibus equalibus —
subconfertis; anfractibus planis, sulco posteriore profundo ;
aperturé subparvd, labio interiore incrassato elevato; pallidé
cinered.

Axis 12 unc.

TEREBRA STRAMINEA. Ter. testa turritd, subulatd, subrugosd, spi-
raliter confertim sulcatd ; anfractibus subplanis, cingulo po-—
stico subelevato oblique transversim sulcato alteroque nodulorum
magis rotundatorum; aperturd parvd, labio interiore posticé
subcalloso ; flavescente.

Axis 22 unc,

TeREBRA TRISERIATA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracillima,
subcylindricd, costis spiralibus subgranulosis confertis ; cingulo
postico convexo noduloso, ante hoc altero subangustiore, et tertio—
minore pone; aperturd minima, labio interiore subincrassato ; _
pallide flavescente,

Axis 13 unc.

yirls Ill. Anfractibus sulco postico nullo.
* Labio interiore tenui.
a. Testd elongata, gracilt.
Ter, lanceolata, Lam.
Ter. strigillata, Lam.
‘Ter. hastata, Lam.—Ter. costata, Meench.
ft J TEREBRA ALBIDA. Ter. testa turritd, ovato-subulatd, acumi-
— natd, levi; anfractibus planis, suturd subimpressa ; pallide
——— flavescenti-albida.
Axis 14 unc.
es, b. Testa brevi.
Ter. aciculata.—Buccinum aciculatum, Lam.
_ Ter, polita:—Buccinum politum, Lam,
- ** J abio interiore incrassato, elevato ; testd brevi.
Oss. Nasse quodammodo affines ; sed neque labium internum di-
atum, nec externum incrassatum.
Ter, lineolata, Sow. Wood, Suppl., f. 22.
Ter. Tahitensis—Buccinum Tahitense, Gmel.—Buccinum Au-
ale, Sow.
Mir. Gray concluded by stating that specimens of all the species
Ferebra enumerated by him are contained either in his private
lection or i-the-British Museum.

lll ht Ne ai ae Be

fr. Gray also exhibited an extensive series of land and fresh-
” Shells which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. He cha-
erized them as follows : i

SLICOPHANTA FALconeri, Reeve, MSS. Hel. tesid ovatd, tenui,
__vesiculari, profund? umbilicatd ; pallide brunned, fasciis macu-
lisque prope suturam saturatioribus ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus
quatuor conveais, ultimo antice declivi ; umbilico magno, com-
presso ; peristomate simplici, fauce albd.

h. in Nova Hollandia.

species is very nearly allied to Hel. magnifica, Fér., Moll.,
10, but differs in ,being much more umbilicated and ven-
laving a greater number of whorls, and being deeper co-

rs Waxkeri. Zon. testd depressd, umbilicatd, politd, flavo-
- brunned ; anfractibus 34 citissime majoribus, ventricosis, tenuiter
concentric striatis ; dorso striis densis spiralibus ; umbilico pro-
_ fundo ; aperturd magnd, fauce albidd.
is 8 lin., diam. 1 unc.

ab. in Nova Hollandia, 70 millia passuum circiter a Fort Mac-

¢ This species is allied in form and size to Zon. fuliginosus of North

BM rea9

America, but differs in the back of the whorls being cancellately
striated, and in the mouth being larger and more rounded.

Buiimvus atomatus. Bul. testd ovatd, acutd, tenui, imperforatd,
pallidé brunned, punctis brunneis triangularibus sepe strigosis
notatd ; spird obtuse conicd ; anfractibus paulum elevatis ; aper-
turd elongata, tertid purte spiram superante ; peristomate sim-
plici; labio interno subreflero; columella anticé rectd ; fauce
albo.

Axis 24, diam. 14 unc.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, 70 millia passuum circiter a Fort Mac-

quarrie.

The three following species were discovered in the interior of
New Holland by Mr. Allan Cunningham, and two of them have
been figured, but not described, in Mr. Griffith’s Edition of Cuvier’s
* Animal Kingdom.’

Heuix Cunnrncuamti, Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd., t. 6. f. 4.
Hel. testd valde depressd, alto brunneoque fasciatd ; spird pla-
niusculd ; anfractibus paulum convexis, ultimo depressissimo, ro-
tundato ; umbilico lutissimo anfractus omnes monstrante ; aperturd
oblongd, deflexd; labio externo reflexo, subincrassato, dextror-
sum rotundato, sinistrorsum complanato recto ; fauce purpuras-
cente.

Axis 11, diam. 29, aperture diam. 123 lin.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, in sylvis densis obscuris apud Hay’s Peak.

This species varies in the size of its brown bands, some individuals
being nearly white with a few narrow brown bands in the centre

of the last whorl; while in others the bands spread over the whole
upper part and the upper half of the lower portion of that whorl. It _
is allied to Hel. sepulchralis in form, but is larger and has no keeled
band round the umbilicus, which is also wider; and to Hel. Ra-
dama, Less., Cent. Zool., t. 9, from Madagascar, which differs from
it in being thinner, of a uniform brown colour, and having a larger —
mouth, the front of the whorls near the umbilicus appearing also to
be constantly white.

Hewix Fraseri, Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd., t. 6. f. 6. Hel.
testd globosd, imperforatd, pallide brunned fasciis plurimis an-
gustis linearibus spiralibus brunneis ; spird converd, hemisphericd ;
anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo maximo ventricoso ; aperturd ob-
longd, semilunatd ; labio externo rotundato, reflexo, subincrassato, —
purpurascenti-brunneo ; interno vix incrassato.

Axis 19, diam. 24, aperture lat. 12, long. 14 lin.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

This species most nearly resembles Hel. crispata, but is larger

and more globular; the whorls are more ventricose, and the bands
continuous : it is covered with a thin greenish horny periostraca.

_ Heurx Jacxsoniensis. Hel. testd depressd, pallide brunned, po-
litd, concentrict substriatd ; spird converd ; anfractibus planis,
ultimo rotundato, depresso ; aperturd lunatd ; fauce albidd ; labio

_-externo tenui.
_ Axis 3, diam. 34 lin.
Hab. in Nova Hollandia, prope Port Jackson.
me. The shell resembles Hel. nitida in form, but is imperforate.

To Mr. Cunningham Mr. Gray was also indebted for three species
discovered by him in Phillip’s Island, a small island about 5 miles
South of Norfolk Island. These he characterized as follows:

Hexirx Campsexiiu. Hel. testd conicd, subglobosd, depressius-
culd, imperforata, subrugosd, rugis transversis densis, striisque
spiralibus indistinctis ; pallide brunned, fascia latd subposticd
pallida ; spird conicd, converd ; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo
carind mediand indistinctd, a levi; peristomate tenui, acuto,
juxta axin subincrassato, albo.

Axis 55, diam. 8+ lin.

Hab. in Insula Phillip Maris Pacifici.

4 re: Heuix Puri. Hel. testd subglobosd, depressd, imperforatd,

___ pallide corned, pellucida, maculis viridibus sparsis irregularibus ;

__ transversim subdistanter rugosa ; spira convexd ; anfractibus pla-

ot niusculis, ultimo parum ventricoso, rotundato, fascid posticd sub-

— -mediand angustd albd ; aperturd semilunatd ; labio tenui, supra
avin subincrassato, albo.

Axis 5, diam. 8 lin.

fab. in Insula Phillip.

n. spird planiusculd, anfractu ultimo subcarinato.

S species is allied to the former in the shape of the mouth and

ire of the lip; but the whorls are angular in the young state

y, as in most of the Helices of Lamarck.

= UO apts

ROCOLLA Stopparti. Car. testd conico-subglobosd, depressi-
_ usculd, tenuissime rugosd, brunned pallidé fasciatd vel flaves-
__ cente fasciis saturatioribus, imperforatd ; spird conicd, converd;
_anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo indistincte in medio carinato ;
__peristomate tenui, juxta axin subincrassato, acuio.

is 4 diam. 7 lin.

1. Testa saturate brunned, fascid prope suturam latiusculd.
2. ‘Testa supra brunned, infra flavescente, sa8d pone carinam
ned.

remaining species were described from specimens in Mr.
s own collection; they were characterized as follows :

Burimvs xuoposromus. Bul. testd ovatd, perforatd, solidd,

striatd, albidd roseo marmoratd, periostracd tenui olivaced ; su-
turd tenuiter crenulatd ; anfractibus fasciis duabus posticis obscu-

- ris latis ; fauce rosed ; peristomate paulum incrassato; axi antice
saturate brunned.

Axis 14, diam. 2 unc.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia ?

Butimus crassizasris. Bul. testd ovata, acutd, levi, politd,
albd brunneo parum tinctd ; spird conicd, apice obtuso subpro-
ducto; anfractibus conveziusculis; aperturd parvd; labio externo
subincrassato, interno incrassato, calloso, subrepando, perfora-
tionem parvam linearem fere tegente.

Diam. 3 unc.

Buiimvus apicutatus. Bul. testd ovatd, elongata, perforatd, levi,
albd, strigis brunneis obliquis ; spird conicd, apice acutiusculo,
saturate brunneo; ultimo anfractu obsoletissim? albo carinato ;
aperturd spird breviore, subangustd ; labio externo simplice, in-
terno teaui, ante columellam parum reflexo, saturate brunneo.

Axis 10, diam. 44 lin.

This shell resembles Bul. Kingii, but is more solid and has a dark

apex and pillar.

Buiimes Putuus. Bul. testd ovatd, subcylindricd, subimperforatd,
pellucida, albidd, tenuiter striatd; apice conico, obtusiusculo,
pellucido; anfractibus novem vel decem viz elevatis ; aperturd par-
vd, subrotundd, semilunatd ; labiis subincrassatis rotundatis.

Axis 8, diam. 2+ lin.

Hab. “ in India Orientali ad ripas Gangis,” Dr. Royle.

It varies greatly in size, and is often much smaller.

Buummvus Burcnertu. Bul. testd ovato-lanceolatd, imperforatd,
alba, rugosiusculd ; apice obtuso, subattenuato ; anfractibus con-
veviusculis ; aperturd ovatd, spird tertid parte breviore ; labiis —
parum incrassatis, albis.

Axis 7, diam. 23 lin.

Jun. anfractibus angulariter subcarinatis, labiis tenuibus.

Hab. in Africé Australi, prope Lattakoo.

The specimens were strung together to form a necklace.

Lienus tenuis. Lign. testd ovatd, subturritd, tenuissimd, albd,
pellucidd, periostracd tenui glabrd flavd indutd ; spird conied,
apice obtuso, subproducto ; anfractibus convexis, ultimo obsole- ;
tissime carinato, antice purpurascenti-brunneo ; columelld antice
tenui, rectiusculd.

Axis 15, diam. 9 lin.

Hab. in Africa ?

This shell is in shape most like the young of Hel. flammigera, Fér.,

Moll., t. 118, f. 5; but differs in colour, in tenuity, and in the a
of the front of the pular-lip.

3
. 67
Hewrx Coprinetronu. Hel. testd orbiculari, conicd, imperforatd,
+ solidiusculd, pallidd irregulariter densé albo lineatd ; spird con-
vexd; anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo depressiusculo; aperturd
lunatd, ovata, obliqud ; labio externo reflexo, albo, antic? planius-
culo, declivi, interno tenut.

Axis 15, diam. 20 lin.
Ne Hab. “in Grecia apud Navarino,” S. P. Pratt, Esq.

ss Hexrx ripeuis. Hel. testd depressiusculd, late perforatd, pallide

__ brunned, profunde striata, periostracd tenui pallida indutd ; spird

: conicd, converd ; anfractibus elevatiusculis, citissime majoribus,
rs fascid suturali notatis, ultimo rotundato anticé brunneo ; aper-
Ps turd obliqud ; peristomate albo, subreflexo ; fauce postice albd,

antice brunned.

~ Axis 11, diam. 15 lin.

_ Var. spird paulo depressiore.

_ Hexrx Cracuzropu. Hel. testd depressd, tenui, late perforatd,
striatd, pellucidd, albidd presertim ad spiram rufescenti-brun-
neo variegatd ; spird convexd ; anfractibus elevatiusculis, ultimo

_.__ obsoletissimé carinato, fascid mediand albd; peristomate simplici ;

— — fauce brunned, maculd albd in labti medio.

| Axis 9, diam. 14 lin.

Hab. in India Orientali?
_ This is perhaps a Nanina, but it is more largely perforated than
q a of that genus of which I have seen the animal.

_ -Hexrx Maperasratana. Hel. testd globosd, depressd, perforatd,
Baer pallide brunned albido marmoratd, substriatd ; spird elevatius-
- culd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cito majoribus, ‘ultimo ventricoso,
; fascid albidd submediand, anticé pallidiore ; aperturd semilunatd,
_ majusculd ; peristomate subincrassato, albido ; perforatione pro-
_. fundd, angustd.
Axis 9, diam. 13 lin.
Hab. “in India Orientali, 200 millia passuum circiter a Maderas-
ana versus Africum,” J. W. Heath, Esq.
While on the subject of Indian Helices, Mr. Gray remarked that
. ligulata, Fér., Moll., t. 31. f. 2, 3, is a common Indian species;
‘that Hel. cicatricosa, Chemn., vol. ix. t. 109. f. 913, is found in
‘more elevated regions of India, and has lately been described by
Lea under the name of Hel. Himalayana.

arocotta Nova Hoxrianpiz. Car. testd orbiculari, conicd,
_ subdepressd, subperforatd, tenui, levi, tenuissime elevato-punc-
_ tatd, pallide fulvd; spird conicd, convexd ; anfractibus sex di-
_ Stinctis, fascid brunned submediand ; ultimo pallide angulariter
_ earinato, antic® convexro, circum azin saturate brunneo; aper-
turd subangulatd ; peristomate pone carinam subinflexo, subin-
erassato, reflevo, nigro; labio interno tenui, brunneo; fauce
_ albida, fascia pellucida. :

Axis 9, diam. 14 lin.
Hab. in Nova Hollandia, 200 millia passuum ab Ostio Fluvii

Macquarrie.

Herrx Granirera. Hel. testd conicd, orbiculari, depressiusculd, .

imperforatd, pallide brunned, granis minutis albis aspersd ; spird
converd, obtusd ; anfractibus vix elevatis, ultimo acuté carinato,
antice conveaiusculo ; aperiurd ovato-trigond ; labiis incrassatis,
reflexis, albis, externo antic? recto, inequaliter 3-dentato, dentibus
duobus internis obliquis approximatis, externo majore distante
compresso.

Axis 7, diam. 11 lin.

Hab. vulgaris in India Occidentali.

Hewix pacnyeastra. Hel. testd orbiculari, depressd, imperfo-
ratd, badid, levi, tenuiter striata ; spird conveviusculd ; anfrac-
tibus planis, ultimo ventricoso, rotundato, obsoletissimé in medio
carinato; aperiurd subtrigond; labiis incrassatis callosis, externo
antic? intis dente parvo extus plicd majore instructo.

Axis 44, diam. 8 lin.

Mr. Gray observed on this character that he calls that a tooth
which is solid, and that a plait which is marked externally by a
corresponding groove. Thus the Chondri of Cuvier have toothed
mouths, and the Pupe and Clausilie plaited.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained
in the collection formed by Mr. Cuming, chiefly on the Western
Coast of South America and among the islands of the South Pacific

Ocean. Those brought on the present occasion under the notice of

the Society were accompanied by observations and characters by Mr.
G. B. Sowerby, and comprised the following species of the

Genus Puouas.

“The utmost caution is necessary in the examination and de-
scription of the various sorts of Pholades, on account of the extraor-
dinary difference in the form of the same species in different stages
of growth. The addition of accessory valves also, as they increase
in age, must be carefully observed, in order to guard against too
implicit a confidence in their number and form. And though I
might be considered guilty of asserting a truism by stating that the
difference in size of different individuals of the same species may
and sometimes does mislead the tyro in the science of Malacology ;
lest such difference should mislead the adept also, let him too pro-
ceed cautiously, and when he finds a fully grown shell of half an inch
in length agreeing perfectly in proportions and characters with an-
other of two inches long, let him not conclude that it is a distinet

species, but if he can find no other difference except that which.

exists in their dimensions, let him consider the one a giant, the other
adwarf. Let it be remembered that among the Cypree it is not un-

a bee ane pti

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common to observe young shells of three inches in length, and fully
grown ones of the same sort only one inch in length ; likewise, of
the well-known British Pholades there are individuals quite in a
young state of two inches in length, and perfectly formed shells of
the same species not more than half an inch long. For an instance
in demonstration I need only refer to the Phol. papyraceus, so
abundant at Torquay, of which the young shells have been considered
by many as a distinct species and have been named by Dr. Turton
Phol. lamellosus. This varies in size exceedingly, so that it may
be obtained both in an incomplete and young state and in a fully
grown condition from half an inch to nearly two inches in length.
The circumstance of its having rarely occurred in an: intermediate
state of growth, when the anterior opening is only. partly closed
and the accessory valves only partly formed, led Dr. Turton and
others to persist in regarding the young and old as two distinct
species. Other similar instances will be shown in the course of the
present concise account of some hitherto undescribed species of the
same genus brought to England by Mr. Cuming.”"—G. B. S.

Puotas crucicer. Phol. testé oblongd, scabrd, marginibus an-
ticd ventrali apertdé, anticd dorsali reflexd ; valvd accessoria
solitarid, posticd, transversd: long. 1°7, lat. 0°65, alt, 0°7
poll. } > j

Hab. ad oras Columbiz Occidentalis et Americe Centralis.

In this species the anterior ventral opening is somewhat more

_ closed in some specimens than in others. It appears to form only one
_ accessory valve, which crosses the vaives behind the umbones: the
_ dorsal margins are closed by epidermis.

_ Found in three localities ; namely, in soft sandstone at half-tide

_ on the shores of the island of Puna in the Gulf of Guayaquil; in soft
_ Stone at low water in the Bay of Caraccas; both in West Columbia;
and in hard clay at a depth of thirteen fathoms in the Gulf of No-
coiyo in Central America.—G. B. S.

Psonas Cuioensis, var. parva. Phol. Chiloensis, testd parva,

tenuiore: long. 1°6, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°6 poll.

_ Found in soft stone at a depth of seventeen fathoms at the island

De Plata, West Columbia:—G. B.S.

_ Puoxas sustruncata. Phol. testa ovato-oblongd, scabrd, postice
rotundato-subtruncatd, levi; margine anticd ventrali hiatumazimo ;
valud accessorid solitarid, anticd, lanceolatd, anticé acuminatd :

long. 1:9, lat. 0-9, alt. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Plate, Columbie Occidentalis.

Found in soft stone at a depth of seventeen fathoms. Very like

our British Pholas parva.—G. B.S.

-Prozas cava, Gray, MSS. Phol. testd ovata, antic? retusd,
* postice subacuminatd, hiante ; valvis singulis in areas tres divi-
sis ; areis, anticd scabriusculd ; intermedid epidermide corned lon-

gitudinaliter striatd indutd ; posticd squamis corneis, postice ro-
_ tundatis, imbricatis, lavibus, gradatim minoribus, ornatd; parte
anticd ventrali clausd levigatd ; valvd accessorid anticd dorsalé
maximd, levi, quinquelobatd ; marginibus dorsali ventralique
posticis epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis : long. 2°, lat. 1-, alt.
1-1 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Paname.

Oss. Testz junioris parte anticé ventrali aperté, hiatu maximo ;
valva accessoria nulla, marginibus dorsali ventralique posticis haud
obtectis: long. 1-5, lat. 0°7, alt. 0°7 poll.

This is another remarkable instance of extreme dissimilarity be-
tween the young and fully grown shells; the large anterior ventral
opening, so conspicuous in the young shell, being completely closed
up in the fully grown individual; the enormous accessory valve co-
vering the umbones and spreading widely over the anterior dorsal
parts of the shell is also a remarkable addition formed at its full
growth.

Found in Spondyli, at a depth of twelve fathoms, at the Isle of
Perico in the Bay of Panama: the young shells have also been taken
out of hard stones at low water in the same place.—G. B.S.

Puovas catva, var. nana. Phol. ealva, testd nand: long. 0°5,
lat. 0°25, alt. 0°25 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found in hard stones at low water.—G.B.S.,

Puoxas acuminata. Phol. testd ovatd, antice rotundatd, postice
acuminatd, hiatu minimo ; valvis singulis in areas tres divisis ;
areis, anticd scabriusculd ; intermedid epidermide corned lon-
gitudinaliter striatd indutd ; posticd squamis corneis, postic? acu-
minatis, imbricatis, levibus, gradatim minoribus, ornatd ; parte
anticd ventrali clausd, levigatd ; valvd accessorid anticd dorsali
magnd, subtetragond, antic unilobatd ; marginibus ventrali dor-
salique epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis, tegmine dorsali antic
inflato : long. 2°, lat. O°9, alt. 0°9 poll,

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found in limestone at low water. The same sort of difference is
observable between the young and fully grown shells in this species
as in Phol. calva.

One specimen of this shell in Mr. Cuming’s collection merits
particular notice. It demonstrates a fact of considerable importance
to geologists. It is in argillaceous limestone, very much resem-
bling lias, and in forming the cavity in which it resides, it has, by
such chemical process as frequently takes place, absorbed a much
greater quantity of the rock than could be retained or converted ;
this is again deposited at the upper part of the cavity; and thus the
rock is recomposed.—G. B. S.

Portas mELANURA. Phol. testd ovatd, antice rotundatd, posticé
obtusa, hiatu mediocri ; valvis fascid impressd transversim sul-

catd dimidiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali
_ radiatim corrugatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, inflatd ; po-
___ stied longitudinaliter striatd, postice epidermide nigrd indutd ;
.- margine dorsali anticd inflato-reflerd ; valvis accessoriis duabus,
: posticis, subtrigonis, superné fornicatis: long. 1°4, lat. 0°75,
' alt. 0°8 poll.

_ Hab. ad Montem Christi, Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in hard clay at low water.—G. B.S.

Pxsotas tusirersa. Phol. testd oblonga, posticé subattenuatd, sub-
__ truncatd, antice rotundatd; valvis fascid transversim sulcatd di-
midiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali radi-
atim sulcatd, decussatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, subin-
flatd ; posticd longitudinaliter striatd ; margine dorsali anticd
reflero-inflatd; valvis accessoriis dorsalibus duabus, posticis, sub-
ovatis ; epidermide postice in duas valvas planulatas decurrente,
__ deinde tubulum calcareum ad extremam partem conspicuum : long.
- 1:8, lat. 0-5, alt. 0°45 poll.
Hab. ad Sinum Caraccensem, Columbiz Occidentalis.
Oss. Testa intermediz etatis tubulum caret.
- Found in decayed wood dredged up at ten fathoms’ depth.
- A marked resemblance may be easily traced between this and the
- Pholas papyracea of Southern Devonshire.

_Puotas Quapra. Phol. testd oblongd, tenuissimd, antic? inflatd,
rotundatd, postic subattenuatd, subtruncatd; valvis fascid trans-
versim sulcatd dimidiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd
dorsali_ concentricé lamellosd, lamellis squamuliferis, parte an-
ticé ventrali tenuiore, inflatd, radiatim obsoleté costellatd; po-
sticd longitudinaliter sulcatd; margine dorsali anticd concavo-
reflerd, musculum recipiente, epidermide obtectd; epidermide
postice in vesiculas quatuor, undique duas, decurrente ; deinde tu-
bulum calcareum ad extremam partem conspicuum : long. 1°, lat.
0°3, alt. 0°3 poll.

_ Hab. ad Montem Christi, Columbiz Occidentalis.

_ Found in stones at low water.—G. B.S

Puoxras Quanra, var. Phol. Quadra, testd parvd, margine dorsali
anticd inflato-reflexd.

Hab. ad Montem Christi.

is variety differs only in the circumstance of the epidermis

h covered the muscle contained in the concave reflected ante-

_ Puozas curta. Phol. testd ovali, postice acuminatd, antice ro-
_ tundatd; valvis fascid transversim sulcatd dimidiatis ; areis, an-
tied oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali longitudinaliter striata
et radiatim corrugatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, subinflatd ;

posticd concentrice striatd ; valvd accessorid solitarid, dorsali,
anticd, utrdque extremitate subacuminatd, medio coarctatd ; mar-
ginibus ventrali dorsalique epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis,
parte dorsali postice furcatd: long. 0°6, lat. 0-3, alt. 0°35
’ poll.

Hab. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis.

From the Isle of Lions, Province of Veragua, in soft stone at low

water.—G. B. S.

Puouas cornea. Phol. testd oblongd, tenui, anticé rotundatd, po-
stice obtusd ; epidermide tenui corned indutd ; valvis fascid dimi-
diatis; ared anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali rugosius-
culd, parte anticd levi; ared posticd majore, levigatd ; valvis
accessoriis tribus, anticd dorsali rotundatd, postice subemargi-
natd, antice subacuminatd ; hiatu postico magno : long. 0°9, lat.
0°5, alt. 0°5 poll.

Hab. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in the trunk of a tree at low water at Chiriqui in the pro-

vince of Veragua.—G. B.S.

The whole of the Toucans of the Society’s collection were exhi-
bited in illustration of an account given by Mr. Gould, at the re-
quest of the Chairman, of the species of Ramphastos, Ill., and Ptero-
glossus, Ej., constituting the family Ramphastide. Mr. Gould’s
attention having been of late particularly directed to this family in
the preparation of a Monograph of it, illustrated by coloured figures
of all the birds comprised in it, he was enabled to state the existence
of the under-mentioned species of the

Fam. Rampnastip2, Vig.

Rostrum magnum, ad basin nudum ; tomiis serratis.
Lingua pectinata.
Pedes scansorii.

Genus Ramruastos, Jil.

Ramphastos (pars), Linn.
Rostrum maximum. ~

Nares frontales, prope basin maxille site.

Cauda zqualis.

Nigri, torque pectorali tectricibusque caude@ inferioribus coccineis, pe-
dibus ceruleis. Rostrum, guttur, tectrices caude superiores, orbite-
que nude discolores.

* Caude tectricibus superioribus flavis.

RampuHasTos ERYTHRORHYNcHUS, Gmel. Ramph. rostro rubro, _
culmine fascidque basali flavis, hdc posticé lined antice fascid to-

miisque nigris.
Long. tot. 23 poll.; rostri, 64; ale, 84; caude, 64; tarsi, 2.

Red-beaked Toucan, Edw., Gleanings, t. 238.—Lath., Syn., tom.
i. p. 328.
Be ainstos erythrorhynchus, Gmel. et Auct.
Tucana Cayennensis gutture albo, Briss., Orn., tom. iv. p. 416.
Be. 31. f. 2.
4 Toosen, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. t. 3.
Toucan a collier jaune? Id., Jb., t. 4.
_ Toucan. gorge blanche de Cayenne, appellé Toucan, Buff., Pl.
Enl., n. 262.
Ramphastos Levaillantii? Wagl., Syst. Avium.
_ Hab. in Cayenna, Guiana, et ad ripas fluvii Amazonum.
Descr. Torques pectoralis mediocris. Irides rubra. Orbitz cce-
rule. Guttur album sulphureo nonnunquam tinctum.

_ Rampnastos Cuvieri, Wagl. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine fas-
cidque basali luteis, lateribus conveuis.

Long. tot. 24 poll.; rostri, 74; ale, 9; caude, 64; tarsi, 2.

Ramphastos Cuvieri, Wagl., Syst. Avium.

Hab. propé fluvium Amazonum ?

Dzscr. Precedenti coloribus simillimus; sed paulld major,
strique colores alii. Tectrices caude superiores aurantio tincte.

Rampuastos cutminatus, Gould. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine
__ fascidque basali stramineis, lateribus compressis subconcavis.
are: tot. 18S—20 poll.; rostri, 4—5; ale, 8i—9; caudea, 64—7;

Biitinctos culminatus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i.

p. 70.

_Descr. Precedenti simillimus, sed minor; mandibula superior
compressa, nec ad latera convexa. ‘Tectrices caudee _Superiores po-
€ in aurantio-coccineum Mic i rahate

** Cauda tectricibus superioribus albis.

_ Rampnastos Swainsonu, Gould. Ramph. rostro oblique dimi-
___ diatim flavo, torque pectorali lined albd anticé auctd.

ese tot. 18 unc. ; rostri, 54—6; ale,9; caude, 64; tarsi, 14.
phastos Swainsonii, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i.

‘ocard ? Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. pl. 9.

phastos ambiguus? Swains., Zool. Iil., pl. 168.

in Columbia et in Mexico Australi.

rR. Rostri pars superior flava; pars inferior (pro tempes-
colore variat, quippe aliquando nigra, aliquando rufa nigro,
tim anticé, cincta. Guttur flavum, a torque pectorali coccinea
ba sejunctum. Irides, orbiteque ccerulez.

Rampwastos carinatus, Swains. Ramph. rostro ad apicem san-
_gwineo, mandibuld superiore viridi culmine maculdque irregulari
utringue ad tomium flavis, inferiore ceruled.

' B

Long. tot. 20 unc. ; rostri, 6; ale, 8; caude, 7; tarsi, 2.

Ramphastos carinatus, Swains., Zool. Iil., pl. 45. ]
Brazilian Pie, Edw., Glean., vol. ii. t. 64. f
Yellow-breasted Toucan, Ia., Ib., vol. iii. p. 253. t. 329. (adul- —
tus). 1a

Ramphastos Tucanus?, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. viii. p. 362.

Hab. in Mexico.

Descr. Precedenti coloribus simillimus. Linea alba pectoralis
nulla. Rostrum pluricolor compressum, fascia angusta basali nigra
cinctum.

Rampnastos Toco, Gmel. Ramph. caude tectricibus superioribus

caude dimidium longitudine equantibus.

Long. tot. 27 unc.; rostri, 71; ale, 10; caude, 7; tarsi, 2. y
- Toucan de Cayenne appellé Toco, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 82.

Ramphastos Toco, Auct.

Toco, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. iii. p. 7. t. 2. |

Hab. in Guiana et ad fluvium Platz. ;

Descr. Maximus. Cauda subabbreviata. Rostrum maximum, au- —
rantiacum, fascid basali maculaque magna utrinque ad apicem
mandibule superioris nigris. Guttur album. Torques pectoralis sub- —
evanescens. Orbitz rubre.

*** Caude@ tectricibus superioribus coccineis.

Rampuastos viTELuinus, Ill. Ramph. rostro nigro, fascid prope
basin ceruled cincto ; gutturis flavi marginibus genisque albidis.
Long. tot. 17—18 unc.; rostri, 5; ale, 7; caude, 64, tarsi, 14.
Ramphastos vitellinus, Auct.—Swains., Zool Iil., pl. 56.
Pignancoin, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. pl. 7. h
Hab. in Guiana, Cayenna, et ad fluvium Amazonum.
' Descr. Guttur in medio aurantiaco-flavum, latera versus multo- —
ties pallidius, presertim ad genas auresque ubi in album eyadit. ©
Torques pectoralis latior. Orbitz ccerulez. Irides rubree. 4

Rampuastos Arter, Vig. Ramph. rostro nigro, fascid prope ba- —
sin flavd, culmine basin versus ceruleo; gutture flavo fascid —
pallide flavd a pectoris torque latd coccined sejuncto. 5

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 74; caude, 64; tarsi, 14.

Ramphastos Ariel, Vig., in Zool. Journ., vol. ii. p. 466: in

Ramphastos Tucanus, Linn. ?

Tucana Brasiliensis gutture luteo, Briss., Orn., vol. iy. p.419.

ot 32. f. 1.
Toucan a gorge jaune de Brésil, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 307.

og oe

Toucan de Para, Vieill., Gal. des Ois., Suppl.
Ramphastos i haaiealcas, Wagl., Syst. Avium: x04
Hab. in Brasilia. di

Descr. Irides corulez. Orbitz rubre.

-Rampuastos picoLorus, Linn. Ramph. rostro viridescente, fas-
cid basali nigra ; pectore coccineo.

Long. tot. 14-17 unc.; rostri, 23-33; ale, 7; caude, 64; tar-
af si, 1%.

__ _Ramphastos dicolorus, Auct.

_ Yellow-throated Toucan, Lath., Syn., vol. i. p. 325.

: Pett Toucan a ventre rouge, ra Vaill., Hist. Nat. des Voucans,
pl. 8.

a: Tueai, Azar., Voy., tom. iii. p. 143.

_ Ramphastos Tucai, Licht., Cat., p. 7.

2 _Ramphastos chlororhynchus, Temm., Man. d’Orn.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Guttur flavum in medio subaurantiacum. Pectus totum
-coccineum. Irides cceruleze. Orbitz rubre.

_ Oss. In junioribus rostrum brevius, sordidé flavum.

Genus Preroctossus, Jl.

__ Rostrum magnum.

_ Nares super, in maxille basi site.
Cauda gradata.
— Supra viridescentes, uropygio (nisi in perpaucis) diecolore: subtis, |
ite, collo, rostro, orbitisque nudis utplurimim discoloribus ; pe-
cerulei.

eco mossve Aracart, Ill. Pter. gastreo flavo, fascid latd
_____ Goccined; rostro flavescente, culmine maxilldque inferiore nigris.
Long. tot. 18-19 une. ; rostri,4-5 ; ale, 6; caude, 74; tarsi, 14.
i Pteroglossus Aracari, Iil., et Auct.

_ Ramphastos Aracari, Linn.

_ Aracari a ventre rouge, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom.ii. p. 29.
pl. 20

ab. in Brasilia.
ser. Caput collumque nigra. Uropygium coccineum. Pectus
rque maculis indistinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Orbitz cc-
e. Rostrum ad basin linea elevata flavescente cinctum.

Preroctossus recais, Licht. Pter. gastreo flavo, maculd pec-
_ torali nigrd, fascia antic? nigra postice coccined subventrali.
¥ Long. tot. 15-17 unc.; rostri, 4-4}; ale, 6; caude, 74; tar-

-in Mexico. —-
Escr. Rostrum flavescens, culmine, maxille superioris serra-
-maxillaque inferiore nigris; hdc ad. basin linea elevata fla-
e cincta, Caput collumque nigra, hoc superné castaneo
coecineo posticé cincto, Pectus, venter, femoraque macu-
stinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Fascia gastrei bicolor pectus
st ventrem interposita. Uropygium coccineum. Orbite ce-

Prrroctossus castanortis, Gould. Pter. gastreo flavo, fascid
+ lata coccined ; auribus castaneis.
wong. tot. 174 unc. ; rostri, 5; ale, 64; caude, 74; tarsi, 1g.

Pteroglossus castanotis, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Parti.
p. 119.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pteroglosso Aracari simillimus, nisi rostri capitisque co-
loribus. Rostrum flavum, culmine, maxilla inferiore (preter li-
neam elevatam flavam basalem), maxilla superiore obliqué dimidi-
atim, serraturisque nigris. Genz auresque vel etiam gula nucha-
que castanez.

PreRoGLossus BITORQUATUS, Vig. Pter. pectore nuchdque coc-

cineis,

Long. tot. 14 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 5; caude, 6; tarsi, 14.

Pteroglossus bitorquatus, Vig., in Zool. Journ., vol. ii. p. 481.

Hab, in Guiana.

Descr. Rostrum flavescenti-albidum, maxillz inferioris dimidio
apicali obliqué nigro. Caput supra nigrum. Capitis latera guttur-
que castanea, hoc posticé torque angusta nigrA alteraque flava
cincto. Venter crissumque flavi. Uropygium coccineum, Orbite
rubra.

Oss. Fascia flava inter guttur et pectus aliquando deest.

PrERoGLossus AZAR&, Wagl. Pter. pectore coccineo, fascia latd

nigrd.

Long. tot. 15 unc.

“ Aragari Azara, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., Suppl., p. 40. t. 4.” fide
Wagler.

Ramphastos Azare, Vieill., Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom. xxxiv.
p. 282. .

Pteroglossus Azare, Wagl., Syst. Avium.

Hab. rarissimus “ in Brasilia.” Wag.

Descr. Rostrum flavum, serraturis nigris. Nucha castanea.
Fascia flava inter guttur et pectus nulla. Orbite cerulee. In
ceteris precedenti simillimus.

Ozs. Maxilla superior aliquando obliqué dimidiatim fusco-vi-
ridis.

PTEROGLOssus uULocomus, Gould. Pter. plumis capitis, genarum,

nucheque foliiferis.

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 53; caude, 4: tarst, 2x. ,

Pteroglossus ulocomus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i.
p- 38.

Hab. prope fluvium Amazonum ?

Descr. Verticis plume late, haud barbate, crispz, nigra, niti- —

dissime; occipitis nucheque magis anguste, spatulate, itidem nigre ;

genarum guleque magis spatulate, flavidé albescentes nigro api-
culate. Rostrum elongatum, albo serratum, ad apicem aurantiaco-
flavum, linea elevataé basin cingente rubra; culmine aurantiaco,

vitté. utrinque lata sordidé coerulea, lateribus basin versus rubris ;
maxilla inferiore, preter apicem aurantiaco-flavum, straminea, Ju-

gulum gastreumque flava, pectore parcé ventre confertim coccineo—

ine,

f
.
-

maculatis, pectoris maculis sublunatis, ventris fascias interruptas
simulantibus, Interscapulium uropygiumque coccinea. Orbite
cerulee.

_ PrEROGLOssus HyPOGLAUCUS, Gould. Pter. subtis cceruleo-
canus, crisso coccineo.

Long. tot. 184 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 64; caude, 7; tarsi, 13.

Pteruglossus hypoglaucus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc.,
Part. i. p. 70.

Hab. in Columbia.

Descr. Colorum diversitate singularis admodum. Corpus totum
subtus, preter crissum coccineum, cceruleo-canum. Caput caudaque
nigre. Nucha cceruleo-cana. Interscapulium, tergum, et pteromata
olivaceo-brunnea, Uropygium flavum. Remiges secundarii virides.
Rectrices ad apices brunnei, Mandibularum basis obliqué flava,
utrinque macula fascixformi nigra notata; superior, nisi ad basin,
sanguinea ; inferioris dimidium apicale nigrum. Orbite ccerulez.

_ Preroctossus Baittont, Wagl. ter. subtiis et ad caput cro-
* ceus,

< Long. tot. 14-16 unc. ; rostri, 24-34 ; ale, 51; caude, 73; tarsi,
a.
__ Pteroglossus Bailloni, Wagl., Syst. Avium.
___ Aracari Baillon, Le Vazll., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. p. 44. t. 18.
____ Ramphastos Bailloni, Viedl/., Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom. xxxiv.
“oy p. 283.
4
*

Pteroglossus croceus, Jard. & Selby, Ill. of Orn., vol. i, pl.6.
Hab. in Brasilia.
Descr. Simplex. Supra olivaceo-viridis, fronte flavo, uropygio

_ coccineo. Subtts croceus. Rostrum lutescens, basin versus in oli-
_ vaceum transiens. Orbitz rubre.

aM ;

4 _ Preroctossus virinis, Ill. Pter. gastreo luteo ; rostro superne
, as flavo, in medio aurantiaco, inferné violaceo-nigro.
Long. tot. 14 unc.; rostri, 34; ale, 44; caude, 5; tarsi, 11,
4 Green Toucan, Lath., Syn., vol. i. p. 331.
____ Tucana Cayanensis viridis, Briss., Orn., vol. iv. p. 423. t. 33, ifL.
___ Toucan verd de Cayenne, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 727, (mas.), 728.
__ (feem.)

- Ramphastos viridis, Linn.
Hab. in Demerara, Guiana, &c.
Descr. Supra olivaceo-viridis, subtts luteus; uropygio cocci-
Capite colloque in mari atris, in foemina castaneis. Rostrum
‘obustum, culmine laté sordidé flavo linea longitudinali a lateribus
urantiacis mandibulz superioris discreto ; mandibula inferiore vio-
ceo-nigra, ad basin rosea. Orbitz ccerulee.

oR eis
___ PreRoGLossus INscriptus, Swains. Pter. gastreo flavo ; rostro
favo, culmine, apice, serraturarum maculis transversis, Jascidque
ss ~propé basin nigris.

Long. tot. 12-13 une.; rostri, 23; ale, 4; caude,5; tarsi, li.

Pteroglossus inscriptus, Swains., Zool. Iil., pl. 90.

Hab. in Guiana. ;

Descr, Precedenti coloribus simillimus ; abdomen magis flavum,
rostrumque maximé diversum.

PTEROGLOSSUS MACULIROSTRIS, Licht. Pter. ventre lutescente,
crisso coccineo ; mandibule superioris lateribus maculis transversis
nigris subfasciatis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; rostri, 21; ale, 43; caud@,5; tarsi, 13.

Aragari Koulik du Brésil, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., vol. ii, p. 45.

t. 15. “ Suppl. p.41. f- AA (mas.).” fide Wagler.
Aracari a bec tacheté; Ramphastos maculatus, Vieill., Gal. des
Ois., tom, ii.
Pteroglossus maculatus, Jard. and Selby, Il. of Orn., vol. i.
pl. 26. .
Hab. in Brasilia. © ;
Descr. Uropygium cum stragulo concolor. Fascia lunata inter

cervicem et stragulum sulphurea, Caput (preter genas auresque), —

collum, pectusque in mari aterrima, in foemind castanea; gene in
mari aurantiacz, in foemina viridescenti-brunnee ; aures sulphurei,
foemine magis sordidi. Rostrum pro genere brevius, cinerascens,
ad culmen in olivaceum vergens, ad latera maculis irregularibus
nigris circiter quatuor notatum. Rectrices sex intermedii rufes-
centi-brunneo apiculati. Orbitz ccerulez.

PrerocLossus Cutik, Wagl, Pter. ventre imo olivaceo, crisso
coccineo ; rostro nigro basin versus in rubrum transeunte.

Long. tot. 12-13 unc.; rostri, 23 ; ale, 44; caude, 44; tarsi, 14.

Aragari Koulik de la Guiane, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii, p. 41.
ol. 13.
: Green Toucan, Edw., Glean., vol. iii. pl. 330.

Toucan 4 collier de Cayenne, Buff:, Pl. Enl., n, 577 (mas.).

Toucan a ventre gris de Cayenne, Id., Ib., n. 729 (foem.).

Ramphastos piperivorus, Linn.

Pteroglossus Culik, Wagl., Syst. Av.

——-— Reinwardtii? Id,, Ib.

——— Langsdorffii? Id., Id.

Hab, in Cayenna et Guiana.

Descr. Precedenti simillimus mas differt rostro, rectricibus om-
nibus castaneo apiculatis, genisque cum auribus concoloribus flavis.

Foemine caput superné nigrum; collum castaneum; fascia cervi- —

calis nulla; genz auresque flave; jugulum pectusque cceruleo-
cana. Orbitz, in sexu utroque, ccerulez.

PTEROGLOssuS PRASINUS, Licht. Pter. supra aureo-viridis, uro- —
pygio concolore ; subtis viridis ; crisso rectricumque apicibus rufis; —

genis guldque albescentibus.
Long. tot. 13 poll. ; rostri, 3.
Hab. in Mexico.

_ Descr. Rostrum flavum, culminis striga, macula ante nares,
_altera longitudinali ad tomium, mandibulaque nigris. Rectrices ante
apices rufos remigesque in cceruleum vergentes.
- Oss. In junioribus maxilla ad basin rufo nebulosa apicem
} versus in flavum et lutescentem transit. In his venter sordidé vi-
i
_ Preroctossus sutcatus, Swains. Pter. viridis, wropygio cris-
_ _ sogue concoloribus ; guld albescente ; genis cceruleis.
i Bee tot. 11-13 poll.; rostri, 3-31; ale, 5; caude, 43; tar-
St, 14.

__ Pteroglossus sulcatus, Swains., in Journ. Roy. Instit., vol. ix.

; 7. Zool. Ill., pl. 44. Temm., Pl. Col., pl. 356.

. in Guiana.
scr. Subunicolor. Remiges rectricesque in cceruleum ad
s vergentes. Rostrum pro genere brevius, latum, ad latera et
né complanatum; maxilla latera 2-, mandibule 1-sulcata:
um, culmine apiceque saturaté rufo-brunneis, mandibule an-
| Sanguineo.

The whole of the species characterized above are figured in Mr.
uld’s ‘Monograph of the Ramphastidz,’ which is just completed ;
all of them, with the exception of Pteroglossus Azar, Pter. in-
ptus, and Pter. prasinus, are contained in the Society’s collec-
tion, and were exhibited to the Meeting.

‘ay

July 22, 1834.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to Mr. Vigors by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal Residency, February 14,
1834. It referred to various living animals which it is the intention
of the writer to forward to Calcutta for transmission to England
during the ensuing season. It also referred to a collection of skins
of Mammalia and Birds which have already been dispatched by
Mr. Hodgson for the Society. Among them are skins of the Chiru
Antelope, Antilope Pdosonis Abel, male and female; and the writer
refers to these as elucidating the points which had been unascer-
tained by him at the time of making to the Society his several pre-
vious communications, abstracts of which have been published in
the Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence,
Part i. p. 52, and Part ii. p. 14 ; and in the Proceedings of the So-
ciety, Part i. p. 110.

The communications referred to “left only the inguinal pores, the
number of teats in the female, and the fact of her being cornute or
otherwise, doubtful: those points are now cleared up. The female
is hornless, and has two teats only: she has no marks on the face
or limbs, and is rather smaller than the male. The male has a large
pouch at each groin, as in Ant. Dorcas: that of the female is con-
siderably smaller. These escaped me,” Mr. Hodgson says, “till I
got this season’s specimens, remarkable as the pouches are. But
the fact is that they are composed of very thin brittle skin, and, as
they hang loose by anarrow neck, they are apt to be torn off by the
Bhoteahs while preparing the specimens.”

Mr. Hodgson again describes in detail the maxillary tumours or
accessory nostrils of the Chiru Antelope. He regards as analogous
to these accessory nostrils, and as essentially the same with them
in use, the intermaxillary pouches noticed by Col. Hamilton Smith
as partially characteristic of his Cephalophine and Nemorrhedine
subgenera of Antilope.

Referring to Col. Hamilton Smith’s distribution of the genus An-
tilope, Mr. Hodgson remarks that “the Chiru Antelope can only be-
long either to the Gazelline or the Antilopine group. Hornless
females would place it among the latter; but lyrate horns, ovine
nose, and want of sinus, would give it rather to Gazella, and its sin-

gular inguinal purses further ally it to Ant. Dorcas of this group. |

But from Gazella it is distinguished by the accessory nostrils or in-
termaxillary pouch, the hornless females, the absence of tufts on the
knees, and of bands on the flanks, The Chiru with his bluff bristly

nose, his intermaxillary pouches, and hollow-cored horns, stands in
some respects alone,” and hence Mr. Hodgson is disposed to sug-

_ gest the regarding it as representing ‘a new subgenus, to be termed
Pantholops, the vulgar old name for the Unicorn.” “ The habits and
manners of the Chiru, his medial size, and his elegant vigorous form,
ally him most to the Antilopine and Gazelline groups, and equally
to both.”

Some extracts were read from a Letter addressed by the Presi-
dent, Lord Stanley, to the Secretary, giving an account of the
breeding of several Birds in his Lordship’s Menagerie at Knowsley.
The red Grosbeak, Loxia Cardinalis, Linn., has a nest of three young
which are nearly fledged ; and a single young one of the T'owhee
Bunting, Emberiza erythrophthalma, Gmel., has been hatched. The
Lozia cucullata has this year, as last year also, made a nest and laid
one egg ; and the American yellow Bird, Fringilla tristis, Linn., is
now sitting.

The gosling of the Sandwich Island Goose, respecting which
a.notice. from Lord Stanley was read on May 27, (p. 41.)
“is now fully as large as the parents, and nearly resembles them
in plumage; the only differences being about the neck, which

_ is more indistinct in front and wants the full extension of the
_ black down the nape, and the collar at the bottom just above the
_ breast is only faintly marked. The legs also are as yet of a dirty
_ greenish yellow tinge. It is not pinioned, but has hitherto shown
_ no wish to use its wings. In fact they are the tamest of the tame,
scarcely will move out of one’s way if in the walks, and are con-
_ stantly coming into the building, even more familiarly than the
_ common Ducks.”
ato.
A specimen was exhibited of the Manis Temminckii, Smuts,
_ forming part of the collection made by Mr. Steedman in Southern
_ Africa. Mr. Bennett stated that his object in calling the attention
_ of the Society to it was to point out the external characteristics of
_ aspecies known to its original describer by its skeleton alone and
_ bya few detached scales.
__ It may be thus characterized:
© Manis TEMMINCKII, Smuts. Man. capite breviore ; corpore latiore,
_—- squamis magnis, 11-seriatis ; caudd truncum longitudine sube-
5 bre quante, latitudine paullo minore, ad apicem subtruncatum vir an-
_—-_gustiore.
Hab. apud Latakoo?
Long. tot. 253 unc.; caude, 12; lat. dorsi, 8; caude, prope
Hf cem, 5.
_ The most remarkable features of this animal are the shortness of
the head ; the breadth of the body ; and the breadth of the tail,
which. is nearly equal to that of the body, and continues throughout
the greater part of its extent of nearly the same width, tapering
c

only slightly towards the end where it is rounded, and almost trun-;
cate. In the shortness of the head and the general form of its upper.
part, the Man. Temminckii bears nearly the same relation to the
Man. Javanica, as is borne by the Weasel-headed Armadillo, Da-
sypus 9-cinctus, Linn., to the siz-banded, Das. 6-cinctus, Ej. Of the
eleven series of scales on the body, one on each side is ventral rather
than dorsal. The scales are very large, longitudinally striate, smooth
as though rubbed towards their hinder margin, and slightly pro-
duced into a thin, short, and rounded process: they are comparatively
few in number, the large scales of the middle line of the back from
the occiput to the tip of the tail being twenty only in number; in
Man. pentadactyla, Linn., they are about thirty; and in Man. Ja-
vanica, Desm., they vary from about forty-five to fifty. A pecu-~
liarity in the distribution of the scales of Man. Temminckii is the
cessation of the middle series of them at a short distance anterior
to the extremity of the tail, so that the last four transverse rows
consist, of four scales each, each of the preceding ones having five. :

Some notes by Mr. Rymer Jones of the dissection of an Agouts,
Dasyprocta, Aguti, Ill., were read.

The animal was a male; adult; measuring 19,5,th inches from
the extremity of the jaws to the root of the tail ; and weighing 4bs.
410z. Its head measured 4,%, inches in length ; the tail, 14%. ;

The testes were situated within the abdomen, in contact with the
abdominal muscles, to which they were connected by a duplicature
of peritoneum ; the epididymis, contained in a pouch apparently
formed by the cremaster muscle, protruded through the internal ob-
lique. ‘The preputial orifice was 1,1, inch from the anus. '

The stomach, 53 inches long and 8 inches in its greatest circum= —
ference when moderately distended, had a remarkable constriction
between its cardiac and pyloric portions which gave it the appear-
ance of consisting of two distinct cavities; the pyloric portion
bulged out on each side of the pylorus so as to make the duodenum
commence from a central depression.

The omentum was shrivelled up under the stomach, and reached, -
when unfolded, rather more than half way to the pubes: itextended
further on the right side than on the left.

The intestines measured in total length 253 inches. The length
of the small intestines was 222 inches, and their greatest circum-
ference (at the duodenum) 1,4, ; the cecum was 6 inches long, and
its greatest circumference 2,8,; the large intestines measured 25
inches, the greatest circumference being at the commencement of
the colon, where it was 2 inches, and whence it gradually tapered
towards the rectum which was only 5% in circumference. There
were two glands, each ,%, of an inch in length, and placed on each
side of the anus: they secrete a yellow substance resembling the
cerumen of the ear and of a fragrant odour.

The liver, weighing 44,02z., occupied the usual situation, and con-

83,

sisted of five lobes, The anterior or cystic was the largest, and pre-
sented inferiorly two deep fissures, one of which (the left) received
the suspensory ligament, and the other the gall-bladder. The next
in size was the left lobe. To the inferior surface of the right lobe
two /obuli were appended. The concave surface of the liver was
very irregular in its aspect. The gall-bladder was pyriform, 1 inch
in length, and deeply buried in a fissure in the concavity of the
largest lobe of the liver. The bile entered the intestine + inch from
the pyloric ring.

The pancreas, of an elongated form and running along the dorsal
aspect of the stomach across the spine, measured 23 inches.

The spleen weighed 53 drachms. It laid close to the spine, above
or anterior to the left kidney, and attached to the. cardiac extre-
mity of the stomach, Its form was flat ovoid, with a deep fossa on
its posterior margin lodging the anterior portion of the kidney.

The lungs consisted of four lobes on the right side and of three on
the left. ‘They measured 3: inches in length ; the breadth of the
right was ],%,, of the left, 1. They weighed (much diseased and
studded with tubercular masses) 2 oz. 6 drachms.

The heart, of a globular shape, and very muscular, measured 133
inch in length, 1,4, in lateral breadth, and 1+, in its antero-poste-

_ rior diameter. It was seated more in the left than in the right side

of the chest, lying on the cartilages of the second, third, fourth,
fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs, and on the corresponding portion of
the sternum.

_ The vene cave were one superior and one inferior. The aorta
gave off from the convexity of its arch one large trunk, which, after
running half an inch from the main artery, divided into an arteria

aris

innominata, a left carotid, and a left subclavian.
_ The trachea consisted of twenty-eight rings, each forming nearly

_acomplete circle. The superior cornu of the os hyoides was com-

r .. of three parts. The upper opening of the /aryna was cup-

ed and patulous, owing to the prolongation of the arytenoid |

; a. The rima glottidis was small and triangular. The bor-

of the epiglottis formed two sides of an equilateral triangle.

_ The mucous membrane of the pharynx presented numerous pro-
_minent papille. The tongue was 2.8, inches in length, and had nu-

% mages very delicate papille, which were scarcely visible to the
_ naked eye.

_ The nostrils were contracted and very moveable.

__ The pupil was oval, its long axis being placed horizontally.

__ The supra-renal glands, each 1 inch in length, were of an oblong
shape and dingy yellow colour. They were situated close to the

_ sides of the bodies of the second and third lumbar vertebre in con-

tact with the anterior extremity of the kidneys.

Of the kidneys the left rested on the transverse processes of the

third, fourth, and fifth lumbar vertebre ; the right was placed more
anteriorly, extending from the posterior margin of the last rib to

84.

the transverse process of the fourth lumbar vertebra. They were
flattened behind, and each measured in length 1,8, inch, in breadth
13x

At the anterior and external extremity a portion was separated
from the rest by a deeply indented line, and resembled a patch
stuck on. The weight of the two kidneys was loz. 53 drachms.
The urinary bladder, pyriform, and measuring, when moderately
distended, 33 inches in length and 13 in diameter, was situated
chiefly above the brim of the pelvis. :

The testes were barrel-shaped,1+4 inch long and } in diameter. The

epididymis was of a triangular form, about + inch long and the same
in diameter, and attached by the apex of the triangle to the extre-
mity of the testis. The vasa deferentia terminated at the sides of
the verumontanum. The vesicule seminales, 24 inches in length,
consisted of a middle portion, into which sixteen or eighteen little
appendices opened: they terminated at the sides of the verumonta-
num. ‘The prostate glands, four in number, formed of masses of
convoluted vessels, the two superior ones evidently differing in tex-
ture from the two inferior, terminated in the same situation. Cow-
per’s glands were of the size of kidney beans, internally very spungy,
and filled with glairy fluid.

The penis was 4 inches in length. Its muscles consisted of two
levatores penis, arising from the posterior margin of the os pubis
close to the symphysis, sending forwards two tendons running upon
the dorsum penis to be inserted into the bone covering the dorsal
aspect of the glans: and two erectores penis, arising from the whole
length of the posterior margin of the os pubis, and embracing the ex-
ternal aspect of the crus penis on each side, into the sheath of which
they were inserted, The ejaculatores seminis were very massive ; and
the urethra very muscular. The glans penis was 1+inch inlength, and
bifid at the extremity, which contained a spacious orifice, at the bot-
tom of which were seen two smaller apertures: the anterior of these
was the opening of the urethra ; the posterior led to a rugous canal
about 4 inch in length, at the bottom of which were placed two
osseous spurs, which, by a muscular apparatus, may be protruded
from the extremity of the penis. Externally the glans was studded
with very fine bristles, both upon its upper and lower surface, which
were arranged for the most part in longitudinal lines pointing back-
wards. From the lateral aspects of the middle half of the glans
projected two horny plates, serrated at their external margin, all
the minute teeth pointing backwards.

The morbid appearances observed were tubercles in the lungs,
liver, and kidneys.

“fe

August 12, 1834.

N. A. Vigors, Esq., M.P., in the Chair.

_ A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson,

_ Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal, February 28, 1834.

It related chiefly to the distinguishing characteristics between the

Oral and the Thdr Antelopes.

- Mr. Hodgson remarks that Antilope Goral, Hardw., and Ant.

_ Duvaucellii; Ham. Smith, agree with each other in manners, form,

and characters; as do also Ant. Sumatrensis, Shaw, and Ant. Thar,

Hodgs. But the two former appear to him to differ very consider-

ably in characters, as they certainly do in structure and in manners,

_ from the two latter. He is, nevertheless, disposed to leave the

__ whole of them for the present in one group, for which it will, how-

__ ever, be necessary to propose amended characters. The double

_ thick coatiof Antt. Goral and Duvaucellii, he is aware, may be re-

_ ferred to their cold habitat, and he suggests that possibly even their
want of suborbital sinus may be attributable to the same cause.

Observing first that the solidity of the core of the horns must

cease to form part of the generic character of Antilope, he proceeds

_ to offer the following characters for the

) 2 as

Subgenus Nemoruenvs, Smith.

cture assuming a Caprine form, suited for heavy climbing or
saping. Horns in both sexes; their cores hollow and connected
th ‘the frontal sinuses, but not porous and only subcellular; in-
d behind the orbits, short, conical, simply bent back, annulo-
kled, parallel tothe plane of the face, and nearly so to each other,
emote at the base. Suborbital sinus small or wanting. No in-
alpores. ‘Tail Caprine. Ears longish, pointed, and striated.
e small. Maned. Hair of two sorts and thick, or of one
and spare. Four teats in the females.

teside in the mountainous and woody regions of the continent
__ and islands of India, solitarily or in small groups.

q be}? Ant. Sumatrensis, Shaw. Cambing Ootan.

2. Ant. Duvaucellii, Ham. Smith. Variety of Ant. Goral?

3. Ant. Goral, Hardw. Characters extremely Caprine, being al-
d to Antilope only by its round and ringed horns. Size small.
Attitude gathered, with the back much arched, and structure adapted
leaping. Limbs moderately stout and rigid. General form of
_ the scull Caprine, with the ridge-line much bent, and the parietes
_ depressed at a strong angle to the frontal bones, and no indentation

$
- No. XX. Proceepines oF THE ZooLocicat Society.
.
: t
3

‘86

before the orbits. Fifty inches long, exclusive of the tail, and
twenty-seven high. Horns seated on the crest of the frontals, six
inches long, parallel to each other, and the points inclined inwards;
20 to 30 annuli extending two thirds up the horns, crowded and
vague, especially towards the base, somewhat interrupted by faint
longitudinal strie, pearled, truncated, independent of each other,
and equally developed all round. No suborbital sinuses. A half
muzzle. Upper lip clad. Tail conico-depressed and half nude only
below. Fur of two sorts, abundant and loosely applied to the skin.
A short semi-erect mane on the verter. Knees usually callous and
nude, but not congenitally so.

Colours rusty and brown, paler below. Line of the vertez, tail,

chest, and a stripe down the front of the fore legs and back of the
hind brown-black. Outsides of the ears rusty. Lips and chin ru-
fescent white. A large patch of pure white at the junction of the
head and neck below. Horns, hoofs, and muzzle black. Jris
dark hazel. Eye mean.

Female: rather smaller and paler hued.

Young: redder and destitute of marks, or mane.

Inhabits the juxta-Himdlayan region of Nepal.

4. Ant. Thar, Hodgs. The Thdr of the Nepalese. Characters
less decidedly Caprine than in the last. Very nearly allied to the
Cambing Ootan. Back straight. Withers higher than the croup,
and. structure suited for heavy climbing, not for leaping. Limbs
very stout and rigid, with higher hoofs, the edges of which are
raised above the pads. General form of the scull Cervine, with the
ridge-line moderately convexed, and the parietes not depressed at a
strong angle to the frontal bones. A deep indentation before the orbits.
Horns posterior to the orbits but below the crest of the frontals, eight
inches long, rather stouter and less falcated than in the preceding,
subdivergent with the points inclined outwards; with 20 to 30 crowd-
ed annuli extending two thirds up the horns, the annuli truncated,
pearled, equal all round, independent, broken by decided longitu-
dinal strig. One inch below the eye a suborbital sinus opening on
a nude space by a round puncture, and furnished with a fleshy
thick gland secreting a viscous humour, as in Ant. Sumatrensis.
A half muzzle larger than in the preceding, and spreading a little
over the upper lip. Tail shorter, depressed, nude below. Fur of
one sort only, and scanty, harsh, and applied to the skin. A semi-
erect mane, as in the Ghoral. Knees callous, perhaps congenitally
so: sternum not so. Size large. Sixty-four inches long by thirty-
eight high, and upwards of 200 lbs. in weight.

Colour of the whole animal above, with the entire head and neck,
jet black; on the flanks mixed with deep clay red. The limbs and

hams outside, as far down as the great flexures, clay red, nearly or

wholly unmixed ; the rest of the limbs hoary or rufescent hoary. Out-
sides of ears dark. Chest pale. No stripes down the legs. Lips and

chin dull hoary, and a stripe of pure hoary running backwards over _

the jaws from the gape. Horns, hoofs, and muzzle black. Jris
dark hazel. Eye mean. :

___. Female;.as large as the male and like him in all material respects.

_ Young: paler and mixed with grey.

»,Inhabits the precipitous and wooded mountains of the central
region of Nepal, up and down which it rushes with fearful rapidity,
though it does not spring or leap well; nor is it speedy.

ve yinc

; "The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells con-
_ tained in the collection formed by Mr. Cuming on the Western

_ Coast of South America, and among the Islands of the South Paci-

_ fie Ocean. Those exhibited on the present evening consisted of

various species of Anatinide and of the Myidous genus Sazicava :

_ they were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

a Ofe ; :

Ba. Genus Prrietoma, Schum.

_ Periptoma tenticunaris. Per. testd ellipticd, lenticulari, equi-
valvi, albd, impolitd, tenui; epidermide tenuissimd ; margine
dorsali anticd sinuatd, cum margine anticd angulum superne

-_efformante: long. 0°7, lat. 0-3, alt. 0°55 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam.

~ "The inside of this species shines with a silvery lustre, but is not

iridescent. ~~

_ It was found in sandy mud at a depth of eleven fathoms.—G. B. S.

i .

_ Prrirrtoma praniuscuta. Per. testd oblongd, planiusculd, ine-

_ . quivalvi, albicante, impolitd, tenuiusculd; latere antico brevi,

_ subrugoso; marginibus, anticd subdeclivi subtruncatd, dorsali

_rectiusculd ; epidermide tenui, pallescente : long. 2°4, lat. 0°8,

alt. 1°8 poll.

Zab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

d valves alone were found on the sands.

is species bears some resemblance to Professor Schumacher’s

inequivalvis ; it differs, however, in shape from that species,
oth the valves are deeper.—G. B.S.

Genus ANnaTINa.

_ Awatina prismatica. An. testd oblongd, subtrapeziformi, cras-
’ siusculd, opacd, lamind internd prismatied ; latere antico trun-

~ cato, hiatu maximo ; lamella utriusque valve internd subumbonali,

ex tuberculo ligamentifero decurrente, ramoque ligamenti cornei

Fere parallelo, antice inclinato : long. 2°7, lat. 1-3, alt. 1-8 poll.
b. ad littora Oceani Polaris Meridionalis. (New South Shet-

ven on shore after a gale.—G. B. S.

Awativa costaTa. An.. testd oblongd, albd, postice rostratd,
_antice rotundatd ; costis octe radiantibus, anticis gradatim mino-

ribus; rostro levi; margine ventrali crenatd: long. 0-3, lat.0°15,
alt. 0-2 poll.
Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.
A single specimen was found in sandy mud at a depth of six —
fathoms.
In form it resembles An. longirostrata.—G. B.S.

Genus Lyons!a.

“\Lyonsra preva. Ly. testd obovatd, tenui, postice latiore ; epi-
dermide fuscd, lineis nigris undulatis pictd ; marginibus, ‘antied
dorsali declivi, posticd dorsali rectiusculd; anticd ventrali hiante,
hiatu parvo, posticd et posticd ventrali rotundatis : long. 0°85, lat. —
0°4, alt. 0°65 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam.

Found attached to particles of sand in eleven fathoms’ water.

As it increases in size it becomes rather irregular in its form. —G

G. B.S.

Lyonsta Brevirrons. Ly. testd oblongd, pallescente ; epidermide
obscurd, corned ; latere antico brevi, acuminato, postico longiore,
attenuato; marginibus, dorsali posticd elongatd rectiusculd,
dorsali anticd brevi declivi, anticd ventrali hiante, hiatu declivi,
‘elongato, magno: long. 0°8, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°4 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found in sandy mud at from six to eight fathoms’ depth, attached

to particles of sand.—G. B.S.

Genus Saxicava.

Saxicava TENuIs. Saz. testd oblongd, tenui, albd ; epidermide pal-—
lescente ; latere antico brevi, subtruncato: long.0°8, lat. 0°25, alt.
0:4 poll.

Hab. ad Pacosmayo et ad Lambeyeque.

Found in coral rock at twenty-five fathoms’ depth.—G. B.S. __

Saxicava purpurascens. Saz. testd oblongd, solidiusculd, wntice
brevissimd, postice truncatd ; epidermide tenuissimd, postice pur-
purascente : long. 1°1, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°4 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam.

A single specimen was found in sandy mud at a depth of eleven —

fathoms.—G. B. S.

Saxicava soripa. Saz. testd oblongd, solidd, rugosd, subirre-
gulari, albicante ; epidermide corned ; latere antico brevissimo, —
postico elongato truncato, costis divergentibus duabus conspicuis:
long. 1°4, lat. 0°6, alt. 0'8 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found in clefts of rock brought up from a depth of sighiem

fathoms.

_ The specimens from which the above characters have been taken
appear to give the most perfectly regular form of the species. There
are other varieties from Payta and the Isle of Muerte —G. B.S.

Acollection of land and _frésh-water Shells, formed in the Gangetic
Provinces of India by W. H. Benson, Esq., of the Bengal Civil
Service, and presented by that gentleman to the Society, was ex-
hibited. It comprised forty species, and was accompanied by a de-
scriptive list prepared by the donor, and also by detailed notices of
some of the more interesting among them. These notices were
read: they are intended by Mr. Benson for publication in the forth-
‘coming No. of the ‘ Zoological Journal.’

- From the time that he first became acquainted with the animal of
a Sheil resembling in all respects, except in its superior size, the
European Helix lucida, Drap., Mr. Benson regarded it as the type
of a new genus of Helicide intermediate between Sienopus, Guild.,
and Helicolimax, Fér. He had prepared a paper on this genus, for
which he intended to propose the name of Tanychlamys; he finds,
however, that Mr. Gray has recently described (page 58) the same
‘genus under the name of Nanina. The generic characters observed

‘by Mr. Benson are as follows :

Suey
Nanina, Gray.

__. Testa heliciformis, umbilicata; peritremate acuto, non reflexo.
__ Animal cito repens. Corpus reticulosum, elongatum. Pallium
_ amplum, foramine communi magno perforatum, peritrema amplex-
ans; processubus duobus transversé rugosis (quasi articulatis)
- omni latere mobilibus instructum, unico prope teste aperture
- angulum superiorem’ exoriente, altero apud peripheriam teste.
Os ‘anticum inter tentacula inferiora hians; labia radiato-plicata.

_ Tentacula saperiora elongata, punctum percipiens tumore oblongo

situm gerentia. Penis pregrandis; antrum cervicis elongatum la-
_ tere dextro et prope tentacula situm. Solea complanata pedis latera
e equans. Cauda tentaculata; tentaculum subretractile, glandula ad
_ basin posita humorem yiscidum (animale attrectato) exsudante.

_- Mr. Benson describes particularly the habits of the species ob-
_ served by him, which he first discovered living at Banda in Bundel-
__kund on the prone surface of a rock. The animal carries the shell
4 horizontally or nearly so; is quick in its motions; and, like Heli-
_ colimaz, it crawls the faster when disturbed, instead of retracting its

_ tentacula like the Snails in general. In damp weather it is rarely re-

tracted within its shell, the foot being so much swelled by the ab-

_ Sorption of moisture that if it is suddenly thrown into boiling water

_the attempt to withdraw into the shell invariably causes a fracture

eure aperture. In dry weather the foot is retracted, and the aper-

is then covered by a whitish false operculum similar to that of

_ other Helicide, The two elongated processes of the mantle are con-

%
j

tinually in motion, and exude a liquor which lubricates the shell,
supplying, apparently, that fine gloss which is observable in all re-
cent specimens. The fluid poured out from the orifice at the base
of the caudal horn-like appendage is of a greenish colour; it exudes
when the animal is irritated, and at such times the caudal appen-
dage is directed towards the exciting object in such a manner as °
give to the animal a threatening aspect. ¥

Of several specimens brought to England by Mr. Benson in 1832,
one survived from December 1831, when it was captured in India,
until the summer of 1833.

Another Shell particularly noticed by Mr. Benson is the type of

a new genus, allied to Cyclostoma, which he has described under
the name of Pterocyclos in the first No. of the ‘ Journal of the Asi-
atic Society of Calcutta.’ Mr. Benson has ascertained, by the in-
spection of specimens in the collection of Mr. G. B. Sowerby, that
the Cycl. bilabiatum of the latter is the same shell at a more advanced
period of growth; when, in addition to the notch and overhanging
wing at the upper part of the aperture, the peristome becomes
thickened and sinuated. The Cycl. Petiverianum, Gray, exhibits
an approach to Pterocyclos in the crude formation of a wing at the
upper part of the right lip.

A species of Assiminia, Leach, obtained at Barrackpore, has the
shell ovate-conical, narrowly umbilicated, varying infinitely in co-
lour, and generally banded with red, white, and glaucous; the
aperture is entire, oblong-oval, angular at the upper part. The head
has only two short, thick, subcylindrical tentacula, with the perci-
pient points placed at their summits. The snout is like that of
Paludina, transversely corrugated, and bilobed or rather emarginate
at the middle of the extremity ; the lobes rounded. ‘The mantle is
free; the branchial cavity open. ‘The foot has a spiral horny oper-
culum, angular at the upper end. y-

Specimens of this Assiminia were preserved alive in a glass, reple-
nished occasionally with fresh or salt water, until after the vessel
in which Mr. Benson returned to England had passed St. Helena.

A Snail obtained near Sicrigali and the river Jellinghy, one of
the mouths of the Ganges, is thus characterized by Mr. Benson :

Hewrx rmnterrurta. Hel. testd sinistrorsd, orbiculato-convexd, in-
Sra tumidd, umbilicatd, ad peripheriam obtuse angulatd, longitu-
dinaliter confertissime striatd, supra. striis interruptis, fasciis
transversalibus dispositis; spird apice obtusd; peritremate tenut,
acuto.

Animal. Tentacula duo superiora elongata capitulis tumidis pniitbia :

percipientia gerentibus, duo inferiora capitulis parvis tumidis.
Pes elongatus, compressus, marginatus, supra granulatus, aper-
turd terminali anum et membrum carnosum mucorem emittens
continente.

In this latter character, that of the excrement being voided from

an opening in the terminal and posterior part of the foot instead of

the foramen commune, the animal of Hel. interrupta differs

st materially from the other Helices. The angulated periphery

e shell shows an approach to Carocolla, but Mr. Benson is not

e that the animal of this genus differs from that of Heliz. From

ve Himalayana, Lea, the Hel. interrupta is distinguished by its
peculiar sculpture ; its spire is also more exserted.

_ The collection also contained specimens of an Arcaceous Shell
und i in the bed of the Jumna at Humeerpore in Bundelkund. Its
orm, its lozenge-shaped ligamental scar, and the position and order

_ of the teeth are those of the Arcacee generally ; while the oblique
4 production of the teeth on, the posterior side down the inner surface
of _the cardinal lamina; the separation of the teeth into two sets by
interposition of an ‘edentate portion of the cardinal /amina; and
e freedom of the shell from ribs, with the exception of the ridges
which occur at its angles; distinguish it from the marine Arcacee.
4 Benson proposes for the fluviatile form the generic. appellation
+ Scaphula.
__ Referring to specimens contained in the collection of a new form
¥ of Solenaceous Shell, described by him in the ‘ Journal of the Asi-
atic Society of Calcutta,’ under the name of Novaculina, Mr, Ben-
¥ son describes also a second species of the genus which he has recently
2 obtained from South America, and points out-the characters which
: Pietinguish it from Nov. Gangetica.

_ The following Note by Mr. Benson relative to the Rea enitet of
i fe living Cerithium Telescopium, Brug., adverted to at the Meeting
x on March 25, 1834, (page 22,) was read.
__ “The possibility of importing from other countries, and especially
om the warmer latitudes, the animals which construct the innu-
_merable testaceous productions that adorn our cabinets and mu-
seums, the accurate knowledge of which is so necessary to enable
- conchologist rightly to arrange this beautiful department of na-
e, must be an interesting subject to every naturalist, and will
render no apology necessary for the following notices extracted from
my: journal. ‘Their publicity may incite others who may have op:
portunities of trying the experiment to follow the example.
» “ January 1832. Observed near the banks of the canal leading
from the eastern suburb of Calcutta to the Salt Lake at Balliaghat,
heaps of a Cardita with longitudinal ribs, of a large and thick Cy-
wena, and of Cerithium Telescopium, exposed to the heat of the sun
_ for the purpose of effecting the death and decay of the included ani-
1 previously to the reduction of the shells into lime.
. “Early i in the month I took specimens of them, and leaving them
ra night in fresh water I was surprised to find two Cerithia alive.
kept them during a fortnight in fresh water, and on the 22nd
ary carried them, packed up in cotton, on board a vessel bound
f for England. After we had been several days at sea I placed them

YY
~

J
¥

+
Fe
. 2

in a large open glass with salt water, in which they appeared un-
usually lively. I kept them thus, changing the water at intervals,
until the 29th May, when we reached the English Channel... I then
packed them up, as before, in a box, and carried them from Ports-
mouth to Cornwall, and thence to Dublin, which I did not reach
until the 14th June; here they again got fresh supplies of sea wa-
ter at intervals. One of them died during a temporary absence be-
tween the 30th June and 7th July; and on the 11th July the’sur-
vivor was again committed to its prison, and was taken to Cornwall
and thence to London, where it was delivered alive to Mr. G. B,
Sowerby on the 23rd July.

“ This animal had thus travelled, during a period of six months,
over a vast extent of the surface of the globe, and had for a con-
siderable portion of that time been unavoidably deprived of its native
element.” —W. H. B. ’ iy

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Heming exhibited a Swift,
Cypselus Apus, Ill., preserved in spirit, and showing a consider-
able dilatation at the base of the lower jaw and upper part of the
throat. White has observed that ‘“ Swifts, when wantonly and
cruelly shot while they have young, discover a lump of insects in
their mouths, which they pouch and hold under their tongue;”
but from this notice*it would scarcely have been anticipated that.so
large a collection was made as was found in the present instance,
The dilatation had a rounded appearance ; distended the skin so
as to show distinctly and widely separated the insertion of each of
the small feathers at this part; and measured in length 11 lines,
and in depth 6. On opening the pouch it proved to be simple, and
unconnected except with the cavity of the mouth.

Mr. Heming also exhibited a drawing taken from the recent bird.

Dr. Marshall Hall showed some experiments in the decapitated
Turtle. Irritation of the nostrils, /arynz, and spinal marrow induced
acts of inspiration ; that of the fins and tail induced movements of
the other parts respectively.

But the principal object of Dr. Hall was to show that irritation
of the nerves themselves equally induced movements of the limbs,
&c. When either the sentient or the motory branch of the lateral
spinal nerves was stimulated, motions were induced in all the limbs.
Dr. Hall stated that a movement of inspiration and of deglutition
was caused in the Donkey by writation of the eighth pair of nerves.
It has been already stated that irritation of the nostrils, or the
branches of the fifth pair of nerves, induced inspiratory acts in the
Turtle. From these and other facts, Dr. Hall is induced to consider
the functions of these two nerves as similar. He further observed
that both are nerves of secretion, and that both are muscular nerves
— if the minor portion of the fifth be mcluded—as well as exciters
of respiration; the fifth differs chiefly in being sentient, being dis-

tributed to external as well as internal surfaces. With the fifth and
eighth, Dr. Hall associates other spinal nerves. . He considers re-
spiration as a part of a general function of the nervous system,
which presides over the larynx, pharynz, sphincters, ejaculators, &c.,
to which he has given the name of reflex, from its consisting of im-
pressions carried to and from the medulla oblongata and} medulla
spinalis. Some illustrations of this function were given by Dr.,Hall
at the Meeting of the Committee of Science and Correspondence
on November 27, 1832, (Proceedings, Part ii. p. 190,) and fur-
ther illustrations.of it have formed the subject of a Paper by him,
which has since been published in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’.
The experiments shown on the present occasion demonstrate the
_ existence of a series of physiological facts at variance with the law
laid down by M. Miller in his Paper entitled-‘* Nouvelles Expéri-
- ences sur l’effet que produit I’Irritation mécanique et galvanique sur
les racines des nerfs spinaux; par Jean Miiller, Professeur 4 1’Uni-
yersité de Bonn,” and published in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Na-
turelles,’ tom. xxiii. (1831), p. 95, viz. “ Il suit encore quil ya
_ des nerfs qui n’ont point de force motrice ou tonique, qui ne peuvent
_ jamais occasionner des mouvemens par eux-mémes, qu’ils soient ir-
_ rités par l’action galvanique ou mécanique, et qui ne conduisent le
_ courant galvanique que passivement, comme toutes les parties molles
_ humides; qu'il y a en revanche des nerfs moteurs ou toniques (nervi
_ motorii seu tonici) qui montrent a chaque irritation médiate ou im-
médiate leur force tonique, gui agit toujours dans la direction des
branches des nerfs et qui n’agit jamais en arriére.” In Dr. Hall’s
experiments the influence first pursued a backward course to the
_ spinal marrow, being afterwards reflected upon-the muscles.
Dr. Hall next observed, in regard to respiration, that, whilst Sir
_ Charles Bell is contending that it is involuntary, and Mr. Mayo that
_ it is voluntary, the old doctrine of its being mixed, or partaking of
both properties, is the true one. He founded this view upon the
following facts :
1. If the cerebrum be removed, respiration continues as an. invo-
- luntary function through the agency of the eighth pair of nerves ;
_ 2. If the eighth pair be divided, respiration equally continues,
but as an act of volition; but
$ _ 3. If the cerebrum be first removed, and the eighth pair be then di-
_ vided, respiration ceases on the instant. Volition is first removed
3 with the cerebrum; the influence of the eighth pair is then removed
__ byits division. ‘The two sources of the mixed or double function
| _ being both cut off, the function ceases.
__ Dr. Hall explains and reconciles in this manner the difficult and
|= ent) contradictory facts,—that the medulla oblongata alone,
_ above the origin of the eighth pair of nerves, or the eighth pair of
| merves themselves, may be divided, without arresting the respira-
| tion; but that the medulla oblongata cannot be divided at the origin
of these nerves without arresting the respiration instantly. In the

first case the agency of volition is alone removed, and the respira-
tion continues through the influence of the eighth pair; in the
second, that of the eighth pair is removed, and the respiration con-
tinues as a function of volition; but in the third, both influences are
destroyed at once, and with them the mixed or double function.

The same mixed or double character belongs to the other parts of
the reflex function, as that of the larynx, the sphincters, the eja-
culators. All the organs of the reflex function are also alike im-
pressed through the medium of the mental affections or passions.

The course of the influence which constitutes the reflex function
must be divided into the incident, or that into the medulla, and the
reflected, or that from the medulla. The nerves which conduct the
incident impression have, hitherto, received no designation; the
others constitute a part of the system of muscular nerves. To the ~
former class belong nerves which doubtless supply the /arynr with
its impressibility by carbonic acid, &c., &c., and hitherto unde-
scribed, untraced ; to the latter, the superior and inferior laryngeals:
to the former belong the fifth, in the nostrils, in the face,—the
eighth in the lungs, &c.; to the latter the respiratory nerves: to
the former, nerves hitherto undescribed of the sphincters, ejacula-
tors, &c.; to the latter, the muscular nerves supplying these parts.

The whole constitutes the subject of an investigation in which
Dr. Hall has been for some time engaged,

DSHS: ©

August 26, 1834.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

An extensive series was exhibited of skins of Mammalia, collected
in Nepal by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., and pre-
_ sented by that gentleman to the Society. It included twenty-two
i es, several of which were first made known to science by the
exertions of Mr. Hodgson, while others still remain to be described
A paper “ On the Mammalia of Nepal,” written by Mr. Hodgson,
has been read before the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and has been
published in the ‘ Journal’ of that Society: but Mr. Hodgson has
wailed himself of the opportunities which have occurred to him since
$ written, to make various additions and corrections in the
copy transmitted by him to the Society, portions of which have been
ead at several previous meetings. .
_Mr. Hodgson’s paper commences by an account of the physical
acters of Nepal, which are so varied, according to the elevation.
of the several districts, as to render it necessary, when treating on
its natural productions, to divide it into three regions. The lower
egion consists of the Tarai or marshes, the Bhawar or forest, and
the lower hills, and has the climate of the plains of Hindoostan,
with some increase of heat and great excess of moisture. The cen-
ral region includes a clusterous succession of mountains, varying in
tion from 3000 to 10,000 feet, and having a temperature of from
2° to 20° lower than that of the plains. The juxta-~-Himalayan re-
zion, or Kachar, consists of high mountains, the summits of which
e buried for half the year in snow: the climate has nothing tro-
cal about it, except the succession of the seasons.
r. Hodgson then enumerates the Mammalia which have been
ved in Nepal, adopting in their arrangement the system of
er, and noticing as regards each the region in which it occurs.
adds occasional remarks as to their habits; and notices many
hich appear to him to be undescribed.
The following is an abstract of this portion of his communication:

QuaDRUMANA

re lim ited to the southern region, where Mr. Hodgson is aware of
existence of

nopithecus Entellus, F. Cuv., which has been introduced by
ligion into the central region, where it flourishes, half domesti-
ited, in the neighbourhood of temples.

Macacus radiatus, Geoff.
He regards it as probable that among the lower hills occurs
Nycticebus Bengalensis, Geoff.

CHEIROPTERA.

Pteropus, Briss.

Molossus, Geoff.

Rhinolophus, Geoff.

Vespertilio, Geoff.

Species of these genera are abundant in the Tarai; but there are
few in the central region, and fewer still in the northern. One
species of Rhinolophus and three of Vespertilio harbour in out-
houses in the central region; and one species of Pteropus, of a
smaller size and duller colour than the Pter. medius, Temm., of the
plains, appears in troops in the autumn to plunder the gardens of
the ripe pears.

PLANTIGRADA.

Talpa, Linn. This genus is found only in the Kachar.

Sorex Indicus, Geoff. A dull slaty blue variety of this species
is found only in the lower and central regions.

Prochilus labiatus, Ml.,

Helarctos Malayanus, Horsf.,
are found in the Tarai.

Ursus isabellinus, Horsf.,

Ursus Thibetanus, F. Cuv.,
occur in the central and northern regions.

Gulo orientalis, Horsf. Lower region.

Ratelus mellivorus, Storr. In the lower region and also in the
proximate part of the central tract.

Ailurus fulgens, F. Cuv.,

Ictides albifrons, Val.,
belong to the Kachar, though they occasionally occur in the central
region.

Paradoxurus, F. Cuv. Of this genus an undescribed species, co-
loured, especially in youth, like Mustela flavigula, Bodd., is found
in the central region. A second species, perhaps the Par. Bondar,
Gray, occurs in the Tarai.

DiGiTiGRADA,.

Viverra undulata, Gray,? Common in the central region.

Viverra Rasse, Horsf.,

Viverra Indica, Geoff.,
are common in the Tarai.

Herpestes griseus, F. Cuv., occurs in the lower region; and a
second species, apparently undescribed, of a somewhat smaller size
and darker duller grey colour, is found in the central region.

Felis Tigris, Linn.,

Felis Pardus, Linn.,
| Felis Leopardus, Linn.,

Felis jubata, Linn.,
are all found in the lower region.

The Leopard extends into the central region, where it abounds,
but is much less dreaded than the Bear.

The Leopard is found moreover in the northern region; and the
Tiger also occurs there, close to the snows, but scarcely in the cen-
tral region.

Felis Nepalensis, Vig. and Horsf.,

Felis Moormensis, Hodgs.,
belong to the central region ; as does also an undescribed and beau-

: Bially marked species.

_ Felis viverrinus, Benn., is confined to the Tarai. —

x Other small species of Felis, not yet determined, are found in the
_ northern region.

__ Mustela flavigula, Bodd., and two allied and hitherto undescribed
; species, occur in the contigh region. A fourth Martin, with a
_ shorter tail than the above and more resembling the common Weasel
of England, is found in the Kachar. It is the

Martes laniger, Hodgs. Its fur is thick, spirally twisted, woolly,
: of a uniform dirty cream colour.

: Mustela putorius, Linn? is an inhabitant of the central, and
abundantly of the northern, region.

—— Lutra, Linn. Of this genus Mr. Hodgson conceives that no less
than seven species are found in Nepal, five of which differ from the
which inhabit the plains of Hindoostan. Four of these he re-
sards as new, differing materially in length, in bulk and propor-
ions, and in colour; one of them is yellowish white all over; the
st are brown, more or less dark, some having the chin and throat
under surface paled nearly to white or yellow.
anis familiaris, Linn. ‘The Pariah is the only Dog of the lower
central regions. The Thibetan Mastiff is limited to the Kachar,
which it was introduced from its native country, but in which
enerates rapidly ; there are several varieties of it.
is primevus. Hodgs. _
is 1 ela Indicus. In the lower and central regions; rare in
achar
is Bengalensis, Shaw., the small Indian insectivorous Foz,

curs in the Tarai.
is n.s.? alarge Fox, peculiar to the Kachar.
Canis Lupus, Linn. In the lower region.

é‘ RopeEnT1a.

_Hystriz leucurus, Sykes. In the central and lower regions.
Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv. ? >? Inthe Tarai.

Lepusn.s. A species as large as the ordinary Hare and nearly

esembling it occurs rarely in the central and northern regions.

Sciurus Palmarum, Linn. Abundant in the southern region.

Sciurus n. s.?, of an earthy brown colour tipped with golden yel-
s0W, occurs in the central region.

Sciuropterus nitidus, F, Cuv. In the lower and central regions,
but rarely in the latter.

Mus decumanus, Linn.,

Mus Ratius, Linn. Both very numerous and troublesome.

Mus Musculus, Linn. Very uncommon.

Field Mice are frequently met with.

EDENTATA.

Manis n.s., allied to Man. Javanica, Desm. Of frequent occur-
rence in the hills of the lower region and in the mountains of the
central tract. A

PAcCHYDERMATA.

Elephas Indicus, Cuv.,

Rhinoceros unicornis, Cuv., are both abundant in the forest and
hills of the lower region, whence in the rainy season they issue
into the cultivated parts of the Tarai to feed upon the rice crops.

‘Mr. Hodgson suggests that there are two varieties, or perhaps
rather species, of the Indian Elephant, the Ceylonese and that of
the Saul forest. The Ceylonese has a smaller lighter head, which
is carried more elevated; it has also higher fore-quarters. The
Elephant of the Saul forest has sometimes five nails on its hinder
feet.

The Rhinoceros goes with young from seventeen to eighteen
months and produces one at a birth. At birth it measures 3 feet 4
inches in length, and 2 feet in height. An individual born at Kat-
mandoo eight years since measures now 9 feet 3 inches in length;
4 feet 10 inches in height at the shoulders; the utmost girth of his
body is 10 feet 5 inches; the length of the head, 2 feet 4 inches;
of the horn, 5 inches: he is evidently far from being adult. It is

believed that the animal lives for one hundred years; one, taken

mature, was kept at Katmandoo for thirty-five years without exhibit-
ing any symptoms of approaching decline. The young continues to
suck for nearly two years. It has when born and for a month after-

wards a pink suffusion over the dark colour proper to the mature hide.

Sus. scrofa, Linn., var.

RuMINANTIA.

Cervus Avis, Erxl.

Cervus porcinus, Zimm.

Cervus n. s.?, a brown porcine Azis.
Cervus Elaphus, Linn., ?

Cervus Aristotelis, Cuv.

Cervus equinus, Cuv.

—— Ss

Cervus n.s., of a black colour and belonging to the same group

as the two last named.

- Cervus Bahrainja, n. s., serving, with Cerv. Wallichii, Cuv., to

connect the Elephine and Rusan groups of the genus.

Cervus Ratwa, Hodgs.

All these Deer, except the last, which belongs to the Muntjaks,
inhabit the lower hills. The Ratwa is proper to the central region
and occasionally occurs in the lowest valleys of the Kachar.

Antilope Goral, Hardw. Northern and central regions.

Antilope Thar, Hodgs. Central region, and occasionally in the

northern and southern. ". 4

_ Antilope Chickara, Hardw.,
_ Antilope Cervicapra, Pall.,
- both belong exclusively to the lower region.

Mr. Hodgson is of opinion that the distinctions attempted to be
established as between two Chickaras on account of some differences
in the drawings and specimens of General Hardwicke and Duvaucel
cannot be maintained.

_ Capra Jharal, Hodgs. In the northern region exclusively.
- Ovis Ammon, var.
Ovis Musmon, var. Also in the northern region.
_ Mr. Hodgson states that the wool of the Huniah or Bhotean do-
mesticated Sheep is superb ; and suggests that attempts should be
* e to naturalize the race in England. To such attempts he is
ire to render every assistance in his power. It is suited only
for the northern region of Nepal, suffering much from the heat of
_ the central district.
Bos Taurus, var. Indicus.
30s grunniens, Linn. Domesticated in the Kachar.
7 ki Bubalus, Briss. ©

ay notes by Mr. goes These notes were read.
t. Gray regards the Testudo Spengleri, Walb., as the type. of

: ally, the toes lengthened and covered by a series of shields, but

> members, instead of being webbed as in the other genera of the

family, are quite free from each other ; the legs, moreover, are de-
fitute of fringe along their outer edge. This structure of the feet

_ and limbs indicates habits less aquatic than those of the Emydide

ee enerally ; and Mr. Gray states that such appears to be the case

with the Em. Spengleri, for though he has watched for a consider-

, able time the specimen now living at the Society’s Gardens he has

g r observed it to enter the water.

From the beautiful figure of the animal of Em. spinosa given
Mr. Bell in his ‘ Monograph of the Testudinata,’ Mr. Gray is
inc to believe that this species belongs to the same genus with

_ £m . Spengleri, the toes, especially those of the hind feet, being

100

represented in the figure as quite free. The shells of the two species
agree in being of a pale brown colour above, and in being sharply
toothed on the margin; in both which respects they differ from.the
other fresh-water Tortoises.

GEOEMYDA.

Testa depressa, ad marginem laté serrata. Pedes utrinque squa-
mis elongatis biseriatis instructi, haud ciliati: digiti liberi, subgra-
ciles, superné squamis tecti. Caput parvum, cute tenui, levi, dura
obtectum.

Indie (et Africe?) Incole.

1. Ggeozmypa Spenereri. Geo. testd oblongd, pallide brunned,
tricarinatd, carinis continuis nigro marginatis ; margine posticd
profunde serraid; sterno nigro luteo marginato ; scutellis az-
tllaribus inguinalibusque nullis.

Testudo Spengleri, Walb., in Berl. Naturf., theil v. t. 3.

Testudo serrata, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. iii, t. 9.

Testudo tricarinata, Bory St. Vine., Atlas, t. 37. f. 1.

Emys Spengleri, Schweig., 32.

Hab. “in China,” J. R. Reeves, Esq.

2. GeormypA spinosa. Geo. testd suborbiculari, carinatd ; are-

;

a ae

olis spind centrali armatis ; margine totd profunde serratd ; su-—

pra pallide fuscd, sterno pallid? fusco brunneo radiato ; scutellis
axillaribus inguinalibusque mediocribus.
Emys spinosa, op Test., t. . fig. 1, 2.—Gray, Hardw. Ind. Zool,,
toms i. "tes. fig. ¥
Hab. “apud Penang,” Capt. Hay.
A new genus of Geckotide is characterized by Mr. Gray under
the name of
GrnyRa.
Digiti 5-5, ad basin dilatati, serie unica squamarum transversa-
lium integrarum tecti, ad apicem compressi, liberi, omnes (prteg
pollices) unguiculati. Pori femorales nulli.
This genus is very nearly allied to Platydactylus, Cuv., in the
form of the base of the toes; but the ends of the toes are thin; sim-

ple, and compressed, fontead of being more widely dilated, and |

with the last phalanz affixed along the upper surface. The body is co-

vered with small uniform granular scales, and the belly with larger ~—

flat scales; the tail is rmged with square scales, those of the ome %»

surface being the largest.

Genyra Pactrica. Ge. pallidé brunnea albido punctata, subtds :

alba; occipitis strigd utrinque fasciisque latis irregularibus dor-
salibus quingue vel sex pallidis ; artubus pallide marmoratis. 4
Long. corporis 23 poll. ; caude, totidem. il
Hab. in Insula quadam Oceani Pacifici. x

BY 2% a

101

' The collection of the British Museum contains a specimen, much
discoloured, of what appears to be a second species of this genus.
Another species is contained in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle at
Paris.

A living specimen was exhibited of the Red Viper of the Somer-
setshire Downs. It had been sent from Taunton to Mr. Gray, who
states that he has compared it very attentively with the black and
with the common Viper of England, and that he cannot discover the

- slightest difference between them except in the shade of the colour.
They all agree in having the upper lip shield white, with brown or
black edges, and in having a series more or less distinct of lozenge-
shaped spots. He consequently refers them all to Vipera Berus,
Daud.

Mr. Gray also states that he believes the Lacerta edura, described
by the Rev. R. Sheppard in the seventh volume of the ‘Linnean
Transactions’, to be the male, observed during the summer, of the
common Lacerta vivipara, the Lacerta agilis of British authors; the
several characters which were pointed out by Mr. Gray at the
Meeting on May 22, 1832, (Proceedings of the Committee of

‘Science, Part ii. p. 112,) being at that season so fully developed as

__ to produce the appearances noticed by Mr. Sheppard in his account

a = his presumed species.

_ The following notes were read of the dissection of a specimen of
3 von s Opossum, Didelphis Azare, Temm., which recently died
at the Society’s Gardens. The general dissection was performed by
_ Mr. Martin; that of the organs of generation by Mr. Rymer Jones.
“The animal was an adult male, measuring, exclusive of the tail,
1 foot 5 inches, the tail being 1 foot 4 inches in length.
____* On opening the body the situation of the viscera was as usual.
_ Their examination afforded the following details.
i _ “ The liver was found to consist of three lobes; one on the left,
& ofa pyramidal figure, a large central lobe, and one on the right,
small, irregular in shape, with a bifid margin. On the convex or
ernal aspect of the middle lobe, the gall-bladder showed itself,
ag up a circular aperture so regularly defined as to appear arti-
; and on turning back the liver, the gall-bladder was seen to
upy a deep sulcus, incomplete or unclosed (as it were) in its
mtre. The gall-bladder was of a globular form, its diameter being
% of an inch; its duct ran in a furrow, which took its course
yay across the lobe on its under surface. At 2 inches from the
heck of the gall-bladder, this cystic duct was joined at an acute’
_ angle by the hepatic ducts, the number of which corresponded with
74 of the lobes. The ductus choledochus communis thus formed
_ Continued its course for nearly 2 inches, and entered the duodenum
the same distance below the pylorus, the aperture being very
and valvular. With the _— duct, the pancreatic also en-

102

tered the intestine, there being but one common termination between
them. On tracing the pancreatic duct it was found issuing from
the middle of the right extremity of the gland, which latter was
somewhat irregular in shape, having each extremity divided into
two cornua, and to the junction of the two right cornua the duct
was easily traced. The length of the pancreas was 23 inches.

«« The stomach was ovoid in form, the cardiac portion occupying
nearly one half of the viscus, and the pyloric orifice being not more
than 3/an inch from the cardiac. The position of the pyloric valve
was marked by a deep indentation. The length of the stomach was
3 inches; its diameter opposite the cardiac orifice, 23.

«The spleen was attached by a loose fold of mesentery to the
middle of the greater curvature of the stomach, and was somewhat
triangular in shape. It was 24 inches in length, and 1, in breadth
at the broadest part.

“The duodenum was attached throughout by a mesenteric fold,
its diameter was about Z, or nearly an inch. From the duodenum
the small intestines gradually diminished in diameter to the ileo-
colic valve, their diameter in the narrowest part being reduced to
4+aninch. The total length of the small intestines was 3 feet 7
inches. The cecum was simple in figure, with a blunt apea, and
measured 2 inches in length. The large intestines measured 4}
inches.

“‘ The kidneys were of the usual shape and exhibited no diffe-
rence in their respective situation, neither being placed higher than
the other. ‘The membranous capsule was little adherent, and no
superficial vessels were observable. The papilla was single. The
length of each kidney was 23 inches, the breadth 3, and the thick-
ness §. The renal capsules appeared wanting.

«« The lungs were very irregularly divided, there being four lobes
on the right side and but one, without any fissure, on the left.

« The rings of the trachea at its upper part formed nearly an en-
tire circle, which, as they proceeded downwards, became less and
less complete till, at the lower part, three-fourths only of the ring
was cartilage. The number of rings was twenty-one, but many
were so bifurcated at the lower part as to render it doubtful whether
they should be counted as double or single.

‘“« The sterno-thyroid and sterno-hyoid muscles were very strong
and distinct. The thyroid glands were found lying one’on each side
of the first six rings of the trachea, and measured 3 of an inch in
length.

«The mucous lining of the wsophagus was puckered into longitu-
dinal rug@ throughout its whole extent, except for the last 3ths of
an inch, where the ruge were transverse.

«« The length of the tongue from the epiglottis was 3% inches, its
breadth 3. Its apex was flat and round, and the middle of the
anterior portion of its dorsum or upper surface covered with retro-
verted papille, a line of fungiform papille occupying each side of the

2
9

ote

103

root, between which three isolated papille appeared very distinct,

forming the three maples of atriangle. The submaxillary glands

were 1+ in length, + inch in breadth, and 4 in thickness.

- “To the above details Iam able, through the kindness of Mr.
_ Rymer Jones, to add a description of the organs of generation,
_ illustrated by a sketch, which that. gentleman was so obliging as to
make from the parts dissected. In removing the skin from the
_ animal the penis had been injured.
; «The bladder was 14 inch in length and 3 in breadth, its shape
_ being oval. The muscular coat was thick. The fibres were ga-
thered into strong transverse ruge on the anterior and posterior
aspects of the viscus, while laterally they formed two longitudinal
bands, each 4 inch in breadth, running from the fundus to the neck.
Beneath the transverse groups of fibres another set was found af-
fecting a longitudinal direction.

««The end of the penis being deficient,—what remained mea-
suring 14 inch,—the urethra measured 5 inches in length; the
length of its prostatic portion being 23 inches, of the membranous 3,
_ of the spongy 1}. Its circumference at the neck of the bladder and
- throughout the prostatic portion was 4 of an inch, at the membra-
nous portion only 14 line, at the bulbous portion it was again di-
- lated to4of aninch. The lining membrane presented no folds,
_ but was perforated along the whole prostatic portion by innumerable
microscopic apertures arranged in parallel rows, through which on
squeezing the prostate its secretion oozed.

_ “ The ureters entered the bladder by two little apertures placed
close together immediately above its neck.
_ The vasa deferentia terminated by two small orifices upon the
under surface of the urethra, about 2 lines from the commencement
of its prostatic portion.
«The prostate, 23 inches in length, inclosed the commencement
the urethra for that extent, with a glandular envelopment -3,ths
an inch in thickness. Its commencement was marked by a decided
line of black matter, and the first half inch of its extent was
ged by the same dark substance, resembling in colour the section
bronchial gland. The succeeding inch was of a creamy white
e, while the last portion presented a dingy green tinge. Its ducts
have been described.
‘ Cowper's glands were two in number on each side, flask-shaped,
the size of large peas, soft in texture, of a white colour, and
rapped in a fibrous envelope. The ducts from the glands on each
joined before entering the urethra, and the four opened by two
fices, at the commencement of the bulbous portion of that tube.
_ “The bulb of the corpus spongiosum was divided into two parts,
each of an oblong shape, §ths of an inch in length, and + in thick-

; the parietes formed by a strong muscle constituting nearly the
le mass.

104

_ ‘The crura penis were unattached to the ischia, but were en-
veloped in a muscular sac, the walls of which were the eighth ste n
inch in thickness.” we

In illustration of the notes, preparations were ‘exhibited of the sto-
mach and cecum, as was also the drawing above referred to of baer
De a of generation and bladder.

105

September 9, 1834.

Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair.

_ A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Dr. E. Riippell,
and dated Frankfort, August 10, 1834. It was accompanied by
specimens of Magilus antiquus, Rupp., including both the shell and
_ the animal, and of the shell and animal of a new genus of Pectini-
_branchiated Gasteropodous Mollusca. The latter was accompanied
_ by a description by Dr. Riippell, who characterizes it under the de-

signation of
; LEPTOCONCHUS.

Testa tenuis, pellucida, subglobosa, spira depressa, subobsoleta:
aperturd magna, subovali, extremitatibus in contrarium versis, mar-
ginibus haud coalitis, dextro tenui anticé subexpanso: columella
nulla, wmbilico nullo, anticé truncata, contorta.
_ Animal proboscide elongato, retractili: tentaculis duobus, com-
planatis, trigonis, interné ad basin coalitis, externé in medio oculos
erentibus : pede mediocri, operculo nullo: pallio ad marginem cir-
ari, haud appendiculato, ad latus sinistrum subproducto : fora-
mine branchiali submagno.
The colour of the shell which constitutes the type of this new
genus is constantly a slightly sordid milk-white. It is sulcated ex-

ternally by numerous longitudinal undulated closely set lines, the
outer whorls encroaching on the spire of the earlier ones so as almost
fo obliterate it.

Length of the adult shell, 143 lines; greatest breadth, 12:;
ength of the young shell, 73; breadth, 6.

Individuals of all ages have the shell thin and fragile, and con-
tantly occur imbedded in the calcareous mass of polypes, having a
mamunication with the sea by only a moderate opening. They
found in the Red Sea, and are most frequently met with in
eandrina Phrygia.
To distinguish the shell of Leptoconchus from that of Magilus it is
ficient to observe that in the latter the two margins of the aper-
are always united, while in the former genus they are always
mited. The animals are distinguished by the possession and
want of an operculum, and by the difference in the proboscis ;
2 siphon of Magilus, moreover, does not occur in Leptoconchus.
Dr. Riippell suggests that the systematic place which should be
igned to this genus is near the Janthine. The number of the
acula, the oral proboscis, the mantle destitute of siphon, the pec-
ed branchie@ composed of closely heaped pyramids, and the ab-
ee of operculum, are so many marks of affinity; to which may
idded some of the characters of the shell: but he states himself
be perfectly aware that the difference between the habitations of
0. XXI. Proceepines or rz ZooxocicaL Sociery.

———————

106

these genera is so wide as to aftord no confirmation of the correct- —
ness of this approximation.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal, March 4, 1834.

It commences by remarking on the difficulty experienced by Zo-
ologists in the determination of distinctive marks adequate for the
separation of the genera Antilope, Capra, and Ovis; and then
refers to the instances in which the writer has shown that the cha-
racter of Antilope founded on the presumed absence of cavities in
the cores of the horns connected with the frontal sinuses is incorrect.
The value of the characters which are generally admitted by authors
as distinguishing between the genera Capra and Ovis may, he con-
ceives, be tested by a comparison of the wild race of either genus
which belongs to the Himalaya.

“ For the last year,” Mr. Hodgson proceeds, ‘‘ I have had alive in
my garden a splendid specimen of the mature male of each; and
I have frequently compared them together in all respects of manners
and of structure. As the Goat in question, as well as the Sheep, is —
new, I will begin with a synoptical description of the two, and then —
proceed to notice the points of difference and of agreement existing
between them.

Tribe Carripz, H. Smith.
Genus Capra, Linn.

Species Capra Jhdral.—The Jhdral of the Nepalese.

“ Affined to the Alpine Aigagri and to Capra Jemlaica. Adult male —
50 inches long from snout to rump, and 33 high. Head finely —
formed and full of beauty and expression, clad in close short hair, —
and without the least vestige of a beard. Facial line straight. Ears —
small, narrow, erect, rounded at the tips, and striated. Eye lively.
Between the nares a black moist skin. Nares themselves short and
wide. Knees and sternum callous. ‘Tail short, depressed, wholly
nude below. Animal of compact powerful make, with a sparish,
short, and bowed neck; deep barrel and chest; longish, very strong,
and rigid limbs, supported on perpendicular pasterns, and high com-
pact hoofs: false hoofs conic and considerably developed. Attitude
of rest gathered and firm, with the head moderately raised, and the —
back sub-arched. Shoulders decidedly higher than the croup. Fore —
quarters superb, and wholly invested in a long, flowing, straight, —
lion-like mane, somewhat feathered vertically from the crown of the —
withers, and sweeping down below the knees. Hind quarters po
and porcine, much sloped off from the croup to the tail, and t
skin much constricted between the hams behind. Fur of two sorts: t
outer, hair of moderate. harshness, neither wiry nor brittle, straigh
and applied to the skin, but erigible under excitement, and of w
equal lengths and colours; the inner, soft and woolly, as abunda
as in the Wild Sheep and finer, of one length and colour. H
9 inches long, inserted obliquely on the crest of the frontals,
touching at the base with their anterior edges; subcompres

107

_ subtriangular, and uniformly wrinkled across, except near the tips,

where they are rounded and smooth, keeled and sharpened towards

the points, obtusely rounded behind; the edge of the keel neither

_ nodose nor undulated, but smooth, or evanescently marked by the

_ transverse wrinkles of the horns. The horns are divergent, simply
recurved, and directed more upwards than backwards.

* Colour of the animal a saturate brown superficially, but inter-

nally hoary blue, and the mane, for the most part, wholly of that
hue. Fore arms, lower part of hams, and backs of the legs, rusty.
_ Entire fronts of the limbs, and whole face and cheeks, black-brown ;
_ the dark colour on the two last parts divided by a longitudinal line
_ of pale rufous ; and another before the eye, shorter. Lips and chin
hoary, with a blackish patch on either side below the gape. Tip of
tail and of ears blackish. Tongue and palate, and nude skin of lips
and muzzle, black. Jris darkish red hazel. Odour very powerful in
_ the mature male at certain times.
_ “Found in the wild state in the Kachar region of Nepal, in small
flocks or solitarily. Is bold, capricious, wanton, eminently scanso-
rial, pugnacious, and easily tamed and acclimatised in foreign parts.
_ “Remarks. Jhdral is closely affined by the character of the
horns to the Alpine Zgagri, and still more nearly, in other respects,
‘to Capra Jemlaica. It differs from the former by the less volume of
the horns, by their smooth anterior edge, and by the absence of the
beard; from the latter, by the horns being much less compressed,
ot turned inwards at the points, nor nodose. Jhdral breeds with
the domestic Goat, and more nearly resembles the ordinary types of
the tame races than any wild species yet discovered.

a Genus Ovis, Linn.
_ “Species Ovis Ndhoor, Mihi.—The Ndhoor of the Nepalese. New?
Variety of Ovis Musmon ?
_ “Closely affined to Ovis Musmon, of which it is probably only a
ariety. Adult male 48 inches from snout to rump, and 32 high.
lead coarse and expressionless, clad entirely in close short hair,
hout beard on the chin or throat, or any semblance of mane.
jaffron considerably arched. Ears medial, narrow, erect, pointed,
triated. Eye dull. Moist space between the nares evanescent.
ares narrow and long. Knees and sternum callous. Tail medial,
ico-depressed, only half nude below. Structure moderately
pact, not remarkable for power. Neck sparish, bowed, with a
derable dip from the crown of the shoulders. Limbs longish,
ut slender, not remarkable for rigidity, and supported on lax
] s, and on hoofs lower and less compact than the Goat’s ; false
jofs mere callosities. Attitude of rest less gathered and firm, with
® head lower, and the back straight. Shoulders decidedly lower
oup. Fore quarters not more massive than the hind, nor the
ities stronger. Fur of two sorts: the outer, hair of a harsh,
quill-like character, serpentined internally, with the salient
f one hair fitting into the resilient bends of another ; exter-
lly straight, porrect from the skin, and very abundant; of medial
form length all over the body ; the inner coat, soft and woolly,

i
‘1T.
as”

108

rather spare, and not more abundant than in the Goat. Horns 22
inches along the curve, inserted high above the orbits on the crown
of the forehead, touching nearly at the base with their whole depth,
and carrying the frontal bones very high up between them, the pa-
rietals being depressed in an equal degree*. The horns diverge
greatly, but can scarcely be said to be spirally turned. They are
first directed upwards considerably before the facial line, and then
sweep downwards with a bold curve, the points again being recurved
upwards and inwards. They are uncompressed, triangular, broadly
convexed to the front, and cultrated to the back. ‘T'heir anterior
face is the widest, and is presented almost directly forwards: their
lateral faces, which are rectilinear, have an oblique aspect, and unite
in an acutish angle at the back. They are transversely wrinkled,
except near the tips, which are round and smooth.

«The colour of the animal is a pale slaty blue, obscured with
earthy brown, in summer overlaid with a rufous tint. Head below,
and inside of the limbs and hams, yellowish white. Edge of the
buttocks behind and of the tail pure white. Face and fronts of the
entire limbs and chest blackish. Bands on the flanks the same,
and also the tip of the tail. Tongue and palate dark. Eye yellow
hazel. No odour.

«Ts found in the wild state in the Kachar region of Nepal, north
of the Jhdral, amid the glaciers of the Himalaya, and both on the
Indian and Tibetan sides of the snowy crests of that range: is suf-
* ficiently bold and scandent, but far less pugnacious, capricious, and
curious than the Jhdral. Much less easily acclimatised in foreign
parts than he is, in confinement more resigned and apathetic, and
has none of the Jhdral’s propensity to bark trees with his horns, and
to feed upon that bark and upon young shoots and aromatic herbs. I
have tried in vain to make the Ndhodr breed with tame Sheep; be-
cause he will not copulate with them. The female of the species
has the chaffron straight; and the horns short, erect, subrecurved,
and greatly depressed. ‘The young want, at first, the marks on the
limbs and flanks, and their nose is straight.

“Remarks. Differs from Ovis Musmon, to which it is closely
allied, by the decided double flexure of the horns, their presence in
the females, and the want of a tuft beneath the throat.

‘** Having now completed the descriptions of the Wild Goat and
the Wild Sheep, 1 shall proceed to the exhibition of the points of dif-
ference and of resemblance between the two, beginning with the
former.

Goat. Sheep.
Whole structure stronger and

more compact.
Limbs thicker and more rigid. Feebler and more slender.

Less so.

* The Goat’s skull has the same form, but less strikingly developed ; and
unless I am mistaken, this form of the skull would afford a just and general
mark to separate Ovis and Capra from Cervus and Antilope. ‘There is a
gradation of characters in this respect among the Antelopes tending to the
Caprine type in their general structure.

109

Bites. Goat. Sheep.

a - Hoofs higher and more compact. Lower and less so.
__ False hoofs well developed. Evanescent.

_ Head smaller and finer. Larger and heavier.
Facial line straight. Chaffron arched.
_ Ears shorter and rounded. Longer and pointed.

_ Tail short, flat, nude below. Longer, less depressed, and half
nude only.
Withers higher than croup. Croup higher.
Fore legs stronger than hind. Fore and hind equal.
Croup sloped off. Not so.
Odorous. Not so.

Meee soister,,and néres short Less moist, longer, and narrower.
and wide.

Horns of medial size, keeled, Horns very large, not keeled, and
-and turned upwards. turned to the sides.

Eye darker and keener. Paler and duller.

Hair long and unequal. Short and equal.

Back arched. Back straight.

Bears change of climate well. Bears it ill.

Iseminently curious, capricious,
and confident.
Barks trees with its horns, feed- |

Is incurious, staid, and timid.

Does not bark trees, and is less

Me entheipeehyandiel aro: addicted to aromatics.

matic herbs.

In fighting rears itself on its
hind legs and lets the weight
of its body fall on the adver-
sary.

In fighting runs a-tilt, adding
the force of impulse to that of
weight.

«The Goat and Sheep have in common, hair and wool; no beard;
no suborbital sinuses ; evanescent muzzle; no inguinal pores; horns
in contact at the top of the head; knees and sternum callous; an-
gular and transversely wrinkled horns; striated ears; two teats
_ only in the females; horns in both sexes; and, lastly, incisors of
precisely the same form.

“ Of the various diagnostics, then, proposed by Col. Hamilton
Smith, it would seem that the following only can be perfectly relied

on to separate Ovis from Capra : slender limbs; longer pointed ears;

_chaffron arched; nares long and oblique; very voluminous horns,
turned laterally with double flexures. I should add myself, the
strong and invariable distinction,—males not odorous,—as opposed
to the males odorous of the genus Capra. But, after all, there are
no physical distinctions at all equivalent to the moral ones so finely
and truly delineated by Buffon, and which, notwithstanding what
_ Col. H. Smith urges in favour of the courage and activity of Sheep,
_ will, for ever, continue to be recognised as the only essential dia-

___ gnostics of the two genera.”

110

September 23, 1834.
Dr. Marshall Hall, in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by John Hearne,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Port au Prince, July 16, 1834.
It accompanied a present of “ an Alligator from the river Artiboniti,”
which is referrible to the Crocodilus acutus, Cuv.; and of some Doves.
These are the little Ground Dove or Ortolan of the English residents
in Hayti, Columba passerina, Linn.; and the red-legged Partridge, as
it is called in that island, Col. mystacea, Temm. Mr. Hearne ad-
verts to some other animals which he has observed in Hayti, and
expresses his hopes of succeeding in bringing or sending them to
England.

The Secretary adverted to some other animals lately added to the
Menagerie, and which he regarded as interesting either in a scien-
tific point of view, or on account of their not having been previously
contained in the collection. They included the silky Monkey, Midas
Rosalia, Geoff., of which a specimen has recently been presented by
T. Manton, Esq.; the Javanese Ichneumon, Herpestes Javanicus,
-Geoff.; the African Moufflon, Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff., presented
by Sir Thomas Reade, His Majesty’s Consul-General at Tunis ; and
a remarkably darkly coloured variety of the European Bear, Ursus
Arctos, Linn., presented by R. H. Beaumont, Esq.

Among the Birds there have been added a pair of the pied Pigeon
of New Holland, Columba armillaris, Temm.; a pair of the Caper-
cailzie or Cock of the Woods, Tetrao Urogallus, Linn., obtained from
Norway and presented to the Society by J. H. Pelly, jun., Esq.; a
pair of the Buffonian Touraco, Corythaix Buffonii, Le Vaill.; and a
specimen of the naked-legged Owl of the Indian Islands, Ketupa Ja-
vanensis, Less., (Strix Ketupu, Horsf.,) presented by James Harby,
Esq., and stated to have been brought from Manilla.

Among the Reptiles there have recently been added an interesting
collection of Tortoises from China, presented by John Russel Reeves,
Esq., of Canton, and including specimens of the three-banded Box-
Tortoise, Cistuda trifasciata, Gray ; of Spengler’s Terrapin, Geoemyda
Spengleri, Gray, (Testudo Spengleri, Walb.); of the Emys Sinen-
sis, Em. Reevesii, and Em. Bealii, all lately described by Mr. Gray ;
and also of the Platysternon megacephalum, Gray. A Crocodile ap-
parently referrible to the Crocodilus cataphractus, Cuv., is also at
present living in the Menagerie: its nuchal plates constitute a
series continuous with those of the back, but consist of only four
rows instead of five, the number existing in the individual on which
the species was originally founded. The specimen is stated to have
been brought from Fernando Po.

Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen of

111

an Irish Otter, which he at the same time presented to the Society
in the name of Miss Anna Moody of the Roe Mills near Newtown
Lemavaddy, by whom it was preserved and mounted. On ac-
count of the intensity of its colouring, which approaches nearly
to black both on the upper and under surface ; of the less extent of
the pale colour beneath the throat as compared with the common
Otter, Lutra vulgaris, Linn., as it exists in England; and of some
difference in the size of the ears and in the proportions of other
parts; Mr. Ogilby has long considered the Irish Otter as constitut-
ing a distinct species; and he feels strengthened in this view of ‘the
subject by the peculiarity of its habitation and manners. It is, in
fact, to a considerable extent a marine animal, being found chiefly
along the coast of the county of Antrim, living in hollows and caverns
formed by the scattered masses of the basaltic columns of that coast,
and constantly betaking itself to the sea when alarmed or hunted.
It feeds chiefly on the salmon, and as it is consequently injurious to
the fishery, a premium is paid for its destruction; and there are
many persons who make a profession of hunting it, earning a liveli-
hood by the reward paid for it and by disposing of its skm. Mr.
Ogilby stated his intention of comparing it minutely with the com-
mon Otter as soon as he should be enabled to do so by the possession
of entire subjects, and especially of attending to the comparison of
the osteological structures. He added that he proposed to desig-
nate it, provisionally, as the Lutra Roensis, in honour of the lady by
whom it was presented.

Mr. Owen read a “ Description of a recent Clavagella,” founded on
the examination of an individual brought home by Mr. Cuming and
imbedded in siliceous. grit. The portion of rock contained the whole
of the expanded cavity excavated for the abode of the animal, to-
gether with the fixed valve of its shell and about an inch of its cal-
_ careous tube: the loose smaller valve was detached from the soft
_ parts. Mr. Owen describes in detail the fixed valve, which cor-
responds to the left side of the animal’s body ; the attachment to it~
of the adductor muscles, two in number ; its passage into the cal-
careous tube by a continuance of the shelly substance ; the tube it-
self, which communicates with the posterior part of the chamber
next the side which corresponds with the ventral surface of the ani-
_ mal; and the free valve. He regards it as probable that the animal
_ of this species, having penetrated into the rock for a certain distance,
_ then becomes stationary, and limits its operations to enlarging its
_ chamber to the extent required for the development of its ovary :
_ this enlargement takes place in the dorsal,- dextral, and anterior
directions.
The soft parts of Clavagella form an irregularly quadrate mass,
convex anteriorly, rather flattened at the sides, and slightly narrow-
_ ing towards the posterior end, from which the smooth rounded si-
_ phon is continued. This contains the anal and branchial canals,
_ which are separated by a strong muscular septum, but do not pro-
ject as distinct tubes: in this respect Clavagella agrees with Gastro-

112

chena and Aspergillum. The mantle isa closed sac, having only an
upening for the passage of the siphon and a small slit at the opposite
end for the passage of a rudimentary foot: the use of this slit in
Clavagella is obviously different from that assigned by M. Riippell
to the corresponding structure in Aspergillum.

Mr. Owen describes the mantle and its structure ; the siphon;
and the thick mass of muscular fibres at the anterior part of the
mantle, which forms probably one of the principal instruments in the
work of excavation : he also notices the great development, as com-
pared with the size of the animal, of the adductor muscles. He
then proceeds to the viscera, which generally agree with the typical
structure in other Bivalves. ‘The digestive system, which accords
with that which is usual in Acephalous Mollusca, is described; as
are also the respiratory and circulating systems, the principal ner-
vous ganglia, and the ovary.

The paper was accompanied by drawings illustrative of the several
structures described in it.

The specimen described belongs to the species termed by Mr.
Broderip Clavagella lata.

‘

113

October 14, 1834.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Sir Robert Ker
Porter, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Caraccas, July 24, 1834. In re-
ference to the Tortoises (Testudo Carbonaria, Spix,) presented to the
Society by the writer in the spring of the present year (see p. 41),
it stated that they are regarded as a great delicacy at Caraccas, and
sold as such in the market. It also stated that some eggs of Curas-
sows, or Powies, spoken of in a previous letter, had been placed under
a hen, but had not produced young, having, as Sir Robert imagines,
been by some accident injured in the shell. He had, however, a few
days previously to the date of his letter, placed another, just laid by
_ the bird, and hoped to be more successful, in which case he promises
_ to give some particulars relative to the experiment.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by the Hon. Byron

_ Cary, dated His Majesty’s ship Dublin, Sept. 25, 1834, giving some
particulars relative to a large specimen of the Tortoise from the Gal-
_ lapagos Island, presented by the writer to the Society. The spe-
_ cimen weighs 187 lbs. and measures in length, over the curve of the
_ dorsal shell 3 feet 8: inches, and along the ventral shell 2 feet 34
q inches, its girth round the middle being 6 feet 34 inches. It is
consequently much smaller than several specimens of the Indian Tor-
-_toise from the Seychelles Islands which have at different times been
_ exhibited in the Society’s Garden; the weight and measurements of
one of which are given in the Proceedings of the Society for 1833,
_ p. 81. The lateral compression of the anterior part of the dorsal
‘shell, and the elevation of its front margin, by which the Gallapagos
Tortoise is distinguished from the Indian, are in this specimen strongly
marked.

The following notes by Mr. Martin of the dissection of a specimen
of the Mangue (Crossarchus obscurus, F. Cuv.) were read.

_ ‘* The dissection was strongly confirmatory of the justice of the
Po sition ise for the animal, notwithstanding its plantigrade

the latter seed it bears in its general external aspect and charac-
ers a marked affinity ; in both we find the pupil circular, and the
‘muzzle elongated, pointed, and moveable. Nor is there much less
correspondence in their general anatomy. Fortunately the notes of
the dissection of two Suricates, which were living for a considerable
period in the possession of the Society, have enabled me to make an
accurate comparison. The notes to which I allude are by Mr. Owen,
and will be found in the First Part of the ‘ Proceedings of the Com-
ittee of Science and Correspondence’ for 1830-1, pp. 39 and 51.
“ The Mangue which I had the opportunity of examining was a
No. - XXII. ProcEEDINGS oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

114

female, and measured in the length of its body 1 foot: the tail was
imperfect. The animal was in good condition; indeed it was rather too
much loaded with fat to be perfectly active. On the abdomen being
opened the liver and the small intestines presented themselves, the
latter being covered by: an extensive omentum; the stomach was
concealed beneath the liver. The liver was tripartite, with a lobulus
Spigelii, and consisted of one large right, and two left lobes; the
latter together not exceeding in size the single one on the right.
On the under surface of the right lobe, near the edge, lay the gall-
bladder, almost globular in shape, and measuring nearly $ths of an
inch from the fundus to the neck. It was full of dark greenish bile.
At the distance of ths of an inch from the neck, the biliary duct
was joined by the hepatic: the ductus choledochus communis then
continued on for more than 3 an inch, and entered the duodenum
about 4 of an inch below the pylorus. The spleen, flat, elongated,
and narrow, occupied the usual situation, and was enveloped in a
fold of omentum, giving, when stretched out, a width of 14 inch.
On turning back the stomach, the pancreatic gland was seen, hav-
ing a large process situated beneath the spleen and stomach; the
portion immediately covered by the latter dilating and forming a
ring, attached to the duodenum for the distance of 3 inches. In
the Suricate, this viscus is very similar, both in figure and situation.
Mr. Owen observes that ‘‘a transverse portion extends from the
spleen behind the stomach to the pylorus; it then divides and forms
a circle, which lies in the concavity of the great curve of the duode-
num ;” and subsequently notices its resemblance to “‘ the neutral
symbol of the entomologist 9.’ Such also is the figure of the
pancreas of the Mangue.

«The stomach wasvery muscular, with longitudinal strié along its
larger curvature, and singularly contracted in the middle. It is to
be observed, however, that it was perfectly empty : when distended
with air, the strie and contraction disappeared.

«« The small intestines did not much exceed a common quill in cir-
cumference; they decreased in size from the duodenum, which was
very delicate. The small intestines measured 4 feet 2; inches, and
the large 4; inches, without bands, or sacculi. ‘The cecum was 1
inch in length and pointed. On each side of the anus were situated
two follicles of the size of a small horsebean, containing a thick unc-
tuous, but nearly inodorous matter. They opened externally on
the verge of the anus.

“The kidneys, of which the right was rather higher than the left,
were of the usual shape, and 1 inch in length. Their cortical
structure was very distinct; the ¢wbuli terminated in one large co-
nical papilla. On the outer surface there ramified an arborescence
of small veins, as in the Cat, but by no means so beautifully and re-
gularly distributed. In this respect also the Mangue agrees with the
Suricate, as well as with the Viverride generally. The supra-renal
glands were flat and oval; their external coat was grey; and beneath
this was spread an inner layer, resembling liver in colour and
texture.

;
7
Ps

115

“The bladder was small and contracted : the uterus measured + an
inch, its cornua 14 inch, and the vagina 14 inch, its internal lining
_ being puckered longitudinally.
__ “The lungs consisted of three lobes on the right, and two on the
_ left side ; in the Suricate there are four on the right and three on the
_ left. The heart is obtuse at itsapez, and of a thick rounded figure, being
_ ¢ths of an inch from the base to the apex and 14 in breadth across the
_ base. The tongue was 2 inches long, smooth at the sides, but covered
in the centre towards the tip with retroverted sharp bristly papille :
at the base were three isolated papille forming a crescent, thus o,°.
_ The sublingual giands were of the size of hazel-nuts. The epiglottis was
_ pointed and curled forwards : the number of rings in the trachea was
_ thirty-eight. The thyroid glands were situated on each side of the
__ twelve upper rings of the trachea ; they were of large size, measuring
_ $ths of an inch in length. The esophagus exhibited longitudinal ruge.
along its inner surface.
‘In the disproportion between the large and small intestines; in
_ their small circumference; in the form of the cecum; in the venous
_ ramifications on the surface of the kidneys; as well as in other mi-
nor points ; we cannot fail to observe the close similarity, not alone
between the Mangue and the Suricate, but between both these ani-
_ mals and the Viverrid@ in general.”

__ A collection was exhibited of skins of Birds, formed by B. H.
_ Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., in Nepal, and presented by him
_ tothe Society. These birds were brought under the notice of the
_ Meeting by Mr. Gould, who, at the request of the Chairman, pointed
_ out the most interesting among them, both as regarded the Society’s
collection, and with reference to their novelty or the peculiarities of
_ their form. As, however, Mr. Hodgson himself purposes to describe
at length the characters and habits of the several species in his pro-
_ posed ‘ Zoology of Nepal,’ Mr. Gould abstained from entering more
particularly into those topics.

__ A paper was read “ On Clavagella, by W.J.Broderip, Esq.” It ~
‘Was accompanied by drawings illustrative of the new species de-
cribed in it.

hen Lamarck established it for the reception of four fossil species,
two of which he had previously referred to his genus Fistulana. A
ent species was subsequently described and figured by Mr. G. B.
Sowerby, in his ‘Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ under thename
of Clav. aperta; and a second recent species, Clav. Australis, has
Since been described and figured by the same conchologist; M.
Audouin has noticed another recent Shell which he refers to this
hus ; and some details have been published by M. Rang of an ad-
onal recent species, his Clav. Rapa. The collection of Mr. Cum-
furnishes another recent species, the anatomy of which formed
the subject of a paper read by Mr. Owen at the last Meeting of the
Society; there exists yet another in that of Mr.’ Isaac Lyon Gold-
smid; and another in those of Mr. Cuming and Mr. Miller.

116

A close examination of the recent species which he has observed
has convinced Mr. Broderip that although one valve of the shell is
always fixed or imbedded in the chamber formed in the hard sur-
rounding substance, the tube is not necessarily continued into a com-
plete testaceous clavate shape, and that consequently the character
assigned by Lamarck to the genus requires emendation. The fixed
valve is in all these species continued on to the tube. In Mr.
Cuming’s the perforated shelly plates are situated not far from
the throat of the tube, one on either side; while in Mr. Gold-
smid’s the perforated plate is single, and seated at the anterior or
greater end of the ovate chamber, being in the smaller individual
joined laterally to the anterior ventral edge of the fixed valve, and
in the larger one wholly isolated from it. In all the specimens the
anterior edge of the fixed valve is surrounded by the naked wall of
the chamber.

After remarking on the difficulty of clearly defining species where
the roughness or smoothness of the surface of the shell and even its
shape may depend upon the greater or less degree of hardness of
the material of which the chamber is formed; where colour also is
absent; and from specimens of which the tubes are broken; Mr.
Broderip proceeds to suggest the following distinguishing characters.
The first two may, he remarks, hereafter prove to be mere varieties,
although he is strongly disposed to regard them as constituting
distinct species :

CuavaGELia ELoNGATA. Clav. camerd elongato-ovatd ; valud liberd
elongatd, subtrigond, convexd, extern? concentricé valde rugosd,
intus nitente ; umbone acuto.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico ?

Mus. Goldsmid.

The wall of the coral chamber against which the free valve rested

gives as exact an impression of the external rugosities of that valve
as if the valve had been applied to a surface of wax.

CLAVAGELLA LATA. Clav. camera rotundato-ovatd ; valvd liberd
latiusculd, subtrigond, subconvexd, externé concentrice rugosd,
intis nitente ; umbone subrotundato.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico.

Mus. Cuming.

Both valves are nacreous internally ; and the muscular impres-

sions, especially in the fixed valve, are very strong.

CuavaGetia Meuirensis. Clav. testd subrotundatd, rugosd, intis

subnitente ; tubo longitudinaliter corrugato.

Hab. ad Melitam.

Muss. Cuming, Miller.

It is not impossible, from its locality, that this may turn out to
be M. Audouin’s species, if that should prove to be a true Clavagella.
M. Sander Rang’s remarks, however, go far to show that a Sicilian
Shell referred to this genus, has been incorrectly so referred, in as
much as it has no fixed valve. The one described above has the
fixed valve continued on to the shelly tube as in the other recent
species of the genus Clavagella.

7
.

117

Mr. Broderip conjectures that Clavagella may be in its very young
e a free Bivalve, floating at large until it arrives at some vacant
e that suits it, when it attaches one valve to the wall of the hole,
ad proceeds to secrete the tube or siphonic sheath, to enlarge the
amber according to its necessities, and to secrete the shelly per-
‘ated plate which is to give admission to the water at the prac-
_ ficable part of the chamber. The excavation may probably be as-
_ sisted by the secretion from the glands observed by Mr. Owen, and
_ evidently cannot be effected in the greater end of the chamber by
_ mere mechanical attrition; but the solvent secretion must be one of
_ extensive powers to act on such different substances as siliceous
_ grit, the coral of an Astreopora, calcareous grit, and argillo-calca-
_ Teous tufa, in which respectively were found the Clav. Australis,
_ Clav. elongata, Clav. lata, and Clav. Melitensis.

Adverting to the different depths at which these several species
were found, which varied from near low-water mark to sixty-six feet,
Mr. Broderip remarks, that inferences as to the state of submersion
_ of a rock during the lifetime of the fossil species which there occur,
_ ought consequently to be made with caution by the geologist.

__ In conclusion he observes, that though the genus Clavagella is in
_ its recent state at present rare, itis in all probability widely dif-
_ fused; and suggests to collectors a careful examination of masses
_ of coral and submerged perforated rocks with a view to the further
_ elucidation of the habits and structure of these and other interest-
_ ing animals.

118

October 28, 1834.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Living specimens were exhibited of a species of Bee from South
. America, together with portions of its Comb, contained in the fissure
of a log of wood. They were presented to the Society by Mr. Bigg,
who stated, in a note accompanying the specimens, that they were
found about three weeks since on splitting a log of peachwood from
the Brazils for the use of a dye-house, on the premises of Mr. Apple-
gath, a calico-printer at Crayford in Kent. The wood had been
previously lying in the docks, and had been perhaps eighteen months
from the Brazils.
Mr. Curtis, to whom specimens were submitted for examination,
states that they belong to the genus Trigona, Jur., and form a very
pretty and apparently undescribed species.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited preparations of both sexes of Syngnathus
Acus, Linn., and Syngn. Typhie, Ej., in illustration of the following
extract from the manuscript notes of the late John Walcott, Esq.,
author of ‘A Synopsis of British Birds,’ ‘ History of Bath Fossils,’
and ‘ Flora Britannica Indigena.’ This manuscript, which is volu-
minous, and relates wholly to British Fishes, was written during the
author’s residence at Teignmouth, in the years 1784 and 1785, and
has been forwarded by his son William Walcott, Esq., of South-
ampton, to Mr. Yarrell, for his use in a projected work on ‘ British
Fishes.’

“« Syngnathus Acus and Typhle.—The male differs from the female
in the belly from the vent to the tail fin being much broader, and in
having for about two thirds of its length two soft flaps, which fold
together and form a false belly. They breed in the summer, the fe-
males casting their roe into the false belly of the male. This I have
asserted from having examined many, and having constantly found,
early in the summer, roe in those without a false belly, but never any
in those with; and on opening them later in the summer there has
been no roe in (what I have termed) the female, but only in the false
belly of the male.”

The specimens exhibited of females of Syngn. Acus and Typhle had
no anal pouch, and the opened abdomen exposed two lobes of ova
of large size in each. The anal pouch is peculiar to the males, and
is closed by two elongated flaps. On separating these flaps and ex-
posing the inside, the ova, large and yellow, were seen lining the
pouch in some specimens, while in others the hemispheric depres-
sions from which the ova had been but lately removed were very
obvious. In each of these the opened abdomen exhibited true testes.

Mr. Walcott adds: ‘‘ They begin to breed when only between 4
and 5 inches long.” A specimen of Syngn. Acus, nearly 16 inches long,
was exhibited, indicating, probably, its extreme growth. A female

eS ee

“aia f

119

the same species, only 4 inches long, was also shown, the abdo-
of which contained two lobes of enlarged ova, which, to all ap-
_ pearance, would have been deposited in a few days.

_ Specimens of males and females of Syngn. Ophidion, Linn., were also
exhibited. In this species neither male nor female possesses an anal
ae but the ova are carried by the male in hemispheric depres-
gions on the external surface of the abdomen, anterior to the anus. -
All the specimens examined having these external depressions proved
_ to be males, with the testes in the abdomen very obvious: those
_ without external depressions proved to be all females, internally
provided with two lobes of enlarged ova. The males of this species,
when taken by Mr. Yarrell from the sea, had one ovum of the size
and colour of a mustard-seed fixed in each cup-shaped depression,
_ but time and the effects of a long journey had removed them: Dr.
Fleming in his ‘ History of British Animals,’ page 176, states the
length of Syngn. Ophidion at about 5 inches: some of Mr. Yarrell’s
_ Specimens measured 9 inches.

__ Mr. Yarrell further stated that the males of Syngn. Acus carry
their living young in the anal pouch, even after they have been
hatched there. He had been frequently told by fishermen that on
opening them they had found the living young within the pouch,
which they called the belly ; and that if these young were shaken out
_ into the water over the side of the boat, they did not swim away, but
_ when the parent fish was held in the water in a favourable position,
the young would again enter the pouch.

It was observed by M. Agassiz, that the fact of the males of cer-
tain species of the genus Syngnathus carrying the ova in a peculiar
abdominal pouch, after their exclusion by the female, had been no-
ticed on the Continent by Eckstrém, Retzius, and Marcklin; and
that he had himself made the same observation.

_ M. Agassiz exhibited drawings of several species of Lepisosteus,
together with some of the details of their internal organization; and,
at the request of the Chairman, explained his views with regard to
r systematic arrangement and structure, as well as to their rela-
ons with various genera of fossil fishes, and the coincidence of some
ts of their internal anatomy with that of Reptiles. He described
‘new species observed by him in the British Museum, taking his
acters principally from the form and sculpture of the scales, the
ace or absence of the short rays at the base of the caudal and
fins, and the variations in the form and disposition of the teeth.
erence to their internal structure, he particularly called the at-
m of the Meeting to the large and regular slit by which the
ming-bladder communicates with the pharynx; which he re-
ded as bearing even a closer resemblance to the entrance of the
trachea of the pulmoniferous Vertebrata in general, than the aperture

y means of which the lungs communicate with the pharynz in the
nnibranchiate Amphibia. He conceived, therefore, that the ana-
ny of these fishes offers a conclusive argument in favour of the
theory, long since proposed, that the swimming-bladder of Fishes is

120

analogous to the lungs of the other Vertebrata. He spoke of the num-
ber of the cecal appendages as greater in Lepisosteus than in any
other fish which he had dissected; and referring to certain fossil bo-
dies by which geologists have long been puzzled, and which have
been regarded as fossil worms, he stated his opinion, from the close
resemblance between the two, that they are in reality the cecal ap-
pendages of the fossil fishes, in whose company they are generally
found.

Mr. Gray exhibited young shells of Argonauta Argo and Arg. hi-
ans, with the view of calling the attention of the Society to a new
argument in favour of the opinion that the animal (Ocythoé) found
in the shells of this genus is parasitic. This argument is founded on
the size of what Mr. Gray has termed the nucleus of the shell, viz.
that original portion of it which covered the animal within the
egg, and which is usually found to differ in surface and appearance
from the remainder of the shell formed after its exclusion from the
egg. Inthe specimens exhibited Mr. Gray described the nucleus as
blunt, rounded, thin, slightly and irregularly concentrically wrinkled,
and destitute of the radiating waves which are common to the adult
shells of all the species of this genus. These waves he stated to
commence immediately below the thin hemispherical tips, and he
therefore entertained no doubt that those tips constituted the nucleus
of the shell, and covered the embryo of the animal at the period of
its exclusion from the egg. Judging from the size of this portion of
the shell, which in one of the specimens measured nearly one third
of an inch in diameter, and was consequently many times larger than
the largest eggs of the Ocythoé found within the Argonaut shells,
Mr. Gray inferred that it must have been produced by an animal
whose eggs are of much greater magnitude. The Ocythoé cannot
therefore, he conceived, be the constructor of the shell, and its true
artificer still remains to be discovered. Mr. Gray further remarked,
with reference to Poli’s statement that he had observed the rudiment
of a shell on the back of the embryo of Ocythoé examined by him,
that he has himself uniformly found, in all the eggs of Mollusca which
he has examined, the shell well developed, even before the develop-
ment of the various organs of the embryo. With respect to the ar-
gument derived from the want of muscular attachment, he observed
that the animal of Carinaria (to which he considered it probable that
that of Argonauta is most nearly related), although firmly attached
to the shell, while living, separates from it with the greatest ease
when preserved in spirits, being from its gelatinous nature very rea-
dily dissolved. . These circumstances, -he conceived, might fairly ac-

te a a

count for the animal-of Carinaria having been, until very recently, —

unknown, and for that of Argonauta still remaining undiscovered.

12]

November 11, 1834.

Dr. Marshall Hall, in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of a species of Monacanthus, Cuv., re-
markable for having on each side of the body, about midway between
the pectoral and caudal fins, a bundle of long and strong spines di-
rected backwards. The species was figured in Willughby’s ‘ Historia
Piscium,’ and a description of it by Lister is contained in the Appen-
dix to that work; but it appears not to have been noticed by subse-
quent observers, and to have been altogether overlooked or rejected
by systematic writers. Lister’s specimen of the Fish was preserved
in the collection of William Courten, the founder of the museum
which became subsequently the property of Sir Hans Sloane, and
eventually formed the basis of the British Museum: that brought
under the notice of the Meeting belongs to the Museum of the Army
_ Medical Department at Chatham, and was exhibited with the per-
_ mission of Sir James Macgrigor. It was accompanied by a sega

_ tion by Staff-Surgeon Burton, which was read.

_ Monacantaus Hystrix. Mon. lateribus in medio 6—7-spinosis,
, spinis validis longioribus.

a oo Hystrix, List., in Will. Hist. Pise., App. p. 21. Tab.S.21.
_ “Length 7 inches. Colour black. Skin crowded with rough grains;
_ asmooth spot behind the gills; towards the tail assuming the charac-
ter of rhomboid scales, but the granular form continued over the caudal
¥ fin. On the sides, about one third of its length from the tail, is fixed
_ a cluster of six or seven strong free spines from } to 1 inch in length,

_ capable of erection and depression.

__ . Dorsal spine very strong, about 14 inch long, subtriangular,

h serrated edges, and grained, except towards the point: when
not erected it is lodged in a deep groove on the back. Extremity
_ of the pelvis salient, and terminating in two sharp short spines. Se-

In front of the eyes a small fossa covered with a membrane, ex-
f in its centre, where it is perforated by a minute olfactory fo-

. “ Teeth i in the upper jaw eight, the two middle incisors placed di-
5 ly in front of the second pair, in a groove of which they are
Tega, so that no part of these last are visible externally, except a
process at the cutting edge; the outer teeth trigonal. The
_ teeth of the lower jaw differ materially from the generic character,
_ their number being only four, of which the two middle ones are
by far the largest in the mouth. On this account, and also on ac-
count of the nature of its covering,—which partakes of the granular

character of that of Monacanthus and Aluterus, Cuv., and of the rhom-
No. XXIII. Procerpines or tue Zootocicat Socrery.

122

boidal scales of Balistes, Ej.,—this fish might be regarded as the type
of a distinct subgenus among the Balistide.

“The strong dorsal spine, the spinous processes of the pelvic
bones, and the cluster of lateral spines, added to the tough indu-
vated epidermis of this fish, form an armour excellently adapted for
its protection against its more powerful enemies.

«« It is an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean, frequenting the shores
and coral reefs. The present specimen was brought from the Mau-
ritius by Dr. Hibbert, Surgeon, 99th Regiment. This species is
stated to be also found abundantly on the western coast of Australia,
where it is known to the settlers by the name of “ leather-jacket,”
—a denomination which is probably applied to it in common with
other species of Balistide.”

Mr. Gray exhibited a drawing of this specimen, and stated his
intention of publishing a figure of it in the concluding Number of the
‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’ which is about to appear.

Mr. Gray called the attention of the Meeting to two new species
of Sturgeon; one from China, of which he exhibited a specimen, and
the other from the Mississippi, of which he showed a drawing taken
from aspecimen in the British Museum. ‘The former species belongs
to the same section of the genus with the Acipenser glaber of Mar-
sigli, characterized by its conical muzzle, and the smooth and silvery
nature of the skin between its 5 rows of plates. It was sent to En-
gland by Mr. John Russell Reeves, and is distinguished by the fol-
lowing characters :

AcrpEnser Sinensis. Acip. levis, superneé brunneus; rostro gra-
cili, conico, acuto, mutico; fronte arcuato; scutis seriei dorsalis
15—16, radiatim sulcatis, alté carinatis, carind postice uniden-
tatd, anterioribus gradatim minoribus, duobus ultimis ecarinatis ;
serierum lateralium brevioribus, carind postice bidentatd ; caudd su-
perne serie radiorum simplicium, ad latera squamis angustis tectd.

Hab. in China.

Scuta dorsalia 16; lateralia superiora 40—41, inferiora 13—14.

The other species was stated by Mr. Gray to belong to a new sec-
tion intermediate between the true Sturgeons and the Spatularie,
having a broad expanded muzzle, flat above, shelving on the sides,
and concave, and furnished with a central ridge beneath.

ACIPENSER CATAPHRACTUS. Acip. brunneus, squamis parvis rugo-
sis caudam versits majoribus levioribusque ; rostro depresso apice
spatulato, carind laterali occipiteque ad latera spinosis ; scutis ru-
gosis, acute carinatis, carind postice unidentatd ; vertebralibus
posterioribus muticis, lateralibus posterioribus multo majoribus.

Acipenser cataphractus. Rapp, MSS.

Hab. in fluvio Mississippi.

The beards are 4 in number; and the hinder part of the body
elongated, slender, and depressed. The snout is composed of a large
number of small long bones, radiately grooved, owing perhaps to the

123

youth of the specimen. It has a group of six recurved spines just be-
hind the apex, and a series of small spines on the ridge which runs
on each side from the apew to the anterior angle of the eye. There
is also a small blunt spine on each side of the middle of the frontal
region; and two others are placed on the bones over the hinder part
of the gill-flap. The latter form the commencement of a series of
carinated shields. The small scales are rough; and the shields form-
ing the lateral lines are radiately grooved, and furnished witha sharp
continued keel, terminating posteriorly in a spine. The larger plates
on the hinder part of the body are smooth, with a few longitudinal
ridges, and emarginate at the aper. ‘There are 17 plates on the dor-
sal ridge, of which the third is the smallest; 47 or 49 in the upper
lateral series, among which the anterior are much the smallest, their
_ length increasing gradually as they approach the tail, and this in-
crease being more marked after passing the ventral, and again after
passing the anal, fins; and 15 or 16 in the lower lateral series.

The exhibition was resumed of the Shells collected by Mr. Cuming

on the Western Coast of South America, and among the Islands of

_ the South Pacific Ocean. Those exhibited at the Meeting were ac-

_ companied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and comprehended
_ the following apparently undescribed species of the

Genus FissuRELLA.

_ Fissurenza maxima. Fiss, testd ovato-oblongd, depressiusculd,
crassd ; intis albd, margine lato, undulato, pallescente fusco ar-
ticulato; extts radiatim sulcatd, rugosd, albido-cinerascente fusco
, radiatd ; aperturd dorsali ovatd : long. 5, lat. 3'4 poll.

_ © Hab. ad Valparaiso.

__ © In the young shells the internal margin is proportionally broader
than in those which are more fully grown: in some specimens this
_ margin shows a very great development of crystalline structure.
Found on exposed rocks and under stones at low water.—G.B.S.

FissurELLA Grannis. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatiusculd, pos-
tice latiore, crassa ; intis albd, margine latiusculo, subundulato,

__ einerascente ; extiis levigatd, purpureo-nigrd, radiis numerosissi-

_- -mis saturatioribus ; aperturd dorsali majusculd, oblongd, extis la-

___ tiore, antic? subdeclivi: long. 4, lat. 2°6 poll.

__ Hab. ad Valparaiso et ad Insulam Chiloe sub lapidibus littorali-

bus. —G. B.S. ;

_ Fissureia timsata. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressiusculd,
___ posticé latiore, crassiusculd ; intiis albd, margine latiusculo, subun-
dato, pallescente, lined internd purpureo-nigrd ; eatis levigatd,
_ rosaceo-fuscescente, radiis rufescentibus ; aperturd dorsali elon-
gata, mediané subcoarctatd : long. 3, lat. 1-9 poll.

_ Hab. ad Valparaiso.

% In young shells the internal line of the margin is broader and more
_ deeply coloured than in the more fully developed specimens. Nearly
__ all the fully grown shells are so deeply eroded as to have lost almost

124

all traces of coloured rays. The younger shells, which retain the
coloured rays, are found in exposed situations at low water.

A representation of the inside of this shell has been given in my
‘ Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells’, under the name of Fiss. picta,
Lam., from which it is nevertheless very distinct.

Found on exposed rocks.—G. B. 8.

FissuRELLA BIRADIATA (Frembly MSS.). Fiss. testd ovatd, an-
tice subacuminatd, elevatiusculd, crassiusculd ; intis albd, mar-
gine latiusculo; purpurascenti-fusco ; extis radiatim striatd, pur-
purascenti-fuscd, plerumque radiis duobus (utroque latere unico)
pallescentibus ; aperturd dorsali oblongd: long. 3°8, lat. 2°7 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso sub lapidibus littoralibus.

In this, as well as in several others, the margin varies somewhat in
width ; it is, however, generally broader in the young shells. The
fully grown specimens sometimes lose the two light-coloured rays.

Found also at Iquiqui in Peru.—G. B. 8.

FissurELLA LATA. Fiss. testd ovali, elevatiusculd, crassiusculd ;
intus albd, margine latiusculo, pallescente, rosaceo-maculato ; ex-
tits cinerascente, radiatim costellatd, costellis subtuberculatis, ra-
diis coloratis purpureo-rufis ; aperturd dorsali ovato-oblongd :
long. 3°3, lat. 2°5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam 8. Marie, Chilensis.

This species approaches, in form and colouring, very nearly to

Fiss. picta, Lam.
Found in exposed places.—G. B. 8.

FissurELLA Putcura. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd, antice
angustiore, crassiusculd ; intis albd, margine latiusculo, subundu-
lato, purpurascenti-fusco ; extiis purpureo-cinerascente, radtis
rufo-purpureis maculisque albis et violaceis concinné pictd ; aper-
turd dorsali centrali, posticé inclinatd : long. 2°5, lat. 1°6 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Oss. Testa junior radiatim subcostellata.

Variat testa tota extis purpurascenti-fusca, unicolore.

Found on the rocks.—G. B. 8.

FIssurELLA oRIENS. iss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd, crassius-
culd ; intus albd, margine angustiore, plerumque pallescente ; ex-
tas pallidd fusco nigro vel roseo radiatd ; aperturd dorsali ob-
longd, mediané latiore: long. 2°7, lat. 1°6 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Chiloe sub lapidibus littoralibus.

Variat testa extis obsoleté picta, margine interno paullé latiore.
Hab. ad Valparaiso, rupibus adherens.—G. B. 8.

FissurELtA Cuixensis. iss. testd ellipticd, depressd, radiatim
costellatd, costellis rugosis ; intts albd, margine lato, pallescente,
nonnunquam fusco maculato ; extis cinerascente, radiis fuscis pal-
lidis plerumque pictd; aperturd dorsali oblonga, subcentrali: long.
2°4, lat. 1°8 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found on rocks in exposed situations at low water.—G. B.S.

~__

125

Fissurgtia opscura. iss. testd ovato-oblongd, radiatim costatd,
costellis obtusis, latiusculis ; intis virescente, margine undulato,
crenulato, pallidiore ; extis coloribus variis radiatim pictd, punctis
nigris nonnullis prope aperturam dorsalem radiantibus ; aperturd
dorsali subelongatd, median latiore, rimd internd rufo marginatd :
long. 1-1, lat. 0-7 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B. S.

FissurELLA ViREscens. iss. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, radiatim
costatd et striatd; intds virescente, margine pallidiore, undulato
et crenulato ; extits pallide virescente fusco-virescente obscure ra-
diatd, margine costellis crenato; apertura dorsali oblongd, ertis
utringue coarctatd : long. 1°8, lat. 1°4 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found in exposed situations at low water.—G. B.S.

FIssURELLA NIGROPUNCTATA. Fiss. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, an-
tice angustiore, costellato-radiatd ; ints virescente, margine pal-
lidiore, crenulato, nigro punctato ; extis pallide virescente, pune-
tulis elongatis nigris confertim digestis radiatd ; apertura dorsali
oblonga, lateribus extiis subconnatis : long. 1°6, lat. 1-1 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Variat testa intis alba; rima aperture dorsalis nigro marginata.
Hab. ad Insulam Lobos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA MAcRoTREMA, Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatius-
culd, antic? angustiore, radiatim striatd 3 intas virescente, mar-
gine nigro variegato; extis plerumque virescente rufo fusco vel
nigrescente radiatd; aperturd dorsali elongatd, lateribus extits co-
arctatis, utringue unidentatis : long. 1-4, lat. 0-9 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Variat testa extiis purpurascenti-nigra,

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Variat etiam testa extis virescente, radiis rufescentibus obscuris.
Hab. ad Lambeyeque.

Variat iterum testA extis rosaceo-virescente, radiis rufis; aperture
dorsalis margine interno roseo.

Hab. ad Insulam Lobos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B. S.

Fissure.ua arrinis, Gray. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatiusculd,
antice angustiore, radiatim plis minisve muricatim striatd, non-
nunguam fere levigato-striatd, plerumque purpurascenti-nigra ;
ints albd, margine angusto, nigricante ; apertura dorsali parvd,
ovali: long. 1-7, lat. 1-2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Mexillones et Lobos, et ad Iquiqui.

Variat testa rufescenti-nigra.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.
Oss. Teste juniores pallide, radiatim picte.—G. B.S.

FissurELLa Microtrema. Fiss. testd ovatd, depressiusculd, ra-
diatim scabroso-striatd ; intits virescente, margine angustissimo,
nigricante ; extis fuscd, obscure subradiatim coloribus variis pictd ;

126

aperturd dorsali minimd, margine limbi interni nigricante: long.
0:9, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Real Llejos, Americz Centralis.

The dorsal perforation in this species is so small, and the colora-
tion so dark, that it is difficult at first sight to perceive that it is really a
Fissurella.

Found under stones.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA 1nzQuALIS. Fiss. testd oblongd, tenui, subdepressd, la-
tere antico brevi, postico longo; intis albicante, margine albo ni-
groque vario, crenulato; extis radiatim striatd, concinné decus-
satd, olivaced albicante subradiatim variegatd; aperturd dorsali
anticd, oblongd, utrinque bidentatd : long. 1°1, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Guacomayo et ad Insulas Gallapagos sub lapidibus litto-
ralibus.—G. B.S.

FissureLua Pica. Fiss. testd oblongd, tenui, subdepressd, latere
antico brevi, postico longo; intis albicante, margine crenulato; ex-
tus radiatim striatd, concinné decussatd, albd olivaceo variegatd ;
aperturd dorsali anticd, ellipticd, fere circulari, parvd: long. 1-,
lat. 0°57 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Variat testa albicante, radiatim olivaceo fasciata.

Found on dead shells in from six to eight fathoms water.—
G. B.S.

FissuRELLA Cuemnitzit. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressius-
culd, crassiusculd, lateribus subcompressis , extremitatibus levatis;
intis albd, impressione musculari prope marginem conspicud; ex-
tus radiatim subsulcatd, subdecussatd, pallescente roseo subradiatd ;
aperturd dorsali magnd, ovali, rimd internd latd : long. 2°2, lat.
1°4 poll.

Hab.?

The only specimen I have ever seen of this species was in the
Tankerville Collection, from which, after several vicissitudes, it has
at length found its way to Mr. Cuming’s.

This remarkable shell is represented by Martini (I. t. xi. f. 100),
whose figure is cited by Lamarck as a representation of Fiss. Greca.
—G.B.S5.

FissURELLA LATIMARGINATA. iss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd,
crassiusculd, anticé angustiore; intis albd, margine lato rufes-
centi-nigro, crenulato; extis radiatim creberrime striata, rufes-
centi-nigrd ; aperturd dorsali oblongd: long. 2°8, lat. 1°8 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso et ad Iquiqui.

Found on the rocks.—G. B.S.

FIssuRELLA TRAPEZINA. iss. testd subtrapeziformi, rotundato-
angulatd, antice angustiore, depressd, extremitatibus levatis ; in-
tis albd, impressione musculari prope marginem remotd, margine
incrassato ; extiis concentricé subsulcatd, pallidd fusco radiata ;
aperturd dorsali magnd, latd, antic? latiore: long. 0°95, lat. 0°8
poll.

* 127

Hab. ad Caput Bone Spei.
This exceedingly rare species has existed in our collections for
many years.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA =QuaLis. Fiss. testd oblongd, depressd, extremitati-
bus fere equalibus ; intis albd, margine incrassato, impressione
musculari prope marginem remotd; extis levi, albicante fusco ra-
diatd, vel fuscd albicante radiatd; aperturd dorsali magnd, 0b-
longa, latd : long. 0°85, lat. 0°5 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found on dead shells in from six to ten fathoms.—G. B.S.

FissurELLA FULVEScENS. Fiss. testd oblongd, depressd, fulves-
cente, extremitate anticd angustiore ; intis lacted, margine sub-
incrassato, subreflexo ; extis levigatd, radiatim substriatd et rufo
pictd ; aperturd oblonga, lateribus obsolete bidentatis : long. 1:6,
lat. 0°9 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B.S.

aa ISSURELLA niGRITA. Fiss. testd ovali, depressd, lateribus sub-

compressis, extremitatibus levatis ; intis albd, marginibus postico
lateralibusque incrassatis ; extis nigrd, radiatim striatd ; aper-
turd dorsali magnd, ovali, marae’ levi, albo: long 1°, lat. 0°6
poll.

_ Hab.?—G.B.8.

_ Fissurenra aspera. iss. testd ovali, altiusculd, asperd, postice
longiore ; intiis cinerascente, margine albo, crenulato, extis cos-
tellis numerosis radiantibus decussatim muricatis ; aperturd dor-
sali circulari ante verticem elevatam positd: long. 1°, lat. 0°8
poll.

Hab. ad Pacosmayo.—G. B.S.

FIsSURELLA ASPERELLA. Fiss. testd ovali, depressiusculd, asperelld ;
intis virescente, margine crenulato; extus cinerascente, striis nu-
_ merosis radiantibus, radiisque coloratis rufo-cinerascentibus ; aper-
turd dorsali oblongd, dente utrinque extiis elevato: long. 0°85, lat.
— 0°5 poll.
_ Hab. ad Insulam Lobos:sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G.B.S.

FissurRELLA MUTABILIS. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, coloribus variis
plerumque subradiatim pictd, altiusculd, postice longiore; intis
albd, margine levi; extis radiatim striatd ; aperturd dorsali
ovato-elongatd, medio plerumque latiore: long. 1°, lat. 0°55

oll,
: Has. ad Caput Bonz Spei.
_ Many specimens of this species were among the late Mr. G. Hum-

phreys’ collections, labelled by him “ Brazil? Thalacker.”—G.B.S.

Fissurrtia Panamensis. iss. testd ellipticd, elevatd, decussatd,
_postice longiore; intiis lactescente, margine crenulato; extis cos-
tellis radiantibus decussatis, plerumque muricatis, albicante cine-
rascenti-fusco varie pictd ; aperturd dorsali minimd, subovali :
long. 0°6, lat. 0°4 poll.

128

Hab. ad Panamam. —
Found on dead shells in from six to ten fathoms.—G. B. S.

FissurEtta Ruppert. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd, elevatd, decus-
satd, lateraliter subdepressd, postic? longiore ; intits albd, mar-
gine crenulato ; extis albicante, radiis plerumque nigris, nonnun-
quam viridescenti-nigris, concinne pictd, costis costellisque alter-
nantibus submuricatis radiantibus ornatd ; aperturd dorsali parvd,
ovatd, postice subquadratd, antice infra verticem positd, intis po-
stice depressione distinetd : long. 0°9, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Nevis, Capt. Powers: in Sinu Arabico, Riippell.

Aspecimen of this pretty species was lately obtained by Mr. Cuming

from M. Riippell. About twenty were in the collections of the late
Mr. G. Humphreys.—G. B.S.

FissurEtta Cxryprus. VFiss. testd ovatd, depressd, crassiusculd,
pallescente fuscescenti-nigro radiatd; intis albd, margine subcre-
nato, pallescente nigro articulato; extiis radiatim subcorrugatd;
apertura dorsali oblongd: long. 1°15, lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. s

A single specimen is in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.—G. B.S.

FIssURELLA CRENIFERA. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, subdepressd,
postice latiore, subquadratd; intis albd, margine incrassato, cre-
nato et crenulato ; extis radiatim costaté et striatd, radiatim va-
rie pictd, costis muricatis; aperturd dorsali oblongd, mediane sub-
coarctatd, extis dente duplicato laterali munitd : long.0°6, lat. 0°3
poll.

Hab. ad Real Llejos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B. S.

A Letter was read, addressed by Capt. P. P. King, R.N., Corr.
Memb. Z.S., to W. J. Broderip, Esq., and dated New South Wales,
April 13, 1834. It gave some account of the Oceanic Birds ob-
served during the late voyage of the writer from Europe to New
South Wales, and more particularly of those of the genus Diomedea,
Linn.

«« From the meridian of the island of Tristan d’Acunha to that of
the island of St. Paul’s, on about the parallel of 40° of south lati-
tude, we were daily surrounded by a multitude of oceanic birds.—Of
the Petre! tribe the Cape Pigeon, Procellaria Capensis, Linn., was
most abundant; but the Proc. vittata (vel cerulea) frequently was
observed; as was also a small black Petrel which I do not recollect
to have before seen.

“« Of the genus Diomedea the species which I regarded as the spa-
dicea, chlororhynchos and fuliginosa of Authors, were the most re-
markable. Near Tristan d’Acunha the first (Diom. spadicea) most
abounded: between the Cape and the longitude of 30° East the
second (Diom. chlororhynchos) became more numerous: and in the
neighbourhood of St. Paul’s their place was supplied by the Diom. fu-
liginosa. Where one species abounded, the others were only occa-
sionally seen ; from which it may be inferred that each species breeds
in distinct haunts. Occasionally two or three varieties of the Diom.

129

exulans, Linn., the large wandering Albatross, attended the ship, but
they rarely remained beyond the day. Diom. evulans varies very
much in plumage; generally, however, the head, neck, back, and
wings are more or less mottled grey, and the breast, abdomen, vent,
and uropygium snowy white; the bill is horn-coloured and the feet
yellow.—We saw a bird that might be referred to M. Lesson’s Diom.
epomophora, if that is really a distinct species.—Another of very large
size was near us for two days, which, with the exception of the back
of the wings and tips of the under side of the pen feathers and ex-
tremity of the tail being black, was of a snowy white colour.”
Capt. P. P. King transmitted with his Letter characters and de-
scriptions of three of the species of Albatross observed by him,,. in-
cluding those which he regarded as the Diomm. spadicea and chlo-
rorhynchos; together with drawings of these two species. The de-
scriptions were read, and the drawings exhibited. The former agree
essentially with the descriptions from the same specimens, recently
published in his ‘ Wanderings in New South Wales,’ &c., by Mr.
George Bennett, who was a fellow voyager with Capt. King. The
reference of these to the species quoted is, however, provisional only,
as they differ in some important particulars from the original descrip-
tions of those species: it is therefore probable that they are rather
to be viewed as indicating races hitherto unnoticed by zoologists.

Mr. George Daniell stated some facts that had fallen under his
observation with reference to the habits and economy of two British
species of Bats, the Pipistrelle, Vespertilio Pipistrellus, Geoffr.,and the
Noctule, Vespertilio Noctula, Schreb., dwelling more particularly on
those connected with the feeding of the former, and with the period
of gestation and mode of parturition of the latter.

_ With regard to the former species, he stated that in July 1833 he

_ received five specimens, all of pregnant females, from Elvetham, in

Hampshire. Many more were congregated together with them in
the ruins of the barn in which they were taken, but all the rest

escaped. They had been kept in a tin powder canister for several

days, and on being turned loose into a common packing-case, with
a few strips of deal nailed over it to form a cage, they exhibited
much activity, progressing rapidly along the bottom of the box, as-

_ eending by the bars to the top, and then throwing themselves off as

if endeavouring to fly. They ate flies when offered to them, seizing

_ them with the greatest eagerness, and devouring them greedily, all

of them congregating together at the end of the box at which they

_ were fed, and crawling over, snapping at, and biting each other,

at the same time uttering a grating kind of squeak. Cooked meat
was next presented to them, and rejected; but raw beef was eaten
by them with avidity, and with an evident preference for such pieces
as had been moistened with water. This answered a double pur-

_ pose: the weather being warm, numbers of blue-bottle Flies, Musca

vomitoria, Linn., were attracted by the meat; and on approaching
within range of the bat’s wings were struck down by their action,

130

the animal itself falling at the same moment with all its membranes
expanded, and cowering over the prostrate fly, with its head thrust
under in order to secure its prey. When the head was again drawn
forth, the membranes were immediately closed, and the fly was ob-
served to be almost invariably taken by the head. Mastication ap-
peared to be a laboured operation, consisting of a succession of eager
bites or snaps, and the sucking process (if it may be so termed) by
which the insect was drawn into the mouth being much assisted by
the looseness of the lips. Several minutes were employed in devour-
ing a large fly. In the first instance the flies were eaten entire; but
Mr. Daniell afterwards observed detached wings in the bottom of the
box. These, however, he never saw rejected, and he is inclined to
think that they are generally swallowed. A slice of beef attached to
the side of the box was found not only to save trouble in feeding,
but also by attracting the flies to afford good sport in observing the
animals obtain their own food by this new kind of bat-fowling. Their
olfactory nerves appear to be very acutely sensible. When hanging
by their posterior extremities, and attached to one of the bars in
front of the cage, a small piece of beef placed at a little distance from
their noses would remain unnoticed; but when a fly was placed in
the same situation they would instantly begin snapping after it. The
beef they would eat when hungry ; but they neverrefused a fly. In
the day-time they sometimes clustered together in a corner; but
towards evening they became very lively, and gave rapid utterance
to their harsh, grating notes. One of them died on the fifth day after
they came into Mr. Daniell’s possession ; two on the fourteenth: the
fourth survived until the eighteenth; and the fifth until the nineteenth
day. Each was found to contain a single fetus.

On the 1 6th of May, 1834, Mr. Daniell procured from Hertfordshire
five specimens of the Vespertilio Noctula, four females and one male.
The latter was exceedingly restless and savage, biting the females,
and breaking his teeth against the wires of the cage, in his attempts
to escape from his place of confinement. He rejected food and died
on the 18th. Up to this time the remaining four continued sulky ;
but towards evening they ate a few small pieces of raw beef, in pre-
ference to flies, beetles, or gentles, all of which were offered to
them: only one of them, however, fed kindly. On the 20th one
died, and on the 22nd two others, each of which was found to be
pregnant with a single fetus. The survivor was tried with a variety
of food, and evincing a decided preference for the hearts, livers, &c.
of fowls, was fed constantly upon them for a month. In the course
of this time large flies were frequently offered to her, but they were
always rejected, although one or two May Chafers, Melolontha vul-
garis, Fab., were partially eaten. In taking the food the wings were
not thrown forward as in the Pipistrelle; and the food was seized
with an action similar to that of adog. The water that drained from
the food was lapped, but the head was not raised in drinking, as
Mr. Daniell had observed it to be in the Pipistrelle. The animal
took considerable pains in cleaning herself, using the posterior ex-

181

tremities as a comb, parting the hair on either side from head to tail,
and forming a straight line along the middle of the back. The mem-
brane of the wings was cleaned by forcing the nose through the folds
and thereby expanding them. Up to the 20th of June the animal fed
freely, and at times voraciously, remaining during the day suspended
by the posterior extremities at the top of the cage, and coming down
in the evening to its food: the quantity eaten sometimes exceeded
half an ounce, although the weight of the animal itself was no more
than ten drachms. On the 23rd, Mr. Daniell, observing her to be very
restless, was induced to watch her proceedings. ‘The uneasiness
was continued for upwards of an hour, the animal remaining during
all this time in her usual attitude suspended by the posterior extre-
mities. On a sudden she reversed her position, and attached herself
by her anterior limbs to a cross wire of the cage, stretching her hind
legs to their utmost extent, curving the tail upwards, and expand-
ing the membrane interposed between it and the posterior extremi-
ties, so as to form a perfect nest-like cavity for the reception of the
young. Ina few moments the snout of the young one made its ap-
pearance, and in about five minutes the whole of its head was pro-
truded. The female then struggled considerably until the extremi-
ties of the radii had passed, after which the young one by means of
a lateral motion of its fore limbs relieved itself. It was born on its
back, perfectly destitute of hair, and blind; and was attached by an
umbilical cord of about two inches inlength. The female then licked
it clean, turning it over in its nest, and afterwards resuming her
usual position, and placing the young in the membrane of her wing,
proceeded to gnaw off the umbilical cord and eat the placenta. She
next cleaned herself, and wrapped up the young so closely as to pre-
vent any observation of the process of suckling. The time occupied
in the birth was 17 minutes. At the time of its birth the young
_ was larger than a new-born mouse, and its hind legs and claws were
_ remarkably strong and serviceable, enabling it not only to cling to
_ its dam, but also to the deal sides of the cage. On the 24th the
animal took her food in the morning, and appeared very careful of
_her young, shifting it occasionally from side to side to suckle it,
_ and folding it in the membranes of the tail and wings. On these oc-
_ asions her usual position was reversed. In the evening she was
found dead; but the young was still alive, and attached to the nip-
_ ple, from which it was with some difficulty removed. It took milk
_ from a sponge, was kept carefully wrapped up in flannel, and survived
eight days, at the end of which period its eyes were not opened, and
‘it had acquired very little hair. From these observations it is evi-
7 that the period of gestation in the Noctule exceeds thirty-eight
days.

_ Mr. Daniell also exhibited skeletons of the male and female of the
Pipistrelle and Noctule Bats, forming part of his own collection, for
the purpose of pointing out a peculiarity in the female, connected,
as he conceives, with the mode of parturition just described. This
peculiarity consists of a prolongation of the os calcis along the mar-

132

gin of the membrane extended between the hinder extremities and
the tail, of much greater length and strength in the female than in
the male. By means of this process Mr. Daniell believes the female
to be capable of giving greater tension to the pouch formed of that
membrane for the reception of the young in the act of parturition.

ok A

133

‘ November 25, 1834.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Keith E. Abbott,
Esq., and dated Trebizond, June 20, 1834. It referred to a collec-
tion of skins of Birds made by the writer in his immediate neigh-
bourhood, and presented by him to the Society. The number of
species contained in the collection is twenty, one only of which was
comprised among those previously transmitted by Mr. Keith Abbott,
and exhibited to the Society at its Meeting on June 24,1834. Mr.
Abbott states that he proposes to continue the collection of such
zoological subjects as he can procure in the neighbourhood of Trebi-
zond, for the purpose of transmitting them to the Society.

The Bird-skins presented by Mr. Keith Abbott were exhibited,
and Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, brought them seve-
rally under the notice of the Meeting, observing on each of them as
regarded its geographical distribution. The exhibition was regarded
as a continuation of that which took place on June 24, (page 50,)
and comprised the following species not then enumerated, making
in o whole fifty-three species observed in the vicinity of Trebi-
zond.

Falco Tinnunculus, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally, and the
adjacent continents of Asia and Africa, but not America.

Otus vulgaris, Cuv. Inhabiting Europe generally, and found also
in India and Africa.

Sylvia Rubecula, Linn. Mr. Gould has no recollection of having
seen this familiar bird before, either from Asia or Africa.

Emberiza Cia, Linn. Inhabiting the southern provinces of Europe
and the high lands of India. It does not visit England, nor has it
been seen from Africa.

_ Alauda arvensis, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally. Mr. Gould
has no recollection of having seen it in collections either from India
or Africa, but it doubtless inhabits the border lands of the latter
continent as well as of Asia.

Corvis Monedula, Linn. This bird is principally confined to Eu-
ee: it does not occur in America. A species nearly allied inhabits

ndia.

Picus medius, Linn. A common species in Norway, Sweden, and
part of the central portions of Europe; but not hitherto observed in
collections from India or Africa.

Ardea Garzetta, Linn. Inhabiting the southern portions of Eu-
rope: it is also found in India and Africa, but not in America. It
was once common in England.

Scolopar major, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally, but probably
not America. Mr. Gould has not yet seen it from India.

Tringa variabilis. This bird is very generally dispersed, being

134

common both in America and Europe: Mr. Gould has also seen it
from India and Africa. It breeds in England.

Charadrius Pluvialis, Linn. Inhabiting Europe and the adjoining
portions of Africa and Asia, but not America.

Charadrius Himantopus, Linn. Inhabiting Europe, particularly the
southern parts, and Asia and Africa, but not America; its-place in
the latter continent being filled by a species nearly allied to it. It
occasionally visits England.

Anas Querquedula, Linn. Inhabiting India as well as Europe:
common in the Himalayan range.

Anas Fuligula, Linn. Found in all temperate countries of the old
continent, but not hitherto in America.

Clangula vulgaris, Flem. Though common in England during the
winter, the proper locality of this bird is in the high northern lati-
tudes. Mr. Gould has not previously seen a specimen from so south-
ern a habitat as the present.

Mergus Albellus, Linn. Similarly circumstanced with the last,
although apparently still more arctic, as it visits England only in se
vere winters.

Podiceps cristatus. Found in nearly all the temperate regions of
the globe.

Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of a Reptile from New South
Wales, which he regarded as constituting the type of a new genus
nearly related to Bipes, Latr. He characterized it under the name of

LIALIS.

Caput elongatum, fronte plano, squamis parvis subimbricatis ves-
titum : irides lineares, verticales: aures oblonge, conspicue.

Corpus subcylindricum, attenuatum : squamis dorsalibus ovatis, con-
vexis, leevibus; ventralium seriebus duabus intermediis majoribus.

Pedes duo, postici, obsoleti, acuti, ad basin 2—3-squamati.

Anus subposticus : sguame preanales parve ; pori subanales utrin-
que quatuor per paria dispositi.

This genus is very nearly allied to Pygopus, Merr., but may be
readily distinguished from it by the characters above given. In
Pygopus the head is short, more rounded in front, and covered with
regular shields: the pupil is subcircular: the feet are broad, ovate,
blunt, and covered with three rows of scales: the vent has five large
oblong scales in front of it: and the subanal pores form a continu-
ous series.

Liauis Burronis. Li. supra pallidé cinerascenti-brunnea, nigro

minutissime punctata ; subtis pallidé cacaotico-brunnea ; strigd
alba utringue a labio superiore supra oculos per nucham, alterdque
latiore a labio superiore per latera ad caude apicem ductis.
Junior. Strigis colli lateralibus obsoletis.
Oss. Epidermide remota subalbida est strigis lactescentibus.
Hab. in “‘ Nova Cambria Australi.” Dr, Mair.—Muss. Chatham

et Brit.

135

The dotting on the upper surface is produced by two or three
black points on each of the scales. The upper streak passes along
the keels on each side of the face and terminates on the back of the
neck. The lower streak separates the dark colour of the under, from
the pale of the upper, surface, and is edged beneath along its whole
extent by a narrow brown line; in its anterior portion it is brown
above.

The scales are smooth, and marked with four slight lines. The
front lower labial plate is rather larger, with one pair of small men-
tal plates and an odd one behind it: there are four pairs of long tri-
gonal arched scales on each side of the lower jaw, of which the an-
terior is small and the posterior the largest, each with a small linear
scale at its outer tip, which is next the small, broad, low labial
plates; the hinder ones having two or three series of broad low
plates under them. The dorsal scales are margined. The super-
ciliary plates are triangular, and of moderate'size. The scales of the
front of the muzzle are very small, with two odd ones behind them,
and one in the middle between the nostrils. The eyes are circular,
and surrounded by a series of small scales. Eyelids none?

Mr. Gray also exhibited a specimen of the New Holland Ibis of
Dr. Latham, for the purpose of directing the attention of the Meet-
ing to the spatulate form of the feathers of its neck; a form of
feather which he believes not to have been previously recorded as oc-
curring in any Grallatorial Bird. In this instance they are elon-
gated, lanceolate, and bear some resemblance to straws. The spe-
cimen was obtained from the neighbourhood of Macquarrie River.

Mr. Gray subsequently exhibited adult specimens of the Geoemyda
Spinosa and Emys platynota, two species of fresh-water Tortoise re-
cently described by him from young individuals at the Meetings of the
Society on June 24 and August 26 (pages 54 and 99). He pointed out
_ in detail the peculiarities of the adult animals and shells, which he is
about to describe in his ‘ Synopsis of Indian Animals’ ; and demon-
strated on the specimen of the former the existence of those characters
on which he had founded the genus Geoemyda, and which he had pre-
_ viously had occasion to observe in Ge. Spengleri alone,—his know-
_ ledge of the animal of Ge. spinosa having at the time of his proposing

the genus been limited to the figure published by Mr. Bell.

__ Inthe adult individual exhibited the sternum was concave; and

. Gray, in calling particular attention to this point, took occasion
to remark on it as evidencing, in an additional character to those
already adverted to by him, the affinity of Geoemyda to the Land
Tortoises, that genus and the genus Cistuda, Say, being the only ge-
nera among the Emydide that possess the concavity of sternum which
is common to most of the species of Testudinide.

_ A Paper was read “On Nycteribia, a genus of wingless Insects,
by J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., &c.’
_ The author commences by remarking on the existence of certain

136

groups of animals, generally limited in extent, which exhibit in their
organization, with reference to the groups to which they naturally
belong, such anomalies as have constantly proved a source of per-
plexity to the systematists who have endeavoured to assign to them
their real place in the system of nature. In many instances the ano-
maly involves the transition from the structure of one group to that
of the adjoining ones; such instances constituting the osculant groups
of Mr. W. S. MacLeay in his ‘ Hore Entomologice’. Of these os-
culant groups some exist between the great divisions of the animal
kingdom; others among the classes of which each of these great
divisions is composed; others again between the orders, the fami-
lies, and the minor subdivisions. The genus Nycteribia is thus os-
culant not between the families or even the orders of a class, but
between two of the classes themselves of the Annulose Sub-kingdom
—the Arachnida and the Haustellata. It is remarkable, moreover, for
being exclusively confined to a parasitic existence on that equally
anomalous group, the Chiroptera among the Mammalia.

Notwithstanding the comparatively unattractive appearance of the
insects of this genus, the singular peculiarities of their structure have
drawn upon them the attention of Latreille, Hermann, Dr. Leach,
M. Léon Dufour, and Mr. Curtis, who have severally contributed
much to the general stock of information respecting them. But the
minuteness of the objects themselves, their unfitness for accurate ex-
amination when dried and shrivelled as specimens usually are in cabi-
nets, their comparative rarity, and other causes, have rendered the
descriptions of those distinguished entomologists in some instances
unsatisfactory ; and it is with the view of fully elucidating the or-
ganization of the genus and of adding to its history such facts as he
has been enabled to ascertain, that Mr. Westwood offers to the So-
ciety his account of Nycteribia, to which he adds a Synopsis of the
whole of the species that have hitherto been observed, including the
characters of several not hitherto described. He enumerates the
sources from whence his materials have been derived; and then pro-
ceeds to describe in great detail the structure of a new species brought
from Dukhun by Col. Sykes,—a species peculiarly adapted for the
purpose, both on account of its comparatively large size, 2} lines in
length, and of the fitness of the individuals for minute examination
owing to their having been preserved in spirit. Of this species he has
examined three individuals, all of which are females in different stages
of gestation. From the abdomen of the one which was most ad-
vanced Mr. Westwood extracted without difficulty a hard organized
white mass, nearly as large as the abdomen itself, of an oval form,
with traces of five articulations on the sides of the body, and having
at its broader end three small circular spots placed in a triangle,
with two smaller ones seated at a greater distance from them. That
this was the young of the Nycteribia in its pupa state cannot, he
conceives, be doubted: and it may consequently be regarded as
proved that these insects are pupiparous, as has indeed been conjec-
tured from their evident connexion with the Hippoboscide.

The whole of the external organization of Col. Sykes’s Nycteribia

137

is described by Mr. Westwood in the greatest detail, and with
continual references to those portions of the descriptions published
by his predecessors, which are either vague, or incorrect, or in which
they are contradictory to each other. The principal points which he
has endeavoured to elucidate, in addition to the transformations which
these insects undergo, are the distinction of the sexes, and conse-
quently the sexual characters and the different organization of the
abdomen in the sexes; the structure of the mouth, antenne, and eyes ;
the separation of the metasternum and the abdomen; the situation and
construction of the spiracles; and the nature of the serrated organs
between the base of the anterior and intermediate legs. The sexual
distinctions appear especially to have been misunderstood, and the au-
thor takes great pains to explain them in each of the species respec-
tively which he has been enabled satisfactorily to examine.

ae Westwood concludes his Paper by a Synopsis of the Species

Genus NycreriBia.

- Nycreripia Syxesit. Nyct. rufo-picea, thoracis tegumento dor-

\ sali abdomineque obscure albicantibus ; hoc tuberculis minutissi-
mis nigris undique tecto tuberculis quatuor majoribus in quadran-
gulo centrali dispositis, segmentis (unico basali excepto) destituto,

+. apiceque pilis rigidis ferrugineis elongatis obtecto ; pedibus elon-
gatis subcompressis paulld dilatatis, breviter setosis ; femoribus
magis ferrugineis, coxis anticis elongatis tibiisque apicem_ versus

_ attenuatis ; pectinibus thoracis elongatis ; oculis e tuberculis qua-

_ tuor compositis. ( 2) r

__ Long. corp. lin. 24.—Species maxima.

_ Hab. in India Orientali.—In Mus. D. Sykes.

\ Nycrerrsia Horrr. Nyct. abdomine concolore nitido, in medio
obsolete 5-articulato, ovato-conico-depresso, segmento ultimo co-

+ nico-truncato, apice lateraliter setigero subtis stylis duobus conico-

___ elongatis inflexis armato. ( ¢) ;,

~ Long. corp. lin. 2.—Preecedenti valdé affinis, at minor. An

~ illius mas ? .

_ Hab. in India Orientali, apud Bengaliam.—In Mus. D. Hope.

. Nycrenipia pusia. Nyct. fusco-castanea, pedibus magis casta-
~ . neis; coxis anticis elongato-conicis, femoribus tibiisque subcylin-
». dricis; thorace subtis irregulariter rugoso ; pectinibus thoracis
___ lateralibus elongatis ; abdomine (‘ 2” Latr. § ?) ovato, 6-annu-
pee, lato, segmento postico conico-elongato postice attenuato et truncato.

reteribia Blainvillii, Latr., in Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom. xxiii.
Leach. .
, ab. in Insula Isle de France dict. Latr.—India ?—In Mus. olim

| core Long. corp. circiter lin. 2., Latr.
a

‘Latreille.
. The alleged diversity of sex, the difference of habitat, and the

_ nearly cylindrical legs, induce the belief that this species is distinct
a the last, with which however it offers a close resemblance both

Specifically and sexually.

138

NycrerrsiA Buarnvitii, Leach. Nyct. “ pedibus longis tenuibus
Semoribus tibiisque apicem versus gradatim attenuatis’ ; obscure
ochraceo-livida ; abdomine (apice excepto) fusco, elongato-conico,
depresso, segmentis sex apice setigeris, ultimo longiore subrotuss
dato. (3)

Long. corp. lin. 1. (14 secundum Leach.) ‘‘ Minor Phthiridio

Hermanni.”—Leach.
Hab. in Insula Isle de France dicté.—In Mus. Brit:

Nyereripia Royiu. Nyct. obscure nigra, pedibus fuscantibus elon-
gatis vir compressis, coxis anticis brevibus; abdomine ovato-
conico, depresso, 5-articulato, apice subtruncato, stylis duobus in-
curvis subtis armato ; capite compresso. ( 3)

Long. corp. lin. 14.
Hab. in India Orientali.—In Mus. D. Royle.

Nycrerisia Durourit. Nyct. pedibus elongatis, coxis abbreviatis:
oculis rotundatis sessilibus simplicibus ; abdomine 9 ovali, apice
setigero, segmentis destituto, supra paribus tribus serierum seta-
rum brevium rigidarum instructo ;, 3 ? oblongo, 6-articulate,.apice
subtus stylis destituto ?

Long. corp. lin. 14 9. lin. 1. g?
Nyct. Vespertilionis, Dufour, in Ann. des Sei. Nat., Avril 1831,
pl. 13. fig. 4.
Hab. in Vespertilione murino Gallie.

NycrTerisia PEDIcuLARIA, Latr. Nyct. fusca ; corpore supra pedi-
busque flavo-rufescentibus ; thorace subtits fusco-rufescente, lined
longitudinali mediand nigrd ; pedibus longis arcuatis, coxis anticis
brevibus subcylindricis, femoribus tibiisque valde compressis fere
ellipticis ; pectinibus lateralibus thoracis brevibus ; abdomine setis
rigidis armato.

Nyct. Vespertilionis, Latr., Gen. Crust., &c., vol. iv. p. 364. pl. 15.

g-11l. Id., in Nouv. Dict. @ Hist. Nat., tom. xxiii.
Latreille’s original name is restored to this species, it being con-
sidered as distinct from any of the others, with the exception per-
haps of Hermann’s Nyct. Vespertilionis.

Nycrerisia vexata. Nyct. pallide ferruginea; pedibus elongatis,
coxis anticis brevibus ; abdomine ¢ 8-articulato, testaceo, ovato-
conico, apice subrotundato, subtis stylis ad apicem duobus ineurvis
alteroque intermedio armato:

Long. corp. lin. I—1}. —Specimen aliud (¢ ? siccitate. con-
tractum? vel 9???) abdomine ad apicem emarginato a cl. Her-
manno descriptum est.

Nyct. Vespertilionis, Herm., Mem. Apt., pl. 5. f. 1.

Hab. in Vespertilione murino Europe.

The insect described by Hermann under the name of Nyct. Ves-
pertilionis may be considered, without hesitation, as specifically di-
stinct from our two British species, as well as from Nyct. Dufourii,
in the structure of the male. It may possibly, however, be identi-
cal with Nyct. pedicularia.

139

Nycrerrsra Jenynstt. Nyct. pallid? ochraceo-flavescens, setis
» pectinibusque thoracis et abdominis basi nigris ; palpis longe se-
tosis; oculis sessilibus, rotundatis, simplicibus ; pedibus elongatis
tenuibus; cowis anticis brevioribus, femoribus tibiisque paulld
compressis ; abdomine ovato, seriebus sex transversis setarum rigi-
darum (segmenta totidem indicantia) notato, segmento ultimo
laminis duabus elongatis incurvis contiguis styloque carnoso in-
» termedio subtis terminato. ( o)
Long. corp. lin. 14.
Hab. in Chiné.—In. mus. nostr. Amicissim@ communicavit
Rey. Leonard Jenyns.

Nycrerisia Larrertiu, Leach. Nyct. pallidé ochracea ; pedibus
perbrevibus, femoribus tibiisque valde dilatatis setis obscuris elon-
gatis, tarsorum articulo primo reliquis conjunctim viz longiore ;
thoracis pectore latiore et breviore ; pectinibus thoracis unguibus-
que nigris ; abdomine ¢ 6-articulato, segmento ultimo longiore,
conico-truncato, subtis laminis duabus distantioribus elongatis in-
curvis et ad ventrem adpressis, styloque intermedio armato; ?
ovali absque appendiculis, apice inciso, subtis articulo basali di-
stincto, seriebusque sex transversis setarum rigidarum instructo,
segmenta ? indicantibus.

Long. corp. lin. 3. (14 secundum Leach.)

Hab. in Vespertilione murino Anglie.—In Muss. Brit., DD. Ste-

phens, Jenyns et Curtis.

The references of this species to Linnzus and Olfers, given by
Dr. Leach, must be considered as dubious. Frisch (vol. ii. pt. 5.
pl. 5.) has represented an insect, which, from the shortness of the
legs, may possibly be intended for this species. That it is not the spe-

cies figured by Latreille in the ‘ Histoire Naturelle’ and the ‘ Genera
Crustaceorum,’ (with which it is doubtfully considered as synony-
mous by Dr. Leach,) is evident from the length and slenderness of
the legs in the figures contained in those works.

Nycreripia BraRTIcuLATA. Nyct. pallide ochracea, abdomine ob-

_ scuriore ; pedibus elongatis dilatatis longé setosis, setd unicd ad

basin tibiarum longissimd, coxis anticis brevibus; abdomine 9

_ quasi 2-articulato, segmento primo supra longiis producto, stylis

duobus caudalibus elongatis cylindricis porrectis ad apicem longé

_ Ssetosis; g 6?-articulato subtis ad apicem stylis duobus incurvis
ad ventrem adpressis ; thorace subtis concolore.

Long, corp. lin. 14. (2 secundum Leach.) wy
Phthiridium biarticulatum, Herm., Mem. Apt., pl. 6.f.1. 2
Phthiridium Hermanni, Leach, Zool. Misc., vol. iii. pl. 144. g. 2.
Celeripes Vespertilionis, Mont., in Linn. Trans., vol. ix. p- 166.

f aie Vespertilionis, Mont., in Linn. Trans., vol. ix. t. 3.
ao 9.
Hab. in Rhinolopho Ferro-equino Angliex, Germaniz, Italie.—In
Muss. Brit. et D. Stephens.
‘y

140 :

- Ons. Species distinctissima, sectionem peculiarem in genere con-
stituens.

Hermann’s trivial name for this species has been restored, as wel
in justice to that author as with the view of obviating the confusion
which has arisen from his chief description having been derived from
a different species.

Mr. Westwood’s Memoir was illustrated by numerous magnified
figures of the different species and of the details of their external
structure.

141

December 9, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of three species of the genus Bulinus,
Lam., which were regarded by Mr. G. B. Sowerby as previously un-
described. He characterizes them as follows:

Buuinus tevcostoma. Bul. testd ovatd, ventricosd, anticé latiore,
postice obtusd ; anfractibus quatuor, primis longitudinaliter sub-
sulcatis, ultimo maximo, levi, omnibus olivaceo-fuscis, suturd pal-
lidiore, crenulatd ; aperturd oblongd, postice acuminatd, peritre-
mate reflexo, albo : long. 2°6, lat. 1°4 poll.

Hab. in provincié Peruvie Xagua dicta. D. Matthews.—Mus.

D. Miller.
Mr. Gray is of opinion that this is Bul. granulosus of M. Rang.

Buuinus papius. Bul. testd ovatd, ventricosd, postice subacumi-

_ natd; anfractibus quinque, rotundatis, longitudinaliter striatis,

-— fulvescentibus fusco fusciatis, fasciis interruptis ; umbilico mi-

nimo ; aperturd ovatd, postice subacuminatd; peritremate tenut,
acuto: long. 1°, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. in provincia Peruvie Xagua dicté. D. Matthews.—Muss.
DD. Miller, Cuming, et Sowerby.

Buuinvus picotor. Bul. testd oblonga, postice subacuminatd, pal-
lescente, fasciis interruptis fuscis ; anfractibus quinque, subventri-

cosis, ultimo majore ; umbilico minimo ; aperturd subovatd, pos-
; : tice acuminatd ; peritremate tenui, subacuto: long. 0°9, lat. 0°4
-. poll.
,

F.
’ _ Hab. in provincia Peruvie Xagua dicté. D. Matthews.—Muss.

|
:

DD. Miller, Cuming, et Sowerby.
__ The specimens were brought to England by Mr. Miller, to whom
the Society is indebted for their exhibition.

_. The reading was concluded of a Paper entitled “‘ Notes on the
Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus,
Blum.,” by Mr. George Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S.; in which the
author gives a detailed account of his inquiries and researches on

_ the subject in question, made in the Colony of New South Wales,

and in the interior of New Holland, at the end of 1832 and com-
_mencement of 1833. He commences by a description of the exter-
nal character of the animal, as observed by him in the living and

_ Tecent state; from which it appears that the greater or less degree

_ of nakedness of the under surface of the tail is dependent on age,

_ and is probably a result of the mode in which that organ trails upon

No. XXIV. Procseprnes or re Zooxocica Sociery.

142

the ground; that the colour of the upper mandible above, in an
animal recently taken out of the water, is of a dull dirty greyish
black covered with innumerable minute dots, and the under surface
of the lower white in the younger specimens, and mottled in the
more aged, while the inner surface of both is of a pale pink or flesh
colour; that the eyes are brilliant, and light brown; and that the
external orifices of the ears, which are with difficulty detected in
dead specimens, are easily discoverable in the living, the animal ex-
ercising the faculty of opening and closing them at will. When
recent, and especially when wet, the Ornithorhynchus has a peculiar
fishy smell, proceeding probably from an oily secretion. It is used
as food by the Natives, by whom it is called, at Bathurst and Goul-
burn Plains, and in the Yas, Murrumbidgee and Tumat countries, by
the names of Mallangong or Tambreet. Mr. G. Bennett is inclined to
regard the two species usually described in modern books as not
differing sufficiently from each other to justify their separation,
and he therefore retains the name of Orn. paradorus given to the
animal by Professor Blumenbach, the universal adoption of which
renders it inexpedient in this instance to recur to the older name
of Platypus imposed on it by Shaw. He remarks on the distor-
tions to which the exceedingly loose integuments are liable in the
hands of stuffers unacquainted with the characteristic features of
the animal, and gives the general result of his measurements, in the
recent state, of fifteen specimens shot and captured alive, as aver-
aging in the males from 1 foot 7 to 1 foot 8 inches, and in the fe-
males from 1 foot 6 to 1 foot 7 inches, in total length. One male
specimen, shot near the Murrumbidgee River, measured 1 foot 114
inches; and a female, shot in the afternoon of the same day in the
same part of the river, measured only 1 foot 4 inches. In these spe-
cimens the relative proportions of the beak and tail were subject to
considerable variation.

Mr. G. Bennett’s observations were commenced on the 4th of
October 1832, at Mundoona in the Murray County, on a part of the
Yas River running through the estate of Mr. James Rose. The
Water-Moles (as these animals are called by the Colonists,) chiefly
frequent the open and tranquil parts of the stream, covered with
aquatic plants, where the steep and shaded banks afford excellent
situations for the excavation of their burrows. Such expanses of
water are by the Colonists called ‘‘ ponds.” The animals may be
readily recognised by their dark bodies just seen level with the sur-
face, above which the head is slightly raised, and by the circles made
in the water around them by their paddling action. On the slight-
est alarm they instantly disappear; and indeed they seldom remain
longer on the surface than one or two minutes, but dive head fore-
most with an audible splash, reappearing, if not alarmed, a short
distance from the spot at which they dived. Their action is so rapid,
and their sense of danger so lively, that the mere act of levelling the
gun is sufficient to cause their instant disappearance ; and it is con-
sequently only by watching them when diving, and levelling the
piece in a direction towards the spot at which they seem likely to

143

reappear, that a fair shot at them can be obtained. A near shot is
absolutely requisite; and when wounded they usually sink immedi-
ately, but quickly reappear on the surface.

A male specimen was shot, and brought out by the dog, on the
following morning. Ina few minutes it revived, and ran along the
ground, instinctively endeavouring to regain the water, but did not
survive more than twenty-five minutes. On this individual Mr. G.
Bennett made various experiments, with the view of ascertaining
the truth of the reports so extensively circulated of the injurious
effects resulting from wounds inflicted by the spur. In no way,
however, could he induce the animal to make use of its spurs as
weapons of offence; although in its struggles to escape, his hands
were slightly scratched by the hind claws, and even, in consequence
of the position in which he held it, by the spur also. The result of
several subsequent repetitions of the experiment with animals not
in a wounded state was the same. The natives, too, never seem fear-
ful of handling the male Ornithorhynchus alive.

On the evening of the same day a female was shot, which died
almost immediately on being taken out of the water. In this speci-
men the mammary glands were scarcely observable on dissection ;
but the left uterus was found to contain three loose ova of the size
of swan-shot. The right uterus was less enlarged, exhibited less
yascularity, and contained no ova. Pyeparations of the generative
organs of this individual, and of two other impregnated females
which were subsequently obtained, were forwarded by the author to
Mr. Owen, by whom they have been particularly described in the
‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1834, p. 555. 4
_ The next day three other specimens were shot: a male and two
females. In the former the testes were found not to be larger than

_ yery small peas, and the same fact was observed in a specimen after-
wards shot in the Murrumbidgee; whereas in that first obtained,
they were nearly of the size of pigeons’ eggs. For this difference
at the same season it seems difficult to account. The left uterus
of one of the females was found to contain two ova, and that of the

other a single ovum, of the size of buck-shot. As before, no ova

_ were found in the right uterus.

_ On the morning of the 7th of October, Mr. G. Bennett pro-
ceeded, in company with a native, to the banks of the river to see
the burrow of an Ornithorhynchus, from which the natives had taken

_ the young during the previous summer. The burrow was situated
on a steep part of the bank; and its entrance, concealed among the .
long grass and other plants, was distant rather more than a foot

from the water’s edge. Its whole extent was not laid open, the
natives contenting themselves with digging down upon it at stated
distances, their operations being guided by the introduction into
the burrow of a stick which indicated its direction. It took a
Serpentine course, and measured about twenty feet in length: the
termination was broader than any other part, nearly oval in form, |
and strewed with dry river-weeds, &c. From this nest the native
Stated that he had taken in the previous season (December) three

144

young ones, about six or eight inches in length, and covered with
hair. In addition to the entrance above spoken of, the burrows have
usually a second below the surface of the water, communicating
with the interior just within the upper aperture. After exhibiting
this burrow, the native proceeded to explain the means employed in
tracking the Mallangongs. He pointed out on the moist clay of the
banks foot-marks leading to a burrow, from the bottom of which,
on inserting his arm, he drew forth some lumps of clay, which bore
evident marks of the animal’s recent passage. He declared, how-
ever, that the inhabitant was absent, and Mr. G. Bennett was in-
duced, by this information, to abstain from further investigation. A
female specimen, shot in the evening of the same day, was found to
have two ova, about the size of or rather smaller than buck-shot, in
the left uterus; and in this, as in all the other female specimens,
much difficulty was experienced in finding the mammary glands.
The contents of the cheek-pouches and stomachs always consisted
of river insects, very small shell-fish, &c., comminuted and mingled
with mud or gravel, which latter, Mr. G. Bennett suggests, may be
required to aid digestion. River-weeds were never observed to form
part of the food; but Mr. George MacLeay informed the author
that in a situation in which water-insects were very scarce he had
shot Ornithorhynchi with river-weeds in their pouches.

Similar excursions were made on the 8th and 9th of October;
and on the latter day one of the burrows was explored. The entrance
of this burrow was situated on a moderately steep bank, abounding
with long wiry grass and shrubs, at the distance of about five feet
from the water’s edge: its course lay in a serpentine direction up
the bank, approaching nearer to the surface of the earth towards its
termination. At this part it was expanded to form a chamber suf-
ficiently capacious for the reception of the animal and her young,
and measured one foot in length by six inches in breadth. Its
whole length, from the entrance to the termination, was twenty
feet; narrowing as it receded from the entrance, where it measured
one foot three inches in depth, and one foot one inch in breadth, and
in the intermediate part becoming scarcely larger than the usual
breadth of the animal when uncontracted.

From this burrow a living female was taken, and placed in a cask,
with grass, mud, water, &c.; and in this situation it soon became
tranquil, and apparently reconciled to its confinement. Hoping that
he had now obtained the means, should his captive prove to have
been impregnated, of determining the character of the excluded pro-
duct, Mr. G. Bennett set out on his return for Sidney, on the 13th
of October, carrying the living Ornithorhynchus with him in a small
box, covered with battens, between which only very narrow intervals
were left.

The next morning, tying a long cord to its leg, he roused it and
placed it on the bank of the river, in order to indulge it with a bathe;
and a similar indulgence was granted to it on the second day of its
journey. On these occasions it soon found its way into the water,
and travelled up the stream, apparently delighting in those places

145

which abounded most with aquatic weeds. When diving in deep
and clear water, its motions were distinctly seen: it sank speedily
to the bottom, swam there for a short distance, and then rose again
to the surface. It appeared, however, to prefer keeping close to the
bank, occasionally thrusting its beak into the mud, from whence it
evidently procured food, as on raising the head, after withdrawing
the beak, the mandibles were seen in lateral motion, as is usual when
the animal masticates. The motions of the mandibles were similar
to those of a duck under the same circumstances. After feeding, it
would lie sometimes on the grassy bank, and at others partly in and
partly out of the water, combing and cleaning its coat with the claws
of the hind feet. ‘This process occupied a considerable time, and
greatly improved its sleek and glossy appearance. After its second
excursion it was replaced in the box, which was not opened again
until the following morning, when it was found to have made its
escape.

Although the summer season was now far advanced, Mr. G.
Bennett determined to return to the interior and renew his investi-
gations. On the 15th of November he again arrived at Mundoona,
where he found that the river had fallen greatly, and sought in vain
for the Water-Moles in the spots in which they had a few weeks be-
fore been so abundantly seen. Some burrows were also examined,
but without success. On the 21st he proceeded to Gadarigby, on
the Murrumbidgee, where his exertions were more successful, seve-
ral specimens being obtained; but the only female shot was young
and unimpregnated. On the 27th he returned to Mundoona, where
a female had been shot the previous day, the uterine organs of
which afforded evidence that the young had been just produced.
The abdominal glands were large, but no milk could be expressed
from them; the fur still covered the portion of integument on which
its ducts terminated; and there was no appearance of projecting
nipple. No such projection was observed in any of the specimens
in which the secretion of milk was demonstrable. Two other females
were procured at the same place; but both proved to be unimpreg-
nated.

On the 8th of December Mr. G. Bennett quitted Mundoona for the
banks of the Murrumbidgee, and near Jugiong, on the latter river,
had an opportunity of inspecting the burrow of an Ornithorhynchus,
containing three young ones, which appeared to have not long pre-
yiously been brought forth. They were only thinly covered with
hair and measured in length about 1% inch. No fragments of shells
were observable in the burrow, nor anything that could lead to the
supposition of the young having been excluded while yet in the egg.
A want of spirit in which to preserve these interesting specimens
unfortunately prevented their conveyance to Sidney.

On the 28th of December the author visited a part of the Wollon-
dilly River, in the neighbourhood of Goulburn Plains, called by the
Natives Koroa, in order to explore the burrow of an Ornithorhyn-
chus which had there been discovered. The termination of this bur-
row was thirty-five feet from the entrance ; and Mr. G. Bennett states

146

that burrows have been observed of even fifty feet in length. It was
found to contain two young specimens, of the dimensions of 10 inches
from the beak to the extremity of the tail. The nest consisted of dry
river-weeds, the epidermis of reeds, and small dry fibrous roots,
strewed over the floor of the terminal cavity. An old female was
captured soon after on the banks of the river, in a ragged and
wretched condition, which was conjectured to be the mother. But
little milk could be pressed from her abdominal glands, as might have
been expected in the parent of such well-grown young ones. She
died at Mittagong, on the lst of January, but the young ones sur-
vived until some time after their arrival in Sidney.

Mr. G. Bennett proceeds to describe in detail their habits in a
state of captivity.. Their various attitudes, when in a state of re-
pose, are strikingly curious, and were illustrated by the exhibition
of sketches made from the life. The young were allowed to run
about the room; but the old one was so restless, and damaged the
walls of the room so much by her attempts at burrowing, that it was
found necessary to confine her to the box. During the day she would
remain quiet, huddled up with her young ones; but at night she
became very restless, and eager to escape. ‘The little ones were
as frolicsome as puppies, and apparently as fond of play: and many
of their actions were not a little ludicrous. During the day they
seemed to prefer a dark corner for repose, and generally resorted to
the spot to which they had been accustomed, although they would
change it on a sudden apparently from mere caprice. They did not
appear to like deep water, but enjoyed exceedingly a bathe in shal-
low water, with a turf of grass placed in one corner of the pan:
they seldom remained longer than ten or fifteen minutes in the water
at one time. Though apparently nocturnal, or at least preferring
the cool and dusky evening to the glare and heat of noon, their
movements in this respect were so irregular as to furnish no grounds
for a definite conclusion. They slept much, and it frequently hap-
pened that one slept while the other was running about, and this
occurred at almost all periods of the day. They climbed with great
readiness to the summit of a bookcase, placing their backs against
the wall and their feet against the bookcase; and thus, by means of
their strong cutaneous muscles and of their claws, mounting with
much expedition to the top. Their food consisted of bread soaked
in water, chopped egg, and meat minced very small; and they did
not seem to prefer milk to water. One of the young ones died on
the 29th of January 1833, and the other on the 2nd of February,
having been kept alive in captivity for nearly five weeks.

147

December 23, 1834.
Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair.

Drawings were exhibited of four Fishes of the River Quorra, made
by Lieut. Allen, Corr. Memb. Z.8., from specimens obtained by
him during his late voyage up that river into the interior of Africa.
They exhibit the forms of Lates, Cuv.; Mormyrus, Ej.; Sudis, La
Cép; and Notopterus, Ej.; and thus tend, in common with the spe-
cimens from the same expedition exhibited at the Meeting of the
Society on June 10 (page 45), to illustrate the analogy borne by the
Fishes of the rivers of Western Africa to those of the Nile.

A specimen was placed on the table of a Toucan, apparently
hitherto undescribed, and forming part of the collection of N. C.
Strickland, Esq., by whom it was communicated for exhibition.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, pointed out its distin-
guishing characteristics. By its comparatively short bill, which is
furrowed on the sides, and broad and flattened on the culmen, with
the base of the under mandible extending obliquely beyond the line
of the eye; by the shortness and roundness of its wings, of which the
fourth quill-feather is the longest, the fifth, sixth, and seventh being
nearly of the same length; and by the comparative shortness of the tail,
which is less decidedly graduated than in the typical Péeroglossi ; this
bird agrees with the species described in Mr. Gould’s ‘ Monograph
of the Ramphastide,’ as the Pter. prasinus, Licht., and Pter. sulcatus,
Swains. With those species Mr. Gould proposes to associate it in
a group, to be designated, on account of the grooved bills of the Birds
comprised in it, Aulacorhynchus. From the other two species it is
readily distinguishable by the white band nearly surrounding the
base of its bill, and by the blood-red spot on the rump. The latter
character affords the trivial name of the species, which may, for the
present, be inserted in the account of the Toucans given by Mr.
Gould at the Meeting of July 8, 1834, (page 78,) immediately before
the Pter. prasinus, Licht.

_ Prer. nzmatopyeus. Pter. supra subolivaceus, infra cerulescenti-
viridis, pectore saturatiore ; uropygio coccineo ; rectricibus qua-
tuor intermediis brunneo apiculatis.

Long. tot. 14 poll.; rostri, 23; ale, 43; caude, 54; tarsi, 14.

_ Descr. Rostrum saturaté castaneum albo ad basin subcinctum.

Orbitz rubre. Pedes olivaceo-brunnei. Sexus uterque, sicut in

Pter. prasino et Pter. sulcato, similis.

The precise part of South America in which this bird was cap-

_ tured has not been ascertained. )

148

Col. Sykes, when reading to the Society, in 1832, his Cata-
logue of the Birds of Dukhun, not having exhibited the nest and
eggs of the Lonchura Cheet, and of that species of Tailor-bird which
he denominated Orthotomus Bennettii, brought them under the notice
of the Society on the present occasion.

The nest of the Lonchura Cheet is a perfect hollow ball, made of
a delicate Agrostis, with a lateral hole for the entrance of the birds.
It contained ten oblong minute white eggs, +3ths of an inch long
by +*,ths in diameter. It was found in the fork of a branch of the
Mimosa Arabica.

The nest of the Orthotomus Bennettii was lodged in the cavity
formed by sewing the edges of two leaves together: the nest itself
also was attached to the leaves by threads passing through the leaf
and the bottom of the nest, and there were appearances of the end
of the thread being knotted outside. The nest-is composed of very
delicate fibres of /ndian Hemp and grass. 1t contained two minute
oblong crimson eg¢s, z%,ths of an inch long by ~°,ths wide.

Col. Sykes also exhibited an egg of the fluviatile Tortoise of Duk-
hun, Trionyx Indicus, Gray. It is a perfect sphere, 14%, inch in dia-
meter: the calcareous shell is of a peculiar alabaster-like white-
ness. He found seven eggs with shells in the oviducts, and twenty-
seven without shells, nearly of the size of the preceding, in one
specimen. He took occasion to mention that in the stomach and
intestines of another specimen of Trionyz, he found not only the
animals, but also angular fragments of considerable size of the shells
of some scores of large Uniones.

A paper was read, entitled, ‘‘ Description of some Species of
Chama: by W. J. Broderip, Esq., Vice-President of the Geological
and Zoological Societies, F.R.S., L.8., &c.”

The author commences by remarking that the shells of the genus
Chama appear to be subject to every change of shape and often of
colour which the accidents of their locality may bring upon them,
and that the distinction of the species must consequently be diffi-
cult, on account of their infinite variety. He then proceeds to de-
scribe those brought home by Mr. Cuming, and now in that gentle-
man’s cabinet. ‘The Shells referred to were exhibited in illustra-
tion of the characters and descriptions.

Cuama Fronposa. Chama testd sublobatd, lamellosd, lamellis
sinuosis frondosis, longitudinaliter plicatis et in utrdque valvd
cardinem versus biseriatis, maximis ; intis albidd, limbo purpu-
rascente, crenulato.

Hab. ad Insulam Platam Columbiz Occidentalis.

The ground colour of this beautiful Chama is a light pinkish
purple, and the luxuriant and spreading longitudinally plaited folia-
tions are yellow tinged and streaked with the ground colour. At
the root of each foliation, on its lower side, there is generally a
purplish transverse stripe.

It was dredged up from a rock of coral, to which it was adhering,
at a depth of seventeen fathoms.

149

Var. a. Testd Jameliis crebrioribus, frondibus brevioribus.

Hab. cum precedente.

Var. b. Testd toté purpured, lamellis cr eberrimis, frondibus brevis-
simis.

Hab. ad Mexico. (Gulf of Tehuantepec.)

Dredged up from sandy mud attached to Avicule (Meleagrine
Lam., Margarite, Leach,) at a depth of ten fathoms.

Cuama petiucipa. Chama testd albd roseo seu rubro fucatd vel
strigatd, lamellis Srequentibus, frondibus elongatis pellucidis ; in-
tis albd, limbo crenulato.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Iquiqui.)

Dredged up attached to stones, Mytili, and turbinated shells, at a
depth varying from nine\to eleven fathoms, from a bottom of coarse
sand, and also found under stones at low water mark.

In old specimens the foliations and /amel/e are completely worn
down, and the shell has. somewhat of a crystalline appearance ;—
indeed it is always semitransparent.

’ Cuama topata. Chama testd albd, lobatd, subrhomboided, radi-
atim striatd, lamellis creberrimis, fimbriatis, foliaceis, striatis
limbo interno crenato.

‘Hab. ad Insulam Nevis.
Found attached to,small stones and shells, at Nevis in the West

Indies, in sandy mud, and at a depth ranging from four to ten fa-

thoms.

‘Cuama Pacirica. ‘Chama testd rubrd purpured vel luted, lamellis
creberrimis, foliis seu squamulis brevioribus interdum albidis ;
limbo, interno, crenato.
_ Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.—Pearl Islands.)
The infinite variety of this species in shape and colour defies de-
' scription. In many points it agrees with Lamarck’s Chama florida,
but he describes the margin of that shell as entire, whereas the mar-
gin of Chama Pacifica is strongly crenated.
_ Mr. Cuming’s specimens were obtained by diving. They were
attached to Avicule, at a depth ranging from three to seyen fathoms.
Many shells of this species were brought to this country some years
ago, from the Pearl Islands, by Mr. Samuel Stutchbury.

Cuama impricata. Chama testd lamellosd, squamis imbricata, al-
bidd purpureo-fusco varid ; valvd superiore subdepressd, sublo-
batd, sinu ab umbone usque ad limbum currente ; intis albida,
limbo integro, sepissimé nigro-purpureo.

“Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.—Pearl Islands.)

This grows to a large size, and was obtained by diving, attached

to Avicule, at a depth ranging from three to seven fathoms. ‘There
is eae a purple spot at the tip of the umbo of the upper

& This species was also brought home in considerable numbers. by
Mr. Samuel Stutchbury from the Pearl Islands.

150

Var. a. Festd nand, castaned albo strigatd, intis albd.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

‘Fhe examination of an extensive series ~~ led Mr. Broderip to
the conclusion that this dwarf, and at first sight widely differing,
shell, is only a variety of Chama imbricata. The purple-brown is
ehanged into chestnut striped with white, and hardly any scales are
to be found on its wrinkled surface, except the double series which
crown the ridge on each side of the depressed line, and sometimes a
series or two on the affixed valve. This depressed line is not nearly
so well marked as it is in the large variety, but it is to be observed
on most of the specimens: some are absolutely without imbrications.

This variety was found attached to rocks and stones at low water.

Cuama propucta. Chama testd subpurpured, creberrim? lamel-
losd, lamellis foliaceis, integris ; valvd inferiore enormiter pro-
ductd ; limbo integro, purpureo.

Hab. ad Mexico. (Gulf of Tehuantepec.)

The interior of the shell, which has something of the aspect of
that of a Gryphea, is white tinged with yellowish, and striped in the
direction of the /amelle with purple. The purple border on the
smooth internal edge of the upper valve is of some width.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms, attached

to stones.

Cuama corrueata. Chama testa corrugatd, rubro-purpured albo
varid ; intis atro-purpured, limbo integro.
Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.)
Found attached to stones at low water. All the specimens which
Mr. Broderip had seen turn from right to left.

Cuama Ecuinata. Chama testd albidd purpureo varid, spinis
fornicatis echinatd ; intits atro-purpured vel sub-rubrd, limbo
integro ;. dente cardinali rubro.

Hab. in Americé Centrali. (Puerto Portrero.)

The spines of this species, which are close set and well developed
in youth, are entirely abraded in age, till nothing but corrugation is
left externally. But as the animal advances in life the interior of
the shell is richly painted, till in old age it arrives to an intensity of
dark purple that it is hard to imitate with colours however rich.
At this period the cardinal tooth becomes of the hue of the bone of
the red Coral (Isis nobilis) used for ornamental purposes.

Found at low water attached to rocks.

Cuama spinosa. Chama testd albd interdum roseo vel purpureo
umbonem versus valve superioris pictd, spinis fornicatis creberri-
mis horridd ; intis albd, limbo integro.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.)

This pretty species was dredged up, attached to corals and Avicule,
at a depth ranging from three to seven fathoms. The younger spe-
cimens are tinged towards the wmbo of the upper valve with a deli-
cate rose-colour. The umbo of the lower valve is often produced
after the manner of that of Chama unicornis, Lam.

151

Cuama sorpipa. Chama testd albidd subroseo varid vel totd sub-
rosed, creberrime striatd, hine et hine foliaced; intis albé,
limbo crenulato.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Isle of Cuna.)

This species, which varies much according to its age, but never
appears to grow to a large size, was dredged up from a depth of
eighteen fathoms, attached to rocks. Old specimens have the lower
valve often very much produced.

A Note by Mr. George Bennett on the Nasal Gland of the wan-
dering Albatross, Diomedea exulans, Linn., was read. It described in
detail the gland situated in that bird above the orbit, as observed by
the writer in 1832, and accorded with the account of it published by
him in the Appendix to his ‘ Wanderings in New South Wales,’ &c.
It was illustrated by a drawing of his dissection of the head of an
Albatross, made specially with the view of tracing the excretory duct
of the gland, which he succeeded in doing for nearly two inches
under the external plate of the upper mandible, in a direction towards
the nostrils, but inclining slightly upwards, until he lost sight of it
among the cellular substance of the bone. The writer notices the
occurrence of a corresponding structure in other Birds, particularly
among the Natatores, and refers to Miiller for an account of the ©
gland as it exists, in or near the orbit, in species of every order of
Aves.

A specimen was exhibited of a Kangaroo, recently brought from
New Holland, by Capt. Sir W. Edward Parry, R.N., and presented
by him to the Society.

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to it as repre-
senting a species not hitherto described, and distinguishable by its
paler colour, which is generally of a slaty grey ; by the whiteness of
its tail throughout the greater part of the length of that organ; by
the comparative length of the tail, which is here longer than the
body, whereas in the ordinary greater Kangaroo, Macropus major,
Shaw, it is shorter; by the comparative nakedness of the ears; by
the great extent of the naked muzzle; and by a broad white stripe

ong each cheek. He stated it to be his intention to describe it in
detail under the name of

Macropus Parryt. Maer. rhinario lato; auriculis elongatis nu-
diusculis ; caudd corpore sublongiore, pilis rigidis brevibus incum-
bentibus vestitd : noteo griseo ; gastreo pallido ; fascid genarum,
cauddque pro maximd parte, albis, hic ad apicem nigra.

Long. tot. a rostro ad caude apicem 5 ped. 4 poll. ; capitis, 6 poll. ;
auricule, 4; tarsi postici, ad unguis longioris apicem, 10}; caude,
_ 2ped. 6 poll. :

: In a Note from Sir Edward Parry, which was read, it is stated
that the animal in question is known to the natives in the neighbour-
hood of Port Stephens (lat. 32°'S.) by the name of Walldroo. This
individual had been in his possession in New South Wales for two
years previously to his embarkation for England, and was allowed to

152

range about at perfect liberty. ‘It set out every night after dusk
into the bush to feed, returning generally about two o’clock in the
morning. In addition to what it obtained on these excursions, it
ate, meat, bread, vegetables, &c. Occasionally, but rarely, it .ven-
tured out in the daytime to a considerable distance, in which case
it would sometimes be chased back by strange dogs: these, how-
ever, it always outstripped by its superior swiftness, until it placed
itself under the protection of the dogs of the house. It died, from
the effects of an accident, almost immediately after its arrival in
England.

Detailed Notes of its dissection by Mr. Owen were read. ‘The
structure of its principal viscera corresponds in general with that of
the same organs in the greater Kangaroo, but there are some dif-
ferences observable in the anatomy of the two species. The pucker-
ing of the stomach, which is occasioned in Macr. major by three
longitudinal bands, one extending on each side from the esophagus
along the lesser curvature, and the third passing along. the line from
which the great epiploon is continued to the spleen and transverse
colon, depends in Macr. Parryi on the lateral bands alone, :there
being no mesial one. The different segments of the intestinal canal
bear the same relative proportion to each other in both species; but
the length of the several segments, and consequently of the whole
canal, is less as compared with that of the body in Parry’s than in
the greater Kangaroo,—a fact which is in direct accordance with the
more mixed nature of the food in the former. The spleen in Macr.

Parryi was deeply notched at its free trenchant margin ; in Macr. ma- —

jor it appears to be always entire. The mesial cul-de-sac of the vagina
did not extend quite so far down in Macr. Parryi, as it does in the
better-known species.

In the stomach were found two hair-balls of an oval shape, not
rounded as they generally are in the Ruminants, which are most
obnoxious to these formations. One of them was 3, and the
other 2 inches in the long diameter. They were entirely com-
posed of the hairs of the animal, matted together and agglutinated
by the mucus of the stomach. Mr. Owen remarks on the interest
which attaches to this resemblance to the Ruminating tribes, to
which the Kangaroos make so near an approach in the complexity
and magnitude of the stomach, and the simplicity of the cecum and
colon. He states that he has ‘“‘ more than once observed the act of
rumination in the Kangaroos preserved in the Vivarium of the So-
ciety. It does not take place while they are recumbent, but when
they are erect upon the tripod of the hinder legs and tail. The ab-
dominal muscles are in violent action for a few minutes ; the head is
a little depressed; and then the cud is chewed by a quick rotatory
motion of the jaws. This act was more commonly noticed after
physic had been given to the animals, which we may suppose to have
interrupted the healthy digestive processes: it by no means takes
place with the same frequency and regularity as in the true Rumi-
nanis.”

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed
in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which
novel information is given, in Italics: those of Species respecting which
Anatomical Observations are made, in Carrrats.

| :

: Page. Page
Acipenser cataphractus, Rapp.... 122 | Botaurus stellaris...ccce..sececece0 ol
7 Sinensis, Gray ......... 122 | Bulinus apiculatus, Gray ... ..... 66
Ailurus fulgens, F. Cav. ....000.++4 96 atomatus, Gray.........++ 64
Alauda arvensis, Linn. .......... « 133 badius, Sow Patewdecdieests 141
Anas Boschas, Linn.....000..00000.. 51 bicolor, Sow. ...... ..sss00e 141
Fuligula, Bibrins Vk wld. susis 134 Burchellii, Gray. .ccuene<os 66
Querquedula, Linn........... 134 crassilabris, Gray sce... 66
Wutila,; -Palliics wwesbeveie 52 granulosus, Rang.......... 141
Anatina costata, Sow..........sece0s 87 leucostoma, Sow. ...... we. 141
; prismatica, Sow............ 87 Pullus, Gray......... aaaee ee Of
Anodon Parishii, Gray............. 57 rhodostomus, Crag v2 65
: penicillatus, Gray......... 57 | Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. . eqqoee JO
m? porcifer, Gray..........4.. 58 | Calidris arenaria, Temm. .....,... 15
Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. ......... 30 | Calyptreea arenata, Brod. ..... ascot 40
Antilope Cervicapra, Pall.......... 99 cepacea, Brod. ........ 35
¥ Chickara, Hardw........ 99 conica, Brod........... 38
. Duvaucelii, Ham. Sm... 85 cormea, Brod.........+.. 35
Goral, Hardw...... .+..85, 99 corrugata, Brod. .,..... 35
Hodgsonii, Abel....... .. 80 dilatata, Brod........... 38
Sumatrensis, Shaw......- 85 dorsata, Brod. .......... 38
Thar, Hodgs............ 85, 99 Echinus, Brod........... 39
dytes Patachonica,Gmel.. 34 excavata, Ree 40
B PENNALA. «6... .asceccorcreccacs 50 foliacea, Brod. ......... 88
Egretta, Temm........... 15 hispida, Brod........... 37
- Garzetta, Linn.............. 183 Hystrix, Brod. ... ..... 39
' ~~ purpurea, Linn............. 30 imbricata, Brod. ...... 36
Argonauta Argo, Linn...........4. . 120 incurva, Brod: i. 40
MHEG eax os Lessonii, Brod.... ..... 39
ssi inia, n.sp., Bens. .......... Lichen, Brod............ 37
acorhynchus, n.¢g., Gould...... a lignaria, Brod. ......... 36
heematopygus, Gould. 147 maculata, Brod......... 37
prasinus, Gould ...... 147 mamillaris, Brod........ 38
ge sulcatus, Gould........ 147 marginalis, Brod....... 40
Bernicla Sandvicensis, Vig... 12.48, a pallida, Brod. ..... ee
Bos Bubalus, Briss............ buacy radiata, Brod......... «. 36
J | grunniens, ees ee Tudis, Brod. <....0c..0c 35
Taurus, vay. Indicus ......... 99 serrata, Brod............ 37
AUYUS MINUTUS....0.ccccecrecerece 30 sordida, Brod. ......... 37

154

INDEX.
Page. Page.
Calyptreea Squama, Brod. ......... 40 | Clangula vulgaris, Flem...... Ae 134
striata, Brod............ 38 | Clavagella aperta, Sow. .........++ 115
strigata, Brod. ......... 59 Australis, Sow........+. 115
tenuis, Brod...........++ 36 elongata, Brod.......... 116
unguiformis, Brod. .... 39 lata, Brod. :..cdeecssmers 116
Unguis, Brod. ......... 37 Melitensis, Brod. ...... 116
varia, Brod........ easasl, Woo Rapa, Rang............. 115
Canis aureus Indicus ............44- 97 | CLavaGELLA LATA, Brod. ......00- 111
Bengalensis, Shaw ..... ..... 97 | Columba armillaris, Temm. ...... 110
Samiliaris, Linn., varr. ...... 97 mystacea, TemM. ss....++- 110
EGU, NAOT a chcn teeoe. oe'ese 97 passerind, Linn,....+..+++ 110
primevus, Hodgs............. 97 spilopterd, Vig.....e.s0.0+- 52
MSPs EIOULS eles tecseyesstes 97 | Conus Algoensis, Sow...... eeptagens 18
Capra Jharal, Hodgs............. 99, 106 aulicus, var. Sow. .....ecee0s 18
Carduelis communis, Cuv. ......... 51 brunneus, Wood ............ 18
Carocolla Nove Hollandiz, Gray 67 Diadema, Sow.........s.s0+0 19
Stoddartii, Gray ....... 65 ferrugatus, Sow. ... .....00 19
Caryophyliia Smithii, Brod. ....... 28 Luzonicus, var. Sow......... 18 @
Casuarius Emev, Lath............. 9 Nussatella, var. Sow......... 18 @
Cerithium armatum...ir.cccrcccesees 22 pulchellus, Sow.........0s006 19 @
Telescopium, Brug. ...22, 91 Regalitatis, Sow. ........+++ 19
Cervus Aristotelis, Cuv..........0+ 98 tendineus, var. Sow.......... 18 @
Sete Tee Beste tas doc vae 98 | Coracias Garrula, Linn............ 51
Bahrainja, Hodgs.......... 99 | Corvus Corone, Linn............+++ 15 @
Elaphus, Linn......+++2+004- 98 Monedula, Linn...........- 1330
equinus, Cuv. ......+ SA 98 | Corythaix Buffonii, LeVaill....... 110
poreinus, Linn. ..... ..+.00 98 | CoryTHAIXPORPHYREOLOPHA,Vig. 3
Ratwa, Hodgs. ......+...+04 99 | Coturnix Sinensis, Cuv. .........++.
HBP :, FLOUER «..eeecteeaes «= 99 | Crocodilus acutus, Cuv. ........+4+: 110
Chama corrugata, Brod.... ........ 150 cataphractus, Cuv.....- 110
echinata, Brod.......... «+» 150 | Crossarcuus opscurus, F. Cuv... 113
frondosa, Brod. .....++++0++- 148 | Cryptoprocta ferox, Benn.......... 13
imbricata, Brod...... eebae = 149 | Cuculus canorus, Linn. ........++.. 29
Jobata, Brodie. s ecesdeonae 149 | Curruca atricapilla, Bechst. ...... 31
Pacifica; ‘Brodit 38.0...s..5: 149 | Cyclemys, n. g., Bell ....2....2000+. 17
pellucida, Brod. .......+06.. 149 orbiculata, Bell .,....... 7
producta, Brod. ........... 150 | Cypr@a Arctica .....ccsecseceneenes » 28
sordida, Brod......+...0s+8+ 151 bullata .....666 era eatets 28
spinosa, Brod....... weeacess » 150 Pedioulus) : <acasTestoseescs 28
Chameleo Oweni, Gray .........++ 45 | Cypselus alpinus, Temm. ......... 29
Charadrius Hiaticula, Linn.....+. 15 | Cyrsexus Apus, \Ill......cccseceee os 92
Himantopus, Linn.... 134 | Dasyrrocta Acurtt, Ill........ verse 82
Morinellus, Linn. ... 30 | Dendromys, n.sp., A. Smith ..... 25
Pluvialis, Linn. ...... 184 | Dipetruis Azar#, Temm. ...... 101
Chauliodus strepera, Swains....... 30 | Diomedea chlororhynchos ......... 128
Cuetonia Mypas, Schw.........+- - 92 Suliginosa .....6 cecceeee 128
Chrysochloris, n. sp., A. Smith... 25 spadiced........ dccceesewe 128
Cicada clarisond......0.00.c0ss0es ... 20] Driomepea exurans, Linn.......... 151
Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst.......... 51 | Echidna Hystria, F. Cuv. ......... 28
Circus @ruginosus ........0.0000 «. 50| Elephas Indicus, Cuv.........0sc008 98
CINETACEUS.....0ceee0e Eececacce 51 | Emberiza Cia, Linn. .........2+8. Pepe bs
CYGNUS Tan. cttdeee et etl. ssses. 50 erythrophthalma,Gmel. 81
Cistuda Bealii, Gray .........0000+ 54 Miliaria, Linn........ « Sl
Amboinensis, var., Gray. 54 | Emys Bealii, Gray.......se+0+0 54,110 ©

_ trifasciata, Gray .......60 110

Dhor, Gray ..iasiwiives nse

INDEX
Page. Page.
Emys nigricans, Gray ........0+5 53 | Fissurella nigropunetata, Sow. ... 125
orbiculata, Bell............++ 17 obscura, S0wW.......0s00 125
platynota, Gray ......... 54, 135 Oriens, SOW......e+eeeeee 124
Reevesit, Gray .....060. coee 110 Panamensis, Sow. ...... 127
Sinensis, Gray.........+++ 53, 110 Pica, Sous. steteeesss on 126
Spengleri, Schweig. ......... 100 pulchra, Sow..........++ 124
spinosa, Bell ..........ceeeree 100 Riippellii, Sow. ......... 128
tentoria, Gray ......seeeeeeee 54 trapezina, Sow. ....++... 126
Eulima acuta, Sow............0e000e 8 virescens, Sow. ....++00. 125
Anglica, Sow.......0...000 8 | Fringilla tristis, Linn............+++ 81
articulata, Sow. .........+++ 8 | Fulgora lanternaria, Linn......... 19
brevis, S0W......seeceeeeeee 7 | Galago Senegalensis, Geoffr. ...... 45
brunnea, Sow.........s0eeee 7 | Ganymeda, n. g., Gray .......-00 15
hastata, Sow. .......cccceee 7 pulchella, Gray ...... 16
imbricata, Sow. .......000++ 7| Garrulus cristatus, Cuv.......++0.+. 41
interrupta, Sow........-00+ 7 | Gastrochzena brevis, Sow. ......... 21
; labiosa, Sow. ........s0eeeee 7 hyalina, Sow......... 22
lineata, Sow. .........000005 8 Ovata, SOW....c.cse0es 21
; Major, SOW.......ssceeseeeee 7 rugulosa, Sow. ...... 22
marmorata, Sow.......+++++ 7 truncata, Sow. ...... 21
ss pusilla, Sow. ...0.0...seseee 8 | Gehyra, n. g., Gray .....eseseeees 100
a splendidula, Sow. ......... 6 Pacifica, Gray ...c.00++... 100
a subangulata, Sow. .....+... 8 | Geoemyda, n.g., Gray ........+65 100
Varians, SOW. .sceeseeeevees 8 Spengleri, Gray...100, 110
Falco rufipes, Bechst..........+++.+. 51 spinosa, Gray...... 100, 135
- Tinnunculus, Linn. ......+.. 133 | Gulo orientalis, Horsf. ......+2+... 96
_ Felis jubata, Schreb. .......+00++++ 97 | Helarctos Malayanus, Horsf....... 96
3 Leo, Linn. ........000.e0000 w+. 1 | Helicophanta Falconeri, Reeve... 63
5 Leopardus, Linn. «........+++ 97 magnifica, Fér... .. 63
= Moormensis, Hodgs....... «. 97 | Helix Campbellii, Gray............ 65
__ Nepalensis, Vig. and Horsf. 97 cicatricosa, Chemn. ......... 67
—* Pardus, Linn. ......0.05... 97 Codringtonii, Gray ......... 67
* Tigris, Linn. ......+++++ eee ed, (96 Cracherodii, Gray «.....++ 67
; viverrinus, Benn. ......se000 97 CHISPALE severecenerseeeaceece 64
_ Feuis Tiers, Linn. ...... EL Ee 54 Cunninghami, Gray......... 64
- Fissurella zequalis, Sow. ....... sai 127 fidelis, Gray..:......00+008 + 67
4 affinis, Gray ...... wacess )LZO Fraseri, Gray ......++- sees 64
aspera, Sow. ......04+ <a 127, granifera, Gray ......... e068
asperella, Sow.........+2+ 127 Himalayana, Lea ........- 67, 91
biradiata, Fremb......... 124 interrupta, Bens. ......+++6- . 90
Chemnitzii, Sow. ...... 126 Jacksoniensis, Gray......... 65
Chilensis, Sow. ......... 124 ligulata, Fér. ......... mathe 67
Clypeus, S0w.....s0..0005 128 Maderaspatana, Gray ...... 67
erenifera, Sow. ......... 128 PN ane cena oe antewaa es an 65
fulvescens, Sow.......... 127 pachygastra, Gray ......... 68
grandis, Sow. .........+6 123 Phillipii, Gray.......seseeeee 65
ineequalis, Sow. ......... 126 Radama, Less. .........0.+4+ 64
Tata, Sow. scceee.sseeeees 124 sepulchralis .eeeer.eeseesseees 64
latimarginata, Sow...... 126 | Hemipodius Dussumieri, Temm... 34
limbata, Sow. ............ 123 | Henpestes griseus, F. Cuv.......... 96
macrotrema, Sow. ...... 125 Javanicus, Geoffr. ...... 110
maxima, Sow.......... ... 123 | Himantopus melanopterus, Mey... 30
microtrema, Sow. ..... 125 | Hydrobates lobatus, Temm. ...... 19
mutabilis, Sow. .......... 127 | Hyprocnarus Carysara, Erxl... 9
nigrita, Sow, ...es060++. 127 | Aystrix leucurus, Sykes . ...+++. Jun

155

156 INDEX
Page Page
Ictides albifrons, Valene. ......... 96 | Numenius pheopus, Temm. ....,. 15
Ketupa Javanensis, Less. ......... 110 | Numida vulturina, Hardw.......... 52
Lacerta agilis, Linn. ......6s..0.04. 101 | Nycteribia biarticulata, Westw.... 139
cedura, Shepp. ......0 meen) LOL Blainvillii, Leach...... 138
UIVIPONG ANd agdstd dea ones 101 dubia, Westw. sss... 137
Lanius Collurio, Linn,...........++. 51 Dufourii, Westw. ...,.. 138
Lepisosteus, n. spp., Agass......... 119 Hopei, Westw. ......... 137
Leptoconchus, n. g., Ztiipp......... 105 Jenynsii, Westw. ...... 1389
Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv.? .......+. 97 Latreillii, Leach ...... 139
D. Spy, HLOMSEs wabhswat -aaei% 97 pedicularia, Latr....... 138
Lestris parasiticus, Temm.........- 31 Roylii, Westw.......... 138
Miialis, ns, 95) Gr ayn. svaedavins5<e~ en: 134 Sykesii, Westw.......-.. 137
Burtonis, Gray .....+. wants: (ABS vexata, Westw.......... 138
Lignus tenuis, Gray .siserereseeeee 66 | Nycticebus Bengalensis, Geoffr.... 96
Lonchura Cheet, Sykes .......0004 148 | Nycticorax Europeus, Steph...... 30
Loxia Cardinalis, Linn..........+++ 81 | Octopus octopodia ...1..sseseeeeeeee 31
CUCUILALA civcceecarceserercese 81 | Bdicnemus crepitans, Cuv........- 51
curvirostra, Linn............ 15 | Oriolus Galbula, Linn. .........++. 51
Lutra Roensis, Ogilb......+...+0005 111 | Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Bl. 22,141
DL SPP OMY Hs fuciteasa'sesesese 97 | OnnitTHORHYNcHUS PARADOXUS,Bl. 43
Lyonsia brevifrons, Sow... ......++. 88 | Orthotomus Bennettii, Sykes...... 148
picta, Sow. .......0. Ch epee 88 | Otis Tetraa, Linn, .....-2+000 hei. 51
Macacus cynomolgus, Lacép. ..... + 9 | Otus vulgaris, CUV....0..0eccereenere 133
radiatus, Geoffr. ......... 96 | Ovis Ammon, var., Hodgs.......... 99
Macropus Parryi, Benn.......++++.. 151k Musmon, var., Hodgs.......-- 99

Macropus Parry, Benn. ....00...

Manis tetradactyla, Linn. ......... 28
Temminckii, Smuts......... 81
DSPs OMG Rtveesndee'es ss » 398
Martes laniger, Hodgs. ......06.... 97
Mergulus melanoleucos, Ray ...... 30
Mergus albellus, Linn............80, 134
Midas Rosalia, Geoftr. ...... gue. 110
Monacanthus Hystrix, Burt....... 121
Mus decumanus, Linn......... adtvbes 98
Musculus, Linn.......... wikeh. 98
WRatiis, VAN. tes zedcudeeein oe: 98
Mustela flavigula, Bodd.......... = ag
putorius, Linn.? ......00. 97

Mygale avicularia, Walck.......... 11
Myletes Allenii, Benn. ...... spoaak 45
Hasselquistii, Cuv. ...... 45

Nanina, n. g., Gray ...cccecereeees 58, 89
Gitrind, | GLAaY,.....sccbanties 58
Clairvillia, Gray ......... 58

CHILES, GAY. vovssscce severe 58
Javanensis, Gray ........ 58
Juliana, Gray .......04... 58
monozonalis, Gray......... 58
Nemorensis, Gray......... 58

Striata, Gray...ccceceserees 59
Vitrinoides, Gray ......... 58

Nasua fusca, F. Cuv. ........0ecs eee 9
Nephila clavipes, Leach.......+««+ 12
Novaculina Gangetica, Bens....... 91

Nahobr, Hodgs. ....scsesseeeee
Tragelaphus, Geoftr. .........

Paradoxurus Bondar, Gray?...... 96
prehensilis, Gray... 33

n. sp., Hodgs. ...... 96

Parus biarmicus, Linn. .......+. 30, 51
Major, Linn seccsJoc aad senbke 51
Pastor roseus, Temm. ...sseeeeese 51
Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Linn...... 49
Perdix sphenura, Gray ........+++- 34
Periploma lenticularis, Sow. ...... 87
planiuscula, Sow. ...... 87

Petricola amygdalina, Sow. ...... 47
concinna, SOwW.........68. 46
denticulata, Sow....... .. 46

Aiscors, SowW,.....sss0se00 46

elliptica, Sow. .........++. 46

oblonga, Sow. .........00+ 46

robusta, Sow. ....s.06 v0 47

rugosa, SOW. ssscesecvere Af

solida, Sow. ..... ..sese0 46

tents, Sons es <iwvsigesrans 47
Phasianus Colchicus, Linn......... 52
veneratus, Temm....... 34
Pheenicura Ruticilla, Swains ...... 30
Pholas acuminata, Sow. .......0.006 70
Calva, Gray's, cc(idesaexarsoee 69
Chiloensis, var. Sow. ...... 69
Cornea, SOW ..... csecvacces 72
eruciger, Sow: ...ss0+0 goood 69

Pity.

INDEX. Loy

Page.

Pholas curta, Sow. ....s.sssseveeeees 71
lamellosa, 'Turt.......scceeee 69
melanura, Sow. .....s...0-. 70
APYVACEA iscseererever Penresle 69

Pee SOW. soaos'tts uverwes 71
subtruncata, Sow. .......+ 69

tubifera, Sow. ......666 seees 71

Picus medius, Linn,...........60+00+ 133
Pithecia Chiropotes .........+0+00+ 41
SAGUIALA .seceeneneeereeee 41
- Placunanomia echinata, Brod. ... 2
1 oliata, Brod....... 2
rudis, Brod......... 2
_ Platalea leucorodia, Linn.......:.._ 30
Platysternon megacephalum, Gray 110
Plyctolophus cristatus, Vieill...... 41
Podiceps cristatus, Linn..........+. 134
Polypterus Senegalus, Cuv. ...... 45

_ Procellaria Capensis, Linn. ...... 128
; COCTULCA sesseesnee esidtay 28
, VELLALE 2. .0ceavereecceece 128
Prochilus lubiatus, Il..........0600. 96
Pterocles arenarius, Temm. ...... 51
Pteroglossus, [1l........:s:eeeeeveees 75
‘ Aracari, Zll........+. 75
Azare, Wagl. ...... 76
Bailloni, Wagl...... 77

bitorquatus, Vig.... 76

castanotis, Gould... 75

Culik, Wagl......... 78

heematopygus, Gould147

hypoglaucus, Gould .77

inscriptus, Swains.. 77

maculirostris, Licht. 78

prasinus, Licht. . 78, 147

regalis, Licht. ..... 75

sulcatus, Swains.79, 147

ulocomus, Gould... 76

viridis, Jil. ......... 77

eropus medius, 'lemm. ......... 96
n.sp., Hodgs. ...... asp 96
Pyrgita domestica, Cuv........... Pati)
goma Anglicum, Leach......... 28
phastos, J//....... Hawise Wacnest 72

Ariel, Vig........+ SAR Ufc |

carinatus, Swains.... 73

culminatus, Gould.. 73

Cuvieri, Wagl. ..... 73

dicolorus, Linn....... 74
erythrorhynchus, Gow. 72

Swainsonii, Gould... 73

Toco, Gmel. ......... 74

vitellinus, J7/......... 74

fatelus mellivorus, Storr. ...... .. 96

A Americana, Vieill. ......... 9

Page.
Rhinoceros unicornis, Cuv. ......41, 98

Rhinolophus megaphyllus, Gray. 52
Saxicava purpurascens, Sow....... 88
SOlida, SOW. ..ecceeserseees 88

tenuis, S0W.,..ceseescecess 88

Saxicola Ginanthe, Bechst......... 51
Scaphula, n. g., Bens........0c00008 91
Sciuropterus albidus, F.Cuv....... 98
Sciurus Palmarum, Linn. ......... 98
n. sp., Hodgs.......sseeseee 98
Scolopax major, Linn,........0.+++ 133
Scutella, n.g., Brod. ......s.0008 oe «40
crenulata, Brod. ......... 48
iridescens, Brod.......... 48

rosea, Brod.......csceseees 48
Semnopithecus Entellus, F.Cuv... 95

SemnoritHecus Maurus, F.Cuv. 6

Stmia sagulata, Traill....... SocgoaCS 41
SrrREN LACERTINA, Linn. ..... eeces to
Sorex Indicus, Geofft...........00++ 96
Spheriodactylus cinereus, MacL. 12
elegans, MacL.. 12

Sterna Hirundo, Linn.......... Sey oy |
leucoptera, Temm. ......+++ 51

nigra, Linn...... deevaesh Sey 31
Strepsilas collaris, Temm....... we Ap
Strix Ketupu, Horsf. ........000000e 110
Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. .........00+ 51
Sus Scrofa, Linn., Var......0.+seeee 98
Sylvia Rubecula, Linn. ............ 133
Syngnathus Acus, Linn....... seseve 118
Ophidion, Linn. ...... 119

Typhle, Linn.......... 118

Tadorna Vulpanser......++. sender 4 51
Terebra aciculata, Gray............ 63
affinis, Gray .......0000. «60

alba, Gr@ifsies.cvesseces ss 60
albida, Gray.....ccsccceees 63°
anomala, Gray ............ 62
cancellata, Gray ...... eGR
Cerithina, Lam..........++ 62
corrugata, Lam..........4. 59
crenulata, Lam...... ape 59
dimidiata, Lam............ 59
duplicata, Lam.........+++. 59
flammea, Lam. ......+.4... 59

flava, Gray ......05 “33 60
gracilis, Gray ........040. 61
hastata, Lam............065 63
Knorrii, Gray .........66. 59
leevigata, Gray ..........+. 61

Trevis, Gray ....seseeeeeees 61
lanceolata, Lam. ......... 63
lineolata, Sow. ...e.eeeeeee 63
maculata, Lam....ecceeeeee 59

158 INDEX
Page Page.
Terebra muscaria, Lam....... ..+++ 59 | Tichodroma muraria, Nl...... Perret |!
myuros, Lam.......s.s..e0 59 | Totanus Calidris, Bechst. ......... 514g
- nubeculata, Sow. ........ 59 Glottis, Bechst............. S1 —
oculata, Lam...cccccocesees 59 Ochropus, Temm. ...... 30,52
ormnata, Gray.....ccccceeees 62 | Tragopan Temminckii, Gray ...... 33 @
(PeVtUSA, SOW. .csccocceceses 59 | Tringa Canutus, Linn............04. 15
plicata, Gray........0...0+ 61 pugnax, Bechst. .........++ 51
polita, GTay *..1.2....+.+-. 63 Temminchii.......seceeeesees 15
punctata, Gray ............ 61 variabilis, Mey. .........51, 188
punctatostriata, Gray .. 61 | Troglodytes communis, Cuv. ...... 51
BUMINS CIVEMEY A etnees .eree: 60 | Trogon elegans, Gould ............ 26
straminea, Gray ......... 62 erythrocephalus, Gould... 25 —
striata, Gray......sscseeee 60 Malabaricus, Gould ...... 26 4
striatula, Lam. .........++ 59 | Unio Nove Hollandiz, Gray ... 57
strigillata, Lam............ 63 | Urania Fernandine, MacL. ...... 10 ;
subulata, Lam. ............ 59 Letlis, Paar. cons sccse cee cee 11g
teniolata, Quoy ......+++ 62 | Ursus Arctos, var. niger .......0.00 110
Tahitensis, Gray ......... 63 isabellinus, Horsf...... onan 96
tessellata, Gray.........+++ 61 Thibetanus, F.Cuv.......... 96
tigrind, Gray.........0008 .. 59] Vanellus albiceps, Gould ......... 45
tricolor, SOW.......0..0.-.s- 62 MLS Spt oss wewereee see nae 51
triseriata, Gray.......... .. 62] Vespertilio Noctula, Schreb. ...... 129
undulata, Gray............ 60 | | Pipistrellus, Geoffr.... 129
variegata, Gray ......... 61 | Vipera Berus, Daud. ......... Paneee 101
Testudo Indica ...... Bette cdeeases 113 | Viverra Indica, Geoffr. ..........++ 96
Tetrao Tetrix, Linn. .,...........+. 52 Rasse, Horsf...........0++. 96
Urogallus, Linn..........++. 110 undulata, Gray? ........ 96
Tetraogallus Nigellii, Gray ...... 52 | Zonites fuliginosus...... bu davatees . 63
Tetrodon Physa, Geoffr............ 46 Walkeri, Gray ....cc000... 63
strigosus, Benn. ... ..... 46

PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PROCEEDINGS

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

> WY.
me es , as . iste. on ashe 4," "
sh OCR So ee BUR .

LIST

CONTRIBUTORS.

: With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Assot, Keita E., Esq. page

Letter accompanying a Collection from Trebizond and
Przeroun, ‘presented’ by. Poe. yee reg a BD IS 89

Acassiz, Professor.
Views of the Affinities and Disposition of the Cyprinide.. 149

Atuis, Mr.
On the mode of attachment of the os furcatum to the sternum
in various Grallatorial and Natatorial Birds ..........:. 154
Bett, T., Esq.
_ Observations on the Genus Cancer of Dr. Leach (Platy-
carcinos, Latr.), with Descriptions of three New Species... 86
~ On Microrhynchus, a New Genus of Triangular Crabs... 88
Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of South America 169

g Benverr, E. T., Esq.
4 Observations on the brush-tailed Kangaroo (Macropus peni-
ppeillatus, Gray.) ..-.--- 0 ee ecco eee c enters crecee 1

Remarks on some Mammalia from Travancore, including
_ a New Species of Herpestes (Herp. vitticollis)............ 66
Ona second Species of Lagotis (Lag. pallipes) ........ 67

Observations on several Mammalia from Trebizond and
_ Erzeroun, including a New Species of Rat (Mus latipes) and

of Marmot (Citillus Xanthoprymna) ......--62-s00eeeees 89

___ Characters of several previously undescribed Fishes from
IRL woe = as nc wn hur sina tiais cots co = oe oS teed vate 91
Character of a Species of Paradorurus...............% 118

_ Character of a Species of Acanthurus ....2..6-.00005 119
____Character of a New Species of Crocodile (Crocodilus lepto- __
Nes oe Feb bi inte SE acs sdmiwn cop onan 128
Ona remarkable Pteropine Bat from the Gambia ...... 149

On a New Species of Ctenomys, Blainv., and on other Ro- —
dents collected near the Straits of Magellan by Capt. P. P:

King, LS SR ga iy aa I 28 «BEN o's TERED

Characters of severil Fishes from the Isle of Feanbe 26253 206 We

Bennett, G., Esq. page
Notice of an Animal called Gunar by the Australians.... 2

Bropenip, W. J., Esq.
Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and
Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming ............... 41, 192
Observations on the Habits, &c. of a Male Chimpanzee,
Troglodytes niger, Geoff., living in the Society’s Menagerie 160

’
1

Burton, E., Esq.
Description of a Ratelus from India............. mgt Partie IB.
Description of a Species of Agriopus, Cuv. ..........-- 116
Characters of several Birds from the Himalayan Mountains 152

Campset., H. Brucz, Esq.
Note on a white Variety of the Blackbird (Turdus Merula,
ixnti.), presented ty him |). \..:.. oe. ccd see sme ep rie 105

Curisty, W., Jun. Esq.
Note on the position of the mamme in the Coypus (Myo-

potamus Coypus, Comm.) .......+eee0e: nin, bin ose aiiele ete 182
Cox, J. C., Esq.
Notice of a white Variety of the common Sparrow (Passer
domestics, Tiss.) 5 ie Sec Semel isionene 4s siete eesialieane -- 106

Cuming, H., Esq.
Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and

Conchifera, collected by ...... 4, 21, 41, 49, 84, 93, 109, 192
Characters of New Genera and Species of Crustacea, col-
Bected Diy), jie vasa nines RP a ee ee es 86, 88, 169

Curtis, J., Esq.
Characters and Description of a New Genus of Melolonthide
CAR StPOSIIAE), fain. « ds aire: 4a oop fom oe hb een ee 18
On a Species of Moth found inhabiting the Galls of a
Plant.mear Monte Video™- Ju... bine se ee es Cee ee 19

Cuvier, M. F.
Notice on Ctenomys, Octodon, and Poephagomys........ 128 —

Dessarvins, M. J.
Zoological Labours of the Natural History Society of Mau- a
ritius, 4th and 5th Years... ween sees Sa ava tela seine 204, 205

Exuiotr, W., Esq.
Notice of eight Species of Mice and Rats, collected by him
TMA Ka eaj0.n d= a apo.n tia tela ne Wo Sco Ghernn ee ot ie Welw «eile

Eyton, T. C., Esq.
Some Account of a Hybrid Bird, between the Cock Phea- —

sant (Phasianus Colchicus, Linn.) and the Grey Hen (Tetrao
ete B Pirie ate ew mee seh = ete cette c eu een

Gasxorn, J. E., Esq. ee,
Descriptions of New Species of Cypre@d.......ee.+++++ 198

108

Goutp, Mr. J. page
Exhibition of a living red-billed Toucan (Ramphastos ery-
PEMONME, GIMELY ono dune nen cs ncnaneugtagen use’ 21
Characters of several New Species of Trogon .........- 29
Characters of a New Genus of Merulide (Ianthocinela) .. 47
On New Species of Toucans (Ramphastide, Vig.) ...... 49
Catalogue, with Remarks, of some Birds from Trebizond 90
Notice of a Collection of Birds from Travancore........ 92
Characters of New Toucans and Aracaris (Ramphastide),
with a Synoptic Table of the Species of the Family ...... 156
Characters of several New Species of Insessorial Birds, in-
, cluding a New Genus (Stenorhynchus)......--+6++e+0+-% 185
:
_ Gray, J. E., Esq.
Characters of an Australian Toad (Bombinator Australis) 57
On the Genera distinguishable in Echinus, Lam......... 57
Characters of a New Genus of Corals (Nidalia) ........ 59
On the Coral known as the Glass Plant (Hyalonema Sie-
I UE eS Cae iad We aad Pile ~anul smi ist myriad Aim aed 63
Characters of two New Genera of Corals (Errina and An-
UI ahs dat oe Lak atalil adit Ube gyno invent meld Aipmaes cele 85
Notice of a Collection of Mice and Rats, formed in India
by Mr. Elliott; of two new Species of Partridge; of several
undescribed Shells ; and of a Coral incrusting Shells ...... 108
_ Harvey, J. B., Esq.
F: Notes on the Habits of Caryophyllia Smithii, Brod..... 4, 113
Letters accompanying Collections of Corallines, Fishes, &c.,
from the south coast of Devon.........,.....+.-.- 113, 154
On the opercula of Serpula tubularia and Vermilia triquetra,
regarded by Turton as Species of Patella ..... ac eh --. 128
_ Hearne, J., Esq.
; Notice of a Collection of Bird-skins, formed by him in
IRR Sats os Tihs see eu ie ica sd Slog yo eo ate wes 105
Notice of a Specimen of Solenodonta, obtained by him in v4
ER Sane eee Rhee Ss a= Bin a eaetd 105
Heron, Sir R., Bart., M.P.
____ Notes on the Habits of the Pea-fowl; on a Change of Co-
our in the Plumage of a Black Poland Cock; and on the
_ Longevity of two Water Tortoises ...............22055 54
Note on the History of a Black Swan ........ Jahlit Ld 107
f Note on the Habits of the Kangaroos .........0..000% 187
_ Extraordinary instance of want of Sagacity in a Dog... 188
Kine, Capt. P. P., R.N.
Note on some Fishes captured at Port Praya .......... 119
Notes on several Rodents collected during a Survey of the
_ Straits of Magalhaens ...... _ anette +e ee
- Honesoy, B. H., Esq.
» Forther Account of the Chiru Antelope (Antilope Hodg-
a Is dnic'l maine stsaansaa cess a nce na diving aitueene oO

Lesson, M. R. P.

P
Table of a Distribution of the Families of the Acalepha,

Misra iy car ale & xia Chaat eccoick ol ck eon op ASA healol ora oi 2, CRONE

Lows, Rev. R. T.
Additional Observations on Alepisaurus ..............

MacLeay, A., Esq. ;
Letter from, on the Habits of the Apteryxr Australis, Shaw

Mansy, Capt., R.N.
Letter announcing the stranding in Suffolk of an enormous
Whale (Balena Physalus, Linn.) .......... 00202-0000 es

Martin, Mr. W.
Notes of a Dissection of the Cape Hyrax (Hyrax Capensis,
MOA 2 2 2 YORE eerie ts Oe See pee ede oe eee
Notes of the Dissection of a red-backed Pelican (Pelecanus
pki topped i Re ER dy Sere i tae -
Notes of the Dissection of a small Nocturnal Lemur (Micro-
COIS IEUTINUS| AXCOMSY! Woe ce ee Fae wee ose owen eae eee
Notes of the Dissection of Crocodilus leptorhynchus, Benn.
Note on the mode of attachment of the os furcatum to the
sternum in the Pelican, Adjutant, Crane, and Heron ......
’ Visceral and osteological Anatomy of the Coypus (Myopo-
tamus Coggus, Comm.) 3.066 3-6 4 oisin'e » S8508 yet

Moorg, Mrs.
Note accompanying a Living Iacchus Monkey (Iacchus peni-
Caan NOC ee SE SO LEE We thane ons areas « = nar

Ocitsy, W., Esq.
Descriptions of Mammalia and Birds from the Gambia ..
Remarks on some Marsupials from the interior of New
Rent, WGUES 9.2» eoite oe mie maine soa at ag A

Owen, R., Esq.
Notes of a Dissection of a long-tailed Dasyurus (Dasyurus
gemcraurus, GOK. )e co... soc oe + vm cots CDMeRE ath ee
Notes on the Anatomy of the red-backed Pelican (Pelecanus
rufescens, Gmel.) 9.0. 2.0 sees ee le ee eee tee eee wees
Description of a. Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Mus-
cles of the Human Body (Trichina spiralis).......-....++
On the Anatomy of Linguatula Tenioides, Cuv. ........-
On the Comparative Osteology of the Orang and Chim-
WOME Oo etd eletija = ja «$e sine 0+ 2 = vb ole oe Syl eke le AE nee
On the Anatomy of Distoma clavatum, Rud. .........-
Remarks on the Entozoa, and on the Structural Differences
existing among them; including Suggestions for their Distri-
bution into other Classes; and a Catalogue of the Entozoa
METOWANGS © j.. cin" Rieiaeie see ae «sco be as oes otha es Ee 6 ve
Note descriptive of a Species of Tape-worm (Tenia lamel-

Tigera,. OWEN). cveesuivecersceeeeererterwenecacdoeed Y

119

_
¢
f

Owen, R., Esq. (continued). page
Notes. on the Anatomy of the Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudi-
volvulus, Tl.) .......... wat So.ee.t oad Rh SE i. Goeeet? 119

Parry, Capt. Sir E. W., R.N.
Note on the Habits of the brush-tailed Kangaroo (Macro-
_ pus penicillatus, Gray) .......... Se Pe en OE a rt 1

Pootz, P., Esq.
Letter accompanying a Collection of Mammalia, Birds, and
' Reptiles, obtained in the Travancore country v....... -. 66, 92

Powss, W. L., Esq.
: Characters of New Species of Shells lected by Mr.
CREEP GIS: St ARN ee: ina eae Eee ee a |

Reap, W. H. Rupston, Esq.
; Note on the Habits of the Cape Hyrax (Hyraxr Capensis,
. RES ee oh ek AR OA Ak Ni Gi Aiba ed 13

_ Reeve, Mr. L. A.
Characters of two Species of Shells (Cyprea subviridis and

_ Lucina rugifera), 4 q-e ae ae iesreaen ss ga piaelss akin bie 6.4 soc - ORR
’ ay Mr.
Anatomical Description of the Patagonian Penguin (Apteno-
_ dytes Patachonica, Forst.)..... settee eee ennne eceeree 132
Renan, Mr.
Account of some Mabtnsiia and (Binds brought from the
_ Gambia by hint Steet ote ys ec ceekee te Se tcitg teat 4, 97

R LOLLE, Lady.
Note.on the Rearing of a Jacchus Monkey (Jacchus penicil-
Statue, 5 ER pe CO RP iats wale bibnis ain vive ete oe 21

Memoir on ‘a New Species of Sword-fish (Histiophorus im-
_ maculatus) ............ SRM MME Als wiuiwia'eis's ».5'souin'e, vical ow kOe

Smirz, Mr. W.
Note on the Animal of the Argonauta Argo, Linn....... 125

Characters of and Observations on New Genera and Spe-
a a cies of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cuming . .
by 4, 21, 41, 49, 84, 93, 109
STRACHAN, P. L., Esq.
Letter from, respecting some Reptiles sent by him from
p Sierra Leone ............ eke it a BM aici ald ae 61

Swainson, W., Esq.

Vill

Sykes, Lieut.-Col. W. H.

On the Quails and Hemipodii of India ...... ee
On some Birds of the Cape of Good Hope, identical with
tise eu Pater cieale sa atalels ss perinatal eee one 62

Temp.eton, R., Esq.
Descriptions of a few Invertebrated Animals obtained at

Che ISIE tof Branca eis osc. aie Diels’ Wialolags lettin ole eee eee 111
Tuomeson, W., Esq. ;

Notices of some Additions-to the British Fauna........ 77

On some Vertebrata new to the Irish Fauna .......... 78

On: some rare Irish Birds: .. 5. .s -002.. chee Cote cree Nae

On the Herring Gull of the North of Ireland ...... ier, Sa

Unitep Service Museum.
Note from the Secretary accompanying several Birds.... 4

Westwoop, J. O., Esq. :
Characters of New Genera and Species of Hymenopterous
TCD re we Siu aea eats > ele’ Mao n'y in al Etat ee wisheraiste seam 51,68

Wuttsaire, W., Esq.
Letter accompanying an Aoudad (Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff.) 41

YaRRELL, W., Esq.
Explanation of the mode of union after fracture of the
processes of the vertebre of a Sole (Solea vulgaris, Cuv.) ..
Note on the trachea of the Stanley Crane (Anthropoides
poramiseus, bechst.): « giy0se Suiza. ndwaied ois,» «eens
Note on the foetal pouch of the male needle Pipe-fish "(Syn-
guathes: Acus) Vane.) 0:0. 3 sins Sebane Nis 0c ons bal epee 18
Notes on the Economy of an Insect destructive to Turnips
(Athalia Centifoliea, Leach) .......... 62.2008 afad. pei stato

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

: ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

‘

January 13, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

___ A specimen was exhibited of the brush-tailed Kangaroo, Macropus
_ penicillatus, Gray, which had recently been presented to the Society
_ by Captain Sir Edward W. Parry. Mr. Bennett called the attention
_ of the Meeting to its peculiarities, and remarked on the great hairi-
_ ness of the tail, and especially on its want of robustness at the base,
_as indicating probably the type of a new genus, to be removed from
_ among the Macropi on account of the diminished power of an organ
_ which is so exceedingly strong among the typical Kangaroos as to exe-
, during the act of slow progression and while resting, the office of
athird leg. In connexion with this peculiarity of tail, Mr. Bennett
pointed out also a difference in the form of the third, or extreme la-
incisor, as compared with the corresponding tooth in Maer.
, Shaw; crania of the two animals being exhibited for that
ose. The third incisor in Macr. penicillatus is bilobed, and ap-
hes somewhat to the character of the corresponding tooth in
Macr. Parryi, Benn. ;
1 note by Sir Edward Parry, which accompanied the specimen,
sread. The animal appears to be procurable with difficulty, as
dividual was “the only one of the kind ever seen by Sir E.
It was shot among rocks near Liverpool Plains, New South
s. As several of the same kind were seen together on more
2 Ohe occasion, they appear to be gregarious. They seemed to
the neighbourhood of rocky ground, in which they had holes,
ich, when hunted, they retreated. The. first intimation re-
of these animals by Mr. Hall was, that monkeys were to be
a particular situation: and the manner in which they jumped
when he first approached a number of them, left the same im-
ssion on his mind. ‘They were so wild that he found it impossi-
on his first attempt, to obtain a specimen; and one which he
had wounded escaped into its hole. Some months afterwards, how-
ever, after remaining on the spot a whole night for the purpose, he
_ No. XXV. Proczepines or ru Zoonocicat Sociery.

succeeded in killing one towards daylight, which is the specimen now
presented to the Society.”

Mr. George Bennett stated that while in New South Wales he had :

heard of an animal called Giinar by the natives, and found about the
Beran Plains, which was described to him as in some degree resem-
bling a Kangaroo, but differing from it in having a bushy tail, and
in the form of the head, which was stated to resemble that of the
- Hare. He suggested the probability that the Gunar and the brush-
tailed Kangaroo might be specifically identical.

Extracts were read from a Letter addressed to the Secretary by
M. Lesson, For. Memb. Z.S., and dated Rochefort, December 29,
1834. It-was accompanied by the subjoined table of a distribution
of the families of the Acalepha, Cuv., proposed by the writer.

ACALEPHA.

I. Without a central solid axis.
A. Body simple, entire.
1. Symmetrical, terminated at
each pole by an opening. 1. BerorpEx.
2. Non-symmetrical: the upper
pole disciform or umbrella-
shaped, imperforate. 2. Mepusez.
B. Body multiple or aggregated.
a. Homogeneous.
3. Composed of two pieces ad-
hering together, and capable :
of separation from each other. 3. Diruyprs.
4. Composed of numerous pieces
aggregated together. 4. Potyroma.
6. Heterogeneous.
5. Animal furnished with ap-
pendages of different kinds.
.* Vesicle small, regular, placed at
the summit of a kind of stalk fur-
nished with lateral ampulle and
terminal suckers. 5. PuyssopHore.
** Vesicle large, irregular, with-
out stalk or ampulle, but having
terminal suckers and cirriferous
processes. 6. Puysautia.
II. With a central cartilaginous axis.
6. Body simple, with suckers
and lateral tentacula.
a. Body irregularly oblong, with a
vertical Jamina on its upper sur-
face. 7. VELELLE.
b. Body discoid, flat above. 8. Porrirz.

A I NN ni

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq. Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Népal, February 25, 1834. It
a systematic and technical account of the Chiru Antelope, Anti-

Hodgsonii, Abel, in conformity with the latest and most complete
ation possessed by the writer, and communicated by him to

ociety at its Meeting on July 22, 1834. (< Proceedings’, Part II.

January 27, 1835.
Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair.

Extracts were read from a Letter addressed to the Secretary by
J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, Ja-
nuary 22, 1835. It was accompanied by a large collection of Shells
from the south coast of Devonshire, and by specimens of Echinoder-
mata and Crustacea from the same coast, which the writer presented
to the Society. It was also accompanied by drawings of a large
specimen of Caryophyllia Smithii, now living in Mr. Harvey’s pos-
session: the drawings represent the animal shortly after feeding,
when it is expanded sufficiently to contain the food, extending rather
above the level of the coral and raised in the middle; and also as it
appears three or four hours after having been fed, when it expands
itself to the fullest extent, and ejects, in the form of floceuli, the crude
undigested matter.

A Note was read from the Secretary of the United Service Mu-
seum, accompanying several skins of Birds transmitted for exhibi-
bition by direction of the Ornithological Sub-Committee of that
Museum. ‘The specimens were brought under the notice of the
Meeting.

The exhibition was resumed of the Shells collected by Mr. Cuming
on the western coast of South America and among the Islands of the
South Pacific Ocean. Those brought before the present Meeting
were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and com-
prised the following species :

Genus Hipronyx.

“Of this remarkable genus Mr. Cuming brought home three spe-
cies in such perfect condition, as respects the shell, as to possess
both valves in situ. The two specimens which exhibit these three
species appear to me so interesting that I shall venture upon a par-
ticular description of them. The first, of the species which I have
named Hipp. Mitrula, is a group of about twenty individuals, of va-
rious sizes, from =}; to+ an inch in diameter, adhering by their lower
or flat valves to an irregular piece of stone; the attached valves as
usual, are conformed to the irregularities of the surface of the stone,
and when they have been at first attached to a cavity, they are hol-
low: the upper valves are also somewhat modified in form by the
same cause, so as to be more or less regular according as the lower
valve has adhered to a more or less smooth and even part of the

"a
od
—

stone. The attached valves have not attained a great degree of
thickness, consequently I do not suppose any one of the individuals
to be of advanced age; there are, however, several which can only
just have occupied their positions on the stone: these are not above
zo part of an inch in diameter, and they show the perfect point of
the upper valve, somewhat convoluted and inclined toward the ante-
rior edge. Other individuals, which are placed in a cavity of the
stone, are very regular in shape, but have their ridges slightly curved
upwards in conformity with the nearly regular vesicular shape of the
cavity. The edges of the damelle near the outer margin in most of
_ the specimens are furnished with a thin fringe of epidermis, but the
very young shells are destitute of this. An individual of Hipp.
: Nairfe is observable among the group of Hipp. Mitrula: its mre is
distinctly spiral and its epidermis hairy.
’ “The second specimen belongs to the species which I have named
Hipp. barbata. ‘This is a very complete specimen, and reminds me
of the beautiful fossil species Hipp. Cornucopia ; it is a small indivi-
dual, having its attached valve very much thickened and adhering to
a much larger one of the same species; its edge is much elevated
and it is deeply concave; the free valve is rather smaller, and coni-
_ cal, and its edge is surrounded by the elevated edge of the attached
valve."—G. B.S. .

_ / Hipponyx Mrtrvuta. (Pileopsis Mitrula, Lam. Patella Mitrula,
Auct.) Hipp. testd albd, subconicd, concentricé lamellosd, la-
mellis subconfertis, radiatim striatis, epidermide pilosis.

Hab. ad Insulam Peruvianam Lobos dictam.

Found upon stones, in seventeen fathoms’ water, among coarse

~ sand.—G. B.S.

_ / Hipponyx suBrvra. (Pileopsis subrufus, Lam. Patella subrufa,

____—~Dillw.) ~Hipp. testd aurantiaco-rufescente, subconicd, concen-
trice sulcatd, radiatim striatd, striis profundis, marginibus sulco-
rum crenulatis ; vertice posticé inclinato.

Hab. cum precedente.—G. B. S.

_ ¥ Hipronyx rapiata, Gray. Hipp. testd subdepresso-conicd, ful-

vescente, radiatim costatd, costis crebris, imbricato-squamosis ;

: vertice postico.

Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found attached to rocks alive, and the upper valves loose un the
_ sands.—G. B. S.

Hrpronyx BarpatTa. Hipp. testd pallide fulvd, subelevato-conicd,
radiatim confertim striatd ; margine ventrali producto ; epider-

____mide piloso-barbatd ; margine interno crenulato.

_ Hab. ad Insulas Maris Pacifici.

Found on the coral reefs around Toobouai, one of the Society

_ Islands.—G. B.S.

“4

ati Oe

Genus Movret1a.

Yiu. Movretia Peruviana. Mour. testd subdepresso-conicd, albd, ra-
diatim striatd ; vertice centrali ; epidermide corned, tenui.
Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Cobija.)
Found on rocks at low water.—G. B.S

fo. Movuretia stettata. Mour. testd depressd, squamiformi, albd,
radiatim costatd ; margine dentato.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Real Llejos.)

Found on rocks at low water.—G. B. S.

“Ae Movretia reTicuLaTA. Mour. testa eninge saae conicd, subro-
eee tundatd, supern? reticulatd, albd.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found attached to shells in deep water, from forty-five to ninety
fathoms.—G. B. S.

Genus S1PHONARIA.

Srpponaria costaTa. Siph. testd depressd, fusco-nigricante, co-
stis albicantibus, radiantibus, superné obtusis ; margine sinuoso -
long. 1°35, lat. 1°05 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Guacomayo.)

On rocks in exposed situations at low water.—G. B. S.

SrpHonaria RADIATA. Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, fusco-nigri-
cante, costis albicantibus, radiantibus ; margine crenato : long. 0°9,
lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad littora Occidentalia Africe. (Gambia.)

This differs from Siph. costata rather by its form than by ary

other character; this being only a slightly depressed cone, while the
last is altogether very flat—G. B.S.

SIPHONARIA LINEOLATA. Siph. testd oblique conicd, fuscd, lineo-
lis numerosis, albidis, radiantibus : long. 0°65, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad Paytam Peruvie.

Variat testd majore, lineis albidis minis conspicuis : long. 1:05, lat.
0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Chiloe Chilensium.

On rocks in exposed situations.—G. B, S.

Srrnonarta Prca. Siph. testd suboblique conicd, nigricante, radia-

tim costatd et striatd, costis albidis ; margine crenato, interne albo
maculato : long. 0°8, lat. 0-7 poll.

Hab. ad Acapulco.

On rocks in exposed situations.—G. B. 8.

. Srpmonarra suprucosa. Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, fusce-
scente, extis albicante, radiatim costato-striatd, rugulosd ; vertice
subcentrali, nigro : long. 0°8, lat. 0°6 poll.

ae? - ore

keane.

Hab. ad oras Brasilie.
Found on rocks in exposed situations.—G. B. S.

‘Srpwonaria Laviuscuta. - Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, sub-
obliqud, extiis pallidd, radiatim albido-lineatd ; intis fuscescente ;
margine albicante : long. 0°9, lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

On rocks in sheltered places.—G. B.S.

Srewonaria Maura. Siph. testd parvd, depressd, subovali, intis
nigrd, margine albido articulato; extds fuscescente, albido-ra-
diatd : long. 0°55, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found on rocks.—G. B.S.

Mr. Owen read some Notes of a Dissection of a long-tailed Da-
syurus, Dasyurus macrourus, Geoff., which recently died at the So-
ciety’s Gardens.

_ The subject was a female, adult, weighing 3lbs. 84 oz., and mea-
suring from the extremity of the jaws to the root of the tail 1 foot
4 inches, the length of the tail being 1 foot 24 inches, and that of
the head 4 inches. The vaginal orifice and the anus were situated

‘within a common outlet, just below the root of the tail. There were

7
4

six nipples, arranged three on either side, describing three quarters
of a circle, and seated within a slight fold of integument, of a corre-
sponding shape, 3 inches anterior to the cloacal outlet.

~ The external oblique abdominal muscle terminated below in a
strong tendon, which was folded inwards, like Poupart’s ligament.
The abdominal ring consisted of a slit, bounded externally by Pou-
part’s ligament, and internally by the marsupial bone: and Mr.
Owen stated it to be his opinion that the marsupial bones are essen-
tially ossifications of the tendons of the external abdominal muscle
which constitute the internal or mesial pillars or boundaries of the

4 abdominal rings. The transversalis abdominis and internal oblique

muscle were distinct.
' The stomach was simple, 44 inches in length and 8 inches in its

4 greatest circumference. It was shaped as in the genus Didelphis,

and had the cardia a little nearer to the pylorus than to the left ex-
tremity. It was principally nourished by the coronary arteries ; the
-epiploics being very small and running along the posterior
side of the stomach, and not along the greater curvature. The ter-

_ tinal part of the esophagus was furnished with longitudinal ruge.

The commencement of the duodenum, to the extent of half an inch,

__Was occupied by a zone of glands.

=
Bi

one, Ss,

ine oot

__ The omentum was of small size, extending from the stomach to
the spleen, but not covering the intestines: it is possible that as
these are short and wide, they do not require such a covering to fa-
cilitate their motion. It contained a little fat.
_ The mesentery was one continuous duplicature of the peritoneum,
extending from the pylorus to the end of the colon, as in the Rep-

tilia. The vessels anastomose to form but one series of arches. The
mesenteric glands were oblong, situated close to the pancreas, and
exhibited, on being cut into, a dark colour.

The length of the intestines was 5 feet; their greatest circumfe-
rence 24 inches. They were destitute of cecum and of any corre-
sponding valve. Their diameter was nearly uniform throughout their
whole length.

The anal glands, two in number, were of a spherical form, and half
an inch in diameter. Their secretion was dark-coloured. A minute
duct conveys it from each gland to the verge of the cloacal opening,
which is a little prominent, and is surrounded by a strong sphincter.

The liver occupied the situation usual in the Mammalia. Its
weight was 3 ounces 8} drachms. It was tripartite, if the cystic
lobe (which is deeply cleft) be considered as one division. The
right division was partially cleft into three lobes: the cystic di-
vision was deeply cleft, with the gall-bladder loosely attached at
the bottom of the fissure, not perforating the substance of the lobes
as in Didelphis. The left division gave off the Spigelian appendic.
All the lobes are irregularly notched. The abdominal vena cava per-
forated the liver. The gall-bladder was of a pyriform figure, pendent

at its apex to two small folds of peritoneum which attach it to the liver. .

The ductus communis entered the duodenum 1 inch from the pylorus.

The pancreas was a broad, flattened, branched gland, with a pro-
cess given off at the splenic end from the main body, so as to pro-
duce, in a transverse section, the figure of the letter T. The pan-

creatic duct joined the biliary just at its termination. The spleen ~

was situated sinistrad and dorsad of the stomach : its weight was 63
drachms. Its form was compressed, trihedral and T-shaped, as in the
Kangaroo, but its lesser process was not so long as in that animal.
Mr. Owen considers this form as indicative of a relation, hitherto un-
suspected, between the spleen and the pancreas, the small process of
the former corresponding to that of the latter.

The lungs were 3+ inches in length; the right measured 14 and

the left 12 in breadth: their weight was 83 drachms. The right

consisted of four lobes; the left but of one lobe. The azygos lobe
was connected to the right lung by the large branches of blood- and
air-vessels only, and not by continuity of substance.

The heart, measuring 1 inch and 10 lines in length and 1 inch
and 3 lines in breadth, and weighing 94 drachms, was situated near
the middle of the chest. Its form was oblong, pointed at the apez.
The right auricle rose high above the left. Both auricles had smooth
short appendices. The vene cave were two superior and one infe-
rior. The primary branches of the aorta were two, the arteria inno-
minata dividing into the right subclavian and the common trunk of
the carotids.

' The rings of the trachea were twenty-three in number and incom-
plete behind. The first of them rose convexly into the space below
the cricoid cartilage. The larynx was protected by a large semicy-
lindrical epiglottis, slighty emarginate at its apex, which extended

ee «a

into the posterior xares above the soft palate, asin other Marsupiata.
There were two large cuneiform cartilages. ‘There was also.a small
sacculus beneath the epiglottis.

The soft palate terminated in a thin arched margin. The tonsils
were oblong. The parotid glands were of moderate size» and
branched, and there was on each of them a small conglobated gland.
The submaxillary glands were flattened, of the size of nutmegs, and
‘situated in front of the neck. There was no sublingual gland. -A
thick row of labial glands extended along the lower lip. The tongue
measured 3 inches in length, and: had, at the distance of 1 inch from
the epiglottis, three fossulate papille. “The. thyroid:glands were se-
parate, each of them being of the size of a horse-bean.

The-supra-renal glands were oblong, of the size of horse-beans,
and placed anterior to the kidneys: on a section they exhibited a
light-coloured exterior layer, then a very dark-coloured substance,
and internally became again light-coloured. The kidneys were
seated high in the lumbar region, the right being half an inch higher
than the left. . Each had one pointed papilla. The weight of both
was 13 drachms.

The ovaries, 3 lines in length and half a line in breadth, were of a
_ flattened oval shape. In the right there was an ovisac coming for-
ward.

There were two masseter muscles. The flexor longus digitorum
_ pedis, or its analogue, was inserted into the fibula, and sent no ten:
_ don to the toes, the tendons to them being derived from the muscle
_ analogous to the fleror longus pollicis pedis: it is consequently a ro-
- tator of the fibula, and is described by Home as a peculiar muscle in
the Koala. '

_ The morbid appearances observed consisted of srrall tubercles in
_ the lungs and small cysts in the liver. There was a general increased
vascularity over the alimentary canal; and the intestines contained
_ bits of straw and bloody mucus.

;

_ Mr. Owen also read his Notes on the Anatomy of the red-backed
Pelican of Dr. Latham, Pelecanus rufescens, Gmel.
__ “The following notes were made on the dissection of one of the
sx r-sized grey Pelicans, which died at the Society’s Gardens in
_ April 1832. They are now brought forward in order that they may
_ be compared with the results of the dissection of the one which took
place at its Museum a few days ago.
_ “The Pelican which I dissected measured 3 feet 7 inches from the
emity of the beak to the vent, and 104 inches from the extre-
of the upper mandible to the nostrils. These are almost con-
_ cealed slits in the lateral grooves of the upper mandible, just anterior
to the skin of the head. They will barely admit the flat end of a
obe; and lead almost vertically to the internal apertures of the
l cavity. The air-cells in the Pelican, as in the nearly allied
_ Bird the Gannet, Sula Bassana, Temm., aré remarkably extended and
i. diffused over the body: the whole cellular tissue, even to the tips of

the wings and the end of the fleshy part of the legs, can be blown
up from the trachea.

«« The extent to which the skeleton of the Pelican is permeated by
air has been particularly noted by Mr. Hunter in his celebrated
Paper on the air-cells of Birds, in which he throws out a suggestion
that it may assist the birds of this species in carrying heavy loads
in their large fauces. This supposed relation of extended air-cells
to a largely developed beak is borne out in the case of the Hornbill,
in which every bone of the skeleton is permeated by air, but is ap-
parently contradicted by the Gannet: I say apparently, because, al-
though the rami of the lower jaw do not, in this species, afford sus-
pension to a capacious reservoir as in the Pelican, yet the bird may
occasionally have to bear away a considerable load as, for instance,
in a large fish seized by its mandibles, and a previous accumulation
in its dilatable esophagus.

«Mr. Hunter, it may be remembered, was doubtful on the first pub-
lication of his Paper as to the source from which the mandibles de-
rived their gaseous contents: not that he was ignorant of the air-
holes in the bones, as he is careful to tell us in the reprint of the
Memoir in the ‘ Animal Giconomy’, where he states that the lower
jaw of the “ Pelican is furnished with air, which is supplied by means
of the Eustachian tube.”

«« To ascertain the correctness of this description I sawed across
the left ramus of the lower jaw ; but on blowing into the end of the
part attached to the head, I found that the air did not escape as I
had expected by the Eustachian tube, (the orifice of which is a slit,
situated on the roof of the mouth, one inch behind the posterior or in-
ternal nares,) but filled, first the air-cells under the throat, and then,
passing down the neck, raised the large air-cell above the furculum.
On dissection I found that the air passed into the lower mandible
immediately from an air-cell surrounding the articulation between
the jaw and os guadratum ; which received its air from the lungs by
means of the cells passing along the neck and throat, &c. The au-
thority of Mr. Hunter ought not to be set aside by the result of a
single experiment; and the possibility of accidental rupture may be
urged against the above observation ; but it is at all events worthy
of being recorded, and should be repeated when opportunity occurs,
with the addition of blowing into the Eustachian tube, which I
omitted to do,

“There is little to be added to the accounts already given in the
works of Cuvier, and of Professor Tiedemann and Carus, of the di-
gestive organs of the Pelican. The weak or thin-coated stomach,
small ceca, and short intestines bespeak its animal diet, and the uni-
formly capacious esophagus, as well as the superadded faucial bag,
may be regarded as pointing to the piscivorous habits of this singu-

lar species. It is more difficult to assign the use of the globular —

cavity interposed between the gizzard and the duodenum, which the
Pelican has in common with some of the piscivorous Gralle, viz. those
of the genus Ardea. In them the pyloric cavity is very small, but

ee Pee

ial ht Nip Stang Saag _—

in the Pelican it is fully as large in proportion as in the Crocodiles,
which alone possess it among Reptiles. In the Pelican here described
the pyloric cavity measured 14 inch in diameter, communicated by
a small transverse aperture with the gizzard, and by an opposite one,
of smaller size and obliquely placed, with the duodenum. Its lining
membrane is villous and vascular, and was in this instance tinged
with bile, which must have entered by regurgitation, as none of the
biliary ducts enter here.

“The esophagus is continued into the proventriculus without any
marked constriction, and the latter passes insensibly into the part
analogous to the gizzard, which is comparatively of small size. The
gastric glands are simple elongated follicles, closely compacted to-
gether, and extended over nearly the whole proventriculus.

“The duodenum, after making the usual fold, ascends on the right
of the stomach ; the intestine is then disposed in three or four coils

upon a central mesentery, and then is strung on the edge of the me-

__ sentery in long and deep folds, from the last of which the i/eum passes

’ upwards behind the stomach, and then descends to join the rectum.

At the point of junction were placed the ceca, each 14 inch in
length. The rectum is very short, and opens obliquely into a large
urinary receptacle; as large, proportionately, as in the Ostrich.

Before commencing the dissection, a quantity of very fluid urine, of
a whitish colour and containing whitish flakes, escaped on pressure

_ being made upon the sides of the cloaca.

“« The liver is bilobed, the right lobe much larger than the left, in

_ which the edges were rounded off. There is a gall-bladder, which
contained bile of a yellow colour, not green as in Birds generally.

_ The cystic, biliary, and hepatic ducts terminated in the end of the

duodenum, close to which opened the duct of the pancreas. The lat-

_ ter gland was of a less elongated form than usual, being of a rounded

figure, and not descending far into the fold of the duodenum. The

_ spleen was placed behind the stomach, in length 1 inch, in breadth

half an inch.

q “The kidneys were of large size, being 4 inches long, 2 deep, and
_ 14 wide, and, which is very unusual in Birds, the right kidney was half
an inch higher than the left. Many of the small superficial branches

_ of the ramified ureter which characterizes the kidneys of the ovipa-
_ Tous animals were beautifully conspicuous from their white opake
ontents. The supra-renal glands were of a light yellow colour, and
a rough or granular pulpy texture; the right adhered closely to
e vena cava, the left as closely to the ovary, which seemed to be
veloped partly from the gland and partly from the coats of the left
aoralvein. ‘The largest ova were nearly of the size of peppercorns
about twenty in number : there were innumerable smaller ones.
oviduct was narrow at its commencement, but gradually attained
diameter of about 4 lines; it passed along the anterior part of the
it kidney, adhering thereto by its peritoneal ligament.

_ “As the Pelican belongs to that group of Natatores, the Toti-
palmes of Cuvier, which contains species approximating most closely

to the Raptorial Birds, and which are almost the only Birds of this
order, as Cuvier observes, (Régne An., nouy.ed., i. p.561,) that perch,
I did not fail to try the common experiment suggested by Borelli’s

observations on the effect which bending the leg- and ancle-joints
might have upon the toes: the latter, however, exhibited no corre-
sponding inflection. In perfect agreement with this is the —
yation that the Pelicans do not perch when they go to rest.” —

February 10, 1835.
The Rev. John Barlow in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by W. H. Rudston
Read, Esq., giving an account of the habits of the Hyrar Capensis,
Pall.; as observed at the Cape of Good Hope, and also during a
voyage thence to England in a specimen brought home by the Rev.
Mr. Hennah of H. M. S. Isis, which was presented to the Society
after its death by Mr. Read.

“The Hyrax Capensis,” Mr. Read states, ‘‘is found at the Cape
of Good Hope inhabiting the hollows and crevices of rocks, both on.
the summits and sides of hills, as well as near the sea-shore, even
a little above high-water mark. It appears to live in families, and
in its wild state is remarkably shy. In winter it is fond of coming
_ out of its hole and sunning itself on the lee side of a rock, and in
_ summer of enjoying the breeze on the top; but in both instances, as
well as when it feeds, a sentinel is on the look-out (generally an old
male), which gives notice, usually by a shrill prolonged cry, of the ap-
_ proach of danger, or even the least movement of any suspicious ob-

ject. It lives on the young shoots of shrubs, the tops of flowers,
herbs and grass, particularly of all those which are aromatic ; which
occasions the necessity of paunching the animal as soon as killed, in
_ order to make it fit for eating. The stomachs of those shot by Mr.
Hennah were always much distended with food scarcely masticated.
In the flavour of its flesh it is very like a rabbit. A friend of mine
kept two young ones alive for some time, which became very tame:
they would find him out when lying on the sofa or in bed (for they
_ were suffered to run about the house), and climbing up, shelter them-
selves on his breast within his waistcoat, or creep under the bed-
_ clothes at his back, and lying quiet enjoy the warmth. The one
brought home by Mr. Hennah, when allowed to run unconfined about
the room, was inclined to be sociable; but was restless and inquisi-
tive, climbing up and examining every person or thing in the cabin,
and startling at any noise, which caused it instantly to run and hide
itself. But from confinement it became savage and snarling, and
tried to bite when anything was put near its cage. Both wild and
_ in restraint it is remarkably clean in its habits, always frequenting
__ and depositing its dung in one place. From its faintly crying in its
‘sleep we may conclude that it dreams. I have also heard it chewing
its food by night, when everything has been quiet, and after going
3 dt sleeping apartment. In its food it was pleased with variety,
_ eating first a few leaves of one plant and then of another, and greedily
licking salt when given to it. In its passage home its food was In-
_ No. XXVI. Proceepines or THE Zootoeicat Society.

dian corn bruised, bread, raw potato, and onion, with a small quan-
tity of water, which in drinking it partly lapped and partly sucked
up. It was very sensible of cold; for whena candle was placed near
the bars of its cage, it readily acknowledged the little warmth given
out by turning its side and sitting still to receive the full benefit of
the rays of heat. I am inclined to think that the female does not
produce more than two young ones at a time, from having observed
in several instances but two following the old ones. Its name at the
Cape is the Dasse, which is, I believe, the Dutch for a badger.”

Mr. Martin’s Notes of the dissection of the specimen of Hyrarx
Capensis, presented to the Society by Mr. Rudston Read, were then
read.

“The dissection of the Hyrar by Mr. Owen (‘ Proceedings of the
Committee of Science, &c.’, Part II. p. 202.) is to be regarded as a
confirmation of the anatomical details of this animal as given by
Pallas, while at the same time it communicates several additional
facts of great value. The present notes give nothing absolutely
new; but may be of use as substantiating previous observations
with regard to some very remarkable points of structure.

‘* The animal in question was young and of the male sex: its total
length was 1 foot 4 inches, that of the head being 34 inches. On
removing the skin, the panniculus carnosus was observed to be very
strong, especially about the shoulders; and on opening the body, the
smallness of the volume of the chest compared with that of the ab-
domen was very striking. The abdominal viscera presented them-
selves in the following order. The liver barely advanced from the
right hypochondriac region as far as the epigastric, its left portion
covering the cardiac portion of the stomach. Below the liver and
to its left the stomach was seated, and below this were the ceca, of
large dimensions, covering the small intestines, over the whole of
which was spread an extensive omentum, arising from the great cur-
vature of the stomach.

«* The stomach measured in length about 4 inches, and was con-
tracted in the middle: a fleshy sphincter of great thickness closed
the pyloric orifice, and was distinctly to be felt. On inverting the
stomach, with a view to preserve it thus in spirits, the extent of the
cuticular lining of the cardiac portion was found to be 24 inches:
it was irregularly corrugated, and terminated abruptly. Near its
edge, towards the great curve of the stomach, were three or four
open glands with orifices capable of admitting the tip of a quill. The
pyloric: portion was lined with the usual villous membrane.

«The liver consisted of four lobes and a lobulus Spigelii: it was
healthy. There was no gall-bladder; but a biliary duct of 14 inch
in length was found to enter the duodenum half an inch below the
pylorus : the origin of this duct is on the inner aspect of the liver
at its base, a separate duct emerging from each lobe to form it by
their mutual union.

OSS

« The small intestines were not much thicker than a quill fora

considerable distance, but gradually increased in circumference :
their length was 5 feet 7 inches, and consequently more than a foot
greater than the measurement given by Mr. Owen. On their inner
coat were observed. the little sacculi noticed by Mr. Owen, as well as
the remarkable villi, which are thickly set. ‘The breadth of the me-
sentery was about 1} inch. ‘The first or true cecum was contracted
into folds by three longitudinal bands, and so made trifid at the ex-
tremity: its length was about 24 inches, its circumference 9. The
entrance of the small intestine was succeeded by a sacculated portion
(the bands of which were continued from the cecum) contorted spi-
rally, beyond which the intestine, abruptly turning and becoming at
once smaller, assumed a sigmoid flexure, gradually enlarging as it
proceeded till it merged into two cecal appendages, of a conical
figure with an enlarged base and a vermiform termination. The
distance between the first cecum and the base of these appendages
was found to be 1 foot 7 inches. Below these cecal appendages the
large intestine measured 54 inches in circumference ; it, however,
gradually but rapidly diminished in size. From this part to its ter-
mination the large intestine measured 2 feet 7 inches.
_ ‘(The pancreas was small, irregular, and. entirely embraced by the
first fold of the duodenum: its secretion enters the intestine by two
ducts, one terminating along with the biliary duct, the other 3ths of
an inch lower down.

“The spleen was broad and somewhat hatchet-shaped, having a
projecting narrow slip from asemilunar base; its length was 2 inches,
its breadth 1 inch.

_ ‘©The heart was bifid at the apex; its length 1+ inch, and its
breadth 13. The daryne was small; and the trachea consisted of 36
‘ings. The esophagus was smooth. The thyroid glands were small
_ and oval, and + inch long. The tongue was 2+ inches in length,
_ smooth, with an elevated projection in the middle, and an obscure
furrow running down it, from which diverged transversely several
arched depressions. The palate was deeply furrowed with alternate
transyerse ridges and depressions on each side of a middle line, the
_ ridges.on one side corresponding to the depressions on the other.

“The kidneys were flattened ; in length they measured 143 inch,
in breadth 3: the tubuli uriniferi converged into one large conical

papilla. The ureters entered the fundus of the bladder, not on its

_ dorsal side, (for.it lay flat and empty,) but laterally on the edge,
_ piercing the bladder obliquely, as described by Mr. Owen. ‘lhe
supra-renal glands. were small greyish bodies, about the size of a

pea. The testes, the vesicule seminales, the double prostate gland,
_ and the penis were as described by Mr. Owen.

_ _ “The sternum consisted of six distinct osseous pieces, indepen-

_ dent of the xiphoid. cartilage, which was shaped like a spade: its

ey length was 24 inches exclusive of the cartilage. The true ribs were

seven in number on each side, and the false ribs fourteen. The cer-

vical vertebre were seven, the dorsal twenty, the lumbar nine, the
sacral vertebre (immediately united to the iliac bones) two, and the
coccygeal ten, making the total number of vertebre forty-eight. The
measurement from the end of the sternum to the ossa pubis, the animal
lying stretched in an easy posture, was 7 inches: the length of the
portion of the vertebral column occupied by the heads of the true
ribs, 14 inch; and that of the portion of the vertebral column occu-
pied by false ribs, 33 inches.”

Preparations were exhibited of the cecum, of the urinary bladder,
and of other viscera, in illustration of the foregoing notes.

The following Notes by Mr. Martin, of the dissection of a red-backed
Pelican, Pelecanus rufescens, Gmel., which recently died at the So-
ciety’s Gardens, were also read. They refer to the male bird of a
pair, the female of which was examined in 1832 by Mr. Owen, whose
notes of the dissection were read at the last Meeting.

“The bird was a male, and had been for many years in the Me-
nagerie.

“On removing the skin, a wide space occupied by cellular tissue
distended with air, was found to intervene between it and the mus-
cles. This tissue was thin, and subdivided irregularly into numerous
cells communicating with each other. Beneath the great pectoral
muscle, which was very extensive, there was also a large air-cell,
but undivided.

«The osseous structure was light and thin, and the bones of the
extremities were remarkable for the extent of their internal cavities
and the thinness of their external walls. The os furcatum was largely
spread, and firmly soldered to the keel of the sternum, keeping the
shoulders widely apart. The clavicles, or what are regarded as the
analogues of the coracoid processes in Mammalia, were large, and
broadly expanded at their point of union with the sternum. The
sternum was short in proportion to its breadth, measuring 44 inches
longitudinally, and the same across, in a straight line, that is, not
following the concavity of its inner surface: its keel was compara-
tively but little developed ; it is thrown forwards, however, as far as
possible, and projects in a point where it is ossified to the os fur-
catum. Its greatest depth is 1 inch 2 lines.

«On exposing the viscera they were found to occupy a truly ab-

dominal situation, being placed in a small compass and as far back-.

wards as possible. The esophagus passed on for a considerable
distance internally, before entering the proventriculus.

“The inferior larynx was destitute of muscles: the bone ofdiva-
rication was strong and well defined. asin)

«« The liver consisted of two lobes, a large and a small one, united
by a broad flat ‘process ths of an inch in length. The large lobe
measured 23 inches in length and 2 in breadth; the thickness of its
substance being 1 inch. ‘The small lobe was 14 inch long and +
broad.

_ “ The pancreas consisted of two lobes united by an intervening
slip or narrow portion, through which passed an hepatic duct running
from the liver to the intestine.

“« The biliary and hepatic ducts entered the intestine a foot below
the stomach (gizzard) as follows :
lst, Hepatic duct;
2nd, Pancreatic duct;
3rd, Cystic duct.
«The intestines were thin and worm-like, their mean diameter
being 3th of an inch. Their total length was 8 feet.
“ The vena porte ran close to the pancreas, and was dilated into
a large sinus before entering the liver.
- * The lining membrane of the gullet was thrown into longitudinal
plice throughout its whole length, but they became larger and less
numerous towards the lower part, and the membrane itself increased
in toughness and density as it approached the proventriculus. The

muscular tunics consisted ‘of an internal longitudinal and external
| circular layer of fibres; these fibres on the pouch were very fine and
delicate, but became stronger and more distinct as the gullet pro-
ceeded from this extensible } portion.

“The appearance and shape of the proventriculus were very re-
markable ; instead of its being a gradual dilatation of the gullet, it
commenced abruptly, and its parietes were firm and muscular, inso-
much that it might readily have been mistaken at first for a gizzard.
Its length, including that of the gizzard (which forms with it a com-
mon cavity), was 5 inches, and its circumference 4. The internal mem-
brane was puckered into longitudinal ruge, and was studded with
closely set glands of the size of large pin-heads. The longitudinal
muscular fibres were remarkably strong, and a muscular slip pro-
ceeding obliquely from the side of the gizzard attached the pyloric
enlargement to it.

« The pyloric enlargement was about the size of a common gar-
den-bean. A passage {ths of an inch in circumference and {ths long,
turning up abruptly, led to it from the stomach. ‘The lining mem-
brane of this passage was thrown into longitudinal folds. The lining
_ membrane of the pyloric cavity itself was thin, and not at all coria-
_ ceous, and the muscular tunic fine. A valvular fold encircled the
opening into the succeeding portion of the pylorus.

“The testes were as large as peas, or rather larger, white and

oval.
_ * The cervical vertebre were 15 in number.
_ With reference to the bony union of the os furcatum to the sternum
; observed in this Pelican, Mr. Martin remarks that ‘‘ in the Adjutant,
3 Ciconia Argala, Vig., though the keel of the sternum is much more
Me extensive, deep, and strong, the os furcatum much resembles that of
| the Pelican, and is in like manner ossified to its anterior apex. In
| tv the common Heron, Ardea cinerea, Linn., the os furcatum is feeble,
2 but is also united by bone to the apex of the keel of the sternum: at

its point of union a projection or short process is directed upwards ;
the keel of the sternum is here very ample. These are birds not so
much of rapid as of untiring powers of flight, which, unlike that of
the impetuous Falcon, is sweeping and majestic. In the Falconide
the os furcatum, though very strong, does not at all approach to the
form of a triangle, as in the birds alluded to, but describes a figure
not unlike that of a horse-shoe, and a considerable space intervenes
between it and the keel of the sternum.”

A Paper was read, entitled, ‘‘ Characters and Descriptions of a
new Genus of the Family Melolonthide: by John Curtis, Esq.,
F.L.S., &c.”

In a collection of Insects recently received by the author from
Lima is contained a beautiful series of the one constituting the type
of his proposed new genus

ANCISTROSOMA.

Antenne capite breviores.

Clypeus, in mare presertim, emarginatus.

Thorax acuté marginatus, hexagonus ; dente brevi in baseos medio
armatus.

Pedes longissimi, robusti.

The stoutness of its legs and the sharp lateral edges of its thorax
distinguish Ancistrosoma from all the neighbouring genera: the male
is further characterized by an acute, rather long, and slightly curved
spine near the base of the abdomen beneath. Its natural situation is pro-
bably between Diphucephala, Dej., the males of which have a bilobed
clypeus, and Macrodactylus, Latr., which is very similar to it in habit,
and has also very long legs; but these in Mucrodactylus are slender,
while in Ancistrosoma they are robust. Neither Diphucephala nor
Macrodactylus possesses the little tooth at the base of the thoraz lap-
ping over the scutellum, a structure which is, however, met with in
Ceraspis as well as in Ancistrosoma ; but in Ceraspis, independently
of the other differential characters, the antenne and club are long.

Ancistrosoma Kuve. Ane. ferrugineum, supra piceo-nigrum ;
thoracis margine elytrorumque strigis sex albidis.

Long. maris 12 lin.; fceeminz plerumque minor.

Hab. in Mimose floribus apud Huanuco prope Lima, Peruvie.

Of the three streaks on each of the elytra, the sutural one does not
reach so far as the base, the second extends neither to the base nor
to the tip, and the outer one is still shorter: they consist of broad
punctured furrows, white with short hairs.

The cocoon of the pupa is ovate, hard, and in texture somewhat
like that of Trichiosoma Lucorum, Leach ; its operculum is semiorbi-
cular, with a broad hinge and narrow rim: the shell of the pupa is
similar to that of other Melolonthide.

Mr. Curtis describes in great detail the several parts of this In-

sect, and illustrates them by an extensive scries of drawings, which
were exhibited; as were also specimens of the Jnsect itself.

Mr. Curtis also communicated a Paper ‘On a species of Moth
found inhabiting the Gall/s of a Plant, near Monte Video.” The galls
in question were collected by Mr. Earle (who accompanied Captain
Fitzroy in H. M. S. Beagle,) in the month of December, about fif-
teen miles westward of the town, on a sort of underwood shrub,
which Mr. David Don, on the examination of the small branches,
and of a single leaf, thinks may probably be a species of Celastrus.
Of the figures in illustration of the paper exhibited to the Meeting,
one represents a branch supporting two of the galls, which are some-
times clustered five or six together. They arise where the attach-
ment of leaves or flowers is indicated, and are therefore most proba-
bly produced by the transformation of the buds themselves, acted én
by the stimulus of the insect secretions. On the side of each gall is
a round aperture, with an operculum accurately fitted to it, which may
easily be picked out with the point of a penknife. This operculum
is equally convex on its outer surface with the rest of the gall, and
is of the same thickness ; but its internal diameter is less than that of
its external surface, which forms a broader rim. Around the orifice
the margin of the gall is thickened and a little raised. Within each
of the entire galls was found a pupa attached to the base by its tail,
with its head close to the operculum; which, it should seem, gives
way by a slight expansion or elongation of the pupa when just ready
to hatch, and the cast skin is left sticking in the passage.

Mr. Curtis observes that he was very much surprised to find on exa-
mination that the pupe contained in these galls belonged not to the
Hymenoptera but to the Lepidopterous order; an occurrence hitherto
almost unprecedented. The characters of the Insect, as far as could
be detected from the imperfect state in which it was found, are as
follows :

CrEcriposEs.

Caput parvum.

Antenne corpus longitudine ‘equantes, graciles, ciliate, articulis
elongatis numerosis: in capitis vertice prope oculos inserte.

Thorax squamulis depressis vestitus.

Abdomen subrobustum, ovato-conicum.

Pedes longi; tibiis anticis spina prope apicem munitis, intermediis
posticisque ad apicem calcaratis, his densé squamulatis et in medio
preterea bi-spinosis ; ¢arsis 5-articulatis, articulo basali longissimo ;
unguibus pulvillisque minutis.

Ale sublanceolate.

- Crecrposrs Eremita. Cec. cinereus; alis anticis saturate brunneo
maculatis, dense ciliatis ; posticis albidis.
Hab. prope Monte Video. Pupa in gallis Celastri ? abscondita.
From the stoutness of the body Mr. Curtis is inclined to refer the

2.2 a

= 20

Moth to the Tortricide; if belonging to Pyralide or Crambide, its
palpi should be more strongly developed, but neither they nor the
maxille were discoverable. = ;
Figures of the imperfectly developed moth and of several of its
parts, as well as of the galls and their opercula, together with spe-
cimens of the latter, were exhibited in illustration of the paper.

February 24, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read from Lady Rolle, addressed to the Secretary,
giving an account of the birth of two young Monkeys, the produce of

mother takes great care of it, exactly in the manner described by
Edwards in his < Gleanings,’ p. 151, pl. 218; where the animal is

Mr. Gould exhibited a living specimen of the red-billed Toucan,

Ramphastos erythrorhynchus, Gmel., which had recently come into
his possession.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained
in the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those brought at the present Meet-

ing under the notice of the Society were accompanied by characters
by Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus Venus.

Venus Cotumstensis. Ven. testa rotundato-ellipticd, crassa, ci-
nereo albidoque variegatd, radiatim costatd, costis plurimis, pla-
nulato-rotundatis, quam interstitia dupld latioribus 3 latere antico
breviore, costis decussatim Squamosis, squamulis brevibus, obtusis ;
lateris postici costis rugosis ; partis intermedie costis sublevibus ;
intis albicante : long. 2°2, lat. 1°3, alt. 1-9 poll,

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Columbiz Occidentalis.

_ Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B. S.

Venus SUBIMBRICATA. Ven. testd cordato-subtrigond, crassd, fusco
albidoque radiatim lineata vel variegatd, costellis radiantibus con-
Sertis, costis subimbricatis decussantibus, prope umbonem lamelli-

eris ; latere antico breviore, impressione cordatd anticd magna ;

latere postico longiore, declivi, planato, depresso ; margine ventrali
rotundato, intis denticulato - long. 1-6, lat. 1-, alt. 1-6 poll,

Hab. ad Portam Portreram Americe Centralis.

Found in fine sand in thirteen fathoms.

Variat testd parvd longiore, costis decussantibus omnibus lamellife-
ris ; long. 0°8, lat. 0-4, alt. 0°7 poll.
Hab. ad Acapulco.—G. B.S.

VeENus UNDATELLA. Ven. testdé rotundato-ellipticd, crassd, albidd
fusco maculaté punctatd et undatim pictd, costellis radiantibus
confertis, aliisque decussantibus undulatis sublamellosis ; latere
antico breviore, postico subdeclivi, marginibus depressis ; margine
ventrali rotundato, intiis crenulato: long. 1°6, lat. 1-, alt. 1°5
poll.

Hab. in Sinu Californiensi. (Island of Tres Marias.)

Found on the shore.—G. B.S.

Venus piscrepans. Ven. testd ellipticd, crassa, albicante, fusco
subradiatim pictd ; latere antico breviore, subproducto ; postico
subdeclivi ; marginibus depressis ; costis concentricis postice lamel-
losis, medio obtusis, latiusculis, antic? sublamellosis ; umbonibus
subprominentibus ; margine ventrali rotundato, intis denticulato :
long. 1°4, lat. 0-8, alt. 1-25 poll.

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Islay.)

The blunt, rather broad, concentric ribs of the middle part of each
valve are speckled with brown on their upper surfaces, and delicately
crenulated on their ventral margins.

Found in muddy sand at a depth of sixteen fathoms.—G.B.S.

Venus mutticostaTa. Ven. testd ellipticd, ventricosd, crassd, con-
centrice multicostatd, costis refleris, crassis, antice undulatis, me-
dio crenatis, posticé alternatim interruptis, subirregularibus, sub-
undulatis ; marginibus dorsali rectiusculo, ventrali rotundato ; im-
pressione cordiformi anticd distinctd : long. 4°3, lat. 2°7, alt. 3°7
poll.

Hab. in Sinu Paname.

This is perhaps the largest species known. It is avery handsome
shell, of a pale fawn colour, with several darker rays, somewhat
divided into spots.

Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus Pervuviana. Ven. testd obovatd, crassd, concentricé costatd,
costis crassiusculis, sublamellosis, antic? reflexis, medio reflexis,
fulvo articulatis, postice deflexis, tenuioribus ; latere postico quam
anticum duplo longiere, marginibus depressis, planatis ; maryine
ventrali rotundato, intis levi: long. 2°3, lat. 1-2, alt. 1-9 poll.

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Ancon.) ~

Found in soft mud at a depth of five fathoms.—G, B.S.

Venus Austrauis. Ven. testd ovato-subtrigond, crassiusculd, ful-
vescente maculis angulosis subtrigonis subradiatim pictd, concen-
trice lamellosd, lameilis concinnis confertis, tenuibus, obtusis, pul-
cherrimé radiatim decussatis, prope latera elevatioribus ; margi-
nibus dorsali subelevato, ventrali rotundato, intis denticulato :
long. 1:1, lat, 0°55, alt. 0-9 poll.

Hab. ad oras Australie. (Swan River.)-—G. B.S.

Venus spurca. Ven. testé ovatd, crassd, sordidé fulvd fusco ra-
diatim maculosd, concentrice subobsoleté costellatd, costellis obtu-
sis, prope latera subinterruptis ; margine ventrali intits denticulato:
long. 1-1, lat. 0°6, alé.0°9 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found in coarse sand at a depth of from thirty to fifty fathoms.

—G.B.S.

Genus CyTHEREA.

CyrTHEerea rapiaTa. Cyth. testd subtrigond, subequilaterd, gibbosd,
pallescente brunneo radiatd et undulatim pictd, levi, epidermide
corned crassiusculd plus minusve indutd ; lateribus antico postico-
que ventrem versus rotundatis ; margine ventrali rectiusculo, intis
levi: long. 2°5, lat. 1-5, alt. 2° poll.

sg ad oras Columbiz Occidentalis. (Salango and Xipixapi.)—

G. B.S.

This species belongs to that division of the genus which has four

cardinal teeth, and is destitute of the cordiform anterior impression.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—G. B.S.

CyrHEREA unicotor. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordiformi, crassius-
culd, brunnescente, levi, politd ; lateribus antico posticoque con-
centricé sulcatis, sulcis medio obsoletis ; latere postico longiore,
versus partem ventralem subacuminato ; margine ventrali lavi,
ints purpurascente : long. 1°6, lat. 0°75, alt. 1°3 poll.

Hab. ad Real Llejos Americe Centralis.

Variat testd majore, albicante.

Found in coarse sand at a depth of six fathoms.—G. B. S.

CytHEerEA concinna. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordatd, crassiusculd,
rubente albicante radiata ; latere postico longiore, subacuminato ;
costellis numerosis, concentricis, obtusis, concinnis, confertis :
long. 1:6, lat. 0°8, alt. 1-2 poll.

Had. ad Panamam.

Found at a depth of ten fathoms in fine sand.—G. B.S.

CyTHEREA squaLipa. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordatd, crassiusculd,
levi, pallidé fuscd, nonnunquam maculis irregularibus saturatiori-
bus ; epidermide fuscd ; latere postico longiore, prope partem ven-

__ tralem subacuminato : long. 2°7, lat. 1-3, alt. 2° poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam. —

This shell bears some resemblance to Cyth. maculosa. It has ge-
nerally a very dull and dirty aspect. One of the several varieties in
Mr. Cuming’s collection is rather agreeably ornamented with con-
centric purple bands.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—G. B. 8.

_ A paper was read by Mr. Owen, entitled, “‘ Description of a Micro-
scopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the Human Body.” The
author observes, that upwards of fifteen different kinds of internal
parasites are already known to infest the human body, but none have
been found of so minute a size, or existing in such astonishing num-

bers, as the species about to be described. The muscles of bodies
dissected at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital had been more than once
noticed by Mr..Wormald, the Demonstrator of Anatomy at that esta-
blishment, to be beset with minute whitish specks ; and this appear-
ance having been again remarked in that of an Italian, aged 45, by
Mr. Paget, a student of the hospital, who suspected it to be produced
by minute Hntozoa, the suspicion was found to be correct, and
Mr. Owen was furnished with portions of the muscles, on which he
made the following observations.

With a lens of an inch focus the white specks are at once seen to
be cysts of an elliptical figure, with the extremities in general atte-
nuated, elongated, and more opake than the body (or intermediate
part) of the cyst, which is sufficiently transparent to show that it con-
tains a minute coiled-up worm. On separating the muscular fasci-
culi, the cysts are found to adhere to the surrounding cellular sub-
stance by the whole of their external surface, somewhat laxly at the
middle dilated part, but more strongly by means of their elongated
extremities. When placed on a micrometer, they measure ;'>th of an
inch in their longitudinal and ,45th of an inch in their transverse di-
ameter, a few being somewhat larger, and others diminishing in size
to about one half of the above dimensions. They are generally placed
in single rows, parallel to the muscular fibres, at distances varying
from + a line to a line apart; but sometimes a larger and a smaller
cyst are seen attached together by one of their extremities, and they
are occasionally observed slightly overlapping each other.

If a thin portion of muscle be dried and placed in Canada balsam,
between a plate of glass and a plate of talc, the cysts become more
transparent, and allow of the contained worm being more plainly seen.
Under a lens of the focus of + an inch, the worm appears to occupy
a circumscribed space of a less elongated and more regularly ellipti-
cal form than the external cyst, as if within a smaller cyst contained
in the larger: it does not occupy more than a third part of the inner
space. A few of the cysts have been seen to contain two distinct
worms; and Mr. Farr, who has paid much attention to the subject,
exhibited a drawing of one of the cysts from this subject, containing
three distinct worms, all of nearly equal size. Occasionally the tip
of one of the extremities of the cyst is observed to be dilated and
transparent, as though a portion of the larger cyst were about to be
separated by a process of gemmation; and these small attached cysts
are seen of different sizes, and, as it were, in different stages of growth.
This appearance, however, Mr. Owen conceives to be explicable with-
out a reference of a power of independent vitality to either of the
adherent cysts. The cysts are composed of condensed and compacted
lamelle of cellular tissue ; but a few are hardened by the deposition
of some earthy salt, so as to resist the knife and to produce a gritty
sensation when broken under pressure.

When removed from the interior of the cyst, which, on account of
the minuteness of the object, is a matter of some difficulty, the worm
is usually found to be disposed in two or two and a half spiral coils.
When straightened it measures from -',th to z'>th of an inch in length,

and from +}>th to s$oth of an inch in diameter: a high magnifying
power is consequently required for its examination. It is round and
filiform, terminating obtusely at both extremities, which are of un-
equal sizes, and tapering towards one end for about a fifth part of its
length, but continuing of uniform diameter from that point to the
opposite extremity. As it is only at the larger extremity that he has
been enabled to distinguish an indication of an orifice, Mr. Owen
regards that as the head. He states that this indication has been so
constant in a number of individuals examined under every variety of
circumstance, that he has no hesitation in ascribing a large transverse
linear orifice or mouth to the greater extremity.

The recently extracted worm, observed by means of a Wollaston’s
doublet, before any evaporation of the surrounding moisture has af-
fected its integument, presents a smooth transparent external skin,
inclosing a fine granular and flaky substance or parenchyma. It is
obvious that the test of coloured food cannot here be applied to elu-
cidate the form of the digestive organs, but there is no appearance
of the parietes of an alimentary canal floating in a visceral cavity and
distinct from the integument of the body, nor was any trace of an
_ orifice observed at the smaller extremity. Mr. Owen was also un-
able to detect in any instance a projecting spiculum or hook at
either extremity, or any appearance of the worm having been torn
from an attached cyst. Its transparency is such as not to admit of
a doubt as to its wanting the ovarian and seminal tubes, and the
other characteristics of the complicated structure of Filaria, Ascaris,
and the Nematoid Entozoa generally. It is not of a rigid texture, but
is extremely fragile, and exhibits when uncoiled a tendency to return
in some degree to its former state.

Mr. Owen refers to the genus Capsularia as established by Zeder,
and rejected by Rudolphi, (who considers its species as belonging
either to Filaria or Ascaris,) for the purpose of contrasting the
complicated organization of the worms composing it with the ex-
tremely simple structure of the encysted worm under considera-
tion. The circumstance of being inclosed in cysts he stated to be
common to many very differently organized genera of Entozoa.
There are few, indeed, with the exception of those which live upon
the mucous surfaces of the body, that do not, by exciting the adhe-
sive inflammation, become inclosed within an adventitious cyst of
condensed cellular substance. He regards the simple type of struc-
ture exhibited by the minute animal now for the first time described
as approximating it to the lower organized groups of the Vers Pa-
renchymateux of Cuvier; and both from its locality and from the
constancy of its cysts, he regards it as manifesting a relation of
analogy to the order Cystica of Rudolphi. From all the genera of
that order, however, it differs in the want of the complex armature
of the head, and of the dilated vesicle of the tail. At first sight it
seems indicative of an annectant group which would complete the
circular arrangement of the Entozoa by combining the form of the
Filarie of the first, with some of the characteristics of the Cysticerci

of the last, of Rudolphi’s orders. Unfortunately the class Entozoa,

as it now stands, is so constituted that an animal may be referred to
it without much real or available knowledge of its organization being
thereby afforded: it embraces animals with the molecular, and others
with the filiform, condition of the nervous system; conditionswhich are
accompanied by different types of the digestive system, and which in-
dicate not merely differences of class, but even of primary division, in
the animal kingdom. Mr. Owen considers the animal under consider-
ation as being most nearly allied to that form of the Polygastrie In-
Fusoria which is exhibited by the lower organized Vibriones of Miiller,
and of which Ehrenberg has composed his genera Vibrio, Spirillum,
and Bacterium; and that, like the seminal Cercarie, it may be regarded
as an example from the lowest class of the animal kingdom having its
habitat in the interior of living animal bodies. Referring it, however,
provisionally, to the class Extozoa, in which it would indicate a new
order, its generic character may be thus given:

TRIcHINA.

Animal pellucidum, filiforme, teres, postice attenuatum : ore lineari,
ano discreto nullo, tubo intestinali genitalibusque inconspicuis. (In vesica
externa cellulosa, elastica, plerumque solitarium.)

Tricuina sprratis. Trich. minutissima, spiraliter, rard fleruose,
incurva ; capite obtuso, collo nullo, caudd attenuatd obtusd. (Vesicd
externd ellipticd, extremitatibus plerumque attenuatis elongatis.)

Hab. in hominis rousculis (preter involuntarios) per totum corpus
diffusa, creberrima.

Mr. Owen further states that within about a fortnight of the former
case, a second body similarly affected had been brought into the dis-
secting-room of Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital ; and some notes were
furnished by Mr. Paget, who first observed the worms in the Italian,
with regard to the cases of the two patients while living in the Ho-
spital. From these it appeared that both had died after long and de-
bilitating illness, producing great emaciation, unaccompanied, how-
ever, With any eruption on the skin, or any greater loss of muscular
power than would probably have arisen from the diseases of which
they died. The occurrence of two cases in the same dissecting-
room within so short a period of each other, and the recollection of
similar appearances being not unfrequently present in other bodies
dissected there, combined with an account published in the Medical
Gazette for February 2, 1833, of very small Cysticerci occurring in
the muscles of a subject at Guy’s Hospital, which cannot but be con-
sidered referrible to the same cause, render it highly probable that a
sufficient number of observations will soon occur to elucidate this
curious disease. In two of the cases the emaciation was accompa-
nied by external, and in the third by internal, ulceration; but no
connexion was traced between the worm and any of the symptoms
of the disease.

In a portion of muscle placed, after it had reached a state of inci-
pient putrescence, in spirit of wine for three days, the worms, when
pressed out from their cysts, exhibited languid, but sufficiently evi-

dent motions, consisting in the tightening and relaxation of their
coils: and more languid motions were afterwards noticed in some
specimens that were examined a fortnight after the death of the sub-
ject from which they were obtained.

. Mr. Owen enters at some length into the question of the origin
of the cyst, and after comparing its structure and connexions with
various more or less analogous productions, he states his opinion that
the cyst.is adventitious, foreign to the Entozoon, and composed of the
cellular substance of the body infested, morbidly altared by the irri-
tation of the worm.

. The reading of the paper was. accompanied by tha exhibition of
drawings showing portions of the infested muscle, with magnified
representations of the cysts and of the worms contained within them;
and specimens of the objects themselves were also placed upon the
table for examination with the aid of Mr. Pritchard’s microscope,
lent by him for that purpose.

Mr. Owen also read a Paper “On the Anatomy of Linguatula
Tenioides, Cuv.” After referring to the observations on the anato-
mical structure of this highly organized Entozoon, published by Cu-
yier and Rudolphi, he proceeds to state the results of his own dis-
section of a fine specimen, 3+ inches in length, for which he was in-
debted to Mr. Langstaff. The whole body is invested with a smooth,
transparent, rather fine cuticle, which, from maceration, and proba-
bly slight decomposition, had become detached. In this epidermis
there exist no marks of an annulate structure; but the cutis, or mus-
cular parietes of the body, is distinctly divided into segments slightly
overlapping each other, and most obvious on the sides of the body,
which are its thickest and most muscular portions. The dorsal and
ventral parietes, on the contrary, are so transparent as to allow of.the
contained parts being readily seen through them.

_ The most essential difference between Linguatula and the Cestoidea,
among which it was first placed by Chabert, consists in the genera-
tive organs being androgynous, with the oviduct continued from one
end of the body to the other. Rudolphi, uncertain with regard to
the structure of the digestive organs, placed it among the Trema-
toda ; but the specimen under. examination affords conclusive evi-
dence of the justice of Cuvier’s removal of it to the Nematoidea. The
alimentary canal commences at the central foramen, or true mouth,
and runs straight to the opposite extremity of the body,. terminat-
ing immediately above the orifice of the genital tube ; the esophagus
being 4rd of a line in length,and opening into a suddenly dilated canal,
_ which continues with little variation of diameter to the anus.
_At the distance of a line posterior to the mouth, on the ventral
& aspect. of the body, the nurrow extremities of two elongated vesicles,
Sines in length and more than + a line in diameter, adhere firmly
_ to the integument, the remainder hanging freely in the abdominal
_ cavity. These Mr. Owen considers to be analogous to the impreg-
nating glands of the hermaphrodite Rotifera, &c. The ovary, which
is distinct from the tube so called by Cuvier and Rudolphi, is a nar-

)
]

row, elongated, minutely granulated body, extending along the me-
sial line of the dorsal parietes of the body for the extent of its two
anterior thirds: about 4 an inch from the head it gives off two slen-
der capillary tubes, which unite below the origins of the lateral
nerves, and enter the commencement of the oviduct. The com-
mencement of this tube, formed by the junction of the two ducts
just mentioned with those of the seminal vesicles, is very narrow:
in the greater part of its course it is coiled in numerous and complex
gyrations around the intestine, but towards the lower third of the
body its coils become fewer and more distant, the brown ova are
seen in scattered masses, and at length it runs parallel with the in-
testine straight to the anus. It is widest at the commencement of
the coils; then becomes narrower; and afterwards continues of the
same diameter to its termination.

The cerebral ganglion mentioned by Cuvier was very conspicuous
in the specimen here described : it is situated between the mouth and
the commencement of the oviduct, and is consequently sub-cesopha-
geal. Eight pairs of nerves may be distinguished going from it in a
radiated manner. This radiated disposition of the nervous system is
similar to that which obtains in the Slug (Limaz) ; and it may also
be observed that the disposition of the muscular system in Limaz is
analogous to that of Linguatula, being most developed at the sides of
the foot, and least along the middle line, which is thin and semi-
transparent when viewed against the light. If it were allowable to
trace further the analogy of form subsisting between genera so widely
separated, the two fosse with their little hooks on either side the
mouth of Linguatula, might be compared with the two depressions,

which, when the ¢entacula are retracted, may be seen in the same —

situation in the head of the Slug. It is the superior organization of
these parts, required for its superior powers of locomotion, that ren-
ders necessary the further development of the nervous system in the
Slug; and the completion of the cerebral ring and the development
of the supra-cesophageal ganglia constitute the chief difference be-
tween it and Linguatula in this part of their organization. In like
manner the action of the muscles in the Slug occasions waste, and
demands a proportionate supply of new material; and hence the ne-
cessity of the superaddition of a sanguineous system for the car-
riage of the restorative molecules, of a more complex digestive appa-
ratus for their supply, and of respiratory and secretory organs for the
elimination of the waste parts of the body. In Linguwatula, on the
contrary, the sphere of action being limited to a dark cavity, the
necessity for the superadded structures does not exist; its food, al-
ready animalized, requires only a simple canal to complete its assi-
milation; neither heart nor vessels are conspicuous; and it is pro-
bable that nutrition is effected by transudation and imbibition.

The reading of Mr. Owen’s Paper was accompanied by the exhi-
bition of drawings in illustration of the structures described in it,

ve ale

cen Sa

* March 10, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq.,.in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of several species of Trogon, partly
from the Society’s collection, and partly from that of Mr. Gould;
and, at the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould called the attention
of the Meeting to some of the more interesting among them.

One of them was the Bird represented by M. Temminck, in his
‘ Planches Coloriées’, under the name of Trog. fasciatus; and on this
Mr. Gould remarked, that having had an opportunity of examining
the drawing made by Forster, on which Pennant’s original descrip-
tion was founded, he had ascertained that it represented a species
altogether distinct from M. Temminck’s Bird, and much more nearly
resembling Jog. Malabaricus. As the name of Trog. fasciatus
must necessarily remain with the species originally described under
it, the one figured by M. Temminck requires another designation;
and Mr. Gould proposed for it that of Trog. Temminckit.

Another, was the splendid species figured by M. Temminck, in
the same work, under the name of Tog. pavoninus, a name by which
it is now generally known; but on referring to M. Spix’s ‘Avium
Brasiliensium Species Nove,’ the original description and figure of
Trog. pavoninus, Spix, appear to Mr. Gould to have reference to a
totally different species, distinguishable by its smaller size, by the
absence of crest from its head, by the comparative shortness of its
hinder back plumes (which do not extend more than a few inches
beyond the tail), and by the whole of the tail-feathers being black.
The species exhibiting the peculiarities just adverted to will, of
course, retain its original name of 7'rog. pavoninus; for the other
Mr. Gould proposed that of

TROGON RESPLENDENS. Tog. plumis capitis not@ique lazis, lan-
ceolatis, illius cristam efformantibus, hujus posterioribus longissi-
mis, tripedalibus ; supra et ad guttur pectusque splendidé aureo-
viridis ; ventre crissoque coccineis; rectricibus sex intermediis
nigris, ceteris albis ad apicem tantummodo nigris.

Feem.? vel Junior? Capite, guiture, pectoreque obscuré viridibus ;
dorso viridi; ventre cinerascenti-brunneo; crisso coccineo; capite
subcristato ; tectricibus caud@ superioribus brevioribus ; rectrici-
bus externis tribus utrinque albis nigro fasciatis.

Rostrum flavum, in foemina? juniori? nigrum: tarsi brunnei.

Hab. in Mexico in provinciis Austrum spectantibus.

Mr. Gould also characterized two species, hitherto apparently un-
described.
No. XXVII. Procrrepines or tHE Zootocicar Society,

Trogon ampicuus. Trog. capite guttureque nigris; pectore,
cervice, dorso, caudaeque tectricibus superioribus viridibus ; alis
brunneo-nigris, in medio cimereis lineis gracilibus flexuosis trans-
versim notatis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis proximarumque
duarum utrinque pogoniis externis cupreo-viridibus, harum pogo-
niis internis omniumque apicibus nigris, reliquis ad basin nigris,
ad apicem albis, in medio albis maculis parvis numerosis spar sis
nigris.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale, 54; caude, 7+.

Rostrum flavum: tarsi brunnei.

Hab. in Mexico in plagis Septentrionalibus.

This Bird is very nearly related to Trog. elegans, a species cha-
racterized by Mr. Gould at the Meeting of the Society on April 8,
1834, (Proceedings, Part II. p. 26). It differs by having the outer
tail-feathers obscurely and finely dotted, while in Trog. elegans they
are marked by strong and well-defined bars; and by having the mid-
dle of the wing much more finely and minutely barred than the latter
bird. These distinctions, although apparently trivial, having been
observed by Mr. Gouldin many specimens, and the individuals seen
by him of T'rog. ambiguus having been brought exclusively from
the northern, while those of Trog. elegans have all been collected in
the southern states of Mexico; he is induced to regard the two Birds
as being, very probably, specifically distinct.

Trogon cirreotus. T'rog. vertice, collo, dorso, guttureque coeru-
lescenti-viridibus ; rectricibus duabus intermediis ad apicem,
proximarum duarum utrinque pogoniis internis, reliquisque ad ba-
sin nigris, his apicem versus albis ; ventre citrino in aurantiacum
vergente ; alis brunnescenti-nigris, rectricum pogonis externis
albo fimbriatis.

Foem. Capite, gutture, dorsoque saturate cinereis; rectricibus sex
intermediis brunnescenti-nigris: in ceteris mari simillima.

Long. tot. 10} unc.; ale, 54; caude, 6; rostri, arictu ad apicem, 1.

Rostrum ccerulescenti-corneum.

Hab.

This species differs from Tog. violaceus by its smaller size, the
lighter colour of its under surface, and the great extent of the white
at the ends of the outer tail-feathers.

Mr. Owen commenced the reading of a Paper “On the com-
parative Osteology of the Orang and Chimpanzee.” He stated that
he was indebted to Mr. Walker for the opportunity of examining
and describing in detail the skeleton of an adult Chimpanzee, ob-
tained by that gentleman a few years since from the west coast of
Africa, which had enabled him to compare it with that of the young
animal. ‘This comparison evidenced in that species a series of changes,
in the advance towards maturity, analogous to those which take
place in the Orang and the Pongo, and consequently afforded a strong
confirmation of the opinion which regards the latter animal as the
adult of the former.

The general appearance and proportion of the Chimpanzee, Mr.
Owen remarks, are unquestionably the most anthropoid that the
Quadrumanous order presents; but many marked and essential
differences are observable upon a close comparison. The skull of
the adult is of a narrow elongated ovate figure, slightly contracting
towards the anterior part, which is, as it were, truncated, from the
depth and direction of the symphysis of the lower jaw. Compared
with the rest of the body it is of small size, owing to the arrested
development of the cerebral portion, which, as in other Quadrumana,
is altogether posterior, the face sloping forwards in the adult ani-
mal, at an open angle, as in the Baboons. Its exterior surface is
devoid of the intermuscular frontal and sagittal crests which give
sO strong a carnivorous character to the skull of the Orang. The
extent of the origin of the temporal muscles is, however, readily
traceable by a slightly elevated ridge of bone: it differs considerably
in the adult and in the foetal skulls, but exactly accords with the in-
crease in the power of mastication required for the due action of the
large permanent teeth. It is possible that the slight development of
the intermuscular crest may be asexual character; for in an adult
female cranium of the Orang, the crest was scarcely more prominent
than in the Chimpanzee : in the latter, however, its development is
less to be expected, in consequence of the smaller comparative size
of the canine teeth. The muscular impressions on the occipital re-
gion are also less strongly marked than in the Orang, in which the
occipital foramen is nearer the posterior plane and its position is
more oblique. There is a greater proportion of brain behind the
meatus auditorius externus in the Chimpanzee than in the Orang, and
this disproportion is much greater in the adult than in the young.
Considerable changes also take place in the relations of the meatus
auditorius with the glenoid cavity for the articulation of the lower
jaw, in consequence of the increased development of the maxillary
apparatus, while the cranium remains nearly stationary; and a pro-
cess, of which the rudiment is perceptible in the young animal, co-
extending in downward growth with the changed position of the
articulation, becomes interposed between the condyle and the meatus,
and aifords a support against backward dislocation. In the cranium
of the negro, a similar process may be traced in a rudimental con-
dition, anterior to the fissura Glaseri, as in the young Chimpanzee,

The zygoma is proportionally weaker than in the Orang. But
the most remarkable characteristic of the skull of the Chimpanzee,
both in the young and adult states, is the large projecting supra-
orbital ridges, which being continued into each other across the
glabella, form a sort of barrier between the head and face. The
cranial sutures, which are obliterated in the adult Orang, syndac-
tylous Ape, and more or less in the Baboons, are for the most part
persistent in the Chimpanzee, as in the human subject. Enough of
the squamous suture remains to show that the anterior angle of the
temporal bone joins the frontal, and separates the parietal and sphe-
noid bones, as in the young. The condyloid processes are propor-
tionately smaller than: in the human subject, and their articular sur-

face is directed more outwardly. The foramen magnum is thrown
back to about the middle of the posterior third of the base of the
skull, and its plane is inclined from before upwards at an angle of 5°.
There are no posterior condyloid foramina. The styloid process is re-
presented by a very small tuberosity. A considerable space inter-
venes between the foramen magnum and the bony palate, which it-
self equally exceeds the corresponding portion of the human skull.
The zygomatic arches are opposite to the middle third of the cranium
as seen from below, in which position also the contraction of the
skull between the zygomata offers a marked distinction from that of
Man.

In the front view of the cranium, the threatening supraciliary ridges
almost hide the cephalic cavity from view; and the latter, instead of
forming a broad back-ground to the face, as in the young Chimpan-
zee, and still more in Man, is surpassed in breadth by the lateral
boundaries of the orbits and the zygomatic arches. The orbits are
seated higher than in the Orang, and are larger in proportion; but
their plane is more perpendicular, and they are wider apart. In
neither the Chimpanzee nor the Orang is there a supraorbitary
foramen, but its place is marked by a slight groove. The lachrymal
bones are entirely confined to the orbit. A character by which the
Chimpanzee approximates more closely than the Orang to the human
subject is found in the nasal bone, which projects in a slightly arched
form beyond the interorbital plane, and exhibits at its lower margin
a trace of its original separation into two lateral portions: it is an-
chylosed with the os frontis and the suture obliterated. The malar
bones are largely developed, and two or three small foramina are
observable in the process on the outside of the orbit. The contour
of the upper jaw from the nasal aperture to the incisor teeth is almost
straight, while in the Orang it is rendered concave by the greater
development of the alveolar processes of the intermaxillary bones,
The obliteration of the sutures between these bones and the upper
maxillary takes place at a much earlier period in the Chimpanzee
than in the Orang; although in the young animal, when the first
dentition is complete, traces of the original separation are still
visible. The situation of the foramina incisiva is always indicative
of the original extent of these bones, and in no Mammal do they
approximate so closely to the incisive teeth as in Man. The infra-
orbitary canal opens upon the face by a single foramen: Mr. Owen
has observed a second in one young specimen, but never more. In
the Orang there are usually three or more, as in many of the inferior
Simie. The lower jaw, like the upper, is characterized by its strength
and relative size. Its symphysis recedes, but the depth at this part
is much less than in the Orang. The alveoli advance more nearly
to the level of the condyle, and consequently approximate propor-
tionally to'the structure of the brute; the mental foramen is single.

Mr. Owen next proceeds to notice the dental formula and the
characters of the teeth; and observes particularly on the modifica-
tions in their arrangement and relative position consequent on the
preponderating development of the cuspidatus, He also points out,

(ane ee

the more important deviations which occur in the disposition and
development of the different bones of the face in connexion with the
same influential condition of the organs of mastication; and then
continues his description of the skeleton of the Chimpanzee by pass-
ing to that of the trunk. ’

The number of the vertebre is the same as in Man; but an addi-
tional rib subtracts one from the lumbar to be added to the dorsal
series. The spines of the cervical vertebre are simple and elon-
gated; that of the third being the shortest, with the exception of
the atlas, which, as usual, is without spine. The bodies of the lum-
bar vertebre are proportionally smaller than in Man; a difference
easily accounted for by the necessity of affording a basis for the
support of the latter in the erect position; and the same recession

_ from the Bimanous type is manifested in-the narrow and elongated

form of the sacrum. In the adult animal, but less conspicuously in
the young, the iliac bones rise on either side of the last lumbar ver-
tebra, and are partially attached to it, ‘The coccygeal are anchy-
losed together, but not with the sacrum; three are distinctly visible
in the young. Of the sacral vertebre only the two superior are
united to the iliac bones. The pelvis differs from that of Man in all
those particulars which characterize the Quadrumana, and which re-
late to the imperfection of their means of maintaining the erect posi-
tion. The iliac bones are long, flat, and narrow, the anterior sur-
face stretching outwards almost parallel with the plane of the sacrum;
the aperture is elongated and narrow; and the tuberosities of the
ischia are broad, thick, and curved outwards. There is, however,
a provision for a more extended attachment of the glutei muscles in
a greater breadth of the iia between the superior spinous processes
than is observed in the inferior Simie@; and we may thence infer
that the semi-erect position is more easily maintained in the Chim-
panzee. ,

In the relative size and strength of the lower extremities, the Chim-
panzee claims a much closer relationship to the human subject than
the Orang. Both animals exhibit in this respect permanent condi-
tions that are transitory in Man: in the Orang the legs have the cur-
tailed proportions which they present in the human /fceetus of four
months’ gestation; in the Chimpanzee they retain the relative size of
the yearling infant. The femur, not more bent anteriorly than in
Man, has its neck of equal comparative length, but standing out
more obliquely from the shaft. In the adult, as well as in the young
Chimpanzee, the depression in the head of the femur for the attach-
ment of the ligamentum teres, which is wanting in the Orang and
the Pongo, is found to exist, notwithstanding the remark of Meckel
to the contrary. ‘The tibia and fibula are proportionally thicker and
stronger than in Man; and the patella proportionally smaller. In
their relative size and position the tarsal bones more closely resemble
the corresponding bones of the human subject than those of any other
Quadrumanous animal. The outer articulating surface of the astra-
galus is, however, of larger size, and a corresponding disproportion
exists between the external and internal malleolus, the latter, from

its smaller size, presenting less resistance to the rotation of the tarsus
inwards. ‘The os calcis projects further backwards than in the lower
Simie, but is more compressed laterally, and of much smaller pro-
portional size than in Man, The os naviculare projects further down-
wards, and the internal cuneiform bone has a corresponding inclina-
tion below the level of the tarsal bones. But whilst the Chimpanzee
exhibits the Quadrumanous characters in these particulars, and es-
pecially in the curtailed proportion and detached opposable condi-
tion of the hallux, it approaches more nearly to Man in the length
and strength of that member. The whole foot is much longer than
in the human subject; and the entire organization of the inferior
members evidently bespeaks a creature destined to reside in forests,
the modifications of the bony structure which add to the facility of
climbing and grasping, rendering the entire frame more dependent
on the upper extremities for the means of progression and support.

The size and expansion of the thorax is a marked character in
the Chimpanzee: it has thirteen ribs on each side, and the last two
pairs are proportionally longer than in Man, the end of the last not
being pointed, but widened for the attachment of a cartilage. The
sternum is flattened, but not so broad as in the Orang. The har-
moma between its body and the manubrium, and those between the
four single pieces of which the body is itself composed, remain visi-
ble in the adult skeleton. The clavicle is long and strong, and is
not straight, as in the Orang, but sigmoidally curved, though in a
less degree than in Man; while the scapula, on the other hand, re-
cedes further from the human type than in the Orang. The hume-
rus very closely resembles that of the human subject, but is propor-
tionally longer and stronger, and has its twist more strongly marked
and lower down on the bone. As the segments of the limbs recede
further from the trunk they become subject to greater and more
varied modifications. Thus the disproportionate length of the Au-
merus is succeded by a still greater elongation of the fore-arm, the
bones of which are also more curved from each other than in Man,
and the inter-osseous space consequently enlarged. The bones of
the carpus are the same in number-as in the human subject; but the
trapezium and trapezoides are proportionally smaller, while the os
pisiforme nearly equals the os magnum. ‘The thumb does not quite
equal in length the metacarpal bone of the first finger, and is as
slender and weak as it is short. Some little disproportion also exists
between the relative lengths of the fingers; but taken together they
are relatively stronger and more elongated than in Man.

After completing his detailed examination of the skeleton, Mr.
Owen reverts to the changes which it undergoes in its progress to
maturity, especially as regards the proportions of the head and face;
and states that he has derived full confirmation of the identity of
species in the young and adult crania, from a comparison of the
crowns of the permanent teeth lodged within the jaws of the young
Chimpanzee with those which had replaced the deciduous teeth in
the older specimen. The resemblance in point of size and figure was
exact, and left no room for doubt as to the point in question. The

——————————— se rr t—‘“<‘; CSC

succession takes place precisely as in the human subject, but the per-
manent teeth, and especially the incisors and canines, are proportion-

ally longer. The particulars of their form and arrangement are

given at length.

This portion of the paper was accompanied by an extensive series
of admeasurements of the different parts of the skeleton in the adult
and young Chimpanzee, compared with those of the young and adult
Orang ; and was further illustrated by numerous drawings, and by
the exhibition of Mr. Walker’s skeleton of the Chimpanzee, lent by
him for the purpose,

The second portion of the paper commences with the remark
that the opportunity which the rare and interesting skeleton of the
adult Chimpanzee, in the possession of Mr. Walker, had afforded of
tracing the changes of structure occurring in that Ape, in its progress
to the adult condition, had induced the author to review the question
relative to the identity of the young Simia Satyrus with the great
Pongo of Borneo, formerly brought by him under the notice of the
Society (‘Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence,’
Part I. p. 9); and to consider the osteological structure of the latter,
or adult Orang, with reference to that of its less powerful and
more anthropoid congener, the Chimpanzee. This comparison
would show that the number and value of the points of resem-
blance, or of approximation, to the Bimanous structure are in
favour of the Chimpanzee; although in this, as in most other in-
stances, there are some particulars of its organization indicative of
a more marked relation with the inferior forms of the group than
with those which rank immediately below it.

In common with the skull of the Mandrill that of the adult Orang
is remarkable for its fattened occiput, formidable canine teeth, huge
jaws, widely expanded zygomatic arches, and strongly developed
cranial ridges ; but it exhibits a marked distinction in its less brutalized:
expression, resulting from the more perpendicular slope of the face,
the absence of the projecting supraciliary ridges, the greater expan-
sion of the cerebral cavity, and the non-development of the supra-
maxillary ridges. Its cranium isless flattened at the vertex than that
of the Chimpanzee; and but little exceeds in capacity that of the young
at the period of acquiring its first permanent molares, the increase
in size being chiefly dependent on the thickening of the walls of the
skull. The ridges which circumscribe on the frontal bone the origin
of the temporal muscles inclose a triangular space, the smoothness
of which strongly contrasts with the irregular surface of the re-
mainder of the cranium; and the interparietal crest rises, as in
the Hyena and other Carnivora, high above the general level. The
situation of these ridges, with reference to the sutures, is only de-
terminable by comparing the faint commencement of their growth
in the young animal, very few traces of the sutures remaining in the
adult skull. That between the ala of the sphenoid bone and the
descending angle of the parietal, by means of which the frontal
and temporal are kept separate, and which offers one of the few
osteological differences in which the Orang has a closer approxima-

tion to the human structure than the Chimpanzee, is among those
which continue to be marked even in the adult. The occipital fora-
men approaches in figure, position, and aspect, nearer to that of
the lower Mammalia; the occipital condyles are more closely ap-
proximated anteriorly; the anterior condyloid foramina are double
on each side; and the carotid foramen is situated more posteriorly,
and is relatively smaller, than in the Chimpanzee. The petrous
portion of the temporal bone is smaller, while the glenoid cavity
forms a much larger proportion of the base of the skull. This cavity,
if such it may be called, presents a quadrate, almost flattened sur-
face, slightly concave in the transverse, and slightly convex in the
antero-posterior direction, affording an interesting correspondence
with the structure of the molar teeth, and indicative of the vegetable
diet of the animal. The styloid and styliform processes are want-
ing, as in the Chimpanzee ; the mastoid is represented by a protube-
rant ridge, and its cellular structure is visible in consequence of the
thinness of the external table. The ant-auditory process is more
developed than in the Chimpanzee, and the margins of the auditory
foramina are smoother.

On the bony palate, the relative positions of the foramina incisiva
correspond with the increased development of the laniary teeth, and
consequently deviate in a proportionate degree from their positions
in the Chimpanzee and in the human subject. Two or three fora-
mina remain on either side and indicate the original separation of the
incisive bones; and similar indications of the original harmonie
between the incisive and maxillary bones are seen on the anterior
part of the skull. In the Chimpanzee the obliteration of these sutures
takes place some time before the temporary teeth are shed; in the
Orang they remain until the permanent teeth are almost fully deve-
loped : in the human subject the intermaxillary bones can be traced
as distinct elements only in the early periods of foetal existence, when
they were first detected by the poet Goethe. In the Orang no part
of the os nasi projects, as in the Chimpanzee, beyond the plane of
the nasal processes of the superior maxillary bones; and there are
no traces of its original separation at the mesial line, while in the
Chimpanzee such traces are usually found, and Dr. Traill observed
two distinct ossa nasi in the young of that species dissected by him.
The lachrymal bones are proportionally larger than in Man; but, as
in the Chimpanzee and the higher Quadrumana, they are confined to
the orbit, the whole outer boundary of which has a more anterior
aspect than in the Chimpanzee, and is relatively broader and stronger,
but with the oblique posterior edge less developed. The interorbi-
tal space is relatively narrower, the disproportion increasing with
the development of the superior maxillary bones, and evidencing a
still further departure from the human form. There are three infra-
orbital foramina instead of one; the upper maxillary bones are much
more largely developed in consequence of the great size of the
laniary teeth; and the incisor teeth project more obliquely forwards
than in the Chimpanzee.

“In all the peculiarities,” Mr. Owen observes, “ of the Orang’s

ae ee e,S,tC( Cl TC

skull, which are independent of the changes consequent on the se-
cond dentition, we find an exact correspondence between the Simia
Satyrus, or young animal, and the Pongo, or adult. Theerania equally
exhibit the absence of the projecting supraciliary ridges; the presence
of the double anterior condyloid foramina; the numerous infra-
orbitary foramina, and those in the malar bone; the same disposi-
tion of the cranial sutures; the same form of the os nasi; and con-
traction of the inter-orbital space. The character of the lower jaw
by which it differs from the Chimpanzee, viz. the greater height and
breadth of the rami, and the greater depth of the symphysis, are
equally manifested in the young as in the old Simia Satyrus. In
following out the same observations with regard to the germs of the
permanent teeth in the young Orang, the same satisfactory results
are obtained in reference to their identity with those which are fully
developed in the old animals, as were previously detailed in the ac-
count of the Chimpanzee.”

Mr. Owen then proceeds to describe in detail the appearances
presented by the germs of the permanent teeth, and to compare them
with the adult; and concludes this part of his subject by some ob-
servations on the apparent confusion in which these germs lie hid-
den within the jaw, and on the admirable and orderly arrangement
by which the most perfect regularity is established in their ultimate
position. Applying these observations to the replacement of the
teeth in man, he inquires, how it happens that when the chances of
disarrangement are so much fewer, the mal-position of the perma-
nent teeth is of so frequent occurrence, and finds the solution of
this problem in a mischievous interference with the agents to which
the necessary changes have been entrusted. ‘The means by which
the growth of the permanent teeth are kept in due restraint are too
often prematurely removed by anticipating the natural period of the
extraction of the temporary teeth; the act of extraction accelerates
the growth of the concealed teeth, both by the removal of the check
which nature has imposed upon it, and by the irritation induced in
the surrounding parts; and their full development being consequent-
ly acquired before the jaws have been sufficiently enlarged, they
occupy more or less of the relative position which they had when
half formed within their bony cavities.”

The conditions of the superior development of the spinous pro-
cesses of the cervical vertebre in the Orang, are obviously the back-
ward position of the occipital foramen, the disproportionate develop-
ment of the face, and the general anterior inclination of the vertebre

themselves. Those of the sixth and seventh vertebre have a slight

inclination towards the head, indicating that the centre of motion in
this region is nearer the head than in Man. The whole of the cer-
vical region is proportionally shorter, and consequently better adapted
to support the head; and the entire vertebral column has one gene-
ral curve dorsad from the atlas to the commencement of the sacrum,
where there is a slight curve in the contrary direction. Asin Man,
the number of the dorsal or costal vertebre is twelve, and this con-
Stitutes one of the more important differences between the Orang

and the Chimpanzee. That of the lumbar vertebre is four, as in the
Chimpanzee, in the skeleton of the Pongo preserved in the Museum
of Comparative Anatomy at the Garden of Plants, and in the trunk
of the skeleton of the adult Orang in the collection of the Society;
in which latter, as the bones remain connected by their natural liga-
ments, there is no room for supposing a vertebra to have been acci-
dentally lost. The additional lumbar vertebra in the skeleton of the
Pongo in the College of Surgeons, on which some stress has been
laid, as indicative of its specific difference from the young Orang,
which has uniformly presented but four, indicates its abnormal cha-
racter by its form and situation. The human subject occasionally
presents a similar dusus in the addition of a sixth lumbar vertebra.
The spines of these vertebr@ are much shorter than in the Chim-
panzee: as in the latter, the sacrum is longer, narrower and straighter
than that of Man. Five sacral vertebre are perforated for the
passage of the spinal cord; three are imperforated, and are conse-
quently coccygeal: the latter are anchylosed together, but not with
the sacrum, in the adult.

The ilia are as much expanded as in the Chimpanzee, but flatter ;
and the ischia are less extended outwards, corresponding with the
smaller development of the lower extremities. Both the ischia and
ossa pubis resemblethose of the Chimpanzee, in their more elongated
form; and the whole pelvis equally deviates from the Bimanous type
in its position with regard to the trunk. The form of its superior aper-
ture is an almost perfect oval, the antero-posterior diameter of which
is to the transverse as three to two; and the axis of the brim forms,
with that of the outlet, a much more open angle than in the human
subject, The chest is amply developed, equalling in size that of
the human subject, except in being somewhat narrower from side to
side. The ribs are narrower and less flattened, but their curvature
is nearly the same as in Man; the twelfth is much longer, and has
a long cartilage at its free extremity. The sternum is short, but
broader than in the Chimpanzee: it is composed, below the manu-
brium, of a double series of small bones, seven or eight in number.
This composition, always seen in the young Orang, is sufficiently
obvious in the adult Pongo in the Museum of the College of Sur-
geons, but much less so in that of the Garden of Plants at Paris.
In the young Chimpanzee the sternum is composed of a single series
of bones; while in the human subject, although at an early period
of ossification, a single series only of ossific centres appears: at a
later stage the lower part of the sternwm is frequently seen to be
composed of a double series.

The clavicles are almost straight; and the scapula also differs from
that of the Chimpanzee in its greater breadth, and from that of Man
in the inclination of its spine towards the superior costa, in the aero-
mion being narrow and claviform, and in the absence of the flattened
and over-hanging margin of the spine. Other differences exist in
the comparative dimensions and features of the supra- and sub-
spinal fosse, in the inclination of the coracoid process, and in the
direction of the glenoid cavity. But the principal feature in the

organization of the Orang, and that in which ‘it differs most from
the Chimpanzee, consists in the relative length of the upper and
lower extremities, the arms in the former reaching to the heel. The
articular surface of the head of the humerus forms a complete hemi-
sphere; and in some specimens that bone is perforated between the
condyles, The principal peculiarities in the fore-arm consist in the
large space between the radius and ulna, occasioned by the outward
curve of the former, and in the absence of the acute margin on its
ulnar aspect. The proportion borne by the radius to the ulna is in
Man as 11 to 12; in the Orang as 86 to 37. The bones of the
hand offer the same elongated form, with the exception of those of
the thumb, which does not reach to the end of the metacarpal bone
of the fore-finger. Those of the carpus have their ossification com-
pleted at a later period than in Man, and allow a freer motion upon
each other; the os pisiforme is divided into two. Of the fingers,
the proximal phalanges are more curved than in Man, and the dis-
tal more pointed, not expanding to afford support for an extended
surface of delicate touch.

As the upper extremity of the Orang exceeds in length that of the
Chimpanzee, so the lower differs as much in the contrary respect;
preserving throughout life much less than the fcetal proportions of
the human subject. The femur has a straight shaft, no depression
on the head, a shorter neck forming a more obtuse angle with the
shaft, and no linea aspera posteriorly. The inner condyle not being
produced beyond the outer, the axis of the femur is in the same line
with that of the tibia, as in the Chimpanzee. The inward curve of
the tibia occasions a much larger space between it and the fibula
than in Man or in the Chimpanzee. The patella is smaller in pro-
‘ portion than in Man, of an oval shape, and witha single articulating
surface. The bones. of the tarsus are numerically the same with
those of the Chimpanzee, and haye the same general form, but ad-
init of freer motion on each other. A greater degree of obliquity
in the articulating surface of the astragalus causes the whole foot. to
beturned more inwards; and theos calcis has still less projection back-
wards than the Chimpanzee. The internal cuneiform bone recedes
most from the human type in having a greater development towards
the tibial aspect, and in having the surface of articulation for the
hallux below the range of the other metatarsal bones, all of which
are much longer and more bent and. have greater interspaces than
the human. That of the hallux extends very little beyond the mid-
dle of that of the second toe, and stands off from it at an acute angle.
The peculiarity of the structure of the hallux first noticed by Camper,
in seven out of eight Orangs observed by him, viz. its possessing
no ungueal phalanx and consequently no nail, loses much of its im-
portance as a specific character from the fact that the individual
dissected at the Society’s Museum a few years since had very per-
fect, but small, black nails, and two phalanges, and that the same
number of phalanges exist in the natural skeleton of Lord Amherst’s
Orang in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. The phalanges
of the other toes are.remarkably elongated, and those of the first

series are curved. The middle toe is longer than the rest, while in
the Chimpanzee it barely surpasses the second. The concavity of
the great toe is turned more towards the other toes than in the Chum-
panzee, (in which that toe is also longer, having always two phalan-
ges in addition to the metatarsal bone,) is set more forwards on the
internal cuneiform bone, and has its concavity directed more towards
the sole of the foot. The resemblance to the human foot is conse-
quently greater in the Chimpanzee than in the Orang.

In conclusion Mr. Owen adverted to a fine specimen of the skull
of a Pongo in the possession of Mr. Cross, of the Surrey Zoological
Gardens, which presents the following differences when compared
with the skull of the Pongo in the Museum of the College of Sur-
geons.

It is shorter in the antero-posterior diameter, and rises higher at
the vertex. The supraorbitary ridges are more prominent; the
plane of the orbits is more vertical, and their lateral exceeds their
perpendicular diameter. The profile line of the skull is concave
between the glabella and incisor teeth, while, in the specimen in the
Museum of the College, it is almost a straight line between the same
parts. The symphysis of the jaw from the interspace of the mesial
incisors to the origin of the genio-hyoidei muscles, measures 24
inches in Mr. Cross’s specimen, but equals 33 inches in the Pongo in
the College Museum. There is also a remarkable difference in the
position of the zygomatic suture. In the Pongo of the College Mu-
seum it commences at_the distance of a quarter of an inch from the
orbital process of the malar bone, and extends obliquely backwards
to within 14 inch of the origin of the zygomatic process of the tem-
poral bone. In Mr. Cross’s specimen the same suture commences
8 lines from the orbital process of the malar bone, and extends to
within 10 lines of the origin of the temporal zygomatic process, so
that it is much nearer the middle of the zygoma.

With these differences, however, there exist the same form and
proportions of the teeth, and the same peculiarities of the foramina
and sutures which distinguish the Orang from the Chimpanzee. So
that although the difference in the shape and general contour of the
two skulls, is greater than is usually observable in those of other
wild animals, yet Mr. Owen does not consider them sufficient to af-
ford grounds for a distinction of species. He thinks it, however,
probable that they may be indicative of varieties of the Orang in-
habiting distinct localities, and remarks that it would be interesting
with that view to compare the crania of ascertained specimens from
Borneo and. Sumatra, to which Islands this very remarkable species
appears to be confined.

March 24, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by W. Willshire,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated Mogadore, February 19, 1835, and
referring to the skin of an Aoudad, Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff., pre-
sented by the writer to the Society, and also adverting to his en-
deavours to obtain the animal which, from the description of it given
by the Arabs of the Desert, Mr. Willshire conceives must be the
Antilope Leucoryx described by Pennant.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained
in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Those brought on the present evening
under the notice of the Society, completed the genera Venus and Cy-
therea, which had been: commenced at the Meeting on February 24,
(page 21). The Shells now exhibited were accompanied by cha-
racters by Mr. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus VENvs.

Venus TricoLor. Ven. testd ovato-ellipticd, crassiusculd, radiatim
costellatd, costellis decussatis ; maculis interruptis fuscis, irregu-
laribus, radiatim dispositis ; margine dorsali medio subangulato ;
impressione cordiformi anticd parvd ; intiis violaced, margine ven-
trali denticulato : long. 1-7, lat. 0°75, alt. 1°3 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Puerto Portrero.)

Found in sandy mud at from eleven to thirteen fathoms.—G. B. S.

Venus uistriontca. Ven. testd obovatd, pallide fulud, radiatim
costellatd, costellis plerumque duplicatis, concinn? decussatis,
asperis ; maculis interruptis fuscis irregularibus radiatim pictd ;
margine dorsali rectiusculo, postice subangulato ; impressione cor-
diformi anticd magnd ; intiis albicante, margine ventrali denticu-
lato: long. 1-8, lat. 1-, alt. 1°4 poll.

Hab. apud Real Llejos, Americ Centralis, et ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found in muddy sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus Fusco-Lingata. Ven. testd obovatd, albicante, radiatim cos-
tellatd, costellis antice subdecussatis ; lineis undatis, subobliquis,
radiisque duobus fuscis nonnunquam pictd ; margine dorsali rec-
tiusculo, postice subangulato ; latere antico brevi, impressione cor-
diformi anticd parvd ; intis purpurascente, margine ventrali den-
ticulato : long. 1-5, lat. 0°8, alt. 12 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Guacomayo.)

Found in sandy mud at a depth of thirteen fathoms.—G. B. S.

Venus Curzensis. Ven. testd obovatd, pallidd, radiatim costellatd,
costellis (medianis precipue) planulatis, (anticis posticisque pre-
cipue) decussatis ; maculis, lituris, strigilisque pallid? fuscis or-
natd ; margine dorsali rectiusculo, subdeclivi, postic? subangulato ;
latere antico breviore, impressione cordiformi parvd ; intis albi-
sp margine ventrali denticulato : long. 2°8, lat. 1:5, alt. 2°4
poll.

Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Valparaiso Bay.)
Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S

VENUS LENTICULARIS. Ven. testd lenticulari-subtrapeziformi,
crassd, opacd, pallida, levi, lineis concentricis anticé posticeque
distinctis, medio obsoletis, prope umbonem elevatiusculis ; margine
dorsali subrotundato, postice subangulato ; impressione cordiformi
elongatd, parvd, impressd ; intis albidd, margine ventralé levi :
long. 3°1, lat. 1°5, alt. 2°7 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Valparaiso Bay.)

Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S

Venus asperrima. Ven. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, opacd, albi-
cante, radiatim costellatd, costellis numerosis, decussatis, asperis ;
latere antico breviore ; margine postico dorsali declivi, rectiusculo ;
impressione cordiformi anticd elongata : long 2°, lat.1-, alt. 1-65
poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lobos dictam.

Found in fine sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus costettata. Ven. testd obovatd, turgidd, fuscescente, cos-
tellis lamellosis, reflexis, postice magis eminentibus, concentricis
ornatd ; lineis radiantibus impressis albis decussatd ; impressione
cordiformi anticd distinctd, marginibus medianis elevatiusculis ;
intis albd, margine ventrali crenulato ; long. 2°6, lat. 1°5, alt.
2°3 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso, Chilensium, et ad Callao, Peruvie.

Oss. Testa nonnunquam unicolor, nonnunquam prope apices con-

cinné punctulata.

Found in coarse sand at a depth of from six to fifteen fathoms.—

G. B.S.

_ Venus opaca. Ven. testd oblongd, subquadratd, subturgidd, levi,
opacd, albidd, pallidissime purpurascente ; latere antico breviore,
rotundato, concentrice ruguloso, postico subrotundato, supra in-
Sraque subangulato ; margine interno integerrimo ; ligamento per-
magno : long. 3°4, lat. 1°6, alt. 2°5 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Conception and Maule.)
Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus variaBitis. Ven. testd oblongo-subtrigond, tenuiusculd, levi,
politd, alba, strigilis lineisve angularibus fuscis varie pictd ; intis
albd, margine integerrimo : long. 1°3, lat. 0°7, alt. 1-1 poll.

Hab. in Australia. (Swan River.)—G. B.S.

Venus piscors. Ven. testd obovali, crassiusculd, radiatim confertim
striatd, antic? rugis decussatd, albd fusco- nigricante instrata, co-
loribus valve altere diversimodo ordinatis ; lined dorsali elevati-
usculd ; intis albd, postic? violaceo tinctd, margine ventrali crenu-
lato : long. 1:9, dat. 1:1, alt. 1-6 poll.

Had. ad Sanctam Elenam, Americe Meridionalis, et ad Guacomayo,

Americe Centralis.

- The disparity in the arrangement of the colouring in the two valves

is a remarkable peculiarity in this species.

Found in sandy mud at from six to nine fathoms. earl B.S.

—

Venus Cypria. Ven. testd oblongd, subtrigond, concentrice lamellosd,
lamellis crassis, obtusis, postice tenuioribus, subappressis, albd
fusco radiatd ; lined dorsali rectiusculd, declivi ; ared posticd latd,
fuscatd ; impressione cordiformi anticd conspicud, fused ; margine
ventrali intis integerrimo : long. 0°75, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Platz, Columbie Occidentalis.

Found among coral sand in seventeen fathoms.

This appears to be a near relation to the Linnean Venus Paphia.—
G. B.8.

Venus crenirera. Ven. testd ellipticd, asperd, albicante fusco
maculatd et varie pictd, lamellis concentricis, brevibus, confertis,
striis radiantibus confertissimis decussatis ; margine ventrali crenu-
lato ; dente cardinali antico magno, elongato: long. 1°4, lat. 0°8,
alt, 1-2 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Variat testd subfuscd, unicolore, striis radiantibus nonnullis elevatis
costiformibus. —

Hab. ad Paytam, Peruvie.

Found in the sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus tevcopon. Ven. testd ellipticd, cinerascente, crassiusculd,
concentrice costellatd, costellis levibus, reflexis, radiatim striatd,
striis numerosis, confertis : ared dorsali posticd lunuldque fuscis ;
margine interno ventrali denticulato, denticulis albis, interstitiis
nigricantibus : long. 1°35, lat. 0°7, alt. 1°15 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Californiensi. (Guaymas.)

Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus Caxirorniensis. Ven. testd globosd, crassd, albente, concen-
tricé multi-lamellosd,lamellis crassiusculis lateraliter subcrenulatis,
costis creberrimis cancellatd ; ared posticd infossd, grandi ; lunuld
magnd, tumente ; intis albd, impressionibus muscularibus posticis
violaceo fucatis ; limbo. interno crenato; long. 2°9, lat. 1°7, alt.
2°7 poll.

Hab. in sinu Californie. (Guaymas.)

From about the middle of the valve the concentric Jamelle begin
to approach nearer and nearer, till, in old specimens, they hide the
radiated ribs, and at length, at the ventral border which is covered
with an epidermis, they become mere smooth lineations. The internal
violaceous spots are not always on the posterior muscular impressions,
but sometimes only in their immediate neighbourhood.

Found in sandy mud at low water.—W. J. B.

Venus compra. Ven. testd subtrigond, planiusculd, crassd, la-
mellis concentricis lateraliter crenulatis, crassiusculis, radiatim
creberrime costellatd, albente lineis flavo-castaneis inscriptd ; ared
posticd incisd, spadiceo strigatd ; lunuld pallidiore ; intis alba,
limbo crenato: long. 2°3, lat. 1-2, alt. 2° poll.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Bay of Sechura.)

A fine species. It was dredged up in coarse sand and mud at a
depth of seven fathoms.—W. J. B.

Venus ornatissima. Ven. testd subglobulosd, radiatim creberrime
costatd, lamellis concentricis valde elevatis, crispo-plicatis, spadiceo-
albente ; ints albd, limbo interno crenulato: long. 1°6, lat. (la-
mellis inclusis) 1°1, alt. 1°4 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

This unique and highly ornamented shell was dredged up from

sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.

The regular radiating ribs, each of which, as it advances from about

the middle of the valve to the ventral border, has a depression in
the middle, and the crisply plaited well-developed concentric frill-like
lameile, render it the most curious in point of workmanship of any
of the species.—W. J. B.

Venus Macrracea. Ven. testd subglobulosd, lineis concentricis,
elevatis, acutis, subdistantibus ornatd, albd ; limbo interno levi :
long. 1°5, lat. 0°9, alt. 1°3 poll.

Hab, ad Valparaiso.

This unique shell was dredged from sandy mud at a depth of
twenty fathoms. I have given it the trivial name of Mactracea be-
cause it reminds the spectator of some of the lamellated species of
that genus.—W. J. B.

Venus puticaria. Ven. testd subtrigond, lineis concentricis, elevatis,
creberrimis, subtilissime plicatis ornatd, albd spadiceo inspersd ;
ared dorsali vel posticd nigro-spadiceo strigatd, lunuld fuscd ; intis
purpurascente, limbum versus crenulatum albente: long. 1-8, lat.
1-, alt. 1-4 poll.

Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem. (Chiriqui and Tumaco.)

The scattered spots are often arranged in angular figures, and being
more intense in some parts than others, the valves present a some-
what radiated appearance.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of three fathoms.—
W. J.B.

Venus onscura. Ven. testd subglobosd, lineis concentricis crenulatis
horridd, albente obscure maculatd ; intis albd, limbo crenulato :
long. 0°7, lat. 0°5, lat. 0°7 poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.)

Found in coral sand at low water.—W. J. B.

Genus CyTHEREA.

CyTHErra Lusrica. Cyth. testd subrotundato-cordatd, lubriecd, sub-
violaced, intis albd, antic? et superné subconcentricé lineatd, lineis
elevatis ; limbo interno levi: long. 1:7, lat. 0°8, alt. 1°4 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Puerto Portrero).

This species, which is of moderate size, was dredged up by Mr.
Cuming from coral sand at a depth of thirteen fathoms. The con-
centric somewhat elevated lines are comparatively small and close at
the upper part of the valve near the wmbones, and gradually widen
out till they become distant and strongly marked at the anterior part
‘of the valves, the middle and posterior parts of which are without
any lineations. The whole shell has a shining slippery appearance.
—W.J.B

CyTHEREA ALTERNATA. Cyth. testd subrotundato-trigond, lineis con-
centricis elevatis acutis frequentibus ornatd, albd spadiceo radiaté ;
ared dorsali vel posticd lunuldque spadiceo-vjolaceis ; intis albd,
umbones versus spadiceo-violaceo obscure nebulosd ; limbo interno
levi: long. 1°4, lat. 0°8, alt. 1*2 poll.

Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem. (Monte Christi.)

This species was dredged up in sandy mud at a depth of seven

fathoms, The size of the specimen is rather less than that of the pre-
ceding.— W. J. B. ;

Cyruerra Tortuosa. Cyth. testd obliqu2 cordatd, postice sublobatd,
lineis frequentibus subconcentricis obtusis pastice irregularibus,
alba umbones versus subspadiceo-albd : long. 1°6, lat. 0°85, alt.
1*2 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam, et ad Xipixapi.
-" Var. testa roseo rufoque pulcherrimé subradiatim picta.

Lamarck refers to no figure for his Cyth. albina, but only says that
it has some likeness to the Pectunculus figured in Lister’s Conchology,
t. 263, f. 99. Part of Lamarck’s description would apply to the
shell now before me, but the term “ striis exiguis”’ is inapplicable to
the blunt and coarse lines with which the shell under description is
marked concentrically, and as there is no notice taken of the posterior
sublobation, I must conclude that Lamarck’s Cyth. albina is not my
Cyth. tortuosa.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. J. B.

Cyruerea arrinis. Cyth. testd ovato-oblongd, planiusculd, lineis
distantibus elevatis subacutis concentricis, albente violaceo ra-
diatd, postice vir sublobata ; ared posticd violaced, lunuld pallida ;
intis albd, limbo interno levi ; epidermide fuscd tenui : long. 1-6,
lat. O°7, alt. 1:1 poll.

Hab. ad Colombiam Occidentalem. (Xipixapi.)

This species, which approaches the last, differs from it in the fol-

‘owing particulars. The shell is much flatter, the elevated, regular,
concentric, somewhat sharp lines are much more distant, (especially
as they recede from the umbones,) than the irregular, close-set, blunted
‘lineations, almost amounting to rugosities, of Cyth. tortuosa. ‘There
‘is an approach to lobation towards the dorsal or posterior border ;
but it is not nearly so strongly marked as in Cyth. tortuosa. Still it
aay be a variety of Cyth. tortuosa.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms,—W, J. B.

_. Cyruerxa Dione, varr.

Though varieties of this species have, for a long time, been known
in this country, I am not aware that they have ever been recorded.
The descriptions of Linnzeus and Lamarck and the figures quoted by
them, apply to the variety found in the West Indies, which is com-
paratively small with the /amelle high and sharp and the spines close-
“set and short, the prevailing tinge of the shell being of a somewhat
“yinous or purplish flesh-colour. A dark-coloured long-spined variety of
this and a white one, also with long spines, the spines in both being
very close-set, were dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of nine
fathoms at Salango in West Colombia. Baten:

Var. 6. Pallida, area dorsali vel posteriori lunuldque violaceis ; lineis
concentricis anticé lamellatis, alibi rotundatis irregularibus, ru-
garum formam referentibus ; spinis distantibus longissimis.

This variety, of which Mr. Cuming possesses a specimen with the
lower spines an inch and a half long, grows to a large size. It was
dredged up at Tumbez, in Peru, from soft mud at a depth of five
fathoms.

Var. y. Violacea ; antice et ad umbones sublamellosa, alibi levis ;

spinis valde distantibus, crassiusculis, mediocribus.

This variety, which is almost entirely of a violet colour excepting
the two white streaks which mark the line of the spines in each valve,
and some white about the neighbourhood of the lower part of the
anterior border, grows also to a large size. It is smooth with the
exception of a few concentric lines at the wmbones and a few lamelle
towards the anterior border. ‘The spines are distant, indeed in the
specimen before me there are hardly any in the place where the in-
terior rows usually are, there being but one on one side and none on
the other, with the exception of a few towards the umbones on both
sides. The outer spines, as well as the inner one, are thick and
strong but comparatively short, the longest being hardly seven eighths
of an inch long in a specimen of about the same size as that from
which the description of variety 8 was taken. Var. y was dredged
up from sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms at San Blas in the
gulf of California.

There are many gradations of colour, &c. between the varieties.
I possess a specimen of variety ( very nearly white, with the ex-
ception of the lunule. All the varieties are subject to have the spines,
or at least some of them, tortuous.—W. J. B

CyTHEREA VULNERATA. Cyth. testd subglobosd, lineis concentricis
creberrimis levibus, albente fasciis angustis purpureo-sanguineis
hinc et hinc ornatd; lunuld et ared posticd sub-atropurpureis ; limbo
ventrali rubro, intis subcrenulato ; epidermide subfuscd ; intis
albdé subroseo suffusd : long. 1-6, lat. 0°9, alt. 1°4 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.)

The ruddy lines which occasionally gird this whitish shell, and its

red border, give this species a pleasing appearance. It was dredged.

up from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. J. B

CYTHEREA PLANULATA, Var. suffusa. Cyth. planulata, testd a@qui-

laterali, trigond, radiis omnino suffusis ; latere postico clauso.

Hab. ad Salango.

This differs from Cyth. planulata, (Zool. Journ., V. p. 48,) in being
more equilateral, rather more gibbose, in having the coloured rays
spread all over the shell, and in being closed posteriarly. The an-
terior side in Cyth. planulata is the longer.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—G. B. 8.

Cyrmerea ARGENTINA. Cyth. testd subtrigond, levi, albd, subequi-
laterali, latere antico paulld kreviore, postico subacuminato ; mar-
gine dorsali postico rectiusculo, declivi, ventrali rotundato ; epi-
dermide tenui, corned, extus velutind, albd, quasi argentatd, indutd :
long. 2°5, lat. 1-4, alt. 2°1 poll.

eee al rl ill acl il

Hab. ad Sinum Nocoiyo, Americe Centralis.
Found in sand banks at low water.—G. B.S.

CytuerecaA pannosa. Cyth. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, levi, albi-
cante maculis strigis lineisve angulatis luridis obscure pictd ;
apicibus subprominentibus : long. 1°15, lat. 0°6, alt. 0-9 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Coquimbo.)

Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B.S.

CyTHEREA PALLESCENS. Cyth. testd obovatd, tenui, pallide lutescente,
levi, concentricé striatd ; latere antico breviore, apicibus sub-
prominulis ; intits albd ; impressione cordiformi anticd elongatd,
distinctd : long. 1°4, lat. 0°8, alt. 1°1 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found in coral sand.—G, B. 8.

CyTHEREa 1nconspPicua. Cyth. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, levi, al-
bidd, concentricé striatd, striis exilissimis, epidermide tenuissimd,
pallide subfuscd ; apicibus subprominulis ; impressione cordi-
Sormi anticd ovatd, inconspicud: long. 1:2, lat. 0°65, alt. 1°
poll.

Hab, ad Paytam, Peruvie.

Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B.S.

Cyruerea mopesta. Cyth. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, levi, con-
centrice sulcatd, suilcis obsoletiusculis ; albd fusco et fusco-purpu-
rascente varid ; apicibus subprominulis ; latere postico longiore,
declivi : long. 0'9, lat. 0°5, alt. O°7 poll.

Hab, ad Xipixapi, Americe Meridionalis.

Found in sandy mud in from nine to eleven fathoms.—G. B.S. -

_ Cy?HEREA PECTINATA, var. immaculata. Cyth. pectinata, testa pal-
lescente unicolore, ints lutescente.
Hab. ad Insulas Oceani Pacifici. (Lord Hood’s Island, one of the
Paumotu group.)—G. B.S.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous T'hrushes, chiefly inhabit-
ants of the Himalayan Mountains and of India; and Mr. Gould, at
the request of the Chairman, brought them under the notice of the
Meeting, principally with the view of indicating those of the former
district as constituting a new form in the family Merulide, Vig., for
which he proposed the generic name

TANTHOUCINCLA.

Rostrum feré ut in Cinclosomate et Turdo sed magis robustum :
mandibula superiore ad basin setigera.

Nares basales, ovales, aperte.

Ale breves, concave, rotundate ; remigibus 6ta 7maque longiori-
bus, omnibus mollibus.

Cauda subelongata, concava, rotundata; rectricibus mollibus:

Tarsi elongati, robusti.

Hallue digitum medium longitudine subeequans, ungue forti Py :
zequali munitus,

Typus genericus. _ Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vig.

Montium Himalaye Incole,

The chief distinguishing characteristics of the genus Janthocincla
are the comparative length of the tarsus; the length of the hinder
toe, and the great length of the claw by which it is terminated; the
roundness, concavity, softness, and yielding character of the wings
and tail; and the peculiar fullness, lightness, and downiness of the
whole of the plumage, and particularly of that of the back and rump.
The downy nature of the covering is alluded to in the generic name.

The following species may be referred to it.

1. TANTHOCINCLA OCELLATA.

Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vig., in Proc. Comm.. Sci. Zool. Soc.,
Part I. p. 55.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xa.

2, IANTHOCINCLA VARIEGATA.

Cinclosoma variegatum, Vig., in Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soc.,
Part I. p. 56.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xvi.

8. IANTHOCINCLA ERYTHROCEPHALA.

Cinclosoma erythrocephalum, Vig., in Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool.
Soc., Part I. p. 171.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xvii.

4. TantHocincta squamata. Janth. brunnea, plumis lunuld nigra
ad apicem notatis ; uropygio sordidé castaneo; alis caudaque
nigris, rectricibus ad apicem ochraceo-flavis. '

Long. tot. 94 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 4; caude@, 44; tarsi, 13.

Rostrum tarsique brunnei.

The inner webs of each of the primaries and the outer edges of
the first seven of them are margined with a light silvery grey; the
secondaries have the same parts of a dull ochre yellow becoming
more ferruginous towards the shoulders.

5. IanruocincLa curysopTera. Janth. saturate brunnescenti-
cinerea, alis fascid castaned notatis ; Sronte, facie, gutture, auri-
busque sordidé cinereo-albentibus ; vertice nuchaque nitide ferru-
gineis ; scapularibus pectoreque arenaceo-rubris, hoc saturatiore,
plumis lunuld castaned ad apicem notatis; caudd supra saturate
aureo-olivaced, infra brunned; remigum pogoniis externis nitidée
aureo-olivaceis.

Long. tot, 10—104 une.; rostri, ; ale, 4; cauda, 5; tars?, 1 o

Rostrum pedesque brunnei.

The specimens exhibited of this and the preceding species were
recently presented to the Society, with other selected Birds, by Sir
Philip Grey Egerton.

6. IantHoctncta RuFocuLARis. Janth. supra olivacea, posticé et
ad caudam rufescenti tincta, plumis nigro apiculatis ; vertice fas-
cidque alarum medid nigris; strigd a rictu ad oculum juguloque
albis ; guld crissoque rufis; pectore sordidé albescente brunneo-
nigricante. maculato; ventre brunnescenti-cinereo ; rectricibus
prope apicem rufo-castaneum nigro fasciatis.

Long. tot. 10 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 3§ ; caud@, 41; tarsi, 13.

Rostrum flavescenti-brunneum ; ; pedes brunnei.

The ends of the secondaries are banded with black, and their ex-
ternal margin is silvery white,

April 14, 1835.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited, from the
collection of the President, the Earl of Derby, a specimen of a spe-
cies of Toucan, which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. It be-
longs to the same group with the other grooved-billed Toucans, and
is consequently referrible to the genus recently proposed by Mr.
Gould (Proceedings, Part II. p. 147), under the name of <Aulaco-
rhynchus. He pointed out the characters which distinguish it from
the other species of the genus, and proposed for it the name of

Avtacoruyncuus Derpianus. Aul. viridis, supra in subaureum,
ad occiput in ceruleum vergens ; ptilis inferioribus flavescentibus ;
rectricibus duabus intermediis brunneo apiculatis ; guld albidd.

Long. tot. 14;—15 unc.; rostri, 33; ale, 5; caude 5

_Descr. Rostrum robustum, magis quam in congeneribus angu-
latum, ad basin (nisi culminis) linea alba cinctum, nigrum in casta-
neum anticé posticéque transiens. Orbit rufescentes. Pedes satu-
raté plumbei.

Mr. Gould remarked that the colouring of the extremities of the
tail-feathers would alone suffice to distinguish from each other the
four species at present known in this genus. . In Aul. sulcatus the
tips of the tail-feathers are not marked by any peculiar colour: in
Aul. Derbianus, the two, and in Aul. hematopygus, the four, inter-
mediate tail-feathers are tipped with brown: while in Aul. prasinus
the whole of the tail-feathers are tipped with brownish red.

The exhibition was resumed of the hitherto undescribed Shells
contained in the collection of Mr. Cuming. ‘Those brought at the
present Meeting under the notice of the Society were accompanied
by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. They consisted of the fol-
lowing species and varieties of the

Genus Monoceros.

Monoceros imBRicaTuM, var. Costis transversis, confertis, nume-
rosis, imbricato- ~squamosis, squamulis fere obsoletis : long. 2°2,
lat. 1-3 poll.

Hab. apud Terra del Fuego.

Found on rocks.—G. B.S.

MonoceRros cRASSILABRUM, var. album. Testd totd albd: long. 2°,
lat. 1:4.
Hab. apud Valparaiso.
Found on rocks at low water.—G. B.S.
No, XXVIII. Procrepines or THE ZooLocicaL Society. ,

Monecerros costatum. Mon. testd ovatd, crassd, albicante cas-
taneo suffusd ; anfractibus convezis, spiraliter costatis, costis sub-
squamosis ; spird brevi; labro crasso, extis subcastaneo, intds
ruguloso ; dente basali brevi: long. 1°3, lat. 0-9 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chiliz. (Conception.)

Found under stones at low water.—G. B.S.

Monoceros cymatum, Sow. Mon. testd ovatd, crassd, rugosd,
Suscd nigro albidoque strigatd et variegatd ; anfractibus quatuor
ventricosis, rugis ultimi quatuor vel quinque latis, obtusis, spira-
libus ; spird exsertiusculd ; labro crasso, extiis sinuoso, intiis den-
tato, dentibus 4-6 albis : long. 1°7, lat. 1-1 poll.

Monoceros cymatum, Sow., in Tankerville Catalogue, No. 1888.

Buccinum cymatum, Solander, MS. ined.

Icon. Monoceros lugubre, Sow., Genera of Shells, No. V. f. 3.—
Wood, Suppl. t.4. Buccinum, f. 11. 12.

Hab. ad littora Californiensia.

Several rows of white teeth may be seen to remain within the
aperture, each of which has formed the inner edge of the outer lip
at the particular period of growth to which it respectively belonged.
—G.B.S.

’ Monoceros acuminatum. Mon. testd ovato-acuminatd, crassius-
culd, fuscescente ; anfractibus quinque vel sex, ventricosis, spi-
raliter costellatis, costellis interstitiisque squamuliferis decus-
satis ; labro extis fusco, intis albo, levi; spird elongata, acumi-
natd : long. 2°, lat. 1°1 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chili. (Baldivia.)
This may be only a variety of Mon. imbricatum.—G. B. 8.

Monoceros cLtosuLtus. Mon. testd subglobosd, castaned, levi,
crassiusculd ; spird acuminald ; anfractibus quatuor vel quinque,
ultimo maximo, ventricosissimo ; labro intis subincrassato, albo,
margine externo castaneo: long. 1°4, lat. 1- poll.

Hab. ad oras Chiliz. (Maulé.)

Found in the clefts of rocks.—G. B. 8.

Monoceros PunctuLatum, Gray. Mon. testd ovatd, crassa, levi-
gatd, albidd punctulis numerosis castaneis spiraliter seriatis pictd ;
labro incrassato, extis crenulato, albo, intis dentato ; dentibus
guingue obtusis, albidis ; aperturd intis fuscescente: long. 1:1,
lat. 0°65 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Cocos, Oceani Pacifici Septentrionalis.

Found on the rocks.—G. B. 8.

Monoceros unIcaRINATUM. Mon. testd ovato-oblongd, crassius-
culd, albicante fusco variegatd ; anfractibus quatuor vel quinque,
spiraliter costatis, interstitiis concinné decussatis, carind unicd
posticd ; labri margine crenulato, intis levi: long. 0°8, lat. 05
poll.

Hab.

om RN ei

Monoceros cirrinum. Mon. testd ovatd, crassa, levi, citrind ;
apice acuminato ; anfractibus quinque, superioribus plerumque uni-
carinatis, carind obtusd, ultimo gibboso ; labro crasso, plerumque
levi, etate intis dentato, dentibus validis, albis : long. 1°4, lat. 1-

oll.

Variat anfractu ultimo transversim costellato, costellis squamulosis.

Hab. apud Coquimbo.

Found in the crevices of rocks.—G. B. S.

Specimens were exhibited of various Hymenopterous Insects, partly
from the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, and partly from that
of Mr. Westwood. They were accompanied by characters by Mr.
Westwood.

Genus Puaciocera, Klug, Jahrb. fur 1834.

Puaciocera apicatis. Plag. fulvo-lutescens ; capite viridi-nigro,
antennis nigris ; pedibus albidis, apice tarsorum fusco; abdominis
segmentis quatuor apicalibus purpureo-nigris ; alis flavidis, stig-
mate apiceque late fuscis.

Antennarum, nervorum alarum, et unguium structura ut in Plag.
thoracicd.

Long. corp. lin. 74. Exp. alar. lin. 16.

Hab. in America Meridionali. Rio Janeiro.—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Obs. Genus Plagiocera Cimbicidas cum Hylotomidis arcté con-

jungit.
Genus Prionoreima, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Caput latum, antic? subtridentatum.

Antenne |1-articulate ; articulis 2do et 3tio fere equalibus, mi-
nutis, reliquis § longitudine sensim decrescentibus.

Abdomen subsessile, oviductu corpore fere duplo longiore, vagi-
nulis pilosis.

Pedes graciles, intermediis crassioribus cum tibiis paullo curvatis,
calcari valido armatis, tarsis intermediis dilatatis.

Obs. Genus Callimomem (oviductu elongato) cum Eupelmo (pedi-

bus intermediis) conjungens.

Obs. Genus Philebopenes, Perty (Del. An. Art. Bras.,3.), eum Cai-

limomi forté conjungendum.

Prion. viripis. Prion. aureo-viridis purpureo nitens ; abdomine
nitido ; femoribus viridi-nigris, tibiis tarsisque obscurioribus, ge-
niculis pedum intermediorum albidis ; antennis nigris ; alis pullide
Sulvescentibus, in medio paullo obscurioribus, nervis fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 33; oviductus, 5!. Exp. alar. lin. 6.

Hab. in Brasiliaé.—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Genus Fanvs, Fab.
Fanvs Ausrrauis. Fen. piceo-niger, punctatissimus, thorace vario-
loso; capite antice, thoracis abdominisque lateribus, corporeque toto
subtis piceo-ferrugineis ; antennis nigris ; pedibus piceo-ferrugineis,

Semoribus supra lined nigra notatis; mandibulis elongatis, similiter
dentatis, dente valido interno basali, dentibusque tribus parvis anie
apicem positis ; alis vir coloratis apicibus nonnihil infuscatis.
Long. corp. lin. 74. Exp. alar. 9. \
Hab. in Nova Hollandia.—In Mus. Westw.

Genus Tuoracantua, Latr.

THORACANTHA FLABELLATA. Thor. nigro-cerulea, nitida ; scutello
abdomen longé superante, nitidissimo, acutissimo, ad apicem in
spinas duas gracillimas desinente, longitudinalitér striato; thorace
transversim striato ; alis sub scutello omnino occultatis ; antennis
nigris 12-articulatis, articulis duobus basalibus fulvis, reliquis
nigris et singulis (ultimo elongato excepto) ramum longum emit-
tentibus ; pedibus fulvis.

Long. corp. (scutello incluso) lin. 23.

Hab. in Brasilia.—In Mus. Dom. Swainson.

Genus CampyLonyx, Westw. (Fam. Proctotrupide.)

Caput latum, oculis vald@ prominulis, fronte emarginato.

Antenne @ graciles, elongate, apicem versus parum incrassatz.

Thorax valde elongatus, continuus, collare longius quam iatum.

Metathoraz longus, bicanaliculatus.

Pedes antici valdé elongati, raptorii, tarsorum unguiculis maximis
recurvatis.

Alarum nervi ut in genere Anteone.

Abdomen ovale.

Oxzs. A genere Gonatopo differt thorace continuo et alato, ab An-

teone thoracis et antennarum structura.

Campytonyx Amputicirormis. Camp. niger, punctatus; abdomine
levi nitido ; antennis (nisi ad basin), pedibus (nisi femoribus et
tibiarum apice), collaris lateribus, marginibusque segmentorum
abdominalium testaceo-rufescentibus ; capite anticé obscure flaves-
cente; alis brevibus pallidé flavescentibus, fasciis duabus fuscis
ornatis.

Long. corp. lin. 4. Exp. alar. lin. 3.

Hab. ‘“‘humi luco de Feuillent, 8 Julii, 1807,” prope villam

“Lyons” Galliz.—In Mus. Com. De Jeanii.

Genus Triconatys, Westw.

Caput magnum, planum, anticé latius.

Mandibule valide, 3-dentate.

Palpi elongati.

Antenne capitis cum thorace longitudine, graciles, filiformes, ad
apicem attenuate, 24- articulate.

Thoraz ovatus.

Abdomen convexum, anticé et posticé attenuatum, vix peduncu-
latum, apice incurvo.

Ale cellula 1 marginali, 4 submarginalibus, quarum 1ma majore,

2da elongato-triangulari, 3tia parva, nervum 2dum recurrentem
excipiente.
Pedes graciles, haud spinosi, tarsis simplicibus.
Oss. Genus anomalum familie dubie.- Caput et antenne Lyde,
abdomen Mutille. Alarum nervi fere ut in Myrmosd dispositi.

TRIGONALYS MELANOLEUCA. Trig. nigra, punctata, subpubescens ;
capite anticé et lateraliter maculisgue duabus parvis posticis, tho-
race postice, abdominisque basi albis; alis anticis in medio fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 4. Exp. alar. lin. 7.

Hab. in America Meridionali. Bahia.—In Mus. Brit. et Westw.

Communicavit Dom. Turner.

Genus Diamma, Westw. (Fam. Mutillidg.)

Corpus oblongum, nitidum, apterum.

Caput subhorizontale, fere rotundatum.

Mandibule elongate, curvate, graciles, dentibus tribus minutis in-
ternis.

Antenne breves, convolutz, ad apicem graciliores.

Thorax elongatus, binodosus.

Abdomen elongatum, convexum, segmentis basalibus subcoarctatis.

Pedes breviusculi, spinosi.

Oss. Genus Myrmecodi affine.

DiamMa Bicotor. Diam. niger, purpureo cyaneoque nitens ; an-
tennis, pedibus, seanslaiiete rufis, his ad apicem nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 94.

Hab. in Noya Hollandia. Mas eh Mus. Westw.

Genus Meria, Jil.

1. Menta Kuvert. Mer. tota nigra, nitida; alis nigris, dimidio api-
cali purpurascente ; collari oblongo-quadrato ; scuto mesothoracico
lineis quatuor brevibus longitudinalibus impresso ; metathorace
scabroso ; abdomine nitidissimo, elongato ; alis cellulis submargi-
nalibus completis tantum duabus (2dd triangulari minutissimd in
Meriis veris pedunculatd, in hac specie obliterata] ; aculeo longis-
simo.

Long. corp. lin. 93. Exp. alar. iin. 12. 5

Hab. apud Sierra Leone.—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

2. Meria Srinota. Mer. nigra, nitida ; capite rufo, ore antennis-
que nigris ; abdomine utrinque maculis tribus parvis albis ; alis
_. fuscis, dimidio apicali obscuriore iridescente ; tarsis piceis ; alarum
nervis ut in Meriis veris.
Long. corp. lin. 74. Exp. alar. lin. 103.
Hab. apud Sierra Leone.—In Mus, Westw. Communicavit Dom.
Hope.
3. Merra Mitteroxit, St. Farg. & Serv., in Encycl. Meth., x.
394., a Klugio sub nomine Mer. nitidule, anno 1810, in tomo Qdo
libri ‘ Beitriige zur Naturkunde’ descripta.

4. Menta ruriventris, Klug, loc. cit., tab. iv. fig. 7.

5. Meria Larreituxi, Fabr., (Bethyllus). Tiphia tripunctata,
Panz. Tachus staphylinus, Jur.

6. Merra prmiprata, Spin. (Tachus).

Oss. Meria vicuroa, Perty, Del. An. Art. Bras., t. 27. f. 13,
haud congenerica.

The following Notes, extracted by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., from
his Journal, were read.

1814.—For a good many years I have attended to the habits of
Peafowl, and for the last eleven have written down my observations.
I find the individuals to differ as much in temper as human beings:
some are willing to take care of the young ones of others, whilst
some have pursued and killed them, and this whether they had a
brood of their own or not. Some cocks have assisted in the care of
young ones, whilst others have attacked them. An early hen fre-
quently has a brood herself the next year. Age makes no difference
in the number of the brood. I have had six from a hen a year old,
and one from an old hen. The hens have frequently a great pre-
ference to a particular peacock. They were all so fond of an old pied
cock, that one year, when he was confined in view, they were con-
stantly assembled close to the trellice walls of his prison, and would
not suffer a japanned peacock to touch them. On his being let out in
the autumn, the oldest of the hens instantly courted him, and ob-
tained proofs of his love in my presence. The next year he was shut
up in a stable, and the hens then all courted his rival; for the ad-
vances in these birds are always made by the female.

_ The japanned breed are, I believe, a variety originating in En-
gland. In Lord Brownlow’s numerous breed of common, white, and
pied, the japanned suddenly, in my memory, appeared amongst them.
The same thing happened in Sir J. Trevelyan’s flock of entirely the
common sort; also in a breed of common and pied given by Lady
Chatham to Mr. Thoroton: and in both cases to the extinction of
the previously existing breed.

1821~2.—A black Poland cock, belonging to my friend and neigh-
bour Mr. Kendall of Barnsley, was seized last winter, near the house,
by a fox, but his screams being heard by the servants, he was res-
cued, desperately wounded, with the loss of half his feathers. In time
the remainder of his feathers came off, and he is now become per-
fectly white. This seems to have some relation to the human hair
becoming white at once from fear.

1827.—Mr. Reid, near York, has two Water Tortoises, brought
over from the siege of Belleisle, which commenced in 1761: one of
them, having wandered, was missing for sixteen years, when it was
found on cleaning out another pond. They are both alive, and very
tame.

1833, April 20.—This morning I found a large white Gold-fish
in great distress. A large male toad had fastened itself upon the

head and shoulders of the fish. On removing the toad, the fish swam
away, apparently unhurt.

Colonel Sykes read a paper “On the Quails and Hemipodii of
India,” which he illustrated by the exhibition of a very extensive
series of those Birds, belonging partly to his own collection, which
was made in Dukhun, and partly to that of the Society, which has
been enriched by specimens from various Indian localities.

The author prefaces his descriptions of the species by some ge-
neral observations on generic distinctions and characters, and illus-
trates his remarks by commenting on some of the genera and species
constituting the genus Tetrao of Linneus and his followers. He
shows that the form of beak alone is inadequate as a mark of ge-
neric distinction, and that the form, and number, and size of the
toes and nails, are not always of themselves to be regarded as suffi-
cient for generic characters. Passing to the characters deriveable
from the combined consideration of the beak and feet, on which
Brisson’s system was founded, he remarks on some incongruous
associations which were thereby occasioned. Size, the most conve-
nient mode (in his estimation) of distinguishing the Quai/s from the
Partridges, cannot, he remarks, be admissible as affording adequate
grounds for generic distinction. Habits, also, present many diffi-
culties in defining associations into genera; those assigned by au-
thors to an entire group belonging frequently to only one or a few
of the species included in it, while in some cases, such as that of
the common Quail, the habits differ in different localities ; that bird
being in Europe migratory, while in India (and probably in China
_also) it is stationary: its solitary habits, except at a particular sea-
son, are preserved in India, but its evident congener, the Cot. tex-
tilis, is never flushed without a second being found within a few
paces. Plumage, although in many genera there is an evident ten-
dency to assume’a particular livery, is evidently unsuitable for ge-
neral adoption as affording adequate grounds for generic distinction,
however useful it may be in the discrimination of species.

After passing in rapid review the genera adopted by M. Tem-
minck in the family of Tetraonide, and offering brief remarks on the
validity of the several groups, Colonel Sykes proceeds to state that
having felt himself disappoimted in his attempts to form a just and
precise estimate of generic differences from external characters only,
he sought in internal organization, in the form of the tongue, and in
the colour of the irides for additional guides and evidences of affini-
ties or dissimilarities. As regards the former of these, he turned his
attention principally to the stomach, the ceca, the proportional length
of the ceca to the intestine, and the proportional length of the in-
testine to the body. Notes of these several particulars, as observed
by him in India in nearly two hundred species of animals, are now
in his possession ; from which he extracts and arranges in a tabular
form such as relate to the Quails and Hemipodii, and, by way of
further illustration, such also as relate to some species of Perdiz,
Francolinus, Columba, and Pterocles.

Colonel Sykes then describes in detail the following species, ac-.
companying his descriptions by observations on their habits, and on j
such other points connected with them as appear to him to be in- 4
teresting.

Genus Coturniz.

1. Coturnizx dactylisonans, Mey.
2. Coturniz tezxtilis, Temm.
3. Coturniz erythrorhyncha, Sykes, in Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool.
Soc., Part II. p. 153.—(Perdix, Mey.)
4. Coturnix Argoondah, Sykes, Ibid.—(Perdix, Mey.)
_5. Coturniz Pentah, Sykes, Ibid.—(Perdix, Mey.)

Genus Hemipodius.

. Hemipodius pugnar, Temm.
. Hemipodius Taigoor, Sykes, Ibid., p. 155.
. Hemipodius Dussumier, Temm.

LY ols er)

April 28, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

"The Chairman exhibited a portion of the vertebral column of a
Sole, Solea vulgaris, Cuv., which had been sent to him by Sir Tho-
mas Phillipps, Bart., for the purpose of illustrating the manner in
which reunion takes place after fracture of the long spinous processes
of the caudal vertebre. Each end of the fractured bones is enlarged,
and appears to have become a new centre of ossification, from whence
processes have been sent out to join the neighbouring one; and
where, as in this. instance, several adjoining bones have partaken of
the injury, the new processes have, in more than one place, united
the broken portion, not to that with which it was originally con-
nected, but to the bone immediately preceding or following it: the
new bone exhibiting no appearance of disease, but possessing alto-
gether a healthy character.

Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of a Toad, which he had recently
received from Swan River, whence it was sent to him by Joseph
Wright, Esq. Believing it to be hitherto undescribed, he charac-
terized it as the

_ Bomsrnator Avstnauis. Bomb. brunneus; fronte, superciliis, guttis

_ dorsi sparsis, vittd lumbari, maculd ad basin artuum alterdque ad
basin pedum, maculisque majoribus irregularibus mentalibus ven-
tralibusque flavis.

Hab. in Australia.

The back is generally smooth, and has some small smooth tuber-
cles arranged along it in longitudinal series. The toes are four in
number on the anterior feet, and five on the posterior: they are
slender, free, and unequal.

Mr. Gray remarked, that the form of Toad to which the name of
Bombinator has been given had not previously been met with beyond
the limits of Europe ; and added, that this Australian species agreed
with the European, not only in the essential characters of the group,
but in the tone and nature of its colouring, and was only specifically
distinguishable by the mode in which the markings were distributed
on its surface.

Mr. Gray also exhibited some specimens of the genus Echinus, as
restricted by Lamarck and modern authors; and proceeded to ex-
_ plain his views with regard to its subdivision into what he consi-
ders four natural genera, adapted to facilitate the distinction of the
species of this extensive group. He regards this distinction as of the

__ More importance, in as much as some of the characters which had been

used for this purpose, such as the number of the tesser@, and of the
pores in the ambulacra, have been found to be inconstant ; the num-
ber of these increasing, as they are now known to do, with the age
of the specimens. He proposed to divide the Echini as follows:

Genus 1. Arsacta.

Corpus depressum.

Aree ambulacrorum angustissime : ambulacra angusta, recta, sin-
gulo e serie simplici tesserarum biporosarum superpositarum
efformato.

Tessere ovariales et interovariales mediocres.

Anus valvis quatuor spiniferis tectus.

This genus corresponds with Echinus section A. of M. de Blain-
ville, and contains Arbacia pustulosa (Echinus pustulosus, Lam.),
Arb. punctulata (Ech, punctulatus, Lam.), &e.

Genus 2. SALentra.

Corpus subsphzericum.

Aree ambulacrorum angustissime: ambulacra angusta, recta, sin-
gulo e serie simplici tesserarum biporosarum superpositarum
efformato.

Tessere ovariales et interovariales maxime.

Anus subexcentricus.

This genus is known only in the fossil state, and has hitherto even
been confounded with Cidaris, but its tubercles are not pierced. It
comprehends Salenia scutiger (Cidaris scutiger, Munst., Goldf. Pe-
tref., t. 49. f. 4—Park., Org. Rem., t, 12. f. 13.; Echinus petali-
ferus, Desm.) and two or three other allied species in Mr. Gray’s
collection.

Genus 3. Ecuinus.

Corpus plus minusve depressum.

Aree ambulacrorum latitudine dimidium arearum extraambula-

- eralium zquantes : tessere ambulacrales tripliciter biporose.

Tesser@ ovariales et interovariales mediocres.

Anus subcentralis, squamosus ; squamis spiniferis.

The ambulacral tessere in this genus may be regarded as being

each composed of three doubly pierced pieces: of these the upper’

is placed in the middle of the upper edge of the ¢essera; the next

below it, on the middle of the outer edge; and the lowest on the.

lower part of the inner edge of the plate: so that when the plates
are together, forming the amdulacra, the pores appear to form oblique
lines, each composed of three double pores, the inner upper double

pore of each line belonging to the plate above the other two double’

pores. »
This genus contains the sections B*. C. E. and G. of M. de Blain-

ville. The species may be divided into two very distinct sections, *

thus’:

1. Ambulacris angustioribus: poris mediocribus approximatis.
a. Ore subintegro.

Of this section Ech. esculentus may be regarded as the type.

On this species Mr. Gray incidentally remarked that it is extremely
variable in shape, becoming very high and subconical in the adult age,
when it is Ech. Melo, Lam.; and being often subangular, in which
condition it is Ech. subangulosus, Ejusd.

b. Ore profunde inciso.
Ech. excavatus, Lam.; Ech. Pileolus, Lam.; &c.

2. Ambulacris latis: poris inter se tuberculis parvis sejunctis :
ore 5-ixciso.
Ech. ventricosus, Lam.; &c.

Genus 4. EcurvometTra.

Corpus plus minusve depressum, sepé oblongum.

Aree ambulacrorum mediocres: tessere ambulacrales quinquariam
vel ultra biporosz.

Tessere ovariales et interovariales mediocres.

Anus subcentralis, squamosus; squamis szepe spiniferis.

In this genus the ambulacral plates may be considered as being
composed of five or more doubly pierced: pieces, which form an
arched line round the outer edge of the tessera, with a single pair
of pores at its lower inner angle.

The spines with which the species of this genus are furnished are
often of very unequal size, and they are of very variable form, some
of the larger ones being very long, as in Echinometra trigonaria ;
and others very short and truncated, as in Ech. atrata.

Mr. Gray stated that he had formerly separated from the Echini ©
some of the species of this genus which are peculiar for their oblong
form, and that the genus so proposed by him had been adopted by
M. de Blainville; but a much more extended examination has con-
vinced him that individuals of the same species vary from roundish to
oblong: and, therefore, having observed many round species agree-
ing with oblong ones in the peculiar character of the ambulacra, he
has united them to the former, under the same name. It is to be
remarked, as throwing doubt on the bilaterality of the Hchinide,
attempted to be established by M. Agassiz, that the spongy ovarial

plate which that gentleman regarded as the mark of the hinder part

of the Echinide, is always placed on one side or er other of the
longer axis of the oblong species.

This genus will contain sections B**, D. and F. ie, M. de Blain-
ville, as well as the Echinometra of that author, and many new spe-
cies which are as yet undescribed.

Mr. Gray subsequently exhibited a specimen of a new genus of
Corals, which he had recently received from the coast of Montserrat
in the West Indies. The coral in question is formed almost entirely
of rather large transparent rough fusiform spicuda, which are irre-

gularly placed side by side along the stems, and are imbedded in the .

animal matter: the spicula are so abundant as to render the coral

very hard, and to give it much of the appearance of a mass of arra- .

gonite, of which it has also the form. Its stem is irregularly cylin-
drical, rather crooked, and slightly tapering : it throws off.a rather
thinner branch a little below the middle of the main stem ; and both
the main stem and its branch end in a hemispherical head, the upper
surface of which is covered with forty or fifty rather large conical
tubercles, each terminating in a small central mouth. These tuber-
cles are formed of spicula resembling those of the stem, the points
of which arm the apices of the cones. The central cones are the
largest and most distinct, and the marginal ones are smaller, and
more or less confluent. The stem when broken exhibits similar sp7-
cula and a few internal cells, but it has no distinct central avis: the
conical tubercles of the head are hollow, and they doubtless inclose

and give exit through their central mouths to the Po/ypes which form

the coral.

This coral appears to be most nearly allied to the genus Zenza (of
which Alcyonium floridum of Esper is the type), and agrees with it
in having no distinct aris, and in having the whole surface covered
with large spicula, and the Polypes protruded from tubular cells at
the end of the branches. It differs, however, from that genus in
its spicula being much more abundant, and the coral consequently
more solid, and by no means spongy; and im being less branched,
with the polype-cells forming a hemispherical head, instead of a
bunch of small branches. For these reasons Mr. Gray is led to con-
sider it as forming a new genus, which, until the animal is known, he
is induced to place next to Zenia, with the following characters :

Genus Nipatta.

Corallium fixum, cylindricum, subramosum, subsolidum, spiculis
caleareis densé indutum ; apice capitato, hemisphzrico, e pa-
pillis conicis inequalibus spiculiferis formato.

Nipawia Occipentaris. Nid. corallio albido, subramoso.

Hab. in littore Oceani Atlantici apud Montserrat in India Occi-

dentali.

The specimen described is now in the collection of the Britisk
Museum,

ii ii,

May 12, 1835.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by P. L. Strachan,
Esq., and dated Sierra Leone, February 22, 1835. It referred to
some Alligators sent from that country by the writer several months
since, all of which died on their passage. It also stated that he had
forwarded to the Society a Mud Turtle (Trionyx?), which, he hoped,
would prove acceptable.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by A. MacLeay,
Esq., Colonial Secretary, New South Wales, dated Sydney, October
25, 1834. It stated that the writer had, in consequence of the ap-
plication made to him, set on foot inquiries respecting that interesting
Bird of New Zealand, the Apteryx Australis, Shaw; and that he
had succeeded in obtaining a skin of it, (destitute, however, of the
legs,) which he had forwarded to the Society. The specimen was
exhibited.

The skin presented by Mr. MacLeay to the Society was obtained
by him from the Rev. W. Yate, who writes to him as follows, dated
Waimate, March 10, 1834: ‘About six weeks ago I had one of
these birds in my possession, the second I have seen in the Land.
I kept it nearly a fortnight, and in my absence it died. One of my
boys took off the skin; the legs rotted off. I have very great plea-
sure in sending you the skin as it is. Should I ever meet with an-
other, I will do all I can to preserve it for you. Its food is long
earth-worms. It strikes with its bill on the ground, and seems to
know by the sound where its prey lies. It then thrusts its bill into
the ground, draws up the worm, and swallows it whole and alive.
They kick very hard, and their legs are remarkably strong for the
size of the bird. They are very rare in New Zealand, but are found
in the greatest numbers at Hiku Rangi, the mountain which you
mention.”

Mr. MacLeay adds, that he has applied to other friends on the
subject, and that, should he succeed in procuring further information,

he will communicate it to the Society.

He concludes by expressing his intention of forwarding to the
Society the white-fleshed Pigeon of the Colony, which, he conceives,
would be a great acquisition in England : it is certainly, he says, far
superior to Partridge. ;

No. XXIX. Proceepincs or tHE Zootocicat Society.

Colonel Sykes, in illustration of the extended geographical distri-
bution of some species of Birds, called the attention of the Meeting
to a collection of Bird-skins, formed at the Cape of Good Hope by
Captain Spiller, R.A., and presented by that gentleman to the So-
ciety. The principal object had in view was the demonstration of
the identity of many species of Birds existing in Southern Africa,
with those which Colonel Sykes had himself obtained in Dukhun.
By the juxtaposition of the Cape Birds, and of those killed by him-
self in India, he showed that the following species exist equally in
both those countries : several of them are also common to Europe.

Falco Tinnunculus, Linn.—South Africa, India, and Europe.
Milvus Govinda, Sykes.—South Africa and India.

Strix Javanica, Horsf.—Strix flammea, Linn.? Universal ?
Alcedo rudis, Linn.—South Africa and India.

Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn.—South Africa and India.
Coracias Indica, Linn.—South Africa and India.

Upupa minor, Shaw.—South Africa and India.

Cinnyris Mahrattensis, Cuv.—South Africa and India.
Ardea Caboga, Penn.—South Africa, India, and Europe.
Nycticorax Europeus, Steph.—South Africa, India, and Europe.
Limosa Glottoides.—South Africa and India.

Gallinago media, Ray.—South Africa, India, and Europe.
Rhynchea Capensis, Steph.—South Africa and India.
Cursorius Asiaticus, Lath.—South Africa and India.
Himantopus melanopterus, Horsf.—Universal.

Colonel Sykes remarked that he had previously, while illustrating
his ‘ Catalogue of the Birds of Dukhun’, read before the Committee
of Science and Correspondence in 1832, shown the specific identity
of many European and Indian Birds, especially in the orders Gral-
latores and Natatores.

“Some account of a hybrid Bird between the cock Pheasant, Pha-
sianus Colchicus, Linn., and the grey Hen, Tetrao Tetrix, Ej., by
Thomas C. Eyton, Esq.,” was read. It was illustrated by the ex-
hibition of the preserved skin of the bird, and also of a drawing
made from it.

“For some years past a single grey Hen has been observed in the
neighbourhood of the Merrington covers, belonging to Robert A.
Slaney, Esq., but she was never observed to be accompanied by a
black Cock, or any other of her species. In November last a bird
was shot on the manor adjoining Merrington, belonging to J. A.
Lloyd, Esq., resembling the black game in some particulars, and the
Pheasant in others. In December another bird was shot in the Mer-
rington covers, resembling the former, but smaller: it is now in my
collection, beautifully preserved by Mr. Shaw of Shrewsbury.

“The hybrid bird in my possession, which is a female, may be
thus shortly described :

* Tarsi half-feathered, without spurs, of the same colour as in the
Pheasant. Bill resembling that of the Pheasant, both in colour and
shape. Jrides hazel. Crown and throat mottled black and brown.
Neck glossy black, with a tinge of brown. Breast of nearly the same
colour as that of the cock Pheasant, but more mottled with black.
Tail of the same colour as in the grey Hen; centre tail feathers
longest; under tail coverts light brown.

“The plumage of this bird is very curious; as some parts of it
resemble either sex of both black game and Pheasant.

“I had an opportunity of examining the body after it was taken
from the skin, and of comparing it with the black game and the
Pheasant.

** The following are some remarks which I made on its anatomy :

** Left‘oviduct very imperfect ; the ovaries very small; the eggs
scarcely perceptible, and very few in number.

‘The sternum approaches nearer to that of the black Grouse than
of the Pheasant; but the bone is not so massive, the anterior edge
of the keel is more scolloped, and the bone between the posterior
scollops is not so broad as in the black game.

“The os furcatorium is that of the Pheasant, being more arched

than in the black game, and having the flat process at the extre-
mity next the sternum broader.

* The pelvis is exactly intermediate between the two, having more
solidity, and being both broader and longer than in the Pheasant ;
but resembling that of the Pheasant in having the two processes on
each side of the caudal vertebre, which serve for the attachments of
the levator muscles of the tail.

_ “The subjoined Table shows some comparative measurements
‘between the hybrid bird in question, the cock Pheasant, and the
ey Hen.

Hybrid Bird.| Male
Grey Hen.| Female. | Pheasant.
a J

~ . ¥

vent to gizzard ....eseeeee ,
Length from the vent tothe ceca | 0 6 0 5: |0 4
Length of the ceca .....00.600| 2 0 2 0 0 8

® P Mr. Gray exhibited, from his own collection, specimens of a Coral,

“tee re
2 ache ht

known to some of the English residents at Canton by the name of
the Glass Plant. He stated that it appeared to him to be most
nearly related to Gorgonia, although it differed widely from that
genus by its axis consisting, not of a single calcareous stem, but of
a congeries of almost innumerable siliceous filaments, slightly twisted
together into the form of a rope. Each of these filaments, however,
is composed, like the stem of Gorgonia, of very numerous concentric
lamine, which are easily separated from each other by exposure to
heat, such as the flame of a candle, when the fibre splits down one
side, leaving the inner lamine exposed. Near their upper extre-
mity the filaments have a wrinkled appearance, and are furnished
with numerous barbs, directed backwards; towards the base they
taper gradually, and become much attenuated. The crust bearing
the polypes surrounds the mass of siliceous filaments, and a thin
portion of it probably envelopes each of the component filaments of
the rope, as it may be termed: the bark is of a leathery substance,
and includes a number of small spicula: its outer surface is sandy :
it is furnished with large, distinct, flat-topped tubercles, from which
the polypes are doubtless emitted, as they are from the somewhat
similar tubercles of the bark of the genus Eunicea. Towards the
lower end of the stem the crust is discontinued ; and this part is im-
bedded in a species of Sponge, which, if essential to the coral, is,
however, independent of it, the sponge occurring without the coral,
but the coral not having yet been found without the sponge. The
coral seems to be affixed only by the intervention of the sponge, and
is not flattened out at the base, like Gorgonia, for attachment to other
bodies. In Pennatula, which is affixed by the insertion of its lower
undilated end into yielding substances, the polypiferous crust is con-
tinued to the extremity of the stem, and does not cease, like that of
the glass-rope Coral, at the point of immersion.

Mr. Gray remarked that this Coral is peculiar, as being the only ¢

body, the animal nature of which is undoubted, that is yet known to
secrete silica; the spicula and azis of all other Corals which have

fallen under his observation being purely calcareous: he has not, _

however, yet had an opportunity of examining the Gorgonia Briareus,

the axis of which is described by Ellis as consisting of numerous _
a

little purple glossy needles, but in the nearly allied Aleyonium asbes- —

tinum (the spicula of which closely agree with this description) he has —
ascertained that the spicula are calcareous. In the siliceous nature —
of its spicula the Coral in question agrees with some of the Sponges, —
Tethya, &c.

Mr. Gray stated that this curious production had occupied much
of his attention several years since, and that he had delayed the
publication of his views respecting it, in the hope of being enabled, ~
by the acquisition of more copious materials, to clear up some points

which did not appear to him to be, at that time, capable of satisfac-
tory elucidation. He characterized it as the type of a new genus.

HyatoneMa.

Corallium simplex, subcylindricum, ad basin attenuatum et in
Spongid immersum, supra basin cortice coriaceo tuberculato
tectum ; tuberculis sparsis, depressis, polypiferis. xis e spi-
culis numerosis, elongatis, filiformibus, subcontortis, siliceis
constans.

Polypus ignotus.

Hyatonema SIezorpt.

Hab. apud Japoniam, Dr. Siebold.

Specimens are contained in the British Museum, to which they

were presented by John Reeves, Esq.; in the Museum at Leyden;
and in the collection of Mr. Gray ; the latter having been purchased
from the Dutch Museum, through the kindness of Dr. De Haen.

few fibres of the axis formed part of the Sloanean Collection,

when it was originally acquired for the British Museum, but their
nature was altogether unknown.

Saw ioes

May 26, 1835.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to Mr. Vigors by Philip Poole, Esq.,
Assistant Surgeon, Madras Medical Establishment, and dated Tra-
vancore Residency, December 17, 1834. It accompanied a collec-
tion of skins of Mammalia, Birds, and Reptiles, amounting in number
to upwards of a hundred, which the writer presented to the Society.
“ The whole of the animals were obtained in the forests about twenty
miles inland from Kolun or Quilon, in the Travancore country.”
Mr. Poole expresses his readiness to collect other objects for the
Society, and calls particular attention to the “red Mangouste, of
which,” he says, “I send both male and female : they are considered
a great curiosity in India, and I have been told that they are only to
be found in the Travancore country.”

The several Mammalia contained in Mr. Poole’s collection were
then exhibited, and Mr. Bennett brought them in succession under
the notice of the Meeting. The most interesting among them, he
stated, was the Jchneumon especially referred to by the donor, which
represented a species hitherto undescribed, and differing remarkably
from the usual livery of the genus. While the Herpestes fasciatus,
he observed, deviates from the nearly universal grizzled appearance
of the fur which characterizes the Jchnewmons generally, and ap-
proaches, by the cross bands of its back and loins, to the markings
of the Suricate, Ryzena tetradactyla, Ill., the species from Travan-
core is equally aberrant by the possession of a longitudinal dark
dash on each side of the neck, which, in some degree, seems to ap-
proximate it in point of colouring, to the Civets, Civetta, Cuv.

The almost uniform colouring of Mr. Poole’s specimens, which are
destitute, except on the head, of any grizzled appearance, might
have been regarded as an additional deviation from the ordinary
characteristics of the group; but this Mr. Bennett showed, by the
exhibition of a skin which had still more recently come into the So-
ciety’s possession, is by no means universal throughout the indivi-
duals of the species, the skin last referred to (which is believed to
have been imported from Bombay) being grizzled, as in'the other
Ichneumons, over the greater part of its surface, and having the uni-
form red colour limited to the extremity of the back and the con-
tiguous part of the tail. Notwithstanding this discrepancy in the

sg a i a 1 eal

colouring, he stated his conviction that the Bombay animal belongs
to the same species with those from Travancore; agreeing, as they
do, in the possession of the remarkable dark dash along the sides of

. the neck, in the broad dark tip of the tail and the uniform red of

its base, and in the general proportions of the body.
He characterized the species in question as the

Herrestes vitticotuis. Herp. grisea aut rubra; caudd ad basin
rubra ad apicem laté nigra ; artubus vittdque ab aure ad scapu-
lam ducté nigris.

Long. corporis cum capite 22 unc.; caude (sine pilis), 123.

Hab. in Indiz Orientalis partibus Austrum spectantibus.

Mr. Bennett stated his intention of giving a detailed description
of this new species in some “ Observations on the genus Herpestes,
Ill.,” which he was about to prepare, and in which he proposed to
advert to the other Zchneumons in the Society’s possession. He
added, that a living individual of Herp. fasciatus had lately been, for
a short time, in the Society’s Menagerie, on its way to the collection
of the President, the Earl of Derby, at Knowsley.

A skin was subsequently exhibited of a Mammiferous animal,
which had lately been added to the Society’s collection, and which
Mr. Bennett regarded as the representative of a second species of
his genus Lagotis. He pointed out the marks by which it is distin-
guished from the species on which the genus was originally proposed
by him, and which was described in detail-in the ‘ Transactions’,
vol. i. p. 35, and proposed for it, in allusion to one of the most
striking of them, the name of Lag. pallipes. Its occurrence, he re-
marked, renders it necessary to characterize the two species of the

Genus Lacoris.

1, Lacoris Cuvirrr, Benn. Lag. auriculis caput longitudine
@quantibus ; vellere longiore ; caude@ setis albidisque nigrisque ;
pedibus cinereis.

Long. corporis cum capite 16 unc. ; caud@e (preter pilos), 114;
auricule, 23; pedis postici, 33.

Hab. in Peruvia?

2. Lacoris patiires. Lag. auriculis capite subbrevioribus ; vellere
brevi ; caud@ setis ferrugineis ; ventre pedibusque fulvescentibus,
his pallidioribus.

Long. corporis-cum capite 15 unc.; caude (preter pilos), 11;
auricule, 24; pedis postici, 3.

Hab. in Chiliz montosis.

Mr. Bennett stated his intention of preparing, in consequence of

the acquisition of this specimen, a short paper, which he proposed
to entitle “ Additional remarks on the Genus Lagotis, with some
account of a second Species referrible to it.”

Mr. Reeve exhibited specimens of two Shells, which he regarded

as previously undescribed, and compared them with the species most
nearly related to them, which he also exhibited.
The first of them is characterized by Mr. Lake as follows:

Cyrrma susvirivis. Cyp. testd ovatd, pyriformi, subventricosé ;
dorso convexissimo, subviridi, fasciis duabus tribusve latis, fulvo
brunneoque varie picto; basi convexd, pallidd; margine subin-
crassato, rufescenti-brunneo, extremitates versus subproducto ; ore
lineari, sublato, posticé recurvo, dentibus submagnis subdistan-
tibus, columellé convexd: long. 12, lat. 3, alt. 4 poll.

Hab.

This shell seems to partake of the characters of Cyp. Errones and
Cyp. pallida ; having for the most part the colouring and marking
of the former, and the form of the latter: it is, however, specifically
distinct from either, It is of a ventricose pyriform shape; the back
is of a light green colour, variously painted with yellowish brown ;
and the margin is of a reddish brown colour, darker towards the
extremities.—L.

The second species is thus characterized by Mr. Reeve:

Lucina rucirERA. Lue. testéd rotundatd, lenticulari, convexiusculd,
albicante spadiceo-rufescente concentrice subfasciata ; stris ra-
diatis elevatis aliisque concentricis rugosa ; itis alba; ano tri-
gono, impresso, minimo: long. 2+, lat. 2, alt. 1 poll.

Hab. ad oras Nove Hollandiz.

This shell is closely allied to Lue. tigerina, (Cytherea tigerina,
Lam.,) and appears at first sight to be the var. 3 of that species
(Lam., Anim. sans Vert., nouv. ed., p. 219): but upon examination
it is found to differ, principally in the longitudinal strie being more
elevated, and crossing the transverse stri@, and in the interior being
perfectly white: it is also from a very different locality. There is

in the collection of Mr. Cuming a specimen of the variety of Luc. |

tigerina above mentioned which answers exactly to Lamarck’s de-
scription.—L, A. R.

Specimens were exhibited, partly from the collection of the Rev.
F. W. Hope, and partly from that of Mr. Westwood, of various
Hymenopterous Insects, which Mr. Westwood regarded as new to
science. They were accompanied by the following characters by
Mr. Westwood :

%
3
}
i

ns
sits

Genus Drruinus, Dalm.

Diruinus Maverrtanus. Dir. eneo-niger ; capite thoraceque crassé
punctatis, illius cornubus brevioribus obtusis ; antennis migris ar-
ticulo 1mo ad basin et apicem piceo; tibiarum quatuor anticarum
apicibus tarsisque omnibus testaceis; scutello in medio leviusculo I
metathorace longitudinaliter 4-costato et uérinque angulato; ab-
domine nigro nitido, subtis ( 2 ) fornicato.

Long. corp. lin. 2. Exp. alar. lin. 3.

Hab. in Insulé Mauritii, Dom. Templeton.

Genus Merapetma, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Thorax ante alas elongatus, declivis.

Antenne graciles, fere thoracis longitudine, apicem versus paullo
crassiores, apice ipso obliqué truncato.

Abdomen compressum, oviductu exserto, abdominis longitudine.

Pedes intermedii longiores, femoribus paullo retré-curvatis, tibiis
calcari longo instructis, tarsis vix dilatatis subtis ciliatis, arti-
culo 1mo longiore: postici crassiores, tibiis tarsorumque basi
valdé dilatatis compressis.

Oss. Genus Eupelmo affine.

Merareza sprctasiis. Met. capite thoraceque viridibus cupreo
nitentibus ; antennis nigris ; abdomine nigro, chalybeo purpureo-
que nitente ; pedibus quatuor anticis ferrugineis viridi subniten-
tibus ; tarsis intermediis fuscis ad basin albidis ; pedibus duobus
posticis fuscis, femoribus basi rufis, tibiis basi ulbis; oviductu
nigro; alis pone medium nubeculd vix infumatis.

Long. corp. lin. 24; oviductiis, lin. 1. Exp. alar. lin. 33.

Hab. in Georgié Americe.—In Mus. Brit.

Genus Scuizaspipia, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Corpus breve, crassum.

Antenne breves, crassz, 13-articulate, articulis 2do et 3tio fere
zqualibus, 4to—-10mum interné serratis, reliquis tribus in unum
coalitis.

Scutellum magnum, posticé supra abdomen productum et ejus di-
midium basale superans, ad apicem furcatum.

Abdomen thorace paullo majus, supra planum, pedunculo (fere
tertiam partem abdominis longitudine zquante) ad thoracem
affixum. ‘ :

Oss. Perilampum (habitu) cum Eucharide (scutello armato) con-

jungens.

Scuizasprp1a FurcIFER. Schiz. enea; thoracis parte anticd trans-
versim striatd ; scutelli lateribus longitudinaliter sulcatis ; abdo-

. 70

minis dimidio basalt cceruleo, apicali fulvo ; antennis pedibusque
Sulvescentibus ; alis macula substigmaticali fuscescente.
Long. corp. lin, 23. Exp. alar. lin. 44.
Hab. apud Bengaliam.—In Mus. Brit. _
Variat magnitudine minore; antennis profundius serratis; thorace
magis sulcato; abdomine toto fulvo. (An sexus alter? ¢?)

Genus Pentacrapia, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Eulopho affinis: differt antennis 9-articulatis, articulo 2do parvo,
3tio-7mum ramum longum emittentibus, 8vo Inoque majoribus
oblongo-ovalibus ; abdomine compresso.

PENTACLADIA ELEGANS. Pent. splendidé purpureo-cerulescens,
antennis obscurioribus.

Eulopho ramicorni dimidio longior.

Hab. ?—In Mus. Com. Dejean (olim Latreillii).

Genus Cuatcitetta, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Antenne ad os inserte, 12?-13?-articulate, articulo 2do brevi,
3tio et sex sequentibus paullo majoribus, valdé continuis, reli-
quis tribus ve] quatuor massam elongato-conicam efformantibus.

Metathorax valdé declivis.

Pedunculus dimidium abdominis longitudine zquans, gracilis, cy-
lindricus.

Femora intermedia ad basin gracilia, ad apicem subclavata; cox
posticz crasse, longe ; femora postica maxima, subtus 7-den-
tata.

Ozs. Genus Chalcidibus typicalibus (ex. gr. Sispes) affine.

Cuatciretta Evaniowes. Chale. nigra, punctata ; abdomine com-
presso, nitido ; antennarum basi, geniculis et interdum pedunculo
piceis ; tibiis tarsisque magis testaceis.

Long. corp. lin. 14. Exp. alar. lin. 2.

Hab. in Insula Mauritii, Dom. Templeton.

Genus Macroretezia, Westw. (Fam. Proctotrupide.)

Corpus longissimum, lineare.

Caput rotundatum, thoracis latitudine.

Antenne in utroque sexu thoracis longitudine, 12-articulate, ¢
articulis fere zqualibus, submoniliformibus, ? articulis sex
terminalibus clavam crassam oblongam efformantibus.

Thorax ovatus: scutello inermi.

Ale abdomine multo breviores, nervis ut in genere Pteromalo dis-
positis.

Abdomen fere sessile, longissimum, longitudinaliter striatum, seg-

mentis quatuor basalibus zqualibus, depressum, marginatum ;
in 2 longius et posticé valdé attenuatum: oviductu retracto.
Oxs. Genus Teleadi affine.

MacroreLeia Crzeonymorpes. Macr. nigra; abdomine piceo ;
antennarum basi pedibusque rufescentibus ; (3): 2 picea; capite
antennarumque clavd nigris ; abdomine testaceo, apice nigro.

Long. corp. ¢ lin. 1%, 9 2%. Exp. alar. lin. 23.

Hab. in Insulé Mauritii, Dom. Templeton.

Genus Anopontyra, Westw. (Fam. Scoliide.)

Corpus elongatum : abdomen, articulis continuis, oblongo-ovatum,
ad apicem inerme.

Antenne graciles, 13-articulate, articulo 2ndo discreto, ¢.

Mandibule dente valido interno ante apicem armate.

Palpi maxillares elongati, 6-, labiales 4-articulati.

Alarum nervi fere ut in Tengyra Sanvitali dispositi.

Oss. Tengyris affinis: statura minus elongata quam in Tengyris

et Myzinibus g.

ANopONTYRA TRICOLOR. An. nigra; collari anticé flavo lineato ;
_ segmentis abdominalibus 2do, 3tio et 4to ad marginem posticum
flavo interrupté marginatis, subtus etiam macula parva laterali
ejusdem coloris notatis; tibiis tarsisque testaceis; alis fulvo-
testaceis, ante apicem nubilo fuscescenti notatis.
Long. corp. lin. 83. Exp. alar. lin. 143.
Hab. in Chilii—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Genus Srricocaster, Westw. (Fam. Vespide?)

Caput magnum, planum, quadratum: oculi integri, ovales.

Antenne ( 2) capite non longiores, in medio faciei insertz, genicu-
latee, 12-articulatz, articulo 1mo longo, reliquis valdé continuis.

Labrum corneum, triangulare.

Mandibule mediocres, ante medium et sub apicem interné excise.

Mazille et Mentum elongate : palpi mazillares 6-, labiales (bre-
viores) 4-articulati.

Labrum e lobis duobus parvis carnosis constans.

Thorax brevis: scutello haud elevato.

Abdomen ovale, subdepressum, segmentis continuis.

Pedes breves, antici ( ¢) haud fossorii, tibiis posticis spinosis.

Ale antice cellula 1 marginali subappendiculata, cellulis 2 sub-
marginalibus completis quarum 2da nervos duos recurrentes
recipit.

Oxs. Genus quoad affinitates dubium. Ceramium (habitu) Philan-

this vel potius Sapygis (structura orali) quasi conjungens.

Sericocaster Fasciatus. Ser. niger; scutello, antennis, pedibus-
que rufescentibus ; femoribus posticis ad basin apiceque antenna-
rum piceis ; abdominis segmentis flavo irregulariter marginatis.

Long. corp. lin. 43. Exp. alar. lin. 6.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Genus Doryuus, Fabr.

Dorytus Ortentauis. 4 Dor. helvolo distinguitur, staturad paullo
graciliore, nervo recurrenti alarum anticarum pone medium
areole submarginalis inserto, nervisque binis internis (posti-
carum) nervis duobus transversis connexis.

Hab. in India Orientali—In Mus. Westw. Communicavit Dom.

W. W. Saunders, F.L.S.

Mr. Owen read a paper ‘‘On the Anatomy of Distoma clavatum,
Rud.,” an Entozoon of an intermediate grade of structure between
the two subjects, Trichina and Linguatula, which he has recently
brought under the notice of the Society: the one manifesting simply
a homogeneous granular pulp enveloped in a transparent, thin, elastic
tegument; and the other having distinctly developed nervous ganglia
and filaments, a muscular tunic, a digestive canal contained in an
abdominal cavity, ovaries, oviduct, and fecundating glands.

The specimen of Dist. clavatum examined by Mr. Owen measured
2 inches and 2 lines in length, and 14 inch in circumference at its
thickest part. Its outer integument was thin, crisp, and semitrans-
parent; transversely and minutely wrinkled, and evidently fibrous
in the same direction; and adhering but slightly, at least after ma-
ceration in spirit, to the succeeding layer. This latter tunic was
evidently muscular, and was composed of longitudinal fibres: it ad-
hered pretty closely to the membrane immediately inclosing the cel-
lular parenchyma of the body, but was separable from it by careful
manipulation. The muscular tunic was beautifully ornamented by
tortuous vessels containing a dark-coloured fluid.

The anterior orifice is surrounded by a muscular sphincter, forming
a suctorious disc, at the bottom of which is a minute orifice leading
to the digestive tubes. These are two in number, and are continued,
slightly enlarging and diverging from one another, to the cells at
the posterior part of the body.

The large cup-like cavity, about 3 lines posterior to the anterior
end of the animal, is simply for adhesion, and has no communication
with the interior of the body; but immediately in front of it is a
small transverse slit, concealed by the wrinkles of the integument,
which forms the outlet of the generative organs.

At the posterior extremity of the body there is a minute central
orifice, leading into a narrow cavity formed between two layers of a

_ villous membrane, extending vertically across the terminal dilated
part of the animal. Between this cavity and the rest of the body no
communication could be detected, on the most minute inspection.
Its internal surface is of a yellowish white colour, and smooth. Its
function is probably excretory, and it may, therefore, be regarded
as exhibiting a rudimentary condition of the respiratory system. On
each side of it is a large lateral cavity, internally black and minutely
wrinkled, and filled (in the individual examined) with a dark brown
fluid, similar in appearance to partly digested blood. This nutriment
is conveyed to the lateral cavities by the intervention of the smaller
cells anterior to those from the two alimentary canals leading from
the mouth, and is distributed into the dark-coloured vessels of the
muscular tunic: so that the lateral cavities, analogous to those which
have been considered as chyle-receptacles in Amphistoma, &c., hold
an intermediate position between the alimentary and the sangui- |
ferous canals. The cells at the smaller end of the body were occu-
pied by a yellow fluid, containing numerous ova of the same colour,
many of which had thence passed into the tortuous oviduct.

Distoma is thus seen to possess, in addition to the cellular paren-
chyma of the body, the three systems of canals, digestive, vascular,
and generative, which are usually met with in the Trematoda. An
analogy to the Leech may be traced, not merely in the external
suckers, but also in the form of the cells, which at the posterior part
of the body communicate with, and form part of, the digestive ap-
paratus, especially of the two last cavities, which very closely re-
semble the last pair of gastric ceca that occupy, in the Leech, a
similar position.

The reading of the paper was illustrated by the exhibition of the
animal described in it, and of drawings of its several parts.

Mr. Owen subsequently read ‘‘Some Remarks on the Entozoa,
and on the Structural Differences existing among them; including
Suggestions for their Distribution into other Classes.”

The difficulty of assigning to the internal parasites of other ani-
mals a definite character, by which they may be distinguished as a
class, is evident on a mere inspection of the definition proposed for
the Entozoa by Cuvier: it rests chiefly on their habitats, and on
certain negative properties, and attempts to combine with these a ge-
neral resemblance of form. Rudolphi at one time imagined that he
had overcome this difficulty, by denying to the Entozoa a nervous
system; but he was subsequently under the necessity of regarding
the Nematoidea as excluded from this definition, and he proposed to
associate this portion of the Hntozoa with the Annelida. But the
possession by the red-blooded Worms of a distinct respiratory system
would alone be sufficient to forbid this association, even if the essen-.

tial character of ganglions on the nervous chords were not also pre-
sent to negative it absolutely. As the Nematoidea differ from the
Parenchymatous Worms by possessing a distinct nervous system as
widely on the one hand, as they do from the Annelida in the form of
that system on the other, Mr. Owen has been induced to associate
them with those other classes of the Radiata of Cuvier which, while
they are distinguished from the rest of the division by the undoubted
presence of nerves, agree with the Nematoidea in manifesting these
organs in,the form of simple ungangliated disconnected chords.

The subdivision of Cuvier’s Radiata, proposed by Mr. W.S. Mac-
Leay, into two principal groups, the Acrita and the Radiata, may be
regarded as consonant with the system of nature, although’the latter,
by the exclusion of the Nematoidean Worms, is too restricted as to
its contents: the definition of the former group given by its pro-
poser requires also modification, in consequence of the vast disco-
veries which have of late years been made in the organization of the
animals comprised in it. Mr. Owen discusses the several characters
assigned to the Acrita, and dwells particularly on the variations in
the generative system which range from gemmation and spontaneous
fission, observed only in this group in the animal kingdom; to the
cryptandrous or productive form only, which occurs in the Cystict
and Cestoidea; to the superaddition of a fecundating gland to the
ovary, as in Trematoda; and to the separation of the sexes, as in the
Acanthocephala: so as already to typify almost all the modes of ge-
neration by which the higher races of animals are perpetuated.

Mr. Owen regards the molecular and the filiform condition of the
nervous system as respectively furnishing the primary characters of
the Acrita and the Radiata; although traces of longitudinal nervous
chords may be met with in Echinorhynchus and in the Acalephe.
Another distinction of great moment is the absence, in the Acrita,
of a distinct abdominal cavity separating the digestive cavity from
the parietes of the body; the digestive cavity in those animals, what-
ever may be its form, being essentially a simple excavation of the
parenchyma. The vascular system, where traces of it are met with
in the Acrita, corresponds with the digestive system in being equally
devoid of proper parietes, and consisting of canals excavated in the
parenchymatous substance of the body, in which a cyclosis of the
nutrient fluids, analogous to that of plants, is observed, but no true
circulation.

In the Acrite subkingdom, with the exception of the generative
and digestive organs, all the other systems are more or less blended
together, and the corporeal parenchyma seems to possess many func-
tions in common. Where a distinct organ is eliminated, it is often
repeated almost indefinitely in the same individual. Thus, in the
Polypi the nutritious canals are supplied by a thousand mouths; in

_ the Polygastrica there is an analogous multiplication of the digestive
cavity itself; the generative system becomes the subject of this re-
petition in the Tenia, each joint being the seat of a Separate ovary;
and the Sponges, which exhibit in their calcareous and siliceous spi-
cula the first rudiment of an internal skeleton, repeat again and again,
without modification, in the same individual the same spiculum. The
Acrita offer, as it were, the germs of the higher animal forms, and
sketch forth the ideas of the typical condition of the principal sub-
divisions of the animal kingdom.

As classes of Acrita Mr. Owen proposes to regard the Polygastrica,
the Spongie, the Polypi, the Acalephe, and the Vers Intestinaux Pa.
renchymateux of Cuvier, for which latter he proposes the name of
Sterelmintha.

Among the Radiata, for which he uses the name Nematoneura, he
includes the Echinodermata and the Roti era, together with the Vers
Cavitaires of Cuvier; which latter he subdivides into the Epizoa and
the Celelmintha, a term proposed by him to comprise all the Nema-
toidea, together with the genera Linguatula and Sipunculus.

He passes in rapid review the several systems of the Celelmintha,
and remarks on the generative functions, that the same variations
which are met with in the Sterelmintha occur in this series also. We
have the simple female apparatus without male organs, or the crypt-
androus type, in Sipunculus ; the superadded male glands, but
without reciprocal fecundation, in Linguatula; and the separate sexes
in the Nematoidea.

In conclusion, Mr. Owen gives the following list, distributed ac-
cording to his views of the

Entozoa Homunis.
Subregnum Acrira.
Classis (Inrusort1a, Cuy.).

1. Cercaria Seminis cui locus Semen virile.
2. Trichina spiralis Musculi voluntarii.

Classis StereLMintHa.

3. Echinocercus Hominis Hepar.

4. Cysticercus Cellulose Musculi et cerebrum.
5. visceralis Viscera generatim.
6. Tenia Solium Intestina tenuia.

7. Bothriocephalus latus Intestina tenuia.

8. Polystoma Venarum Venez.

5 pinguicola Ovaria.
10. Distoma hepaticum Vesica fellea,

Subregnum NEMATONEURA.

Classis C@LELMINTHA.

_ Ascaris vermicularis

Lumbricoides

. Strongylus Gigas

. Spiroptera Hominis

. Trichocephalus dispar
. Filaria branchialis

Medinensis
Oculi

Intestinum rectum.
Intestina tenuia.

Ren.

Vesica urinaria.

Czecum et intestina crassa.
Glandule branchiales.
Substantia cellulosa.
Oculus.

June 9, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Thompson of Belfast exhi-
bited numerous specimens of Birds and Fishes, some of which were
new to the British, and many to the Irish, Fauna. With reference
to these specimens, and to others not in his own possession, he read
the following notes.

“ Of the following species of Birds, Fishes, &c., the first four are
additions to the British Fauna: the remainder are species hitherto
unpublished in the Fauna of Ireland.

Canada Onl, Surnia funerea, Dum. An Onl of this species, pre-
served in the collection of Dr. Burkitt of Waterford, was taken on
board a collier, a few miles off the coast of Cornwall, in March, 1830,
being at the time in so exhausted a state as to allow itself to be
captured by the hand. On the arrival of the vessel at Waterford,
whither she was bound, the bird was given to a friend of Dr. Burkitt,
with whom it lived for a few weeks, and then came into his posses-
sion. The very circumstantial account of the capture of this bird
given by Captain Stacey of the collier, leaves no doubt of its accu-
racy.

Lough Neagh Coregonus. In September last a comparison of the
Lough Neagh Coregonus with the Vendace of Loch Meben (whence
I procured specimens, through the kindness of Sir William Jardine,
Bart.,) proved to me that these species are distinct. The disagree-
ment of the former with the Gwiniad, or Coregonus of Wales, as de-
scribed by Pennant, was at the same time very obvious; and from
the examination of an individual of the latter species (lately favoured
me by Mr. Yarrell) and specimens of the Lough Neagh Fish, I am
fully satisfied that they are specifically different.

From the Gwiniad, the Pollan or Lough Neagh Ceregonus differs
in the snout not being produced; in the scales of the lateral line;
in having fewer rays in the anal fin, and in its position being rather
more distant from the tail; in the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins being
of less dimensions ; and in the third ray of the pectoral fin being
longest, the first being of the greatest length in the Gminiad.

From the Pollan, the Vendace or Loch Meben Coregonus differs so
essentially in its lower jaw being the longer, as well as in its being
turned upwards, as to render it unnecessary to draw further com-
parison.

The Pollan is very uniform in size, its ordinary length being
about 10 inches: none that I have ever seen exceeded 12. The
relative length of the head to that of the body is as 1 to about 34: the

No. XXX. Procgepines or THE Zootocicay Sociery.

depth of the body equal to the length of the head: the jaws equal,
both occasionally furnished with a few delicate teeth; the tongue
with many teeth: the lateral line sloping downwards for a short way
from the operculum, and thence passing straight to the tail: nine rows
of scales from the dorsal fin to the lateral line, and the same number
thence to the ventral fin; the row of scales on the back and that of the
lateral line not reckoned: the third ray of the pectoral fin the longest.

D. 2+12. P.16. V.1+11. A. 2+11. C.19. B. 9.—Vertebre 59.

Colour to the lateral line dark blue, thence to the belly silvery ;
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins towards the extremity tinged with black;
pectoral and ventral fins of crystalline transparency, excepting at
their extremities, which are faintly dotted with black. Jrides sil-
very, pupil black.

As not one of the Coregoni, of which I can find descriptions, agrees
with the Lough Neagh species, I am induced to consider it as new,
and venture to propose for it the name of Coregonus Pollan, as by
this trivial appellation it is invariably known in its native district.

Cephaloptera, Dum. A fish of this singular genus, taken about
five years ago on the southern coast of Ireland, and thence sent to
the Royal Society of Dublin, is at present preserved in their Museum.
In breadth it is about 45 inches. The specimen being imperfect, and
the characters of some of the species being ill defined, I hesitate
applying to it a specific name. It somewhat resembles the Ceph.
Giorna, as figured by Risso.

Physalia pelagica, Eschsh. On the 13th of March, 1834, a spe-
eimen of this Physalia was found by Miss Ball of Youghal, on the
coast of the county of Waterford, near Ardmore. When taken up it
exhibited great brilliancy of colour. To Mr. Gray I am indebted
for the opportunity of consulting the work of Eschsholtz (Syst. der
Acaleph.), according to which the Phys. pelagica of Lamarck differs
from this, being identical with his Phys. Caravella. The Phys. tuber-
culosa of Lamarck is considered by Eschsholtz synonymous with his
Phys. pelagica.

Orange-legged Hobby, Falco rufipes, Bechst. An immature spe-
cimen of this bird, shot in the county of Wicklow in the summer of
1832, forms part of the collection of T. W. Warren, Esq., of Dublin.

Snowy Onl, Noctua nyctea,Sav. About the 26th of March, 1835,
one of these birds was shot near Portglenone, county Antrim, and
came into possession of Dr. Adams of that place, who presented it
to the Natural History Society of Belfast: the individual now exhi-
bited is said to have been seen along with it. On the 21st of the
same month a bird of this species was seen on an open or heath-
covered moor about twenty miles distant from Portglenone, by two
of my friends, within a few yards of one of whom it sprung, just as
he had fired at a Snipe.

In Dublin I subsequently saw a specimen of this Onl which had
been shot in the county of Mayo, also in the month of March; and I

—

am credibly informed that a few others were obtained about the same
time in different parts of Ireland.

Great spotted Woodpecker, Picus major, Linn. A specimen of
Pic. major, preserved in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society,
was shot in the vicinity of that city a few years since. In the manu-
script Notes of the late Mr. Templeton it is stated that an indivi-
dual of the same species was sent to him, in August, 1802, from the
county of Londonderry.

Little Bustard, Otis Tetrax, Linn. Two birds of this rare species
were seen in the county of Wicklow, on the 23rd of August, 1833,
and one of them was shot by Mr. Reside, for whom it was set up
by Mr. W. S. Wall, Bird Preserver, Dublin.

Velvet Scoter, Oidemia fusca, Flem. In December, 1833, a spe-
cimen of this Duck was killed at Clontarf, near Dublin. Its occur-
rence on the Irish coast in one or two other instances has been com-
municated to me.

Red-necked Grebe, Podiceps rubricollis, Lath. Dr. J. D. Marshall
of Belfast informs me that a specimen of this bird, which he pos-
sesses, was procured in the neighbourhood of that town in the au-
tumn of 1831.

Great Auk, Alca impennis, Linn. One of these birds, taken in
1834 off the coast of the county of Waterford, is preserved in the col-
lection of Dr. Burkitt of Waterford. It lived in confinement for some
months.

In Sampson’s ‘ Londonderry’ it is erroneously stated that 4lca
impennis frequents the rocks of that county as well as those of
Donegal: the Razor-bill, Alca Torda, Linn., which is common to
both counties, being omitted in Mr. Sampson’s Catalogue, is, I pre-
sume, the bird alluded to under the name of Alca impennis.

Pomarhine Skua, Lestris Pomarhinus, Temm. Of this Skua, three
specimens were procured in different parts of Ireland, within a short
period, about the commencement of the winter of 1834-5. The
first, purchased alive at Youghal, county Cork, on the 12th of Oc-
tober, was caught upon a hook, at sea, and lived for a few weeks,
part of which time it was in the Garden of the Zoological Society
of Dublin. The second specimen was shot in Belfast Bay, on the
18th of October, and is in the collection of Dr. J. D. Marshall.
Both these individuals were immature. The third, an adult bird,
was shot from among a flock of Gulls, in the Phoenix Park, Dublin,
on the 5th of November, and, with the first mentioned, is in the pos-
session of Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin.

Sapphirine Gurnard, Trigla Hirundo, Linn., is commonly taken
on the north-east coast of Ireland: it not unusually attains 2 feet
in length. By the Howth (county Dublin) fishing-boats I have seen
this species brought ashore in considerable quantity.

Lineated Gurnard, Trigla lineata, Linn. On the 28th of February,

1835, Dr. J. D. Marshall, being attracted by the peculiar colour of
a Gurnard in Belfast Market, kindly communicated the circumstance
to me, and on inspection of the fish, I found it to be the Trigla
lineata, and learned that it had been taken in Strangford Lough. Its
length is 167 inches. On the 3rd of March I procured another spe-
cimen, but of smaller dimensions, from the same locality.

Long-spined Cotius, Cottus Bubalis, Euphr. This appears to be
more common on the Irish coast than Cott. Scorpius, Linn. I have
taken it off Down, and in Galway Bay, and have seen a specimen of
Mr. Ball’s from the harbour of Cork. Of eleven specimens of Cott.
Bubalis and Cott. Scorpius examined by me, which were obtained in
the north-east, the west, and the south of Ireland, and preserved
without any regard to species, eight were of the former, and three
of the latter.

One specimen of Cott. Bubalis, taken in Belfast Bay, and preserved
in the Museum of that town, is 7 inches in length. 7

Pogge, Aspidophorus Europeus, Cuv. & Val., (Cottus Cataphrac-
tus, Linn.). Specimens of this fish, from the coast of Down, have
been sent to me by Captain Fayrer, R.N.; and in Mr. Ball’s collection
is one from the coast of Cork.

Bonito, Scomber Pelamys, Linn. Of this species, rarely captured
in the British seas, one taken on the coast of Wexford, some years
since, was sent in a fresh state to the Royal Dublin Society, and is
preserved in their Museum: its length is 29 inches.

Atherine, Atherina Presbyter, Cuv. This is taken plentifully on
the goast of Down, especially in Strangford Lough. Of about forty
specimens from this locality, which I examined in January last, the
average length was 64 inches; a few were 7, and one was 7+ inches
long. Mr. Ball informs me that the Atherine is not unfrequently
taken along with Sprats at Youghal, and that on the 14th of Sep-
tember last he saw a shoal of them at Portmarnock, county Dublin,
where a stream had formed a pool in the sand below high-water
mark.

Smooth Blenny, Blennius Pholis, Lim. This is more commonly
to be met with than any other species of fish in the rocky pools on the
north-east coast of Ireland: specimens have been sent to me from
the south by Mr. Ball; and in Galway Bay, on the western coast, I
captured a few individuals in June, 1834.

Wolf Fish, Anarrhichas Lupus, Linn., is occasionally taken on the
eastern coast of Ireland. The Museum of the Royal Dublin Society
contains a native specimen.

Black Goby, Gobius niger, Linn.? Of the black Goby, as gene-
rally recognised by British authors, a specimen taken at Youghal
has been submitted to me by Mr. Ball. In a paper read before the
Linnean Society last year, I showed that the Gob. niger of Pennant,
and the fish to which Donovan applies the same name, are two di-

stinct species. To the latter Mr. Yarrell has since given the name
of Gob. bipunctatus.

Sordid Dragonet, Callionymus Dracunculus, Linn. A specimen of
this fish, taken at Youghal in August last by Mr. Ball, is in his col-
lection.

Ballan Wrasse, Labrus maculatus, Bloch, occurs commonly, and
of a large size, on the coasts of Down and Antrim, often attaining
upwards of 20 inches in length.

Striped Wrasse, Labrus variegatus, Gmel., is occasionally taken
on the Down and Antrim shores: a specimen from the south has
been sent to me by Mr. Ball: and in the Museum of the Royal
Dublin Society one is preserved, which was purchased in Dublin

Market.

Goldfinny, Crenilabrus Cornubiensis, Yarr. I have seen but one
Irish specimen of this fish, which was taken at Youghal by Mr. Ball.
The proportion of spiny to soft rays in its dorsal fin is but 13+10;
otherwise it agrees with this fish as commonly described.

Salmo ferox, Jard. & Selby. A large species of Salmo, found in
Lough Neagh, and known there by the name of Buddagh, has long
attracted attention.

In Harris’s ‘ History of the County of Down’, published in 1744,
it is remarked (p. 236), ‘ Th?’ Buddagh seems to be the same fish
found in the lake of Geneva, and called by Gesner and Aldrovandus
Trutta lacustris.’ In Sampson’s ‘ Londonderry’, and Dubourdieu’s
‘Down’, it appears as Salmo lacustris. However, upon seeing a
specimen of the Loch Awe trout, named Salmo ferox by Sir Wil-
liam Jardine and Mr. Selby, at the last Meeting of the British Asso-
ciation, I recognised it as identical with the Buddagh of Lough
Neagh.

Small-headed Dab, Platessa microcephala, Flem., is occasionally
brought from the Down coast to Belfast Market, where it is known
by the name of Lemon Sole.

Whiff, Pleuronectes megastoma, Don., occurs, though very rarely,
on the north-east coast of Ireland.

Pleuronectes punctatus, Penn. On the 25th of March, 1835, I
procured a specimen of this fish, 64 inches in length, from Ardglass,
county Down, where it must be very rare, being quite unknown to
the fishermen.

Ocellated Sucker, Lepadogaster Cornubiensis, Flem. The only
Irish specimen of this fish which I have seen was taken by Wm. H.
Harvey, Esq., of Limerick, on the coast of Clare.

The number of fin-rays in this specimen differs very much from
that stated by Pennant and Donovan to exist in the ocellated Sucker :

Pennant gives . . . . D.11.A.9. V.4;

Donovan. . . often De bl.A. 10. 'P.17..C. 6;

Mr. Harvey’s specimen has D. 20. A.11. V. 4. P.19. C, 14. B. 6;

and exhibits, in addition to the two filaments which appear before
each eye, a third fleshy appendage placed nearer to the eye, and un-
connected with the others.

Notwithstanding these discrepancies, the general accordance of
Mr. Harvey’s fish with the figures of the ocellated Sucker given by
the authors above quoted, and its possessing the character whence
the trivial name has been derived, make me unwilling, without further
investigation, to consider the species distinct.

A notice of two specimens of Lepadogaster bimaculatus, Flem.,
having occurred to me on the coast of Down, was, early in the pre-
sent session, communicated to the Linnean Society, it being at the
same time remarked that the spots from which the species had ob-
tained its scientific as well as trivial name were in both instances
wanting. Since that time I, on one occasion, took upwards of a
dozen specimens of this fish, by deep dredging in Belfast Bay: one
or two of these were also immaculate.

Leptocephalus Morrisit, Penn. By the kindness of scientific
friends I am enabled to mention the occurrence of six specimens of
Lept. Morrisii on the coast of Ireland. Mr. Ball has thus written
me respecting it: ‘The first I saw was at Cove, in 1809.......I
was at the capture of a second at Clonakilty, in 1811. I caught one
myself at Youghal, in 1819, and procured another which was taken
there. The fifth, the specimen which I have preserved, was taken
in a shrimp-net, at Youghal also, in 1829; the four others having
been found under stones, near low-water mark.’ Dr. J. L. Drum-
mond informs me that when in Bangor, county Down, in June, 1831,
a specimen of Lept. Morrisii, about 4 inches in length, was brought
to him: it had been just taken from a pool left in the sand by the
ebbing tide, and was almost perfectly transparent.

Syngnathus Ophidion, Linn. Of this fish I have seen a few spe-
cimens, which were obtained by Mr. G. C. Hyndman at the entrance
of Strangford Lough, in March, 1832.

Ammoceetes branchialis, Flem. I have specimens of this fish from
the county of Kildare.

The oceanic shell Janthina exigua, Sow., which was, I believe,
for the first time noticed in 1834, as occurring on the English coast
(Turton, in Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 352), and never before
on that of Ireland, was obtained in considerable abundance in Sep-
tember, 1834, at Kilkee, on the coast of Clare, by Mrs. James Fisher,
of Limerick.” —W. T.

Mr. Thompson also read the following notes respecting two Birds,
which he regarded as interesting on account of the rarity of their
occurrence.

Scolopax Sabini, Vig. The specimen exhibited of this very rare
bird is one of the four individuals noticed by Mr. Yarrell in a paper
on British Snipes, which appeared in the ‘ Magazine of Natural Hi-

5
4

story’ for 1850 (vol. iii. p. 29). It is there merely mentioned as “a
third specimen, lately mounted by a London bird preserver”, and
no particulars respecting it have yet appeared. It was shot by Cap-
tain Bonham of the 10th Hussars (who most kindly ordered it to be
sent hither from Brighton for my inspection), at the end of Novem-
ber or beginning of December, 1827, near Garvagh, in the county
of Londonderry, being the second individual killed in Ireland, In
a letter to a mutual friend, Captain Bonham remarks of this bird,
that it sprung from the side of a high heathery hill, from which
common Snipes, Scol. Gallinago, Linn., were at the same time raised,
but that it did not call as they do. His want of success in obtaining
it before the third shot afforded Captain Bonham an opportunity of
remarking its disregard for his presence, which was manifested by
its alighting quite near again, after being fired at, in the manner of
the Jack Snipe, Scol. Gallinula, Linn.

Larus Sabini, Sab. A third specimen of this bird occurred last
autumn in Ireland. It was shot on or about the 15th of September,
1834, on the shore of Belfast Bay, near Claremont, the residence of
Mrs. Clewlon, in whose possession it now is. It is a young bird of
the year, and in plumage similar to the other two individuals of this
species, which I had the satisfaction of announcing to the Linnean
Society last year as having been obtained in Ireland.—W. T.

Mr, Thompson subsequently read the following notice respecting
the

Larus Argentatoides, Swains. & Rich. “ On submitting six mature
specimens of the Herring Gull of the north of Ireland to a critical '
examination, similar to that pursued in the second volume of the
‘Fauna Boreali-Americana’ by Mr. Swainson and Dr. Richardson,
I ascertained their identity with the Lar. Argentatoides of that work
(vol. ii. p. 417). Between the largest and the smallest of these spe-
cimens there was a difference in total length of from 223 to 244
inches, and in their tarsi of from 27 to 32 lines. The second quill
in two individuals, exhibited, in addition to the white tip, ‘a round
white spot on its inner web’; in this respect agreeing with the Zar.
Argentatoides as described in the work referred to, and previously
by C. L. Bonaparte in his ‘Synopsis of the Birds of the United
States’ (Ann. of Lyc. of New York, vol. ii. p. 360); the second
quill in three of these specimens wants this white spot, in which par-
ticular they agree with the Lar. argentatus, as contradistinguished
by Bonaparte from the Lar. Argentatoides: the same quill in the
sixth specimen is in an intermediate state, a round white spot, not
more than 4 of an inch across, appearing on it in the one wing; the
second quill of the other wing in the same individual exhibiting a
white spot fully half an inch in diameter: thus proving that this
marking is so inconstant that it should not be relied on as a cha-
racter.”—W. T.

Mr, Thompson finally exhibited, from the collection of Mr, Ball,

84 ‘

the first specimen of the American Cuckoo, Coccyzus Americanus,
Bon., recorded in the British Catalogue ; and showed its identity of
species by comparing it with an American specimen exhibited for
that purpose.

He also exhibited one of the two specimens of the Noddy, Sterna ©
stolida, Limn., noticed by him before the Linnean Society last year
as having been obtained near the coast of Ireland.

The exhibition was resumed of the previously undescribed species
of Shells contained in the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those brought
on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom-
panied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and comprised the fol-
lowing species of the

Genus Pinna.
Pinna rucosa. Pinna testé magna, rudi, trigond, longitudinaliter
obtuse radiatim costatd, postice latd, rotundatd ; costis postice
- squamiferis, squamis magnis, elongatis, irregularibus, subrecurvis,
foliaceis, tubufosis ; margine dorsali recto, antico ventrali sub-
coarctato: long. 9°, alt. (ad partem posticam) 6° poll.

Hab. in Sinu Panamensi. (Isle of Rey.)

One of the specimens obtained by Mr. Cuming measures eighteen
inches in length. They were procured from sand banks.—G. B.S.

Pinna maura. Pinna testa oblonga, tumidd, fusco-nigricante, lon-
gitudinaliter radiatim costatd ; costis parvis, obtusis, suboblite-
ratis, postice squamiferis, squamis fornicatis, subreflexis, ventra-
libus minoribus ; margine dorsali rectiusculo, postico subrotun-
dato, ventrali postico subventricoso, ventrali antico declivi : long.
10°5, alt. (ad partem posticam) 5°5 poll.

Hab. apud Panamam.

Obtained from muddy banks.—G. B. S.

Pinna tugercutosa. Pinna testa subtrigond, altd, fusco-nigrt-
cante squamulis pallidioribus, obsolete subradiatd, radius squa-
muliferis, squamulis foliaceis, brevibus, postic? incurvis, fornicatis,
tubercula simulantibus ; margine dorsali recto, postico subdeclivi,
ventrali subrotundato; angulis posticis rotundatis ; vertice sub-
adunco : long. 8°, alt. (ad partem posticam) 6° poll.

Hab, apud Panamam.

Obtained, like the last species, from muddy banks.—G. B. S.

Pinna atta. Pinna testd trigond, flabelliformi, radiatim longi-
tudinaliter costellata ; costellis angustis, muricatis (postice pre-
cipue), squamulis paucis, longioribus, ventralibus subobsoletis ;
margine dorsali recto, postico alto rotundato, ventrali ventriceso ;
vertice subadunco : long. 5°5, alt. (ad partem posticam) 4°5 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Honduras.

Found on sand banks.—G. B. S.

Pinna LANcEoLATA, Pinna testa lanceolata, supern? radiatim lon-

gitudinaliter costellatd, infra fere mutica; costellis distantibus,
« muricatis, squamuliferis, squamulis distantibus, subrecurvis, lon-
giortbus ; margine dorsali recto, postico rectiusculo, subdeclivi,
ventrali subventricoso: long. 7°75, alt. (ad partem posticam)
3°5 poll.
Hab. apud Puerto Portrero.
Dredged from sandy mud at a depth of thirteen fathoms.—G. B. S.

Pinna squamirera. Pinna testd sublanceolatd, corned, costellis
paucis squamiferis longitudinaliter radiaté, squamis subdistanti-
bus, majoribus, latiusculis, subreflexis, rotundatis, hyalinis ; mar-
gine dorsali recto, postico ventralique rotundatis, continuis } area
ventral rugosa: long. 6°, alt. (ad partem posticam) 3° poll.

Hab. ad Caput Bonz Spei.—G. B. S.

Pinna Arra. Pinna testé lanceolata, corned, subradiatim costel-
lata et fusco picta ; costellis subobsoletis, postice squamuliferis,
squamulis latiusculis, laxis, sparsis; margine dorsali ventralique
@qualibus, postico brevi, subrotundato : long. 6°, alt. (ad partem
posticam) 2°5 poll.

Hab. ad Caput Bonz Spei.—Communicavit Dom. Ed. Verreaux.

—G. B.S.

Mr. Gray exhibited specimens of two Corals, which he regarded
as the types of two genera not previously distinguished. He cha-
racterized them as follows:

ERRIna.

Corallium solidum, calcareum, durum.

Cellule tubulares, prominentes, superné longitudinaliter fissee, ad
apices ramorum undique sparse : fossa profunda minima szepe
sub basin cellularum sita.

Polypus adhuc incognitus.

The type of this genus is the Millepora aspera of Esper (Supp., i.

t. 18. Lam., ii. p. 201.).

It is probable that the Mill. tubulifera, Lam., and the Mill. pin-

nata, Ej., are also referrible to it.

ANTHOPORA.

Corallium durum, lapidosum ; superficie granulosa, scabra, vix
porosa.

Cellule sparse, subcylindrice, supra concave 6-radiate, infra
6-lamellosz ; lamellis in centro stylifero coadunatis ; stylo vix
prominente ; sulcis aliquibus minoribus inter radios.

The outer coat of the coral is hard and stony, and the centre of

its branches is cellular, and formed of six-rayed branching stars.
ae Stars are elongate, tubular, and chambered, like those of Pocil-
opora.

This genus agrees in the number of the plates of the cells, the

central style, and the solidity of the coral, with M. de Blainville’s

Sideropora, but differs from it in the rays of the stars not being
produced. By the latter character, and by the number of its rays,
it differs from the genus Stylaster, Gray. From Stylopora, Schweigg.,
it differs by the central style of the cells not being exserted, and by
the coral being solid instead of porous.

The form of the stars is best seen at the tips of the branches, their ~
mouths becoming in the older parts so contracted as to obscure the
central style. When the coral is worn, the style is distinctly visible.

1. AntTHoPpoRA cucutLaTA. Anth. corallio solido, ramoso; ramis
compressis, subpalmatis, ad apices dilatatis rotundatis compressis ;
cellularum margine superiore producto, cucullato. (Animal viri-
descens, Ehr.)

Millepora alcicornis, Forsk.

Millepora digitata, Pall.

Porites scabra, Lam.

Pocillopora Andreogyni, 4ud.

Porites digitata, hr.

Hab. :

The details of this species given by M. Savigny in the fourth

Plate of the Polypes, forming part of the great work on Egypt, leave
little to be desired for its elucidation.

2. AntHopora ELEGANS. Anth. corallio solido, ramoso; ramis
subcylindricis rarissim? subcompressis, attenuatis, ad apices ro-
tundatis ; cellularum margine circulari.

Porites subseriata, Ehr. ?

Mr. Owen read a “ Note descriptive of a new species of Tape-
worm” discovered in the small intestines of the Flamingo, Pheeni-
copterus ruber, Linn., and to which he had given the name of Tenia
lamelligera when he first brought it, in 1832, under the notice of
the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Society (Pro-
ceedings, Part II. p. 143). His principal object in again adverting
to the subject was to lay before the Meeting a series of drawings
which he had prepared of this remarkable Jntestinal Worm, which
bears generally a superficial resemblance to the Annelidous Nereis
lamelligera, Pall.

Mr. Bell read a paper entitled ‘‘ Observations on the Genus Cancer
of Dr. Leach (Platycarcinos, Latr.), with Descriptions of three New
Species.”

He commences by remarking on the subdivisions which the in-
crease of our knowledge has rendered necessary in the genus Cancer
as established by Linneus, and by giving his reasons for preferring
the appropriation of that name, proposed by Dr. Leach, to the smaller
group comprehending the Jarge edible Crab of our coast, rather than
the assigning to it the appellation of Platycarcinos, suggested by La-
treille; a name which, in fact, is objectionable, independently of the
peculiar fitness of the other, on account of the shells of the animals

: 87

of this group not being flat, as would seem to be implied by it. He
then characterizes and describes the genus as now restricted: and
subsequently characterizes the several species referrible to it, in-
cluding the one generally known in the markets; a second, which
was originally described by Say ; and three others, now for the first
time noticed, which were obtained by Mr. Cuming on the coast of
Chili, and which form part of the Society’s Collection, having been
presented to it, together with the whole of his Crustacea, by that
gentleman: the new species are also described in detail. Mr. Bell
calls particular attention to the fact, that nearly every one of the
structural characters indicated by Dr. Leach in the common Crab
as specific, are, in reality, generic marks; all the known species
agreeing, without exception, in the margin on each side having nine,
or more properly ten, divisions (the last being obsolete) ; in the front
being trifid; and in the carapace being granulated.
The characters of the species are as follows :

Genus Cancer, Leach.

1. Cancer Lonerpes. Cane. testd leviter granulatd, sparsim punc-
tatd; margine antico-laterali decem-lobato, lobis contiguis, ad
marginem minute denticulatis ; manibus levibus, extiis lineis quin-
que impresso-punctatis ; pedibus longioribus ; abdominis articulo
ultimo equilateraliter triangulart.

Long. 34; lat. 6 unc.

Hab. apud Valparaiso, Dom. Cuming.

Supra pallidé ruber flavo obsoleté punctatus; subtis flavescens.

Chelarum apices nigrescentes.

2. Cancer Epwarpsir. Canc. testd granulatd ; margine antico-
laterali decem-lobato, lobis latis, contiguis, profundé dentatis ;
manibus supra. obsolete tuberculoso-carinatis ; maris abdominis ar-

+ ticulo ultimo anticé producto.

Long. 53; lat. 74 unc.

Hab. apud Valparaiso, Dom. Cuming.

Supra rufescenti-brunneus ; subtis flavus rufescente varius.

3. Cancer pentatus. Canc. testd granuloso-scabrd, hispida; mar-
gine antico-laterali decem-dentato, dentibus lanceolatis, denticu-
latis ; manibus tuberculoso-bicarinatis, extis lineis quinque longi-
tudinalibus granulatis ; pedibus pilosissimis.

Long. 4; lat. 54 unc.

Hab. apud Valparaiso, DD. Cuming et Miller.

Supra saturaté rufescenti-brunneus flayo (presertim in junioribus)

varius; subtis rufus flavo varius.

4. Cancer 1rroratus, Say. Canc. testd leviter granulatd ; mar-
gine antico-laterali decem-lobato, lobis contiguis, quadratis, ad
marginem denticulatis ; manibus compressis, dentato-bicristatis.

Hab. ad oras Floridarum, Say, et Americz Australis, DD. Cuming

et Miller.

5. Cancer Pacurus, Auct. Canc. testd granulatd ; margine an-
tico-laterali decem-lobato, lobis quadratis, contiguis, integris ;
manibus levibus.

Hab. ad oras Magne Britanniz et Europe Occidentalis.

In illustration of Mr. Bell’s paper the several Crabs described in
it were exhibited, and it was stated that drawings of them would be
prepared.

Mr. Bell subsequently read a paper “‘ On Microrhynchus, a new
Genus of Triangular Crabs.” Its characters are thus given:

MicroruYNcuus.

Testa subtriangularis, posticé rotundata, anticé rostro brevissimo
terminata.

Oculi pedunculo elongato multo crassiores, retractiles.

Orbita supra unifissa, extrorsim unidentata.

Antenne exteriores ad latera rostri insertz, articulo basilari rostro
vix breviore.

Antenne interiores in fossula integra anticé aperta et ad apicem
rostri feré attinente locate.

Pedipalpi externi caulis interni articulo secundo cordiformi, anticé
profunde emarginato.

Pedes antici maris corpore vix longiores, reliquis multo crassiores,
digitis arcuatis ; foeminz minimi: pedes ecto posteriores subcon-
similes, corpore fere duplo longiores, unguibus leviter curvis.

Abdomen maris 7- femine 5-articulatum (hujus articulis tribus
ultimis conjunctis).

Genus Camposcie affine, et verosimiliter Camposciam inter et Ina-

chum collocandum.

1. Microruyycuus erssosus. Micr. testd gibbosd ; rostro bifido.
Long. teste 6; lat. 5 lin.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Flavescenti-albidus.

2. Microruyncnus pepressus. Micr. testd depressd, granulatd ;
rostro minuto, triangulari, integro.

Long. teste 6; lat. itidem 6 lin.

Hab. cum precedente.

Albidus carneo obsoletissimé tinctus.

The reading of the paper was illustrated by the exhibition of the
specimens on which it is founded, and which form part of the same
collection with the Crabs before referred to. Mr. Bell stated that
he regarded it as part of a Descriptive Catalogue of the Crustacea of
the western coast of South America, on which he is now engaged,
and the materials for which will be chiefly furnished by the collec-
tion presented to the Society by Mr. Cuming.

June 23, 1835.
Dr. Horsfield in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Keith E. Abbott,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Trebizond, February 14, 1835. It
referred principally to a collection of skins of Mammalia and Birds,
and of preserved Reptiles, Fishes, and Insects, formed chiefly in his
neighbourhood by the writer, and presented by him to the Society.
It also referred to some living animals presented by him at the same
time. A portion of the collection was obtained by Mr. Keith Abbott
from the vicinity of Erzeroun, to which city he states his intention
of proceeding shortly with the view of taking up his residence there
for some time.

The collection was exhibited.

Among the Mammalia Mr. Bennett pointed out, as apparently
hitherto undescribed, a “field Rat”, for which he proposed the
name of

Mus tatires. Mus caudé corpore multo longiore ; supra plumbeo-

niger, subtis pallidior ; pedibus cinereis.

Long. corporis cum capite 54 unc.; caude, 8; auricule, 8 lin.;
pedis postict cum unguibus, 14 unc.

He remarked that this new species appears to be most closely
allied to the Mus Alexandrinus, Geoff., with which it nearly agrees in
the comparatively great length ofits tail. Its colouring is, however, *
much darker than that of the species referred to. The hairs over the
whole of the body are very long and silky : the short rigid hairs on
the tail, as is stated to be the case also in Mus Alexandrinus, are
comparatively numerous.

The other Mammalia comprised a Shrew, Sorex; a Hedgehog,
Erinaceus ; a Marten, Mustela Foina, Linn.; and a Badger, Meles
Tarus, Storr. The skin of the latter was remarked on as particu-
larly interesting, not only on account of its eastern locality, but also
for the softness and length of its comparatively dense fur; for its
greater paleness, depending on the extent of the whitish or fulvous
tips of the separate hairs; for the copiousness of the under soft
woolly coat of fur with which the animal is covered at the base of the
longer setaceous hairs ; and for the diminished breadth, as compared
with ordinary European specimens, of the black marking of the under
surface.

A specimen of a Zorille, Mustela Zorilla, Desm., contained in
the collection, is apparently scarcely different, notwithstanding the
great difference of locality, from an individual obtained, by the kind-
ness of Sir Thomas Reade, from Northern Africa. Respecting this
animal Mr. Keith Abbott states, “ It is called, in Turkish, Gheurjen.

I had intended sending it to you alive, but it died a few days ago.
It was sent to me from the neighbourhood of Erzeroun: I am not
aware of there being any in this immediate neighbourhood. It was
of a particularly savage nature, and although I had kept it for several
months, I was never able to tame it in the least : it would bite when-
ever it could.”

“I send you likewise,” he adds, “a little Marmot alive in asmall
cage. It came from Erzeroun, in the neighbourhood of which, I un-
derstand, there are vast numbers.”’ It is apparently very nearly al-
lied to Citillus concolor, Arctomys concolor, Temm., but may probably,
Mr. Bennett remarked, be specifically distinct. It may be charac-
terized as follows :

Crt1nuus XantuorryMna. Cit. brunneo-grisescens flavo irroratus,
subtis albescens ; prymnd cauddque rufescenti-flavidis, hdc rotun-
datd, brevi, pilosissimd ; pedibus linedque oculum cingente albis ;
auriculis inconspicuis.

Long. corporis circiter 7 unc. ; caude, 2.

The Birds of the collection were brought under the notice of the
Meeting, at the request of the Chairman, by Mr. Gould. He ob-
served on each of them as regarded its geographical distribution,
considering the exhibition as a continuation of those of June 24
and November 25, 1834. (Proceedings, Part II. pp. 50and 133.) The
following species, exhibited on the present occasion, were not com-
prised in either of the former collections: and the total number is
thereby raised to sixty-seven species obtained in the neighbourhood
of Trebizond, a locality which is particularly interesting on account
of its intermediate position between Western Europe and India.

_ Alcedo Ispida, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally, but not seen
by Mr. Gould in collections from India or Africa.

Turdus musicus, Linn. Not previously observed out of Europe.

Curruca atricapilla, Bechst. Inhabiting Europe generally, but not
met with in Indian collections.

Curruca cinerea, Bechst. Similarly circumstanced with the last.

Sylvia Trochilus, Lath. Inhabiting Europe generally, and the
western portions of India.

Regulus cristatus, Cuv. Mr. Gould had not previously seen this
bird, except in European collections.

Motacilla melanocephala. This is considered by some ornitholo-
gists as a variety of the Mot. flava of continental writers. It is never
found in the western or northern parts of Europe.

Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Common throughout the whole of
Europe, and tolerably so in the western parts of India.

Phenicura Suecica, Jard. & Selb. Inhabits Europe and India.
Only two specimens of it have been taken in England.

Querquedula Crecca, Steph. Dispersed over the whole of Europe,
India, and the northern regions of Africa; but not found in America.

Colymbus Arcticus, Linn. Inhabits the whole northern hemisphere.
The Trebizond specimen is young.

Larus canus, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally.

Larus fuscus, Linn. Inhabiting the European and American seas.

Larus ridibundus, Linn. Inhabiting the whole of Europe, India,
and North America.

The Fishes forwarded by Mr. Keith Abbott are all from the salt
water. They include twenty species. Respecting them he writes:
“Had I received your letter sooner I might have collected a great
many more fishes, but the season was gone by. There is no fish-
market in this place, and the people are by no means expert in the
art of catching them. The only kind of fish caught in any quantity
just now is the Anchovy, of which there are two specimens in the
jar of spirits: these are taken in astonishing quantities. The Her-
ring, Mackarel, and Mullet (red and grey), are very abundant in this
sea; as likewise the Turbot, of which I send a specimen. Salmon
and Sturgeon are likewise occasionally caught here.”

In bringing these Fishes under the notice of the Society, Mr. Ben-
nett remarked that there were among them several which required
a more careful comparison with Mediterranean species than he had
been, at present, enabled to give to them ; but that the following ap-
peared to him to be distinct from any which had hitherto been de-
scribed.

Tricia paucrRADIATA. Trigla pinnd priore dorsali sex-radiatd ;
sulco dorsali fortiter armato: pinnis pectoralibus magnis, interne
ceruleis, fasciis undulatis apicem versus maculdque infra medium
saturatioribus, hde albo guttulatd.

2.6, 16...A. tp;

Long. tot. 103} unc.; capitis, 24; capitis alt. 14; craniilat. 1.

Caput leniter declive: ossa suborbitalia anticé vix prominentia,

dentibus tuberculisve parvis 4—5 munita.

Dentex rivunatus. Dent. ovali-oblongus ; capite leniter prociivi ;
oculo majusculo: supra aureus, maculis presertim ad lineam latera-
lem nigrescentibus, vittis laterum argenteis flexuosis hinc et hinc
cancellatis.

D. 11411. A. 349. P.15. -

Long. tot. 63 unc. ; alt. max. 11.

A Dent. macrophthalmo, Cuv. et Val., differre videtur corpore
magis elongato, capite vix tumido, oculo minore, pinna pectorali in
medio magis elongato subrotundato, caudali magis bifurcd ; necnon
coloribus picturaque, qua Scolopsidem cancellatum, Benn., quodam-
modo simulat. Maxille inferioris, equé ac superioris, dentes antici
quatuor majores.

Gosivs sorpipus. Gob. pinnd dorsali secundd priore altiore ;
caudali pectoralique rotundatis : corpore vario ; pinnis maculatis,
anali ventralibusque nigro (illd late) marginatis.

D. 6, 1417. C.13. A. 13. P.17.

CRENILABRUS FRENATUS. Cren. ovatus, guttatus punctatusque,
Sasciis quatuor nigrescentibus mazillam inferiorem cingentibus :
pinnd caudali rotundatd.

D. 14410. A.3+9.

Long. tot. 44 une. ; alt. corp. 1+.

Totus, preter pinnis pectoralibus ventralibusque, varius ; sed ma-
culis insignibus nullis notatus. Dentes subequales, commissuram
versus gradatim decrescentes.

Atosa immacuLaTa. AL. mazillis dentiferis, immaculatus ; pinnis
ventralibus dorsalis initio paulld posterioribus.
DNAS
Long. tot. 103 unc.; alt. max. 24; long. capitis 2+; a rostro ad
lineam initii pinne dorsalis, 44.

Ruomesus strtLosus. Rhomb. subrotundus, utrinque tuberculoso-
muricatus ; oculis subdistantibus, intervallo vix convexiusculo ;
mavilld superiore vir uncd armatd.

Long. (pinnis exclusis) 7} unc. ; lat. 5.

A latere sinistro squamis parvis adhzrentibus-vestitus; tubercu-
lisque osseis, magnis, acutiusculis, ad basin scabroso-dilatatis, sparsis,
yix numerosis armatus: a latere dextro tuberculis itidem osseis,
minoribus, acutiusculis, basin versus cute vaginatis, subnumerosis
donatus. Capitis tubercula a latere dextro pauca, minima; a latere
sinistro numerosa, majora, presertim ad genam; inter oculos conferta.
Pinna pectoralis rotundata, 12-radiata: caudalis etiam rotundata.
Linea lateralis ad initium laté curva, dein recta. Os quadrato-promi-
nulum.

Corpus e latere sinistro unicolor, nigrescens? Pinne fusce, hinc
et hinc hyalescentes, nigrescente guttate et punctate.

Synenataus Typutor:s. Syngn. pinnis omnibus preditus ; cor-
pore heptagono ; capite compresso, elongato, supra plano ; ano in
medio.

Long. tot. 83 unc. ; capitis, 14.

A Syngn. Typhle, Linn., differt situ ani, longitudine capitis, pree-

sertim ante oculos, numeroque radiorum et scutorum.

Syngnathus
Typhle. Typhloides.
Long. a rostro ad humerum ...... 1°4 1°75
ab humero ad anum........ 2°2 2°6
ab ano ad pinnamcaudalem.. 4°3 3°9
capitis ante orbitam........ ath ie
AUC TOS Ed PEA wise sidts a 27> mahal 15 15
Scutal AMC AMON ao iene os siene creat 17 17
pTecual tii eee AE eG Se : 36 33
Radii pinne.dorsalis ....--....%.. 43 35

In addition to the collections already referred to, Mr. Keith Abbott
presented at the same time to the Society a “cock and two hens of
the Fow/ls of Herat in Khorassaun, a breed which is,” he believes,
“unknown in Europe. They are young birds of the real Herat race.”
These, it was stated, are apparently identical with the Kulm Fowl of
Dukhun and the Malay Fowl, the Gallus giganteus, 'Temm.

A large collection of skins of Birds formed at Travancore by P.

Poole, Esq., and presented by him to the Society, was exhibited.
Mr. Gould, in bringing it, at the request of the Chairman, under
the notice of the Society, remarked upon it as distinguished from all
the collections which he had hitherto seen from India, by its pos-
sessing not even one European species, and only three or four
which occur in Africa; a peculiarity probably attributable to its
having been obtained in so southern a locality. He subsequently
called the attention of the Meeting to each species contained in the
collection, and pointed out among them several which he regarded
as being hitherto undescribed.

A large drawing made in Madeira by Miss Young of the Fish de-
scribed by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in the Second Part of the ‘ Transac-
tions’ (page 123), under the name of Alepisaurus feror, was exhibited.
It was taken from a perfect specimen, and consequently showed the
correct form of the caudal fin, a part which was mutilated in the in-
dividual originally described: its form is very remarkable, the upper
lobe being greatly prolonged and falciform. The drawing also
showed correctly the form of the outline of the high dorsal fin, which
differs from that originally represented.

The exhibition was in illustration of a Paper entitled ‘‘ Additional
Observations on Alepisaurus: by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, Corr.
Memb. Z.S.”

The exhibition was resumed of the undescribed Shells contained
in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Those brought on the present occasion
under the notice of the Society were accompanied by characters by
Mr. G. B. Sowerby and by Mr. W. Lytellton Powys. They com-

prised the following species.

aaa Pee ae ee

Genus Panpora,.

Panpora BREVIFRONS, Sow., Species Conchyliorum, Part II.
Tab. Pand. secund. figg. 25, 26. Pand. testd elongatd, tenuis-
simd, hyalind, ulbd; latere antico breviore, rotundato, superné
subangulato ; latere postico longiore, rostrato, subtruncato ; mar-
gine dorsali recto, ventrali rotundato ; dente in valvd planulaté
unico, minimo: long. 0°9, lat. 0°15, alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab, apud Panamam.

ane from a sandy bottom, at the depth of ten fathoms.—
.B.S.

Panpora arcuara, Sow., Ibid., figg. 27, 28. Pand. testd ovatd,
crassiusculd, opacd, margaritaced ; latere antico breviore, rotun-
dato, postico rostrato ; margine dorsali arcuato, ventrali rotun-

- dato ; lined impressd obsoletd ex umbone ad marginem ventralem

. _ decurrente: long.1- , alt. 0°6 poll.

Hab. apud Sanctam Elenam.

Found on the sands.—G. B. S.

Panpora piscors, Sow., Ibid., figg. 29, 30. Pand. testd ellip-
ticd, depressd, albicante, opacd; latere antico breviore, postico
altiore ; margine dorsali postico subarcuato, antico rotundato, ven-

trali rotundato posticé ventricoso ; valvd sinistrd postice radiatim
lineata, carind prope marginem dorsalem posticum conspicud :
long. 0°55, lat. 0°06, alt. 0°4 poll.

Hab.

Panpora Crytanica, Sow., Ibid., figg. 20—22. Pand. testa
elongatd, depressd, subflecuosd, posticé rostratd, margine superi-
ore postico arcuato recurvo, antice dilatatd ; dentibus duobus vali-
dis et lamind marginali in valvd planulatd, dente unico fornicato
in alterd: long. 1-1, lat. 0-1, alt. 0°6 poll.

Hab. in Mari Ceylanico, et apud Insulam Muerte, Colombiz Oc-

cidentalis.

Mr. Cuming has a single specimen obtained, at the latter locality,

from a depth of eleven fathoms.—G. B.S.

Panpora rAprATA, Sow., Ibid., figg. 23, 24. Pand. testd ovatd,
depressiusculd, albd, margine superiore postico recto ; latere pos-
tico longiore, subtruncato ; margine ventrali rotundato; latere an-
tico parvo ; valvd planulatd radiatim rufo-lineatd: long. 0°6, lat.
0°15, -alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab. apud Insulam Muerte, Colombie Occidentalis.

Dredged from sandy mud, at the depth of eleven fathoms.—G.B.S.

Genus Buccinum.

Buccinum mopestum. Succ. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd aut lu-
teo-rufescente, strigis longitudinalibus confluentibus rubro-casta-
neis ornatd, anfractu ultimo albo fasciato, basi sulcato ; anfrac-
tibus 8, spiraliter striatis et superné lineis impressis bicingulatis ;
aperturd elongatd ; labio externo varicoso, intis leviter striato ::
long. 1°15, lat. 0°5 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis.

Dredged from muddy gravel in the Bay of Montija, at a depth

varying from seven to seventeen fathoms.—W .L. P.

* Bucernum Cumine. Bucc. testd ovato-elongatd, subturritd, tenui,
rufo-stramined, maculis parvis saturatioribus striisque albidis ele-
vatiusculis transversis ornatd ; anfractibus 7—8, longitudinaliter
costatis, costis anfractis penultimi evanescentibus, ultimi nonnul-
lis ; columelld subrectd, inferne spiraliter plicatd ; labio externo
tenui, intis levi: long. 1°25, lat. 0°5 poll.

Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici.
A single specimen of this very elegant and delicate species was

collected by Mr. Cuming on the sands at Grimwood’s Isle.-—W. L. P.

Buccrnum catenatum. Bucc. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, roseo-
albicante, spiraliter tenuissim? striatd, basi sulcatd ; anfractibus
6—7, convexis, superioribus longitudinaliter costatis, tribus ulti-
mis maculis parvulis nivosis per series transversas dispositis ; aper-
turd levi, nitidd ; labio externo subcrenulato : long. 0°75, lat. 0°3
poll.

Hah.

I have only seen one specimen of this interesting species, which I
have reason to believe was brought from the Mauritius.—W. L. P.

Buccinum succinctum. Bucc. testd ovato-pyramidali, tenui, spi-
raliter costatd, inter costas tenuissime striatd, lacted ; anfractibus
7—8, convezis, ultimo spird vix majore ; aperturd ovali; colu-
melld flecuosd ; labio externo intis sulcato: long. 0:75, lat. 0-3
poll.

Hab. ad littora Insule Mauritii.—W. L. P.

Genus Nassa.

Nassa Nopirera. Nassa testd ovato-acuminatd, subturritd, albes-
cente, longitudinaliter costatd, et spiraliter impresso-striatd ; an-
Sractibus superné angulatis, costis ad angulum nodoso-tuberculatis ;
aperturd albd, nitidd ; labio externo intis leviter striato : long.
0°65, lat. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos et ad littora Paname.

Found in coral sand in from six to ten fathoms.—W., L. P.

Nassa concinna. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, peracutd, pallide fulud
fasciis saturatioribus cinctd, longitudinaliter creberrime undatim
plicatd, striis impressis contiguis eleganter decussatd ; anfractibus
8—9, rotundatis, ad suturas granulis moniliformibus ornatis ; aper-
turd ovali ; columelld subrugosd ; labio extis marginato, intis sul-
cato: long. 0°8, lat. 0°4 poll.

Hab. in Polynesia. (Toobouai.)

Collected on the reefs.— W. L. P.

Nassa pentTIFERA. Nassa testdé ovatd, subventricosd, olivaced, an-
fractu ultimo fascia pallidiore cinctd, longitudinaliter granoso-
plicatd, decussutd; aperturd fusco-violaced ; labio externo sinuoso,
incrassato, basin versus denticulo unico instructo, intis leviter sul-
cato: long. 0°85, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americz Meridionalis.

‘Dredged in the Bay of Arica, in ten fathoms, from a muddy bot-
tom.—W. L. P.

Nassa Festiva. Nassa testd ovato-globosd, cerujescente, punctis
variis et antice lineis contiguis rubro-castaneis pictd ; anfractibus
8, longitudinaliter costatis et spiraliter sulcatis, ultimo ventricoso,
spird peracutd longiore ; aperturd albd, rotundata ; columella gra-
noso-plicatd ; labio externo crasso, variciformi, intits vald? sul-
cato: long. 0°85, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam et ad Sanctam Elenam.

Dredged from sandy mud at a depth varying from six to ten fa-

‘thoms.—W. L. P.

Nassa Exit1s. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, basi subcompressd, oliva-
ced obscure fasciatd ; anfractibus 7—8, convezis, spiraliter obsolet?
striatis, suturis granulis moniliformibus infra in costellas decur-
rentibus ornatis, costellis et striis anfractés ultimi evanescentibus ;

apertura violaced; labio externo incrassato, intis subsulcato -
long. 0°65, lat. 0°3 poll.
Hab. sub lapidibus ad Paytam, Peruvie.
The anterior part of the last volution, towards the lip, is: smooth
and free from ribs.—W. L. P.

Nassa pattipa. Nassa testdé ovato-conicd, sordidé albd, canali
fusco maculatd ; anfractibus 8—9, superné subangulatis, longitudi-
naliter oblique costatis, spiraliter sulcatis et rugoso-striatis ; labio
externo intus striato; columelld arcuatd, callosd: long. 1°2, lat.
0°65 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

The ribs are not continued over the anterior part of the last volu-

tion towards the lip.
Dredged from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. L. P.

Nassa scaBriuscuLta. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, acuminatd, fuscd
luteo fasciatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, strits elevatis asperis spi-
raliter cancellatd ; aperturd rotundatd ; labio externo albo, antice
Susco maculato, extis marginato, intis valde sulcato : long. 0°47,
lat. 0°27 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis.

Dredged in sandy mud at a depth of twelve fathoms in the Bay of

Montija.—W. L. P.

Nassa compianaTa. Nassa testd ovatd, complanatd, olivaced fasciis
luteis cinctd ; anfractibus superioribus utrinque granosis, ultimo
varicibus lateralibus et plicis graniferis dorso evanescentibus ;
aperturd ovali ; labio externo marginato, intis sulcato ; long. 0°35,
lat. 0°22 poll.

Hab. ad oras Colombiz Occidentalis.

Found at Atacamas, under stones.—W. L. P.

Genus Purrura.

Purpura T#Nn1ATA. Purp. testd obovato-oblongd, transversim te-
nuissime striatd, rufo-castaned fasciis fulvo-luteis cinctd ; spird
brevissimd ; anfractu ultimo permagno ; aperturd elongatd, sub-
equali, intts lacted, peritremate castaneo lineis albidis radiato ;
columelld pland, pallide castaned ; labio externo intis denticulato -
long. 0-9, lat. 0°62 poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Maldon Island.)

I am not aware of this interesting shell having been hitherto de-
scribed. It bears a considerable resemblance to the Purp. Vewillum
of Lamarck; but differs from that species in having a much shorter
spire, in its very flat columella, and in the outer lip being more ex-
panded and radiated. The bands also afford a ready mark of distine-
tion: in Purp. Vewillum they are of a reddish brown on a lighter
ground; whilst in Purp. teniata the ground colour is dark chestnut,
and the bands yellow.—W. L. P.

July 14, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby exhibited several rare and undescribed species of
Mammalia and Birds, brought from the Gambia, on which he made
the following observations :

“Through the kindness of Mr. Rendall, who has lately arrived
from the Gambia, where his brother is lieutenant-governor of Fort
St. Mary and the other British possessions in that neighbourhood, I
am enabled to present the Society with the following account of a
few new or rare species of Mammals and Birds; forming, however,
but a very small portion of the valuable collection which Mr. Ren-
dall has brought home with him. The collection, it is true, contains
very few Mammals; these, however, are either altogether new to
science or of very rare occurrence, and show how little we know of
‘the zoology of the west coast of Africa. ’

Genus Coxtosvus, JZ.

Colobus fuliginosus. This new and interesting species of a very
obscure and imperfectly known genus, measures 2 feet 5 inches from
the upper lip to the extremity of the tail, which organ is itself 2 feet
8 inches long. All the upper parts of the body are of a light smoky
blue colour, very similar to that of the common Mangabey, (Cercopi-
thecus fuliginosus, Geoff.), rather darker on the shoulders than else-
where, and copiously tinged with red on the occiput : the colour of the
back descends some way down on the external face of the fore arms and
thighs, and also a short distance, but more obscurely, on the upper
‘surface of the tail. With these exceptions, all the rest of the extre-
‘mities, the arms, fore arms, thighs, legs, hands, feet and tail, are of
a uniform light or brick red, and a more intense shade of the same
colour extends up the fore* part of the shoulders, and spreads over
_ the breast, throat and whiskers, which latter are long, directed down-
wards on the cheeks, and backwards into long pointed tufts behind
the ears, which are small, round, naked, and furnished with a di-
‘stinct helix, in all respects like that of the human subject. The belly
and flanks are of a dirty yellowish white, and a circle of black stiff
hair passes over the eyes. The face, palms of the hands and soles of
the feet are naked and of a violet colour; the callosities are of mo-
derate size; the thumbs of the anterior extremities are wanting, but
their situation is marked by, a small nailless tubercle ; the middle and
ving fingers, both on the fore and hind hands, are of equal length, as
are likewise the index and little fingers; and it is to be observed,

No. XXXI. Procerpines or TuE Zootocicay Society.

that the latter are united to the contiguous middle or ring fingers,
respectively, through the greater part of the first phalane, as in the
Siamang, Pithecus syndactylus, F. Cuv. The face is short, the head
round, and the whole form and habit of the animal similar to those
of the Semnopithecit. 'The teeth are of the usual form and number,
and there are large and very distinct cheek pouches. I was the more
particular in making this last observation, because the organs in
question had not been previously recorded as existing in the Colobi,
and because M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire in his valuable lectures, of which
it is a matter of great regret that so small a portion has been given
to the public, even doubts their existence. Of this, however, there
can be no longer any reasonable doubt; they are extremely appa-
rent and rather capacious in the specimen now under description.
The teeth of this specimen, a very old female, without even except-
ing the canines, which do not appear to have been remarkably large
at any time, are worn almost down to the gums.- Mr. Rendall pos-
sesses a second and younger specimen which, however, differs in no
respect from that just described.

The arrival of these skins, probably the only perfect specimens of
the genus Co/obus in Europe, with the exception of that in the Ley-
den Museum, and of the specimens recently brought from Abyssinia
by Dr. Riippell, naturally led me to refer to the imperfect skins no-
ticed by Mr. Bennett in the ‘ Proceedings of the Committee of Science
and Correspondence’ of this Society for 1832, page 122, and to exa-
mine generally the characters of the different species already described.
The result of my investigation into this subject leads me to conclude
that we at present possess sufficient indications of six distinct spe-
cies of Colobi, which may be characterized as follows :

1. Col. polycomos, Schreb., ‘‘ with the head and shoulders co-
vered with long, coarse, flowing hair, of a dirty yellowish colour,
mixed with black; body, arms and legs of a fine glossy blackness,
covered with short hair; tail of a snowy whiteness, with very long
hair at the end forming a tuft.”

2. Col. Ursinus, with very long glossy black hair over the whole
body and extremities, and a long snowy white tail slightly tufted at
the end: described from two imperfect skins, without head or hands,
the same asthosenoticedby Mr. Bennett in the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1832.
Mr. Bennett considered these skins as referrible to the Col. poly-
comos; and the general colour of the body and tail, as well as aslight
appearance of grizzled or gray hair about the neck, where the head
has been cut off, in both the specimens, would at first sight appear
to justify his views; but the words of Pennant, (the only original
describer of the species,) as quoted above, imply that the “ long
dirty yellowish hair,” which he compares to a full- bottomed perri-
wig, grows from the shoulders and neck as well as the head, and
expressly declare that the hair on the rest of the body, as well as on
the legs, is short. Now in the specimens at present under consider-
ation the very reverse of this is observable. The black hair of the

‘

shoulders, as already observed, has a partial mixture of silvery white
on the anterior face just where the head has been cut off; but it is
not longer than the hair upon the rest of the body and limbs, which
is moreover 5 or 6 inches in length, and in texture and appearance
not unlike that of the Ursus labiatus. The whole animal in fact re-
sembles a small Bear, and is covered with the same uniform, long,
black, and. glossy fur upon every part except the tail, which, at the
root more particularly, is furnished with much shorter hair. _Whe-
ther or not this species, like the polycomos, has the head ofa differ-
ent colour from the body, is a subject for further observation: the
white or silvery hairs already mentioned as still remaining about the
shoulders, render it extremely probable that it has, but in no case
can it form the striking contrast in length, nor present the long flow-
ing mane or wig-like appearance ascribed to the animal observed by
Pennant. Mr. Gould, who procured these skins for the Society, re-
ported them as-coming from Algoa Bay; we know enough of the
zoology of that part of Africa, to render this account extremely
doubtful, and the probability is, either that Mr. Gould was misin-
formed, or that he may have mistaken Delagoa Bay for Algoa, which,
from the similarity of sound, might readily happen. If this conjec-
ture should prove correct, it would follow that the Col. Ursinus was
the analogue of the Col. polycomos on the opposite coast, and the
conjecture receives further countenance from the fact of many other
known species of Mammals having such analogues in the same loca-
lities.

3. Col. Guereza, Riipp., with the head, face, neck, back, limbs,
and basal half of the tail, covered with short black hair; the temples,
chin, throat, and a band over the eyes, white; the sides, flanks from
the shoulder downwards, loins and buttocks, clothed with long flow-
ing white, which hangs down on each side like a loose garment; the
tip of the tail furnished with a tuft of dirty white. Described and
figured by Dr, Riippell in his ‘ Neue Wirbelthiere.’

4. Col. ferruginosus, Geoff., ‘ with a black crown; back ofa deep
bay colour; outside of the limbs black; cheeks, under part of the
body, and legs of a very bright bay; tail black.” ‘This species, ori-
ginally thus described by Pennant, was, like the Col, polycomos,
_ brought from Sierra Leone.

5. Col. fuliginosus. Smoky blue above, dirty yellowish gray beneath;
with the cheeks, throat, tail and extremities brick red. Brought
from the Gambia.

6. Col. Temminckii, Kuhl, “ with the hands, face, and tail, purp-
lish red; rest of the members, clear red; belly, reddish yellow ;
head, neck, back, shoulders and outer face of the thighs, black.’
Habitat unknown : described from a specimen formerly in Bullock’s
Museum and now in that of Leyden. Notwithstanding some slight
discrepancies, I agree with Mr. Bennett in referring to this species
the two other skins. of the Society’s Collection, noticed by him
in the Part of the ‘Proceedings’ already referred to. These skins

100

were procured at the same time, and most probably in the same lo-
cality, as those of the Col. Ursinus. They are equally imperfect ;
the hair of the shoulders and back, dead black, and without the beau-
tiful gloss of the Col. Ursinus; on the flanks and over every part of
the limbs the colour is a uniform maroon or clear purple red; the
head and hands are wanting, but the maroon of the tail is much
deeper than that of the legs and flanks, approaching almost to black,
and, in the older of the two specimens, actually replaced by that colour
on the terminal half of the tail. If the conjecture already thrown out
with regard to the derivation of these skins should turn out to be
well founded, and if the animal here described eventually proves to
be identical in species with the Col. Temminckii, of which I see no
just reason to doubt, it follows that the hitherto unascertained ha-
bitat of that species must be sought on the east coast of Africa.
Fischer, probably induced to it by the authority of M. Temminck,
has united the Col. Temminckii with the Col. ferruginosus or bay
Monkey of Pennant; the short descriptive characters above given in
the words of their original describers, leave no doubt as to the spe-
cific distinction of these two animals; in which, indeed, though the
colours are the same in both, their distribution is reversed, the bay
or red of the one occupying the same situation as the black of the
other.

Genus Preropvs.

Two undescribed Pteropi, brought over by Mr. Rendall, present
some modifications of dentition which have not been observed in other
species, and which appear to indicate a subgenus, probably repre-
senting the common Asiatic forms on this coast of Africa. These
animals have the incisors and canines of the same form and number
as the rest of the genus, but there are only three mo/ares in the upper
and five in the lower jaw. The incisors are small and regular, the
canines of intermediate size; the first false molar in the lower jaw
is small and of the normal form, but the second in this jaw and the
first in the upper are of the same form as the canines, and very little
inferior to them in size, so that when the mouth is opened there
appear to be four canines in each jaw; next follows in either jaw a
tooth with a large fang upon the outer edge and a smaller one within,
which is of intermediate form between the true and false molars;
after which come two normal molars in the lower and one in the
upper jaw. All the molars are separated from one another by a
vacant space on each side; this gap is particularly large between the
real and spurious canines or first false molars in the upper jaw, the
corresponding space in the lower having, in its centre, the small false
molar already mentioned. |

Pteropus Gambianus.

Length from the nose to the centre between the thighs 63 in.

Length of the head from the nose to the root of the ear.. 1}

Expanse of the Wings): 0.0.0. 0. cede ede e ees 1 f. 8 in.

101

The fur is of a very soft woolly texture, and of a uniform reddish
mouse colour over every part, only rather lighter on the sides of the
neck and belly than on the superior surface of the body. The wings are
ample, naked except upon the thighs and arms, and of a light brown
colour; there is no real interfemoral membrane; but the whole pos-
terior face of the thighs and body is margined with a narrow band of
integument about half an inch broad, and covered above with the
same description of hair as the back. The ears are small, naked,
erect and elliptical, and the eyes placed much nearer to them, and
consequently at a greater comparative distance from the muzzle, than
in the ordinary Pteropi.

Pteropus macrocephalus. The whole length of this species is
barely 6 inches, the length of the head 2 inches, and the expanse
of the wings about 1 foot 3 inches. The colour, form and appear-
ance are much the same as in the last species, but the Pter. macro-
cephalus is at once distinguished by the great size of the head, as well
as by the colour of the flying membranes which are very dark brown,
nearly approaching to black. The canine teeth also, as well as the
head, are of much larger size, and the interfemoral margin is nar-
rower. Dr. Horsfield, from the great length of the head, thinks that
this species may approximate to the Macroglossus of M. F. Cuvier,
the Pier. rostratus of his own ‘ Zoological Researches in Java.’
It is to be observed, however, that it differs in dentition from that
animal, as well as from all other Péeropi hitherto described; and,
with the Pter. Gambianus, may furnish the type of a new genus to
those who regard such modifications as amounting to generic cha-
racters. Mr. Rendall’s collection contains numerous Sores of
both the species here described.

The only other Cheiropter brought home by Mr. Rendall is ind
Megaderma Frons of Geoffroy, well described by Daubenton ; to whose
account I shall only add, that the wings are of a deep orange colour,
and the fur unusually long and soft.

Genus Herprstrs, Jil.

Mr. Rendall has brought over specimens of two Herpestes, one of
which, the Herpestes Mongos of Linnezus, very well figured and de-
scribed by Buffon (Hist. Nat., tom. xiii. tab. 19.), deserves to be
noticed, for the purpose of correcting the habitat of the species,
which, upon Buffon’s authority, has hitherto been given as India, but
which Mr. Rendall’s specimens clearly show to be the west coast”
of Africa. ‘The mistake originally arose from Buffon’s having iden-
tified the Mangouste a bandes, the species at present under considera-
tion, with the Mongos of Kempfer, unquestionably an Indian spe-
cies (the Herpestes griseus of authors), and still commonly called
by that name in Upper India, where many natives and Europeans
keep it in a semidomestic state, for the purpose of destroying vermin.
Under these circumstances, though there are few cases in which

102

such a change is advisable, or even excusable, perhaps it would be
better to follow the example of M. Desmarest in the ‘ Dictionnaire des
Sciences Naturelles,’ and substitute the specific name of fasciatus for
that of Mungos, as regards this animal, reserving the latter name for
the species to which it really belongs, and which is at present de-
signated by the very vague term of griseus.

The other species brought by Mr. Rendall, and which I propose
to call Herpestes Gambianus, is new to science, but is in some degree
allied to the Herp. vitticollis, characterized by Mr. Bennett at a re-
cent meeting of the Society (page 66). It is, however, much smaller
than that species, measuring only 17 inches from the nose to the
root of the tail, whilst the Herp. vitticollis measures fully 23; the
tail also measures 13 inches in the latter animal, and only 94 in the
former. The general colour of the body is that grizzled gray and
brown, so common among the Herpestes, upon the upper parts, clearer
upon the head, neck and shoulders, and copiously mixed with red
upon the latter part of the back, hips and thighs, particularly upon
the latter, which are nearly all red; the tail has a copious mixture
of black, and is terminated by a small tuft of pure black ; but this is
only found at the extreme point, and does not extend over a consider-
able portion of the organ, as in Herp. vitticollis. The throat and sides
of the neck are pale silvery brown; the breast, belly, and interior of the
limbs, red; the feet alone, not the whole legs as in Herp. vitticollis,
are black, and a stripe of dark brown extends from the ear to the
shoulder, along each side of the neck. The hair lies smooth and
close to the skin.

There are some peculiarities in the dentary system of these animals
which are deserving of notice.

Herp. fasciatus and Herp. Gambianus. Teeth + : =: — The
incisors small, simple, and regular; the canines of moderate size;
the first two false molars of the normal form; the third, carnas-
sier, of rather small size compared with its analogue in genera
more decidedly carnivorous, and the last two, in both jaws, tubercu-
lous. The rudimentary false molar, mentioned by M. F. Cuvier, is
wanting in both these species ; nor can its absence be owing to the
age of the specimens examined, as some were. evidently young ani-
mals, though arrived at adult age, Its entire absence is further con-
firmed by the situation of the teeth respectively, in the reciprocal
position of the jaws, the first inferior false molar filling up the entire
vacant space between the corresponding superior tooth and the canine
of the same jaw.

This system differs considerably from that ascribed to the Herpestes
by M. F. Cuvier (Dents des Mammiferes, i. 99.), but agrees in all re-
spects with the description of M. Desmarest. The following, however,
is equally foreign to the accounts of both these authors, and, were
not all the other characters so perfectly accordant with those of Her-
pestes, would decidedly indicate a new genus. Indeed, it so stands

103

in my notes, under the name of Mungos, but with a note of interro-
gation, as I have only been able to examine a single specimen.

Mungos? vitticollis. (Herpestes vitticollis, Benn.) Teeth *
1—1 6—6
Reclis?-as-
in form or number. The first false molar in either jaw is tubercu-
lous; the second and third consist of one large conical fang in the
centre, and a smaller tubercle on each side of it; then follows the
carnassier, and after it two tuberculous teeth in the upper and three
in the lower jaw. The first of these in the upper jaw is large and
triangular ; the second, short. and broad, its latitudinal dimensions
more than doubling its longitudinal; the three of the lower jaw are
small, simple, rather distant from each other, and of cylindrical form.

This is a system of dentition which, as far as I am aware, is alto-
gether peculiar, and if confirmed by the examination of other speci-
mens, will undoubtedly form the type of anew genus. Perhaps fur-
ther and more rigid examination may even detect different species
from the different localities, as specimens have arrived for the So-
ciety from Travancore and Bombay, and one from Madras, at the
British Museum.

The incisors and canines have nothing remarkable either

Genus Scrurvs, Linn.

Sciurus Gambianus. This animal belongs to that subgenus of
Squirrels which are distinguished by having round untufted ears
and long cylindrical tails, covered with short hair, and not distichated.
The upper surface of the body and root of the tail are uniform mouse-
peta ore with a slight shade of yellowish red, and everywhere
pointed thickly with gray, from the hairs being separately annulated
with black and yellowish white; all the under parts are uniform
dirty white. The tail is long, covered with short hair, towards the
root of the same uniform colour as the back, but. annulated or fas-
ciated from thence to the tip with numerous alternate bands of black
and light grayish brown, precisely like those which mark the back
of the Ryzena and the Herpestes fasciatus. The whole length of the
animal is about 9+ inches, and the tail about the same. ‘The ears
are very short and rounded.

From Dr. Smith’s description of his Sci. Poensis, ! imagine it must
approach this species in form, but is distinguished by its smaller
size, different colour, and unannulated tail.

Of the numerous Bird-skins in Mr. Rendall’s collection I shall
only notice the two following, which appear to be new species, and
which derive an additional interest from their generic affinities. The
first I propose to call, out of compliment to the gentleman to whose
kindness we are indebted for the present exhibition and description,

Numida Rendallii. This beautiful species, which Mr. Gould agrees
with me in considering new to science, is of smaller size than the

104

common Guinea Fowl, and in this resembles the Num. cristata. The
head and upper part of the neck are bare, the former covered with a
wrinkled scalp-like skin, gathered into a small keel-shaped ridge in
the centre, about half an inch in length, and not more than a quarter
of an inch high. The neck is black, naked principally on the throat
and sides, and covered on the back with glossy black hair, or rather
small feathers, with the beards so fine as to be perceptible only upon
close examination. The lower part of the neck and breast are covered
with feathers of a beautiful violet colour without spots, clearest on
the breast, but with a browner hue upon the upper surface. The
back, shoulders, and rump are of the usual brown colour, speckled
thickly with minute white spots, each surrounded with an intensely
black ring, much smaller and more numerous than in the common
species, and intermixed with an infinity of still more minute white
points. The greater coverts of the wings and whole under surface of
the body are black, with large white spots ; the quill feathers spotted
towards the shaft, and barred transversely on the lower margin only,
and the tail feathers light gray, with white spots in a black ring,
and interspersed with numerous black dots or points. The white
spots of the coverts, quills, and belly, are not surrounded by black
rings like those of the back and tail. This appears to be the com-
mon species on the banks of the Gambia. X

Genus GyrogerAnvs, J/].

A Secretary in Mr. Rendall’s Collection offers some peculiarities,
when compared with the common Cape animal, which at first in-
duced me to believe that it might be a distinct species, and in this
opinion I was in some manner confirmed by the more experienced
and concurrent belief of Mr. Gould; but I confess that a more
attentive comparison of specimens from both localities has consi-
derably shaken my original opinion. I may remark, however, that
still greater differences are indicated by Sonnerat in his figure and
description of the Secretary of the Philippine Islands, and which, as
far as I am aware, has not been noticed by more recent naturalists.
Whether or not the Secretaries of these three localities, the Cape of
Good Hope, the Gambia, and the Philippines, may eventually turn
out to be really distinct, or only varieties of the same species, must
be left for future observation ; but it is at least useful to direct the
attention of travellers, collectors, and zoologists to the subject, and
with this intention I will here state the principal marks which appear
to distinguish each, giving them provisionally specific names, derived
from the localities which they respectively inhabit.

1. Gyp. Capensis, with the plume of long cervical feathers com-
mencing upon the occiput, spreading irregularly over the upper part
of the neck, narrow throughout the greater part of their length as if
the beard had been cut on each side close into the shaft of the quill,
and spreading only at the point. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.

105

2. Gyp. Gambiensis, with the cervical crest commencing some
distance below the occiput, arranged in two regular series, one on
each side of the neck, with the intermediate space clear, and com-
posed of long spatule-shaped feathers, much broader throughout than
in the last species, though similarly decreasing in width towards the
root. In both these species the two middle feathers of the tail are
considerably longer than the others. Inhabits Senegambia. .

3. Gyp. Philippensis, with the cervical crest spread irregularly
from the occiput to the bottom of the neck, the longest feathers being
those situated the lowest, which is just the reverse of what we ob-
serve in Gyp. Gambiensis, and with the two exterior tail feathers the
longest, so that the tail appears forked. This is apparent not only
in Sonnerat’s figure, but is expressly mentioned in his detailed de-
scription, and, if confirmed by future observation, is clearly indicative
ofa specific distinction. Inhabits the Philippine Islands. Described
and figured in Sonnerat’s ‘ Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinée,’ p. 87, t. 50.

The colours of the three species or varieties here indicated do not’
seem to be materially different in other respects.” —W. O.

A collection of skins of Birds, formed in Hayti by J. Hearne, Esq.,
Corr. Memb. Z.S., and presented by him to the Society, was ex-
hibited. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould brought the
specimens severally under the notice of the meeting. They com-
prised sixteen species, two or three of which appeared to be hitherto
undescribed ; including a Humming Bird, which Mr. Gould believed
to be the representative of a new species, allied to Trochilus pec-
toralis, Lath. i

There was also exhibited the skin of the Mammiferous animal
recently described by M. Brandt, in the Transactions of the Imperial
Academy of St. Petersburgh, as the type of his new genus Soleno-
donta. It was obtained by Mr. Hearne in Hayti, where it is known
as the Agouta. Respecting it Mr. Hearne writes, ‘‘ The only qua-.
druped, I believe, found on the island on the landing of Columbus
was the Agouta, a little larger than, and somewhat resembling, a Rat,
with an equally Jong tail and with a longer snout; whose food is
chiefly grain, although the animal is carnivorous also; its hair is red.
I had one alive intended for the Society, but it received a wound
from a cat of which it died, and the skin is too miserably preserved,
I fear, to be of use; but I shall bring it myself, or early send it ;
and I shall endeavour to get another alive, and in such state to send
it to you.”

The following note by H. Bruce Campbell, Esq., on a white va-
riety of the Blackbird, Turdus Merula, Linn., recently presented by
him to the Society and now living at the Gardens, was read,

“ The curiosity which I have the pleasure to present to the Zoolo-
gical Socicty, (a bird of the common Blackbird kind, the Merle noir

106

of M. Temmanck, entirely white, including the plumage, beak, legs,
and feet,) was discovered in June, 1832, near a farmhouse in the
occupation of Mr. Owkam at Bilsthorpe, Nottinghamshire. There
were two other young ones in the nest, the plumage of which, as
well as that of the parent birds, was of the ordinary caste. The old
birds made a second nest in the following month, near to the first
one, in which four eggs were deposited; one of these was entirely
different from the rest, resembling in colour the egg of the common
Duck; this nest was unfortunately taken by some boys in the vil-
lage; it is probable if this had not been the case, that there would
have been produced a second extraordinary freak of nature.

«« There is at the present time in the possession of the Rev. Joshua
Greville at Weston Pavell, near Northampton, a pyeballed male bird
of this species, the white preponderating; it is now six years old and
an excellent songster. It was originally black, and when about two
years old its plumage changed and became spotted black and white.

«« It is said that these birds have been occasionally found white on
the Alps and other high mountains, which alteration in colour is
ascribed to the continued cold in those places, an effect which it is
known is produced in the case of the Ptarmigan, &c. Albin men-
tions having had a bird of this species ‘* finely mottled,” sent to him
by Sir Robert Abdy out of Essex. Buffon makes mention of a white
Nightingale, and in the Museum at Oxford, there is a Chaffinch com-
pletely white. Many other instances of white varieties are furnished
by authors and by collections.

«« The present is a male bird, but though he has the quickly re-
peated chirp and all the habits of his kind, nature, when she altered
her regular course and presented him with his snowy costume, seems
therefore to have denied to him the usual vocal powers of his tribe:
he is no warbler, but from his frequent fruitless attempts, it may be
inferred, that he feels the dear price at which he has been permitted
to wear his novel and attractive plumage.”

With reference to an observation in the preceding note, Mr. Yar-
rell remarked that no inference could safely be drawn from the co-
lour of the egg as to that of the bird to be produced from it: a de-
ficiency of the superadded colouring, reducing the egg to its ground
colour alone, being by no means an uncommon occurrence, and the
product in such cases not deviating from the usual appearance of
the race.

Mr. Cox added that he had at present under his care a nest of
the domestic Sparrow, Passer domesticus, Briss., all of which, with one
exception, exhibited the usual characters of their race: one, how-
ever, was entirely white. He stated his intention of presenting to
the Society this variety, as soon as the young bird was sufficiently
reared.

The following note by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., M.P., Vice-Pre-
sident, was read,

;
{
i
;

107
“« My male black Swan, Oygnus atratus, died yesterday (June 29,

_ 1835). He had been long going off, apparently through old age,

though not more than fifteen ; yet he has

three months old. His widow is still healthy, and does not appear to

grieve much; nor did she pay any attention to him in his last days,
probably because engaged with her young. They have hatched in
all forty-four, and reared forty young ones. They were chiefly
hatched in J anuary, and always in an earthern wigwam built forthem ~

ina small island. Once there were two broods in a year, the next
year only none.”

left four young ones, not

108

July 28, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of eight species of Mice and Rats, col-
lected in India by Walter Elliott, Esq. They were brought under
the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Gray, who stated that five of them
were hitherto undescribed. Of these he pointed out the distinguish-
ing characteristics. Among them were three which, on account of
their possessing a peculiarity in the structure of their molar teeth,
he regarded as representing a section in the genus Mus, which
might, perhaps, be considered deserving of generic distinction.
The remaining species were the Mus oleraceus, Benn. ; the Mus pla-
tythrix, Ej.; and the Mouse which Mr. Gray has figured, from bea,
Hardwicke’s drawings, in the ‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’
under the name of Arvicola Indica: it is, however, really a Mus.

Mr. Gray stated that Mr. Elliott had made copious notes respect-
ing the habits of the several species exhibited, and that it was his
intention to communicate them to the Society. He added that Mr.
Elliott’s collection contained many other interesting specimens of
Mammalia, as wellas of other classes of animals; and that selec-
tions from it would be brought, from time to time, under the notice
of future Meetings.

Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of two remarkable species of
Partridge, Perdiz, Mey., which he regarded as previously unde-
scribed. They were brought from the Gambia by Mr. Rendall, a
selection from whose collection had been exhibited at the previous
Meeting by Mr. Ogilby. Mr. Gray pointed out the distinguishing
characteristics of the birds exhibited.

Mr, Gray subsequently exhibited, also from Mr. Rendall’s col-
lection, several Shells which appeared to him to be hitherto unno-
ticed, including an undescribed species of Cryptostoma, Blainv.

Among the Shells of the same collection was one that had been
incrusted by a Coral, but in which the mouth had been preserved
open in consequence of its having become the habitation of a Pa-

gurus, the movements of which through the aperture had prevented —

that part of the shell from being involved in the general incrusta-
tion. Mr. Gray exhibited other specimens of analogous incrusta-
tions, some of which had been regarded by authors as constituting

real species. The incrusting Coral is generally an Alcyonium, but —

_ in some cases it is a Cellepora,

109

. The exhibition was resumed of the previously undescribed species
of Shells contained in the collection of Mr. Cuming.. Those. brought
on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom-
panied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. They comprised the
following species of the

Genus PrcTen.

Precren susnoposus. Pect. testd subequivalvi, equilaterali, au-
riculis inequalibus ; striis radiantibus numerosissimis, radiisque
decem, crassis, rotundatis, alternatim nodoso-vesicularibus vel
subnodosis ; intis plerumque purpureo signatd: long.5°25,lat.2°75,
alt. 5° poll.

Variat «, colore rufo -fuscescente, striis albis. Hab. ad Sinum Cali-
forniz.

f, coloribus subvariegatis pictd seu fuscd, maculis albis utplurimum
notatd. Hab. ad Insulam Plate, Columbiz Occidentalis.

y, testd depressiore, colore aurantiaco nitente. Hab. ad Sinum Te-
huantepec, Mexicanorum.

_ Found in sandy mud and coral sand in from ten to seventeen
fathoms.—G. B. S.

Precren maeniricus. Pect. testd subequivalvi, equilaterali, auri-
culis inequalibus ; striis radiantibus exiguis numerosissimis, radi-
isque tredecim, crassiusculis, rotundatis, nonnunquam subnodosis ;
intis albd purpureo marginatd : long. 5:5, lat. 2-, alt. 5°5 poll.

Variat a, colore sanguineo nitente. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

B, testd fuscd, maculis albidis variegatd.. Hab. ad Insulam Plate,
Columbiz Occidentalis.

_A single specimen of var. a was found in coral sand at a depth of

six fathoms : var. B was also found in coral sand in seventeen fathoms.
—G.B.S.

|
4
;
Ae

_» Pecren ventatus. Pect. testd vald? inequivalvi, equilaterali, au-

| riculis equalibus ; valvd planulatd sulcato-radiatd et striatd, alterd

; valde convexd, levigatd, radiatim sulcatd, margine ventrali pro-

funde dentato : long. 3°75, lat. 1:5, alt. 3°5 poll.

_ Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found among sand and stones in twelve fathoms.

The flat valve is of a dark brown colour outside, white with a broad

dark purple margin within; it falls deeply into the convex valve,
whose margin is deeply cut between the ribs; this latter valve is of

| a brownish colour outside, and nearly white within.—G. B.S.

q Pxcren tumipus. Pect. testd subinequivalvi, equilaterali, auriculis
magnis, subequalibus ; valvd alterd turgidd, fusco rufescente al-
bidoque variegatd, radiatim 18-costatd, costis supern? planulatis,

___ interstitiis transversim striatis, alterd turgidiore, albicante, radi-
& atim sulcatd, costis interstitialibus latioribus, planulatts, lateribus
*

17 A

™

110

fusco-variis ; margmibus ventralibus acute dentatis : long. 1°75,
lat. 1°, alt. 1°75 poll.
Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Salango, Columbiz Occidentalis.
Found in sandy mud at from six to ten fathoms.—G. B.S.

PrcTeN crrcuLaRis. Pect. testd suborbiculari, tumidd, subequivalvi,
equilaterali, fusco alboque varid, auriculis magnis, subequalibus ;
costis radiantibus octodecim interstitiis latioribus, arcuatim striatis ;
valvd alterd sulcis profundioribus : long. 1-5, lat. 0°8, alt. L 4 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Californie. (Guaymas.)

Found in sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms.—G. B.S.

Pecren aspersus. Pect. testd suborbiculari, depressiusculd, sub-
equivalvi, equilaterali, auriculis inequalibus, dextrd majusculd ;
valvarum alterd radiatim costatd, pallescente seu albd, costis qua-
tuordecim majoribus, rotundatis, levibus, alterd radiatim costatd,
costis quindecim acutioribus, fuscis, punctulis cerulescentibus
aspersis, interstitiis tenuissime transversim striatis, pallescentibus :
long. 1°4, lat. 0°35, alt. 1°3 poll.

Hab. ad Tumbez, Peruvie.

Dredged in soft mud at a depth of five fathoms. This species has

sometimes a few irregular blotches of white sprinkled over the darker
coloured valve.—G. B.S.

PrcTen spiIniFERvs. Pect. testd subovatd, depressiusculd, subequi-
valvi, equilaterali, auriculis inequalibus, sinistrd majore ; valvis
radiatim costatis, costis utriusque novem, latis, squamuliferis,
squamulis fimbriatis ; valve alterius marginibus dorsali, antico,
posticoque spiniferis : long. 0°9, lat. 0°25, alt. 0°9.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam, Oceani Pacifici.

A single specimen of this beautiful little shell was taken on the

reefs in coral sand.—G. B.S.

Pecren parvus. Pect. testd subovatd, depressiusculd, subequivalvi,
equilaterali, albicante, auriculis inequalibus, graniferis ; valvis
radiatim costatis, costis octo inequalibus, transversim striatis ;
interstitiis radiatim sulcatis et transversim striatis : long. 0°7, lat.
0°25, alt. 0-8 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam, Oceani-Pacifici.

Found in coral sand on the reefs.—G. B.S

Genus XYLOPHAGA.

XyLopHaGa GLtoposa. Xyl. testd globosd, margine dorsali postico
declivi, valvis accessoriis majusculis : long. 0-4, lat. 0°35, alt. 0°35
poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found in a piece of wood dredged from a depth of a hundred

fathoms.—G. B. §

lll

A paper was read comprising “ Descriptions of a few Invertebrated
Animals obtained at the Isle of France,” by Robert Templeton,
Esq. It was accompanied by coloured drawings of the new species
described in it, which were exhibited.

Of these animals two belong to the Radiated division of the ani.
mal kingdom. They may be characterized as follows :

ACTINIA SANGUINEO-PUNCTATA. Act. flavescenti-rufescens
- . - . - * . ?
punctis sanguineis confertis per series longitudinales numerosas
dispositis ornata; ore guttis ceeruleis quinque circundato ; tenta-
peererss ; sig j
culis viridescentibus, hyalinis.
Hab. vix uncialis, super saxa.

Xena Dessarpiniawa. Xen. pallidé livido-ceerulea ; polypis
8-, raritis 9-radiatis.

Hab. super lapides prope Black River.

The mass from which the polypes arise is spread over the sur-
face of the stones to the extent, in many places, of more than a foot.
It is usually about an eighth of an inch in thickness, and appears to
be composed of an infinite interlacing of tubular stems. From the
sides of these stems are given off peduncles, each of which termi-
nates in a disc having’a central mouth and eight (rarely nine) rays.

_These rays are simple on their under or outer surface, pectinated

along their edges, and furnished on the upper or inner surface with
short processes, having cupped or sucker-like extremities. The
discs are perpetually in motion, waving from side to side as though
in search of objects; and when anything comes in contact with
their rays or tentacula, the suckers instantaneously close in upon it,
and the tentaculum doubles itself up like a finger and conveys the
prey to the mouth: if the object be large, two or three of the tenta-
cula are employed. When the prey is so large as not to admit of
its being swallowed, the tentacula relax their hold and allow it to
escape.

The remaining two belong to the Annulose type, ‘and appear to
represent two genera among the Annelida, nearly allied to the
Serpulide.

ANISOMELUS.

Os tentaculis simplicibus octo, per paria dispositis, filiformibus,
prehensilibus instructum.

Branchie? simplices, tentaculiformes, pedibus haud multo longi-
ores, in segmentis corporis quatuor anterioribus sitz.

Testa cylindrica, calcarea, erecta, ad basin in saxis immersa,

Ozs. Numero et symmetria tentaculorum, necnon branchiarum

_ Simplicitate?, a Terebelld caterisque generibus affinibus distinguitur.

ANISOMELUS LUTEUS.
Long. corporis vix 4 unc.
Hab, in saxis corallinis apud Black River.

112

Of the eight tentacula of this Annelide, one pair, that towares the
ventral aspect, is short, and the opposite pair is long, being fully
equal in length to the entire body : the intermediate pairs are inter-
mediate also in length. When undisturbed, the animal projects
from its tube or shell as far as the fifth or sixth segment, swinging
itself from side to side, and moving its tentacula about. If anything
is discovered suitable for food, the extremity of one or more of the
tentacula is rolled around it, and by this means the substance is con-
veyed to the mouth. The ¢entacula are numerously ringed, and
have in their interior a tube in which oval globules are distinctly
seen moving to and fro, as the motions of the tentacula affect a few
contiguous rings.

PIRATESA.

Os tentaculis seu branchiis numerosis, longé ciliatis, subulatis,
simplici serie dispositis, cinctum.

Testa cylindrica, calcarea, erecta, e saxo parum prominente.

Ozs. Genus propter tentaculorum branchiferorum dispositionem
a Sabelld, Cuv., sejungendum.

PIRATESA NIGRO-ANNULATA, Pir. brunnea, tentaculis pallidio-

ribus nigro confertim interrupte annulatis.

Hab. in saxis corallinis apud Black River.

The cilia of the tentacula arise in a single row along each edge of
the upper surface, and turn in upon any substance that is seized so
as to embrace it tightly: when at rest, they are doubled up into
little coils or knots, and are only expanded when the animal is
searching for food. When engaged in this operation it elevates
itself out of the tube, turns the disc down with very deliberate mo-
tion towards the adjacent part of the stone, and apparently exa-
mines the surface with minute attention ; the tentacula at this time
being constantly moved about so as to ensure the entrapping of
any animal that may rest within their reach.

August 1], 1835.
Dr. Hersfield in the Chair,

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, June 7, 1835. It
referred to the writer’s success in dredging over the rocky ground
off Torquay, whence he anticipates that he shall obtain many in-
teresting Corallines and Asterie. A selection from those already
collected by him, including a specimen of the genus Comatula,
accompanied the letter and were exhibited.

Mr. Harvey states that the specimen of Caryophyllia Smithii, re-
ferred to in a previous letter, (page 4,) is still living in his possession
and is quite healthy. “ The half one by the side of it, which was
broken in forcing it from the rocks, is also alive, and has nearly
reproduced the round shell : the cup was destroyed, at the time it
came into my hands, for considerably more than half its cireumfer-
ence; in the course of the eight months which have since elapsed
the reproduction has been such as nearly to complete the circumfer-
ence of the cup. The Pyrgomata on the coralline are also alive.”

Mr. Burton, at the request of the Chairman, placed upon the
table a specimen of the species of Ratelus originally described by
Pennant as the Indian Badger, and by Shaw under the name of
Ursus Indicus. To aid in its comparison with the Ratel.of the
Cape of Good Hope, from which Mr. Burton regards it as distinct,
he describes it in considerable detail.

*‘ This animal, which evidently belongs to the last genus of Cu-
vier’s arrangement of the Plantigrades, measures from the tip of the
nose to the extremity of the tail 3 feet 3 inches, of which the head
and neck occupy 11: inches, leaving 214 for the length of the body.
The anterior extremity is 8 inches long, exclusive of the nails; the
posterior about 6. The length of the head may be about 61 inches;
but the great thickness of the neck, the outline of which is con-
tinuous with the vertex, renders the exact occipital termination of
the head imperceptible. From the extremity of the nose to the
inner angle of the eye is 2 inches: from the same point to the ex-
ternal opening of the ear is 43. From the comparative length of
the body and limbs it results that the animal is very low on the
legs (or, as the French authors term it, trapu), long in relation to
its height, and necessarily higher before than behind. When
Standing, it cannot be computed at more than 9 or 10 inches high
at the shoulder, and about 6 or 7 at the crupper.

“The head is rather small for the size of the neck and body.
The eye is likewise remarkably diminutive, the distance between
the extreme points of the canthi being less than half an inch, an

_ Opening which leaves little space for the eyeball externally. There

No, XXXII.—Proceepines or tHe ZOoLoGICAL Society.

114

is no external ear: the rudiments of it may indeed be faintly traced
in some parts surrounding the meatus externus ; but these are level
with the surrounding skin. Below there is a hard low ridge, or ra-
ther thickening of the integument, and on the opposite side of the
opening, a small raised tubercle, which may be considered as vestiges
of the tragus and antitragus; but beyond these obscure indications
there is nothing conformable to the character of an auricle.

«« The toes of the fore feet are five in number, and are armed with
enormous claws or nails, of which the internal one rises so high on
the foot that its extremity is parallel with the origin of the second:
this last and the fourth are equal; the length of their nails about 14
inch: the nail of the middle one is the longest of all, being about
1: inch in length: the length of the outer one is nearly 1 inch.
The superior aspect of the nail presents a surface of some thick-
ness, rounded off at the edges ; the under surface is concave, and
the edge reduced to a mere line, except towards the point where
the /amine separate. The lateral surfaces of these nails are per-
fectly flat, so as to adapt them for accurate apposition to each
other; and the toes being also short and flattened at their sides, it
is to be concluded that the whole are closely approximated when
the animal works in the ground, and that the foot is thus formed
into a broad and powerful spathe.

«« The character of the hind foot is essentially different : the toes
- are less developed, and the naiis very short, and comparatively feeble.
On the under surface the /amine of the nails are separated to such
an extent, that a deep oval fossa is formed between them. The
plant of this foot protrudes so much that it is almost globular, in
in consequence of which the short nails do not reach near the
ground.

«‘ The dental formulary is that of Ratelus Capensis, The teeth
are fewer than in any other genus of the same tribe, as might be
expected from the abruptness of the head anterior to the eyes, and
the shortness of the mouth. The four middle incisors of the lower
jaw are the smallest and most feeble: the two external ones of
this range and the four middle ones of the upper jaw are somewhat
larger and stronger. In this last the two outer incisors differ essen-
tially from all the others, and partake of the character of canines.
They are at least three times as large as the adjoining ones, strong,
round, and curved inwards. The true canines are powerful teeth :
those of the lower jaw, when the mouth is shut, are imbedded in a
space between the upper external incisor and canine; the lower
ones approximate closely to the external incisors. The front molar
of the lower jaw is very small; the others gradually increase in
size to the last, which is long, has two points, and a tuberculated
surface behind. The great carnivorous tooth of the upper jaw has
a tubercle or heel projecting inwards: the breadth of the posterior
tooth of this jaw exceeds its length; so that in these characters it
approaches the Mustelide.

“The colour of the animal is black with the exception of the
back and upper parts of the head and neck, although a few black
hairs thinly scattered along the middle of the back give a faint gray

dens Tee

115

tint to the super-vertebral region, which, however, is soon lost in
the white of either side. White also prevails along the dorsal
aspect of the tail to within an inch of its termination, where it is
lost in the black of the point. The margin of the white colour forms
a concave line across the face, whence, descending along the side of
the neck, ribs, flanks, and rump, it meets the line of the opposite
side on the tail. ‘The remaining parts, including the extremities,
are, as before stated, more or less black.

“‘ As the animal approaches the Ursine tribe in its form and planti-
grade movement and the Weasels in its dentition, so with respect to
its integuments it bears some analogy to the Porcine Pachydermata.
The skin is tough, thick, and hard; the hairs are long, loose,
coarse, and scanty, without vestige of the finer wool which imme-
diately envelopes the skin of so many other animals. They are,
however, much thicker on the upper than on the lower surface
both of the body and limbs, On the posterior parts of the thighs
they are so long as almost to form tufts; on the front of the fore
legs they are also very long, and their course is here directly across
the limb. On the sides of the neck the lay of the black hairs is
precisely vertical, thus meeting the white ones, whose course is
longitudinal, exactly at right angles. Round the opening of the
ears there is a peculiar circular ring of hairs, about half an inch in
breadth, which bears a rude similitude to the feathered circles sur-
rounding the eyes of the nocturnal birds of prey. The face and jaws
are nearly naked, scarcely any traces of hair being observable in
these parts: the whole ventral aspect is also remarkably destitute
of this covering. A few long black hairs are here and there met
with on the chest, belly, and under surface of the extremities, but
not in sufficient quantity to conceal the skin. There is also a line
along the inferior surface of the tail entirely denuded of hair. The
integuments round the anus are naked, and dilated into a kind of
circular bag or pouch, theugh not to a considerable extent. The
Specimen from which this description is taken is a male.

*‘ It is impossible to examine this animal, even in the most cur-
sory manner, without coming to the conclusion that it is wonder-
fully adapted for making its way beneath the surface of the earth.
The powerful fore Jeg, armed with enormous claws; the cuneiform
head ; the face deprived of hair; the minute and sunken eye; the

entire absence of external ear; the strong and muscular neck and
shoulder ; the comparative diminution of the posterior extremities,
whereby the bulk of the hinder parts is lessened ; the naked abdo-
men;—all unite to characterize it preeminently as a digger. And
in fact, among the population of its native regions, it is said that it
seeks its choicest food in the cemeteries, and such is its dexterity in
tearing open the graves of the dead, that no tomb is sacred from
its attacks. The latter part of this account’ is probably in some
degree overstated ; but it has, at all events, in those parts obtained
the appellation of the Gravedigger. The generic term of Storr,
Mellivora, although it may suit the African species, is consequently
peculiarly inappropriate in reference to this.

“It is a native of the upper provinces of Bengal, where, however,

116

it is said to be rare. The present specimen, which is in excellent
condition, was brought from thence by Dr. Sandham, surgeon: of
the 11th Light Dragoons, by whom it was presented to the Museum
of the Army Medical Department. It is brought under the notice
of this Society with the sanction of the Director General, Sir James
McGrigor, Bart.

‘«« This animal has been almost entirely neglected by systematic
writers. It was alluded to by Pennant, but in so short, vague, and
unsatisfactory a manner, that it is impossible to form any distinct
notion of it. Shaw followed and copied the few words of Pennant
which relate to it, and termed it Ursus Indicus. Lastly, the late
General Hardwicke, whose talents and perseverance made him fa-
miliar with the natural history of Northern India, published some
account of it in the 11th volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions’.
But it does not appear that he considered it as different from the
Rat. Capensis, or was sufficiently aware of its peculiarities to enable
him to erect it into a distinct species. A specimen formerly living
in the collection of this Society was understood to have been
brought from Madras.

“In the synopsis of Mammalia, in Griffith's translation of the
‘ Animal Kingdom’, there is merely a note stating that the Ursus
Indicus of Shaw is probably a variety of the Ratel. The French
authors have entirely neglected it; neither the Baron nor M.F.
Cuvier makes any mention of it. M. Lesson, still later, asserts that
there is but one species in this genus; ‘On n’en connait qu'une
seule espéce,—Ratel du Cap.’”—E. B.

Mr. Burton subsequently exhibited a specimen of an Agriopus,
Cuv., which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. He character-
ized it as the

AGRIOPUS UNICOLOR. Agr. brunneo-fulvus; dentibus setaceis
maxillaribus ; radiis mollibus pinne dorsalis quatuordecim,
analis decem.

«This fish bears a general resemblance to Agr. torvus, Cuv. & Val.,
the type of the genus. Its length is nearly similar, but the body is
more slender and compressed, particularly towards the middle.
The lower outline is sufficiently regular. The dorsal line from the
eighth to the fourteenth spinous ray is somewhat concave, if, how-
ever, this effect be not produced by imperfect stuffing. The eyes
protrude less than in dgr.torvus. The profile furnishes one of the
most marked distinctions between the two species: that part: be-
tween the eyes, instead of being vertical, slopes considerably ; and
the line of the snout, in place of descending in an angle of about
forty-five degrees, is very nearly horizontal, or in a line with the
body. The mouth is somewhat deeper.

‘<The next remarkable variation is in the teeth. The observation
which Cuvier and M. Valenciennes have applied to those of 4gr.
torvus—‘c’est 4 peine si l’on sent aux michoires queiques petits
dents en velours’—is by no means applicable here. On the con-
trary, they are very conspicuous, rather ‘en carde’ than ‘en

si y

Le a

117

velours’, and are irregularly crowded on the maxillaries. Those
towards the angle of the mouth are somewhat longer. The lines of
ossific granulations, which, passing forwards from the superciliary
ridges, unite in an angle on the forehead, are much more distinct :
the appearance of those clustered on the posterior suborbitary and
temporal bones is much the same in both species. The upper divi-
sion of the border of the operculum approaches nearer to a semi-
circular form.

«« The attachment of the pectorals and ventrals, as well as their
general form and number of rays, is also alike. The dorsal presents
some variations; the heiyht of the first spine being only two fifths
of that of the second, the latter and the fourth equal, and the third
somewhat the longest of all. The emargination in the membrane be-
tween the second, third, fourth, and fifth spinous rays is obviously
deeper. The number of soft rays exceeds that of Agr. torvus by
one, being fourteen in number. ‘The anal has also one additional
ray.

D.21 + 14; A.1 +10; P.1 + 8; &c.

The caudal has nothing worthy of note, unless its termination is
more lunated ; but this distinction must be received with caution,
as the injury commonly sustained in this part by dried specimens
renders its character equivocal.

«« The skin is smooth, equally free from scales, warts, tubercles,
or protuberances of any kind, with the exception of the granulations
on the head before mentioned. It is of a yellowish brown colour
throughout, darker on the upper part of the head, and above the
lateral line; ljighter below, the lightest part being immediately
posterior to the operculum. This description is taken from the
dried specimen; what variations occur in the fresh subject I have
no means of ascertaining. Towards the superior edge of the dorsal,
and over the ventrals and caudal, the colour becomes yet darker :
the pectorals incline to blackish. The black bars and blotches
which prevail throughout the dark ground colour of Agr. torvus are
entirely absent in this species. The lateral line is nearly straight,
marked as it passes along the anterior part of the body by distant
and obscure tubercles, all traces of which disappear at the com-
mencement of the soft dorsal. These are the principal distinctions
between this fish and Agr. torvus, with which it has probably hi-
therto been confounded.

“A remark of Cuvier and M. Valenciennes in the ‘ Histoire Na-
turelle des Poissons,’ supposes the existence of other species, al-
though the little there said is not applicable to this: ‘ Parmi nos
individus, il s’en trouve un dont la peau est toute brune,’ (so far only
it accords with our description) ‘mais relevée partout en petites
bosselures arrondies, comme des verrues peu saillantes. Nous ne
savons s'il appartient 4 une espéce différente, ou si ce n'est qu'une
variété.’ It may not unreasonably be assumed from the above
description that this is a distinct species, under which impression it
has been brought under the notice of this Society.

‘It is an inhabitant of the Cape seas, from whence the presertt

118

specimen, which forms part of the collection of the Army Medical
Department at Chatham, was brought.’”—E. B.

Mr. Gray exhibited various species of the Linnean genus Venus,
in illustration of the subdivisions into other generic groups which
appeared to him to be, in the present state of the science, valid.
He pointed out the characters of these several genera ; referred to
the types of each; and noticed many hitherto undescribed species
contained either in his own collection or in that of the British Mu-
seum.

Mr, Bennett called the attention of the Saciety to a Paradoxure
now living at the Gardens, which he regarded as previously unde-
scribed. He characterized it as the

Paravoxurus Grayi. Par. vellere denso, subequali; olivaceo-
Julvescens cinereo tinctus, subtis pallidior ; facie, auriculis, pedi-

busque nigris, tllius vitta nasali, fascid abbreviata suboculari, .

Sronteque cinereis.

Long. corporis cum capite, circiter 20 unc. ; caud@é paullo major.

Hab. in India, :

The fur of the animal, unlike that of Par. Typus, F. Cuv., and
some other closely related species, is nearly of equal length, and is
dense and in some degree woolly. Its colour above is a light ful-
vous brown, showing in certain lights a strong cinereous tinge,
owing to the black tips of many of the hairs. Beneath it is lighter,
and has a more cinereous tinge. The limbs are ash-coloured and
deeper in intensity towards the feet, which are black. The tail is
throughout of the same colour with the body. The ears are
rounded, covered with hairs, and nearly black. The face is black,
with the exception of the forehead, of a longitudinal dash down the
middle of the nose, and of a blotch-like short oblique band under
each eye; these markings being grey. There are no traces of lon-
gitudinal bands or spots on the body.

The separate hairs are dusky at the base and pale yellowish in
the middle: they are tipped with black.

The tail is constantly twisted in the manner in which it is occa-
sionally borne by Par. T'ypus, and cannot be rendered straight.

As the specimen was purchased of a dealer, the precise part of
India in which it was captured cannot be ascertained.

119

August 25, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Captain Manby,
R.N., dated Yarmouth, Aug. 22, 1835, and announcing the strand-
ing of an enormous whale, near Southwold in Suffolk, on the 19th
of August. Captain Manby states that it is of the species denomi-
nated by Linneus, Balena Physalus.

Drawings were exhibited of three Fishes captured at Port Praya,

_ by Capt. P. P. King, R.N., Corr. Memb. Z. S. They were commu-

nicated by Mr. Broderip. They comprised representations of Ser-
ranus teeniops, Cuv.& Val.; Sargus fasciatus, Kor.; and an Acan-
thurus, apparently hitherto undescribed, the

Acantuurus Kinail. Ac. purpureo-virescens, supra lineis azureis
undulatis mterruptis numerosis longitudinaliter notatus; oper-
culorum margine, pinne pectoralis maculd, dorsalis basi, macus
ldque ovali spinam caudalem cingente rufescenti-flavis: pinnd
caudali lunatd.

D.10 + 27. A.3 +25. P.17. V.1 +4 5. C.16.

Long. tot. 123 unc., alt.corporis, 42; long. radiorum pinne dor-
salis, 11; lat. inter oculos, 1, ad pinnas pectorales, 12.

Besides the markings enumerated, there is a blue line at the
lower part of the soft portion of the dorsal fin, separating it from
the reddish yellow streak of its base. The branchial rays are red-
dish yellow.

The teeth are eighteen above and sixteen below: they are cre-
nated and closely set. The scales are small, ovate, square at the
outer margin, and minutely serrated.

The following Notes, by Mr. Owen, on the anatomy of the Kin.
kajou, Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, Ill., were read.

«« The anatomy of an animal which is the sole representative of its
genus, and which, in its external form and habits, manifests a rela-
tionship with genera belonging to two different orders of its class,
must always be a desirable addition to zoological science. The
death of the Kinkajou, which has been for the last two or three
years in the Menagerie, has afforded the opportunity of determining
the natural affinities of a somewhat anomalous form, and of thus
compensating in some degree the loss of a living specimen, by the

120

additional facts contributed in consequence to the science which
it is our object to advance.

«It is not in my province to enter upon an external description
of the Kinkajou, nor is such an account now required, since it has
already been given, with more or less of detail, by the best syste-
matic zoologists of the last half century. Its interest, as an
osculant form, may be gathered by a simple reference to the modes
in which it has been considered and classified by different authors,
and to the synonyms indicative of the different degrees of import-
ance attributed by them to its outward peculiarities. Classed
among the Viverride by Shaw, under the name of the prehensile
Weasel, and raised to the Quadrumana by Pennant, as the yellow
Macauco, it holds a somewhat intermediate station in the system of
Cuvier, who places it in the Plantigrade family of Carnivora, under
the generic name Cercoleptes, applied to it by Illiger.

“In the following description of the anatomy of the Cercoleptes,
I shall therefore consider it with reference more especially to the
Lemures and the Plantigrade Carnivora.

«« The specimen measured in length, from the end of the nose to
the root of the tail, 1 foot 4. inches; and the length of the tail was
1 foot 5 inches.

«« There were no clavicles, not even in a rudimentary state. The
clavicular portion of the sterno-mastoideus arose from the cartilage
of the first rib, and the corresponding portion of the deltoid from the
transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebra.

«¢ The abdominal viscera were protected by a large omentum
streaked with fat. The esophagus was continued about an inch
into the abdomen, and entered the stomach about an inch from the
left extremity. The pyloric extremity of the stomach was bent up-
wards abruptly, and suddenly became narrow.

«“ The duodenum made a large semicircular sweep downwards,
backwards, and to the left, being loosely connected by a wide du-
plicature of peritoneum for the greater part of its course ; it was also
connected with the colon by a fold of peritoneum continued from it.
The remainder of the intestinal canal was disposed in rather large
folds, connected to a mesentery about 2 inches broad, in which the
mesenteric vessels formed only a single series of arches. The dia-
meter of the small intestine was about half an inch, becoming
somewhat less towards the colon. There was a slight constriction
indicating exteriorly the commencement of the large intestine, and
better marked within by a sudden thickening of the muscular coat,
and the commencement of a few narrow longitudinal folds of the mu-
cous membrane, but there was no cecum.

«« The whole length of the intestinal canal was 6 feet 6 inches ;
the length of the large intestine was only 5 inches. At its termi-
nation it became very muscular, and the lining membrane was
thrown into irregularly transverse ruge. In the rest of the intes-
tinal canal, with the exception of the longitudinal folds above men-
tioned, the mucous membrane was smooth and uniform.

ee!

2 a

121

‘« The liver was composed of three principal divisions, of which
the left had a small appendix at its under surface. The middle or
cystic division was deeply cleft into three lobes, the round liga-
ment passing into the left notch, and the gall-bladder being lodged
in the right, with its fundus on a level with the upper convex sur-
face of the gland. The right division of the liver was also cleft into
three lobes, which were again further subdivided by shallower fis-
sures, the smallest lobe occupying the usual place of the lobulus
Spigelii, viz. the lesser curvature of the stomach.

** The gall-bladder had an entire investment of peritoneum, and
two of the primordial ceca had been dilated and retained in their
original simple condition to form this receptacle: one of them was,
however, much less than the other, appearing as a small vesicle ap-
pended to the origin of the cystic duct. I have met with similar
structures in other animals: in the Hyrax Capensis there were two
accessory gall receptacles; and in a preparation in the Hunterian
collection, three hepatic czca have been almost equally developed
to form the biliary reservoir (this is from some small quadruped,
species unknown, No. 820, Gallery Catalogue). I dwell more par-
ticularly on this circumstance, because it is an anomaly which has
not, so far as I know, been described, and because it throws some
light on that part of the structure of the liver which is generally al-
lowed to be still left in the most uncertain state, viz. the ultimate
disposition of the biliary ducts. It obviously accords best with the
opinion of Miiller, that the tubuli biliarit terminate in, or rather
commence from, blind extremities.

** The pancreas consisted of a transverse and circular portion,
the latter following the curve of the duodenum; the duct termi-
nated, with the ductus choledochus, 2 inches from the pylorus.

** The spleen occupied the usual situation; was 4 inches long,
1+ inch broad, and + an inch thick ; its weight 13: drachms; it was
of the usual elongated trihedral shape.

‘* The kidneys were situated high in the loins, the right higher
than the left, of a somewhat elongated form, with a smooth simple
exterior, neither notched nor painted with arborescent veins, as in
the typical Carnivora. The tubuli uriniferi terminated on a simple
elongated mamilla, formed by the union of five lateral processes.
The ureters entered, as usual, behind the neck of the bladder.

“« The supra-renal glands were very small, reddish coloured, and
healthy, although imbedded in a dense strumous mass which occu-
pied the interspace of the kidneys.

“ The ovaries were a little larger than peas, with a smooth ex-
terior, enveloped in a loose serous capsule having only a small open-
ing turned towards the horn of the uterus, and in which the head of
4 probe could be with difficulty admitted. They were suspended
By. a duplicature of peritoneum continued from the lower end of each

ney.
_ “The length of the corpus uteri was 1 inch; of each cornu 2
inches; of the true vagina 4 of an inch; of the urethro-sexual
canal linch, A well-marked transverse fold divides this from the

122

vagina. ‘Fhere were no anal scent-bags, but merely superficial fol-
licles. In this respect Cercoleptes has a nearer affinity to Ursus, in’
which the anal bags are very small and shallow, than to the Weasel
tribe, in which they are largely developed.

«« The tongue was long, smooth, flat, and slightly emarginate
at the tip. It had seven fossulate papille ; the three nearest to the
epiglottis, and forming the apex of the triangle, were the smallest.
There was a long and large elastic /ytta, ligamentous anteriorly,
cellular posteriorly, surrounded by a muscular sheath of circular
fibres.

‘“‘ The tonsils were large and oblong. There was no wvula. The
epiglottis was well developed, with a pointed apex. There were
two narrow, shallow slits in place of laryngeal sacculz.- The thy-
roid glands were separate, oblong, pointed at their lower extre-
mities. There were more than twenty-five tracheal rings, which
were incomplete behind.

“« The brain ofthe Kinkajou is characterized by convolutions dis-
posed as in the Carnivora generally ; but the anterior transverse an-
fractuosity (marked No.1. in Plate XX. of the ‘ Zoological Society’s
Transactions’) runs more obliquely from within, outwards and for-’
wards, and there is a greater proportion of brain anterior to it.
The general form of the brain is longer and narrower than in the
Cat. The'cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by a strong
bony tentortum.

‘* The morbid appearances in the parts examined by me were
small firm tubercles studding the liver, spleen, and kidneys; a
large tuberculous mass between the kidneys ; and a similar mass
occupying the place of the mesenteric glands: both these masses
were of scirrhous hardness, and of an irregular fibrous structure in
the middle.

“ In the note-book of our medical superintendent, Mr. Youatt, is
the following record of the illness of the Kinkajou:

‘*¢¢ May 17th. Has not been well for some days; dull, and off
itsfood. A little castor-oil operated well.

«« « May 23rd. Dismissed well.

««* May 26th. Again off its food.

*«« June 3rd. No symptom of serious illness.

««¢ June 7th. Spirits and appetite gone; sad heaving at the
flanks. There is deeply seated organic mischief.

« «June 10th. Sinking.

«© ¢ June 15th. Died.’

‘In his description of the morbid appearances, Mr. Youatt ob-
serves: ‘ When | attempted to cut through the diaphragm, in order
to bring the lungs into view, I met with a hardness which I could
with difficulty cut, and which creaked under the knife. When I
got the contents of the thoraz fairly out, 1 found adhesions under
the diaphragm, but not a vestige either of pericardium or mediasti-
num; in lieu of them was a hardened, almost cartilaginous mass,
presenting a convex surface superiorly, adapting itself to the form
of the thorax, with a hollow formed in it, which contained the

———————— ee

4S ee ae

3°
a

ay aa

123°

heart ; and a prolongation on either side becoming thinner and thin-
ner, until at the base was some vestige of membrane. The heart
was contained in this cavity, but its vessels, both pulmonary and
arterial, were apparently lengthened in order to reach the lungs.
The lungs, pressed out of their place by this unnatural body, were
diminished in size; the substance softened, half pultaceous, and,
when squeezed, a purulent matter escaped. ‘There were also nu-
merous minute tubercles in the substance of the lungs. The animal
had wasted almost to a skeleton.’

“‘ We may therefore regard the complaint of the Kinkajou as
being a long-continued strumous disease, in which some of the tu-
berculous deposits, instead of suppurating, had become partially or-
ganized, and the cellular septa rendered ligamentous.

*“ IT conclude with afew observations on the affinities of the genus
Cercoleptes, as they are elucidated by the preceding anatomical ac-
count.

* Besides the differences of outward form which the Kinkajou
presents, as compared with the Lemur, in the shorter muzzle, the ab-
sence of the hinder thumb, and the presence of the prehensile tail,
as well as in the quality of the hair and the dentition, the following
important discrepancies occur in the internal anatomy of these two
genera :

“In Lemur the intestinal canal is above six times the length of
the animal’s body ; in the Kinkajou it is scarcely five. In Lemur
it is also complicated by a cecum of considerable length (measur-
ing 15 inches in the ruffed Lemur, according to Mr. Martin, and
which I found of 73 inches in length in a Lemur nigrifrons). The
colon also in the Lemures, is largely developed, (measuring upwards
of 2 feet,) and is sacculated at its commencement. In the Kin-
kajou the large intestine, as in the Raccoon, is separated from the
small by a slight internal circular projection of the mucous mem-
brane, and measures only 6 inches in length. The stomach is also
narrower at the pyloric end, and more bent upon itself than in
Lemur.

«« With respect to the digestive glands, there are no materia! dif-
ferences. In both animals the liver is much subdivided, and the
spleen is large. The kidneys are of a simple exterior in the Kin-
kajou, as in the Raccoon; not lobulated, as in the true Ursi: in
this respect they resemble Lemur, but the form is so usual as not to
authorize any deduction from it. In the generative organs, how-
ever, the Cercoleptes recedes from the Quadrumanous type further
than the Lemur, in the extent to which the uterus is divided, and
the consequently greater length of the cornua, and Fallopian tubes.
Its nearer affinity to Procyon is also manifested in the disposition of
the serous capsule about the ovarium, which leaves only a small
orifice sufficient to admit the end of a probe; while, in Lemur, the
ovaria are situated, like those of the Quadrumana, almost as in the
human subject.

“ In the osseous system it may be noticed that the Cercoleptes de-

124

viates from Lemur, and approximates Procyon and its congeners, in
the absence of a clavicle and the presence of a bony tentorium.

< Thus all the more important parts of its anatomy show that its
true position is in the Carnivorous order, and that it has the closest
affinities with the Ursiform Plantigrada, making, however, the
nearest approach to the Quadrumanous type in that family.”

pee 125

September 8, 1835.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

A living Iacchus Monkey, Iacchus penicillatus, Geoffr., was ex-
hibited, which had recently been presented to the Society by Mrs.
Moore of Rio de Janeiro. It was accompanied by a note, in which
it was stated to have been obtained from the province of Bahia.
“ Like most monkeys, it will eat almost anything; but its chief and
favourite food, in its wild state, is the Banana. It is avery delicate
animal, and requires great warmth ; and its very beautiful tail is, in
this respect, eminently conducive to the comfort of the little crea-
ture, who, on all occasions when he requires warmth, rolls himself
in the natural boa with which Providence has, in its wisdom, en-
dowed him.”

A note by Mr. William Smith, relative to the animal of the 4r-
gonauta Argo, Linn., and forwarded through Mr. Gray, was read.
The most important statement adduced in it, with reference to the
question of the parasitic nature of the Cephalopod so frequently found
in the shell, is thus expressed : ‘‘ It seems pretty evident that the
animal found in the Argonauta is a parasite, because, in the Bay of
Naples, where it is very abundant, the shell is but rarely found;
whereas the Octopus itself is constantly to be met with, and indeed
is daily to be seen in the common market as an article of food. To
give some idea of its comparative scarcity in union with the shell, I
shall merely mention that the usual price of the animal alone is about
fourpence; while a specimen inhabiting the shell cannot be obtained
under five shillings.”

The following Notes, by Mr. Martin, of the dissection of a spe-
cimen of the small Nocturnal Lemur, Microcebus murinus, Geoftr.,
which lately died at the Society’s Gardens, were read.

** The animal was a male, and doubtless adult, as was sufficiently
indicated by the development of the sexual organs. Its length

‘from the nose to the insertion of the tail was 5 inches; that of

the tail, 6; the ears were large and naked; the head was rounded ;
the muzzle short and pointed; the eyes were not so large, in pro-
portion, as in the slender Loris, Loris gracilis, Geoftr., but were
evidently of a nocturnal character, being extremely resplendent,
the glare of the tapetum lucidum showing very bright through the
round dilated pupil.

“The penis was furnished with a slender bone extending from
the glans for nearly half an inch. The glans was compressed, with
a lunar-shaped elevation, inclosing a small depression on its an-

No, XXXIII.—Procerpines or Tuk Zootocicat Society.

126

terior aspect. ‘The festes were of considerable magnitude, and in-
closed in a pendent scrotum, which was very conspicuous.

«On opening the abdomen, two portions of the liver covering the
stomach, the spleen with its upper end also lying upon the stomach,
the left kidney, a section of the great curvature of the stomach,
and the convolutions of the intestines, were presented to view.

“The liver consisted of a middle and a left lobe having an ante-
rior aspect, and of a right lobe having a dorsal aspect, covered en-
tirely by the right portion of the middle lobe. ‘Fhis middle lobe
had two fissures ; that to the left for the insertion of the ligamentum
latum ; that to the right, admitting the gall-bladder to appear; the
bladder itself being situated near the edge, on the under side of
the lobe, in a continuation of the fissure. On opening the abdomen,
the gall-bladder as well as the lobe in which it is situated, cannot
immediately be seen, owing to its dorsal inclination. The gall-
bladder was very small, being about 3 lines in length: what
struck me, however, as being very remarkable, was that, contrary
to the general rule, its neck, or apex, was on the edge of the liver,
its fundus being inwards ; so that the duct made an acute turn at
its commencement, and then proceeded along the body of the
bladder ; leaving this, it continued for half an inch, and then re-
ceived two or three auxiliary hepatic ducts; and after a further
course of the third of an inch, it entered the duodenum little more
than a quarter of an inch below the pylorus.

«« The spleen was long and slender, measuring 1 inch by a quar-
ter: it was attached pretty closely to the stomach.

‘‘ Of the intestinal canal the duodenum was the largest in cir-
cumference; it gradually diminished to the average measure, which
was rather more than half an inch, that of the large intestines, if
we may so call them, being scarcely so much. The length of the
small intestines was 1 foot; that of the large, 8 inches. The
stomach was somewhat oval, and the esophageal and pyloric ori-
fices were distant only 3 lines; the measurement of the greater
curvature was 23 inches; the circumference, when moderately dis-
tended, 24. The cecum, somewhat enlarged at its base, was about
13 inch in length, and terminated in a blunt apez.

The kidneys were compressed in form, and half an inch in length ;
the tubuli converged in one large distinct conical papilla. The
supra-renal glands were closely attached to their upper and inner
part, and were of the size of small peas.

« The lungs consisted of two lobes on the left, and three on the
right side. ‘The heart was pointed ; its length being half an inch,

«“ The tongue was pointed, and 1 inch in length: its surface
was velvety, with soft, small, delicate papille.

“« The thyroid glands were oval, and little larger than pin-heads.

«The submaxillary glands were large.

« The esophagus was smooth on its internal surface.

“«< The trachea consisted of nineteen or twenty rings.

« The sexual organs were next examined. The length of the penis
from the pubes was 1 inch; the erectores muscles were large and

127

long ; the testes were oval, and as large as sparrows’ eggs, being 3 of
an inch in length, in breadth 4 an inch, in thickness 3 lines; the
epididymis, 3 lines in length, was somewhat club-shaped; the cre-
master muscle was very strong ; the length of the cord to the ab-
dominal ring was 3 of an inch; the total length of the vasa deferen-
tia, 14 inch; they terminated internally at the root of the vesicule
seminales, that is, between them and the bladder; the vesicule
seminales were small and tubular, with a turn at the extremity ;
from their entrance to the bulb of the wrethra 4 an inch.

** Being desirous to ascertain whether the arteries of the extre-
mities manifested any approximation in their arrangement to what
obtains in the Loris gracilis, Geoffr., and the Sloth, Bradypus tridac-
tylus, Linn., I injected the subclavian and femoral with mercury.
The distribution was found to be similar to that of other Quadru-
mana, and without the slightest approach to the plexiform condition
which was observed in the Loris. The arterial trunks were in fact
simple, giving off muscular branches in the usual manner, as they
proceeded.

«The muscles of the limbs, and especially those of the thighs,
were remarkably large and firm, conveying an idea of far greater
aie than would be suspected in so small and delicate an ani-
mal,

128

September 22, 1835.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair,

Some extracts were read from a Letter addressed to the Secre-
tary by M. F. Cuvier, For. Memb. Z. S., and dated Paris, Septem-
ber 15, 1835. Among other zoological notices contained in it were
some remarks on the dentary systems of the three approximating
genera of Herbivorous Rodentia, Clenomys, Blainv., Octodon, Benn.,
and Paphagomys, F.Cuv. M. F. Cuvier states that the teeth of the
former are destitute of true roots.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, September 9,
1835. It accompanied some dried specimens of the animal of Ser-

ula tubularia of Dr. Turton, which were forwarded by the writer
with the view of demonstrating that the Patella tricornis, Turt., is in
reality an appendage to that animal, serving as an operculum to its
shelly tube—a fact which, subsequently to his description of the
supposed new species of Patella, Dr. Turton appears himself to have
suspected. The appendage described as the Pat. tricornis is in
reality the covering of the dilated extremity of the single developed
tentaculum in the Serpulidous animal forming the shell characterized
by Dr. Turton as the Serp. tubularia : a similar covering is met with
in the animals of all the species of Vermilia, Lam., and Galeolaria,
Ej.; but not in those of the genus Serpu/a as restricted by Lamarck.

Mr. Harvey states that «Two days ago an industrious young
naturalist, Mr. H. Glossop, of Isleworth, who has accompanied me
on many dredging excursions, noticed an unusual, as he thought,
horny substance upon the worm of a Serpula tubularia, which was
adhering to a shell in salt water, and on examination it proved to be
the Patella tricornis of Dr.Turton. We have since pulled out and
examined above a hundred of these Serpule, all living specimens,
and have found an operculum upon each of them. I am going to sea
again on Saturday, and in a few days it is my intention to send you
several living specimens, that you may satisfy yourself and the So-
ciety on this subject: I will forward them by the mail, with a bottle
of sea-water in the basket, that you may preserve them alive for a
day or two.”

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen of
a Crocodile which he had regarded, while it was living in the Soci-
ety’s Gardens, as referrible, on account of the length of its head and
the extent of the shielding at the back of its neck, to the Crocodilus

ie a

129

cataphractus, Cuv. A more close examination of it, however, sub-
sequently to its death, had shown him that its head was still more
prolonged than that part is described to be in Croc. cataphractus, its
length being to its breadth as $ to 1, instead of as 2} to 1 : it is also
deficient of the second post-occipital series of four small plates no-
ticed as occurring in Croc, cataphractus. On these accounts princi-
pally he stated that he considered it as representing a previously
undescribed species, which he characterized as

CrocopiLus Leprornyncuus. Croc. rostro elongato, capitis la-
titudine longitudinis partem tertiam aquante ; scutis post-occipi-
talibus ovalibus parvis duobus, nuchalibus per paria quatuor ca-
taphractis, cum dorsi seriebus continuis.

Long. tot. 27 unc. ; cranii, 43; craniz, ad maxillarum commissu-

ram, lat. 17.
Hab. apud Fernando Po.
Dentes in maxilla superiore quatuordecim, in inferiore quindecim.

Notwithstanding the approximation of this species to the Gavials
by the elongation of its jaws and by the extent to which the back of
the neck is protected by bony plates, it has all the essential generic
characters by which the Crocodiles are distinguished. The two pos-
terior pairs of nuchal plates are much smaller than the two pairs an-
terior to them. u

The animal having been anatomically examined subsequently to
its death, the following notes were prepared by Mr. Martin of his
dissection of the Crocodilus leptorhynchus.

“« The length from the anus tothe nose was 1 foot 2inches; from
the anus to the tip of the tail, 1 foot 1 inch; that of the ramus of the
lower jaw, 54 inches.

** The musk-gland described by Mr. Bell was very small ; and the
peculiar muscle embracing it and running to the os hyoides was so
delicate and slender that it was only to be followed with extreme
care: the gland contained a small portion of creamy matter scented
very strongly of musk.

' «The serous cavities (of which, in his account of the Croc.
acutus, Mr. Owen gives a detail,) may be described as follows.
A serous membrane constitutes a sort of pericardium, to which
the heart is secured at its apex by the membrane reflected from its
own surface: from this pericardiac membrane is reflected an ex-
pansion, forming a distinct serous cavity on the anterior surface
of each lobe of the liver: the pylorus and gall-bladder are in a
Separate serous cavity: and so is the anterior part of the sto-
mach, the membrane passing from the parietes of the abdomen on
the left side, uniting with the under part of the stomach, and being
reflected over its surface. Besides the cavities on the liver alluded
to, there is another on the right lobe at its dorsum, very exten-
Sive, and formed by a process of the pleura: but the pleura is not

130

continued to the left lobe. The intestines occupy their own serous
cavity: but below the pubes a distinct serous cavity contains the
anterior part of the cloaca or genito-urinary reservoir. The perito-
neal or serous membrane does not invest the kidneys, but is reflected
over their anterior (abdominal) surface.

«« The peritoneal canals were very easily made out. They opened
on each side of the base of the penis, by two orifices capable of ad-
mitting the point of a fine blow-pipe. In the Croc. acutus Mr. Owen
found them to allow barely of the passage of an eye-probe; but in
the present animal, small as it was, they were far larger; still it
appeared to me that they could not serve the purpose suggested
by M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Can they be intended to allow of the
escape of any gaseous secretion, any aeriform fluid, which may fill
the abdominal serous cavity, and be expelled under certain circum-
stances, as, for instance, when the animal seeks the deep bed of the
lake or river?

‘«‘ The stomach was globular and flattened, with a glistening ten-
dinous patch on each side, as large as a shilling, or nearly so. The
entrance of the wsophagus and the pyloric appendix were close
together, the appendix being about as large as a good-sized horse-
bean : from this the duodenum, emerging, formed a double fold; that
is, a fold formed by two lengths of intestine put together, and bent
upon themselves, embracing within the outer line, as in Birds, the
pancreas, along thin gland, one portion of which was continued a short
distance along the free portion of the intestine, where it became
more thick, and ended abruptly. Further to the right, but in close
contact with this duodenal fold, lay the spleen, a grey flattened
rounded cake; it was touched by the lower edge of the right lobe of
the liver, and was totally surrounded by peritoneum, which attached it
by a narrow riband or slip to the duodenum, below the entrance of
the biliary ducts: along this riband ran a large vein, going from
the spleen to the vena porta: a small artery was also visible. The
gall-bladder, of an oval shape, and 1 inch long, entered the duode-
num at the termination of the outer folded layer, just where it. be-
gan to be free, by a duct half an inch in length. The pancreatic duct
I could not succeed in tracing, but it certainly did not enter with
the biliary. In the Croc. acutus it enters a quarter of an inch beyond
that duct.

“It may be remarked that the stomach contained no pebbles or
stones, but merely a little mucus. In a specimen of Croc. acutus
subsequently examined the stomach was distended with undigested
lumps of flesh, and a vast quantity of Indian corn, swallowed most
probably in liew of pebbles: the grains were hard, and quite unal-
tered.

<« The liver consisted of two distinct masses or lobes, of a trian-
gular figure ; and it was between them, but on the edge of the right,
that the gall-bladder was situated.

“ The duodenum was rather larger in circumference than the rest

ame).

131

of the small intestines, which were in a worm-like range of convolu-
tions, on a process of peritoneum that expanded like a fan from the
spine: at the root of this mesentery I found the gland described by
Mr. Owen, but of moderate size, and dark, coloured; its diameter
about halfan inch. The total length of the small intestines was 4 feet
8 inches, They entered the rectum (for to this were the large intestines
‘reduced,) by. a valvular or sphincter-like aperture, the parietes of
which were firm, thick, and muscular. The rectum suddenly enlarged
on the reception of the small intestines, the length of this viscus
being barely 2 inches; its internal membrane was longitudinally
plicated. The portion which I have denominated rectum entered into
a large cloaca, or genito-urinary cavity, its entrance being surrounded
by a large fleshy sphincter, similar to that around the entrance of the
small intestine into the rectum.
«<The cloaca was itself divided into two chambers, by a valvular
fold: the upper division was large; the anal one small. The breadth
of the meso-rectum, 1 inch. The ureters entered just above the val-
vular fold alluded to. The wrine opake and white, as in Birds.
. The penis was small, being only half an inch in length; it lay
curled up, and its apex was cleft horizontally, one point being elon-
gated, and bending over the other, so as to produce a resemblance in
miniature to the flower commonly known as the Snap-dragon,—
Antirrhinum majus.
*< The kidneys consisted of two oval bodies, with flattened sur-
faces, having their venous ramifications symmetrically disposed,
runniug horizontally across from a median line, so that each kidney
had no unapt resemblance to some of the fossil fern leaves: the

ureters emerged from a cleft in the centre of the lower apex of each
kidney, and were of considerable circumference; their length was
1 inch.

« At the upper apex of the kidneys, and partly upon them, lay the
testes, two red elongated slender bodies, of a tolerably firm consist-
ence. In length they were about 1 inch, and each extremity was
pointed.

“Over the yellow wrinkled skin which covered the tongue or
muscular expanse between the rami of the lower jaw, numerous small
glandular orifices were thickly dispersed, whence exuded a viscid
saliva or mucus. The pharynz was closed by the cartilaginous ex-
pansion of the os hyotdes described by M. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire in
the 2nd volume of the ‘ Annales du Muséum,’ which, by its arrange-
ment, forms a gular valve, its free edge pressing against a sort of
velum pendulum, or semilunar fold of the palate, which advances
anterior to the posterior nares. Considerably behind this gular
valve is situated the glottis, the rima of which, like that of a Bird,
is unfurnished with an epiglottis ; unless, indeed, the gular valve be
considered in this light, its use being to prevent the ingurgitation of
____water both into the tracheal tube and the e@sophagus; so that the
° animal can breathe, provided the nostrils are just above the water,

132

though the jaws be open beneath the surface. ‘The ¢rachea is a
straight simple tube; it was found in this animal to consist of fifty
rings before its bifurcation, its length being 33 inches. A little
below the bifurcation, on each side, was a small glandular body,
similar to that seen in Birds, just where the trachea enters the thorax,
The bifurcations were observed to run a considerable distance into
the substance of the lungs before they blended into it.

«Though differing in a few minor points, the visceral anatomy of
this species bore, on the whole, a close resemblance to that of the
Croc. acutus, of which the details given by Mr. Owen are already
published in the ‘Proceedings of the Committee of Science and
Correspondence’ of this Society, Part I. pp. 139 and 169.”

A specimen was exhibited of the Stanley Crane, Anthropoides pa-
radisaus, Bechst.; and Mr. Yarrell called the attention of the Meet-
ing to the conformation of its trachea, which corresponded perfectly
with the one figured by him in the ‘Linnean Transactions.’ He
remarked, that as the present Bird had lived for upwards of three
years in the Society’s Menagerie, it seemed probable, from this co-
incidence of form, that no increase in the extent of the fold of the
trachea is occasioned by increasing age.

The reading was concluded of an anatomical description, by Mr.
Reid, of the Patagonian Penguin, Aptenodytes Patachonica, Forst.

«« The specimen, an adult male, whose dissection forms the sub-
ject of the following paper, was captured at East Falkland Isle,
in latitude 51° 32' south, by Lieutenant Liardet, R.N., and was
brought to England in H.M.S. Snake, and presented by that gen-
tleman to P. C. Blackett, Esq., by whose kind permission I was al-
lowed to examine it in detail: the results of this dissection I now
beg respectfully to lay before the Society. Owing, however, to the
length of time which had elapsed subsequently to its capture, and
to the manner of its preservation (in rum),—together with a wound
on the inferior part of the neck, and others in the mouth, added to
several bruises,—part of my description will not be so perfect as
could be desired.

‘«¢ The bones are very hard, compact, and heavy, having no aper-
tures for the admission of air; but they contain, especially the bones
of the extremities, a thin oily marrow. The foramina for the trans-
mission of the blood-vessels of the bones are small. The periosteum
is thick and fibrous.

«« The cranium is short and broad, and is united into a single bone,
with very little appearance of suture or harmony: superiorly it is
flattened ; posteriorly, towards the occiput, it is rounded; it declines
obliquely forwards; and when it attains the front of the orbits it is
suddenly truncated to meet the superior mandible.

‘«‘ The orbits are large, and separated only by membrane. Above
each orbit there is a,fossa, which is deeper and broader behind than

133

in front, and which ends suddenly at its union with the orbitar pro-
cess of the temporal bone. External and inferior to the termination
of the transverse ridge of the occipital bone there is a process. The
temporal bone has two pracesses: the tympanic, situated imme-
diately anterior to the last-named process ; and the orbitar, situated
immediately behind the posterior part of the orbit. The basilar pro-
cess of the occipital bone is short, ending posteriorly in a single

round, prominent condyle, which articulates with the atlas. The

body of the sphenoid is lengthened, and its pterygoid processes
form separate bones. The tympanic bones have the internal pro-
ess much produced. The jugum is very long and thin, attached as
usual to the tympanic and superior maxillary bones. The palatine
bones are long and thin, meeting posteriorly the pterygoid, and an-
teriorly the superior maxillary bones.

“‘The upper jaw is immoveable: the superior mandible long,
slender, and a little arched at the point. The apertures for the
nostrils are long and narrow. The bones of the superior mandible
are of the usual form. The superciliary bones are wanting. The
lachrymal bones are small, and fixed to the cranium. The turbi-
nated damine are small, soft, and cartilaginous.

*« The lower jaw is long and slender, and composed of three
pieces, viz., the body of the bone and its two articulating portions.
The coronoid processes are very small. The condyloid process is
not elevated above the body of the bone. There is a process pro-
duced posteriorly for the attachment of the pterygoid muscles,

“« The os hyoides has the lateral cornua much lengthened, passing
upwards posteriorly to the occipital bone, then curved forwards for
a short distance upon the temporal bone.

«‘ The vertebral column consists of

- Cervical vertebre ........ 13
Dorsal —— ........ 9
Sacral — ........ 12
Caumal tn) crass 8

In all 42

“« The atlas is of the usual shape. The processus dentatus of the
second vertebra is flattened laterally ; the posterior spinous process
short, and the anterior long. The articulating processes are infe-
riorly produced, as are those of all the cervical vertebre : in the
lower of them the processes diverge less than in the upper ones.
The posterior spinous process of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and
thirteenth vertebre is long: in the remainder this process is short.
‘The transverse processes are short in all except the twelfth and
thirteenth vertebrae, in which they more nearly correspond with the
processes of the dorsal series. The articulation of the bodies of the
vertebre is effected as usual. The sixth vertebra has the transverse
processes extended downwards as much as they may be without the

]

134

free motion of the neck being impeded: in the seventh, eighth,
ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth these processes gradually shorten,
and in the twelfth and third can hardly be said to be produced :
they lengthen in the fourth and fifth, and in the sixth reach the
maximum. In the sixth vertebra we notice the commencement of
two processes proceeding from the superior part of the anterior face
of the vertebra, a little external to the median line, which give firm
attachment to the muscles of the neck: in the succeeding vertebre
these processes are more fully developed till they reach the tenth,
after which we observe no trace of them; but instead of them, in
the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth we have a very prominent an-
terior spinous process: in the two last it is bifid. In the last (the
thirteenth) the transverse processes are extended laterally, and are
curved acutely backwards, leading immediately to the shape of the
dorsal vertebra.

‘«« These are nine in number. The first has very extensive motion :
in the second the motion is much diminished: and tie diminution
of motion is continued as far as the seventh vertebra, the last two
having no motion whatsoever. The posterior spinous processes have
less development than is usual in most Birds. The anterior ones are
very little produced. The transverse processes do not overlap each
other, The oblique processes strongly resemble those of the neck.
In the first vertebra the anterior spinous process is most prominent,
and in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth the process is bifid
and less prominent.

“« The sacral region is composed of twelve bones, all anchylosed
together, of which the upper four might almost be regarded as lum-
bar, for they are unconnected to the z/za, except by ligament. The
canalis vertebralis is broadest in the tenth of these vertebre.

«« There are eight caudal vertebr@, each furnished with transverse
and spinous processes, and also, on their anterior face, with two
processes arising one on each side of the median line, measuring in
length, on an average, 6 lines. The eighth, or last, is in length 2
inches, conical, with the base towards the body, and having the tip
scabrous, for the insertion of muscle: on the superior part of the
anterior face there is a groove extending about one third of its
length. About half an inch from the tip there is a thickening of sub-
stance, giving the appearance of the tip having been originally se-
parate. The canalis vertebralis extends a short way down the bone.
The seventh vertebra is united to the eighth by anchylosis.

‘¢ The ribs are nine in number, and of the usual! form: the two
upper ones are not connected with the sternum. The oblique pro-
cesses are situated halfway between their vertebral and sternal ex-
tremities. They commence cartilaginous at the inferior margin of
each rib, and are about 5 lines broad at their origin: towards their
termination they spread laterally to the width of 1 inch. As they
aporoach the lower rib they get gradually thinner. In the first and
last rib they are totally wanting. The last rib, at its centre, has a

—_—

eee

SNS RPS ee ep ee eee

135

surface concave externally, produced by the action of the thigh,
The sterno-costal bones are seven in number: the Jast one curved
suddenly at its costal end.

«The body of the sternum is long. The keel is much developed
at its top, and forms a very acute angle posteriorly, terminated by
a small line. The space for the attachment of the middle pectoral
muscle is considerably larger than that for the attachment of the
great pectoral, On each side of the keel there is a large space, ter-
minating inferiorly in one, owing to the shortness of the middle
layer compared with the lateral ones. The keel terminates abruptly
inferiorly. The ensiform process has a ridge in the middle, along
which and the inferior edge of the keel a membrane was attached
(which separated:in maceration). The external layers of the bone
are, as has been already incidentally noticed, much longer than the
middle one: they curve inwards toward each other, and are tipped
with cartilage. The sternal fossa is large and very distinct. ‘The
sternal apophyses are very large.

‘‘ The coracoid bones are long, strongly formed, and smooth an-

teriorly ; the margin much produced at the superior internal edge,

and the ends furnished with long hamuliform processes, extendin
upwards and downwards. The superior one is attached to the cla-
vicle by the intervention of ligament. The upper part of the os
coracoides is bent upon itself at an angle greater than a right angle.
They are larger at their inferior ends, the inner ends being pro-
duced and curved forwards, The glenoid cavity of the bone is
situated on the exterior posterior part, and is formed by this bone
and the scapula, about three fifths of the cavity being formed by the
0s coracoides.

** Each clavicle is turned downwards, and is broader near the
coracoid bone, and tapering to the front, where there is a protu-
berance formed by the junction of the clavicles : this protuberance
Goes not touch the sternum. Posteriorly they give off a flat conical
process, which goes down internally to the coracoid hone, and is
united to the process situated on the posterior part of the scapula,
immediately inferior to its head.

** The scapula is remarkably broad and thin: its neck and head
rounded. ‘There are three articulating processes in this bone: one
with the furculum; another with the coracoid bone; and the third
with the humerus.

“On comparing the sternum and adjacent bones with the sterna
of some nearly allied Birds, we find less development of the keel
in the Loon, and less development of the lateral wings in the
Auk, and more in the Spheniscus. The differences will be best shown
by the following tables : ;

136

Colymbus| Alca | Spheniscus | Aptenodytes .

Glacialis.| Torda. | demersa. | Patachonica,

Length of the body of the inch. lin, jinch. lin. |inch, lin, inch. lin.
5

3 14 10 |5 10 7 0
SLEYNUM © 0. ee we en ee
Length of the lateral wings..|3 9 |4 O {6 5n.] 8 O
Length of its keel ........ Be OE ON G15 8 0
Lengthoftheensiformprocess}1n.0 |0 3 |O0 38 el
Lengthofthesternal apophysis}0 3 |O0 2 |O Qn.|'1 O
Half the breadth ofthebone 1 6 lo10 |1 7 Fea
at ifs superior margin . .
Height ofthekeelatthesu-(/), 9 11 ani. 8 bap

penfar part. 20s). t's

Projection of the keel, su-
perior to the body of the >}0 3 {0 8 |1 8 2 0
SUCHIIUNE gage Ne teres eile! 00 &
Length of the os coracoides..}2 O |1 8 |3 38 ble 5
Length of the scapula...... Bs SUS" 20 Ee a
ate of the scapula at its 0..8 10:\.8. 10. Yok abe
Breadth near itsinferiorangle}|O 3n.J)0 2 |1 Qn.jJ 2 In.

or, in integral parts, the length of the centre of the sternum being
taken as unity :
Colymbus.| Alca. | Spheniscus. | Aptenodytes.

Length of the middle of the

SUCTRUM Nile 5 Vaictt ts 288, obits i : ; : :
Length of the lateral wings..] 43 rES L-fo ls 13
Length of the keel ........ £0 ees 1,5 n. ly
Lengthoftheensiform process} -n.| 7s0-| 23, n. q2y De
Length of the sternal apophysis| ae 2 +
Breadth ofthe superior margin| 9, fy £n, 525.
Height of the keel ....... se S| outs = as
Projection of the keel abi y ‘ c ‘

the body of the bone .. ar LEA aE
Length of the os coracoides..| +; 49 2n. It
Length of the scapula...... ar Bara 5 1D.
Breadth at its neck........ arn. | a5 ao vy De
Breadth at its inferior angle..| 3'- aa oon 30.

“« The humerus is much flattened. On its posterior aspect there
is a large foramen, situated under, and occupying the whole of the
internal part of its head, which is in form crescentic from before
backwards: over the internal and posterior part of it a groove
passes. The distal end of the bone has two tubercles for articula-
tion. There are two prominent ¢rochlee on its posterior surface, on
which work the two sesamoid bones of the elbow-joint. The form
of the larger of these is flattened, and of the smaller trapezoid, with
truncated edges.

RON

——————— ————————

137

« The udna is very thin and flat, not quite so long as the humerus,
rounded slightly at its upper extremity, and still less at its lower
one. Its head has a cavity, which receives the posterior tubercle of
the humerus. Immediately inferior to this is a prominence on the
posterior margin, to which is attached the ligament of the two sesa-
moid bones. The superior ulno-radial joint admits of little motion,
being composed of a convex and plane surface. Near the distal ex-
tremity of the bone there are several rough lines for the attachment
of muscles. The distal articulating surfaces are three: one with
the radius anteriorly ; another with the first carpal bone inferiorly ;

_and the third with the second carpal bone posteriorly and obliquely

downwards.

‘«¢ The radius much resembles the ulna in shape. At its head it
has two articulations : one superiorly, with the anterior tubercle of
the humerus; and the other posteriorly, for articulation with the
ulna. There are likewise two articulations at its distal extremity :
posteriorly one for the wna; and inferiorly there is another with the
first carpal bone. Near its neck is situated a process for the attach-
ment of muscles. On its superior anterior part a groove runs ob-
liquely, from before backwards, and from above downwards. At
the distal extremity there is a similar one, but running in a con-
trary direction, i. e. from behind forwards.

‘« The first carpal bone has the form of a trapezium, with three

‘ articulating surfaces : a superior one for the radius ; a posterior one
for the ulna ; and an inferior one for the metacarpus. The shape

of the second carpal bone is triangular, with articulating processes,
and a notch on its inferior edge : one anteriorly for the ulna; the
other-inferiorly for the metacarpus.

“The metacarpus is composed of a single bone, formed by the
union of two. The anterior of the two metacarpal bones supports
two phalanges of the first finger, and is twice the size of the posterior

_one, which supports the single phalanx of the second finger. The
‘upper end is crescentic, articulated with the first carpal bone an-

teriorly, and with the second inferiorly. There is a su/cus between
the ends of the two bones, at their inferior extremity.

“ The first phalanx of the first finger is a long, broad, and flat
bone, tapering gradually from above downwards, united to the me-
tacarpus by a flat surface, and connected with the second phalanx
by a similar articulation. The other phalanz is broad and flat, ta-

\pering from above downwards. By a similar articulation is attached

to the posterior metacarpal bone a phalanz, which is flat, long, and
tapering from above downwards, superiorly giving off a process

-which passes upwards for a short distance on the posterior part of
the metacarpal bone.

‘The bones of the pelvis are so much shortened behind that they

throw the centre of gravity in a perpendicular line with the ver-

tebra. The length of the lia behind the cotyloid cavity is one third

of the length of the body in a Gull (Larus); one half in the Loon;

138

and not quite one fourth of the length of the trunk in the Patago-
nian Penguin. The sacro-sciatic notch is a complete foramen. 'The
pubic bones are long and feeble; they are turned forwards and
tipped with cartilage. The cotyloid cavity is a perfect foramen,
with a large process at its postero-inferior part tipped with carti-
lage, and articulated with the trochanter major. The thyroid fora-
men is not complete, except by the intervention of a ligament which
separates it from the obturator foramen. As there is no tliacus in-
ternus, the superior part of the os zdium extends upwards, and lies
close to the ribs.

“« The os femoris is formed as usual, the head being flattened an-
teriorly, the neck short and thick, the trochanter major smooth on
its superior posterior surface, and articulated with the process on
the ilium. Besides the posterior there is also an anterior linea
aspera. There is a process external to the external condyle, having
its inferior surface tipped with cartilage, which acts as a pulley.
On its infero-external surface there is a sharp edge. The condyles
are not much everted.

“«« The shape of the patella is peculiar. There are two articulating
surfaces posteriorly : one which would form part of a large crescent,
and which has a prominence for the condyles of the femur in its
centre ; the other, inferior, is likewise crescentic ; it is very narrow,
and articulated by ligaments to the tubercle of the ézbia.

‘«‘ The superior surface of the femur has a crista in its centre, of
an ovoid form : the posterior edge truncated. ‘The internal surface
is perfectly flat : the oblique slightly marked with a ridge, and looks
downwards. There is a groove on the centre of the anterior edge
which also passes obliquely downwards on the external side : these
two sides are truncated at their junction.

“« The tzdia is nearly twice the length of the femur : the tubercle is
elevated above its head, and forms a broad short conical truncated
process. On the anterior part of the head there is a large groove,
deepest at the top, and passing obliquely downwards and inwards :
the outer side is here smooth for articulation with the fibula. It
has inferiorly two condyles, articulated with the metatarsus, having
a foramen above and between them for the transmission of tendon,
&c.

“« The fibula is in the form of a lengthened cone, and is attached
to the outer surface of the tibia : for about two thirds of its length it
is anchylosed to that bone inferiorly. It has the usual quantity of
surfaces for the attachment of muscles.

«« There is no tarsus.

‘** The metatarsus has two articular depressions on its posterior
surface for the reception of the condyles of the tzb1a._ It represents
three pullies for articulation with the phalanges. On the inner part
of the superior face is situated the metatursal bone of the first toe,
connected by ligaments to the large bone. There is a fossa on the
superior surface, between the first and second, and second and third

139

bones of the metatarsus: this gradually decreases in size and in-
creases in depth, till it perforates the bone, and joins the fosse on
its inferior surface, where, immediately anterior, internal, and infe-
riorly to the outer depression on its head, there is a large protu-
berance forming the inner boundary toa groove. The phalangeal
end is formed as in most Birds. The first toe, which is the smallest
in the foot, has three bones, all of which are flattened, and have
simple articulations, the last one having a nail. The metatarsal bone
is only connected to the others by muscle: the whole length of the
toe is 1 inch : the second toe has three phalanges : the third has four :
and there are five belonging to the fourth toe. All are formed as
is usual in this class,

“« The ligaments of the head and trunk are of the usual form.

‘In addition to these a ligament arises from the sesamoid bones
of the elbow-joint, which passes to the external or dorsal side of
the carpus, where it is tied down; it again passes forwards, and is
attached by separate slips to the joint and head of the first part of
the metacarpus and to the first phalanz of the first finger; and is in-
serted into the second about 3 lines from its head.

«« The ligaments of the hip-joint are as usual.

“ Besides the usual ligaments of the knee-joint there is one which
arises together with the crucial, and is attached to the patella half-
way down the central line, The form of the semilunar cartilages is
crescentic, with prolonged horns.

« The ankle-joint has semilunar cartilages of the usual form.

‘« There are superior and inferior annular ligaments belonging to
the metatarsus.

,‘ In no other instance is there any deviation from the usual form.

« There is a very large bursa situated within the knee-joint.

«« The muscles were of a dark red colour, very tough, and having
a great deal of cellular membrane amongst them. The fascia were
very thick and strong. In no instance did I observe any tendency
to ossification in the tendons. In the tendons of the perforatus of
the first and second toes there was a sesamoid bone, scarcely ©
equalling in size a mustard-seed.

‘* The panniculus carnosus is very thick and strong, and is divided
into three pieces. The first division arises muscular from the lateral
parts of the skin of the shoulder, back, and under the wing; from the

Jascia of the muscles of the back ; tendinous along the superior
edge of the furculum ; tendinous from the fascia covering the mus-
cles of the shoulder; muscular from the blubber over the shoulder-
joint; and by a small head from the inferior part of the cervical
fascia: it passes upwards, uniting anteriorly and posteriorly to its
fellow, and is attached, muscular, into the superior transverse ridge
of the occipital bone, and to the posterior third of the sides of the
lower jaw. The second portion arises from the dorsal fascia by five
Irregular fleshy slips: it passes downwards, and is attached to the
blubber covering the back and. sides, sending forwards a membra-

140

nous slip, which is attached to the skin of the abdomen. ‘The last
portion arises fleshy from the tubercle of the tibia, and from the
peroneal fascia : and, covering the abdominal muscles, is attached
very firmly to the skin of the abdomen, sending off two slips, which
unite with their fellows over the central line.

“ The occipito-frontalis is small, arising posteriorly from the pan-
niculus carnosus, and inserted anteriorly into the frontal bone, just

above its junction with the superior mazilla. The orbicularis palpe-

brarum arises from the anterior part of the orbit, immediately an-
terior to the situation of the lachrymal bones, and is inserted into
the orbitar process of the temporal bone, from the inferior half of
which a muscle arises, passing downwards under the eye, and at-
tached to the inferior part of the optic foramen, sending off a slip,
which is attached immediately anterior and internal to the orbitar
ae of the temporal bone. There is most motion in the inferior
eyelid.

‘“ Round the entrance of the external meatus of the ear there are
some muscular fibres observable, but as the part was much bruised,
I was unable to separate them: they seem to act as a sphincter.

“ The masseter, temporalis, and pterygoideus arise as usual, as does
also the zygomatic.

“ On the fore part of the neck there are two muscles: one arising
from the superior edge of the, furculum, near its union with the os
coracoides, and from the recurved portion of the coracoid bone, and
inserted into the temporal fascia; the other arising tendinous from
the superior internal part of the furculum, and attached to the outer
and posterior part of the tympanic bone.

« The tongue has a hyoglossus and lingualis, as usual.

«« The muscles of the os hyoides and lower jaw are as usual.

‘«‘ There is only one pair of muscles of voice.

“« The rectt postict and antici, obliqui capitis, splenit capitis et colli,
complexi, intertransversales, interspinales, transversalis colli, spinales
dorsi et colli, trapezius, cucullaris, rhomboideus, biventer cervicis, tra-
chelo-mastoideus, longus colli, and scaleni muscles are large and well
defined, arising and attached in the same manner as in most short-
necked Birds, but especially resembling the muscles of the neck of
the Loon; as do also the abdominal muscles, and those for the mo-
tion of the dorsal vertebra, ribs, and tail.

‘« The muscles connecting the scapula to the trunk resemble those
of the Loon, but have broader attachments, in proportion as the

scapula of the Penguin is broader than that of the Bird referred to. *

« The jarincigel, differences are in the muscles of the wing and
leg.

e The muscles of the wing I shall now describe. The pectoralis
major arises from the superior part of the crista and the external
part of the body of the sternum, from the fascia of the pectoralis
minor, from the cartilages of the ribs, and from the anterior part
of the coracoid bone; over the crista it unites with its fellow of

E——ESEE lo

PE, RSs a ase

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141

the opposite side; it is inserted, muscular, into the anterior su-
perior part of the humerus. The pectoralis minor arises from the
lower part of the crista and the interior part of the body of the
sternum, and from the inferior part of the furculum and coracoid
bone; its tendon passes over the union of the three bones of the
shoulder-joint, moving freely over them, and is inserted, tendinous,
into the scabrous surface on the posterior part of the external side
of the humerus, just below its head. The coraco-brachialis arises
from the lateral angle of the sternum and base of the coracoid bone,
and is inserted immediately posterior and a little superior to the
pectoralis minor. The subclavius occupies the usual place, but is
small. A muscle arises from the outer and upper fourth of the mem-
brane between the furculum and os coracoides ; it passes upwards,
but internal to the capsular ligament of the joint; and is inserted,
tendinous, immediately above the insertion of the pectoralis minor.
Another muscle arises trom the external inferior third of the os co-
racoides, from the angle and costal part of the sternum, and from
the fascia of the pectoralis major for about the length of an inch ;
passing upwards it forms a round tendon about 4 of an inch from
the shoulder, which passes over the joint and under the supra-spi-
natus, and is inserted into the external edge of the foramen at the
head of the humerus. The supra-spinatus is smail, and arises fleshy
from the superior edge of the scapula, near the glenoid cavity ; it
passes round and constricts the ligament of the joint, and is in-
serted, tendinous, into the humerus, immediately anterior to the
muscle last named.

‘¢I will here notice, before proceeding to the remaining muscles,
a loop through which several of the muscles pass. It arises flat from
the infero-anterior edge of the scapula, just below the glenoid ca-
vity, and passing upwards and outwards for about an inch, is then

- doubled upon itself, and attached to the same part from whence it

arose: there is no admixture of its fibres.

‘‘ A muscle arises from the fascia which covers the last rib and the
outer edge of the external oblique, passes upwards and through the
loop, and is inserted into the lower part of the external edge of the

Joramen situated at the posterior part of the head of the humerus.
The latissimus dorsi arises from the last cervical and first five dorsal

_ vertebre, and forms a tendon, which passes through the loop and is

inserted immediately below the preceding muscle. The infra-spi-
natus arises fleshy from the whole external surface of the scapula
below the upper third, and is inserted into the large tubercle of the
humerus. A muscle arises from that part of the inner edge of the
os coracoides which is produced; it passes obliquely upwards and
outwards behind the os coracoides, to which it is attached ; and is in-
serted tendinous into the anterior tubercle of the humerus. The
deltoides avises from the posterior part of the projecting edge of the
scapula, and from the scapular process of the clavicle; passing over
the shoulder-joint, it is inserted into the anterior part of the middle

142

tubercle of the humerus. The subscapularis arises from the internal
surface of the scapula; it passes upwards, and is inserted into the
posterior part of the middle tubercle of the humerus. The teres minor
arises from the whole width of the posterior surface between the
glenoid cavity and the end of the upper third of the scapula; it passes
in the groove, and is inserted into the inferior part of the large tu-
bercle of the humerus. Of the triceps extensor cubiti the long head
arises immediately above the origin of the teres minor, and passing
down on the external side of the humerus, it is joined by the second
head, arising from the internal part of the large foramen cecum of
the humerus ; these two unite about the middle of the arm, and are
joined by the third head, which arises from the two inferior thirds of
the posterior edge of the humerus till within 8 lines of the joint: it
is now attached to the sesamoid bones of the elbow-joint, and to
the fossa on the inferior parts of the posterior surface of the os
humeri.

*« The anconeus arises from this muscle, and from the part of the
bone below the origin of the third head, and is attached to the sesa-
moid bones anterior to the triceps extensor cubiti. Instead of a biceps
and drachialis internus, there is a triceps flexor cubitt, the long head
of which arises, tendinous, from the antero-interior part of the su-
perior angle of the furculum, and, passing over the joint, is joined,
at the union of the upper with the middle third of the humerus, by
the fibres of the middle head, which arises fleshy from the furculum
immediately behind the foramen formed by the union of the three
bones of the shoulder passing on to join the long head ; at the head
of the humerus it is joined by the short head which arises from the
anterior part of the foramen cecum ; when it reaches the superior
part of the middle third of the humerus, it joins the other tendons,
and then forms an aponeurosis over the elbow-joint, and is attached
to the middle part of the radius. A muscle arises from the anterior
superior edge immediately below the arterial groove on the lower
part of the humerus; it passes directly downwards and is inserted
into the radial extremity of the metacarpal bone and into the edge
of the carpal ligament. The flexor communis arises from the inter-
nal side of the humerus, from the ligament of the elbow-joint, and
from the superior part of the radius and ulna; it divides into two
tendons, which go down in the interosseal space, passing under the

‘ligamentum carpi annulare posterius, and are attached to the first and
each succeeding phalanz of the two fingers about 5 lines below their
articulations. The extensor communis has the same situation and
number of attachments on the external or dorsal side of the humerus.
There is a pronator quadratus arising as is usual in this class. There
is also a muscle which arises from the anterior part of the radius at
its distal extremity, and is inserted into the projection of bone
formed by the phalanz of the second finger, and also, by a slip, into
the internal part of the first phalanz of the first digit. :

«« The muscles serving for the motion of the inferior extremity
may be described as follows.

:. 1

3
4

143

*« The rectus arises by a fascia from the spinous processes of the
last three dorsal and two lumbar vertebre@, and muscular from the
lower half of the external part of the dorsum iii and sacro-iliac sym-
physis; and, passing over the neck of the thigh-bone, is inserted
into the lower edge of the groove on the anterior part of the patella.
The tensor vagine femoris arises by a fascia from the sacral vertebra,
passes over the cotyloid cavity and trochanter major, and turning to the
anterior part of the thigh is joined by another head which arises im-
mediately anterior to the cotyloid cavity ; after this union they are
inserted into the fascia of the thigh about halfway down. The glu-
teus medius at its origin occupies that part of the dorsum which ex-
tends between the origin of the acetabulum and the ridge situated in
the centre, and passes downwards and is inserted into the trochanter
minor and the ridge which joins it. The gluteus minimus arises from
the whole of the dorsum ilii unoceupied by the other glutet except
its crista, and is inserted into the anterior part of the trochanter
major. ‘The gluteus maximus arises from the prominent ridge on the
os tlium below the acetabulum; it passes on the posterior surface of
the thigh-bone; and when it has passed below the head of the ¢zbza
it forms a round tendon and passes through a loop situated on the
external posterior part of the ¢ij7a; continuing its course obliquely
downwards, it is inserted into the scabrous ridge on the posterior
surface of the tzbca near its head. A muscle arises from the trans-
verse processes of all the caudal vertebre except the last, goes for-
wards, and is attached to the postero-internal edge of the tidza just
below its head. Another muscle arises from the anterior part of the
last caudal vertebre, and is inserted into the external part of the
linea aspera after its bifurcation.. The pyriformis arises from the an-
terior oblique processes of the caudal vertebre, from the tip of the
ischium, and from the internal part of the os pubis ; the fibres con-
verge downwards, and are inserted into the intero-anterior ridge of
the tzbia just below the tubercle. The semitendinosus arises from
the ridge immediately anterior to the gluteus maximus, and is inserted
immediately inferior to the bifurcation of the linea aspera on its ex-
ternal division, The gemini arise from the zschium immediately pos-
terior to its spine, and are inserted into the cavity posterior to the
trochanter major. A muscle arises from the ischtum anterior to the
gemini, and is inserted into the intero-anterior ridge of the ¢zbia, just.
below the pyriformis. Of the triceps adductor femoris the first head
arises from the extero-inferior part of the pudis; the second head
arises immediately above the first; and the third above the second,
and from the interosseous ligament which unites the pubis and ischium:
they join on the upper third of the thigh, and are attached to the linea
aspera on its internal side and division. The odturator internus arises
fleshy from the internal part of the pubis, from part of the obturator’
Joramen, and from the ischium; it formsa tendon which passes through
the thyroid foramen, is tied down to the joint, and is inserted into
the anterior part of the great trochanter. A muscle arises from the

144

outer edge of the cotyloid cavity, passing outwards and a little
upwards, and is inserted behind the trochanter major. Another
muscle arises from the anterior part of the acetabulum, passing
directly outwards, and is strongly attached to the ligament of the
joint ; it is inserted into the thigh-bone just below its neck.

‘«¢ A muscle arises from the interior and a small part of the anterior
and posterior surfaces of the thigh-bore, from near its neck to the
condyles, and forms a tendon which is inserted into the ridge at the
anterior internal part of the ¢2bza immediately below its head. The
cruralis arises fleshy from all the superior and external parts of the
bone not occupied by the former; one part is inserted into the whole
of the superior surface of the patella, the remainder passes over the
internal part of the patella et is attached to the internal side of the
head of the ¢ijza. A muscle arises by four heads: the first, tendi-
nous, from the ridge behind the external condyle which formed the
loop through which the gluteus maximus passed ; the second, fleshy,
from the internal side of the triceps ; the third, from the inferior por-
tion of the intero-anterior ridge of the tzbia; the fourth, from the in-
ferior internal edge of the patella ; these two last join just below the
origin of the third, and passing down tendinous are united to the two
other tendons a little above the ancle-joint ; it expands and flattens
at the joint, and just below it divides into two tendons, the internal of
which is inserted into the internal edge of the groove on the plantar
surface of the metatarsal bone, while the external tendon is inserted
into the external head of the same bone. Another muscle arises
from the postero-inferior part of the cotyloid cavity, passes forwards
on the exterior part of the thigh and over the groove on the patella,
and is attached on the interior part of the head of the tzbza. The
tendon of the flexor perforatus is composed of four muscles, which
unite just above the ancle-joint. The first arises.by two heads, one
from the outer surface of the external, and the other from the inner
side of the internal condyle ; about the end of the upper third of the
tibia this forms a tendon, which passes down to the place of junction
with the others: the second has also two heads, one from the pos-
terior part of the head of the fiéula, and the other immediately be-
low the attachment of the gluteus maximus; the muscle forms its
tendon just below the middle of the bone, and passes forwards and
joins that of the first muscle: the third has one origin between the
two condyles, and forms its tendon at the middle of the leg, passing
on and joining the two former: the fourth muscle arises immedi-
ately above the third, and forms its tendon like the rest, joining them
above the ancle: after the tendons are united they are distributed
as usual. The flexor perforans consists of two heads; the first arises
from the back part of both condyles; the second arises from the
superior and posterior third of the ¢zbca, fibula, and interosseous liga-
ment: they unite about halfway down the bone and form a tendon,
which passes in the groove of the plantar surface of the metatarsal
bone, and is distributed in the usual manner. A muscle arises from

—=——__." ——_-" -- ~-

—

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145

the scabrous surface situated on the internal part of the posterior
face of the ézbia about halfway down that bone, and forms a tendon
which is attached to the upper part of the internal edge of the groove
in which runs the tendon of the perforans.. Another muscle arises
from the external condyle, from the patella on its anterior surface,
and from the fibres of the rectus femoris ; it covers the ¢zbza and fills
up the space between it and the fibuéa, and forms a tendon which
passes through the foramen situated at the anterior surface of the
tibia between its condyles, under the capsular ligament of the ancle-
joint, and is attached to the prominence situated between the second
and third portions of the metatarsal bone near its tibial extremity.

‘«¢ A muscle arises from the anterior and external parts of the head
of the fibula; it becomes tendinous about halfway down the leg,
passes under the annular ligament, and is inserted into the external
side of the metatarsal bone near its postero-inferior angle: another
slip goes under the foot and forms the plantar fascza. Another
muscle arises from the anterior inferior surface of the patella, and
from the whole of the, fossa and its edges on the head of the ¢idza,
passes downwards, and is tied down by the annular ligament ; and
has the same distribution as in the Loon and Gull, except that the
tendon is more closely tied down, smaller, and not so round. An-
other muscle arises fleshy from the whole anterior part of the fibula,
interosseous ligament, and part of the external side of the tzbza; it
forms its tendon near the ancle-joint, and is attached to the pos-
tero-external angle of the metatarsus on its plantar surface. There
are also four muscles arising from the metatarsal bone, one on each
side, and one in- the, fosse between the three portions of the meta-
tarsal bone: they all arise near the tibial end on its superior surface,
and are attached to the phalanges of the first, second, and fourth
fingers. The thumb has three muscles: an extensor, on its superior
surface; a flexor, on its inferior; and an abductor, on its internal
surface; all attached to the tibial end of the metatarsus as usual. —

“The diaphragm consists of twelve narrow fleshy slips, which
arise, six on each side, from the internal surface of the ribs: near
their angle they pass upwards, and are inserted tendinous into the
thin transparent membrane covering the lungs. ‘The blood-vessels
pass in front of it.

_ « The circulatory system corresponds exactly with that of the
Loon, except in the origin and distribution of the arteries of the
stomach, ‘The celiac artery comes off on a level with the fifth rib ;
it passes a little forwards, and divides into the coronaria ventriculi,
the hepatic, and the splenic. The coronaria ventriculi, just after its
origin, divides into the superior and inferior coronaries: the superior
passes round the large curvature of the stomach, and near the pylo-
rus gives off the superior pyloric and left hepatic ; the inferior passes.
down the right side of the stomach, and disappears at the pylorus,
being here minutely ramified upon it. The hepatic gives off the
right gastro-epiploic, which goes on the inferior angle of the sto-

146

mach, and the right gastric, which goes on the pylorus and superior
part of the stomach, anastomosing with the superior pyloric and
inferior coronary arteries. The splenic gives off a small artery dis-
tributed on the cardiac portion of the stomach, and some vasa
brevia, which are distributed to the left portion of the stomach.

“ Not wishing to mutilate the skeleton, 1 did not examine the
brain ; but from the number, size, and situation of the foramina in
the base, and the whole contour of the cranium, the brain must be
presumed to be very nearly similar in proportional quantity and
structure to those of the Loon and Gull.

«©The nerves are distributed as usual. The brachial plexus is
composed of the last cervical and first two dorsal nerves, and ofa
filament from the last spinal nerve but one in the cervical region.
The sciatic is composed of the five superior or anterior pairs of pel-
vic nerves.

«‘ The nose is organised similarly as in others of this class. The
cartilaginous /amine of the turbinated bone are concentric, and
thirteen in number.

«The eye has six muscles, which arise and are attached as usual.
The lachrymal gland is placed at the postero-superior part of the
orbit, and is large in proportion to the globe of the eye. It sends
off several ducts; I think seven ; but the part being much injured, I
found it impossible to ascertain their precise number and origin :
one, however, opened immediately under the anterior part of the
membrana nictitans. Two other ducts also opened below this mem-
brane, passing from the Harderian gland, which was situated at the
inferior part of the orbit. The nasal gland occupied its’ usual situ-
ation, partly in the anterior and superior portion of the orbit, and
partly in the fossa of the frontal bone: its duct passed forwards
under the bridge of bone, and then bifurcated, one division of it end-
ing on the cartilaginous amine of the ossa turbinata, and the other
going forwards, and lying on the bone: I was not able to trace it
further.

“The membrana nictitans is large and strong: it is moved by a
pyramidalis and a quadratus muscle.

‘The globe of the eye is large, as compared with the cranium.
The sclerotic is less osseous than I have yet found it in any Bord.
The optic nerve enters at the postero-inferior part of the sclerotic.
The cornea is small, owing to the large space occupied by the scle-
rotic. Under the cornea lies the membrana aquatica, consisting of a
thin membrane, adhering to the edge of the zris. This membrane
was first observed, together with the tunica cellularis, by Mr. Blackett,
in 1802, in the eye of the Cat, the preparation of which was sold in
the first part of Mr. Brookes’s Museum. The tunica cellularis in this
animal is rather pulpy, but, on the application of liquor potasse,
it dissolved, and displayed a cellular structure. Mr. Blackett de-
monstrated this membrane to me in 1832, since which time | have
observed it in all the eyes I have examined; but, owing to the diffi-

147

culty in obtaining specimens, I have not been able to make suffi-
ciently extensive researches to justify the demonstration of the mem-
brane as one of the proper tunics of the eye. There appears to be
a marsupium nigrum. The retina is very thick and strong.

“ The absorbent system is more perfect than in most Birds. Of
the thoracic ducts, the left is the largest. There are a femoral and
two axillary glands; also an extra pair of bronchial glands more
than in the Loon or Gull. The coccygeal glands are 2 inches 3
lines long, and 9 lines broad.

“There is a gular pouch, which measures in length 4 inches,
and in breadth 8 lines,

** The tongue is set with cartilaginous papille directed backwards.

“ There is only one pair of salivary glands ; the submaxillary.

‘The structure and proportion of the lungs are the same as in
the Water Birds generally. The air-cells are few in number, and
small, and are filled by openings from the lungs, or from one cell to
another. They consist principally of the internal air-cells ; one above
the furculum; and the axillary, abdominal, and femoral rows.

** The liver, spleen, and pancreas are large.

“‘ The esophagus is straight, and 1 inch and 5 lines in width. It
is infundibuliform, so that when it reaches the stomach it is 2 inches
and 4 lines wide : the infundibulum contained the beaks of cuttle-
fishes and gravel.

‘«« The stomach is muscular, small, and glandular, and of the shape
of an egg. The duodenum is broad at its origin, and at about-34
inches from its commencement the biliary and pancreatic ducts enter.
The gall-bladder is 6 inches long and 2 inches in circumference ; it
is attached to the under side of the liver, and, gradually diminishing
in diameter, it passes over the stomach, and is inserted into the in-
testine, without the intervention of any duct.

« The testes were large, as were the supra-renal glands and kid-
neys. I did not observe any difference from the usual structure and
proportions in any other parts.

“The small intestines measured 22 feet 6 inches in length, and
were about the thickness of the little finger. There were attached
to them two ceca, each measuring about 1 inch 3 lines in length,
which were of the same diameter as the intestines. The great intes-

_ tines were somewhat larger than the small. The measurements of
_ the stomach and the intestines were as follows:

Feet. Inches. Lines.

Length of the esophagus ............02000- 0
Breadth at the pharynz ...........-..005- 0 1 6
infundibulum ......00+0005 a ee
_ Length of the infundibulum .............. 0 10 0)
Breadth at the junction of the infundibulum with
MMII a% SOS Se oay oaivs ts ose s te) 6 0
Length of the stomach .................. O-9.\ Ae AD
Width of GEOR ESS ities tc ies S's OS OeAT 1G

148

Feet. Inches. Lines.

Length of the duodenum ......4.0+0+eeeees Lina 0
Circumference of ditto ........--.-.---0- (0) 4: 0)
Length of the small intestines, inclusive of the

COPED CRT ae ae lag AA ch oes an saat goede orci] oe yt 22 6 (0)
Denes OF SUC YE. . sn oie adit gs Se] weit 0 1 3
Circumference of the c@ca and the small intes-

[TYE pape eae, ie ne ae nase hrtdee stack a O 2 6
Length of the large intestines.............. 0) 6 e)
Circumference of ditto ..............2..: 0) oy) 9

« The total length of the individual examined, measured over the
back, was 3 feet 2 inches and 6 lines; the length of the neck, 11
‘inches and 9 lines; that of the trunk, 1 foot 1 inch and 9 lines.”

The reading of Mr. Reid’s communication was illustrated by the
exhibition of the skeleton of the specimen of the Patagonian Penguin
described by him, and of preparations of many of the viscera, the
whole forming part of the collection of Mr, Blackett.

149

October 13, 1835.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to a Pteropine
Bat which had recently been obtained from the neighbourhood of
the river Gambia, and which was exhibited. He directed especial
notice to two large tufts of white hairs placed upon its shoulders
and forming a very conspicuous feature in its appearance. These,
he remarked, might probably cover cutaneous glands destined for the
preparation of a secretion fitted to defend that part of the animal in
its passage through the air, or perhaps to attract the opposite sex.
It could scarcely be conceived that they have any influence in in-
creasing the buoyancy of the animal ; although the backward posi-
tion of the wings might seem to render necessary such a supple-
mental aid : their position in advance of the ordinary alar membranes
gives them, in fact, some resemblance to supplementary wings.

preserved in spirit, and consequently not liable to that distortion to
which the individual skin exhibited might have been subjected. In
one of the two other species of Pteropi previously obtained from the
Same country by Mr. Rendall, and brought under the notice of the
Society on July 14 (page 100) by Mr. Ogilby, the same backward
position of the wings exists. In dentary characters the new spe-

Regarding it as a form of some interest to zoologists, Mr. Bennett
Stated his intention to describe it more fully in a paper which he pro-
posed to prepare on the subject. He characterized it as the

Prerorus rpomornonvs. Pter. pallidé brunneus, postice pallidior ;
ventre albido ; scopd humerali albd magnd.

Long. tot. 63 poll.; capitis, 23; expansio alarum, 12.

Hab. in regione Gambiensi.

Professor Agassiz, at the request of the Chairman, explained his
views of the affinities and distribution of the Fishes of the family
inide.
No. XXXIV.—Procrepines OF THE ZooLocicaL Socrery.

150

He commenced by remarking that among the genera referred by
Cuvier to this family there were several, such as Pecilia, Lebias, &c.,
which possessed maxillary teeth and a large number of branchio-
stegous rays. ‘These genera, he conceived, ought to be excluded
from the Cyprinide ; and the family be considered as limited to fishes
with mouths destitute of teeth, and having few branchiostegous
rays.

To the family thus reduced the nearest affinities appeared to him
to be the genera Atherina and Mugil. In internal organization
the Cyprinide agree nearly with those genera; and this considera-
tion, M. Agassiz conceives, is of much higher importance in the natu-
ral arrangement than the external character founded on the presence
or absence of spinous rays in the dorsal and other fins. The affinity
of the Cyprinide to the Siluride he regards as extremely doubtful :
and although from the bearded Carps to the bearded Siluri there
appears to be a natural transition by means of the bearded Loaches,
it is important to distinguish that in these latter, as well as in the
Carps and other Cyprinide, the beards, as they are called, are merely
processes of the skin; while in the Siluri, the cirri of the angles
of the mouth are actually prolongations of the maxillary bones,
becoming gradually cartilaginous and tapering into thread-like ex-
tremities.

In the subdivision of the Cyprinide, M. Agassiz regards the form
of the fins, and especially of the dorsal and anal, as furnishing indi-
cations of the highest value; and the form of the pharyngeal teeth
as affording the characters next inimportance. He first distinguishes
the group comprising the genera Anableps, Cobitis and Botia, the
latter established by Mr. Gray for the reception of those Loaches in
which the suborbital bone is armed with a moveable spine. He then
distinguishes another group comprising four genera: 1. Cyprinus,
in which the pharyngeal teeth are large, and, when worn, resemble
the molars of some Rodent Mammalia, such as the Hare; 2. Barbus,
in which there are three rows of lengthened conical hooked teeth on
each side of the pharynx; 3. Gobio, in which the pharyngeal teeth
have the same form as those of the Barbels, but are more slender,
and constitute only two rows ; and4. Tinca, the pharyngeal teeth of
which are club-shaped, rounded at the end, and placed in a single
row. In the genus Leuciscus, which M. Agassiz limits to Leuc. Al-
burnus and three allied species, the mouth is cleft obliquely, and the
teeth, consisting of elongated cones, are disposed in four rows.
From these the Cyprinus Nasus is to be generically distinguished as
possessing six rows of pharyngeal teeth : its mouth is transverse and
inferior, with the edges cutting. A third genus, containing many
species, also requires to be distinguished, as having only two rows
of teeth, one of which is hooked: in these the opening of the
mouth is rounded. There remains the genus Abramis, distinguished
by its long anal fin, in which the teeth are bevilled off and have

151

a cutting edge: of this genus eight species are known to Pro-
fessor Agassiz.

In this enumeration of the genera of Cyprinidae M . Agassiz limited
himself to the European forms, and scarcely adverted to any but
European species.

In illustration of his views preparations were exhibited of the pha-
ryngeal teeth of Cyprinus, Barbus, and other genera, from the col-
lection of Mr. Yarrell.

October 27, 1835.
William Yarrel]l, Esq., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Burton exhibited, with the
permission of Sir James M°Grigor, Bart., specimens of many Birds
which had recently been presented to the Museum of the Army
Medical Department at Chatham. He particularly pointed out
among them the following which he regarded as hitherto undescribed,
and for which he proposed the names and characters subjoined.

Noctua Bropier. Noct. brunnea ; capite fascidque gulari pallide
rufo strigatis guttatisque, dorso, alis, pectore, ventreque pallide
rufo fasciatis ; mento, collo, et regione postauriculari albis ; fascia
cervicali latd nigro albo rufoque varid ; secundariis maculd alba
notatis ; caudd brunned, subtis pallidiore, fasciis septem rufis an-
gustis ornatd ; femoribus albis brunneo variis.

Long. tot. 63 poll.; corporis 44; caude 24; tarsi 1.

Rostrum album.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

The colouring of this bird bears a general resemblance to that of
Noct. Cuculoides, Gould; but the peculiar cervical collar, the dimi-
nutive size, and some other characters forbid its being identified with
that species.

It is dedicated to Sir Benjamin Brodie, Bart., V.P.R.S., &c., in
token of high respect and ancient friendship.

Pranicura MacGricori2. Phen. capite, collo,dorso, scapularibus,
rectricumque pogoniis externis saturate ceruleis ; fronte, regione
superciliari, uropygioque ceruleis ; remigibus rectricumque pogo-
nits internis brunneis ; mento regioneque preoculari nigris ; collo
utrinque maculd ceruled belle notato ; pectore ventreque brunneis,
hoc pallidiore.

Long. tot. 53 poll.; corporis, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

This graceful bird is named in honour of the only daughter of Sir

James M‘Grigor, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., Director General of the Army
Medical Department.

SyLvia? casTANEO-coronaTa. Sylv. corpore supra, alis, cauddque

|
4
:

lod

olivaceis ; capite genisque castaneis ; subtis flavo, olivaceo tincto,
guld nitide flava ; alis cauddque subtis remigumque pogoniis in-
ternis brunneis ; caudd minimd.

Long. tot. 3% poll.; corporis, 2%; tarsi, 1.

Mandibula superior nigra, inferior alba; pedes pallidi.

This bird is provisionally retained in the genus Sylvia; but the
imperfect development of the tail, and the length and strength of the
toes, more particularly of the posterior one, will probably at some
future time render it the type of a new genus.

SyiviaBurxu. Sylv. corpore supra flavescenti-viridi, subtis flavo ;
capite maculis elongatis irregularibus nigrescentibus duabus nebu-
loso ; alis prope flecuram seriebus duabus punctorum flavorum
obsoletorum fasciatis ; remigum pogoniis internis brunneis ; caudd
brunned preter rectricum externarum duarum pogoniis internis
albis.

Long. tot. 5 poll.; corporis, 3; caude, 2; tarsi, 2.

Mandibula superior nigrescens tomio apiceque albis, inferior alba ;

pedes albescentes.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

This bird is named in honour of Dr. Burke, Inspector General
of Hospitals, Principal Medical Officer of the King’s Army in In-
dia, by whom these birds were presented, and who has enriched the
Museum with an extensive collection in ornithology from Northern
India.

JEGITALUS FLAMMICEPS. Aig. capite flammeo; dorso scapulari-
busque flavescenti-viridibus ; uropygio viridescenti-flavo ; alis flavo
viridi brunneo albidoque variis ; remigibus rectricibusque brun-
neis, pogontis internis viridescentibus, ad apices albo ciliatis ; guld
flammed, in flavum ad pectus transeunte ; ventre flavescenti albido ;
alis subtis albis, nisi externe et inferne.

Long. tot. 32 poll.; corporis, 24; caude, 14; tarsi, 1.

Rostrum nigrum, mandibule superioris tomio nisi ad apicem albo ;
pedes nigri. Ale caudam longitudine subeequantes; remigibus 2d4
3tidque longioribus. Caput subcristatum.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

Two species of this genus are already known and described, 4g.
Smithii and 49. pendulinus: the present therefore forms the third
of M. Boié’s subdivision.

Genus Syiviparus.

Rostrum parvulum, brevissimum, compressum nisi ad basin ; man-
dibule zquales, superior paululum ad apicem arcuata; nares plumis
setaceis tectum.

154

Pedes ut in genere Paro.

Ale longiores, fere ad extremam caudam extense, remige 1ma vera
breviore, 2nda, 3tia, et 4ta zqualibus et longissimis, 5ta his paulo
breviore, 6ta primam equante.

Cauda mediocris, equalis.

Syiviparus Mopestus. Sylv. corpore supra brunnescenti-viridi,
subtis viridescenti-albido ; remigibus rectricibusque brunneis, po-
goniis externis flavescenti-viridi ciliatis.

Long. tot. 4 poll.; corporis, 24; caude, 132; tarsi, $.

Rostrum pedesque nigrescentes.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

It is reluctantly proposed to institute a new genus in a family
already sufficiently complicated; nevertheless, as this bird combines
the characters of Sylvia, Regulus, and Parus in its wing, tail and
bill, it is deemed necessary to make it the type of a genus of which
more species will probably be discovered as our intercourse with the
remote regions from whence it is derived becomes more extended.

PicumNnus InNominatus. Pic. corpore supra flavescenti-viridi,
subtis sordidé albo maculis nigris conspicuis in fascias_ad ventrem
lateraque confluentibus notato ; fronte nigro aurantiacoque obscure
fasciato ; remigibus brunneis, pogoniis externis flavescenti-viridt
ciliatis ; rectricibus intermediis nigris, ceteris albo nigroque fas-
ciatis ; colli lateribus brunneis, lined albd supra oculum oriente
alterdque sub oculum et inde ad scapulam ductis ibique confluen-
tibus.

Long. tot. 4 poll.; corporis, 23; caude, 14; tarsi, +.

Rostrum nigrum albo basin versus varium ; pedes brunnei.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

This is the only species of Picumnus yet discovered in the Old

World.

Mr. Burton also exhibited a fine specimen of that splendid bird,
Eurylaimus Dalhousii, Wils., likewise from the Chatham collection,
of which only two other specimens are known to exist in Europe.

Various specimens of Fishes and other marine animals, collected
by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., on the south coast of
Devonshire, were exhibited: and Mr. Yarrell called the attention of
the Meeting to them, and to the Fishes in particular, remarking on
their characters and habits, and on the peculiarities of their internal
structure.

A note by Mr. Allis of York, forwarded through Mr. Bell, was
read.

155

It referred to the statement made by Mr. Martin at the Meeting
on February 10, 1835 (page 17), that in the Adjutant, Ciconia
Argala, Vig. and Childr., and in the common Heron, Ardea cinerea,
Linn., no less than in the Pelicans, the os furcatum is united by bone
to the anterior apex of the keel of the sternum. After remarking
that this statement is at variance with his experience, Mr. Allis pro-
ceeds thus :—*‘I have prepared a skeleton of the Adjutant ; two of
the purple Heron; two Storks ; three of the common Heron; one
common Bittern; one little Bittern; one American small green Heron;
a British Crane; and a Polish Crane. Among all these the Cranes are
the only birds where there is true osseous union between the furcu-
lum and the keel: and in the Cranes the Jurculum is rather a forked
elongation of the keel than a distinct bone. Out of more than two
hundred birds’ skeletons which I have mounted, the Pelican is the
only other bird where the Jurculum and sternum form one bone.
The Cormorant and the Gannet have the Surculum resting on the
apex of the keel like the Adjutant and the Herons, but there is no
bony junction. I think the specimens of Mr. Martin must have
been extremely old birds, or that the bone must have been injured
at the point of union, and that the osseous union was formed in con-
sequence-of that injury. The Heron’s skeletons which I have my-
self prepared are by no means young birds; but I suppose extreme
old age would be very likely to form a bony junction between bones
pressing so close to each other as they do in this case.

“It may be thought singular that I should prepare duplicates of
the skeleton of so common a bird as the common Heron. The reason
is, that two of the skeletons exhibit curious specimens of nature’s
reparation of broken limbs, and the third is a singular instance of
malformation. The sternum of the Heron is united to the vertebral
column by four short ribs which are attached to four of the largest
of the long ribs: this specimen has the usual number of short ribs ;
but one of them is placed so far forward on the sternum as to be
quite out of the reach of any of the vertebral or long ribs; and the
last of the four long ribs which is usually attached to one of the short
or sternal ribs, wanting its usual support, is attached by cartilage to
the rib immediately preceding it.”—T. A,

A Note from Mr. Martin, on the same subject, was subsequently
read.

Mr. Martin admits the incorrectness of his previous statement as
regards the Adjutant and the common Heron; but remarks that the
union, although not effected by bone, is yet so close as probably to
have nearly the same physiological consequence as if anchylosis had
actually taken place. When considering the sternum and os furcatum
of the Pelican as structurally bearing upon the bird’s powers of flight,
he looked for analogies of the structural point in question among

156

birds of ample wing, and of slow but untiring flight. Observing
them in the birds to which he had before referred, he did not accu-
rately draw the line of distinction between anchylosis, and a firm and
close attachment with only thin cartilage intervening between the
bones. With regard to the effects produced upon aerial progression,
he conceives that, ceteris paribus, it is immaterial whether the union
be that of anchylosis or not, provided the junction be firm and in-
timate.

Mr. Martin thinks it, however, probable that in the Adjutant, when
old, a bony union may take place; the junction between the os fur-
catum and the sternum in the Society’s skeleton of this bird being
so close as almost to admit of its being regarded as a kind of suture.
In an adult example of the Stanley Crane, Anthropoides paradiseus,
Bechst., where the anchylosis between these bones is fairly perfected,
he finds traces of the obliteration of a similar mode of union.

Referring to Mr. Allis’s remark that in the Cranes the os furcatum
is rather a forked elongation of the keel than a distinct bone, Mr.
Martin observes that the anchylosis which takes place in those birds
does not render the os furcatum less a distinct bone in reality than
where its union is by cartilage or suture; for in these latter cases it
is only by an arrest of the process of ossification—a natural arrest,
it is true—that anchylosis has not been effected.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited drawings of
ten species of Ramphastide which had become known to him since
he published, in 1834, his ‘ Monograph’ of that family. Several of
these birds had already been brought under the notice of the So-
ciety. He now named and characterized the remaining ones as
follows.

Rampuastos c1TREOPYGuS. Ramph. tectricibus caude superioribus

sulphureis.

Long. tot. 20 poll.; rostri, 53; ale, 94; caude, 6; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Brasilia ?

Descr. Rostrum (procorporisratione) minus, nigrum, fascia basali
culmineque prope basin flavis. Pectus albidum flavescente tinctum.
Torques pectoralis coccinea latiuscula. Orbitz tarsique plumbei, hi
saturatiores.

Rampuastos oscutans. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine fascidque
basali stramineis ; pectore in medio aurantiaco.
Long. tot. 18 poll.; rostri, 44; ale, 74; caude, 64; tarsi, 14.
Hab. in Brasilia.
Descr. Ramph. culminato, Gould, quam proximé accedit. Pectus
aurantiacum, latera versus in flavum transiens; gula regioque paro-
tica albe. ‘Torques pectoralis subangustata.

157

PreRoGLossus PLURICINCTUS. Per. gastreo flavo, fascid pectorali

nigrd, alterdque subventrali antice nigrd posticé coccined.

Long. tot. 20 poll.; rostri, 44: ale, 64; caude, 82.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pter. regali, Licht., affinis. Rostrum ad basin linea
elevata flava cinctum : maxille superioris culmen, linea intrabasalis,
tomiique pars posterior nigre; latera aurantiaco-flava apicem versus
pallescentia: maxilla inferior nigra. Caput collumque nigra; feeminz
regio parotica castanea, fasciaque guttur posticé cingens coccinea.
Pectus et venter maculis indistinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Femora
olivacea.

Preroctossus Humsoxprur, Wagl. Pter. gastro flavo ; mandi-
buld inferiore nigrd, superiore flavescente, culmine, apice, lined
prope basin, serraturarumque maculis transversis nigris.
Long. tot. 16-17 poll.; rostri, 4; ale 54; caude, 62; tarsi, 13.
_ Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pter. inscripto, Swains., maximé affinis, sed major. Ros-
trum majus, magisque productum: mandibulz superioris liturze
omnes angustiores.

Preroccossus Narrerert. Pter. ventre flavo, femoribus castaneis,
crisso coccineo ; rostro rubro, culmine, maculd prope basin utrius-
que mandibule, plurimisque subtransversis ad serraturas nigris.

Long. tot. 184 poll.; rostri, 28; ale, 543; caude, 5; tarsi, ly.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pter. maculirostri, Licht., admodum affinis, in sexu

utroque. Rostri colores toto ccelo diversi: sicut et ventris femo-
rumque. .

Prerociossus Rernwarprir, Wagl. Pter. ventre aurantiaco cas-
taneo tincto, crisso coccineo ; culmine rostrique dimidio apicali

: nigrescenti-brunneis, basali rufescente.

Long. tot. 12-13 poll.; rostri, 23; ale, 5; caude, 53; tarsi, li.

{ Hab. in Brasilia.

Precedenti valdé affinis. Rostrum magis elongatum, coloribusque
maximé diversum: prope basin mandibulze superioris tomium nigro
trimaculatum. Rectrices intermediz quatuor brunneo apiculate : in
Pter. Nattereri et Pter. maculirostri, rectricum sex intermediarum
apices similiter notati sunt.

; PrrroGLossus LanesporFFit, Wagl. Pter. ventre castaneo, crisso
coccineo ; rostro nigrescenti-brunneo basin versus pallescente.

Long. tot. 13+ poll. ; rostri, 23; ale, 53; tarsi, 12.

_ Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Peter. Culik, Wagl., affinis. Rostri ad basin ventrisque

color alius. (Rectricum apices desiderantur.)

158

PrerocLossus pavoninus, Mus. Mun. Peter. supra prasinus, sub-
tis pallidior, crisso rectricumque apicibus brunneis ; rostro in-
Ferne et ad basin nigro.

Long. tot. 13-14 poll.; rostri, vix 34; ale,54; caude,54; tarsi, 14.

Hab. in Mexico.

Descr. Pter. prasino, Licht., propemodo affnis. Rostrum ni-
grum, ad basin linea aurantiacé cinctum; mandibula superior
pro maxima parte apicem versus flava in ceeruleo-viridem superné
transiens.

Mr. Gould concluded by stating that it was his intention imme-
diately to publish, as a supplement to his ‘ Monograph of the Ram-
phastide,’ the drawings which he had laid before the Meeting.
Of that family thirty-three species are now known to him, which
may be distinguished by the following Synoptic Table of the spe-
cies of

RAMPHASTID&.

I. Cauda breviore, quadraté: rostro maximo. Nigri; gutture cau-
daque tegminibus discoloribus.—RaMPuHaAsTos.

Caude tegminibus superioribus flavis vel flavescentibus.
Pectore albo.
Rostro ut plurimum nigro, lateri-

bus compressis 1. culminatus.
—— convexis . st 2. Cuvieri.
—_—— rubro. 3. erythrorhynchus.
Pectore pallidé lutescente. 4. citreopygus.
®lm 5. osculans.
Caude tegminibus superioribus albis.
Pectore albo . 6. Toco.

flavo.
Rostro pluricolore 7. carinatus.
oblique dimidiatim flavo. 8. Swainsonii.
Caudz tegminibus superioribus coccineis.
Rostro nigro.

Auribusalbis. . . 9. vitellinus.
pectori concoloribus,
fee. Hnviny= 2 22). eg re Le seen
Rostro viridescente. . . . . . Ll. dicolorus,

II. Cauda longiore, gradata: rostro majore. Viridescentes ; capite,
gastreo, tegminibusque caude superioribus in plurimis dis-
coloribus.—PTEROGLOSSUS.

Gastrzo bi-vel pluri-colore, coloribus discretis.
Pectore ventreque flavis, fasciatis.
Fascia ventrali coccinea, lata.

a a

159

Maxillez superioris lateri-
bus sordidé albis
oblique
dimidiatis nigris .
Fascia ventrali anticé nigra pos-
tice coccinea.
Pectore macula nigra notato
torque lata nigracincto .
Pectore coccineo.
Torque pectorali vel nulla vel an-
gusta, flava

latissima, nigra .

Pectore ventreque flavis, haud fas-
ciatis.

Maxilla superiore dimidiatim flavé

et aurantiaca . oh opehiek

flava, nigro in-

scripta.
Maxilla inferiore nigré .
—————— superiori concolore
Pectore gutturi concolore, ventre
discolore.

Maxilla superiore nigro maculata,
albescente . :
ut plurimum rubra.
apice concolore .
nigrescente
Maxillis nigris,
basin versus rubris :
paullum cinerascentibus’ .
Gastrzo unicolore, vel subunicolore.
Gastrzo stragulo discolore.
Gastrzo flavo, rubro intermixto .
ceeruleo-cano .
flavo. .
Gastrzo stragulo subconcolore.
Crisso discolore.
Mandibulz superioris basi fla-
vescente . 2

ni-

gro .
Crisso concolore.
Uropygio concolore.
Rectricum apicibus concolo-
ribus ae ett de
intermediarum dua-
rum apicibus castaneis
Uropygio coccineo

oO On

. Aracari.
. castanotis.

. regalis.
. pluricinctus.

. bitorquatus.
. Azare.

. viridis.

. Humboldtii.
. tscriptus.

. maculirosiris.

. Nattereri.
. Reinwardtii.

. Culik.
. Langsdor fit.

. ulocomus.
. hypoglaucus.
. Bailloni.

. prasinus.

19. pavoninus.

20. sulcatus.

21.
22.

Derbianus.
hematopygus.

160

The latter five of the above species are referrible to the genus
proposed by Mr. Gould, on December 23, 1834, (Proceedings, Part ii.
p. 147,) under the name of Aulacorhynchus.

The following ‘‘ Observations on the Habits, &c. of a male Chimpan-
zee, Troglodytes niger, Geoff., now living in the Menagerie of the
Zoological Society of London, by W. J. Broderip, Esq., V.P.Z.S.,
F.R.S., &c.,”’ were read :—

‘«« The interesting animal whose habits in captivity I attempt to
describe, was brought to Bristol in the autumn of this year by
Capt. Wood, from the Gambia coast. The natives from whom
he received it, stated that they had brought it about one hundred
and twenty miles from the interior of the country, and that its
age was about twelve months. The mother was with it, and, ac-
cording to their report, stood four feet six inches in height. Her
they shot,—and so became possessed of her young one; and those
who have seen our animal will well understand what Dr. Abel
means, when, in his painful description of the slaughter of an Asi-
atic Orang (Pithecus Satyrus, Geoff.), he observes that the ges-
tures of the wounded creature during his mortal sufferings, the hu-
man-like expression of his countenance, and the piteous manner of
his placing his hands over his wounds, distressed the feelings of those
who aided in his death, and almost made them question the nature
of the act they were committing. During the period of his being
on ship-board, our Chimpanzee was very lively. He had a free range,
frequently ran up the rigging, and showed great affection for those
sailors who treated him kindly.

«‘T saw him for the first time on the 14th instant, in the kitchen
belonging to the Keeper’s apartments. Dressed in a little Guernsey
shirt, or banyan jacket, he was sitting child-like in the lap of a
good old woman, to whom he clung whenever she made a show of
putting him down. His aspect was mild and pensive, but that of a
little withered old man; and his large eyes, hairless and wrinkled
visage, and man-like ears, surmounted by the black hair of his head,
rendered the resemblance very striking, notwithstanding the de-
pressed nose and the projecting mouth. He had already become
very fond of his good old nurse, and she had evidently become at-
tached to her nursling, though they had been acquainted only three
or four days; and it was with difficulty that he permitted her to go
away to do her work in another part of the building. In her lap he
was perfectly at his ease; and it seemed to me that he considered
her as occupying the place of his mother. He was constantly reach-
ing up with his hand to the fold of her neck-kerchief, though when
he did so she checked him, saying ‘‘ No, Tommy, you must not pull
the pin out.”” When not otherwise occupied, he would sit quietly in

————

161

her lap, pulling his toes about with his fingers, with the same pensive
air as a human child exhibits when amusing itself in the same
manner. I wished to examine his teeth; and when his nurse, in
order to make him open his mouth, threw him back in her arms and
tickled him just as she would have acted towards a child, the carica-
ture was complete.

‘I offered him my ungloved hand. He took it mildly in his, with
a manner equally exempt from forwardness and fear ;—examined
it with his eyes, and perceiving a ring on one of my fingers, sub-
mitted that and that only to a very cautious and gentle examination
with his teeth, so as not to leave any mark on the ring. I then offered
him my other hand with the glove on. This he felt, looked at it,
turned it about, and then tried it with his teeth. His sight and his
ordinary touch seemed to satisfy him in the case of a natural surface,
but, as it appeared to me, he required something more to assure his
senses when an artificial surface was presented to him; and then he
applied the test of his teeth.

«‘ At length it became necessary for his kind nurse to leave him;
and after much remonstrance on his part, she put him on the floor.
He would not leave her, however, and walked nearly erect by her side,
holding by her gown, just like a child. At last she got him away by
offering him a peeled raw potato, which he ate with great relish,
holding it in his right hand. His keeper, who is very attentive to
him, and whom he likes very much, then made his appearance, and
spoke to him. Tommy (for by that name they call him) evidently
made an attempt to speak too, gesticulating as he stood nearly erect,
protruding his lips, and making a hoarse noise ‘‘ hoo-hoo ” somewhat
like a deaf and dumb person endeavouring to articulate. He soon
showed a disposition to play with me, jumping on his lower extremi-
ties opposite to me like a child, and looking at me with an expression
indicating a wish for a game of romps. I confess I complied with
his wish, and a capital game of play we had.

«‘On another occasion, and when he had become familiar with me,
I caused, in the midst of his play, a looking-glass to be brought, and
held it before him. His attention was instantly and strongly ar-
rested: from the utmost activity he became immoveably fixed,
steadfastly gazing at the mirror with eagerness and something like
wonder depicted on his face. He at length looked up at me—then
again gazed at the glass. The tips of my fingers appeared on one
side as I held it—he put his hands and then his lips to them—then
looked behind the glass—then gazed again at its surface—touched
my hand again, and then applied his lips and teeth to the surface of
the glass—looked behind again, and then, returning to gaze, passed
his hands behind it, evidently to feel if there was anything substan-
tial there. A savage would have acted much in the same way,

162

judging from the accounts given of such experiments with the un-
tutored natives of a wild and newly discovered land.

“«T broke a sugared almond in two, and, as he was eating one half,
placed the other, while he was watching me, in a little card-box
which I shut in his presence—as soon as he had finished the piece
of almond which he had, I gave him the box. With his teeth and
hands he pulled off the cover, took out the other half, and then laid
the box down. He ate the kernel of this almond, rejecting the
greatest part of the sugary paste in which it was incased, asif it had
been a shell: but he soon found out his error; for, another almond
being presented to him, he carefully sucked off the sugar and left
the kernel.

I then produced a wine-glass, into which I poured some racy sherry,
and further sweetened it with sugar. He watched me with some
impatience, and when I gave him the glass he raised it with his
hands to his lips, and drank a very little. It was not to his taste,
however, for he set down the glass, almost as full as he had taken
it up; and yet he was thirsty, for I caused a tea-cup with some
sugared warm milk and water to be handed to him, and he took up
the cup and drained it to the last drop.

«T presented him with a cocoa-nut, to the shell of which some of the
husk was still adhering: the tender bud was just beginning to push
forth—this he immediately bit off and ate. He then stripped off some
of the husk with his teeth, swung it by the knot of adhering husk-
fibres round his head, dashed it down, and repeatedly jumped upon
it with all his weight. He afterwards swung it about and dashed it
down with such violence that, fearing his person might suffer, I had
it taken away. A hole was afterwards bored through one of the
eyes, and the cocoa-nut was again given to him. He immediately
held it up with the aperture downwards, applied his mouth to it, and
sucked away at what milk there was with great glee.

“As I was making notes with a pencil, he came up, inquisitively
looked at the paper and pencil, and then took hold of the latter.
Before I gave it up, I drew the pencil into the case, foreseeing that
he would submit the pencil-case to examination by the teeth. Im-
mediately that he got it into his possession, he put the tip of his
little finger to the aperture at the bottom, and having looked at it,
tried the case with his teeth.

«While his attention was otherwise directed I had caused a
hamper containing one of the Pythons to be brought into the room
and placed on a chair not far from the kitchen dresser. The lid
was raised, the blanket in which the snake was enveloped was
opened, and soon after Tommy came gamboling that way. As he
jumped and danced along the dresser towards the basket, he was all
gaiety and life. Suddenly he seemed to be taken aback, stopped—

163

then cautiously advanced towards the basket, peered or rather craned
over it—and instantly with a gesture of horror and aversion, and the
cry of Hoo! hoo! recoiled from the detested object, jumped back
as far as he could, and then sprang to his keeper for protection. He
was again put down, his attention diverted from the basket, and,
after a while, tempted to its neighbourhood by the display of a fine
rosy-cheeked apple, which was at last held on the opposite rim of
the hamper. But no—he would evidently have done a good deal
to get at the apple; but the gulf wherein the serpent lay was to be
passed, and after some slight contention between hunger and horror,
off he went and hid himself. I then covered up the snake, and after
luring him out with the apple, placed it on the blanket—No. I then
shut down the lid—still the same desire and the same aversion. I then
had the hamper, with the lid down, removed from the chair on which
it had been placed to another part of the room. The apple was again
shown to Tommy and placed on the lid. He advanced cautiously,
looking back at the empty chair and then at the hamper: he ad-
vanced further with evident reluctance, but when he approached
near he peered forward toward the basket, and, as if overcome by
fright, again ran back and hid himself under his cage.

“TI now caused the hamper with the serpent to be taken out of
the room. Our friend soon came forward. I showed him the apple
and placed it on the chair. He advanced a little, and I patted his
head and encouraged him. He then came forth and went about the.
room, looking carefully as if to satisfy himself that the snake was
gone—advanced to the chair more boldly,—looked under it—and
then took the apple and ate it with great appetite, dancing about
and resuming all his former gaiety.

«We know that there are large constricting serpents in Africa;
and as the animal must have been very young when separated from
its parent, I made this experiment in particular to try his instinct;
it succeeded to the entire satisfaction of the witnesses who were
present.

“He manifested aversion to a small living tortoise, but nothing
like the horror which he betrayed at sight of the snake. I was in-
duced to show him the former by the account of the effect produced
by Testudinata on the Asiatic Orang, whose habits are so admirably
described by Dr. Abel and Captain Methuen, who brought the ani-
mal to England.

“Tommy, among other exercises, is very fond of swinging. He
places himself on the swing, generally in a sitting posture, holding
on each side with his hands. He not unfrequently puts up his feet
and grasps the cord on either side with them too, appearing more at

_ home on his slack rope than I] Diavolo Antonio himself.

“James Hunt, one of the keepers, has observed him frequently

164

sitting and leaning his head on his hand, attentively looking at the
keepers when at their supper, and watching, to use Hunt’s expres-
sion, ‘“‘every bit they put into their mouths.” Fuller, the head
keeper, informs me that our Chimpanzee generally takes his rest in a
sitting posture, leaning rather forward with folded arms and some-
times with his face in his hands. Sometimes he sleeps prone, with
his legs rather drawn up, and his head resting on his arms.

““Of the blaek Orangs which I have seen, Tommy is by far the
most lively. He is in the best health and spirits, and is a very diff-
erent animal from the drooping, sickly Chimpanzees that I have
hitherto seen. A good deal of observation made on the Asiatic
Orangs which have been exhibited in this country, satisfies me that
the intelligence of the African Orang is superior to that of the Asiatic.
This intelligence is entirely different from that of a well-educated
dog or a-mere mimic, and gives me the idea of an intellect more re-
sembling that of a human being than of any other animal, though
still infinitely below it.

“The Pygmy of Tyson and the black Orang dissected by Dr.
Traill, and so well described by him in the ‘ Wernerian Transactions,’
are both stated to have progressed generally by placing their bent
fists on the ground and so advancing: indeed Dr. Traill says that
the individual which he saw never placed the palms of the hands on
the ground. The progression of Dr. Abel’s red or Asiatic Orang is
described to have been after the same fashion. Whether it is that
our Chimpanzee is in better health and more lively, I know not, but
he certainly passes a great deal of his time in a position nearly ap-
proaching to erect, nor does he, generally, place the bent knuckles
to the ground. He will often stand on the top of his cage and
apply the palms of his hands to the smooth surface of the wall against
which it stands. — It is said that a spectator who saw him thus em-
ployed, with his back to the company, dressed in his little banyan
jacket and woollen cap, was told by a companion to look at the
monkey, as he profanely called him. “‘ Where is he?” was the re-
ply. ‘‘ Why there on the top of the cage,” was the answer. ‘‘ What!”
said the first, “that little man who is plastering the wall?”

«Tommy does. not like confinement, and when he is shut into his
cage, the violence with which he pulls at and shakes the door is very
great, and shows considerable strength; but I have never seen him
use this exertion against any other part of the cage, though his
keeper has endeavoured to induce him to do so in order to see
whether he would make the distinction. When at liberty he is ex-
tremely playful, and, in his high jinks, I saw him toddle into a
corner where an unlucky bitch was lying with a litter of very
young pups, and lay hold of one of them, till the snarling of the
mother and the voice of his keeper, to which he pays instant respect,

a Leen) ae

el
>
)

165

made him put the pup down. He then: climbed up to the top of the
cage where the Marmozets were, and jumped furiously upon it, evi-
dently to astonish the inmates, who were astonished accordingly, and
huddled together, looking up in consternation at this dreadful pother
o’er their heads. Then he went to the window, opened it and looked
out. I was afraid that he might make his escape: but the words
«Tommy, no!” pronounced by his keeper in a mild but firm tone;
caused him to shut the window and come away. He is in truth a
most docile and affectionate animal, and it is impossible not to be
taken by the expressive gestures and looks with which he courts
your good opinion, and throws himself upon you for protection
inst annoyance.

«It must be remembered that though I have not observed our Chim-
panzee to progress with his bent knuckles touching the ground, as Ihave
seen the Asiatic Orangs move, there is no reason for doubting the ac-
curate descriptions of Tyson and Dr. Traill. I consider it as my pro-
vince to relate faithfully what I saw,and I have only seen our Chimpan-
zee, as yet, in a small room, where a very few paces will bring him toa
chair, a leg of a dresser, or some other piece of furniture which en-
ables him to call into action his prehensile hands and feet, so admi-
rably adapted to his arboreal habits. The narrowness of the pelvis,
the comparatively inferior development of the glutei* and gastro-
enemii muscles, and other peculiarities of conformation so ably pointed
out by Tyson, Dr. Traill, and others, but more particularly by Mr.
Owen, show that the erect, or, more properly speaking, the semi-
erect position, is not the natural one; though my observations upon
living Asiatic Orangs and Chimpanzees accord with the inference
drawn by Mr. Owen from the comparative organization of the lat-
ter, viz. that the semi-erect position is more easily maintained by the
Chimpanzee than by any of the other known Simie.

“« The great intelligence and strength of the individual now in the
menagerie of the Society, added to the state of its dentition, raised
a doubt in my mind as to the accuracy of the report of its age; and I
wrote to my friend Mr. Owen my suspicion that he might be older
than he was said to be. I received the following reply, in which so
much valuable information is concentrated that I feel it to be due to
those who may think this memoir worthy of attention to give it as

_ I received it.

‘21st October, 1835.
“* My dear Broderip,—I feel that we have no data towards deter-

* This must be understood as limited to a comparison with the same
muscles in man ; for there is in the Chimpanzee as Mr. Owen observes, “a
ision for a more extended attachment for the glué@i muscles, in a greater

th of the idia between the superior spinous processes, than is,observed

in the inferior Simia.”

166

mining with certainty the exact age of the young Chimpanzee at the
Gardens: its present state of dentition corresponds to that which
our own species presents during the period of from 2 to 7 years, viz.
incisors 4, canines 7, molars 4, all of which belong to the deci-
duous series. The deciduous canines appear in the human jaws be-
fore the completion of the second year ; and those of the Chimpanzee
are certainly the temporary ones, but are protruded by the enlarged
germs of the permanent teeth behind them, so as to appear larger
than natural. From this circumstance and from the space already
existing beyond the deciduous molars, I infer that the appearance
of some of the permanent teeth is near at hand; and we may still
see an additional molar protruding in each jaw before the winter is
over, if the poor animal should survive that period.

«« «The human child acquires the corresponding permanent molars
at the seventh year; and trom the appearances on the jaws of our
Chimpanzee I conclude that its age tallies with that of 5 or 6 years in
us. But analogy will be dangerous ground for an inference as to
precise age, since it is by no means improbable that, where the brain
is so much less developed, the full use of it may be much earlier ac-
quired, such as it is; and that the shedding of the teeth may take
place at a proportionally early period.

‘ Believe me, &c. ‘ Ricuarp Owen.’

“IT now proceed to the measurements of our male specimen,
premising that the operation was a work of no small difficulty in
consequence of the restlessness of the animal. Indeed I am not-sure
now about the height, though I am confirmed in the measurements
by Mr. Miller and Fuller. The Chimpanzee would keep drawing up
his legs and putting the musculus scansorius detected by Dr. Traill
into action; and it was not practicable to make him stand or lie
quite straight with his legs entirely extended.

Ft. In

Height from the heel to the top of the head........ el

Circumference of the bottom of the breast. Beis acetate 1 5
pada tire bans: “PPS iain ees ee 1 34

of the head round the eyes andears.. 1 3
Ope Korie mon Te eee teen sae ict» tare 0°. 3}
Height from the middle of the upper lip to the eyebrows 0 34
Length from the eyebrows to the occiput .......... 0 7+
Diameter of the earupwards ...............0--0- 0 22
Transverse diameter of the same.................- 0 ly
Circumference of the external edge of the same...... O 6:

of that part which adheres to the head O 43
Height from the upper point of the pubis to the clavicle O 10}
Distance between the navel and sternum ......:... QO 44

a
L

oa a)

107

Distance between the navel and pubis ............. 0 34
BIPPLED) io 5% wale Iavenachnen gest
Length of the arm from the shoulder to the end of aad ©
Fr
Sine Merete ch iw oaemtbore apl sais a [ers she in, PETER
Circumference of the arm,.........-0.eeeee-00 e005 0 6

—________—_ o f the forearm four inchesabove thewrist O 64
Length of the hand from the wrist to the end of ee 0 3

Ae AN oi a eiaid «Pian mateioaia Apia © 6 oe -
Circumference of the hand ............00+-0-0005 O 4:
Length of the thumb....... pa hea AS peril china gal ate O 1;
—_—_—_—— second finger ............. walacie shel QO 2

MALS FEN ER is as ie) in isin joe a0 500 Biches 0 3:

Voltas WT ah oe are ee 0 3
—————— fifth finger...........ccccescccenes 0. 2:
Circumference of the thumb and little finger aie was O ly
——__—___—__—_—- other fingers ................ O 1g
NE ee eae eee O 2%
PRE LMS lap si sage hshoreyo hd arent ent weten\eg--jopne Se 0 2

Height from the heel to the extremity of the thigh-bone 0 114

Length from the heel to the extremity of the psi: 0 5
4+
ERE) 1G Sia s, a ewie' sini @! 6 saga Cheiavemtedid we
Circumference of the thigh ..........0.-.-.-seeee0 0 8%
leg, at its thickest part........ 0 6
———_____—_—— foot, taken from the origin of 05
MIND pacity in ween ostantenne wie ° 3;
Length of the thumb or great toe................- 0 ol;
——-——— second toe ....-..seeececerverccees 0 2
third toe ....... Co eee wah aveiajarobers O 2%
fourth toe ........ ee ae Ee ae On, Dy:
BET Bab. qacraiieagns seb perercter wes oye. 050,00 lz
Greatest breadth of the sole at the origin of the thumb 0 2
SE SPTCAL COC (Soin) te cbrahe) oie wh valec xn 0\= o/s e'e) «aaa 0 :
——_—_—__—____—___—_——_ near the heel .......... 0 13
Circumference of the great toe at the largest point.... O 14
he ONCE COES 0. Lo cee ce eee cman 0 lt

**On referring to the dimensions given by Daubenton we shall
be struck with the stoutness of our specimen as compared with that
of the individual which was the subject of his observations.

“It was my intention to have added a particular description of the
individual which has been the subject of this memoir; but on care-
fully inspecting the animal I find Dr. Traill’s elaborate description so
accurate—(there really is no difference but sex at present)—that I
should be needlessly occupying space if I inserted my own; and I
beg, therefore, to refer the reader to that gentleman’s highly valuable
papers in the ‘ Wernerian Transactions’.

556s cr ike eae os

168

« Since writing the above the cage in which our animal was con-
fined has been enlarged and several barked branches have been nailed
to a stem so as to form an artificial tree. These branches he ascends
with great activity, and frequently swings with his head downwards,
holding on by his. lower extremities, and recovering himself with
greater agility than any rope-dancer.”—W. J. B.

169

November 10, 1835.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen
of the true Lanner Hawk, Falco Lanarius, Linn., and entered into
some details with respect to its distinguishing peculiarities. Its real
characters, he stated, have hitherto been so imperfectly understood
as to have led to very general doubts as to its existence as a distinct
species.

-Mr. Gould also exhibited specimens of two species of Pheasant,
both of very great rarity, which had recently come into his posses-
sion: they were the Phasianus Semmeringii, Temm., and the Phas.
versicolor, Ej. He accompanied the exhibition by some remarks on
the subdivisions which appear to him to be required among the Pha-
sianide generally ; and more especially on the position, among that
extensive group, of the species exhibited.

Mr. Bell read ‘‘ Some Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of
South America, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species ;
founded principally on the Collections obtained by Mr. Cuming and
Mr. Miller. (Tribus 1, Ozyrhynchi.)” The paper contains characters
_ and descriptions of the following genera and species of Crustacea;
and was accompanied by the exhibition of the specimens described
_ in it, and of drawings in illustration of it.

Fam. Lerrorop11D&.

Genus Lerrorop1a, Leach.
q Lrepropopia Sagirraria, Leach.

Hab. apud Valparaiso.
Genus Evryrropivus, Guer.
_ Evryropivs Larreruiu, Guer.
_ Hab. apud Valparaiso, D. Cuming; ad Rio Janeiro, D. Miller.
: Fam. Marrpz.
q Genus Lisinta, Leach.

_ Lapryia rostrata. Lib. rostro producto, valido, bidentato ; den-
___ tibus compressis, acutis, divergentibus.

_ Long. tot. 2 poll. § lin., lat. 2 poll. 3 lin.
_ Hab. ad oras Peruviz.

Genus Ruopza.

_Testa pyriformis, in rostrum parvum bidentatum anticé producta.
io. XXXV.—Proceepines or THE ZooxocicaL Sociery.

170

Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo crassiores.

Orbita fissuraé magna superné aperta.

Antenne interiores in foveolis profundis, lunatis, anticé separatis
recepte.

Antenne exteriores rostro duplo longiores; articulo basilari biden-
tato, reliquis cylindricis, ad rostri latera insertz.

Pedum par anticum ( 3 immaturi) reliquis brevius; digitis minu-
tissimé serratis; paria quatuor posteriora testa longiora, a se-
cundo ad quintum sensim paulld breviora.

Abdomen manis 7-articulatum; ramina —?

Oss. Genus Herbsti@ affine ; differt preecipué pedibus anticis tenui-

oribus abbreviatis, digitisque minutissimé tantum serratis.

RwopDIA PYRIFORMIS.
Long. teste 8 lin., lat. 6.
Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus Petia.

Testa pyriformis, rotundata, anticé rostro elongato apice bifido
terminata.

Orbita supra fornicata, externé unifissa, infra emarginata.

Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo crassiores.

Antenne interiores in basin rostri insertz.

Antenne exteriores rostro haud multo longiores, articulo basilari
longissimo ad medium rostri attinente, extis uni-denticulato;
articulis reliquis cylindricis, gracilibus.

Pedipalpi externi caule externo semifusiformi; caulis interni arti-
culo primo elongato-rhomboideo, secundo trapezoideo, margine
integro. .

Pedum par anticum aliis paulld crassius, secundo brevius; di-
gitis apicem versus serrulatis, digito immobili ad medium ex-
cavato, tuberculum unicum digiti mobilis recipiente: paria
quatuor posteriora gracilia, compressa, pilosa.

Abdomen Maxis 7-articulatum.

Oss. Genus Herbstie et Pise affine.

PELIA PULCHELLA.
Long. teste 4 lin,, lat. 23.
Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus Hersstia, Edw.

Hersstia Epwarnsit. Herbst. pedum pare antico inermi.
Long. testz 7 lin., lat. 6.
Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus THoE.

Testa subtriangularis, depressa, horizontalis, rostro minimo apice
leviter fisso terminata.

Orbita edentata, fissuris tribus inconspicuis.

Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo brevi..

Antenne interiores in fossula anticé tantum divisa insertz.

171

Antenne exteriores ad latera rostri insertz, rostro triplo longiores,
pilose, articulo basilari lato, anticé et postic® producto.

Pedipalpi evterni introrsimciliati, caulis interni articulo primo sub-

: rhomboideo, secundo margine integro.

Pedes antici maris reliquis longiores, brachiis supra et extern®
serie cellularum erosis; manibus levibus, digitis ad apicem
tantum contingentibus : posteriores depressi, lateribus pilosis.

Abdomen in utroque sexu 7-articulatum.

Oxs. Genus Herbstie affine: differt corpore depresso, rostrique

forma. Peculiares admodum cellule brachiorum.

Tuoi ERosa.
Long. teste 5 lin., lat. 4.
Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus Hyas, Leach. J

Hyas Epwarpsur. Hy. testd antic? angustatd, post orbitas haud
coarctatd, pilosd; orbitarum dente interno mediocri.

Long. teste 9 lin., lat. 7.

Hab, apud Valparaiso et ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus Pisa, Leach.

Pisa spinipes. Pisa testd ovatd; dente articuli basilaris antenne
exterioris dente superorbitali longiore ; margine antico-laterali et
pedibus omnibus spinosis.

Long. teste 8 lin., lat. 4.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, et apud Sanctam Elenam.

Pisa acuteata. Pisa testd triangulari ; dente articuli basilaris an-
tenne exterioris dente superorbitali breviore ; margine antico-la-
' terali inermi, regione branchiali spinis quatuor armatd, pedibus
’ supra spinosis.

Long. teste 8 lin., lat. 7.
; Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas,

Genus Mirnrax, Leach.

Mirurax rostratus. Mithr. testd spinosd, rostro elongato bi-
dentato, dentibus divaricatis, terminatd; pedibus spinosis, ma-
nibus levibus.

Long. testz 2 poll. 2 lin., lat. 2 poll.

Hab.

Mirurax Ursus (Jun. Cancer Ursus, Herbst). Mithr. testd gra-
nulatd, verrucoso:tuberculatd ; rostri dentibus obtusis tuberculo
granuloso terminatis ; tuberculis octo pone rostrum, et sex circum
orbitam ; manibus levibus.

Long. teste 2 poll., lat. eadem,

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Mirurax novosus. Mithr. testd trigono-ovatd, margine tuberculis
tribus fortibus, rotundatis, et dente unico; rostro brevi trifido ; pe-
dipalpis articulo secundo caulis externi lunulato ; manibus levibus,

by
,
MS
ar . ®
eis
‘ 4

172

supra cristatis, carpis tuberculatis; pedibus posterioribus supra
spinosissimis et pilosis.

Long. testz 1 poll., lat. 1 poll, 3 lin.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Mirarax penticutatus. Mithr. testd profunde sculptd, margine
laterali dentibus quatuor obtusiusculis ; pedipalpis articulo secundo
caulis interni cordato; manibus levibus ; pedibus posterioribus
pilosis, spinosissimis.

Long. test 5 lin., lat. 6.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, sub lapidibus.

Mirsrax pyemzus. Mithr. testa depressd, subpentagond, fronte
obtusissimo, lato, obsolete bilobo.

Long. teste 3 lin., lat. eadem.

Hab. apud Panama.

Genus PirHo.

Testa laté ovata, rostro parvo, brevi, bifido, haud deflexo, terminata.
Oculi pedunculo elongato, cylindrico, subcurvo, haud crassiores.
Antenne interiores minutissime.

Antenne exteriores breviuscule, articulo basilari lamelloso, extis
dente triangulari armato; secundo compresso, cordato, anticé
emarginato, et tertio multo majore ; reliquis parvis cylindricis.

Pedipalpi externi caulis interni articulo secundo triangulari, ex-
trorsum producto.

Pedes mediocres. Par anticum Maris — —? Faminz reliquis
minus, digitis minuté serrulatis, digito mobili longiore; paria
quatuor posteriora ordine 2, 3, 4, 5 gradatim breviora; digitis
subtis minutissimé denticulatis.

Abdomen MARIS — —? F@MINZ& 7-articulatum.

Ozs. Micippe et Paramicippe affine: differt precipué rostro mi-

nuto haud deflexo.

Pirso sexpentaTa. VPitho teste margine laterali dentibus sex
triangularibus acutis.

Long. teste 9 lin., lat. 8.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. ;

PirHo quinqueDENTATA. Pitho teste margine laterali dentibus
quinque triangularibus acutis armato.

Long. testz 6 lin., lat. 5.

Hab. cum precedente.

Genus TycHeE.

Testa oblonga, depressa, angulata, anticé declivis, fronte lato, rostro
bidentato piloso terminata; rostri dentes compressi, obtusi,
apicem versus interné emarginati.

Orbita supra latissima, in dente prominente complanato anticé
producta, infra carens.

Oculi pedunculo elongato graciliores.

Antenne interiores in fossula ad basin rostri inserte.

173

' Antenne exteriores rostro paulld longiores, articulo basilari latius-
culo, anticé angustiore; articulo tertio secundo abrupté minore;
omnibus externé pilosis.

Pedipalpi externi rugosi, caule exteriore subulato, caulis interioris
articulo primo canaliculato, extis profundé emarginato, secundo
securiformi, tridentato.

Pedes antici graciles, simplices, pari secundo breviores, digitis in-
ermibus ; posteriores cylindrici, unguibus acutis, curvis, com-
planatis terminati.

Abdomen mantis 7-articulatum; raminz — —?

Oss. Genus Creocarcino affine.

TYCHE LAMELLIFRONS.
Long. teste 7 lin., lat. 4.
Hab. apud Panama.

Genus Prericera, Latr.

PericEeRA vitLosa. Per. testd depressd, villosd, regionibus elevatis,
sulcis separatis, spind obtusd laterali utrinque ; rostri cornibus
validis, sublamelliformibus, divergentibus ; dente articuli basilaris
antenne externe dente superorbitali multd longiore ; antennis ex-
terioribus sub rostro insertis.

Long. testz 1 poll. 7 lin., lat. eadem (spinis lateralibus inclusis).

_ Hab. in Sinu Guayaquil.

Pericera ovata. Per. testd elongato-ovatd, spinis viginti ad vi-
ginti quatuor armatd ; dente superorbitali dente articuli basilaris
antenneé externe longiore.

_ Long. testz 1 poll., lat. 6 lin.
_ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

‘ _Prricera HEPTACANTHA. Per. testd pyriformi, dorso quinque-

j spinoso, ordine 1, 3, 1, lateribus utrinque 1-spinosis ; rostri cor-

nibus parvis, acutis.

Long. teste 1 poll.5 lin., lat. (spinis lateralibus inclusis) 1 poll. 7 lin.
_ Hab. apud Puerto Portrero.

Genus Acantuonyx, Lair.

- Acantuonyx Petiveru, Edw.
__ Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, D.Cuming; ad oras Brasilie,

Genus Errattvus, Edw.

2 _ Epratrvs pentatus, Edw.

Hab. apud Valparaiso. .

_Eprarrus manernatus. Ep. testd depressd, lateribus marginatis ;
pene Sronte latd, antennas exteriores omnino tegente.

~ Long. teste 2 poll. 3 lin., lat. 1 poll. 8 lin.

_ Hab. ad oras Brasiliz.

} The skeleton was exhibited of a Coypus, Myopotamus Coypus,Comm.,
together with preparations of some of the viscera obtained from the

174

same individual, which recently died at the Society’s Gardens. With
reference to them the following notes by Mr. Martin were read.

«Though the Coypus is now well known to naturalists, I am not
aware that much attention has been paid to its anatomy :—it is not
often, indeed, that the living animal is brought to Europe, extensive
as the importation of its skins appears to be. Iam therefore not
without a hope that the following notes of the examination of an in-
dividual which died in August, 1835, at the Gardens of the Society,
will be found not altogether destitute of interest, imperfect as they
are from circumstances over which I had no controul.

«The animal was an adult male, measuring from nose to anus
‘1 foot 11 inches; the length of the tail being 1 foot 5 inches. The
body was very fat; and the subcutaneous muscle or panniculus car-
nosus was strong and extensive, as it is in aquatic Rodents in general.
Of the external organs of generation the penis alone was apparent,
for the testes are not contained ina scrotum but situated in the groin
just without the abdominal ring; the length of the penis from the
pubes was 5 inches; the glans was acuminate and contained an os-
seous stylet.

“On looking into the abdomen, I found that the viscera had pre-
viously been disarranged, in the examination which the animal had
undergone with the view of ascertaining the cause of its death; their
natural situation consequently could not be determined. The liver
consisted of one left, one middle, and two right lobes, one of which
was small and seated dorsad. The middle lobe was deeply cleft; and
in the channel continued from the fissure on the under surface of this
lobe was seated the gall-bladder, which, having been cut, was desti-
tute of its fluid. On distending this viscus, however, through the
ductus choledochus, which was as large as a crow-quill, I found its
shape to be a long oval, measuring in length 2 inches, its duct being
joined by a large hepatic duct, + an inch below its commencement ;
the total length of the ductus choledochus communis was 2 inches,
and its entrance into the duodenum was just below the sacculated
origin of that portion of the intestine, or 24 inches from the pylorus.

««The pancreas consisted of an irregular mass or body concealed
by the stomach, whence it spread itself, in thin irregular layers of an
elegant arborescent arrangement, through the duodenal mesentery,
between the two membranes. Its duct, owing to the previous dis-
arrangement of the viscera, I could not discover; it did not appear
to enter with the biliary.

«The spleen resembled a prism in its figure, and was 3 inches in
length ; it adhered to the cardiac portion of the stomach by a ribband
of peritoneum 1 inch in breadth. In the Ondatra, the Capromys,
and some other Rodentia, the spleen presents the same figure.

««The stomach closely resembled that of the Capromys, being of
an oblong figure, both extremities having pretty nearly the same
volume; the cardiac extremity projecting 3 inches beyond the en-
trance of the narrow asophagus, and the pyloric sacculus a little more
than 2 beyond the pyloric orifice. ‘The stomach, measured in a
straight line from end to end, was 7} inches; its greatest depth
being 44.

175

*«The duodenum was found to commence with a large dilatation
or sacculus, projecting towards the esophagus like a cecum; in which
respect it resembles Celogenus as described by Sir E. Home. In
Capromys, Anema, and Dasyprocta a similar dilatation, though not
so considerable, has also been noticed. In circumference at this part
the duodenum measured 4+ inches ; the decrease is gradual, and where
the biliary duct enters the circumference is 3 inches; a little di-
stance below this it is 24. To follow the natural course of this intes-
tine was out of my power; it has a mesentery, however, through
its whole extent.

“The total length of the small intestines was 16 feet 4 inches,
and their mean circumference 13.

“The cecum was of large size, making a circular turn at its base
and gradually diminishing in volume as it proceeded. It was
puckered into sacculi by two muscular bands, one on each side ;
which were not however traceable quite to its extremity, but were
tolerably strong in its wide basal part. In its general figure the
cecum had no unapt resemblance to a ram’s horn. In length it
measured about I foot 10 inches, its greatest circumference 8 inches.

“«« The t/eum terminated in a sort of sacculus at the base of the colon,
beyond which projected the round head of the cecum: the valve in-
dicating the separation of the cecum from the colon is very ap-
parent in the dried preparation.

«The colon began large, but gradually became narrow; on leaving
the cecum it was slightly sacculated for a short distance, but this
appearance was speedily lost : its mean circumference was 23 inches.
The commencement of the colon was not only somewhat larger than

the succeeding portion, but made an abrupt turn from the cecum,
and after a course of 1 foot 5 inches suddenly folded upon itself, the
reflected length running down for the distance of 11 inches, when it
turned suddenly back again, but did not adhere so closely to the pre-
vious fold, as that did to the first length ; it then became very small,
and soon dipped down to constitute the rectum. The whole of this
long loose fold reminded me of the duodenum of Birds. A similar
structure is recorded by Mr. Owen in his notes on the dissection of
Capromys Fournerii, as existing in that animal. It was near the end
of the first loose fold, as also in Capromys, that the feces began to
“assume a solid form in separate oval masses. The total length of
the large intestines was 4 feet 4 inches.

«The kidneys were of an oval form, and very soft in their structure ;
their surface, the tunic being removed, presented a granular appear-
ance. ‘The two portions were very distinct. The pelvis was small ;
‘the papilla single. The right kidney was somewhat higher than the
‘left. The length of each was 2 inches, the breadth 1}. The supra-
‘renal glands were long and rounded, of a greyish yellow externally;
‘but their internal structure was like soft liver: each had a small
cavity within. Their length was 1 inch. Their situation was me-
‘siad of the upper extremity of each kidney.

“The lungs were of small volume, and consisted of three lobes
of nearly equal size, and one very small lobe on the right; and of
three lobes on the left side.

176

“ In shape the heart was very elegant ; it was compressed, and both
ventricles described the half of a circle, and ended in a short sharp
apex. The length and breadth of this organ were equal, the admea-
surements being each 14 inch.

“« The disposition of the branches given off at the arch of the aorta
was as follows. On the right side arose a common trunk, which di-
vided into the right subclavian and the right carotid, but gave off
lower down to the left the left carotid. The left subclavian arose
from the aorta in a distinct branch.

*« In his account of the anatomy of Capromys Mr. Owen notices
a peculiarity in the arrangement of some of the abdominal mus-
cles: a decussation of the pillars of the recti muscles taking place
at the pubes. In the Coypus an arrangement of a similar cha-
racter was observed. It may be thus described. From the right
os pubis and close to the symphysis arises a fleshy column, which
crossing a column arising from the left side passes obliquely up-
wards, and becomes immediately united with another larger column
arising more outwardly, and passing under the column of fibres from
the left side, as the first does above it; and thus is constituted the
left rectus muscle. Between these two columns, as we have said,
and from the left side of the pubes, runs up a decussating column,
which blends with another passing beneath the larger column of the
left rectus, both forming by their union the right rectus abdominis.
The lower column of the external oblique, with which muscle the
rectus is blended above (as in Capromys) so as to appear in reality
but one, has its own insertion on its own side.

“The testes were situated in the gfoin on each side of the pubes,
enveloped in a strong cremaster of circular fibres given off from the
external oblique and ¢ransversalis ; they were capable of being pass-
ed back through the abdominal ring, which is very large, the columns
of the rectus forming its inner edge. As in many others of the Ro-
dent order, large foliated fatty processes, adhering to the testes, were
found hanging loose in the abdominal cavity; their length was 5
inches, their breadth at the broadest part 2.

«« The bladder was of the usuai oval form, and, as it lay undistend-
ed with fluid, measured 2 inches i in length. The ureters entered la-
terally near its neck.

** Beneath the ureters near their entrance the vasa deferentia
crossed: the total length of these tubes was 5 inches; at their origin
on leaving the epididymis they were found to be slightly tortuous,
but only for a short distance. The epididymis consisted of a congeries
of convolutions, whence a tortuous elongated portion followed the
convex surface of the festis for two thirds of its length, and then
passed into the vas deferens, which was enveloped in a fatty process
extending from the estes, and spreading over the base of the vesi-
cule seminales and the proximate portion of the ureters. The vesicule
seminales were long tortuous bodies with numerous small processes
or sacculi, giving them a knotted appearance: at their aper they
folded down upon themselves, and terminated in a point: when ex-
tended they measured about 4 inches.

“The urethra at its commencement formed a sort of cul de sac,

'
»
:

177

-as noticed by Mr. Owen in the Capromys ; and a transverse ridge se-

parated the entrance of the bladder from the orifices of the vasa de-
ferentia and vesicule seminales. Below this ridge was a small conical
body, at the apex of which opened the vasa deferentia, and on the
sides the vesicule seminales. The latter, when opened, were found
filled with a white hard curdy matter having some resemblance to
the roe of fishes. This substance filled a great portion of the uwre-
thra also.

«The prostate gland appeared like accessory vesicule, and was
closely united to the base of those bodies : it was divided into two
large lobes, each of which was found to be composed of a number
of blind tubes or elongated cells, united into a mass by cellular mem-
brane. They were easily unravelled into a tuft of long fringes, each
tube being 3 of an inch in length. These tubes all concentrated in
a small spot, where they opened by a few minute orifices into the
urethra at the base of the little conical elevation before alluded to.

«<The distance from the prostate to the base of the bulb of the
urethra was 12 inch.

«‘ The membranous part of the urethra was closely embraced by a
layer of muscular fibres: the acceleratores urine investing the bulb
were large and strong: the erectores were fleshy ; they embraced the
crura penis. On each side of the bulb, external to the accelerator
urine, lay a gland as large as a filbert, whence proceeded a tube of
the diameter of a crow-quill, which passing beneath the accelerator
entered the bulb of the urethra above its centre. The length of this
duct was 1 inch. These glands are, I suppose, to be considered as
the glandule ante-prostate, or Cowper’s glands.

** At the extremity of the rectum on its abdominal aspect was si-
tuated a large glandular sac of the size of a walnut filled with in-
odorous creamy matter; its excretory orifice was just within the
anal opening. This sac was invested with a tunic of muscular fibres
continued from the sphincter and levator ani.

“The tongue was acuminate and 3 inches in length, its surface
covered with small retroverted shining velvety papille; two large
distinct papille of an oval form appearing at the base. The free part

of the tongue, that is from the frenum to the apex, was $ of an inch.

The basal portion of the dorsum was elevated, but not so abruptly
as in some Rodents; the disc, however, was sufficiently marked.

««The fauces were found to form a funnel-shaped cavity with nei-
ther tonsils nor palate arches; but the soft palate was continuous to
the posterior aperture, which barely admitted the entrance of a com-
mon quill. The posterior nares were continued like a funnel beyond
this posterior orifice of the fauces, and received into their aperture
the glottis, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages, so that the margin
of the orifice of the fauces lay in contact with the dorsum of the
tongue anterior to the epiglottis, which rose behind it, and which it
was evident could not be brought at all under the soft palate ; hence
respiration and every vocal intonation must proceed through the
nostrils.

‘The epiglottis was broad basally, but not elevated; it assumed

178

-a rounded figure, and when pressed down did not completely cover
the rima of the glottis until the larynx was depressed towards its
base.

«A distinct fold or duplicature surrounded the opening of the
nares into the esophagus; which tube was small, and had its lining
membrane corrugated into longitudinal folds.

«The sublingual glands were large.

«<The trachea was about 3 inches in length to its bifurcation, and
4 an inch in diameter ; the bronchi were about 1 inch long before
entering the lungs.

«To the above sketch of the visceral anatomy of the Coypus, I have
to subjoin a few observations on some portions of its skeleton.

“Of the skulls of such Rodentia as I have been enabled to com-
pare with that of the present animal, although it agrees in many
points with that of Capromys, the one which approximates the
nearest to it is that of the Capybara. The main outline and con-
tour of both are very similar; they both agree in the flatness of their
upper surface, in the elongation of their form, in the magnitude of
the suborbital foramen, and in the development of the processes of
the occipital bone continued from its transverse crest. When, how-
ever, we descend to details, numerous and striking points of differ-
ence are immediately observable. In the Capybara, for instance, the
margin of the orbit is circular or nearly so, and the zygomatic arch,
broad and strong, has its lower edge brought down considerably be-
low the level of the molares: whereas in the Coypus the margin of the
orbit approaches to a square, and the zygomatic arch is narrow and
scarcely depends to a level with the crown of the molares, though it ad-
vances much further than either in the Beaver or Water Rat; in which
animals the orbits, of an oval shape, have a less lateral and more
vertical aspect. In the Coypus the temporal fosse are deeper than
in the Capybara or the Beaver, and the external auditory foramen
runs obliquely forwards and downwards, while in the Capybara it
runs obliquely downwards and inwards, and in the Beaver down-
wards and backwards. The frontal bone is divided by a permanent
longitudinal suture, as it is also in Capromys; whereas in the Capy-
bara, the Water Rat, and the Beaver no trace, at least in adults, of
such a separation is visible. The Beaver when semiadult exhibits,
however, a slight appearance of it.

«The general admeasurements of the skull of the Coypus before
me are as follows:

Lin.
From the end of the nasal bones to the occipital ridge.. 4 6
From the lower edge of one zygoma to the opposite .. 2 9
Breadth of the frontal bones between the orbits ...... 1 3
From the outer edge of the last molar tooth to the edge
Gf the ygomias 155.3 es ois oe ool w/a Wiehe see w- = Pe oe 0 5

From the base of the incisors to the base of the first molar 1 3
From the crown of the first molar to the top of the skull

where the nasal and frontal bones unite in a straight

BME, i Dawtl|@ PUR de nie sea oe 2d 1. 9

179

' Length of the row of the molares on each side ...... | ae |
Breadth of the lower jaw from the outer edge of one

ramus at its broadest part to the opposite.......... 3.3
From the middle of the condyle of the lower jaw to the

base of the incisors .......... 26.2220 ee neces Sid

“Placing the skull before us, and surveying its upper aspect, we
observe that the nasal bones are narrow and elongated, being broadest
at their nasal extremity and narrowest at their frontal, as in Capromys
and the Water Rat, but not in so great a degree. In the Capybara
the contrary obtains: in the Beaver the nasal bones are broadest in
the middle. Their length in the Coypus is 14 inch, their united
breadth at the frontal union 5 lines.

«« By the side of the nasal bones runs up the ascending ramus of
the intermaxillary bone, which at its union to the frontal expands
considerably, and terminates on an exact level with the nasal. In
the Capybara the ramus is very narrow, and does not ascend quite so
high as the nasal: in two skulls of the Beaver now before me, I find
it ascend 1 line-higher than the nasal in the one, and 2 lines lower
than the nasal in the other. In Capromys it ascends somewhat
higher.

“The frontal bones, having a longitudinal suture between them,
form an oblong square, occupying a considerable space, their length
being 1 inch 5 lines, and their united breadth-1 inch 3 lines. They
form above the orbits a bold but level ridge: in the Capybara this
ridge is arched, rounding the orbit above; in the Beaver the ridge is
but little prominent; and in the Water Rat there is none. It may
be added that in the Beaver the frontal bone (for here we may
speak of it as single) approaches a triangle in its outline, the anterior
portion of the parietal bone on each side advancing upon it.

«In the Coypus the parietal bones are small, and are depressed on
each side posteriorly to form a deep temporal fossa, bounded by a ridge
(the index of the origin of the temporal muscle), which ridge, with
the coronal suture for a base line, forms a triangle ending ina slight
short sagittal crest. The parietal bones are nearly consolidated to-
gether, and doubtless become ultimately completely so; it is only
for a short space from the coronal suture that in the present skull
any trace of a sagittal suture is visible. In the Capybara the union
is complete ; but in the Beaver the sagittal suture continues unobli-
terated, and the parietal bones moreover are separated posteriorly by
a large interparietal or os triquetrum. In the Water Rat there is an
oblong post-parietal bone.

«The occipital bone is narrower than in the Beaver, and more
nearly resembles that of the Capybara; it rises, however, immediately
behind the lambdoid suture into a high strong transverse crest, which
sweeps down on each side, and is continued in two strong processes,
the outer and shorter of which passes just behind the auditory fo-
ramen, while the interior process has its base between the former and
the condyle, abuts upon the posterior part of the tympanic bulla, and
passing obliquely outwards and downwards ends in a broad lunar-
shaped termination: its length is 1 inch 2 lines. The foramen
magnum is nearly circular: in the Beaver it is compressed horizon-

180

tally: in the Capybara laterally. The cuneiform process is flat with
a slight mesial spine: in the Capybara it is convex: in the Beaver
hollowed out like a box. The condyles resemble those of the Ca-
pybara, but advance somewhat more forwards.

«The squamous portion of the temporal bone, which, as is usual
in these animals, is separated by a permanent suture from the pe-
trous, consists of a narrow strip, advancing from the base of the oc-
cipital ridge, and then spreading to form the posterior margin of the
orbit; a bold process backing the posterior angle of the superciliary
ridge. 'The zygomatic process of the temporal bone resembles that
of the Beaver more nearly than that of the Capybara or of the Ca-
promys, but turns up at its extremity in a more decided hook. The
petrous portion is small, and, with the exception of the ridge round
the auditory foramen, consists of little besides the tympanic dudla,
which in the Beaver is externally divided by a strong ridge.

«« The malar bone is elongated and narrow, but,as in Capromys also,
it does not advance forwards along the zygomatic process of the max-
illary bone as in the Beaver, the suture being just behind the great sub-
orbital foramen. In the Capybara the malar bone does not advance so
far. The large foramen alluded to is formed by two branch-like pro-
cesses of the maxillary bone, the upper one of which arises just below
the union of this bone to the frontal, and, bending down, forms the an-
terior margin of the orbit; the other branch arises just over the root of
the first molar tooth, and advancing outwards and backwards joins the
other branch to form the boundary of the foramen, which is a trian-
gular aperture leading at once to the orbit. In the Beaver the sub-
orbital foramen is very small. In the Water Rat it is somewhat larger
than in the Beaver. In Capromys it is as open as in the Coypus.

«The lachrymal bone, which in the Capybara spreads largely in
a triangle without the orbit at the interior inferior angle, is in the
Coypus very small and altogether within the orbit. ;

«On turning to the base of the skull we may observe that the
internal pterygoid processes, (which in the Capybara are very small,
but both in the Beaver and Water Rat largely developed, being in
the former of a hook-like figure and touching with their apex the
anterior point of the tympanic bulla,) are here moderate and bent
back, their points being on a level with the spheno-temporal fissure.
The glenoid cavity, which the malar bone contributes to form, resem-
bles that of the Beaver.

«The palate bones, which in the Beaver begin in a point opposite
to the posterior edge of the first molar, here begin opposite the pos-
terior edge of the third molar; but they advance further backwards
so as to throw the pterygoid processes to a considerable distance
from the last molar tooth: in which circumstances the Coypus differs
both from the Beaver and the Capybara, and more nearly agrees with
Capromys, where the palate bones commence opposite the middle of
the second molar, but do not advance so far backwards.

«The lower jaw of the Coypus is very remarkable ; it seems as if
it had been horizontally compressed, so as to throw the broad part
of each ramus outwardly into a semilunar shelf. The fact is that
this part must be regarded not as the body but as a process of the

181

ramus which exists also, but in a more moderate degree, in Ca-
promys ; in the Capybara we see indications of a similar structure.
An immense space is here afforded for the insertion of the temporal
and masseter muscles: these muscles may be short, but their strength
will be prodigious. In the Beaver the coronoid processes are long
and rise above the condyles: in the Capybara they are short and on
a level with the condyloid processes, which are themselves very con-
tracted: in Capromys they are very small: but in the Coypus the
coronoid processes are reduced to a mere rudiment, elevated by the
side of the last molar tooth. On the contrary the posterior angle
here stretches back in a flat narrow process continued from the la-
teral shelf, or, as we may term it, horizontal reflexion of the lower
margin of the ramus. ,

«The dentition of the Coypus is figured by M. F. Cuvier in his
work ‘ Sur les Dents des Mammiféres.’ It differs widely from that
of Hydromys, with which the animal was associated generically by
M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Cuvier observes, that the skull of the Coy-
pus has a resemblance to that of Hystrix dorsata: I have not seen
a skull of this animal and therefore cannot judge, but certainly the
teeth as given by M. F. Cuvier and those of the Coypus materially
differ. The molars in the Coypus are four on each side above and
below. In the upper jaw they have an outward inclination; the
last is the largest, and they decrease in size slightly but regularly
from the last to the first: each is a copy of the other; and the rib-
bands of enamel are oblique. The molars of the lower jaw incline
obliquely inwards, and decrease in size from the last to the anterior.
The incisores are large and strong and of a deep orange yellow on
their outer surface ; the alveoli of those of the upper jaw pass through
the intermaxillary into the true maxillary bones. In the lower jaw
they extend beneath the whole row of the molares.

“* Of the rest of the skeleton, the trunk, clavicles, scapula, humeri,
and femoral bones are all that I have been able to examine, the rest
being contained within the mounted specimen.

“The scapula agrees closely with that of Capromys, but differs
considerably in shape from that of the Beaver. Its anterior edge

_ runs out into an angle, at a greater comparative distance from
; the spinous ridge than either in the Beaver or the Porcupine;
_ and the same may be said of the posterior angle: so that the
_ total breadth of this bone is comparatively greater than it is in
those two animals. Its length from the glenoid cavity to the pos-

. terior angle is 24 inches. Its breadth from this angle to the oppo-
site 2. The spinous ridge is thin and but little elevated; about the
middle it is slightly dilated. Three quarters of an inch before it

q reaches the level of the glenoid cavity it ceases; the acromion
_ process being here united to it by cartilage in the specimen be-
longing to the Society. I find, however, that this cartilaginous
union at some period of the animal’s existence becomes ossified ; for
in a clavicle belonging to Mr. Blackett the acromion is completely
_ anchylosed to the extremity of the spine. This process is at first
_ slender, but it spreads at its termination into a broad triangular base,
_ to the anterior apex of which is attached the clavicle. ‘The length

182

of this process is 1 inch, and it advances 4 an inch beyond the gle-
noid cavity.

“The clavicle is slender, 1 inch 5 lines ong, with a slight sig-
moid flexure.

“The humerus presents nothing very remarkable ; its length is 13
inch. ss

** The pelvis is long and narrow; its breadth from point to point.
is 34 inches ; its length, 5 inches ; the depth of the symphysis pubis,
1+ inch.

“The femur is thin and small, and has both a trochanter major
and a trochanter minor.

“In the motions of the hinder limbs of the Coypus when alive I
observed not only an awkwardness, but a want of firmness, which
gave something of a crawling character to the progression of the
animal on the floor. A recollection of this circumstance, which
struck me when I first saw the animal, led me to open the capsule
of the hip-joint with care: on doing this, I was surprised to see no
ligamentum teres : on opening the other, still none appeared. Iam con-
vinced that I did not destroy or rupture the ligament, for no ruptured
fibres were at all visible, and on opening the acetabula of other
animals at the same time, the ligament was found strong and large ;
in this, however, nothing of the kind was visible. ‘There is on the
head of the femur a very slight depression, but it is covered, as
the rest of the head, with smooth cartilage. I believe, therefore,
that the Coypus may be added to the list of the few Mammalia in
which this ligament is absent: but it would be desirable that ano-
ther specimen should be examined before this peculiarity is insisted
on as an ascertained fact.

“« The ribs are short, thin and flexible, the longest measuring only
3 inches exclusive of the cartilage; the first two are very short, but
strong. The chest of the Coypusis, in fact, of very small capacity.
The number of the ribs is thirteen.

«The spinous process of the first dorsal vertebra is very short,
like those of the cervical vertebrae; but that of the second rises
abruptly to the length of 1 inch, which is at least a quarter higher
than those of the succeeding vertebrae.

“The number of the vertebre is as follows :—

CervicalS Sree 7
Dorsal eae Fs 13
Mainbare Ybor 6
Sderalye! Merete 4
Oaudal eet Alay 23

«J regret that I was unable to examine all the bones of the extre-
mities, as Cuvier notices a peculiarity in those of the carpus,—in
there being no separation between the os magnum and trapezoides.”’

Mr. Christy subsequently exhibited several skins of the Coypus,
for the purpose of directing the attention of the Meeting to the po-
sition of the mamme in the female, which are situated extremely high
up the sides.

183

November 24, 1835.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a specimen of the Syngnuthus Acus, Linn.,
with the view of again calling the attention of the Society to the
fact that the males in this species of Pipe-fish are furnished with a
pouch under the tail, in which they bear about with them the ova
until the young have escaped from the capsule; and which probably
serves also as a place of shelter to which the young can, for some
time after their exclusion, retreat in case of danger. In this indivi-
dual the opened abdomen exhibited the preparatory organs of the
male; and the displayed subcaudal pouch showed many eggs con-
tained in it, the young of which were fully developed and ready to
escape from the capsules, while from others the young had actually
escaped. As a guide to those observers who may be desirous of
procuring specimens equally illustrative of the peculiarity of this
fish, Mr. Yarrell mentioned that the individual exhibited was ob-
tained on the 20th of July.

Mr. Yarrell read some ‘“‘ Notes on the Economy of an Insect destruc-
tive to Turnips”’; which he prefaced’ by adverting to the importance
to agriculture of an attentive collection of those entomological facts
which relate to species injurious to the ordinary crops of the farmer.
He then proceeded to remark that the turnip crop is in this country
usually infested in every season by two species of Haltica; and that
another destroyer has been, in the dry summer of this year, super-
added to them, especially on the light and chalky soils. To the
history of this latter pest, which has been known to occur in those
seasons only in which there has been an almost total absence of rain,
Mr. Yarrell’s paper is directed. A good account of a similar visita-
tion in 1782, as it was observed in Norfolk by Mr. William Marshall,
was published in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for the following
year.

Early in July last the “‘ yellow fly ” was seen upon the young tur-
nips. It was remembered by some farmers that this was the fly
which prevailed in the year 1818, and which was followed by the
caterpillars known by the name of the blacks. The eggs being depo-
sited by the perfect insect in the leaf of the plant, the black cater-
pillar or turnip-pest speedily makes its appearance, feeding on the
_ soft portions of the leaves of the turnips and leaving the fibres un-
_ touched; and finally, casting its black skin and assuming one of a
_ more slaty or grey colour, it buries itself in the earth. Lodged there,
it forms for itself, from the soil, a strong oval cocoon; from which
some of the earlier broods pass almost immediately into the perfect
state, filled with ova, and ready quickly to supply another generation

184

of destroyers. So complete and so rapid was the destruction in some
instances, that a whole field was found, in two or three days, to pre-
sent only an assemblage of skeletonized leaves; and this too when
the turnips had attained a considerable size.

The insect whose proceedings have been thus briefly noticed, be-
longs to the Hymenopterous family Tenthredinide ; it is the Athalia
Centifolie, a species first noticed by Panzer. Mr. Yarrell describes
the perfect insect and the caterpillar; and then recurs to the damage
effected by the latter. By their repeated broods the devastation was
continued for so long a time that even the third sowing did not in all
cases escape destruction ; and it was not until the occurrence of the
heavy rains in September, terminating the unusually dry summer,
that the mischief ceased. The destruction of the leaves caused, in
most instances, the loss of the root also; and where the leaves suf-
fered from the attacks of the black caterpillar, but not sufficiently to
occasion the death of the plant, the turnip itself became pithy and
of little value. It has become necessary, Mr. Yarrell states, to im-
port the root largely from the Continent to supply the deficiency of
the home crop.

The remedial measures adopted on a former visitation were the
turning into the infested fields of a large number of ducks, who
greedily devoured the caterpillars as they were brushed from the
leaves by a boy with a long pole; the passing of a heavy roller over
the ground at night, when the caterpillars were at their feed; and
the strewing of quick lime by broad cast over the fields, renewing

it as often as it was dispersed by the wind. The latter mode was
generally considered as the most effectual preservative.

185

December 8, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of various Birds, chiefly from the So-
ciety’s collection, which Mr. Gould regarded as hitherto undescribed.
At the request of the Chairman he pointed out the distinguishing
peculiarities of the undermentioned species.

Pra@nicura PLUMBEA. Phen. nigrescenti-cinerea ; caudd tectri-
cibusque superioribus castaneo-rubris ; remigibus nigrescenti-
brunneis, cerulescenti-griseo fimbriatis.

Foem. Supra brunnescenti-cinerea, uropygio albo ; rectricibus dua-
bus intermediis brunneis, basin versus albis reliquis ad apicem
brunneis ; pectore cinereo, plumis singulis lunulis alternatim brun-
neis albidisque notatis ; remigibus brunneis ; secundariis cinereo-

‘ brunneis macula parvd albd ad apicem notatis.

Long. tot. 54 poll.; ale, 3; caude, 2; tarsi, 2; rostri, §.

Hab. apud montes Himalayenses.

This bird is in every respect a typical example of the genus Phe-

nicura. Itis rather less in size than Phen. Ruticilla, Swains.

PyrRGITA CINNAMOMEA. Pyrg. supra cinnamomea, dorso in medio
nigro longitudinaliter maculato ; alis cauddque brunneis, illis albo
prope scapulam unifasciatis ; guld nigrd ; genis, colli lateribus, cor-
4 poreque subtis cinerascenti-albidis.
¥ Long. tot. 43 poll.; ale, 23; caude, 2; tarsi, &.
' Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei.
Hab. apud montes Himalayenses.
Rather less in size than Pyrg. montana.

Mervta castanea. Mer. castanea; capite colloque cinereo-albidis,
gutture pallidiore ; alis cauddque nigris; tectricibus caud@ infe-
rioribus crissoque albis nigro variis.

Long. tot. 114 poll.; ale, 54; caude, 54; tarsi, 13; rostri, 14.

Rostrum pedesque flavescenti-brunnei.

_ Hab. apud montes Himalayenses.

Sauropsacus Swarnsonn. Saur. supra brunnescenti-cinereus ;
capite nigro, cristd occultd aurantiacd ; caudd nigrescenti-brun-
ned, rectricum exteriorum marginibus omniumque apicibus cinereo-
albis; alis brunneis, scapularibus secundariisque cinereo-albido
marginatis ; corpore sublis albo.
Long. tot. 8 poll.; ale, 4; caude, 34: rostri, 14; tarsi, vix 1.
Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab, in America Australi.

o, XXXVI.—Proceepinas or THE ZootogicaL Society,

186

Bracuypus GuLaris. Brach. flavus, supra olivaceo tinctus ; ca-
pite auribusque nigris; caudd olivaceo-brunned ; remigibus brun-
neis.

Long. tot. 52 poll.; ale, 48; caude, 31: rostri, $; tarsi, &.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes saturaté brunnei.

Hab. in India Orientali apud Travancore.

More diminutive in size than Brach. dispar, Horsf., but nearly

allied to it.

Genus STENORHYNCHUS.

Rostrum capite longius, gracile, compressum, subfornicatum ;
mandibula superiore leviter emarginata, culmine in frontem de-
pressissimum producto.

Nares ovales, apertz.

Ale breviusculz, subrotundate ; remige 1ma brevissima, 4ta lon-
giore; 5ta et 6ta 4tam subzquantibus.

Cauda mediocris, rotundata ; rectricibus decem ?

Pedes xobusti: acrotarsiis subscutellatis; halluce ungueque pos-
tico fortibus, tarsum longitudine subzquantibus, digito inter-
medio brevioribus.

Plume molles.

STENORHYNCHUS RUFICAUDA. Sten. supra sordid? saturate brun-
neus, rufo caudam versus tinctus ; caudd, secundariis, scapulari-
busque saturate rufo-brunneis ; subtis brunnescenti-cinereus, in
rufo-brunneum ad latera vergens.

Long. tot. 94 poll.; rostri, 12; ale, 42; caude, 34; tarsi, 1.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei.

Hab.

As only one specimen of this bird has yet been seen, itis doubt-

ful whether it may not possess twelve tail-feathers; but, after a care-
ful examination, Mr. Gould can discover no more than ten.

Mervta Nestor. Mer. fuliginoso-nigra ; capite colloque sordid
cinereis ; caude@ tectricibus inferioribus maculd longitudinali fla-
vescenti-albidd notatis.

Long. tot. 7 poll.; rostri,1; ale, 43; caude, 3; tarsi, 14.

Rostrum tarsique flavi.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

This appears to be in every respect a true Merula. It is the first

of that genus that has been received from New Holland. It formed
part of Captain Sturt’s collection made in the Murrumbidgee

country.

JanTHocINcLA PEcTORALIS. Janth. ferrugineo-cinerea; capite
supra olivaceo-cinereo; cervice lateribusque ferrugineis ; plumis
aures tegentibus cinereis, rachibus nigris ; lined nigrd a basi man-
dibule inferioris aures cingente cum alterd pectus lunulatim cir-
cumdante conjunctd; corpore subtis albo ; remigibus brunneis,
pogoniis externis cinereis ; caudd rotundatd, basin versus olivaceo-

187

cinered, in medio nigro unifasciaid ; rectricibus extimis tribus
utringue albo, ceteris olivaceo-cinereo, apiculatis.
Long. tot. 123 poll.; rostri, 14; ale, 54; caude, 53; tarsi, 2.
Rostrum nigrescenti-brunneum ; tarsi brunnei.
Hab. in Nepalia.

IantHocincia atpocuLaRis. Janth. supra et ad pectus olivaceo-
cinerea, subtis ferrugineo-aurantiaca ; caudd rotundatd, olivaceo-
cinered, rectricibus extimis utringue quatuor ad apices late albis.

Long. tot. 113 poll.; rostri, 14; ale, 54; caude, 54; tarsi, 14.

Rostrum tarsique brunnei.

Hab. apud montes Himalayenses, in Nepalia, &c.

‘Nearly allied to Ianth. leucolopha, (Corvus leucolophus, Lath.).

A paper was read, entitled “‘ Mémoire sur une Nouvelle Espéce
de Poisson du Genre Histiophore, de la Mer Rouge: par M. E. Riip-
pell, M.D., Memb. Ext. Z.S.” It was accompanied by a drawing
of the fish described in it.

MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes have described, in their ‘ Histoire
Naturelle des Poissons,’ three species of Sword-fishes of the genus
Histiophorus; from all of which Dr. Riippell regards his fish as di-
stinct, although it apparently approaches most nearly to Hist. Ame-
ricanus : it should seem that its occurrence at Djetta, on the coast
of Arabia, was only accidental, as the Arab fishermen knew no name
for it. The most striking peculiarity of the new species is the uni-
formity of the colour of its dorsal fin: in all those which were pre-
viously known the first dorsal fin is varied with spots; in the one
obtained by Dr. Riippell, the first dorsal fin is black throughout and
destitute of spots, on which account its discoverer proposes for it
the name of

HistiopHorus immacuLatus. Hist. pinnis pectoralibus mediocri-
bus ; dorsali nigrd, immaculatd.
D.47, 0+7. A.10,0+7. C.54+17+45. P.1+19. V. 3.

Pinne pectorales quam in Hist. Indico, Cuv. & Val., multo mi-
nores: utpote quz in illo } vel+ corporis longitudine zequant, in
Hist. immaculato ~; tantum. In Hist. putchello preoperculi angu-
lus spinaé munitus: in Hist. immaculato aliisque inermis. Hist.
Americani pinna dorsalis cinereo-argentea, maculis brunneis rotun-
datis ornata.

Dr. Riippell describes the fish in considerable detail. He has not,
however, examined it anatomically, on account of his possessing
only one specimen, which he had deposited in the Frankfort Mu-
seum.

The following notes by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., were read.
*‘In many books that I have seen some errors are made in the

history of the Kangaroos, which my long possession of those animals

enables me to correct.
“The great Kangaroo does not make use of his tail in leaping.

He uses it in walking, and still more in standing. When excited,

188

he stands (the male only) on tip-toe and on his tail; and is then of
prodigious height. In fighting he does not stand on the tail and one
leg, but balances himself for a moment on the tail only, and strikes
forward with both hind legs.

“The bush Kangaroo, or Kanguru enfumé of Cuvier, never uses
his legs in fighting. He generally contents himself with threatening
with his teeth and a low growl; but I have seen him, when attacked
by an Emu, jump up at the bird’s head. Neither of them, however,
has persevered in annoyance.

«When sitting in a state of repose the great Kangaroo throws the
tail behind him: the lesser one before him, between his legs.”

The following note by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., was also read, as
giving an account of an extraordinary instance of want of sagacity
in a Dog. ;

«« A large old white female terrier followed me this autumn from
Grantham. She remained perfectly satisfied for three weeks, when,
on my again going to attend the petty sessions, she again followed me.
I then found that she belonged to one of my colleagues, the Rev. Mr.
Ottley ; and that she had long been a great favourite in the family,
who were greatly distressed at her loss. It happened that Mr. Ottley
and I each rode a chestnut pony with a long tail. This had com-
pletely deceived the dog, whose unsentimental friendship did not
prompt her to ask any further questions.”

ie ’

189

6
December 22, 1836.
(

E. S. Hardisty, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of several Rodent animals collected du-
ring his survey of the Straits of Magalhaens, by Capt. P. P. King,
R.N., Corr. Memb. Z. S., and presented by him to the Society.
They were accompanied by some notes by Capt. King, which were
read.

In bringing the animals severally under the notice of the Meeting,
Mr. Bennett first directed particular attention to one of them, which
constituted, in his estimation, a new species in the genus Ctenomys,
Blainy. To elucidate its relations with the nearly allied genera of
Herbivorous Rodentia, Octodon, Benn., and Poephagomys, F. Cuv.,
a specimen of Octodon Cumingii was exhibited and compared with
it; and Mr. Bennett stated his intention of entering with some
detail into the subject in a paper which he proposed to prepare
upon it.

ris the structure of its molar teeth, Octodon may be regarded as
occupying an intermediate station between Poephagomys and Cteno-
mys. In Octodon the molars of the upper jaw differ remarkably in
form from those of the lower. The upper molars have on their inner
side a slight fold of enamel, indicating a groove tending in some
measure to separate on this aspect the mass of the tooth into two
cylinders; on their outer side a similar fold penetrates more deeply,
and behind it the crown of the tooth does not project outwardly to so
great an extent as it does in front. Ifeach molar tooth of the upper
jaw be regarded as composed of two partially united cylinders,
slightly compressed from before backwards, and somewhat oblique

in their direction, the anterior of these cylinders might be described
__as entire, and the posterior as being truncated by the removal of its
_ outer half. Of such teeth there are, in the upper jaw of Octodon,
on each side, four; the hindermost being the smallest, and that in
which the peculiar form is least strongly marked. -In Ctenomys, all
the molar teeth, both of the upper and the lower jaw, correspond
with the structure that exists in the upper jaw of Octodon, excepting
that their crowns are slenderer and more obliquely placed, whence
the external emargination becomes less sharply defined; and also
excepting that the hinder molar in each jaw is so small as to be
almost evanescent: as is generally the case, however, the relative
position of the teeth is counterchanged, and the deficiency in the
outline of the crown of the tooth, which in the upper jaw is external,
is, in the lower jaw, internal. In the lower jaw of Octodon the crowns
_ of the molars assume a figure very different from those of the upper,
_ dependent chiefly on the prolongation of the hinder portion of the
tooth to the same lateral extent as its anterior part: each of them

190

consists of two cylinders, not disjoined in the middle where the bony
portion of the crown is continuous, but partially separated by a fold
of enamel on either side producing a corresponding notch; placed
obliquely with respect to the jaw they resemble, in some measure, a
figure of 8 with its elements flattened obliquely, pressed towards
each other, and not connected by the transverse middle bars. With
the lower molars of Octodon those of Poephagomys, as figured by M. F.
Cuvier, correspond in structure in both jaws. Octodon thus exhibits,
in its dissimilar molars, the types of two genera: the molars of its
upper jaw represent those of both jaws of Ctenomys; those of its
lower jaw correspond with the molars of both jaws of Poephagomys.

The characters distinguishing the new species of Ctenomys are
chiefly those of colour. The Cten. Brasiliensis is described by M. de
Blainville as being shining rufous above, and reddish white below.
The new species may be characterized as the

Crenomys Macetianicus. Cen. flavescenti-fusco-griseus, subtis

pallidior ; pedibus cauddque albescentibus.

Long. corporis cum capite 74 unc.; caude, 23; capitis, 2.

*) Hab. apud Portum Gregory dictum, ad Fretis Magellanici ostium
orientale.

Captain King states that this “little animal is very timid; feeds
upon grass; and is eaten by the Patagonian Indians. It inhabits
holes, which it burrows, in the ground: and, from the number of the
holes, it would appear to be very abundant.”

A second animal exhibited appears, like the preceding, to represent
in the more southern latitudes of South America a genus whose type
was originally observed in Brasil. Mr. Bennett regarded it as a
second species of Kerodon, F. Cuv., chiefly distinguishable from the
one discovered by Prince Maximilian of Wied by its more uniform
colour. Excepting a slight dash of white behind the ear, and a
longer line of the same colour marking the edge of each branch of
the lower jaw, the animal is entirely grey; the upper surface being
distinguished from the under by a greater depth of tint, and by the in-
termixture of a free grizzling of yellow and black. The crowns of
the molar teeth, as in the typical species, consist of bone surrounded
by two triangles of enamel, the bases of which are connected together
by a short line of enamel passing from the one to the other: all the
lines being slender and sharply defined.

For this species Mr. Bennett proposed the name of

Keropon Kineu. Ker. griseus, supra flavo nigroque punctulatim
interstictus ; maculd pone aures linedque ad mazille inferioris
marginem albis.

Long. corporis cum capite 94 unc.; capitis, 24; auricula sub-

nulla.
Hab. apud Portum Desire dictum, ad Patagoniz littus orientale.

The third animal exhibited was remarked on as constituting a new
species of Cavy, distinct from all those that were previously known,

191

including the two which have recently been described by M. Brandt
in the ‘ Nouveaux Mémoires de l’ Académie Impériale de St. Peters-
bourg.’ Mr. Bennett characterized it as the

Cavia Curieri, King MSS. Cav. brunnescenti-nigra ; subcristata ;
genis in medio nudiusculis.

Long. tot. 10 unc. ; capitis, 3. j

The general form of the animal is probably similar to that of the
restless Cavy, Cavia Cobaya, Gmel., popularly known as the Guinea-
pig. It is covered universally by long, smooth, glossy, black hairs,
which are slightly tinged with brown. Its ears are rather large,
broadly expanded, and hairy; and between them the hairs are longer
than those on the adjoining parts, occasioning a slight appearance of
a crest. On the middle of each cheek the hairs radiate as from a
centre, almost in a similar manner to that in which they spread from
around the crown of the bonneted Monkeys, and the skin is conse-
quently left in the middle point almost bare. The dentition is alto-
gether that of the restless Cavy, and the incisors, as in it, are white.
The skull is rather more expanded laterally, which gives to it an
appearance of comparative flatness.

«This animal was known, on the survey, by the name of the Pe-

_ ruvian Cavy. The specimen in the Society’s collection was presented

to one of the officers of the Beagle by an American sailing-master,
of Stonington, U.S., a very intelligent person, to whom we were
much indebted. The trivial name which I have proposed for it is in
recollection of the benefit we derived from his experience and know-
ledge of the intricate navigation of the south-western coast of Pata-
gonia, which was freely imparted to us on several occasions.” —
E. PB. ;

The collection also contained specimens of a Mouse, for which

_ Mr. Bennett proposed the name of

Mus Maeetranicus. Mus caudd corpus caputque longitudine equan-
te; supra saturate subflavicanti-fuscus ; subtis albidus ; pedibus
albis

Long. corporis cum capite 43; caud@ longitudo eadem ; pedis pos-
tici, 1.

Hab. apud Portum Famine dictum, in Fretu Magellanico.

The ears are of moderate size, rounded, and hairy.

Specimens were exhibited of several Marsupialia, on which Mr.
Ogilby made the following remarks.

“A small collection of Marsupial Quadrupeds, which Mr. Gould
lately received from his brother-in-law, Mr. Coxen, contains two or
three interesting species, which the usual kindness of Mr. Gould
enables me to notice. They were all procured, as I am informed, in
the country beyond the Hunter River, about eighty miles north of

_ Sydney in New South Wales. The most remarkable is an unde-

seribed species of Phalanger, which I propose to call
Phalangista Canina. It is similar in size and general proportions

192

to Phal. Vulpina, and the two allied species described in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ for 1830-31, (page 135,) but is easily distinguished from
them all by the small size and round form of the ears, as well as
by the distribution of the colours. All the upper parts of the body, the
head, cheeks, back, sides, and outer face of the arms and thighs are
of a uniform grizzled brown; the throat, breast, belly, and interior
of the members dirty ashy grey with a slight shade of yellow. The
ears are only an inch in length and about the same in breadth, being
thus little more than half as long as in Phal. Vulpina. They are
naked within, but covered with deep coffee-coloured fur on the out-
side ; the nose, and the paws, both before and behind, are dark brown;
and the tail is bushy and entirely black to within about 2 inches of
its root, which is of the same colour as the back. All these circum-
stances distinguish the present species from Phal. Vulpina, with
which alone it can possibly be confounded, and in which the backs of
the ears, and the cheeks and paws are yellowish white, whilst the black
colour occupies only the latter half of the tail. Both these animals
have long black vibrisse, and a tuft of similar stiff hair on the cheek,
about an inch below and behind the eye. The whole length from
the nose to the root of the tail is 2 feet; the length of the tail 133
inches.

Phal. Cookii. I notice this species merely to observe that the
present specimen is the only certain evidence we possess of this
animal being an inhabitant of Continental Australia. Cook observed
it in Van Diemen’s Land, and I had never been able to ascertain the
precise locality from which the various other individuals I had for-
merly examined, were obtained.

Macropus Eugenii. This specimen agrees with M. Desmarest’s de-
scription, and is interesting as coming from a very distant part of
the country.

Perameles obesula. An adult specimen of the same size as the
full-grown Per. nasuta. I notice it to mention that the teeth
are, in all respects, similar to those of Per. nasuia, both in form and
number.

The collection contains besides, two very fine specimens of Pe-
taurus Taguanoides; one of Pet. Sciureus; one of Hydromys chryso-
gaster; and a young Koala.’’—W. O.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Shells of the genus Mitra,
Lam., and of one species of Conoeliv, Swains., forming part of the
collection of Mr. Cuming ; and the following account of them by Mr.
Broderip was read.

“The species of the genus Mitra, Lam., which I am about to de-
scribe had been sent by Mr. Cuming, in whose cabinet they are, to
Mr. Swainson, whose intimate acquaintance with this family renders
him so particularly competent to the task of describing them. They
were named by him, and he also made notes respecting them before
returning them. In the following account of them I have retained
Mr. Swainson’s name in every instance but one: and whenever he
has made any written observations I have quoted them.

193

Genus Mirra, (Lam. & Swains.).

Mirra nesutosa. Mitra testd turritd, striis impressis cinctd,
pallide flavd maculis castaneo-fuscis pictd ; columella obsolet? sex-
plicatd: long. 14 poll., lat. 34 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

' Mr. Cuming found this species on the reefs at low water.
Mr. Swainson, whose name is retained, has the following observa-

tion: “ representing nubila.” << Typed, 1.”

Mirra Swainson. Mitra testd turritd, valde productd, levigata,
pallide carned, apicem versus pallide brunned, striis transversis
cinctd ; columella quadriplicatd : long. 6, lat. 1. poll.

Hab. ad Colombiam Occidentalem. (Monte Christi.)

Dredged up from sandy mud by Mr. Cuming in seven fathoms

water.

This shell has been much exposed, and its colour is faded.
The following remark appears on the cover : “ Type 1, 1.”

Mirra Ancitiipes. Mitra testd turritd, minutisime transversim
striatd, totd pallide flavd; columella quinqueplicaté : long. 5,
lat. 2 poll. .

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

The following remark appears on the cover: “ Type 5, (22).”

Mirra maura. Mitra testd turritd, transversim minut? striatd,
anfractibus torosis, totd nigricante ; columelld albd, quadriplicatd ;
aperturd hiante : long. 2+, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Iquiqui.)

Found in the fissures of rocks, buried in sand, at low water mark.

On the cover is the following observation : “« representing Tiara

Soraminata, Type 1, 4.”

The older shells are eroded, especially towards the apex, like some

of the freshwater turbinated shells.

Mirra rutvescens. Mitra testd ovato-elongatd, Sulvd, striis altis
cinctd ; columelld sexplicatd : long. 4, lat. .%5 poll.

ab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

On the wrapper is the following observation: “ Type 5, 1.”

Mirra testacea. Mitra testd turritd, acuminutd, rubro-lutescente,
transversim striaid ; columelld quinqueplicaté : long. 14, lat. 2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

Mr. Swainson has the following observation on the wrapper :

“Type 5, 1. representing fulva.”

Mirra rutva, var. Mitra testd turritd, fulvd, striis transversis

punctatis cinctd ; suturd crenulatd ; columella sexplicatd ; labro
crenulato.

194

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

The following observation appears on the wrapper: ‘‘ Type 1, 2.
representing Tiara.”

(S..4 Mirra curysostoma. Mitra testd ovato-acuminatd, striis magnis
subcrenulatis cinctd, flavescente castaneo maculatd, maculis mag-
nis ; columella sexplicatd ; labro subrubro-aureo, externé subcre-
nulato : long. 14?, lat. 4 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan. :
Found on the reefs in shallow water.
On the cover is written, “‘ Type 5, 1. representing ferruginea.”

Mirra tristis. Mitra testd turritd, suturis rotundatd, striis trans-
versis cinctd, longitudinaliter costatd, atro-fuscd, suturis pallid
Sasciatd ; columella quadriplicatd, plicis maximis ; aperturd (in
adultis) albido-purpurascente : long. 14, lat. + poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of from six to ten fathoms.

On the cover, “‘ Type 2, 4.”

Mirra EFFusaA. Mitra testd fusiformi, transversim valde striatd,
striis intermediis minimis ; totd fuscd vel atro-castaned ; colu-
melld quadriplicatd, plicis duabus superioribus magnis ; labro cre-
nulato; long. 14, lat. +4; poll.

Hab. in America Centrali (Guacomayo) et ad Insulas Gallapagos

dictas.

Found in sandy mud at the depth of twelve fathoms.

On the cover, “Type 1, 5.”

Genus Tiara, Swains. (Mirra, Lam.)

Tiara FoRAMINATA. Tiara testd turritd, longitudinaliter costatd,
striis distantibus impressis inter costas hinc et hinc quasi forami-
natis, costis magnis, sordidé fuscd, suturis rotundatd ; columella
quadriplicata, plicis maximis ; aperturd sordidé albido-purpuras-
cente: long. 28, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam, ad Insulam Platam dictam, et ad

Panamam.

Dredged up from sandy mud and gravel at a depth ranging from

six to fourteen fathoms.

This appears to have been published in Mr. Wood’s ‘ Supplement’

under the name of Voluta Lens.

On the cover, “representing Mitra maura, Type 2, 4.”

Tiara muricata. Tiara testd longitudinaliter costatd, transversim
striatd, costis submuricatis, totd brunned ; columelld triplicatd :
long. &, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.

Lia

195

Tiara mucronata. Tiara testd longitudinaliter costatd, trans-
versim striatd, striis sub-punctatis, anfractibus noduloso-muri-
catis precipue suturam versus, albidd fusco vel ferrugineo fasci-
atd, fascid basali latissimd ; columelld quadriplicatd: long. 1,
lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Taheiten.

Found in soft muddy sand at low water within the reef.

Trara catenata. Tiara testd ovatd, longitudinaliter costatd, al-
bidd suturam versus punctis sanguineis fasciatim dispositis con-
cinnd, apice subviolaceo, anfractu basali bifasciato, fasciis fusco-
castaneis ; columella quadriplicatd: long. %, lat. +5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

On the paper, ‘‘ Type 1, 3.”

Tiara mutticostata. Tiara testd longitudinaliter multicostatd,
transversim substriatd, brunned vel ferrugined albo fasciatd ; co-
lumelld quadriplicatd : long. 4, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

In the ferruginous individuals the white band is nearly obso- —
lete, and would almost justify their separation as a variety: but
such individuals of that colour as have been submitted to me appear
to be young.

Tiara nosEA. Tiara testd multicostatd, costis postice subtubercu-
losis, creberrimé transversim sulcatd, rosed albo fasciatd ; co-
lumelld quadriplicatd: long. +, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Lord Hood’s dictas.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

On the paper, ‘‘ Type 1, 2.”

Tiara MILLECosTaTA. Tiara testd subovatd, longitudinaliter cre-
berrimé costatd, basi cancellatd, nigro-castaned, apice albido ; co-
lumelld triplicatd : long. +, lat. 2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

The close-set longitudinal ribs and cancellated base give this shell,

which may not have attained its full growth, the aspect of a Can-
cellaria.

Tiara tineata. Tiara testd fusiformi, albidd hine et hinc cas-
taneo strigatd, lineis elevatis castaneis cinctd ; columella tripli-
catd ; epidermide valde tenui: long. 1, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Salango Colombiz Occidentalis.

Found on sandy mud in ten fathoms water.

The elevated lines run from the apez to the base like the threads

of a screw.

On the paper, ‘‘ Type 5, 1.” !

Trara NivEA. Tiara testd fusiformi, albd, lineis creberrimis sub-

196

punctatis transversis insculptd ; columelld. quinqueplicatd : long.
22, lat. 1% poll.
- Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

Minute longitudinal lines cross the transverse thick-set punctated
ones, and with the punctures produce a somewhat cancellated ap-
pearance, which may be also detected by the touch.

The base of the columella is strongly developed, milk white, and
shining, reminding the observer of the same part in Ancillaria.

' On the paper, “Type 5, 3.”

Trara aurantiA. Tiara testd turritd, costis longitudinalibus striis-
gue elevatis transversis subnodulosd, aurantiacd albo fasciatd ;
columella quadriplicatd : long. 1x, lat. +8; poll.

Hab. cum precedente.

Trara Trrepratis. Tiara testd fusiformi-turritd, acuminatd,
carned aurantiaco nebulosd; anfractibus 11 seu 12, levibus, ni-
tidis, longitudinaliter crebré sulcatis, sulcis profunde impressis et
lineis impressis spiralibus decussatis ; aperturd brevi, angustd,
labio externo murgine crenulato ; columelld quadriplicata : long.
1°85, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

Mr. Swainson has written on the paper containing it, “ Type 4,
4. This is one of the most extraordinary shells in the collection, as
it so closely resembles the Mitra Terebralis that, but for its possess-
ing the generic characters of Tiara, it might pass for the same
species.”

It is one of the most slender of its genus, and has very much of
the general character and form of a Terebra; and its resemblance to
Terebra is increased by the circumstance of its having one spiral
groove, more deeply impressed than the others, placed at about one
third of the length of each volution before the suture. The points
of contact of the decussating with the longitudinal grooves are deeply
impressed.

There is a fine specimen in Mr. Broderip’s collection.

Mr. Sowerby has furnished me with the account of this species.

Tiara crenata. Tiara testd fuscd, lineis subelevatis cinctd ; co-
lumelld triplicatd : long. +%;, lat. +, poll.
. Hab, ad Xipixapi Colombiz Occidentalis.
. Found on sandy mud in six fathoms water.
On the paper, ‘‘ Type 5, 3. or 3, 3.”

Tiara RuBRA. Tiara testd minutd, longitudinaliter costatd, trans
versim minutissimé striatd, rubrd albo fasciatd; canali subreflexo
columella quadriplicatd : long. +z, lat. 4 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam.

Found on Meleagrina margaritifera,

- On the paper, “ Type 1, 2.”

.
%
il

.
;

,
At

197

Trara semrpiicata. Tiara testd ovato-fusiformi, glabrd, longitu-
dinaliter plicatd, basi transversim striatd, castaned, anfractibus
spire basi albo fasciatd, anfractu basali sem submedid alba
cincto ; columelld quadriplicatd : long. 44, lat. +35 poll.

Hab..ad Insulam Rieteam.

Found on the reefs.

The basal whorl is only plaited on a comparatively small portion

of its circumference, but this is evidently the result of malformation
in the only specimen submitted to me.

Trara atrenvata. Tiara‘testd fusiformi, attenuatd, fuscd, lineis
valde elevatis distantibus cinctd ; columelld triplicatd ; aperturd
albidd, glabrd : long. 14, lat. 3 3 poll. Bw . 1466-44(4
Hab. ad Insulam Caiiam Americ Centralis.
Found ona rocky bottom at the depth of twenty-eight fathoms.
Approaching Tiara lineata, but differing from it. The basal whorl
of Tiara attenuata is longer in proportion than that of Tiara lineata,
and the elevated line on the angular shoulder of each whorl in the
former is larger than the others.
On the paper, ‘‘ Type 5, 1.’

Genus ConoeEtix, Swains.

Conoetix Vireo. Con. testd conicd, crussd, spird depressd, lineis
transversis subpunctatis insculptd, albidd, columelle basi nigro-
purpured ; epidermide subfuscd, tenuissimd : long. +8,, lat. 1% poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Rieteam.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

On the paper, ‘“‘ representing Conus Virgo.”—W. J.B.

The following observations by Mr. Swainson elucidate his notes
in relation to'the Mitres, appended to most of the preceding cha-
racters :-—

“To render my explanation of the notes and references attached to

_ the different species of the Mitrane more intelligible to conchologists,

it will be necessary for me to state, in as few words as possible, the
result of my investigation of this subfamily, and the principles
which have regulated these numerical indications.

“* T have already, in another work, characterized the family Volu-
tide, which appears to be that primary division of the Carnivorous
Gasteropoda (Zoophaga, Lam.), which represents the Rasorial type
among Birds, the Ungulata among Quadrupeds, and the Thysanura
among perfect Insects (Ptilota): these analogies being of course
remote, although founded on the structure of the animal, no less
than on its testaceous covering. It thus follows that the Lamarck-
ian Mitre, instead of a genus, constitute a subfamily, which
appears to be the subtypical group of the circle. ‘The five genera
composing this circle I have long ago characterized; and here, for
some years, my analysis of the group terminated. The inspection,
however, of the numerous species brought home by Mr. Cuming,

_ and the gradually augmented number in my own cabinet, seemed to

198

invite a still further and more minute investigation, for the purpose
of ascertaining if any, and what, subgenera were contained in the
more crowded groups of Mitra and Tiara. This investigation was
carried on, at intervals, for nearly twelve months; and the result sur-
passed my most sanguine expectations. It has convinced me that not
only does each of the genera of the Mitrane represent analogically
the corresponding groups of the Volutine, but that the same rela-
tions can be demonstrated between the minor divisions of the genera
Tiara and those of Mitra: in other words, that these latter represent
all the subfamilies and genera of the other Volutide, while they pre-
serve their own peculiar or generic character. What I have just
said on the parallel relations of analogy between the Mitrane and
the Volutide, is strictly applicable, in fact, to the genera Mitra and
Tiara, the primary divisions of each of which can thus be demon-
strated subgenera. Nor is this all: the materials I have been for so
many years collecting have enabled me to ascertain, in very many
instances, that the variation of the species, in each of these sub-
genera, is regulated on precisely the same principle. Hence it fol-
lows that the two circles of Mitra and Tiara, like the two divisions
of Mr. MacLeay’s Petalocera, contain species representing each
other, so that if their generic character is not attended to, it is
almost impossible to discriminate them even as species. Many in-
stances of this extraordinary analogy might be mentioned, indepen-
dent of that here alluded to, between Mitra Terebralis and Tiara
Terebralis.

“ Selecting this shell to illustrate the numbers ‘‘ Type 4,4”, I
may observe, that ‘Type 4’ signifies that it belongs to the fourth
subgenus of Tiara, in which group it is the fourth subtype, uniting
to Mitra maura, which is the fourth subtype of the first or typical
subgenus. Mitra maura, again, as representing this latter shell,
consequently becomes the fourth subtype of the first or typical sub-
genus, and is therefore marked “ Type 1,4.” The first figure always
denotes the subgenus, and the last the station which the species ap-
pears to hold in its own subgenus.

«I am unacquainted with any group in the animal kingdom
which demonstrates more fully than this does the law of represen-
tation. It may be mentioned, also, that nearly all the divisions I
had long ago-characterized, from the formation of the shells alone,
have more recently been confirmed by a knowledge of their respec-
tive animals: a knowledge for which we are entirely indebted to
the able naturalists who accompanied the French expedition on
board the Astrolabe.”—W. S.

Specimens were exhibited of several hitherto undescribed Cowries,
most of which have been brought to England within the last few
years. They were accompanied by the following characters and de-
scriptions by J. S. Gaskoin, Esq.

Genus Cyprza.

_ Cypraa rormosa. Cypr. testd ovato-globulosd, tenui, sericeo-sub-

: 199

nitente, pallide rosed, subnebulosd, antice saturatiore, basi albidd ;
costis numerosis, confertis, continuis, ad basin non interruptis ;
margine subincrassatd ; aperturd latiusculd ; lined dorsali nulld.

Shell ovato-globose, posterior end rather obtuse and broad, of a
delicate rose (almost white) colour, somewhat clouded with very light
reddish brown, which is deeper over the anterior extremity. Base
white, somewhat even. Aperture rather wide: teeth of the lip about
twenty-one, almost every alternate mb (about fifteen in number)
terminating between the denticulations just before arriving at the
edge of the lip; teeth of the columella about twenty-five, and about
seven terminate exterior to the aperture: columellar front grooved
along its entire length, inner edge of the groove slightly serrated,
forming a circular projection towards the anterior extremity, where
it is deepest and widest. Ribs slightly prominent, numerous, close,
extremely even and regular, extending continuously from the lip to
the inner border of the columellar groove, very few terminating on
the sides of the shell: false ribs few, and extending but little towards
the back. Anterior beaks rather wide apart, slightly produced :
beaks of the lip longer than those of the columella. Spire only trace-
able in the adult, and in the younger state forming a fine small point
or apex. Margin only on the lip side, and slightly thickened. No
dorsal line.

Length °425 of an inch; breadth -350; height -325.

The younger specimens of this beautiful shell are of a fine clear,
semipellucid, rose (almost white) colour, with the light reddish brown
markings at the anterior and outer extremity of the shell, and at the
point of the posterior beak of the lip, more conspicuous than in the
adult, while the cloudings are less observable.

Habitat. Cape of Good Hope.

From Cypr. Europea it is distinguished by the following charac-
ters: greater convexity of the curvature of the inner edge of the colu-
mellar groove; ribs and teeth much more numerous and even, and
on the lip almost every alternate rib terminates before arriving at its
edge ; shape more gibbous and obtuse posteriorly; mouth wider;
spire scarcely visible in the adult, and forming a beautifully minute

_ point in the younger individuals ; texture and colour of the shell in-
finitely more delicate.

Cab. Gaskoin.

Cyprza ruBINIcOLOR. Cypr. testd ovato-subglobosd, utrinque sub-
rostratd, rubella, extremitatibus pulchré roseo-rubris ; labro in-
crassato, convexo ; costis acutis, continuis, indivisis ; lined dorsali
nulla.

Shell ovato-globose, of a light red or pinkish colour; the four beaks,
particularly on the base, of a much deeper red. Base roundish.
Aperture and margins lighter coloured. Margins thickened, some-
what produced, in short, rather broad beaks. Aperture rather narrow,
and inner edge of the lip nearly circular. Columella somewhat ven-
tricose towards the middle, concave towards the anterior end: teeth
_ numerous and even; on the lip about twenty, proceeding across the
_ back, forming ribs, and continuing over the columella, pass through

;
3

200

the frontal groove, converging towards the middle, and terminating
at its inner border in a very slightly curved serrated edge ;. one or
two ribs terminate near the middle of the back. False ribs few, and
terminating in teeth only between the beaks. No dorsal line.

Length *475 of an inch; breadth *400; height °250.

Habitat.

Its distinctive characters from Cypr. sanguinea are: teeth much
more numerous and even; no ribs terminate on the lip, rarely more
than one or two on the side of the back, and they are of the colour of
the shell; colour much lighter, and the beaks on the base deepest-

coloured.
Cab. Gaskoin.

Cypr#a propucta. Cypr. tesid ovato-subglobosd, basi planulatd,
transversim costatd, albidd ; marginibus crassiusculis, ad extremi-
tates subdepressis ; aperturd angustiore, labri margine subrectd,
columelle flecuosd, acutanguld ; lined dorsali nulld.

Shell ovato-subglobose, of a uniform dull white colour. Aperture
rather narrow: teeth prominent and even, about twenty-six on the lip,
and twenty-three on the columella; between the beaks there are about
five or six rather strongly marked denticulations. The columellar edge
of the aperture forms a sharp line, within which is a broad and rather
deep groove, extending the length of the mouth, deeper at each end ;
the ribs, extending through it, form on its inner border a denticulated
line, and they are more acutely prominent within the aperture than
on the outside of the shell. Ribs prominent, smooth, (interstices
uneyen,) many terminating on the side of the shell at various di-
stances from the middle of the back, those continuing to the middle
about fifteen, a few only of which are continuous down the opposite
side, the rest terminating in the centre of the dorsum between each
other, but not in obtuse or thickened ends : false ribs about six pos-
teriorly and eight anteriorly, and, like those in the Cypr. sanguinea,
extending high up towards the back. Extremities much produced,
somewhat flattened. Margins thick. Noimpressed dorsal line. An-
terior beaks wider apart than the width of the aperture, and within
each of these beaks is a slight impression or groove.

Length °500 of an inch; breadth °375; height -300.

Habitat.

It is thus distinguishable from Cypr. scabriuscula: it has no dorsal
line ; ribs much larger andprominent ; has wide margins ; a broad and
flattened base ; a slight groove within the anterior beaks; extremi-
ties much produced and flattened, &c.

Cab. Gaskoin.

I am indebted for the very appropriate appellation of this species
to my friend Mr. Gray.

Cyprma canpipuLa. Cypr. testd ovato-globulosd, latere columel-
lari subventricoso, nived ; extremitatibus columellaribus subcom-
_ pressis ; margine subincrassatd ; aperturd subangustatd, postice
recurvd ; labri dentibus numerosis confertis ; costis ex aperturd
divergentibus ; lined dorsali nulld.

201

- Shell ovato-globose, the columellar side rather ventricose, entirely
of a snow-white colour. Base somewhat flat. Aperture rather narrow,
curved posteriorly. Columellar groove extending from one end of
the shell to the other, rather broad, most so at the anterior extremity,
not deep. Teeth even, somewhat numerous, small on the edge of
the lip, on which there are about twenty-two; on the columella about
thirteen, which converge towards the centre. Ribs rather prominent ;
some few terminate on either side of the shell, the rest pass continu-
ously across it from the edge of the lip, and terminate in minute den-
ticulations at the inner border of the frontal groove: false ribs a
few. Anterior and posterior beaks of the columella divergent, and
slightly projecting : extremities produced, and obtuse: marked den-
ticulations between the anterior beaks. Spire scarcely visible, or
forming a small blunt protuberance. No impressed dorsal line.
Margin on the lip only and rather thick.

Length -312 of an inch; breadth -250; height -212.

Habitgt. Mexico.

Distinguishable from Cypr. scabriuscula by the shell being much
wider and shorter ; aperture more curved ; teeth and ribs much fewer ;
the extremities more obtusely produced, thicker and wider; colu-
mellar beaks more divergent and prominent ; body of the shell more
ventricose ; anterior part of the columellar groove not so broad; no
impression of a dorsal line.

Cab. Gaskoin.

The propriety of regarding this as a distinct species is confirmed
from the coincidence of three persons having done so, without any
communication or knowledge of each other, in three distant capitals,
viz., Dr. Beck of Copenhagen, by the name of Cypr. approximans ;
M. Duclos at Paris, by that of Cypr. olorina ; and myself in London,
under the appellation of Cypr. candidula: and as I believe I am the
first to describe it, it is perhaps right that I should retain, and apply
to it, my own designation.

Cyprm®a acutTipentata. Cypr. testd candidd, ovato-globulosd,
utrinque subproductd ; labro incrassato ; costis acutis prominenti-
bus, dorsum versus partim interruptis, opacis, interstitiis inequa-—

. libus nitidulis ; columelld convexiusculd, absque plicd.

; Shell ovato-globular, white ; extremities slightly produced. Aper-
_ ture narrow, somewhat ventricose at the middle of the columella,
: and a little concave at the anterior end. Teeth numerous, about
_ seventeen, thin, sharp, and prominent, continued to form the ribs,
j several of which terminate (especially at the outer part of the shell)
_ before arriving at the summit of the back, and the teeth are conse-

quently more numerous on the lip than on the columella; a deep
_ depression at each end of the columellar side of the aperture caused
__ by the abrupt termination of the columella, it not extending to the
_ extreme ends of the aperture. Ribs rather thick, not crowded,
_ prominent, the interstices between them somewhat shining ; observed
by a magnifier the ribs appear uneven ; false ribs at both extremities,
a few only forming teeth. No complete dorsal line, but a faint de-

202

pression. No depression or groove in front of the columella. Colu-
mellar side more gibbous than the outer, and the ribs continue. en-
tirely round it, converging towards the centre.

Length °300 of an inch; breadth -200; height -175.

Habitat. Isle of Muerte, Bay of Guayaquil.

Nearest in shape to Cypr. exigua, and in the manner of the ribs
terminating on the back; but it is of a dull white colour, destitute of
markings, and has no groove or depression in front of the columella,
which distinguishes it from all other species of this form of Cypree.

Cab. Cuming.

I had the misfortune to break the only specimen that I have seen
of this shell shortly after I had described it, but having submitted —
the description to the critical examination, with the shell, of Dr.
Beck and Mr. Sowerby at the same time, I conclude this description
may be received, although I have no specimen to show to the So-
ciety.

Cypr#“a Pepicutus, var. labiosa. Cypr. testd ovali, latd, extremi-
tatibus rotundatis ; costis prominentioribus, nullis supra labium
externum terminantibus ; marginibus latioribus, crassioribus ; lined
dorsali profundiore, fuscd ; basi marginibusque cinerascenti-gri-
seis ; dentibus albis.

Shell oval, of a reddish brown on the back, running into a blueish
brown on the sides; six rather large dark brown spots on the back,
three on each side the dorsal line, placed opposite to each other at
the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the back; base of a grey-
ish brown colour, rounded and broad. Aperture rather wide, white
within; teeth about twenty on the lip, white, prominent, even and
distant, and all continuing evenly over the lip forming the ribs,
several of which terminate on the side of the shell, the others (about
twelve) at the dorsal line, in elevated and broad or thickened ends ;
on the columella there are about fifteen teeth, a few of which, con-
tinuing to form the ribs, terminate on the side of the shell, the rest
at the dorsal depression, in a similar form to those on the opposite
side; there are about two floating ribs, false ribs at each end. Colu-
mellar groove very shallow posteriorly, rather deeper and wider an-
teriorly; the teeth passing, slightly prominent, across it form a ser-
rated edge at its inner border. Margins much thickened and pro-
duced, terminating in a coronated ridge all round the shell, scarcely
more prominent at the extremities than on the outer or lip side.
Extremities round. Dorsal line rather broad, deep, shining, and of
a darker brown colour than the back.

Length *525 of an inch; breadth -410; height °320.

Habitat.

Differs from Cypr. Pediculus in being broader and shorter, and
rounder at the extremities; in the colour and shape of the base;
in having much more prominent ribs, and none terminating on the
lip; margins infinitely thicker and broader ; teeth white ; dorsal line
more impressed, &c.

Cab. Gaskoin.

203

_ This shell having some characters in common with Cypr. Pe-
diculus, and as I have seen only this one specimen, I have felt it
difficult to separate it entirely from that species; and on the other
hand it has characters so different, that I scarcely know how to
make it a member of that tribe: I have, however, placed it as Varietas
labiosa ; and should other specimens be found, I think it may be pro-
perly severed from its present associates, and retain that distinctive
appellation.

Cyprma vesicuLanis. Cypr. testd inflatd, subglobulosd, subtrigond,
rubelld ; costis transversis, approximatis, levibus, concoloribus
supra columellam continuis ; aperturd ampld ; labro intis albido,
dentato.

Shell ovato-subglobose, inflated; semipellucid, of a faint rose,
or flesh colour, Aperture very broad, a little longer than the spire.
Posterior part of the columella rather ventricose : the anterior forming
a broadish groove, the inner border of which is most prominent at
its middle, and the ribs passing through it terminate, at its posterior
part, in a serrated edge, the anterior part being even and forming a
smooth notch. Lip of a lighter colour than the rest of the shell,
straight at its base, longer than the body of the shell, forming a very
slight notch as it joins the columellar side at the posterior extremity,
and anteriorly a broader and deeper one between the beaks. Beaks
very slightly produced, and the anterior ones a little divergent.
Teeth numerousand even, about twenty on the lip, and about twenty-
three on the columella. Ribs even, close, numerous, not prominent,
extending transversely across the shell in parallel lines, and passing
entirely round the columella to its inner margin; about eight of the
ribs terminate on the lip, and consequently form no denticulations,
and almost alternately between the teeth from the anterior extremity,
some few terminate on the outer part of the columella. Ribs very
faintly marked on the back. No dorsal line. Margin a little thick-
ened. Spire visible, depressed.

Length of the columella °475 of an inch ; of the lip 525; breadth
*450; height °350.

Habitat. Cape of Good Hope.

From Cypr. aperta it differs by the anterior columellar beak being
divergent; posterior end of the shell blunter and broader; ribs
infinitely more numerous and even, and extending entirely over the

columella to its inner edge within the aperture.

Cab. Gaskoin.

Cyprza Becki. Cypr. testd ovato-oblongd, utringue productd,
subrostratd, subumbilicatd, superne pallide fulvd, punctis subo-
cellaribus helvolis sparsis; margine supra subcrenatd, basique
albis ; labri dentibus crassiusculis, posterits lineold helvold notatis,
columelle gracilioribus, in culmen rectilineum terminantibus, medio
obsoletioribus ; sulco columellari profundo, recto, levi, anterits

_ et inferne denticulato.

~ Shell oveto-oblong, of a light fawn colour, dotted distantly with
minute slightly ocellated reddish brown puncta, which are larger

204

near the margins, especially the columellar, mixed with a few ex-
ceedingly faint minute spots lighter coloured than the ground. ‘Base
nearly white, rather flat. Aperture narrow: columella somewhat
gibbous at the middle part: teeth, like the base, nearly white,
even, not minute, extending half across the lip, on which there are
about nineteen, coloured at their edges of a reddish brown colour,
forming short lines; teeth of the columella about eighteen, forming
an angular, slightly elevated, serrated, longitudinal ridge, more
prominent at the anterior extremity; at the two extremities the
teeth extend a little outwards, and are there marked, as on the lip,
by reddish brown little lines. At the anterior portion of the front
of the columella is a deep elongated groove, terminating outwardly
in a deep notch, between the end of the ridge and the beak, with
three or four denticulations at its inner border, not extending through
it from the ridge. Extremities produced; the beaks divergent; the
outer anterior and posterior beaks larger and a little longer than
the inner. Internal colour the same as that of the base. Spire a
little prominent, with a depression around it superiorly and late-
rally. Dorsal line almost obsolete.

The young has no markings on the teeth.

Length *450 of an inch; breadth -250; height *175.

Habitat. .

Distinguished from Cypr. Cumingii by the brown lines or markings
on the lips; teeth infinitely less numerous, and larger; dark brown
ocellated dots on the back; a;erture straighter and wider; shell
more elongated and less gibbous; groove nearly around the spire;
posterior channel more produced; beaks more equal; lip round;
outer edge of the margin crenulated, &c.

Cab. Cuming.

Doctor H. Beck, the learned naturalist of Copenhagen, being at
this time in our capital, I have taken advantage of the circumstance
to date its period, by placing his name, now, to this new species of
Cyprea.—J. 8S. G.

There was read an “Extrait du Quatriéme Rapport Annuel sur
les Travaux de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Ile Maurice : par
M. Julien Desjardins.”

The communications relative to the Mammalia read before the Na-
tural History Society of the Mauritius in the fourth year of its ex-
istence have comprised an account by the secretary, M. Julien
Desjardins, of a Whale which he regards as the Physeter macroce-
phalus, Linn., that was cast ashore on an adjoining reef: and some
observations by the same author on several of the Mammalia of the
island, and particularly on the hybernation of the Tenrec, Centenes
spinosus, Ill. ; the lethargy of which animal takes place when the
thermometer is not lower than 20° Cent., and even when it marks 26°.

In ornithology M. Desjardins has also been the only contributor.
He has described, as new, two Birds belonging to the island, and has
proposed for them the names of Charadrius Nesoyallicus and Seolo-

pax elegans.

‘

205

M. Liénard, the elder, has, in the course of the year, described
many Fishes, including a new species of Plectropoma, allied to the

- Plectr. melanoleuca, Cuv. & Val., which is of a uniform brown co-

lour, with all its fins of a still deeper brown, except the pectoral
which are orange; on this latter character his specific name is
founded : a Holacanthus, La Cép., from Batavia, remarkable on ac-
count of the numerous sinuous silvery lines which occupy principally
the middle of the body; and having also on its face two yellow and
two black bands, one of which is ocular: a Cheilinus, Cuv.: an
Echeneis, Linn., furnished, on its suctorial disc, with twenty-five
pairs of plates: and a Murena, Thunb., the body of which is of an
ebony black, and the dorsal fin yellow; the trivial name being in-
dicative of the latter peculiarity. He has also given some account of
a collection of Fishes obtained from the western coast of Madagas-
car, and comprising thirteen species, several of which he regards as

_new. M. Desjardins has described as the blue-faced Tetrodon, a species

remarkable for two large blue spots on each side of its face, and
having the fin rays as follows; D. 15. A.12. P.14. C. 14.; it in-
habits the seas adjacent to the Isle of France.

In entomology the only communication made to the Mauritius
Society was by M. Goudot, and related to the Insect described by
Mr. Bennett at the Meeting of the Zoological Society on January 22,
1833, (Proceedings, Part i., p. 12,) under the name of Aphrophora
Goudoti: The communication made to the Zoological Society, of
which @ full abstract is given at the page quoted, was apparently
identical with that read before. the Mauritius Society.

The remaining zoological communication related to the Intestinal
Worms, and was made by the Secretary. It gave some account of
the Distoma hepaticum, Cuv., as found in the stomach of a cow; and
of the Cysticercus Cellulose, Brems., existing in innumerable quan-
tities over almost the whole of the head, trunk, and extremities of
a sow.

An “‘ Extrait du Cinquiéme Rapport Annuel” of the same Society,

by M. Julien Desjardins, Corr. Memb. Z. S., was also read.

In the year of which the present Report gives an account, M.

‘Desjardins has communicated to the Natural History Society of the

Mauritius, a list of several species of Birds that are occasional visi-
tors of that island; and has also referred particularly to the Coturnir
Sinensis, Cuv., and the Nectarinia Borbonica, Ill., as stationary in
the Mauritius. :

- M. E. Liénard has brought from the Seychelles a species of Gecko

of considerable size; which he has described in:a communication

made to the Society: and M. E. Liénard has placed on record the
existence in the adjacent seas of the Sphargis coriaceus, Merr.
_ M. Liénard, the elder, has again made numerous contributions to

' ichthyology. He has given a detailed description of the Squalus
_ Vulpes, Linn.: has described as new a Trichiurus, Linn., which he

had formerly regarded as the Trich. lepturus, Ej., but which has the
_ eye much larger, more numerous sfri¢ on the suboperculum, and afew

206

more rays in the dorsal fin: and has also described two species of
of Crenilabrus, Cuv., which he regards as new; one of them has
three longitudinal rose-coloured bands on the white ground of the
body, others on the dorsal fin, a large blood-red spot on the ventral
fins, and D. 12410. A. 3411; the other is banded like the pre-
ceding, but is deeply rose-coloured on the back and pale yellow be-
low, has a black circle surrounding the base of the pectoral fin, a
large red spot above the anus, the dorsal and caudal fins red, the anal
and ventrals yellow, the pectorals rose-coloured, and D. 12+9.
A.3+11. He has also given a description of a Murena, Thunb.,
of a very pale olive yellow towards the front and brown towards the
tail, and marked on the back by white ocellated spots bordered with
brown.

In the same department M.E. Liénard has contributed descrip-
tions, from recent specimens, of several Serrani described by Cuvier
and M.Valenciennes in their ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons’; and
has also given a description of a Blennius, Linn., destitute of appen-
dages on the head. ‘These fishes were observed in a voyage to the
Seychelle Islands, whence M. E. Liénard brought back with him to
the Mauritius a Chetodon of very varied colours, which M. A. Liénard
subsequently described under the name of Chetodon diversicolor.
M. Desjardins has stated, in a note, that the Mango fish, Polynemus
longifilis, Cuv. & Val., is not found, as had been announced, in the
Isle of France. And he adds that he has prepared an alphabetical
index to the nine volumes of the ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons’
that had then reached the Mauritius. M.Magon has presented to
the Museum of the Society a fragment of a ship’s coppered keel
pierced by the point of the upper jaw of a Histiophorus, Cuv., which
still remains infixed in it.

M. Desjardins has contributed the only notices relative to the Mol-
lusca, which have consisted of short descriptions of three species be-
longing to the island: an Octopus, Oct. arenarius, Desj., found in
the shell of a Dolium; a Pupa, of ared and yellow colour; anda
small species of Helicina. He has also ascertained the existence at
the Mauritius of the Tornatella flammea, Auct.

To the same active member the Mauritius Natural History Society
is indebted for the only entomological communication made to it in
the fifth year of its existence: it is a detailed description of a large
species of Julus brought from the Seychelles, and characterized as
the [ulus Seychellarum, Des}.

Specimens were exhibited of various Fishes, forming part of a col-
lection from Mauritius, presented to the Society by M. Julien Des-
jardins, and forwarded by him at the same time with the ‘‘ Rapports
de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Ile Maurice.” These were
severally brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Bennett,
who called particular attention to the following, which he regarded
as hitherto undescribed.

Arocon Tznroprerus. Ap. altiusculus ; fronte latiore: pinnd
dorsali priore maculd elongatd obliqud inter singulos radios,

207

secundd analique vittd prope basin, ventralibus maculis elongatis
inter radios exteriores, caudalisque marginibus, nigris.

D.7,14+9, A. 2+8.

Acantuurus Dessarpinit. Ac. pinnis altissimis: capite pecto-
reque ceruleo? punctatissimis ; corpore reliquo lineis plurimis (ce-
ruleis ? flavis ?) inter se sepissimé fascias nigras includentibus,
in pinnas verticales excurrentibus, ibique ad formam pinne ro-
tundatis ; pinnis anali dorsalique anticé ad basin guttulatis ; cau-
dali pallideé per series irregulares punctatd.

D. 3429. A. 3423.

Dentes maxille superioris serrati, elongato-trigoni, ad apicem sub-

rotundati; inferioris crenati, serra intermedia elongata.

The peculiarities of the colouring of this Fish, Mr. Bennett stated,
induced him to regard it as distinct from those figured under the
name of Ac. velifer by Bloch and by Dr. Riippell; which also he
considered, on a comparison of the figures published by those au-
thors, to be specifically different from each other, and distinguishable
by the subjoined characters.

Acantuurus Rurresit. Ac. pinnis altissimis : capite pectoreque
albido punctulatissimis ; corpore reliquo inferne flavo guttato, su-
perne flavo transversim lineato lineis inter se s@pissime fascias
abbreviatas nigras includentibus ; pinnis dorsali analique lineis in-
curvis plurimis illdque antic guttis sparsis flavis notatis ; caudali
punctulis albidis per series verticalibus dispositis.

“DPD. 3429. A. 2423.”

Acanthurus velifer, Ripp., Zool. Atlas zu Nord-Afrik. Reise,
= tab. xv. f..2.
. Hab. “in Mari Rubro.”

Acantuurus Brocutt. Ac. pinnis altissimis : capite flavo punctato ;
corpore toto lineis albescentibus fascias saturatiores inter se se-
pissime includentibus transversim notato, lineis in pinnas verticales
excurrentibus ibique per series incurvas guttarum cerulearum dis-
positis ; pinnd caudali fasciatd seriatimque punctulatd.

«D. 3428. A. 2421.”

Acanthurus velifer, Bloch, Ichth., tab. 427. f. 1.

Dentes maxillz superioris serrati, acuté elongato-trigoni.

Hab. “‘ apud Tranquebariam.”

‘Lasrvs sprtonotus. Labr. pinnd caudali sublunatd: maculd in
initio pinne dorsalis alterdque ad ejus finem mazimd, laterali,
caudam superne circumdante ; pinnis dorsali analique ad basin
squamis corpori conformibus vittatim vestitis.

D. 12410. A. 3412.

Labro rubro-lineato, Comm., ut videtur, maximé affinis, et forsan
idem. Dentes antici validi in utraque maxill4 quatuor: superioris
_ Subzequales, distantes ; inferioris duo intermedii minores subapproxi-
‘Iati, inter intermedios maxille superioris (ore clauso) recepti, late-
Talis utrinque major ante lateralem maxille superioris (ore clauso)
Tecepto.

208

ANAMPSES LINEOLATUS. An. capite corporeque crassis, illo antice
subrotundato, hoc ceruleo? lineolato ; fascid linedque inter oculos
notatus ; pinnis dorsali analique ceruleo ? marginatis, hdc insuper
in medio vittatd.

D.9+12. A. 3412.

Ab An. ceruleo-punctato, Rupp., differt corpore et presertim
capite crassioribus, hoc anticé os versus minus producto; necnon
pictura, presertim vitta pinne analis. In An. ceruleo-punctato
squame singule punctum, in An. lineolato lineolam corpori trans-
versam gerunt. In hoc caput, nisi ad frontem labiaque, vix notatum ;
pinnaque caudalis, ut videtur, equé haud notata.

= ie

Be
<
a

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed
in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting
which novel information is given, in Italics: those of Species respecting
which Anatomical Observations are made, in Carizats.

é Page.
Acanthonyzx Petiverii, Edw. .... 173
Acanthurus Blochii, Benz....... 207

Desjardinii, Benn... 207
. Kingii, Benn. ..... . 119
.. Ruppellii, Benn. ... 207

Actinia sanguineo-punctata,
Temp. .....000 111
ZEgitalus flammiceps, Burt. ... 153
Agriopus unicolor, Burt. ...... 116
_ Alca impennis, Linn. ...........- 79
_ Alcedo Ispida, Linn. ............. 90

. rudis, Linn. .........44. 62
Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe......... 93

Alosa immaculata, Benn. ...... 92
Ammocetes branchialis, Flem...# 82
Anampses lineolatus, Benn. .. 208
Anarrhichas. Lupus, Linn. ...... 80
Bincistrosoma, n.g., Curt....... 18
Klugii, Curt. ... 18

cmalos, n. g., Temp. ...0.- mete!

...... luteus, Temp....... 111

Anodontyra, n. g., Westw....... 71

. tricolor, Westw.... 71

Anthopora,, Bs Fig OG sai 250 85

... .cucullata, il 86

; elegans, Gray bomaca 86
_ AnTHROPOIDES PARADISRUS,

j Bechst...... veee 132

_ Anthus pratensis, Bechst. ...... 90

Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel. ...... 3

Apogon teniopterus, Benn. ... 206
AprenopytEs Paracuonica,

oh BGrsts oi ....6e. 132

Apteryx Australis, Shaw. ...... 61

Ar Ne Bey Gray. ececveeeese 58

Page
Ardea Caboga, Penn............. 62
Argonauta Argo, Linn. ......... 125
Arvicola Indica, Gray. ......... 108
Aspidophorus Europaus, Cuv.. 80
Athalia Centifolia, Leach....... 183
Atherina Presbyter, Cuv. ...... 80

Aulacorhynchus Derbianus,
Gould. ...... 49

hematopygus,
Gould....... 49
prasinus,
Gould. ...... 49
sulcatus,
Gould. ..... . 49
Balena Physalus, Linn.......... 119
Blennius Pholis, Linn. ......... 80

Bombinator Australis, Gray..... 57
Brachypus gularis, Gould......
Buccinum catenatum, Pow. ... 94
Cumingii, Pow....... 94
‘modestum, Pow. ... 94
succinctum, Pow.... 95

Bufovulgaris, Linn. ... ........ 54
Callionymus Dracunculus, Linn. 81
Campylonyx, n. g., Westw....... 52
mpuliciformis,

Westw....... 52

Cancer dentatus, Bell............ 87
Edwardsii, Beil.......... 87
irroratus, Say.........60. 87
longipes, Bell......... oca GE
Pagurus, Auct. ........ - 88

Canis familiaris, Linn. ......... 188

Caryophyllia Smithii, Brod. ...4,113
Cavia Cutleri, King. ............ 191

INDEX,

210
PH Page. Page
Cecidoses, ni. g., Curt.rccccrerer 19 | Cytherea concinna, Sow. ...... 23
Eremita, Curt. ...... 19 Dione, varr., Brod.... 45
Centenes spinosus, Ill........+.4+ 204 inconspicua, Sow...... 47
Cephaloptera sp., Dum.......... 78 lubrica, Brod. ......... 44
CERCOLEPTES CAUDIVOLVULUS, modesta, Sow. ....e++++ 47
ee ere eee 119 pallescens, Sow. ...... 47
Chztodon diversicolor, Z. Lién. 206 pannosa, S02. ....+.+0+ 47
Chalcitella, n. g., Westw. ...... 70 pectinata, var., Sow... 47

Evanioides, Westw. 70
Charadrius Nesogallicus, Des}... 204
Cinclosoma erythrocephalum,

Wien cesstesse ae
ocellatum, Vig...... 48
variegatum, Vig.... 48

Cinnyris Mahrattensis, Cuv.... 62
Citillus xanthoprymna, Benn... 90
Coccyzus Americanus, Bon. .., 84
Colobus ferruginosus, Geoff. .... 99
fuliginosus, Og.......... 97,99
Guereza, Riipp.......... 99
polycomos, Schreb. ... 98
Temminckii, Kuhl. ... 99

ursinus, Og. .....0++ sys
Colymbus Arcticus, Linn. ...... 90
Conoelix Virgo, Swains.......++. 197
Coracias Indica, Linn. ........+ 62
Coregonus Pollan, Thomps. ... 77
Cottus Bubalis, Euphy. ......... 80
Scorpius, Linn. ......... 80
Coturnix Sinensis, Cuv. ......00. 205

Crenilabrus Cornubiensis, Yarr. 81

franatus, Benn. ... 91

Wiss FACR. secasiaene 206

Crocodilusleptorhynchus, Benn. 128
CrocopILUs LEPTORHYNCHUS,

Benwiiges ae cees 128

Ctenomys Magellanicus, Benn. 190

Curruca Atricapilla, Bechst.... | 90

cinerea, Bechst. ...... 90
Cursorius Asiaticus, Lath. ...... 62
Cygnus atratus, Mey.........+..- 107
Cyprza acutidentata, Gask. ... 201

Beckii, Gask............ 203

candidula, Gask. ...... 200
formosa, Gash. ........+ 198
Pediculus, var. labiosa,
RGTSRS sce sscess 202
producta, Gask......... 200
rubinicolor, Gask....... 199
subviridis, Reeve. ...... 68
vesicularis, Gash. ...... 2038
Cyprinus auratus, Linn.......... 54
Cysticercus Cellulose, Brems... 205
Cytherea affinis, Brod. ........ 45
alternata, Brod....... 45
argentina, Sow. ....... 46

planulata, var., Sow... , 46

radiata, SOw:. <.ccsces oy ee
squalida, Sow.......++ 23
tortuosa, Brod...... w. 45
unicolor, Sow. .....0... 23
vulnerata, Brod. ...... 46
Dasyurus macrourus, Geoff... 7
Dentex rivulatus, Benn.........+ 91
Diamma, n. g., Westw.......00+ 53
bicolor, Westw. ..... 53
Dirhinus Mauritianus, Westw... 69
Distoma ctavatum, Rud. ...... 72
Distoma hepaticum, Cuv......... 205
Dorylus Orientalis, Westw....... 72
Echeneis, n. s., Lién. ....sesceeee 205
Echinometra, n. g., Gray. ...... 59
Echinus. ...0c0vs-oocenss Sfisncepass 58
atratus, Lam. .....+... 59
esculentus, Linn....... 59

excavatus, Lam. ......
petaliferus, Desm. ... 58
pustulosus, Lam....+«-
ventricosus, Lam...... 59

EMyS Sp. viccocsesadecrsese Sehdeeane
Epialtus dentatus, Edw. ...+++++
marginatus, Bell. ss.

Errina, n. g., Grayeccssreceseeees 85
Eufylaimus Dathousii, Wils....
Eurypodius Latreillii, Guér....
Falco Lanarius, Linn... .s..s0++
rufipes, Bechst...0000008 78
Tinnunculus, Lint ....++00
Foenus Australis, Westw...e000. 51

Gallinago media, Ray «-r.000004. 62
Gallus domesticus, Linn.s....00. 54
giganteus, TeMM...00000. 92

Gobius niger? Linn...eccsesessere 80

sordidus, Benn. ....0000. 91

Gypogeranus Capensis, Og...... 104

Gambiensis, Og... 105

Philippensis, Og.. 105

Herbstia Edwardsii, Bell. ...... 170

Herpestes fasciatus, Desm...... 101

Gambianus, Og....... 102

Mongos, Linn......00. 101

vitticollis, Benn... 67,103
Himantopus melanopterus,

Horsf. 62

eeeere

——

INDEX, 211
: Page. Page.
Hipponyx barbata, Sow..:.,...... 5 | Macroteleia, n. g., Westw. ...... 70
Mitrula, Sow......... 5 Cleonymoides,
radiata, Gray......... 5 Westw.......06. 71
subrufa, Sovw.......... 5 | Megaderma Frons, Geoft........ 10]
Histiophorus immaculatus, Meles Taxus, Storv......csceceses 89
: Riipp. 1.00000. 187 | Meria dichroa, Pertyctve.t wee OF
Holacanthus, n. s., Lién......... 205 dimidiata, Spin. .s...000. 54
Hyalonema, n. g., Gray......... 65 Klugii, Westw.......000. 53
Sieboldi, Gray..... 65 Latreillit, Fabr. ......... 54
Hyas Edwardsii, Bell............ 171 Millefolii, St. Farg....... 53
Hyraxz Capensis, Pall............. 13 rufiventris, Klug. ...... 54
Hyrax Carensis, Pall. ......... 14 Spinolz, Westw. ......... 53
Lacchus penicillatus, Geoff....21, 125 | Merula castanea, Gould......... 185
Lanthina exigua, Sow........ we 82 Nestor, Gould .......... 186
Janthocincla, n. g., Gould....... 47 | Metapelma, n. g., Westw. ...... 69
albogularis, spectabilis, Westw. 69
Gould. ......... 187 | Microcesus murinus, Geoff... 125
chrysoptera, Microrhynchus, n. g., Bell...... 88
Gould....... vee 48 depressus, Bell. 88
erythrocephala, gibbosus, Bell. 88
Gould. ......... 48 | Millepora alcicornis, Forsk. ... 86
ocellata, Gould... 48 digitata, Pall. ........ 86
pectoralis, Gould. 186 | Milvus Govinda, Sykes: sees 62
rufogularis,Gould 48 | Mithrax denticulatus, Bell....... 172
squamata, Gould. 485 nodosus, Bell .......... 171
variegata, Gould. 48 pygmeus, Bell......... 172
Lulus Seychellarum, Desj. ...... 206 rostratus, Bell ......... 171
Kerodon Kingii, Benn.....,..... 190 Ursus, Bell '......... w- 171
Labrus maculatus, Bloch. ...... 81 | Mitra Ancillides, Swains. ..,... 193
spilonotus, Benn. ...... 207 chrysostoma, Swains...... 194
variegatus, Gmel. ...... 81 effusa, Swains. ............ 193
Lagotis Cuvieri, Benn...... seeeee 67 fulva, Stoains..........00000 193
pallipes, Benn............ 67 fulvescens, Swains. 193
Larus Argentatoides, Swains. maura, Swains............. 193
@ Riche 83 nebulosa, Swains.......... 193
argentatus, Linn. ...... 83 Swainsonii, Brod.......... 193
canus, Linn. ..........., 90 Terebralis ... .ceceecce 196
Juseus, Linn. ........0... 90 testacea, Swains. ........ 198
ridibundus, Linn. ...... 90 tristis, Swains. ..... HRS 194
: Sabini, Sab. ...... Spee 83 | Monoceros acuminatum, Sow... 50
_ Lepadogaster bimaculatus, - Gitrinum, Sow. 2.0... 51
Flem. ......... 82 costatum, Sow. ..... Bs)
Cornubiensis, crassilabrum, var.,
Plethe siciuary 81 SOW.erecceeseree 49
Leptocephalus Morrisii, Penn.. 82 cymatum, Sow....... 50
septopodia Sagittaria, Leach... 169 globulus, Sow. ...... 50
Lestris pomarhinus, Temm...... 79 imbricatum, —_var.,
ibinia rostrata, Bell............. 169 SOW ieee. 49
Limosa Glottoides, Sykes. ...... 62 lugubre, Sow......... 49
Linevarora Tzntorpes, Cuv... 27 punctulatum, Gray. 49
Lucina rugifera, Reeve. ......... 68 unicarinatum, Sow... 49
Macropus Eugenii, Desm. ..... - 192 | Motacilla melanocephala ...... 90
t fuliginosus, Geoff..... 187 } Mouretia Peruviana, Sow. ....... 6
major, Shaw. ee. 187 reticulata, Sow. ...... 6

212 ‘ INDEX.

Page.

Murena, uv. s., Lién..........205,206
Muslatipes, Benn. ..........0+00 89
Magellanicus, Benn. ...... 191
oleraceus, Benn. .....«+00-+. 108

platythrix, Benn...........+. 108
Mustela Zorilla, Desm. ........ sso
Myorotamus Coypus, Comm.

173,182
Nassa complanata, Pow. ...... 96
concinna, Pow. ............ 95
dentifera, Pow. ......00... 95
exilis,) Pog cmtueel ss 95
feativay (Pot. | scssédseciwcis 95
nodifera, Pow,......sc.sse0e 95
pallida, Pow. ............00 96
scabriuscula, Pow.......... 96
Nectarinia Borbonica, Ill. ...... 205
Nidalia, n. g., Gray ........006 60
Occidentalis, Gray ... 60
Noctua Brodiei, Burt............ 152
MYCLED, SBN oscedesscccess 78
Numida Rendallii,Qg............ 103
Nycticorax Europeus, Steph... 62
Octodon Cumingii, Benn. ...... 189
Octopus arenarius, Desj......... 206
Oidemia fusca, Flem............. 79
Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn... 62
Das Detar, Vitis.» ccscsectessse 79
Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff. ...... 41
Pandora arcuata, Sow............ 93
brevifrons, Sow......... 93
Ceylanica, Sow......... 94
discors, Sow....... nee we 93
radiata; Sow. icdiecsss 94
Paradoxurus Grayi, Benn....... 118
Passer domesticus, Briss......... 106
Patella Extinctorium, Tutt...... 128
Mitrula; Auct. .ecc.... 5
subrufa, Dillw. ......-.. 5
tricornis, Turt. ...... ee 28"

Pawo cristatus, Linn. ............ 54

Pecten aspersus, Sow..........+.+ 110
circularis, Sow. .......6. 110
dentatus, So2w.........00. 109
magnificus, Sow........-. 109
PArvus, SOW.,....seeeee 110
spiriferus, Sow. ......... 110
subnodosus, Sow......... 109
tumidus, Sow..........00. 109
Pevecanus rurescens, Gmel... 9,16
Pelia, n. g., Bells ccccccocceccevene 170
pulchella, BRED eR ves bac 170
Pentacladia, n. ¢., Westw....... 70
alecastl Westw.. 70

Perameles pects. date ‘192

Perieera heptacantha, Bell...... 173

Page.

Pericera ovata, Bell ........00
villosa, Belo cehscdeees :
Phalangista Canina, Og........0
Cookii, Geoff. ....0
PhasianusColchicus, Linn.......
Seemmerringii,Temm.
versicolor, Temm. ...
Pheenicura MacGrigoriz, Burt.
plumbea, Gould ...
Suecica,Jard. XSelb.
Physalia pelagica, Eschsch. ...
Physeter macrocephalus, Linn.
Picumnus innominatus, Burt...
Picus major, Linn. ...-...-cssee0s
Pileopsis Mitrula, Lam..........
subrufus, Lam......0..
Pinna A fra, Sows ocs desicescceses
altaySoms wstscepctwne sereas
lanceolata, Sow.........00.
DIGOTA,; LOM ccnccetnvecess
rugosa, Sou’. ......00 savede
squamifera, Sow. ...... eee
tuberculosa, Sow. .........
Piratesa, n. g., Temp....... sdade
nigro-annulata, Temp.
Pisa aculeata, Bell .......000- idee
spinipes, Bell .....sseseesees
Pirnecus Troctopytes, Geoff.
Pitho, n. g.5 Bell..cccccscacecsones
quinque-dentata, Bell...
sex-dentata, Bell......0.
Plagiocera apicalis, Westw......
Platessa microcephala, Flem...
Plectropoma, n. s., Lién.......0.
Pleuronectes megastoma, Don...
punctatus, Penn...
Pocillopora Andreogyni, Aud...
Podiceps rubricollis, Lath.......

+ Rolynemus longi, Cuv. &

Porites digitata, Ebr, suet onaetslad
scabra, Lam. ....s0.ss0s
subseriata?, Ehr...... <E

Prionopelma, n. g., Westw......

viridis, Westw...

Pteroglossus Humboldtii, Wagl.

Langsdorfiii, Wag.

Nattereri, Gould..

pavoninus, Mus.

Reinwardtii, Wagl.

Pteropus Gambianus, Og. ......
macrocephalus, Og...

Whitei, Benn. .........

Purpura taeniata, Pow. ......+..
Pyrgita cinnamomea, Gould ..

. 173

INDEX.

Page.
eirnons Anglicum, Leach,..,.. 113 | Thoe, n. g., Bell.....cceesee see 170

‘ Querquedula Crecca, Steph.

Ramphastos citreopygus, Gould 156

throrhynchus,

hs Gmel. opis smog ek
osculans, Gould... 156
Ratelus Indicus?, Burt. ....... .. 113
Regulus cristatus, Cuv. ......... 90
Rhodia, n. g., Bell ...........+0. . 169
pyriformis, Bell ....... 170
Rhombus stellosus, Benn. ..... 92
Rhynchea Capensis, Steph. ... 62
Salenia, n. g., Gray .....sccseee 58
Salmo ferox, Jard. te Selb.... 81
lacustris, Samps. ......... 81
Sargus fasciatus, Cuv. and Val. 119

Saurophagus Swainsonii,
eae Gould ........ . 185
Schizaspidia, n. g., Westw....... 69
furcifer, Westw.... 69
Sciurus Gambianus, Og......... . 103
Scolopax elegans, Desj. ......... 204
Sabini, Vig........0-+0+ 82
- Scomber Pelamys, Linn.......... 80
Sericogaster, n. g., Westw....... 71
fasciatus, Westw... 72
Serpula tubularia, ......s..ss000 128
Serranus teniops, Cuy. & Val... 119
Simra Satyrus, Linn....... see. 30
Siphonaria costata, Sow......... ehvG
leviuscula, Sow. ... 7
lineolata, Sow. ...... 6
maura, Sow. .......+. 7
Pica, Sow........0s0 6
radiata, Sow.......... 6
subrugosa, Sow...... 6
Solea vulgaris, Cuv.........s00006 57
Solenodonta » Brandt. ... 105
Sphargis coriaceus, Merr. ...... 205
Stenorhynchus, n. g., Gould ... 186

ruficauda,

Gould ...... 186
Sterna stolida, Linn. ..... BEE AA 84
Strix Javanica, Hoyrsf............ 62
Surnia funerea, Dum...........+. 77
Sylvia Burkii, Burt. ........... . 153
castaneo-coronata, Burt. 152
Trochilus, Lath. ......... 90
Sylviparus, n. g., Burt. ......... 153
modestus, Burt. ... 154
Syngnathus Acus, Linn.......... 183
Ophidion, Linn. ... 82
Typhloides, Benn... 92
Tenia lamelligera, Owen ...... 86
Tetrao Tetrix, Linn. ..........+. 62
Tetrodon, n. s., Desj...... . 205

213
Page.
erosa, Bell ...... 171
Thoracantha flabellata, Westw.. 52
Tiara attenuata, Swains.......... 197
aurantia, Swains. ......... 196
catenata, Swains. ......... 195
crenata, Swains............ 196
foraminata, Swains. ...... 194
lineata, Swains..........0. 195
millecostata, Swains...... 195
mucronata, Swains. ...... 195
multicostata, Swains. ... 195
muricata, Swains. ...0..... 194
nivea, Swains. ....... wees 195
rosea, SWAINS. ....ecceeeee 195
rubra, Swains. .......s.00. 196
semiplicata, Swains....... 197
Terebralis, Swains... 196,198
Tornatella flammea, Auct.,..... 206
Trichina, n. g., Owen...... ope 26
spiralis, Owen......... 26
Trichiurus, n. s., Lién. ......... 205
Trigla Hirundo, Linn.. 79
lineata, Linn. ......... conse
pauciradiata, Benn....... 91
Trigonalys, n. g., Westw......00. 52
melanoleuca,
Westw....... we 9D
Troglodytes niger, Geoff........ 160
Trogon ambiguus, Gould ...... 30
citreolus, Gould...... «. 30
resplendens, Gould ... 29
Turdus Merula, Linn.......0000. 105
musicus, Linn........00.. 90
Tyche, n. g.,:Bell. ccsecceccsscis LEZ
lamellifrons, Bell ...... 173
Upupa minor, Shaw .......00.00. 62
Venus asperrima, Sow. ......... 42
Australis, Sow............ 22°
Californiensis, Brod. ... 43
Chilensis, Sow............ 41
Columbiensis, Sow....... 21
compta, Brod........ sore 48
costellata, Sow............ 42
crenifera, Sow..........+ . 43
Cypria, Sow....... ASSIS 43
discors, Sow..........s0+0. 42
discrepans, Sow. ......... 22
fuscolineata, Sow......... 41
histrionica, Sow. ......... 41
lenticularis, Sow....... .. 42
leucodon, Sow.........0+8) 43
Mactracea, Brod......... 44
multicostata, Sow......... 22
obscura, Brod...... Sesh ace ee
Opaca, SOw.....cccereereee 42

214 INDEX.

Page. Page.

Venus ornatissima, Brod. ...... 44 | Venus undatella, Sow.......:.... 22
Peruviana, Sow. .......4+ 22 variabilis, Sow....... yee 42
pulicaria, Brod. ....+.... 44 | Vermilia triquetra, Lam......... 128
spurca, SOW....-..sseeeees 23 | Xenia Desjardiniana, Temp.... 111
subimbricata, Sow. ...... 21 | Xylophaga globosa, Sow......... 110

tricolor, Sow. ..s.sss0000. 41

Printed by Richard Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

(in, Cm.

PROCEEDINGS

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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of My

LIST
OF

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

page
Brwnetrt, E. T., Esq.

Remarks upon a series of the Indian Antelope (Antilope

renege, reed Srustie tte ss Os SERS 34
On the Brush-tailed Kangaroo (Macropus penicillatus,
oo appre ho Lai deena etadrlben Wit eed iain Abe 41

Bennett, FREDERICK DEBELL, Esq.

Notes on the anatomy of the Spermaceti Whale (Physeter
macrocrphatis, Pam ye. 2 s8 VOM SUINe Te BiQoK IRS 127

Bewnert, G., Esq.

to a large species of Grampus, called the Killer .......... 53

mrerugies of Cuvier - ons seis seas cv on CUO Ige AM Bl 113
eee P| Donation Birds fom Swan 85
_ Breron, Lieut. cnation of Bir rom Swan River ......

4 Bropenir, W. J., Esq.
Description of some new species of Shells belonging to
_ the genera Spondylus, Voluta, Conus, Purpura, and Bulinus, 48

_ Burroy, E., Esq.
Description of a new species of Fe! ° pag pa ita pape E

_ Cuvier, M. F.
ot Memoir on the genera Dipus and Gerbillus

Dvuemorz, Rev. H.
-_ Note respecting a Sea Eagle (Halietus albicilla, Sav.), in

the possession of Lieut.-Col. Mason, of Necton Hall near
Swaffham, Norfolk

Dae arets hace waa 141

Fouten, E., Esq. page
Notice of the rearing of two hybrids from a Barn-door Hen,
having a cross from a Pheasant, and a Pheasant cock...... 84

Garner, R., Esq.
On the anatomy of the Lamellibranchiate Conchiferous
ae ee er oy: eee Re eS 12

Goutp, Mr. J.
Characters of some new species of Birds in the Society’s
CRNA eee Gin oss «pine! n wise eb anc ign a a np ea Ree 5
On a new genus of Birds, Kittacincla ..............405 7
Exhibition of Trogon resplendens and T. pavoninus ...... 12
Characters of some new Birds in the Society’s Collection,
including two new genera, Paradozornis and Actinodura.... 17
Exhibition of Birds from North Africa presented to the
Society by Sir Thomas Reade, with other specimens sent by

M. Temiminck ta Mr..Gould ..... s+. 5. )saoe sapien 59
Characters of two new species of Birds constituting a new

CHGS, APICING. 50 onion on 0 0 alo nla ae Wn, ayn) ain, ls ee oe 73
Characters of a new species of Ortyx from Mexico and two

new species of Zosterops from New South Wales.......... 75
Characters of three new species of the genus Striz...... 140
Characters of some new species of Birds belonging to the

genera Tamatia and Cursorius ....-....00+eeeseeeerees 80

Characters of some new species of Birds from Swan River 85
Exhibition of Birds allied to the European Wren, with
characters of new SpeCi€? .. 2.006. 0. ease +s BM ase ene 88
Characters of new species of Birds from New South Wales 104
Exhibition of the specimens figured in the first part of
Mr. Gould’s work on the ‘Australian Birds,’ with characters
pf fe Mew Species... ps\. ss sb e's pels’: pote eee ta SHES 142

Gray, J. E., Esq.

Memoir on the genus Moschus of Linnus, with descrip-
tions Of two NEW Species \ 2.3/5. see Vs, ee ye 63

Observations upon the tufts of hair observable upon the
posterior legs of the genus Cervus, as a character of that
group, and as a means of subdividing it into natural sections 66

Characters of some new species of Mammalia in the So-
ciety’s Collection, with remarks upon the dentition of the
‘Carnivora, and upon the value of the characters used by M.
Cuvier to separate the plantigrade from the digitigrade Car-

cL Io oe ae ey ee «eee es 5 bts ets tice ten 87
Remark upon the habits of the Cuckoo..............+. 104
On a peculiarity in the structure of the ligament in some

bigalye shellawtiatita <taic-\oUs }-aeu ld reteide Be kiosd ate aia 104

Remarks upon a specimen of Argonauta with an Ocythoé
from the Cape of Good Hope......4,..,.0h sy 4 . wueule ele 121

Green, Capt.
Note describing a specimen of the Barn-door Hen which
had assumed the Cock plumage.................... mRies

Harvey, J. B., Esq.
Note upon the thickening of the lip of Rostellaria pes Peli-
Me NEM GS. 55 eg Cer oak RIS eechis's vk dice bs fees
Letter referring to a collection of marine productions, in-
cluding a specimen of Capros Aper, Lacep., and a new species
of Tubularia (T. gracilis, Harv.), collected on the south coast
of Devonshire, and presented by the writer to the Society . .
Notice of the occurrence of four specimens of Velella lim-
bosa, Lam., on the beach at Teignmouth ................
Exhibition of Fossils from Devonshire, and some species of
Ophiura and Asterias from that coast ..................
Note respecting a specimen of the Electric Ray caught at
PCTS se Ret EAT 0 Sic R a nse Nl es he Leia SE

Hewnine, Lieut., R.N.
Note addressed to Col. Sykes mentioning the capture of

an Albatross by means of a hook ......................

Heron, Sir R., Bart.
Notes on the breeding of Curassows at Stubton ........

Hopesovy, B. H., Esq.
On some Scolopacide of Nipal .............. 0.2.0...
On the lachrymal sinus in Antilope Thar, and Cervus Ari-
paaretas” OE eas PORE, OF AO fo s0ee. 200) 250 BAB Nlbes
Notice of seven species of Vespertilionide observed in the
central résion ‘Ge Nepal 022 $2356 er pe ey Sag, 20 a,
Description of a new species of Cervus (C. Barhaiya, Hodg.)

Mackay, R., Esq.
Letter describing the habits of a Vulture (Vultur Papa,
Tanm,)0.eyrealoy% Sb doo shee ee. 31s.1o cites Sad np -etye

Martin, Mr. W. ;
Notes of the Dissection of a Vulpine Opossum (Phalangista
eat, SVEN oy Meee Meee) shay we kt ia ue
Notice of a rudimentary canine tooth in a female of a species
of Deer from South Ameriog,.. . 0.6: 6 fe eek ee cine se
Notes on the visceral and osteological anatomy of the Ca-

riama (Dicholophus cristatus, Ml.).................. 4...
Notes on the anatomy of Buffon’s Touraco (Corythaix
Bafonss, Vail.) 6. 2s tego) 40 aviaewje ov $e JO Licignaesl

Description of a new Mammal, (Cynictis melanurus, Mart.)
Notes on the anatomy of the Koala (Phascolarctos fuscus,
EE ENTRIES Ae 0) See ORE
Description of two species of the genus Cercoleptes
Description of a new species of the genus Felis

pege

104

109

107

Martin, Mr. W. (continued.) page
Description of the osteology of the Sea Otter (Enhydra

MULANG ICIS) %c', stot eettateterst a seers ahs o16 ove e an ieee 59
Notes on the dissection of the Chilian Bush Rat Sri

COPARG H TOCTINS) oi ean oka 4: cet in a einle “e040 Buea e 7 saye | 70

Ocinsy, Ww. Esq.
Observations upon the opposable power of the thumb in
certain Mammals, considered as a zoological character, and
on the natural affinities which subsist between the Bimana,

Quadrumana, and Pedimana ...........0-. ce neseeences 25
Remarks upon the lachrymal sinus in the Indian Antelope
( Agtslape Cervicnpra, PAM ON We pica «thes, « 80) om whee ane oes 38

Remarks upon the probable identity of Cynictis inelanviris
Mart., with a species noted by Boshman under the name of ©

Kokebog Seve Ma hte ob ee ar ote ieee ama bstion s Creer elapse p Rios. Se ees 56
Remarks upon Chironectes Yapock, Desm. ............ 56
Remarks upon two Antelopes (Koba and Kob of Buffon).. 102
Remarks upon Canis Himalaicus, Ogilb. ............4. 103
Remarks upon some rare or undescribed Ruminants in the

Sotistyis Collectibinc s. sites 08 cer sere - shots oe iA ROS A 119
On the generic characters of Ruminants ............405 131

Owen, R., Esq.
Descriptions of some new or rare Cephalopoda collected by
Mr, George Bennett. ..00. «+ fieisie's Ue Sean yeeen eee 19
On the shell and animal of Argonauta hians,Lam....... 22
Remarks on the secretion in the lachrymal sinus of the
Indian Antelope (Antilope Cervicapra, Pall.), with a tabular
view of the relations between the habits and habitats of the
several species of Antelopes and their suborbital, maxillary,

post-auditory, and inguinal glands ..............+..... 36
On the morbid appearances observed in the dissection of

the Chimpanzee (Simia Troglodytes, Linn.) . 41
Notes on the anatomy of the Wombat (Phascolomys Wom-

LAYTIEELE 3.2 NSS Se AEE «AEN ISR) PR RR I AE RE Agee A ot 5 49
Reference to Hunter’s opinion respecting the productive

POWet OE EURULIOS wate ing oe pie Pe since e.9 eine Syn bee ieee 85
On a new ‘Orang. (Simtg Morio) 07. 2. 0. ony soo nas caine 91

Anatomical descriptions of two species of Entozoa, from the
stomach of a Tiger (Felis Tigris, Linn.), one of which forms
BE W, DEMOS, ‘GHOLMOSLONUVS, «5 5 mig simi pie 5 ote sn lik = ca Bok ere ore 123

Rerp, James, Esq.
Description of anew species of the genus Perameles (P. La-
GORENG SEMIN OR: LAL SPIRIT OF ROL Te 129

Ripretu, Dr.
On the existence of canine teeth in an Abyssinian Antelope

(A, montana; BPP) en's 6d 2S -a9ie we Hate ie dete eedts 3

vii

Srrickianp, H. E., Esq.
List of Birds noticed in Asia Minor in the winter of 1835,
SOG MLE er ain cia 0S a cr a er ee en
Exhibition of a skin of a variety of the common Fox (Canis
Vulpes, Linn.), from Smyrna, and a specimen of the Argo-
nauta, brought to Mr. Strickland with the animal alive ....

Tursavut, M.
Letter relative to the capture of the Giraffes ..........
Viaors, N. A., Esq.
Characters of a new and singular form among the Tinamous
(CE anamoris LF COtlanGiy,, VAw)) rind. vert crecors oie wifes sie =e = =
Characters of two new Parrots in the Society’s Collection
(Psittacus augustus, and Ps. Guildingii, Vig.) ...........-
Remarks upon the productive powers of female Hybrids. .

Warernouss, G. R., Esq.

Description of a new genus (Myrmecobius) of Mammiferous
animals from New Holland, probably belonging to the Mar-
UPAR EY Ee ad Prete GIRS. close chide ta efeucia ip, 6 aha Seis p eae «

On a second specimen of Myrmecobius.............+4

Wituamson, W. C., Esq.
Notes on the appearance of rare Birds in the vicinity of
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Yarre.u, W., Esq.

Notice of the Dottrell (Charadrius Morinellus, Linn.)
breeding at Skiddaw, and of the gray Snipe (Macroramphus
griseus, Leach,) having been obtained near Carlisle........

Exhibition of part of Mr. Yarrell’s collection of British
Fish, with observations upon the method made use of in pre-
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Remarks upon the productiveness of Hybrids ..........

Notice of a large Carp taken at the Mere near Payne's Hill
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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE v

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 12, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

~ A wore addressed to the Secretary by Sir Robert Heron, Bart. M.P.

wT aa as

was read. It referred to the writer’s success in the breeding of Cu-
rassows in the last summer at Stubton.

From two individuals in his possession, the male of which is en-
tirely black, and the female of the mottled reddish brown colour
which is regarded as characteristic of the Crar rubra, Linn., Sir R.
Heron has hatched in the last year six young ones in three broods of
two eggs each: the eggs were placed under turkeys and common
hens. Respecting one of them no notes were made; but the other
five were all of the red colour of the female parent. Two of these,
which were at two or three weeks old very strong, being still in the
flower-garden, were killed in the night by a rat that had eaten its
way into the coop in which they were. Two others were sent to

the Earl of Derby, who wanted hens. The remaining one is now

nearly, if not quite, full grown; and Sir R. Heron proposes to place
it with the old pair.

*« There is one great peculiarity,” Sir R. Heron remarks, “‘ attend-
ing the old pair. Their principal food is Indian corn and greens,
both which they eat in common: but whenever any biscuit is given
to them, as an occasional treat when visitors are here, the male breaks
it and takes it in his mouth; waiting, however long, until the hen
takes it out of his bill; which she does without the slightest mark
of civility, although on excellent terms with him. This proceeding
is invariable.” 3

_ Mr. Yarrell, on behalf of T. C. Heysham, Esq., of Carlisle, ex-
hibited the egg, the young bird of a week old, one of a month old,
and the adult female of the Dottrell, Charadrius Morinellus, Linn.,

_ obtained on Skiddaw in the summer of 1835. Several pairs were

breeding in the same locality.
He also stated that a specimen of the grey Snipe, Macroramphus

_ griseus, Leach, a young bird of the year, has been obtained near

No. XXXVII.—Procrepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

rd
-_

Carlisle in the past year. This is the third recorded instance of
the occurrence of the species in England.

The following notes by Mr. Martin of a dissection of a Vulpine
Opossum, Phalangista Vulpina, Cuv., were read.

“‘ This animal, which died a short time since at the Gardens of the
Society, was a female. In the length of the body it measured 1 foot
43 inches, exclusive of the head, which from nose to occiput measured
33 inches: the tail somewhat exceeded 11 inches. ‘There was no
abdominal pouch: the mamme were two in number, about a quarter
of an inch apart, very small, pointed, and retracted within the skin.
The body was loaded with fat, and a layer of that substance, fully
half an inch in thickness, lined the abdominal and psoas muscles.

«On leaving the pylorus, the duodenum was found to dip down
to about the middle lumbar vertebra, where it crossed the spine, and -
then making an acute turn ascended till it reached the pylorus, where
it again turned down abruptly, and lost, in the convolutions of the
succeeding portion, or jejunum, its distinctive appellation.

«« The stomach was large and simple, with a considerable cardiac
pouch; when distended with air, its circumference measured 8}
inches, and the great curvature 13.

«<The omentum was very extensive, and loaded with fat.

«The pancreas was thin and indefinite, blending with the fat of
the mesentery. It consisted of a main portion or body lying beneath
the stomach, whence it spread to the mesentery, a broad slip adhering
to the duodenum for about 2 inches. '

«The liver was not unlike a fig-leaf in general outline, being deeply
split into six distinct lobes, —three on the right, and three on the left,
besides the lobulus Spigelii. In the middle fissure was seated the gall-
bladder, its fundus being visible in situ naturali. The shape of this
vesicule was, as usual, oval. It was filled with yellow bile. Its duct,
which measured altogether 23 inches, received, at about half an inch
from its commencement, several very small hepatic ducts, and en-
tered the duodenum, with the pancreatic, 3 inches below the pylorus.

«The spleen consisted of three processes or radii from a central
body: one of these processes adhered to the cardiac portion of the
stomach ; another floated in the omentum; and the third, bound by
the mesentery, just covered the left kidney.

“The total length of the intestinés was 11 feet 8 inches; the
length of the small intestines being 6 feet 10, and of the large 4 feet
10. The mean diameter of the small intestines was half an inch.
The mean diameter of the large at their origin was three quarters
of an inch; but they contracted as they proceeded to one quarter,
and the rectum subsequently enlarged to three quarters. The narrow
part was filled with irregular knotted feces. There were no longi-
tudinal bands or sacculi. The texture of the large intestines was
thin, and the circular fibres very distinct. The cecum was long and
convoluted on the mesentery, and narrowed gradually to a point; its
length was 1 foot 44 inches.

«The right kidney was higher than the left. The suprarenal

capsules adhered to their upper apex. These bodies were firm, of
small size, flat, and hollow. The length of the kidneys was 14 inch ;
their breadth three quarters. The ¢ubuli converged to a single point,
not elevated into a distinct papilla.

«The lungs consisted of three lobes on the right and two on the
left side. Daubenton, in his description of a species of Phalanger,
states that he found but one lobe on the left side, which was a little
notched in the middle, but in the present animal the lobes were
fairly separate.

“The heart was elongated and pointed, the right ventricle not
extending to the aper. Its length was 1+ inch.

«<The anal, or rather common, opening, was surrounded by four
large glandular follicles, full of creamy fluid of a rank disagreeable
odour. The two on each side communicated together by means of
a very fine tube, hardly larger than a hair. ‘The vagina was longi-
tudinally furrowed, its length to the orifices of the lateral tubes 2
inches. The clitoris was small, and about 3 lines long; above
it were two small orifices, analogous perhaps to Cowper’s glands.
The body of the uterus was small, and its parietes thin and mem-
branous. It was covered by the bladder, which concealed both this
portion and its lateral canals and Fallopian tubes. These latter were
somewhat more than an inch in length. The ovaries were small
and compressed.

_ “The tongue was smooth: its length from the epiglottis to the
tip, 24 inches; its breadth three quarters: its aper was somewhat
acute. The epiglottis was broad and slightly bifid. The thyroid
glands were oval, and half an inch long. The thyroid cartilage was
remarkable for a rounded projection anteriorly, over which the os
hyoides formed an adapted arch, capable of moving up and down on
the projection, as drawn one way or other by its muscles.

“The morbid appearances consisted of great inflammation at the
pylorus; with patches of an almost gangrenous appearance; a knot
of enlarged mesenteric glands, which had begun to suppurate; and
extensive adhesions to each other of the small intestines.

A notice by Dr. Riippell, For. Memb. Z. S., of the existence of
canine teeth in an Abyssinian Antelope, Antilope montana, Riipp.,
was read. It was accompanied by drawings of the structure de-
scribed in it, which were exhibited.

The following is a translation of Dr. Riippell’s communication.

In several Mammalia of the order Ruminantia the adult males, and

even some females, possess canine teeth, which are more or less de-
veloped ; to these teeth no other use has been attributed than that
of a weapon of defence. The Camels (Camelus), the Musk Deer
(Moschus), and the Muntjak of India (Cervus Muntjak), possess these
canine teeth in both sexes. In the red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) and
in the rein Deer (Cerv. Tarandus), the adult males alone are provided

_- with them.

I have just ascertained that there is a species of Antelope which
possesses these canine teeth; but in which, by a singular anomaly,

it is only the young males that are furnished with them: In these
too they can only be considered in the light of half-developed germs;
for the cartilaginous part which covers the palate and the upper jaw
entirely conceals them.

It is the Ant. montana, which I discovered in 1824 in the neigh-
bourhood of Sennaar, and of which I published in my ‘ Zoological
Atlas’ the figure of an adult male, that is provided, in its youth, with
these anomalous canine teeth: the adults of both sexes, and the
young females, are destitute of them. I observed, in my last journey
in Abyssinia, many individuals of this species in the valleys in the
neighbourhood of Gondar: it is far from rare in that. locality, but
the jungles mingled with thorns, which are its favourite retreat, ren-
der the chase of it extremely difficult.

At the time of the publication of my description of this new spe-
cies, in 1826, I was possessed of only a single adult male, and there
were consequently many deficiencies in my account of it. I am now
enabled to add to this notice that the females of this species are
always destitute of horns; that both sexes have, in the [groins] two
rather deep pits covered by a stiff bundle of white hairs ; and finally
that the species lives in pairs in the valleys of the western part of
Abyssinia, where it takes the place of Ant. Saltiana, an animal which
it exceeds in size by nearly one half. These two species are called by
the natives Madoqua, by which name the Abyssinians also designate
the Ant. Grimmia, which equally constitutes a part of the game of
that country, so rich in different forms of the Ruminant order.—E. R.

A note by Mr. Martin was subsequently read, in which it was
stated that it had once occurred to him to observe a rudimentary
canine tooth in the female of a species of Deer from South America,
the body of which had been sent to the Society’s house by Sir P.
Grey Egerton, for examination. Having noticed an enlargement of
the gum of the upper jaw, in the situation in which a canine tooth
might possibly be supposed to exist, he cut into it, and found the
germ of a canine tooth, about 3 lines in length, imbedded in the gum,
and destitute of fang.

January 26, 1836.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Birds, chiefly from the
Society’s collection; and Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chair-
man, directed the attention of the Meeting to those among them
which he regarded as principally interesting either on account of
their novelty or for the peculiarity of their form.

They included the following species of the genus Edolius, Cuv.,
which were compared with numerous others placed upon the table
for that purpose.

Epouius erannis. Ed. ater viridi metallice splendens ; capite cris-
tato ; rectricum duarum externarum scapis longissimis, vezillis
ad apicem late spatulatis.

Long. tot. (rectricibus externis exclusis) 14 unc. ; rostri, 14; ale,

62; caude, 7; tarsi, 13.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

. Hab. in Nepalia et (verosimiliter) in Sumatra.

This species may be distinguished from Hd. Malabaricus by its
superiority in size, and by the greater fullness and length of its
crest. The recurved feathers of the upper part of the head measure
an inch and a half in length.

Epoxius Rancoonensis. Ed. ater viridi splendens ; rectricum ex-
ternarum scapis longissimis, vexillis late spatulatis ad apicis mar-
ginem exteriorem preditis.

Long. tot. (rectricibus externis exclusis) 12 unc. ; rostri, 14; ale,

6; caude, 52; tarsi, 1.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab. apud Rangoon.

Distinguishable from Ed. Malabaricus, to which it is nearly allied,
by its shorter beak, and by the total absence from its forehead of.
the fine curled plumes which decorate that bird; the wing is also
somewhat shorter.

~ Eporrus Crisuna. Ed. velutino-ater viridi metallic? (presertim ad
alas) splendens ; gutturis plumis sublanceolatis, viridibus ; capite
pilis longissimis pluribus ornato ; rectricum externarum vevillis
spiraliter intortis.
_ Long. tot. (rectricibus externis exclusis) 12 unc. ; rosiri, 14; ale,
7; caude, 6; tarsi, 1.
Crishna Crow, Lath., Hist.
_ Hab- in Nepalia,
The bill of this species is more cultrated and lengthened than is
usual in the genus. The outer feathers of the tail, which are spi-

rally reflected inwards, are not so much produced as those of Ed.
Malabaricus. A very curious character is furnished by the long,
hair-like, black filaments which spring from the head and measure
nearly 4 inches in length.

Epotius viripescens. Ed. intensé splendenti chalybeo-viridis, su-
pra magis saturatus.

Long. tot. 11 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 53; caude, 5; tarsi, 1.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab. apud Manillam.

The remaining previously undescribed Birds that were exhibited
were characterized by Mr. Gould as follows :

OrrHeEvus MODULATOR. Orph. saturate brunneus, alis pallidioribus
albo bifasciatis ; corpore subtis, gutture, genis, strigdque super-
ciliari cinerascenti-albidis ; rectricum (preter intermediarum
quatuor) apicibus late albis. ,

Long. tot. 10 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 43; caude, 5; tarsi, ¥.

Rostrum pedesque saturate brunnei.

Hab. in Fretu Magellanico.

This is by far the largest of the genus, and is very similar in all
its markings to both Orph. polyglottus and Orph. minor. Although
the bird from which the above character is drawn is from the Straits
of Magalhaens, Mr. Gould is inclined to believe that it occurs in
Brazil also, and considers it as being, very probably, the Turdus Or-
pheus of Spix, and the grey Pie of Brazil of Edwards.

The bands on the wings are produced by the white tips of the
secondaries.

Ixos tevucoris. [ros supra cinereo-brunneus, subtus pallidior ; ver-
tice, gutture, pectoreque nigris ; auribus genisque albis ; tectrici-
bus caude inferioribus ochraceis ; caudd ad basin cinered in ni-
grescenti-brunneum apicem versus transeunte, rectricum omnium
apicibus albis.

Long. tot. 6} unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 34; caude, 3; tarsi, 3.

Rostrum pedesque saturaté brunnei.

Hab. in India Orientali.

Coxiuricineza Fusca. Coll. supra saturate brunnea, plumis omni-
bus pallidiore marginatis ; subtis cinereo-albida, plumis in medio
lunuld brunned notatis ; uropygit plumarum rectricumque apici-
bus albis,

Long. tot. 11 unc.; rostri, 54; ale, 54; caude, 5; tarsi, 14.

Rostrum pedesque pallidé brunnei.

Hab. vel in Nova Zeelandia vel in Nova Cambria Australi.

This species is fully a third larger than the Coll. cinerea described.

‘by Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield in the ‘ Linnean Transactions.’

TrichorHorvs FLAVEOLUS. Trich. cristatus, supra olivaceo-flaves-
cens, subtiis flavus ; alis cauddque olivaceo-brunneis ; genis gut-
tureque sordid? albis. '

_ Long. tot. 8 unc. ; rostri, 1; ale,4; caude, 34; tarsi, 2.
Rostrum pedesque comeo-brunnei.
Hab. in montibus Himalayensibus, in Nepalid, &c.
The crest consists of elongated feathers, intermingled with the
hairy bristles usual in the genus,

GEocICcHLA RUBECULA. Geo. dorso, alis, cauddque saturate ceruleo-
cinereis, alis albo lat? fasciatis 3 eapite, collo, corporeque subtis
nitide ferrugineis ; crisso caudeque tectricibus inferioribus albis.

Long. tot. 8 unc. ; rostri, 1; ale, 44; caude, 2}; tarsi, 1+.

_ Rostrum nigrum ; tarsi brunnei.

Hab. in Java.

This pretty species resembles in many respects the Red-breast,
Erithacus Rubecula, Swains, . It belongs to an interesting group,
which was first characterized by M. Kuhl, .and of which the Society’s
collection possesses four well-marked species,

Mr. Gould subsequently directed the attention of the Meeting to
a specimen of the Turdus macrourus of Dr. Latham, with the view
of explaining the characters which induced him to regard that bird
as constituting the type of a new

Genus Kirracrncia.

Rostrum caput longitudine zequans, ad apicem emarginatum, rec-
tiusculum, compressiusculum.
Nares basales, plumis brevibus utplurimum tecte..
Ale mediocres, rotundate : remige ma brevissima, 4t4 5taque
subeequalibus, longioribus.
Cauda elongata, gradata.
Tarsi digitique longiusculi, tenues.
_ Oss. Maribus color supra utplurimum niger; subtis brunneus
vel albus.

A paper by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., on some of
the Scolopacide of Nipal, was read; the copy transmitted by that
gentleman to the Society containing various corrections of his me-
moir which was published at Calcutta in the ‘Gleanings of Science’
for August, 1831.

Mr. Hodgson’s object in the present paper is to bring under the
notice of zoologists the various species of the family referred to
which occur in Nipal, on the natural history of which country he
has, during a residence of several years, been engaged in making
most extensive researches. The result of these it is his intention
immediately to publish, accompanied by finished representations of
the animals, taken from drawings made in almost every instance
from numerous living individuals of the several races.

Mr. Hodgson first describes in detail the common Woodcock, Sco-
lopax Rusticola, Linn., as it occurs in Nipal; where it is, in every
respect of form and colour, evidently identical with the European
bird. In Nipal also it seems to be, as it is in Western Europe, of

migratory habits: and the periods of its arrival in, and departure
from, Nipal, correspond altogether with the seasons of its appearance
and disappearance in England.

He then proceeds to describe in detail the several kinds of Snipe
which occur in Nipal.

Two of these are so nearly related to the common Snipe of Europe,
Gallinago media, Ray, that Mr. Hodgson is induced to regard them
as being probably specifically identical with that bird: and he ac-
cordingly refers them to it as varieties, which are constantly distin-
guished from each other by the structure of the tail. In one of them
the tail-feathers are fourteen or sixteen in number, and are all of
the same form: in the other the tail-feathers vary in number from
twenty-two to twenty-eight; and the outer ones on either side, to
the number of six, eight, or ten, differ remarkably from those of the
middle, being narrow, hard, and acuminated. The latter bird may,
however, be regarded as the representative of a species to which the
name of Gall. heterura may be given.

The other two Snipes of Nipal are unquestionably distinct from
those of Europe. They are described as the solitary Snipe, Gall. so-
litaria, Hodgs., and the wood Snipe, Gall. nemoricola, Ej.

In the solitary Snipe the wings are remarkably long; the upper
surface, especially on the wings, is minutely dotted, barred, and
streaked, with white intermingled with buff and brown; and the ab-
domen is white, barred along the flanks with brown.

The wood Snipe has the general colouring of the plumage dark
and sombre; the wings short; the abdomen and the whole of the
under surface thickly barred with transverse lines of dark brown on
a dusky white ground; and a tail of sixteen or eighteen, or very
rarely twenty, feathers.

Mr. Hodgson describes, with the greatest minuteness, each of
these birds, and adverts with the fullest detail to their several habits
and distinguishing peculiarities, as well of manners and of seasons
as of form and plumage.

February 9, 1836.
Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by M. Thibaut, and
dated Malta, January 8, 1836. It communicated various particulars
relative to the Giraffes belonging to the Society, which have recently
been obtained by the writer and which are now in his custody, and
may be translated as follows :—

** Having learnt, on my arrival at Malta, that you were desirous
of information on the subject of the four Giraffes which the Society
has entrusted to my care, I regard it as a duty to transmit to you a
short statement, by which you will become aware of the difficulties
that I encountered in obtaining and preserving for the Society
these interesting animals, which are now, I hope, altogether out of
danger.

** Instructed by Colonel Campbell, His Majesty’s Consul General
in the Levant, and desirous of rendering available for the purposes
of the Zoological Society the knowledge which I had acquired by
twelve years’ experience in travelling in the interior of Africa, I
quitted Cairo on the 15th of April, 1834. After sailing up the
Nile as far as Wadi Halfa (the second cataract), I took camels, and
proceeded to Debbat, a province of Dongolah; whence, on the 14th
of July, I started for the desert of Kordofan.

“ Being perfectly acquainted with the locality, and on friendly
terms with the Arabs of the country, I attached them to me still
more by the desire of profit. All were desirous of accompanying
me in my pursuit of the Giraffes, which, up to that time, they had
hunted solely for the sake of the flesh, which they eat, and of the
skin, from which they make bucklers and sandals. I availed myself
of the emulation which prevailed among the Arabs, and as the sea-
‘son was far advanced and favourable, I proceeded immediately to
the south-west of Kordofan.

“Tt was on the 15th of August that I saw the first two Giraffes.

]

A rapid chase, on horses accustomed to the fatigues of the desert,
put us in possession, at the end of three hours, of the largest of the

two: the mother of one of those now in my charge. Unable to

4
4

. —_—_ <_

take her-alive, the Arabs killed her with blows of the sabre, and,
_cutting her to pieces, carried the meat to the head-quarters which
we had established in a wooded situation; an arrangement neces-
sary for our own comforts and to secure pasturage for the camels of
‘both sexes which we had brought with us in aid of the object of our

chase. We deferred until the morrow the pursuit of the young

No. XXXVIII.—Proceepines or THE ZooLocicat Suciety.

Giraffe, which my companions assured me they would have no diffi-
culty in again discovering. The Arabs are very fond of the flesh of
this animal. I partook of their repast. The live embers were
quickly covered with slices of the meat, which I found to be excel-
lent eating.

“« On the following day, the 16th of August, the Arabs started at
daybreak in search of the young one, of which we had lost sight
not far from our camp. The sandy nature of the soil of the desert
is well adapted to afford indications to a hunter, and in a very short
time we were on the track of the animal which was the object of
our pursuit. We followed the traces with rapidity and in silence,
cautious to avoid alarming the creature while it was yet at a di-
stance from us. Unwearied myself, and anxious to act in the same
manner as the Arabs, I followed them impatiently, and at 9 o’clock
in the morning I had the happiness to find myself in possession
of the Giraffe. A premium was given to the hunter whose horse
had first come up with the animal, and this reward is the more me-
rited as the laborious chase is pursued in the midst of brambles and
of thorny trees.

«« Possessed of this Giraffe, it was necessary to rest for three or
four days, in order to render it sufficiently tame. During this
period an Arab constantly holds it at the end of a long cord. By
degrees it becomes accustomed to the presence of man, and takes a
little nourishment. To furnish milk for it I had brought with me fe-
malecamels. It became gradually reconciled to its condition, and was
soon willing to follow, in short stages, the route of our caravan.

“This first Giraffe, captured at four days’ journey to the south-west
of Kordofan, will enable us to form some judgement as to its probable
age at present; as I have observed its growth and its mode of life.
When it first came into my hands, it was necessary to insert a finger
into its mouth in order to deceive it into a belief that the nipple of
its dam was there: then it sucked freely. According to the opinion
of the Arabs, and to the length of time that I have had it, this first
Giraffe cannot, at the utmost, be more than nineteen months old.
Since I have had it, its size has fully doubled.

«« The first run of the Giraffe is exceedingly rapid. _ The swiftest
horse, if unaccustomed to the desert, could:not come up with it un-
less with extreme difficulty. The Arabs accustom their coursers to

hunger and to fatigue; milk generally serves them for food, and . —

gives them power to continue their exertions during a very long run.
If the Giraffe reaches a mountain, it passes the heights with rapidity:
its feet, which are like those of a Goat, endow it with the dexterity
of that animal; it bounds over ravines with incredible power ; horses
cannot, in such situations, compete with it. ;

“ The Giraffe is fond of a wooded country. The leaves of trees
are its principal food. Its conformation allows of its reaching their
tops.. The one of which I have previously spoken as having been

killed by the Arabs measured 21 French feet in height from the
ears to the hoofs. Green herbs are also very agreeable to this ani-
mal ; but its structure does not admit of its feeding on them in the
same manner as our domestic animals, such as the Or and the
Horse. It is obliged to straddle widely ; its two fore-feet are gra-
dually stretched widely apart from each other, and its neck being
then bent into a semicircular form, the animal is thus enabled to
collect the grass. But on the instant that any noise interrupts its
repast, the animal raises itself with rapidity, and has recourse to im-
mediate flight.

_ “The Giraffe eats with great delicacy, and takes its food leaf by
leaf, collecting them from the trees by means cf its long tongue. It
rejects the thorns, and in this respect differs from the Camel. As
the grass on which it is now fed is cut for it, it takes the upper part
only, and chews it until it perceives that the stem is too coarse for
it. Great care is required for its preservation, and especially great
cleanliness.

» “It is extremely fond of society and is very sensible. I have
observed one of them shed tears when it no longer saw its com-
panions or the persons who were in the habit of attending to it.

“I was so fortunate as to collect five individuals at Kordofan ;
but the cold weather of December, 1834, killed four of them in the
desert on the route to Dongolah, my point of departure for Bebbah.
Only one was preserved; this was the first specimen that I ob-

_ tained, and the one of which I have already spoken. After twenty-
__ two days in the desert, I reached Dongolah on the 6th of January,
_ 1835.
. * Unwilling to return to Cairo without being really useful to the
Society, and being actually at Dongolah, I determined on resuming
the pursuit of Giraffes. I remained for three months in the desert,
crossing it in all directions. Arabs in whom I could confide accom-
panied me, and our course was through districts destitute of every-
thing. We had to dread the Arabs of Darfour, of which country I
_ saw the first mountain. We were successful in our researches. I
obtained three Giraffes, smaller than the one I already possessed.
_ Experience suggested to me the means of preserving them.
__. ** Another trial was reserved for me: that of transporting the
_ animals, by bark, from Wadi Halfa to Cairo, Alexandria, and Malta.
_ Providence has enabled me to surmount all difficulties. The most
_ that they suffered was at sea, during their passage, which lasted
_ twenty-four days, with the weather very tempestuous.
_ +“ T arrived at Malta on the 21st of November. We were there
_ detained in quarantine for twenty-five days, after which, through the
__ kind care of Mr. Bourchier, these valuable animals were placed in a
_ good situation, where nothing is wanting for their comfort. With
_ the'view of preparing them for the temperature of the country to
which they will eventually be removed, I have not thought it ad-

visable. that they should be clothed. During the last week the
cold has been much greater than they have hitherto experienced ;
but they have, thanks to the kindness of Mr. Bourchier, everything
that can be desired.

« These four Giraffes, three males and one female, are so interest-
ing and so beautiful, that I shall exert myself to the utmost to be of
use to them. It is possible that they may breed; already I observe in
them some tendency towards mutual attachment. They are capable of
walking for six hours a day without the slightest fatigue.-—G. T.”

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited a specimen
of the Trogon resplendens, Gould, and one of the Trog. pavoninus,
Spix; and stated that he was indebted to the kindness of M. Nat-
terer, who was present at the Meeting, for the opportunity of de-
monstrating, by the juxtaposition of the Birds, the correctness of
the determination which he had made in regarding them as distinct
species. Mr. Gould directed particular attention to the several
characters and distinguishing marks which he had pointed out to
the Society on March 10, 1835, and which had subsequently been
published in the ‘ Proceedings,’ part ill. p. 29, and again dwelt
especially on the fact that in Trog. resplendens the hinder feathers of
the back, which are fully 3 feet in length, hang gracefully far away
beyond the tail; while in Trog. pavoninus the lengthened feathers of
the back are rarely equal in length to the tail: in only one instance
has M. Natterer known them, in the latter bird, to exceed the tail
by so much as a quarter of an inch.

The reading was concluded of a paper ‘“‘ On the Anatomy of the
Lamellibranchiate Conchiferous Animals, by Robert Garner, Esq.,
F.L.S.,” a portion of which had been read at the meeting on No-
vember 24, 1835.

Founded principally on the author’s individual observations,
which have extended to the animals of several genera the anatomi-
cal structure of which is hitherto insufficiently known, this commu-
nication embodies also much information derived from the works of
Poli, Cuvier, Bojanus, Home, M. de Blainville, and others. It is so
arranged as to constitute a condensed memoir on the subject to which
it is devoted, comprehending a summary of all that is yet known
respecting it.

After some general remarks on the high importance of a know-
ledge of the structure of the animals that form those shells which
have at all times attracted the attention of the curious, but to an
acquaintance with which many naturalists, until of late years, have
been content to limit themselves, Mr. Garner proceeds to speak of
the position of the animal with respect to the shell; and thence to
describe the variations in the form of the animal which occasion those
appearances in the shell on which rest the primary subdivisions

"tie 2s

made by conchologists among the Lamellibranchiate Conchifera. He
regards Anomia as being in some measure intermediate between this
order and the Brachiopoda ; and in illustration of this view describes
with some detail the structure of the animal of that genus.

Mr. Garner then adverts to the mode of growth of the shells and .
to their structure, and considers them in the variations in form
which some of them undergo in their progress from the embryo to
the adult state. He dwells also on the diversity of form assumed by
the several groups of Bivalves, and shows in what manner these are
occasioned by the form of the animal that produces the shelly cover-
ings; referring to the foot especially as exercising in this respect a
very remarkable influence.

The general review of the external form of the animal is succeeded

by an account of the several systems of which it is composed. These

are treated of in the following order: 1. Muscular system; 2. Ner-
vous system; 3. Digestive system ; 4. Circulating system ; 5. Respi-
ratory system; 6. Excretory system; 7. Cilia (and into this part of
his subject the author enters with more than usual detail); and, 8.
Reproductive system. Under each of these heads a rapid review is
taken of the principal variations that occur in the order, and the
illustrative examples referred to are generally numerous.

Finally, the author devotes a section of his paper to the diseases
and the parasites of the animals on which he treats.

In conclusion, Mr. Garner submits the subjoined tabular view
of an

Anatomical Classification of the LAMELLIBRANCHIATE ConcHI-
FEROUS ANIMALS.

With but one adductor muscle. Monomyaria, Lam.
Tentacles very long, not distinct from the bran-

_ chie; an additional muscular system........ Anomia.
bo

_ Tentacles short, separate from the branchie.

q No: foot...0ii. Sa OLR Pe) Ostrei.
eg A foot.
Branchie disunited medianly.
Ti Foot long, cylindrical ; ocelli at the edge
Mou! of the mantle ........... Le SYP eaten.
Bethe) Foot short, thick, with a disk at theex-
_ -tremity, from the centre of which
Biy ¥» depends a pedicellated oval body;
Bol OEeHe At, RI Ie A RM te a .- Spondylus.
mee Foot compressed ; no ocelli.......... Lima.
ann Branchie conjoined medianly ...... ..-. Vulselia.*

With two adductor muscles. Dimyaria, Lam.

Mantle without separate orifices or tubes.
Foot slender, byssiferous ; tentacles fixed.. Avicula.*

Foot thick, rounded, with a callosity...... Area.
Foot compressed, securiform ............ Pectunculus.
Foot oval below, its margin tentacular, ten-

tables volutes oc (5 2072 SV Oaee yi mig: Nucula.
Foot large, pointed anteriorly, bent at an

3 PEP oe. 2 Fe seem Fe ee Trigonia.*

Mantle with a distinct anal orifice.
Foot small, byssiferous.
Anterior muscle small; retractile muscles
of the foot numerous ; byssus large.
Byssus divided to its base ........ Mytilus.
Byssus with a common corneous cen-
15 Fae eS SSE ee ea Modiola.

VaALVC's sc) od esais eR Spr Seek ee? Pinna.*
Muscles equal; two pairs of retractile
muscles only; byssus rudimentary.... Lithodomus.
Foot large, not byssiferous .............. Unio.

Mantle with a superior and inferior orifice; not
elongated into tubes.
Malic Wilely Upen.”s2 0-222 thes te Cardium.
Mantle closed around the foot or byssus.
Foot short and discal, byssiferous; an-

terior muscle small 2 192 SP Tridacna.*
Foot small, cylindrical, bent at an angle;

Nps ggnered Wrens are eee Chama.*
Foot small, sharp; lips simple ........ Isocardia.*

Mantle with two produced tubes, or siphons.
Branchi@ not produced into the lower tube.
Mantle closed around the foot ........ Loripes.*
Mantle open.
Tubes disunited ; foot lanceolate.
Foot large, rather falciform ; external
branchie shortened; mantle tenta-
cular ; labial tentacles large...... Dona.
Foot small; external branchie short-
ened; edge of the mantle simple ;
tentacles small... rics - pisigiee Psammobia.
Foot moderate; external branchie as
long as the internal; tentacles
large; margin of the mantle en-
EE oes 6 beng fran « Leuba .... Tellina.

PEMOU AE ve ais. oe ole ea Amphidesma.

Tubes more or less united ; foot various.
‘ Branchi@ united medianly.
' Tubes small, partially divided; foot ~
very long, obtuse............ Cyclas.
Tubes small, united to the ex-
tremity; foot very long and

PORRM 22 e's ewes oe tie a Mactra.
Tubes large, foot short and promi-
BERG COUR Seite sca eee f- .. Venerupis.

Branchie disunited medianly.
Foot lanceolate, prominent behind ;

tubes small, united .......... Cytherea.
Foot securiform ; tubes larger and
more or less distinct.......... Venus.

Branchia produced into, or attached to, the
lower tube; tubes always united.
Mantle only open inferiorly for the protru-
sion of the foot.
Tubes small; lips long.
Foot small; branchie of each side
united into One. 4.045. ies 6%’. Pandora.
Foot larger; branchie separate .... Corbula.
Tubes long; lips small.
Foot not byssiferous ; tubes large and
CORIAGMUNI a. 5 cto ul wn oie’ wis aie SIA aie Mya.
Foot byssiferous; tubes moderate .. Hiatella.
Mantle open anteriorly.
Foot long, club-shaped; tubes short .. Solen.
Foot very short, rounded.
Two distinct adductor muscles, the an-
terior one situated below a reflect-
ed portion of the mantle uniting
the beaks instead of a cartilage;
tentacles largess). 030.6 ..be. Pholas.
* Body very elongated; adductor mus-
cles united; end of the mantle with
two calcareous pieces; tentacles
small; no cartilage nor reflected
portion of the mantle .......... Teredo.

For the anatomy of the several genera marked in the above table
with an (*), the author acknowledges himself indebted either to
Cuvier, Poli, or M. de Blainville.

He refers occasionally to other genera, besides those enumerated,

; set included in the groups distinguished by the characters given
above.

Mr. Garner’s paper was accompanied by numerous drawings of
the objects and structures described in it, which were exhibited in
illustration of his communication.

ofits

February 23, 1836.
The Rev. J. Barlow in the Chair.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited specimens
of numerous Birds forming part of the Society’s collection; and di-
rected the attention of the Meeting to those which he regarded as
the most interesting among them.

He stated that one of them was especially curious as exhibiting a
form of Insessorial Bird, not safely referrible to any known family ;
on which account he proposed to consider it as the type of a group
to be designated

PaRADOXORNIS.

Rostrum altitudine longitudinem superans, ad basin vibrissis in-
structum: mandibuld superiore valdé compressa ; culmine acuto,
valdé arcuato; tomio edentulo, apicem versus valdé incurvo, ad
basin producto: mandibuld inferiore ad basin lata, robusta; to-
mio emarginato.

Nares parve, rotundate, pone rostrum site.

Ale breves, rotundate : remigibus 4ta, 5ta, et 6ta longioribus.

Cauda mediocris, gradata.

Tarsi robusti, leves.

Pedes magni, subtis lati: digitis magnis ; halluce unqueque postico
maximis.

Ptilosis ampla, laxa.

The breadth of the under surfaces of the feet is so great as to in-

dicate considerable powers of grasping.

PaRADOXORNIS FLAVIROSTRIS. Par. arenaceo-brunneus, subtis pal-
lidior ; capite nuchdque rufo-brunneis ; auribus partim aterrimis ;
facie guttureque albis nigro variis ; pectore nigro.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; ale, 34; caude, 44: tarsi, 14; hallucis (ar-
cuati), 3.

Rostrum splendidé aurantiaco-flavum ; pedes ccerulescentes.

Hab. (verosimiliter) in Nepalia.

Mr. Gould regarded another of the Birds exhibited as the repre-
sentative of a new type among the Thrushes; and characterized it as
the type of the genus

AcTINODURA.
Rostrum subcompressum, subarcuatum, ad apicem subemargi-
natum.

Nares basales, lineares, operculo magno tecte.

Ale molles, breviuscule, concave : remige lma brevissima; 4ta.
5taque longioribus.

Cauda mollis, elongata, gradata.

Tarsi elongati.

Pedes majusculi: halluce ungueque postico longiusculis.

Ptilosis mollis, laxa.

The wings and tail inthe birds of this group are transversely
barred. The typical species are crested.

Actinopura Ecertoni. Act. cristata; supra nitide rufo-brunnea
olivaceo tincta, subtis pallide rufo-brunnea; cristd, occipite, ge-
nisque brunnescenti-cinereis ; remigibus ad basin rufis, pogoniis
nigro flavoque fasciatis ; secundariis nigro brunneoque fasciatis ;
rectricibus sordidé rufo-brunneis; lineis saturatioribus transversim
notatis, alboque apiculatis.

Long. tot. 84 unc.; ale, 33; caude@, 43; tarsi, 14; rostri, 1.

Rostrum pedesque brunnei.

Hab. in Nepalia.

The specimen described was presented to the Society by Sir P.

Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P. s

The following species were also characterized by Mr. Gould:

Corvus PEcToRALIS. Corv. niger cwruleo iridescens ; maculd nu-
chali lata fascidque lunatd pectorali albis.

Long. tot. 17 unc.; rostri, 21; ale, 114; caude, 74; tarsi, 24.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab. in China.

Statura Corv. Corone.

Corvus curvirostris. Corv. niger chalybeo-ceruleo purpureogue
iridescens ; maculd dorsali fascidque latd ventrali albis.

Long. tot. 17 unc.; rostri, 25; ale, 122; cauda, 74; tarsi, 24.

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab. in Africd Occidentali.

Nearly allied to the Corv. scapulatus, Daud., a species of Southern
Africa; but smaller in all its proportions, and possessing a bill
which is rather feeble and considerably curved.

Prionires ceruicers. Pri. iridescenti-olivaceo-viridis, pteroma-
tibus secundaritsque magis viridibus ; caudd ad basin viridi, dein
ceruled, ad apicem nigrd; capite coruleo, fascid frontali fla-
vescenti-viridi, linedque nigrd a nare per oculum auremque utrin-
que ductd et finem versus ceruleo submarginatd, notato.

Long. tot. 18 un¢.; rostri, 14; ale, 54; caud@, 114; tarst, 14.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei.

Hab. in regione Tamaulipas dicta.

The two middle tail-feathers have their shafts naked towards the
end, as is usual in the genus, for the space of 2 inches; and the
bird is decorated with the ordinary tufts of black feathers springing
from ‘the lower part of the throat.

EE —— LL

Puycrotoraus Propuctus. Plyct. rostro elongato ; brunneus, capite
nuchdque pallide brunnescenti-griseis, harum dorsique plumis sa-
turatiore marginatis ; uropygio, ventre, crissoque saturate rubris; ©
gutture pectoreque flavis, illo ad gulam rubro tincto; alarum flex-
urd subtis flavd olivaceo-rufo tincta ; rectricibus ad basin auran-
tiaco-flavo brunneoque fasciatis ; remigum pogoniis internis ad
basin subtiisque sordidé rufo brunneoque fasciatis. —

Long. tot. 15 unc.; ale, 10; caude, 6; tarsi, 14; rostri, 24.

Rostrum pallidum ; pedes saturaté brunnei.

Hab.

The bill is exceedingly produced, the upper mandible extending

fully one half of its total length beyond the lower.

The bird belongs to that group which has been distinguished by

M. Kuhl among the Plyctolophi under the name of Nestor.

A paper by Mr. Owen was read, entitled, ‘‘ Descriptions of some
new or rare Cephalopoda, collected by Mr. George Bennett, Corr.
Memb. Z.S.” The subjects referred to in it included specimens of
Cranchia scabra, Leach ; a small nondescript Loligo; the head and
principal viscera of a Decapodous Dibranchiate Cephalopod from Port
Jackson; a small nondescript species of Octopus; and a very small
specimen of Argonauta hians, with its Cephalopodous inhabitant (Ocy-
thoe Cranchii, Leach), and a large cluster of ova: all of which were
exhibited, in illustration of the communication, by permission of the
Curators of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, of which
collection they now form part.

The specimen of Cranchia scabra was taken by Mr. George Ben-
nett in a towing net in lat. 12°15! S., long. 10° 15’ W.; and was
at first regarded by him as a species of Medusa; and Mr. Owen
observes, that from the uncommon form which this very remarkable
Cephalopod presents, one cannot feel surprised that it should have
been, at the first view, referred by its captor to a Radiate family,
with which the Cephalopods bear, in more than one respect, an ana-
logical relation.

_As the type of its genus Mr. Owen eonsiders the Cranch. scabra
with reference to the generic characters that separate Cranchia from
the neighbouring groups: from Loligo and Onychoteuthis it is di-
stinguished by the continuity of its mantle with the dorsal parietes
of the head; and from Sepioteuthis, Sepiola, and Rossia by the pro-
portions and position of its fins. The form of the fins alone is evi-
dently insufficient in Cephalopods for generic distinctions, as will
- nd from considering the variations in this respect that occur in

e€ several species of the well-marked genus Onychoteuthis, Licht. ;
and also in the several species of Loligo as at present restricted, some
of which, especially Lo/. brevis, Blainv., make so close an approxi-

- mation to Cranch. scabra in the rounded contour, as well as the ter-

minal position, of their fins, that were it not that the exterior margin
of the mantle is in all of them free on its dorsal aspect, the latter
Cephalopod, notwithstanding its singular form, could not be sepa-
rated generically from the Loligines on external characters alone.

As in the figures published by Férussac of the Cephalopods named
Cranch. cardioptera by Péron and Cranch. minima by himself, the
anterior margin of the mantle appears to be free on its dorsal aspect,
similarly to that of the true Loligines, it must be doubted whether
these species are correctly referred to the genus Cranchia: and the
same doubt may perhaps be extended to Cranch. Bonelliana, Feér.,
in the description of which no mention is made of the adhesion or
otherwise of the mantle to the posterior part of the head. This ad-
hesion Mr. Owen regards as an essential character of the genus.

The specimen of Cranchia scabra on which the genus was founded
by Dr. Leach, having been imperfect in some of its parts, Mr. Owen
carefully describes the species anew from the perfect individual ob-
tained by Mr. George Bennett; which is smaller than the original
specimen, nieasuring only 1 inch 8 lines in total length to the end
of the outstretched tentacle. The body is remarkable for its great
flaccidity, which is owing to the very small space occupied by the
viscera: these are situated at its anterior part, and not, as in Loli-
gopsis, at the bottom of the sac. Besides this disproportion between
the bulk of the viscera and the capacity of the containing sac, Cran-
chia has other relations with Loligopsis in the absence of the infun-
dibular valve, which exists in all the other Decapodous Cephalopods ;
and in the non-articulation of the base of the siphon by a double
ball and socket joint to the internal surface of the ventro-lateral
parts of the mantle. In the Decapodous Cephalopods generally the
funnel is articulated to the mantle, at the anterior part of its base,
by two ball and socket joints, the projection being on the mantle
and the socket on the funnel; both consisting of cartilage, covered
with a fine synovial membrane. The projecting cartilage is of an
oval form in the Cuttle-fish: but in Loligo it forms an elongated
ridge; which in Onychoteuthis commences at the anterior margin of
the mantle and extends one third down the sac, forming two thin
lateral cartilaginous /amine placed rather towards the ventral aspect
of the mantle: an elongated groove in the opposite sides of the fun-
nel plays upon each of these ridges. In Loligopsis the sides of the
funnel adhere to the corresponding cartilaginous lamine, which differ
from the lateral cartilages of other Decapodous Cephalopods only by
their greater length and tuberculated form. In Cranchia, as in the
Octopoda, these cartilages are entirely wanting; but the ventral
parietes of the base of the siphon become expanded, thin, and trans-
parent; and adhere to and become continuous with the correspond-
ing parts. of the mantle.

Mr. Owen regards as new the species of Loligo referred to, and
describes it under the name of Lol. laticeps : four specimens of it, the
largest of which measures only 1} inch from the extremity of the
mantle to the end of the outstretched tentacle, were obtained by
Mr. George Bennett among the Sargasso weed, in lat. 29° N., long.
47° W. When alive they were of a fine purple colour with dark
red spots. The specimens are now destitute of colour on the fins
and on the under surface of the third and fourth pairs of arms, and
the spots are but few on the under part of the head and mantle;

on the inner surface of the first, second, and third pairs of arms the
dark pigment is disposed in broad, irregularly shaped, transverse
bands, passing across between each of the pairs of suckers.

The head, as is indicated by the trivial name, is comparatively
broad ; and the arms which it supports are relatively longer than in
the Loligines generally, the second and third pairs being nearly
equal in length to the trunk. The body is subcylindrical and coni-
cal, gradually diminishing in circumference till it terminates in a
point at the posterior margin of the fins, which do not extend con-
joined together beyond this part. The fins are terminal and dorsal,
a space of about half a line intervening between their origins ante-
riorly, whence their bases converge and are united at the aper of
the trunk: their superior contour is an obtuse angle; their inferior
margin is rounded.

In the Cephalopod described as Cranchia cardioptera, Pér., to which
the species under consideration has a superficial resemblance, the
terminal fins have a semicircular contour, and their origins are
widely separated anteriorly; they also extend beyond the termina-
tion of the trunk: the trunk, moreover, is broader in proportion to
the head, and does not diminish gradually to a point, but is rounded
off at the posterior extremity. The Cranchia minima of Férussac
may be at once distinguished from Lol. laticeps by the extension of
the trunk beyond the small rounded fins, which gives a trilobate
contour to the termination of the body.

In internal organization Lol. laticeps agrees with the other Loli-
gines whose anatomical structure has been ascertained.

The fragments of the Decapodous Cephalopod obtained at Port
Jackson are too imperfect to allow of their being satisfactorily re-
ferred generically: they may, however, have belonged to a species
of Loligo or of Sepioteuthis. As in some species of both these
genera, the outer lip was characterized by eight short processes, on
the inner surface of which, at the extremity of each, were three or
four small suckers, attached by peduncles, and having precisely the
same structure as those of the eight large exterior arms. In this
repetition of the structure of the external series of cephalic processes
there is an evident analogy to the different series of labial processes
of Nautilus. In some species, as for instance Lol. Pealii, Le Sueur,
the acetabuliferous labial processes are more developed than in
Mr. George Bennett’s specimen. In Lol. corolliflora, Til., they have
been compared by Bojanus to the internal shorter series of tentacles
of a Medusa; affording another evidence of the analogy, though
remote, between the Cephalopods and the Radiata.

The two lateral processes at the termination of the rectum being,
in this instance, evidently adapted to form a valve for the closure of
the anus, Mr. Owen was induced to examine the corresponding
structure in other species; and to conclude, from his examination,
that similar appendages, although varying in form and position,
perform the same office in other Decapoda. The slenderness of the
anal processes in Onychoteuthis and Loligopsis being such as to pre-
elude the possibility of their acting as mechanical guards, it is in-

ferred that they may perform the function of instruments of sénsa-
tion, and convey the stimulus to contract to the muscular parts
that close the outlet of the alimentary canal. In the Octopoda the
anus is not similarly provided; and, indeed, it may be generally re-
marked that valvular or other guards are developed among the Ce-
phalopoda only in such as have the power of propelling themselves
forwards in the water.

The generative apparatus forming part of the fragments referred
to, Mr. Owen examined it with some care. His most important
observation relative to these organs relates to a small round flat
fleshy body, attached near the anterior aperture of each of the two
nidamental glands, destitute of any outlet, and of an orange colour.
A single bilobed organ, of a bright orange or red colour, similarly
connected with the anterior extremities of the nidamental glands,
exists (as was long since pointed out by Swammerdam) in the Cut-
tle-fish. In Sepiola the corresponding body is single, and of a rose
colour. And there exist two such bodies in a small Cephalopod
taken by Capt. Ross on the shore of Boothia, which Mr. Owen has
recently described under the name of Rossia palpebrosa. Consider-
ing the bright colours which these bodies commonly present, and
their structure and relations to the generative apparatus, Mr. Owen
feels authorized in regarding them as analogous to the suprarenal
bodies, hitherto regarded as peculiar to the Vertebrate series.

The small Octopus described by Mr. Owen was obtained by Mr.
George Bennett, like the Loligo laticeps, among the Sargasso weed;
which forms, as it were, a bank in the midst of the ocean, affording
shelter to many marine animals of littoral genera. The condition
of the generative organs would appear to indicate that the specimens
brought home were not adult, and the species consequently may be
assumed to attain a greater size than that of the largest individual
in the collection, which measures only 14 inch from the end of the
sac to the extremity of the longest arm. Of the eight arms the first,
or dorsal, pair is the longest, as is the case in many species of Oc-
topus ; the second pair is nearly of the same length as the first ; the
third pair (which in the Decapods is commonly the longest) is scarcely
half the length of the first; the fourth pair is nearly two thirds of
the length of the first. The musculo-membranous web, which is
usually extended between the bases of all the arms in the Octopi, is
in this species developed to the ordinary extent between the four
dorsal arms only: the webs between the second and third arms,
and the third and fourth arms, on each side, are very short; that
between the fourth pair is wanting. From this peculiarity Mr. Owen
proposes to name the species Octopus semipalmatus.

Its anatomy generally agrees with that of Oct. vulgaris.

The remaining specimens described by Mr. Owen are the shell
and animal of Argonauta hians, Lam. They were obtained in lat.
4°8., long. 17° W. The animal was alive at the time of its capture
by Mr. George Bennett, but fell out of its shell when it was moved
on the following morning. A mass of eggs was then exposed in the
inyoluted portion of the shell, which increased so greatly in size after

being put into spirit that they now occupy so much of the cavity
that not more than one third of the body of the parent could be
forced into it.

Referring to the fact that the Cephalopods hitherto found in the
shells of each species of Argonauta have invariably presented
characters as specifically distinct as those of the shells in which they
were found, each species of animal having appropriated to it its own
peculiar species of shell—a fact which extends not only to Arg.
Argo, Arg. tuberculata, and Arg. hians, but also to an undescribed
species obtained in the Indian seas by Capt. P. P. King, R.N., for
which Mr. Owen proposes the name of Arg. rufa, he is disposed to
believe that the shell really belongs to the animal that occurs in it.
On this account he speaks of the animal in question as the Arg. hians,
discarding the name of Ocythoé Cranchii applied to it by Dr. Leach.

In carefully describing the specimen before him, Mr. Owen cor-
rects some errors in the account given of the animal by its original
describer, and furnishes various particulars which, from the con-
tracted state of his individuals, were unobserved by Dr. Leach. He
also adverts to the statement made by that able zoologist, that
in this species all the internal organs are essentially the same as in
Octopus : and remarks that Arg. hians, like Arg. Argo, recedes from
the naked Octopods and approaches the Decapods in the structure of
the branchial hearts, which are provided with a fleshy appendage,
in the form of the appendages cf the vena cava, which are shorter
and thicker; and in the relative position of the lozenge-shaped ink-
bag, which is not buried in the substance of the liver, but lies in its
anterior concavity: the inferior salivary glands are also relatively
smaller. The following differences, as compared with Octopus, oc-
cur in other internal organs which adhere to the type of structure
that characterizes the Octopodous tribe of the Dibranchiata: the
laminated pancreatic bag is of a triangular form, and not spirally
disposed ; the two oviducts are devoid of the circular laminated
glands which surround them in Octopus about the middle of their
course; they are also disposed in four or five convolutions as they
pass behind the roots of the branchie; and they terminate at a rela-
tively greater distance from the base of the funnel.

Mr. Owen then describes various portions of the internal struc-
ture of Argonauta; and especially its brain, its principal nervous
cords, and the lateral muscles, here at their minimum of develop-
ment, which attain in Nautilus, as the muscles of attachment to the
shell, so enormous a size. )

___The eggs are in nearly the same state of development as those
which have been described by Mr. Bauer and by Dr. Roget; and
consequently afforded no conclusive proof as to the nature of the
connexion of the animal with the shell. In one of them, from the
form of the opake body contained within it, Mr. Owen for a moment
entertained the idea that the nucleus of the real shell might be
found: on tearing open, however, the external tissue, the contained
substance turned out to be nothing more than the yelk, separated
by an intervening stratum of clear fluid from the transparent mem-

24
brana vitelli; and the whole substance of the opake mass separated
into the flakes, granules, and globules of oil, of which the vitellus is
usually composed : there was not a trace of any consistent parts of
an embryo, nor the slightest particle of caleareous matter.

Mr. Owen concludes his communication by a tabular view of the
Cephalopoda, exhibiting the external and internal characters common
to the entire class; those of the several orders and families com-
prised in it; and the names of the genera included in each family.

March 8, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby read a paper, entitled “‘ Observations on the oppos-
able power of the Thumb in certain Mammals, considered as a zoolo-
gical character: and on the Natural Affinities which subsist between
the Bimana, Quadrumana, and Pedimana.”

In the summer of 1829 it occurred to Mr. Ogilby to observe that
two living individuals of Mycetes Seniculus did not use the extre-
mities of their anterior limbs for the purpose of holding objects be-
tween the fingers and thumb, as is common among the Quadrumana ;
and he ascertained also, on closer examination, that the thumb, as
it has generally been considered, was not in these animals opposable
to the other fingers, but originated in the same line with them.
Struck with the apparent singularity of the fact, he was induced to
pay particular attention to all the other animals, referred by zoolo-
gists to the Quadrumanous family. to which he had access; and the

continued observation of more than six years has assured him that
the non-opposable character of the inner finger of the anterior ex-
tremities, which he first observed in the specimens referred to, is
not confined to the genus Mycetes, but extends throughout the
whole of the genera of the South American Monkeys, individuals of
all of which have now been seen by him in the living state. In
none of them, consequently, does a true thumb exist on the ante-
rior limbs : and as a further consequence it follows, that the whole
of them have hitherto been incorrectly referred to the Quadrumana
_ by zoologists generally. There is a solitary exception among de-
_ Sscriptive writers from this mode of viewing the subject, D’Azara
(as Mr. Ogilby has very recently become aware) having spoken of
_ the anterior extremities of some of the species observed by him as
_ having five fingers originating on the same line with each other:
_ but the statements of that original observer appear, in this respect,
either to have been unnoticed by other authors or to have been
4 ht by as undeserving of attention, so entirely were they at va-
_ fiance with the preconceived notions of all.
_ Of the eight natural genera which include all the known Monkeys
_ of the Western Hemisphere, one, Ateles, is entirely destitute of a
thumb, or has that member existing only in a rudimentary form be-
neath the skin. In five others, Mycetes, Lagothrix, Aotus, Pithecia,
nd Hapale, the anterior thumbs (using the ordinary expression for
them) are placed absolutely on the same line with the other fingers,
of the same form with them, act invariably in the same direc-
,and are totally incapable of being opposed to them. In the two
aining genera, Cebus and Callithrix, the extremities of thé an-
erior limbs have a greater external resemblance to the hands of Man
and of the Monkeys of the Old World: the internal finger is placed
No, XXXIX.—Procrepines or tur Zootoeicar Society,

further back than the general line of the other fingers, and has, on
that account, when superficially noticed, the semblance of being
opposed to them; but, as has been correctly observed by D’Azara
with reference to Ceb. capucinus, it is less separated than in Man:
it is, besides, of precisely the same slender form with the rest, is
weaker than them, absolutely without power of opposition to them,
and habitually acts in the same direction with them. ‘The impres-
sion derived from contemplating the hands of the Old World Mon-
keys might induce the belief that the extremities of the Cedi are si-
milarly constituted: but if the knowledge that in Mycetes, Pithecia,
&c., there are no. opposable thumbs, lead to a close observation of
the anterior extremities of the Cedi, it will be found that they do
not act as hands,and cannot be considered as possessing the powers
of those organs. From innumerable observations of many species
of that genus Mr. Ogilby states that it was very evident, notwith-
standing the fallacious appearance occasioned by the backward posi-
tion of the organ, that they had not the power of opposing the
thumb to the other fingers in the act of prehension: and, in fact,
their principal power of prehension seems to be altogether indepen-
dent of the thumb, for, generally speaking, that member was not
brought into action at all, at least not simultaneously with the other
fingers, but hung loosely on one side, as Mr. Ogilby has seen it do,
in like circumstances, in the Opossums, Phalangers, and other ar-
boreal Mammals: when actually brought into play, however, the
thumb of the Cebi invariably acted in the same direction as the other
fingers. Cebus consequently agrees in the character of non-oppos-
ableness of thumb with the nearly allied genera. And in this hi-
therto unsuspected peculiarity zoologists obtain a far more impor-
tant character by which to distinguish the Monkeys of the Old and
New World than that hitherto relied on, the comparative thickness
of the septum narium, or than the accessory aids afforded by the
absence of cheek-pouches and callosities. Hence, according to
Mr. Ogilby, as the Monkeys of America have now been ascertained to
be destitute of anterior hands, they can be no longer included among
the Quadrumana; and he proposes in consequence to regard them as
Pedimana. He considers that in the latter series, the Moxkeys of
America form a group parallel to that of the Monkeys of the Old
World among the Quadrumana: and viewing the Quadrumana as
consisting of two primary groups, that of which Simia forms the
type, and the Lemuride, he proceeds to analyse the Pedimana in
order to determine whether any group analogous to the Lemurs
exists init. He finds such a group in the association of the genera
Didelphis, Cheironectes, Phalangista, Petaurus, and Phascolarctos,
(together with a new genus, Pseudochirus, which he has found it
necessary to separate from Phalangista as at present constituted) ;
and for this association he uses the name of Didelphide. Aware
that the modifications observable in the dentary systems of these
several genera have been regarded by many zoologists as betoken-
ing a difference of regimen, which has led to their being viewed as
constituting distinct families; he, in the first place, states, as the

result of his observation of the habits of the numerous species of all
these genera which have been, from time to time, exhibited in the
Society’s Gardens, that there is little or no difference, in this re-
spect, between the Opossums and Phalangers, but that all are equally
omnivorous ; and then proceeds to discuss the modifications that
exist among them in the number and form of the several kinds of
teeth, which are not, in his. estimation, so very different in reality
between the Opossums and Phalangers as they appear to be at first
sight. In further support of his opinion that this association of ge-
nera, forms a natural family, Mr. Ogilby refers to the gradual and
uninterrupted transition from the naked-prehensile-tailed Opossums
of South America, through the equally naked-tailed Couscous, Ba-
lantia, of the Indian Isles, to the true Phalangers ; and from these
to the Petaurists directly on the, one hand, and by means of the
Pseudocheirs to the Koalas on the other.

On the prehensile power of the tail Mr. Ogilby particularly in-
sists, as on a faculty possessed by the greater number of the Pedi-
mana, and as one which is, in truth, almost confined to them: only
¢hree known genera belonging to other groups, Synetherus, Myrme-
cophaga, and Cercoleptes, being endowed with it. He remarks on
this faculty as on one of considerable importance, affording as it
does, in some degree, a compensation for the absence of opposable

thumbs on the anterior limbs. Combined with the prehensile tail,
_ imevery known instance, whether among the Pedimana or in other
_ groups, is a slowness and apparent cautiousness of mction, not ob-
servable in any of the Quadrumana except in the Nycticebi. In none
of the true Quadrumana is the tail prehensile.

_ Another evidence of the distinctness, as two groups, of the Qua-
drumana and the Pedimana, is furnished by their geographical distri-
bution. The Quadrumana are strictly confined to the limits of the
Old World : the Pedimana, almost as exclusively to the New World;
for Mr. Ogilby considers the continent of Australia to belong more

_ properly to America than to Asia. The very few apparent excep-
tions that occur to this latter position are in the presence of some
species of Phalangers in the long chain of islands that connect the
_ south-eastern shores of Asia with the north-eastern coast of Aus-

tralia; islands which may, in truth, be fairly regarded as belonging

partly to the one and partly to the other, and the productions of
a consequently be expected to partake of the character
__ Mr. Ogilby subsequently adverts to another Pedimanous animal,
_ the Aye-Aye of Madagascar, constituting the genus Cheiromys ; re-
§pecting the affinities of which he speaks with hesitation, because,
having never had an opportunity of examining the animal itself, he
_ is acquainted with its characters only at second-hand. He is, how-
te disposed to regard it as representing a third group among the
Pedimana, to be placed in a station intermediate between the Mon-
keys of the New World and the Didelphide. With the latter he
_ would, in fact, be disposed to associate it, were it not destitute of
_ the marsupial character which belongs to all the other animals com-

ergy
¥3

prised in that group. In some of the Didelphide, the Phalangers
and Petaurists especially, there is a marked approximation to that
rodent form of incisor teeth which obtains in Cheiromys, and which
has hitherto been regarded as especially attaching to it an abnormal
character.

Man is the only other animal furnished with hands; and how-
ever distinct he may be as regards his moral and intellectual powers,
he must, zoologically, be considered on physical grounds. By his
structural characters he becomes associated with all those of which
mention has previously been made in Mr. Ogilby’s communication ;
although he unquestionably constitutes among them a peculiar group,
sensibly exalted above the rest, as well as above all other Mammals.

Mr.Ogilby concludes by proposing the name of Cheiropeds, Cheiro-
poda, to include all the Mammals that are possessed of hands; and
by subjoining a table of the families and genera included in this or-
der, as he regards it. Of this table the following may be regarded
as an abstract.

Class. Mammatia.

Order. CHEIROPODA,

Mammals with opposable thumbs
On the anterior extremities only ............ Bim ana.
On both anterior and posterior extremities.... QuapRUMANA.
And with anthropoid teeth,

Monkeys of the Old World.
abnormal teeth,
Lemuride.

On the posterior extremities only............ PEDIMANA.
And with anthropoid teeth,

Monkeys of the New World.
rodent teeth,

Cheiromys.

abnormal teeth,
Dideiphide.

March 22, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair

The following Notes by Mr. Martin on the visceral and osteological
Anatomy of the Cariama, Dicholophus cristatus, Ill., were read.

“The Cariama, of the examination of which I made the following
notes, was sent to the Society by its President, the Earl of Derby, in
November, 1835. It was a female, and had died from the effects of
extensive visceral inflammation. :

“The trachea, without making any curvature or loop, passed straight
into the chest. The esophagus, immediately before its entrance, pre-
sented a gentle but evident dilatation. On carefully dissecting away
the abdominal muscles, the gizzard appeared just below the apex of
the sternum, lying in a vertical position, so that its defined abdominal
edge seemed a continuation of the sternal apex. On each side above
was a large air-cell extending along the ribs, but separated from what
may be termed the thoracic air-cell ; and on each side below was
another, occupying the iliac region, the membrane being fixed to the
pubic bones. From the gizzard a kind of fatty omentum, if the term
be allowed, stretched over the intestines ; this omentum, however,
was only the peritoneal membrane lining the abdominal muscles,
having fat disposed in a foliaceous manner between its two lamine.
Below the gizzard lay the duodenum, its loose fold Sweeping round
that viscus in a horseshoe form. Each lobe of the liver was very soft,
and, as it were, decomposed in structure, of a rose pink colour, and
glued firmly to the peritoneal cavity by a layer of coagulated lymph
half an inch thick ; and the abdominal cavity was filled with bloody
serum.

“ The gizzard was of large size, thin, but muscular, witha radiating

_ tendinous patch on each side, of the size of half-a-crown. It was

__ lined with a strong coriaceous membrane, of a yellowish colour, irre-
_ gularly puckered. The proventriculus was lined for the extent of 2

inches above its entrance into the gizzard with a zone of thickly set

glands.

a 7 “The duodenum, on leaving the gizzard, made a sweep of 6 inches,
de the right to the left, round that viscus, and then, returning sud-
_ denly upon itself, embraced in this flexure, as usual, the pancreas. The

whole of the small intestines were disposed in loops of a similar na-

4 ture, but of less extent. The duodenum at its commencement was a
little enlarged ; but not into anything like a pyloric appendix as in
: the Adjutant.

“The gall-bladder was of the size of a walnut; and the biliary duct,

——— ss ss ee

an inch in length, entered the duodenum at its second turn, where the
reflected portion returns to the gizzard. At half an inch from the
biliary duct an hepatic duct entered; and near this two pancreatic
ducts: but the pancreas was so disorganized that I failed in all en-
deavours to make out more. ,

“« The total length of the small intestines was 2 feet 10 inches; of
the large, 5 inches, reckoning from the base of the ceca, which were
double, closely adherent to the small intestines, and 74 inches long.
The cloaca, at its entrance into which the large intestine was sur-
rounded by a sphincter-like valve, was divided by a fold into two
portions: beneath this fold entered the ureters and oviduct; and
below and between the ureters was the bursa Fabricii. The upper
portion of the cloaca was lined with a villous coat ; but the part below
had a smooth mucous lining. The villi of the large intestine were
disposed in longitudinal lines ; but this was not the case in the cloaca,
where the villous surface was uniform. The length of the cloaca was
1 inch and 5 lines ; its circumference } inch.

“The gizzard was filled with undigested flesh, feathers, and peb-
bles.

‘The intestines were full of pus, and their villous lining was highly
inflamed.

“In the whole of the visceral arrangement a close affinity may be
observed to the Grus tribe. In the Stanley Crane (Anthropoides pa-
radiseus, Bechst.) the intestines are similarly disposed in folds or loops,
and the two c@ca, given off 6 inches from the anus, are 4 inches long.
In the Stanley Crane, however, the muscular coat of the gizzard is
thicker than in the Cariama, being in some parts an inch across,
while in the latter bird it is about 4 of an inch ; hence there is in this
point an index of a less vegetable regimen. In the Stanley Crane,
the total length of the intestines is 5 feet 3 inches. In the Cariama,
it is 3 feet 54 inches.

** In its general aspect the skeleton of the Cariama is very remark-

able. The comparative shortness of the neck, the compactness of the
chest and stoutness of the ribs, together with the abbreviated condi-
tion of the wings, appear as if out of harmony with the length of the
limbs, especially of the tibia and tarsus; while the toes concluding
this length of limb are short, the hinder one being situated high and
not touching the ground.

‘The skull, as in the Cranes, is arched above, but rises on the
vertec to a more abrupt elevation; the arch in the Stanley Crane
being a regular sweep from the base of the upper mandible to the
occiput. The orbits are large, and are separated by a bony septum with
a central and posterior perforation and a slight superior fissure. In the
Stanley Crane, the central perforation is large and continuous with
the posterior ; the superior fissure being also more decided. The supra-
orbital process of the lacrymal bone is large, prominent, and directed
backwards, as it is in the Stanley Crane. There is also a large pos-

| Ze lew a

terior orbital process, forming part of the rim of the orbit ; and be-
fore the os quadratum there projects forwards and downwards a pro-
cess of the temporal bone, analogous, I suspect, to the zygomatic
process; for the long bone stretching to the upper mandible from the
os quadratum, which in the present bird is remarkably slender, cannot
be called a true zygoma. Between these two processes is the de-
pression for the temporal muscle. The nostrils are large, wide, ovoid,
and open.

“In the lower jaw there is nothing remarkable. It may be ob-
served, however, that a slit, or long foramen, marks the union of the
basal to the anterior portion of the bone, instead of a simple suture.
The coronoid process is very small.

«« The vertebre are short and stout, and resemble more those of a
Gallinaceous Bird than of a Crane; in fact, they differ little from those
of the crested Curassow. Their number is as follows:

Cervical .......... 13
Dorval tyeieaeitere 7
oo Rear 12 apparently.
Caudal esi bees. 8

But thata rib arises on each side from it, the last or 7th dorsal ver-
tebra is so completely consolidated to the sacrum that it cannot be
distinguished from that portion of the column ;—this is also the case,
1 in the black-crested Curassow, with the last dorsal vertebra; and in the
Stanley Crane, with the last two. ©
‘‘ The sternum differs considerably in figure from that of the Stan-
ley Crane. For, independently of the absence of a channel in the an-
_ terior edge of the keel for the reception of the trachea, the keel is
neither so deep, nor is its anterior apex even in contact with the
point of the os furcatum, (there being a firm consolidation in the
anley Crane,) while its posterior edge is narrow and prolonged as
in Gallinaceous Birds; whereas in the Stanley Crane it is broad and
squared. The total length of the sternum is 4; inches: the greatest
_ depth of the keel 14. The keel does not arise abruptly from the body
of the sternum, but the latter merges gradually into it.

“The os furcatum is very slender and depressed towards the cora-
oid bones ; its figure is triangular, and the apex does not reach the
el of the sternum by nearly half an inch. The Cariama is a bird of
feeble powers of flight, very different from the Crane in this respect,
and exhibiting a corresponding modification of the osseous parts con-
_ mected with aérial progression.

_. “The ribs, seven in number on each side, are short and strong; the

_ first two are false : in the Stanley Crane I can only find one false rib
on each side ; while all the rest are long, somewhat slender, and ex-
tend nearly 2 inches beyond the posterior margin of the sternum :
_ whereas in the Cariama, the posterior sternal apex extends beyond

the ribs, which here make a very obtuse angle at their junction with
the cartilages, or rather bones of sternal attachment.

“‘ The clavicles offer nothing remarkable.

*«« The bones of the wings are short; the fore arm and humerus being
of equal length,—44 inches: the hand consists of the usual bones
in Bzrds, and is about 34 inches in length.

“The femur, as in the Crane, is short and strong, measuring 3}
inches. The tibia is slender, measuring 83 inches in length; the pro-
jecting crista before its upper articulating surface is very bold: as in
the Crane, there is a large internal plate and an external pointed pro-
cess, with a deep hollow between them, occupying the front of the
upper end of the tibia. The fibula is, as usual, a slender stylet, and
3 inches long. The tarsus is 63 inches long, of a squared form to-
wards its upper extremity, with an anterior and posterior groove very
strongly marked, and a slighter groove on each side. The accessory
or little metatarsal bone, at the base of the hind toe, is very small,
and is situated about an inch from the lower extremity of the tarsus.
The toes are short and stout, but consist of the usual number of pha-
langes.

“Though the Cariama, in its osseous structure, exhibits but little
resemblance to the Birds of the Raptorial order, it approaches that
order very remarkably in the structure of the eye, which is surround-
ed by a firm consolidated osseous ring. This ring departs materially
in its formation from what obtains among the Grallatores generally,
where it is imbricated and slight, and indeed scarcely merits the
name of osseous.

* The choroid, the iris, and the lens present nothing remarkable.
The ciliary processes are 102 in number, and about the 12th of an
inch in length. The marsupium nigrum is strong, large in proportion
to the eye, and much elevated.”

In illustration of Mr. Martin’s Notes, the mounted skeleton of the
Cariama was exhibited ; as were also preparations of several of the

Viscera.

The following Notes by Mr. Martin, of the anatomy of a specimen
of Buffon’s Touraco, Corythaix Buffonii, Vaill., were subsequently
read.

«‘ The death of a specimen of Buffon’s Touraco in the Gardens of
the Society, has enabled me to investigate its visceral anatomy, and
to compare the details afforded by that species, with those given by
Mr. Owen respecting the Corythaix porphyreolopha. The indiyidual.

in question was a female of the Cor. Buffonii. In the total length

of the head, neck and body, exclusive of the tail-feathers, it measured
84 inches,

* “On opening the abdomen, I found the viscera thus arranged.

Below the edge of the sternum, (which is a very short bone, its keel
being only 1+ inch long,) appeared the two lobes of the liver, (highly

7S eS

tuberculated): on the left side was the gizzard ; and on the right, the
first portion of the duodenum with the spleen apparent. On turning
back the stomach, there appeared, dorsad, the coil of intestines.

«* Beginning with the esophagus, | found it a wide dilatable simple
tube, puckered longitudinally within, but these foldings disappeared
on dilatation; lying compressed in situ its breadth was rather more
than 4 an inch. Without any previous dilatation or crop, it entered
the proventriculus; its boundary line being a sphincter-like thicken-
ing. The whole of the proventriculus was covered internally with
small thickly set glands, of a flattened figure ; and its length from the
termination of the @sophagus to the gizzard was 4 of an inch.

«<The tongue was tipped with a sharp flat horny point; but I could
find no bristles at its apex, as in the Toucans, and as was seen by
Mr. Owen in the Corythaix porphyreolopha. Its base was covered
with retroverted papille, which occurred again posterior to the rima
glottidis. The pharynz, or opening into the gullet, was beset with
numerous glands, the mouths of which were very visible. The trachea
was a straight tube; but soon after commencing it gradually contract-
ed, and then gradually dilated for the space of an inch, contracting
again, and again dilating as it dipped into the chest. As this pecu-
liarity is not noticed by Mr. Owen in the species he dissected, I con-
clude that it does not exist in it. The sterno-tracheal muscles con-
sisted of a single pair.

“‘ The liver consisted of two lobes as usual, and beneath the right
lay the gall-bladder, of an oblong figure, which I found empty. Its
duct, 2 inches in length, entered the duodenum at the first angle, and
beneath the body of the pancreas, accompanied by an hepatic duct
which entered with it.

“The pancreas was small, and consisted of a lobulated portion
lying on the angle of the duodenum above mentioned, and giving off
a narrow slip along the first portion of the duodenum to which it was
closely attached. I could trace two small ducts from it entering near
the bile-ducts. The distance of this angle from the gizzard was about
lz inch. I found the spleen adhering to the gizzard, and between
this and the right lobe of the liver. Its figure was oval, its size that
of asmall nutmeg, its structure soft and evidently disorganized.
The heart presented nothing remarkable ; it was subacute and 14
inch long.

_ The muscular parietes of the gizzard were thin; but this viscus
_ was lined by a leathery membrane of a whitish colour : its length was
_ ly inch; its diameter when lying compressed as usual 14. It con-
_ tained a little undigested vegetable matter.

The duodenum, beginning small from a short pyloric canal, as
noticed by Mr. Owen, suddenly dilated to 3ths of an inch in dia-

BY ‘meter; the pyloric canal was corrugated internally, these corruga-

tions verging to a sphincter.

“The small intestines were 114 inches in length, terminating in a

globular pouch or e@cum, not unlike the rudimentary cecum found in
some land Tortoises. From this pouch to the anus the distance was
5 inches. The intestinal canal was full of purulent matter, and its
mucous coat was highly inflamed. I found no worms, though I looked
carefully for them, opening nearly the whole of the alimentary canal.

«‘ The oviduct and the ureters terminated in the cloaca as usual.
The ovary was nearly 3 of an inchlong. The kidneys were as usual.

«« The eyes approximated closely in structure to those of the Parrot
tribe. The sclerotic coat had a narrow ring of ossification composed
of eleven plates, six of which were disposed in an imbricated manner,
the five at the lower and posterior part being only in juxtaposition.
Of these plates, however, the three superior alone could be termed
fairly osseous. The cornea was small in diameter and not very convex.
The optic nerve entered the infero-posterior portion of the sclerotic,
the retina springing from a tubercle under and around the marsupium,
which was very small. The vitreous humour and lens were as usual.
The membrana aquatica, as it is termed, was very visible. The ciliary
processes, the 12th of an inch long, were 96 in number. The uvea
was dark; the iris lake colour, and its sphincter fibres distinct; the
ciliary ligament broad; the pigmentum nigrum dark brown and in
large quantity. Many fibrils of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th pairs of nerves
pierced the sclerotic.”

Mr. Bennett directed the attention of the Meeting to an interest-
ing series of the Indian Antelope, Antilope Cervicapra, Pall., now at
the Society’s Gardens. It consists of four individuals : an adult and
aged male, brought by Col. Sykes from Bombay, and presented by him
to the Society nearly five years ago; a younger, yet adult, male, which
was presented, in an immature condition, about two years since ; an
immature male, lately arrived in the Menagerie, and in about the
same state of development as that in which the last-mentioned indi-
vidual was when it was originally presented ; and an emasculated in-
dividual of full growth. In the older of these Antelopes the rich deep
colour of the body generally is so intense as almost to approach to
black, and the horns are strong and fully developed: the possession
of horns and the depth of colouring, which are peculiar to the male
sex, are exhibited in it at their maximum. The second individual ap-
proximates nearly to it in the degree in which these secondary sexual
characters are developed. In the third, the youngest of the series,
there exist the horns characteristic of the male, but these organs are
yet of small growth, are only beginning to be annulated at their base,
and are commencing their first spiral turn; its colour, as is very
generally the case among the young of animals that in adult age are
differently coloured in the sexes, is that of the female, which in this
instance is a dull fawn with a pale stripe along the side: it has, con-
sequently, in these two striking particulars, full evidence of immatu-
rity. The emasculated individual was probably, at the period when

that accident or operation occurred which prevented the development
of its sexual characters, at nearly the same age as the one last ad-
verted to: it has since continued to increase in bulk, and it even ex-
ceeds in size, as often happens in castrated animals, the perfect adult
male of the same species : but the secondary sexual characters of the
male have not been developed in it; it retains the dull fawn colour
of immaturity, and its horns have not acquired the strength, the annu-
lation, or the spiral turns which belong to those of the adult and per-
fect male. One of the horns has been broken off; perhaps the more
readily from some weakness in its structure, consequent on its unim-
portance to an animal so degenerated: the other retains, at a short
distance from its normally formed tip, a few rings, but beyond these
the surface has become smooth, the substance remains weak and
comparatively small, and the direction, instead of being in a succes-
sion of spiral turns, is in a single sweep, passing backwards above the
base of the ear and then descending along the curve of the neck: it
has, though weaker, much of the character of the horns of the African
race of Sheep. The general appearance of the animal is also sheep-
like and tame.
Mr. Bennett proceeded to remark that these animals, although cu-
vious and interesting on account of the variations exhibited by them,
in accordance with their several conditions, in those acknowledged
secondary sexual characters, colour and horns, were yet more in-
____ teresting when considered with reference to the state of another organ,
___ the use of which has long remained a problem to zoologists, but which,

it appeared to him, must be referred to sexual relations; he alluded
__ now to the lacrymal sinus. Referring to its structure as to that of a
sac, opening externally by a lengthened slit, but perfectly closed
. within, he remarked, that that organ could not possibly be in any
__ degree connected with the functions of respiration; there being no
aperture through it for the passage of air, Its inner surface is covered
_by a smooth skin, with a few scattered and very short bristles, and
_is defended by a dark-coloured and copious secretion of ceruminous
_ matter, which has a slight urinous or sexual odour. He did not
_ feel himself competent, he stated, to explain the precise manner in
_which this organ is available for sexual purposes; yet he felt con-
_ vinced that such is its use, from the consideration of its relative de-
velopment in the several Indian Antelopes of the Society's Mena-

In the more aged of these individuals, as indeed in the adult Indian
_ Antelope generally, the large cutaneous follicle beneath the eye known

the lacrymal sinus, is so prominent as to form a most striking feature
_in the animal’s physiognomy: it never appears as a simple slit, its
thickened edges pouting so widely as to be at all times partially
_ everted. When the animal is excited, and it is constantly highly ex-
_ citable, the eversion of the bag becomes complete, and its thick lips
__ being thrown widely back, the intervening space is actually forced

‘

oe
.

forwards so as to form a projection instead of a hollow: the animal
is, on such occasions, delighted to thrust repeatedly the naked lining
of the sac against any substance that is offered to him, which soon
becomes loaded with the odour that has been referred to as belonging
to the secretion. In the second individual, although it is perfectly
mature, the protrusion of the inner surface of the sac is not quite to
so great an extent as in the more aged male; and the less thickened
edges of the sinus allow of a nearer approximation to its closure in
the unexciied state of the animal. The youngest male has the lips
of the sinus small and closely applied to each other, so as to hide
completely the whole of the internal lining of the sac, and to exhibit,
externally, a mere fissure: in it the lips are but slightly moved when
the animal is interested. The emasculated individual, notwithstand-
ing its full growth, has its suborbital sinus nearly in the same condi-
tion as that of the immature male: it is merely a slight fissure, the
edges of which are closely applied to each other; and in it those
edges do not appear to be at all moved, the animal being generally
careless and inanimate. It would consequently seem that the same
cause which induced the retention, by this individual, of its immature
colours, and which arrested the perfect growth of its horns, was ade-
quate also for the checking of the development of the suborbital sinuses.
Those organs, therefore, would appear to be dependent on sexual per-
fection ; and consequently to be, in some manner yet to be ascertain-
ed, subservient to sexual purposes, with the capacity for which they
are evidently, in the phases of their development, essentially con-
nected.

Mr. Owen, who had conceived it possible that the secretion of
these glands, when rubbed upon projecting bodies, might serve to di-
rect individuals of the same species to each other, remarked that he
had endeavoured to test the probability of this supposition by pre-
paring a tabular view of the relations between the habits and habitats
of the several species of Antelopes, and their suborbital, maxillary,
post-auditory, and inguinal glands; in order to be able to compare
the presence and degrees of development of these glands with the
gregarious and other habits of the Antelope tribe. He stated, how-
ever, that it was evident from this table, that there is no relation be-
tween the gregarious habits of the Antelopes which frequent the plains,
and the presence of the suborbital and maxiliary sinuses ; since these,
besides being altogether wanting in some of the gregarious species,
are present in many of the solitary frequenters of rocky mountainous
districts. The supposition, therefore, that the secretion may serve,
when left on shrubs or stones, to direct a straggler to the general
herd, falls to the ground.

Mr. Owen’s Table is as follows :

and maxil-

lary sinuses.

Suborbital si-
nuses large.

Suborbital }

~ SOS wD

small.

Suborbital

‘sarod jeumnSuy

‘saaod yeunsur on

‘saaod jeurnduy

{ Antilope Sumatrensis. Hilly forests; habits of the
Goat.

, oat,

Cervicapra. Open plains of India; gregarious.

quadriscopa. Senegal.

melampus. Open plains of Caffraria; flocks
of six or eight.

Forfex. Africa.

adenota. Africa.

quadricornis.

picta. Dense forests of India

scoparia. Open plains of S. Africa; sub-
gregarious.

Tragulus. Stony plains and valleys of S. Africa;
in pairs.

melanotis. Plains, hides in underwood ; in
pairs. ‘

Dorcas. Borders of the desert ; gregarious.

Kevella. Stony plains, Senegal ; gregarious,

subgutturosa. Plains, Central Asia; grega-
rious.

Bennettii. Rocky hills of Deccan; not gre-
garious.

Arabica. Stony hills of Arabia.

Saemmeringii. Hills in Abyssinia; not gre-
garious.

Euchore. Dry plains of S. Africa; gregarious.

pygarga. Plains, S, Africa; gregarious.

horr. Deserts of Morocco.
Dama.
ruficollis. Deserts of Nubia; gregarious.

Colus. Vicinity of lakes; gregarious, migra-
tory.

guiturosa. Arid deserts, Asia; periodically
gregarious.

Salttana. Mountainous districts, Abyssinia ;
in pairs.

Oreotragus.. Mountains of the Cape; like
the Chamois.

Thar. Hills of Nepaul; not gregarious.

Gazella. Senegal. ?

Bubalis. Mountains and deserts, Tripoli ;
gregarious.

Caama. Plains of S. Africa; gregarious.

lunata. S. Africa.

Gnu. Karroos of S. Africa ; gregarious.

taurina s. Gorgon. S. Africa; gregarious.

silvicultriz. Thickets and underwood, Africa.

mergens, Forests and underwood, S. Africa;
in pairs. ;

Grimmia. Guinea.

Burchellii.

platous.

perpusilla. Bushes, S. Africa; in pairs,

Macxwellii.

pygmea.

No suborbital, { Antilope Strepsiceros. Woods and banks of rivers,

or maxillary Caffraria; subgregarious.
sinuses. sylvatica. Woods, Caffraria; in pairs.
scripta.

Koba. Senegal.

Kob. Senegal.

Eleotragus. Reedy banks, Cape; subgre-
garious.

redunca. Goree.

Capreolus. Underwood, S. Africa; subgre-
garious.

Landiana. Underwood, S. Africa; subgre-
garious.

Antilope Rupicapra. Mountains, Europe; subgrega-

rious.

‘soxod peurnsuy
“~

(Post-auditory
sinuses.)

No suborbital,
or maxillary
sinuses.

Antilope Addax. Deserts, N. Africa; in pairs.
Leucoryx. Acacia groves, N. Africa; gre-
garious.
Orya. Woods and plains, $. Africa; sub-
gregarious.
leucophea. Open plains, S. Africa; sub-
gregarious.
barbata. Open plains, S, Africa; in pairs.
equina, Plains, S. Africa; in pairs.
ellipsiprymnus. S. Africa.
Oreas. Open plains, S. Africa ; gregarious.
Canna. Deserts, Cape; gregarious.
Goral. Elevated plains, Himalaya; grega-
l rious.

——-/-—_-—___~, cm

‘satod yeumm3ur on

Mr. Ogilby remarked, with reference to this subject, that he had
had opportunities of observing, at the Surrey Zoological Gardens, a
female of the Indian Antelope, in which, when he first saw her, the
lacrymal sinus was in a state of quiescence : but when he observed
her again, a month afterwards, and probably in improved condition,
that organ was in a state as excitable as it is in the old male of the
Society's Gardens.

He added, as a general remark, which, however, he stated was not
universal, that in intertropical animals the lacrymal sinus is larger
than in more northern species, and in those whose range is limited to
mountainous districts.

He also described the lacrymal sinus of a species of Gazelle, which
he had observed after death: it consisted of a gland furnished with six
excretory ducts placed nearly in a circle, and with one central duct :
from the orifices of these ducts, when squeezed, there issued out
strings of a dense ceruminous matter.

Mr. Bennett stated in conclusion, that since making his observa-
tions on the Indian Antelope, which had led him to form the opinion
he had advanced with respect to the use of the lacrymal sinus, he had

——. ae

i a

———— ee

received from Mr. Hodgson of Nepal, a Corresponding Member of
the Society, a letter in which, among other subjects, some remarks
are made on this organ as it exists in the Thar Antelope, and in the
Cervus Aristotelis: in the former of those animals, Mr. Hodgson’s
observations prove that during the breeding-season the lacrymal sinus
is in a high state of activity. Mr. Hodgson’s letter, which is dated
Nepal, June 18, 1835, refers also to other glands in some other An-
telopes, as will be seen by the following extract.

“The Chiru Antelope has exceedingly large inguinal sacs, which
hang by a long narrow neck from the loins. The longitudinal quasi
maxillary gland of the Cambin Otan I doubt the existence of, and
believe its ‘suborbital sinus’ to be similar to that of Thar.

** The latter differs essentially from that organ in any Deer or An-
telope I have seen; being furnished with a huge gland, filling the
whole cavity or depression on the scull, and leaving the cuticular fold
void of hollowness : it is filled up, like the bony depression, by the
gland; whereas the gland of this sinus, in most Deer and Antelopes,
is a tiny thing, and a dubious one. As to any Cervine or Antilopine
animal breathing through the suborbital sinus, it cannot be, unless
they can breathe through bone and skin! Ifyou pass a fine probe
down the lacrymal duct, you see the probe through the bottom of
the osseous depression holding the cuticular fold called the suborbital
sinus. But, however thin the plate of bone at the bottom of the
former, it is there, without breach of continuity; and the cuticular
portion of the apparatus has a continuous course throughout, leaving
no access to the inside of the head. I am watching closely a live
specimen of Cervus Aristotelis, to discover, if 1 can, the use of this
organ. Ina recently killed male of this species, [ passed a pipe into
the nose, up to the site of the suborbital sinus, and tried, in vain, for
half an hour, with the aid of a dozen men’s lungs, to inflate the sinus.
Not a particle of air would pass; nor could | cause the sinus to un-
fold itself, as the live animal unfolds it, by means of a set of muscles

_ disposed crosswise round the rim of it. In dissecting the sinus, I

found only a feeble trace of a gland; so also, in the Muntyac.
_ © But in the Thar, the gland is conspicuous, being a huge lump of

_ flesh, bigger than, and like in shape to, the yolk of an egg. The live

Thar, too, in the spring especially, pours out a continuous stream of thin
viscid matter from the sinus; notso in any Deer. The Thar’s gland

_ seems, to me connected with the generative organs: and I take its
v ar secretion to be a means of relieving the animal (when it has

- is liable in the courting-season. 1 have witnessed that excitement,
_ and have been amazed at its fearful extent, topical and general, for
_ six weeks and more.

©The Chiru’s \abial sacs, or intermaxillary pouches, are, most

_ clearly, accessory nostrils, designed to assist breathing at speed.

They spread with the dilatation of the true nostril, and contract with
its contraction. This species has but five molar teeth on each side of
either jaw.” —B. H. H.

April 12, 1836.

; William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Bennett directed the attention of the Meeting to a living’
specimen of the brush-tailed Kangaroo, Macropus penicillatus, Gray,
which had recently been added to the Menagerie; having been
presented to the Society by Captain Deloitte, Corr. Memb. Z. S.
He remarked particularly on the peculiarity of its actions, as com-
pared with those of the typical Kangarvos; and especially on the
ease with which it vaults from the ground to any slight ledge, on
which it remains perched, as it were, with its tail extended behind
it: the tail, in fact, appearing to be in no respect aiding in the pro-
gression of the animal.

Referring to some observations which he had made on the exhi-
bition of a skin of the same species, at the Meeting of the Society
on January 13, 1835, (Proceedings, partiii. p. 1,) he stated it to be
his intention to reduce into order his various remarks on the subject,
and to accompany them by a figure of the animal taken from the
living specimen.

Mr. Owen read the following notes of the morbid appearances ob-
served in the dissection of the specimen of the Chimpanzee, Simia
Troglodytes, Linn., which lately died at the Gardens; and respecting
_ the habits and faculties of which some observations by Mr. Broderip
were read at the Meeting of the Society on October 27, 1835. (Pro-
ceedings, part iii. p. 160.)

_ “Adhesions of the abdominal viscera to the parietes of the
_avity existed in many parts, but more especially of the ascending
_ colon and cecum on the right side. On separating these adhesions
a purulent cavity was exposed, with which the ileum, near its ter-
_ mination, communicated by an ulcerated aperture about half an
inch in diameter. An abscess also existed between the lower end of
the cecum and the peritoneum, and the whole of the fundus of the
_ eecum was destroyed by ulceration, together with part of the ver-
miform process ; the remainder of which was much contracted and
shrivelled, and was found adhering to the sound part of the cecum.
abe efficiency of the adhesive process in repairing, or at least pre-
ve ting, the immediate evil consequences of a solution of continuity in
_ the intestinal parietes, was remarkably exemplified in this instance ;
for notwithstanding the extent to which this had taken place, not
a) article of the alimentary matters had escaped into the general
_ eavity of the abdomen, nor was the mischief suspected until the ad-
hesions were separated.

_ __ “On laying open the ileum it appeared that the original seat of
“the ulcer had been a cluster of the aggregated intestinal glands :

No. XL.—Procerpines or THE Zoonocicat Socrery.

similar patches in the immediate neighbourhood were in a state of
ulceration ; and others were enlarged, or more than usually con-
spicuous, as they were situated farther from the seat of the disease.
In the commencement of the colon, the solitary glands presented
a state of enlargement and ulceration, and here and there an inor-
dinate vascularity ; but in the general track of the intestinal canal
traces of recent or active inflammation were very few. The con-
dition of the mucous membrane of the intestines closely resembled
that which is so generally observed in phthisical subjects; here,
however, the strumous matter was not developed in the lungs,
but was confined to the mesenteric glands and spleen. All the
mesenteric glands were more or less enlarged by a deposition of
caseous matter : two, which are usually found adhering to the ter-
mination of the ileum, were even in a state of suppuration and ul-
ceration, so that the parietes of the gut may have been attacked by
the ulcerative process on both sides,—from without by that com-
mencing inthe mesenteric glands,—from within by that of the glan-
dule aggregate: it was most probably, however, progressive from
the latter point.

“The spleen was greatly enlarged, measuring 5 inches long and
4 broad, with numerous small scattered tubercles, none exceeding
half an inch in diameter. Its substance was firm, but so disorganized
as to enable it to fulfil in a very slight degree the functions of a
reservoir of venous or portal blood.

“The liver was enlarged about one third beyond its usual size,
and was of a pale colour ; but upon a close inspection it presented no
other morbid appearance than a congested state of the portal veins:
a condition frequently associated with strumous viscera, and which
was very well marked in this case, and perhaps dependent on the
diseased state of the spleen. The gall-bladder contained thick
but healthy-coloured bile.

“The stomach seemed free from disease; but had a large perfo-
ration, the margins of whch showed that it had resulted from the
post-mortem action of the gastric secretion.

“The pancreas was healthy.

“In the chest there were no adhesions. The heart was healthy.
The lungs were somewhat firmer than usual, and the air-passages
contained an unusual quantity of fluid secretion, in some parts
stained with blood; but none of the air-cells had been obliterated
by either inflammatory action or strumous deposition: there had
been recent subacute inflammation of the mucous lining of the
air-passages, but nothing more.

“No Entozoa were met with in the dissection; although the ali-
mentary canal was carefully searched for them.

“ The brain and its membranes were healthy.

“ With respect to the organization of the Chimpanzee, so far as
the dissection was carried, the parts corresponded with the de-
scriptions given by Tyson in his ‘Anatomy of a Pygmie’; and by
Dr. Traill in the ‘ Wernerian Transactions,’ vol. iii.

“The tunica vaginalis testis, which communicates with the ab-

domen in the Simia Satyrus, was here a completely closed or shut
sac, as in the human subject.”

_ The following “ Descriptions of some Species of Shells apparently

not hitherto recorded: by W. J. Broderip, Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.R.S.,
&c.” were read. The reading of the communication was accompa-
nied by the exhibition of specimens of the several species referred
to In It.

Sronpyivus axsipus. Spond. testd albidd, lineis elevatis frequen-
tissimis exasperatis, a cardine radiantibus, horridd: long. .°, lat. +

Hab.?
This delicate shell is rough like a file, and has indeed somewhat
the aspect of a Lima.

Votuta Brox. Vol. testé ovato-fusiformi, fulvd lineis subangu-
latis spadiceis inscriptd, transversim striatd, striis’ minutis sub-
undulatis ; anfractibus tuberculato-subplicatis, ultimo longissi-
mo; spird mediocri; columella triplicaté; apertura ovato-
elongata: long. 8%, lat. 4 poll.

Hab.?
' . ‘Mus. Saul, Brod.

The body whorl of this fine species, which I have named after that
distinguished conchologist Dr. Beck, is upwards of 6 inches in
length.

I have long had a bleached specimen in my collection, but the
description above given is taken from one with more colour and
in better condition, though not good, in the cabinet of Miss Saul.
My specimen is somewhat shorter. There is a very large indivi-
dual lately added to the British Museum.
oy

_ Votuta concinna. Vol. testé mitriformi, transversim subiilis-
simé striatd, stris elevatis, fulvd lineis longitudinalibus spa-
diceis, subirregularibus, frequentissimis inscriptd ; anfractibus

_ plicatis, plicis subtubercularibus, anfractu basali elongato,

__ fasciis duabus distantibus pallidioribus obscuris cincto; spiré

____-mediocri, valde plicatd ; columelld 4-plicatd ; aperturdé angus-

tore: long. 34, lat. 13 poll.

_ Hab.?

Mus. Brod.

__ This is an elegant shell, approaching a little in some of its cha-

-_racters to Vol. Lyriformis, but differing widely from it in others. Of

_ the total length of Vol. concinna two inches and a half are occupied

by the body whorl, and it is only in the transversely striated plica-

dd the spire, which are however more distant than those of

_ the spire of Vol. Lyriformis, that the resemblance occurs, for the spire

P aa. concinna is very short in proportion to its body whorl, while

_ the opposite character is strongly developed in Vol. Lyriformis. In

this respect it comes nearer to Vol. gracilis, as well as in the form

and colour of the aperture and the plaits on the pillar. The
aperture of Vol. concinna is fulvous, and the inner lip, where the
mantle has extended, is of the same colour, with a few traces of the
longitudinal lineations not yet obliterated.

My specimen is the only one I have seen.

Conus Apamsonit. Con. testd solidd, subcylindraced, glabrd, albidd
roseo pallido spadiceoque tessellatd ; anfractu basali superne et ad
basin sulcato, sulcis elevatis latis (interstitiis superiorum sub-

punctatis), fasciis tribus subequidistantibus spadiceo-maculatis -

ornato ; spird brevi, anfractibus subconcavis, transversim striatis.

Hab. ?. ;

Mus. Adamson.

This species is nearly as solid and ponderous as Con. Stercus Mus-
carum, which it resembles somewhat in shape, though Con. Adamsonii
is longer in proportion. It has also points which remind the observer
of Con. bullatus ; but is more nearly allied to Con. diserepans, Conch.
Illustr. f. 28. :

Purpura Gravesu. Purp. testd sordid? albd, muricatd, striis va-
lidis, elevatis, imbricato-squamulosis rugosd ; anfractibus longi-
tudinaliter subplicatis, angulosis, angulis laminatis, serratis, re-
troversis ; anfractu basali strid validiore, submediali, elevatd
cincto ; long. 44, lat. +% poll,

Hab. in mari Mediterraneo,

Mus. Norris, Brod.

This shell was brought up on the fluke of the anchor of H.M.S.
Mastiff, surveying-vessel, under the command of Lieut. Graves (who
has already enriched this department of natural history by his acti-
vity in collecting, whenever the pressure of his professional duties
would allow him to do so,) from a muddy bottom, and a depth of ten
fathoms, off Napoli di Romania. The shell varies much, and other
specimens have not the carinations, &c. nearly so much developed.

There is a figure of this species in Mr, Sowerby’s ‘ Conchological
Illustrations,’ under the name of Murex cariniferus,

Buurnus Cricutonr. Bul. testd fusiformi, longitudinaliter costatd
et corrugatd, costis rugisque validis, subalbidd maculis spadiceis
notatd ; labio rosaceo-violaceo, labro pallidiore, expanso, subreflexo :
long. 3 (circiter), lat. 14 poll.

Hab. ad Ambo juxta Huanuco Peruviz.:

Mus. Brod.

This curious shell, which at first sight reminds the observer of
Bulinus Labeo, Brod., (Zool. Journ., vol. iv. p. 222,) brought home
by Lieut. Maw, R.N., and presented by him to the Zoological Society
of London, from whose Museum it has been stolen*, differs strongly
from it, as will be seen by a reference to the figure in the ‘ Zoolo-

* This certainly was, and I believe (wherever it may be) is, the only spe-
cimen in Europe. It was in remarkably fine condition.

Bm oN ata Se

gical Journal’ which is very accurate, excepting that the longitudinal
lines in the engraving are rather too strongly expressed. The apex
of the shell under description, the only specimem I ever saw, is
broken, and its actual lengthis 2 inches and %. It will be observed
that the specimen is notched at the base, but I suspect that this arises
from accidental distortion. :
The shell is named after my friend Sir Alexander Crichton, to
whose liberality I am indebted for this and the following species.

_ Buuinus rnruatus. Bul. testd fragili, subalbidd vel flavd, fusco
vel castaneo maculatd, anfractu basali castaneo fasciatd, fasciis
numerosis : long. +5; lat. +45 poll.

Hab. juxta Ambo Peruviz.

_ This pretty shell somewhat approaches Bul. guttatus, brought home

by Mr. Cuming. ‘The species varies very much.

_ Buxinus Pusto. Bul.testd valde ventricosd, ovato-globosd, corned,
diaphand, longitudinaliter striatd ; labri margine albo ; umbilico
mediocri: long. +,, lat. +3, poll.

_ Hab. in maris Mediterranei insulis Grecis (Syra).

_ This species was found in the island of Syra by Lieut. Graves,

during his late survey in H.M.S. Mastiff. There were but two spe-

_ cimens; in one the umbilicus is very visible: in the other it is nearly

closed,

April 26, 1836.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Note was read, addressed to ‘the Secretary by J. B. Harvey,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, April 24, 1836.
It referred to a series of specimens of Rostellaria Pes Pelicani, Lam.,
presented by the writer to the Society, and which he regards as in-
teresting on account of the evidence afforded by them of the curious
fact, that in the shells of this species the outer lip is most thickened
at a time antecedent to the full development of the shell; absorption
of the incrassated part of the lip taking place as the animal advances
in age. ‘‘ This series,’ Mr. Harvey remarks, “clearly shows that
the shell, when not more than one half or three quarters grown, is
much thicker than when all the processes are perfected: and that,
when each process has a groove or channel in it, the shell is quite
thin, and has arrived at its full period of growth.”

The shells referred to in Mr. Harvey’s letter were exhibited.

Characters were read of the Vespertilionide observed in the central
region of Nepal; being a communication transmitted to the Society
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. They have already been
published in the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta’.

The following are the species characterized :

Rhinolophus armiger, Hodgs.

Rhin. tragatus, Ej.

Pteropus leucocephalus, Ej.

Pter. pyrivorus, Ej.

Vespertilio formosa, Ej.

Vesp. fuliginosa, Ej.

Vesp. labiata, Ej.

Mr. Hodgson’s characters of these species are accompanied by re-
marks on the habits of the several genera of Bats which are repre-
sented by them in the district in which they occur.

A second communication by Mr. Hodgson was read, which has
also been published in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Cal-
cutta’. It was entitled “‘ Specific Name and Character of a New
Species of Cervus, discovered by Mr. Hodgson in 1825, and indicated
in his Catalogue by the local name of Béhraiya.”

The animal to which this paper refers is regarded by Mr. Hodgson
as constituting an important link in the chain of connexion between
the Deer of the Rusan and of the Elaphine groups : possessing in the
numerous snags into which the summit of its horns are divided one

of the principal characteristics of the latter group; but agreeing

= PE. diem

with the former in the absence of any median process on the stem
of the horn, and in the singleness of the basal antler. In stature
and aspect the species is intermediate between Cervus Hippelaphus,
Cuyv., and Cerv. Elaphus, Linn. Its general resemblance to the
latter is indicated in the trivial name assigned to it by Mr. Hodgson,
that of Cerv. Elaphoides.

It is referred to in his ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia of Nepal’
(Proceedings, part ii. p. 99.) under the name of Cerv. Bahraiya,
Hodgs.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous species of British Fishes,
forming part of the collection of Mr. Yarrell. They consisted of
dried preparations of rather more than one half of the skin of each
individual : a mode of preservation peculiarly adapted, as Mr. Yar-
rell remarked, for travellers over land; specimens so prepared occu-
pying but little space, and being consequently as portable as dried
plants. An incision is made in the first instance round one side of
the fish, at a short distance from the dorsal and anal fins, and the
whole of the viscera and flesh are removed, so as to leave only the

_ skin of the other side with the vertical fins attached to it, and with
_ Yather more than one half of the head: the loose edge of skin left
_ from the side in which the incision has been made, is then fastened
__ by means of pins to a piece of board, so as to display the entire side
_ of the fish which it is intended to preserve, and it is then hung up
_ to dry im an airy but shady situation. The more rapidly the drying
is completed, the more effectually will the colours be preserved. As
soon as the skin is dried it is varnished; and the loose edge of the
skin on that side from whence the operation of removing the flesh
_ has been effected is trimmed off with a pair of scissors, as being no
longer useful. The preparation is then completed, and consists of
_ the entire skin of one side of the fish, of the vertical fins, and of ra-
_ ther more than one half of the head, the latter being important for
_ the preservation of the vomer, so as to show the absence or presence
of teeth on that bone, and their form. All the essential characters:
of the fish are consequently preserved, if care be taken that the skin
_ beso attached to the board on which it is dried, as to retain its ori-
ginal dimensions of length and depth: the due thickness of the fish
‘may be secured in the preparation, if it be considered desirable, by
erting beneath the skin, when extending it on the board, a suffi-
cient quantity of prepared horse-hair.

__ After explaining the mode which he had adopted in the prepara-
‘tion of the specimens exhibited, Mr. Yarrell made various remarks
ifose which he regarded as the most interesting among them ;
particularly on a series of Trout and Charr from different loca-
s, and varying in colour according to situation, to season, and
also, in some instances, to food.

__ He then directed the attention of the Meeting to the specimens of
the British species of Rays which formed part of the collection, and
pointed out particularly the difference, as regards surface, which ob-
ains in the sexes of many of these fishes; the skin of the female

being, in every instance, comparatively smooth. He added also, by
reference to these specimens, and to specimens of the jaws exhibited
for that purpose, an explanation of the differences which exist, in
adult individuals, in the teeth of the sexes respectively ; those of the
male becoming exceedingly lengthened and pointed, while in the fe-
male they retain very nearly their original flattened surface: the form
of the teeth, equally with the armature of the surface, constituting
in these fishes a secondary sexual character, although both the one
and the other have repeatedly, but erroneously, been considered as
adapted for the establishing of specific distinctions.

—_

—

May 10, 1836.
The Rey. J. Barlow in the Chair.

The following Note by the Rev. H. Dugmore was read.

«Lieut. Col. Mason, of Neeton Hall (four miles from Swaffham),
has had a Sea Hagle, Haliaetus albicilla, Sav.,in confinement for the
last sixteen years. About amonth since, it dropped an egg, which
is now in my collection. The egg is perfectly white, and not quite
so large as that of a Goose; the shell is rather harder.”

A letter was read from Capt. Green of Buckden, Huntingdonshire,
descriptive of a very fine specimen of the barn-door Hen in his pos-
session, which has assumed the Cock plumage: the change took place
about three years ago. ‘The bird has since been presented to the
Society by the writer.

Mr. Owen read the following Notes on the Anatomy of the Wom-
bat, Phascolomys Wombat, Pér.

“ The anatomy of the Wombat having already engaged the atten-
tion of Cuvier (‘Lecons d’Anat. Comparée, passim) and Home (Phil.
Trans. vol. xcviii. i808, p. 304,) but little remains to be added on
that subject. ’

«« The individual lately dissected at the Museum of the Zoological
Society had lived at the Gardens upwards of five years. The one
which was dissected by Sir Everard Home in 1808 was brought from
one of the islands in Bass’s Straits, and lived as a domestic pet in
the house of Mr. Clift for two years. This animal measured two feet
two inches in length, and weighed about 20lbs: it was a male. The
Society’s specimen was a female, and weighed, when in full health
in October 1833, 592]bs. ;

“ On removing the integuments of the abdomen, much subcuta-
neous fat, of the lard kind, was observed.

*« The muscles of the abdomen presented the same arrangement as
in other Marsupiata; the internal pillars of the external abdominal

‘rings being formed by the marsupial bones, round which a broad cre-

master, emerging from each ring, wound inwards and upwards to ter-
minate by spreading over the mammary gland.
*« The digestive organs in the abdominal cavity presented a de-

velopment corresponding generally to that which characterizes the

same parts in the phytiphagous Rodents.

_ * The stomach precisely corresponded with the description and

figure given by Home; but the occurrence of cardiac glands in the

Dormouse and Beaver renders a similar structure in this Marsupial,

in which the Rodent type of dentition exists, less extraordinary than
No. XLI.—Procrepines or tHE Zootocicat Society,

it might otherwise appear. The duodenum commenced by a large
pyriform dilatation, similar to that in the Capybara and Spotted Paca;
beyond this part it presented a diameter of an inch ; the small intes-
tines then gradually widened to a diameter of 14 inch, and as gra-
dually diminished again to the diameter of an inch: their entire
length was 11 feet 3 inches. —

«« The ileum entered obliquely the wide sacculated colon, the bulging
commencement of which represented a short and wide cecum; and
from the angle between this part and the ileum, a cylindrical vermi-
form process 2 inches long, and 3 lines wide, was continued.

«< The colon continued to be puckered up by two wide longitudinal
bands into large sacculi, which could be traced becoming less and less
distinct along an extent of the gut measuring five feet 2 inches. Cu-
vier observes that the large intestines were hardly more voluminous
than the small*; in our specimen the colon measured 2+ inches in
diameter, being more than double that of the ileum. But a more im-
portant difference was observed in the presence of a second cecum
at the distance from the first above mentioned. This consisted of a
pyramidal pouch projecting 3 inches from the side of the gut, and
communicating freely with the same at its base: its parietes were
thinner than those of the rest of the large intestine ; it was situated
below the pyloric end of the stomach, had only a partial investment
of peritoneum, and adhered bya cellular medium to the duodenum and
pancreas. Below this second cecum, or lateral dilatation, the colon
formed a large sacculus, and was then disposed in a series of smaller
sacculi, which at length disappeared at a distance of 6 feet from the
second cecum; the rest of the large intestine, 3 feet in length, was
of simple structure, and of smaller diameter, viz. 134 inches.

« The internal surface of the small intestines presented some slight
transverse corrugations ; that of the colon was smooth, except below
the second cecum, where the lining membrane was corrugated irre-
gularly; and a small patch of glands was here observable.

« The rectum terminated, as in other Marsupials, immediately be-
hind the urethro-sexual aperture, and within a common outlet, both
the excretory orifices being embraced by a common cutaneous
sphincter. "

‘«« The liver was more completely separated into lobes than in the
specimen dissected by Cuvier. Home is silent as to the structure
of the liver; his observations respecting the digestive organs are li-
mited to the peculiarities of the stomach. In our specimen the liver
was divided by an extensive longitudinal fissure into two lobes, the
right of which was again deeply subdivided into two, the gall-bladder
being lodged in this second fissure: the gall-bladder was of an oval
form, 2+ inches in length.

« The pancreas and spleen were both well developed, and had each

* “Dans le Phascolome, les grosintestins ne sont guére plus volumineux
gue les petits.” Legons d’ Anat. Comp., nouv. ed. ’

51
the descending process which characterizes these parts in the Mar-
supial animals.

“« The parotid glands were very thin, situated upon, and partly on
the inner side of, the posterior portion of the lower jaw; they mea-
sured each 1+ inch in length, and 4inchin breadth; the duct passed
directly upwards and outwards till it reached the orifice of the sterno-
cleido-mastoideus ; here it was buried in the cellular substance anterior
to that muscle, then turned over the ramus of the jaw, and continued
its course over the masseter, where it was slightly tortuous ; it en-
tered the mouth just anterior to the edge of the buccinator. The
submaxillary glands were each about the size of a walnut; their
ducts terminated, as usual, on each side of the frenum lingue.

«The heart of the Wombat presented the usual peculiarities oc-
curring in this part of the Marsupial organization; viz. 1st, the two
appendages of the right auricle, one passing in front and the other
behind the ascending aorta; 2ndly, the absence of the annulus and
fossa, ovalis; and 3rdly, the absence of the terminal orifice of the co-
ronary vein which empties itself into the cava superior sinistra just
before the wide termination of the latter vein in the auricle by the
side of the cava inferior. The right auriculo-ventricular opening is
widely open, and is guarded by an irregular narrow membranous
valve, the outer portion of which is attached to the tendons of three
carnee columne ; two of which are of a large size as compared with
the third, and arise, as in the Kangaroo, from the septum near the
angle where this is joined to the parietes of the ventricle. The mus-
cular walls are continued obliquely upwards in a conical form to. the
origin of the pulmonary artery, somewhat resembling a bulbus arte-
riosus. This peculiarity is still more marked in the Kangaroo. ‘The
right ventricle descends nearer to the apex of the heart in the Wom-
bat than in the Kangaroo, and the form of the heart is longer and
narrower. ‘The left auricle is smaller and more muscular than the
right ; the valve between it and the ventricle is, as usual, broader
and stronger, and its free margin is attached to the tendons of two
thick columne carnee, having the usual origins distinct from the
septum, leaving that part of the inner surface of the ventricle smooth.
for the passage of the blood to the aorta. The pulmonary veins ter-,
minate by two trunks in the left auricle.

_* The lungs consisted of one lobe on the left side, and one on the

_ right, with the Jobulus medius; which was a small strip extended be-
tween the heart and diaphragm. :
__* The thyroid glands were elongated bodies of a dark colour, reach-
essa the thyroid cartilage to the seventh tracheal ring on each

_ The kidneys were each 23 inches long, and 2 inches broad, and
of a somewhat compressed oval figure; the ¢ubuli terminated on a
single obtuse mammilla.

_ “ The specimen dissected by Cuvier being, like that examined by
Home, a male, the female organs of the Wombat are only known by

the description appended to the paper of the latter author, which
relates to an impregnated individual. I found no part of the struc-
ture which supports the view taken by Sir Everard Home relative to
the passage of the fecundating fluid to the uterus; the only natural
communication between those cavities and the urethro-sexual canal
being by the two lateral vaginal canals. The female organs consist,
as in the Opossum, of two ovaries, two Fallopian tubes, two uteri,
each opening by aseparate os tince into a distinct vagina; the vagine
having no intercommunication, but terminating in the common pass-
age of Tyson, or urethro-sexual canal.

“ The urethro-sexual canal is 14 inch in length; its inner sur-
face is disposed in thick folds. The two anterior ones commencing
united together forma semilunar fold above the urethral aperture ;
these folds are deeply intersected with oblique rug@, the margins of
which are villous, the villi becoming longer and finer as they approach
the orifices of the true vagine. These commence + an inch above
the urethral orifice: their parietes are very thick for the extent of
one inch, and the lining membrane of this part is disposed in minute
longitudinal rug@; it is then disposed in larger, coarser, and villous
rug@, similar to those of the first vagina, beneath which membrane
several small vesicles were developed. Each of the true vagine hav-
ing ascended with an outward curve for 2 inches, receives the os tince
of its respective side, which is very projecting, and divided by deep
fissures into numerous processes, resembling a short tassel. The va-
gine then descend to the upper part of the urethro-sexual canal, form-
ing each a deep and large cul de sac, the inner surface of which is
characterized by irregular villous rug@, and the whole is highly vas-
cular. The culs de sac are separate as in the Opossum, and do not
communicate as in the Kangaroo.

“« The uteri are each 2 inches long, and 3 of an inch in diameter,
somewhat flattened, pyriform, and giving off the oviducts from the
inner or mesial part of their fundus. For the extent of an inch, the
lining membrane presents a series of small but well-defined longitu-
dinal rug@, beyond which it assumes a fine texture, like velvet. The
peritoneal covering of the uéerus is reflected from it upon the ovarian
ligament, the oviduct and the numerous vessels passing to the uterus
on the outer side of this ligament, the duplicature or broad liga-
ment containing which parts is 14 inch in breadth, and attached by
its outer margin to the lumbar region of the abdomen as high as the
kidney : just below this gland it is reflected upon the ovary, forming
a large capsule for that part, and for the expanded extremity of the
Fallopian tube, which presents an extraordinary development of fringe-
like processes.

‘« The ovary presents the most distinct racemose structure which
I have ever observed in the class Mammalia, consisting of about
thirty ovisacs, of which the largest is half an inch, the smallest half
a line in diameter; the whole ovary being of an oblong irregular
figure 14 inch by 1 inch in dimensions. The mouth of the ovarian

capsule is about 1 inch in width, the length of the Fallopian tube
3 inches.”

Some Notes by Mr. George Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S., were
read. They were transmitted from Sidney, New South Wales, in a
Letter addressed to the Secretary, and bearing date October 25,
1835. They related to the habits of the Spermaceti Whale, and of
the large species of Grampus known by the name of the Killer.

May 24, 1836.
William Ogilby, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr.
Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, May 18, 1836, was read. It
referred to a collection of various marine productions of the south
coast of Devonshire, which accompanied it, and which were pre-
sented to the Society by the writer. These were exhibited.

Among them was a specimen of Capros Aper, La Cép., captured
in Mr. Harvey’s neighbourhood: and with the view of illustrating
the colours of this species, he forwarded with it a painting made from
the fish while yet recent. This also was exhibited.

With the collection were several specimens of a Tubularia, nearly
related to Tub. indivisa, of which Mr. Harvey furnished a detailed
description, accompanied by numerous figures. The description was
read, and the figures were exhibited.

Mr. Harvey first observed the Tubularia in question at the steam
bridge on the river Dart, where it grows in clusters between the
links of the chain over which this floating bridge is propelled. The
specimens obtained by him in this locality were necessarily injured
in the hurried manner of taking them off during the rapid motion
of the bridge; but as they were immediately placed in sea-water
most of them have survived the force used in separating them, and
he has thus been enabled to observe them for a week or ten days,
during which he has carefully studied their form and structure. His
drawings are intended to illustrate many of the different positions
of the polype in various conditions as to growth, expansion, &c.

“This animal,” Mr. Harvey remarks, ‘‘is evidently a Tubularia.
It is something like Tub. indivisa figured by Ellis, Plate XVI. no. 2.
fig. ¢., but differs in several particulars, The tube of Ellis’s Tubu-
laria is jointed ; the head has a lateral groove or opening; and the
central projection (which is an elongation of the membrane covering
the body) is much larger and higher, and is not surmounted by a
row of slight long feelers. This Tubularia (for which, as a distine-
tion, I submit the term Tub. gracilis,) has the tube hollow through-
out and single ; the body has no lateral groove; the central process
has a row of fine long feelers near its termination, and placed round
the orifice : their office is to direct the food to the mouth. On the
circumference of the cup is a row of very long flexible feelers, having
much freedom of motion, and between each two of them is a smaller
red feeler; from the circumference to the origin of the central pro-
cess are two or three confused rows of alternate white and red short
papille, giving the animal much the appearance of a flower.

es. eee ee

=“

‘The powers of contraction and dilatation very much resemble
those of the Caryophyllia, which I have still alive, and which I have
kept fortwo years. Upon the slightest touch all the feelers are in-
stantly contracted ; but the shaking of the water does not at all in-
commode them. I kept several clusters in the same bowl with my
Caryophyllia ; but I found that, every time they came near it, (either
by being touched or by shaking the vessel) they were devoured: I
therefore, now keep them by themselves, but I fear that I shall not
be successful in preserving them, as the river tide cannot be imitated
in confinement.

“The locality of this polype is very confined. The Dart floating
bridge is propelled upon two chains, about 6 feet distant from one
another, and stretching across the river. Onthe western chain not
a cluster could be seen, but on the eastern one there were upwards
of a hundred groups of them, in spite of the immense friction to
which they were exposed. They are only found within 100 feet of
the northern shore at low water. I have since observed the same
animals growing on the links over which the floating bridge at De-
vonport runs, and there they do not occupy a space exceeding 150
feet.

“The most singular circumstance attending the growth of this
animal, and which I discovered entirely by accident, remains to be
mentioned. After I had kept the clusters in a large bowl for two
days, I observed the animals to droop and look unhealthy. On the
third day the heads were all thrown off, and lying on the bottom of
the vessel; all the pink colouring matter was deposited in the form
of a cloud, and when it had stood quietly for two days, it became
a very fine powder. Thinking that the tubes were dead I was going
to throw them away, but I happened to be under the necessity of
quitting home for two days, and on my return I found a thin trans-
parent film being protruded from the top of every tube: I then
changed the water every day, and in three days time every tube had
a small body reproduced upon it. The only difference that I can dis-
cover in the structure of the young from the old heads, consists in
the new ones wanting the small red papille, and in the absence of
all colour in the animal.”

The skin was exhibited of a species of Cynictis, Og., which had
recently been presented to the Society by Captain P. L. Strachan,
by whom it was obtained at Sierra Leone. The exhibition was ac-
‘companied by a description of the animal by Mr. Martin, which was
read.

_ Mr. Martin regards the animal as especially interesting on ac-
count of its presenting the second instance of the new form among
the Viverride which was described by Mr. Ogilby at the Meeting
of the Society on April 9, 1833, under the generic appellation of
Cynictis, and of which a detailed description and figure has since
been published in the Transactions, vol. i. p. 29. It agrees with that
genus, which is intermediate between Herpestes and Ryzena, in its
general form ; in the number of the toes with which its feet are fur-

nished ; and in the number and form of its teeth, as far as they are
preserved in the specimen exhibited, which, however, is that of a
young individual. ‘The points of the teeth are consequently in it
unworn and acute: while in the specimen of Cyn. Steedmanni de-
scribed by Mr. Ogilby, which was evidently an aged individual, the
teeth were much worn down. The only other differences which
exist between the teeth of the new species and those of Cyn. Steed-
manni consist in the presence, in the outermost incisor in the upper
jaw of the former, of a minute but decided internal tubercle, which
is not found in the corresponding tooth of Cyn. Steedmanni; and in
the inner lobe of the carnassier of the upper jaw being acute and
conical, instead of blunt: the teeth behind this, in both jaws, are
wanting in the specimen of the new species. The feet of the new
species differ from those of Cyn. Steedmanni by their comparatively
shorter claws; and by having a naked line extending along the un-
der surface of the tarsus from the pad to the heel, the whole of the
under surface of the tarsus being covered in Cyn. Steedmanni with
hair.

The new species may be thus characterized :

Cynictis MELANURUS. Cyn. saturate rufus nigro punctulatus, ad
latera pallidior ; guld sordidé flavescenti-brunned ; artubus interne
abdomineque sordide flavescenti-rufis; caudd apicem versus late
nigrd, ad apicem floccosd.

Long. corporis cum capite, 12 unc.; caude, pilis inclusis, 11; ca-

pitis, 2 unc. 1 lin.

In addition to the distinctive characters which have been noticed
above, it may be remarked that Cyn. melanurus differs from Cyn.
Steedmanni in the greater smoothness, shortness, and glossiness of
the fur; in the less bushy character of the tail; in the dark tint of
the head, back, and limbs; in the dusky colour of the throat; and
in the black tip of the tail, the corresponding portion of this organ
in Cyn. Steedmanni being white.

Mr. Ogilby remarked, that the animal described by Mr. Martin
might probably be identical with the one noticed by Bosman under
the name of Kokeboe ; but added, that the notice given of it by that
traveller was not sufficiently precise to admit of its being determined
with certainty.

A specimen was exhibited of the Chironectes Yapock, Desm., on
which Mr. Ogilby remarked as follows.

“«T am indebted to Mr. Natterer for the opportunity of examining
this rare and curious animal, of which he brought various specimens
from Brazil. That now exhibited is a male, and possesses the same
anomaly in the generative organs which characterizes the rest of the
Marsupials. 1 have not seen the female, but Mr. Natterer informs
me that the abdominal pouch is complete. The species is found in
all the smaller streams of Brazil, and appears to extend from the
southern confines of that empire, to the shores of the Gulf of Hon-
duras; Buffon’s specimen came from Cayenne, and a skin was re-
cently obtained by Mr. W. Brown Scott, labelled ‘ Demerara Otter.’

Both this and’Mr. Natterer’s specimen agree with the figure and
description of Buffon, except that they are of a larger size, and in-
stead of a grey mark over each eye, have a complete band of that
colour extending entirely across the forehead. In Mr. Natterer’s
specimen the terminal half-inch of the tail only is white; in Mr.
Scott’s on the contrary, the last 4 inches are of this colour: the
tail is exactly of the same length as the body; it measured 10 inches
in the former specimen and 12 in the latter, but Mr. Natterer in-
forms me that he has other specimens which measure 14 or 15 inches
in length.

“The teeth of this animal are altogether different from those of
the Opossums (Didelphis); and I am at a loss to reconcile my own
observations with those of M. F. Cuvier upon this subject, as given
in ‘ Les Dents des Mammiferes’ p. 73, unless by supposing that
there must have been some mistake about the skull referred by
M. Cuvier to the Yapock. For my own part, I could not be deceived
in this matter, as the skull which I examined had never been ex-
tracted from the specimen. The incisors and canines are of the same
form and number as in the true Opossums, the two middle incisors
above being rather longer than the lateral, those below broader and
a little separate. The molars are five on each side, two false and
three real, both in the upper and under jaws. The first false molar
is rather small and in contact with the canine, both above and be-
low: the second is half as large again, and both are of a triangular
form, with apparently two roots. The three real molars are of the
normal form of these teeth among the Opossums. ‘The first of the
upper jaw is longer than it is broad, and has four sharp elevated
tubercles with a low heel projecting backwards; the second resem-
bles it in general form, but is larger and broader; the third is small
and resembles the tuberculous molars of the true Carnivora. In the
lower jaw the three real molars do not materially differ in point of
size. They are narrower than those of the upper, have their tuber-
cles arranged in a single longitudinal series, a single large one in the
centre, and a smaller on each side.

“The Yapock has very large cheek-pouches which extend far
back into the mouth, and of which the opening is very apparent.
This circumstance, hitherto unobserved by zoologists, throws con-
siderable light upon the habits of this rare animal, which thus ap-
pears, like the Ornithorhynchus, to feed upon freshwater Crustacea,
and the darve of insects, spawn of fishes, &c. which it probably stows
away in its capacious cheek-pouches. For 2 inches at the root the
tail is covered with the same description of fine close fur as the body;
from this part it tapers gradually to the point and is covered with
small scales, arranged in regular spiral rows, and interspersed with
bristly hairs, particularly on the under surface, a fact perfectly con-
clusive against the generally received opinion of this organ being
prehensile in the Chironectes. Indeed, the tail so perfectly resem-
bles that of the Hydromys chrysogaster, even to the white tip, that
it would be impossible to distinguish these organs if separated from
the respective animals. The useless appendage of a prehensile tail

fo an aquatic animal, must consequently be henceforth discarded
from the history of the Chironectes, and the animal allowed to take
its place among conterminous genera, not as a compound of anoma-
lous and contradictory characters, but as a regular component link
in the scale of existence. That its habits are purely aquatic, and
that it has not the power of ascending trees, is further proved by
the structure of the extremities. ‘The hind feet are broad like those
of the Beaver ; the toes, including the thumb, united by a membrane,
and, with the exception of the thumb, provided with small falcular
claws; the thumb, as in all the other Didelphidous Pedimana, is
without a claw. The fore-fingers are separate, very long and slen-
der, (the middle and ring-fingers the longest of all,) and the last
joint expanded and flattened as in the Geckos. The thumb is
placed rather behind the general line of the other fingers, and seems
at first sight to be opposable: it perfectly resembles those of the
American Monkeys. ‘The claws are very small and weak; they do
not extend beyond the points of the fingers, nor even so far, and
are absolutely useless either for climbing or burrowing. Consider-
ably behind the others, on the outside of the wrist, there is a
lengthened tubercle resembling a sixth finger, but much shorter
than the others and without any bone. What purpose this unique
organ may serve in the economy of the animal’s life, it is impossible
to conjecture, but the long slender fingers are probably used to pick
out the food which it carries in the cheek-pouches.”—W. O.

;
7

June 14, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of various Birds from Northern Africa,
which had recently been presented to the Society by Sir Thomas
Reade, Corr. Memb. Z.S.. They included the Anas marmorata,
Temm., on which Mr. Gould remarked that in the form of the bill
it approached nearly to the Pin-tailed Duck, Anas acuta, Linn., al-
though it is altogether destitute of the elongation of the middle
tail-feathers which occurs in that bird; the crested Duck; the Gad-
wall; the Garganey ; the Ruff, and the black-tailed Godwit, in their
winter dress; the Golden Oriole; and other species: all of which
were severally brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Gould,
at the request of the Chairman.

Mr. Gould subsequently exhibited specimens of various Birds
which he had recently received from M. Temminck: including a
new species of Ptarmigan from Siberia; and a Trogon from the In-
dian Islands, nearly allied in almost every particular to the Trog.
erythrocephala of the Himalaya, but having the wing fully an inch
shorter; with a tail bearing a relative proportion.

The Secretary announced the arrival in the Menagerie, since the
last Meeting of the Society, of the four Giraffes, the capture of
which was described by M. Thibaut in a letter read at the Meeting
on February 9, 1836, and translated in the ‘ Proceedings’ at p. 9.

He also directed the attention of the Members to a specimen of
Temminck’s Horned Pheasant, Tragopon Temminckii, Gray, which had
recently been added to the Menagerie by the liberality of J. R.
Reeves, Esq., of Canton: to a pair of the Serin Finch, Fringilla
Serinus, Linn., brought from Italy for the Society, and presented to
it by Mr. Willimott ; and to a monstrous variety of the Indian Tor-
toise, Testudo Indica, Linn., which had also been lately added to the
Menagerie, and which is remarkable for the great irregularity of the
surface of its shell, each of the plates being raised into high conical
eminences.

__ A paper was read by Mr. Martin “ On the Osteology of the Sea
Otter, Enhydra marina, Flem.” It is founded on a perfect skeleton
of the animal contained in the collection made by that energetic
traveller the late David Douglas, and acquired, subsequent to his
decease, by the Society. This skeleton was exhibited.

Mr. Martin refers in the first instance to the dentary characters
of this remarkable animal, which were correctly described and

No. XLII.—Procrepines or THE ZooLoeicaL Society.

figured by Home in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1796 ; and
then adverts to some erroneous statements which have since been
made respecting its molar teeth by various authors, including
Cuvier, who appear to have possessed no opportunities of examining
specimens. In the course of his communication he describes in
detail the number and form of the teeth, which consist of six in-
cisors in the upper jaw and of four in the lower, the outer one
on each side in either series being larger than the others and as-
suming, in the upper jaw, somewhat of the form of the canines ;
of a strong canine on each side of the incisors in either jaw; and of
four molars on either side in the upper, and five in the lower jaw, of
which two in the upper and three in the lower are false and suc-
cessively increase in size towards the true molars, the latter being
large, broad teeth, with flattened crowns somewhat depressed in the
middle : in the upper jaw the hindermost of the true molars is much
larger than the other, while in the lower it is comparatively small.

‘The total length of the skeleton is 3 feet 2 inches ; of which the
skull measures 5 inches, and the tail, 10.

The general form of the skull nearly resembles that of the Common
Otter, Lutra vulgaris, Storr ; but it is proportionally broader, and is
more convex on its lateral parietes, in this respect approaching to
many of the Seals: the nasal bones form a broad plane, and do not
gradually decline, like those of the Common Otter, towards the nasal
opening ; they are also shorter in proportion than in that species:
the breadth of the nasal opening is greater than its depth, propor-
tions which are reversed in the Common Otter: the post-orbital space
is less contracted: on the base of the skull the space between the
pterygoid processes is more considerable ; and the whole contour of
the cranium is not only broader but deeper also. The lower jaw
maintains the same general tendency to greater compactness, and is
stouter and shorter than in the Common Otter.

Detailed admeasurements are given by Mr. Martin of the skull of
an individual more advanced in age than the one whose skeleton is
preserved, and in which the entire length of the cranium is 5 inches;
the greatest breadth, being across the occipital ridge behind the
auditory foramen, nearly 4 inches, the breadth between the zygo-
mata being the same; the depth from the point of union of the in-
ter-parietal with the occipital ridge to the foramen magnum, 14; the
distance from the foramen magnum to the bony palate, 23; and the
length of the bony palate, 24.

The chest is rather wide in form, but much compressed; being 6
inches across at the sixth rib, while its greatest depth from the ver-
tebral column to the sternum is 24 inches. The direction of the
ribs is obliquely backwards, and they are rather slender: their num-
ber is thirteen, (not fourteen, as is stated by Home,) the last five
being false and attached by very long cartilages to the cartilages of
the true ribs.

The lumbar vertebre are six in number.

Pr ee ee

The anterior extremities are short and small. The scapula is 3
inches in length and 2 in its greatest breadth: its spine is feeble
and but slightly elevated. The humerus is 3 inches in length ; and
is stouter and less laterally compressed than that of a common Otter
of the same longitudinal dimensions. The ulna and radius are stout,
and are separated from each other by a greater interval than in the
common Otter. The paws are remarkable for their diminutive size.
In the common Otter, from the extremity of the radius to the nail of
the last phalane of the third finger the measurement is 3 inches: in
the Enhydra it is 22.

_ The pelvis is long and narrow, measuring from the crest of the
ilium to the tuber ischii 6 inches: in the common Otter, the measure-
ment is but 4. The iliac bones are remarkably thick and solid, and
turn out from the spinal column. The distance from the centre of
the acetabulum to the crest of the ilium. is 3 inches; the breadth of
the a/ium 14.

It is in the posterior limbs that the great power of the Enhydra
appears to be developed. The os femoris is short but very thick,
and its trochanter is bold and prominent: the trochanter minor is
small. The head of the femur is globular, and is destitute of the
ligamentum teres, as in the Seals: in the Otter this ligament exists
as usual. The length of the thigh bone from the great trochanter
to the condyles is 33 inches. Both the tibia and fibula are large
and of great comparative length: in the common Otter, they do not
exceed the femur; but here they exceed it by more than an inch,
the measurement being 4+ inches.

It is in the hind paws or paddles, Mr. Martin remarks, that the
greatest difference exists between the Otter and the Enhydra. They
are here admirably constructed as organs of aquatic progression.
Their length from the os calcis to the last phalane of the outer toe
is 74 inches; and as the toes are long and connected by intervening
webs they form broad efficient oars. The toes graduate regularly
from the inner toe, which is the shortest, to the outer or fifth toe,
which is the longest. The metatarsal bone of the inner toe measures
1+ inch, the toe analogous to the thumb and composed of only two
phalanges measures the same—the other toes have three phalanges
as usual; the metatarsal bone of the fifth toe measures 21 inches ;
the toe itself 3 inches. The breadth of the foot, measured obliquely
across from the end of the metatarsal bone of the first toe to that
of the fifth is 2 inches.

' The nails of the fore paws are small and sharp; those of the pad-
dles are blunt, but curved.

‘The os penis is a stout bone 32 inches in length.

Mr. Martin concluded by remarking that as the hinder extremi-
ties are placed far backwards, and when stretched out in the act of
swimming exceed the tail, this organ will appear placed between
them, almost as much as it is in the Seals; between which animals
and the Ofters the Enhydra forms, in his estimation, a palpable link

of union, approximating, in some portion of its osseous structure,
even more to the former than to the latter.

Mr. Martin added that it was his intention, with the view of ren-
dering his communication more complete, to review the osteology
of the Enhydra in detailed comparison with that of the common
Otter and of the Seal.

A drawing was exhibited of a Saurian Reptile of the family Scin-
cide and of the genus Tiliqua, Gray, which forms part of the Museum
of the Army Medical Department at Chatham, and which is regard-
ed by Mr. Burton, Staff-Surgeon, in charge of the Museum, as
hitherto undescribed.

It was accompanied by the subjoined character and description by
Mr. Burton.

Titiqua Fernanni. Til. auribus profundis, latis, margine antico
simplici ; squamis dorsalibus valde tri-carinatis : supra pallide
brunnea strigis saturatioribus ornata, infra albescens ; lateribus
brunneo variis alboque maculatis ; guld brunneo lineata.

Long. corporis capitisque 6 unc.; capitis collique, 24; caud@, ?

Hab. apud Fernando Po.

“« There are eight rows of hexagonal imbricated scales on the back
and tail, and two additional rows between the fore and hind legs ;
the lateral scales are irregular in form and size. Submental scales
large, in three transverse rows ; the first containing a single scale, the
second a pair, the third a pair with an intermediate rudimentary
one. Subcervical and ventral scales in eight rows; subcaudal in
five rows, of which the middle row is the larger. There is a single
row of anal scales, curved upwards. Scales of the upper surface of
the body 3-keeled, of the lower smooth. A semicircular series of five
plates over each orbit separated by a long narrow frontal: five occi-
pital plates, the posterior ones largest: nasal, post-nasal, and labial
plates varied in form and size.

“‘Head, back, tail and upper surface of the extremities reddish
brown, a blackish line intersecting each row of scales ; sides lighter,
marked by a series of irregular blackish streaks; belly and under
surface of tail a brownish white; throat alternated longitudinally with
light and dark-brown lines ; submental scales whitish, bordered with
a broad dark-brown edge.

«A single row of blunt teeth on the margin of the jaws.

“‘ Body of nearly uniform shape from the commissure of the lips
to the tail.”

June 28, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., V.P. in the Chair.

A note addressed to Colonel Sykes by Lieut. Henning, R.N., was
read. It noticed the capture of an Albatross by a hook; and stated
that the bird, while so attached, was fastened on by another of the
same species, but whether with the intention of endeavouring to re-
lease it, or with the view of taking advantage of its helpless condi-
tion, the writer did not attempt to determine.

Some observations were read by Mr. Gray “‘ On the genus Mos-
chus of Linnzus, with descriptions of two new species.”

The only character, Mr. Gray remarks, by which this genus, as
established by Linnzus and others, differs from the genus Cervus,
consists in the absence of horns; for the elongated canines are com-
mon to it and most of the Indian species of Cervus, especially the
Cerv. Muntjac. The character of the fur, the degree of hairiness or
nakedness of the mefatarsus, and the presence or absence of the
musk-bag in the male, offer, however, good characters for the sub-
division of the group into three very distinct sections or subgenera.

The first of these divisions, for which Mr. Gray would retain the
name of Moschus, comprehends only the Thibet Musk, Moschus mos-
chiferus, Linn. In common with the Deer and Antelopes it has the
hinder and outer side of the metatarsus covered with close erect hair;
like many of the Deer also, its fur is quill-like and brittle; it has,
moreover, a throat entirely clothed with hair; and the males are
provided on the middle of the abdomen with a large pouch secreting
musk. Its young, like those of most of the Deer, are spotted, while
the adult animal is plain-coloured.

The division to which Mr. Gray in the year 1821, in a paper in

the Medical Repository, gave the name of Meminna, also consists of

but a single species, the Moschus Meminna, Linn. In this group the
hinder edge of the metatarsus is covered with hair, but there is on
its outer side, a little below the hock, a rather large smooth naked
prominence, which is flesh-coloured during life; the fur is rather
soft, spotted and varied with white, which becomes less conspicuous
in the older specimens, but does not appear ever to be entirely lost;
the throat is entirely covered with hair; and there is no musk-bag
in either sex. ‘The false hoofs are distinct, although denied to the
animal both by Linnzus and Buffon.

The third and last subdivision is characterized by Mr. Gray, under
the name of Tragulus, as having the hinder edge of the metatarsus
nearly bald and slightly callous, a character which distinguishes them
at once from all other Ruminants ; the fur is soft, and adpressed like
that of Meminna, but not spotted even when young; the throat is

provided with a somewhat naked, concave, subglandular, callous disk,
placed between the rami of the lower jaw, from which a band ex-
tends to the fore part of the chin; and they have no musk-bag.
Like all the other species of the Linnean genus Moschus, they have
false hoofs; and most of them have the edges of the lower jaw,
three diverging bands on the chest, and the under surface of the
body more or less purely white. The species of this division scarcely
differ in colour in the various stages of their growth; the young
fawn resembling the adult in every particular except in size.

In this division, the synonymy of which is extremely confused,
Mr. Gray reckons four species, two of which he describes as new,
arranging and characterizing them as follows :

Moscuus Javanicus. Mosch. ferrugineus nigro variegatus ; collo
saturate brunneo griseo nebulato; menti margine, strigis pec-
toralibus tribus postice latioribus, pectore, abdomine, femoribus
interne, cauddque subtis, albis ; pedibus, capitis lateribus, prym-
nique nitide fulvis ; occipite nigrescenti. Long. corp. capitisque
simul poll. 24; metatarsi 44 poll.

Moschus Javanicus, Gmel., Syst. Nat. 1. p. 174. ex Pallasio.

Raffles in Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 261? Benn., Zool. Gard., p. 41.

Tragulus Javanicus, Pall., Spic. Zool. wit. p. 18. in notd.

Moschus Indicus, Gmel., Syst. Nat.1, p. 172.

Cervus Javanicus, Osbeck, Iter, p. 273.

Moschus Napu, F. Cuv. Mamm. t.

Chota Beta, Rou de Ramon, Cab. Madr. t. 9.

Hab. in Insulis Java et Sumatra.

This species, Mr. Gray states, is at once known by its larger size,
pale colour, and the white of the entire under surface of the body,
with the exception of the two longitudinal dusky stripes which sepa-
rate the three white stripes of the chest from each other, and of a
simple narrow pale band across the chest.

2. Moscuus Kancurtt. Mosch. fulvus, nigrescenti variegatus ; nu-
cha strigd latd nigrd longitudinali; guld, colli corporisque lateribus,
pallid? flavescentibus, pilis nigro-apiculatis ; antipedibus nitide
fulvis ; menti marginibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, pectore,
abdomine, femoribus postic?, cauddque subtis, albis; pectore ab-
domineque strigd longitudinali, in illo saturatiore, in hoc palli-
diore. Long. capitis corporisque simul poll. 20; metatarsi 34
oll.
aaiedakits Kanchil, Raffles in Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 262..
Le Chevrotain adulte, Buffon, Hist. Nat. tom. aii. p. 344.
Le Chevrotain de Java, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Suppl. tom. vi. p. 219.
t. 30.
Javan Musk, Shaw, Zool. t. 173, ex tab. Buffon.
Hab. in Java.
This species Mr. Gray states to be easily distinguishable from the
former by its smaller size ; darker colour; the strength and distinct-
ness of its nuchal streak; the width of the band across its chest,

which is besides continued backwards into a narrow streak ; and the
yellow band along the middle of the belly. These characters are
common to two specimens of different ages in the collection of the
British Museum. The lateral white streaks on the fore part of the
chest are linear, the median one subtriangular, being narrow in front
and widening backwards. ‘The two dark streaks by which they are
separated are linear, of the same colour with the sides of the neck,
and do not unite together in front.

3. Moscuus rutviventer. Mosch. fulvus, nigrescenti variegatus ;
nuchd strigd longitudinali lata nigrd; guld, colli lateribus, anti-
pedibusque rufescenti-fulvis ; lateribus subtisque flavescenti-fulvis ;
menti marginibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, strigd latd utrin-
que in pectore abdomineque, femoribus interne anticeque, cauddque
subtis, albis.

Le jeune Chevrotain, Buffon, Hist. Nat. wii. p. 342. t. 42, 48.

Hab. in Insulis Malaicis, et in Peninsula Indiz Orientalis ?

Very like the last, but differing from it in the undersurface being
pale fulvous with four white streaks, and in the lateral streaks on the
chest being isolated anteriorly by means of a narrow transverse band
which separates them from the white of the chin, while the median
one is bounded in front by the union of the two dark streaks.
There is also a small brown spot on each side of the chin just below
the angle of the mouth, which is not found in the other species.
The fawns only a few weeks old do not differ in colour from their
parents. None of the three specimens in the collection of the British
Museum have their habitats accurately marked. Two of them were
from the collection of General Hardwicke, and the third was pre-
sented by Mr. Edward Burton of Chatham. Mr. Gray thinks it pro-
bable that this may be the animal indicated by Sir Stamford Raffles
under the name of Pelandoc.

4. Moscuus Srantzyanus. Mosch. rufescenti-fulvus, pilis nigro-
apiculatis, subtis minis nitidus ; collo pectoreque nitidé fulvis ;
menti marginibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, pectore, femoribus

interne anticeque, cauddque subtis, albis ; syncipite, pedibusque a
genubus inde saturatioribus; rhinario, strigd utrinque oculos
ambiente, auriculisque extis et ad margines, nigris.

Var. menti marginibus minis albis ; strigis pectoralibus interruptis
minis conspicuis ; guldque pauld saturatiore.

Hab.

This is immediately distinguishable from all the other species by
the brightness of its colouring, and by the absence of the nuchal
streak, and of the white on the under surface of the body. There
are at present four living specimens in the magnificent collection of
the Earl of Derby at Knowsley; and two others, consisting of a spe-

__cimen of each of the varieties, in that of the Society, to which they

were recently presented by Her Royal Highness the Princess Victo-
ria. -It is not known from what exact locality any of them were
obtained.

Mr. Gray discusses the synonymy of the species above charac-
terized as belonging to the subgenus TJragulus, especially with re-
ference to the descriptions of Buffon, Pallas, Raffles, and M. Frederic
Cuvier. From the imperfect manner in which they are described
and figured, he is unable to identify with any of the foregoing spe-
cies, or to separate from them as distinct, the Pelandoc figured in
Marsden’s Sumatra, or the Pygmy Musk of Sumatra figured in Mr.
Griffith’s edition of Cuvier’s ‘Animal Kingdom,’ on which Fischer
has established his Moschus Griffithii. The Mosch. pygmeus of Lin-
nus Mr. Gray states to belong to the genus Antilope; the hinder
part of the tarsus being covered with hair, and the false hoofs very
small and rudimentary, and entirely hidden under the hair of the
feet; the Mosch. Americanus appears by its spotted livery to be the
fawn of a species of Deer: and the Mosch. delicatulus, or Leverian
Musk of Shaw, is also undoubtedly the fawn of a Deer. It is curious
that Dr, Shaw quotes as a synonym of the last-named species the
figure of Seba, on which alone the Mosch. Americanus is founded,
while at the same time he enumerates the Mosch. Americanus as a
distinct species.

Mr. Gray also made some observations “‘ On the tufts of hair ob-
servable on the posterior legs of the animals of the genus Cervus, as
a character of that group, and a means of subdividing it into natural
sections.” These tufts are found on the inside, or on the outside, or
sometimes even on both sides, of the hinder legs of all the Deer
which Mr. Gray has had an opportunity of examining, with the ex-
ception of the Muntjac, on which he has not been able to detect
them either in the living state or in preserved skins. This circum-
stance may, however, have arisen from the fact of the living animal
examined being confined in a cage; for he has uniformly found them
much more conspicuous in animals which have a wide range than in
such as are confined to small inclosures. Thus the various species of
Deer in the magnificent parks of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley, in
which the Ruminant animals. are allowed an extensive range, and
preserved in a state nearly approaching to wildness, exhibit the tufts
in question in a much more ample state of development than such
as are seen in menageries; and one of the Avis Deer at the Gardens
of the Society, which has the run of a small paddock, displays them
much more evidently than another specimen in the Gardens, which
is confined to a stall. This difference of development, Mr. Gray
suggests, may account for the little notice that has hitherto been
taken of them by zoologists, who have only spoken of them inci-
dentally, and with reference to one or two species of the group.
They are found at all ages and in both sexes; and afford, therefore,
a valuable adjunct in the determination of the species of the hornless
females, as well as in distinguishing them from the females of the
genus Antilope, in which no indication of them is to be observed ;
the tufts or scope that occur in some of the species of that genus
being on the fore knees and evidently serving a very different. pur-
pose,

They were noticed in the American Deer by Buffon, who speaks
of them as surrounding “un lichen noirdtre long de neuf lignes, fort
étroit, entouré par des poils blancs et longs, qui paroissoient former
aussi une sorte de brosse;”’ and according to M. F. Cuvier, who ob-
served them in the Wapiti, they surround a narrow long horny sub-

stance, which is the appearance of the part in the dry state; but
Col. Hamilton Smith, in his description of the same species,
takes a different view of the structure with which they are connect-
ed, which he states to be ‘‘a gland imbedded in hair secreting an
unctuous fluid.” That the tufts really cover a glandular apparatus
is rendered probable by the circumstance that in the living animal
they generally assume a conical form as though imbued with some
oily secretion; and the specimens preserved in spirit which Mr. Gray.
has examined, seem to justify this opinion; but he has had no op-
portunity, since his observations upon the subject were made, of
confirming the fact by anatomical examination. They are generally
of a paler colour than the rest of the hair upon the legs; and in
some species, the Cervus Virginianus for instance, they are of a pure
white which renders them very conspicuous.

To the existence of these tufts as a generic character common to
all the Deer, Mr. Gray states that, among the species which he has,
had an opportunity of examining, he has met with only one excep-.
tion, that of the Muntjac before mentioned; and he thinks that if this
animal should prove to be really destitute of the appendages in ques-
tion, it would afford an additional motive, combined with the perma-
nence of its horns and some other characters, for excluding it from
the genus Cervus. But these tufts have also another value, that of
affording by the differences in their number and position three ob-
vious sectional divisions, which have an evident advantage over those
derived from the form of the horns and other characters of a sexual
and temporary nature, in being permanent at all ages and common
to both sexes. These sections Mr. Gray arranges as follows :

The first has a pencil of hairs seated on the outer side of the hinder
part of the metatarsus, about one third of the distance from the
caleaneum towards the hoofs, This section includes Cerv. Elaphus,
Canadensis, Avis, porcinus, Hippelaphus, Dama and its varieties, and
niger, as well as the Stag in the Museum of the Society, called the

greater Muntjac, Cerv. Tunjuc, Vig. and Horsf., in the Catalogue
_ for 1829, p. 17, No. 303, which Mr. Gray believes to be a species
_ of the Rusan group of Col. H. Smith with deformed horns. In
Cerv. Canadensis, and perhaps also in some other species, Mr. Gray
States that there is a large pad of close erect hairs on the hinder
edge of the metatarsus, commencing with this tuft.

In the second section there exist two tufts of hair, one seated on
the outer side of the hinder part of the metatarsus, about two thirds
of the distance from the calcaneum to the hoof; and the other on the
‘inner side of the hock or heel. This structure occurs in the Virgi-
nian Deer, Cerv. Virginianus, and in its variety Cerv. Mewvicanus, as
well as in an allied species of which the female exists in the So-
ciety’s Museum. The internal pencil is very distinct in the Virgi-

nian Deer; and the external is also very conspicuous in consequence
of the whiteness of the hairs composing it. Lord Derby’s game-
keeper, however, stated to Mr. Gray that there are two varieties of
this species in Knowsley park, in one of which this tuft is much
more conspicuous than in the other.

The third section comprehends those species which have a very

distinct tuft on the inside of the hock, but none on the outer side of
the metatarsus. Mr. Gray has observed this structure in two living
specimens of a species from Demerara in the menagerie of Lord
Derby, which agrees best with Cerv. rufus, Desm.; in another South
American species, allied to the former but apparently different,
which was presented to the Society in 1828 by Sir Philip Egerton,
and is now in its Museum; and in a very young spotted Fawn (almost
a foetus) preserved in spirits in the collection of the British Museum.
He suspects that the Brockets of South America may have the same
character ; and thinks he could observe the internal tufts on the spe-
cimen of the Rein Deer in the Society’s Museum, but no trace of
the external, the entire hinder edge of the metatarsus being covered
with a uniform very thick coat of hair.
-- From an examination of the skin of the E/k in the British Mu-
seum, Mr. Gray is of opinion that it will probably enter into a fourth
section ; in as much as it appears to have very distinct tufts on the
anner side of the hock, and others also on the outer side of the meta-
tarsus about one third of its length from the heel, as in the first sec-
tion; but of the existence of the latter tufts he is by no means cer-
tain, on account of the age and state of the specimen.

root of the tail (measuring along the curve of the back

' # #& &
wa ~ rc eS

July 12, 1836.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

_. Mr. Waterhouse, at the request of the Chairman, read a Paper,
entitled ‘‘ Description of a new genus of Mammiferous Animals from
New Holland, which will probably be found to belong to the Marsu-
pial type.”

| The skin on which this description was founded had been lent to
Mr. Waterhouse; for the purpose of describing, by Lieut. Dale, of
Liverpool, who procured it whilst on an exploring party in the inte-
rior of the Swan River Settlement, about 90 miles to the S.E. of the
mouth of that river. Two specimens were seen ; both of which took
to hollow trees on being pursued, and one of them was unfortunately
burned to death in the attempt to dislodge it from its retreat. The
country abounded with decayed trees and ant-hills; and Mr. Water-
house is of opinion, from this circumstance and from some peculiari-
ties in the structure of the animal, that it lives chiefly, if not wholly,
Bean: ants, for which reason he proposes for it the generic name of

Bit ce pi
~ Dentes incisores & a canini {—°, pseudo- molares ®= => molares *—° = 48.

_. Pedes antici 5-dactyli, digitis tribus intermediis fy hi oat pos-
tici 4-dactyli, digitis duobus intermediis internum superantibus; ex-
terno brevissimo; unguibus longis acutis subfalcularibus. Scelides
antipedibus longiores. Caput elongatum; rhinario producto ; auri-
culis mediocribus acutis. Corpus gracile. Cauda mediocris.”

_ Mr. Waterhouse details at length the peculiarities of the denti-
tion and other structural characters of the animal under considera-
tion, and particularly notices the statement of Lieut. Dale that, when
it was killed, the tongue was protruded from the mouth to the ex-
tent of two inches beyond the tip of the nose, its breadth being
three sixteenths of an inch; which circumstance, combined with the
dentition of the animal, confirms him in the belief that it feeds upon
ants. With respect to its immediate affinities he confesses himself
at aloss. In skinning the specimen, the part where the pouch
would be placed in a marsupial animal, has been so mutilated as to
render it difficult to determine whether or not it possessed one : it
appears, however, to have been a female, and to have two mamme
and the remains of a pouch. Mr. Waterhouse is of opinion that it
will prove to be allied to the genus Phascogale ; and there are also,
he states, points of resemblance between it and Tupaia, as well as
with the ground Squirrels, the genus Tamias of modern authors.

__ The species Mr. Waterhouse proposes to name Myrmecobius fas-
_ ciatus: he describes it as follows: ‘Length from the nose to the

Jiten inches ;
No.. XLIJI.—Procrepines or tHE ZooLocicat Socsery.

“

of the head, from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear, one inch
and seven eighths; of the tail six inches and a quarter. The colour
above is reddish ochre, interspersed with white hairs, the posterior
half of the body being adorned with alternate black and white trans-
verse fasciee, disposed in a manner somewhat similar to those of Thy-
lacinus cynocephalus. The under parts of the body are yellowish
white; the anterior legs of the same colour on their inner sides, and
of a pale buff colour externally; and the posterior legs of a pale
buff colour, with the fore part of the tibie whitish, and the sole en-
tirely bare. The hairs of the tail are mixed black, white and red-
dish ochre, each of these colours predominating in different
The reddish hue of the fore part of the body is gradually blended
ito the black, which is the prevailing colour of the posterior half,
and which is adorned with nine white fasciz; the first of these
fascize (which is indistinct) commencing rather before the middle of
the body, and being, in common with the second, interrupted on the
back by the ground colour of the body; the third, fourth, and ‘last
extending uninterruptedly from side to side; and the fifth,” sixth,
seventh and eighth, extending over the back, passing without coming
into contact, and thus as it were dovetailing, with those of the op-
posite side. The hair on the head is very short and of a brownish
hue above, (being composed of a mixture of black and reddish-brown
with a few white hairs); and whitish beneath. The nose and lips
are blackish; and there are a few long black hairs springing from
under the eyes and from the sides of the muzzle. The body is ¢o-
vered with hair of two kinds; the outer of which is moderately long,
rather coarse, and compact on the back and fore parts of the body ;
but over the haunches, and on the under surface, where the pouch
is situated in the Marsupials, the hair is long. ‘The under fur is
short, fine and rather scanty. The tail is furnished throughout with
long hairs.”

In illustration of his paper Mr. Waterhouse exhibited the skin,
together with drawings of the animal, of itsskull, and of its dentary
characters.

The following notes of the dissection of a specimen of the Chilian
Bush Rat, Octodon Cumingii, Benn., by Mr. Martin, were read.

‘* The individual examined was a male measuring in the length
of the head and body 7 inches: the tail was imperfect.

«« On removing the skin from the chest and abdomen, the shape of
the xiphoid cartilage was observed to be reniform. ~

“‘The abdominal cavity being exposed, the order of the viscera
was as follows. Occupying its usual situation the liver extended’
from side to side, while below its edge appeared a portion of the’
great curvature of the stomach, and also the pylorus emerging from
beneath its right lobes; the duodenum passing from the pylorus
suddenly dipped down, crossed the upper end of both kidneys, and
then made a curve upwards and merged in the j jejunum. ‘The chief
portion of the abdominal cavity, of comparatively spacious na eag
was filled with the convolutions of the intestinal canal. :

ree pti a ee a” kh lll ei ae lil lee

vy
Y

4)
4

»» & The ‘liver, (which was highly disorganized) consisted of two .
nearly equal left lobes, and of two right lobes of which the outer-
most was partially divided; but not so completely as to make the
number of right lobes three. The Jobulus Spigelii was small.

» | Ina cleft in the first or central right lobe, a little to the right of
the ligamentum latum (which was thin), appeared the gall-bladder,
small; globular, and empty: its duct received several small hepatic
tubes, and entered the duodenum half an inch below the pylorus. _

_ The spleen was attached to the lower part of the esophagus and
the. cardiac sacculus by a riband of mesentery, half an inch in
breadth when extended. In figure this viscus was pointed at both
ends, and three-sided, or prismatic: its length was 14 inch; its
greatest breadth half an inch. .

_» Beneath the cardiac portion of the stomach and the spleen, lay
the pancreas, a soft indefinite mass spreading through the mesentery:
@ portion of it followed the course of the duodenum for about an
inch, Its duct entered: the intestine along with the biliary duct. <

“The stomach,.2 inches in length, and somewhat more than I
inch in depth, was of a regular figure, its cardiac sacculus projecting
but little beyond the entrance of the esophagus; between which and
the pyloric opening there intervened a good distance, (about ¢ of
an inch), The pyloric portion of the stomach was of equal volume
with the cardiac, and did not diminish rapidly but was globular.
Internally, the stomach had a cuticular and villous portion; the cuti-
cular lining, occupying about a third of the whole, covered the car-
diat end, commencing anterior to the entrance of the esophagus.

& ** The small intestines measured 2 feet 6 inches in length,

- * The cecum was large and sacculated, being puckered into saccult
by two strong muscular bands. It measured 3 inches in length, was
loaded with fecal matter, and was ulcerated through in several
points, from which the feces had escaped in small quantity. . It-was
so tender that it could not be distended.

“The colon formed a loop 5 inches in length, analogous to that
which exists in Capromys and Coypus: at the part where the intes-
tine leaves this duplicature the feces assumed distinct oval forms.
‘The first length of this fold or loop of the colon was larger than the
second or returning length; and this portion with the rest of the
large intestines scarcely equalled the small in diameter.

*«« The total length of the large intestines was 1 foot 53 inches.

“The right kidney was placed higher than the left: the kidneys
were of an oval shape, and 3 of an inch in length. The papilla was

large and single.
__ “The renal capsule was of the size of a pea, round, of a yellow-

ish grey colour, and soft internally.
_. “ The lungs consisted of three right and two left lobes.
_“ The heart presented nothing remarkable.
“The penis, measured from the pubis, was 14 inch in length.
The glans was supported by an osseous stylet, and its upper sur-

_ face was rough with numerous minute but horny retroverted papille.

At the orifice of the urethra were four long, conical, horny papilla,

projecting forwards, two on each side: they appeared to be four of
the horny papille of the glans elongated and developed, for these
papillé surrounded their base and were there rather larger than lower
down on the glans.

‘I found, as in Capromys and Coypus, a decided decussation of the
pubic pillars of the recti abdominis muscles.

“« The testes, of an oval shape, were within the abdomen, as high
as the top of the haunch bones ;—the epididymis formed a knot at
the end of the testis, adhering closely to it, whence it sent a tube
along the ¢estis to the opposite or small end; arriving there it
formed a knotted congeries of fine convolutions, from which emerged
the vas deferens. To this congeries there proceeded from the abdo-
minal ring (which was imperforate) a muscular, tubular sac, or cre-
master, the fibres of which embraced it. The ring being cee pe
the testis, I imagine, never passes externally into the groin.

“The vas deferens emerging from this congeries of tubes, turned
round, crossed the small end of the ¢estis, and descended over the
vesicula seminalis of its own side.

“<The vesicule seminales were 1 inch in length, slender and con-
voluted,

“ The prostate gland was double ; Cowper’s glands were of the
size of peas, and round. The membranous part of the urethra was
3 of an inch in length.

‘* The fauces were not funnel-shaped, but constricted by a lateral
pillar rising up from the base of the tongue on each side to thepa-
late, which wants tonsils and velum pendulum: the aperture thus
formed just admitted the top of a pencil. The nares opened 2 or 3
lines beyond this constricted portion just abeve the rima glottidis ;
they were not therefore visible, until the fauces were fairly | laid
open. The contraction of the fauces is less decided than in the
Coypus.”.

July 26, 1836,
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited specimens
of two new species of Birds from the Friendly Islands and New
Holland, of which he proposed to form a genus. He stated them
to approximate, in his opinion, in nearly an equal degree to the
genera Lanius, Turdus, and Lamprotornis; but believed that they
might with propriety be arranged among the Thrushes. Their cha-
racters were given as follows:

APLonIs.

_ Rostrum capite pauld brevius, robustum, subcompressum ; man-

dibulé arcuata, ad apicem emarginaté.

_ Nares basales, ovales, patulz.

4 Ale breves ; remigibus 2do et 3tio longissimis, 1mo et 4to eequaili-.
us.
Cauda brevis, lata, quadrata vel sub-bifurca.

_ Tarsi robusti ; digitis magnis; unguibus magnis curvatis, hallucis

precipué valido.

In both species the feathers of the head are lanceolate; and the
general plumage above has a slight glossy hue, especially on the
head and back of the neck. The species were characterized as
follows :

Aptonis MARciNATA. Apl. pileo metallic? brunneo ; noteo satu-
rate brunneo, remigibus secundariis margine externo albescenti-
bus ; humeris fere nigris ; remigibus cauddque saturat? brunneis ;
rostro tarsisque nigrescenti-brunneis ; gastreo pallid brunneo,
rachibus plumarum fer? albés.

Long. tot., 74 poll.; rostria rictu ad apicem, 1; ale, 32; caude, 2:;

tarsi, 124.

Hab. in Insulis Amicorum.

This species formed part of a collection made by Mr. Mathews,

who has lately visited these islands.

Artonis Fusca. Apl. pileo et regione paroticd obscure nigro-
splendentibus ; noteo pallid? brunneo ; gastreo pallidiore ; remi-
gibus cauddque brunneis ; rostro tarsisque nigris.

‘Long. tot., 63 poll.; rostri a rictu ad apicem, vix 2; ale, 35;

caude, 24; tarsi, vix 1.

Hab, ad ripas fluvii Murrumbidgee, in Nova Hollandia Australi.

This species was collected, together with many other rarities, by
Captain Sturt, during his expedition in the interior of Australia, and

presented by him to the Society.

August 9, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of an Ortyx which Mr. Gould regarded
as hitherto undescribed.

At the request of the Chairman he pointed out the distinguishing
peculiarities of the new species, which he named and characterized
as follows :

Orryx oceLLatus. Ortyx nigro-brunneus, dorso punctis rufo-brunner
adsperso, lateribus ocellis albi-flavidis notatis, femoribus nigris.

Long. corp. 63 unc. ; ale, 44; tarsi, 14.

Hee species ad Ort. Montezume in affinitate proxima.

«* Bill black, strong, and arched ; top of the head, which is slight-
ly crested, blackish brown; a large white mark extends over each
eye and passes on to the back part of the neck; beneath the eye is
an oval mark of blueish black; from the base of the lower mandible
extends another white mark which spreads upon the front of the
neck and is bounded by an abrupt margin of black; a large patch
of the latter colour occupies the chin and throat; the general colour.
of the whole of the upper surface is brownish olive, each feather
having a decided central line of chestnut following the direction of
the shaft and becoming spatulate at the tip; the web of each feather
is transversely barred and blotched with black; the chest and ab-
domen is sandy chestnut, becoming more intense on the under tail-
coverts ; sides of the chest and flanks transversely spotted with yel-
lowish white ona blueish grey ground; thighs black; tail very short
and partly hidden; tarsi brown.

This bird differs from Ortyx Montezuma in several particulars, but
to that species it is most nearly allied.

Mr. Gould also brought before the notice of the Meeting two new
species of Birds from New. South Wales, where they had been col-
lected, and subsequently presented to the Society by Captain Sturt.
They are referrible to the genus Zosterops of Messrs. Vigors and
Horsfield; a group among the Sylviade, and of which but two species
were known at the time those gentlemen instituted the genus. Mr.
Gould placed on the table six additional species, a portion of which
was from the Society’s collection, and the remainder from his own.
In the course of his remarks, Mr. Gould adverted to the surprising
augmentation of species which has now taken place in nearly every
_ group in ornithology; and characterized the new species mentioned

above as :
ddivv ZOSTEROPS ALBOGULARIS, Gould.

' Zost. corpore superne, alis, cauddque, olivaceis ; dorso, tectricibus
‘alarum, caudeque, castaneo-brunneis ; oculo plumulis albis circum-
No. XLIV,—Proceerpines oF tHE Zootocican Suciery.

76.

dato ; genis maculd nigra notatis ; auricularibus griseis; guld, ventre,
erissoque albis ; lateribus castaneis ; rostro pedibusque purpurascenti-
griseis.
Long. corp. 54 unc.; rostri,£; ale, 3; caude, 2}; tarsi, 1.
Hab. in Australia, apud flumen Murrumbidgee dictum.

ZOSTEROPS TENUIROSTRIS, Gould.

Zost. vertice capitis, nuchd, guld, thoraceque viridi-flavis ; oculo
plumulis albis circumdato ; dorso, scapulis, olivaceo-griseis ; primariis
rectricibusque viridi late marginatis ; ventre, crissoque brunneo-flavis ;
rostro pedibusque brunneis.

Long. corp. 5% unc.; rostri, {; ale, 23; caude, 24; tarsi, £.

Hab. in Australia apud flumen Murrumbidgee dictum.

They are the two largest known species of the genus.

Notes by W. C. Williamson, Esq., Curator to the Natural History
Society, Manchester, on the appearance of rare Birds in the vicinity
of Scarborough were then read, of which the following is an abs-
tract. :

“The prominent position of Scarborough with its projecting
headlands separated by deep bays and its high hills covered with
wood, render the neighbourhood a favourite retreat for various tribes
of birds. Among the spring visitors the Siskin may be enumerated,
which appears in April, remaining only a few days apparently on its
route to breeding-places farther north. It is never seen at any other
period of the year, though considered by authors as a winter visitor.
Several examples of the Hoopoe, and one specimen of the Roller,
have been shot in the neighbourhood. The stomach of the latter
was filled with the elytra and other remains of a species of Curculio.
Of the Water Ouzel or Dipper it is stated that, when flying down a
stream it drops into the water and dives under any rails laid across
from bank to bank, rather than fly over them, rising on the opposite
side and pursuing its course, The nest of this bird is occasionally
seen so placed under a projecting ledge that a fall of water was con-
stantly rolling over it, thus rendering it secure from any attacks:
the birds entering by the sides of the fall.

* The Redwing has been seen as late as May; these birds are re-
markable for a peculiar cry uttered when disturbed and about to take
flight.

“The Hooded Crow has been known to breed near Scarborough
on two or three occasions. In one instance, a female Hooded Crow
was observed to pair with a Carrion Crow on a large tree at Hack-
ness, where they succeeded in rearing their young. The Carrion
Crow was shot by the gamekeeper, but the following year the
Hooded Crow returned with a new mate of the same sable hue as the
former one to her old nest. The carrion and young crows were
again all shot; the old female by her vigilance escaped all the ef-
forts of the keepers to destroy her, and a third time returned with
a fresh mate; she was not however again so successful, but was
shot, and is now preserved in the Scarborough Museum. The young

birds varied, some resembling the Hooded and others the Carrion
Crow in their plumage.

“The Great or Thick-kneed Plovers breed on "Be fallows, and often
startle the midnight traveller by their shrill and ominous whistle.
This is supposed to be the note so beautifully alluded to by Sir
Walter Scott in his poem of The Lady of the Lake,

‘ And in the Plover’s shrilly strain
The signal whistle’s heard again.’

for it certainly sounds more like a human note than that of a bird.

“The Rough-legged Buzzard breeds occasionally in a precipitous
dell near Hackness. A marked female returned the following year
with a new mate to her former favourite haunt.

“Three species of the genus Lestris, the Glaucous Gull, Little
Gull, Great Northern Diver, Little Auk, and Long-tailed Duck are
obtained generally during the prevalenceof strongnorth-easterly winds.
Temminck’s Tringa and the Olivaceous Gallinule have been killed near
Scarborough. The Sanderling visits the shore in May and Septem-
ber. Good sport is sometimes gained at Woodcock-shooting in March,
when from any cause these birds are prevented continuing their
journey northward. In one or two instances a Woodcock has been
seen there as late as June.”

August 23, 1836.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in tlie Chair.

In consequence of the lamented decease of the Secretary, E.
T. Bennett, Esq., the usual routine of scientific business was sus-

pended.

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September 13, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication was read from J. B. Harvey, Esq., of Teign-
mouth, a Corresponding Member of the Society, on the occurrence
of four specimens of the Velella limbosa of Lamarck, which were
found on the beach at Teignmouth after a continuation of southerly
winds and smooth water.

A specimen was forwarded for the Society, and representations of
it in four different points of view accompanied the communication.

Mr. Vigors called the attention of the meeting to a Bird, present-

‘ing a singular form among the Tinamous, which he had exhibited at
one of the evening meetings in the year 1832, but which, from ac-
cidental circumstances, had not been characterized in the Proceed-
ings. The birds of this group, which forms an immediate connect-
ing link between the Tinamous and the Bustards, were first observed
by Mr. Pentland ona high elevation in the Andes, and the specimen
before the meeting was brought by that gentleman to this country
and presented to the Society. Mr. Vigors described in detail the
characters of the genus, to which he assigned the name of Tinamotis,

_ and also pointed out the specific characters of the bird, to which he
| had on a former occasion given the name of Pentlandii, in honour of
the distinguished traveller who first discovered the group.

TINAMOTIS.

Rostrum forte, subrectum, Otidis rostra persimile ; culmine plano.
_ Ale mediocres, rotundate; remigibus prima et septima feré zequali-
bus, brevissimis, tertia et quarta longissimis.

Pedes tridactyli; tarsis sublongis fortibus; acrotarsiis reticulatis
squamis inferioribus grandibus; digitis longitudine mediocribus, me-
dio ceteris, que sunt feré equales, longiore, omnibus membrana
utrinque marginatis ; acropodiis scutellatis, squamis maximis; uz-

guibus grandibus, planis, dispansis.
Cauda brevis, subrotundata.

Trvamortis Pentianpi. Tin. corpore cinereo-brunneo sordidoque
fulvo fasciato, capite colloque similiter striatis ; crisso femori-
busque rufis ; mento albescente.

__ Plumulz capitis colli ventrisque magis albido, dorsi caudeque ma-

_ gis fulvo notate ; narum notis maculis simulantibus. Longitudo cor-

ports, 15; ale, a carpo ad apicem remigis 3tiz, 10; rostri ad frontem,

1}, ad rictum, 13 ; tarsi, 2; digitorum, unguibus inclusis, medii, 13,

_externorum, 1}.

Mr. Vigors took the same opportunity of describing and naming
No, XLV.—Procrepines or tHE Zooxocicat Society.

two Parrots in the Society’s Collection, one of which, now alive in

the Menagerie, distinguished by a brilliant purple plumage over the
head, nape, and breast, and which came from South America, he

characterized under the name of Psittacus augustus; the second, of

which two specimens had been procured from the late Rev. Lans-

down Guilding’s collection, received from the Island of St. Vincent,

but the precise locality of which was not known, he described by

the name of Psittacus Guildingii.

Psirracus aucustus. Psitt. viridis, capite, colld hienieceme mania
splendidé purpureis, sincipite viridi tincto, torque nuchali satura-
tiore ; humeris rectricibusque coccineo notatis, his ad apices pur-
purascenti-fusco tinctis.

Plumule nuche corporisque infra nigro ad apices marginate ; in-

terscapulti tectricumque femoris azureo leviter ad apices tincte. Mae:
nitudo Platycerci Vase.

Psirracus Guinpineu. Psitt. capitis fronte albescente, sincipite
genisque flavis, occipite mentoque azureis, nuchd viridi ; alis viri-
dibus in medio fascid aurantiaco-flavd notatis, ad apices nigris ;
caudd ad basin aurantiacd, deinde fascid viridi in: rine dio lazulind
nutatd, ad apicem fiavd.

Plumule occipitis ad basin flavescentes, deinde azure, fascia gTa-
cili nigro-brunnea; nuch@. virides fascia latiore notate. Remigis
primaria ad basin flave, secundaria aurantiace ; ad apices’ nigre ; ‘in-
teriorum plumis externis lazulino tinctis, rhachibus nigris. Rectricis
supra ad basin flave, deinde aurantiaco viride marginato notate,
postea externé lazuline, externé nigre, ad apices aurantiaco-flave,
rhachibus nigris; subtis ad basin aurantiace, in medio virides, ad
apices flave. Rostrum album. Long. corp. 173 unc.; ale a carpo
ad apicem remigis 4te, 12; tarsi, £; caude, 8; mandibule supe-
rioris, 13; inferioris, 1}.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited to the
Meeting two tribes of- Birds, viz. the Tamatias, from the warmer
parts of America, and the Coursers, from the arid regions of Africa
and India. Mr. Gould observed, that of the first group, only five
species appear to have been known to Linnzus; eleven others had
since been added, making sixteen: the Society’s collection contained
thirteen species. Mr. Gould exhibited a series of drawings in illus-
tration of the group, and characterized one new ese under the
name of Tamatia bicincta, as follows :

Tamartia BicincTa. Tam. guld et corpore inferne subtis ieee
Sulvis ; pectore duabus fasciis nigris transversim striato ; lateribus
flavido-albis nigro maculatis ; plumis auricularibus griseis, mar-
ginalibus subtis brunned fusca tinctis ; fascid nuchali grised ; cor-
pore summo cauddque superne brunneis ; tectricibus alarum secun-
dariis ad apicem ochraceo-albis hoc colore dorso guttato; rectriei-
busque externis marginalibus.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 1}; ale, 31; caude, 3; tarsi, =.

Hab. Cayenne?

Mr. Gould stated in conclusion, that this formerly limited group
now constitutes a considerable family, or subfamily, whose members
appear naturally to form themselves into at least three or four genera:
thus divided, the genus Tamatia, Cuv. (Capito, Vieill.) contains 9
species, that of Lypornix, Wagl., 3 species; that of Monasa, Vieill., 3
species; and that of Chelidoptera, Gould, 1; the latter being a ‘generic
title provisionally instituted hy Mr. Gould for the Lypornix tenebrosa,
Wagl., a species which differs in many essential characters from all
the other members of the group, possessing as it does a very length-
ened wing, and being in every way adapted for powerful flight. He
observed, that he had consulted with M. Natterer on the propriety
of separating this bird from the other members of the group, in which
opinion that eminent naturalist had coincided, and at the same time
stated, that it usually resorted to the topmost branches of the trees,
whence it sallied forth over the forest in search after its insect food,
while, on the other hand, all the other members of the group kept to
low thickets and the neighbourhood of the ground. In their general
economy they offer a striking resemblance to the Shrikes and Fly-
catchers ; they are, however, more indolent ‘in their disposition, and
sit motionless on a dead branch for hours together, until their atten-
tion is drawn to some passing insect, when they sally forth, capture
it, and return to the same branch, which they are known to frequent
for months together. With the exception of three or four species
all the members of this group are confined to the Brazils.

Mr. Gould exhibited six species of the genus Cursorius, one of
which was described as new by the appellation of Cursorius rufus.

_Cursorivus rurus. Cur.fronte castaneo-rufo ;. occipite griseo, fascid
albd cincto hac supra et infra lined angustd. nigrd marginatd ;
nucha rufescente ; corpore summo rufescente brunneo ; guld albidd ;
pectore pallido fulvo hoc colore in faciam-ventralem nigram mer-
gente ; abdomine posteriore, crissoque albis ; remigibus primariis
nigris ; secundariis albis ; prymno? rectricibusque.caude ad basin
brunneo-griseis harum duabus intermedius notd nigrd apicali ex-

_., ternis fere albis reliquis plis minisve ad apicem albis nec non
. nigra macula griseum colorem singente; rostro nigro; digitis ni-

_. grescentibus ; tarsis? albido flavis. —

_ Long. tot., 9 unc.; rostrz, 14; ale, 54; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

_ Hab. in insulis Oceani Indici. _ ae a

_ The new species of Cursorius was from the islands of the Indian

Ocean, but from what particular locality Mr. Gould had not been

able to ascertain. . It: differs from Curs. Asiaticus, by being smaller

_ in all its proportions, by having the whole of the upper surface of a

_ rich rufous brown, and by not possessing a white band across the

rump. In its affinities it is closely allied to both Curs. Asiaticus and

Curs. Temminckii. void diiw |

__. Mr. Martin placed on the table two examples of the Potto or
Kinkajou from the Society’s Museum, and, at the request of the
Chairman, read some notes describing the differences in colour, size,

and comparative measurements of parts in the two specimens, of
which the following is an abstract.

“The differences which exist in two specimens of the Kinkajou in
the Society’s Museum have led me to introduce them to the atten-
tion of the Meeting, as it is not improbable that they may ultimate-
ly prove to be distinct species. The Kinkajou, however, is so rare
an animal both in the museums and menageries of our country, that
we want the means of ascertaining whether or not, like that allied
animal the Coati, its colour be subject to variations of tint and mark-
ing. But independently of the great difference in colour which
obtains in the two specimens before the meeting, and on which,
taken as a solitary character, we should hesitate to ground a specific
distinction, at least until we had compared several specimens, it ap-
pears that the ears of the rufous specimen (which was lately pre-
sented by George Vaughan, Esq.) are more elongated than those of
the other, which died in the Society’s Menagerie, where it had lived
for many years. It is on this difference, rather than on that of co-
lour, that I have suspected a specific distinction ; though I confess
my suspicions are strengthened by the latter as a concomitant. A
knowledge of the precise localities from which each specimen was
obtained would be of great use, but on this point, unfortunately, I
have not been able to gain any information.

‘‘In distinguishing between the two species of Kinkajou, I consider
it best to drop entirely the specific title caudivolvulus, (which is ap-
plicable to both, and is descriptive rather of a generic than a speci-
fic character,) the only mode in fact by which to avoid all possibility
of confusion.

“Our first species will stand as Cercoleptes megalotus. It is di-
stinguished by the form of the ears, which are elongated, narrow,
rounded at the tip, and somewhat flapping; their length is 1 inch
3 lines, their breadth 7 lines.

“Internally they are sparely covered with thinly set soft hairs ;
externally they are fully clothed with hairs of a pale yellowish
white.

“‘The fur is close, short, thick, and rigid; the general colour is
deep reddish yellow, or fulvous, with an obscure band of a darker co-
lour, down the top of the head, the back, and upper surface of the
tail, approaching to chestnut. The sides of the body and the insides
of the limbs are pale fulvous ; the abdomen and throat are nearly as
dark as the back, and a stripe of deep chestnut commences about the
end of the sternum, and is continued to the inguinal region. The
tail is slender, and the hairs of this part are very rigid.

«To our second species we propose to give the name of Cercoleptes
brachyotus.

«« The fur is full, soft, and moderately long; of a universally glossy
yellowish grey clouded with brown, especially over the nose, on the
top of the head, and down the back; and indeed little less so on the
sides of the body and outer surface of the limbs. The abdomen, the
insides of the limbs, and the throat are dusky straw colour. The ears
are broad, short, and rounded ; covered, but somewhat sparingly, on

the outside with fur of the same colour as that of the body: their
length and breadth are equal, namely, 1 inch.

‘« The tail is moderately thick, being covered with fur of the same
character as that of the body.”

Sp. 1. Crrcorerres mecarotus. Cercolept. let? rufus, strigd
saturatiore, per totam longitudinem capitis, dorsi medii, caudeque
supra excurrente ; lateribus pallidioribus ; abdomine guldque rufis,
strigd castaned abdominali ; auriculis longis, angustis, rotundatis
subpendentibus et externé pilis pullide flavis, indutis caudd gracili ;
vellere denso brevi, atque rigido.

Sp. 2. Crercorerptres pracuyotus. Cercol. vellere denso, molli,
et longiusculo, griseo flavescenti, at brunneo, undato, hoc colore in
capite, summoque dorso, saturatiore : abdomine et guld stramineis
auriculis latis, mediocribus, et erectis, pilis rarioribus fuscis ex-
terne indutis.

September 27, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication from Edward Fuller, Esq., of Carleton Hall,
near Saxmundham, was read, which stated that his gamekeeper had
succeeded last year in rearing two birds from a barn-door Hen, hav-
ing a cross from the Pheasant, and a Pheasant cock; that the birds
partook equally of the two species in their habits, manners, and ap-
pearance ; and concluded by presenting them to the Society.

The gamekeeper of Edward Fuller, Esq., in a short note which
accompanied the birds, stated that he had bred them, and they were
three-quarter-bred Pheasants.

The living birds were exhibited at the Meeting, as was also a
living hybrid, between the Pheasant and common Fowl, which was
one of several that had been some years in the Menagerie of the
Society.

Several specimens of hybrids, from the preserved collection in the
Museum of the Society, were placed on the table for exhibition and
comparison. These had been bred between the Pheasant and common
Fowl, the common Pheasant and the silver Pheasant, and the common
Pheasant with the gold Pheasant.

The specimens of the three-quarter-bred Pheasants were consider-
ed interesting, the opinion of the older physiologists having been
that animals bred between parents of two distinct species were un-
productive.

Mr. Yarrell stated, that although generally such an opinion pre-
vailed there were still exceptions. The Proceedings of the Society
for 1831 exhibited one already recorded at page 158. This com-
munication was received from the Honourable Twiselton Fiennes,
who having succeeded in rearing a brood between the common Duck
and the Pintail, found in the following season these hybrids were
productive. Other instances are also on record which were adverted
to. Mr. Yarrell stated, that he had had opportunities of examining
the bodies of hybrids, both of Gallinaceous Birds and Ducks, and
found that the sexual organs of the males were of large size, those
of the females deficient in size, and not without some appearance of
imperfection. The crosses produced by the breeders of Canaries
were mentioned, and the objects of obtaining them explained. Mr.
Yarrell expressed his belief that the attempt to breed from a hybrid
was most likely to be successful when a male hybrid was put to a
female of a true species. '

Mr. Vigors said this was the first instance that had come to his
knowledge of a female hybrid being productive, and he had hitherto

considered that they were not so: he expressed his desire to see the
female hybrid that had produced the three-quarter Pheasants then
in the room, and hoped that the opportunities which the Menagerie
of the Society afforded of obtaining additional evidence on this in-
teresting subject would not be lost sight of.

The Chairman stated, that it was the opinion of John Hunter
that hybrids were not productive except in cases where the gene-
rative organs were in a state of perfection, which might be regarded
as unnatural in hybrids, as in the rare cases recorded of fertile
Mules, between the Horse and Ass. Constant fertility in the hy-
brid proved, in the opinion of Hunter, that the parents were varie-
ties of the same species, not distinct species. But the Chairman
stated, that the experiments recorded by Hunter in the ‘ Animal
Economy’ relative to the fecundity of the hybrids from the Dog
and Wolf and Dog and Jackal were incomplete, from the cir-
cumstances of the hybrids having always bred from a_ perfect
species and not having propagated the intermediate variety inter
se. He trusted that in a short time this test would be applied in
experiments now in progress at the Society's Menagerie, and thus
an additional element be gained towards the solution of this inter-
esting question.

A small collection of Birds from Swan River, presented to the
Society by Lieut. Breton and Capt. Brete, were on the table. Mr.
Gould, at the request of the Chairman, observed upon the collection
generally, and selected two species which he considered as unde-
scribed, a Gallinule and a species of Duck, the latter strictly refer-
rible to the genus Ozyura of L. Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano,
(genus Undina of Gould). Mr. Gould named the Gallinule, Gallinula
ventralis, and the Duck, Oxyura Australis, this being the only in-
stance he had seen of this limited group from Australia. Of this spe-
cies the collection contained both male and female, the latter of
which, in the general distribution of its markings and colouring,
bore so close a resemblance to the Hydrobates of Temminck that
the bill alone presented the obvious distinction.

Mr. Gould characterized the Gallinula as follows :

GALLINULA VENTRALIS. Gall. guld pectore et inferioribus corporis
partibus fusco-cinereis, lateribus albo guttatis, remigibus caude
crissoque nigris ; toto corpore superne olivaceo-brunneo ; alis cas-
taneo tinctis ; mandibuld superiore olivaced ; inferiore ad basin
rubrd, ad apicem olivaced ; pedibus olivaceis.

Long. tot. 15 a 17 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 9; cauda, 33; tarsi, 24.

Hab. in Australia apud flumen Cygnorum.

Oxyura Austratis. Mas. Oxy. capite toto et collogue nigris ;
pectore, dorsolateribusque nitide castaneis ; remigibus tectricibusque
caud@ nigrescentibus, uropygio nigricante brunneo inornato ; ub-
domine crissoque brunneo cinereis brunneo transversaliter obscure
airiatio, rostro pedibusque plumbeis.

Fem, Differt toto corpore nigricante, obscuris lineis guttisque casta-
neis notato ; partibus inferioribus corporis pallidioribus.
Long. tot. 15 unc.; rostri, 2; ale, 6; caude, 3; tarsi, 14.
Hab. Australia.
Hee species typum generis constat, alis brevibus atque concavis
rectricibus caudze rigidis plumisque corporis nitidis.

October 11, 1836.
Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair.

A series of Mammalia selected from the collection of the Society
was exhibited. Mr. Gray made some remarks upon them illustra-
tive of the value which he conceived was to be placed on the cha-
racters used by M. Cuvier to separate the plantigrade from the
digitigrade Carnivora, and he concluded by stating that he did not re-
gard the nakedness of the sole as a good character to separate the
genera into larger or smaller groups, though from its permanence in
all ages and the state of the species, it furnished excellent characters
to distinguish species, to separate them into sections, and often to
characterize the genera of carnivorous animals; and in proof of the
latter, he referred to the excellent character which it furnished to
distinguish the species of the genera Herpestes, Mephites, and Lutra.
He further observed, that in many instances the extent of the naked-
ness of the soles appears to depend upon the temperature of the coun-.
try that the animal inhabited, and mentioned that several of the
animals living in countries covered with snow, which apply the
whole of the soles of their feet to the ground, have this part entirely
covered with hair, as the Wolverine, the Panda, the Seals, and the
Polar Bear ; but that this was not universally the case, for the Ben-
turing, which inhabited the same country as the Panda, has the
soles bald and papillary. He further observed, that the nakedness
of the soles did not appear to be permanent even in the specimens
of the same species in the Squirrel and other Glirine animals; for
he had observed that the specimens of the grey Squirrels, in the
Northern part of the United States, had this part covered with hair,
whilst those of the Southern parts, had the soles entirely bald; and
he also observed, that the various species of the Spermophile differed
greatly amongst themselves in the extent of the nakedness of this
part.

___Mr. Gray then proceeded to make some remarks on the alteration
in the situation of the teeth, and on the change which takes place
in the form of the carnivorous tooth, in the milk and permanent
teeth of the Carnivora; and stated, that the milk carnivorous tooth
of the Cat, Dog, Vison, Skunk, Viverra, and indeed of all the genera
which he had been able to examine, had a small central internal
lobe, whilst the same tooth in the permanent set always had a large
anterior lobe; he also stated, that he had observed that the tuber-
cular grinders of the Muste/e often vary considerably in size in the
* various specimens of the same species, showing that implicit re-
liance cannot be placed in the size of these teeth as a specific cha-
No. XLVI.—Procexpines or THE ZooLoeicat Society.

racter, which several persons have been inclined to do, as it is well
known that the size of such teeth does not depend upon the age of
the animal, as they never alter their size after they are once com-
pletely developed. Mr. Gray then proceeded to point out the cha-
racters by which the new species exhibited were distinguished : two
were said to have formed part of the collection of the late Sir Stam-
ford Raffles, and were therefore supposed to have come from Sumatra;
one of them was a new species of Paradoxurus, called P. leucomy-
_ stax from its strong white whiskers, and the other Mr. Gray regard-
ed as the type of a new genus which he called Cynogale, which ap-
peared to be intermediate between Paradorurus and Ictides, by dif-
fering from both in the length of the face, the compressed form of
the false canines, and the small size and triangular form of the car-
niyorous grinder. Mr. Gray proposed to call it Cynogale Bennettit,
after his late friend, who, he believed, intended to have described -
this animal if he had lived. Then followed the description of two
Foxes, (C. Magellanicus and €. griseus), which formed part of the
collection made by Capt. P. P. King, during his survey of the coast
of South America, and a Squirrel (Sciurus Douglasii), and three
Hares, (Lepus longicaudatus, L. Californica, and L. Douglasii), dis-
covered by the late Mr. Douglas in North America. Then the de-
scription of three new species of flying Squirrels from various parts
of continental India, viz. Pteromys Melanotis, P. albiventer, and P.
Leachii; the latter, presented by Mr. Mellish to the Society, is pecu-
liar for being coloured exactly like the American Sciuroptera, but is
at once distinguished from them by the length and cylindrical form
of its tail; and an Herpestes from the Indian Islands, like the black
Herpestes of the Cape, but differing from it in colour and in the
shortness of the tail, therefore called H. brachyurus. Mr. Gray then
proceeded to point out the character, taken from the form of the
soles of the hind feet, by which the Skunks could be divided into
three sections or subgenera, and showed the character in the four
species in the collection of the Society, and referred to some other
species belonging to these sections which were in the collection of
the British Museum, where also he stated other specimens of several
of the species, as the Dog, flying Squirrel, and Herpestes, now de-
scribed, were to be found.

Mr. Gould exhibited several specimens and drawings of Birds al-
lied to the well-known Wren of Europe; and, at the request of the
Chairman, proceeded to comment upon, and characterize the unde-
scribed species as follows :

TroetopytTes Macexranicus. Trog. corpore infra griseo-fulvo,
vinaceo tincto ; crisso rufo, supra brunneo ; dorso scapulisque striis
nigrescentibus obscure ornatis ; alis cauddque rufis, nigro striatis ;
mandibuld superiore nigrd, infertore, nec non pedibus, pallide brun- _
neis. ~

Long. tot., 44 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 2; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

» Hab. in Fretu Magellanico.
- Differt & specie Trog. se aoe a magnitudine majore
conporis rostro minore.
iireiasisareeas LEUCOGASTRA. «Frog. corporis parte superiore re-
migibusque caude brunneo-rufescentibus olivaceo tinctis ; caude
et remigibus secundariis lineis brunneis transversaliter striatis ;
strigd superciliosd, gutture, pectore, abdomineque albis ; lateribus,
Semoribus, crissoque pallidi-brunneis; mandibuld superiore fuscd,
inferiore sub-albidd ; pedibus brunneis.
Long. tot., 2 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 2; caude, 14; tarsi, 3.
Hab. in Mexico, in loco Taumalipus dicto.

Taryotuorvs curratus. Thry. capite supra brunneo-rubro; strigd
superciliosd albd lineis quam minimis nigris interrupid; dorso
brunneo, plumis longitudinaliter albo striatis ; alis albo et brunneo
alternative striatis ; remigibus caude duabus intermediis brunneo-
nigro guttatis, duabus propinguis nigrescentibus ; marginibus ex-
ternis guttis pallide brunneis adspersis rectricibus duabus, externis
albo atque brunneo striatis ; harum externd ad apicem albo notatd;
guld et pectore griseo-albis maculis nigris guttatis ; abdomine la-
teribusque albis guttis nigris parvis adspersis ; pedibus brunneis ;
mandibuld superiore gricescente, inferiore fusco.

Long. tot., 64 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 3; caude, 3; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Mexico.

Mr. Gould also proposed a new genus in the group of Wrens,
under the name of Scytalopus, and which he characterized as fol-
lows:

Genus ScyTaLorvs.

Rostrum capite brevius, compressum, obtusum leviter recurvum.

Nares basales, membrana tectz.

Ale concave, breves, rotundate, remige prima abbreviata, tertia,
quarta, quinta et sexta equalibus.

Cauda brevis, rotundata, (pennis externis brevissimis,) laxa.

Tarsi elongati, atque robusti, antrorstim scutellis tecti; posteriis
fasciis angustis cincti, squamis serpentum abdominalibus, haud dis-
similibus ; halluce elongato et robusto; ungue elongato; digitum
anteriorum, medio elongato et gracili.

Scytatorvus Fuscus. Scy. corpore toto fuliginoso-nigro ; capitis
plumis nonnunquam argentato-griseis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus brun-
neis.

Long. tot., 2% unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 1£; caude, 14; tarsi, §.

Hab, in Fretu Magellanico, Chili, &c.

Hoc genus ad illud in quo Troglodytes veree amplectuntur maxi-

mam affinitatem demonstrat.

Scyraopus aupocuLaris. Scy. capite ceruleo-nigro ; corpore su-
periore ferrugineo-brunneo, lined transversali nigrd ; caudd pal-
lide rufo-brunned ; guld, pectore, abdomineque intermedio albis,
lateribus et crisso pallido ferrugineis lined transversali. nigra ;
mandibuld superiore nigrd brunned ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot., 3} unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 1%; caude, 11; tarsi, %

Hab, in Brasilia.

October 25, 1836.
Dr. Bostock in the Chair.

Two skulls of the Orang-Utan of Borneo, and a skin, including
the cranium, of an immature Orang-Utan of Sumatra, were exhibited.
They were transmitted to England by Dr. W. Montgomerie of Sin-
gapore, with a statement that the young Sumatran Orang had died
in that gentleman’s possession soon after having acquired additional
grinders.

Mr. Owen availed himself of the occasion to make the following
observations on each of the above specimens.

He stated that the skin of the young Sumatran Orang agreed in
the rufous colour, texture, disposition, and direction of the hair, with
the adult female Sumatran Orang, presented to the Zoological So-
ciety by Sir Stamford Raffles; like that specimen also, it had no
nail on the hallue or thumb of the hinder hands. The posterior
molares on each side of each jaw correspond to the first permanent
molares of the adult; the rest of the teeth consisted of the 8 deci-
duous bicuspides, the 4 small deciduous canini, and the 8 decidu-
ous incisores. This state of the dentition was similar to that of the
human child at the 7th year; but it would be unsafe to infer from
this circumstance that the age of the Orang corresponded : it being
more probable, from the characteristic duration of the immature
state in the human species, that the shedding of the teeth takes
place at a later period than in the Orang.

Of the two crania of the Bornean Orangs, one differed materially
from the other in size and in the development of the cranial ridges.
The larger specimen before the Society, closely resembled the cra-
nium of the Bornean Pongo or adult Orang in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons, and differed, in precisely the same respects as
that specimen, from the cranium of the Pongo (supposed to be Su-
matran) in the possession of Mr. Cross, described and figured in the
Ist volume of the Society’s Transactions, (p. 380. Pl. 53), which
induced Mr. Owen to entertain more strongly his original suspicion,
that that cranium belonged to an Orang specifically distinct from the
_ great Bornean species (Simia Wurmbii, Fischer). With respect to
_ the differences alluded to, he stated that the cranium of the great

ean Orang was characterized by the more oblique plane of the
orbits, and consequently the straightness of the contour of the skull
‘between the forehead or glabella and the incisor teeth: the external
boundaries of the orbit were broad and had a rough irregular surface,
_ probably in consequence of the development of the callous protube-
Tances which characterize the sides of the face in the adult males of
is species. ‘The symphysis of the lower jaw was also proportion -

p ay, deeper than in the (supposed) Sumatran Pongo. ‘The cranium

92
of that animal in the possession of Mr. Cross, Mr. Owen regarded
as being that of a male individual from its size and from the deve-
lopment of the cranial ridges.

The sexual peculiarities observable in the cranium of both the
Bornean and Sumatran Pongos are well marked, and are exemplified,
first in a difference of relative size, that of the female being about
zth smaller; secondly, ina much smaller development of the cranial
ridges ; and thirdly, in the symphysis menti being of less depth, the
cranium of the female approaching in these respects, according to
the usual law of sexual development, towards the characters of the
immature animal. The smaller of the crania of the two Bornean
Orangs, Mr. Owen regarded as indicative of a species of Simia, Erxl.,
equally distinct from the great Pongo of Borneo (Simia Wurmbii,
Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium, p. 32, No. 43), and from the Orang
of Sumatra (Simia Abelii, Fischer, ibid. p. 10, No. 2*); and whilst
regretting that his conclusion as to the specific distinction of the
smaller Orang, (which, ceteris paribus, must be at least one third less
than either of the two preceding Orangs) necessarily reposed’ on a
comparison of the cranium alone, he at the same time observed that,
as the cranium in question was in every respect entire, and with
the series of teeth complete, it served to establish that deduction on
the sound basis of dental and osteological characters.

Mr. Owen therefore proposed to designate the lesser Orang of
Borneo, Simia Morio, and proceeded to describe the cranium as ‘fol
lows:

“The size and form of the cranium of the Simia Morio at first
suggests the idea of its being an intermediate stage of growth be-
tween the young and adult Simia Satyrus, or Pongo; but this is dis-
proved by comparison of the teeth of S. Morio, with the permanent
teeth in the adult Pongo, and with the deciduous ones in the
young Simia Satyrus, as well as with the germs of the permanent
teeth concealed in the jaws of the latter. For while the teeth of
S. Morio are much larger than the deciduous teeth of the young
S. Satyrus, they have different relative sizes one to another from those
which are observed in the permanent teeth of the full-grown: the
molares and bicuspides of the S. Morio being smaller, the canini much
smaller, while the upper incisores have nearly, and the lower in-
cisores fully, the same dimensions as those of the great Pongo.

‘« The teeth in the jaws of a quadrumanous cranium may be known
to belong to the permanent series, by the absence of the foramina,
which, in an immature cranium, are situated behind the deciduous
teeth, and which lead to the cavities containing the crowns of the
permanent teeth. This character is very conspicuous on comparing
the cranium of Simia Morio with that of a young Simia Satyrus, in
which the deciduous series are present, together with, the first per-
manent molares. The deciduous teeth in the young Orang, besides
their smaller size, are more or less protruded from their sockets, and
thrust apart from one another by the vis d tergo of their huge suc-
cessors, while the teeth of S. Morio are lodged firmly in the jaws ;
and, with the exception of the characteristic interval between the

Oe ee eae eee, ee

canines and incisors, are compactly arranged in close contiguity with
each other.

“‘[ have re-examined with much interest several crania of imma-
ture Orangs, in order to ascertain if any of these might be the young
of the species in question ; but they have all presented the crowns
of the permanent molares of too large a size,—of a size which shows
that the great Pongo, either of Wurmb or Abel, represents their adult
state*. And these immature crania also indicate the condition to
which they are destined to attain by the size of the orbits, which
exceeds that of the orbits of the S. Morio, the eye having, like the
brain, already in the young Ponrgos acquired its full size.

“That the cranium of the Simia Morio here described, belonged
to an adult is proved by the small interval between the temporal
ridges at the crown:of the skull, corresponding to the extensive sur-
face of origin of the crotophyte muscles; and by the obliteration of
the intermaxillary sutures: that it belonged also to an aged indivi-
dual is highly probable from the extent to which the teeth are worn
down, and from the obliteration, notwithstanding the absence of in-
aap and lambdoidal crests, of the sagittal and lambdoidal su-

ures. |
» “The cerebral portion of the skull of Simia Morio equals in size
that of the Pongo, and indicates the possession of a brain at least as
fully developed as in that species, while the maxillary portion is pro-
portionally smaller; so that, as the cranium rises above the orbits,
and is, like that of the Pongo, more convex on the coronal aspect
than in the Chimpanzee, and wants the prominent supraciliary ridge
which characterizes the African Orang, it presents in the Simia Morio
altogether a more anthropoid character.

«There are, however, the rudiments of the ridges which so re-

markably characterize the cranium of the mature Pongo. Those

which commence at the external angle of the frontal bone pass back-
wards, upwards, and slightly converge, but do not meet; they gra-
dually diminish in breadth, and, after passing the coronal suture,
subside to the level of the skull; they are then only traceable by a

‘rough line, which leading parallel to the sagittal suture, and gra-

dually bending outwards, rises again to be continued into the lam-

* The permanent teeth in the Bornean and Sumatran Pongos so closely

“correspond in size and shape that I am unable to refer the crania of the

immature Orangs which I have hitherto examined to either species exclu-

_ Satyrus must merge into a synonym, as having been applied indiscriminate-

“sively from comparison of the crowns of the concealed permanent teeth ;
_in speaking of the immature specimens of the great Pongo, I therefore use
the term Simia Satyrus; in comparing the Simia Morio with the adult
Pongo, I would be understood as always referring to the Bornean species,
en cheek-callosities, or the Simia Wurmbii of Fischer. If the specific dif-

erences of Simia Wurmbii and Simia Abelii be admitted, the term Simia

to the young of both these large Orangs. In each case, the generic term

‘Simia is applied in the restricted sense in which it is used by Erxleben in

his ‘Systema Regni Animalis,’ 8vo, 1777, and with which the term Pithecus,

_ substituted by Geoffroy for the genus of Orangs, is synonymous.

bdoidal ridges ; thus circumscribing the origins of the temporal mus-
cles. The lambdoidal and mastoid ridges are broader and more de-
veloped than in the Chimpanzee, but inferior in both respects to
those of the Pongo. The inial region of the occiput is almost
smooth, and is convex, without the mesial ridge, and strong muscu-
lar impressions observable in the Pongo, where a preponderating
weight in front calls for the insertion of powerful muscles behind
to counterbalance it.

The temporal bones join the frontal in Simia Morio as in the Tro-
glodytes niger; but this structure occasionally is present on one or
both sides of the skull in Simia Satyrus.

The additamentum suture lambdoidalis is present on both sides
in the S. Morio, and the beginning of the lambdoidal suture may be
faintly traced, but the remainder is obliterated.

Directing our attention to the base of the skull of S. Morio we
observe the occipital foramen to be less posteriorly situated than in
the Pongo, but more so than in the Chimpanzee. The plane of the
foramen is also less oblique than in the Pongo. The occipital condyles
are as far apart anteriorly as in the Chimpanzee. ‘The anterior con-
dyloid foramina are double on each side as in the Pongo: the carotid
and jugular foramina open within the same depression; they are rela-
tively further apart in the Chimpanzee: the petrous portion of the
temporal bone, as in the Pongo, is relatively smaller than in the Chim-
panzee, and the articular cavity, or surface for the lower jaw, forms
a larger proportion of the base of the skull.

The other characters of the basis cranii correspond with those
of the Pongo; and the smaller size of the meatus auditorius externus
is probably associated in both species with a smaller auricle, as com-
pared with the Chimpanzee.

On the bony palate the relative position of the foramen incisivum
corresponds with the development of the incisive teeth, showing the in-
termaxillary bones to be of larger size in the S. Morio than in the Chim-
panzee: the situation of the sutures joining these bones to the max-
illaries is indicated by vascular grooves, but otherwise obliterated ;
while in the cranium of a young Pongo of nearly the same size as
that of the Simia Morio, the intermaxillary sutures still remain; cor-
responding to the non-development of the permanent laniaries. It
will be interesting to determine at what period these sutures are ob-
literated in the more anthropoid Simia Morio.

The os nasi is a single narrow long triangular bone, slightly di-
lated at its upper end or apex, with the basal margin entire, pre-
senting no indications of original separation into two parts, as has
been observed in skulls of the Chimpanzee.

In the contraction of the interorbital space, and the general
form of the orbit and its boundaries, the Simia Morio resembles the
Simia Satyrus, but the orbital cavity, as before observed, is smaller.
In the plane of the orbit and straight contour of the upper jaw, the
Simia Morio resembles the Bornean species of Pongo or Simia Wurmbii,
rather than the Simia Abelii or Sumatran Pongo.

The orbital process of the os male is perforated in the S. Morio

i ——

~~. sf

aaa

as in the Pongo, by several large foramina. There is one principal
and two very small infraorbital foramina on either side ; the upper
maxillary bones are relatively smaller, as compared with the other
bones of the face, and especially the intermaxillaries, than in the Pongo;
a structure which coincides with the smaller proportional develop-
ment of the canine teeth. The nasal aperture has the same form as
in the adult Simia Wurmbii, being more elongated than in the imma-
ture Orang.

The main and characteristic difference then between the Simia
Morio and the Pongo, whether of Borneo or Sumatra, obtains in
the size of the laniary or canine teeth, to the smaller development of
which in the S. Morio, almost all the other differences in the cranium
are subordinate or consequent. The laniary teeth, it may be ob-
served, have little relation to the kind of food habitual to the Orangs;
had they been so related they would have been accompanied with a
structure of the glenoid cavity fitting them, as in the true Carnivora, to
retain a living prey in their gripe, till its life was extinguished or resist-
ance effectually quelled. But the flattened surfaces on which the con-
dyles of the lower jaw rotate are in subserviency to the flattened tu-
berculate molars, showing the mastication of vegetable substances to
be the habitual business of the jaws, and the application of the lani-
aries to be occasional, and probably defensive in most cases. We
perceive the utility of formidable canine teeth to the Orangs, whose
stature makes them conspicuous and of easy detection to a carnivo-
rous enemy; such weapons, in connexion with the general muscular
strength of the Pongos, enable them to offer a successful defence
against the Leopard, and may render them formidable opponents even
to the Tiger; but in the smaller species, which we have been describing,
to which concealment would be easier, the canines are of relatively
smaller size, and those of the lower jaw are so placed as to be worn
down by the lateral incisors of the upper jaw ; they were reduced in
the specimen described, to the level of the other teeth ; and the points
of the upper canines were also much worn. The size, forms, and
proportions of the teeth which relate more immediately to the food
of the Orangs, viz. the molars and incisors, show indisputably that
the Simia Morio derives its sustenance from the same kind of food as
the larger Orangs. The singular thickness or antero-posterior dia-
meter of the incisors, which are worn down to a flattened surface,
like molar teeth, show that they are put to rough work; and it is
probable that their common use is to tear and scrape away the tough
fibrous outer covering of the cocoa-nut, and, perhaps, to gnaw through
the denser shell.

With respect to minor differences not noticed in the description,
these may be deduced from the subjoined table of comparative ad-
measurements.

96
Table of Admeasurements.

Simta | _ Simia
Morio, Wurmbii,
adult. adult
male
Length of the skull from the verter to the base St reg = =
of the occipital condyle.....------+---* +:

Length of the skull from the posterior plane of \ 7 10.|10 6
the occiput to the margin of the incisors .... ,
Length of the skull from the posterior plane of 4 . ree

the occiput to the fronto-nasal suture ....--
Length of the skull from the fronto-nasal suture wls 7
to the margin of the incisors.....-.-++---- 2
Greatest lateral diameter of the skull (at the post- 3. | bad
auditory ridges)....+----- +--+ oto a
Smallest lateral diameter of the skull (behind mp sterner gcd
Orbits)... ee eee ee ee eee: tose acme PI
Distance between temporal ridges....----+----- ip Sore
Diameter of the skull at the zygomata.....----- » is wali
Length of the zygomatic fossd ...---++-- ++ 7 9 | 2 6
Diameter of skull taken between the outsides of oe ladies
the orbits ......+----: se beck eee
Interorbital space ..-.-------- secrete youn?
Transverse diameter of orbital cavity ...--+---- - il ale lh
Vertical diameter of orbital cavity .----------- errr st
Vertical diameter of nasal aperture ...--------> Sad pe ge
Transverse diameter of nasal aperture ...------- ek
Interspace between infraorbital foramina .......- 1 don Be
Distance between the inferior margin of the nasal
bone and the inferior margin of the intermaxil- 5 |3 3
ee Be ERIE AOC RI Ra oe peas
From the anterior margin of the occipital foramen 3 | 2 10
to the posterior margin of the bony palate....
Length of the bony palate along the mesial suture.|3 4 0
From the anterior margin of the ears 0 10)1.3
bones to the anterior palatal foramina ...-..
Breadth of the crown of the first incisor, upper jaw.|0 oy
Breadth of the crown of the second incisor, upper | | 0 4
GOW Cee ee ee ne ie eas a
Breadth of the four incisors, in situ, upper jaw....|1 MPR:
Longitudinal extent of grinding surface of the
molares, bicuspides included, of one side, upper 2 igo
he eA perio tise Stes
Length of the enamelled crown of the ora ep 0 1.0
tooth, upper jaw..-.-----e ss reer sete es
Rreaddpardices. P00 «se oe aes eae 0 0 9
Length of the lower jaw from the condyle to ot’ 5 7 4
anterior surface of the sockets of the incisors.
Length of the ramus of the lower jaw ...---+-+- 3 4 7}
Greatest breadth of ditto ...-----+2 errs rrt te 2 oF
Interspace between the mental foramina .....+++ 1 2 1

ee ee

Mr. H. E. Strickland read the following list of Birds noticed or ob-
tained by him in Asia Minor, in the winter of 1835 and spring of 1836.

He stated that the winter of last year was one of unusual severity
in all parts of Europe. At Smyrna, where he resided from Novem-
ber to February, the weather, which had been mild in the early
part of December, underwent a sudden change about Christmas-
day. A north wind and violent storms of snow brought vast flocks
of northern Birds to take shelter in Smyrna Bay. A frost of more
than three weeks followed, a circumstance almost without parallel
at Smyrna, which is situated close to the sea and in the low latitude
of 383°. This statement will explain the occurrence in the follow-
ing list, of many Birds whose usual abode is in high northern lati-
tudes.

In the month of February he visited Constantinople, and returned
overland to Smyrna, which he reached at the end of April. A great
change had now taken place in the ornithology of that neighbour-
hood. The spring was now at its height, and numerous summer
birds had arrived, of a more exotic race than those which had been
observed during the winter. Mr. Strickland was now, however, com-
pelled to return to Europe; but the few days which passed before
he left Smyrna, served to give him a taste of the rich ornitholo-
gical harvest which might be reaped by a summer's residence in Asia
Minor.

‘Of those species in the following list which have an asterisk at-
tached, specimens had been obtained by Mr. Strickland and were
exhibited.

« Vultur, Tl.
Aquila, iat
. Two or three species of each of these families frequent the neigh-
bourhood of Smyrna, but all my endeavours to procure specimens of
these wary birds were unavailing.

*1. Falco salon, Linn. Smyrna; rare.

_ *2. Falco Tinnunculus, Linn. Smyrna; rare. rate
_ *3. Falco tinnunculoides, Temm. Very abundant in Asia Minor
during the spring. It frequents the Turkish villages, and builds in
the roofs of the houses. Its mode of hovering is similar to that of the
common Kestrel, but it is more gregarious in its habits than that bird.
*4. Accipiter Fringillaria, Ray. Smyrna.

*5. Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. Smyrna.

- *6. Circus cyaneus, Flem. Smyrna.

*7. Circus rufus, Briss. Smyrna.
8. Otus brachyotus, Cuv. Smyrna.
*9. Ulula Stredula, Selby. Smyrna.

~*10. Bubo mazimus, Sibb. Smyrna.

*11. Noctua nudipes, Nilss. Very common in the Levant.

- *12. Lanius minor, Linn. Smyrna, in April.

-*13. Lanius rufus, Briss. Smyrna, in April.

~ *14. Lanius Collurio, Linn. Smyrna, in April.

15. Turdus Merula, Linn. Smyrna.

16. Turdus solitarius, Linn. Frequents the rocks and hills near
Smyrna.

98 3

17. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

18. Turdus pilaris, Lim. Smyrna, during the winter.

19. Turdus musicus, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

20. Turdus iliacus, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

21. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. Rivulets near Smyrna. I cite
this bird with some doubt, not having been able to obtain a specimen.
It is possible that the Smyrna Cinclus may be the C. Pallasiit, Temm.,
though I am inclined to refer it to the former species.

*22. Oriolus Galbula, Linn. Smyrna, April.

*23. Saxicola Rubicola, Bechst. Winters at Smyrna.

*24. Saaicola aurita, Temm. Arrives at Smyrna in April. Its
habits are similar to those of our Wheatear, and from its shy and
restless motions it is very difficult to procure.

*25. Savxicola Ginanthe, Bechst. Smyrna, in April.

26. Sazicola Rubetra, Bechst. Common at Smyrna during the
winter.

27. Phenicura suecica, Selby. I believe that I saw this bird near
Smyrna in April.

*28. Phenicura Tithys, Jard. and Selb. This bird is common on
the bare rocky hills near Smyma, where it remains during the
winter.

29. Philomela luscinia, Swains. First heard on the 5th of April at
Hushak in the interior.

30. Salicaria phragmitis, Selby. Seen at Smyrna in December.

31. Curruca cinerea, Bechst. Smyrna, April.

*32. Curruca melanocephala, Bechst. This delicate little bird, which
is only found in the most southern parts of Europe, remains through
the winter in the neighbourhood of Smyrna. It is a retired solitary
bird, frequenting sheltered ravines thickly beset with various ever-
green shrubs.

*33. Sylvia rufa, Temm. Shot near Smyrna in November.

*34. Sylvia brevirostris, mihi. Also killed in November near
Smyrna. This species, which I believe to be new, may be thus cha-
racterized:

Sy.via Brevirostris. Sylv. corpore supra olivaceo brunneo, sub-
tus albido ; pedibus nigris.

Plumage closely resembling that of S. Trochilus. Above brown
with a tinge of olive. A pale yellow streak over the eye. Throat and
breast pale fulvous with a slight tinge of yellow; belly whitish.
Inner wing-coverts of a pale yellow. Remiges: the 4th and 5th long-
est and equal: the 2nd equal - the 8th. Beak ducky. ; legs ier ag

Long. tot. poll. 43 ; rostri, j 1; caude, 24; ale, 22; tarsi, $.

Differs from S. mre in its greater size, and cams S. Trochilus in
the shortness of the beak, and the dark colour of the legs.

Habitat prope Smyrnam. Hyeme occisa.

*35. Accentor modularis, Cuv. Killed near Smyrna in the winter,
but is rare.

*36. Regulus ignicapillus, Cuv. Frequents the olive groves near
Smyrna.

*37. Troglodytes curopeus, Linn. Common near Smyrna. Un-
distinguishable from English specimens.

38. Motacilla alba, Linn. Smyrna.

39. Motacilla boarula, Linn. Smyrna.

*40. Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Common at Smyrna.

*41. Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. Killed on the coast near Smyrna.

42. Hirundo rustica, Linn. I believe that all the British species
of Hirundinide frequent the Levant, but have only ascertained the
above species.

*43. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Immense flocks of this bird arrived
from the northward at the commencement of the severe weather at
Christmas.

*44, Alauda cristata, Linn. Very common.

*45. Alauda arborea, Linn. Smyrna; common.

*46. Alauda calandra, Linn. Arrived during the cold weather.

*47. Parus major, Linn. Smyrna.

*48. Parus ceruleus, Lin. Smyrna.

*49. Parus lugubris, Natt. Smyrna.

*50. Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Common.

*51. Emberiza Cia, Linn. Frequents the rocky hills near Smyrna.

*52. Emberiza Cirlus, Lim. Haunts the vicinity of streams. It
seems to replace the L. citrinella, which I never noticed in Asia
Minor.

*53. Emberiza palustris, Sav. The habits of this species of Reed
Bunting exactly resemble those of H. Scheniclus. The beak is rather
less gibbous than in the Dalmatian specimens.

*54. Emberiza cesia, Cretzsch. Killed at Smyrna in April. It is
frequent in Greece and in the Ionian Islands.

*55. Emberiza hortulana, Linn. Smyrna, April.

*56. Emberiza cinerea, mihi. This new species is thus character-
ized:

Emperiza CINEREA. Emb. capite viridi-flavescente ; corpore supra
cinerascenti, subtis albo.

_ Male. Crown of the head greenish yellow, becoming cinereous at
the nape. Back cinereo-fuscous with an obscure streak of brown in
the middle of each feather. Rump cinereous; tail dark brown; the
two lateral pairs of feathers white on the inner webs for near half
their length towards the extremities.

Wings dark brown, the coverts and quills margined with whitish,
the scapulars with fulyous. Chin and throat yellow, becoming green-
ish on the cheeks.

Breast cinereous ; abdomen white, sides cinereous.

Bill dusky; legs flesh-coloured.
~ Long. tot. poll. 6; rostri, 2; ale, 34; caude, 23; tarsi,
hes beak of this species most nearly resembles that of Hmberiza

Mia.

Habitat in collibus juxta Smyrnam. Mense Aprili occisa.

_57. Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. This is the common house Sparrow
of the Levant.

*58. Pyrgita hispaniolensis, Cuv. A single specimen was ob-
tained in April at Smyrna.

*59. Linaria cannabina, Swains. Common.

60. Carduelis elegans, Steph. Common.

100

*61. Fringilla Celebs, Linn. _ Very common in the Levant.

62. Fringilla Montifringilla, Linn. Occurred during the winter.

*63. Fringilla Serinus, Linn. Gregarious during the winter. As-
sembles in large flocks, which chirp incessantly in a small low note.

64. Coccothraustes Chloris, Flem. Common,

65. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Smyma,

66. Corvus Coraz, Linn. Smyrna.

67. Corvus Corniz, Linn. Common near Smyrna.

68. Corvus Monedula, Linn. Common near Smyrna. ;

Oss. The common Rook was not noticed, and I do not believe that
it exists in the country.

69. Pica caudata, Ray. Common i in the Levant.

*70. Garrulus melanocephalus, Bonelli.. This bird was first described
by M. Gené in the Memoirs of the Academy of Turin, vol. xxxvyii.
p- 298, Pl. I., from specimens in the Turin Museum, received from
Lebanon. It is common in the vicinity of Smyrna, and its note and
habits are identical with those of the European Jay, whose place it
supplies.

*71. Sittasyriaca, Ehrenb. Frequents the open hills near Smyrma,
where it is seen climbing up the masses of rock, or perched on their
summits. It never is seen on trees. The note is a loud clear
warble. lafT

*72, Sitta europea, Linn. Inhabits the groves of aged olive trees
which abound in the bottoms of the valleys. The specimens are
smaller than British ones, but not otherwise distinguishable.

73. Upupa Epops, Linn. Seen at Hushak in April.

*74. Alcedo ispida, Linn. Common: ;

*75. Alcedo rudis, Linn. This bird may often be seen in the salt-
water marshes west of Smyrna. It never seems to follow the rivers,
but always remains near the coast. It sometimes hovers for several
minutes, about 10 feet above the water, and. then drops perpendicu-
larly on to its prey.

76. Picus martius, Linn. I saw a specimen of this bird in the
possession of Mr. Zohrab at Broussa. It was shot in the pine forests
of Mount Olympus.

*77. Picus major, Linn. Common near Smyrna.

*78. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Smyrna, in April.

79. Phasianus colchicus, Linn. Common near Constantinople on
both sides of the Bosphorus. It has probably migrated thither epost
taneously from Colchis, its native country.

80. Francolinus vulgaris. | Occurs in the marshes of the Hermus
and the Cayster, whence it is sometimes brought to market at
Smyrna.

*81. Perdix sazatilis, Meyer. Abundant on the hills ae Smyrna.
82. Coturnix dactylisonans. Remains nearSmyrna during winter.
83. Columba Palumbus, Linn. Smyrna.

84. Columba 4Enas, Linn. Smyrna.

_.*85. Columba Turtur, Linn. Smyrna; in April.

*86. Columba cambayensis, Lath. This bird inhabits the Turkish
burial-grounds at Smyrna and Constantinople, which are dense forests
of cypress trees. It is strictly protected by the Turks, and it was

101

with some difficulty that I obtained a specimen. It was, perhaps,
originally introduced by man, but now seems completely natu-
ralized.

87. Otis tarda, Lmn. F requents the plains south of Smyrna. It
is called wild Turkey by the European residents...

*88. Otis tetrax, linn. Abundant during the winter in the poultry
shops at Smyrna.

89. CEdicnemus crepitans, Temm. Said to occur in this part of
Asia Minor. »

90. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. Appeared in vast flocks at the
commencement of the cold weather.

91. Grus cinerea, Bechst. A flock seen in the plain of Sardis the
end of April.

*92. Ardea Egretta, Linn. Frequents the sea marshes west of
Smyrna.

*93. Botaurus stellaris, Steph. Smyrna.

*94. Ciconia alba, Bellon. Very abundant in Turkey during sum-
mer. It swarms in every village, and is protected with the same
strictness by the Turks as by the. Dutch. It is said to have quite
deserted Greece, since the expulsion of its Mahometan protectors.

- 95. Numenius arquatus, Cuv.. Smyrna.

96. Scolopax Rusticola, Linn.» So abundant were Woodcocks at
Smyrna during the severe weather, that many were killed in smal}
gardens in the midst of the town. ~ :

97. Scolopaxr Gallinago, Linn. unas Abundant in the marshes near

98. Scolopar Gallinula, Linn: { Smyrna.

*99. Tringa variabilis, Meyer. Common on the coast.

*100. Tringa Temminckii, Leisl. Smyrna, in winter. —
*101. Totanus Glottis, Bechst. Smyrna, in winter; rare.

102. Totanus Calidris, Bechst. Common in the marshes.

103. Totanus ochropus,Temm. Seen on the coast.
*104. Recurvirostra Avocetta, Linn. Smyrna; rare.
*105. Rallus aquaticus, Linn. Smyrna.

106. Crez pratensis, Bechst. ‘Smyrna, in winter.
*107. Crex porzana, Bechst. Smyrna, in winter.

108. Gallinula Chloropus, Lath. Smyrna, in winter.

109. Fulica atra, Linn. Smyrna in winter.

*110. Glareola torquata, Meyer. A pair of these birds were brought
_ to me at Smyrna in April.

*111. Podiceps cristatus, Lath. The young of this bird is abundant
- in the harbour at Constantinople, where, in common with all- other
waterfowl, it is strictly protected.
*112. Puffinus Anglorum, Ray. Flocks of this bird are ‘constantly
geen flying up and down the Bosphorus. They are rarely seen to
_ alight, and from their unceasing restlessness, the Franks of Pera
_ have given them the name of dmes damnées. I am not aware that
‘this bird has before been noticed in the southern parts of Europe.
-*113. Larus ridibundus, Linn.

_ *114, Larus argentatus, Brann. These two species of Gull fre-
quent the Golden Horn at Constantinople, where they are'so tame
that they may easily be struck with an oar.

102

115. Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Linn. Frequents the marshes near
Smyrna, where it remains during the winter.

*116. Phalacrocorax Carbo, Briss. Abounds in the harbour of Con-

stantinople, and roosts on the roofs of the houses.

*117. Phalacrocorar pygmaeus, Briss. Shot near Smyrna in winter.
118. Cygnus Olor, Linn. Visited Smyrna Bay in the winter.
119. Clangula vulgaris, Leach. Smyrna, during the winter.

120. Fuligula ferina, Steph. Smyrna, during the winter.

121. Fuligula cristata, Steph. Smyrna, during the winter.

*122. Rhynchapsis clypeata, Shaw. Smyrna, during the winter.
123. Tadorna Vulpanser, Flem. Smyrna, during the winter.

124. Querquedula acuta, Selby. Smyrna, during the winter.

125. Anas Boschas, Lmn. Smyrna, during the winter.

126. Mareca Penelope, Selby. Smyrna, during the winter.

127. Tadorna Rutila, Steph. Frequent in the poultry shops at
Smyrna, but owing to the Turkish practice of cutting the throats of
birds as soon as shot, I was unable to obtain a perfect specimen.

128. Querquedula Crecca, Steph. Smyrna, in the winter.

*129. Mergus albellus, Linn. Smyrna, in the winter.”

Mr. Strickland also exhibited the skin of a variety of the common
Fox, Canis Vulpes, Linn., which occurs near Smyrna: together with
a-specimen of the Lepus hybridus, Pall., from the South of Russia,
purchased of a furrier at Rome.

Also a specimen of an Argonauta, Linn., which was brought to him
in Cephalonia with the animal alive in it. Mr. Strickland stated
that he kept it for some hours alive, and when dead it fell out of
the shell with its own weight; proving that there is no muscular
connexion between the animal and the shell. In this instance the
shell did not contain any ova.

Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Society to two Antelopes
at present living in the Gardens, which he regarded as the Koda and
Kod of Buffon. He expressed his pleasure at having it in his power
to identify two animals originally described imperfectly, and of which
the zoological characters have been hitherto almost unknown; ob-
serving that the re-discovery of an old species was at all times more
gratifying to him, and, he considered, more beneficial to the science
of zoology, than the original description of twenty that were new ;
because, whilst it equally added an authentic species to the substan-
tive amount of our knowledge, it had the further merit of dispelling
the many doubts and surmizes which unavoidably obscured the sub-
ject. Mr. Ogilby entered at some length into the identification of
these two interesting species, referring to the scanty materials afforded
by the original descriptions of Buffon and Daubenton, and pointing
out the various other Ruminants with which subsequent naturalists
had confounded them; at the same time reserving his more detailed
demonstration of this subject, and his descriptions of the animals
themselves, for the monograph which he has been long preparing for
the Transactions of the Society. Among other errors, he pointed
out that the Koba of Pennant (A. Senegalensis) was the Caama;

103

]
: and that the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton’s Travels, identi-
_ fied with A. Senegalensis by Mr. Children and Colonel Smith, was a
very distinct animal from the Koda, and even belonged to a different
natural genus. It has horns in the female sex and lachrymal si-
nuses, both of which characters are absent in the Koda: he there-
fore proposed to distinguish the Bornou animal by the specific name
of A. Korrigum. ‘Thesame observation applies to the two species
which Colonel H. Smith has described under the names of A. Ade-
nota and A. Forfex, and which he identified with the Kob and Gam-
bian Antelope respectively; both these animals had lachrymal sinuses,
whereas, both Buffon and the more accurate Daubenton, expressly
declare that the Kod is without this character. The animals in the
Gardens, however, corresponded in all respects with the original de-
scriptions; their comparative size, their colour, their habitat, their
zoological characters, as far as they were reported, and, in the case
of the Koba, even the name, were identical; and it therefore gave
him peculiar satisfaction to be able to congratulate the Society on
the possession of two of the rarest and most interesting Antelopes
ever brought together. He observed, in conclusion, that the female
of the Kod had been observed by him six or eight months ago in
the Surrey Zoological Gardens, but that he had only recognised its
identity with Buffon’s animal on the arrival of the fine male speci-
men at present belonging to the Society.
_ Mr. Ogilby afterwards exhibited the skin of a For from the Hima-
-layan mountains, which he has described in the Zoological Part of
Mr. Royle’s “Flora Himalaica,” under the name of Canis Himalaicus.
This animal, of which Mr. Ogilby stated that he had examined three
skins, two belonging to the Zoological Society, and one procured by
Mr. Royle at Mussooree, (the two former in their summer, the latter
in its winter dress,) appears to be rare in Nepaul, since Mr, Hodg-
son has never been able to procure a specimen, but contents himself
with indicating its existence (vide Proceed. Zool. Soc. I]. 97); it is
not uncommon, however, in the Doon, in Kumaon, and the more
western and elevated parts of the Mountains, where it is called the
hill Fox by the Europeans, and greatly admired for the beauty of its
form, and the brilliancy and variety of its colours. The whole length
to the origin of the tail is 2 feet 6 inches; that of the tail, 1 foot 6
inches; that of the ears, 4 inches; and the height may be about 1 foot
4or5 inches. The animal agrees with the common European and
American Fozes, (C. Vulpes and C. fulvus,) in the black marks on
the backs of the ears, and in front of the hind and fore legs. The
at consists of long close rich fur, as fine as that of any of the Ame-
n varieties, and of infinitely more brilliant and varied colours. It
sists of two sorts of hair, an interior of a very fine cottony tex-
e, and au external of a long silky nature, but perfectly pliant, and,
like the fur of the Sable, lying almost equally smooth in any direc-
jon. The inner fur is of a smoky blue or brown colour along the
ack, as is likewise the basal half of the outer silky hair, which, up to
this point, is of the same soft cottony texture as the interior fur; it
then assumes its harsher silky character, is marked with a broad

104

whitish yellow ring, and terminated by a long point of a deep bay
colour. Hence, along the whole upper surface of the head, neck,
and back, the uniform colour is unmixed deep and brilliant red. On
the sides of the neck, on the throat, ribs and flanks, is pure white,
changing to light smoky blue on the last-named parts. The outer
hair of the hips and thighs is tipt with grey instead of red, which
gives these parts a hoary appearance, and this colour predominates
on all the upper parts of the Society’s two specimens, in which the
fur is moreover much shorter and coarser, and the colours less bril-
liant and varied than in Mr. Royle’s. The whole under surface of
the body is of a smoky brown colour, without any intermixture of
long silky hairs. The external colours of the body are, therefore,
bright bay on the back, yellowish red on the sides of the body,
white on the sides of the neck, hoary grey on the hips, and smoky
brown on the throat, breast, and belly. The ears are pretty large
and elliptical, their outer surface black; a stripe of the same colour
runs down the front of the legs, both fore and hind; the soles of the
feet are thickly covered with hair of a yellowish brown colour, ex-
cept the balls of the toes, which are naked. The brush is large and
well finished, of the same colour as the body throughout the greater
part of its length, and terminated by a large white point.

Mr. Gray related a series of facts in reference to the habits of a
Cuckoo, which appeared to prove that the female, though she leaves
the eggs to be hatched by another bird, sometimes at least takes
care of the young bird and feeds it after it leaves its nest, and teaches
it to fly. They may explain how they are taught to migrate.

He also expressed some doubt respecting the eggs of Cuckoos be-
ing laid in the nest of Granivorous birds, and stated an instance
where a chicken had been hatched under a Pigeon, that the Pigeon
neglected it when it found that it would not eat the soaked peas, and
eventually ejected it from its nest.

Mr. Gray then exhibited and explained 2 peculiarity in the strue-
ture of the ligaments of bivalve shells, and pointed out the pecu-
liarity of some mactraceous shells which had this part, contrary to
the general structures, inclosed in the cartilage pit, observing that
this structure was found in his genus Gnathodon, and in a new genus,
which Mr. Gray had called at the British Museum Mulinia, of which
he described five species ; and he also stated the necessity for forming
anew genus, of which Mactra Sprengleri may be regarded as the type.

Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, exhibited various fossils from Deyon-
shire. Of these, sections in different directions had been made, and

the surfaces highly polished. The structure was thus rendered

beautifully apparent.

Mr. Harvey also‘exhibited various specimens of Asteriasand Ophiura

from the Devonshire coast, and explained the mode by which they
had becu prepared.

Mr. Gould brought under the notice of the Meeting several spe-

105

cies of Birds from New South Wales, which he considered to be
new to science, as they are not contained in the collection of the
Linnean Society; nor, as far as he is aware, described in any publica-
tion. Mr. Gould embraced this opportunity to characterize and
name ten species, and stated that at subsequent meetings of the So-
ciety he would bring forward the remainder of his collection.

Mr. Gould more particularly pointed out a species of Petroica; a
new and interesting species of Ptilonorhynchus, allied to Ptil. nu-
chalis, and which he proposed to make the type of a new genus; a
new species (belonging to the Society) of the genus Calyptorhynchus,
which he compared with all the other members of the group then on
the table, and described as Calyptorhynchus Naso; and four new spe-
cies of the genus Amadina, Swains., which he named Amadina cincta,
ruficauda, modesta, and Castanotis. The characters of the above spe-
cies are as follows;

Perroica pu@nicEA. Mas. Pet. corpore superné fuliginoso-griseo
fronte, naribus, marginibusque anterioribus remigum tertialium
albo notatis ; remigibus primariis rectricibusque griseo-nigris,
harum externis plumis penitus albis, guld fuliginosa; corpore
subtits coccineo ; crisso albo; rostro pedibusque nigris,

Fem. Corpore supern? toto brunneo, tectricibus ale rufo-griseo
emarginatis ; rectricibus externis albis corpore subtis rufescenti-
griseis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 54 unc.; rosiri, 3; ale, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Nova Hollandia.

Amapina CasTanotis. Am. corpore supern® cinereo-fusco; uro-
pygio albo, tectricibus caude nigris, albo guttatis ; gents castaneo-
rufis lined albd ad basin rostri; pectore griseo lineis nigris trans-
versim striato; notd nigrd in medio pectoris; abdomine albo, crisso
ochraceo, lateribus castaneis albo guttatis ; rostro aurantiaco ;

_ pedibus subflavis.

Long. tot. 44 unc.; ale, 24; caude, 13; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Nova Hollandia.

AMADINA MoDEsTA. Ama. fronte sanguinolentd; corpore superiore
fusco ; alis albo-guttatis ; uropygio crissoque alternatim striatis
lineis aibis atque fuscis ; rectricibus nigris, duabus lateralibus ex-
ternis ad apicem albo notatis ; guld nigrd; corporis inferiore parte
cinereo-albido lineis transversis fuscis striato, abdomine intermedio
crissoque albis ; rostro nigro, pedibus nigrescentibus.

Long. tot. 43 unc.; ale, 24; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

_ Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

Amapina cincta. Ama. capite toto argentato cinereo; guld nigrd;
corpore toto pallid castaneo; fascid nigrd corporis inferiorem
partem cingente ; tectricibus caude superioribus et inferioribus
albis ; caudd nigra ; rostro nigro ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 44 unc.; ale, 23; caude, 24; tarsi, %.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia,

106

AMADINA RUFICAUDA. Mas. Ama. fronte genisque coccineis his
albo striatis; corpore superne olivaceo-fusco ; tectricibus caude
cauddque fusco-coccineis, illis guttis pallido-rubris ornatis ; guld
corporeque inferne olivaceis, griseis, albo transversim notatis, ab-
domine intermedio crissoque flavidi-albis ; rostro coccineo ; pédi-_
bus pallidi-brunneis.

Foem., vel mas junior. Corpore toto cinereo fusco, abdomine interme-
dio albo; caudd rufescente-brunned.

Long. tot. 44 unc.; ale, 2}; caude, 13; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

CaLopera macuLaTa. Cal. capite supra auricularibus, et guld
nitide brunneis, scapuld plumd cinereo-argentato cinctd ; fascid
nuchali rosaced ; corpore superné cauddque intense brunneis ; apici-
bus plumarum in dorso, uropygio, scapulisque, fulvo large guttatis ;
remigibus albidis ; rectricibus flavido-albis, ad apicem notatis ;
corpore subtis cinereo ; lateribus transversaliter brunneo striatis ;
rostro pedibus fusco brunneis,

Long. tot. 114 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 6; caude, 43; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

Differt a Ptilonorhyncho nuchale, Jard., magnitudine inferiore, nec

non maculis superné sparsis.

Cracticus HypoLeucus. Cract. nuchd, dorso, tectricibus caude,
crisso, rectricibusque caude@ ad basin, albis, reliquis partibus
nigris, rostro ad basin plumbeo in nigrum transeunte.

Long. tot. 144 unc.; rostri, 2; ale, 93; caude, 53; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Differt 4 specie Cracticus Tibicen appellata, rostro et tarsi breviori-

bus, zeque ac dorsi albo colore.

Hab. in Terré Van Diemen dicta.

Cracticus FruLicinosus. Cract. corpore toto fuliginoso; remigits,

rectricibusque caude ad apicem albis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 10; caude, 7; tarsi, 24.
Hab. in Terra Van Diemen dicta.

CaLyrtToruyncuus Naso. Mas. Calyp. capitis cristd, et toto cor-
pore nitide nigris, rectricibus caude duabus intermediis exceptis ;
fascid late coccined cinctis; rostro pregrandi ad basin pallide
plumbeo ; pedibus ceruleo nigris.

Fom. Differt cristd genis corpore superneé guttis flavis adspersis ;
corpore inferiore transversis lineis coccineis atque flavis ornato ;
fascid caudali coccined, lineis nigris interruptd, rostro albo.

Long. tot. 22 unc.; mensura rostri verticalis, 2% unc.; ale, 14
caude, 103; tarsi, %.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, ad fluminem Cygnorum.

Calyptorhynchus Naso differt a reliquis generis speciebus rostri

magnitudine, sed corporis magnitudine preter unam omnibus in-
feriore.

107

November 8, 1836.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

__ Aletter, addressed to the Secretary, by Robert Mackay, Esq., the
_ British Vice-Consul at Maracaibo, and a Corresponding Member of
the Society, was read, describing the habits of a Vulture (Vultur
Papa, Linn.) forwarded to the Society for the Menagerie, but which
had unfortunately died during the voyage.
_ After noticing the peculiar habit attributed to these birds, (which
frequently congregate to the number of three hundred,) of paying
deference to an individual differing from the rest in plumage, and
to which the inhabitants of Maracaibo give the title of king, Mr. Mac-
kay proceeds to state : :
_ ‘These birds, in their flights, ascend to such a height as to be
lost sight of, and from their elevation, discover objects of prey.
_ They reside in the savannas of a warm and dry temperature ;
_ and their travels do not extend beyond five or six leagues of the
place where they have been bred.
_. “They lay their eggs, and hatch their young, in the small con-
eavities of mountains. :
_ “ At a distance from towns, villages, and frequented roads, they
generally assemble in large numbers; but in the immediate vicinity of
_ such situations the king never deigns to associate with his vassals.”
De: 7
_. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. W. Martin read the follow-
ing description of a new species of the genus Felis. .
_ **The beautiful species of Felis to which I beg leave to call the
attention of the Meeting was brought from Java or Sumatra, and
obtained, with other specimens from the same locality, from Mr.
Gould. The only writer, as far as I can learn, who notices it, is
Sir W. Jardine in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library,’ in which work are two
figures from specimens in the Edinburgh Museum; but he there
confounds it with the Felis Diardi of Cuvier, to which species, as
indeed also to the Felis Bengalensis, it bears a close affinity in the
Style and colour of its markings. It will be easy, however, to show
that the Felis Diardi isa very different species to the present. The
first description of the F. Diardi is in the fourth volume of Cuvier’s
Ossemens Fossiles, p. 437. ‘There is,’ says Cuvier, ‘in Java an-
other wild Cat larger than Felis Bengalensis, very remarkable for the
Deautiful regularity of its blotches, of which Messrs. Diard and Du-
yaucel have transmitted to us a skin and a drawing. We shall de-
Signate it Felis Diardi.’ After describing its colour, he adds, ‘ The
lead is six inches, the tail 2 feet 4 inches, the body 2 feet and a
half, and its height at the shoulder must be 18 inches.’ (French mea-
sures.) With regard to the Felis Diardi, it is somewhat questionable
whether it be distinct from the Felis macrocelis, or not; at all events
_ No, XLVII.—Procrepines or tHe Zoonogican Society.

108

it is a large Cat closely allied to, if not identical with that animal,
but certainly distinct from the Cat before the Meeting.
«The admeasurements of this species are as follows:

Feet. Inches.

Pieadcand bop fis a8 6 ee cele’ ee
Head from nose to occiput, following \ 0 52
the arch of the skull .......... z
Bi ee ee ee eee Lopes
cient OG SHOWIMET. |... . sore no eee 0 103
REI iro 0 Sinn ok ian widens x 3 23

“‘It may be observed, that the individual is adult, as proved by
the state of the dentition; its colouring agrees closely with that de-
tailed by Sir W. Jardine. The ground tint is rusty grey the rufous
tinge prevailing on the top of the head down the middle of the back,
over the cheeks, chest, scapule, fore limbs, and thighs. On the top
of the head are two longitudinal markings of black inclosing a space
cut up by irregular small rings or dashes of black, and external to
these begin two decided black lines (commencing over each eye),
which become broader on the occiput and back of the neck, on
which latter part they converge, but do not come in contact with
each other; they then sweep over the top of each shoulder blending
with the markings of the body.

«« Continued from the first-described central markings on the head,
there runs between these two decided stripes a broken line, as-
suming between the shoulders the form of elongated open spots, and
ultimately a black dorsal stripe continued to the base of the tail ;
on the haunches, however, it divides into two parallel stripes. The
ears are short and somewhat rounded, black at the tips, grey in the
centre, and black at and around their base; beyond the black mark
at their base, there is a space of dusky grey, which merges into the
colour of the neck. The sides of the neck, scapulz, fore and hind
limbs, are thickly spotted with black. The sides of the body are
marbled with obliquely longitudinal marks of dark grey, each mark
having an irregular margin of black.

“The lower angle of each eye is black, and two black lines cross
the cheek, passing into a throat-mark carried across beneath the
angle of the lower jaw; below this is a similar mark but more in-
definite; the chest is spotted with black. The abdomen is dirty white
which is crossed by rows of black spots in regular order. The upper
surface of the tail is grey, the lower yellowish grey; it is marbled
by spots of black forming indistinct rings, which, towards the tip,
assume a more definite character; the extremity being black. The
fur of the body is moderate and sleek; on the tail it is full and soft.

«« For this beautiful species of Cat I venture to propose the title of
Felis marmorata. Though inferior in size to the Felis macrocelis,
this spécies is related to it, not only in the style of the markings
of the fur, but in the elongation of its form, and the length and
thickness of the tail; it is a Rimau Dayan in miniature; nor, though
larger than the Felis Bengalensis, is it less allied to that species, be-
tween which and the former it constitutes an intermediate grade.”

ae ers HS

Dia

109

November 22, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication from Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, in Devon-
shire, was read, which referred to a specimen of the electric Ray
then on the table. The fish was caught in a trawl-net near Teign-
mouth, and was presented to the Society by Mr. Harvey. When
taken, part of a specimen of the small spotted Dogfish was hanging
from its mouth. The fishermen handle the electric Ray while it is
alive without being at all affected by it, always taking care to lay
hold of the tail.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a very large Carp taken by a net in a piece
of water called the Mere, neare Payne’s Hill, in Surrey. The length
of the specimen was 30 inches, the girth of the body at the com-
mencement of the dorsal fin 24 inches; the weight, 22 pounds. The
fish belonged to Edward Jesse, Esq., author of the ‘‘ Gleanings in
Natural History,” by whose permission it was exhibited. Mr. Yar-
rell observed, that he could find no record of any Carp so large
having before been taken in this country.

Mr. Martin, at the request of the Chairman, read the following

notes on the anatomy of Koala, Phascolarctos fuscus, Desm.

_. “ The acquisition of a young male Koala preserved in spirits, and

presented to the Society by Captain Mallard, has afforded me the

opportunity of examining the viscera of this rare and curious animal;
which I did with the utmost care. Differing from the Wombat in

its dental formula, in which respect it closely resembles the Kanga-
_roos, the visceral anatomy of the Koala closely approximates to that
_ of the former animal, as will be perceived by comparing the follow-
ing notes with the description of the anatomy of the Wombat by
_ Mr. Owen.
“On reflecting the skin of the abdomen, there appeared a small
_ transverse muscle arising from the skin on either side, which passed
_ yer the marsupial bones, towards their upper extremity, acting as
_ a support to, and a compressor of them.
“The pyramidalis muscle, to which, on its outer side is attached
__ the inner edge of the marsupial bone, radiated from this bone to the
_ middle line, and sent off a broad fascia of fibres over the rectus mus-
_ éle to the cartilages of the ribs. The rectus began broad from the
cartilages of the lower ribs, its fibres appearing to mix with those of
_ the pectoralis; it continued its course broad to the pubis, and was
_ inserted in the usual manner. The ezternal oblique was thick and

110

its fibres remarkably strong; the internal oblique gave off a strong
eremaster, which ran down the spermatic cord as far as the testis.

*« The transversalis as usual.

‘« The first head of the triceps adductor femoris was connected by
aslip of fibres to the external apex of the triangular base of the
marsupial bone, giving to that bone, by its contraction, a slight ex-
ternal motion.

“The panniculus carnosus was very strong, especially over the
back and sides.

“The capacity of the thoraz was very small in comparison with
that of the abdomen.

«« The stomach occupied the left side of the abdominal cavity,
scarcely passing the mesial line; its pyloric portion bent down
abruptly, forming a narrow arch through which protruded the /o-
bulus Spigelit of the liver.

«The liver consisted of two equal parts, a right and left, both

closely attached by membranous (or peritoneal) processes to the
diaphragm; the ligamentum latum verged towards the left side. The
right portion of the liver was divided into three foliaceous lobes, the
left into two : the free edges of this viscus were deeply and abruptly
fissured, as if cut with a knife; and its under surface presented an
irregular congeries of small lobuli or appendages, clustered thickly
together; on the left side; the outer lobe of the liver passed com-
pletely behind or dorsad of the stomach, the cardiac portion of which
advanced as low as the left kidney. The outer lobe of the liver on
the right side advanced in a pointed form, and passed behind the
whole of the dorsal surface of the right kidney. The great mass
of the liver had, in fact, a dorsad position, the anterior portion being -
comparatively very trifling.
_ ‘ The gall-bladder was seated in the fissure between the first and
second lobes, reckoning from the right side; it was very large, but
empty. Of great width at its base, it narrowed gradually to an al-
most vermiform apex, and its total length was 34 inches. Its duct,
of considerable calibre, terminated exactly one inch below the py-
lorus.

*« The spleen was long, thin, and tongue-shaped; it lay loosely
adhering to the cardium; its greatest breadth was } an inch, its
length, 2} inches; its edges were very thin and slightly crenulated.

«« The pancreas presented a thin, flat portion, attached to the
spleen, whence ran a broad slip attached to the peritoneal reflection
at the back of the stomach, and advancing round to the duodenum.
Its duct joined that of the gall-bladder } of an inch from its inser-
tion.

«The stomach was divided by a contraction, into two distinct

ortions; of these, the cardiac was large and almost globular, its
breadth across being 2, its length across 23 inches; its parietes were
much thinner than those of the pyloric portion, which, as we stated,
bent down abruptly, so as to form a narrow arch. The breadth of
the pylorus at its commencement, was little more than an inch, but
it swelled out into a sacculus, whence it narrowed to the pyloric

i. ge

ill

orifice. Following its greater curve it measured 24 inches, along
its smaller, only $ of an inch. It was slightly puckered transversely
on the sides by a posterior longitudinal band of fibres. Anterior to
the entrance of the esophagus, and occupying the space of the smaller
curvature of the stomach, between the wsophagus and the contraction,
was situated a large thick gland, opening by numerous ducts, whose
mouths clustered together, formed a sort of network. On each side
of this gland the inner membrane of the stomach was longitudinally
corrugated with small ruge, whence larger plice, and more distinct
from each other, were continued down the inner surface of the py-
lorus, to its orifice, which was closed with a strong sphincter-valve; -
the cardiac pouch was lined with a thin smooth cuticular membrane.
The duodenum began pyriform with a small sacculus 4 of an inch in
breadth, whence it narrowed to % of an inch; this being its average
breadth. Its course was as follows: Leaving the pylorus, and bound
to the spine by mesentery, it advanced over the right kidney, then
crossed the spine, turned up on the left side under the cardiac por-
tion of the stomach, and merged into jejunum. The whole of the
inner membrane of the small intestines exhibited a beautiful velvety
tissue.

“« The cecum was of enormous magnitude, and slightly puckered
equidistantly or nearly so throughout its whole length into saceuli,
by a slight longitudinal (mesenteric) band of muscular fibres ; there
appeared also, faint traces of an opposite band. Turning spirally
on itself and beginning large, it gradually narrowed, the decrease
of its last portion, for the length of 18 inches, being very marked ;
this portion running to a long vermiform point. The total length

. of the cecum was 4 feet 2 inches. Basal breadth, 2 inches. ‘The

colon, resembling in character the first portion of the cecum, was

_ slightly contracted into large sacculi, the first sacculus just below

the entrance of the z/eum, being more decided and larger than those
which succeed; it was, however, nothing more than a simple en-
largement, without any pyramid figure. After a course of 17 inches,
the colon decreased in size to the breadth of 3 of an inch; the total
length of the large intestines was 6 feet 4 inches. ‘The inner mem-
brane of the rectum was corrugated longitudinally.
«The lungs consisted of 3 right lobes, one large, and two small ;
and of two left lobes, the lower by far the largest.
The heart was compressed and pointed; its length was two
inches.
“The aorta gave off as usual 3 branches for the supply of the an-
terior portion of the body. ‘The first or arteria innominata, however,
almost immediately divided into carotid and subclavian. The right

_ auricle presented at its upper part a semilunar notch fitting to the

base of the aorta, two points rising up, one on each side of the aorta,

as auricular appendages. Into the upper part of the auricle just be-

hind the right appendix entered the right vena cava superior; and
into the inferior portion of the auricle close to the entrance of the
vena cava inferior, entered the left vena cava superior. ‘The vena
azygos running up on the left side of the aorta, entered the left vena

112

cava superior an inch from its termination. This arrangement of
the vene cave appears to be normal in the Marsupials, as Mr. Owen
has previously observed*.

«« Six coronary veins entered the right auricle round its junctional
margin with the ventricle.

*« The auriculo-ventricular opening on the right was of moderate
size, with a simple valve, the edges of which were bound down by
the tendons of two distinct carnee columne ; a third fasciculus of
fleshy fibres, but very indistinct, were to the right of these, but they
could hardly be said to constitute a third carned columna. The
right ventricle does not approach the apex of the heart by 3 of an
inch. No trace of foramen ovale. Pulmonary artery very wide,
dividing after a course of 4 an inch in two branches, a right and
left. Right ventricle very thin; the left, very thick and firm.

“‘ Of the kidneys, the right was seated higher, nearly by its whole
length, than the left ; the lower end of the former and the upper end
of the latter being parallel. In shape, these organs were oval, and
but slightly compressed. Their pelvis was small, the papilla single
and obtuse; the cortical and cineritious layers very distinct. Length,
13 of an inch; breadth, $ of an inch.

“The penis, of small size and conical figure, was placed imme-
diately anterior to the anus ; it was slightly bifurcate, or rather had
two projecting papille, one on each side of the urethral orifice.
Length of spongy portion, { of an inch. Bladder small, oval, and
much contracted. Testis, of the size of a horsebean. Total length
of vasa deferentia, 23 inches; their entrance was below and external
to the ureters, which opened as usual. Prostate small. Vesicule
seminales small; they entered { of an inch below the bladder, with
Cowper’s glands, which were as large as a tare.

«The thyroid glands were oval, compressed, and small; their co-
lour pale; they began at the 4th ring of the trachea from the thy-
roid cartilage, and extended to the 9th or 10th.

«There was a round subzygomatic gland the size of a pea on the
masseter, and two others of the same character weré placed on the
front of the neck, on the platysma myoides.

«The submaxillary glands were thin and long, measuring 1 inch
in length. Their situation was as usual.

«The parotid glands, very extensive but superficial, occupied the
usual situation ; the duct passed over the masseter, and entered op-
posite the 3rd molar, anterior to the edge of the buccinator.

“The sterno-cleido-mastoideus was attached not only to the mas-
toid process, but also to the whole extent of the occipital ridge; it
consisted of two portions arising as usual, from clavicle and ster-
num.

“The tongue was thick at its base, which rose abruptly from a
deep furrow surrounding its root; the distance from its root to the
epiglottis § of an inch. Its form was narrow, equal, and rounded at
the tip; its surface was velvety, and one large central papilla was

* Proceedings of Zool. Soc. April 10, 1832, p. 72.

113

seated near its base. Length altogether 2 inches. Breadth } an
inch. Length of free part $ of aninch. The palate was divided
by elevated transverse ridges into 8 furrows.

« Pharynz spacious, and lined with a corrugated membrane.
Gsophagus narrow, its inner membrane being puckered longitudi-
nally.

«The anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage was regularly con-
vex, but not so protuberant as in the phalangers; nor did the os
hyoides play freely over it.”

Mr. Edward Burton, of Fort Pitt, Chatham, communicated a de-
scription of a small species of Pipra received from the Himalaya
mountains, and considered by Mr. Burton to be the first species of

this genus yet discovered in those regions.

Genus Pirra, Linn.

P. squalida, capite et cervice supra brunneis ; interscapulio, dorso,
alis et caudd viridescenti-brunneis ; hdc ad regionem subapicalem
brunned saturatiori, sed apice externo albo graciliter fimbriatd ;
alarum caudeque pogoniis externis olivaceo leviter tinctis ; corpore
infra ubique albido.

Mandibula superior fusca, inferior albida apice fusco. Pedes nigri.

Longitudo 34 poll. Ale caudam zquantes,

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

In Museo Medico-Militari, Chatham.

The following observations on a species of Glaucus, referred to
the Glaucus hexapterygius, Cuvier, by George Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.,
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society, Surgeon and
Superintendent of the Australian Museum at Sydney, New South
Wales, were read.

«On the 20th of April, 1835, during a voyage from England to
Sydney, New South Wales, in latitude 4° 26’ N., and longitude 19°
30! W., with light airs and calms prevailing at the time, about 3
p.m., a number of damaged and perfect specimens of the Glaucus

_hevapterygius, Cuy., were caught in the towing net. On being im-
mediately removed from the net and placed in a glass of sea water,
they resumed their vital actions and floated about in the liquid ele-
ment, exhibiting a brilliancy of colour and peculiarity of form,
which did not fail to excite the admiration of the beholders.
«The back of the animal, as well as the upper surface of the fins
and digitated processes, and the upper portion of the head and tail,
_-was of a vivid purple colour, varying occasionally in its intensity ;
appearing brighter in colour when the animal was active or excited,
and deeper when remaining floating tranquilly upon the surface of
the water. The abdomen, and under surface of the fins, are of a
beautiful pearly white colour, appearing as if it had been enamelled.
The usual length of my specimens, measured from the extremity of

114

the head to the tail, when extended floating upon the surface of the
water, was 14 inches; sometimes one or two lines more or less.
The body of the animal is subcylindrical, terminating in a tail, which
gradually becomes more slender towards the extremity, until it
finally terminates in a delicate point. The head is short, with very
small conical tentacula in pairs; two superior, and two inferior;
three (and in @. octopterygius, Cuv., four) branchial fins on each
side, opposite, palmated, and digitated at their extremities; the num-
ber of digitations, however, varying; and the centre digitations are
the longest; the first branchial fins, those nearest the head, are
larger and denser than the others. The mouth is armed with bony
jaws; the body is gelatinous and covered by a thin and extremely
sensible membrane.

“«‘ These little animals were very delicate and fragile in their struc-
ture, and although many, indeed, I may say numbers, were caught,
yet very few in comparison were found to be in a perfect condition,
some being deficient in one, two, or more fins, and others being com-
pletely crushed. Not one of the specimens caught on this occasion,
or during the voyage, had the silvery line or streak running down
the back, from the head to the extremity of the tail ; branching off
also to the fins and along the centre of each of the digitations. Seve-
ral Porpite were also captured in the net at the same time with
these animals, and serve as food for them.

“Tt caused much regret to see the change death produced in the
beauty of these interesting little animals, and all means of preserving.
them were found to be useless. When placed in spirits, the digits
of the branchial fins speedily became retracted, the beautiful purple
gradually faded and at last disappeared, and the delicate pearly white
of the under surface of the body and fins peeled off and disappeared ;
thus did this beautiful mollusk become decomposed in less than the
space of an hour. Some mollusks quickly lose their colour after death,
but retain their form for a long time; but these speedily change
after death, both in form and colour, and the beauty before so much
admired perishes never to be regained.

«« When taken in the hand, the under surface of the animal soon
becomes denuded of the beautiful pearly white it previously had,
and at that time appears like a small transparent bladder, in which
a number of air-bubbles are observed, together with the viscera, On
the abdomen being laid open, a large quantity of air-bubbles escaped,
and perhaps a query may arise how far they assist the animal in float-
ing upon the surface of the water?

«The figure of Glaucus hevapterygius in Cuvier’s work ‘ Sur les
Mollusques,’ is tolerably well executed, but no engraving can convey
to the beholder the inconceivable delicacy and beauty of this mollusk;
in the engraving alluded to, there is an inaccuracyat least as compared
with the specimens before me,—in the digitated processes of the fins
not being sufficiently united at the base; in the living specimens
before me, they were united together at the base, and then branch-
ing off became gradually smaller until they terminated in a fine
point. Again, in the engraving in Cuvier’s work, the anal orifice is

me 115

placed on the right side, whereas in my specimens it was situated
on the left; for in all the specimens I examined, I found the anus
was disposed laterally and could be plainly distinguished situated on
the left side of the animal, a little below the first fin. This I con-
sider also the orifice of generation, as in some of the specimeris ex-
amined, a rather long string of dots resembling ova were seen to
protrude from it. One of the animals discharged from this orifice a
large quantity of very light brownish fluid; this no doubt was the
@ces.
i « But few of these animals were caught after the 20th until the
24th of the same month, in latitude 2° 26’ N., longitude 19° 51’ W.,
when having light airs from S. by E., nearly calm; in the morning
a great number were seen floating by the ship, and it was not diffi-
cult, by aid of my towing-net, to capture as many as I required, for
they swam very superficially upon the water. The whole of those
taken proved to be of the same species (G. hevapterygius) as those
before caught. I again placed several of the specimens in a glass
of sea water; they were full of life, sometimes moving about, not
very briskly, however,—and at other times remaining floating upon
the surface of the water, merely gently moving the fins. As they
floated upon the surface of the water in the glass, the sides of the
head, back, tail, fins, &c., exhibited at the time a light silvery blue
colour, which was admirably contrasted with the deeper blue of the
upper surface, and falling into the elegant pearly or silvery white of
the under surface of the animal, displaying an exceedingly rich and
_ elegant appearance. Often, when at rest, the animal would drop one
or more of the fins, but on touching them, they would be immediate-
ly raised to the former position, and that organ was turned back as
if to throw off the offending object, followed at the same time by a
_ general movement of the whole body. On touching the animal upon
_ the back, it seemed to display more sensitiveness in that than in any
_ other part of the body, judging from tke effects produced, in com-
parison with similar experiments on other portions of the body; for
instance, the centre of the back was touched lightly and rapidly with
a feather; which caused the little creature to sink as if under the
pressure of the touch, throwing at the same time the head, tail, and
all the fins upwards, followed by a general distortion of the whole
_ body of the animal, as if the gentle touch had been productive of
severe pain. I invariably found every part of the upper surface of
the body very sensitive when touched, and displayed a general move-
ment of uneasiness throughout the whole of the body of the crea-
ture.
_ “These creatures have a peculiar manner of throwing the head
towards the tail, and flouncing the tail towards the head, when they
_ are desirous of removing any object of annoyance. Itis at that time
_ these animals seem to recover from their torpidity, and evince the
_ greatest activity in their movements. When much annoyed, they
_ throw the body about with great activity, coiling up the head, tail,
_ fins, &c., in a somewhat rotundiform position; and if the tormenting

116

object is not removed, dash out again in full activity of body, then
return to the rotundiform position, and there remain for a short
period apparently exhausted by their efforts. But on the cessation
of the irritating cause, the animal quietly resumed its original po-
sition, perhaps dropping one or two of its wearied fins according
as its own sensations of ease or comfort might dictate.

«‘When nothing writated this tender mollusk, it would remain
tranquilly floating upon the surface of the water with scarcely any
movement but that which proceeded from the undulating movements
of the digitated extremities of the fins, as well as an aaesicnal
slight twisting motion of the same organs.

“I felt much interest in the beautiful display of a circulating fluid
on the dorsal surface of these animals, which was afforded me by
the assistance of a microscope. Through the semi-transparent mem-
brane of the back, a fluid could be readily perceived close to the sur-
face, evidently flowing in two directions, one taking a course down-
wards, and the other returning upwards; but I was unable to di-
stinguish two distinct vessels for these separate actions.

«*These animals seemed to be very torpid in their movements,
although sometimes, when floating upon the water, they would
be seen busily engaged in moving their fins about, but those actions
were soon suspended and their fins were suffered to hang lazily
down, as if fatigued with the short exertion, which did not move
them one inch about the glass of water; and even when the little
indolent creatures did take the trouble to move themselves from one
side of the glass to the other, it was effected by a tardy motion,
stirring themselves first with one fin and then with the other, ac-
cording as circumstances might require.

**T placed some small specimens of Porpita in the glass of water
containing the Glauci, to observe if they would attack them; for
some time one of the Glauci was close to a Porpita and was even
annoyed by the tentacule of the latter touching its back, yetsthe
Glaucus bore this, although with the usual characters of impatience,
yet without attempting to attack it. At last it seized the Porpita
between its jaws, and by aid of a powerful lens, an excellent oppor-
tunity was afforded me of closely watching the devouring process,
which was effected by an apparently sucking motion; and at this
time all the digitated processes of the fins were floating about, as at
other times when the animal was at rest; but I did not observe, in
one single instance, that they were of any use to the animal, either
to aid in the capture or to securely hold their prey when in the act of
being devoured; for the animal seems to depend merely upon the
mouth in capturing its prey, as in this and other instances, which
I had opportunities of observing, they seized their prey instantly
with the mouth, and held it by that power alone, whilst by a kind
of sucking motion the prey was devoured. The digitations may
therefore only be regarded as appendages to the fins to aid the ani-
mal perhaps in the direction of its movements, as it was observed
that they turned and twisted them about during the progressive mo-

117

tion, (that is, when this tardy animal is pleased to progress, which
appeared to me very rarely to meet with its inclination,) as if in some
way or other to direct the movements of the animal.

“The Glaucus, after eating the tentacles and nearly the whole of
the soft under surface of its prey, left the horny portion, and re-
mained tranquilly reposing upon the surface of the water after its
meal, the only motion visible in the animal being the playing of the
digits of its fins. The mutilated remains of the Porpita sank to the
bottom of the glass.

“‘ Soon after, another Glaucus began a devouring attack upon an-
other Porpita which had been placed in the glass, eating a little of
it and then ceasing after a short mealgoccasionally renewing the at-
tack at short intervals. On examining the Porpita, which had been
partially devoured by the ravenous Glaucus, 1 found the disc had
been cleared of the tentacles and other soft parts ; a small part of the
fleshy portion only remaining upon the disc. Only one part of the
horny disc exhibited any injury, and that appeared to be the place
where the animal was first grasped by the Glaucus.

‘* When any of these animals came in contact with another in the
glass, they did not display any annoyance, or coil themselves up,
nor did they evince any savage propensities one towards the other ;
sand they would often float about, having their digitated processes in
contact one with the other, without exhibiting any signs of annoy-
ance; even when placed or pushed one against the other, they did
not manifest any irritation, but remained undisturbed as in their
usual moments of quiet repose.

“« On the back of the animal being seen in a strong light, a black
_ line could be discerned on each margin, and passing down the centre

-of each fin, and sometimes varied in having two black lines on the

upper part of one fin, although the opposite fin may display but one.
_. ‘The margin between the falling of the purple colour of the back

into the silvery white of the abdomen often exhibited beautiful tints

of a golden green; but these variations were probably produced by

the effect of different rays of light.

_ “These animals soon perished ; I could not preserve them for any

dength of time in the glass of sea water, although the water was
_ changed as often as it was thought necessary; the digitated pro-
cesses of the fins were observed to shrink up on the death of the
animal, and the process of decomposition rapidly took place, the
whole body becoming a shapeless mass, having a bluish colour of
deadly hue for a short period, and then became of a blackish or
_ brownish black colour. I have seldom seen a gelatinous animal
_ which appeared so firm whilst in the water, that proved so speedily
_ to decompose when removed from it ; even the beautiful purple of
the back, the silvery or enamel of the abdomen, and the silvery blue
_ Of the sides, all speedily vanish, indeed instantly disappear, upon the
death of the animal, as if it had been washed off; the expansive, de-
_ licate, and beautiful fins and digitated processes are no longer seen;
__ they shrank up to nothing.
_ “Even on taking the animal alive out of the water and placing it

118

upon the hand, that instant almost, from its extreme delicacy, it was
destroyed: the digitations of the fins fell off, the least movement
destroyed the beauty of the animal; it speedily -lost all the deep
purple and silvery enamelled tints, and became a loathsome mass.
Thus do we too often find animals beautiful in external adornments,
curious in their habits and organization, and calculated in every re-
spect to supply us with inexhaustible sources of intellectual gratifi-
cation, doomed speedily to perish; brief is the period allotted to
them in the busy theatre of animated existence; but doubtless, with
the gift of existence, they have received from the bounteous hand of
their Creator, the means of enjoying their fleeting lives.

«« To place these little animals in the glass of water from the towing
net without injury to their delicate structure required care; so that as
soon as they were captured in the net, attached to the meshes, they
were not handled, but carefully washed off, which was effected by
dipping the meshes in the glass of water, when the animal soon
detached itself without sustaining any injury, and floated in the
water.

«« Although these animals are so fragile, so easily destroyed on
being taken out of their natural element, yet they fling themselves
about in the water without sustaining any injury, without even the
loss of any of the digitated processes of the fins; yet when there is
much movement of the water in carrying the glass from one place
to another, they are evidently disturbed and restless, and the fins
are dropped; if therefore, a slight motion of the water disturbs them,
what can become of these delicate mollusks during tempestuous
weather ; can they be similar to the delicate Ephemeris, doomed to
live merely for the space of a day and perish in myriads? From the
immense number seen only from the ship—and how many myriads
more extended beyond our range of vision!—it conveyed to the mind
some idea of the profusion of living beings inhabiting the wide ex-
panse of ocean, and a feeling of astonishment at the inconceivable
variety of forms and constructions to which animation has been im-
parted by creative power.

«The tail of this animal has been described as resembling that
of a Lizard: the comparison is good, not only with regard to form,
but also, with perhaps a little more flexibility of motion, when in
action. Sometimes the animal throws its tail up to the body, as if in-
tended to brush off any annoying object, and at other times, it has
been observed to turn the head towards the side as if for a similar
purpose. It seems, in the action of eating, to resemble a Cater-

illar.
it No more of these animals were seen until the 15th of May at
10 p.m., when in lat. 24° 185, long. 31° '-01 W., moderate
breezes and fine weather ; a number of Glauci were captured as well
as Porpite; some of the latter had been partially devoured, and in
some only the horny disc remained; this, there was no doubt, from
the previous knowledge of the carnivorous propensities of the
Glaucus, was their work, more especially as we had positive proof
that tribes of them were wandering or prowling about the ocean to-

119

night. This was the last time during the voyage the Glauci were
captured.
*‘From these animals devouring the Porpite, we had positive
evidence of their carnivorous habits, independent of the structure of
the jaws ; and the fentacula of the Porpite were no protection against
their enemies; indeed, these appendages were first devoured and the
_ horny disc was alone left, in many instances being quite picked

clean ; from this circumstance we may infer, that the horny discs of
the Porpite and Velelle, which previously, and for the last four days
were found in the net, were the remains of those which had been de-
voured by the Glauci or similar carnivorous mollusks, among which
we may with safety include (from the structure of its jaws, and
from often capturing it attached to Vele//a,) the inhabitant of the
Janthina fragilis or violet shell.

**The more we pursue the investigation of the actions of living
objects, the more we see of the unbounded resources of creative
power; and, after all our reasoning, must conclude that some wise
purpose, though dimly perceptible to our imperfect understandings,
is no doubt answered by this great law of organic formation,—the
law of variety.”

. Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Meeting to the various
preserved specimens of Antelopes then exhibited, and made the fol-
lowing observations on some hollow-horned Ruminants. ;
“In arranging the Society’s collection subsequent to the late re-
moval from Bruton Street, the following rare or undescribed species
_ of Ruminants were observed, which it is thought proper to bring
_ under the public notice of the Society.
_ “1. Izalus Probaton. A single skin of the very anomalous animal
to which I propose assigning this name, was presented to the So-
ciety by Dr. Richardson, and has been considered as the female of
A. Furcifer, from which, however, it differs in some of the most
important characters. Of its origin there can be no reasonable
_ doubt ; it was contained in the same box with the skins of A. Fur-
cifer, and other animals obtained by the celebrated zoologist just
mentioned, during Capt. Franklin’s memorable expedition, and
the hay with which it was stuffed contained numerous small locks
of the very peculiar hair of A. Furcifer. The specimen is a male
about the size of a fallow Deer, the length from the nose to the
1 d of the tail being 4 feet 10 inches. The head is 94 inches long,
the tail, 51 inches; and the ear, 3% inches. Though the skin is
_ that of an adult individual, as is proved by the incisors, which are
all of the permanent class and considerably worn down, the head is
thout horns, having only two small, naked, flat scales, in the po-
itions usually occupied by these organs ; yet the bones of the skull
remain beneath, and the specimen is unquestionably the spoil of a
‘male animal. In form, as well as size, the animal resembles the fal-
low Deer (Cervus Dama). The colour is a uniform pale reddish
brown above and on the outsides of the members.; the breast, belly,
and inner face of the anus and thighs are greyish white ; the lower

120

part of the cheeks, the lips and beneath the chin are of the same
colour, but the whole throat or under surface of the neck is pale
reddish brown, like the back and sides. The tail is covered above
with short reddish hair like that of the body, but it is perfectly naked
beneath, and in form and length resembles the tail of some species
of Deer (Cervus). The nose is hairy like that of a Goat; the animal
is furnished with lachrymal sinuses of considerable size, opening by
very obvious apertures of a circular form; it has inguinal pores and
two teats, as in the common Antelope (A.Cervicapra); large spurious
hoofs, and no appearance of scope or knee-brushes either on the
anterior or posterior extremities. These characters will not permit
it to be associated with any known group of Kuminants. That it is
not merely a Deer which has cast its horns, is proved by the absence
of the pedestals which support these organs in the solid-horned Ru-
minants, as well as by the hairy lips, two teats and inguinal pores;
neither can it be a Sheep or a Goat, as is evinced by the lachrymal
sinuses, inguinal pores, and the length and form of the tail, which,
in the wild species of these genera, is nearly tuberculous. The sup-
position of its being the female of A. Furcifer is disproved by the sex
of the specimen; in other respects, the existence of large spurious
hoofs shows plainly enough that it has no affinity to that animal.
There is but one other supposition: may it not be a species of An-
telope allied to the typical group of that genus? and may not the
abortive horns of the present specimen be. the result of some acci-
dent? This may certainly be the case; the other characters of the
specimen agree with those of the common Indian Antelope, and if the
animal should eventually prove to belong to that genus, it may bear
the specific name of 4. Jvalus, which the classical scholar will re-
cognise as the name of an undetermined species of Ruminant men-
tioned in the Iliad.

“«2. Antilope Eurycerus. Of this magnificent and hitherto unde-
scribed species, two pairs of horns, one attached to the skull, the
other to the integuments of the head, have long existed in the So-
ciety’s collection. Their origin is unknown, but I have reason to
believe that they come from Western Africa. Their length in a
straight line is 2 feet 12 inch; on the curve, 2 feet 7} inches;
their circumference at the base is 10 inches; their distance at base
1 inch, and at the points 11 inches. In form they bear some re-
semblance to those of A. Strepsiceros, being wrinkled as in that spe-
cies, and having a prominent ridge on their posterior face ; but they
form only one spiral twist instead of two, and their direction through-
out lies in the plane of the forehead, whilst in the Koodoo these two
planes form an angle of about 100°. The characters of the skull are
likewise similar to those of the Koodoo, but it is broader and larger
than in that animal. The points of the hornsare of an ivory colour.
The animal has a large muzzle, but is without lachrymal sinuses ; it
has a white band across the face, immediately under the eyes, and two
white spots on each cheek. All these characters are distinctive of
the natural group which includes the Koodoo, the present species,
the Boskbok, the Guib, and the beautiful species mentioned by Mr.

121

Bennett (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 1.) which is a real Antelope, and

| which I hope shortly to have an opportunity of describing in detail
under the name of A. Doria, asa friend, who has connexions with the
West Coast of Africa, has kindly undertaken to procure me skins.

** 3. Antilope Philantomba. Two females of this minute specieslived
for some time in the Society’s Gardens: they were brought from
Sierra Leone and presented by Mr. M°Cormick. Mr. Rendall, who
saw them with me at the Gardens, assured me that they were the
Philantomba of the Sierra Leone negroes. The larger and older spe-
cimen has small horns about 13 inch long, bent slightly forwards
and surrounded at the base with 5 or 6 small rings: the species is
distinguished from the pygmy Antelope of the Cape by its longer tail
and ears, the latter clothed with white hair on the inside, by the
darker mouse-colour of the body and the uniform hue of the legs,
which instead of being sandy red as in the Cape species, are of the
same colour as the body, only rather paler. But for the circumstance
of the female possessing horns, I should have been inclined to iden-
tify this animal with the A. Mazwellii of Col. Smith.

“4, Antilope Sumatrensis. This species and A. Thar were exhibit-
ed together for the purpose of pointing out the similarity of their
zoological characters, and correcting a mistake into which Messrs. F.
Cuvier, Desmarest, and Col. Smith have fallen with regard to the
former species. According to these zoologists the Cambing Outan
(A. Sumatrensis) possesses both the lachrymal sinus and the longi-
tudinal gland on the maxillary bone, which distinguishes the Duy-
kerbok (A. Mergens) and some other Antelopes : in reality the lachry-
mal sinus is sufficiently distinct, but there is not the slightest trace
of any maxillary gland. The same zoologists represent the female
Cambing as being without horns and having only two teats : the spe-
cimen exhibited, a young female, had tolerably large horns and di-

'stinctly showed four teats, thus agreeing in all respects with the adult
female Thar with which it was compared.
“5. Antilope palmata. Colonel Smith has described the horns of
this species from an imperfect pair preserved in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons, but was undecided whether it should be con-
sidered as a distinct species or only a variety of the Prongbaick (A.
_ Furcifer). The present perfect pair, with the skin of the head at-

tached, goes far to prove the specific distinction, but the habitat is
_ widely different from that assigned by Colonel Smith. The speci-
_ men came from Mexico, where Dr. Coulter informs me it is sufficient-

ly common. The horns are twice or thrice as large again as those of
A. Furcifer, and instead of preserving a tolerable degree of parallelism,
as in that species, spread widely, and are much hooked at the points.
_ The face also is of a very dark brown colour, whilst in 4. Furcifer it
__ is of the same light fawn as the upper parts of the body.”

4 Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of Argonaut with an Ocythoé
_ from the Cape of Good Hope, and stated that as the subject had
been brought forward at the last meeting, he was induced to remark
that every time he considered it, and compared it under its various

122

bearings with the relations of other Molluscans and their shells, he
‘was more and more inclined to believe that the animal found in the
shell of Argonauta was a parasite. He gave the following reasons
for this belief.

«1, Theanimalhas none of those peculiarities of organization for the
deposition, formation, and growth of the shell, nor even the muscles
for attaching it to the shell, which are found in all other shell-
bearing Molluscans ; instead of which it agrees in form, colour, and
structure with the naked Mollusca, especially the naked Cephaio-
pods.
«©9. The shell, although it agrees in every respect with the shells
of other Molluscans in structure, formation, and growth, is evidently
not moulded on the body of the animal usually found in it, as other
shells are; but exactly agrees in every point (except in the form of
the spire), with the shell of Carinaria, which coincided with the other
Molluscans in all these respects.

«<3. The body of the animal does not appear to have the power of
secreting calcareous matter, for it does not, like all the Mollusca
which have that power, secrete either a solid deposit or distinct septa
to adapt the cavity of the shell to the increase of the body, nor does
it cover over with calcareous matter any sand or other extraneous
bodies which may have accidentally intruded themselves between the
mantle and the shell, but leaves the sand, which is often found mixed
with the egys, free, without taking any means to prevent it from
irritating the skin.

«4. The young shel] of the just hatched animal which forms
the aper of the shell at all periods of its growth, is much larger
(ten times) than the eggs contained in the upper part of the cavity of
the Argonaut. :

Mr. Gray further stated, that he does not think that any inference
can be drawn in favour of the opinion that the Ocythoé forms the
shell, from either of the three arguments which have been produced
in favour of that hypothesis, which he then examined in detail,

«<5. He believes that Poli must have been misled when he thought
that he had discovered the animal in the egg of an Ocythoé covered
with the “rudiment of a shell,” because all the Molluscans which
he has seen in the egg (Cephalopods as well as others) were covered
with a well-developed shell, even before all the organs were deve-
loped, and the figure which Poli gives of the rudiment does not
agree with the nucleus found on the apex of the shell of the Argo-
nauts. Unfortunately, none of the eggs of the Ocythoés that have
been examined by other observers have been enough developed to
show the fcctal animal.

“6. The different species of Argonauta are said to be inhabited by
different species of Ocythoé; but allowing this to be the case, it
only proves that each of these genera have local species: the same
may be observed with respect to the Hermit Crabs, without proving
anything in favour of their being the framers of the shell they live

in. :
«7, That though some specimens of Ocythoé preserved in their

—"

123

shells are marked with cross grooves resembling the grooves on the
shell, yet these grooves are only formed by the pressure of the dead

animal against the shell; for the specimens of the animal which are

found out of the shell, or which are taken out of the shell while re-

cent, are always destitute of these grooves, or of the compressed
form of the cavity of the shell. ‘That some specimens which he
had received from the Cape (of which that now on the table was
one), which had been packed on their sides, had the upper side
of the animal smooth and rounded, and the lower flat, and curved
___ like the shell on which it was pressed by its own weight; while a
specimen which he had received from the Mediterranean packed
erect, with the mouth upwards, so that the animal was equally pressed
against each side of the shell, was flattened and curved on each side,
like the specimen examined by M. Ferussac.

_ Mr. Gray also stated that, so far from the animal using the finned -
arms as sails, they were the means by which it retained itself in the
shell; and he further observed, that it was very difficult to distin-
guish the species of Argonauta, as they varied greatly in shape, and
that on a comparison of many specimens, he had found that the
presence cr absence of the spines or ears at the back of the mouth
were of no importace as a specific character, specimens of each of
the recorded species having this process developed only on one or the
other side.

_ The Chairman, after premising some observations on the diseases
to which the mortality of the larger feline animals in the Society’s
Menagerie was attributable, proceeded to read the following descrip-
tion of two Entozoa infesting the stomach of the Tiger, (Felis Tigris,
Linn.,) one of which forms-the type of a new genus of Nematoidea.
_ “‘T received a few days ago, from the Medical Superintendent of
the Society’s Menagerie, a portion of the stomach of a young Tiger

- (which died of rupture of the aorta), exhibiting on the internal or
mucous surface what were considered to be scrofulous tumours.
They were five or six in number, of a round and oblong form, vary-
ing in size from half an inch to two inches in the largest diameter,.
oe the largest of them projecting about half an inch from the plane

f the inner surface : they made no projection externally. The mu-
cous membrane covering the smaller tumours was puckered up into

Bint reticulate rug@: the surface of the largest tumour was smooth.

m wiping away the tough thick mucous secretion from the tu-
mours, and examining more closely their surface, two or three orifices
resented themselves in the larger, and a single orifice in each of the

Belen tumours. These orifices conducted to irregular sinuses which

‘were the nidi of two kinds of Nematoid Entozoa, some measuring

poly an inch in length and a line in thickness; the Pusan being

“minute, not exceeding 5 lines in length, and about sly Of an

inch in diameter. Only a pair of the larger Entozoa were found ia
each of the three largest tumours; the smaller species existed in
countless numbers.

_ “ Before proceeding with ee description of the worms, I may

124

briefly conclude the history of the tumours by observing that they
were composed of condensed accumulated layers of the sub-mucous
cellular tissue, presenting a flat surface next the muscular coat, to
which the larger tumours firmly adhered, and projecting with a
rounded convexity towards the cavity of the stomach, where the si-
nuses opened and terminated. They did not contain any of the
caseous secretion characteristic of struma, but were most probably
caused by the irritation of the Entozoa.

‘The dimensions of the larger Entozoa above given are those of
the female : the male is about one fourth smaller. In both sexes the
body is slightly attenuated at the two extremities; the caudal ex-
tremity is more inflected and more obtuse in the male; the oral ex-
tremity in both is obtuse and truncate.

“‘The surface of the body appears to the naked eye to be mi-
nutely striated transversely: it is variegated by the white genital,
and amber-coloured digestive tubes appearing through the transparent
integument. When examined with a lens of half-inch focus, the
anterior two-thirds of the body are seen to be covered with circular
series of minute reflected spines, which, viewed with a still higher
power, present three distinct points, one large one in the middle and
two small lateral ones.

“The mouth is surrounded by a tumid circular lip armed with six
or seven circular rows of well-developed spinous processes of a simi-
lar complex structure to those on the body. The oral orifice itself
presents the form of a vertical elliptical fissure, bounded on each
side by a jaw-like membranous fold or process, the anterior margin
of which is produced in the form of three straight horny points or
processes, directed forwards. These lateral processes can be pro-
truded beyond the circular lip by compressing the smooth spineless
skin behind the latter; and the elasticity of the structure causes them
to be again retracted on remitting the pressure.

«<The vulva is situated at the junction of the middle and posterior
thirds of the body; the anus in the female is in the form of a trans-
verse semilunar fissure immediately behind the obtuse posterior apex,
and on the concave side of the inflection.

«©The anus of the male, from the anterior part of which a single

slightly-curved intromittent spicu/um is protruded, is surrounded by -

eight distinct pointed papilla, three of which are placed in a vertical
row on each side, and two smaller ones at the lower boundary of
the common opening to the rectum and male gland.

«On comparing this Nematoid worm with those already described,
it approaches most nearly to some species which are referred by
Rudolphi to the genus Strongylus, as the Strongylus trigonocephalus,
R., (Hist. Entoz. ii. pl. I. p. 231.,) in whieh species the ‘ Bursa maris
subglobosa, biloba, multiradiata,’ presents an approximation to the
structure of the external male organs above described, in which the
eight tubercles surround the opening somewhat after the manner of
rays. But on pursuing the comparison we find that here the re-
semblance ceases: there is no subglobose bilobed sheath to the in-
tromittent organ in the species here described; the head is -sur-

125

rounded by a circular instead of a trigonal lip; the Strong. trigono-
cephalus is placed by Rudolphi in the section c, ore nudo, while
the armature of the mouth, in the present species, is so remarkable,
as to induce me to regard it as the type of a new genus, which I pro-
pose to denominate Gnathostoma*.

. “Gen, Cuar. Corpus teres, elasticum, utrinque attenuatum. Caput
unilabiatum, labio circulari tumido integro ; os emissile, processibus
corneis maxilliformibus duobus lateralibus denticulatis. Genitule
masculum spiculum simplex, ad basin papillis cireumdatum.

«Sp. Gnath. spinigerum. Gnath., capite truncato, corpore seriebus
plurimis spinulorum armato.

«The generic difference indicated by the external peculiarities of
the Entozoa above described, is confirmed by the internal anatomy,
which presents some peculiarities which appear not to have been
hitherto detected in the class Entozoa: I refer more particularly to
a distinct salivary apparatus, conformable to that which exists in the
Holothuria and other Echinodermata. This apparatus consists of four
elongated straight blind tubes, each about two lines in length, which
are placed at equal distances around the commencement of the ali-
mentary canal, having their smaller extremities directed forward,
and opening into the mouth, at the base of the lateral tridentate
processes, and their closed obtuse ends passing backwards into the ab-
dominal cavity. When examined with a lens of 4 inch focus, the
parietes of these salivary tubes present very aisttick oblique or spiral
decussating fibres; their contents are semi-pellucid in the recent
worm, but become opake in spirit of wine.

«‘ The coexistence of these salivary glands with an oral apparatus
which is better adapted for trituration than any that has hitherto
been detected in the Hntozoa, is conformable to the laws which re-
gulate the existence and condition of the salivary apparatus in higher
animals; and is highly interesting on that account. The only allu-

sion which I can find to salivary organs in other Hntozoa is in Clo-
quet’s ‘Anatomie de l Ascaride Lombricoide,’ in which he considers the
thickened glandular parietes of the wsophagus to serve for an analo-
gous secretion.

____ “The first portion of the alimentary canal or stomach, is about 3
lines in length; it contains a milk-white substance, and is separated
i by a well-marked constriction from the remaining portion, which we
_ may regard as intestine: this is filled with a pulpy substance of an
: _ amber colour, which grows deeper in tint as it approaches the anus.

‘The intestine enlarges slightly as it passes backward ; it is wide and
aight : is not tied down to the parietes of the hody by mesenteric
aments as in the Strongylus gigas, &c.; its surface is irregular, and it

: s beset with large regular obtuse lozenge-shaped processes arranged
im alternate longitudinal rows.

_ “The lateral lines of the body consist distinctly of two vessels,

* yuubos maxilla, crown Os.

126

which project into the interior of the body, being attached by a small
part of their circumference; and becoming very wide and free near the
head. The dorsal and ventral nervous cords are plainly visible in
the midspace of the lateral vessels. The muscular tunics of the body
are well developed, consisting of external transverse and internal

longitudinal fibres. The latter are lined with a layer of pulpy floc- —

culent substance.

“The male organs consist of a slightly-curved slender single
spiculum, projecting from the caudal extremity of the body, as
above described. ‘The base of this spiculum communicates with a
dilated receptacle, 2 lines long, of an opake white colour, which is
separated by a slight constriction from the rest of the seminal tube ;
this is, as usual, single: it is semi-transparent, and gradually grows
smaller to its blind extremity, which is attached by cellular tissue to
the middle line of the ventral surface of the body, half-way between
the two extremities. The whole length of the seminal tube is ten
times that of the entire worm.

«The female organs consist of the vulva, vagina, uterus bicornis,
and oviducts or ovarian tubes.

“From the vulva, the situation of which has been already men-
tioned, the vagina is continued, at first wide, then narrower, and lastly
widening again to pass into the wferus: it exceeds an inch in length,
The two cornua of the uterus are each about 4 aline in diameter, and
5 lines in length; they diminish and are continued without any con-
striction into the ovarian tubes ; these are of immense proportional
length, each exceeding, by 30-times, the length of the body ; their at-
tenuated extremities or beginnings are not attached to the parietes
of the body; although the coils of the oviducts appear at first sight
to be inextricably interwoven around the intestine, they in reality
cover it in aggregate folds, which are easily separated from the in-
testine, and unravelled.”

Mr. Owen stated in conclusion, that preparations exhibiting the
male and female organs thus unfolded, with the digestive canal and
salivary apparatus, had been deposited in the Museum of the Royal
College of Surgeons.

127

December 13, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Part of a paper by M. Frederick Cuvier was read, on the Family
of the Dipodide, including the Jerboas and Gerbillas*.

Mr. F. Debell Bennett, Corresponding Member of the Society,
then read some Notes on the anatomy of the Spermaceti Whale,
(Physeter macrocephalus, Auctorum,) principally relating to its den-
tition, and to the structure and appearances presented by the soft

- parts.

Mr. Bennett remarks that a greater disproportion exists between
the sexes in this species of Whale than is observed in any other
cetaceous animal; for while the usual length of the largest male
Cachalots, taken in the South Seas, is about 60 feet, that of full-
grown females is only 28, and rarely, if ever, exceeding 35.

When the young male Cacha/ot has attained the length of 34 feet,
its teeth are perfectly formed, though not visible until it exceeds 28.
The upper jaw usually described as toothless, has on either side a

_ short row of teeth, sometimes occupying the bottom of the cavities
_ which receive the teeth of the lower-jaw, but generally corresponding
_ to the intervals between them. The entire length of these teeth is
_ about three inches; they are slightly curved backwards, and elevated
_ about half an inch above the soft parts, in which they are deeply
_ imbedded, having only a slight attachment to the maxillary bone.
_ Their number is not readily ascertained, because the whole’series are
Bae always apparent; but in two instances Mr. Bennett found 8 on
each side. These teeth exist in adult Whales of both sexes, and
though not visible externally in the young Cachalots, may be seen
upon the removal of the soft parts from the interior of the jaw.

“The eye of the Cachalot is small, and placed far back on the head,
‘above and between the pectoral fin and angle of the lower jaw. Its
situation is chiefly marked by a raised portion of integument around
it. The aperture for vision does not exceed 2 inches in the longitu-
‘dinal, and 1 inch in the vertical direction. The eyelids are without
cilia and tarsal cartilages ; they are composed of two horizontal bands
_ of integument, each, in the example from which I describe (viz. a half-
‘grown male), two inches in depth, and connected with each other at
the inner and outer canthus. Between each of the eyelids and the
Dlubber exists a distinct line of separation, marked by a somewhat
‘deep groove, having a duplicature of thin membrane, serving as a
Surface or hinge on which the lids move. At these lines of demar-
cation all integument partaking of the nature of fat ceases, and the
texture of the ¢arsi thus insulated is composed solely of common
skin and cellular and other membranes, together with a dense layer

pe The abstract of this and the concluding part of the Memoir will be
found in the Proceedings for December 27, 1836. :
No. XLVIII.—Procerpines or tur ZooioGican Suciery.

128

of muscular fibres deposited in its centre. The conjunctiva of the lids
is highly vascular, injected with blood, and covered with orifices of
mucous ducts. At the inner canthus of the eye it forms a thick
duplicature, of crescentic form, constituting a rudimental third eye-
lid, not unlike the haw of the horse. The globe of the eye is chiefly
lodged in the soft parts, but little if any of its substance entering
the bony orbit. It is deeply set within the lids, and does not in size
much exceed that of an ox. Its size in an adult female was 24 inches
in the longitudinal, and the same in the vertical direction. ‘The in-
terior or cavity was 13 inch in each of the last-named directions, and
its depth 2rds of an inch only.

«« The globe at its greatest circumference was 74 inches: the trans-
parent cornea at its transverse or broadest diameter measured 1 inch,
and in its vertical or narrowest $ths of an inch. The muscles of the
globe formed a dense mass surrounding the sheath of the optic nerve,
and were inserted in one continuous line over the circumference of
the globe at its greatest convexity.

«The optic nerve before penetrating the sclerotic is continued to
some length. It does not exceed the circumference of a crow’s quill,
but is surrounded by a dense fibrous sheath nearly 4 inches in peri-
meter, and which, where the nerve perforates the globe, terminates
on the posterior surface of the latter. Around the globe and its
muscles much cellular tissue and true fat are deposited. The eyeball
in shape is not a perfect sphere; its anterior and posterior surfaces
are flattened : that portion of the conjunctiva of the globe immediately
surrounding the cornea, and the only portion exposed between the
aperture of the lids, is of an intense black hue. It is possible this
dark portion may be a membrane distinct from the conjunctiva, since
around the extent it occupies, it terminates by an irregular margin,
and is capable of being detached from the conjunctiva, when it presents
the form of a delicate layer of cuticle, with a black pigment deposited
beneath its surface*.

‘“The cornea of the Cachalot is dense, and composed of many
layers; when divided, a small quantity of limpid aqueous humour
flows forth: the anterior chamber of the eye is very limited, and the
crystalline lens projects into it through the pupillary aperture. The
iris is a coarse membrane of a dull-brown colour, with a narrow zone
of lighter hue surrounding its outer margin. Its inner and free margin
is very thin, and embraces the protruding convexity of the lens.

“The lens is small, certainly not exceeding in size that of the human
eye: it forms nearly a perfect sphere: the vitreous humour tolerably
abundant. The retina was spread with beautifully delicate arbo-
rescent vessels, and afforded a small bright spot at the insertion of
the optic nerve. Beneath the retina was spread a ¢apetum of dense
membranous texture, and yellow-green or erugo-green colour. The
sclerotic at its posterior third is thick, fibrous, and resisting, whilst
its anterior third is thin and flexible; no lachrymal apparatus
exists.”

* A slight dark tint around the cornea is not uncommon amongst the
dark-skinned natives of warm countries.

129

In the description of the organs of generation; the cavity in the
head containing the spermaceti; and some more of the soft parts,
Mr. Bennett’s observations coincide with those of Hunter and other
comparative anatomists.

A fetus apparently of mature growth, taken from the abdomen of
a Sperm Whale, measured 14 feet in length and 6 in girth; its
position in the uterus was that of a bent bow.

Mr. Reid brought before the notice of the Meeting a new species
of the genus Perameles, and read a paper giving some account of its
habits, and pointing out its distinguishing characters.

The author states that he was indebted to William Holmes, Esq.,
of Lyon’s Inn, for the opportunity of exhibiting this specimen, which
was brought from Van Diemen’s Land, where these animals are said
to be common. The same species is also found in Western Australia,
and is there called by the natives Dalgheit, and by the colonists the
Rabbit, under which name it is mentioned by Cunningham in his
work on New South Wales. Widdowson, in his account of Van
Diemen’s Land, notices it; but neither of these writers has given.
any description of the animal. From its resemblance to the Rabbit,
Mr. Reid proposes for it the specific name of Lagotis.

PeramEtes Lacotis. Per. griseus, capite, nuchd, et dorso, castaneo
lavatis ; buccis, lateribus colli, scapulis, lateribus, femoribus extus,
cauddque ad basin, pallide castaneis ; mento, guld, pectore, abdo-
mine, extremitatibus intis anticeque, antibrachiis postice, pedi-
busque supra albidis ; antibrachiis externe pallid2 griseis, femo-
ribus extus posticeque saturate plumbeis ; caudd, pilis longis albes-
centibus ad partem basalem, indutd, dein pilis nigris tectd, parte
apicali albd, pilis longis supra ornatd. Vellere longo molli.
Caudd pilis rudis vestitd ; pilis ad pedes brevissimis. Labio su-
periore, buccisque, mystacibus longis sparsis. Auriculis longis,
ovatis, intts nudis, extus pilis brevissimis brunneis,.ad marginem,
albescentibus indutis, pilis ad bases eos plumbeis, apicibus albis
aut castaneis, illis in abdomine omnind albis. Marsupio ventrali
magno, mammis novem, in faciem posticam ; quarum una centra-
lis est, reliquis circumdata, intervallis equalibus, gyrumque faci-
entibus, transversim unciam cum quadrante reddentem.

poll. lin.
Wore capitis sis), ies. os cele 5 3
COPOLIS: |. pam e so eS EL PS 138 0
meee CAAN ER | 56/5) 5 cis gMbtete Sa URIS We Sasi 10 0
—— auricule ......... Ley raar asain, 2 3 10
—— antibrachii ............... of ysl 4eniO
—— pedis antici .............. sage Ps8
emis CHO, Lia )s/. 1s PE AK pera ee he ane
—— pedis postici ...............04. 4 6
— ab auricule basi usque ad oculum . 2 0
ab oculo usque ad nasum ........ 2 8
Latitudo auricule ..............-. 1 9

_ Hab. In Australia Occidentali et in Terra Van Blicyabin:

130

«The ears are long, broad,and ovate, having several semitransparent
dots scattered over their surface (the remains of sebaceous glands).
On the anterior extremity the nails are much elongated ; the second
and third are about 4th of an inch longer than the first; they are
all flattened at the tips, thus furnishing the animal with a very
efficient apparatus for burrowing. The tail offers many differences
from that of the other species of the genus Perameles. ‘The basal
fourth is clothed with hairs about the same length and colour as those
of the body. The middle half is black, the hairs on the upper part
being elongated; the remaining part is white, with a ridge of long
white stiff hairs forming a crest.

«The pouch in this specimen (a female) is large, and has 9 nipples
on its posterior surface; one being placed in the centre, and the
remainder at equal distances form a circle, the diameter of which is
1 inch 3 lines.

«‘The skull is perfect, but the state of the skin was such as totally
to prevent its remoyal, and the description is therefore defective in
particulars concerning the bones of the face. The interparietal and
occipital crests are clearly defined and large. The bulla of the ear
is large, and its shape that of a flattened ovoid. The tympanum was
entire, and on removing it the manubrium of the malleus was found
to be twice the length of its body. The zygomatic arch is imperfect

for about the space of $ an inch. The lower-jaw is slender, with a
salient process at its angle. Dent.: Prim. =, Can. — Mol. spur.

= Mol. ver. =F = 48.
«« The two front superior incisors are nearly a line apart, small, and
quadrangular; a small space intervenes between these and the three
succeeding, which are larger, and placed in a continuous series. The
fourth and fifth incisors are about the same distance from each other
as the two anterior. Posterior to the incisors is a space about 5 lines
in width, for the reception of the inferior canines. The canines are
well developed : another space intervenes between them and the false
molars, which latter are all rather widely separated, of a conical
shape, and have a small tubercle anterior to the body of the tooth.
«« The molars of Perameles, as figured by M. F. Cuvier in his ‘Dents
des Mammiferes,’ consist of two prisms fixed to a slightly curved
base, with the concavity towards the inside of the jaw; but in
this species the molars are quadrangular, havmg had but two sets
of tubercles, and in the present specimen these teeth are worn
down and present a square surface, inclosed by enamel, having a
band of the same running transversely across the middle of the tooth.
The two last molars of the upper jaw approximate so closely, as to
require careful examination to detect the line of separation. ‘The
teeth of the lower jaw, except in number and in the circumstance of

all the incisors forming a continuous series, do not differ from those _

of the upper. When the jaws are closed, the posterior molars of the
upper and lower jaws are in contact.

«A friend of Mr. Gould’s, residing in Western Australia, states that _
these animals are found beyond the mountains of Swan River, nm

131

the district of York. They feed upon large maggots and the roots
of trees, and do considerable damage to the maize and potato crops
_ by burrowing. A specimen kept by him in confinement became in
a few days very docile, but was irritable, and resented the slightest
affront or ill usage. It took bread, which it held in its fore-paws.
_ A-young one to which it gave birth unfortunately escaped, after
being carried in the mother’s pouch for several days.”
. Mr. Reid considers the distinctions between this and the rest of
the species belonging to the genus Perameles so marked, that should
more of the same form be discovered, the above characters would
constitute a subgenus to which the name of Macrotis might be
applied.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a second specimen of Myrmecodius,
and directed the attention of the Meeting to certain differences ex-
isting between it and the one upon which he had founded the cha-
racters of the genus, and described under the specific name of ‘/fas-
ciatus.’

The present animal differs from the one previously described in
having the black and fulvous colouring of the back less decided,
owing to a larger proportion of interspersed white hairs. The fasciz,
instead of being white, are of a yellowish cream-colour, and they also
differ in number and arrangement. Commencing from the tail, the
three first are distinct and uninterrupted, the intermediate spaces
being about 4 an inch in width, black, with white hairs interspersed,
and a few of an ochraceous colour. The fourth is also distinct, but
instead of being continued across the back, it is met by two fasciz
from the opposite side. The two following are continuous, but less
distinct than either of the foregoing. Beyond these, the fascie are
almost obsolete, there being only faint indications of them on the
sides of the body.

The most important distinction, however, exists in the teeth, the
_ present specimen possessing altogether four more molars than the
one brought before the notice of the Society on a previous occasion.
The entire number of teeth is 52, (26 in each jaw), and the 5 posterior .
_ molars are placed closely together, differing in that respect from
_ those of the previously examined specimen.

q The animal was brought from Van Diemen’s Land, and others
_ similar to it were observed scratching at the roots of trees, and
_ feeding upon the insects which are generally abundant in such situ-
_ ations. Their favourite haunts are stated to be the localities in

which the Port Jackson willow is most plentiful.

__. Mr, Waterhouse remarked. that although the differences between
_ the two animals were considerable, yet he did not consider the di-
stinctions such as to justify his characterizing the one then before
the Meeting as a second species.

- A Paper was then read by William. Ogilby, Esq., with a view of
pointing out the characters to which the most importance should be |
_ attached in establishing generic distinctions among the Ruminantia,

132

Mr. Ogilby commences by observing that ‘‘ It has been justly re-
marked by Professor Pallas, that if the generic characters of the Ru-
minantia were to be founded upon the modifications of dentition, in
accordance with the rule so generally applicable to other groups of
Mammals, the greater part of the order would necessarily be comprised
in a single genus; since the number, form, and arrangement of the
teeth being the same in all, except the Camels and Llamas, these
organs consequently afford no grounds of definite or general distinc-
tion. Hence it is that naturalists have been obliged to resort to other
principles to regulate the distribution of ruminating animals ; and the
form, curvature, and direction of the horns, selected for this purpose
at a period when the extremely limited knowledge of species permitted
the practical application of such arbitrary and artificial characters
without any very glaring violation of natural affinities, still continue
to be the only rule adopted by zoologists in this department of Mam-
malogy. The illustrious Illiger forms a solitary but honourable ex-
ception ; he first introduced the consideration of the muzzle and la-
chrymal sinus into the definitions of the genera Antilope, Capra, and
Bos ; but his labours were disregarded by subsequent writers, or his
principles applied only to the subdivision of the genus Antilope. It
is obvious, however, that as the knowledge of new forms and spe-
cies became more and more extensive, the prevailing gratuitous rule
above mentioned, founded as it is upon purely arbitrary characters
which have no necessary relation to the habits and ceconomy, or even
to the general external form, of the animals themselves, would even-
tually involve in confusion and inconsistency the different groups
which were founded upon its application; and such has long been
its acknowledged effect. The genus Antilope, in particular, has be-
come a kind of zoological refuge for the destitute, and forms an in-
congruous assemblage of all the hollow-horned Ruminants, without
distinction of form or character, which the mere shape of the horns
excluded from the genera Bos, Ovis, and Capra; it has thus come to
contain nearly four times as many species as all the rest of the hollow-
horned Ruminants together; so diversified are its forms, and so in-
congruous its materials, that it presents not a single character which
will either apply to all its species, or suffice to differentiate it from
conterminous genera.

«To meet this obvious evil, MM. Lichtenstein, De Blainville, Des-
marest, and Hamilton Smith have applied Illiger’s principles to sub-
divide the artificial genus Antilope into something more nearly ap-
proaching to natural groups; the reform thus effected, however, was
but partial in its operation; the root of the evil still remained un-
touched, for none of these eminent zoologists appears to have been
sufficiently aware of the extremely arbitrary and artificial character
of the principal group itself, which they contented themselves with
breaking up into subgenera, nor of the actual importance and exten-
sive application of the characters which they employed for that pur-
‘pose. By mixing up these characters, moreover, with others of a
secondary and less important nature, the benefit which might have
been expected from their labours has been, in a great measure, neu-

133

tralized ; and even the subdivisions which they have introduced into
the so-called genus Antilope, are less definite and comprehensive than
they might otherwise have been made.

“The truth is, however, that the presence or absence of horns in
one or both sexes; the substance and nature of these organs, whether
solid or concave, permanent or deciduary ; the form of the upper lip,
whether thin and attenuated as in the goat, or terminating in a broad
heavy naked muzzle as in the Ox; and the existence of lachrymal
sinuses and interdigital pores, are the characters which really influ-
ence the habits and ceconomy of ruminating animals, and upon
which, consequently, their generic distinctions mainly depend. These,
with the assistance, in a very few instances, of such accessory cha-

_ racters as the superorbital and maxillary glands, the number of teats,
and the existence of inguinal pores, are sufficient in all cases to de-
fine and characterize the genera with the strictest reference to logical
precision and zoological simplicity. It is not my intention to discuss
the value of these characters, or to state the reasons which mduced
me to adopt them in preference to those more generally employed in
this department of Mammalogy ; these will form the subject of a
future communication, and I shall content myself for the present
with observing, that the presence or absence of horns in the females
regulates, in a great measure, the social intercourse of the sexes,
that upon the form of the lips and muzzle, the only organs of touch
and prehension among the Ruminantia, depend the nature of the food
and habitat, making the animal a grazer or a browser, as the case may
be; and that the existence or nonexistence of interdigital glands,
_ the use of which appears to be to lubricate the hoofs, has a very ex-
tensive influence upon the geographical distribution of the species ;
confining them to the rich savannah and the moist forest, or enabling
_ them to roam over the arid mountain, the parched karroo, and the
_ burning desert.

“Having thus briefly explained the necessity of reforming the
characters of the different groups of the Order Ruminantia, as they
are at present constituted, and the nature and value of the principles
which I propose to employ for that purpose, I shall at once proceed
to their practical application, confidently anticipating that their
employment will remove the most serious objections which exist
against the present distribution of the order, and place our knowledge
of these interesting animals, in point of scientific accuracy, precision,
and affinity, on a par with the more generally cultivated departments
of zoology.

Fam. I. Came .ip#.

Pedes subbisulci, subtis callosi, digitis apice solo distinctis; un-
gule succenturiate null; cornua nulla; dentes primores supra
duo, infra sex.

_ 2 Genera.
1, Cametus, cujus characteres sunt :
Digiti conjuncti, immobiles.

134

Rostrum chilomate instructum, labro fisso.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.

Fosse interdigitales nulle.

Folliculi inguinales nulli.

Mamme quatuor.

2. AUCHENIA:
Digiti disjuncti, mobiles.
Rostrum chilomate instructum, labro fisso.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales mulli.
Mamme due.

“The Camelide form what Mr. MacLeay would call an aberrant
group; they differ essentially from other Ruminants in the structure
both of the organs of locomotion and of mastication, and their ge-
neric distinctions consequently depend upon characters which have
no application to the remaining groups of the order. On the other
hand, the principles of generic distribution which subsist among the
rest of the Ruminantia appear to furnish negative characters only
when applied to the Camelide ; but though necessarily expressed
negatively, the absence of lachrymal, inguinal, and interdigital sinuses
forms, in reality, positive and substantial characters, and as such, as
well as for the sake of uniformity, should be introduced into the de-
finition of these, as well as of other genera, in which they unavoid-
ably appear under a negative form.

Fam. II. Crervipz.

Pedes bisulci ; cornua solida, plerimque decidua, in mare solo, aut
in utroque sexu ; dentes primores supra nulli, infra octo.

6 Genera.
1. CaMELOPARDALIS.
Cornua in utroque sexu, perennia, simplicia, cute obducta.
Rhinaria nulla. .
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Duo species sunt C. Zthiopicus et C. Capensis.

2. Taranpvs.
Cornua in utroque sexu, subpalmata, decidua.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales exigui.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Tarandus Rangifer (Cervus Tarandus).

ee ae

— =

es SS ee,

135

3. Axczs.
Cornua in mare solo, palmata, decidua.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales exigui.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Alces Machlis (Cervus Alces).
4. Cervus.
Cornua in mare solo, ramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typi sunt C. Elaphus et C. Saumer aut Hippelaphus, Cuv.
5. Caprea.
Cornua in mare solo, subramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria distincta.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est C. Capreolus.

6. Prox.
Cornua in mare solo, subramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymales maximi, mobiles.
Sinus duo supraorbitales ad basin cormuum, magni, mobiles.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatnor.

Typus est Prox Moschatus (Cervus Muntjac).

Fam. III. Moscuipz.

Pedes bisulci; cornua nulla; denics primores supra nulli, infra
octo.

2 Genera.
1. Moscuvus.

Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.

Typus est Moschus Moschiferus.

2. Ixanus?
Rhinaria nulla.

136

Sinus lachrymales exigui, distincti.
Fosse interdigitales null.
Folliculi inguinales exigui.
Mamme due.
Typus est Izalus Probaton, Proc. Zool. Soc., Part IV. page 119.

“The genus Jvalus, founded upon the observation of a single spe-
cimen, may eventually prove to belong to a different family ; it differs
little, indeed, from the true Antelopes: but even supposing it to
be correctly placed among the Moschida, other forms are still want-
ing to fill up the chasms which evidently exist among the characters
of that group. Two are more especially indicated, and our know-
ledge of the laws of organic combination and of the constituent parts
of other groups, gives us every reason to believe in their actual
existence, and to anticipate their discovery. They will be character-
ized nearly as follows, and will probably be found, one in the tropical
forests of the Indian Archipelago, and the other on the elevated table
lands of Mexico or South America.

Hinnvtvs.
Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymales distincti.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.

CapREOLvs.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales parve ?
Folliculi inguinales ?
Mamme due.

‘It may appear a bold, perhaps a presumptuous undertaking, thus
to predict the discovery of species, and define the characters of
genera, of whose actual existence we have no positive knowledge ;
but, as already remarked, all the analogies of hature, whether derived
from organic combination or from the constituent members of similar
groups, are in favour of the supposition ; and I may observe further,
that the recent discovery of the genus Ivalus, if indeed it eventually
prove to be a genus, of which I had long previously defined the
characters, as I have here done for the presumed genera Hinnulus
and Capreolus, strengthens my belief in the actual existence of these
forms, and increases the probability of their future discovery.

Fam. IV. Capripz.

Pedes bisulci; cornua cava, persistentia; rhinaria nulla; dentes
primores supra nulli, infra octo.

137
7 Genera.
1. Mazama.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales distinctz.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.

Mamme quatuor.
Typus est M. Furcifer (Antilope Furcifer).

2. Manpoaua.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales distincti.
Fosse interdigitales distincte.
Folliculi inguinales mulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est M. Saliiana (Ant. Saltiana et Hemprichii).

3. ANTILOPE.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fosse interdigitales maxime.
Folliculi inguinales maximi.
Mamme due.
4 Typus est 4. Cervicapra.

4, GazELLa.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fosse interdigitales maxime.
Folliculi inguinales maximi.
Mamme due.
Typus est Gazella Dorcas (Ant. Dorcas).

5. Ovis.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales exigui, immobiles.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme due.
Typus est Ovis Aries.

6. Capra.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme due.
Typus est Capra Hircus. Ad hoc genus pertinent Ovis Tragelaphus,
et Antilope Lanigera aut Americana, Auct.
7. OviBos.

Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.

138

Fosse interdigiiales?

Folliculi inguinales wulli.

Mamme quatuor.
Typus Ovibos Moschatus.

Fam. V. Bovip.

Pedes bisulci; cornua cava, persistentia ; rhinaria distincta, nuda ;
dentes primores supra nuili, infra octo.
9 Genera.
1. Tracutus.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Glandule mazillares oblonge.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales wulli.
Mamme quatuor.

Typus est T. Pygmeus (dat. Pygmea).

2. SYLVICAPRA.
Cornua in mare solo.
Glandule mazillares oblonge. .
Fosse interdigitales parve.
Folliculi inguinales distincti.
Mamme quatuor.

Typus est S. Mergens (Ant. Mergens).

3. TRAGELAPHUS.

Cornua in mare solo.

Sinus lachrymales magni.

Fosse interdigitales distincte.

Folliculi inguinales nulli.

Mamme quatuor.

Typus est T. Hippelaphus (Ant. Picta) ; the Neel-ghae, and not

the Saumer Deer of India, as I shall show elsewhere, is the animal
described by Aristotle under the name of Hippelaphus.

4, CALLIoPE.
Coraua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales distinct.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Calliope Sirepsiceros (Ant. Strepsiceros).

5. Kemas.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Kemas Ghoral (Ant. Goral),

139

6. CapRIcoRNIs.
Cornua in utroque sexu,
Sinus lachrymales magni.
Fosse interdigitales distinct.
. Folliculi inguinales nalli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est C. Thar (Ant. Thar, Hodg.).

7. Busaus.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales exigui, distincti.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales-nulli.
Mamme due.
Typus est Bubalus Mauritanicus (Ant. Bubalus).

8. Oryx.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fosse interdigitales magne.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Species sunt O. Capensis (Ant. Oryx), Leucoryx, Leucophea, &c.

9. Bos.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymates nulli.
Fesse@ interdigitales nulle.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamme quatuor.
Typus est Bos Taurus.

“LT have here confined myself strictly to generic characters; the

- synonyma and discrimination of species will form the subject of a

future monograph ; in the mean time, with the assistance of the Ar-

_ ticle An7ELorx in the Penny Cyclopzdia, or, with the proper cor-

rections, of Col. Smith’s Treatise on the Ruminants in the fourth
volume of Griffith’s Translation of the ‘ Régne Animal,’ the student
will have no difficulty in referring any particular species to its appro-
priate genus. He will thus be enabled to judge of the correctness or
incorrectness of the affinities here indicated, and consequently to form
a tolerable estimate of the value of the characters by which I propose
to distinguish the genera of ruminating animals; and indeed it is
principally from the wish to excite the attention of zoologists to
more extensive observation than I myself possess, that I have been
induced to publish the present analysis of my own investigations in
this department of Mammalogy.”

Mr. Gould exhibited numerous examples of the genus Strir (as
at present restricted), from numerous parts of the globe, including
three undescribed species from Australia, which he characterizes as

. follows:

140

Srrix castanops. Str. disco fasciali castaneo, ad marginem satu-
ratiore, et nigro circumdato; corpore supra alis cauddque lete
rufo-brunneis, plumis singulis fasciis latis saturate brunneis, dis-
pariter ornatis ; capite humerisque maculis sparsis minutis albis ;
corpore infra flavescenti-brunneo ; lateribus colli corporisque gut-
tis nigris sparse ornatis ; femoribus tibiisque flavo-brunneis pedi-
bus flavescentibus ; rostro flavo-fusco.

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 15; caude, 7; tarsi, 3}.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen.

This is the largest known species of the restricted genus Striz, of

which the common Barn Owl is a typical example.

Starx Cyctors. Str. disco fasciali albo, venusté annulo saturate
brunneo, circumdato ; corpore supra albo ; dorso humerisque pal-
lidé stramineis, aiiceies brunneis et albis ‘Tentiginosis ; primariis,
fasciis alternis stramineis brunneisque ; pogoniis externis apici-
busque lineis brunneis rectis, frequentibus, et retortis ; caudd albd
fasciis brunneis ; interstitiis albis brunneo crebre guttatis, corpore
infra albo, maculis brunneis ; femoribus tarsisque albis ; pedibus
flavo-fuscis ; rostro livido.

Long. tot. 15 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 113; caude, 53; tarsi, 23.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

This is one of the most beautiful species of the genus.

Srrix peicatutus. Str. disco fasciali albo, margine stramined
circumdato ; corpore supra pallidé cano-fusco, flavo tincto, notis
nigricantibus et albidis intermiztis delicatulis frequentibusque
ornato ; alis pallide fulvis, fasciis lineisque rectis retortis, pallide
brunneis ; primariis ad apicem guttd albd notatis ; caude rectri-
cibus quoad colorem remiges fingentibus at guttd apicali albd ob-
scuriore ; corpore infra albo ; pectore lateribusque maculis brunnes-
centibus sparse notatis ; femoribus tibiisque albis ; pedibus flaves-
centibus rostro livido.

Long. tot. 14 unc.; rostri, 1}; ale, 11; caude, 4; tarsi, 23.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

This species in some respects very closely resembles the common

British Owl, St. flammea ; but it has a longer bill, and is considerably
smaller.

——

141

December 27th, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

The remainder of M. F. Cuvier’s Paper on the Jerboas and Ger-
billas was read.

M. Cuvier commences this memoir with observing that his atter-
tion has been particularly directed to the Rodentia, with a view of
arriving at a natural classification of the numerous species composing
that order, among which considerable confusion had hitherto pre-
vailed, particularly in the genera Dipus and Gerbillus, the relations
of which to other allied groups have been but very imperfectly un-
derstood by previous writers.

The species included in the genus Dipus have been formed by
M. Lichtenstein into three divisions, which are distinguished by the
absence and number of rudimentary toes upon the hind feet. In the
first section are placed those with three toes, all perfectly formed ; in
the second, those with four, one of which is rudimentary ; and in the
third, those with five, two of these being rudimentary. M. Cuvier
states that he is unacquainted with the second division of M. Lich-
tenstein, but in the examination of the species belonging to the first,
in addition to the absence of rudimentary toes, he finds they are also
distinguished from those of the third by the form of the teeth, and
the osteological characters of the head. These points of difference
he considers of sufficient importance to justify his making a distinct
genus for the Jerboas with five toes, adopting the name Allactaga,
given by Pallas to a species, as the common generic appellation.

“ We know,” observes M. Cuvier, “‘ that the three principal toes
of the Allactagas, as well as the three only toes of the Jerboas, are
articulated to a single metatarsal bone, and that the two rudimentary
toes of the first genus have each their metatarsal bone; whence: it
results that the penultimate segment of the foot is composed of three
bones in the Allactagas, and of one only in the Jerboas. The incisors
of the Allactagas are simple, whilst those in the upper-jaw of the
Jerboas are divided longitudinally by a furrow. The molars of the
latter genus are complicated in form, and but little resemble those of
the former. They are four in number in the upper-jaw, and three in
the lower, but the first in the upper is a small rudimentary tooth,
which probably disappears in aged individuals.”

The structure of the grinding teeth is then described in detail, and
illustrated by drawings which accompanied the paper.

“The general structure of the head of the Allactagas and Jerboas
is evidently the same, and is characterized by the large size of the
cranium, the shortness of the muzzle, and above all by the magnitude
of the suborbital foramina. The cranium of the Jerboa is distin-
guished by its great breadth posteriorly resulting from the enormous
development of the tympanic bone, which extends beyond the occi-

142 =

pital posteriorly and laterally as far as the zygomatic arch, which
is by no means the case in the Allactagas, where all the osseous parts
of the ear are of moderate dimensions. Another differential character
between the two genera, is presented by the maxillary arch, which
circumscribes externally the suborbital foramina, and which, in the
Allactagas, may be said to be linear, and presenting a very limited
surface for the attachment of muscles. Lastly, we may note a dif-
ference in the relative development of the jaws, the lower being com-
paratively much shorter in the Allactagas than in the Jerboas.”

The author then proceeds to describe a new species of Allactaga,
a native of Barbary, for which he proposes the name of A. arundinis.
Its length from the origin of the tail to the end of the muzzle, 5 inches;
length of the tail,5 inches and 2 or 3 lines; of the ears, 1 inch; length
of the tarsi from the heel to the extremity of the toes, 22 lines. All
the upper parts of the body are of a beautiful greyish yellow, with
yellowish sides and tail of the same colour, terminated by a tuft of a
blackish brown at its origin, and white at the extremity. The sides
of the cheek, the ventral surface of the body, and the internal limbs
are white; large brown moustaches adorn the sides of-the muzzle.
The incisors are white and entire, the ears almost naked.

M. Cuvier next proceeds to consider the characters and affinities
of the genera Gerbillus and Meriones, and enters into a critical ex-
amination of all the species referred to that group. To these he adds
another species, the habits of which he details, and describes at length
under the name of G. Burtoni. The species which he thus includes
are, Ist, G. Egyptiacus, syn. Dipus Gerbillus, Meriones quadrima-
culatus, Ehrenberg; 2nd, Gerbillus pyramidum, syn. Dipus pyramidum
Geoff., Meriones robustus Rupp. ; 3rd, G. pygargus, syn. Meriones
Gerbillus, Rupp.; 4th, G. Nidicus, syn. Dipus Nidicus, Hardwicke ;
5th, G. Africanus, syn. Meriones Schlegelii Smutz., G. Afra Gray ;
6th, G. brevi-caudatus ; 7th, G. Otaria; 8th, G. Burtoni. The author
enters into detailed descriptions of each of these species from original
specimens. M. Cuvier lastly considers the affinities of the Gerbillas
and Allactagas to the Gerboas, and concludes that the Gerbillas have
a much nearer affinity to the Muride.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting all the species from which the
drawings had been taken for the first part of his new work on the
Birds of Australia, among which were several new and very remark-
able forms. The following hitherto undescribed genera and species
were named and characterized.

Ocyrrerus surerciLiosus. Oc. facie, guld, pectoreque nigrescenti-
griseis ; lined superciliari albd ad basin rostri excurrente ; summo
capite, corpore superiore alisque fuliginosis ; abdomine crissoque
castaneis ; rectricibus griseo-fuliginosis, ad apicem albescentibus,
intermediis duabus exceptis ; rostro plumbeo, ad apicem nigro ;
pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tot. 7 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 4}; caude, 3; tarsi, }.

Hab. In Noya Cambria Australi.

a es

Rer>

143

VaNnGa CINEREA. Mas, Vang. capite et nuchd nigris loro albo ; dorso,
humeris et uropygio griseis ; tectricibus caude albis, rectricibus
caude nigris, interne ad apicem albis, duabus intermediis exceptis,
secondariis in medio, tectricibus majoribus, guld et corpore subtis,
albis ; rostro ad busin plumbeo, ad apicem nigro ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 124 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 6; caude, 5%; tarsi, 14.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen.

Vanea niGRrocutaris. Mas. Vang. capite, collo, et pectore nigris ;
torque nuchali, ptilis, pteromatum strigd longitudinali, dorso imo,
uropygio, abdomine, crisso, rectricumque lateralium apicibus albis ;
rectricibus duabus, intermediis omnino nigris; rostro ad basin
plumbeo in nigrum transeunte ; pedibus nigris.

Foem. vel mas jun.? Partibus que in mare nigris in hoc cinerascenti-
brunneis, vittd occipitali fer? ubsoletd ; guld pectoreque fulvo
brunneis ; partibus reliquis ut in mare adulto.

Long. tot. 13} unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 7; caude, 6: tarsi, 1}.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

STRUTHIDEA.

Rostrum validum, robustum, tumidum, supra arcuatum, altitudine
latitudinem excellente; gonyde angulato; naribus rotundatis
opertis; mandibul4 inferiore ad basin incrassatd, et in genas
pereunte ; ale mediocres, rotundate ; remige primo brevi, quarto
et quinto longissimis, remigibus secundariis elongatis et latis ;
tarsi mediocri longitudine et robusti, antic scutellati, posticé
plani; digitis subvalidis ; pollice medio digito breviore et va-
lidiore.

SrrRuTHipEA CINEREA. Struth. capite, collo, partibusque corporis
inferioribus griseis ; singulis plumis ad marginem pallidioribus ;
alis brunneis ; rectricibus caude nigris, metallic? viridi nitentibus ;
rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 114 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 5}; caude, 6: tarsi, 12,

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

TROPIDORHYNCHUS CITREOGULARIS. Trop. summo capite, dorso,
uropygio, alis, cauddque brunneis, his pallidioribus 3 pogoniis ex-
ternis remigum secundariorum olivaceo marginatis ; caudd ad
apicem grised ; nuchd ac lateribus colli albescenti-griseis ; mandi-
buld inferiori ad basin notdque nudd pone oculos ceruleis 3 guld

_ et lateribus pectoris citreis ; abdomine pallid? griseo; rostro
nigro ; pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tot. 10} unc.; rostri, 11; ale, 5}; caude, 41; tarsi, 14.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

Metipnaca penicitiata. Mel. facie plumisque auricularibus fla-
vidis ; pone has penicilld sericed alba oriente ; corpore superiore
Alavescenti-griseo ; pogoniis remigum ezternis latioribus 3 Corpore

__ subtis pallid? brunnescenti-cinereo ; rostro pedibusque brunneis,

Long. tot. 64 unc. ; rostri, §; ale, 3; caude, 3; tarsi, £.

Hab, In Nova CambriA Australi.

144

Meurpuaga sericea. Mel. summo capite, guld, et regione circa
oculos nigris ; strigd frontali albd supra oculos tendente ; penicilld
pilosd alba, genas auresque tegente ; dorso brunnescenti-cinereo,
longitudinaliter nigro striato ; corpore subtis albo singulis plumis
in medio longitudinaliter nigris ; alis brunnescenti-nigris, pogoniis
remigum externis, let? flavidis ; rectricibus caude brunneis, pogo-
niis ad marginem flavescentibus ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 64 unc.; rostri, £; ale, 2%; caude, 23; tarsi, Z.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

Hamatoprs.

Rostrum capite brevius, levitér arcuatum, acutum, sine denticulo
ad apicem; compressiusculum : naribus longitudinalibus, et
operculo tectis, setis nullis ad rictum: ale mediocres, remige
primo brevi, tertio et quarto feré zqualibus et longissimis :
caudd mediocri, equali vel leviter forficata: tarsi mediocres,
sub validi halluce et ungue, digitum medium et unguem zequan-
tibus; digitis externis longitudine paribus; nevi sanguinolenti
supra oculos.

Hamaroprs vauipirostris. . Hem. summo capite splendid? nigro,
vittd occipitali albd, pone oculos oriente ; plumis auricularibus,
mento, et nuchd nigris ; summo corpore olivaceo, griseo lavato ;
uropygio rectricumque pogoniis externis letioribus ; alis brunneis,
olivaceo leviter tinctis; guld albd, corpore subtis brunnescenti-
griseo; rostro nigro, et ad apicem depressiusculo ; pedibus
carnosis.

Long. tot. 6} unc.; rostri, }; ale, 33; caude, 3; tarsi, $.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen.

Hezmators Guiaris. ‘Hem. summo capite nigro, vittd occipitali
albd pone oculos oriente ; plumis auricularibus et nuchd nigris ;
dorso et uropygio aurato-olivaceis ; alis cauddque brunneis ; guld
cinerascenti-albd, strigd nigrd per mediam partem tendente ; cor-
pore subtits cinerascenti-brunneo ; rostro nigro ; pedibus pallide
brunneis.

Long. tot. 6 unc.; rostri, $; ale, 33; caude, 2%; tarsi, §.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

NrEomMorRPHA.

Rostrum longitudine caput excellens ad latera compressum, arcu-

atum, corneum, solidum, acutum ad apicem denticulo ; nares

operte, in sulco basali; carina mandibule superioris in pontem

tendente ; Jingua dura, gracilis, ad apicem setosa; anguli oris

carunculis carneis pendentibus conferti; ale ; pedes
; cauda corpus longitudine zquans.

Neomorpna Acuttrostris. Neom. rostro gracili, elongato, arcuato,
colore corneo, in plumbeum ad basin transeunte ; carunculis lete
aurantiacis ; corpore toto nigro ; caudd large ad apicem alba.

Long. tot. 163 unc. ; rostri, 34; ale, —; caude, 7; tarsi, —.

——— +, ee

145

NxeomorpHa cRassirostris. Neom. rostro subarcuato, valido,
acuto, corneo colore, in plumbeum ad basin transeunte ; corpore
nigro; caudd large ad apicem albd.

Long. tot. 173 unc.; rostri, 23; ale,—; cauude, 73; tarsi, —.

Remark. It is to be regretted that the only examples known of

both these species are imperfect, wanting the feet and the greater
portion of the wings: they form a part of the Zoological Society’s
collection, and were obtained from the captain of a vessel, who had
received them from a native chief in New Zealand.

Popicers cutaris. Pod. summo capite, et nuchd, intense nigres-
centi-brunneis, olivaceo lavatis ; gutture genisque nigris ; strigd
castaned pone oculos oriente et per latera colli excurrente ; corpore
supra nigrescenti-brunneo ; tectricibus ale secundariis albo mar-
ginatis, hoc colore vittam transversam faciente ; collo imo, pectore
et corpore subtis argenteo-griseis, hoc colore in brunneum ad la-
tera transeunte ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 10 unc. ; rostro, 14; ale, 4}; tarsi, 14.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

Popvicers Nestor. Pod. capite plumis elongatis sericeis albis in-
duto ; gutture et occipite nigris ; corpore supra intense brunneo,
subtis argenteo-griseo, ad latera brunneo lavato ; rostro nigro ad
apicem pallidiore ; tarsis olivaceo-nigris.

Long. tot. 9 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 44; tarsi, 13.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen et in Nova Cambria Australi.

CaLopErRa.*

Rostrum validum, arcuatum, capite brevius, naribus basalibus rotun-
datis, feré apertis, mandibula superiore ad apicem levitér inden-
tata marginibus sulcatis; margine mandibule inferioris in sul-
cum superioris recepto; ales mediocres, remige primo brevissimo;
tarsi validi, antrorsim scutellati, pollice cum digito interno con-
juncto, héc ejusque ungue, validis, at medio digito ungueque,
brevioribus ; ungues incurvati et acuti; cauda mediocris, penitis

zqualis.

* The species belonging to the genus Calodera, are characterized at page 106.

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= INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed
in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which

“novel information is given, in Italics :

those of species respecting which

' Anatomical Observations are made, in Capirats.

7 Page.
Actinodura, n. ge, Gould. ......04+ 17
Egertoni, Gould. 18
DE LL: cpnanashamcenaninn atid Sik » » 185

Allactaga, n. g.; F. Cuvier... 141

arundinis, F. Cuvier.... 142

- Amadina Castanotis, Gould ...... 105
4 cincta, Gould............ 105
modesta, Gould. BRC 105

ruficauda, Gould ...... 106

Anas marmorata, Tem.........+0.- 59

Anthropoides presen ps Bechst. 30

Antilope, Pall. soe cissseeeeseeeeees

a adenota, H. Smith ...... 1038
Cervicapra, Pall......... 34
Eurycerus, Ogilb......... 120
Forfex, H. Smith ...... 103
hob, Ogilb. .....0....0.008 102
Koba, Ogilb.. ....00++. ee. 102
Korrigum, Ogilb......... 103

montana, Riipp. ......... 3
palnata, H. Smith......
Philantomba, Ogilb. ...
Sumatrensis Desm. ...... 121
Onis, n. g-, Gould...ccisseeeeees 73

fusca, Gould..,........006+ 73

_ marginata, Gould ...... 73
{rgonauta Argo, Linn. ......... 102
; hians, Lam..........0.+ 22
rufa, Owen ..... La TWN 23

Muchenia, Ul. c....cccsssecsereees 134
10 D Linn......... eee eee eeeeeesaseees 139
balus, n. ¢., Ogilb Ris cnesnes 139
duli inus Cric toni, Brod. ......... 44
inflatus, Brod. . Wi... 40
pusio, Brod........0....605 45

» Te gy Ogilb........0e.000 138

sy Gould ........c00e 145

maculata, Gould ...... 106
alyptorhynchus Naso, Gould... 106

No
Camelopardalis, Linn. ............. 134
Giraffa, Linn. ... 9

Camelus, Linn, ......0..cecesseceees 1338
Canis Himalaicus, Ogilb. ......... 163
Capra, Linn. .......scceeeseceeees -- 137
Caprea, n. g., Ogilb. ...c0..se.e000 135
Capreolus, Nn. g., Ogilb... WD, ca ckoans 136
Capricornis, n. g., Ogilb. ........ 139
Capros Aper, La Cep. .........006 54
Cephalopoda ...... sUspbestienteaueue 19

Cercoleptes brachyotus, Mart. ... 83
megalotus, Mart. ... 83

Cerous,. Linn......553. .testeevaccs... . 135
Aristotelis, Cuv.......s-00. 89
Barhaiya, Hodg............ 46
Muntjac, Gmel........ «eee 66

Charadrius Morinellus, Linn... 1
Chironectes Yapock, Desm....... 56
Colluricincla fusca, Gould......... 6
Conus Adamsonii, Brod. ......... 44

Corvus curvirostris, Gowld......... 18
pectoralis, Gould ......... 18
Coryruaix Burrontt, Vaill....... 32
Cracticus fuliginosus, Gould...... 106
hypoleucus, Gould...... 100
Cranchia Bonelliana, Fér......... 20
cardioptera, Peron...... 26

minima, Fér. ............ 20

scabra, Leach *......... 20

Crax rubra, Linn. ........00000008. 1
Cursorius rufus, Gould ..... STA Tree.
Cynictis MELANURUS, Mart. ... 56
Cynogale, n. g., Gray ...... eeseee 88
Bennettii, Gray ...... 88

Cyprinus carpio, Linn............. 109
Dicuo.opuus cristatus, Ill...... 29
Dipodidze .Ja0i32. cave. 127
Dipus, Schreb. ........++. Wedbsasee 141

Edolius Chrishna, Gould ......... 5

148 INDEX,

Page

Kdolius grandis, Gould..........+. 5
Rangoonensis, Gould ... 5
viridescens, Gould ....... 6
Emberiza cinerea, Sérickl.......... 99
EnHYDRA MARINA, Flem. ......... 59
Felis Diardi, Cuv. ..cceccccssceeees 107
marmorata, Mart. ......0.. 107
Tigris, Linn, ...ccseeseeeseeeee 123
Fringilla serinus, Linn. ....++++0++ 59
Gallinago heterura, Hodg. ...... 8
media, Ray «secrseceeee 8
nemoricola, Hodg. ... 8

solitaria, Hodg.......... 8

Gallinula ventralis, Gowld......... 85
Gazella, n. g., Oilb.....receeseeee 137
Geocichla rubicola, Gould......... 7
Gerbillus, Desm...sescccccsssssesees 141
Glaucus hexapterygius, Cuv....... 113
Gnathodon, Gray ..seceeleeeecevere 104
Gnathostoma, n. g., Owen......... 125
SPINIGERUM, Owen 125

Hematops, n. g., Gould ...... éesid44
gularis, Gould......... 144
validirostris, Gould... 144

Haliatus albicilla, Sav.........06 70 49

Herpestes brachyurus, Gray ... 88
Hinnulus, n. gs, Ogilb. ......0c000

Ixalus, n. g., Ogilb. ..cccseeeseceee 135
Probaton, Ogilb.....s..0.008 119

Ixos leucotis, Govld .......0.00068- 6
Kemas, n. g., Ogilb. .. ...... fF... 138
Kittacincla, n. g., Gould ......... 7
Lepus Californica, Gray .......+. 88
Douglasii, Gray.........00s 88
longicaudata, Gray ...... 88
Loligo corolliflora, Til. .........44. 21
laticeps, Owen .......-40+ 20
Pealit, Leach.....0....0.00+ 21
Macropus penicillatus, Gray...... 41
Macroramphus griseus, Leach... 1
Mactra Sprengleri, Linn.......... 104
Madoqua, n. g., Ogilb. ....000e0008 137
Mazama, n. g., Ogilb. ......00.++. 187
Meliphaga penicillata, Gould ... 143
sericea, Gould......... 144

Meriones, Ill.......+.- sedis b neu ea. eh?
Micetes.seniculus, Desm. ......... 25
Moschus, Linn. «0.2066 s.seescseceees 135
Americanus, Linn....... 66
delicatulus, Shaw. .....+ 66
fulviventer, Gray ...... 65
Griffithii, Fisch.......... 66
Javanicus, Gmel.. ...... 64

Kanchil, Raffcccccccese 64

Meminna, Linn... 68

Moschus Moschiferus, Linn....... 63
pygmeus, Linn. ......... 66
Stanleyanus, Gray...... 65

Mulinia, n. g., Gray ....ssceceeeee . 104

Myrmecobius, n. g., Waterhouse. 69

fasciatus, Waterh. 69, 132
Neomorpha, n. g., Gould ......... 145

acutirostris, Gould...

crassirostris, Gould..

Ocropon Cumriner, Benn.

Octopus semipalmatus, Owen ... 22

Ocypterus superciliosus, Gould... 142
DoythOe vice eveeedsenaetaerenses sae 121
Cranchii, Leach ......... 19%
Orpheus modulator, Gould ...... 6
Ortyx ocellatus, Gould ..........4. 75
Oryx, n..9., Ogilbd., «0% -dbapadity «. 139
Ovibos, De Blainv..........0-.se000. 137
Ovis, Linn. ...... Soxsanwenebes caste sal 137 ©
Oxyura Australis, Gould ......... 85
Paradoxornis, n. g., Gould» ...... 17

flavirostris, Gould. 17
Paradoxurus leucomystax, Gray. 88
Perameles Lagotis, Reid .........
Petroica Phoenicea, Gould.........
PHALANGISTA VULPINA, Cuv. ..: 2

PuascoLarctos ruscus, Desm,.. 109
Puascotomys Womsar, Per....,.. 49
Physeter macrocephalus, La Cep. 127 _
Pipra,.squalida, Burton ............ 113°
Plyctolophus productus, Gould... 19
Podiceps gularis, Gould............ 145 —
Nestor, Gould © ......... 145
Porpita ......04 Rae > eee 116
Prionites cceruliceps, Gould ...... 18 |
Prox, n. g., Ogilb......4 "Cu Ee 135 _
Psittacus augustus, Vig..........4. 80
Pteromys Guildingii, Vig.......... 80
albiventer, Gray ...... 88
Leachii, Gray ......... 8
melanotis, Gray ...... 8
Purpura Gravesii, Brod............ 440
Rostellaria pes Pelicani, Lam.... 46
Sciurus Douglasii, Gray ......... 88
Scolopax Rusticola, Linn.......... a

Scytalopus, n. g., Gould. .......... 89
albogularis, Gould.... 90

fuscus, Gould ......... 89

Simia Morio, Owen ...... abst 0
Satyrus, Linn........4... ooo ON
Trociopyres, Linn...... 41
Wurmbii, Fisch. .2........4. 91
Spondylus albidus, Brod. ......... 46
Strix castinops, Gould, ...6....006+ 140
Cyclops, Gould ...ssseeeees 140

INDEX, 149

Page. Page.

x delicatulus, Gould ......... 140 Troglodytes leucogastra, Gould . 89

thidea, n. g., Gould ..... eee 148 Magellanicus, Gould 88

— cinerea, Gould ...... 143 | Trogon pavoninus, Spix .......... 12

Sylvia brevirostris, Strickl......... 98 resplendens, Gould ...... 12
Sylvicapra, n. g., Ogilb.......... +» 138 | Tropidorhynchus _ citreogularis,

Tamatia bicincta, Gould ......... 80 GOUDs .Sisdeccunee ponaetaduaes dete:

andus, n. g., Ogilb. ........050. 135 | Tubularia gracilis, Harv. ...... ww. =54

estudo Indica, Linn. ............ 59 indivisa, Ellis ......... 54

Thryothorus guttatus, Gould...... 89 | Turdus macrourus, Lath. ......... 7

iqua Fernandi, Burton......... 62 | Vanga cinerea, Gould ............ 143

79 nigrogularis, Gould ...... 143

79 | Velella limbosa, Lam. ............ 79

wisddes 109 | Vespertilionid@ ........2ccc00000.00. 46

-». 188 | Voluta Beckii, Brod. ............ 43

59 concinna, Brod. ............ 43

63 | Vultur Papa, Linn. ............... 107

Zosterops albogularis, Gould ... 75
tenuirostris, Gould ... 76

THE END.

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LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

AzsorT, K. E., Esq. page
Letter announcing a donation of Birds’ Skins from Erze-
FOUM Fe Tee eee eee ee OES FO

ApaAmsoy, Rev. J.
Letter acknowledging the receipt of the Society’s Transae-
tions at the South African Literary and Scientific Institution 15

Autis, T., Esq.
Letter addressed to Mr. Gould respecting the Sclerotic
Ring in the Podargus...cucveesccesvevevess 67

Barry, Dr. M.
Exhibition of a living specimen of the Proteus anguinus . 107

Bett, T., Esq.
Observations on the Genus Galictis, and the description of
a New Species (Galictis Allamandi) ....... coense 45

_ Bennett, F. De Bett, Esq.

; On the Natural History of the Spermaceti Whale (Phy-

seler macrocephalus) ss... serecessees «++ 37,39
On marine Noctiluee ...... 0 6) 60 0 0 & 6, Oi a

_ Bennett, G., Esq.

: Observations on the Phosphorescence of the Ocean, made

during a voyage from England to Sydney .......... 1
Observations on Physalia pelagica ............. 48

_ Bryrs, Mr. E.
On the Osteology of the Great Auk (Alea impennis).. . 122

: Bonaparrs, C. L. (Prince of Musignano).
; Exhibition of a Lithographic Print of the Gigantic Sala-
BRBUISICD < . 6 664 0 a WSs eee A be Ee OG

a7 7
: i

Bonaparte, C. L. (Prince of Musignano).
On the Habits of the Long-tailed Trogon (Trogon re-

splendens, Gould) .... - te Cee Re Me
Description of new or interesting Birds from South America
and Mexico.....-+-++-- Behe ee ale ate Siaemeae

Bostock, Dr.
Analysis of the Fluid found in the chambers of the Spon-
Aylus VATIUS ws eee ee ner e neers

Burton, E., Esq.
Description of a New Kingfisher (Ceya microsoma), and
a female specimen of Caprimulgus monticolus ......+..

Cuamosers, R., Esq.
On a simple method of taking Impressions of Feathers
upon Paper ..--2 +e eee sce e eee e eee ceeee
On the Habits and Geographical Distribution of Humming-
IBIPGS We cee ey 0 5 ss Pie een xn ett vie

CHARLESWORTH, Mr. E.
Remarks upon the mode of Reparation in the animal of
the Argonaut «+. e reer eee rere eee es

Cumine, H., Esq.
Letter accompanying a donation of Skins from Manilla .

Darwiy, C., Esq.
Remarks upon the Habits of the Genera Geospiza, Ca-
marhynchus, Cactornis, and Certhidea of Gould

Denny, H., Esq.
Letter addressed to N. A. Vigors, Esq., M.P., noticing the
capture of a male specimen of the Snowy Owl at Selby .«.

Dessarpins, M. J.
Letter from, accompanying a Memoir of the late Charles
Telfair, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. .. 2... F

Eyton, T. C., Esq.

Notice of some Osteological Peculiarities in different skele-
tons of the Genus Sus

Goutp, Mr. J.
Remarks on a group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin’s

Collection, with characters of the New Species........
Exhibition of Australian Birds from his own Collection,

2.8 8,9 © @ @ 8 0 @ © ¢€ & 9 @ (0 @ 6 me a 6

and characters of New Species ......- eset een 7, 88
Observations on the Raptorial Birds in Mr. Darwin’s Col-

lection, with characters of the New Species. ........- oe
Exhibition of the Fissirostral Birds from Mr. Darwin’s “i

Collection, and characters of the New Species ........- 29 =
Characters of New Species of Australian Birds ...... 24

page

36
37

7
Da

v.
Gou.p, Mr. J. page
On a New Rhea (Rhea Darwinii) from Mr. Darwin's
Collection ., 0.22.5 e2re2 rer rv caws . - 35

On a New Species of Ortyce from the Collection of the late
Mr. David Douglas, and a New Species of the Genus Po-

dargus from Java 2... ese ee eee eee e ene ois. 3 aheeeae
Exhibition of some rare European Birds received from

ee OMNICH. 6 oi sis 2.0 6 ayers ca eyes 5 g's. 0 wel oes) et ee 48
Remarks on the Common British Wagtail (Motacilla

BUATTOUE wan Gel cade aichaee, age seem. ny eee Sahel aaa 73, 78

Exhibition of Mr. Darwin’s Birds, and description of a
New Species of Wagtail (Motacilla leucopsis) from India. . 77

Characters of New Birds in the Society’s Collection ... 79

Description of a New Goldfinch ( Carduelis Burtoni) from

the Museum at Fort Pitt, Chatham .............-. 90
Observations on the Raptorial Birds of Australia and the
adjacent islands ...2+-e eee ee eee cee cence 96

Description of a New Genus (Amblypierus) among the
Caprimulgide, and characters of New Birds from Australia. 105
Observations upon a small collection of Birds from Erze-

roum, with characters of the New Species .......+.-.- 126
Characters of a New Grouse (Lyurus Derbianus) from the
Collection of the Earl of Derby ......-2.--e2ee5s - 132
Characters of a New Genus (Sericornis) of Australian
ers Se + IS PUT a pe es ae gies oR) «eee - 133
Characters of a large number of New Species of Australian
Birds... . +). Wa a oh chev ath ia ete im $a. arisieee et aa

Gray, J. E., Esq.
Exhibition of the Horn of a supposed New Species of Deer,
| with remarks upon the enlargement of the Eggs of Buecinum
DEG UT ER RONG yo Oe ee Ca Caro es oF » 45
On a New Species of Paradoxure (Paradoxurus Derbia-
nus), With remarks on some Mammalia recently purchased by
the British Museum, and characters of the New Species .. 67

{ Remarks on the Boring of Patella and Pholas, and exhibi--
’ tion of a drawing of a New Species of Tetrapturus (T.
; lerschellit) 10s 0,4) 2 ah oes t «2 9) 4 8 8)9 40.2) e oie <2 LOE
it Revision of the Genus Sorex, Linn... . 2.2 ee ep ee ee 123
. General arrangement of the Reptilia. .........+. 131

Description of a New Fox ( Vulpes dorsalis) from Senegal,
and exhibition of a very young specimen of the Genetta Se-
megalensis, Geoff. 22. + eee eee ee ee eee erences 132
Revised arrangement of the Ophidians........+.-. 135

Hamittoy, H., Esq.
Letter announcing a donation of a Chilian Eagle ..... 67

_ Harvey, J. B., Esq.
‘ Letter accompanying a donation of Radiata and Fish ,. 79

Jones, T. W., Esq.
On the mode of closure of the Gill-apertures in the Tad-

poles of Batrachia ....e.seeeee 6200 wldbuneted
Lowe, Rev. R. T.
Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira .......... ws

Martin, Mr. W.
Observations on three specimens of the Genus Felis pre-
ee to the Society by Charles Darwin, Esq., Corr. Memb.
Observations upon a New Fox from Mr. Darwin’s Collec-
Re Pemeeees FeUIES ) 6's ove! og 8 CUPL ee WINS ae
Observations on a Specimen of Dasypus hybridus, Desm.,
from Mir. Darwin's Collection .... ... s+... eee es
Notes on the Anatomy of the Proboscis Monkey (Simia
ME Rehab oy ks en's fk wie we 8 Seer gks Sic 6 Whe cae
Description of a New Bat (Rhinolophus Landeri) from
Fernando Po, and a New Hedgehog (EHrinaceus concolor)
MINER SEMMINONE 6) 5) csv. o Krope vs ea 0js-¢ e601 a) ci adewre
Miter, Professor.
Remarks on Dr. Smith’s revision of the Linnean Genus
Squilue se ke ee cee Stele ¥ otaed’
NaTrerrer, M. J.
Letter to Mr. Gould describing a New Species of Aragari
(Peeroglossus Gouldit) . 1... seve eee rece en eee

Ocitey, W., Esq.
Ona New Gibbon (Hylobates Choromandus), and a New

Species of Colobus (C.leucomeros) ... +. +22 ee eee
Exhibition of the Skins of Two Species of the Genus
~ Ee aL a Le ee ee
On a New Phalanger (Phalangista viverrina), from Van

SPipmens Land 2. es hes eee ee eee et eS os

Owey, R., Esq.
Dissection of the Head of the Turkey Buzzard and that
of the Common Turkey .... 2026s see wes ee ce
On the Structure of the Shell of the Water Clam (Spon-

Gylus varius) 1.2. +. - eee tee ete hee ee eee
Remarks upon the Cranium of an Oran Utan (Simia

BUUMGAIAD) oC et ee ep ee we ee ee

Exhibition of a Feetal Kangaroo, proving the existence of

EMEA oy 5 f 0s sco bcs ik wubin so eteg ole ste
Remark respecting the mode of reparation of the Shell of

the Argonaut... . 22. 6e scene ee ees et one :

Reap, C. R., Esq.
Letter accompanying a donation of Birds’ Skins from

Singapore .....-- Oop jad oud a layehe shee a

Retp, Mr. J.
Notes on several Quadrupeds in Mr. Darwin’s Collection .

On a New Species of Monkey (Semnopithecus obscurus) «

101

131

4
14

Vii

Riprert, Dr. page
Notice of the Phytotoma tridactyla of Abyssinia .... - 50

Seis, W., Esq.
On the Habits of the Vultur aura .. 1... cee eee 33

j
| Snort, T. K., Esq.
Remarks upon the Habits of Apterya Australis, Shaw .. 24

Smiru, Dr. A.
Exhibition of the Drawings made during his Expedition
| into the interior of South Africa. ..-. 2... ee ee eee 49
Exhibition of some small Quadrupeds collected in South
SCC A Aer ie reer a 69
( Revision of the Groups included in the Linnean Genus
. RSS 3) ois few eae ote cE oidalo M6 lien Me aged och 85
|

Sykes, Lieut.-Col. W. H.
On the identity of the Wild Ass of Cutch and Indus,
mmaninie Dzepsetan sos 8 eee SS otal tele 91

Tuomprson, W., Esq.
Notes relating to the Natural History of Ireland, with a
Description of a New Genus of Fishes (Echiodon)...... 52

_ Wacner, R., Prof.
On the Blood-globules of the Proteus anguinus..... . 107

Warternouse, Mr. G. R.

Characters of New Species of the Genus Mus, from the
Collection of Mr. Darwin . .06 0 ee sales ee ele es 15, 27

Characters of Two New Genera of Rodentia (Reithrodon
and Abrocoma), from Mr. Darwin's Collection. ...... #*

Characters of some New Species of the Genera Mus and
MMTNIAIE D5 soy'o uf edo Ve See 0 ha coe 0, ao cern m8) wind 75

Characters of a New Galago (G. Alleni) and a New -
Pteromys (P. Horsfieldii), in the Society’s Collection... . 87

Description of a New Species of Kangaroo (Macropus
Bennetti) and a Mouse (Mus subspinosus) from the Cape of
RAE 25 51 SP SAS aR RED Res OTRAS Syal Sole rans - - 103

_ WEIssENzoRN, Dr.
Letter relating to the Habits of the Hamster ( Cricetus

ay ee ET Cie Sn or Ae .» 50

Westwoop, J. O., Esq.

Characters of some New Coleopterous Insects belonging »

to the Family of Sacred Beetles ... 2... +++ ee eee 12
Characters of New Insects from Manilla........---+ 127

ARRELL, W., Esq.

Exhibition of a Quill, filled with a species of Pediculus,
from the wing of a Harpy Eagle. ........-+-+++++% 127
Exhibition of a very large White-bait .......++++ 127
Exhibition of a Hybrid Pheasant... ....+++++- ~ 135

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 10, 1837.
W.B. Scott, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper was read, entitled ‘‘ Observations on the Phosphorescence
of the Ocean, made during a voyage from England to Sydney,
N.S. Wales.” By George Bennett, Esq., F.L.S., Corresp. Member
of the Society. ,

The author commences this paper with adverting to the very slight
progress which naturalists have made in their attempts to elucidate
the history of the phenomena connected with the phosphorescence
of the ocean, and notices some of the imaginary advantages which
former observers have attributed to its presence; among others that
of its indicating to mariners the existence of shoals and soundings,
a circumstance which his own experience has not enabled him to
confirm. He then proceeds to remark, that the sea, when phospho-
rescent, exhibits two distinct kinds of luminosity, one in which its
surface appears studded with scintillations of the most vivid descrip-
tion, more particularly apparent as the waves are broken by the vio-
lence of the wind or by the passage of the ship through them, as
though they were electric sparks produced by the collision, and which
scintillations he considers are probably influenced, in some measure,
by an electric condition of the atmosphere, as at those particular
_ times they were observed to be much more vivid and incessant than
at others. The other kind of luminosity spoken of has more the
a pearance of sheets or trains of whitish or greenish light, often suf-

ficiently brilliant to illuminate the vessel as it passes through, being
ee by various species of Salpa, Beroé, and other Molluscs,
_ ‘while in the former case the scintillations, which adhere in myriads

to the towing net when drawn out of the water, probably originate
_ im animalcules so minute that the only indication of their presence

‘is the light which they emit. .
The author remarks that “ the luminosity of the ocean is often
seen with greater constancy and brilliancy of effect between the la-
- titudes 3° and 4° north and 3° or 4° south of the equator, than at
any other part of the tropical regions. This circumstance, which I
have observed myself, if found to be borne out by repeated obser-
_ vations, may be occasioned by the eddies arising from currents, for
‘it is a curious fact worth noticing, that where currents are known to
exist, the luminosity of the ocean has been observed to assume a
“higher degree of brilliancy. Now the westerly current is supposed

to run between those parallels of latitudes from 20° or 22° west lon-
No. XLIX.—Procexpines or THE Zoouocican Society.

gitudes towards the Brazilian coast perpetually, and it is not im-
probable that nearly at the termination of the north-east trade wind
a current joins with a similar current carried by the south-east trade
wind ; both uniting in forming the westerly current may thus cause
a greater assemblage of the various tropical molluscs and crustaceous
animals, a number of which possessing luminous properties may im-
part by their presence a higher degree of phosphorescence in that
particular portion of the ocean than is observed in other situations
except from similar causes. That the diffusion of the phosphoric
light possessed by these molluscs does not solely depend on the
creatures being disturbed (such as the passage of the ship through
the water, or other somewhat similar causes,) is evident, as a lumi-
nous mass may frequently be observed to gradually diffuse its bril-
liant light, at some distance from the ship, without any apparent
disturbance ; and often during calm nights a similar glow of light is
diffused over the water, without there being any collision of the waves
to bring it forth; and if a light breeze springs up during the same
night, the passage of the vessel leaves no brilliant trace in its wake,
although the same spontaneous diffusion of light is observed in the
water at some distance to be repeated as before; the phosphoric
light being confined apparently solely to the occasional groups of
molluscs, which when we succeeded in capturing them in the towing
net, resembled for the most part pieces of crystal cut into various
fantastic forms, round, oval, hexagonal, heptagonal, &c. From the
bodies of these a faint or a bright light (according to the greater or
less duration of time the animal may have been removed from the
water, that is, we may say, by the intensity of its light we can
judge of its healthy or vigorous state,) would be seen to issue in mi-
nute dots from various parts; and on the examination of both large
and small specimens, the large with the naked eye and the small
under a powerful lens, I could not detect any one peculiar secreting
organ for this luminous excretion.

“« It has often occurred during the voyage that the ocean became
suddenly brilliantly luminous, and at other times merely a constant
succession of scintillations were visible. Again, it was remarked
that no luminosity of the ocean was visible except what proceeded
from the wake of the ship, the other parts of the ocean exhibiting no
phosphorescence.

‘© On the 15th of April, 1835, in lat. 8° 45’ north, and longitude
21° 02’ west, during the day large quantities of a beautiful pink
Medusa were taken in the towing net, which species I was pre-
viously aware possessed luminous powers, and as expected, at night
the ocean was brilliantly luminous, which luminosity continued until
about 8 p.m., after which time it had almost totally disappeared.
During the time the phosphorescence was visible, the Medusa before

mentioned was captured in large numbers, but on the disappearance _

of the luminosity no more were caught, evidently showing that the
phosphorescence of the sea this evening was occasioned by their
presence. I have frequently remarked that when the ocean appears
brilliantly luminous, besides the animals producing the phosphores-
cence, several crustaceous animals and a number of small fish are

. 3

usually taken in large quantities: the presence of these may proceed
from their being attracted by the phosphoric light. Sometimes
during heavy rains within the tropics the sea would become suddenly
luminous, as rapidly passing off again, and the effect of the sudden
transitions was exceedingly splendid to the beholders. During its
continuance luminous species of Salpa, Beroé, Pyrosoma, and other
molluscs were captured in the towing net if the weather admitted of
its being placed overboard.”

On placing some of these luminous Medus@ in a bucket of water,
Mr. Bennett observed that the phosphoric light is not emitted from
any one particular part of the animal, but commences at different
points, gradually extending over the whole body, sometimes suddenly
disappearing, and at others slowly dying away. Upon squeezing the
animal the hands became covered with a profusion of the luminous
secretion, which could be communicated from one object to another.
In conclusion several additional instances are related, occurring in
different latitudes, of the beautiful and varied appearances presented
by the phaznomena of marine phosphoxessqnop:

: Mr. Martin directed the attention of the Meeting to three speci-
mens of the genus Felis, recently presented to the Society by Charles
Darwin, Esq. One of these appeared to be a cat of the domestic race,
shot in a wild state at Maldonado, differing only from our common
cat in the elongation and greater size of the head. ‘The second was
the ‘‘ Chat Pampa” of Azara, Felis Pajeros of Desmarest, shot at
Bahia Blanca in latitude 33. The third and most interesting speci-
men, which had been shot at Buenos Ayres, Mr. Martin was dis-
posed to consider as the Yagourondi or a closely allied species, since
it agrees with that animal in its elongate form, stout limbs and small
_ head, but differs from it in the greater proportionate length of tail,

and also in its entire dimensions, as recorded by Desmarest, who
_ gives the following :

ft. in. lin,

{ } Length from nose to the root of the tail . 111 0O
a. pO Yc 0 We) ac) TO 114.9
___. Length from nose to the ear .......... 0.3.2

__ In the present specimen, which is evidently adult, the measure-
_ ments were found to be as follows:

. % ft. in. lin.
_ Length from nose to root of tail........ 2 2 0
pei: OF taal Wied Sees REBT eG ye ee
Be. from nose to ear.............. 0 3 9
Soe Height at shoulders... 25) 202520.) O1ll 6
pms Db: wt Hauiicbes? Nees Pet Poets 1 ny G6

' Length of ear ....... peerpnity Pee. Be Ee
Breadth of ear...... 6 peat cn at lea te ss

From nose to eye... 0.00.00... 0c eee oy rs

_, The hair is black, annulated with ochre, and sometimes with whi-
yellow; each hair is pale brown at the base and then alternately
*k and yellow, the colours being repeated two or three times,

Upon the head the yellow colour is most prevalent. The under fur
is thick and of a pale brown colour. The hair is about the same
length or rather shorter than in the domestic cat, and much harsher
to the touch. The hind feet are black beneath from the heel to the
toes, and there is a streak of black about an inch and a half in
length, passing upwards from the front paw on the outer side. The
hair of the tail is long and bushy; the legs thick and moderately
long; the general form is slender; the head small in proportion to
the body, and considerably arched above. The region of the ante-
rior angle of the eye is black, with a yellowish white spot immedi-
ately above it. The eyes are very small; the ears short, broad, and.
obtusely pointed, thickly covered with hair, which on the outside is
of a similar colour to that on the top of the head, excepting at the
tip, where it is margined with black. Inside the ears the hair is of
a paler hue. The under parts of the body are of the same general
hue as the sides. The tail is of the same general colour as the body,
but the hairs become gradually less annulated towards the tip, their
basal portions being brown and the apices black; the under side is
Sigg yap paler hue than the upper. The lips and nose are
lack.

Mr. Martin remarked, that there was some reason for supposing two
species were confounded under the same name, for he was aware of
the existence of a cat with a shorter tail, agreeing very closely with
Azara’s description of the Yagourondi. Without, however, being in
possession of more ample materials he did not like to characterize
the present specimen as a new species, but in the event of its ulti-
mately being considered distinct, he proposed that it should be called
Felis Darwinii.

Mr. James Reid read some notes on several quadrupeds, also from
the collection of Mr. Darwin, including a new species of Opossum,
which he characterized as Didelphis hortensis*. He also noticed a
very young specimen of the Viscache, Lagostomus trichodactylus of
Brooks. This example, not much larger than our common Rat, dif-
fers from the adult in wanting the ridge of stiff black hairs over the
eyes so conspicuous in old specimens, and in wanting also the
grooves on the teeth.

Mr. Gould exhibited from Mr. Darwin’s collection of Birds, a
series of Ground Finches, so peculiar in form that he was induced to
regard them as constituting an entirely new group, containing 14
species, and appearing to be strictly confined to the Galapagos
Islands. Mr. Gould believed the whole of these Birds to be un- —
described, and remarked that their principal peculiarity consisted in
the bill presenting several distinct modifications of form, while the
general contour of the species closely assimilated. He proposed to
characterize them under the separate generic appellations of Geo-
spiza, Camarhynchus, Cactornis, and Certhidea.

* The characters of species newly described which have not yet been

furnished by the respective authors, andare the refore necessarily omitted,
will be inserted, if subsequently sent in, at the termination of the volume, —

.
=>
~~

GrospPiza.

Corporis figura brevissima et robusta.

Rostrum magnum, robustum, validum, altitudine longitudinem
prestante ; culmine arcuato et capitis verticem superante, apice
sine denticulo, lateribus tumidis.

Naribus basalibus et semitectis plumis frontalibus.

Mandibuld superiori tomiis medium versus sinum exhibentibus, ad
mandibule inferioris processum recipiendum. Mandibula inferior
ad basin lata, hoc infra oculos tendente. Alz mediocres re-
mige primo paulo breviore secundo, hoc Jongissimo.

Cauda brevissima et zqualis.

Tarsi magni et validi, digito postico, cum ungue robusto et digito
intermedio breviore ; digitis externis inter se equalibus at di-
gito postico brevioribus. Color in maribus niger, in foem. fuscus.

GeosPizaA MAGNIROsTRIS. (Spec. typ.) Geos. fuliginosa, crisso ci-
nerascenti-albo ; rostro nigro brunnescente lavato ; pedibus nigris.
Long. tot. 6 unc.; ale, 33; caude, 2; tarsi, 1; rostri, 4; alt.

= rost.,1.
| Feem., vel Mas jun.; corpore intens? fusco singulis plumis oliva-
ceo cinctis ; abdomine pallidiore ; crisso cinerascenti-albo; pe-

dibus et rostro, ut in mare adulto.

Geosriza streENvA. Geos. fuliginosa, crisso albo, rostro fusco et
nigro tincto ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 5} unc.; ale, 3; caude, 13 ; tarsi, $; rostri, % ; alt.

rost.

Fotia: Summo corpore fusco singulis plumis nec non illis alarum
caudeque, pallid cinerascenti-olivaceo cinctis ; guld et pectore
Suscis ; abdomine lateribus et crisso pallidé cinerascenti-fuscis ;
rostro brunnescente.

_ Geosriza Fortis. Geos. intense fuliginosa, crisso albo; rostro
rufescenti-brunneo, tincto nigro ; pedibus nigris.

Foem. (vel Mas jun.) Corpore supra pectore et gutture intense?
Suscis, singulis plumis cinerascenti-olivaceo murginatis ; abdomine
erissoque pallid cinerascenti-brunneis ; rostro rufescenti-fusco
flavescente ad apicem ; pedibus ut in mare.

GEosPIzA NEBULOSA. Geos. summo capite et corpore nigrescenti-
Suscis ; singulis plumis cinerascenti-olivaceo marginatis ; corpore

__ subtus pallidiore, abdomine imo crissoque cinerascentibus ; rostro

_._ et pedibus intense fuscis.

_ Long. tot. 5 unc.; ala, 24; caude, 13; tarsi, $; rostri, 3; alt.

; ‘rost., i. .

- Geospiza ruticinosa. Geos. intense fuliginosa, crisso albo, ros-

tro fusco ; pedibus ee Ye or! -fuscis.

a Long. tot. 43 unc. ; ale, 24; caude, 14; tarsi, $; rostri, 14; alt.

-rostri, }-

Fem. Summo corpore, alis, cauddque intense juscis ; singulis plumis
cinerascenti-ferrugineo marginatis ; corpore infra cinereo, singulis

_ plumis medium versus obscurioribus ; rostro brunneo ; pedibus ni-

grescenti-brunneis.

GrEosPIZA DENTIROSTRIS. (Foem. Mas ignotus.) Mandibule su-
perioris margine in dentem producto ; vertice corporeque supra
Suscis ; singulis plumis medium versus obscurioribus ; secundariis
tectricibusque alarum ad marginem stramineis ; gutture et pectore -
pallide brunneis, singulis plumis medium versus obscurioribus,
imo abdomine crissoque cinerascenti-albis ; rostro rufo-fusco ;
pedibus obscure plumbeis.

Long. tot. 42; ale, 2%; caude, 1}; rostri, 3; alt. rost. %.

Geosriza PARVULA. (Mas.) Geos. capite, gutture, et dorso fuli-
ginosis ; uropygio cinerascenti-olivaceo ; caudd et alis nigrescenti-
brunneis ; singulis plumis caude et alarum cinereo-marginatis ;
lateribus olivaceis fusco guttatis ; abdomine et crisso albis, ros-
tro et pedibus nigrescenti-brunneis.

Long. tot. 4 unc.; ala, 2%; caude, 1}; tarsi, $; rostri, $; alt.

rost., 35.

Foem. Summo capite et dorso cinerascenti-brunneis, gutture, pectore,

abdomine crissoque pallid cinereis, stramineo tinctis.

GrosPizA puBIA. (Fem. Mas ignot.) Geos. summo capite et
corpore supra fuscis, singulis plumis cinerascenti-olivaceo margi-
natis ; strigd superciliari, genis, gutture corpore infra cinera-
scenti-olivaceis, singulis plumis notd centrali fuscd ; alis cauddque
brunneis singulis plumis olivaceo-cinereo marginatis ; rostro sor-
didé albo, pedibus obscure fuscis.

Long. tot. 3% unc.; ale, 23; caude, 13; tarsi, £; rostri, $;

altitud. rostri, 3.

Camaruyncuus (subgenus).

Camaruyrncuvus differt a genere Geospizd, rostro debiliore, mar-
gine mandibule superioris minus indentato ; cu/mine minus ele-
vato in frontem et plus arcuato; Jateribus tumidioribus ; man-
dibuld inferiore minus in genas tendente.

CAMARHYNCHUS PsITTACULA. (Spec. typ.) Cam. summo capite
corporeque superiore fuscis ; alis cauddque obscurioribus ; gutture
corporeque inferiore, cinerascenti-albis, stramineo tinctis ; rostro
pallidé flavescenti-fusco ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 43 unc. ; ale, 24; caude, 1}; tarsi, £; rostri, 3; alt.

rostri, 3.

CAMARHYNCHUS CRASSIROSTRIS. (Foem.) Cam. corpore superiore
intense brunneo, singulis plumis cinerascenti-olivaceo marginatis ;
gutture pectoreque cinerascenti-olivaceis, singulis in medio plumis
obscurioribus ; abdomine, lateribus crissoque cinereis tinctis stra-
mineo.

Long. tot. 53 unc.; ale, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 13; rostri, 3; alt.

rostri, 4.

Cacrornis (subgenus.)

Cacrornis differt a genere Geospizd rostro elongato, acuto, com-
presso, longitudine altitudinem excellente ; mandibule superio-

ris margine vix indentato; naribus basalibus et vix tectis ;
tarsis brevioribus, unguibus majoribus et plus curvatis.

‘Oacrornis scanpens. (Spec.typ.) Cact. intens? fuliginosa, crisso
albo ; rostro et pedibus nigrescenti-brunneis.

Long. tot. 5 unc. ; rostri, $; ale, 23; caude, 1%; tarsi, %.

Fem., vel Mas jun. Corpore superiore, gutture pectoreque in-
tense brunneis, singulis plumis pallidiore marginatis ; abdomine
crissoque cinereis, stramineo tinctis ; rostro pallide fusco ; pedi-
bus nigrescenti-fuscis.

Cacrornis assimitis. (Mas jun.?) Cact. corpore supra fuligi-
noso, nec non gutture abdomineque, illorum plumis, cinereo mar-
ginatis ; rostro pallide rufescenti-brunneo ; pedibus nigrescenti-
brunneis.

Long. tot. 53 unc.; rostri, }; ale, 2%; caude, 1}; tarsi, %.

CrrruipEa (subgenus).

Crrturpea differt a genere Geospizd rostro graciliore et acutiore ;
naribus basalibus et non tectis ; mandibule superioris margine
recto; tarsis longioribus et gracilioribus.

CerTHIDEA oLIvacEA. Cert. summo capite, corpore superiore, alis
cauddque olivaceo-brunneis ; gutture et corpore infra cinereis ;
rostro pedibusque pallide brunneis.

Long. tot. 4 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 2; caude 1}; tarsi, %.

Of the groups here characterized, Geospiza, Camarhynchus, and
Cactornis, belong to one type ; but with regard to Certhidea, Mr. Gould
remarked that although he confidently believed that it should also be
referred to the same group with the three former, yet in its slighter
form and weaker bill it has so much the appearance of a member of
the Sylviade, that he would by no means insist upon the above view
being adopted until the matter shall have been more fully investigated.

__ Mr. Gould deferred entering into any further details respecting

the species under consideration until Mr. Darwin had furnished him

with some information relating to their habits and manners.

: "Mr. Gould then resumed the exhibition of a portion of his own
_ collection of Birds from Australia, and characterized the following
new species :

HEMIPODIUS MELANOGASTER.

Hem. capite, auriculis, guld abdomineque nigris ; lined super oculum

‘ oriente et ad nucham excurrente, plumis singulis maculd ad apicem

alba; nuche plumis nigris et castaneis, maculis pluribus albis ;
dorso superiore castaneo-fusco, plumis singulis maculd albd, lineis
duabus nigris cum fascid unicd nigrd apicali ; scapulis, tectricibus

_ primariis secundariisque rufo-brunneis, plumis singulis maculd
albd nigro circumdatd; remigibus primariis saturate brunneis ;
JSemoribus et tectricibus superioribus et inferioribus caude brun-
neis nigro fasciatis et irroratis ; rostro pallidé brunneo; pedibus
carneis.

Long. tot. 84 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 4}; caude, 1%; tarsi, 13.
Habitat in Nova Cambria Australi, vel Terra Van Diemen.

Hemrropius MeLanotus. Hem. capite nigro, plumis apicibus brun-
neis ; loro, lined supra-oculari, buccisque, pallide flavo-brunneis ;
plumis buccarum apicibus extremis nigris ; nuchd late castaneo-
rufd, plumis singulis fascid latd nigra centrali linedque cervind ad
latera externa ; dorso superiore uropygio et tectricibus caude su-
perioribus nigris, singulis plumis brunneo minute variegatis, nec
non maculis obscure fulvis; caude tectricibus externe, et alarum
tectricibus majoribus minoribusque stramineis, harum plumis sin-
gulis macula nigrdé centrali; rectricibus brunneis ; guld albes-
centi; collo antic? pectoreque saturate stramineis ; lateribus colli
et corporis pallid? stramineis, vittd oblonga transversd nigrd cen-
trali; abdomine tectricibusque inferioribus caude flavo-albidis ;
rostro pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot. 64 unc.; rostri,£; ale, 31; cauda@, 2; tarsi, 8.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen.

Corurnix pecroratis. Cot. loro, auriculis guldque fulvis; summo
capite nuchdque saturate brunneis, lineis duabus stramineis super
oculum ; lined stramined 2 rostro ad nucham excurrente ; nucid
brunned, plumis singulis lanceolatd centrali stramined, et ad latera
nigro guttatis; dorso tectricibusque superioribus caude fuscis,
lineis angularibus nigris transversim notatis, strigdque lanceolatd
centrali stramined ; alis fuscis lineis angularibus griseis et nigris
transversim fasciatis; remigibus primariis cum maculd pectorali
nigris ; lateribus pectoris brunneis ; abdomine albo, plumis singu-
lis lined centrali nigrd; lateribus corporis saturat? brunneis, plu-
mis singulis strigis tribus, quarum ecteriores nigre sunt, inter-
media albd ; rostro nigrescenti ; pedibus fusco-carneis.

Long. tot. 62 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 34; tarsi, 7.

Habitat in Nova Cambria Australi. }

Mr. Gould also exhibited a new and interesting species of Parrot,
presented to the Society by Mr. John Leadbeater, and which he
characterized, on behalf of the donor, as Platycercus ignitus.

PLatycercus 1eniTus, Leadb.

Plat. capite summo auriculis, uropygio, pectore, corporeque subtus
coccineis ; buccis albis ; plumis singulis dorsi ad medium nigris,
marginibus coccineo et flavo intermixtis ; ald medid ccruled pri-
mariis quintis ad basin albis, apicibus brunneis ; rectricibus qua-
tuor intermediis albis coccineo pallide tinctis ; rectricibus reliquis
ceruleis ad basin albis, ad apicem albescentibus ; rostro livido ;
pedibus saturate fuscis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale, 6; caud@, 6}; tarsi, %.

Hab. Australia.

January 24, 1837.
Rey. John Barlow, in the Chair.

| __ Mr. Gould exhibited the Raptorial Birds included in the collec-
__ tion recently presented to the Society by Charles Darwin, Esq., and
___ after some general observations upon the geographical distribution

of the known species, proceeded to characterize the following as
new to science :

| Potysorus Gatapacoensis. Pol. intensé fuscus ; primariis ni-
gris; secondariarum pogoniis internis albo et Jusco transversim
striatis ; caudd cinerascenti-fuscd,. transversim lineis angustis
et frequentibus intensé fuscis notatd; rostro obscure corneo ;
pedibus olivaceo-flavis.
Long. tot. 20 unc. ; rostri, 14; ale, 143; caude, 9; tarsi, 3}.
Foem. jun. Capite et corpore intensé stramineis Suscoque variega-
tis ; illo in pectore et abdomine prevalente ; primariis fusco-
nigris ; caudis rectricum, pogoniis externis cinerascenti-fuscis,
internis pallide-rosaceis ; utrisque lineis angustis et frequenti-
bus fuscis transversim striatis, apicibus sordide albis 3 Tostro

nigrescenti-fusco ; pedibus olivaceo-flavis.
~ Long. tot. 22 unc. ; rostri, 12; ale, 17; caude, 101; tarsi, 34.
_ Obs. Were I not assured by Mr. Darwin that the habits of this bird
strictly coincide with those of the Caracara (Polyborus Brasiliensis),
its mode of flight and cry being precisely the same, I should have
been induced to regard it as rather belonging to the genus Buteo
than to Polyborus; but as I have satisfactorily ascertained by a
close investigation, it forms a beautiful intervening link between
these genera, as is evidenced by the scaling of the tarsi and the
produced form of the beak; while its habits place it within the
limits of the latter genus.
_ It is on the authority of Mr. Darwin also that I rely for the as-
surance of the two birds above described being the male and the

female of the same species, so great is the difference between them
both in size and colour.

Hab. In insulis Galapagorum.

_ Potyzorvus (Phalcobenus) atsocunaris. Pol. Suscescenti-niger,

_marginibus plumarum inter scapulos Sulvis ; primariis secon-

rusque albo ad apicem notatis ; guld pectore corporeque subtus

albis ; lateribus fusco sparsis ; rostro livido 3 ceré flava ; tarsis

__ dlivaceis. ;

Long. tot. 20 unc.; rostri, 1$; ale, 181; caude, 9; tarsi, 3.

Obs. I have some doubts as to whether this bird may not eventually

_ Prove to be a variety of Phaleobenus montana, D’Orb. The prin-

_ cipal difference between this bird and the one described and figured

by M. D’Orbigny is, that the throat and chest of the latter are
brownish black, while the same parts in this bird are white.
Hab. Santa Cruz.

Burteo varius. But. vertice corporeque supra intensé fuscis, plu-
mis fulvo marginatis vel guttatis ; primartis secondartisque ct-
nereis, lineis fuscis frequentibus trunsversim striatis ; caudd ct-
nered, lineis angustis et frequentibus fuscis transversim notatd ;
singulis plumis flavescenti albo ad apicem notatis ; guld fuligi-
nosd ; pectore fulvo lined interruptd nigrescente circumdatd a
guld tendente ; abdomine imo lateribusque stramineo et rufescenti-
Jfusco variegatis ; femoribus crissoque stramineislineistransversa~
libus anfractis rufescenti-fusco ornatis ; rostro nigro ; cerd tar-
sisque olivaceis.

Long. tot. 214; ale, 164.

Obs. The fine individual above described was the only example of
the species contained in Mr. Darwin’s collection; and it is evidently
in astate of change from youth to maturity.

Hab, Santa Cruz.

Ciacus mecasPitus. Cire. vertice corporeque supra intense fus-
cis, lined stramined a naribus supra oculos ad occiput tendente ;
hoc rufescenti-fusco, primariis intensé fuscis ad basin cinereis,
lineis nigris cancellatis ; tectricibus caude albis ; rectricibus in-
termediis cinereis externis cinereo-stramineis ; omnibus lineis
latis fuscis transversim notatis ; lined ultimd latisimd apice sor-
dide stramineo ; guld et pectore stramineis, fusco sparsis ; cor-
pore subtus stramineo ; plumis pectoris et laterum strid centrali
fusco notatis ; rostro nigro ; cerd tarsisque flavis.

Long. tot. 21 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 17; caude, 103; tarsi, 3}.

Burro ventrauis. But. vertice corporeque intense et nitide-fus-
cis, plumis dorsalibus purpurescentibus ; primariis nigris ;
caudé fused lineis frequentibus obscurioribus, cancellatéd ad
apicem sordide alba ; guld abdomine medio crissoque stramineo
albis ; lateribus pectoris corporisque fascidque abdominali nec-
non femoribus flavescente-albis fusco notatis, notis in femoribus
rufescentibus ; tarsis per mediam partem antice plumosis,
rostro nigro; cerd tarsisque flavis. ;

Long. tot. 214 une.; aj@, 153; rostri, 94; tarsi, 34.

Orvus (Brachyotus) GaALapaGoEnsis. Ot. fascid circa oculos fu- —

liginosd ; strigd superciliari plumis nares tangentibus et circa
angulum oris, gulda et disci fascialis margine albis ; vertice cor-
poreque supra intense stramineo fuscoque variegatis; primariis
intense fuscis ad apicem, stramineo fasciatis ad basin ; corpore
subtus stramineo notis irregularibus fasctisque fuscis ornato ;
femoribus tarsisque plumosis rufescenti-stramineis ; rostro et
unguibus nigris.

Long. tot. 134; rostri, 1; ale, 11; caude, 6; tarsi, 2.

Obs. This species belongs to that section of the horned owls which

comprehends the short-eared owl of England, and numerous other
nearly allied species which are distributed universally over the
globe, from all of which it may be distinguished by its smaller size
and darker colouring. I am led to regard the members of this sec-
tion as possessing characters of sufficient value to justify their being
separated into a distinct genus, for which I propose the name of
Brachyotus.

Mr. Martin described a species of For brought by Mr. Darwin
from the island of Chiloe, respecting which he made the following
remarks :—

The animal in question is probably identical with the Culpeu of
Molina, especially as the account of its surprise at the presence of
man, uncombined with any exertions to escape, as given by Mr.
Darwin, agree with the observations of Molina. Still, however, the
description of the Culpeu is too vague to render its identity with the
present species a matter of certainty ; and as I regard it to be the
best and safest plan in all doubtful cases to set the matter in such a
light as to prevent if possible any confusion, I shall here describe
and name the animal, for which I propose the specific title fulvipes.

Vutres rutvires. Vulp. robustus, artubus brevibus caudd medi-
- ocri; corporis colore cano nigroque commixtis ; hoe in dorso
prevalente: capite sordidé fulvescente, cano irrorato, rostro
fusco, labiis superioribus ad marginem sordide albis, mento fuli-
ginoso, auribus externe castaneis ; brachits interne, tarsis digi-
tisque fulvis; genis, guld, corporeque subtus, sordide albis ;
caudad vellere breviore per tertiam partem indutd, apice floceoso

et fuliginoso.

ft. in. lin.

Longitudo corporis ad basin caude...... 2 0 0
caude ad apicem velleris .... O 9 O

rostri ad oculos ...........6. Oo 1 4

Urea PEG FG IT, PT 22 287 0 1 3

————— tarserum ad plantam digitalem 0 2 4
Altitudo apud humeros .............. 010 0

_ Hab. Chiloe.
__ The Vulpes fulvipes is remarkable for the stout form of the body

- and the shortness of the limbs: the tail is rather short, and covered

with hair of moderate length, except at the extremity, where it
forms an abrupt and full tuft tipped with sooty black. The general

b - fur is full, moderately deep, and rather harsh; on the body the co-

lour is hoary mixed with black, the latter being more decided down
the top of the back; the head inclines to fulvous, grizzled with
hoary. The muzzle and skin are dusky, but the edges of the lips
are white; the ears are rather short and of a chestnut brown; the

_ outside of the fore limbs is dusky black freckled with fulvous inner
__ Side and toes pale fulvous brown ; a dark mark approaching black

above the tarsal joint ; tarsi and toes fulvous brown. Under parts

P dirty white. Hair of two sorts, viz. those which constitute a soft

12
under vest of a dusky greyish brown, through which pass long hairs
of a dusky brown at the base with a black band, followed by a yel-
lowish white band and tipped with black ; a mixture producing the
grizzled character of the fur of the body.

The Secretary read a communication from J. O. Westwood, Esq.,
describing several new species of Insects belonging to the family of
the Sacred Beetles.

After noticing the interest which is attached to the family of the
Scarabeide, not only on account of their curious habits, whence they
were raised to the rank of objects of worship by the Egyptians, but
also from having led to the publication of the Hore Entomologice
by Mr. MacLeay, in which an analysis of the Linnean Scarabei was
given; the author gives an abstract of the classifications of this fa-
mily respectively proposed by MacLeay, Latreille, (Régne An., 2nd
edition), and Serville and Saint Fargeau (Encyclop. Méthod. vol.x.),
with a notice of the genera more recently proposed by various authors
referrible or allied thereto. From a review of these distributions in
conjunction with the natural economy of the insects of which the fa-
mily is composed, the author is disposed to consider the family as
divisible into two natural groups, those with long hind legs and those
which have their legs short and conical; and also that the characters
of the genus Scarabeus and subgenus Heliocantharus must either be
modified so as to exclude the species which are destitute of a distinct
spur at the extremity of the intermediate ‘bie, or that the Ateuchus
Adamastor (Enc. Méth.) and the insects subsequently described must
be regarded as referrible to the genus Scarabeus, although possessing
two spurs at the extremity of the intermediate tibie, agreeing in all
other material respects with the true Scarabei.

The following is an abstract of the characters of the insects, the
descriptions of which were accompanied by figures exhibiting the
various essential organs in detail, and by observations upon the
structural peculiarities of the two groups.

Typus ScELiacEs.

Corpus latum, subdepressum. Caput subtrigonum clypeo trilobato,
lobo intermedio valdé emarginato. Antenne clava subglobosa, arti-
culo 7™° magno inferné producto, articulos duos terminales in sinu
ejus includente, ultimo 8vo minori. Palpi maxillares breves sub-
filiformes, labiales abbreviati 3-articulati, articulis magnitudine de-
crescentibus. Thorax abdomine paullo latior. Tibie antice magne,
pone medium intus curvate. Tibie intermediz bicalcarate.

Scerraces Iopas.

Ater nitidus levis, clypet dentibus intermediis duobus obtusis sub-
elevatis, capite anticé punctatissimo, thorace levissimo, elytris
punetis nonnullis minutissimis irregularibus striisque sex longi-
tudinalibus simplicibus fere obliteratis.

Long. corp. 10 lin. Africa Austral. Mus. Hope et P. Walker.

Typus Anomiopsis.

Pedes elongati, tibie intermedie curvate bicalcarate, calcaribus
mobilibus interno, elongato acuto, externo breviori spatuliformi, tarsi
pedum anticorum obsoleti, quatuor posticorum depressi setosi, un-
guibus nullis; palpi maxillares filiformibus, articulis tribus ultimis
longitudine fere equalibus; labiales difformes, articulo 2do maximo
transverso-ovato, ultimo minutissimo interné et obliqué inserto.

Aniomiopsis DroscoripDEs.

Ater, nitidus punctatissimus ; elytris 6-punctato-striatis ; capitis
thoracisque lateribus, femoribus anticis tarsisque quatuor posticis
longé rufo-hirtis.

Long. corp. 13 lin. Mus. P. Walker et C. Darwin.

Hab. Patagonia.

Anomiopsis STERQUILINUS.

Ater, nitidus punctatissimus, convexus, capite cornu elevato verti-
cali, thorace impressione centrali valdé irregulari, elytris semi-
circularibus striis sex simplicibus in singulo, capite thorace tar-
sisque breviter rufo-hirtis.

Long. corp. 10 lin. Habitat. —? Mus. P. Walker.

Mr. Martin called the attention of the meeting to a specimen of
the Dasypus hybridus, in the collection presented to the Society by
C. Darwin, Esq. This animal, the tatou mulet of Azara, has been
characterised in all systematic works, as closely related to Dasypus
Peba, and as having large ears; whereas the ears are much smaller
than in D. Peba, and but little larger than those of D. minutus. In
reference to this species, which he at first was unable satisfactorily
to identify, he observed that the vague and unsatisfactory account
given in systematic works would, he conceived, justify him in laying
before the meeting a more complete and definite description of the
animal than he had been able to meet with, the want of which he
had himself experienced, which he thus ventured to supply.

In Dasypus hybridus the contour of the body is short and stout,

the limbs are robust, and the muzzle is shorter in proportion than in

_ D. Peba. The admeasurements of the specimen in question are as

la" ‘ { inch. lin.
Length from the tip of the nose over the back 13.3
to the root of the tail ........
from the top of the frontal plate to 3 0
the end of the nose..........
from the anterior angle of eye to 17
Cid ir eee kA, \
from the same to base of ear ...... Lye
Cp Rn wire Eee I
Extent of shoulder plate, from back of neck 2 10

to its posterior edge

14 fy.

inch. lin.
Haunch plate, from its anterior to its a 2 10
terior margin above the tail. .
Lengthonk tailvord 9179209, OSV 28 DER IIE 6 9
Circumference of its basal ring, from which it \ 40
rapidly tapers to a slender point
Number of dorsal bands 7.

In a small specimen of D. Peba, miner ere from nose to root of
tail 1 foot 2} inches, the ears measure 1} inch in length; and ina
oa larger specimen (from nose to feat of tail, 1 foot 3 inches)

13th inch.

mi the smaller specimen of D. Peba the extent of the shoulder plate
is 2% inches,—of the haunch plate 4 inches.

The length of the head 3} inches, and the distance from the an-
terior angle of the eye to the ‘end of the nose, 22 inches.

Tail imperfect, but much longer than in D. hybridus.

Between D. hybridus and D. Peba, independently of the differences
in the proportion of the ears and length of snout, the characters ex-
hibited by the scutelle of the plates are very distinct. In D. hybridus
the scutelle of the helmet are of moderate size, those in the centre
of the upper part being elongated, and many sub-triangular, the rest
occupying the space between the eyes and downwards are of an ir-
regular figure, some nearly square, others pentagonal and hexagonal.
In D. Pebathe scutelle are not only much larger, but of a more de-
finite figure, being mostly hexagonal, with sides of unequal length.

In D. hybridus the scutelle of the shoulder plate consist of ele-
vated oval tubercles in transverse rows, the intervals being filled with
smaller, very irregular, and less elevated granuli. ‘The same obser-
vation applies to the haunch plate, in which the elevated oval seu-
telle are remarkably distant and large, while somewhat smaller and
flatter scutelle form a rosette round each. In the D. Pebathe larger
scutelle of this plate are round, and are encircled by others of very
small size.

In D. hybridus the ears are delicately granulated,—in D. Peba
coarsely.

As respects the Das. minutus there can be no possibility of con-
founding it with the D. hybridus.

Mr. James Reid exhibited to the Meeting, and characterized as
new, under the name of Odscurus, a dark-coloured monkey, from
the Society’s collection, belonging to the genus Semnopithecus.
The locality of the particular specimen before the Meeting was
unknown.

February 14th, 1837.
William Brown Scott, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from M. Julien Desjardins, a corresponding
member of the Zoological Society, dated from the Mauritius, 15th
July, 1836. The letter was accompanied by two copies of a memoir
on the late Charles Telfair, Esq., President and Founder of the
Natural History Society of that island. The memoir was written
by M. Desjardins.

A letter dated Capetown, July 5th, 1836, from the Rev. James
Adamson, a corresponding member, was read; the letter acknow-
ledged the receipt of the printed Proceedings and Transactions of
the Society, with thanks from the South African Literary and Scien-
tific Institution.

A letter was also read from C. R. Read, Esq., a corresponding
member, dated Singapore, September 2nd, 1836, announcing a pre-
sent of 56 skins of birds, and the skin of an alligator of large size,
which have been received.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Waterhouse brought under
the notice of the Meeting numerous species of the genus Mus, form-
ing part of the collection presented to this Society by Charles Dar-
win, Esq., a Corresponding Member. The specimens placed on the
table had been collected at various parts of the Southern Coast of
South America, viz. Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Port Desire, Maldonado,
Bahia Blanca, &c.

Most of these numerous species were considered by Mr. Water-
house as hitherto undescribed, and drawings were exhibited by him
illustrative of the modifications observable in their dentition.

The specific characters of the species above referred to are as
follows :

Movs tumipus. WM. brunneus, nigro lavatus, rostro ad apicem,
labiis, mento, guld, pectore, abdomineque albis, naso supra ni-
grescente; mystacibus atris; capite magno ; auribus mediocribus
rotundatis, pilis nigris et griseis intermixtis, vestitis ; corpore
crasso; caudd capite corporeque breviore, pilis nigricantibus,
subtus albescentibus prope basin, vestité ; artubus pedibusque
grisescentibus ; vellere longo, molli ; pilis dorsi ochraceo annu-
latis apicibus nigris ; pilis laterum apicibus fuscescenti-griseis ;
pilis omnibus ad basin plumbeis ; unguibus longis.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin.... 6 9
CRUUGY : Pie W els) erase ak aes oa = 5 4

—— —— ab apice rostriad marginem oculi O 9
ab apice rostriad basin auris.... 1 8

tarsi digitorumque............-- 1 6

ai det Re Ie ORE OEY 07

Hab. Maldonado.
No. L, and LI,—Procezpines OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

“d =~
-

oe “oe ee
Ifua > OY VM

Mus. nasutus. M. supra obscure flavescenti-fuscus, ad latera ful-
vescens; subtis obscure fulvo tinctus : pedibus pilis obscure fus-
cis tectis ; unguibus longis ; auribus ‘medioeribus ; cauda cor-
pore breviore, supra fuscd, subtis sordidé albd: rhinario pro-
ducto: vellere longo et molli.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usquead caude basin 5 2
caude’ haiuty vsaiset lestensce®- 2), 8

oe ab apice rostriad marginemoculi.. O 72
——-———. ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 3

se tarsi digitorumques.) 0. See opop Ay OF
PUTAS ING 115d det RR ee Ah ee 0 5

Hab. Maldonado.

Mus ozscurus. WM. supra fusco-nigrescens, subtus flavescens ;
pedibus obscuré fuscis ; unguibus longiusculis ; auribus medio-
“cribus; caudd corpore breviore, supra nigrescente, subtus sordidé

albad: vellere mediocri, molli.

unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 5 3
candé 22 8322 SEPONS Alu Je Ue QORe
——-—— ab apice rostriad marginemoculi.. 0 6
————— ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 23
tarsi digitorumque.... .. PPT Bs 0 114
Garis ANN CPOE P a BPD S ie Cae es

Hab. Maldonado.
Mus tonerritis. M. supra obseuré griseus, flavo lavatus ; subtus
griseus ; pedibus fuscis, unguibus longiusculis, auribus mediocri-
bus ; caudd corpore breviore, supra nigrescente, subtus fusces-

by >

cente ; rhinario sub-producto : vellere longissimo, ings P
une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caudex basin 5 4 f
COUDD a cots av alagieiers Deke Re VOTES ie ¢

———— ab apice rostriad marginem oculi.. 0 6} “a

———— ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 2 a

a cee 2 farsi digitorumquer aia. Jive wien Wis :

eee SE TURET VSL Shs kets 4 GE SHOE a 0 63 5
Hab, Coquimbo. Z

Mus ottvaceus. WM. corpore supra subolivaceo, subtis cineres-
cente; auribus mediocribus, rotundatis, pilis parvulis fusces-
centibus obsitis ; eaudd corpore breviore, pilosd, at syuamas osten-
dente, supra fuscd subtis albescente ; pedibus pilis fuscescentibus

teclis.
une. lin. ;
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caudee basin 5 1
ROU D6 oo SENS RE RSs penne inte 2-88
— ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 6 +
____——. ab apice rostri ad basin auris .-.. 1 2
25 = *taras digitorumyue: OS 2 So. creo
QURID EAs nape: 0 5 ?
Latitudo auris ...... he eerie. Sy LiOk Tam

a yee

- Hujus speciei pili corporis omnes longi sunt, laxi, mollesque, plum-
beo colore, sed in dorso ad apicem flavescente ; abdomine, albes-
centes ; pili longiores dorsales apicem versus nigricantes, cineras-
centes desinunt ; mystaces pilos tenues ostendunt cinereo colore, sed
ad basin nigrescentes.

Hab. Valparaiso.

Mus microrus. M. supra cinerascenti-fuscus flavo luvatus ;
subtus obscuré flavo tinctus; pedibus pilis sordidé albis tectis,
antipedibus parvulis ; auribus mediocribus ; caudd, quoad lon-
gitudinem, corpus feré equante, supra fused, sublis sordidé alba.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caudz basin 6 O

nt /1)1) | a re ae ore 3.8
ab apice rostriad marginemoculi.. O 74

———— ab apice rostriad basin auris.... 1 4
tarsi digitorumque,.......s50s Avy Aen OE

OS aha. Sanrelo-weld es -rdsnseyOO iG

Hab. Santa Cruz.

Mus sracuiotis. M. supra obscure fuscus, subtus obscure griseo
tinctus ; pedibus griseo-fuseis ; auribus parvulis ; caudd, quoad
longitudinem, corpus feré equante: vellere longo et molli.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usqueadcaude basin 4 9
CAML A sal at ale athe ds ‘weet alias i SES

ab apice rostriad marginem oculi.. 0 64
— ab apice rostri ad basin auris;... 1 2
—— tarsi digitorumgue....+++..++++- O11
UPB TON Sek AY pe ee ee 0 3

Mus xantuoruinus. WM. supra griseus, subtus albus, rhinario
Jflavo ; auribus parvulis, intus pilis flavis obsitis ; mystacibus
longis, canis, ad basin nigrescentibus : cauddé corpore breviore,
supra fused, ad latera flavescente, subtus sordidé alba: pedibus
anticis tarsisque flavis, digitis albis: vellere longo, molli.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin... 4 O
caud@ ...... bi shire hy erhabsuse-os's 2 0
. ab apice rostriad marginemoculi.. O 5
ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 0
tarsi digitorumque,..... Genter « aun. 9
Gurigucrisit bs i ew os Aiea oe ODF

Statura mure musculo pauld major.
Hab, Santa Cruz.

Mus canescens. MM. supra canescens, subtus albus pallideé Jflavo
lavatus ; oculis flavido cinctis ; auribus parvulis, pilis pallidé
flavis et plumbeis obsitis ; mystacibus mediocribus, canis, ad basin
nigricantibus ; caudd vix corpore breviore, supra fusco-nigrd,

subtus sordide albd ; pedibus canescentibus ; vellere mediocri,
molli, supra pilis pallide et sordidé flavis, nonnullis cinerascenti-
bus intermixtis.
unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caudz basin... .

3
YMRS fps a. wo, wea 's win ees 2 2 10
ab apice rostriad marginem oculi.. 0 53
ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 0 112d
tarsi digitorumque...........4:: 0 9
EM are bat tte Ha Pest : 0 32

Statura muri musculo appropinquat.
Hab. Port Desire.

Mus arenicora. M. supra fuscus, subtis cinerascenti-albus, pal-
lidé flavo tinctus; auribus mediocribus rotundatis, pilis flavis
Sfuscisque obsitis: caudé quod ad longitudinem pertinet corpus
equante, pilis subvestitd, sywamisque apparentibus, supra fusca,
infra albescente; pedibus obscuré albis. Vellere longo, molli ;
pilis ad bases plumbeis, illis capitis, dorsi, laterumque apicem
versus sordidé flavo et fusco-nigrescente variegatis ; mento, guld,
pectore, abdomineque, pilis ad apicem flavo-albidis ; mystacibus
plenis, brevibus tenerrimis ad basin fuscescentibus, ad apicem

grisescenti-albis.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 4 3

caud@...... SOON SELON TC OSE 2 9
ab apice rostriad marginem oculi.. 0 52

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 O

tarsi digitorumque...... on. es ae Oe
EYES Sanus are nig cite oa eerie a 0 44

Hab. Maldonado.

Mus simacutatus. WM. vellere pallidé ochraceo, pilis nigrican-
tibus adsperso, his ad latera rarioribus; rostri lateribus, noté
magnd pone aurem utramque, corporeque subtus niveis : mys-
tacibus albis, ad basin nigrescentibus ; auribus majusculis, pilis
flavis atque albis intermixtis obsitis : eaudd, quoad longitudinem,
corpus feré equante, carned, pilis albis brevissimis obsitd ; artu-
bus albis; pedibus pilis albis sparsim tectis ; tarsis ad calcem
pilis argenteo-candidis obsitis.

une. lin. :

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 1
COUNdB © 53\1/2, see SUR ae ee cere oe
— ab apice rostri ad marginemoculi. 0 4}
———— ab apice rostri adauris basin.... 0 8%
———— tarsi digitorumque...........+.++ 0 8
auris...... ; . Oo 42

Hee species mure musculo minor; auribus paululim grandiori-
bus ratione ad totam magnitudinem habit ; pili gule, pectoris ab-
dominisque albi sunt usque ad radices.

Hab. Maldonado.

ge
ah

Mus Evecans. MM. supra flavus, vellere pilis fuscescentibus ad-
sperso, his ad latera et prope oculos, rarioribus: pilis pone
aurem utramque, labiis, corpore subtus, pedibusque niveis: au-
ribus magnis, intus pilis flavis,externé, ad partem anteriorem fus- ©
cis obsitis: mystacibus nigrescentibus, ad apicem albescentibus ;
caudé capite corporeque paulo longiore, pilis albis, supra fusces-
centibus, obsité : tarsis longis, ad calcem pilis albis tectis.

une, lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 7
CURE gas a synced as cen aha th SS a
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. O 6
1
0

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... a
tarsi digitorumque.....s.ssseees 10.
AONE Fie ea shied do ney Set ieee 0 6
Hee species statura muri musculo appropinquat. Vellus in gula
usque ad radicem album, in abdomine pallidé cinereum ad basin.
Hab. Bahia Blanca.

Mus cracitires. M. supra fuscus flavo-lavatus ; hoc colore apud
litera et in artubus letiore; pilis pone aurem utramque, labiis, cor-
poreque subtus, albis: pedibus parvulis, gracilibus, carneis, supra
et ad calcem pilis albis tectis: cauddé gracili, carned, pilis albis in-
structd: auribus majusculis, pilis flavescentibus obsitis: vellere
mediocri et molli, pilis omnibus ad basin plumbeis: mystacibus
nigrescentibus ad apicem albescentibus; nonnullis omnino albis.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin.... 2 10
COUde ........ ia Siai« stngcee wiaie) dg

ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 41

— ab apice rostri ad basin auris O 82

tarsi digitorumque............ -- O 64

PRE 29) ohn «1 sf ore ythv 23> [es ae O 4}

, Hab. Bahia Blanca.

Mos riAvescens. M. supra colore cinnamomeo, lateribus capitis,

f corporisque, @que ac pectore, auratis ; guld abdomineque fla-
vescenti-albis : pedibus albis: auribus mediocribus rotundatis,

2 pilis flavis obsitis ; ilis ad marginem superiorem extrinsecis
e intense fuscis ; caudd corpore capiteque longiore, gracili, supra

‘3 fused, subtis sordidé albd.

‘a unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caud basin 3 9

} ————— COUd@ eee cececeenee 4 14

- ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 54

ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 0
; tarsi digitorumque.........-.00 1 OL
‘ Ce PS. a ea -- O 44

‘i Hab. Maldonado.

Mus srevirostris. M. supra fuscus fulvo lavatus; ad latera
Slavescens, subtis sordidé ochraceus; auribus magnis, pilis indi-

stincte obsitis, illis internis auratis; caudd capitem corpusque
feré equante, pilis parce tectd; supra obscure fused, subtis pal-
lidé fusca ; pedibus fuscescentibus, digitis albicantibus ; mystact-
bus fusco-nigris: vellere brevi, molli ; capite parvulo, brevi.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin .. 3 2
———— CMU... er eeeenes- Aa eee
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. O 38}
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 0 7
tarsi digitorumque..........+++- 0-9
ie PRES TEEPE) SO Ware QO 43

Hee species muri musculo appropinquat ; differt attamen capite
minore, (ratione ad magnitudinem habita,) rostro breviore, tarsisque
longioribus.

Hab. Maldonado.

Mus Maurus. WM. pilis subrigidis, supra purpurascenti-nigris,
subtis fusco-plumbeis ; capite fusco-nigro, rostro fusco; auribus
parvulis sordideé albis, pilis minutissimis pallidé fuscis obsitis :
caudd corpus feré equante, nigra, pilis sparse vestitd: pedibus
fuscis ; mystacibus fusco-nigris, ad apicem grisescentibus.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin .. 11 3
CARIB MADY DP, GIVIPIY TIE EG 7 6
— ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 1 0
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 2 2
tarsi digitorumque.......-...... 1 8

UTE cg”. 2. wi BE oe ten O 6}

Hee species colore muri ratto appropinquat, at purpurascenti-
fusco tincta. Quoad staturam murem decumanum pergrandem éequat;
vellus quoad texturam feré est ut in mure decumano; et ad basin
plumbeum ; pilis albis in dorso lateribusque intersparsis.

Hab. Maldonado.

«Though in the foregoing description I have retained the ge-
neric title Mus, I have here to state that the above species natu-
rally divide themselves into several subordinate groups, the characters
of which are sufficiently evident, not only between themselves, but
also between each group and that to which the term Mus ought, I
conceive, to be restricted, and of which our common mouse (Mus
musculus) may be regarded as the type. To these groups I shall here
assign subgeneric titles, and at the same time point out their chief

distinguishing characters without entering into any minute details”

respecting them, as I shall shortly have an opportunity of illustrating
my views by means of drawings both of the teeth and of the animals,
without which it is impossible to convey 4 clear idea of the subject.”

Subgenus 1. ScaprEromys*.

Molars with enamel deeply indented in the crown. In the front
molar of the lower jaw the enamel is indented twice on the outer

* Scapteromys, from Zxaxzne, a digger, and Mus.

* Seebies

—_ piney

j
4 21
.
margin and three times on the inner; in the second molar the enamel
is indented once on the outer margin and twice on the inner; and
in the last molar once on the outer, and twice on the inner. Fur
long and soft. Tail moderate, well clothed with hair. Claws long,
but slightly curved and formed for burrowing. Fore-feet mode-
rately large. Thumb furnished with a distinct claw. Ears moderate,
well clothed with hairs.

. Species Mus (Scapteromys) tumidus.

Subgenus 2. Oxymycrerus*.
Molars with the folds of enamel penetrating deeply into the body
of the tooth. Front molar of the lower jaw with three indentations on
___ the inner side and two on the outer; second molar with two on the
outer side and the same number on the inner; the last molar with
one indentation of the enamel on each side. Fur long and soft.
_Claws long, but slightly curved, and formed for burrowing. A di-
__stinct claw on the thumb. Tail short, moderately furnished with
hair. Nose much elongated and pointed.
Species Mus (Oxymycterus) nasutus.

Subgenus 3. ABrorurix t.

Folds of enamel penetrating deeply into the sides of the molars.
The front molar of the lower jaw has three folds of enamel on the
inner side and two on the outer; the second molar has two on the
inner side and one on the outer; and the last molar has one on each
side. Fur long and soft. Tail short, well furnished with hair.
Thumb with a short rounded nail. Ears well furnished with hair.

Type Mus (Abrothrix) longipilis.
Species 2 Mus (Ab.) obseurus.

olivaceus.
Me 4 ——__——_ micropus.
; : 5 Se Peligtis-
: awe wanthorhinus.
: 7 canescens.

8 ———_——- arenicola.
In general appearance these animals resemble Arvicole.

Subgenus 4. Catomyst.

Fur moderate, soft. Tarsus almost entirely clothed beneath with
hair. Front molar with three indentations of enamel on the inner
side and two on the outer; second molar with two on the inner
and two on the outer; and the last molar with one on each side.

. Type Mus (Calomys) bimaculatus.

Species 2 Mus (Cal.) elegans.

3 — gracilipes.

Mus n maurus and M. brevirostris I regard as belonging to the re-
_ stricted genus Mus. In Mus flavescens the dentition “differs slightly
from that of the ordinary mice.

* Oxymycterus, from Ogus, sharp, and Muxrzg, nose.

+ Abrothria, from‘ A®eos, soft or delicate, and Og, hair.

t Calomys, from Keaos, beautiful, and Muc.

Mr. Gould exhibited, in continuation, the Fissirostral Birds of
Mr. Darwin’s collection, recently presented to the Society, and
characterized from among them the following new species :

CAPRIMULGUS BIFASCIATUS. Cap. nigro, fusco, et fulvescente
ornatus ; caudd albo bifasciatd, fascid terminali lato: primd
angusté ; primariis nigrescentibus fascia angusta albé ad medi-
um: alis spuriis maculd alba notatis; gutture lunuld alba ;
secondoriis tectricibusque alarum macula fulvescente ad apicem ;
erisso pallidé rufescente ; rostro pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot. unc., 92; ale, 63; caude, 5; tarsi, 3.

CAPRIMULGUS PARVULUS. Cap. intensé fuscus, guttis minutis
cinereis ornatus ; vittd rufa cervicem cingente; gutture scapu-
laribusque ad marginem, secondariis ad apicem stramineis ;
pectore et abdomine lineis fuscis transversis ; primariis nigres-
centibus, tribus fasciis inequalibus pallidé rufescentibus; caudé
fasciis pallide fulvescentibus et fuscis ornatd.

Long. tot. unc., 7}; ale, 5; caude, 4; tarsi, %.

Hirunvo rrontALis. ir. vertice plumis auricularibus dorso
et lunuld pectorali nitidé ceruleo viridescentibus, nota albd super
nares, guld corporeque subtus albicantibus, crisso niveo, alis cau-
daque fuscis viridi tinctis, rostro nigro, pedibus intensé fuscis.

Long. tot 42 unc. ale, 42; caude, 2; tarsi, 4.

Hab. Montevideo.

Hirunpvo concotor. Hir. nitidé cerulescenti niger.
Long. tot. 52 unc. ale, 5; caude, 22; tarsi, 4.
Hab. in insulis Galapagorum.

Hacyon ERYTHRORHYNCHUS. Hale.vertice plumis auricularibus,
et nuchd fuscescenti-cinereis, guld pectore et abdomine medio albis,
lateribus abdomine imo crissoque castanets, alis humerisque nigris
secondariis ad marginem dorso medio tectricibusque caude metal-
licé viridibus, ceruleo tinctis, caudd eeruled superne, subtus fus-
ed, rostro pedibusque rubris.

Long. tot. 7? unc. ; rost., 2; ale, 33; caude, 23; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in insula St. Iago.

—a_
he

|
-»

February 28th, 1837.
The Rey. John Barlow, in the Chair.

The following notice by T. C. Eyton, Esq. of some osteological pe-
culiarities in different skeletons of the genus Sus was read.

“ Having during the last year prepared the skeleton of a male Pig
of the pure Chinese breed, brought over by Lord Northampton, I
was surprised to find that a very great difference existed in the
number of tlie vertebre from that given in the ‘‘ Legons d’ Anatomie
Comparée,” vol. i. Ed. 1835. pag..182, under the head either of San-
glier or Cochon Domestique. A short time afterwards, through the
kindness of Sir Rowland Hill, Bart., M.P., I prepared the skeleton
of a female Pig from Africa; this also differed, as also does the En-
glish long-legged sort as it is commonly called.

“The following table will show the differences in the number of
the vertebrz in each skeleton with those given in the work above
quoted,

English African Chinese Lecgons
Male. Female. Male. d’Anat. Comp.
: ? Sanglier. Coch.dom.

2 eae BP teh MUO ol Shd cehds\ Re aera) ae
DME: s «eins LSI ER US eer | mer ae) en eget |
Lumb. ...... Gui Girices, A oe ae Be iat Sea
See Drags sia Diunanarnn owed: ds 4... 4
aude ie. Dies Gao 4 owkD erat QO AS
ORAL baie 0% Sores: ito ado si 60) ee

It is possible that some of the caudal vertebre may be missing.
*«« The Chinese Pig was imported into this country for the purpose
of improving our native sorts, with which it breeds freely, and the

‘offspring are again fruitful. I this winter saw a fine litter of Pigs

by Sir Rowland Hill’s African Boar, imported with the female I de-
scribed, the mother of which was a common Pig; time will show
whether they will again be fruitful.

«« From what has been stated the result appears to me to be that
either the above three Pigs must be considered as distinct species, and
which, should the offspring of the two latter again produce young,

- would do away with the theory of Hunter, that the young of two di-

stinct species are not fruitful, or we cannot consider osteological
character a criterion of species.

“TI have been induced to offer the above not with any desire of
species-making, but of adding something towards the number of re-
corded facts by which the question what is a species must be an-
swered.”

_ A letter was read from Thomas Keir Short, Esq., dated Launces-
ton, Van Diemen’s Land, August 10th, 1836, containing some re-
marks upon the Apteryz, two living specimens of which had been
seen by the writer. The general correctness of the description pub-
lished by Mr. Yarrell of this bird is confirmed by the observations
of Mr. Short, with the exception of its progressive powers, which
are stated to be remarkably great. The natives employ two methods
of capturing it; one by hunting it down with very swift dogs, the
other by imitating its call at night, and when by this means the bird
is decoyed within a short distance, it is suddenly exposed to a strong
light, which so confuses it that it is then readily taken. The usual
position is standing, with the head drawn back between the shoul-
ders, and the bill pointing to the ground. The food is stated to be
principally worms and insects, and these birds are strictly nocturnal
in their habits, feeding only during the night. Mr. Short remarks,
that he has not been able to learn the place in which the Apferyx
builds its nest, or the number of eggs which it lays. In conclusion,
he promises to use his utmost endeavours to procure specimens for
the Society.

Mr. Gould resumed the exhibition of his collection of Australian
Birds, as also several species, from the same country, forming por-
tions of the collections of the United Service Museum, and of King’s
College, London. Among his own birds Mr. Gould characterized
two new species of Meliphagide, constituting a subdivision of that
family, including Meliphaga tenuirostris of authors. For this new
group he proposed the generic title of Acanthorhynchus, and for the
two new species the names of 4. superciliosus and A. dubius.

Acantuoruyncuus. (Gen. char.) Rostrum elongatum gracile et
acutum ; ad latera compressum ; tomiis incurvatis ; culmine acuto
et elevato.

Nares basales elongate et operculo tecte.

Lingua ut in Gen. Meliphaga.

Ale mediocres et sub-rotundate, remigibus primis et quintis feré
equalibus; tertiis et quartis intense equalibus et longissimis.

Cauda mediocris, et paululim furcata.

Tarsi elongati, fortes ; halluce digito medio longiore et robustiore;

. digito externo medium superante.

Ungues curvati. :

Typus, Certhia tenuirostris, auct.

ACANTHORHYNCHUS SUPERCILIOSUS. Ae. summo capite, corpore
superiore, alis, caudeque rectricibus sex intermediis cinerascenti-
fuscis, rectricibus reliquis nigris albo ample terminatis ; loro—
plumisque auricularibus nigreseenti-fuscis ; gutture summo,
genis linedque superciliari albis ; gutture colloque nitidé et pal-
lide castaneis ; illius colore vitid alba infra circumdato, cut vitta
nigra accedit ; abdomine crissoque pallidé cinerascenti-fuscis ;
rostro pedibusque nigris. ;

4
}
;

Long. tot 53 unc. ; rostri, 13; ale, 23; caude, 24; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

- ACANTHORHYNCHUS DUBIUS. Ae. summo capite intensé cine-
rascenti-viridi ; loro, plumis auricularibus, lunulé in utroque
pectoris latere, rectricibusque caude sex intermediis nigrescenti-
fuscis, rectricibus reliquis nigris ad apicem albis; nuché obscuré
rufa; secundariis, tectricibus ale majoribus, et uropygio cinereis ;
. guld pectoreque cinerescenti-albis, illé rufo tineta ; abdomine cris-
| soque nitidé at pallidé castaneis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 54 une.; rosiri, 1; ale, 23; caude, 21; tarsi, 2.

Obs. Although [ have given the name of dubius to this species on
account of its close resemblance to Acanthorhynchus tenuirosiris, 1
have but little dowbt that it will ultimately prove to be distinct.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

The following species, also in Mr. Gould’s collection, were named
and characterized : -

Parpaxotus arrinis. Pard. fronte nigro ; vertice nigro, singulis
plumis lined centrali alba ; lined supereiliari flava ad basin ros-
tri _oriente, cum lined albdé conjuncta occiput versus tendente ;
nuchdé dorsoque sordideé olivaceo-fuscis ; uropygio tectricibusque
caude flavide olivaceo-fuscis ; alis nigris, primariis nota alba
apicali ornatis, plumd tertid albescente ad marginem externum ;
secundariis albo rufoque marginatis; ald spurid ad apicem
flava; caude rectricibus nigrescenti-fuscis transversim albo ad
apicem notatis; auriculis genisque cinerescentibus; guld flava ;
pectore abdomineque mediis pallidé flavis, albo intermixtis ; la-
teribus flavide olivaceo-fuscis; rostro nigro; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 31 unc. ; rostri, 3; ale, 23; caude, 13; tarsi, }3.

Obs. This species differs from Pardalotus striatus in having a

larger bill, a longer wing, and a longer tarsus, and in the absence
of the white margination of the five primaries ; the tips of the spu-

rious wing in the present species is yellow, while in Pardalotus

_ striatus the same part is scarlet. I am somewhat disposed to be-

_ lieve that the bird figured by Dr. Latham may be referable to this

species, and not to the following.

Hab. In terra Van Diemen.

Nawopes eLecans. Mas. Nan. vittdé frontali purpured, supra
lined metallicé ceruleé marginaté ad auriculas tendente ; loro
splendidé flavo; capite, genis, dorso, tectricibusque caude oli-

_ vaceo-viridibus aureo lavatis ; humeris ceruleis, primariis ni-
gris, primis quatuor ad marginem viridescentibus ; secundariis
aldque spurid nigris; guld pectoreque viridescenti-fiavis, hoc
colore in flavum, abdomine erissoque transeunte ; abdomine
centrali pallidé aurantiaco ; rectricibus caude duabus inter-
mediis viridescenti-ceruleis, reliquis ad basin cceruleis, ample
flavo terminatis ; rostro pedibusque intense fuscis.

Foem, vel Mas Junior wittd frontali caret, et colorem habet indi-
stinctiorem.

Long. tot. 9 unc.; ale, 43; caude, 54; tarsi, 4.

Hab. In terra Van Diemen?

Puatycercus FLavEotvus. Plat. fronte coccineo ; bucecis pallide
ceruleis ; summo capite, nuchd, et dorso, uropygio, tectricibus
caude superioribus, corporeque inferné pallide flavidis, plumis
dorsi parteque inferiori tectricum ale majorum centris nigris
externé flavescentibus ; alis mediis cyaneis; ald spurid pri-
mariisque externée ad basin saturaté violaceis ; reliquis prima-
rium saturate brunneis ; reciricibus duabus intermediis caude
ad basin viridescentibus, ad apicem ceruleis, reliquis rectricum
ad basin exteriorem saturaté ceruleis, apicibus pallidioribus,
plumis interné feré per totam longitudinem brunneis, apicibus
extremis albis ; rostro livido ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 13} unc. ; ale, 7; caude, 73; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Himanrtorus LeucocerHatus. Him. albus; nuchd, dorso, alis-

que nigris, nitore viridi ; rostro nigro; pedibus rufis.

Long. tot. 15 unc.; rostri, 25; ale, 85; caude, 3; tarsi ad
primum articulum 4, spatii nudi super eum 24.

Obs. This is a well-known species, but has hitherto been con-
founded with the Himantopus melanopterus, under which title it
has been described by various authors.

Hab. Australia et insulis Java, Sumatra.

Mr. Gould also characterized two new species of the genus Sterna,
from the collection in King’s College, and a species of Cormorant in
the United Service Museum, and three species of the genus Or-
pheus, from the Galapagos, in the collection of Mr. Darwin.

Srerna potiocerca. Stern. fronte cinerascenti-albo in nigrum ad
occiput mergente ; gutture, collo anticé et posticé, corporeque
subtus albis ; corpore supra, alis, cauddque cinerascentibus ;
rostro flavo ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 174 unc.; rostri, 23; ale, 122; caude, 7 ; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Srerna macrorarsa. Stern. vertice et nuchd nigris ; corpore su-
pra primariisque argenteo-cinerascentibus ; partibus reliquis
corporis albis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 15 unc.; rostri, 24; ale, 12; caude, 53; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

PHALACROCORAX BREVIROSTRIS. Phal. rostro flavo culmine ad

basingue nigrescenti-fuscis ; gutture plumis auricularibus genis-
que albis. Nuchdé pectore corporeque subtus cum caudd nitidé

— ee —_— ee

ll ta ie ee)

“97

nigris; dorsi alarumque plumis intensé cinereis, nigro margina-
tis, pedibus nigris.
Long. tot. 23 unc.; rostri, 23; ale, 94; caude, 74; tarsi, 11.

Orruevs Trirascratus. Orph. vertice, nuchd, et dorso nigres-
centibus ; uropygio rufo pallide lavato ; alis nigrescentibus tectri-
cibus nota albescente terminali, fascias tres transversas facienti-
bus rectricibus caude duabus intermediis nigrescentibus, reliquis
ad apicem pallidioribus ; plumis auricularibus strigd superci-
liari, guld, et corpore subtus albis, lateribus notis guttisque
Suscis ornatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 10% unc. ; rostri, 13; ale, 5; caude, 54; tarsi, 13.

OrruEvs mELANotis. Orph. vertice, nuchd, dorsoque pallid? fus-
cis ; plumis capitis et dorsi ad medium colore saturatiore ; alis
intense fuscis singulis, plumis ad marginem pallidioribus, seconda-
riis, tectricibusque mujoribus notd albd terminali, fascias duas
transversas facientibus ; caude rectricibus nigrescenti-fuscis ad
apicem albis, loro, plumisque auricularibus nigrescenti-fuscis ;
laterum plumis notd fuscd centrali, abdomine albo ; rostro pedi-
busque nigris.

Long. tot. 95 unc. ; rostri, 14; ale, 43; caude, 44; tarsi, 13.

Orpueus pArvutus. Orph. vertice, nuchd cauddque intensé fuscis,
hujus rectricibus ad apicem albo notatis; alis fuscis secondariis
tectricibusque noté albd apicali fascias duas transversas facien-
tibus ; loro, plumisque auricularibus nigrescentibus, guld, colli
lateribus pectore, et abdomine albescentibus ; plumis laterum notis
Suscis per medium longitudinaliter excurrentibus.

Long. tot. 8; unc. ; rostri,1; ale, 33; caude, 32; tarsi, 1f.

Mr. Waterhouse resumed the exhibition of the small Rodents,
belonging to the collection presented by Mr. Darwin to the Society.
Among them were three species allied to the genus Mus, but offering
some slight modification, not only in the external form, but in the
structure of the teeth. They have the fur soft and silky ; the head
large, and the fore legs very small and delicate; the ¢arsws mode-
rately long and bare beneath; in the number and proportion of the
toes they agree with the true rats; the tail is moderately long, and
more thickly clothed with hair than in the typical rats. The ears

_ are large, and clothed with hair. Like the true rats, they have

twelve rooted molars; the folds of enamel, however, penetrate
more deeply into the body of each tooth, and enter in such a way
that the crowns of the teeth are divided into transverse and some-
what lozenge-shaped lobes, or in some instances into lobes of a

_ triangular form. In the front molar of the upper jaw the enamel
enters the body of the tooth twice, both on the outer and inner
_ Sides; and in the second and posterior molars, both of the upper

and under jaws, the enamel penetrates but once externally and in-

ternally in each. In the front molar of the lower jaw the enamel
enters the body of the tooth three times internally, and twice ex-
ternally.

As the above-mentioned characters, in Mr. Waterhouse’s opinion,
evidently indicated an aberrant form of the Muridez, he suggested
the propriety of constituting a subgenus under the name of Phyllo-
tis* for the reception of the species. ;

They were characterized as follows :—

Mus (Payzioris) Darwinu. WM. supra pilis cinnamomeis et ni-
grescentibus intermixtis ; ante oculos cinerascentibus ; genis,
lateribus corporis, et cauddé prope basin, fulvo-cinnamomeis ;
partibus inferioribus pedibusque albis ; auribus permagnis, feré
nudis ; cauddé caput corpusque feré equante, supra fusco-nigri-
cante, subtus alba.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 0
COU Lee iivcccvnrcvnrecs Gad

ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 84
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 43

tarsi digitorumque ........ +... 1 13 |
= AUTIS 0. aie ece cee meee rene 0 113
Aurisdatitadosogitn Sif hse PN eels sane 0 112

Hab, Coquimbo.
This little animal is remarkable for its large leaf-like ears.

.
Mus (Puyxuoris) xantuoryeus. MM. supra pallidé brunneus
flavo-lavatus, ad latera flavescens, subtus albus ; capite gris-
cescente ; natibus flavis; pedibus albis; auribus majusculis
pilis albis et flavis intermixtis obsitis ; caudd longitudinem cor-
poris feré equante, supra nigricante; subtus alba; vellere
longo et molli; pilis corporis omnibus ad basin plumbeis ;
mystacibus perlongis albescentibus, ad basin nigris.
une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin .. 5 3
——. caudeé ,....... Sse Bass ase Hpteers as
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. O
ab apice rostri ad basin auris . 1
tarsi digitorumque ........ 3.2 ae
SST Ts TS LINE PY E 0 ;
ASIN LAU 6. 5 ot sepia cian Fiat edb conn heyy aaareg)
Hab. Santa Cruz. :
<
-.

Mus (Payttoris) criszo-FLavus. MV. supra griseus flavo-lava-
tus, ad latera flavus, subtus albus; pedibus albis; auribus
magnis et fere nudis; caudd caput corpusque feré equante,
supra fusco-nigricante, subtis alba ; vellere longo, molli ; pilis
ad bases plumbeis.

* Phyllotis, from @Pvrdoy, a leaf, and Ov;, aTos, an ear.

—
=
=
—_

une.

Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 8
UA i ee ces on Bale 5. 6G
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. O 8
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 4%
tarsi digitorumque ............ 1 24
—— aris ........ PPI. BA Hav? Owe
Latitudo auris............ Pa SOP L ON 0 83
Hab. Rio Negro.

’ This species may be readily distinguished from WM. wanthopygus
by the greater proportionate length of its tail.

Two species of small Rodents were next characterized as consti-
tuting examples of a new genus, for which Mr. Waterhouse proposed
the name of

REITHRODON.*

“ Dentes primores % ; inferioribus acutis, gracilibus, et anticé levi-
bus; superioribus gracilibus, anticé longitudinalitér sulcatis.
Molares utrinque % radicati; primo maximo, ultimo minimo: primo:
superiore plicas vitreas duas externé et interné alternatim ex-
hibente ; secundo, et tertio, plicas duas externé, interne unam :
primo inferiore plicas vitreas tres externé, duas interne; se-
cundo, plicas duas externé, unam interné; tertio unam externe
et interné, exhibentibus.
Artus inequales: antipedes 4-dactyli, cum pollice exiguo unguiculato:
pedes postici 5-dactyli, digitis externis et internis brevissimis.
_Ungues parvuli et debiles. Tarsi subtis pilosi.
Cauda mediocris, pilis brevibus adpressis instructa.
Caput magnum, fronte convexo : oculis magnis : auribus mediocribus.
«In the present genus, the incisors, compared with those of the
true rats, are rather smaller in proportion, and those of the upper
jaw also differ in having a longitudinal groove, a character which
exists in Huryotis (Brants), Gerbillus, Otomys (Smith), Dendromys,
and some other genera, but not combined with molars similar in
cture to those above described, nor yet with similar external
aracters. In other respects the incisors resemble those of the
genus Mus; that is to say, those of the lower jaw are long, slender,
and pointed, and those of the upper are deep from front to back, and
‘somewhat flattened at the sides and in front. The molars gradually
decrease in size from the front to the last posterior tooth. The
folds of enamel penetrate deeply into the crowns of these teeth, so
hat those from one side are in contact with those of the other; these
olds of enamel are each nearly opposed to the salient angles of the
site side.
‘In the two species of this genus with which I am acquainted the
is long, very soft, and consists of hairs of two lengths. The

* Pesdoos, a channel; Odo», a tooth.
? ,

arched form of the head and the large eyes produce in these ani-
mals a slight resemblance to young rabbits; their affinity, however,
is with the Muride.”

Reirnropon rypicus. Reithr. vellere supra pilis flavescenti-fuscis
et nigrescentibus intermixtis composito; regione circa oculos, genis
lateribusque corporis auvratis, pilis pallidé fuscis intermixtis ;
partibus inferioribus auratis ; rhinario ad latera flavescenti-
albo ; auribus magnis, intus pilis flavis, extus flavis et fuscis,
indutis ; caudd supra pallide fusca, subtus sordidé alba ; pedi-
bus albis.

unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 0O
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 84

i E : 4 4

ab apice rostriad basin auris .,.. 1 43

tarsi digitorumque ............ 1 eae

UMTS OE DLA See PORN ND: 2.0 0 82}

Latta NNER! 0 aie dicts Rv aleraldide v. da wenrt@engy

Hab. Maldonado.

ReirHRopon cunicuLoives. Feeithr. supra griseus, flavo-lavatus,
pilis nigris intermixtis ; abdomine gulaque pallide flavis ; nati-
bus albis; pedibus albis; auribus mediocribus, intus pilis flavis,
extus pilis pallidé flavis, obsitis, macula nigrescente ad mar-
ginem anteriorem positd ; pone aures, notd magna albescenti-
flava ; caudé corpore breviore, supra pailide fused, subtus albd.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 6 5
CRUMB i x hs00 5iipech siiaSie hays males) a eh
ab apice rostriad marginem oculi. QO 94
ab apice rostriad basin auris :... 1 4
tarst digitorumque ............ 1 43
DIS nee Begs Ni Avie Viasat a ooiet ant * OZ

Hab. Santa Cruz.

In conclusion, two other new Rodents were characterized under
the generic name of

ABROCOMA.*

Dentes primores % acuti, eradicati, anticé leves: molares utrinque

+ subzequales, illis maxillz superioris in areas duas transver-
sales ob plicas vitreas acuté indentatas divisis; plicis utriusque
lateris vix equé profundis; illis mandibule inferioris in tres
partes divisis, plicis vitreis bis interné, semel externé indenta-
tis, area prima sagitte cuspidem fingente, ceteris acuté trian-
gularibus.

Artus subzequales.

Antipedes 4-dactyli, externo brevissimo, intermediis longissimis et
feré equalibus.

* “ABpos, soft; Koen, hair.

i i Soa id el

Pedes postici 5-dactyli; digito interno brevissimo. Ungues breves
et debiles, illo digiti secundi lato et lamellari; omnibus setis
rigidis obtectis.

Caput mediocre, auribus magnis, membranaceis; oculis mediocribus.

Cauda breviuscula.

Vellus perlongum, et molle.

“«The genus Abrocoma is evidently allied on the one hand to Oc-
todon, Ctenomys, and Pephagomys, and it appears to me almost as
evidently allied on the other hand, to the Chinchillide. The denti-
tion, however, differs considerably from either of the above-men-
tioned genera, or, from either of those of the family Chinchillide, and in
fact indicates a new genericform*. From Ctenomys and Pephagomys
the present genus is readily distinguished, by the comparatively large
size of the ears, the small delicate claws, and smaller size of the inci-
sors; and from Octodon by the uniform length of the hairs on the
tail.

“‘In the structure of the feet the genus Abrocoma approaches very
nearly to Octodon, not only in the form, but in having the soles both
of the fore and hind feet (which are devoid of hair) covered with mi-
nute round fleshy tubercles. In Octodon, however, the toes have on
their under side transverse incisions as observed in the Muride, a
character, however, not found in Abrocoma; here the under side of
the toes is, like the sole of the foot, covered with tubercles.

“ The extreme softness of the fur of the animals about to be de-
scribed, suggested for them the generic name of Abrocoma. ‘The
fur consists of hairs of two lengths, and the longer hairs are so ex-
tremely slender that they might almost be compared to the web of
the spider. The specific names applied are those of the distinguished
naturalists who first made us acquainted with the two genera Octo-
don and Pephagomys, these being very nearly allied to Abrocoma.”

ABROCOMA BENNETTU. A. corpore supra griseo, ad latera pal-
lidiore et pallidé cervino lavato, subtus albescenti-cervino; guld
albescenti-grised; pedibus sordidée albis: auribus amplis, ad
marginem posticum rectis, fere nudis, attamen extus ad bases
vellere, sicut in corpore, obsitis: caudd corpore breviore, ad ba-
sin crassiusculd, pilis brevibus incumbentibus vestitd.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usque ad caude basin 9 9
COREE es a eee Elica fn) hea 2s Tan 5 0

ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 113
ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 11
— tarsi digitorumque............+- 1 4
COTES ates pears “EL Oe 0 10

ENO) GMIER, 5 <i iks taleal oardt oka iaany> sx.aiys0-2 0 (05> 1 Of

Hab. Chili.

* “T may here mention that the folds of enamel in the dentition of the
lower jaw very much resemble those in the teeth of the genus Arvicola,”

Axsrocoma CuviERi. Ab. supra grisea, levitér ochraceo lavata ;
abdomine guldque albescenti-griseis; pedibus sordidé albis; au-
ribus amplis, ad marginem posticum distincté emarginatis, feré
nudis attamen extis ad bases vellere, sicut in corpore, obsitis :

caudé corpore multo breviore, et nigrescente.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri usquead caude basin 6 6
|) eee eee a 2 10
ab apice rostri ad marginem oculi. 0 6}
ab apice rostri ad basin auris.... 1 4
—— tarsi digitorumque ........++++- a
GUIS Ds win Se + Mperectesisauect 9s 0 7
DMCA GG UP IT js OF jst w ante tye Khao .. O 7

Hab. Valparaiso.

March 14th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esgq., in the Chair.

A paper was read, ‘On the habits of the Vultur aura,” by Mr. W.
Sells, with notes of dissections of the heads of two specimens, by
Mr. R. Owen.

The writer states that this bird is found in great abundance in the
Island of Jamaica, where it is known by the name of John Crow ; and
so valuable are its services in the removal of carrion and animal filth,
that the legislature have imposed a fine of £5 upon any one destroy-
ing it within a stated distance of the principal towns. Its ordi-
nary food is carrion, but when hard pressed with hunger it will seize
upon young fowls, rats, and snakes. After noticing the highly offen-
sive odour emitted from the eggs of this bird when broken, Mr. Sells
relates the following instances which have come under his own per-
sonal observation, for the purpose of proving, that the Vultur aura
possesses the sense of smell in a very acute degree.

- “It has been questioned whether the vulture discovers its food by
means of the organ of smell or that of sight. I apprehend that its
powers of vision are very considerable, and of most important use to
the bird in that point of view; but that it is principally from highly
organized olfactories that it so speedily receives intelligence of where
the savory morsel is to be found will plainly appear by the following
facts. In hot climates the burial of the dead commonly takes place
in about twenty-four hours after death, and that necessarily, so ra-
pidly does decomposition take place. On one occasion I had to make
a post-mortem examination of a body within twenty hours after
death, in a mill-house, completely concealed, and while so engaged
the roof of the mill-house was thickly studded with these birds.
Another instance was that of an old patient and much-valued friend
who died at midnight: the family had to send for necessaries for the
funeral to Spanish Town, distant thirty miles, so that the interment
could not take place until noon of the second day, or thirty-six hours
after his decease, long before which time, and a most painful sight
it was, the ridge of the shingled roof of his house, a large mansion
of but one floor, had a number of these melancholy-looking heralds
of death perched thereon, beside many more which had settled in
trees in its immediate vicinity. In these cases the birds must have
been directed by smell alone as sight was totally out of the question.

“In opposition to the above opinion, it has been stated by Mr. Au-
dubon that vultures and other birds of prey possess the sense of smell
in a very inferior degree to carnivorous quadrupeds, and that so far
from guiding them to their prey from a distance, it affords them no
indication of its presence, even when close at hand. In confirmation
of this opinion he relates that he stuffed the skin of a deer full of hay

No. We aeorepiseae oF THE ZooLocicaL SocieEry.

and placed it in a field; in a few minutes a vulture alighted near it
and directly proceeded to attack it, but finding no eatable food he at
length quitted it. And he further relates that a dead dog was con-
cealed in a narrow ravine twenty feet below the surface of the earth
around it and filled with briers and high canes; that many vultures
were seen sailing in all directions over the spot but none discovered
it. I may remark upon the above experiments that in the first
case the stag was doubtless seen by the birds, but it does not follow
that they might not also have smelt the hide, although inodorous to
the human nose; in the second case, the birds had undoubtedly
been attracted by smell, however embarrassed they might have been
by the concealment of the object which caused it. I have in many
hundred instances seen the vulture feeding upon small objects under
rocks, bushes, and in other situations where it was utterly impos-
sible that the bird could have discovered it but through the sense of
smell ; and we are to recollect that the habit of the vulture is that
of soaring aloft in the air, and not that of foraging upon the ground.”

Mr. Sells’s communication was accompanied by the following let-
ter from Mr. Owen, addressed to the Secretary, W. Yarrell, Esq.

“* Dear Sir,—I received the heads of the John Crow, which I sup-
pose to be the Vultur aura or Turkey Buzzard, and have dissected
the olfactory nerves in both; as also in a Turkey which seemed to
me to be a good subject for comparison, being of the same size, and
one in which the olfactory sense may be supposed to be as low as in
the Vulture, on the supposition that this bird is as independent of
assistance from smell in finding his food as the experiments of Audu-
bon appear to show. There is, however, a striking difference be-
tween the Turkey Vulture and the Turkey in this part of their organi-
zation. The olfactory nerves in the Vulture arise by two oval ganglions
at the anterior apices of the hemispheres from which they are con-
tinued 14 line in transverse diameter, and 2 lines in vertical diameter,
and are distributed over well-developed superior and middle spongy
bones, the latter being twice the dimensions of the former. ‘The
nose is also supplied by a large division of the supraorbital branch
of the 5th pair, which ascends from the orbit, passes into the nose
crossing obliquely over the outer side of the olfactory nerve, extend-
ing between the superior spongy bone and the membrane covering
the middle spongy bone, then descending, and after supplying the
inferior and anterior spongy bone escaping from the nasal cavity to
supply the parts covering the upper mandible. This olfactory branch
of the 5th pair is about {th the size of the true olfactory nerve.

‘In the Turkey the olfactory branch of the 5th nerve is about the
same size as in the Vulture, and is superior in size to the true olfac-
tory nerve, which is only about th the size of that in the Vulture.
The olfactory nerve does not form a ganglion at its commencement,
but is continued as a small round chord from the anterior apex of
each hemisphere, and is ramified on a small middle spongy bone,
there being no extension of the pituitary membrane over a superior
turbinated bone as in the Vulture. Indeed the difference in the
development of the nasal cavity is well marked in the different forms

of the head in these two species. In the Vulture there is a space
between the upper parts of the orbits in which the olfactory gan-
glions and nerves are situated, and the nasal cavity anterior to these
is of a much greater breadth and also longer, as well as exhibiting
internally a greater extent of pituitary surface, than in the Turkey.
In this bird the olfactory nerves are compressed within a narrow in-
terorbital space, which would not admit of the lodgement of gan-
glions; the olfactory nerves after passing through this space then di-
verge to the nasal cavity.

“In the Goose the olfactory nerves are developed to the same size
as in the Vulture, and expand upon superior spongy bones of similar
form, but placed wider apart, and these supply the middle spongy
bones which are longer but not so broad as in the Turkey. The
olfactory branch of the 5th pair is double the size of that in the
Vulture or Turkey; it gives, however, not a greater proportion of
filament to the nose than in those birds, but is mainly expended upon
the membrane covering the upper mandible.

“The above notes show that the Vulture has a well-developed
organ of smell, but whether he finds his prey by that sense alone,
or in what degree it assists, anatomy is not so well calculated to ex-
plain as experiment.

«| will bring my preparations showing the above at next meeting,
and am truly yours,

“Royal College of Surgeons, March 7th.” “«R. Owen.”

Mr. Gould brought before the notice of the meeting, from the col-
lection of Mr. Darwin, a new species of Rhea from Patagonia, and
after offering some observations upon the distribution of the Stru-
thionide, and upon the great interest attending this addition to that
family, he remarked that the new species is distinguished from Rhea
Americana of authors, in being one-fifth less in size, in having the
bill shorter than the head, and the ¢arsi reticulated in front in-
stead. of scutellated, and in being plumed below the knee for several
inches. It has also a more densely plumed wing, the feathers of
which are broader, and all terminated by a band of white.

. Mr. Gould, in conclusion, adverted to the important accessions to
science resulting from the exertions of Mr. Darwin, and to his libe-
rality in presenting the Society with his valuable Zoological Collec-
tion; to commemorate which he proposed to designate this interest-
ing species by the name of Rhea Darwinit.

Mr. Darwin then read some notes upon the Rhea Americana, and
~~ the newly described species, but principally referring to the

rmer.

This bird abounds over the plains of Northern Patagonia and the
United Provinces of La Plata; and though fleet in its paces and shy
in its nature, it yet falls an easy prey to the hunters, who confound
it by approaching on horseback in a semicircle. When pursued it
generally prefers running against the wind, expanding its wings to
the full extent. It is not generally known that the Rhea is in the
habit of swimming, but on two occasions Mr. Darwin witnessed their

crossing the Santa Cruz river, where its course was about 400 yards
wide and the stream rapid. They make but slow progress, their necks
are extended slightly forwards, but little of the body appears above
water. At Bahia Blanca, in the months of October and September,
an extraordinary number of eggs are found all over the country.
The eggs either lie scattered about, or are collected together in a
shallow excavation or nest; in the former case they are never hatched,
and are termed by the Spaniards Huachos. The Gauchos unani-
mously affirm that the male bird alone hatches the eggs, and for
some time afterwards accompanies the young. Mr. Darwin does
not doubt the accuracy of this fact, and states that the cock bird
sits so closely that he has almost ridden over one in the nest. Mr.
Darwin has also been positively informed that several females lay in
one nest, and although the fact at first appears strange, he considers
the cause sufficiently obvious, for as the number of eggs varies from
20 to 50, and, according to Azara, even 70 or 80, if each hen were
obliged to hatch her own before the last was laid, the first probably
would have been addled; but if each laid a few eggs at successive
periods in different nests, and several hens, as is stated to be the
case, combine together, then the eggs in one collection would be
nearly of the same age. Mr. Burchell mentions that in Africa two
ostriches are believed to lay in one nest.

Mr. Darwin then proceeds to notice the other species of Rhea,
which he first heard described by the Gauchos, at River Negro, in
Northern Patagonia, as a very rare bird, under the name of Avestruz
Petise. The eggs were smaller than those of the common Rhea, of
more elongated form, and with a tinge of pale blue. This species is
tolerably abundant about a degree and a half south of the Rio Negro,
and the specimen presented to the Society was shot by Mr. Martens
at Port Desire in Patagonia, (in latitude 48). It does not expand
its wings when running at full speed, and Mr. Darwin learned from
a Patagonian Indian that the nest contains fifteen eggs, which are
deposited by more than one female. It is stated in conclusion that
the Rhea Americana inhabits the country of La Plata as far as a little
south of the Rio Negro, in lat. 41°, and that the Petise takes its place
in Southern Patagonia.

Mr. Chambers then brought before the notice of the Society a
simple process for taking impressions from feathers, which is effected
by placing the feathers between two sheets of paper, the lower one ~
being previously well damped, and the upper covered with printers’
ink; both are then passed through the rolling press of a copper plate
printer, and on removing the upper sheet perfect figures of the fea-
thers will be left, which may be coloured when dry, and will then
have the resemblance of feathers placed on paper.

March 28th, 1837.
Dr. Bostock, in the Chair.

Mr. Chambers read a paper upon the habits and geographical dis-
tribution of Humming Birds, and exhibited the nest and eggs of the
only species (Trochilus colubris,) which visits the United States, and
which is there very commonly bred in confmement. Mr. Chambers
adverted to the probability of success if attempts were made to do-
mesticate these birds in this country. A lady residing at Boston
informed him that in that city they are readily reared in cages, and
she expressed great surprise on hearing that only one instance had
occurred of their being domestiéated in England, as the climate so
nearly corresponds.

The first part of a paper was then read by F. Debell Bennett,
Esq., corresponding member, on ‘‘ The Natural History of the Sper-
maceti Whale.”

Mr. Yarrell then brought before the notice of the meeting ‘A
Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira,”’ by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, Cor-
responding Member of the Society. This synopsis includes all the
Fishes hitherto found at Madeira, with observations upon many of
the species, and the character of such genera and species as are
new. The Author has also drawn up a table, showing the com-
parative number and distribution of the British, Mediterranean, and
Maderan Fishes. It appears from this, that notwithstanding the
uniformity of its shores, both in structure and materials, occasioning
a corresponding uniformity in food and shelter, that the number of
marine species found at Madeira equals two thirds the amount be-
longing to the British seas.

With the exception of the genus Anguilla, the fresh-water species
are entirely absent, the physical structure of the island preventing the
formation of lakes and pools, and reducing its streams to the cha-
racter of rapid rivulets or mountain torrents. A result indicated by
the table just referred to, and which Mr. Lowe particularly notices,
‘is, that Madeira possesses as many species in common with Britain
as it has with the Mediterranean, and also that there is a variation
in the ratio between the marine Acanthopterygians and Malaco-
pterygians proportionate to the latitude. In Britain the marine Acan-
thopterygians are to the marine Malacopterygians as one and a quarter
to one; in the Mediterranean, as two and three fifths to one; while
at Madeira the ratio increases to three and a half to one.

The Author’s remaining observations principally relate to the
particular periods of the year, and to the comparative abundance in

which certain species are met with.*

* The paper will appear in the Society’s Transactions.

A Notice by Thomas Wharton Jones, Esq., was then read, “ On
the mode of closure of the gill-apertures in the tadpoles of Batrachia.”

Mr. Jones observes, that when the right gill of the tadpole disap-
pears, it is not, as is usually supposed, by the closure of the fissure
through which it protrudes, but by the extension of the opercular fold
on the right side towards that of the left, forming but a single fissure,
common to the two branchial cavities, through which the left gill
still protrudes. He also remarks that conditions analogous to those
which occur during several stages of this process exist in the branchial
fissures of the anguilliform genera, Sphagebranchus, Monopterus, and
Synbranchus.

April 11th, 1837.

The Rey. John Barlow, in the Chair.

The reading of Mr. F. De Bell Bennett’s paper ‘‘ On the Natural
History of the Spermaceti Whale,” was resumed.

Mr. Bennett first notices the gregarious habits of the sperm Whales,
which are usually found in parties consisting of half-grown males, or
of females attended by their young, and guarded by one or more
males of the largest size. Ifa solitary Whale be ever observed, it
almost invariably proves to be an aged male, probably driven from the
society of its companions.

From the author’s observations he is inclined to consider that the
speed of an alarmed Cachalot does not exceed from eight to ten miles
an hour, although when harpooned its temporary velocity may be
estimated at from twelve to fifteen miles per hour.

When thus flying from pursuit, the spermaceti Whale moves with
a regular and majestic although rapid pace, and with a gently leap-
ing gait; the anterior and upper portions of the colossal head raised
above the water, and a portion of the back being also often exhi-

_ bited above the surface of the sea. When flying in parties they

often move in lines like a troop of horse, exerting their pecu-
liar leaping action, descending, rising, and often even spouting in
unison.

When descending, the spermaceti Whale assumes a vertical po-
sition, raising the caudal fin or flukes perpendicularly in the air; an
action that is performed leisurely, and one that distinguishes this
from most other species of cetaceans. ‘This manceuvre is not, how-
ever, invariably performed, since, when leisurely feeding, or carelessly
avoiding a boat, the Cachalot will descend very gradually, lowering
itself, or as itis technically termed, ‘settling down.’

The following are Mr. Bennett’s observations upon the spouting
of the Cachalot :—

‘From the position of the Jarynz, as well as the mouth being con-

_ stantly beneath the water in the natural posture of the body, the

only medium for respiration is through the nostril or spiracular canal,

- and from the external aperture of this organ a constant succession of

jets of vapour is cast whilst the Cachalot continues on the surface of
the water; each spout succeeding the other, after an interval of ten
or fifteen seconds, and with a regularity highly characteristic of this
kind of Whale. The respiratory jet, or spout, is thrown in a direction
obliquely upward and forward, “in the form of a dense white mist or

‘cloud composed of many minute and scattered drops of condensed
_ vapour. It is sent forth by one continued effort, seldom rises higher

than six or eight feet, remains suspended in the air but a short time,

_ and is accompanied by a prolonged rushing sound, resembling that

No. LII.—Procrrepines or tor ZooLocicaL Society.

of a moderate surf on a smooth beach, the anterior portion of the
head being raised higher above the surface of the sea at each ex-
plosive effort. The spout is neither abruptly terminated nor suc-
ceeded by any audible sound of suction or ‘ drawback’ (produced by
succeeding inspiration), as is the case with the spouting of some
other of the less valued cetaceans, as fin-backs, &c. Thesound, in-
deed, attending the spouting of the Cachalot is so peculiar that
the practised whaler can detect the close vicinity of this Whale as
well by sound as by sight, and in the darkness of night as by the light
of day. Although a secondary use for the spiracle may be found
in clearing the mouth of water received with the food, it is yet tole-
rably evident that the ordinary spouting of Whales is the simple act
of breathing, and the moisture ejected the ordinary halitus of ex-
piration more or less condensed in the atmosphere. This appears
proved by the regular and constant renewal of the spout in corre-
spondence with the rhyme of respiration, it being neither intermitted
nor varied in aspect when Whales are alarmed and swimming rapidly
through the sea, and their closed mouths admitting no water, and by
its being equally well.timed and unchanged when the spiracle is
raised high above the calm and level sea, as when liable to be washed
by turbulent waves. It is also reasonable to suppose that the neces-
sity for casting forth sea water by this channel would exist to a
greater degree, during their visits to the ocean’s depths where they
seize and generally devour their prey, and where it would be impos-
sible for the spiracular canal to contain all the fluid thus received
until the return to the air. Nor, indeed, could such delay be neces-
sary, since the operation for its expulsion through the spiracle could
be as completely performed, if required, under water. The nature
. of the spout, moreover, is rather that of a light mist, and can in no
way be compared to a volume of water. It appears to me that the
clearest idea and most correct view we can entertain of the nature of
the Whale’s spout, may be derived from the cloud of vapour produced
by the expiration of terrestrial animals under a low temperature, as
during the frosty weather of this climate ; the sole difference existing
in the vast bulk and capacity of the lungs in cetaceans causing the
halitus of expiration to be evident under all temperatures, whilst in
the smaller mammalia it is only to be noticed when the thermometer
maintains a low grade.

«It is not unusual during a close encounter with the Cachalot for
the Whale to spout into the boats amongst the crew, when those
who experienced its contact described it to me as foetid in odour and
producing an acrid effect.”

From the facility with which the Whale is approached by boats,
provided they are not brought within the line of vision, Mr. Bennett
infers thatthis animal possesses the sense of hearing in a very imperfect
manner, a deficiency, however, which appears to be in some measure
compensated for by the perfection in which it possesses the sense of
touch, through the medium of a smooth skin, abundantly supplied
with nervous papille. It even appears as though the Cackalots had
the means of conveying impressions one to another through the water

Dont, ee ee

An
P
Hd

at considerable distances, for it is a fact well known to the southern
whalers, that upon a Cachalot being struck from a boat, others that
are miles distant will almost instantaneously display by their actions
an apparent consciousness of what has occurred, and either take them-
selves off or come down to the aid of their injured companion. This
intelligence Mr. Bennett supposes can only be communicated by a
concussion of the water. Speaking of the general temper and dispo-
sition of this species, he remarks, ‘‘ like most terrestrial animals that
are gregarious and herd together in great numbers, spermaceti Whales
are naturally timid, and prone to fly from the remotest aspect of dan-
ger, and although many instances occur amongst them of a mis-
chievous and combative temper, attacking and destroying boats and
men with their flukes and jaws, (as I shall have occasion elsewhere to
notice,) such is rather to be deemed appertaining to the individual
than the common character, and on a par with similar traits of temper
and excited by similar causes, as we find occasionally prevail amongst
horses, oxen, and other Herbivora, between the cetacea and which
a closer parallel of comparison may be drawn, both as regards mental
character and anatomical structure, than upon a superficial view of
the two tribes of animals would appear possible. A shoal of Por-
poises mingling with and jumping amongst them is sufficient to alarm
and put to flight a party of Cachalots, and when on a well-beaten
cruising ground, where the Whales are usually exceedingly watchful
and wary, the whaler is well on his guard not to excite or confirm
their suspicion until he has secured his prizes. The signs exhibited
by the sperm Whale of a suspicion of danger are, lying motionless in
the manner of listening, occasionally ceasing to spout, sweeping their
flukes slowly from side to side, and turning upon the side to bring
the axis of vision upon any object above them.”

«When pursued and attacked a shoal of these Whales may be con-
sidered to exhibit two degrees of alarm, viz., that of a less degree,
which puts them to the top of their speed to escape, and which fre-
quently baffles pursuit; and a more powerful and overwhelming im-
pression of fear, arising either from the close approach of their ene-
mies or from one of their number beinginjured or destroyed, when they
often lie huddled together motionless and trembling, or make such
confused and irresolute efforts to escape as afford the attacking boats
every chance of success. It commonly occurs when female Whales
are harpooned that they mutually assist each other, and remain around
their injured companions for a long time; whilst the males, under the
Same circumstances, commonly make a speedy retreat, and leave their
afflicted comrades to their fate. When suddenly surprised by a
boat, the Whale, although uninjured, is seen to tremble, and void its
_ excrement, which is semi-fluid, foetid, and resembles coffee grounds
Spread on the water.”

After detailing some circumstances connected with the gestation
of the sperm Whale and its mode of copulation, the author remarks,
“There is much reason to suppose the Cachalots are very prolific ;
sucking calves appear to be noticed at all seasons of the year. We

observed them during the voyage in the months of January, February,
May, June, July, August, September and December.”

It appears that the sperm Whale is not like the Balena mysticetus,
constantly found with Barnacles and other parasites adhering to its
skin, a circumstance accounted for by Mr. Bennett from the former
species inhabiting deep water, while the latter frequents soundings,
and is also much more sluggish in its movements. One species of
Barnacle, the Otion Cuvieri, is sometimes found attached in a single
cluster to the lips or lower jaw of the Cachalot, and a few small
Onisci occasionally adhere to the skin; in its blubber also numerous
cysts of a species of Cysticercus are met with.

Mr. Bennett, in the latter part of his memoir, notices the obsti-
nacy and determination which these Whales often display when at-
tacked or wounded, and also enumerates some of the different spe-
cies of animals which are thought to indicate their approach, and he
concludes with a reference to their occurrence in the British seas,
and some observations upon their geographical distribution.

Mr. Gould then called the attention of the meeting to a new and
beautiful species of Ortyx, a native of California, from the collection
of the late David Douglas, and characterized it under the name of
O. plumifera.

Ortyx PLUMIFERA.

Ort. capite, nuchd, pectoreque intensé cinereis; plumis duabus gra-
cilibus et subpendentibus e vertice nigris ; guld intensé castaned
ad latera lined albd, infra oculos notd nigra ; loro sordideé albo ;
corpore superiore olivaceo-fusco ; rectricibus caude fuscis nigro
irroratis ; ale primariis brunneis, pogoniis externis, pallidiori-
bus ; abdominis lateribus intensé castaneis ; supra lined alba
marginatis ; infra fasciis nigris atque albis ornatis ; abdomine
medio crissoque castaneis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus pallide-brun-
nescentibus.

Long. tot. 93 une. ; rostri, 2; ale, 51; caude, 34; tarsi, 18.
Hab. California.
Fem. vel mas junior a mare adulto differt, corpore minore, coloribus
obscurioribus, plumisque capitis brevioribus.

He remarked that this genus was first brought before the Society
eight or nine years ago by Mr. Vigors, at which time only five spe-
cies were known, but since that period the number had been doubled ;
and from the remarkable development of the feathers forming the
crest in the species then exhibited Mr. Gould anticipates the dis-
covery of others, which shall connect Ortyx plumifera with those
species in which this character is less prominently shown. In sup-
port of this opinion Mr. Gould directed attention to the genera
Larus, Trogon and Caprimulgus, which possess certain characters
largely developed ; but the degree of development increases gradually
from the species in which it is least apparent to those in which it
attains its greatest extent.

Mr. Gould then exhibited a new species of the genus Podar-
gus, from Java, which he proposes to name P. stellatus.

Popareus STELLATUS.

Podarg. corporis plumis, alis, cauddque crebre guttulis, notisque irre-
gulariter interruptis, his pallide brunneis, illis fuscis, ornatis, colli
plumis lined angustd nigrd fasciatis ad apicem latis, et albescenti-
bus lunulam facientibus ; post oculos plumis pilosis elongatis ori-
entibus, et postice directis tectricibus alarum ad apicem margi-
nis interioris notd albescente, nigro posticé cinctd, ornatis scapu-
laribus inferioribus pallidioribus ; pectoris plumis nonnullis flaves-
centi albo guttatis ; rostro pedibusque pallide fuscis.

Long. tot. Sunc.; rostri, 1}; ale,4; tarsi, 4.
Hab. Java.

Some observations on the Physalia, by George Bennett, Esq.,
F.L.S., Superintendant of the Australian Museum at Sydney, and
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society, were then read.

Some specimens of Physalia pelagica having been captured by
‘Mr. Bennett while on his voyage to Sydney, he had an opportunity
of observing the action of the numerous filamentary bodies attached
to the air-bladder of this animal.

The longest of these appendages are used by the Physalia for the
capture of its prey, and are capable of being coiled up within half
an inch of the air bladder, and then darted out with astonishing
rapidity to the distance of 12 or 18 feet, twining round and paraly-
zing by means of an acid secretion any small fish within that di-
stance. The food thus seized by the tentacula is rapidly conveyed to
the short appendages or tubes, which are furnished with mouths for
its reception. ‘These tubes appear to constitute the stomach of the
animal, for upon a careful dissection nothing like a common recept-
acle for food could be observed, nor could Mr. Bennett detect any
communications between them and the air-bladder, to the inferior
portion of which they are attached by means of a dense muscular
band. After an examination of an immense number of specimens,
Mr. Bennett was unable to discover the orifice usually stated to
exist at the pointed end of the bladder, nor could he ever succeed
in expelling any portion of the contained air without a puncture
being previously made. This organ consists of two coats, the outer
of which is dense and muscular, readily separating from the inner,
which resembles a cellular membrane.

The partial escape of air from the bladder did not at all affect the
buoyancy, or appear in any way to incommode the Physalia ; and
even when it had completely collapsed, the animal still floated on
the surface; upon removing the bladder entirely, the mass of ten-
tacula sank to the bottom of the vessel, and though their vitality re-

_ mained, all power of action was entirely destroyed.

A letter was then read, addressed to Mr. Gould, from M. Nat-
terrer, describing a new species of Pteroglossus, from Para in Brazil,
which the writer proposes to name P. Gouldii, in commemoration of
the valuable contributions which ornithology has derived from the
labours of Mr. Gould.

Preroctossus Goutpii.

Ptero. summo capite, nuchd, gutture, pectore, abdomineque nigris ;
plumis auricularibus aurantiaco-flavis ad apicem stramineis ;
fascia semilunari nuchali flava ; dorso, alis, cauddque olivaceo-
Sfuscis ; hujus rectricibus sex intermediis apice castaneo ; lateri-
bus aurantiaco-flavis ; Jfemoribus castaneis, erisso coceineo, cute
circa oculos viridi ; rostri mandibuld superiore nigrd, apicem
versus livide corned, apice albo, fascidque angustd albé ad basin ;
mandibula inferiore alba fascia nigra, apiceque livide corneo,
pedibus plumbeis.

Femina differt partibus, que in mare nigre, in illé castaneis, et
lateribus plumisque auricularibus pallidioribus.

Long. tot. 11 une.; rostri, 24; ale, 5; caude, 42; tarsi, 1.

April 25th, 1837.

Thomas Bell, Esq. in the Chair.

A letter was read addressed to N. A. Vigors, Esq., M.P., from
Mr. Henry Denny of Leeds, stating that a fine male specimen of the
Snowy Owl had been recently captured at Selby in Yorkshire,

Mr. Gray then exhibited the horn of a Deer supposed to come
from India, which he considered as characteristic of a new species
peculiar for the elongate acute form of the basal branch, which ap-
pears to have been depressed, and directed obliquely across the fore-
head of the animal. This horn, which had not attained its full period
of growth, agreed with that of the Rein Deer, in being palmate, and
in having the basal frontlet depressed, in which latter character it is
allied to an Indian species called by Mr. Gray Cervus Smithii,
known by a drawing belonging to the collection of General Hardwick
in the British Museum.

Mr. Gray then adverted to some observations which he had made
on a former occasion during a discussion upon the nature of the re-
lation existing between the Argonaut shell and the Cephalopod
which inhabits it. On that occasion, one argument made use of by
him in favour of the parasitic nature of this animal, was, that the

_ nucleus of the Argonaut shell is larger than could be contained

within the eges which often accompany the Ocythée. He is now

_ disposed to attach less importance to this circumstance, having re-

_ cently observed that the eggs of some mollusca, as the Buccinum

undatum, prior to the period of hatching, are eight or ten times as
large in diameter as when first deposited.

___ A paper was then read by Thomas Bell, Esq., entitled «« Observa-

_ tions on the genus Galictis, with a description of a new species.”

_ Mr. Bell in 1826 laid before the Zoological Club of the Linnean

Society some remarks upon a living female Grison which had been

_ Several years in his possession, and he then proposed to consider the

_ Species as constituting a new generic type, to which he gave the

_ hame of Galictis, but without assigning its distinctive generic cha-

_Yacters. Since that period the examination of a specimen in the

_ collection of the Zoological Society, exhibiting a distinct specific dif-

_ ference from the former, but agreeing with it in the more essential

_ Particulars, has confirmed the prepriety of establishing this genus;

and in the present communication the author points out the charac-

_ ters and affinities of Galictis, and gives a description of the new

_ Species under the name of G. Allamandi, M. Allamand having figured

a Specimen in the fourth edition of Buffon’s Natural History, which
may perhaps be identical with this second species. In constitutin
this new genus of Mustelide, Mr. Bell has been guided solely by the

_ Semiplantigrade form of the foot, for in no other important charac-

_ ter does it deviate from the typical genus of that family. A know-

1 46
edge of this character led Thunberg to place it among the Urside
under the name of Ursus Brasiliensis, to which group it slightly ap-
proximates, and in which it may probably be represented by the
genus Ratellus. By Desmarest it is arranged in the genus Gulo, and
the name Guwlo vittatus given to it by that author has been adopted
by the Cuviers, and all other subsequent writers, with the exception
of Dr. Traill, who in the third volume of the Memoirs of the Werner-
ian Society restores it to its proper family, the Mustelide, but under
the erroneous name of Lutra vittata, for it has no nearer affinity to
the Otters than any other genus of that family. By Schreber it
was placed among the Viverre, under the name of Viverra vittata,
and the name has been retained by Gmelin and others.
The characters of Galictis, and the description of the two species
which at present constitute this genus, are as follows.

Fam. Musretipa.
Genus Galictis, Bell.

Cuar. Gen. Dentes molares spurii :

aes

$3
Rostrum breve.
Palme atque plante nude subplantigrade.
Ungues breviusculi, curvi, acuti.
Corpus elongatum, depressum.

Sp. 1. Galictis vittata.

G. vertice, collo, dorso, atque cauddé flavescenti-griseis ; rostro gula
et pectore fuscescenti-nigris ; fascia a fronte usque ad humeros
vescenti-albidd ; pilis longis laxis.
Viverra vittata, Scureser, Langth., p. 447, t. cxxiv. Gmel.,
Syst. Nat. Linn., I. p. 89.

Ursus Brasiliensis, Tuuns., Mem. Acad. Petersb., VI. p. 401,
t. xill.

Lutra vitiata, Trartt, Mem. Wern. Soc., III. p. 487, t. xix.

Gulo vittatus, Desmar., Mammal., p. 175, sp. 268. Isip. Gzorrr.
in Dict. Class., VII. p. 384. Frep. Cuv. in Dict. des Sc.
Nat., XIX. p. 79.

Galictis vittata, Bett, Zool. Journ., II. p. 552.

' Petit furet, D’Azara, Essai sur Hist. Nat. de Parag. (Trad.

Frang.), I. p. 190.
Fouine de la Guyane, Burron, Suppl., III. p. 161, t. xxiii.
Grison, Saaw, Gen. Zool., J. p. 392. Cuv., Reg. An., I. p. 146.
Frep. Cuv., Mam., I.

Haditat in Guyana, Paraguay, Brazilia.

«« The general form, attitudes, and movements of this animal resem-
ble those of the common Polecat. The head is depressed; the
muzzle moderately acute, but not attenuated, projecting beyond
the lower jaw; the eyes are moderately large, the iris dark brown
or nearly black; the ears short, broad, and rounded; the teeth
are almost exactly similar to those of true Mustela, particularly
M. putorius ; the body is elongated and much depressed, covered with

,
’
'
;
4

rather long, loose hair, the under hair soft and short; the tail more
than half the length of the head and body ; the hair of the tail very
long and lax : the legs are rather short; the toes five on each foot,
with short, strong, curved, rather acute claws; the upper part of the
toes hairy; the soles of the feet naked; the fore feet with a thick
pad under each toe; the palm furnished with a broad tubercle con-
sisting of three elevated portions, with a slight one internally, and a
round simple one at the wrist, behind the little or outer toe; the
hinder foot likewise furnished with a thick pad beneath each toe, and
a broad trifid tubercle beneath the metatarsus; there is also a long
tubercle beneath the heel, at the outer side: the whole of these parts,
that is to say the soles of all the feet, are covered with a soft naked
skin, and are evidently placed on the ground in progression.

The colours are very remarkable and the markings distinct and
decided. The whole of the upper part of the head, the neck, the
back, the flanks, and the tail, are a yellowish or light brownish grey,
produced by the mixture of a dirty yellowish white with brownish
black, the hairs being brownish black for about two thirds of their
length, the tip dirty yellowish white; the muzzle, the cheeks, the
throat, the under part of the neck, the belly, the anterior legs, and
the hinder feet, are black with a brownish tinge, lighter towards
the back part, and on the belly interspersed with a few whitish hairs ;
the grey of the upper, and the black of the under parts, are separated
by a rather broad fascia extending on each side from the centre of
the forehead above the eye backwards as far as the shoulder, in-
cluding the ears; this fascia is of a buff or yellowish white colour.

«There is a large round follicle situated on each side the anus, co-
vered with a muscle, and opening by a round duct within the anal
orifice, secreting an unctuous matter, less foetid than that of the
Polecat, but not possessing the rather agreeable odour of the Martin
or the powerful perfume of the Viverre. The stomach is very simple,
the pyloric extremity long, cylindrical, and curved; there is no
cecum.

Gaxictis ALLAMANDI.

G. vertice, collo, dorso, atque caudd nigricanti-griseis ; partibus infe-
rioribus nigris ; fascid a fronte usque ad collum utringue albd ;
corpore pilis brevibus adpressis.

Habitat.

« This species, although evidently distinct from the former, exhibits
the same general character of colour and marking, with some remark-
able differences however, which, though not easily expressed in a
specific phrase, are tangible and important. The whole of those

parts which in the former species are yellowish are here perfectly

white; and those which are blackish brown in the former are in this
pure black. The base of the hairs on the back therefore is black,
and the tips quite white, forming a pure blackish grey, or black with
white points and lines; whilst all the under parts of the throat and

~~ front of the belly are black. The fascia extending from the forehead

back to the sides of the neck is also white. This fascia does not

extend in the specimen described so far back as in the former spe-
cies. The hairs of the whole body are very short in comparison,
and much stiffer and more closely set. The animal is considerably
larger, as far as can be ascertained, and the tail, for a stuffed speci-
men, shorter in proportion.”

Specimens of both species were upon the table, and Mr. Bell ex-
hibited drawings, showing the plantigrade character of the foot, and
some of the internal organs.

Mr. Gould exhibited a small collection of rare European birds
which had just been received by him from M. Temminck of Leyden.
Among them were examples of Grus leucogeranus, Strix ascala-
phus, LimosaTerek, Pyrrhula rosea, Emberiza Lesbia, Larus Audouinii,
and a rare species of Harrier which had been killed on the banks of
the Rhine; this, Mr. Gould observed, was the Circus pallidus lately
characterized by Col. Sykes in his Catalogue of the Birds observed
by him in the Dukhun, and published in the second part of the
Proceedings (1832.).

May 10th, 1837.
William S. Macleay, Esq. in the Chair.

The group of groundfinches, characterised, at a previous meeting,
by Mr. Gould, under the generic appellations. of Geospiza, Cama-
rhynchus, Certhidea, and Cactornis, were upon the table; and Mr.
Darwin being present, remarked that these birds were exclusively
confined to the Gallapagos Islands; but their general resemblance in
character, and the circumstance of their indiscriminately associating
in large flocks, rendered it almost impossible to study the habits of
particular species. In common with nearly all the birds of these
islands, they were so tame that the use of the fowling-piece in
procuring specimens was quite unnecessary. They appeared to sub-
sist on seeds, deposited on the ground in great abundance by a rich
annual crop of herbage.

The remainder of the evening was occupied with the examination
of an extensive series of drawings, taken from various subjects in
zoology, during the progress of the late exploring expedition into
central Africa; and which will form the materials for a separate
Work, now preparing for publication by Dr. Andrew Smith.

A considerable proportion of the illustrations were those of new
and highly interesting species; and Dr. Smith stated that it was his
intention, on a future evening, to bring a part of his collection before
the Society, that the Members might have the opportunity of ex-
amining the original specimens, from which the drawings had been

taken.

No. LIII.—Procerpines or THE Zootocicat Socrery.

May 23d, 1837.
W. S. Macleay, Esq. in the Chair.

A letter was read addressed to the Secretary, by Dr. Weissenborn
of Weimar, Saxony, expressing the very high opinion he entertained
of the value of the scientific publications of the Zoological Society,
and the pleasure which it would give him to promote the interests
of the Society, if it lay in his power. The letter was accompanied
by a very interesting preparation of the head and cheek-pouches of
the black variety of the German Marmot (Mus Cricetus, Linn.).

A second letter was then read from Dr. Weissenborn, addressed
to the Assistant Zoological Secretary, containing some new informa-
tion upon the economy of the Marmot. Dr. Weissenborn states that
when this animal hybernates, the entrance to its burrow is closed by
earth, which is moulded into pellets of the size of a pea or bean, so
that the external air is not entirely excluded. Upon putting a number
of these animals in a place of confinement, although supplied with
abundance of food, they fought with and devoured one another, until
only a few of the strongest were left.

This letter was accompanied with a donation of-a stuffed specimen
of the usual colour.

The first part of a paper on ‘‘ Marine Noctiluce,”’ by F. De Bell
Bennett, Esq., Corresponding Member of the Society, was then read.

A communication was then read from Dr. Riippell, entitled, “A
Notice of the Phytotoma tridactyla of Abyssinia.” Dr. Riippell
states that during his travels in Abyssinia, he endeavoured, but un-
successfully as he then supposed, to discover the bird described by
Bruce, and known to naturalists as the Phytotoma tridactyla; since
then, while engaged in the publication of the birds from that part of
Africa, he found that the Phytotoma tridactyla was a species be-
longing to the genus Pogonias, and which had been referred by
Lord Stanley to the genus Bucco, under the name of Bucco Saltii.
This Dr. Riippell proposes to change to Pogonias Brucei, in honour
of Bruce, who was the first describer.

Dr. Riippell sent along with this communication two copies of a
plate from his Abyssinian Fauna, containing figures of the above
bird, and stated that he had previously deposited stuffed specimens
in the British Museum and the Collection of the Zoological Society.

June 13th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

‘Fhe reading of Mr. Frederic Debell Bennett’s paper upon Ma-
rine Noctiluce was resumed.

Mr. Bennett’s notes upon the phenomena connected with the lu-
minous appearances so often exhibited by the ocean, made during a
voyage round the globe, agree in their essential details, and lead to
the same general inferences, as the observations of his brother, Mr.
George Bennett, published in the Society’s Proceedings for Ja-
nuary 1837; the experiments in all instances, as recorded in the
present memoir, tending to show that where the condition of marine
phosphorescence obtains, organized bodies, secreting phosphoric light,
will be found in greater or less abundance distributed throughout
the ocean ; these bodies being sometimes so minute as not to be de-
tected by the naked eye, whilst at other times the luminosity appears
to originate in the presence of vast numbers of Pyrosomata and
Medusa, which latter, when removed from the water, retain, while
vitality lasts, their luminous properties, and are capable of commu-
nicating the phosphoric matter to objects with which they may be
brought in contact. An interesting fact noticed by the author is
that the Cleodora cuspidata, which is found floating in great numbers
on the surface of the sea in various parts of the Pacific Ocean, ex-
hibits a speck of delicate blue light, shining through the apex of its
extremely thin shell.

In the following passage Mr. Bennett refers to a paper communi-
cated by him on a previous occasion, and published in the Society’s
Proceedings.

“On the night of the 11th of last October, when in lat. 4° S., long.

18° W.,I again witnessed the beautiful spectacle afforded by the pre-

sence in the sea of vast numbers of the Pyrosoma Atlanticum. Upon
this occasion their number must have been very great, since the ship,
proceeding at a rapid rate, continued during the entire night to pass
through distinct, but extensive fields of those molluscs, floating, and
glowing as they floated, on all sides of her course, and capable of be-
ing captured by net to almost any amount. Not far from the same spot

_ I first noticed these luminous molluscs, during a voyage to India; and

an account of their effects in illuminating the ocean, accompanied by
some obtained specimens, I communicated in a paper to this Society,

_ published in No. 6 of the Proceedings. ‘To that account I have to

add, from more recent observations, that since the Pyrosoma is en-
veloped by a firm membranous tunic, and the luminous power resides

_ in small brown particles abundantly imbedded in the parenchyma-

tous structure of the body, no luminous matter is communicated from
_ its surface to any fluid or solid in contact with it. But if the Py-
No, LIV.—Procrxpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

rosoma be cut open and immersed in water, the brown particles that
escape diffuse themselves through the fluid, and shine as numerous
scintillations, independent of the perfect structure. It is also wor-
thy of remark that general friction or contact is not essential to elicit
the perfect light of Pyrosoma, since touching one small portion of
the body is sufficient to produce a brilliant glow throughout the
whole. When first removed from its native element, the broader
extremity of this aggregate of molluscs presented a wide and circular
orifice, forming nearly a continuous surface with the central tube
constituting the interior of the body; but when kept in a vessel of
sea-water, or much handled, this orifice was closed by the contraction
of a smooth, dense membrane at its margin, and which either obli-
terated the aperture, or left but a minute central orifice ; water at the
same time being contained in the barrel or tube of the body. Ex-
cept in the action of this sphincter-like membrane, no motive power
was perceptible in the Pyrosoma.

«Fresh water appears to act as a powerful and permanent stimulus
on marine Noctiluce. ‘Those who have intervals of repose from their
phosphorescence immediately emit their light when brought in con-
tact with fresh water, and this fact was very strikingly exhibited in
the Pyrosomata. When placed ina vessel of sea-water and permitted
toremain quiet, these molluscs afforded no light, and when touched,
gleamed forth only as long as the irritating cause remained, and then
gradually returned to their original state. When, however, the same
creatures were placed in a vessel of fresh water, they never ceased
glowing with their brightest refulgence until life was extinct, which
was not until after the lapse of several hours. When also the same
molluscs were mutilated, or so near death as to refuse to emit light
upon irritation in sea-water, immersing them in fresh water produced
at least a temporary revival of their brightest gleam; indeed I have
always felt assured that the contact of fresh water in a darkened
room would ever elicit the luminous power of a marine creature,
were the latter of aluminous nature.”

At the request of the Chairman the following notes, relating
chiefly to the natural history of Ireland, were read by W. Thompson,
Esq., V.P., Nat. Hist. Society of Belfast.

Of the species so marked *, specimens were exhibited.

MammMaALia.

* Vespertilio Nattereri, Kuhl. Reddish-grey Bat. I am induced
to exhibit a specimen of this bat, which I obtained in July 1835
among the ruins of Harlech Castle, North Wales, it being hitherto
only known as British from individuals procured in the east and
south-east of England.

* Mus Hibernicus. Irish Rat. On questioning a person some years
ago respecting a black rat which he had seen in the north of Ireland,
my curiosity was excited by the statement that it had a white breast.
In autumn last a similar description was given me of one that had

-
,

been caught some time before in Tollymore Park, county of Down.
Mr. R. Ball, of Dublin, informs me that black rats, with the breast
white, have been reported to him as once common about Youghal,
county of Cork, though they are now very rare or perhaps extinct.
But until April last, when a specimen was sent from Rathfriland,
county of Down, to the Belfast Museum, I had not an opportunity
either of seeing or examining the animal. This individual differs
from the 2/. Rattus as described by authors, and also from speci-
mens preserved in the British Museum, and in the collection of this
Society, in the relative proportion of the tail to that of the head and

body ; in having shorter ears, and in their being better clothed with

hair, as is the tail likewise; and in the fur of the body being of a
softer texture. The difference in colour between the M. Ratius and
the present specimen is, that the latter exhibits a somewhat trian-
gular spot of pure white extending about nine lines below the breast,
the fore feet being of the same colour.

The following is a comparison of this specimen with the M. Rattus
as given by Mr. Jenyns. The same dimensions, with the very trivial
difference of the ears being half a line less, appear in Mr. Bell’s
** British Quadrupeds.”

M. Hibernicus. M. Rattus.
in. line. in. line.
Length of the head and body ........ TAG, tase y Ae
ir tt peed eee el are ye eee 110... 110
CRT SURG. 4 0.29 0 115
taal? oi, ints. Coyote. . Lee ee yamth
from the base of the ear to the 1 6
HOME sate. wt See vet Rica Baose
from the tarsal joint to the end 1 6
of the toes ..........0.0-- EDIE

These differences incline me to consider this animal distinct from
M. Rattus, and being unable to find any species described with which
it accords, I propose to name it provisionally M. Hibernicus. Should
future investigation prove it to be a variety only of M. Rattus, it can
be so considered under the present appellation.

* Lepus Cuniculus, Linn. Rabbit. Persons who take rabbits in
the north of Ireland distinguish two kinds, the one they call the
burrow, the other the bush rabbit. The meaning of the former term
is obvious, but of the latter it may be stated that the animal is so
designated, in consequence of having a “‘ form” like the hare, and
which is generally placed in bushes or underwood. The circumstance

is noticed at present in connection with a specimen of each kind

which I have the pleasure of presenting to the Society.

Cervus Alces, Linn. Elk. A horn of the true elk, C. Alces, was some
time since presented to the Natural History Society of Belfast, as that
of the fossil Irish species, C. Hibernus. On inquiry from the donor
I learned that it had been given him by a relative residing in Tyrone,
and in whose possession it had for a long time been on account of
the value attached to it as a relic dug out of a peat-bog on his own

property in that county, Further particulars cannot now be ob-

+ 207.

tained, as the gentleman is since deceased, but I have thought it
proper to lay the statement as I received it before this Society, with
the additional remark that the horn is quite perfect and appears re-
cent; but again, might not this be attributed to the well-known
preservative property of the soil in which it is said to have been
found ? The number of snags upon the horn, and its dimensions show
that it belonged to a very old animal: its breadth, measured in a
straight line across the centre, without the curve being reckoned, is
35 inches ; its height, similarly estimated in a straight line from the
base, 264 inches.

As the elk inhabited a wide range of latitude on the continent of
Europe it does not appear singular to me that it should have been-a
native of Ireland, especially when the Cervus Hibernus, a species of
greater magnitude, was indigenous to the country. In the Annales
des Sciences Naturelles for 1835, t. iv. (new series), portions of the
horn of the Cervus Alces are figured and described by M. Christol,
from specimens found in a fossil state at Pézénas.

Birps, new to Ireland.

Strix Scops, Temm. Scops-eared Owl. I have been informed
by Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin, that an owl of this species was shot
in the month of July a few years ago by the gamekeeper at Lough-
crew, county of Meath, the seat of J. W. L. Napier, Esq., in whose
possession it now is. The specimen was kindly sent to Dublin for
the examination of Mr. Ball, who states in a letter to me that it
proved identical with a Strix Scops that I have seen in his collection.

Colymbus arcticus, Linn. Black-throated Diver. In the collec-
tion of Dr. J. D. Marshall, of Belfast, there is a specimen of this
bird, which was shot during winter in Larne Lough, county of An-
trim. It is in the plumage of the first year.

* Procellaria Puffinus, Linn. Cinereous Shearwater. Of this species
one individual only has yet been recorded with certainty as British.
I have now to notice a second specimen, respecting which Mr. Ro-
bert Davis, Jun., of Clonmel, has favoured me with the following
particulars. ‘‘ It was taken in August 1835, by a boy who saw it
scrambling towards a hole at the base of a cliff near Dungarvan,
county of Waterford. They are called hagdowns by the fishermen,
who say that they breed there and live in holes in the rocks, but are
at all times very scarce. The specimen was sent to me alive, and
apparently in good health, but it would not eat any thing, and died
after having been in my possession for about ten days or a fortnight.
It had an extremely rank, fishy, or oily smell at all times, but I never
saw any appearance of oil being discharged from its mouth or nos-

trils. It seemed unable to walk, Bue scrambled along with its breast

about an inch from the ground. Although its wings were perfect
and uninjured, it made no attempt to fly, but if let fall from a height
dropped heavily to the ground. It showed an inclination to climb,

-having several times mounted up the handle of a long spade that

rested against the wall of the yard in which it was kept. It did not
ramble about, nor care much for water, but when put in a large tub
yery dexterously pulled itself up by the hooked bill, until the claws
got on the edge. When handled, it bit severely.”

The specimen now belongs to Mr. W. D. King, of Sudbury, to
whom I am indebted for the opportunity of examining it, and also of
exhibiting it here. It accords well with Temminck’s description of
the adult bird.

FIsHEs.

The first to be described in this class is a new genus of the family
Tenioidee, for which I propose the name of Echiodon. It is founded
upon a specimen obtained on the coast of the county of Antrim, by
Dr. J. L. Drummond, in June 1836.

Ecuropon.

Head oval; body much elongated, compressed, narrow, lanceolate;
snout moderately long; mouth cleft obliquely, both jaws terminated
by large cylindrical teeth; no ventral fins, nor scales instead ; fin-
rays all soft; dorsal and anal fins continued throughout almost
the entire length; branchiostegous membrane with seven rays.

Considered relatively to the other Tenioidee it agrees with Tri-
chiurus and. Stylephorus, in wanting ventral fins, but not in any
other generic character; from the head posteriorly it approaches
most nearly to Cepola, but in the form of the head and in dentition
differs remarkably from all the other genera.

* Echiodon Drummondii. Length 11 inches, depth 6 lines, breadth
3 lines, head one-ninth of the whole length, eye occupying the en-
tire upper half of head, teeth numerous and small, except two, which
are large and fang-like at each side the extremity of the upper jaw,
and one long cylindrical tooth terminating the lower jaw on each
side ; upper jaw the longer; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united ;
body without scales (?); lateral line inconspicuous; vent 14 inch
from point of lower jaw; vertebre 98.

D. 180? A. 180? P. 16? C.12?

* Crenilabrus microstoma, Couch MS. Small-mouthed Wrasse.
In June 1836, Dr. Drummond found a Crenilabrus, on the beach at
Cairnlough, county of Antrim, which he liberally handed over to me,
and appearing to be a new species, I at once drew up a detailed
description of it. I now find that the same Wrasse has been met
with in Cornwall by Mr, Couch, who likewise considered it as new
and sent two specimens to Mr. Yarrell, under the appropriate name
of Cren. microstoma, a term, though unpublished, which I consider
it but fair to adopt, as Mr. Couch had the priority in obtaining the
species.

_ My specimen is about 3 inches long and moderately deep in pro-

a portion, its depth being to its length as 1 to34. Its most prominent
_ characters are,—mouth small, jaws equal, teeth few in number and

without serratures, a single row in the lower, and two rows in the
upper jaw ; scales very large, those of the body concealing the base
of the dorsal and anal fins, but none apparent on the fins; anal fins
with six spinous rays, véntral scale half the length of ventral fin ;
pre-opercle strongly denticulated.

D.19+6; A.6+7; P.13; V.1+5; C. (which is injured) 14?

* Crenilabrus multidentatus. Ball’s Wrasse. Three specimens of a
Crenilabrus, taken at Youghal in the summer of 1835, have been
sent me for examination by Mr. Ball. As in the instance of the last
noticed, I cannot by careful research find any species described with
which they agree, I, though with hesitation, bring them forward as
new, under the name of Cren. multidentatus. The specimen from
which the description has been drawn up is 24 inches in length. Its
chief characters are,—form elongated, mouth large and powerfully
armed, upper jaw the longer, pre-opercle slightly denticulated, scales
of moderate size, ventral scale one-fourth the length of ventral fin ;
a blackish spot behind the eye, another at the base of the last ray of
the dorsal fin, and a third at the lowermost portion of the tail, bran-
chiostegous membrane five rays.

_D.19+10; A.3+8; P. 14; V.1+45; C.13, well developed.

* Abramis Buggenhagti. Large-scaled Bream. Cyprinus Buggen-
hagii, Bloch. Part 3, tab. 95. On inspecting the produce ofa fishing-
rod at the river Lagan, near Belfast, on the 6th of May, 1836, I de-
tected a bream differing from the common species, and secured it for
examination. It agreed so fully with Bloch’s description of the Cy-
prinus Buggenhagii as to satisfy me of its identity, the only difference
consisting in the number of rays in the pectoral fin, 12 being enume-
rated by him, and 18 appearing in the specimen; several of them,
however, being very short, may have escaped Bloch’s notice.

The description drawn up from my specimen the day it was pro-
cured, is as follows: Length, 53 inches; depth, 14 inch; head one
fourth of the entire length; diameter of the eye equal to one fourth
of the length of the head; scales on the lateral line about 45, about
9 rows between it and the dorsal ridge and 5 rows below it; under
point of the caudal fin longer than the upper. Colour of the sides
silvery, tinged with blue towards the back ; irides very pale yellow;
the dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal fins nearly transparent, or very
slightly tinged with dusky, chiefly towards their extremities; cau-
dal fin pale yellow.

D. 11; P.18; V.1+9; A. 20 (first extremely short); C.18.

This species, which is new to Britain, is stated by Bloch to be
found in Swedish Pomerania, in the river Pene, and in the lakes
communicating with it *.

* On my showing this specimen to Mr. Yarrell, he immediately produced
from his own collection another example of this species of much larger size,
measuring fourteen inches in length, which had been presented to him bya

New to Ireland.

* Trigla Cuculus, Bl. Red Gurnard. Of this fish two small spe-
cimens, taken at Youghal in the summer of 1835, have been sub-
mitted to my examination by Mr. Ball. In both, the second ray of
the first D. fin is the longest.

Mugil Chelo, Cav. Thick-lipped Grey Mullet. The common
“* mullet” of the north of Ireland is of this species, as are likewise
the only two specimens that I have seen from the southern coast.

Gobius gracilis, Jenyns. Slender Goby. From the coasts of
Down and Louth I have obtained two specimens of this fish. The
difference in colour between them and Gob. minutus attracted me at
first sight; but I did not examine further, until my attention was
directed to them by Mr. Jenyns’ description of Gob. gracilis, with
which they in all respects agree.

* Crenilabrus rupestris, Selby. Jago’s Goldsinny. In Septem-
ber, 1825, I procured two individuals of this species at Bangor,
Down, where they were taken along with Cren. tinca and Cren. cor-
aubicus.

Salmo erier, ann. Bull Trout. The first specimens of this
trout which occurred to me were three, about 20 inches in length,
that were taken with Sal. trutta, in the sea at Donaghadee.

* Gadus caliarias, Linn. Dorse. Amongst fishes kindly forwarded
for my inspection by Mr. Ball are specimens of the Gad. callarias,
caught at Youghal in the autumn of 1834. .On subsequently look-
ing over some captures from Larne, county Antrim, presented with-
out regard to species to the Belfast Museum, I also found one of
these fishes.

* Gadus minuius, Linn. Peor. From three localities in Down
and Antrim I have the Gad. minutus, and in the collection of Mr.
Ball have recently seen two specimens from the coast of Cork.

* Motella glauca, Jenyns. Mackrel Midge. 1 include here,
though unable to see any specific difference between it and Mot.
mustela. The only Irish specimens I have seen sufficiently minute
to be considered Mot. glauca, were brought by Mr. Ball from the
South Islands of Arran.

_ Phycis furcatus, Flem. Common Fork-beard. ToC. G. M. Skin-
ner, Esq., of Glynn-park, I am indebted for a very fine male speci-
men of this fish, 25 inches in length, which was caught near Car-

friend, who caught it in the waters of Dagenham Breach, in Essex, from
which place others have since been taken. This bream is at once distin-
guished from both the other species of British bream, by the much greater
‘thickness of its bedy.

rickfergus in February, 1836. The chief characters of this species,
given in the ‘ Régne Animal,’ and adopted in the ‘ Manualofthe British
Vertebrata,’ are, ‘Sa premiére dorsale plus relevée, et son premier
rayon trés élongé, les ventrales deux fois plus longue que la téte,”
2nd edit., p.335. In the first character only as here given my spe-
cimen agrees, the third ray of its first dorsal fin being considerably

the longest, and the ventrals being only one fifth longer than the
head.

* Platessa pola, Cuv. Pole. In Belfast market on the 26th of
April last, I procured six individuals of this species. They were
from 12 to nearly 15 inches in length, and were taken in a trawl-
net near Ardglass, in the county of Down. On the 5th of May I
obtained a seventh specimen from the same place.

* Solea lingula, Rond. Red-backed Sole. In August, 1836, three
small specimens of this fish were captured by Mr. Hyndman and
myself, when dredging off Dundrum, county of Down.

Anguilla latirostris, Yarr. Broad-nosed eel. Inhabits loughs
Neagh and Erne, the river Shannon, &c.

Ammodytes tobianus, Bl. Wide-mouthed Sand-eel. I have from
several localities on the Down coast, and from one on that of
Antrim.

Syngnathus typhle, Linn. Syng.equoreus, Linn. Syng. ophidion,
Bloch. The first native specimens of these three species that I have
seen were taken on the coast of Cork in 1835, and forwarded for my

inspection by Mr. Ball; subsequently I have had all three from the
coast of Antrim.

Hippocampus brevirostris, Cuv.? Sea-horse. In July, 1821, a
recent specimen of Hippocampus, presumed to be this species, was
found on the beach at Red-bay, county of Antrim, by William Ogilby,
Esq., F.L.S.

Petromyzon planeri, Cuv. Fringed-lipped Lamprey. Specimens
procured in the vicinity of Naas, county Kildare, have been presented
me by Mr. Ball.

Miscellaneous notes.

Gasterosteus brachycentrus, Cuv. Short-spined Stickleback. In
Minster-pool, Lichfield, I captured an immense specimen of this fish
in July, 1836.

* Labrus lineatus,Don. Lab. maculatus, Bloch. Lab. psittacus, Risso?
On September 26, 1835, I obtained at Bangor, Down, two specimens
of a Wrasse, which agreed pretty well with the L. lineatus of Dono-
van, a species but little understood. They seemed also identical
with the L. psittacus of Risso, used as a synonym of the L. lineatus

a,
on”

in the works of Mr. Yarrell and Mr. Jenyns; by the latter author
it is marked with doubt. At the same time I could not consider
these specimens else than the young of L. maculatus, an opinion
which subsequent examination has tended to confirm, as in the
same individual I have seen the lineated marking of L. lineatus and
the spots of L. maculatus. The specimens alluded to as corresponding
with Donovan’s L. lineatus are small, as he describes the species to
be; those conspicuously spotted over were large, and the. indivi-
duals presenting partially both appearances were of an intermediate
size; hence it would appear that the L. lineatus generally* is the
young fish, and the L. maculatus the adult. It must be added that
specimens of equal size, taken at the same time and place, vary
much in colour and in the relative depth of the body. The head
too is more elongated in the young than in the mature fish.

In concluding his description of the Ladri, Pennant observes,
«« Besides these species we recollect seeing taken at the Giant's
Causeway, in Ireland, a most beautiful kind, of a vivid green spotted
with scarlet ; and others at Bandooran, in the county of Sligo, of a
pale green.” He adds, ‘‘ We were at that time inattentive to this
branch of natural history, and can only say they were ofa species
we have never since seen.” I have no hesitation in saying that the
beautiful kind of a vivid green, spotted with scarlet, was the ordi-
nary L. maculatus, and as little in stating my belief that the pale
green kind was also the same species. On examining the produce
of one rod after a day’s fishing, I have seen specimens varying from
the palest green to the very darkest tint of this colour.

As the three names under which this fish appears, viz., L. linea-
tus, L. psittacus (when it is uniformly green), and L. maculatus, ap-
ply to the individual rather than to the species, and thus tend to
confusion, it seems to me desirable that there should be an appella-
tion under which all the varieties could be brought, and as such I
would suggest Labrus variabilis.

* Crenilabrus tinca, Risso. Cren. cornubicus, Risso. Cren. gib-
bus, Flem. In the autumn of 1835 an attentive examination of spe-
cimens of the C. finca and C. cornubicus, of all sizes, and in a recent
state, satisfied me of their identity. The depth of C. tinca in pro-
portion to its length being found to vary considerably, though not
to the extent described in the Gibbus Wrasse of Pennant, together
with the general accordance of other characters, disposed me at the
same time to believe that the C. gibbus is but an accidental variety
of it. .

* Leuciscus Lancastriensis, Yarr. Graining. Several very small
individuals of this species occurred to me in the river Leam, near
Leamington, in July, 1836.

* Cobitis tenia, Linn. Spined Loche. In July, 1836, when

* I have seen some specimens of the largest size entirely green, and display ing
the lineation in a darker shade of this colour.

using my net for fresh-water Mollusca, in a drain near Guy’s Cliff
Warwick, a specimen of this minute fish was captured.

* Platessa flesus, Flem. Flounder. The specimen exhibited is
from Strangford lough, Down, and presents a malformation of the
head, precisely similar to that of the brill (Pleuronectes rhombus,)
figured in Mr. Yarrell’s British Fishes, vol. ii., p. 242.

Pleuronectes hirtus, Mull. Muller’s Top-Knot. If not inconsist-
ent with the brevity characteristic of the “‘ Zoological Proceedings,”
i would remark that the fish which I exhibited at the meeting of
this Society, on June 9, 1835, under the name of “‘ Pleuronectes punc-
zatus, Penn.” is identical with the ‘‘ P. hirtus, Mull.” of Mr. Jenyns’s
* Manual of the British Vertebrata’ and the ‘“‘ Rhombus hirtus”’ of
Mr. Yarreill’s ‘ British Fishes,’ a circumstance which reference to
the synonyma of this species might indeed indicate, but I am induced
to notice the subject on account of the specific name ‘‘ punctatus’
being applied in both works to a nearly allied species.

My specimen, critically examined when recent, exhibited the fol-
lowing characters, which are unnoticed in the description of P. hirtus,
given in the above-mentioned works.

P. fin, which is quite perfect, on the upper side 94 lines long, and
containing 6 rays, on the under side 64 lines long, and having 12
rays. Lateral line on the under side less strongly marked than on
the upper, and considerably less curved towards its origin. A bright
silver spot, two lines in diameter, at the base of the P. fin on the
upper side ; irides silvery, clouded with brown: they are described
as sea-green by Hanmer, (Penn. Brit. Zool., vol. ii. p. 323, ed. 1812.)
it is in allusion to this individual, which I had the pleasure of show-
ing Mr. Yarrell, when in London in June, 1835, that he remarks,
«< I have a record of one [Rhombus hirtus] that was caught on the
eoast of the county of Down in Ireland.” Brit. Fish. vol. ii. p. 245.

Syngnathus lumbriciformis, Jenyns? Yarrell. As it has recently
been discovered that two species of Syngnathi have hitherto been
confounded under the name of S. Ophidion, it should be stated, that
those which I brought under the notice of this Society on June 9,
1835, as taken in Strangford lough, are identical with the S. lumbri-
ciformis, as described by Mr. Yarrell, (Brit. Fish., vol. ii. p. 340.) It
may be added that from Mr. Ball I have since received nine speci-
mens which were taken by him in June, 1835, at the South Islands
of Arran, off Clare, and from Captain Fayrer, R.N., several, likewise
caught in the same month at Donaghadee.

The dorsal fin and vent in all these specimens, including one from
Belfast bay, 19 in number, which are from under 3 to 6 inches long,
about one-third of the entire length from the snout, and the head
occupying about one-twelfth of the whole length. In these charac-
ters they correspond with Mr. Yarrell’s description. Mr. Jenyns
describes the ‘‘ dorsal and vent at about the middle of the entire
length,” and the head “ scarcely one-seventeenth” of it. Some of
them exhibit ova ‘ in hemispheric depressions, on the external sur-

face of the abdomen, anterior to the vent,’ as mentioned in the
* Manual of the British Vertebrata,’ p. 489.

I cannot conclude without acknowledging the benefit I have re-
ceived, not only on this, but on all previous occasions, when visiting
London, from Mr. Yarrell’s liberality, in affording me the unlimited
use both of his library and of his extensive collection of British
fishes.

* Trigla peciloptera, Cuv. and Val. Little Gurnard.

Amongst a number of fishes submitted to my examination by
Mr. Ball, is a Gurnard, apparently of this species, which was taken
at Youghal, I believe, along with sprats, (Clupea Sprattus,) early in
the summer of 1835. In form, it agrees in every character by which
the T. peciloptera is said to be distinguished, (Cuv. and Val. Hist.
de Pois., t. iv. p. 447.) Judging from its present appearance, I have
little doubt that when recent it would in colour also have corresponded.
Its length is 2 inches, D. 10, (last extremely short)—15. P. 10—3,
free. V.+ 5. A. 15. C. 15.

Second dorsal ray longest; 25 dorsal spines; caudal fin a little
forked ; lateral line spinous. Thence to D. fin, and to about an
equal distance below the line, rough with spinous scales; (this is
not mentioned by Cuv. and Val.) lower portion of sides smooth.

‘With the 7. aspera, Viviana, as described in the last-quoted
work, t. iv. p. 77, and which in length is stated like the Tri. peci-
loptera to be about 4 inches, the present specimen agrees in many
respects, but chiefly differs in the profile being less vertical, in the
anterior lobes of the snout, and in the negative character of wanting
“une échancrure transversale et profonde,” behind the posterior or-
bital spine ; nor with the highest power of a lens can any of the an-
terior dorsal spines be distinguished as “‘ dentelée,” nor the first and
second rays of the D. fin as serrated, both of which characters are
attributed to T. aspera*.

In the course of this examination specimens of T. cuculus, Bl., T.
lineata, T. hirundo, T. pini, Bl., and 7. Gurnardus were before me,
T. lyra was not available, but the remarkable development of the an-
terior lobes of the snout in this species would have rendered its com-
parison with the specimen under consideration unnecessary.

The T. peciloptera has previously been obtained only at Dieppe,
where it was discovered by M. Valenciennes.

* Gobius Britannicus. British Black Goby.
_ When at Galway-bay, on the western coast of Ireland, accom-
panied by Mr. Ball, in June 1834, I captured a species of Goby,
whose thicker and more clumsy form at once led me to consider it
different from a G. niger taken at Youghal, with which I had been

* Since the above was written I have had an opportunity of comparing
the Trigla here treated of with two specimens of 7’. aspera,—one 33, the
other 44 inches long, which are part of a collection of fishes, sent last year
from Corfu, to the Belfast Natural History Society, by Robert ‘Templeton,
Esq., Roy. Art. This comparison served strongly to confirm every thing
above stated. ‘The 7. aspera is admirably described by Cuv, and Val.

favoured by that gentleman.
identical with the G. niger of Cuvier and Valenciennes, whilst the
latter corresponded with the G. niger of Montagu (Yarrell’s Brit.
Fish., vol. i. p. 252.) and Jenyns. This species is considered by Cuv.
and Val., but without reccurse being had to a comparison of speci-
mens, to be the same as theirs; but the two individuals under con-
sideration, unquestionably distinct, agree so well with the detailed
descriptions of those just quoted under the same name, as to leave
not a doubt upon my mind as to the propriety of separating them.
Amongst other differential characters, they present the following:

On a recent examination it proved

G. niger, Mont.

(from Youghal.)
Jaws, the lower one the longer.
Teeth, several irregular rows in

G. niger, Cuv. and Val.
(from Galway.)
Jaws equal.
Teeth, outer row very much the

both jaws, those of the outer
row not very much larger than
the others, and, like them,
straight and truncated at the
summit.

Sulcus, extending from the head
to D. fin.

Papille* so numerous on the
head as to give it the appear-
ance of being delicately carved
all over.

D. 6—14. P. 18. V.d each. A. D. 6—16. P. 20—21. V.5. A.
12. C. 15, and some short. 13. C.14.

largest, and curving inwards.

Sulcus, wanting.

Papille \ess numerous by half.

Though of British authors, the G. niger of Montagu and Jenyns
only is quoted with certainty; the species described as such by
Pennant and Yarrell appears to be the same, the exceptions being
that two rows only of teeth are attributed to it by the former, and
17 rays are described by the latter as contained in its 2nd D. fin.
The G. niger of Donovan and Fleming is the G. Ruthensparii (G. bi-
punctatus, Yarr.) of Euphrasen.

Bloch’s G. niger does not agree with either species here treated of ;
as like Pennant’s, it is stated to have but two rows of teeth. It differs,
more especially from that of British authors as now restricted, in the
jaws being of equal length, the teeth pointed, and having 16 rays in
the 2nd D. fin; and from that of Cuv. and Val. in the shortness of
the P. fin, a character represented both in his figure and description.
The G. niger of Risso having the jaws equal, and the teeth curved,
approximates it to that of Cuv. and Val., but the number of fin-rays
differs considerably.

The species taken at Galway, which is new to the British cata-
logue, occurs also in the Mediterranean, the collection of fishes from
Corfu, alluded to in the note to Trigla peciloptera, as being in the

* With respect to these resembling the G. geniporus, as described by Cuy.
and Val., t. xii. p. 32, but very different in other characters.

Sa i:

Belfast Museum, containing an individual in all respects, but that of
size, quite identical.

Although the G. niger of Montagu and Jenyns accords better with
the description of Linnzeus—consisting only of the number of fin-rays
—than the species for which Cuv. and Val. have adopted his name,

yet, as several other European Gobies equally well agree with the brief |

characters in the ‘ Systema Nature,’ and it being necessary to give
one of the two which have been confounded together a new name,
it appears to me that the species described as G. niger in the ‘ His-
toire Naturelle des Poissons’ of the last-named authors,—the greatest
and most comprehensive work yet attempted on the subject—should
retain the term there given it, and that it is to the Godius niger of
. British authors that the new appellation should be applied. With
this view I propose the name of Gobius Britannicus, not to indicate
its existence only on the British shores, but in the hope that it may
perhaps better than any other term mark it as the species of British
authors.

As M. Valenciennes has observed that “ M. Yarrell a publié une
charmante figure de nétre gobie,” (t. xii. p. 18.) it must be added
that this figure is more illustrative of my-G. Britannicus than what
I have considered the G. niger of Cuv. and Val.; in hypercriticism
all it indeed wants to be a perfect representation of that fish is—the
lower jaw a little longer, and the teeth smaller, less regular and
truncated.

Mr. Owen then laid before the Meeting the following observations
upon the structure of the shell in the Water-clam, (Spondylus varius.
Brod.) ?

Having been led to reflect, while considering the uses of the
camerated part of the shell of the Nautilus, upon the degree or ex-
tent to which that structure might depend upon the mode of growth
of the animal and its shell, and how far it was a necessary physical
consequence of the increase and change of position of the animal, in-
dependently of any special purpose served by the forsaken parts or
chambers of the shell, 1 have paid attention to all the cases that
have come under my observation of the formation of chambers in
shells, by the secretion, on the part of the animal, of a nacreous layer,
forming a new basis of support to the soft parts, and cutting off the

‘deserted portion of the shell from the chamber of occupation.

It is well known that this process is not the only mode adopted

to suit the shell to the changing form and bulk or other exigencies

ofits occupant. In the genus Magilus the part of the shell from which
the body gradually recedes is filled up bya continuous compact se-

‘eretion of calcareous matter, and a solid-massive elongated shell is
thus produced, which would be a great incumbrance to a locomo-

_ tive mollusc, but is of no inconvenience to an univalve destined by
‘nature to live buried in a mass of lithophytous coral.

In Helix decollata, again, the deserted part of the shell, after
being partitioned off by the nacreous layer secreted by the posterior
part of the mantle, is broken away by some yet unexplained process,
and consequently no chambers nor any solid apex of the shell remains.

The retention of the deserted chambers and the interception of
certain spaces of the shell by calcareous septa, though not unknown
in the gastropodous univalves, is more common in bivalves.

An oyster kept without food will frequently expend its last ener-
gies in secreting a new nacreous layer, at a distance from the old
internal surface of the concave valve, corresponding to the diminu-
tion of bulk which it has experienced during its fast, and thus adapt
its inflexible outward case to its shrunken body.

In the calcareous tube exuded from the elongated mantle of the
Septarie, Lam., the closed extremity of the tube is divided into
chambers by a succession of layers at a distance of half an inch
from each other, having a regular concavity towards the open ex-
tremity of the shell. These concave septa are composed entirely of .
the nacreous constituent of the shell; in one example which I have
examined, they were six in number; they are thin, smooth, and
closely resemble the partitions in the Nautilus and Spirula save in
the absence of the siphonic perforation,

Among Bivalves the Ostree not unfrequently present shallow and
irregular chambers in the substance of the shell: the Htherie again
have vesicular cavities interposed between the testaceous laminz ; but
the most constant and remarkable example of the camerated struc-
ture of the shell is presented by a large Spondylus or Water-clam, so
called from the fluid which (until lost by slow evaporation) occupies
the chambers, and which is visible in the last-formed chamber
through the thin semitransparent exposed septum.

In order to examine this camerated structure, and more especially
to see how it was modified by the presence and progressive change
of place of the adductor muscle, I had a fine specimen sawn through
vertically and lengthwise. In the specimen now on the table, which
measures eight inches in length, the substance of the concave valve,
which is two inches one-third in thickness, at the thickest part in-
cludes fourteen chambers, separated from each other by very regu-
larly formed and stout partitions, composed, as in other chambered
shells, of the nacreous portion or constituent of the shell. The septa
are slightly undulating in their course, but present a general con-
cavity towards the outlet of the shell. Not any of these parti-
tions are, however, continued freely acrcss the shell, but each be-
comes continuous at the muscular impression, which is near the
middle of the shell with the contiguous septa. In general, also,
the septa commence singly from the cardinal or upper wall of the
valve, and divide into two when about one-fourth of the way towards
the opposite or lower wall; the thickness of the undivided part of
the septum being equal to, or greater than that of the two divisions
or layers into which it splits. ;

We can readily understand why the septa must necessarily become
united together at the point of insertion of the adductor. The muscle
never quits its attachment to the valves; while the lobe of the mantle,
except in its circumference, and where it is attached to the adductor
muscle, must detach itself from the surface of the valve which is about
to be partitioned off, when it secretes upon the interposed fluid the new

septum or basis of support. It is obvious, therefore, from the condi-
tions under which the partitions are successively secreted, that they
must adhere not only to the circumference of the valve, but to the pre-
ceding and succeeding septum at the part occupied by the adductor
muscle, and for an extent corresponding to its circumference. The
progressive change in the position of this muscle by the absorption
of the posterior fibres, and the addition of others anteriorly, changes
in a corresponding degree the relative position of these subcentral
confluent parts of the septa, and a beautiful undulated disposition of
the whole chambered part results. If the adductor muscle were a
tube instead of a solid mass, the central confluent part of the septa
would of course be perforated, and a siphon would result, the calca-

- reous walls of which, from the proximity of the chambers, would no

doubt be continuous, as in many fossil Polythalamous shells.

A disposition to form chambers is manifested, but in a much less
degree, in the smaller flattened or superior valve of the Water Spon-
dylus. Inthe specimen here described there are three chambers,
with narrower intervals, and much thicker partitions than in the
lower valve. These partitions are confluent opposite the muscular
impression, as in the lower valve, and each partition expands from
this attachment in an infundibular manner, which reminds one of
the emboitement of the calcareous parts of the siphon in the Spirula.

The secreting power of the lower lobe of the mantle in the Spon-
dylus is greater than in the upper; and the layers of nacre which
are successively deposited on the cardinal margin push forward in a
corresponding degree the upper valve, leaving a heel or umbo be-

hind the hinge of the lower valve, which, from the inactivity of the
secreting surface of the upper lobe of the mantle, is not opposed by
a corresponding umbo in the upper valve.

The lamine, which are deposited in a continuous series of super-
imposed layers at the hinge of the lower valve, are not continued ina
like state of superposition throughout ; they soon separate from each
other, and do not again unite except at the space corresponding to
the adductor muscle, and at the circumference of the valve.

The interspaces of these successive layers of the growing Spon-
dylus cannot, from the absence of a medium of intercommunication,
serve any purpose hydrostatically with reference to locomotion : it
is a singular fact, indeed, that the Spondylus, in which the chambered
structure is constant, and the Ostree, and other bivalves, in which it
is occasional, are cemented to extraneous bodies by the outer surface
of the shell, generally by the concave valve. So that the septa must
be regarded as mere dermal ezuvie still left adhering to the animal,
to which, as a motionless bivalve, they are no incumbrance. It is
highly probable that all the chambers are originally filled with fluid,
as more or less is found in the outer ones of the specimens brought
to this country.

In the Testaceous Cephalopods a new structure is added, viz., the -
siphon, whereby the exuvial layers of the old shell and the deserted
chambers are converted into a hydrostatic instrument, subservient to
the locomotion of the animal. The operation of the siphon and

chambers has been ably explained by Dr. Buckland in the Nautilus,
where the calcareous inflexible tube protecting the membranous si-
phonis not continuous. The working of the siphon is, however, less
intelligible in those species in which the outer calcareous tube is con-
tinued from chamber to chamber, as in the Spirule, Orthoceratites,
&c., and it is with respect to camerated shells of this kind that I
would ask how far the reasoning suggested by the chambers in the
water Spondylus may be applicable in their case ; and whether a
final intention can be clearly traced beyond the diminution of specific
gravity occasioned by a large proportion of the shell being converted
into receptacles of gas; if indeed we have sufficient evidence to as-
sume that they do not contain a denser fluid, like the Spondylus.

Mr. Owen placed upon the table, as illustrative of his observations,
sections of both valves of a large specimen of the Water-clam, and
also stated that Dr. Bostock had kindly undertaken to submit the
fluid contained in the chambers of the shell to a chemical analysis.

Dr. Bostock being present laid before the Meeting the following
remarks upon the fluid in question.

Mr. Owen having put into my hands, for examination, a fluid
which was obtained from the cavities in the valves of the Spondylus
varius, | obtained from it the following results.

It was turbid, had an acid saline taste, and a rank disagreeable
odour. After standing for twenty-four hours, it deposited a whitish
curdy sediment, and became clear and transparent. The clear fluid,
amounting to 54™., was poured from the sediment, and was subjected
to various tests. It was neither acid nor alkaline ; it produced avery
copious precipitate with the nitrate of silver, indicating the pre-
sence of a large proportion of muriatic acid; the muriate of barytes
indicated a slight trace of sulphuric acid, while the appropriate tests
of lime, magnesia, and iodine produced no effect. A portion of*the
fluid was evaporated by a gentle heat, when a quantity of crystals
of the muriate of soda was obtained, amounting in weight to very
nearly twenty per cent of the fluid. After the removal of the crystals,
a little brown matter was left in the capsule, but in too minute a
quantity to enable me to ascertain its nature and properties, except
that it was not soluble in alcohol; we may, however, presume that
it gave the fluid its peculiar flavour and odour.

It appears therefore that the fluid in question consisted almost en-
tirely of a solution of pure muriate of soda, differing therefore, in its
chemical constitution, from sea-water.

The sediment mentioned above I returned to Mr. Owen; it ap-
peared to consist of small globular or rather pyriform bodies, pro-
bably of an organic origin.

ee ee eS CT ee ee ae

June 27th, 1837.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read addressed to Mr. Gould, from Mr. Thomas Allis
of York, in which the writer remarks that the sclerotic ring of the
great Podargus does not present the slightest appearance of distinct
plates, being simply a bony ring; the first instance in which Mr. Allis
had observed this peculiarity.

A Letter waé also read from His Excellency Hamilton Hamilton,
Esq., Her Majesty’s Minister at Rio, announcing the present of a
Chilian Eagle for the Society’s Gardens.

- Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of a Paradozurus which had been
presented to the Museum of the Society by the President, the Earl
of Derby, and for which he proposed the specific name of Derbianus.

Paravoxurvus Dersianvus. Parad. pallidé fuscescenti-albus,ros-
tri lateribus, strigd superciliari, notd in medio fronte et in utroque
latere capitis super aures nigris, necnon strigd ad utrumque
latus colli in humeros obductd, vittis tribus, quatuor, vel quin-
que transversis in dorso (ad latera angustioribus), annuloque
ad basin caude, cum hujus dimidio postico. Artubus cineres-
centi-fuscis.

Hab. in Peninsula Malayana.

Mr. Gray also brought before the notice of the Meeting some
Mammalia, which he had lately purchased for the British Museum
from a collection made by the late Colonel Cobb in India, among
which was an adult specimen of the Once of Buffon (Hist. Nat.), on
which Schreber formed his Felis uncia, which has been regarded by
Cuvier, Temminck, and most succeeding authors as a leopard, but
which is a distinct species, easily known by the thickness of its
fur, the paleness of its colour, the irregular form of the spots, and
especially by the great length and thickness of the tail. Mr. Gray
observed that a more detailed description of this animal was unne-
cessary, as it agreed inall particulars with the young specimen de-
seribed by Buffon.

Two new species of Sciuroptera, which agree with the Ame-

rican species in colour, but differed from one another in the size,
make, and form of the soles of the feet, were described as follows :-—

SciuroPpTERA FIMBRIATA. Sceiur. vellere longo molli cine-
rescente, nigro variegato ; pilis superné plumbeis, complanatis,
pallide fuscis, ad apicem nigris ; facie albidd, regione circum-

_ oculari nigra, mystacibus lonyissimis, nigris ; mento corporeque

No. LIV. and LV.—Procrgpines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Socierry.

‘ ao aes oa = }

subtus albis, caudd latd, paululim decrescente, fulvd, pilis ba-
salibus ad apicem nigris. Pedibus anticis latis, pollice minuto ;
pedibus posticis penicillé latd ad marginem externum indutis ;
plantis tuberculo oblongo parvo ad medium marginis externi,
tuberculo antico, et tuberculis duobus inequalibus interné ad par-
tem posticam.

Hab. in India.

SciuroprerA TuRNBULLI. Sceiur. vellere brevi, molli, nigres-
cente, pilis annulum albidum subterminalem exhibentibus ; buccis,
mento, corporeque subtis albis ; regione circum-oculari, et mysta-
cibus nigris ; caudd angustd, decrescente, nigrescenti-fused, sub-
tus pallidiore; pedibus anticis parvulis, pollicibus minutis ; pe-
dibus posticis externé vix fimbriatis, plantis angustis sine tuber-
culis centralibus ad marginem externum, tuberculo attamen an-
teriori, necnon duobus inequalibus posticis ad marginem in-
ternum.

Long. 114 une.; caude, 8 unc.

Hab. in India.

A new species of Foz, nearly allied to Vulpes Bengalensis, but evi-
dently larger, Mr. Gray designated as Vulpes xanthura. In describing
this species, he remarked, that it had a large gland, covered with
rigid brown hair, on the upper part of the base of its tail, very di-
stinctly marked ; and that on looking at the tail of the several other
species of this genus, as V. Bengalensis, V. vulgaris, V. fulva, and
some others, a similar gland was easily recognisable, though it ap-
peared to have been hitherto overlooked.

Mr. Ogilby afterwards characterised a new species of Gibbon (Hy-
lobates), which had been presented to the Society many years ago,
by the late General Hardwicke, and hitherto considered as the female
of the Hoolock. A specimen of the latter species had been presented
to the Society at the same time, and from the same locality; but
their specific identity was sufficiently disproved, not only by the fact
of both specimens being of the same sex, and from our being perfectly
acquainted with both sexes of the Hoolock, but likewise by the marked
difference of colour and external structure exhibited by the two ani-
mals, The greater height of the forehead and prominence of the nose
in the new species were pointed out as alone sufficient to distinguish
it from all the other Gibbons ; whilst its ashy-brown colour and large
black whiskers rendered it almost impossible to confound it with
the Hoolock, which has fur of a shining black, and a pure white
band across the forehead. Mr. Ogilby observed, that we have had
two distinct instances of real Apes from the continental parts of India;
and referred to various passages of Pliny, in which the Roman natu-
ralist professed to describe different races of human beings from the
remote provinces of India, whom he relates to have teeth like dogs,
to live among trees, and to converse by frightful screams. These
distorted accounts Mr. Ogilby conceives to have been founded upon

Bi a i a ie

ee ae

:
L

the vague tales brought back by the few Greek and Roman travellers
who at that time penetrated beyond the Ganges, and proposed
therefore to call the new Gibbon by the name of Hylobates Choro-
mandus, the name of one of the supposed tribes of men described by
Pliny. The same gentleman afterwards exhibited and described the
skin of a new species of Colobus, or four-fingered monkey from Africa;
for which he proposed the specific name of Colobus leucomeros, on
account of the white colour of the thighs, the rest of the animal being
a deep shining black. .

Dr. Smith exhibited some small Quadrupeds, forming part of the
collection obtained during his recent expedition into South Africa.
They consisted of some new or rare species belonging to the genera
Macroscelides, Chrysochloris, Pteromys, and Otomys. Dr. Smith en-
tered into some interesting details respecting their habits, which will
be published in his forthcoming work on African Zoology.

July 11th, 1837.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from Mr. Hugh Cuming, Corresponding Mem-
ber, dated Manilla, December 24th, 1836, addressed to the late Se-
cretary, E. T. Bennett, Esq.

Mr. Cuming states in this letter that he is actively engaged in
his favourite pursuit, that of collecting objects in various deport-
ments of natural history, and he speaks very highly of the assistance
afforded him by the public authorities at Manilla in prosecuting his
researches, This letter was accompanied by a large box of skins of
birds and quadrupeds, part of which were a donation to the Society.

A letter was read from Keith Edward Abbott, Esq., Correspond-
ing Member, dated Erzeroum, May 12, 1837, stating that he had
dispatched a box of bird-skins for the Society.

Mr. Martin then laid before the meeting the following observa-
tions on the Proboscis Monkey, or ‘ Guenon a long nez.’ (Simia Na-
salis.)

The genus Nasalis, of which the ‘‘ Guenon a long nez” of Buffon,
(suppl. vii.,) or Proboscis Monkey of Shaw is the type, was founded
by Geoffroy St. Hilaire in his ‘ Tableau des Quadrumanes,’ published
in the ‘ Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle’ for 1812. In this
outline of the Simiade, the genera Semnopithecus and Cercopithecus
are blended together under the latter title; but from this group are
excluded two monkeys, the Douc, constituting the type of the genus
Pygathrix (Lasiopyga, ll.) and the “ guenon a long nez”. With
respect to the genus Pygathrix or Lasiopyga, founded upon the al-
leged want of callosities, most naturalists I believe, (aware of the
error committed both by Geoffroy and Illiger, in describing from an
imperfect skin,) have regarded it as merging into the genus Semno-
pithecus, at least provisionally; until the internal anatomy of its as-
sumed representative be known.

The characters of the genus Nasalis, formed for the reception of
the ‘‘ Guenon a long nez,” (Simia Nasica, Schreb. Cercopithecus lar-
vatus, Wurmb,) are laid down as follows :

“‘ Muzzle short, forehead projecting, but little elevated ; facial an-
gle 50°; nose prominent, and extremely elongated; ears small and
round ; body stout; cheek-pouches, anterior hands, with four long
fingers, and a short thumb, ending where the index finger begins ;
posterior hands very large, with fingers stout, especially the thumb ;
callosities large ; tail longer than the body.”

At a subsequent period, however, in his ‘ Cours de l’Histoire Na-
turelle,’ published 1828, Geoffroy, adopting the genus Semnopithecus,
established by Fred. Cuvier, places the ‘“‘ Gzenon a long nez,” within

—

its limits, doubtfully it is true, and with the acknowledgment that
his genus Nasalis has not been generally adopted, but at the same
time with a bias in its favour; for observing that the manners of these
monkeys are those of the Semnopitheci, he adds,—*‘ Cependant, il
ne nous parait encore démontré que le singe nasique soit une véri-
table semnopitheque, et il est fort possible que lorsque l’espéce sera
moins imparfaitement connue, on soit obligé de rétablir le genre
Nasalis, dans lequel on Visolait autrefois, mais que n’est pas été ad-
mis par la plupart des auteurs modernes.”

Setting aside the singular conformation of the nose, so remarkable
in the Simia Nasalis, its external characters are not different from
those of the Semnopithecit in general, and it is to be observed that
in a second species, lately added by Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield,
under the title of Nasalis recurvus, the proportions of this part of
the face are much diminished, and its form also modified. This
species (which though doubted by some as being distinct, is, we be-
lieve, truly so) takes an intermediate station between the Simia
Nasalis, and the ordinary Semnopithect with flat noses, thereby
showing that the transition in this particular character is not abrupt;
even were it so, an isolated point of this nature does not forma
philosophical basis upon which to ground a generic distinction.

So far I have alluded to external characters only; it remains for
me to give some account of the anatomical characters of this singular
monkey, of which, as far as I can learn, modern naturalists do not
appear to be aware.

It would seem that M. Otto*, who described the sacculated form
of the stomach in one of the monkeys of the genus Semnopithecus,
is not the first observer of this peculiarity, for I find that Wurmb,
in the Memoirs of the Society of Batavia, notices this point in the
anatomy of an individual of the Simia Nasalis. After giving some
interesting details respecting the habits and manners of the species,
he proceeds as follows :—‘‘'The brain resembles that of man; the
lungs are of a snow-white colour; the heart is covered with fat, and
this is the only part in which fat is found. The stomach is extraor-
dinarily large, and of an irregular form; and there is beneath the
skin a sac which extends from the lower jaw to the clavicles.” Aude-
bert (with whose work ‘ Histoire des Singes,’ Geoffroy St. Hilaire
was well acquainted, ) refers to this account of Wurmb; yet Geoffroy
does not, as far as I can find, advert to these points, unless indeed
his statement of the presence of cheek-pouches be founded on the ob-
servation of a sac extending from the lower jaw to the clavicles ;
and if so, he has made a singular mistake, for the sac in question is
laryngeal, and the words as they stand cannot be supposed to mean

any thing else; I knowofno monkey whose cheek-pouches extend be-

neath the skin to the clavicles; but the laryngeal sacs in the Orang

- and Gibbons, and also in the Semnopitheci themselves are remarkable

for development. It is evident, however, from the silence of M.
Geoffroy St. Hilaire respecting the laryngeal sacculus in the Proboscis

* See his.paper in the “‘ Nova Acta Academie Caxsarez,”’ vol. xii.

Monkey that he was not aware of the real character of the structure
to which Wurmb had alluded. With respect to the structure of
the stomach, neither Wurmb:nor M. Otto drew any general infer-
ences from it; they described it as it presented itself in'single species,
and regarded it in an isolated point of view; it is, if I mistake not,
to Mr. Owen that we owe its reception as an anatomical character,
extant throughout the Semnopitheci. (See his paper on the subject,
in the Proceedings for 1833, and in the Transactions of the Zoolo-
gical Society. )

This is perhaps scarcely the place in which to introduce any spe-
culations, but I cannot help observing that the same structure may
be expected in the genus Colobus, which in form is a mere repetition
of the genus Semnopithecus, except that the thumb of the forehands,
which in the latter begins to assume a rudimentary character, is in
the former reduced to its lowest stage of development. In both
genera the teeth precisely agree, and present early that worn surface
which is the consequence of a continued grinding rodent-like action,
upon the leaves and herbaceous matter which constitute the chief
diet of the animals.

The statement of Wurmb respecting the stomach and laryngeal ap-
paratus of the Proboscis Monkey I have lately been enabled to con-
firm.

Among the specimens in store brought within the last few months
from the Gardens to the Museum occurred an example of the Pro-
boscis Monkey, in brine, but in a state of decomposition which in-
duced me to lose no time in making such an examination as its con-
dition would admit, being indeed extremely anxious to ascertain
the relationship of this curicus monkey to the other groups of
Indian Simiade, groups to which I have been lately directing my
attention.

The specimen in question was afemale, measuring from the verter
to the ischiatic callosities one foot nine inches.

The body was meagre and slender, and the limbs long and slim ;
the contour of the animal being very unlike that displayed in the
mounted specimen in the Museum of the Society, which gives the
idea of great robustness.

The abdominal cavity had at some former period been opened
and the liver removed, in doing which the stomach had been cut,
but not so much as to spoil it entirely. In every essential point
this viscus is the same as in all the Semnopitheci hitherto examined.
It consists of a large cardiac pouch with a strong muscular band,
running as it were around it so as to divide it into two compart-
ments, an upper and lower, slightly corrugated into sacculi ; the car-
diac apex of the upper pouch projects asia distinct sacculus of an oval
form, and is not bifid. From this upper pouch runs a long and
gradually narrowing pyloric portion, corrugated into sacculi by means
of three muscular bands, of which one is continued from the band
dividing the cardiac pouch into two compartments. The elongated
pyloric portion sweeps around the lower cardiac pouch.

The esophagus enters the first compartment about four inches

from its terminal apex, giving off a radiation of longitudinal muscular
fibres over the central portion of the first compartment. The second
or lower compartment is the largest and deepest, and is embraced by
longitudinal muscular fibres from the cesophagus to the division-band,
but unlike the same compartment in the stomach of the Semnopithecus
Entellus, it is very slightly sacculated ; indeed it can scarcely be said
to be so at all. ‘The admeasurements are as follow:

feet. inches.
1st compartment, round the greater curve...... re
2nd compartment, measured in the same manner 1 84
From the entrance of the cesophagus, round the

2nd compartment to the division-band ...... dil |
The same measurement, round the Ist compart-

12 ig ica epi gra Maret eae ia eget rani ab Oo 8k
Length of pyloric portion ..........--+2++-- 21
Circumference at base..........---2--secee- 0 94
Circumference just above pyloric orifice........ 0 5h
Length of small intestines ............-.+--- 18 0
Length of large intestines ..........--.-.--- 6 2

The average diameter of the small intestines, lying flat, was ? of
an inch; the ileum, however, was rather more, but not quite an
inch.

The cecum is of a pyramidal figure, 5 inches in length, pointed,
and somewhat sacculated by three slight muscular bands. Circum-
ference at the base, 5} inches.

The large intestines are puckered into sacculi by two longitudinal
bands; they commence large, becoming gradually smaller, the
bands in the meantime gradually disappearing. Advancing towards
the rectum the intestine again enlarges, and here, to the extent of
21 feet from the anus, all trace of bands is lost.

The circumference of the large intestines at their commencement
is 34 inches.

The lungs consisted of two lobes on each side, the fissure dividing
the lobes on the right side being the most complete.

The laryngeal sac was of enormous size, and single. It extended
over the whole of the throat, and advanced below the clavicles, com-
municating by means of a single but large opening with the larynx.
This opening is on the left side, between the Jaryna and the os hyoides,
and is capable of being closed by means of a muscle arising from the
anterior apex of the os hyoides, and running down the central aspect
of the trachea to the sternum. The contraction of this muscle draws
the os hyoides down, so as to press upon the edge of the thyroid
cartilage.

There were no cheek-pouches nor any traces of them.

The teeth were much worn, but the fifth tubercle of the last
molar tooth of the lower jaw was very distinct.

Mr. Gould afterwards called the attention of the Meeting to the
common British Wagtail, and stated his firm conviction of its being

distinct from the Motacilla alba of Linnzus. He proposed for it the

name of M. Yarrellii, and observed, that it might be easily distin-
ished from the continental one, with which it had hitherto been

confounded, by an attention to the following characters.

The pied wagtail of England (M. Yarrellii) is somewhat more ro-
bust in form, and in its full sunimer dress has the whole of the head,
chest, and back of a full, deep, jet black; while in M. alba, at the
same period, the throat and head alone are of this colour, the back
and the rest of the upper surface being of a light ash-grey. In winter
the two species more nearly assimilate in their colouring; and this
circumstance has doubtless been the cause of their being hitherto
considered identical; the black back of M. Yarrellii being grey at
this season, although never so light as in M. alba. An additional
evidence of their being distinct (but which has doubtless contributed
to the confusion), is, that the female of M. Yarrellii never has the
back black, as in the male; this part, even in summer, being dark
grey; in which respect it closely resembles the other species.

July 25th, 1837.
E. S. Hardisty, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Waterhouse directed the attention of the Meeting to several
small Quadrupeds which he considered undescribed, and which he
proceeded to characterize as follows :

Puascocaty ruAvirres. Phase. fuscescenti-flava, pilis nigris in-
termixtis ; corpore subtus pedibusque flavis ; guld albidd ; caudd,
corpus quoad longitudinem excellente, nigrescenti, subtus ‘flavé,
pilis minutis et adpressis vestitd.

unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caudz basin. . 4 8
caude@. . ; De BG
ab apice ‘rostri ad basin auris . 1-0
tarsi digitorumque. . 23 ve — 0-93
OBB SB creee Bie: Cane sins Bhi se be 0 6

Hab. North of Hunter’s River, New South Wales.

The fur of this animal is moderately long, not very soft, and con-
sists of hairs of two lengths. On the back the shorter hairs are of a
palish ochre colour at the apex, and the longer hairs are black: on
the sides of the body and limbs the ochreous hue prevails, the black
hairs being less numerous: the under parts of the body are of a yel-
low colour, inclining to white on the throat and mesial line of the
belly ; all the hairs are of a deep gray at the base both on the under
and upper parts of the body. ‘The general hue of the head is gray,
a tint produced by the mixture of black and white hairs; the eyelids
are black: the hairs immediately above and below the eye are of a
yellow-white colour, as are also those of the upper lip and lower
part of the cheeks. The moustaches are moderately long; the hairs
are black at the base and grayish at the apex. The ears are of mo-
derate size, and have the hinder portion emarginated ; they are fur-
nished externally with minute hairs, those on the inner side being
chiefly of a yellow colour. The feet are of an uniform deep ochre
colour. The tail is about equal in length to the body and half the
head, and is furnished with small and closely adpressed hairs, between
which rings of scales are visible; on the apical portion of the tail the
hairs are longer, slightly exceeding one eighth of an inch in length;
the hairs on the under side of the tail are of a deep buff colour, and
those of the upper side are black and yellow, excepting at the apex,
where all the hairs are black.

The teeth in this species agree in number with those of Phascogale
penicillata, and in fact scarcely differ in any respect, making allow-
ance for the difference in the size of the animals. The two front in-
cisors of both upper and lower j jaws are perhaps smaller in propor-
tion, and the third false molar in the lower jaw is decidedly smaller
in proportion, being scarcely visible unless the gum be removed.

The last molar of the upper jaw is of the same narrow form, and placed
obliquely as in P. penicillata.

Not having a skull of P. penicillata, | am guided in my observations
by M. Temminck’s figure in the ‘ Monographies de Mammalogie.’*
Upon comparing the skulls of P. flavipes with the same figure, the
resemblance is great; in the smaller animal, however, the skull is
somewhat narrower in proportion (especially the fore part); the na-
sal bones are not so broad at their base.

PuascoGaLE MuRINA. Phase. cinerea levitér flavo lavata; cor-
pore subtis pedibusque albis; caudd, corpus quoad longitudi-
nem excellente, pilis albis valde minutis et adpressis vestitd.

unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin.... 3 0
— COU BUDO STII T PORE AE PS BOT
ab apice rostri ad basin auris..... 0 84
— tarsi digitorumque..........05.% 0 7%
GUPTS iss 6 eR) IPO = Q@ 4}

Hab. North of Hunter’s River, New South Wales.

This species may be readily distinguished from the former by its
much smaller size, being in fact rather less than the common mouse
(Mus musculus), or less than half the bulk of P. favipes. The fur is
rather short and soft; its general hue is gray with a faint yellowish
tint, the longer hairs on the upper parts of the body being gray at
the apex, and the shorter hairs tipped with pale yellow or cream
colour ; the feet and under parts are white, as are likewise the sides
of the face beneath the eye. All the hairs of the body are ofa deep
slate colour at the base. The tail is covered with very minute closely
adpressed silvery white hairs. The dentition is evidently that of an
adult animal. the canines and ‘anterior incisors of both upper and
lower jaws appear to be smaller in proportion than in P. flavipes.

Mus Hayr. Mus auribus majusculis, restro obtuso, tarsis elon-
gatis, caudd corpus cum capite quoad longitudinem excellente ;
corpore supra fusco; lateribus flavis ; pedibus corporeque subins
albis; pectore nota flavescente notato.

unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 8
E/T Fe ELBE: CEU MME AN DE 3 10

ab apice rostri ad basin auris ..... 0 112

tarsi digitorumque..........--. O11

MOPS. 30 sca) ahieneae ower af) Iie

Hab. Morocco.

* In M. Temminck’s figure the three lateral incisors ‘of the upper jaw are
represented as being close to the anterior pair. There is, however, a’space
between the anterior incisors and the lateral, both in P.penicillata and in
‘the two species here described.

This species, which is rather larger than Mus musculus, was pre-
sented to the Zoological Society by E. W. A. Drummond Hay, Eszq.,
Corr. Mem., after whom I have taken the liberty of naming it.

Mus Attent. Mus auribus parvulis, caudé corpore cum capite,
longiore, corpore supra nigrescenti-fusco, subtis cinereo; pedibus

obscuris.
unc. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 1 93
—— caud@........ PESOS MID At 1 11
ab apice rostriad basin auris .... O 7
— tarsi digitorumque............ -- O 74
Pa? PII FRAY PIS LETRAS 0 3

Hab. Fernando Po.

This species is less than the harvest mouse (Mus messorius), and
of a deeper colour than the common mouse (Mus musculus), being
in fact almost black. The ears are smaller in proportion, and more
distinetly clothed with hairs. The tail is very sparingly furnished
with minute hairs. The tarsi are covered with blackish hairs above;
the toes are dirty white.

I have named the species after Lieut. W. Allen, R.N., Corr. Mem.
by whom it was discovered and presented to the Zoological Society.

Mus Assorrir. Mus auribus mediocribus, caudd corpore cum
capite longiore : corpore supra intensé fusco, subtis canescente ;
pedibus obscuris.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 1 6
CONTR. Sie. 2 ialeiic Risa tarsi ptt he 1 ll

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 0 64

tarsi digitorumque.........:46-. 0 7%
GUNG 43 che Matate ni acnnin’w iain dcapae 0 4

Hab. Trebizond.

This species is less than the harvest mouse (Mus messorius), and
of a deeper colour than the Mus musculus, in which respects it agrees
with Mus Alleni; from this, however, it may be distinguished by the
tail being longer in proportion, the ears larger, and the tarsi more
slender. It was presented to the Zoological Society by Keith E.
Abbott, Esq., Corr. Mem., after whom it has been named.

Mr. Gould then continued the exhibition of Mr. Darwin’s Birds,
a series of which were upon the table. One only among them was
considered new, a species belonging to the genus Pyrgita from the
island of St. Iago. Mr. Gould characterized it under the name of

PPS SS ee

Pyreita Jacornsis. Pyr. summo capite, et maculd parvd gulari
intense nigrescenti-fuscis, strigd superciliari, collo, humeris dor-
soque intense castaneis, hujus plumis strigd fusca centrali nota-
tis; alis cauddque brunneis, tectricibus alarum minoribus albis,

qui color fasciam transversam efficit ; lined angustd a nare ad
oculum ; genis corporeque subtus albis, hoc colore in cinereum ad
latera transeunte ; rostro, pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot., 5 unc.; caud., 24; ale, 24; rost. ¢; tarsi, %.

Hab. St. Iago.

Obs. This is in every respect a typical Pyrgita, and rather smaller
than the common species, P. domestica.

Mr. Gould then called the attention of the Members to some spe-
cimens of M. alba and M. Yarrellii, which presented in a very de-
cided manner the distinctions referred to by him at the last Meeting.
He afterwards characterized a new species of that genus under the
name of

Moracitita Levcorsis. Mot. facie, vertice, plumis auricularibus,
guld, abdomine, crisso, rectricibus caude duabus externis albis ;
primarits, tertialibus, tectricibus majoribus minoribusque alarum
albis ; notd pectorali semilunari, occipite, collo, dorso, humeris,
uropygio, rectricibusque octo caude@ intermediis nigris, primariis
ad apicem et interne nigrescenti-fuscis ; rostro pedibusque nigro-
Suscis.

Long. tot., 7 unc.; ale, 32; caud., 32; rost.,2; tars., 1.

Hab. India.

ae -

August 8th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair,

A letter was read from J. B. Harvey, Esq., of Teignmouth, Devon-
shire, Corresponding Member, addressed to W. Yarrell, Esq., accom-
panying a donation to the Society of some very beautifully preserved
specimens of Radiata and Fish.

Mr. Gould then called the attention of the Meeting to the con-
eluding part of his work on the Birds of Europe, which he laid on
the table as a donation to the Library; and he expressed the grati-
fication which he felt at having brought to a successful termination
a publication upon which he had been engaged with almost unre-
mitting attention for more than five years.

The Chairman, in returning the thanks of the Meeting to Mr.
Gould for his donation, spoke of the advantages accruing to the
Society from being connected with a naturalist whose works on Or-
nithology were justly held in the highest estimation both here and
on the Continent.

Mr. Gould then characterised the following birds from the So-
ciety’s collection as new species:

Corvus nosiLis. Corv. corpore toto nitidé nigro, non sine ful-
gore purpureo ac viridi precipué ad alas ae scapulas, necnon
ad gulam pectusque ubi plume sunt elongate et lanceolate ;
caudd lata et gradaté ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 25 unc,; rostri, 34; ale, 18 ; caude, 11 ; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Mexico.

Obs. This beautiful species is a true raven, and may be distin-
guished from the European, and from that inhabiting the United»
States of America, by the more metallic lustre of its plumage, by its
more lengthened and slender bill, the greater length of its primaries,
and the more cuneate form of its tail.

Ortyx GUTTATA. Ort. capite cristato; summo capite nigres-
centi-brunneo ; fronte et lined supra-oculari usque ad occiput ten-
dente pallide brunneis, singulis plumis ad apicem pallidioribus ;
gutture nigro in longum lineis albis exiguis striato. Plumis
auricularibus, lined utriusque colli lateris ad nucham coales-
cente, castaneo-brunneis ; dorso rufo-brunneo, plumis singulis
lineis obscuris subfuscis delicate fasciatis, strigd centrali albes-
centi-cervind interpositéd. Scapularibus aleque tectricibus ma-
joribus magis brunneis, notis conspicuis nigerrimis, transversim
et irregularitér striatis, interspatiis guttulis undulatis repletis:
plumis scapularibus, tectricibusque majoribus et minoribus notam

No, LVI & LVII.—Proczxpines or rHE Zooxoeicat Sociery.

-80

triangularem cervinum ad apicem ostendentibus ; uropygio pal-
lidé luteo obscuré nigro guttato; caudd fuscescenti-nigraé notis
Sasciisque rufescenti-cervinis irregularitér ornatd ; pectore abdo-
mineque intense fuscis, hdc colore in rufum ad latera transeunte ;
singulis plumis ad apicem notam albam triangularem plis mi-
nusve nigro cinctam exhibentibus ; rostro nigro; pedibus ni-
grescenti-brunneis.
Long. tot., 10 unc.; rostri, £; ale, 5% ; caude, 3 ; tarsi, 13.

Obs. This is one of the largest species of the genus, and is from
the Bay of Honduras. Presented to the Museum of the Society by
Captain Barlow.

THAMNOPHILUS FULIGINOSUS. Thamn. Mas. Capite, cristd,
genis, gutture et pectore nigerrimis. Dorso, alis, corpore subtus,
cauddque cinerescenti-fuliginosis, hajus pogoniis internis lineis
angustis transversis albis fasciatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Foeem. Summo capite, dorso alisque castaneo-fuscis ; loro, lined su-
per oculos, plumis auricularibus, colli lateribus, gutture, corpore
subtus et caudd intense cineraceo-ceruleis ; plumis singulis lineis
cinerescenti-albis fasciatis ; pogoniis internis rectricum albis l-
neis fasciatis ; rostro pedibusque nigro-brunneis.

Long. tot., 74 unc.; rosiri, 14; ale, 3}; caude, 3; tarsi, 1.

Hab, Demerara.

Obs. This species is distinguished from the other members of the
genus by its robust and powerful frame. The female is of the same
size as the male, or a trifle larger in all its proportions.

Mr. Gould from his own Collection presented to the Society, and
characterised a fourth species of his genus Dendrocitta, under the
name of

Denprocitta rvuFIGAsTER. Dend. facie, summo capite plumis
auricularibus, gutture, pectoreque brunneis, héc colore gradatim in
rufo-brunneum transeunte apud ubdominem ; lateribus erissoque
nitideé castaneis ; occipite et nuchd cinerescenti-albis ; dorso rufo-
brunneo ; uropygio tectricibusque caude superioribus cineres-
centibus ; rectricibus caude duabus intermediis nigrescenti-gri-
seis, ad apicem nigris, utrisque proximis nigris, ad basin ni-
grescenti-griseis ; rectricibus ceteris nigris ; alis nigerrimis, pri-
mariis omnibus ad basin (externis exceptis) albis, qui color notam
conspicuam in alis mediis efficit; femoribus griseis ; rostro nigro ;
pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 164 unc, ; rostri, 13; ale, 74; caude, 11}; tarsi, 14.

Hab. India.

Obs. This species is nearly allied to, but differs from Dendrocitta leu-
eogaster in its shorter tail, and in the less extent of the black colour-
ing on the tips of the two centre tail feathers, in the chestnut brown
eolouring of the under surface, and in its thickened and more robust
bill.

Mr. Ogilby exhibited skins of two species of his new genus Kemas,
and directed the attention of the Society to their generic and specific
characters. Mr. Ogilby observed, that the genus in question occu-
pied an intermediate station between the goats and the Oryges,
agreeing with the former in its mountain habitat and general con-
formation, and with the latter in the presence of a small naked muzzle
and four teats in the females. Of the two species exhibited, one
was a fine male specimen of the Jharal, presented by James Far-
rall, Esq., and the other a new species from the Neilgherry Hills,
known to Madras and Bombay sportsmen by the name of the Jungle
Sheep, and which Mr. Ogilby had long looked for. In form and
-habit of body, as well as in the character of the horns, this animal
is intermediate to the Iharal and Ghoral; the specific name of Kemas
Hylocrius was proposed for it in allusion to its local appellation.
The body is covered with uniform short hair, obscurely annulated
like that of most species of deer, and more nearly resembling the
coat of the Ghoral than that of either the Zharal or Chamois, the
other species of which the genus is at present composed. The horns
are uniformly bent back, surrounded by numerous small rings,
rather flattened on the sides, with a small longitudinal ridge on the
inner anterior edge: the ears are of moderate length, and the tail
very short. Mr. Ogilby entered at some length into the characters
and relations of the genus Kemas; he observed that naturalists and
commentators had greatly puzzled themselves to discover the deri-
vation of the word Kemas, and the animal to which the ancient
Greeks applied that name. Among others, Col. H. Smith applies it
to the Chira, with which the ancients certainly were not acquainted :
but Mr. Ogilby observed, that the root, both of the Greek Kemas and
the modern Chamois, was manifestly traceable to the German word
Gems, which is still the name of the Chamois eastward of the Rhine,
and which the Dutch colonists have transferred to the Cape Oryx
(Oryz capensis).

“81

August 22nd, 1837.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Owen brought before the notice of the Society, through the
kindness of Mr. Edward Verreaux, the cranium of an Orang
Outang (Simia Wurmbii, Fisch.), exhibiting an intermediate or trans-
itional state of dentition, there being in the upper jaw the first or
middle incisors, and first and second molares on each side belonging
to the permanent series, and the lateral incisors, the canines, and
the first and second molares (which are replaced by the bicuspides)
belonging to the deciduous series; and in the lower jaw, both the
middle and lateral incisors, and first and second molares on each side
belonging to the permanent series, and the second left lateral de-
ciduous incisor (not yet shed), the deciduous canines, and the first
and second deciduous molares.

The permanent teeth, which were in place, corresponded in size
with those of the great Pongo of Wurmb, and prove that the Orang
differs from man in the order of succession of the permanent teeth,
having the second true molar, (or fourth if the bicuspides are reckoned
as molars), in place before the appearance of the permanent canines.

Mr. Owen remarked, that the intermaxillary suture still remained
unobliterated in the immature cranium exhibited, and he ‘conceived
that the ultimate obliteration might be caused by the increased vas-
cularity of the parts during the protrusion of the great laniary teeth.
In the Chimpanzee this obliteration takes place at a much earlier
period.

Although the marks of immaturity, and consequently those which
impress an anthropoid character upon the skull of the Orang, were
generally present in the head exhibited, yet, on a comparison of it
with the skull of a younger Orang in which all the deciduous teeth
were retained, an approach to the condition of the mature cranium
might be observed in the greater protrusion of the intermaxillaries,
the lengthening of the maxillary bones, a thickening and greater
prominence of the external and superior boundary of the orbit, an
enlargement and thickening of the malar bone and zygoma, in the
commencement of the development of the cranial ridges, and in the
widening and deepening of the lower jaw.

Mr. Owen then directed the attention of the Meeting to an ex-
ceedingly interesting preparation of a foetal Kangaroo, with its ae-
companying uterine membranes, upon which he proceeded to offer
some observations. He remarked, that in a paper read before the
Royal Society in 1834, he described the foetus and membranes of a
Kangaroo (Macropus major), at about the middle period of uterine
gestation, which in that animal lasts thirty-eight days. In this in-
stance the condition of the membranes, and the relation of the foetus
to the mother, were essentially such as are found to exist throughout

SS ——=_ F.C

the ovo-viviparous reptiles, with the exception of there being no trace
of the existence of an allantois. Mr. Owen, in order to determine
whether an allantois was developed at a subsequent period of the
growth of the embryo, dissected very young mammary foetuses of
different marsupial animals, as the Kangaroo, Phalangista, and Pe-
taurus; and finding in them the remains of a wrachus and umbilical
vessels, he stated that “‘it would appear that an allantois and um-
bilical vessels are developed at a later period of gestation, but pro-
bably not to a greater extent than to serve as a receptacle of urine.”
(Phil. Trans., 1834, p. 342.)

The examination ofa uterine foetus of a Kangaroo kindly placed at
Mr. Owen’s disposal by Dr. Shearman, and exhibited on this occasion
to the Society, has proved the accuracy of this prevision. The chorion,
which enveloped and concealed the fcetus, was a sac of considerable
capacity,exceeding probably by ten times the bulk of the foetus and
its immediate appendages, and adapted to the smaller cavity of the
uterus by being disposed in innumerable folds and wrinkles. It did
not adhere at any part of its circumference to the uterus, but pre-
sented a most interesting modification not observed in the previous
dissection of the Kangaroo’s impregnated uterus, viz., that it was in
part organized by the extension of the omphalo-mesenteric vessels
upon it from the adherent umbilical sac. The foetus was further ad-
vanced than the one previously described in the Philosophical Trans-
actions. The digits on the hinder extremities were distinctly formed.
The umbilical chord extended nearly three lines from the abdo-
minal surface of the foetus ; the amnios was reflected from this point,
to form the usual immediately investing tunic of the foetus; and,
beyond the point of reflection, the chord divided into a very large
superior vascular sac, organized by the omphalo-mesenteric vessels,
corresponding in all respects with the vitelline sac described and
figured in Mr. Owen’s first paper; but below the neck of this sac
there extended a second pyriform sac, about one-sixth the size
of the vitelline sac, having numerous ramifications of the umbilical
vessels, and constituting a true allantois. This sac was suspended
freely from the end of the umbilical chord: it had no connexion, at
any part of its circumference, with the chorion, and consequently

_ was equally free from attachment to the parietes of the uterus in

_ which the foetus was developed*.

* The following note has been communicated by Mr. Owen to be ap-

; as a postscript to the above remarks. ‘“ Having been anticipated

the description of my preparation, so far as relates to the allantois,

_ by M. Coste, I here subjoin, by permission of the Committee of Publi-

cation, a statement of the circumstances which enabled that embryologist
to announce the discovery of the allantois to the Academy of Sciences.

In a recent work on Embryogeny, M. Coste * has stated that the Marsupiata

differ from other Mammalia in the absence of an allantois,—a statement
‘which appears to have arisen from a misconception of my memoir in the
Philosophical Transactions for 1834, in which, although the allantois was

* Embryogente comparée, p. 113.

Mr. Charlesworth then exhibited a series of specimens of the paper
nautilus, in several of which injuries to a very considerable extent
had been repaired with new substance agreeing in every respect
with the original shell; affording the most decisive evidence that
the animal by which they were constructed possessed the same re-
parative powers as other testaceous molluscs. It would appear from
the observations of Captain Rang, who had recently repeated at
Algiers the experiments originally undertaken by Madame Jeanette
Power at Messina, that the Poulp does not fill up the breaches arti-
ficially produced in its habitation by a deposit of shelly matter, but
with a transparent diaphragm, which has neither the texture, white-
ness, or solidity of the original shell. This fact, in connection with
the specimens exhibited to the Meeting, appeared to Mr. Charles-
worth strongly to confirm the opinion entertained by Mr. Gray, De
Blainville, and others, of the parasitic character of the genus Ocythée.

Mr. Owen remarked, that he could not admit the validity of the
line of argument adopted by Mr. Charlesworth, because the dif-
ferences in the nature of the reproduced portions might depend
upon the particular part of the shell in which the perforation or
fracture had been effected, and a consequent difference in the repro-
ductive powers of the corresponding part of the mantle.

not developed in the embryo, whose dissection is there figured, (Pl. VII.
fig. 1.), yet the evidences of the ulterior development of an allantois in dif-
ferent marsupial genera, are described in the text, (p. 838, 342.) I therefore
took the opportunity of showing to Dr. Coste during his visit to England the
foetal Kangaroo with the allantois now before the Society; and Mr. Coste
having expressed some doubts respecting my determination of the two ap-
pended sacs, we together dissected the foetus, and found that the vessels ra-
mifying on the larger sac, which I] had before described as the umbilical
vesicle, had the usual disposition and connections within the abdomen of
omphalo-mesenteric trunks, corresponding with the figure above-cited in the
Philosophical Transactions, and that the allantois was continued from an
urachus, such as is represented in figs. 6, 7 and 8, pl. VII., Philos. Trans.,
1834.”

September 12th, 1837.
Dr. Bostock in the Chair.

Some observations were made by Dr. Andrew Smith, Corresp.
Member, on the necessity for a revision of the groups included in
the Linnean genus Squalus.

Dr. Smith commenced with stating that in the course of his ex-
amination of the Sharks which he had obtained while at the Cape,
he found that although they could all readily be referred to the ge-
nus Squalus, as defined by Linnzus, yet there were many forms among
them which would not admit of being placed in any of the subdi-
visions proposed by Cuvier. This led him to perceive the necessity
of either altogether remodelling Cuvier’s groups, or of establishing
additional ones for the reception of the new species. After mature
consideration, he determined upon the adoption of the latter course,
finding the new forms so distinct and numerous that they could not
with propriety be included in any divisions which only ranked as
sub-genera.

Dr. Smith stated that he could not attempt to indicate the higher
groups of the family of Squalide, but he was satisfied that all the
sub-genera of Cuvier would receive such alterations and additions as
would raise them to the rank of sub-families. In the very first sub-
genus Scyllium, he had detected nine distinct minor groups, most of
which included several well-marked species. Since fixing upon names’
for these groups, he had learned that several of them had been de-
scribed as genera about a month previously by Prof. Miiller and Dr.
Henle of Berlin, and he had consequently adopted their nomencla-
ture in preference to the terms under which it was his intention to
have characterized them, with only this difference, that he regarded
these divisions as sub-genera rather than genera.

Dr. Smith enumerated the sections above referred to of the genus
Scyllium as follows :

1. Scyllium, restricted, includes four species, Scy/. stellare, Linn.,
Squalus Canicula, Bloch, Scyllium capense, Smith, Scyl. bivium, id.

2. Catulus, Willoughby, (three species,) Squalus Canicula, Linn.,
Scyl. marmoratum, Bennett, Catulus Edwardii, Smith.

3. Poroderma, Smith, (four species, all found in the Cape seas,)
Scyllium Africanum, Cuv., Poroderma pantherinum, Smith, Por. sub-

_ maculatum, id. Por. variegatum, id.

4. Ginglymostoma, Miiller and Henle, (one species) Squalus Gata,
a.
5. Chiloscyllium, Miiller and Henle, (two species) Scyllium plagi-

_ osum, Bennett, Le Squale dentelé, Lacep.

6. Stegostoma, Miller and Henle, (two species) Squalus fasciatus,

Bloch, Squal. maculatus, id.

No. LVII.—Proceepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

7. Hemiscyllium, Miller and Henle, (one species) Squalus ocella-
tus, Bloch.

8. Chrossorhinus, Miller and Henle, (one species) Squalus lobatus,
described in Phillips’s Voyage to Botany Bay.

9. Pristiurus, Bonaparte, (one species) Scyllium melanostomum,
Bonap.

Some drawings were exhibited by Dr. Smith, of the forms. pre-
sented by the teeth of the species composing several of the above
sections, and he remarked that on a future evening it was his in-
‘tention to lay before the Society some further observations upon
other groups of the cartilaginous fishes.

Professor Miiller of Berlin being present confirmed the views en-
tertained by Dr. Smith as to the number of divisions which might
properly be made of the family Scyllium, several of which he had
already published, as mentioned by Dr. Smith. As to the rank which
these groups should hold in a systematic arrangement, he considered
this a point upon which we are hardly in possession of sufficient evi-
dence to justify a decided opinion.

September 26th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq. in the Chair.
Two small quadrupeds from the Society’s collection were exhi-
bited by Mr. Waterhouse, who stated that he believed them to be

undescribed species. The first was characterised as

Gataco Attent. Gal. auribus permagnis, digitis perlongis ; vellere
intense plumbeo, rufescente lavato ; corpore subtis flavo lavato.

une. lin.
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin..-... 8 1
POMEL IY Vere si Saleh dad Oadete Mel OIAK 10 O

RUPEE AHO, IES ido he EN Shee we 1 23
ThatUMOratnigsiess Ol OVS. HNL. 8. AAS 0 hl
Longitudo pollicis antipedum................ 0 6
digiti longissimi.......... een od wie | ee
pollicis pedum posticorum Orr 17
digit langisstmi 68 Oa Lio ag

pedis postici a calce ad apicem digi-
Rca PSN MAL OIE OED 2°41
Hab. Fernando Po.

Obs. This specimen, which has four incisors in the upper jaw, and
six in the lower, is about the same size as the Galago Senegalensis, but
may be readily distinguished from that species by the greater size
of the ears, (the length of which is equal to the distance between

the tip of the muzzle and the base of the ear,) and the great length
of the fingers and toes. In the colouring there is also a difference,
G. Senegalensis being grey, washed with yellow, whereas G. Alleni is
of a deep slate grey, all the hairs of the upper parts being of a rusty
_ yellow at the apex, or, as on the fore legs, rusty at the tip. The
; under parts of the body are of a paler hue than the upper, the hairs
being of a dirty yellow colour at the tip; but like those of the upper
f parts, they are of a slate grey for the greater portion of their length:
on the throat and chin each hair is whitish at the apex. The hairs
covering the feet are of a deep brown colour. The tail is dusky
‘brown.

The animal here described was presented to the Zoological So-
ciety by Lieut. Wm. Allen, R.N., Corres. Memb.

Preromys (Sciuropterus) Horsrieipi. Pter. fuscus, pilis flaves-
centi-fuscis crebre intersparsis ; corpore subtiis flavescenti-albo,
genis et patagio lumbari ad marginem rufescenti-flavis ; caudd
subtis nitide ferrugined ; auribus mediocribus.

une. lin

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin ...... ee
UCI A oe PRIA A Sais, 4 slus GR aT 0 7

tarsi digitorumque ..............-. | ee

Obs. This species is of a larger size than the Pteromys sagitta, from
which it differs m having the ears larger in proportion; the tail
more bushy and of an uniform bright rust colour beneath; the mar-
gin of the flank skin is of a reddish yellow colour, as are also the sides
of the face below the eye. On the upper parts of the body the fur
is of a deep brown, each hair being grey at the base; the inter-
spersed longer hairs, which are abundant, are of a bright brown or
reddish-yellow colour at the apex. The general tint produced by
this mixture is rufous brown. On the under parts of the body the
hairs are of a yellow or yellowish white colour, and not grey at the
base.

The specimen from which the above description is taken was pre-
sented to the Zoological Society by the Earl of Derby, and is either
from Java or Sumatra. I have taken the liberty of naming it after
the author of the ‘‘ Zoological Researches in Java,” ‘&c.

Mr. Gould exhibited from his Australian collection of Birds two
species of the genus Platycercus, which he considered new: for one
of these he proposed the specific name of hematonotus, from the red
spot upon its rump; and for the other, which he had very recently
received, and which he remarked was one of the most beautiful spe-
cies of the genus hitherto discovered, that of hematogaster.

PLATYCERCUS H&MATONOTUS. Plat. summo capite, fronte, genis,
nuchd pectoreque smaragdino-viridibus ; dorso fuscescenti-vi-
ridi ; uropygio coccineo ; articulo humerali, ald spurid et po-
goniis externis primarium ad partem basalem nitidé ceruleo-
nigris, noté sulphured humerali. Remigibus majoribus et
minoribus, rectricibusque caude duabus intermediis viridibus,
hoc colore in ceruleum transeunte ad apicem, apicibus ipsis
nigro-fuscis ; rectricibus reliquis ad bases viridibus, ad apices
et ad pogonia externa cineraceo-albis ; abdomine medio flavo ;
femoribus obscuré ceruleo-viridibus ; crisso cineraceo-albo ;
rostro corneo ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 11 unc. ; ale 5 ; caude 63; tarsi 3.

Puxuvs intra annum primum, ab ave adultd differt partibus, que in
hde smaragdino-viridibus, in illo cinerescentt-viridibus ; necnon
crisso haud coccineo, abdomine haud flavo ; ast primariis nonnullis,
secondariisque ad bases albis. ;

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. This species unites Platycercus to Nanodes, and is in fact so
directly intermediate between these genera in size and other charac-
ters, that it is difficult to decide to which group it should be referred ;
but I am induced to include it among the Platycerct.

ae,

PLATYCERCUS HEMATOGASTER. Plat. fronte facieque ceruleis ;
summo capite, nuchd, plumisque auricularibus flavescenti-cine-
reis ; pectore cinereo tincto brunneo ; plumis auricularibus ad
partem superiorem stramineis ; uropygio, tectricibusque supe-
rioribus caude cerinis; articulo humerali pallidé ceruleo ;
primariis intensé fuscis et ad apicem acutis ; secondariis tectri-
cibusque majoribus violaceo-ceruleis ; tectricibus minoribus
alisque ad partem superiorem intensé coccineis ; lateribus tee-
tricibusque inferioribus pallidé flavis ; abdomine medio nitidé
coccineo; plumis duabus intermediis caude ad bases pallidé
olivaceo-viridibus ad apices in ceruleum transeunte. Reli-
quis plumis ad bases intensé ceruleis ad apices in album trans-
eunte ; rostro corneo ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale 3; caude7 ; tarsi 3.

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

Mr. Gould also exhibited, on the part of Mr. Burton, a new spe-
cies of Kingfisher, from the collection at Fort Pitt, Chatham, be-
longing to the genus Ceyz, of Lacepéde. Mr. Burton had proposed
to characterize it under the specific name of microsoma.

Creyx microsoma. Ceyax subcristata, capite cauddgue supra,
nuchd et humeris rufis ; strigad ab oculis ad nucham (poné ocu-
los leviter, apud nucham intense) dorso et uropygio hyalino
splendentibus ; alis brunneis, pogoniis remigum internis rufo
marginatis, tectricibus punctis hyalinis ornatis: infra pallidé
rufa héc colore apud ventrem dilutiore ; mento, gulé et strigd
auriculari albidis: rostro pregrandi, aurantiaco. Pedibus
rubris.

Long. corp. 43 unc.; capitis 2; rostri ab apice ad rectum 1};
caude 1.

Hab. in India Maderaspatané.

Mr. Gould afterwards exhibited, on the part of the same gentle-
man, a specimen of the genus Caprimulgus, supposed to be the fe-
male of C. monticolus, and of which Mr. Burton had furnished the
following description :

CaPRIMULGUs MonTICOLUS, Franklin*. Foemina? Capr. pal-
lidior mari: remigibus maculd notatis rufa, ubi mas gaudet
alba ; jugulo rufo tincto ; caudé rufa nigro fasciatd et inspersd,
rufo rectrices apud exteriores dominante, cauddque externd maris
albo omnino carente.

Form et staturd mari simillimd.

: Hab. in India septentrionali. In Museo Medico-militari, Chat-
am.

’ Obs. The general form, character and colouring of this specimen

harmonize so perfectly with those of Caprimulgus monticolus, that

I have thought it safe to consider it as the female, until local obser-

4 Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence (Zool. Soc.),

vation or dissection shall have decided the question: at all events, it
is new, and hitherto undescribed.

A species of the genus Carduelis, also from the collection at
Chatham, was characterized by Mr. Gould as

Carpueis Burtoni. Card. fronte et regione circum-oculari pul-
chré roseis ; vertice genisque nigris ; corpore obscure fuscescenti-
roseo, alis externe nigris, singulis plumis plis minusve albo ad
apicem notatis ; ald spurid albd ; rectricibus caude nigris ; duabus,
intermediis ad apicem albis, duabus proximis longius ad apicem
albis, reliquis albd notd interne ad basin excurrente, ornatis ;
rostro, pedibusque pallidé fuscis.

Long. tot. 61 unc. ; rostri, $; ale, 3%; caude, 23; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Himalaya.

Obs. I am indebted to the collection of Fort Pitt, at Chatham, for
the knowledge of this very fine species of Carduelis: the specimen
here characterized is, as far as ] am aware, unique. It departs in
some respects from the other members of the genus, particularly in
the robust form of the beak, which is slightly angulated at the base:
the form of its wings and tail, together with their peculiar markings,
however, clearly points out that it is only an aberrant species of that

oup.

a Hat been induced to give this fine bird the specific appellation
of Burton, for the purpose of paying a just compliment to Staff-Sur-
geon Burton, for the warm interest he took in the formation of the
Fort Pitt collection, and for the readiness he has at all times evinced
to aid in any way the advancement of zoological science.

October 10th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper was read by Colonel Sykes ‘‘ On the identity of the
“ Wild Ass of Cutch and the Indus, with the Dzeggetat (Equus He-
“‘ mionus of Pallas).”

The author commences with observing, “it is somewhat strange
and anomalous, that an animal known to and named by Aristotle, and
noticed by A€lian, Pliny, and subsequent authors, down to our own
day, an animal remarkable for its beauty of colour, the antelope
lightness of its limbs, and the tales of its swiftness, and its classic
locality, should have attracted so little the attention of men of
science, that it was not even figured* until Pallas put it before the
public. The magnificent work of Buffon does not boast a representa-
tion of it; and as the proceedings of the scientific body at Peters-
burg are necessarily rare, and confined to some few great public
libraries, it was in fact scarcely known to the European world, even

though Pennant copied Pallas’s account in 1793. ‘To remedy this

defect we are indebted to M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, who
took advantage of the importation by M. Dussumier, of a female

into the Paris Menagerie, to have a correct coloured figure made to

accompany his paper, ‘ Sur le Genre Cheval,’ in the Nouvelles An-
nales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturellet. But even in this case the
defect of it not appearing before the public in a sufficiently accessible
and popular form, limited the benefit that should have resulted from
M. Saint Hilaire’s zeal and talents. Though I have been an ama-
teur of Natural History for a great part of my life, I must confess
that it is to a private copy of M. St. Hilaire’s paper, obligingly
presented to the Zoological Society of London, that I am indebted
for my first view of a coloured representation of the Dzeggetai,
and it was only last week that this fell into my hands. I have
been thus particular in noticing the want of readily accessible fi-
gures of animals (for my observation will apply to many other ani-
mals beside the Dzeggetai,) as this want of means to correct my
judgement led me into the belief that a recently imported Wild Ass
of Cutch, which was sent to England by an old friend of my own
from Bombay, was a different species from the Dzeggetai of Pallas,
which is represented as inhabiting the desert regions between the
rivers Onon and Argun, on the southern parts of Siberia, through
Tartary, even to the frontiers of China and Thibet ; and I might have
been justified in my supposition had I attached the same weight that

* In the Novi Commentarii Academie Scientiarum Petropolitane, t. xix.

1774, p. 417.
+ t. iv. p. 97.

_ No. LVIII.—Procrrpines or THE ZOoLoGicaL Society.

some naturalists do, to the opinion that the geographical distribution
of animals is regulated by mean temperature, the Dzeggetai of Pallas
inhabiting the borders of the arctic regions, the Wild Ass of India the
borders of the torrid zone. There might be yet further question for
doubt, did we take the description of colour from Griffith’s edition of the
‘Régne Animal,’ in which it is stated ‘there is a black dorsal line
which enlarges on the crupper. In winter the hair is very long;
but of a smooth and shining appearance in summer. The colour of
the body is an uniform light bay, but in winter it partakes more of
red* ;’ and the forehead is described as ‘ flatted and narrow.’

«‘M. St. Hilaire, who describes from the life, says ‘ Les deux cou-
leurs dominantes de l’Hemione, le blanc et Visabelle passent l’une &
l’autre par nuances insensibles sur le ventre, vers sa partie inférieure,
et sur le cou, presque 4 égal distance de son bord supérieur, et de
son bord inférieur. Sur la téte au contraire, le blanc n’occupe
guére que le museau et la gorge, le cou étant presque entiérement
isabelle. Sur les membres, contrairement a ce quia lieu sur le corps,
c’est le blanc qui domine, &c.’ Again, ‘Tout ce systéme de colo-
ration est rebassé supérieurement par une bande dorsale longitudi-
nale, non pas noire comme onl’a dit, mais d’un brun legérement rous-
satre.’ And now with respect to the change of colour with the season
of the year, instead of getting redder in winter it would appear from
the observations of M. Fred. Cuvier, that the ‘ animal a le poil plus
gris, plus pale et plus long l’hiver que l’été.’ These discrepancies
would have afforded to those strongly disposed to multiply species,
some feeble grounds (particularly when I come to notice a point of
conformation in the head,) for asserting the right of the Wild Ass of
Cutch to the dignity of a specific character, for it will be borne in
mind that M. St. Hilaire describes his specimen, which was a native
of Cutch; while in Griffith’s Cuvier the description refers to the Dzeg-
getai, whose habitat is from southern Siberia to Thibet and China ;
and we do not want instances of equally trifling discrepancies having
been made available for multiplying species.

«« And now with respect to the animals in the Zoological Gardens,
the one being called Dzeggetai, and marked on its ticket Mongolia
and Asia; the other known positively as the Wild Ass from Cutch.
The first, a male, has been in the possession of the Society since the
3rd of March 1832, and was presented to the Society by Captain
Glasspoole, R.N. Its birth-place is not known, but from the nature
of Captain Glasspoole’s maritime duties, which carried his ship along
the coasts Cutch, Scind, and Persia, there is little doubt of its being
from one of these states ; and as it is absolutely identical with the -
animal I am about to speak of, my own judgement is formed on the
subject. This creature has long been known in the gardens from its
great beauty, its fine condition, its vivacity, and its wickedness.
The second animal was sent while quite a colt by an old friend of
mine, the British Minister in Cutch, to the Military Auditor General
of Bombay. It was allowed for a considerable period, (pending an
answer from me, whether or not I would accept of it,) to amuse the

* Quarto edit., vol. iii. p. 460.

children ; it was permitted to attend at breakfast-time, and eat from
the table; but manifesting as it grew up symptoms of ill nature (no
doubt having been heartily teased,) it was put on board the Marquess
of Hastings, Captain Clarkson, and brought to England : there can-
not therefore be any doubt respecting its origin and its history; and
having one animal certainly from Cutch, we have a positive standard
of comparison. Like the preceding it is a male, and with the ex-
ception of being younger and smaller, and with a less short and
glossy coat, it is identical with it in every feature; and these two
agree in all essentials with M. St. Hilaire’s very able and minute de-
seription.and coloured figure of a female in the Paris Menagerie.
There is one point only in which there may be a difference, and there
are two or three others in which there is a difference. M._St. Hi-
laire does not state whether the forehead be flat or prominent ; and
though the figure represents it to be somewhat raised, it is certainly
not so much so as in the animals in the Zoological Gardens: with
them the frontal developmentis a very prominent feature ; such fea-
ture, however, being opposed to the descriptions in Griffith’s
‘Régne Animal.’ M. St. Hilaire also mentions another character,
which it required some little perseverance to discover in the larger
animal inthe Zoological Gardens, the smaller animal being absolutely
destitute of it. He states that on the isabella colour on the limbs,
there are transverse lines or very narrow bands of a darker isabella,
in the manner of the markings of the Zebra. These lines had never
been observed by the keepers in the Zoological Gardens, and for
sometime I could not discover them; but at last with a reflected
light I could just discern the transverse lines noticed by M. St. Hi-
laire, but I was not so fortunate with the smaller animal. M. St.
Hilaire; on the authority of M. Geoffroy-Chateau, who sent to him a
description of a male Dzeggetai in Cross’s Menagerie in London,
states that there wasa disposition in the dorsal band on that animal,
by Jateral projections at the withers, to form a small cross, like that

_ ofanass. There is not the slightest trace or manifestation of such

_ @thingin either of the animals in the Zoological-Gardens. Finally,
M..St. Hilaire speaks, of the blending by insensible degrees of the
isabella and white markings of the Dzeggetai, but in our animals the
lines of demarcation are sufficiently strong.

__*M. St. Hilaire’s humorous description of the habits of kicking of
the female at Paris, is laughably exact with respect to our animals,
particularly the smaller one. I had sent one of the keepers into its

_ yard with some hay, to throw down before it, to keep it stationary

(atleast its body) while I took a rapid sketch of it with the assistance

of the camera lucida. The moment the hay was thrown down, the

_ creature turned round and commenced flinging out most vigorously

_ forsome time, although the man was gone, and the odd beast all the

time was gravely munching its hay. So petulant were both these

_ creatures; that after having sketched them I could not get any of the

keepers to take their measurements, nor could I succeed in obtaining

them, but by getting them thrown down, which I declined to do. With
respect to the swiftness of the Wild Ass of Cutch, without quoting

from Griffith ‘that it runs Jiterally with the rapidity of lightning,’
or from M. St. Hilaire, who says, ‘it appeared to him to go as fast
as the best race horses ;’ I will mention in confirmation of its extra-
ordinary swiftness, that my friend Major Wilkins, of the Cavalry of
the Bombay Army, who was stationed with his regiment for years
at Deesa, on the borders of the Run or Salt Marshes, east of Cutch,
in his morning rides used to start a particular Wild Ass so fre-
quently that it became familiar to him, and he always gave chase to
it; and though he piqued himself upon being mounted on an exceed-
ingly fleet Arabian horse, he never could come up with the animal.

“* It now remains to express my reasons for believing with M. St.
Hilaire, that the Wild Ass of Cutch is the same as the Equus Hemi-
onus of Pallas. There are certainly sundry discrepancies in the ac-
counts of the two animals; in the colour, the dorsal line, the fore-
head, and above all in the difference of mean temperatures between
the northern and southern habitat of the species. But all the dis-
crepancies of descriptions may be easily remedied by the supposition
that animals examined by different individuals at different seasons
of the year, did really slightly differ, owing to the difference of
seasons ; and some part of the differences may be attributed to in-
attention to terms. There are slight discrepancies between M.
St. Hilaire’s description and mine, both taken from life, and the
animals from the same locality ; no one therefore can doubt their
identity. In the main features the Dzeggetai and the Wild Ass
of Cutch perfectly agree ; and with respect to the extent of geo-
graphical distributions, I have elsewhere proved that it is no bar to
the identity of species inhabiting mean temperatures varying nearly
40° of Fahr., and separated by half the earth in longitude. But in
the case of the Dzeggetai and the Wild Ass of Cutch, there are not
any insuperable difficulties of geographical position. The Wild
Ass of Cutch and the north of Goojrat, is not found further south
in India than Deesa on the banks of the Bunnas river, in lat. about
23° 30/, nor have I heard of it to the eastward of the 75° of longitude
in the southern side of the Himalayan Mountains. In Cutch and
Northern Goojrat it frequents the salt deserts and the open plains of
Thoodpoor, Jaysulmer, and Bickaneor. By swimming the Indus it
may communicate through Scind and Buloochestand with Persia ;
and in Persia it evidently exists from Sir Robert Kerr Porter’s de-
scriptions ; to the east and north of Persia abuts upon the peculiar
localities of the Dzeggetai, through Bucharia to the deserts of Cobi,
where it delights in the salt marshes, as it does in India, and thence
to Tartary, 'Thibet, and South Siberia. The latitudinal range may
be from 35° to 40°; but the longitudinal range is necessarily very
great, probably from the 45° to the 130° or 140°, or 95° of longi-
tude; but in case it ever was found in Cappadocia it would have a
still greater range, or 100°. If it be desirable to believe that the
animal migrates according to the season, there do not appear to be
any insuperable physical impediments ; and its extraordinary fleet-
ness and hardihood would sanction the belief in its making very
long journeys, even to the banks of the Indus. But the animal of

PEL LES Ie me! ee eC

Cutch and the Burmass river, would have to cross the Indus and its
branches to get to the north and west ; and as they are seen at all
seasons of the year in their Indian localities, I am quite content to
believe that the Dzeggetai of Southern Siberia and the Wild Ass of
Cutch are identical in species, and yet do not wander further than is
necessary for forage from their respective localities. I say little of
the advantage of domesticating this beautiful animal in Europe,
but I do say that it would be worthy of the reputation of the great
Society, to continue the attempt until success crowned its efforts.

«« [ have yet one other object in laying this paper before the Zoolo-
gical Society. I have stated the difficulties under which I laboured in
obtaining the means to enable me to assist my judgement with respect
toform. Language is sufficiently precise to enableus to judgecorrectly
of descriptions of colour in animals ; but the most lucid mind, and the
most studied terms and phraseology, cannot give just impressions of
the contour and outlines, in fact the ensemble of animals. I would
therefore through the medium of the Society’s Proceedings call the
attention of naturalists, amateurs, and ordinary travellers, who can-
not even draw at all, to the means the camera lucida affords them of
recording outlines with celerity and precision. _I exhibit to the So-
ciety five sketches of the two Wild Asses in the Zoological Gardens ;
and though I do not profess not to be able to draw, I do not hesitate
tosay that I can give muchmore correct figures of animals byits means
than withoutit. It may be objected that the restlessness of animals
renders the use of the camera lucida abortive; but I say that the rapid-
ity with which the lines may be traced with the pencil, enable a person
using it to make twenty sketches, where the draughtsman would other-
wise make but one, and it will be hard if more than one of the twenty
do not prove just. The five sketches exhibited were made in a few
minutes; and only one proved abortive, making six attempts in all ;
and yet I have not used the camera lucida since 1830. ‘The out-
lines have been subsequently traced in ink. I trust therefore this
notice may lead to its more extended use; a use in natural history
that cannot fail to be beneficial to the science. One word in con-
clusion. I have beena declaimer in the Transactions of this Society
against the modern habit in natural history of generalization from a
limited number of facts; and in pursuing the above inquiries I met
with a new proof of the risk to truth of such a system. In the hi-
story of the Domestic Ass it is stated, ‘The countries most suitable
to the Ass are those of thesouth. Accordingly it is in Persia, Egypt,
and Arabia that the strongest and finest varieties of this species are
to befound. Some, very different from the small and feeble natives
of our climates, almost equal the Horse in magnitude and stature.
Spain also possesses some fine races of the Ass, which are also occa-
sionally to be found in the southern provinces of France; as we ad-
vance northward, the animal diminishes in size and becomes more and
more difficult of preservation.’ Opposed to this is the fact, that in
Western India, which it will be admitted is sufficiently far to the
south, the Asses are not much larger than good-sized Newfound-
land dogs. They are used in droves to carry small loads of salt or

grain; they are also used by the pot-makers to carry their clay ;
and they are always seen, as in Europe, associated with gipsies.”’

The Prince of Musignano exhibited to the Meeting a lithographic
print of the Gigantic Salamander, brought by Dr. Siebold from
Japan, and preserved alive at Leyden.

Mr. Gould called the attention of the Meeting to a collection of
Birds from Australia and the adjacent islands, belonging to the Rap-
torial Order, and upon which he proceeded to offer the following
observations.

“‘ Myattention during the last few days having been directed to the
Raptorial Birds of Australia and the adjacent islands, and my own
collection from those parts being particularly rich in the birds of
this order, 1 am induced to lay before the Society a slight sketch
of all the species found in that portion of the globe, and to exhibit to
the Meeting a few which I conceive to be now for the first time
made public. From our limited knowledge, however, of this vast
continent, my observations will more particularly refer to the birds
of the southern parts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land, these
being the districts which up to the present time have been most ex-
tensively explored.

“Most of the forms now exhibited will be found to bear a striking
resemblance to those inhabiting Europe; indeed, the similarity
is so strikingly obvious as to leave no doubt of the influence of tem-
perature on the form of animals.

«« A remarkable deficiency, and that a very important one, is the to-
tal absence of any of the Vulturide, or of any form by which this
family might be represented. It is true that a bird has been described
by Dr. Latham under the name of ‘New Holland Vulture ;’ but
this bird is now almost universally admitted to belong to a totally
different order, that of the Rasores. I have placed an example of
this singular species on the table, an examination of which will en-
able any member present (who has not before had an opportunity of
inspecting it,) to judge of the impropriety of assigning it a place
among the Raptores. The nearest approach to the Vulturide, said
to be from New Zealand, and brought from thence by Captain Cook,
is the Polyborus Nove-Zelandie, the Falco Nove-Zelandie@ of Dr. La-
tham: now as I conceive that the specimen brought home by Cap-
tain Cook will prove to be identical with those so frequently trans-
mitted from the Straits of Magellan, as I am not aware of ‘any other
specimen except Captain Cook’s having been received direct from
New Zealand, and, moreover, that the form is strictly confined to
America and its adjacent islands, some mistake may have arisen in
labelling the specimen brought home by our celebrated navigator,
a circumstance which, if my opinion be correct, has involved the
history of the species in considerable confusion.

«Of the genus Aquila only one species has as yet been discovered,
viz., the Aquila fucosa of Cuvier, which doubtless represents in Au-
stralia the Golden Eagle of Europe, from which it may be readily

distinguished by its more slender contour, and by its lengthened and
wedge-shaped tail.

‘* Of the genus Haliaetus or Sea Eagles, there are four species, the
largest of which, clearly the analogue of the European H. albicilla, .
is one of the species which I consider to be new, and which from the
wedge-shaped form of its tail I would characterise as H. sphenurus.
I cannot but consider the form of the tail in this species as particu-
larly interesting, inasmuch as it is a character peculiar to all the
species of Eagle inhabiting Australia, although in a less degree to the
others than to the present species. The second is a small species,
described by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield in the Linnean Transac-
tions as Hal. canorus, the European representatives of which are
not so clear to me as those just alluded to... The third is the Ha-
liaetus Calei of Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, of which a single spe-
cimen exists in the collection of the Linnean Society, and which I
should be rather inclined to assign to the genus Astur than to that of
Haliaetus. In size this species equals the Common Buzzard, but has
the rounded wing and several other characters peculiar to the genus
Astur. ‘ The fourth.is the White-breasted Eagle of Dr. Latham, a
species inhabiting the continent of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.
At a cursory glance this powerful bird might be said to represent the
Haliaetus leucocephalus of northern Europe and America, and al-
though I cannot but admit their resemblance, I discern characters
sufficiently distinct to warrant its separation into a new genus. I
am not, however, prepared to make this division at the present mo-
ment; still I am of opinion this bird will prove to be one of a group
ranging between Haliaetus and Pandion, of which latter genus the
Osprey of Europe may be regarded as the type, and of which a single
species inhabits Australia. This bird appears to accord most accu-
rately with European specimens excepting in its smaller size; and if
this should ultimately prove to be identical with our bird, it may
then be said to be universally distributed over the Old World. The
Osprey of America, oa the contrary, presents us with some slight
differences, which being constant, may I think be safely regarded as
specific.

me Of the genus Falco, the Peregrinus is replaced by a species most
nearly allied to and hitherto considered identical with that bird: the
experienced eye of the ornithologist will, however, readily distinguish
an Australian specimen when placed among others from various parts
of the globe, so that there will be but little impropriety in assigning
to it a separate specific name. As, however, my engagements have not
allowed me to make that minute examination which is necessary to
determine the point, I defer for the present affixing a new specific
name for this species. The Hobby, so familiar as a European
bird, is represented by the Falcon, for which I now propose the
specific name of rufiventer, as 1 believe it to be undescribed. The
third species, which I have provisionally followed Messrs. Vigors and
Horsfield in placing among the true Falcons, is the Falco Berigora,
whose lengthened and slightly-formed tarsi indicate a difference in
structure, which may ultimately prove to be generic. The Cerchnis

cenchroides (Falco cenchroides of Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield,) ex-
hibits a beautiful analogy with the Common Kestril of our island,
but although nearly allied possesses several important and permanent
- differences.

«The great variety of changes to which the members of the genus
Astur are subjected, has led to vast confusion, and it is only bya
minute examination of the numerous examples in my collection in
various stages of plumage, that I have been able to determine the
species with satisfaction to myself; and if I have found it necessary
to consider as identical two or three species of this genus charac-
terised by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, I feel confident that it was
owing to the absence of sufficient materials at the time the Linnean
collection was so ably named by those gentlemen, that they were
described as distinct.

*« My attention has of course been directed to the great difference
in size which exists between the males and females, and the various
changes from youth to maturity which occur in the members of the
genera Astur and Accipiter, and I must now call the attention of
the members present to the beautiful analogy which exists between
the Accipiter torquatus and the Astur approximans of Messrs. Vigors
and Horsfield, of which several examples are on the table; I say
analogy, because it is in colour alone that so great a similarity exists
between them. ‘These gentlemen having applied the names of ap-
proximans and fasciatus to two birds which I believe to be synony-
mous with the Falco radiatus of Dr. Latham, whose description was
taken from a young bird, I retain the name of Astur approximans iti
preference to radiatus, from the near approach of these two birds to
Accipiter torquatus. It will, perhaps, not be out of place to say a
few words on the difference in structure of these birds, which in
outward appearance offer so close a resemblance to each other. The
females in both these minor groups far exceed the males in size, and
both groups appear with a trifling deviation to be subject to the same
changes of plumage; while in their structure they exhibit con-
siderable differences, the chief of which are the more delicate,
slender, and lengthened form of the legs of Accipiter, the great pro-
longation of the middle toe, and the square or forked form of the
tail. On comparison it will be found that the centre toe of the little
male Accipiter on the table is fully as long as that of the male Astur
approzimans, a bird nearly double its size ; that the tarsi in the latter
bird are comparatively shorter and more robust ; and that the middle
tail-feathers are the longest, giving a rounded form to that organ.

“It may be truly said that Australia abounds in anomalies, witness
its Black Swan and White Hawk, which latter bird has not a little
puzzled me, and I am not yet satisfied as to whether it be not a per-
manent albino variety of another species, examples of which are now
on the table with a corresponding number of birds in the white plu-
mage. Much difference will be found in their size, but this may be
readily accounted for by the difference of size in the two sexes.

«The males and females of the white birds agree so accurately in
their measurements with those in the grey plumage, as to induce me

to believe that they are identical; and after a close examination I
am also led to consider the Astur Raii of the Linnean Catalogue as
the young of the same species.

“Of the genus Milvus my collection contains two species, and two
more beautiful representatives of the two species inhabiting Europe
cannot be imagined ; for one of these, whose affinities ally it closely
to the Common Kite of England, I would propose the name of Mil-
vus Nove-Hollandie ; and for the other, which is equally allied to the
Milvus ater, that of M. aterrimus. - 3

«« The bird which has hitherto been considered as identical with the
Elanus melanopterus of Africa, is evidently distinct from that species;
an unerring difference may be found in the jet black spot on the
white part of the under surface of the wing; for this hitherto unde-
scribed species I would propose the name of zotatus.

**One species of Harrier only, but a very interesting one, inasmuch
as it represents there the Circus rufus of Europe, has come into my
possession. I believe the female of this species to be the Circus aff-
nis of Messrs. Jardine and Selby; but as the male has not yet been
characterised, and moreover differs very much from the female, to
which alone the name of affints would apply, I propose to drop that
appellation and to give that of Jardinei instead.

*« On examining the family of Strigide or Owls, we cannot but ob-
serve the deficiency which exists in some of the subgenera, and the
abundance of others; thus while we have never seen any birds be-
longing to the genera Bubo, Otus, Scops, &c., we have numerous
species of the restricted genera Striz and Noctua : the name of Noc-
tua, however, having been applied by Linnzus to one of the tribes
in Entomology, ought not perhaps to be adopted ; that of Athene, pro-
posed by M. Boje, and employed by some German naturalists, may
be used in its stead.

“Four species of this genus are now on the table, the two largest
of which are new to science. For the largest I would propose the
name of Athene strenua, and for the other that of A. fortis. The third
has been characterised by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield as the Noc-
tua Boobook, and the Noctua maculata of these gentlemen seems to
be identical with it. For the fourth and last species of the genus,
which is from Van Diemen’s Land, and which is evidently distinct
from either, I propose the name of Jeucopsis, from the white colouring
of its face. The species of the genus Strir which I have called de-
licatus, together with my Strix cyclops and Strix castanops and the
Strix personata of Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, may be said to be
closely allied, but distinct species.

“In conclusion it may be remarked that the birds belonging to the
Raptorial Order inhabiting Australia and the adjacent islands are
extremely few in number, when compared with those found in other
countries; at the same time, as our knowledge of this part of the
world is very limited, the number will in all probability be consider-
ably increased as these countries become more fully known to us.

“ At present the species are twenty-six in number, and are distri-
buted as follows.

| Ome tO he hb

bo
Nn

100

True Eagle .... Aquila.

Sea Eagles .... Haliaetus.

Osprey Ste Dios Pandion.

Falcons,....... Falco.

Hawks ........ Astur and Accipiter.

Keates: itz oieseic!ere 2 Milvus and 1 Elanus.

New form allied to Pernis.

Harner a: -isisivc. Circus.

Owls Ferre Strix and Noctua or Athene.”

101

October 24th, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

The Prince of Musignano read a short communication upon the
Long-tailed Trogon (Trog. resplendens of Gould).

Through the exertions of M. Gonzales, Minister of the United
States of Central America, at Washington; and Mr. Rebello, who
represented the Brazilian government in that city, the Prince suc-
ceeded in procuring some slight information respecting the above
species, the most beautiful of the Trogon family.

The Quesalt, the native name of this species, is a rare bird, and
very shy in its habits; it is confined to restricted limits, being solely
found in a peculiar section of the mountainous district of Vera Paz

_in the province of the same name, now forming one of the five inde-

pendent states constituting the Federal republic of Central America.
A single instance is on record of its having been domesticated. It
builds its nest in the shape of a barrel or bag, open at both ends, by
which means injury to its long tail-feathers is avoided. The Prince
stated that he had communicated the present notice of the history of
the Long-tailed Trogon to an American Journal some years since,
and that so long as the year 1826, he had proposed that the specific
name of Paradiseus should be given to the species.
@

Mr. Gray exhibited a drawing of a new species of the genus Te-
trapturus, in the British Museum, which had been obtained at the
Cape, and for which he proposed the specific name of Herschelii.

Mr. Gray afterwards called the attention of the Meeting to some
pieces of chalk, which he had recently found in the cliffs at Brighton,
exhibiting perforations made by the Patella and Pholas, and pre-
senting appearances which he considered to have been produced in
the case of the latter genus by the rotatory action of the valves.

The remarks of Mr. Gray elicited considerable discussion as to
the manner in which certain molluscous genera penetrate limestone
rocks and other hard substances, a phenomenon which Mr. Owen
thought could not be explained upon the supposition of its being
exclusively caused by a rotation of the valves, but that it was chiefly
due to the mechanical influence of the currents of water produced by
the vibratile cilia of the animal, as noticed by Mr. Garner in acom-
munication made to the Society in 1835.

Mr. Martin exhibited a new Bat from Fernando Po, belonging to
the genus Rhinolophus, which he characterised as

Rarrotorxus Lanperi. Rhin. vellere molli, et pulchr? castaneo-

102.

rufescente ; auribus acutis, patulis, erectis, ad latus exterius emar«
ginatis, et lobo rotundato accessorio instructis ; prosthemate du-
plice ; anteriore bidentato cum scypho parvulo ad basin anticam,
héc ferro-equino membranaceo circumdato ; prosthemate posteriore
ad basin transversim sinuato, ad apicem acuto ; ferro-equino mem-
branaceo, lato, margine libero anticé bifido ; pollice brevi, gracili,
in membrand subtis per dimidium incluso: ungue parvulo ; anti-
brachiis robustis ; cruribus gracilibus ; patagiis nigricantibus.

. unc. lin.
Longitudo corporis cum capite .......... 1 44
ee es)! / | Sa ee i Ce Oe ,

aurium,......... a Se 74

CNET ACHE. 6 ON EN vse 1 7

cruris ...... SURI iel arate ale ee 8
——_——calcanet .......... we Bea EAMG 43
Prosthematis longitudo ............ oa 2
Alarum amplitudo ........ 00.0008: oF PITAL

Habitat in Insula Fernando Po.

«« This beautiful little species of Bat is a genuine Rhinolophus; the
nasal appendages consist of a horse-shoe, a crest, and an elevated
leaf. The horse-shoe is broad with indications of a double furrow;
its outer margin is free and bifid anteriorly. In its centre is placed
a little cup-like depression with an elevated rim, from the back of
which rises a bifid crest not much elevated: the larger apex is the
posterior of the two. On each side of this crest and behind it, the
skin continued from the horse-shoe, and forming the base of the leaf,
is furrowed by two deep but unequal sulci, with a marked posterior
ridge, elevated across the base of the leaf, which latter ends in a
short acute lanceolate point ; posteriorly it is covered with short hairs,
anteriorly it is nearly naked. Its length is two lines. The ears are
large, broad, and pointed; the outer margin is emarginate, and passes
into a large rounded accessory lobe, closing the ear anteriorly. The
anti-brachia are short, the thumbs small, the tibza slender.

«« The fur is soft and delicate, and of a fine light or rufous chestnut,
a little darker on the middle of the back; the wings are blackish.

««T have ventured to name this species in honour of the late enter-
prising, but unfortunate Mr. Lander, during whose expedition it was
taken at Fernando Po.”

Mr. Martin also communicated to the Meeting the following no-
tice of a new species of Hedgehog.

«« Among the specimens of Natural History, from the neighbourhood
of Trebizond, presented to the Society by Keith Abbot, Esq., isa
species of Hedgehog, decidedly differing from our well-known British
species, and appearing to be at present undescribed. It is much
smaller than the Hrinaceus Europeus, measuring from the tip of the
muzzleto the root of the tail, over the arch of the back, only 94 inches.
The spines advance upon the forehead, and overshadow the eyes ;
the general colour presented by the spines ‘ en masse’ is mahogany

103

brown, but each spine individually taken is yellowish brown for three
parts of its length from the basal extremity; this colour then becomes
darker, and again passes into yellowish brown at the extreme apex ;
the annulation, however, is far less decided than in the British ani-
mal.

' The ears are short and rounded, a white patch is placed before
them, and also on the forehead ; the chest is dirty white; the sides
of the muzzle, and the whole of the under surface are intensely
blackish, or umbre brown, several long white hairs being intermixed
with the rest on the shoulders, extending from the chest.

“ The tarsi are longer than in Z. Europeus. Ina very large speci-
men of the latter, measuring from the nose to the root of tail, over
the back, 144 inches ; the foot from the heel to the end of the middle
toe, excluding the nail, measures 1 inch $, while in this smaller
species it measures 1 inch #.

“« For this species I propose the name of Frinaceus concolor. It may
be thus characterised.

“ Eninacevs concotor. Lr. obscure fuscus, spinis in frontem, et
super oculos obductis ; spinis rigidis, flavescenti-fuscis ad basin,
apicem versus intense fuscis, apice extremo pallidé rufescenti-brun-
neo; auribus parvis, rotundatis ; rostro breviusculo ; in frontem
notd albd, necnon ante aures ; pectore sordidé albo, vellere cor-
poris subtiis nigrescenti- fusco, pis longis albis ad humeros
sparsim intermiztis.

une. lin.
*« Longitudo corporis, a rostro ad caudz basin, super
CLOTS Se cI Oe. Os. eet Els. cele acto ue ee 9 6
‘* Longitudo pedis postici a calce ad apicem digiti
intermedii ungue excluso ............ eens 74

“‘ Habitat apud Trebizond.”
Mr. Waterhouse called the attention of the members to two spe-
_cies of Kangaroos, which were upon the table. One of these had
lately been procured by the Society, and was from the neighbour-
hood of Hunter’s River, the other had died in the Menagerie. Of
this latter species the Society has possessed several living specimens ;
and there is still one in the Gardens, which was bred there.

Mr. Waterhouse stated that his object in bringing the animals in
question before the Meeting, was to show that the specimen from the
Menagerie was not, as had been supposed, the Macropus ualabatus of
Lesson, but that it was in fact an undescribed species, being distin-
guished from that of Lesson, (which Mr. Waterhouse considered as
identical with the specimen from Hunter’s River,) by the following
characters :—the under parts are grayish white, instead of buff yel-

-low; the ears are rather longer in proportion, and the tail hoary gray,
white beneath, and with a white tip, instead of being almost totally
black. Mr. Waterhouse proposed that the name Macropus Bennetti

___ be adopted for this species, and proceeded to characterise it as follows :
7
:

~Macropus Bennetti. Mac. intense cineraceus, regione scapulari,

104

clunibus, et regione circum-oculari, rufo-brunneis ; corpore subtis
cinerescenti-albo ; rostro, auribus postice, digitis anticis posti-
cisque nigris ; lined albescenti vix distinctd ab angulo oris, ad
genas excurrente ; caudd cinerescente, ud apicem nigrd, et subtis
sordidé flavescenti-albd.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin .... 24 10
CME. -abrtis. o0i¢ den bhebw -ads dy sin ADA ery.

— ab apice rostri ad marginem ocui .. 3 O
ab apice rostri ad basin auris ...... 5 10

eee tarsi digitorumque (sine unguibus).. 8 9

UNIS a och ay eats mkt ied WareIage@e oi 3 1

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

“The fur of this animal is rather long and moderately soft; the
longest hairs on the middle of the back measure about two inches,
and the shorter about one and a half inches in length. Its general
line is a very deep gray, inclining to black on the back, somewhat
paler on the sides of the body, and a rust-like tint is observable on
the back of the neck and base of ears externally, over the haunches
and shoulders and in the region of the eye. The under parts of the
body, and the inner side and fore part of the hinder legs, are of a
grayish white colour. The muzzle is black, and the crown of the
head is brown black; an obscure whitish line extends backwards
from the corners of the mouth, and becomes obliterated on the cheeks;
the hairs on the lips are dirty white ; the chinis blackish. The ears
are furnished with white hairs internally, and longish black hairs
externally, excepting at the base. The limbs externally are of the
same hue as the sides of the body; the fore feet, and the toes of the
hind feet are black, the outer side of the heelis also black. The
hairs of the tail (excepting at the base, where they are of the same
colours and character as those of the body) are rather harsh, black,
and broadly annulated with silvery white near the apex ; the general
tint is hoary gray, the white portion of each hair being most conspi-
cuous ; the apex of the tail is black, and on this part the hairs are
long and form a kind of tuft; the under side of the tail is white.
The hairs‘on the upper part of the body are of a deep slate colour at
the base, the remaining portion of each hair is black annulated with
white, or more generally with pale rust colour; on the under parts
of the body, the hairs are of a deep slate colour with the apical por-
tion white.

«« The above descriptions and dimensions are taken from an adult
male; the two females in the Society’s Museum are of a smaller
size and paler colour, their prevailing tint being reddish gray :
around the entrance to the pouch the hairs are of a deep rusty brown

colour.”

A species of Mouse from the Cape of Good Hope was next de-
scribed by Mr. Waterhouse under the name of

Mussussrrnosus. JM. pilis subspinosis, corpore supra fuscescenti-

105

griseo ; ad latera flavescente ; subtis niveo, oculis flavido cinctis ;
caudd cupite corporeque breviore ; auribus mediocribus.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin .. 3. 64
(ELT CONG One SE ERC CUTE Pee RIOR TC 2 11

ab apice rostri ad basin auris ...... 0 104

tarsi digitorumqtie.......cseceee O° SF

—. 7 iA sake Simei ewes sane bs) On eee

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

« This species is allied to the Mus Cahirinus of Geoffroy; it is,
however, not so large; and although the hairs are flat and bristle-
like, they are less harsh than those of the North African species; it
also differs in its colouring.”

Mr. Gould introduced to the notice of the Meeting a very singu-
lar form among the Caprimulgide for which he proposed the generic
appellation of

AMBLYPTERUS.

Rostrum debile et elongatum.

Nares elevate et rotundate.

Rictus setis robustis instructus, rostro longioribus.

Ale truncate ; remigibus externis sextis feré zequalibus et falcatis ;
remigibus 2%, 3t, 4% ad externum pogonium emarginatis, 7™°, gre,
9"° ad apices elongatis et attenuatis, 10™° abrupte brevi; secondariis
brevissimis, rotundatis et ab tertiariis tectis, his longissimis.

Cauda brevissima et quadrata.

Pedes ambulatorii.

Tarsi elongati, graciles, squamis indistinctis antice et postice fas-
ciati; digito intermedio longissimo et gracillimo; digitis lateralibus
brevibus et equalibus; digito postico parvo, debili et libero; ungui-
bus elongatis, ungue medio pectinato.

AMBLYPTERUS ANOMALUS. Amb. summo capite, corpore supra et
alis cinereo-fuscis, singulis plumis nigro irregulariter sparsis et
maculatis ; primariis nigris, ad bases rubrescenti-cervinis, ad
apices albis ; secondariis cervinis, nigrescenti-fusco irregulariter
fasciatis ; rectricibus caude@ cervinis, nigrescenti-fusco wrregula-
riter fasciatis et maculatis ; duabus centralibus cinereo-fuscis ;
gutture, pectore et abdomine ad partem superiorem nigrescenti-
fuscis, singulis plumis cervino maculatis ; abdomine imo pallide cer-
vino, singulis plumis nigrescenti-fusco transversim fasciatis ; ros-
tro fusco ; pedibus pallide fuscis.

Long. tot. unc. 62; rostri, 1; ale, 52; caude, 3; tarsi, f.

Obs. Mr. J. E. Gray believes this bird to be from Demerara, or
the Brazils; the specimen is in the collection at the British Museum,
and so far as I am aware is unique.

106

Mr. Gould afterwards exhibited a species of Jbis, having many
characters. in common with the Jbis religiosa of Cuvier, and two new
species of the genus Plutalea, which were accompanied with the fol-
lowing descriptions.

Ipis stricTiPENNIS. Jb. capite et collo superiore nudis, et nigre-
scenti-fuscis, ceruleo lavatis ; corpore toto, et alis albis, cervino
lavatis ; plumis in guld longis, angustis, lanceolatis et rigidis;
primariis ad apices ceruleo-viridibus ; tertiariis valde productis
et nigro-ceruleis, albo sparsis; tarsis et spatio nudo sub ald
rufo-fuscis.

- Long. tot. unc. 30; rostri, 6; ale, 144; caude, 6; tarsi, 4.

Hab. Australia.

Puataea rEGIA. Plat. cristd occipitali pendente et corpore toto,
pectore excepto, albo; pectore flavo parum lavato ; fronte facie an-
teriori et guld plumis prorsus nudis ; notd super oculos atque in
occipite medio aurantiacd.

Long. tot. unc. 39; rostri, 81; ale, 15; caude, 5}; tarsi, 54.

Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

Fom. differt a mare adulto, staturd minore.

PuaTauea FLavirEes. Plat. corpore toto albo; parte faciet nuda
angustiore quam in Plat. regid ; purte nuda et rostro aurantiacis ;
pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. unc. 28; rostri, 74; ale, 14$; caude, 53; tarsi, 43.

Hab, Nova Cambria Australi.

Maia4 >,

107

November 14th, 1837.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Dr. Martin Barry, of Edinburgh, exhibited a living specimen of
the Proteus anguinus, and read the following communication from
Professor Rudolph Wagner, of Erlangen in Bavaria.

««T was so fortunate, at the end of the late summer, as to obtain
three living Protei; of which I have examined two, just killed,
that proved to be a male and female, and have given the third alive
to my friend Dr. Barry, who may perhaps have an opportunity for
bringing it forward at a meeting of the Zoological Society. The re-
sults of my examinations correspond perfectly with the statements of
Cuvier, R. Owen, J. Miiller, and others, on the Proteidea; but are
opposed to several of the views lately put forth by Rusconi (Odser-
vations sur la Sirtne, 1837). I have, for instance, no doubt that the
pulmonary sacs or vesicles really perform the function of lungs. Each
lung contains a large artery and a still larger vein, which are con-
nected together by means of large and numerous vessels. To me the
most important point was the examination of the blood globules and
the generative organs. I conjectured, on various grounds, that the
Proteidea would be found to have, of all animals, the largest blood
globules :—first, because the size of the latter in the naked Amphi-
bia in general is the largest in the animal kingdom; 2ndly, because,
remarkable as it is, the blood-globules are here (in the naked Am-
phibia) so much the larger, the longer the gills continue in the lar-
val state; hence the land and water salamander have much larger
blood globules than the frog. I conjectured also that the Protez
(probably also the Siren, &c.), because they permanently have both
gills and lungs,—being therefore permanently Jarve,—would be
found to have the largest blood globules. The latter are indeed gi-
gantic; flat, oval, resembling those of the salamander, and from 3',
to = of a Paris line in length; hence, as minute points, visible to
the naked eye. They are from once to twice the size of the blood
globules of the salamander, nearly three times as large as those of the
frog, and about twelve or fifteen times the size of those of man.

“In a female, I found the ova very beautifully developed; their
structure, as well as that of the ovary, corresponding perfectly with
_ that of the other naked Amphibia, especially the Triton. The small-
est ova consist of a delicate chorion, yellow yolk, large germinal
vesicle, and manifold germinal spot*. I regret to say that in the
otherwise tolerably developed testes of the male there were no sper-
_ matozoa. I conjecture however that the spermatozoa of this animal
resemble those of the Triton. I would just remark, that the form
and size of the blood globules, the formation of the ova, and the form

* Compare my “ Prodromus Historie Generationis.”
No. LIX.—Procerepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

108

‘of the spermatozoa, in different animals, have a great zoological and
physiological interest. Already is it in my power, from a drop of
blood or semen placed before me, to determine with the microscope,
not only the class, but frequently the genus and the species from
which these fluids have been taken. R. Wacner.”

Dr. Barry stated that, from his own microscopical examination,
he was able fully to confirm the correctness of Prof. Wagner’s ob-
servations upon the size and shape of the blood globules in the
Proteus.

The Prince of Musignano laid before the Meeting the following
communication, containing notices and descriptions of new or in-
teresting birds from Mexico and South America,

I. Messrs. Swainson and Wagler have, as far as their materials
would allow them, ably described the Birds of Mexico, Through
the kindness of the Messrs. Paris I have been allowed to examine a
small collection from that country, a list of which, with descriptions
of new or interesting species, I shall subjoin ; hoping thereby to add
a little to our acquaintance with the ornithology of that interesting
part of North America.

1. TurasarEtos Harryia, G.R. Gray. Harpyia destructor, Cuv.
Falco destructor, Lath. Vultur Harpyja, L.

2. Potyzorus Brasiuiensis, Swains. P. albo nigroque varius ;
pileo nigro, plumis cervicalibus elongatis ; rectricibus albis, nigro
Sfasciatis, apice latissime nigris.

Falco Brasiliensis, Lath. Polyborus vulgaris, Vieill. Quebranta
huesos, Mexic.

Figured by Vieillot, Swainson, and Audubon.

3. CuryLe TorRQuaTA, Nob. C. subcristata, cano-cerulescens,
torque albo ; subtus castanea ; alis cauddque albo maculatis.

Mas. Pectore cano-cerulescenti, crisso ferrugineo. Fem. Pectore
eastaneo, crisso albo.

Buff. Pl. Enl. 284. Alcedo cinerea, Vieill, Martin pescador, Mexic.

Interesting for the locality, as it has been doubted, even by Mr,
Swainson, the able discriminator of thisgroup. (See Birds of West-
ern Africa, II. p. 93.)

4, Ceryze atcyon, L. Ispida Alcyon, Sw.
The most southern limits of this North-American species hitherto
ascertained are Mexico and one or two of the West Indian islands.

5. Rampnastos carinatus, Swains., Wagl. R. nigerrimus,
uropygio albo, guld pectoreque flavis ; crisso ac fasciold eolli in-
fimi coccineis ; rostro viridi apice coccineo, maculd submedid au-
rantid, culmine percarinato flavo.

Edwards, t.329. Sw. Zool. Ill. t. 45.

This species, so rarely to be found in collections, has been con-

109

founded with a Linnean Toucan, notwithstanding Edwards’s figure
and description.

6. Trogon, mas adultus. T. viridi-aureus, guld nigra, abdomine mi-
niaceo ; alis fuscis, tectricibus albo irroratis ; caudd nigrd, rec-
tricibus tribus extimis albo fasciatis ; rostro flavo.

Pito real. Mexic.

Jun. fusco-cinereus ; abdomine luteo ; tectricibus alarum strigis albis.

Gabilan, Mexic.

7. Trogon Mexicanus, Swains.??. T. olivaceus ; abdomine ru-
bro ; caudd nigricante ; rectricibus truncatis, duabus mediis fer-
rugineis fascid terminali albidd nigrdque, lateralibus tribus apice
albo et latere externo albo fasciatis.

I have not given names to these birds, because they will certainly

be included in Mr. Gould’s beautiful Monograph.

8. Macrocrrcus mrzitaris, Vieill. M. viridis; uropygio remi-
gibusque ceruleis ; fronte rubra; genis nudis lineis plumosis ;
caudd rubricante, rectricibus apice ceruleis.

Psittacus militaris, LL. Edw.,t. 113. Guacamaja, Mexic.

9. MevanerpEs rormicivorvus, Swains. M. niger ; occipite rubro;
fronte, uropygio, remigumque fascid basilari, albis ; guld flavidd ;
pectore nigro striis albis; abdomine albo, lateribus crissoque
nigro striatis.

Picus melanopogon, Licht. Temm., pl. enl. 451. Carpintero negro,
Mexic.

10. Cenrurus susetecans, Nob. C. albo nigroque fasciatus ;
subtus cum capite dilut? cinerescens ; vertice rubro, fronte et
cervice subauratis.

This bird resembles Mr. Swainson’s Centurus elegans, but is well

distinguished by wanting the very conspicuous black superciliary
spot, and by the much less brilliant gold colour of the crown.

11. Cotarres rugpricatus, Nob. C. griseo-rufescens, nigro su-
pra fasciatus, subtus maculatus ; uropygio albo ; guld cinereo-vi-
naced immaculatd ; remigum rectricumque scapis rubris.

Mas. Fascid mystacali rubrd. Foem. Fascid rubrd nulld.

Colaptes collaris, Vig. Picus rubricatus, Licht. Colaptes Mezica-
nus, Sw. Carpintero rosado, Mexic.

Nearly allied to the Colaptes auratus of North America. To this
group belong also the Picus arator (Geocolaptes terrestris, Sw.) of
Caffraria ; the Picus Chilensis, Lesson, Zool. Cog. t. 32; the beauti-
ful Colaptes Fernandine, Vig., from the Island of Cuba, and two or
three others.

12. Cyanocorax coronatus, Nob. C. cristatus, cyaneus; cristd
ex toto ce@ruled, capitis lateribus tantum nigricantibus ; mento,
Sronte, et superciliis albicantibus ; alarum tectricibus, remigibus
scapularibusque nigro fasciatis ; caudd parum rotundatd,

110

Garrulus coronatus. Jardine and Selby’s Ill. Orn., t. 64. Azul
Capetan, Mexic.

This must not be confounded with the larger Garrulus Stelleri.

Nob. Am. Orn. II. t. 13. f. 1.

13. Quiscatus masor, Vieill. Urraca, Mexic.

14. Xanruornus cuLaris, Wagler. X. rubro-aureus, loris, guld
et fascid jugulari, dorso, alis cauddque nigris ; tectricibus alarum
minoribus supra infraque aureis ; remigibus basi, tectricibus ma-
joribus apice, remigibusque secundartis margine externo, albis.

Culandria de Bergara, Mexic.

A species very similar to Oriolus Xanthornus, L., and still more so
to Icterus Mexicanus, Leach, Zool. Misc., I. t. 2 (Jeucopteryx, Wagler),
having its robust bill and extent of white marking on the wing, but
is well distinguished from both by its black back and more vivid co-
lour.

15. Icrzrus Partsorum, Nob. I. niger, tergo, abdomine, tectri-
cibus minoribus alarum, rectricibusque lateralibus a basi ad me-
dium flavo-olivaceis ; tectricibus alarum majoribus remigibus-
que secundariis apice albis.

Calandria, Mexic.

Nearly allied to Ict. Dominicensis ( flavigaster, Wagl.), from which,
however, it is distinguished by the white on the wing and the yellow
on the tail. The bill in both is remarkably slender and very acute.

I have much pleasure in naming this bird after the brothers Paris,
who, notwithstanding the arduous nature of their professional en-
gagements in Mexico, allowed no opportunity of furthering the in-
terests of science to pass unimproved. I quite agree with the opi-
nion, that in a country whose commercial transactions are so exten-
sive as they are in this, the captain of a trading-vessel bringing
home ‘‘a ‘ curious bird,’ which may prove to be new, has no claim to
have his name immortalized ;” but the same rule I would not apply to
the Roman state, where a person crossing the sea is a rare occur-
rence.

16. AGELaIus GuBERNATOR. A. niger, alarum tectricibus mino-
ribus ruberrimis unicoloribus.

Psarocolius gubernator, Wag]. in Isis, 1832, p. 281.

This species, hardly established by Wagler under the specific
name we have adopted, differs from the common Pheniceus of the
United States by having the red spot on the shoulder of a uniform
lively colour, wanting the ochraceous band beneath it; whilst the
new Rocky mountain closely allied species, figured by Mr. Audubon
under the name of tricolor, has, as the name implies, three most di-
stinct colours on the shoulder spot. Our Mexican species is larger
than the common, has the wings longer and broader, and the tail less
rounded.

The diagnosis of Pheniceus will be

aaa

=~ ©

Ci 6 la Le betel Ad

111

Aa. Niger, alarum tectricibus minoribus rubris bicoloribus, Sascid ter-
minali ochraced.
The diagnosis of tricolor,
Aa. Niger, alarum tectricibus minoribus rubris bicoloribus, Sascid ter-
minali candidd latissimd,

17. Srurnetta Hirrocreris, Wagl. Also found in the island
of Cuba, and registered by Mr. Vigors in his paper on the birds of
that island, under the name of Sturnella collaris.

Friguevo, Mexic.

18. Gurraca c@ruLEeA, Sw. Azulero, Mexic.
An adult male: this is worthy of remark, as Mr. Swainson’s spe-
cimens were all immature.

19. Guiraca MELANOCEPHALA, Sw. G. fulvo-ferruginea; pileo,
gents, dorso, alis cauddque nigris, tectricibus alarum inferioribus
et medio corpore subtus flavissimis ; alis cauddque albo variis.
Fringilla xanthomaschalis, Wag). Isis, 1831. p. 525. Fr. macu-
lata, Audubon, necnon Lath. Figuerillo, Mexic.

The Coccothraustes Bonapartei of Lesson’s Zool. Ill. is the same bird
as the one described by Dr. Richardson in the Fauna Boreali-Ameri-
cana, as the female of Coccothraustes vespertina, Cooper.

20. Carpinatis Virernranus, Nob. C. ruber; guld et capistro

nigris ; caudé valde rotundatd ; rostro conico, subdentato.

Hab. Throughout N. America.

Finding in the collection of the Zoological Society two beautiful
undescribed species of this my new form, I take this opportunity of
making them known, especially as both come from Mexico. They
all preserve the short rounded wings and lengthened tail, and even
the crested head and red colours. As to the different shape of the
bills, it is only an additional proof of the little importance to be at-
tached to the form of that member in the conirostral birds.

Carpinatis PHe@Niceus, Gould. C. ruberrimus; capistro
tenuissimo nigricante ; caudd rotundatd ; rostro robustissimo
conico-turgescenti sinuato-dentato.

A small but most splendid species, received by Mr. Gould from

the country south of the Bay of Honduras.

Carpinatis sinuatus, Nob. C. rubro cinereoque varius ;
gula et capistro coccineis ; cauddé vix rotundatd ; rostro com-
presso turgido sinuato.

Hab. Western parts of Mexico.

_ 21. PuitzrEmos cornutus, Nob. Alauda chrysolaéma?, Wag}.
Fildio de Llano, Mexic.
_ Six species are now known of this peculiar subgenus of Alauda.

22. Turpus micratorius, L. Sarsal, Mexic.

23. Icrenia viripis, Nob. Pipra polyglotta, Wils. Icteria du-
micola, Vieill. Arriero, Mexic.

112

The tints are somewhat darker than in the United States’ speci-
mens.

24. Eryrurospiza FronTaLis, Nob. Pyrrhula frontalis, Say.
Nob. Am. Orn. 1. t. 6. f. 1. mas. 2. fem. Fringilla hemorrhoa,
Licht. Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 525. Gornion, Mexic. Nocktotl, Her-
nand. Thes. p. 31. c. 81.

This beautiful bird, reckoned until now very rare, and thought to
be peculiar to the Rocky Mountains, in districts far removed from
civilization, is very common in the city of Mexico, where according
to Mr. Paris it takes the place of our common sparrow, provoking
the science of the professors in the very yard of the university.

25. Tyrannuta coronata. Sw. JT. fusca; capite, cristd erecta

rotundatd et corpore subtus coccineis.

Fam. griseo-fusca ; capite levi concolore et pectore albidis ; ventre

tantum subminiaceo.

Muscicapa coronata, Lath. Buff. Pl. Enl. 675. f. 1. male. Car-

denal, Mexic.

Its southern range extends to Demerara, where it is very common.
Contrary to what happens in the other species of the group, the fe-
male now described for the first time differs considerably from the
other sex.

26. Tyrannvuxa pivaricata, Nob. 7. cristata, cinereo-olivacea;
mento orbitisque albicantibus ; dorso alisque olivaceo-rufescenti-
bus; alis aeuminatis ; remigibus1™° et 5% subequalibus ; 2%, 3%°,
et 4° omnium longissimis ; caudd divaricatd corpore longiori
rectricibus quatuor mediis dorso concoloribus ; duabus hine inde
nigricantibus, extimis duabus utrinque dimidiato-cinereis. Ros-
tro brevissimo nigerrimo.

Long. 8"; rostr. 8'"; al. 6'; caud. 4"; tars. 1!"

Riusiio, Mexic.

We have dwelt at greater length on the characters of this bird, as

it is likely to become the type of a new group.

27. Lantus Lupovicianus. Berduquillo, Mexic.

A specimen with the two middle tail feathers only entirely black,
in which condition it is most probably the L. excubiiorides, Sw.

When Mr. Swainson says, that he cannot reconcile the measure-
ments and proportions of the quills of Z. Borealis and excubitor, as
stated by me, he is perfectly right, and no one but myself can ex-
plain the reason: the fact is, that while comparing I unfortunately
must have taken up a specimen of L. Italicus, Lath., instead of one
of the excubitor. Mr. Swainson has taken much pains to point out
several species of North American shrikes; but we know only two
species of that genus in America, his L. Borealis and Ardesiaceus ;
which latter, by the by, should be called Ludovicianus on our ac-
count, if not on Brisson’s.

28, Pipra evEGANTissiMA, Nob, P. purpureo-nigra; fronte cas-

113

taneo-fuscd ; vertice nuchd et cervice pulchre cyaneis ; pectore
abdomineque fulvo-cruginosis.

This most elegant species of square-tail Manakin resembles the
P. cyanocephala, Vieill., but is at once distinguished by the general
blackness of its plumage, and especially by its having a black throat.
Tt might be taken for an undescribed state of that most variable
species, the P. serena, L., which however has always been found
with a white forehead, a blue rump, the blue colour of the head
much more circumscribed. The rufous belly will at once distinguish
it from the P. cyaneocapilla of Wagler, Isis, 1830. p. 934., figured by
Spix under the name of P. coronata, II. 67. f. 1. As to the Pipra
Musica (Euphonia ceruleocephala, Sw.), it differs by its black frontlet
and orange rump.

29. Prpra rinearis, Nob. P.capite alis cauddque nigris ; vertice
cristato coccineo; rectricibus duabus intermediis lineari-acumt-
natis, nigris, ceteris triplo longioribus.

Mas. Niger ; dorso ceruleo. Fam. Olivacea.

Two species have been confounded by authors and by Wagler

himself under the name of Pipra caudata, which are however well

distinguished by the shape of the elongated tail feathers. The name

of P. caudata must be retained, for the species figured by Shaw, t.
153. Nat. Misc. V. whilst the longicauda of Vieill., of which D’Azara
speaks under the characteristic name of Queue en pelle is at once
distinguished by the dilatation in the apex of its elongated tail-
feathers. We subjoin the characters of both.

Prera toneicaupa, Vieill. P. cerulea; capite, collo, alis
cauddque nigris; pileo cristato fulvo-coccineo ; rectricibus
duabus intermediis ceteris dimidio longioribus, cerulescenti-
bus, apice dilatatis.

Jun. subvirescens.

Pipra MELANOcEPHALA, Vieill. P. nigra dorso ceruleo;
vertice ecristato coccineo ; rectricibus duabus intermediis ce-
teris sesqui-longioribus, nigris, acuminatis.

P. lanceolata, Wag), Isis, 1830, p. $31.

30. CotumBA FLAviIRosTRIs, Wagl. Isis, 1830, p.519. C.
rufo-vinacea ; alis extus et totis subtus, uropygio, caudd, ventre
abdomineque plumbeis ; rostro pedibusque rubris ; rectricibus
saturatioribus 3; vremigibus albo minutissime externe limbatis.
Long. 1'.

$1. LerTopTiLa RUFAXILLA, Swains. Z. brunneo-vinacea ; nitore
colli vix conspicuo, fronte gula et pectore dilute vinaceis, abdo-
mine albo; rostro nigro; pedibus rubris; tectricibus alarum
minoribus et pennis axillaribus longissimis vivide castaneo-cin-
namomeis ; caudd parum rotundatd ; rectricibus tribus extimis
obscurioribus apice albis sine ullo vestigio fascie nigricantis.
Long. 9" 6!'; caud. 3" 6"; al. 5" 3"; rostr. 10; tars. 1".
Columba frontalis, Temm. C. rufavilla, Wag).

1i4

Closely resembles C. aurita, Temm., from which it differs in want-
ing black spots to the wings, in having a less rounded tail without
the black band, and in the wing coverts being rufous, and not grey.

32. Ortyx Montezuma, Vigors, Jard. and Selby. Ill. Orn. fase.
9. t. 126. O.cinereo-violacea ; plumis nigro fasciatis, secundum
rachim cinnamomeo lineatis ; tectricibus alarum maculis rotun-
datis nigris: subtus nigra maculis perlatis albis ; abdomine me-
dio longitudinaliter castaneo.

In our specimens, perhaps arising from immaturity, the throat is

whitish, and not black.

Fem. Tectricibus alarum maculis non rotundatis at fasciformibus ;
subtus lete vinacea, nigro signata, maculis albis obsoletis.

Codarniz, Mexic.

Among the numerous Ortyges lately discovered in Mexico, and
especially among the crestless species, the Ortyxr Montezuma, of
which we now, for the first time, introduce the female to the notice
of naturalists, is the most handsome.

33. Eeretta Leuce, Nob. Ardea leuce, I. Ctanza blanca,
Mexic.

34. RALiLus Curricore, Vieill. Gallina de Montensoma, Mexic.

35. Parra Jacana, L. P. purpureo-castanea ; capite, collo cor-
poreque subtus nigro-viclaceis ; remigibus flavo-olivaceis nigro
marginatis ; spind alarum robusta flava.

Jaquanar at Vera Cruz. Buff. Pl. Enl. 272.

All the Mexican specimens I have seen are of a much darker tinge

and of a larger size than the Brazilians.

II. Having lately, through the kindness of Colonel Velasquez de
Leon, had an opportunity of examining a collection of birds, formed
by him during a fortnight’s scientific tour in Guatamala, | think it
desirable to give the Society a list of the known species contained in
it, with concise descriptions of those birds which appear to me to be
new. I hope they may prove not uninteresting to the naturalist,
for whom that part of Central America possesses attractions not in-
ferior to those of any other country.

1. HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS, Vieill. A. albus, nigro coro-
natus ; dorso alisque fuscis, remigibus interne rufo fasciatis ;
rectricibus albo nigroque fasciatis.

Falco cachinnans, Lath. Macagua ricaneur, D’Azara.

2. Burzo. A species which I am unwilling to give a name to,
owing to the immature state of the only specimen I have seen.

It is of an ashy brown colour, with the vent feathers whitish,
banded with rusty. The wings reach a little beyond the middle of
the tail; the primaries are rusty red, with black bands except at the
tip. The tail-feathers ashy, with four wide black bands.

3. Priontres Momotus. P. viridis, subtus fulvescens ; pileo

nigro, corond cyaned ; rectricibus duabus mediis ultra rachim
nudam ceruleis, apice nigricante.
Momotus, Briss. Ramphastos momota, L. Momotus Brasiliensis,
Lath.

4. CrotorpHAGA SuLciROoSTRA, Sw. Cr. Casasii, Less.
Long. 11! 6!".

115

5. Corvus Cacatory. Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 527. Cacalotl.
Hernandez Thes. p. 48, c. 174.

This bird is very properly regarded and characterized by Wagler
as distinct from the European Corvus Coraz, although its differen-
tial characters have escaped the notice of all writérs on North Ame-
rican ornithology. It therefore diminishes still further the daily
decreasing list of birds which have been regarded as common to the
two great continents.

Besides the different form of the bill, contour of the feathers, and
shape of the tail, the proportions in the lengths of the primaries differ,
as is usual in the different species of crows. The first quill is shorter
than the seventh, the second and sixth are equal; the third is shorter
_ than the fifth, the fourth being the longest ; while in the European
_ bird the second quill is longer than the fourth, and the third is the
longest of all. In the American species, the second is much shorter
_ than the fourth, which is even longer than the third and fifth.

This species must not be confounded with the more brilliant and
more strongly marked C. splendens of Gould, also from Mexico.

6. Cyanurus Buttock, Nob. Pica Bullockii, Wag).
The numerous synonyms and descriptions of this magnificent and
well-known species need not be recited here.

7. Cyanocorax coronatus, Nob. Garrulus coronatus, Sw.

Not to be confounded with the closely-allied species, G. Stelleri.

We propose retaining Cyanurus, Sw., for the long-tailed Blue
Magpies, whilst Cyanocoraz, Boje, belongs by right to the American
Blue Jays.

8. Cassicus. A small white-billed species, of an uniform in-
tensely black colour, with a remarkably robust tail. This can be
referred to the C. nigerrimus of Spix, or, perhaps with still more
_ propriety to the C. solitarius of Azara. In consequence of the con-
_ fusion which still reigns among these black American birds, I am
- unwilling to increase it by giving the present bird a specific name,
but must content myself with subjoining a description.
C.in toto nigerrimus; rostro valido acuminato ex virescente albo ;
plumis capitis elongatis, latis, rotundatis ; remigibus rectrici-
busque latissimis, subfasciatis ; eaudé gradatd.

9. Coccyzus Cayanus. C. rufus, pectore abdomine femoribus-
que plumbeis ; caudd longissima valde cuneatd, rectricibus late-
ralibus apice albis.

Cuculus Cayanus, L.

116

10. Trocon. An immature specimen, which, as the young of
several other species, agrees with the Trogon strigilatus of Linn.

11. Centurus Santa Cruzi, Nob. C. albo nigroque striatus,
capite et corpore subtus griseo-olivaceis ; vertice cerviceque Tu-
bris ; fronte et abdomine aureis ; uropygio albo ; remigibus rec-
tricibusque nigris.

Nearly allied to the Picus Carolinensis ; but distinct, by its bill
being more arcuated, the tail feathers all black, and the golden
front and belly; distinct also from the albifrons of Mr. Swainson,
which, with a golden belly, has the front, the sides of the head, and
half of the throat, white: its rump is also thickly banded.

A much smaller undescribed species in Mr. Swainson’s collection
(Picus aurifrons) comes still nearer to mine, which, at the request
of Colonel Velasquez, I have named after a scientific professor in
Mexico.

12. Ierzrus Battimore. Oriolus Baltimore, L. An adult male
and a young bird.

13. Icrerus spurius. Oriolus mutatus, Wilson. Psarocolius
castaneus, Wagler. An adult male and a young bird.

14. Icrervs.

A female bird, closely allied to the Baltimore and the spurius, but
different from either : its colours would bring it much closer to the
Baltimore, but it wants the black on the throat, whilst all its under
parts are much more vivid than the corresponding portions in any
stage of the spurius. Its rump is olive-yellow, the head and the back
olive-brown, the white bands on the wings very broad and conspi-
cuous.

15. Icrerus Bonariznsis. Psarocolius sericeus, Wag]. Pl. Enl.
710. Adult male.

16. Gurraca Lupoviciana, Sw. Loxia Ludoviciana, L. Frin-
gilla punicea, Lath. A young bird.

17. Pyranea astiva, Vieill. Tanagra estiva, Lath. Male, in
moult.

18. Pyranea Lupovicrana, Nob. P. flava; facie rubricante,

dorso alis cauddque nigris; alarum fascid duplici-flavé ob
apicem tectricum.
Tanagra Ludoviciana, Wils. Pyranga erythropis, Vieill.

19. TANAGRA CHLOROTICA.

20. Tanacra eEpiscopus, L. JZ. einereo-c@rulescens, subtus
paullo dilutior, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, margine externo
ceruleo ; rostro plumbeo-nigro.

21. Tanacra vicarius, Lesson. 7. rostro nigro robusto; capite
cyaneo, capistro nigro ; dorso sordide virescente ; abdomine fla-

—
ee

|
;

117

vescente ; tectricibus alarum minoribus cyaneis, speculo alari
v0.

This beautiful species, figured by Lesson in his Centurie Zoolo-
gique, pl. 68, considerably resembles the several blue species of
Tanagra, often confounded with the T. episcopus, L., on account of
their similarity to it; I mean the T. archiepiscopus, Desm. ; T. Sayaca,
L. (T. glauca, Sparrm) ; T. olivascens, Licht. (erroneously taken for
the female of the T. Sayaca) ; but the beautiful goldfinch-like yellow
spot, which it bears at the base of the primaries, as well as the
blacker and much more robust bill, almost bullfinch-shaped, distin-
guish it from them all.

22. Evrnonra vionacea. LE. nigro-chalybea; fronte pectore ab-
domineque flavissimis ; tectricibus alarum inferioribus, remigi-
bus intus basi, maculdque media pogonii interni, rectricisque la-
teralis albis.

23. Evpnonra uirnunpinacea, Nob. LE. olivaceo-flava, fronte et
subtus flava, vertice genisque nigro-chalybeis, remigibus rectrici-
busque nigricantibus, margine externo olivaceis ; rostro nigro
valde uncinato, subhirundineo.

24. Arremon Gicanteus, Nob. A. lete olivaceus ; rostro robus-
tissimo nigerrimo, capite nigro ; guld media albé (unde nigro-
cincta) ; pectore abdomineque plumbeo, crisso flavo, eruginoso ;
remigibus nigris, caudd olivaced, valde rotundatd.

As the chief difference between this bird and the Silens consists

in its greater dimensions, I subjoin them :

Long. tot. 976”; rostr. 1”; al. 4” 6”; caud. 4” 6” ; tars. 1”.

25. Icrer1a Vexasquezi. J. viridis ; pectore flavo-aurantiaco ;

rostro nigricante, mandibula albicante.

An important addition to the genus Icteria, which hitherto com-
prehended only one species, the Pipra polyglotta of Wilson, Icteria
viridis, Vieill., from which it differs in the more intense, almost
orange-colour of the breast, and by the whiteness of the under man-
dible of the bill, which is entirely black in the viridis. I. viridis
may stand characterised as follows :

I, viridis, pectore Jflavo ; rostro ex toto nigro.

26. Tuamnopuitus pouiatus. T. albo nigroque fasciatus, vertice
candido, nigro cincto.
27. Tuamnoruitus rvtitvs, Vieill. ZT. rwfo-cinnamomeus, subtus
flavo-cinnamomeus, rostro robusto, genis albo nigrogue varits ;
remigibus medio fuscis ; rectricibus rufis, unicoloribus.

28. Topus crnergus, Briss. (Pl. Enl.) 7. cinereo-olivaceus,
subtus flavissimus, pileo nigricante; alis nigricantibus, tec-
tricibus remigibusque externe flavo limbatis, caudd gradatd ni-
te rectricibus lateralibus ayce albis ; rostro nigro, subtus al-

ido.

118

29. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA, Sw.
A female.

30. SETOPHAGA RUBRA, Sw. S. rubra, alis cauddque fuscis :
genis albo-sericeis.
Sylvia miniata, Lafresn., Mag. de Zool., 1836. Cl. II. tab. 54.

31. Syztvicota pecurtata, Nob. SS. lete viridis, subtus, cum
tectricibus alarum, albo-virescens ; capite colloque supra plum-
beis, subtus albis ; alis majusculis, remigibus subfuscis, supra
externe viridi marginatis, subtus interne albo limbatis. Primo
dimidium, secundo equalis duodecimi, 3, 4, 5, 6°"* omnium
longissimis. Caudd parvad angustéd equali, rectricibus vires-
centibus.

Long. 4”; rostr. 7"; al. 2"; caud. 1" 3!"; tars. 7",

This very singular small bird, partaking partly of the cha-
racters of Vireo and Sylvia, is very remarkable from the abbreviated
form of its body; its wings and tail are also very singular, and al-
most entitle it to rank as a distinct genus.

32. Turpus Grayi, Nob. JT. olivaceo-fuscus, subtus flavo-cin-
namomeus, guld tantum via fuscescenti striata: tectricibus ala-
rum inferioribus remigumque margine interno aurantio-cinna-
momeis, remigum primo sextam equante, 4° et 5° omnium lon-
gissimis, tertiam et sextam vix superantibus ; caudd equali, duo
pollices ultra alas pretensd ; rectricibus submucronatis.

Long. tot. 8"; rostr. 1; al. 4! 3"; caud. 3" 3"; tars. 1 yl",

A typical species: which I have much pleasure in dedicating to
Mr. G. R. Gray, a young ornithologist.

33. Tyrannus surERctLiosus. Swains. 7. fusco-olivaceus, sub-
tus cum tectricibus alarum flavissimis ; caudé emarginatd ; ver-
tice basi rubro ; superciliis amplis guldque candidis.

Long. tot. 6” 6”; caud.3”; al. 3” 5’; rostr.9”; tars. 8”.

34. SYNALLAXIS CINERASCENS, Temm., Pl. Col. 227, f. 3. S.
JSusco-badia, capite toto saturatiore, pectore alis cauddque lete
castaneis, ventre cinerascente ; remigum apicibus flavescentibus ;
rostro nigro.

35. Mwyrorizra varra, Vieill. Sylvia varia, Lath. Ovyglossus
maculatus. Sw.

36, Caresa cyanea, Vieill. Certhia cyanea, L.

Scotopacinus, Nov. Gen.

Kostrum longissimum, basi trigonum, gracile, rectissimum; man-
dibulis zequalibus, superiore apice extimo subcurvato, subhian-
tibus: nares fossa majuscula, membranula fere omnino clause.

Pedes elongati; tarso digito medio sesquilongiore ; digiti omnes a

119

basi fissi, valde inzequales, postico validiore, ungue robusto valde
arcuato.
Ale maxime rotundate ; remigibus 1™, 2%, 34° sensim longiori-
bus; 4° ceteris sed vix longiore, omnibus latis.
Cauda breviuscula, valde gradata.

37. ScoLopacinus RUFIVENTRIS, Nob. Sc. brunneo-olivaceus ;
genis et subtus aurantio-cinnamomeis ; guld albd inferne striis
nigris ; remigibus fuscis ; caudd nigrd, rectrice extimd maculd
transversali, 2°°* maculd internd apicali, tertid apice tantum,
albis. Rostrum fuscum subtus basi album.

Longit. 4" 6"; al. 2"; caud. 1" 6"; tars. 10".

This bird is closely related to the Troglodytes rectirostris of Swain-
son’s Zool. Ill., t. 140, which, though its bill be shorter than in this
our typical species, belongs to the same genus; which the learned
author could not but anticipate when he placed it with the Wrens.
A specimen of it in the British Museum wants the white markings
on the tail, and has the bill shorter than in our rufiventer.

Since writing the above, I find that Mr. Sundeval has formed the
latter species into a genus, which he named Acontistes.

38. CaprimuLeus vocirerus, Wils. Common in the United
States.

39. PENELOPE vETULA, Wagl. P. brunneo-olivacea; capite col-
loque ardesiaceis ; epigastro et ventre albis, crisso vir rufescente ;
rectricibus eneo-viridibus, lateralibus apice late albis ; remigibus
integris ; tarso digito medio breviore; meatu nudo, viltd inter-
medid subpiloso-plumosd.

It differs too little from the P. vetula, Wagler, Isis, 1830. p. 1111.

sp. 14, for me to venture to make a distinct species,

—_ —-

III. I subjoin the description of some new or rare species (placed
_ in my hands by Mr. Leadbeater, during my stay in London), from
_ that portion of Brazil bordering on Peru ; and interesting, as further
_ elucidating the Ornithology of that little-known country. I under-
_ stand that they will hereafter form a portion of that valuable collec-
_ tion which belongs to the Earl of Derby.

1. Cryrticus Marri, Nob. C. virens, capite, collo, pectoreque
| « rufo-fulvis: fascid oculari, maculisque jugularibus nigris.
Momotus platyrhynchus, Leadb. Prionites Martii, Spix.
A specimen with the middle tail-feathers entire.
To this new genus of Mr. Swainson will also belong the Momotus
superciliosus of Mr. Sandbach, lately described at a meeting of the
_ British Association at Liverpool,

2. Capito macropactytus, Nob. C. fusco-brunneus, pileo cas-
taneo, cervice cinnamomed ; guld juguloque albidis, collari la-
tissimo nigro; abdomine nebuloso.

Cyphos macrodactylus, Spix, pl. 39, fig. 2.

120

$3. MicropoGon AuRovIRENS, Nob. WM. olivaceus, pileo ruber-
rimo, guld pectoreque aurantiacis.

Bucco aurovirens, Cuv. Le Vaill. Suppl. pl. E.

From Sarayacu. ‘‘ The eyes were red, the legs grey.”

4. MicropoGoN FLAVICOLLE, Nob. WM. niger luteo maculatus,
pileo luteo-virescenti: guld aurantiacd: abdomine flavo.

Mas. Jugulo immaculato. Foem. Jugulo maculis nigris.

Resembles Capito aurifrons, Vig. from Chili; but is sufficiently
distinct.

5. GALBULA TOMBACEA, Spix, pl. 58. G. aureo-viridis, abdomine
rufo: jugulo immaculato.
A tail-less specimen belonging certainly to that species, distinct
from the numerous ones just described by Mr. Swainson; differing
from all by the uniform green colour of the chin, throat, and breast.

6. DenDROcors PLATYROSTRIS, Nob. D.rufescens, nigro undu-
latus, uropygio, remigibus, rectricibusque puris.
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris, Spix, pl. 89.
A large and very remarkable species, in which the characters of
the genus, as beautifully described and drawn by Mr. Swainson, are
strongly developed.

7. ASTHENURUS RUFIVENTRIS, Nob. A. fuscus, subtus cum genis
rufis: pileo nigro, rubro maculato.

8. MELANERPES MEROPIROSTRIS, Nob. MV. niger, fronte rubra :
vittd superciliari alba, postice aured: uropygio candido: abdo-
mine medio coccineo ; lateribus, crisso, remigibusque albo nigro-
que fasciatis.

Picus meropirostris, Wagl. .

The bill is rather more curved than in other species of the group,

and has the culminar and nasal ridges remarkably distinct.

9. XANTHORNUS MENTALIS, Wagl. A young specimen.
10. STURNELLA MILITARIS, Vieill.

11. A female of a species of Dolichonix, with a belly tinged with
red, and less acute tail-feathers than in the type, intermediate be-
tween the only two species of the group hitherto known: perhaps
the female of the Agelaius phenisomus, Swains.

12. GurracA MAGNIROsTRIS, Nob. G. griseo-flavida nigro
maculata; subtus cum superciliis flavis : crisso albo: remigibus

rectricibusque fuscis: teetricibus alarum majoribus scapulari-_

busque apice albo notatis.

A female bird of an unknown species, allied to the G. melanoce- —

phala, Sw.; but differing by the bill being much longer and thicker.
13. Spiza vERsicoLor, Nob. SS. violaceo-eyanea purpureoque
varia: uropygio cyaneo: capistro nigro: alis cauddque fuseis.
Found near Temascallepec: ‘‘ has a sweet song; feeds on seeds ;

E |

y
121

eyes brown.” With the amena, the ciris, and the cyanea, it belongs
to my genus Spiza, as I have lately restricted it; that is, to my Ta-
nager-like Spize.

14. RAMPHOCELUS NIGROGULARIS, Spix. R. coccineus, facie,
dorso, ventre, alis cauddque nigris.
Ramphocelus ignescens, Less., Cent. Zool., pl. 24.

This synonym is interesting as settling the point of the identity
of the Mexican and Brazilian birds, which I left undecided in my
small monograph on this genus. Sir W. Jardine’s Ramphopis
flammigerus (Ill. of Zool., tab. 131.) isthe same as my R. Passerinii.
M. d’Orbigny figures a fifth species of the genus, in his recent voy-
age, under the name of

Rampnocetus ATRo-sERicEvs, D’Orb. Voy. Am. M. Ois. pl. 24,
fig. 1. R. niger capite guldque atro-coccineis.

Rampuoce us 1cteronotus, Nob., R. niger, dorso postico uropy-
gioque flavissimis.

This description is added, from a specimen contained in the Paris
Museum.

15. TANAGRA CYANOCEPHALA, D’Orb., pl. 23. fig. 2. 7. viridi-
flava, pileo cerviceque azureis ; subtus canescens ; alarum tec-
tricibus inferioribus, remigibus interne, crisso Semoribusque fla-
vissimis.
The Dill is rather more compressed than in many other typical
species of Tanagers. This beautiful bird resembles several other blue-
headed species of the genus, but is most easily distinguished by our
diagnosis.

16. TANAGRA sTRIATA, Gm. T. nigra, capite, collo, alarumque
tectricibus ceruleis ; pectore uropygioque aurantiacis ; abdomine
flavo: femoribus cinereis.

This species closely resembles a Chilian bird in the British Mu-
seum, brought to this country by the expedition under Capt. Fitz-
roy; the latter, however, may be distinguished by its longer bill,
by being yellow instead of orange on the breast and rump, and by
being brownish olive on the back. It may be distinguished as the

Tanacra Darwint, Nob. YT. olivacea, capite, collo, alarumque

_ tectricibus ceruleis: subtus ex toto cum uropygio fiavis: femori-
bus cinereis.

17. TANaGRA CELESTIS, Spix, pl. 55, fig.1. 7. eeruleo-grisea :
tectricibus alarum minoribus apiceque majorum albis..

It is not unworthy of note, that whilst so many different species,
closely related to the Tanagra Episcopus of Linneus, should be di-
stinguished by the peculiar hue of the shoulder spot, varying from
pink to yellow in some species, to different shades of blue in others,
in this it should be pure white: the tips of the greater wing-coverts,
_ being also white, give to the wing a quite peculiar appearance.

18. Aciara niGRo-cincTA, Nob. A. viridi-eyanea, dorso, pec-
tore remigibus cauddque nigris, abdomine albo.

122

It differs from Ag/. Brasiliensis by its smaller size and more deli-
cate bill; the greenish tinge of the blue is much more extended, as it
invades the whole of the head and tail-coverts as well as the inte-
rior of the wing.

19. Aciata Scurankul, Nob. A. viridis nigro maculata, uropy-
gio et medio corpore subtus luteo-aureis : fronte genisque nigris :
remigibus rectricibusque fuscis externe cyaneo marginatis.

Tanagra Schrankii, Spix, tab. 51, fig. land 2. D/’Orbign., pl.
24, fig. 1.

Closely resembling Ag/. punctata, Edw., pl. 262, but differs in

having the rump, and the middle of the body underneath golden
yellow, and without spots.

20. Pipra stRI0OLATA, Nob. P. olivacea, subtus rufa, albo stri-

ata: pileo cristato coccineo.

Exceedingly like the Pipra strigilata of the Prince Max. of Wied,
from Brazil, but sufficiently distinguished by the under parts being
rufescent striped with white, instead of white striped with rufous.
Wagler describes, however, my species.

Mr. Blyth exhibited some portion of the skeleton of the Great
Auk, Alca impennis, and proceeded to offer some observations on the
distinctions subsisting between the Auks and the Penguins. He
remarked that these two genera differ in the type of their skeleton
as well as in the progressive changes and structure of their plumage,
for which reason he had long wished to obtain a sight of the skele-
ton of the Alca impennis, with a view to ascertain to what extent the
similarity of its mode of life to that of the Penguins would, in this
species, modify the Auk type of structure. Through the kindness
of his friend Mr. Bartlett, he had succeeded in obtaining the wing
and leg bones of this remarkable bird, which had been left in a pre-
served skin, and which proved to resemble those of the Penguin
genus in weightiness, if not in structure, the humerus possessing a
very small internal cavity, while the tibia was completely filled with
marrow. These bones were exhibited, together with the analogous
bones of Alca torda, which latter were even proportionally consider-
ably smaller, as well as lighter, and quite hollow. Mr. Blyth re-
marked that the gradual absorption of the marrow in the bones of
other birds was about coincident with the developement of the volar
organs; and stated the highly curious fact, on the authority of Mr.
Gould, that the marrow was permanent in the leg bones of the genus
Cinclus. He then made various observations on the structure of the
northern or true Alcade, more particularly with relation to the de-
velcpement of the air-cavities in the species which could sustain
themselves on wing, observing, that in these the wings were reduced
to the minimum extent adequate for aerial support, in order that
they might be more effectual under water; and that when once the
object of aerial flight was abandoned, as in the instances of the great
Auk and Penguins, these organs were accordingly reduced to exactly

bith,

123

that size, which was most efficient of all for subaquatic progression;
species of an intermediate character of course never occurring. It
was obvious that a high standard of respiration is necessary to enable
the Puffin and its allies to maintain aerial flight with their short and
narrow wings: and the great development of the lateral air-cavi-
ties in these birds, incidentally remarked by Mr. Ord (in his conti-
nuation of Wilson’s Ornithology) in the particular instance of the
Rotche, he believed bore reference to that especial object. Mr. Blyth
also called attention to the resemblance of the Puffin’s mode of flight
to that of a Beetle, and stated that its actions when under water so
much resembled those of the Dyticide, that whoever had seen the
one could form a quite accurate notion of the other; the bird ad-
vancing solely by means of the wings, and the insect making use of
only its middle pair of legs to oar itself along; a further striking
resemblance was pointed out in this exterior conformation, being a
beautiful instance of analogy or adaptation of two extremely dissi-
milar types to the same mode of life.

Mr. Gray communicated to the Meeting the following arrangement
of the Sorices, accompanying his observations upon this group by
the exhibition of the shrews in the Society's collection.

Mr. Gray remarked that Wagler, in the Zsis for 1832, divided the
European shrews into three genera, according to their habits and
the structure of their teeth; and Duvernoy in 1834 or 1835, over-
looking the natural characters pointed out for the groups by Wagler,
divided them into artificial genera according to the size and form of
the cutting teeth. On examining the species in the British Museum,
Mr. Gray found it necessary to further divide them in the following
manner; the various groups forming a series returning into itself.

A. Land Shrews. Tail simple, feet not ciliated on the sides.

1. Corsira.—Front lower cutting teeth sharp-edged, and toothed
above: tail with short close-pressed hairs.

2. Myosorex.—Frontlower cutting teeth sharp-edged, entire above:
tail with short close-pressed hairs.

3. Sorer.—Front lower cutting teeth rounded, and simple above :
tail with short hairs and longer scattered bristles.

B. Water Shrews. Tail with a series of bristles beneath: feet

and toes ciliated on the sides.
_ 4, Amphisorex.—Front lower cutting teeth simple: 4 hinder cut-
ting teeth gradually smaller, hinder very small.

5. Crossopus.—Front lower cutting teethsharp-edged, and toothed
above: hinder cutting teeth rapidly smaller.

1. Corsira, Gray. Sorex,Wagler? Hydrosorex part, Duvernoy*.

Head elongate, muzzle slender, produced; ears hid in the fur.
Tail elongate, slender, when young round, becoming quadrangular,

- covered with short, rigid, close-pressed hairs, (not ciliated,); feet
simple, not ciliated ; front wrist bearded beneath. Skull elongate.

Teeth coloured ; cutting teeth 3, large, two upper central, strong,

* Since these observations were made, M. Duvernoy has transferred his
name of Hydrosorex to the group which he had formerly named Amphisorez,
and vice versd. The references in the text are to his earlier arrangement.

124

nearly equally bifid, hinder ones rapidly decreasing in size : two cen-
tral lower elongate, above sharp-edged, and toothed; grinders 3,
moderate.

Like Crossopus, but the tail and feet not ciliated, and the nose
more produced.

* Tail moderate. Upper cutting teeth rather large, grinders mo-
derate.

1. Corsira vulgaris. (Common Shrew, Shaw.)

Sorex vulgaris, Linn. Mus. Ad. 10.

Sorex araneus, Linn. F. Suec.—Jenyns’s Man. Brit. Anim. 17.
Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 27. t. 1. f. 2.

Sorex tetragonurus, Hermann, Obs. Zool.48.Geoff. Ann. Mus. xvii.
t. 2. f.3. Sorex (Hydrosorex) tetragonurus, Duvernoy, Mem. Nat.
Hist. Strasb. ii. t.

iS. cunicularia, and S. eremica, Bechst.

Fetid Shrew, Penn.

Inhab. N. Europe, Sweden, England. Brit. Mus.

2. Corsira Forsteri. (American Shrew.)

Sorex Forsteri, Richardson, Fauna A. B.—Gapper, Zool. Jour.
wt. 7.

Inhab. N. America. Mus. Dr. Richardson, and Roy. Inst. Bristol.

This is probably the genus Sorex as restricted by Wagler, to
which he refers Sorex pygmeus, Pallas, and three of his species, S.
rhinolophus, S. concinnus and .S. megalodon, which are probably
only varieties of vulgaris : here also perhaps should be added S. con-
strictus, Geoffroy, which agrees with them in the ears being hid, and
in the face being lengthened. See Ann. Mus. xvii. t. 3. and 4.; see
also |S. longirostris, S. Cooperi, S. Richardsonii, Bachman.

*x** Tail short ; fore feet strong. Blarina.

3. Corsira (Blarina) talpoides.

Sorex talpoides. Gapper, Zool. Jour. v. t. 8.

Inhab. N. America. Mus. R. Inst. Bristol.

To this section probably should be referred Sorex brevicaudatus
and S. parvus, Say, S. Dekayi, S. personatus, Geoffroy, S. Caroli-
nensis, and JS. cinereus, Bachman.

2. Myosorex, Gray. Head elongate, ears hid under the soft
fur; tail elongate, ‘slender, covered with short, rigid, close-pressed
hairs, when old quadrangular ; feet and toes not ciliated: teeth white ;
cutting teeth 8, two upper central unequally bifid, the second lateral
moderate, the third very small, rudimentary, the fourth small but
larger than the third. Front lower cutting teeth elongate, with an
entire sharp upper edge ; second and third lateral teeth small, simple,
crowded on the base of the front ones.

Myosorex varius.

Sorex varius, Smuts, p. 108. Sorex cinnamomeus. Licht.
Saugth. t. ?.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Zool. Soc.

Like Sorex pilorides in appearance, but at once known by the
shape of the tail and lower cutting teeth. Teeth shining white.

3. Sorex. Head elongate; ears exposed; fur soft, perpendi-
cular: tail elongate, tapering, with whorled scales, covered with

125

short hairs and scattered longer bristles. Feet not ciliated ; toes 5—5,
054

free. Cutting teeth ; (or*;?), white, the front upper unequally bifid,

the 3 (or 4?) others becoming rapidly smaller to the last ; front lower

eutting teeth produced, upper edge rounded and entire.

a. Larger, tail thick, tapering, sides with a white glandular spot.

Sorex pilorides, Shaw.

Sorex gigantea, Geoft.

Inhab. India.

To this division should be referred Sorex myosurus, Geoff. Ann.
Mus. xvii. t. 3. f. 2.3. S. crassicaudatus, S. capensis, Geoff., S.
Jlavescens, (C. G. H. Mus. Zool. Soc.) 8. capensoides, (C. G. H.
Mus. Zool. Soc.) S. pulchellus, and S. pumilus if they are all di-
stinct from one another. Gmelin in the description of the latter,
probably misled by the plate, considers the scattered longer hairs as
forming a subdistichous tail.

b. Smaller ; tail very slender. Crocidura, Wagler. Sorex, Duver-
noy. Sunkus, Ehrenb.

1. Sorex araneus, Schreb. t. 160. (French Shrew.) Pale grey
brown, paler beneath.

Sorex araneus, Schreb. t. 160. Geoff.—Duvernoy, Mem. N. H.
Strasb. ii. t. cop. Jenyns, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. t. 1. f. 1.

Inhab. Europe, France. Brit. Mus.

Cutting teeth 3, small.

2. Sorex leucodon, Herm. ( White toothed Shrew, Penn.) Black
brown, whitish beneath.

Inhab. Europe, France. Brit. Mus.

Seealso Sorex etruscus,Sav. Crocidura major, C.rufa, C.moschata,
and C. poliogaster, of Wagler, which are probably only varieties of
SS. araneus.

4. Amputsorex, Duvernoy. Head elongate, ears entirely hid.
_ Tail elongate, slender, covered with short close-pressed hairs, when
_ young round, becoming subquadrangular ; under side and edge of
the feet ciliated with a series of mobile bristles. Skull elongate,
_ muzzle narrow ; cutting teeth '~ ; two centre upper unequally bifid,
the three next on each side gradually smaller, the hinder very
small, two lower central simple. Grinders 4, rather large.

_ This agrees with Crossopus in the structure of the tail and feet,
and in its aquatic habits, but differs in the form of the teeth.

1. Amphisorex Pennantii. (Pennant's Water-shrew.)

Sorex fodiens. Flem.—Jenyns’s Brit. Anim.—Mag. of Zool. and

‘Bot. ii. t. 1. f. 4.

_ Water Shrew. Penn.—Don.—Bell, Brit. Mam.

_ Inhab. Europe, England. Brit. Mus.

_ 2. Amphisorex ciliatus, (Black water shrew.)

_ Sorex ciliatus, Sow. Brit. Misc. (1806)

_ Sorex remifer, Geoff. Ann. Mus. (1811) xyii. t. 1. f.1.

_ Inhab. Europe, England and France. Mus. Brit.

_ Duvernoy describes another species under the name of Amph. Her-
Nii.

3. Amphisorex palustris.

- Sorex palustris, Richardson, Faun. Amer. Bor.

- Inhab. N. America. Mus. Richardson.

126

5. Crossopus (part) Wagler, 1832. Hydrosorex (part) Du-
vernoy, 1835. Pinalia, Gray, MSS.

Head elongate. Ears hid in the fur, valvular. Tail elongate,
squarish, with short close pressed, rigid hairs, grooved, and with a
row of long bristles beneath the tip. Hind feet ciliated with mo-
bile bristles. Cutting teeth 7, the two upper central strong, equally
nicked ; hinder upper rapidly decreasing in size: the two central
lower cutting teeth flattened, sharp edged, and toothed above.

Crossopus Daubentonii, ( White-bellied water shrew).

Sorex fodiens, Pallas? Duvernoy. S.carinatus, Herm. Geoff.
A. M.—S. canaliculatus, Lynge. S. Daubentonii, Erxl.

Europe, France. Brit. Mus.

Brehm has described what he considers three German species
allied to S. fodiens under the name of S. amphibius, S. natans,
and S. stagnalis; Wagler, two others which he calls C. musculus
and C. psilurus. Duvernoy refers to Hydrosorex, Sorex tetrago-
nurus, Hermann and Geoff. Ann. Mus. xvii. t. 2. f. 3, which being
a land shrew, I have referred to the genus Corsira; see also Sorex
Jimbripes, Bachman.

A small collection of birds from Erzeroum in Persia, recently
presented to the Society by Keith E. Abbott, Esq., Corr. Mem., was
brought before the notice of the meeting, accompanied with the ~
following observations by Mr. Gould :—

“ Of the nine specimens composing this collection, I find eight
are distinct species, two of which are known to inhabit Britain, and
six, including these two, belong to the Fauna of Europe; the re-
maining two I have no hesitation in considering as undescribed
species, though referable to European types, being closely allied to
the Fringilla nivalis and Alauda alpestris of authors. The great
length of wing, square tail, and other prominent characters pre-
sented by Fringilla nivalis would seem to indicate the propriety of
separating it from the rest of the Fringillide, in which case the
present species will probably be placed along with it in a distinct
genus, which it appears to me would exhibit the same relation to
Fringilla, as Plectrophanes does to Emberiza.

“The Lark is a second example of that singular form distin-
guished by lengthened tufts on each side of the head resembling —
horns, and for which Al. penicillata will, perhaps, serve as an ap-
propriate specific designation.

“ The remaining species are Lanius minor, Phenicura ruticilla,
Alauda calandra, Al. rupestris, Pyrgita petronia, Linaria canna-
bina.

“I would observe that the collection though small is a most in- —
teresting one, since it adds to ornithology two new examples of
forms, previously known to us by only solitary species; and I would
remark that collections from this part of the world are almost sure to
be productive of highly interesting results.”

The two new species noticed by Mr. Gould in the above collec-
tion were characterised as

AraupA Penicituata. Al. fronte, mento, auricularibus, abdo-
mine, pectore alisque subtis albis ; fascia super frontem, peni-

127

cillis capitis lateralibus et lined super nares late per genas ex-
eurrente, collogue anteriori nigris ; summo capite et nucha
vinaceo-cinereis ; compore supra cinereo; remigibus alarum
cinereo-fuscis, remige primo externé albo; rectricibus caude
duabus intermediis fuscis, ad marginem pallidioribus ; reliquis
nigrescentibus externd utrinque albo marginatd ; rostro pedibus-
que nigris.

Long. tot. une. 8; ale, 4}; caud., 3; rost., +; tars., 1.

Hab. Erzeroum.

FRINGILLA SANGUINEA. Fring. brunnea, summo capite nigro ;
remigum pogoniis externis sanguineo lavatis ; primariis nigris ;
secondariis nigris, ad apices albis; tectricibus caud@ et regione
cireum-oculari sanguineo lavatis; rectricibus caude duabus in-
termediis nigris, reliquis plus minusve albo notatis, externd utrin-
que feré alba ; posing flavo ; pedibus eset

Long. tot. 6 unc. 3; ale, 4; caud., 24; rost., 2; tars., 3.

Hab. Erzeroum. —

Mr. Gould afterwards described a new Ibis from Hayti, presented

by John Hearne, Esq., Corr. Mem., as

Ibis ERyTHRORHyNCHA. Jb. dorso, alis cauddque metallicé vi-
ridibus ; capite colloque swperiore nigrescenti-cinereis, albo

sparsis ; corpore sublus nigrescenti-cinereo ; rostro pedibusque
rubris; rostro ad basin nigro.

Hab. Hayti.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a quill from the wing of a Harpy Eagle,
which had died while in the Menagerie of the Earl of Derby, and
which was found upon examination to be infested with a great
number of a species of Pediculus. It appeared that these minute
creatures had chosen for their place of retreat the hollow of the
large quill-feathers ; and the specimens forwarded to Mr. Yarrell by
the President were filled with their exuvie ; two circular apertures
situated near the base of the quill afforded the animals access to its
interior.

A specimen of the White-bait presented to the Society by Mr.
Williams, was exhibited by Mr. Yarrell in order to show the large
size sometimes attained by this species; its dimensions were as follow:

Entire length 6 inches.

Depth, measured about midway between the dorsal fin and the
extremity of the head, 1 inch 2 lines.

A collection of insects were upon the table which had been col-
lected at Manilla by Mr. Cuming, at whose request Mr. West-
wood had furnished tlie following descriptions of some of the more

interesting species for insertion in the Society’s Proceedings.

Cottyris (Cotiiuris Latr.) remorata (albitarsis Erich. ?)
affinis C. Robynsii et lugubris, V.L. C. capite thoraceque vio-
laceis, labro 7-dentato, antennis capite longioribus, fere filifor-
mibus, articulis 3 et 4 annulo apicali, 5” in medio, et basi 6 et 7°
fulvis, palporum labialium articulo basali albo ; thorace strigis
nonnullis transversis in parte anticd cum punctis paucis posticis ;

128

elytris eneo-cyaneis, valde punctatis, punctis distinctis, versus
apicem punctis multo minoribus, apice ipso truncato emarginato ;
pedibus cyaneis, femoribus ferrugineis, tarsis piceo-nigris, (duo-
bus posticis albidis in mare exceptis.)

Long. corp. ¢. lin. 6; @ lin. 7.

Obs. The possession of both sexes of this insect agreeing pre-
cisely together, except in size and the colour of the posterior tarsi,
induces me to give it as a distinct species, since on comparison, its
characters will not agree precisely with those of the species previ-
ously described by Dejean, MacLeay, Van der Linden, &c.

Tuerates coracina. Erichs. Act. Acad. Ces. Nat. Cur. 16.
Suppl. 7. nigra nitidissima, elytris nitore sub purpureo niten-
tibus, his tuberculo basali alteroque minori ante medium ; labro,
antennarum articulo basali, abdomine, pedibusque luteis, tarso-
rum articulo 1™° et 2% ad apicem, ceteris fuscis, mandibulis
lateis, dentibus nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 94.

Moro ortENTALIS. Dejean Species Gen. i. p. 435.

Cuivina casTanea. UC. capite thoraceque castaneis, elytris pedi-
busque pallidioribus. Cl. Fossori dimidio major, capite minori
convexo lateribus valde impresso, fronte puncto minuto nec stria
longitudinali impressa, thorace subquadrato (postice parum la-
tiori) ad angulos posticos impresso, elytris elongatis parallelis
sub-punctato-striatis punctisque tribus majoribus im striam
tertiam, femoribus anticis crassis, haud dentatis, tibiis anticis
extus dentibus tribus elongatis.

Long. corp. lin. 3+.

Nicipius be#yicouus. N. niger nitidus, capite supra depresso
punctato, thoracis dorso levi, lateribus punctatis margineque
antico simplici tuberculo minutissimo viz apparenti, elytris inter
strias elevatas triplict punctorum impressorum ordine instructis,
tibiis anticis 6 dentatis.

Long. corp. lin. 9.

PRIONOCERUS CHRULEIPENNIS. Perty, Obs. Coleopt. Ind. Orient.
p- 33.

Ruyncuires MAnittensis. R. oblongus, cyaneus, nitidus, rostro
longiori nigro, punctato, lineis duabus supra ad basin impressis,
thorace conico, punctis minulissimis, longitudinaliler haud cana~
liculato, impressione transversa cum margine postico parallela,
elytris magis ceruleis basi-virescentibus punctato-striatis, corpore
subtus et femoribus cyaneis, tibits tarsis et antennis nigris.

Long. corp. (cum rostro) lin. 3.

Lamia putcHeLxator. Affinis L. Rubo et Sehestedii. LZ. luteo-
fusca, sericea, thorace utrinque spina armato punctisque duobus
nigris ante medium disci, elytris basi scabris, singulo maculis 4°
irregularibus lacteis, scil. 1™* majort obliqua marginali, ante
medium lecata, 2%* media, ovata prope suturam, 3% obliqua
marginali, 4" versus apicem suture, maculisque nonnullis mi-
noribus versus apicem elytrorum, in speciminibus vartis vart-

129

antibus, et irregularibus, ejusdem coloris ; antennis concoloribus,
apicibus articulorum obscurioribus.
Long. corp. lin. 11—16.

Evrycernatus nicripes. Dej. Catal.

Cerambyx nigripes. Oliv. G. 67. Sp. 68. t. 20. f. 149. 2.
maxillosus. Oliv. G. 67. Sp. 69. t. 20. f. 147. @.
Obs. Species valde varians, maribus, giganteis. In individuis

Manille macula thoracis discoidalis multum magnitudine variat.

In maribus macula communis nigra versus apicem elytrorum

rotundata, nec ad apicem nec ad marginem elytrorum extensa.

In feeminis vero apicem totum elytrorum occupat.

Genus Coxaspis, Scetoponta Subgenus novum.

Corpus breve, rugosum.

Caput oculis prominentibus fere thoracis latitudine.

Labrum parvum quadratum antice marginatum.

Mandibule parve acute subtus dente parvo ante apicem armate.

Mazxille lobo interno truncato, externo distincto, tenui, longo
acuto.

Palpi maxillares et labiales apice acute.

Antenne longitudine thoracis articulo 24 3%° breviori, articulis 5
ultimis majoribus.

Thorax fere rotundatus, postice parum latior. Sterna simplicia
lata.

Elyira brevia obtusa, thorace dimidio latiora.

Femora ovonia subtus dente armata. Tibie 4 postice ad apicem
externe emarginate.

Scetoponta Curcutionoiwwrs. SS. aureo-viridis cyaneo varia,
capite viridi ruguloso-punctato vertice lineis tribus impressis
antice conjunctis, lateralibus obliquis, antennis mgris, articulis
basalibus viridibus ; thorace aureo-viridi, utrinque macula ob-
longa extus lobata, cyanea ; transverse anguloso ; elytris rugu-
losis, punctis majoribus in lineas longitudinales irregulariter
dispositis, aureo-viridibus fasciis tribus irregularibus suturaque
cyaneis.

‘Long. corp. lin. 3.

_ Forricurararsata. F. nigra, thorace postice et elytris punctis

elevatis nitidis ; capite nigro sericeo, antennis longis 25-articulatis,
pedibus piceis, apice tibiarum tarsisque albidis, forcipe & lon-
gissima, fere corporis longitudine gracili, e basi usque ad medium
curvata, denticulis nonnullis internis armata ; e medio fere ad
apicem recta, apice ipso incurvo acuto; segmentis abdominis
in 3 tuberculis minutis elevatis scabris, serieque in singulo ad
marginem posticum tuberculorum majorum, denteque obtuso por-
recto in singulo segmento utrinque ad angulum lateralem posticum.
Long. corp. ¢. lin. 7. forcipis, lin. 5. = 12.

iymMenores. Genus novum e familia Locustidarum Tetrici affine.

A
Corpus valde compressum.

Caput mediocre} obliquum.

130

Antenne breves gracillime, filiformes, articulo 1™° crasso rotun-
dato, 2% multo minori, reliquis longitudine sensim crescentibus.

Prothorax maximus foliaceus, valde compressus folium aridum
exacte referens, supra et ante caput angulariter porrectus, valde
elevatus et postice supra abdomen protensus ; parte postica
subtus, proreceptione alarum et abdominis canaliculata, proster-
num in collare pro receptione oris formatum,

Pedes inter se basi longe distantes, femoribus presertim posticis
foliaceis, tarsis 3-articulatis, articulo 2" minutissimo. Pul-
villi nulli.

Species 1. Hymenotes rhombea, Membracis r. Fabricius, Ent.
Syst. 4. 8.2. p. Syst. Rh. 7. Cicada r. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2.
704. Alatus.

Habitat in Jamaica. In Mus. Soc. Linn. Lond. olim Banks.

Species 2. Hymenores 3-ancutanis. H. fusca, prothorace sub-
triangulari, margine, e fronte ad medium integro et curvato, dein
ad apicem obliquo, serrato, femoribus anticis vix foliaceis, pos-
ticis latioribus, supra irregulariter incisis.

Long. corp. lin. 53. Long. prothoracis lin. 8.

Furcora apicais. Westw. Monogr. Fulg. Trans, Soc, Linn.
inedit.

Macuarrora ENSIFERA. Burmeister, Handb. der Ent. 2. p. 128.

Centrotus sBiroriatus. C. fuscus punctatus prothorace antice
in cornu longissimum erectum conicum, postice setigerum elevato ;
apice bifido, parte bifida fere longitudine corni, retro extensa, cum
apice extremo singuli dilatato, acuto ; parte postica prothoracis
compressa, longiludine corporis apice sensim attenuato et paullo
deflexo-curvato, prothorace in medio, supra dorsum, fascia lata
albida ; hemelytris fuscis punetis nonnullis obliquis pallidis ad
marginem internum, tibiis anticis latioribus, posticis gracilibus.

Long. corp. lin. 23. Long. e basi usque ad apicem cornu pro-
thoracis, lin. 6.

Obs. Valde affinis Centr. Hardwickei, Kirby in Loudon’s Mag.

Nat. ii. p. 21. a. e Nepalia.

Centrotus Horriricus. C. fuscus rude punctatus, abdomine
nigro, punctis majoribus ; prothoracis parte antica in cornua duo —
elongata erecta divergentia seligera, apice singuli dilatato et
acute emarginalo, producta ; parte postica, abdominis longi-
tudine, basi (supra sculellum distinctum bifidum) in nodum—
setigerum curvata, nodoque paullo ante apice multo majori ele-
vato-compresso supra rotundato, seligero, armata ; tibiis 4 anticis —
oblongo-ovatis, hemelytrorum venis basalibus tuberculatis.

Long. corp. lin. 2.

Repvuvius t1s1aLis. R. ameeno, Guér. (Icon. R. An. Ins. pl. 56.
f. 17.) valde affinis, capite postice magis attenuato. Niger, punc-
tatus, thoracis lobo antico parvo tuberculis duobus elevatis armato,
hemelytris fuscis, plaga obliqua media, maculaque minori ovata
subapicali albido-hyalinis, abdominis lateribus valde dilatatis,
antennis, rostro, pedibusque rubris, femoribus nigris apice rubris.

Long. corp. lin. 12. Expans. alar. lin. 19.

131

November 28, 1837.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby brought before the notice of the Society a new species
of Phalanger, hitherto confounded with Ph. Cookii, but possessing
distinctive characters, which made Mr. Ogilby determine to separate
it from that species under the name of Ph. Viverrina. It may be
readily distinguished from Ph. Cookii by its superior size, dark ashy
brown colour, and white ears, and by the absence of the clear red tinge
which is so conspicuous on the throat, flanks and extremities of that
species. Its characters, however, are in other respects much the
same: it has the same small round ears, the same long slender tail,
similarly tipt with white, and the same division of the fingers into
‘two groups, which Mr. Ogilby formerly pointed out as characteristic
of the Ph. Cookii, and which led him to distinguish that species
from the other Phalangers, as a subgenus, under the name of Pseu-
docheirus. The two species distinguished on the present occasion
differ in habitat, as well as in the characters pointed out; the Ph.
Cookit being confined to continental Australia, whilst the Ph. Vi-
verrina is only found in the neighbouring island of Van Diemen’s

Land.

_ Mr. Gray then laid before the Meeting a general arrangement of
Reptiles, and observed, that since the publication of his Synopsis
Reptilium he had found it necessary to modify the arrangement which
he had adopted in that work, and he now proposes to divide the
class Reptilia into the following orders :

Ist. Squamata, or Scaly Reptiles, being the typical group, and
including Ist, Saurians, and 2nd, Ophidians ;

2nd. The annectant group Cataphracta, or shielded Reptiles, con-
taining 3rd, Amphisbenians; 4th, Chelonians; and, 5th, Emydo-
gaurians.

Mr. Gray observed that in his previous arrangement he had fore-
seen the difficulty connected with the Amphisbenians, and hesitated
to make an order of a group then containing so small a number of
_ species; such extensive additions however have resulted from the
_ recent labours of Zoologists that the genera now exceed in number
the amount of species formerly known.

_ Mr. Gray then proceeded to remark that the class Reptilia ex-
hibits a regular series of affinities returning into each other, so as to
_ present a circular disposition ; and he also observed that many points
‘of resemblance may be noticed between the Saurians and the Pri-
_ mates, the Ophidians and the Fere, and the Chelonians and Ungu-
_ lata; but that the resemblance of the Amphisbenians and the Emydo-
_ saurians to the Glires and the Cetacea is not so evident; though the

_ Emydo-saurians among the Reptilia, like the Cetacea among the Mam-
_ matlia, are the most truly aquatic of their class.

— AS

132

Mr. Gray then proposed to divide the Saurians into the following
five sub-divisions :

1. Pachyglosse, or thick-tongued Lizards, including, Ist. the Noc-
turnal, or family of the Geckoes; and, 2nd. the Diurnal, as the
Chameleons and Agamas of the Old World, and the Guanas (Igua-
nide) of the New World.

2. Leptoglosse, or slender-tongued Lizards, including three sec-
tions characterized by the form of the tongue, containing, 1. the fami-
lies of Lacertide, Zonuride, Cercosauride, Cherocolide, Chamesauride,
Helodermide ; 2. Monitoride; 3, Seincide.

Mr. Gray then laid before the Society a catalogue containing a
list of the Slender-Tongued Saurians in the collections of the Bri-
tish Museum and the Zoological Society, and the descriptions of
many new genera and species.

Mr. Gray afterwards exhibited from the collection of the Earl of
Derby a new Fox from Senegal, and a very young specimen of Ge-
netta Senegalensis, which he remarked corresponded exactly with
the adult animal in the peculiar form of the naked band on the soles
of the hind feet.

The new fox he designated as

C. Vulpes dorsalis, (the Senegal Fox). Fur greyish-white, va-
ried with black tips to the hairs; face rather yellowish ; fore and
hind limbs rather pale foxy ; back with a dark brown dorsal streak,
varied with black ; chin and belly whitish; tail rather slender, black
tipped: length of body and head 15, tail 8 inches. The black tips
of the hairs form indistinct spots on the sides of the back, a streak
on the upper part of the base, and a black tip to the tail, where there
are a few elongate white hairs. There is a very narrow black streak
on the front of the fore legs. This species is very like the small In-
dian fox, (V. Bengalensis, Gray,) and the C. Caama of Dr. Smith,
but it is smaller, and has a less bushy tail, and a distinct dorsal
streak, not found on either of them. It has not the black lips, nor
the black spot on the hinder edge of the thighs of the Cape species.

The Earl of Derby having forwarded to the Society a number of
interesting birds, with a view to their exhibition at one of the sci-
entific meetings, Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, re-
marked upon such of them as were especially worthy of notice, and
pointed out one new species of Grouse belonging to Mr. Swainson’s
subgenus Lyurus, which Mr. Gould characterized as

Lyurus Dersianus. Lyu. vertice, collo, corporeque supra me-
tallice nigrescenti-cyaneis, nitide brunneo, fasciatis et irroratis ;
tectricibus ale majoribus ad bases et apices albis; eaudd nigra,
rectricibus externis brunneo irroratis; corpore subtus nigrescenti-*
brunneo, albo brunneoque irrorato ; crisso albo ; femoribus albis ;
tarsis obscuré brunneis; rostro digitisque brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 15; rostri, 1; ale, 9; caude, 7; tarsi, 2.

Obs.’ The subgenus Lyurus has been separated from Tetrao by

Mr. Swainson, and in this species the tail very closely approximates

erd:.

——

133

in form to that of the common black cock, the type of Mr. Swain-
son's section.

The bird above described has every appearance of being adult,
and, as far as I have been enabled to ascertain, is from Siberia; it is
less in all its proportion than the common species, but has the tail-
_ feathers more developed; there are traces of some white feathers
about the throat and cheeks, but as the markings thus produced are
not regular, I have reason to consider it as accidental. I have given
it the specific appellation of Derbianus, in honour of the Earl of
Derby, in whose collection it is contained.

Mr. Gould afterwards exhibited, from his own collection of Au-
stralian birds, an entirely new group of four species, for which no
generic title has yet been applied, so far as he was aware, and but
one species only characterized, by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield,
under the name of Acantheza frontalis; for this genus Mr. Gould
proposed the generic name of Sericornis, and for the three species,
those of citreo-gularis, humilis, and parvulus.

Family SAXICOLIN.
Genus SERICORNIS.

Rostrum robustum, rectum, caputque quoad longitudinem feré
zequans, ad apicem compressum, et indentatum.

Nares basales, laterales, ovales, et operculo tecte.

Ale mediocres, rotundatz ; remige primo perbrevi, quarto, quinto,
atque sexto longissimis et inter se feré zequalibus.
Cauda mediocris et equalis.
Tarsi elongati; digitus posticus cum ungue validus, digitum in-
termedium feré equans; digitis externis zequalibus.
Plume molles et sericez.
Typus est Acanthiza frontalis, Vig. and Horsf.

SERICORNIS HUMILIS. Ser. loro nigrescenti-fusco ; et super hoc
striga indistinctd alba ; vertice, corpore supra, alis, cauddque
olivaceis, rubro lavatis; ala spurid nigrescente ; plumis singulis
albo marginatis; guldé cinered fusco guttatd ; pectore abdomine-
que medio, fuscescenti-flavis, illo fusco indistincte guttato; late-

- ribus castaneis; rostro nigrescente; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 5 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 22; caude, 24; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Terra Van Diemen.

SERICORNIS CITREOGULARIS. Mas. Ser. loro, annulo circum-
oculari, plumisque auricularibus intensé nigrescenti-fuscis ; lined
vescente a naribus super oculos excurrente ; vertice, corporeque
| supra, rectricibus, secondariisque alarum, cauddque rufo-brun-
neis; primartis ad marginem externum olivaceis; ald spurida
nigrescente; guld citrind; pectore lateribusque olivaceo-fuscis ;
abdomine medio albo; rostro nigro; pedibus brunneis.
Long. tot. 54 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 2%; caud@, 23; tarsi, 14.
Hab. Nova Cambria Australi.

134

Obs. The female is less brilliant in all her markings than the
male.

SERICORNIS PARVULUS. Ser. loro pallidé fusco, et super hoe
strigd cinerea; vertice, corpore supra, alis, cauddque olivaceo-
fuseis, rubro lavatis; ald spurid nigrescente, plumis singulis
albo marginatis; pectore, abdomineque medio citrinis, lateribus
olivaceo-fuscis; rostro nigrescente; pedibus luteis.

Long. tot. 4 une.; rostri, 3; ale, 14 ; caude, 12; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in ora orientali Nove Hollandie.

q 135

December 12, 1837.

Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gray read a paper, consisting of a revision of the genera and
species of venomous, prehensile-tailed and water snakes, with the de-
scriptions of some new species contained in the British Museum col-
lection, and that of the Zoological Society. Mr. Gray stated that
the family of Crotalide in this catalogue includes twelve genera
and twenty-five species; of which six genera and ten species are
confined to America, three genera and twelve species to Asia and
its islands, while one genus and two species are peculiar to Africa.
Schlegel in his recently published work, describes seventeen species,

_and there are nineteen species in the National collection.
The family of Viperide contains eight genera and ten species,
of which two genera and three species are from Asia, four genera
and nine species from Africa ; two genera and four species occur in
Europe; and one genus, including but one species, inhabits Australia.
All the genera are confined to a single quarter of the globe but
Echis, which has one species from Africa and the other from India.
_ Schlegel described ten species, but then he has referred some of the
_ species which have not come under his examination, without suffi-
cient consideration, to the more common species. Specimens of all
the species but one noticed in the last family, are in the collection
at the British Museum.
The family of Bode contains seventeen genera and twenty-seven

_ species ; of these seven genera and nine species are confined to tropical
_ America, three genera and four species are found in Africa, six
genera and eight species in Asia, three genera and four species are
found in New Holland, and one species in Europe. The species of
the genus Python are found in Africa, Asia, and New Holland: but
each species has its peculiar country, and one species of Eryx is
common to South Europe and North Africa.
_ The family of Hydride consists of twenty-three genera and forty-
eight species, of which twenty are found in the Indian Ocean, and
‘sixteen in the salt-water ditches of India and the neighbouring
islands, and six are found in similar situations in tropical America.

ichlegel described only twenty-seven species, and thirty of the spe-
ies described in the present Catalogue are in the British Museum.

Grouse. Mr. Yarrell observed that this was the third specimen

ch had been sent to the Society for exhibition within a compa-
Tatively short space of time. The first bird, from Cornwall, was
more of a Grouse in appearance than a Pheasant: the second, from
‘Shropshire, was more pheasant-like; but the present bird was deci-
_ No. LX. Procrxpines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

136

dedly intermediate, exhibiting characters belonging to both. The
head, neck, and breast were of a rich dark maroon colour, the feathers
on the breast showing the darker crescentic tips; the upper part of
the tarsi were covered with feathers; the back and wings mottled
blackish gray, like that of a young Black Cock after his first moult,
but with some indications of brown; the feathers of the tail rather
short, but straight, pointed, graduated, and pheasant-like. Mr. Yar-
rel also remarked that this bird more closely resembled the Hybrid
discovered by Gilbert White than any of the previous specimens
which he had examined.

Mr. Gould then brought before the notice of the Meeting a valu-
able collection of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains, recently pre-
sented to the Society’s Museum, by James Farell, Esq., consisting of
114 specimens, among which ke characterised the following new
species.

ATHENE ERYTHROPTERUS. Ath, disco faciali, capite corporeque li-
neis fuscis et fulvescenti-albis, alternate fasciatis ; lateribus gule,
femoribus crissoque cinerescenti-albis ; primariis secondariisque
rufis et fuscis fasciis distinctis, latioribus quam corporis ; caudd
caryophillaced fasciis angustis albis crebre notatd ; rostro pedi-
busque flavescenti-olivaceis.

Long. tot. 9} unc.; ale, 42; caude, 3; tarsi, 11.

Obs. Nearly allied to but less in size than Athene cuculoides (Noctua

cuculoides, Proc. of Comm. Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., Part I.)

Turpus unicotor. Turd. cinereus ; abdomine medio, crissoque al-
bis ; humeris subtis rufis ; rostro pedibusque livido-fuscis.
Long. tot. 94 unc.; rosiri, 1; ale, 31; caude, 33; tarsi, 1}.
Obs. Size of the Common Thrush. ‘The young differs in having
the gray strongly tinged with brownish olive, and the throat grayish
white, bounded down each side with spots of reddish brown.

OrgocINCLA PARVIROSTRIS. Or. capite, nuchd, pectore, lateribus
corporeque supra olivaceo-fuscis ; singulis plumis versus apicem
nitide cervino lavatis, et nigro-fusco late marginatis ; primariis
obscure fuscis, pogoniis externis nitide cervino marginatis, pogoniis
internis ad bases cervino-albis ; tectricibus majoribus alarum ob-
scure cervinis ; ald spuriosd eodem colore externe marginatd; caudd
fuscd margine subfusco, apiceque cinerescenti-albo ; guld, abdo-
mine medio, uropygio, crissoque albis ; rostro pedibusque corneo-
Suscis.

Long. tot. 10 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 5}; caude, 4; tarsi, 1}.

Obs. This species has all the characters of the Oreocincla varia and —

O. Whiteii, but may be readily distinguished from them, by its much
smaller size and its very diminutive bill.

Cinciip1a. Genus novum,

Rostrum caput longitudine equans, leviter arcuatum, ad apicem
emarginatum ad latera compressum ; nares basales, laterales, in

137

fossa tribus vel quatuor setis ad basem instructd; ale brevissime,
concave, rotundatzx: remigibus 6% et 7™° longioribus ; cauda me-
diocris, rotundata; tarsi majusculi; pedes elongati; digito posti-
co, medio longiore ; digitis lateralibus equalibus et fere usque ad
articulum primum conjunctis.

Cincuipr1a puncrata. Cinc. summo capite, et nuchd rufis, singulis
plumis stemmatibus albicantibus ; loro, plumis super-ocularibus
cervino-albis ad apices nigris; auricularibus, lateribus colli, cor-
pore supra, alis cauddque rufo-fuscis ; pectore corporeque subtis
cervinis, singulis plumis maculd fuscd apicem versus longitudi-
naliter notatis ; rostro pedibusque pallide fuscis.

Long. tot. 6% unc.; rostri, Z; ale, 23; caude, 3; tarsi, 1.

Bracuyrus pLumirera. Brac. capite, pectore, lateribus colli, guld-
que nitide viridescenti-nigris ; corpore, alisque olivaceo-flavis ; pri-
mariis fuscis, olivaceo-flavo marginatis ; seconduriis, pogoniis in-
ternis fuscis ; caudd fuscd ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 74 unc.; rostri, %3 ale,31; caude, 34; tarsi, }.

Cucuxus mricrorrerus. Cuc. summo capite, corpore supra alisque
obscure plumbaceis ; caudd nigrescenti-plumbuced, plits minisve
albo notatd ; primariis interne ad bases maculis oblongis albisque
notatis ; gutiure pectoreque cinereis; corpore subtis albo, nigro
erebre fasciato ; rostro ad apicem nigro, ad basin carneo.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 7¢; caude, 61; tarsi, 2.

Pomatorninus LEvcocaster. Pom. strigd albd super-cculari, a
rostro per collum excurrente ; loro, lined infra-oculari, auriculari-
busque nigris ; summo capite, corpore supra, alis crissoque oliva-
ceo-fuscis ; caudd fused ; lateribus colli, pectoris, corporisque ni-
tid? rufis ; guld, pectore, abdomineque medio albis ; rostro flavo ;

pedibus plumbaceis.

Long. tot. 9 unc.; rostri, 11; ale, 3}; caude, 4; tarsi, 12.

ee!

138

December 26, 1837.
John Edward Gray, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited a very extensive series of Australian birds
principally from his own collection, including about eighty new
speties, all of which were severally brought before the notice of
the meeting, Mr. Gould remarking upon such of them as presented
characters of novelty or importance. The names proposed by
Mr. Gould for the birds forming this great addition to our know-
ledge of Australian ornithology, and their respective characters, are
as follow:

HALIAEtus spHENURuUS. Hal. capite, nuchd, guttureque pallideé
cervinis ; corpore supra alisque intensé fuscis, singulis plumis
ad apicem pallide cervinis ; caudd cuneiformi, ad basin albe-
scenti-cervind, apicem versus fused, ad apicem albd ; pectore
Sfusco, plumis cervino marginatis ; abdomine, cervino fuscoque
pieto, crisso, cauddaque subtus albis ; rostro fusco ; tarsis flavis.

Long. tot. 32 unc. ; rostri, 2; ale, 25; caude, 144; tarsi, 31.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. The above description was taken from two specimens in the
United Service Museum, which are doubtless male and female, but
which are not quite mature.

This fine species would appear to represent the European Ha-
liaétus albicillus in Australia. In size it nearly equals the Aguila
Jfucosa, and like that bird it has a wedge-shaped tail, a character
common to many of the Raptorial birds of Australia.

HALiaETus LEucosTERNUS. Hal. capite, collo, pectore, abdomi-
neque summo niveis; dorso, alis, abdomine imo, femoribus,
crissoque leté castaneis ; primariis ad apicem nigris ; caudd
castaned, subtus pallidiore, rectricibus sex intermediis ad apicem
cinerescentibus ; rostro ad basin plumbaceo, ad apicem flaves-
cente ; pedibus flavescenti-plumbaceis.

Long. tot. 224 une.; rostri, 13; ale, 155; cauda@, 9; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species is nearly allied to Hal. Pondicerianus, but dif-

fers from that bird in the smaller extent of the cere, and in the uni-
form snow-white colouring of the neck and chest.

PANDION LEUCOCEPHALUS. Pand. vertice, nuchd, guld, abdo-
mine, femoribus, crissoque albis ; plumis pectoris fusco ad api-
cem notats ; plumis auricularibus fuscescenti-nigris ; colli late-
ribus fuscis; dorso, alis, cauddque brunneis, singulis plumis
noté albé angusté apicali ornatis; primariis nigris; rostro
nigro; tarsis olivaceo-plumbaceis.

139

Long. tot. 21 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 164; caude, 8; tarsi, 21.

Hab. in Australia.
Obs. I venture to characterise this bird as distinct from the Pan-
dion Haliaétus, as it appears to be always smaller in size, and is
moreover said to have yellow ¢arst. The individual from which my

description was taken has this character to a certain extent, although
a leaden tint pervades in some parts. I have never seen a specimen
of P. Haliaétus with so much white on the head and back of the
neck as is found in the Australian bird.

Fatco Frrontatus. fale. fronte cinerescenti; vertice, genis,
plumis auricularibus, corporeque supra cinerescenti-plumbaceis ;
primariis intus maculis ovalibus cervinis ornatis; rectricibus
caude duabus intermediis cinereis,nigro obscure fasciatis, reliquis
cinereo et rufescente alternatim fasciatis ; guld, pectoreque pallidé
cervinis, hujus plumis in medio lined fused notatis ; corpore sub-
tus obscuré rufescenti-aurantiaco ; rostro plumbaceo, cerd pedi-
busque fiavis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; rostri, £; ale, 95; caude, 54; tarsi, 14.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. I find the young of this species much darker than the adult,
particularly in the markings of the chest and abdomen; the upper
surface also has most of the feathers tinged with reddish brown,
and the tail-feathers are tipped with this colour.

This species is nearly allied to Falco subbuteo and F. salon.

FALco MELANoGENYS. Mas. Fale. capite toto fuscescenti-nigro ;
corpore supra, alis, cauddque cinereo fuscoque alternatim fas-
cialis; primariis extus intensé fuscis, intus cervino fasciatis ;
guld pectoreque cervinis; abdomine rufescenti-cinereo, guttis
ovalibus intense fuscis ornato; lateribus crissoque rufescenti-
cinereis, fausciis intense fuscis contortim notatis ; rostro ad apicem
plumbaceo, ad basin flavo; cera pedibusque flavis.

Fam. A mari differt staturd majore, necnon colore gule, pectoris,
abdominisque intensiore.

Mas. Long. tot. 15 unce.; rostri, 13; ale, 114; caude, 52; tarsi, 14.

Fam. ————17 —-; » 1%; —-, 134; » 64; 1g.

Hab. per totam Australiam.

Obs. This species is closely allied to the Falco Peregrinus, from

_ which it may be at all times distinguished by the black colouring

_ of the cheeks.

_ Fatco srunneus. Fale. capite, corporeque superiore intensé
Suseis; primariis intis notis albis triangularibus ornatis; caudd
_ Lineis fuscescentibus septem obscuré et angusté fasciatis; guld,
_—- notdque ante oculos cervinis; pectore pallidé cervino, plumis
> lined fusco centrali notatis; corpore subtus albo fuscoque com-
mixtis ornato; tridibus flavis ; rostro nigro; pedibus plumbaceis.
Long. tot. 16 unc.; rostrt, 14; ale, 10; eaude, 74; tarsi, 21.
Hab. in Nova Zealandia.
Obs. In the Collection of the Zoological Society.

140

IrRACIDEA. Genus novum.

Rostrum, ut in genere Falco dicto; alis attamen mints rigidis,
remige tertio longissimo; ¢arsis longioribus, gracilioribus, et
anticé squamis hexagonalibus tectis; digitis gracilioribus, digito
postico breviore, wnguibus mints robustis.

Typus est Falco Berigora, Vig. et Horsf.

LepPIDOGENys sugcrisTATus. Lep. vertice, genis, plumis auri-
cularibus, dorsoque superiore fuscescenti-cinereis; occipite, cris-
tdque occipitali nigrescenti-fuscis ; dorso, scapularibusque fuscis,
alis supra fuscescenti-cinereis, subtis argenteo-cinereis, primariis
secondariisque fasciis duabus nigris notatis; wropygio, tectrici-
busque caude superioribus fuscis; caudd fuscescenti-cinered,
nigro fasciatd, et ad apicem large nigra; guld, pectore, humert
parte, crissoque, cinereis rufo tinctis; corpore subtus pallide
cervino, castuneo fasciato; rostro pallidé plumbeo, tarsis flais.

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 14; ale, 13; caude, 84; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. This bird would belong to M. Lesson’s genus Zophotes; but
that term having been previously employed, I have been induced to
adopt the generic title proposed by Mr. J. E. Gray in its stead.
The form is somewhat allied to Pernis.

Mitvus Arrinis. Milv. plumis capitis, nuche, collique laterum
rufescenti-cervinis, strigd centrali fused notatis; corpore supra
brunneo, tectricibus alarum rufescentibus ; singulis plumis nigrd
lined centrali notatis et ad apicem pallidé brunneis ; primariis
nigris, secondariis nigrescentibus ; caudd fuscd, nigrescente fas-
ciatd, et ad apicem cinered ; guld fuscescenti-cervind, singulis
plumis lined centrali nigré; corpore subtis rufescenti-fusco,
singulis plumis lined centrali fused apud pectorales maximé
conspicud ornatis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus fiavescentibus.

Long. tot. 21 une.; rostri, 14; ale, 152; caude, 104; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species is very nearly allied to the Milvus ater of Eu-
rope: the circumstance of nearly the whole of the Fauna of Au-
stralia being distinct from those of all other parts of the world has
induced me to separate it specifically from that bird; the chief dif-
ference is in its being somewhat smaller in size.

Mirvus Isurus. Milv. fronte, linedque supra-oculari cervinis ;
singulis plumis, apice, linedque centrali nigris notatis ; vertice,
dorso, lateribus colli, gutture, humeris supra et subtis, cor-
poreque subtus rufescenti-aurantiacis ; plumis singulis verticis,
occipitis, et precipue pectoris notam longitudinalem apicalem-
gue nigram habentibus ; dorso superiore, plumisque scapula-
ribus intense fuscis ; primariis ad apicem fuseis, nigro obscuré
fasciatis, ad basin intis cinereis ; secondariis intense fuscis ni-
gro fasciatis ; uropygio crissoque albis, nigro cervinoque fasci-
atis ; caudd feré quadratd, et cinereo-fused ; rectricibus, duabus
eaternis utringue exceptis, obscuré fasciis quatuor angustis nigris

*
Ses

141

—_= =

ornatis ; omnibus ad apicem nigris ; rostro fusco ; cerd, tarsisque
vis.

Long. tot. 20 une. ; rostri, 13; ale, 814; caude, 81; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species, the immediate locality of which is not known,
offers the nearest approach to the Common Kite, Milvus vulgaris,
that has yet been discovered ; but is readily distinguished from that
species by the square form of the tail.

Exanus noratus. Al. oculis nigro anguste cireumdaitis ; fronte,
lateribus faciei corporeque subtus albis ; nuchd, dorso, scapula-
ribus, tectricibusque caude majoribus delicate cinereis ; alis maxi-
mis ex partibus nigris, humeris subtis albis ; primariis supra ni-
grescenti-cinereis, subtis fusco-nigris ; cauda cinerescenti-alba ;
rostro nigro ; cerd pedibusque aurantiaco-flavis.

Long. tot. une. 14; ale, 113; caude, 64; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Distinguished from Hlanus melanopterus by the oval spot
of black on the under surface of the wing, whence its specific name ;
it also differs from Hlanus leucurus in the form of the tail and other
characters.

Circus JArpineI. Mas. Cire. vertice, genis, plumisque auricu-
laribus intensé castaneis, fusco longitudinalitér notatis ; disco
fasciali, nuchd, dorso superiore, pectore neenon dorso imo, sca-
pularibusque, intensé cinereis, his albo levitér notatis ; humeris,
alis subtis, abdomine, femoribus, crissoque, castaneis, albo per-
pulchre notatis ; tectricibus alarum fusco-cineraceis, irregulariter
albo notatis ; secondariis cineraceis, fasciis tribus fuscis angusté
notatis, fascidque latd terminali ; primariis ad basin cervinis,
per reliquas partes nigris ; tectricibus caude superioribus fuscis,
fascias albas, apicemque album ostendentibus ; caudd cinereo
fuscoque alternatim fasciata ; rostro nigro; pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 19 unc. ; ale, 16; caude, 10; tarsi, 32.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Syn. Cireus assimilis, Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn., vol. i. pl. 51, fe-

~ male?

Obs. 1 am induced to believe that the bird figured by Messrs. Jar-

_ dine and Selby under the name of Circus assimilis will prove to be
_ the female of this bird ; but as I am not quite certain, I have thought
it best to characterise the present bird under a new name.

ATHENE? ForTIs. Ath. facie guldque cinerescenti-albis ; vertice,
corporeque supra fuscis, purpureo tinctis ; scapularibus, secon-
dariis tectricibusque ale majoribus albo guttatis ; primariis al-

____ ternatim fusco griseoque fasciatis; fasciis pallidis ad mar-

so ginem externum albescentibus ; caudd fusca lineis sex vel septem

cinerescentibus transversim fasciatis, apice cinerescente ; cor-
pore subtis brunneo alboque marmorato, hée colore marginem
— plumarum ornante; tarsis ad digitos vestitis, fusco cervinoque

142

marmoratis ; rostro flavescenti-corneo ; digitis longis, flavis, pi-
lisque tectis.

Long. tot. 154 une. ; ale, 114; caude, 74; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

ATHENE? STRENUA. Ath. vertice, corpore supra, alis, cauddque
intense fuscis, fasctis purpurescenti-brunneis transversin ornatis ;
his majoribus pallidioribusque ad imum dorsum ; secondariis,
rectricibusque caude ad marginem tnternum, facie, guld, pecto-
reque superiore, badiis, plumis partium harum noté brunned
central ornatis ; corpore subtus albo, levitér badio lavato, et.fusco
fasciato ; rostro corneo ad basin, ad apicem nigro ; pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 24 unc. ; rostri, 2; ale, 15; caude, 104; tarsi, Zi.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Hatcyon incinctus. Hale. fronte, medio et vertice nigrescenti-
Suseis, leviter ceruleo tinctis; fronte in lateribus strigis badiis
notatd ; occipite et nuchd eyaneis; loro, lined infra-oculari au-
ricularibusque nigris ; plumis in fronte leviter badio marginatis ;
dorso medio lilacino viridi nitenti; humeris caude tectricibus
majoribus et minoribus viridescenti-ceruleis ; alis spuriosis, se-
condariisque cyaneis; primariis brunneis ad bases niveis, et
ceruleo-viridi externé marginatis ; tectricibus superioribus cauda
viridi-ceruleis, fulgore metallico; caudé cyaned; guld alba;
pectore corporeque subtus pallidé badiis; mandibuld superiori
nigra; mandibuld inferiori ad marginem apicemque nigra, ad
basin earned; pedibus carneis.

Long. tot. unc. 8; rostri, 13; ale, 3%; caude, 2}; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Nearly allied to Haleyon MacLeayii of Jardine and Selby.

CAPRIMULGIDA. Fam.
Evrostorpopus. Genus novum.

Rostrum quam in Caprimulgo longius et robustius; ares laterales
et lineares ; vietus setis brevibus, debilibus, divergentibusque in-
structus ; ale quam in Caprimulgo longiores et fortiores; remi-
gibus \mo et 2do longissimis et equalibus ; eauda feré quadrata,
mediocris ; ¢arst robusti, plumis anticé instructi; digiti breves,
robusti, carnosi; digiti externi xquales et intermedio per dimi-
dium, membranaé conjuncti; digito intermedio, wrgue interne
validé pectinato.

Typi sunt, Caprimulgus guttatus, in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 192.
Caprimulgus albogularis, Ibid. p. 194.

Myracra nitipa. Myi. nigrescenti-viridi, fulgore metallico ;
abdomine tectricibusque caude inferioribus albis; rostro ad
apicem nigro, hoe colore versus basin in ecwruleum transeunte ;
pedibus fusco-nigris.

Long. tot. unc. 6}; rostri, 3; ale, 33; caude, 34; tarsi, 3.

aps

143

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi et terra Van Diemen.
Obs. Differs from Myiagra plumbea in its larger size, and in the
darker and richer colouring of the plumage.

GRAUCALUS PARVIROSTRIS. Graue. fronte, facie, lateribus colli,
guldque nigris ; vertice, corpore supra, alisque in medio cinereis ;
primariis, secondariisque intis nigresceniibus, grisco marginatis ;
caudé nigrescente, ad basin cinered, ad apicem largé alba, rectri-
cibus intermediis exceptis ; pectore cinereo ; abdomine imo, ald
internd, crissoque albis ; lateribus, femoribusque pallidé cinerets ;
rostro pedibusque nigrescenti-fuscis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; rostri, 1}; ale, 73; caude, 6 ; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. This species differs from Graue. melanops principally in the

much smaller size of the bill and the lighter tint of the grey.

GRAUCALUS MELANOTIS. Grauc. loro, lined infra-oculari, plu-
misque auricularibus nigris ; vertice, nuchd, collique lateribus,
dorso, uropygio, caude@ tectricibus, humerisque pallide cinereis ;
primariis, secondariisque intus nigrescenti-fuscis, cinereo margi-
natis ; rectricibus caude nigrescenti-fuscis, ad basin cinereis, ad
apicem large albis ; guld, pectore, lateribusque cinereis, fusco fas-
ciatis; abdomine imo, femoribus crissoque, albis ; rostro nigres-
cente ad apicem, ad basin rufescente ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 13 unc. ; rostri, 13; ale, 72; caude, 65 ; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield considered this bird as iden-
tical with the Papuan Crow of Latham, but on comparison I find
this is not the case ; it may ultimately prove to be an immature male,
or a female of Graue. melanops, but until future observation has
cleared up this point it will be better to characterize it as distinct.

CEBLEPYRIS HUMERALIS. Mas. Cebl. fronie, vertice, nuchd dor-
soque nitide viridescenti-nigris ; humeris, tectricibusque superio-
ribus caude ; alis nigris secundariis albo marginatis ; dorso in-
feriore et uropygio cinereis ; caudd obscure nigra, plumis duabus
externis utrinque apicibus albis; guld, pectore corporeque subtus
rostro pedibusque nigris.

Feem. vertice, nuchd, dorsoque superiore brunneis ; dorso inferiore,
uropygio cauddque ut in mare ; tectricibus majoribus minori-
busque caude badio marginatis ; secondariis mare latioribus

_—_ albo marginatis ; guld corporeque subtus fusco-albis ; rostro pe-

— dibusque nigris.

Long. tot. unc. 64; rostri, 2; ala, 4; caude, 6}; tarsi, §.

_ Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

__Obs. Nearly allied to Ceblepyris leucomela( Campephaga leucomela,

ig. and Horsf.; Lanius Karu, Less.), but differing from that spe-

ies in its smaller size, in the greater extent of the white mark on

e shoulders, and in nearly wanting the stripe of white which crosses

e secondaries.

144

FALCUNCULUS LEUCOGASTER. Fale. fronte alba, crista oceipitali
nigra; genis albis lined nigraé notatis ad nucham eatendente ;
dorso, humeris, tectricibusque caude et wropygio olivaceo-flavis ;
primariis secondariisque brunneis, olivaceo marginatis ; rectri-
cibus caude duabus externis albis, duabus intermediis olivaceis,
reliquis brunneis, olivaceo-marginatis ; guld olivaceo-viridi ; pec-
tore tectricibusque caude inferioribus nitide sulphureo-flavis ;
abdomine femoribusque albis ; rostronigro ; pedibus plumbaceis.

Long. tot. une. 6 ; rostri, 3; ale, 33 ; caude, 25 ; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. For a knowledge of this new species of true Faleunculus,

I am indebted to the Earl of Derby, who lent me the example from
which the above characters are taken ; and which, from the olive co-
louring of the throat, may probably prove to be a female.

FatcuncuLus FLAvicuLUus. Fale. loro albo ; vertice et strigd ab
oculo usque ad latus colli nigrescenti-brunneis, super infraque
strigis albis ; dorso, tectricibusque superioribus caude viride-
scenti-albis ; guld olivaceo-viridi ; alis fuscis, pallidé brunneo
marginatis ; caudé fuscd, rectricibus tribus utringue plus mi-
nusve albo notatis ; mento maculd alba; guld, pectore, abdomine
tectricibusque inferioribus caude nitide flavis; rostro pedibusque
cyaneo-nigris.

Long. tot. une. 52; ale, 33 ; caud@, 27; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species, independently of its smaller size, may be rea-
dily distinguished from all others, by the uniform yellow colouring
of the under surface, from the chin to the vent. It would seem that
this bird was overlooked by Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, who ap-
pear to have thought it identical with fal. gutturalis.

;

EopsALTRIA PARVULA. op. vertice, auricularibus, nuchd dor-
soque cinereis ; guld pectoreque inferiori griseis ; uropygio oli-
vaceo ; alis brunneis ; caudd brunned, rectricibus apicibus gri-
seis; pectore corporeque subtus nitide flavis ; rostro nigro ; pedi-
bus brunneis.

Long. tot. uné. 53; rostri, 3; ale, 3; caude, 2}; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. The genus EHopsaltria was instituted by Mr. Swainson for

the Yellow-Breasted Thrush of Lewin (Pachycephala Australis of
Vig. and Horsf.), to which the present bird is nearly allied.

EopsALTRIA GRISEO-GULARIS. Vertice, auricularibus, nuché dor- —
soque griseis ; guld pectoreque einerescenti-albis ; abdomine, uro-—
pygio, tectricibusque superioribus et inferioribus caude nitide

vis ; alis cauddque fuscis ; caudd ad extremum apicem alba ;
rostro pedibusque nigrescenti-brunneis.

Long. tot. une. 6 ; rostri, }; ale, 31; caude, 23 ; tarsi, Z.

Hab. in Australia apud flumen Cygnorum.

Obs. Closely allied to Hopsaltria Australis. In the collection at

Fort Pitt, Chatham. .

145

SrericuLus Macninostris. Ser. fronte, gule lateribus, corpo-
reque subtus griseis, singulis plumis brunneo marginatis ; ma-
culd occipital nigra et quadrata ; lined nigra irregulari in gut-
ture centrali ; nuchd, dorso, scapulisque cinerescenti-albis, mar-
gine brunneo circumdatis ; alis, uropygio, cauddque olivaceo-
brunneis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long, tot. une. 114; rostri, 14; ale, 5}; eaude, 43 ; tarsi, 14.

Hab. in terri Van Diemen ?

Obs. This is in every respect a true Sericulus, and from what we

know of the changes of the common species Ser. chrysocephalus, I
conceive that it may prove to be a female, or immature bird.

OregocincLta. Genus novum.

Rostrum capitis longitudinem zquans vel superans, subincurvatum,
lateraliter compressum, mandibula superiore apice prominente,
denticula ab apice longé amota, gonide acuto; rictus setis paucis
brevibus instructus; ale mediocres, rigidz, remige 1™° brevissi-
mo, 4° et 5 feré awqualibus et longissimis; cauda subbrevis,
quadrata, plumis rigidis ; ¢ars¢ mediocres, squamis integris ; digiti
graciles, posticus praecipué, digitis lateralibus feré aqualibus, in-
terno breviore ; plume sericez.

Typi sunt, Oreocincla Nove Hollandie et Turdus varius, Horsf.

OREOCINCLA MACRORHYNCHA. Or. summo capite, corpore supra,
olivaceo-brunneis, singulis plumis nigro ad apicem leviter mar-
ginatis ; caudé alisque olivaceo-brunneis ; secondariis badio le-
viter marginatis ; rectricibus duabus externis utringue ad apicem
albis ; guld corporeque subtus cervino-albis, singulis plumis,
maculis nigris lanceolatis ad apicem notatis ; rostro aldque spu-
riosé ad apicem nigrescenti-brunneis ; pedibus pallide brunneis.
Long. tot. unc. 103; rostri, 13; ale, 54; caude, 44 ; tarsi, 1
Hab. in Nova Zealandia.
Obs. Nearly allied to, but differing from, the Turdus varius of
authors, in the much larger size of the bill, and in the deeper black
olouring of the margins of the feathers. In the British Museum.

J.
7

Familia ?
Symmorpruus. Genus novum.

Rostrum subbreve, tumidum; mandibuld superiori ad apicem leviter
emarginata; eulmine commissurdque subarcuatis; nares basales,
_ ovales et plumis frontalibus feré occultate ; ale mediocres, re-
“mige 1™° breviore, 2% per dimidium ; 3%, 4° et 5' longissimis
et inter se feré eequalibus; cauda mediocris, rectrice externa
utrinque per partem quartam ceteris breviore ; tarsi et pedes me-
ane illi anticé scutellati; digito postico cum ungue, medio
breviori; digitis lateralibus ineequalibus, interno brevissimo.

mr’.

Symmorpuus LEucoryGus. Sym. loro nigrescenti-brunneo; li-
-ned supra-oculari cervino-albd ; summo capite, nuchéa, dorsoque

146

intensé rufo-fuscis ; humeris, tectricibus majoribus alarum ad
apices, uropygio, guld corporeque subtus albis, badio pallide la-
vatis ; primartis secondariisque nigrescenti-brunneis, badio ob-
scuré marginatis ; rectricibus caude quatuor mediis brunneis,
ad apices cinerescenti-albis, tribus externis utrinque ad basin
per dimidiam partem brunneis, per reliquam partem albis ;
rostro pedibusque nigris.
I Long. tot. une. 73; rostri, 4; ale, 35; caude, 33; tarsi, 1.
7

Lot f , Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

i v @

ACANTHIZA MAGNIROSTRA. Ae. vertice, corpore superiore, alis
cauddque olivaceo-fuscis ; hdc, fronteque rufescentibus ; guld
pectoreque cinereis ; lateribus olivaceis ; rostro nigro; pedibus
brunneis.

Long. tot. 43 une. ; rostri, 3; ale, 2} ; caude, 14; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

ACANTHIZA UROPYGIALIS. Ae. eapite, corpore supra, alisque
fuscis, levitér olivaceo lavatis ; uropygio tectricibusque caude
lete castaneis ; caudé nigrescenti-fuscd, laté ad apicem albo no-
tatd ; guld, pectore, abdomineque medio griseis ; lateribus, cris-
soque pallideé cervinis ; poste 0, pedibusque nigris. |

Long. tot. 33 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 2; caude, 12; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi. :

ACANTHIZA DIEMENENSIS. Ae. fronte rufo-brunneo, notis semi-
lunaribus cervinis, fuscoque adspersis, corpore superiore, alisque
intense olivaceo-fuscis ; tectricibus caude fuscis, castaneo lavatis ;
rectricibus olivaceis, nigrescenti- -fusco fasciatis ; genis, gula, pec-
toreque cinereis, irregularitér fusco adspersis ; abdomine, cris-
soque cinerescenti-albis rufo tinctis, hée colore in erisso lateri-
busque prevalente ; fowe pegipunqe pallidé brunneis.

Long. tot. 4 unc.; rostri, =; ; ale, 21; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. Nearly allied to Acanthiza pusilla.

ACANTHIZA LINEATA. Ae. vertice fusco-olivaceo, albo delicate
striato ; dorso, alis, cauddque olivaceis ; hde apicem versus ni-
grescente fasciata, ad apicem cinerescenti-fused ; guld, pectoreque
cinereis, olivaceo lavatis, et irregulariter fusco gultatis ; rostro
pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot. 32 une.; rostri, 3; ale, 2; cauda, 13; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

SYLVIADZ? Fam.
Psinropus. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite brevius, tumidum, ad apicem dentatum, tomiis rec-_
tis; nares basales, laterales, ovales; rietus setis paucis gracilibus
obsitus ; al@ mediocres, remige primo feré spurio, secundo elon- —
gato, tertio, quarto, quintoque longissimis et inter se equalibus;
cauda brevis et equalis: éarst Jeeves, graciles, mediocres; digete

147

perbreves et debiles, externi utrinque equales et intermedio ad-
juncti feré ad articulum primum ; wagues incurvi.
Typus est Psilopus albogularis.

Psitorus BrevirostRis. Psil. rostro perbrevi, pallide fusco ;
strigd superciliari flavescente ; vertice fuscescenti-cinereo ; nuchd
olivaced ; dorso, wuropygio, tectricibusque caude olivaceis ; plumis
auricularibus, genisque pallidé rufo-brunneis; guld, pectorequ
albis, olivaceo lavatis, strigisque fuscis longitudinalibus, lett
ornatis ; abdomine pallide citrino ; rectricibus caude intermedits
duabus fuscis ; reliquis ad basin fuscis dein nigrescente fasciatis,
et interné albo notatis, apicibus pallidé fuscis ; pedibus nigre-
scentibus.

Long. tot. 34 unc.; rosiri, 3; ale, 2; caude, 14; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. In my own Collection.

Psttorus ruscus. Psil. vertice, corporeque toto superné, saturate
Suscis, leviter olivaceo tinctis ; rectricibus caude duabus inter-
mediis fuscis ; reliquis ad basin albis, dein nigrescenti-fusco laté
fusciatis, exindé albo notatis, apicibus pallide fuscis ; guld, pec-
toreque cinereis ; abdomine, crissoque albis ; rostro pedibusque
intensé fuscis. ,

Long. tot. 33 unc.; rostri, }; ale, 21; caude, 13; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. In the Collection of the Earl of Derby.

Psttopus otivaceus. Pil. strigd superciliari a basi mandibule
flava ; vertice, corporeque supra olivaceis ; alis fuscis, plumis
extus olivaceo marginatis ; rectricibus caude duabus intermediis
Suscis; reliquis ad basin fuscis, dein albo, nigrescenti-fusco, ite-
rumque albo fasciatis, apicibus fuscis ; rostro pedibusque fuscis.

Long. tot. 44 unc.; rostr?, 4; ale, 2}; caude, 1% ; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Psttopus ALBocuLaRis. Psil. vertice, plumis auricularibus, cor-
_ poreque supra olivaceo-fuscis ; guld albd ; pectore corporeque
subtus late citrinis ; rectricibus caude duabus intermediis fuscis,
reliquis ad basin fuscis, albo, dein late nigrescenti-fusco fasciatis,
et interné ad apicem cervinis ; rostro, pedibusque intense fuscis.
Long. tot. 43 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 23 ; caude, 128; tarsi, 3.
Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Prrroica MopEsTA. Pet. summo capite, corpore supra, alis cau-
daque rufo-brunneis ; gulé albd, brunneo lavatd ; pectore et
abdomine centrali coceineo lavatis ; abdominis inferiori, crisso-

que albis ; lateribus brunneis ; rostro nigrescenti-brunneo ; pe-

dibus flavescenti-brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 5; rostri, 3; ale, 23; caude, 2; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia apud oram orientalem.

_ Obs, The female resembles the male, but is rather lighter in colour,

nd has only an indication of the scarlet tinge on the chest and sides.

148

Oricma. Genus novum.

Rostrum, caput quoad longitudinem feré zequans, incurvatum, cari-
natum, ad apicem denticulatum; xares ovales, laterales, basales
operculoque feré tectee; ale mediocres, remige 1™° brevissimo,
4", 5%, 6t, 7moqe longissimis et inter se feré aqualibus; eauda
mediocris et subrotundata; ¢arsi mediocres; digiti breves, in-
terno longior externus.

Typus est Sawicola solitaria, Vig. et Horsf. Rock Warbler,

Lewin, Pl. xyj.

EPHTHIANURA. Genus novum.

Rostrum eapite brevius, feré rectum, lateraliter compressum, ad api-
cem indentatum; nares basales, lineares, membrana tecte; ale
elongate, remige, 1™° spurioso, 2% longo, 3" et 4° longissimis et
inter se equalibus ; tertiarlis longis; eauda brevis et truncata ;
darst integri, mediocres, graciles; digiti graciles, posticus cum
ungue medio brevior ; digitws internus, externo brevior.

Typus est, Acanthiza albifrons, Jord. et Selb.

EruTHIANurA AuRIFRONS. Ephth.capite, tectricibus superioribus
caude, lateribus nuche, pectore corporeque nitidé aurantiacis,
hée colore in fronte et centrali abdomine prevalente ; ‘dorso
olivaceo ; alis brunneis olivaceo marginatis ; caudd obscuré
fused singulis rectricibus, duabus intermediis exceptis ad apicem
interne albo maculatis ; mento et gulé centrali nigris; rostro
nigro ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 4; rostri, 3; ale, 24; caude, 14; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. In the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Maturus toneicaupus. Mas. Mal. summo capite, strigd in-
fra aures, dorsoque anteriore, obscuré eyaneis ; nuchd, scapulis,
dorso uropygioque obscuré nigris; gutture pectoreque azureo-
nigris; corpore infra cinerescenti-albo, lateribus brunnescentibus ;
rectricibus caude obscuré cyaneis, pallidioribus apicibus ; rostro
nigro; tarsis brunneis. Foam. Corpore supra, alis cauddque
rufo leviter tinctis ; lined in fronte et super oculos, rostro pedi-
busque rufescenti-fuscis.

Long. tot. unc. 5; rostri, 3; ale, 2; caude, 24; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. This species is closely allied to Mal. eyaneus, but is more

richly coloured, and exceeds it in all its measurements, particularly
in the length of the tail.

PARDALOTUS QUADRAGINTUS. Pard. vertice, corporeque supra
olivaceis, plumis fusco levitér marginatis ; alis nigrescentibus,
remigibus (primo et secundo exceptis), ad apicem albis ; genis,
crissoque flavescenti-olivaceis ; corpore subtus cinerescenti-albo ;
rostro intense fusco ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. 33 une. ; rostri, $; ale, 2}; caude, 14; tarsi, i

Obs. This is the ‘ Forty-spot’ of the colonists of Van Diemen’s

149

Land, so called from the numerous white spots with which it is
~ adorned.
Hab. in terri Van Diemen.

ParpALotus MELANOcEPHALUS. Pard. vertice, loro, plumisque
auricularibus nigris ; strigd superciliari auranticd oriente, alba
desinente ; genis collique lateribus albis ; nuché, dorsoque cine-
rescenti-olivaceis ; rectricibus caud@ fuscescenti-cervinis ; caudd
nigra, ad apicem alba ; alis nigrescenti-fuscis ; remigibus tertio,
quarto, quinto, sexto, septimoque albis ; secondariis albo margi-
natis atque terminatis ; lined alba obliqué per humeros abducta ;
ald spurid coccineo terminata ; lined gutturali, pectore, abdomi-
neque medio leté flavis ; erisso cervino ; rostro nigro ; pedibus

uscis.

Long. tot. 4 une.; rostri, 2; ale, 24; caud@, 14; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi, apud oram orientalem.

ParpaLortus rusricatus. Pard. fascia frontali angustdé sor-
didé alba ; vertice, et occipite nigris, albo guttatis ; nuchd, dorso,
uropygio, tectricibusque alarum cinereis ; alis intensé fuscis ; ald
spurid, primariis ad basin, secondariisque ad marginem ex-
ternum leté aurantiacis ; notd flammed ante oeulos ; strigd su-
per-oculari cervind ; tectricibus caude olivaceis ; caudd intensé

fused, ad apicem alba; guld abdomineque cinereis ; pectore
flavo; mandibuld superiore fuscd, inferiore cinerea ; pedibus
fuscis.

Long. tot. 4 une. ; rostri, $ ; ale, 21; caude, 14; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. In my own Collection.

PACHYCEPHALA XANTHOPROCTA. Pach. vertice, corporeque su-
pra olivaceis, héec colore, ad crissum, et ad marginem remigum
ale, rectricumque caude, letiore; abdomine pallidé fusco ;

erisso flavo ; rostro ad apicem nigro, ad basin brunneo ; pedi-
bus fuscis. :
_ Long. tot. 6 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 3}; caude, 3; tarsi, 3.
Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi, apud oram orientalem.
Obs. This may possibly prove to be the female of some species
7 the male of which is at present unknown.

_ PacHycEPHALA LoncrrostRis. Pach. vertice, corpore superiore,
alisque olivaceis, primariis, secondariis, tectricibus, rectricibus-
que caude ad marginem nitidé olivaceo-aureis ; guld, pectore-
que pallidé cinerescenti-fuscis ; crisso flavo; rostro nigrescenti-
__ fusco; pedibus brunneis.

~ Long. tot. 7 unc.; rostri, 4; ala, 4; caude, 31; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi, apud oram orientalem.

SpHENOsTOMA. Genus novum.

Rostrum breve, durum, lateralitér compressum, et cuneiforme ;
nares basales, rotundate, operte ; rictus rectus ; mandibula supe-

——

150

riori haud dentata ; setis delicatis ad basin sparsis; ale perbreves
et rotundatz, remigibus quarto, quinto, et sexto feré equalibus
et longissimis ; eauda elongata, et gradata; tarsi mediocres, ro-
busti, anticé squamis tecti, posticé leves; pedes breves; digito
postico valido, digitis externis ineequalibus, interno brevissimo.

SPHENOSTOMA CRISTATUM. Sphen. capiie plumis angustis acutis
anticé curvatis cristato; corpore supra et subtis omnino fusco ;
abdomine medio cinerescenti-albo ; caudd fused; rectricibus
tribus utringue ad apicem albis; rostro nigrescente ; pedibus
plumbeis.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 5; ale, 34; caude, 41; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi, apud oram orientalem.

Obs. This species is closely allied to Struthidea.

CINCLORAMPHUS. Genus noyum.

Rostrum capite subbrevius ; eu/men leviter arcuatum, apice emargi-
nato; commissura ad basin subangulata, incurvata per reliquam
totam longitudinem; ares laterales, ovales; ale mediocres, rigi-
dee; remige 1™° longo, 24 et 3%° longissimis ; cauda subparva,
cuneiformis ; farsi robusti antice scutellati; digiti elongati, ro-
busti, praecipué posticus, qui ad basin tarsi est articulatus.

Typus est Megalurus cruralis, Vig. et Horsf.

DasyorRNIS? BRUNNEUS. Das. summo capite, corpore supra,
alis lateribus cauddque, flavo-brunneis ; gutture, lateribus fa-
ciei, et abdomine medio, fusco-albis ; rostro ad apicem obscuré
fusco, ad basin pallidiore ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. une. 54; rostri, 3; ale, 24; caude, 3; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Australia.

CALAMANTHUS. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite brevius, ad basin tumidum versus apicem lateraliter
compressum, cu/mine prominente et acuto ; nares laterales, magne,
ovales et opercule tectz ; rictus sine setis ; ale breves, rotundate,
remige 4 longissimo, 34°, 5%, 6 et '7™° inter se aequalibus; cawda
perbrevis et rotunda; ¢arsi mediocres, scutellis indistinetis antice
instructi; alluxz subelongatus, ungue elongato munitus; digitt
laterales inzequales, externus brevior.

Typus est Anthus fuliginosus, Vig. et Horsf.

CystTIcoLA RUFICEPS. Cyst. summo capite, nuchd, pectore, late-
ribus, femoribus, uropygioque delicate cervinis, hdc eolore in
fronte et uropygio prevalente ; dorso superiore, secondariis,
cauddque obscuré fusco-nigris, singulis plumis, marginibus ba-
diis circumdatis; gutture et abdomine centrali albis ; rostro
brunneo ; pedibus flavo-brunneis.

Long. tot. unc. 4; rostri, 4; ale, 14; cauda, 13 ; tarsi, }.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Pe. seer as tae

151

Familia

OreEoica. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite brevius, robustum, lateribus compressis, ad apicem
' emarginatum; mavilla inferior, superiorem in robore feré zequans ;
nares hasales, rotundatz, tenuibus, brevibus, capillaribus plumis
(paucis elongatis intermixtis) feré tectee; ale subelongate, remige
1”° previ, 3° longissimo; tertiariis perlongis, primarias feré aquan-
tibus ; cauda brevis et subrotundata; farst sublongi et robusti,
posticé integri, anticé scutellis duris muniti; pedes ambulatorii ;
digiti perbreves, posticus brevissimus, externo subbrevior inter-
nus ; wngues breves et feré recti.

Typus est Faleunculus gutturalis, Vig. et Horsf.

CALYPTORHYNCHUS XANTHONOTUS. Cal. summo -capite, genis,
gutture, corporeque supra et infra fusco-nigris ; plumis pectora-
libus, apicibus olivaceis ; auricularibus flavis; rectricibus caude
. duabus intermediis nigro-fuscis, reliquis ad bases et apices nigris,
in mediis pallide flavis, interdum plus minusve brunneo notatis ;
rostro albo, vel nigrescenti-brunneo ; pedibus obscure fuseis.
Long. tot. unc. 24; ale, 144; caude, 12; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. Nearly allied to Cal. Baudinii and Cal. funereus.

Priatycercus Hamatonotus. Plat. summo capite, nuchd, ge-
nis, pectoreque smaragdino-viridibus, in fronte, genisque palli-
dioribus ; dorso brunnescenti-viridi ; uropygio coccineo ; sca-
pulé infra, ald spuriosd, marginibusque primariorum externis
per partes basales, nitidé eyaneis; scapula centrali, maculé sul-
phured notaté: tectricibus ale majoribus inferioribusque, ceru-
leo-viridibus ; tectricibus caude rectricibusque duabus interme-
diis viridibus, hoc colore in ceruleis apices versus transeunte,
apicibus ipsis nigro-fuscis ; rectricibus reliquis ad bases viri-
dibus, hoc colore in cinerescenti-albo ad interna pogonia apicesque
transeunte ; abdomine centrali flavo; femoribus ceruleo-viri-
___ dibus; crisso cinerescenti-albo ; rostro corneo ; pedibus brunneis.
Long. tot. une. 11; ale, 5; cauda, 63; tarsi, 3.

_ Obs. This species unites Platycercus to Nanodes, and is in fact so di-
‘rectly intermediate between these genera in size and other characters,
that it is difficult to decide to which of them it should be referred.

_ SirreLia pILEATA. Sitt. fronte, strigd superciliari, guld, pec-
tore abdomineque medio albis ; vertice nigro; plumis auricula-
ribus, nuchd, dorsoque cinerescenti-fuscis ; hujus lined satura-
tiore per medias plumas excurrente ; uropygio albo ; tectricibus
caude, crissoque, cinerescenti-fuscis, fusco alboque variegatis ;
caudé nigra ad apicem alba ; alis nigrescenti-fuscis, nota rufa
centrali ; lateribus et ventre cinerescenti-fuscis ; rostro ad basin

flavo, ad apicem nigro ; pedibus flavis.

_ Long. tot. 42 unc. ; rostri, $; ale, 3; caude, 13; tarsi, 3.

_ Hab. in Australia, apud Flumen Cygnorum.

159 i:

SITTELLA MELANOCEPHALA. Sitt. vertice, occipite, plumisque,
auricularibus nigris ; dorso plumisque scapularibus cinerescenti-
fuseis ; alis nigris, primariis secondariisque plis minusve rufo
notatis ; uropygio, tectricibusque caude albis; caudd nigra ad
apicem albo notatd ; crisso albo, fusco fasciato; palpebris auran-

‘ tiacis ; rostro ad basin carneo, ad apicem nigro ; pedibus flavis.

Long: tot: 42 une.; rostri, 2; ale, 35; caude, 12 ; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia, apud Flumen Cygnorum.

SITTELLA LEUCOCEPHALA. Sitt. capite, guld, corporeque, subtus
albescentibus, héc lineis cinereo-fuscis longitudinalibus notato ;
corpore supra cinerescenti-fusco ; uropygio albo; caudé fused
albo terminatda ; alis fuscis; primariis secondariisque late rufo
fasciatis ; crisso fusco, albo variegato ; rostro aurantiaco, ad
apicem fusco ; pedibus flavis.

Long. tot. 45 une.; rostri, 3; ale, 23; caude, 14; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in Australia.

MELIPHAGA SERICEOLA. Mel. summo capite, loro, orbitis, gut-
tureque nigris ; fascid, indistinctd super oculos et in fronte,
albé; genis, plumis eapillaribus albis; nuchd, dorso, uropygio,
nigro-fuscis, singulis plumis brunnescenti-albo marginatis, hoc
colore ad nucham prevalente; alis caudéque nigro-fuscis} pri-
mariis, secondariis flavis ; rectricibus ad partes basales flavo-
‘marginatis, et ad apices cinereo-albis, duabus intermediis ex-
ceptis ; pectore corporeque subtus albis, singulis plumis, lineis
centralibus fusco-nigris ; rostro nigro; pedibus obscure brun-
neis.

Long. tot. une. 54; rostri, 4; ale, 25; tarsi, 3; caude, 25.

Hab. in Australia.

Obs. This species very closely resembles in its markings the Me-

liphaga sericea: it is however full a third less in all its proportions,
and is without doubt distinct.

MELIPHAGA INORNATA. Mel. summo capite, corpore supra, alis
cauddque obscuré olivaceo-brunneis ; primariis, secondariis et
rectricibus caude (duabus intermediis exceptis) ad bases flavo
marginatis ; gutture, pectoreque superiori brunneis ; abdomine
centrali brunnescenti-albo ; lateribus brunneis ; rostro pedibus-
que brunneo-nigris.

‘Long. tot. une. 54; rostri, 2; ale, 2}; caude, 25; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. Closely allied to Mel. Australasiana, but distinguished from

it by the obscurity of its markings.

ACANTHAGENYS. Genus novum.

Rostrum caput zquans, compressum, levitér areuatum, ad apicem
acutum, xaribus sub-basalibus, mandibule superioris tomiis ad
apicem indentatis, et delicaté serratis; plaga nuda a basi man-
dibule infra oculos excurrente; genis infra plagam spinis sub- ~
rigidis tectis; ale mediocres; remige primo brevissimo, tertio, —

153

quarto, et quinto 2qualibus ceterosque excellentibus ; caeda me-
diocris subeequalis ; pedes validi; digito postico forti, digitumque
intermedium excellente; externo ad intermedium basalitér ad-
juncto; unguibus incurvatis.

Hoe genus ad illud Anthochera dictum appropinquat, differt
cauda zequali, plaga faciali nuda genisque spinosis.

ACANTHAGENYS RUFOGULARIS. Acanth. capite superiore, dorso,
alisque fuscis, plumis ad marginem pallidioribus ; uropygio,
tectricibusque caude albis, in medio fusco tinctis ; strigd post
oculos, et ad latera colli nigrescente; super strigam lateralem
colli, lined albescente, fusco adspersd ; setis genarum albis, et
infra ad basin mandibule inferioris lined plumarum, albo ni-
groque fasciatarum ; guld pectoreque summo pallide rujis ; eor-
pore subtus sordidé albo, plumis fusco notatis ; caudd ni-
grescenti-fused, apice albo; plagd faciali nudd, rostroque bast
aurantiacis ; rostri apice, pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 93 unc.; rostri, 13; ale, 45; caude, 45; tarsi, 1.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

anteriore olivaceo-brunneis ; dorso inferiort uropygioque oliva-
ceo-brunneis, singulis plumis, stemmatibus albis ; tectricibus
superioribus caude, olivaceo-brunneis, ad apices albis ; prima-
riis brunneis; seconduriis tertiariisque brunneis, cinereo margi-
natis ; rectricibus caude intermediis duabus, cinereo-fuseis ;
reliquis obscuré-fuscis, apicibus albis; plumis nuche lateralibus,
elongatis; acutis cinereis; guld et nuchd anteriore, pectore,
corporeque infra cinereo-brunneis ; maculd obliquad nived ad
latera ; rostro nigrescenti-fusco ; pedibus rufo-brunneis.

Long. tot. une. 12; rostri, 13; caude, 64; ale, 54; tarsi, 13.

_ Hab. in Australia, apud Flumen Cygnorum.

Obs. Nearly allied to Anth. mellivora, but differs in its smaller
size, in having a considerably longer bill, and in being entirely desti-
tute of white série down the head and back of the neck. In the
Collection of Fort Pitt, Chatham.

PLECTORHYNCHA. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite brevius, levitér arcuatum, feré conicum, et acutum,
naribus basalibus, operculo tectis ; mandibula superiore obsoleté
ad apicem indentata; ale mediocres, remige primo brevissimo,

tertio quartoque longissimis; cawda mediocris et equalis; tarsi
validi; digito postico cum ungue forti, et digitum intermedium

_ anticum excellente ; digitis lateralibus inzequalibus, externo lon-

_ giore, et intermedio basalitér conjuncto.

PLecrornyNcHA LANCEOLATA. Plec. vertice, plumis auricu-
- laribus, nuchdque, albo fuscoque variegatis ; guld corporeque
subius cinerescenti-albis ; plumis pectoralibus sublanceolatis, et
albis ; corpore toto, cuuddque superné pallidée fuscis ; rostro
Suscescenti-corneo ; pedibus nigris.

ANTHOCHERA LUNULATA. Anth. swmmo capite, nuchdé dersoque

-— ee

154

Long. tot. 9 une.; rostri, 1; ale, 44; caude, 44; tarsi, 1.
Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

ENTOMOPHILA. Genus novum.

Rostrum feré capitis longitudinem equans, ad basin latiusculum,
dein compressum, et ad apicem, acutum ; mandibule superioris to-
miis arcuatis, et apicem versus levitér indentatis; nares basales,
ovales, in membrana posite, et operculo tectz ; ale longiuscule ;
remige primo spurio, secundo tertium feré zquante, hdc longissi-
mo ; cauda brevis, sub-quadrata ; tarsi breves, et subdebiles ; di-
gito posteriore brevi, forti; digitis externis haud equalibus, interno
paululim breviore. ;

ENTOMOPHILA PicTA. Mas. Ent. capite, genis, corporeque supra
nigris ; plumis auricularibus posticé albo fimbriatis ; alis nigris,
primariis secondariisque extis nitide flavis; caud@ rectricibus —
nigris, extus flavo marginatis, omnibusque (duabus internis excep-
tis ) pliis minisve extis albo ad apicem notatis ; guld, corporeque —
subtus albis, hdc ad latera notis subfuscis longitudinalibus sparse
ornato ; rostro flavescente ; pedibus nigrescentibus. !

Foem. vel mas junior? Differt partibus fuscis, que in mare adulto_
nigre ; in ceteris mari simillima, flavo colore minis nitido, ros-
troque ad apicem fusco. }

Long. tot. 55 unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 33; caude, 23 ; tarsi, $.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. The disposition of the yellow markings of the wings and tail of
this kind reminds us of the Goldfinch ( Carduelis elegans, Steph.): the
lengthened wing, broad and short tail, the great breadth of the bill at
its base, and the short tarsi lead me to believe that this species feeds
principally upon insects which it pursues and captures on the wing.

GLYcIPHILA? ocuLARIS. Gilyc. summo capite, corpore supra, —
alis cauddque, obscuré olivaceo-brunneis, hoc colore ad uro-
pygium et rectrices caudales in luteo transeunte ; pone oculos
plumis paucis parvis nitidé brunneo-flavis; guld pectoreque
cinereo-fuscis ; abdomine crissoque olivaceo-cinereis ; rostro pe-
dibusque nigro-brunneis. ,

Long. tot. unc. 51; rostri, 1; ale,22; caude, 21; tarsi, 3.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen. a

GLYCIPHILA? SUBOCULARIS.
Obs. A species from New South Wales, which differs from Glye.
ocularis in being rather smaller, and in its more oliye colouring.

/EGIALITIS? caNuS. Ag. fronte, lined supra-oculari, genis, guld
corporeque subtis, albis ; summo capite, corporeque supra cinereo- ‘
Suscis; primariis obscuré brunneis, stemmatibus albis; caudd —
brunned, singulis plumis marginibus albis; rostro pedibusque
nigris, olivaceo tinctis. ;
Long. tot. unc. 71 ; rostri, 4; ale, 34; caude, 2}; tarsi, 1}.
Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

155

ErytHroconys. Genus novum.

Rostrum capite longius, rectum, pauld depressum ; nares basales, li-
neares ; ale elongate, remige primo longissimo ; tertialibus feré ad
apicem remigum tendentibus ; cauda brevis, et feré aqualis ; arst
elongati ; digiti quatuor ; postico parvulo ; anticis inter se conjunc-
tis, usque ad articulum primum ; ¢bi@ ex parte nude.

Erytrmroconys cinctus. Eryth. capite, plumis auricularibus, nu-
cha, pectoreque nigris ; guld, abdomine medio, crissoque albis ; héc
jusco adsperso; dorso, alis mediis, scapuluribusque olivaceis,
brunneo metallicé lavatis; uropygio, rectricibus caude duabus
intermediis fuscis, rectricibus reliquis albis ; lateribus castaneis ;
tibia parte nudd, cum articulo, coccined; tarsis olivaceo-fuscis ;
rostro ad basin rubro, ad apicem nigro.

Long. tot. 7 unc. ; rostri, 1 ; ale, 41; caude, 14; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria ‘Australi.

Hamaropus AusTRALAsIANUS. Hem. capite, nuchd, pectore,
dorso, alis obscuré viridi-nigris ; rectricibus caude ad bases ni-
veis ; tectricibus ale ad apices, abdomine, uropygio, et tectricibus

tiaco ; pedibus rubris. :

Long. tot. unc. 17 ; rostri, 33; ale, 103; caude, 44; tarsi, 23.
Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. Nearly allied to the Hem. ostralegus of England.

Ruyncu#A Austrauis. Rhyn. strigd brevi pone oculum alba;
nuchd castaned, fasciis angustis indistinctis, viridi-brunneis ; sum-
mo capile obscuré brunneo ; genis, laterthus nuche nigro-brunneis ;
mento albo ; dorso olivaceo-viridi, cinereo tincto, et obscuré brun-
neo irrorato ; pectore corporeque subtis albis ; rostro rufo-brun-
neo; pedibus obscuré fuscis.

Long. tot. unc. 81; rostri, 2; ale, 54; cauda@, 25 ; tarsi, 14.
Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

~ Obs. Differs from the Chinese species by its extremely short toes
and larger wing. .

Numenius Austratis. Mum. summo capite nuchdque nigro-
fuscis, singulis plumis cervino marginatis ; dorso nigrescenti-
fusco, singulis plumis rubrescenti-cervino ad marginem irregu-
“laritér maculatis ; tectricibus ale nigro-fuscis, cinereo margi-
natis ; tertiariis brunneis, marginibus pallidioribus irregulariter
maculatis ; uropygio tectricibusque superioribus caude nigro-
fuscis, singulis plumis einerescenti-cervino ad marginem fasci-
atis; tectricibus majoribus alarum, nigro-fuscis, ad apicem
albis; 1,2, 3, 4, et 5, primariis brunneis, stemmatibus albis,
religuis cum secondariis irregularitér albo fasciatis ; lateribus
_— faciei, gutture, corporeque infra pallidé cervinis, singulis plu-
mis, lined centrali nigrescenti-fuscd ; rostro ad basin flavescenti-
brunneo, ad apicem nigrescenti-brunneo ; pedibus olivaceis.

Long. tot. unc. 20; rostri, 53; ale, 11; caude, 43; tarsi, 3.

caud@ superioribus inferioribusque niveis ; rostro obscuré auran-

156

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.
Obs. Nearly allied to, but differs from, Nwm. aquata in the entire
absence of the white rump; it is also rather less in size.

STERNA MELANURA. Ser. summo capite corporeque supra brun-
neis ; primariis cauddque nigro-fuscis ; cauda furcatd ; fronte,
gutture corporeque infra albis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. une. 11; rostri, 14; ale, 9; eaude, 43; tarsi, 4.

Hab. in Novi Cambria Australi.

Obs. This appears to be an immature specimen. In the Collec-

tion of the United Service Museum.

SuLa rusripes. Sul. capite, pectore, gutture, abdomine crissoque
fusco-albis ; dorso, rectricibusque caude caryophillaceis ; alis
pallidé caryophillaceis, fusco-cinereis trroratis ; primariis se-
condariisque nigro-fuscis ; rostro flavescenti-carne@, apice ni-
gro; pedibus nitidé rubro-aurantiacis.

Long. tot. une. 23; rostri, 4; ale, 14; caude, 7; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

Obs. The specimen from which this description was taken ap-

peared to be somewhat immature. In the Collection of the United
Service Museum.

Purrinus Assimivis. Puff. summo capite, corpore supra, alis
cauddque fuliginosis ; lateribus faciet, gulé corporeque infra
albis ; rostro fuscescenti-corneo ; tarsis digitisque viridescenti-
flavis ; membrana inter-digitali aurantiaca.

Long. tot. une. 11; rostri, 23; ale, 64; caude, 3; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi,

Obs. Very closely allied to Puffinus obscurus, but considerably

smaller.

PuHALACROcCORAX CARBOiDES. Phal. gulé et faciei lateribus
albis ; summo capite, nuchd corpore infra, uropygio, cauddque
nitidé nigro-viridibus ; rectricibus caude 14; dorso, alis, late~
ribus superioribus nigro-brunneis, singulis plumis nitidé nigro-
viridibus laté marginatis ; nuchd plumis gracilibus lanceolatis —
albis ornatdé ; paucis apud femora externa ; rostro corneo ; pe-
dibus nigris. 1

Long. tot. unc. 34; rostri, 4; ale, 134; caude, 8; tarsi, 21.

Hab. in terra Van Diemen.

Obs. Closely allied to the Common Cormorant of Europe (Phal.

Carbo).

PHALACROCORAX LEUCOGASTER. Phal. fronte, summo capite, —
nuchdé uropygiogue viridi-nigris ; dorso tectricibusque ale viri-—
dibus, singulis plumis nigro marginatis ; primariis seconda- —
riisque nigris ; gutture, lateribus nuche, corporeque infra albis ; _
rostro nigro, rubro tincto ; pedibus nigris,

Long, tot. une. 26 ; rostri, 3; ale, 114; caude, 53; tarsi, 24.

Hab, in Noya Cambria Australi.

ALACROCORAX FLAVIRHYNCHUS. Phal. summo capite, nuchd, x
dorso, uropygio, crissoque nigris; tectricibus ale et seapu-
laribus cinereo-nigris ; lined super-oculari, gutture, corporeque
infra albis ; rostro nitideé aurantiaco, culmine fusco ; pier

— fuscis.

Long. tot. une. 23 ; rostri, o1; ale, 93 ; caude, 63; aifen je

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi. ee

Obs. This species is distinguished by its much smaller size from
_ the preceding, and by the conspicuous line of white over each eye.

“

in Roman Characters :

Abramys Buggenhagii, Thomps....
Abrocoma, n. g., Waterh. .....006
Bennettii, Vaterh.

Cuvieri, Waterh. ......
; irothrix n. g., Waterh. ......00
’ arenicola, Waterh. ...
brachiotis, Waterh. ...
canescens; Waterh. ...
longipilis, Waterh. ...
micropus, Waterh. ...
obscurus, Waterh.....
olivaceus, Waterh.

xanthorhinus, Waterh.
esihazenys, n. g., Gould ......

Diemenensis, Gould ...
frontalis, Vig. et Horsf.
lineatus, Gould .........
magnirostris, Gould ...

Acanthorhynchus, n. g., Gould...
dubius, Gould ..

ecipiter torquatus, Vig. et Horsf.
if ontistes, Sundeval ......... sannee
igialitis? canus, Gould...... Catone
igelaius gubernator, Bonap. ..
Pheeniceus, Vieill. ......
tricolor, Aud. ....se.e000.
iglaia Brasiliensis, Bonap. ......
nigrocincta, Bonap.
punctata, Edwards.........
Schrankii, whe i
auda alpestris, Linn..
calandra, Linn.......ee000.
_ penicillata, Gould . Adipasess
lica impennis, Linn, .....05...00008
i torda, Linn. Seeeeeoreareeetees

eeeeee

uropygialis, Gould......

ele el Oni i Te ive sees teat

novel information is given, in Jtalics:
Anatomical Observations are made, in Carirats.

Page

d rufogularis, Gould 153
Acanthiza albifrons, Jard. et Selb.

24
25

superciliosus, Gould 24

98
119

INDEX.

Amblypterus, n. g., Gould....... oe
anomalus, Gold...

Ammodites tobianus, Bloch. ......
Amphisorea, DUv. ..cecceveseee sees
CiIAEUS. ....0cceecseces

Hermani, Duv...... :

PAlUstris .cesceseneseane

Pennantti ..scccvesees

Anguilla, Linn. ......ccseeseeeee bees
latirostris, Yarr. seo..sees
Anomiopsis, n. g., Westw. o.....+ ce
Dioscorides, Westw...
sterquilinus, Westw. .
Anthochera lunulata, Gould......
mellivora, Vig. et Horsf.

Anthus fuliginosus, Vig. et Horsf.
Apteryx Australis, Shaw
Aquila fucosa, CUV.....0.cseesecavee
Argonauta, Linn...
Arremon giganteus, Bonap. ......
Asthenurus rufiventris, Bonap..
Astur approximans, Vig. et Horsf.
fasciatus, Vig. et Horsf......
Raii, Vig. et Horsf. .........
Ateuchus Adamastor, Oliv.........
Athene erythropterus, Gould .....

fortis, Gould ......06000. 99,

leucopsis, Gowld..........+.

strenua, Gould ........ 99, 142

Balena mysticetus, Linn. ...,.....
Batrachia

“Beroé, Mill .....c..ce00 ceeeee aseqs

Blarina, n. g., Gray .....06 secive
Coe Gityeete ase ‘

Brachyotus, 1 Nn. 8; "Gould mC

Galapagoensis, Gould
Brachypus plumifera, Gould .....
Buccinum undatum, Linn......00.-

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed
those of Species previously known, but respecting which
those of Species respecting which

58
124
125

125

153
153
150
24
96

sachest.:45, ae
. 120.

98
98

136
141

10
137
45

tae

160 INDEX. a
Page Page
Bucco Saltii, eras Boats see 50 | Cervus Hibernus, Desm......++1e00e
Buteo ——mma dec eeeeeceeee eo» 114 | Cervus Smithit, Gray ...cccccsecceee 49
varius, Gould Pech cercosecss 10 | Ceryle aleyon, Linn. ...... oe 108
ventralis, Gould ...e.ecse0 #10 Torquata, Bonap. ........ . 108
Cactornis, n. g., Gould .......2006- 6, 49 | Ceyx microsoma, Burton ...... so. (Gm
assimilis, Gould......... 7 | Chameesaurid@ sseveress Frere 132
scandens, Gould......... 7 | Cheracolid@ sescsseraee bondete cee .. Laz
Cereba cyanea, Vieill...... pededs ves 118 | Chrossorhinus, Mill. et Henle.... 86
Calamanthus, n. g., Gould.......6. 150 | Chrysochloris, CUv....reryerseresese
Calomys, n. g., Waterh.....00..0++ 21 | Cinclidia, n.g. Gould .,..s000-..... 186
bimaculatus, Waterh.... 21 punctata, Gould......... 13
elegans, Waterh.......... 21 | Cincloramphus, n. g., Gould...... 150°
gracilipes, Waterh....... 21 | Circus affinis, Jard. et Selb. ...... 99

Calyptorhynchus Baudinii, Vig... 151
funereus, Vig. et Horsf. 151
xanthonotus, Gow. 151
Camarhynchus, n. g., Gould......6, 49
crassirostris, Gou. 6
Psittacula, Gould. 6
Campephaga leucomela, ves et
TROLS ccocncecceceadseidds qevnseness
Canis Caama, And. Smith. 2 Se
Capito macrodactylus, Bonap. .
Caprimulgus albo-gularis, Vig. et
OVHhs.dcsssse-ttvediesvi sa-recceesss Lao
bifasciatus, Gould ... 22
guttatus, Vig. et Horsf.142

monticolus, Frankl:.., 89

parvulus, Gould ...... 22

vociferus, Wils. ...... 119

Cardinalis pheeniceus, Gould...,.. 111
sinuatus, Bonap. .. ets hI

Carduelis Burtoni, Gould ......... 90

Virginianus, Bonap. ... 111

Cassicus ?, Daud, ..--... 115
nigerrimus, Spix ..+... preehD
solitarius, AZAVA se...000- 115
Catulus, Willoughby .. giver fe
Edwardi, And, ‘Smith. 85

poroderma, And. Smith . 85

pantherinus, And. Smith . 85
submaculatus, And. Smith 85
variegatus, And. Smith... 85
Ceblepyris humeralis, Gould ...... 143
Centrotus bifoliatus, Westw. ...... 130
horrificus, Westw....... 130

Centurus elegans, Swains. .....+4+. 109
Santa Cruzi, Bonap...... 116
subelegans, Bonap. ..... 109

Cepola, Linn. ....... peedeceses sepeer do
Cerchnis Cenchroides, Gould...... 97
Cercopithecus larvatus, Wurmb... 70
Cercosaurid@ .iccecscsesercsessocsecs | 132

Certhidea, n. g., Sigal a) i850: 7,49
olivaces, Gould, esisedoonl
Cervus Alces, Linn.....s+000++

assimilis, Jard. et Selby ... 141
Jardinei, Gould ......0..99, 141
megaspilus, Gould ..so.aiss
pallidus, Sykes «++++4.

rufus, Briss eseeeeeeeees eeeeee
Cleodora cuspidata,.......
Clivina castanea, Westw.......000+.
Clupea alba, Yarr. .cceverseceeeeee -. 127
Sprattus, Diun.sstcieiero 61

Cobitis tenia, Linn...... Vilas Woda os 59
Coccothraustes Bonapartei, Less. 111
Coccyxus Cayanus, Bon...,.,.++.... 115
Colaptes auratus, Swains, ......... 109
Fernandina, Vig....+++++. 109

rubricatus, Bonap. ...... 109
Colliris femorata, Westw. .,....+.. 127
Colobus leucomeros, Ogilby.........
Columba aurita, Temm.......+2+06. 114
flavirostris, Wagl......++. 113
Colymbus Arcticus, Linn. ....0++. 54
Corsira, N. 8., GrAYceseeeereereeee
Fosteri, Fireathnassantea<-+- 124
talpoides, Gray-s.ee+-+++00. 124
vulgaris, Gray esseseseveee 124
Corvus Cacalotl, Wagl. ...00.+-++++ 115
Cora, LINN. «.sccpsceceeysee LLG
nobilis, Gould.....s.-cese0ee
Coturnix pectoralis, Gould.........

Crenilabrus cornubicus, Risso ...57, 5§
gibbus, Flem...+++000... 59
microstoma, Couch.... 50
multidentatus, Thomps, 56

rupestris, Selby ...... 57
tincd, RisS0...¢e69+0++.0 1,09
Cricetus vulgaris, Desm....eseesee12 50

Crocidura major, Wagl.....++.+.00 125
moschata, Wagl....+..-. 126
TUfa, Wagl...sensecsers
poliogaster, Wagl.....+. 1
Crossopus, N. g-, Gray seceerereeee
Daubentonii, Gray......
Grotalid@. | -ccscrcacatha = senteretenis 135
Crotophaga Sulcirostra, Swains, .

INDEX: 161

Page Page

ticus Martii, Bonap. ........, 119] Forficula tarsata, Westw. «+++... 129

us micropterus, Gould ...... 137 | Fringilla nivalis, Linn, ... jose bee
Cyanocorax coronatus, Bonap.109, 115 sanguinea, Gould ssecesi ae
Cyanurus Bullocki, Bonap......... 115 | Fulgora apicalis, Westw....++-++++. 130
C prinus Buggenhagii, Bloch...,.. 56 | Gadus callarias, Linn. .seeeeeeee 57
BEMIPERGOY CUS 5. concn ynenscaburtegseryete ste minutus, Lint......-seees nivnult

+ Cy systicola ruficeps, Gould ......... 150 | Galago Alleni, Waterh.. sone, 80
asyornis? brunneus, Gowld...... 150 | Galbula tombacea Spix .. repre seve 120
Ale hybridus, Desm. ......... 13 Galictis, n. g. Bell .. assent
pas minutus, Desm.......+..+ . ode Allamandi, Bell. avaavs ene 45
tae Peba, Desm...... ees, ea kes vittata, Bell .........++++ oo 40
y Beesrocopa platyrostris, has i .»» 120 | Gasterosteus brachycentrus, Cuv. 58
ndrocitta leucogaster, Gould... 80 | Genetta Senegalensis, Geoff. ...... 132
rufigaster, Gould ... 80] Geocolaptes terrestris, Swains. .., 109

ape droms ys, And, Smith,.....++.... 29 | Geospiza, n. g. Goruld.....s-..00++0 nis 49

_ Didelphis penton Meidipesces-s 4 dentirostris, Gould... 6
Lag eeyticida: abonaiyausiie biusgisgh=+s= 220 dubia, Gould ......2++- sea
Echiodon, n. oy Thomps. sessaeres DD fortis, Gould v.00. 5

Be Drummondii, heii 55 fuliginosa, Gould ...... 5
L£gretta Leuce, Bonap. . deve tL 14 magnirostris, Gould ... 5
Ele anus melanopterus, Leach ...... 99 nebulosa, Gould......... 5
notatus, Gould.,.....+ 99, 141 parvula, Gould ....+++6. 6
Enmberiza Lesbia, Linn. ......-.+... 48 strenua, Gould ....00. 5
Of Entomophila, Nl. g., Gondibesacsties 154 | Ginglymostoma, Mill. et Henle . 85
4 picta, Gould......... Lit Glyciphila? ocularis, Gould ...... 154
E Jopsaltria griseo-guiaris, Gould... subocularis, Gould.,, 154
parvula, Gould ..... my Gobius bipunctatus, Yarr. .,...600. 62

2: ee ences: n. g., Gould...-..00

Britannicus, Thomps. ...61, 63

: aurifrons, Gould ... 148 geniporus, Cuy. et Val.... 62
E Equus hemionus, Pall. ...ecce000- 91 niger, Cuy. et Val.....,.... 61
rinaceus concolor, Martin ...... 103 Ruthensparii, Euphrasen 61

143

Graucalus melanotis, Gould ......
parvirostris, Gould .,, 143
Grus leucogaranus, Temm...0...+. 48

Europeus, Duma 102
throspiza frontalis, Bonap...... 112
rythrogonys, n. g., Gould ,..... 155

' CHIR lanes wee 155 | Gutraca coerulea, Swains. ......... 111
Eryx, Daud: svizapsaateesccasseacss LOO Ludoviciana, tere sten eee if, f
MChCTIG, Lid. ccgtessyecseesessereree -O4 magnirostris, Bonap. ... 120 ‘age
Euphonia ceruleocephala, Swaims. 118 melanocephala, Swains.. 111
ie: Hirundinacea, Bonap... 117 | Gulo vittatus, Desm. .......42+.0+5. 46.
t ; violacea, Bonap,....-. «-» 117 | Hematopus Australasianus, Gou. 155
i ae ee n. g- Gould.....+0+6 142 ostralegus, Linn. ... 155
Eu ? Brants ..... . 29] Hemipodius melanogaster, Gould 7
opie nigripes, Dej. ...... 129 melanotus, Gould... 8
Fe erigora, Vig. et Horsf, 97, 140 Haley yon erythrorhynchus, Gould 22
' brunneus, Gould ..,......... 139 incinctus, Gould ......... 142
' Cenchroides, Vig. et Horsf. 98| Haliaétus albicilla, Selby ........- 97
frontatus, Gould .,........., 139 canorus, Vig. et Horsf. . 97 :

Calei, Vig. et Horsf.... 97

melanogenys, Gould... 139
leucocephalus, Savig. ... 97

Peregrinus, Linn. .,,.s00.0008 97

- radiatus, Lath. ........ a eae leucosternus, Gould .., 1388

alcunculus flavigulus, Gould ... 144 sphenurus, Gould .,.... 138
a gutturalis, Vig. et Horsf. 144,151 | Heliocantharus, Kirby ...... secana stan
xi leuepgasety Gould ... 144} Helix decollata ...+.,cseseseseeeeee * 63
Felis Darwinii, Martin ...cccccceee 4) Helodermid@ ........0-0e0e000e sesdss tow

Pajeros, Desm. .
uncia, Schreb,

Hemiscyllium, Mill. et Henle ... 86
Herpetotheres cachinnans, Vieill. 114

Se eeeseeersseee 67

162 INDEX.
Page Page
Himantopus leucocephalus, Gould 26 | Magilus, Mont. ....csecscsseseereere 63°
melanopterus, Linn. 26 | Malurus longicaudus, Gould...... 148
Hippocampus brevirostris, Cuv... 58 cyaneus, Vieill. ......... 148
Hirundo concolor, Gowld ....... 0 22)| Medusar-: 528 SecdegececbecespastueGe em
frontalis, Gould ......... * 22 | Megalaurus cruralis, Vig. et Hor. 150
TTY Arvid @ vecesecsscssensescecevecseeees 135 | Melanerpes formicivorus, Swains. 109
Hy drosores, DUv. ssseesessreeeeeees 123 meropirostris, Bonap. 120
Hylobates Choromandus, Ogilby . 69 | Meliphaga Australasiana ........ 152
Hymenotes, n.g. Westw. ......... 129 inornata, Gould ...... 152
angularis, West. ... 130 sericeola, Gould ...... 152
rhombea, Westw...... 130 sericea, Gould ......++. 152
Ibis erythrorhyncha, Gould ...... 127 | Micropogon flavicolle, Bonap. ... 120
TELIGiOSA, CUV.cerersoerereeeeres 106 aurovirens, Bonap. . 120
sttictipennis, Gould ......... 106 | Milvus affinis, Gould .........0.00 140
Icteria Velasquezi, Bonap.......... 117 aterrimus; Gould ......... 99
Iecteria viridis, Bonap. ......... 111, 117 isurus, Gould .......000 99, 140
Icterus Ber eos ee chee eee 116 » Novee-Hollandiz, Gould. 99
BGLIILOT Ease es aes cos és LIG)| Monitorida .scc.cteeedeusl oes paleeles .. 182
Bonariensis, Bonap. ...... 116 | Monopterus, Comm. ......+0+ Pr 38
DoOMIinicensis ....ccseeeveves 110 | Motacilla alba, Linn..........+.++. 74,78
Mexicanus, Leach......... 110 leucopsis, Gould........ 78
Parisorum, Bonap. ...... 110 Yarrellii, Gould .,....... 78
SPUTIUS sevesevcceresccoeeeee 116 | Motella glauca, Jenyns ...00000000. 57
Teracidea, n. g., Gould ......... ... 140 NMUSLELIL, CUVecceedvsetete cae 57
Kemas hylocrius, Ogilby .....+... 81 | Mugil Chelo, Cuv. ......- Cea 57
Labrus lineatus, Don.....ccccesees . 58| Mus Abbottii, Waterh. .........++. 77
maculatus, Bloch. ......... 58 Alleni, Waterh, ....cccccccoss > hel
Psittacus, Riss0........+04. 58 arenicola, Waterh.......+0++ ee
variabilis, Thomps. ...... 59 bimaculatus, Waterh.......++ 18
Lacertid@ ...... SEER ELAS 132 brachiotis, Waterh.........0.. 17
Lagostomus trichodactylus, Br.... 4 brevirostris, Waterh. .....+0+ 19
Lamia pulchellator, Westw......... 128 Cahirinus, Geoff. ......0000 - 105
Lanius Ardesiacus, Linn. ......... Piz canescens, Waterh......+.++. 17
Borealis, Linn. ............ 112 ericetus, Linn. - ...c..00- +. -. 90
excubitor, Linn, .......ee00e 112 Darwinii, Waterh. .........00. 28
Tialicis) Vath. secs cceeses. 112 elegans, Waterh....rreereoee 19
IGT, ViCBSecsesceseervass duc 143 flavescens, Waterh.....s..0+- 19
Ludovicianus, Bon........+. 112 gracilipes, Waterh.....ceccree 19
Minor, TEMM...,.....eeeeees 126 griseo-flavus, Waterh........ 28
Larus Audubonii, Temm. ......... 48 Hayl, Water}. sn.scsesas-seasee 76
Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould . 140 Hibernicus, Thomps.......00. 52
Leeptogloss@ .....seserssrecsenerceene 132 longipilus, Waterh...... Seocdenn kD
Leptophila rufazilla, Swains. ...... 1138 Maurus, Waterh......s..e.000- 20
Lepus Cuniculus, Linn, ...++-0000+6 33 micropus, Waterh..........0 17
Leuciscus Lancastriensis, Yarr.... 59 nasutus, Waterh.t.ccdcssesanen 16
Limosa Terek, Temm. cesseseoee. 48 obscurus, Waterh. ...s..ecceee 16
Linaria Cannabina, Swains. ...... 126 Olivaceus, Waterh. ...ecessoee 16
Lophotes, Less. sssssessereeeee RELY, 140 Fathis, EIN Masecsss cr aaee wee OB
Lutra vittata, Traill ..........0600 46 subspinosus, Waterh.......... 104
Lyurus Derbianus, Gould ......... 182 tumidus, Waterh. ..s..s..s00e 15
Machaerota ensifera, Burm. ...... 130 xanthopygus, Waterh......++ 28
Magrocercus militaris, Vieill...... 109 xanthorhinus, Waterh. ...... 17
Macropus Bennettii, Waterh...... 103 | Mustela putoria, Linn. .,..:.+0.+.. 46
major, SHAW «.....eceees 82 | Myiagra nitida, Gould .,.......+4 142
ualabatus, Less......+ 103 | Myosorex, n.g., Gray sseeeceeeere 128
Macroscelides, And. Smith.......... 69 VATIUS, GTAY cesessesovon 12k

. m
Modi
‘ £3)

~ Nasalis recurvus, Vig. et Horsf... 71
Nautilus, Linn. .....c0ccescesseesees 63
Nigidius levicollis, Westw......... 128
Noctiluce
Noctua Boobook, Vig. et Horsf.... 99
maculata, Vig. et Horsf. . 93

Numenius Australis, Gould ...,.. 155

arquatus, Lath......... 156
Ocythoe, Cranch v..scsecccesaecees 45, 84
Oniscus, Linn ........sccecessseceeees 42
Oreocincla, n. g. Gould ...se0es000 145

macrorhyncha, Gould 145
parvirostris, Gould .. 136
Oreoica, n. g. Gold cssccececeveeee 151
Origma, n.g. Gould .....ccccseseee 148

Oriolus Xanthornus, Linn. ...... 110
Orpheus melanotus, Gould..,...... 27
parvulus, Gould ......... 27

| trifasciatus, Gould ...... 27
Ortyx guttata, Gould....... tiscleaene 79
Montexume@, Vig.......0.0 114
plumifera, Gould ..........+. 42
Oryx Capensis, Smith.........0.0008 81
Ostrea, LINN. ...ccccdieeeccs eoeeeees 64
Otion Cuvieri, Leach ......sce0088. 42
Otomys, And. Smith...........000 29, 69
Otus Galapagoensis, Gould ...... 10
Oxymycterus, n.g., Waterh....... 21

. nasutus, Waterh... 21
_ Pachycephala longirostris, Gould 149
australis, Vig. et Horsf.
x xanthoprocta, Gou.
Pachyglosse

Pandion leucocephalus, Gould ... 188
_ Paradoxurus Derbianus, Gray ... 67
Pardalotus aftinis, Gould
melanocephalus, Gow.
quadragintus, Gould 148
rubricatus, Gould ...
striatus, Temm....... 25
— Parra Jacana, Linn, .........40.. e
Patella, Linn....... RARE aie: 101
Pediculus, Linn,......c6.cceseeseeeee 127
Penelope vetula, Wagl. .........0.. 119
membetaurus, Cuy. sescoccesscss TA P22 183
_ Petroica modesta, Gould ......... 147
Petromyzon planeri, Cuv. ...06.0.. 58
Phenicura ruticillu, Sav. ...... .. 126
_ Phalacrocorax brevirostris, Gould 26
carboides, Gould. .
Carbo, Temm. ... 156
leucogaster, Gould 156

BaP aalangista, Geofh. i. jcccavnertanoSs
Cookii, Desteccveece 131

flavirhynchus, Gou. 157.

INDEX. 163
Page Page
Difanodes elegans, Gould............ 25 | Phalangista viverrina, Ogilby ... 131

Phalcobzenus albogularis, Gould « 9
montana, D’Orb.... 9

Phascogale flavipes, Waterh....... 75
murina, Waterh....... 76
penicillata, Temm.... 76
Phileremos cornutus, nee coves LIL

PholaswLanns.s, hs ecihecazeneacesavess 101
Phycis furcatus, Flem. ....... ee
Phyllotis, n.g., Waterh.......... sine: eS

Darwinii, Waterh....... 28
griseo-flavus, Waterh.. 28
xanthopygus, Waterh.. 28

Physalia pelagica, Lam. ...... eee AS
Physeter macrocephalus, Shaw... 39
Phytotoma tridactyla s..ssse.000 +. 50
PUCUS ATALOY .siccsveveccscascereeens 109
QUIIFFONS ...+ onpaideinnea haces 116
Picus Carolinensis, Wils,........0+ 116
Chilensis, Less.......00s seach ee LOD.
Pinalia, n. g., Gray. ..ccsccsceceeee 125
Pipra caudata, Shaw.......ss0.0 » 113
COPONAEA, SPiX....eceeceseseee 113
cyaneocapilla, Wag]. ...... 118
cyanocephala, Vieill......... “113
elegantissima, Bonap. . 112
linearis, Bonap. ....ceseacoee 113
longicauda, Vieill............ 113
melanocephala, Vieill. . oocpey Ale
musica, Vieill. ..... sisab cient 118
Serena, Linn. ....ccecesvaces 1138
strigilata, Max. . ....csse0 « 122
striolata, Bonap. E ACER ares 122
Platalea flavipes, Gould.........00. 106
regia, Gould .....cccceseces 106
Platessa flesus, Flem.......... veeeee 60
pola, Cuvee Be 58

Platycercus flaveolus, Gould ...... 26

heematonotus, Gould 151

ignitus, Leadb. ...... 8
Plectorhyncha, n. g., Gould ..... . 153
lanceolata, Gould 153

Pleuronectes hirtus, Miill. ......... 60
punctatus,Penn. ... 60

rhombus, Linn. ...... 60

Podargus, Cuv. ..... cid ttle aie ee On
stellatus, Gould ...... ww. «48
Pogonius Brucei, Riipp.........000 50
Polyborus albogularis, Gould...... 9

Brasiliensis, Swains. 9,

Galapagoensis, Gould. 9
Polyborus Nove Zelandi@......... 96
Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Gould 137
Prionites Momotus, Temm. ..... . 114
Pristiurus, Bonap. ....scccceeveeeee 86
Prionocerus ceer uleipennis, Perty 128

164 INDEX.
Page Page .
Procellaria puffinus, Linn.is.s.0.. 50 Scyllium marmoratum, Benn...... 85
Proteus anguinus, Lam..... Udadeest 107 melanostomum, Bonap: 86
Psilopus, n. g., Gould .....00 .--. 146 | Sciuroptera fimbriata, Gray w.. 67
albogularis, Gould ...... 147 Turnbulli, Gray ...... 68
brevirostris, Gowld...... 147 | Seolopacinus, n. g., Bonap. ...... 120
fuscus, Gould .........++. 147 rufiventris, Bonap. 119
olivaceus, Gould....:.... 147 | Semnopithecus Entellus, F. Cuv.. 73
Pteroglossus Gouldii, Natierrer... 44 obscurus, Reid ... 14
Pleromys, Cuv. sicocsserseseceeoees s 69 | Septaria, Lam.ee..isccssseissececeees 64
Horsfieldii, Waterh. ... 87 | Sericornis, n. g., Gould......:..... 1338
Puffinus assimilis, Gould ......... 156 ’ citreogularis, Gould... 138
Obsctirus lastissicssss... «so 156 humilis, Gowld......... 133
Python, Daud. .i...esee0s Putte. 135 parvulus, Gould ...... 134
Pyranga Aistiva, Vieill........0..+. 116 | Sericulus magnirostris, Gould. ... 145
Ludoviciana, Bonap. ... 116 Setophaga rubra, Swains. ......... 118
Pyrgita Jagoensis, Gould ....ss00. 77 ruticilla, Swains, ...... 118
petronia, Cuvissrerseicsre 126 | Srmia nasatrs, Schreb. ....4:.5...8 70
Pyrosoma, Peron. s.sescseeesseeces 3 nasica, Schreb. ..sssisceeesees 70
Atlantiea ssisessisesivr. 51 Wurmbii, Fisch. ......4..... 82
Pyrrhula rosea, Vemm. +....040464 48 | Sittella leucocephala, Gould ...... 152
Quiscalus major, Vieill. ...s.cc0.008 110 pileata, Gould ......... hia 161
Rallus Chiricote, Vieill..........5. . 114 melanocephala, Gould...... 152
Ramphastos carinatus, Swains.... 108 Solea lingua, Rond........ wun. 58
Ramphocelus atro-sericeus D’Orb. 121 Sorex araneus, Schreb. ............. 125
icteronotus, Bonap. 121 amphibius, Brehm..........+. 126
nigro-gularis, Spix 121 brevicaudatus, Say 4..44: vee 194
Ramphopis flammigerus, Jard, et Carolinensis, Bachm. ....:. 124
Sela. vessaicereeti 121 Capensis, Geoff.....ceeses0e8. 125
Passerinii, Bonap. ... 121 Capensoides, And. Smith... 125
Reduvius tibialis, Westw. ......4.. 13 concinnus, Pall........s.00e00s 124
Reithrodon, n. g., Waterh......... 29 constrictus, Geoff....... Weed! 128
cuniculoides, Waterh. 30 crassicaudatus, Geoff. ...... 125
typicus, Waterh...... 30 etrascus; SAVIN Wi isaccerecceee 125
Rhea Americana, Briss..........0. « 85 Jlavescens, Geoff. ......00000. 125
Darwinii, Gould ............ 35 fodiens, Flem. ....06.. 42.366 126
Rhinchites Manillensis, Westw. . 128 leucodon, Herm. ............ 125
Rhinolophus Landeri, Martin ... 101 megalodon, Pall. .....s.0000: 124
Rhynchea Australis, Gould....... 155 musculus, Wagl. ....cees0e 126
Salmo ertox, Linn. cscssrccveceesoees 57 myosurus, Geoft. .ic..seceeee 125
trntia,, Vitin izteise..costses 57 natans, Brehm....s.....2626-. 126
Sala, Gels. 255.000 05k sseessoitess 1 parvus, Say sisiisiie..c..ee. 124
ONT ESAS PEST Ct EEE EES 132 personatus, Geoff....:... teases 124
Savicola solitaria, Vig. et Horsf. 148 pilorides, Shaw sssessse.ees we 124
Scapteromys, n. g., Waterh. ...... 20 psilurus, Wagliess.sccseseseee 126
tumidus, Waterh.... 21 pulchellus, Gmel. ......se000 125
Scaraba@us, Linn..........ssesevsseee 12 pumilus, Gmel........ seated 225
Sceliages, n. g., Westw. ...... eee rhinolophus, Pall....... desese 124
Iopas, Westw.......0000s 12 stagnalis, Brehm. ........05. 126
Scelodonta, n. g., Westw. ....s0005 129 tetragonurus, Herm. ...... 126
curculionoides, Westw. 129 | Sphagebranchus, Bloch ......... sae 8S
Sciuropterus Horsfieldii, Waterh. 87 | Sphenostoma, n.g. Gould......... 149
Scyllium, LINN. s....00.seeeseceeeees 85 cristatum, Gould... 150
bivium, Linn. ............ 85 | Spirdia, Lamascccicivescccccscessse 64
capense, And. Smith ... 85 | Spiza versicolor, Bonap. ......... 120
Africanum, Cuvi.s.0.. 85 | Spondylus varius, Brod.? ss... 63
plagiosum, Benn,......., 85 | Squalus, LIND, siseveresereeerereees 85

she wenaeieatatnai> ko 0 Boal JY sahara ar
INDEX. | , 165
i Page ’ Page
s canicula, Bloch.,........... 85 | Tanagra striata, Gmel. .......0+-. 121
ocellatus, Bloch ......... 86 | Tetrapturus Herschellii, Gray ... 101
lobatus, Linn. ......... ... 85 | Thamnophilus doliatus, Bonap... ehh
Gata, Garra...... Peadedevee 100 - fuliginosus, Gould 80
FASCIALUS 2 .occoveocsecseess 85 rutilus, Vieill...... eu)
‘ maculatus ...... Dieeedaste .. 85 | Therates coracina, Erich. ......+- . 128
r Birdos; Miill. et Henle ...... 85 | Thrasaétos Harpyia, G. R. Gray 108
‘Sternamacrotarsa, Gould ......... 26 | Todus cinereus, Briss......0.++++ hte
melanura, Gouid........s00+ 156 | Trichiurus, Linn. ......... ete stats . 55
, policcerca, Gould ....... «- 26} Triglu aspera, Viviana ..........++ 61
= ASCAlAPhUusercrcccdrevervcoeccee 48 cuculus, Bloch. ......e.000. 57
Cyclops, Gould ...........04- 99 hirundo, Bloch. .......2.++. 61
castanops, Gould .........0. sve Gurnardus, Linn. ....++++. 61
delicatus, Gould..,.........+ 40499 pint, Blache. s.<2sakevsk ease 61
personata, Vig. et Horsf.... 99 peciloptera, Cuv. et Val... 61
Scops, Temm.....« see ee .... 54] Trochilus colubris, Linn. .«...... aunt
rnella Hippocrepis, Wasi. Beate 111 | Trogon Mexicanus, Swains.?...... 109
militaris, Vieill. ...... ye 120 Paradiseus, Bonap........- 101
Stylephorus, Shaw ...... mauee seers 55 resplendens, Gould......-.. 101
Sula rubripes, Gould ......... Gree tO6 strigilatus, Linn.........06. 116
Surnia nivea, Dum. .....0-000.. ... 45] Turdus Grayi, Bonap............006 118,
Dus, Linn. .......-.. peedeeusctestes = 23 migratorius, Linn. -....00+. ill
Sylvicola decurtata, Bonap. . 118 unicolor, Gould ......cs000. 136
Symmorphus, n. g., Gould......... 145 | Tyrannula coronata, Swains....... 112
leucopygus, Gould 145 divaricata, Bonap. ... 112
nallaxis cinerascens, Temm. ... 118 | Tyrannus superciliosus, Swains... 118
branchus, Bloch ...........84.- 88 | Ursus Brasiliensis, Thunb. ..... » 46—
yngnathus equoreus, Linn. ...... 58 | Vespertilio Natierreri, Kuhl. ... 52
lumbriciformis, Jenyns?60 | Viperid@............ SURCu ets aes eaaparmneee
ophidion, Bloch. ...... 58 | Viverra vittata, Schreb............. 46—
typhle, Linn. ......0. 58 | Vulpes Bengalensis, Gray wacdene - 68
Tanagra archiepiscopus, Desm.... 117 dorsalis, Gray ..........006. 132
a celestis, Spix.....seseceoeee 121 fulva, sity Jo<cqecesnsne= 68
Pe ChloraticGsss.3.<20eute. 2 . 116 fulvipes, Martin ......+++006 1
‘ai cyanocephala, D’Orb.... 121 vulgaris, Briss.........s0+0+ 68
an Darwinii, Bonap. ...... 121 xanthura, Gray .......0002. 68
ne episcopus, Less. ......... 117 | VULTUR AURA.....sccscceccecsccseees 33
Br Sayaca, Vann. ........006 117 | Xanthornus gularis, Wagl. ...... 100 —
“ss olivascens, Licht..:-...... 117 mentalis, — LAB » WOR,
D: glauca, Sparm...cc.ssse00. 117 | Zonuride...es.00 sseseereesssaseeneee 132
) _ vicarius, Less, ...,........ 116 “ae

Printed by Richard and John E, Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London.

we, tae. ee ee. ee ee Se ee
Ae : i hil ie ai ei
:

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

AS iSH M USE.

PART VI.
1838.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY R. AND J. fh. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

bya Le
ee
a i

LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

BacuMan, Dr.
Monoegenhy of the PERE of ES, inhabiting North

page

America . <r
Brsron, M.
Observations on some British Specimens of the Genus
Triton 3 hipaa ® ae 23
BicueEno, J. E., Esq.
Letter accompanying the Donation of a Skin of the Burr-
hal Sheep from the Himalaya Mountains. . .- wns aT
Biytu, E., Esq.
Observations on the Structure of the Feet of the yius
mide. . 20
Remarks ¢ on the Plumage and Progressive Changes of ‘the
Crossbill and Linnet_. - 115
Exhibition of the Skull of a Cumberland ‘Ox, presenting
a remarkable Development of the Horns . . 120
Campsext, Colonel P.
Letter respecting the probability of tag some White
Elephants for the est ha w(lodr Gat wd, - 119
Cantor, Dr. T.
Notice of the Hamadryas, a Genus of Hooded Pemante
with Poisonous Fangs and Maxillary Teeth . 72
Observations on Marine Serpents . . . 80
Cumine, H., Esq.
On the "Habits of some species of Mammalia from the Phi-
lippine Islands . - - - aes ver < oa. 67

Dessarpins, M. J.
Letter from .

iv
DoneErTY, Lieut.-Colonel.
Letter relating to the Chimpanzee and Hippopotamus.

Gorpony, A., Esq.
Letter begging the Society's acceptance of two Australian
Quadrupeds which have been described in the Society’s Pro-

COPRMMEE Tite Per Me ckallic 6. % im <2
Gou tp, Mr. J.
On two New Species of Birds from PERS belnneene
to the Genus Ptilotis . . . . ie a tk

Gray, J. E., Esq.
On a New Species of Perameles .

Harris, Capt. W. C.
On a New Species of Antelope . . .... -

Harvey, J. B., Esq.

Exhibition of some Specimens belonging to the Genera
Siphunculus and Asterias, and notice of the occurrence of
the Red-band Fish ( Cepola aces he near Oe eae

Vote of Thanksto, .. . pices fe

Horr, the Rev. F. W.
Observations on the Ravages of the Limnoria terebrans. «

HorsFIELpD, Dr.
Exhibition of Mr. M¢Clelland’s Collection of Indian Mam-
malia and Birds ....++.. -» PE RE NS 7/:

Martin, W., Esq.
Ona New Genus of Insectivorous Mammalia
On the Visceral Anatomy of the Spotted Cavy ( Clogeny ys
subniger, Cuv.) .
On some Species of Chameleon from Fernando Bono
On two Specimens of Saurian Reptiles sent to the Society

by Mr. Cuming . . Ba tvrrkes oe Pia hs ou dea

On two New Species of Snakes . .

On some Snakes collected oti the Euphrates Expedi-
tion . .

Observations on the Sooty and. White-eyelid Monkeys
( Cercopithecus fuliginosus and C. 4ithiops.) .«

MicwHe torTtT!, Dr.
Letter from, requesting the Society’s cree of a Col-
lection of Fossil Shells from Italy . . . . ROE

Ocitsy, W., Esq.

On a Collection of Mammalia procured by Captain Alex-
ander during his journey into the country of the Damaras, on
the south-west coast of Africa . ce a

On a New Species of Galago .

Page
- 119

- 149

167

OaitBy, W., Esq. page
On a New Species of Kangaroo . . oh
On a New Species of Marsupial ‘Animal found by Major
Mitchell on the banks of the River Murray in New South

Wales .. . 25
oe of various species of the Genus Hypsiprym-

nus . . e .
Remarks upon the Basehal ‘Sheep “Ae .' 79
On a New Species of Muntjac Deer from China A . 105

Or.ey, Mr.

Extract of a letter from, relating to the caches teres

MiGHe COVPOU | 6. 8 ea ee ee wb PEM eC)

Owen, Professor.

Notes on the Anatomy of the Nubian Giraffe - . . 6,20
Observations on the Genus Menopoma. . . . . . . 15
On the Anatomy of the Dugong. . 2) shee
Description of the Organs of Deglutition i in the Giraffe . AT
On the Anatomy of the Apteryx ik si Australis,

Shaw.) . . - + 48,71, 105
On the Osteology of the Marsupialia ° - 120
On the Dentition of the Koala (Lipurus cinereus, Goldf. ) 154

Paton, W., Esq.
Letter accompanying a Donation to the Museum . . . 81

Pory, Dr. P.
Letter relating to Two Specimens of Capromys Four-
nieri, presented by him to the Society . ... .- - 167

Porter, Mr.
Exhibition of a Specimen of the G'ymnotus electricus . . 110

Rosertson, Capt. C.
Letter containing an account of the capture of a Peregrine
Falcon on board the ship Exmouth, on her passage from
Bengalto London ... . Sethaed: eles See Cth aie

Smit, Lieut. T.
Extract from his Journal relating to the Burrhal Sheep. . 79

SrracHan, F., Esq.
Letter referring to the Chimpanzee and Hippopotamus . 66

Syxes, Lieut.-Col.
Observations on the Canis > appeal and some Skins of the

Felis Pardina .. SRN inigehpoteue MELEE
On the Calandra Laan 1, ERS OREN ES PET Na en een era el i]
On the Fishes of the Deeoan Boiron RO hen sone jie: mately

V. per Hoeven, M.
On a large Species of Salamander from Japan . . . . 25

WarTeErRuHouss, G. R., Esq. page
On a New Species of Squirrel . . BWI, OMRe 19
On a New Species of the Genus Delphinus wor, 23

On two New Species of Mammalia, from the Sotiety’s
Collection, belonging to the Genera Gerbillus and Herpestes 55
On some New Species of Mammalia from Fernando Po . 57

On some Skins of two species of Monkeys from Sierra
Leone . wane, 61
Ona New Species of Hare: from North America ~ 80. 103
On the Flying Lemurs (Galeopithecus) . . . . . .119

On the Dentition of the Flying Opossums. . . . 149
On the Skull and Dentition of the American n Badger
Catches Tabratioria)’s CPOs ttt - 153

Watts, G. B., Esq.
Letter relating to a Collection of Specimens intended for
the Society's Museu Orr >. Ties i) 89 @20n eter. a0

Witiiams, W., Lieut. R.A.
Account of a Wasp’s Nest itty ti to the sem oN the
Governor of Ceylon. . . - 167

YARRELL, W., Esq.
On a New Species of Swan. . “eh Leo
On the occurrence of the Anchovy ii in the Thames). . 66

ERRATUM.

P. 112. bottom line, after the word Australia, add and the Islands of the Indian
Archipelago.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 9th, 1838.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gray exhibited a new species of Perameles, in size and ge-
neral appearance very closely agreeing with Per. nasutus, but pecu-
liar for its very short white tail, and in having several indistinct
broad white bands over the haunches. The species inhabits Van
Diemen’s Land, where it frequents gardens, and commits great havoc
amongst bulbous roots, which it is said to devour with avidity.
Mr, Gray proposed for it the name of Per. Gunnii, after its discoverer,
Mr. Ronald Gunn*.

It was suggested in the course of some discussion which followed
Mr. Gray’s observations, that the roots upon which this species was
supposed to feed, were probably attacked for the purpdse of procu-
ring such insects as might be,found in them; and Mr. Owen in re-
ference to this point alluded to a dissection of a Perameles made by
Dr. Grant, and published in the Wernerian Transactions, in which
insects were found tc constitute almost the sole contents of the
stomach and intestines.

A very large and beautiful Antelope, of a species hitherto entirely
unknown, and which had just arrived in England under the care of
Captain Alexander from the Cape, was in the room for exhibition ;
and the history of the circumstances under which it had been dis-
covered, were detailed in the following letter, addressed to the Se-
cretary, by Capt. W. C. Harris, of the Bombay Engineers.

Cape Town, South Africa, Oct. 10, 1837.

Sir,—I beg the favour of your presenting to the Zoological So-
ciety the accompanying drawing and description of an entirely new
and very interesting species of Antelope, which I discovered in the
course of an expedition to the interior of Africa, from which I have
lately returned. A perfect specimen that I brought down has been
admirably set up by Monsieur Verreaux, the French naturalist at
Cape Town, and will be sent to London in the course of a few days,
to the care of Dr. Andrew Smith. It would appear to belong to
the sub-genus Aigocerus, and in form, as well as in other respects,
bears remote resemblance to the Aigocerus Equina, (Roan Antelope
or Bastard Gemsbok,) with which it has been confounded by many

* Since described in the Annals of Zoology and Botany, for April, 1838.
No. LXI.—Procrepines or THE Zoonogican Sociery.

‘iv

persons imperfectly acquainted with the subject to whom it has
been exhibited. A comparison of the two animals will, however,
render the existing difference between them too obvious to demand
any observation from me.

During nearly three months that I hunted over the country lying
between the 24th and 26th parallels of south latitude, within 28°
_and 30° east longitude, I only once met. with the Antelope in
question. On the northern side of the Cashan range of mountains,
about a degree and a half south of the tropic of Capricorn, I found
a herd, consisting of nine does and two bucks, and followed them
until I captured the specimen from which the enclosed drawing
was made.

None of the natives of the country were familiar with the appear-
ance of the animal when first interrogated on the subject, although
after conferring amongst themselves, they agreed that it was K60-
kame, (Oryx Capensis,) the Gemsbok ; and, of the many individuals
to whom it has been shown, a trader named Robert Scoon is the only
one by whom it has been recognized. He declares that he saw a
herd of them some years ago near the very spot I have described,
but could not succeed in killing one. It is, doubtless, very rare;
and, judging from the formation of the foot, entirely confined to the
mountains.

The females are somewhat smaller than the males, are provided
with shorter and slighter, but similarly shaped horns, and are simi-
larly marked; a deep chestnut brown, verging upon black, taking
the place of the glossy black coat of the male. I did not obtain a
female specimen ; but whilst riding down the buck, I had abundant
opportunities of narrowly observing them within the distance of a few
yards, and am, therefore, positive as to the correctness of the descrip-
tion here given.

I have for the present designated the new Antelope ‘‘ Aigocerus
niger ;” but of course it will rest with the Zoological Society either
to confirm that name, or to bestow one more appropriate or more
scientific ; and I shall be gratified by their doing so.

I have the honour to be, sir,
Your most obedient servant,
W. C. Harris.

The following description of this interesting addition to the Fauna
of Southern Africa was appended to the above letter.

Aigocerus niger. THe SaBLE ANTELOPE,

Adult male four feet six inches high at the shoulder; nearly nine
feet in extreme length. Horns thirty-seven inches over the curve,
placed immediately above the eyes, rather higher than occurs in the
Aigocerus Equina; flat, slender, sub-erect, and.then strongly bent
back similar wise; at first gradually diverging, and then running
parallel to each other; three-fourths annulated with about thirty
strongly pronounced, incomplete rings, more rigid on the edges, but
chiefly broken on the outside of the horn; the remaining one fourth
smooth, round, slender and pointed. Head somewhat attenuated

towards the muzzle, and compressed laterally. Carcase robust.
Withers elevated. Neck broad and flat. Hoofs black, obtuse, and
rather short. Hair close and smooth: general colour of the coat
intense glossy black, with an occasional cast of deep chestnut. A
dirty white streak commencing above each eye, continued by a pen-
cil of long hairs covering the place of the suborbital pouch, (of
which cavity no trace is to be found in this Antelope,) and then
running down the side of the nose to the muzzle, which is entirely
white; the same colour pervading one half of the cheek, the chin
and the throat. Ears ten inches long, narrow, tapering and pointed ;
white within, lively chestnut without, with black pencilled tips. A
broad half crescent of deep chestnut at the base of each ear, behind.
A small, entire bluck muzzle. A copious standing black mane,

_ five and a half inches high, somewhat inclined forwards, and extend-

ing from between the ears to the middle of the back. Hair of the
throat and neck longer than that of the body. Belly, buttocks, and
inside of thighs, pure white. A longitudinal dusky white stripe be-
hind each arm. Fore legs jet black inside and out, with a tinge of

chestnut on and below the knees. Hind legs black, with a lively
chestnut patch on and below the hocks. Tail black; long hair
skirting the posterior edge, and terminating in a tuft which extends
below the hocks. Sheath tipped with black.

Female smaller than the male, with smaller, but similarly shaped
horns. Colour, deep chestnut brown verging upon black.

Very rare. Gregarious, in small families. Inhabits the great
mountain range which threads the more eastern parts of Mosele-
katse’s territory.

DIMENSIONS.

Height at shoulder ............ 54 inches.
Dength 08 Dad yoga. «02 os 20's 44
Length of eck i. fie.) 2/5) 17
Length of head .............. 19
RETAIN ORGS 5 fuori s 5a) eve e's) 2, bre 25
Length of hind-quarter ........ 19
Depth of chest... ......4...-- 30
Length of fore-arm ............ 16
Fore knee to foot.............. 15
Croup: to: hock, waisigeisss sas a athe 36
Hockeie, S060 tag erat do a) isin se oa 182
Breadth of reek ajs)...:. . aiviwieie so 16
Breadth of fore-arm............ 6
Brenadthy, of ile ibaa. wiccisiets ale 6) ds 6
Breadth of fore-leg ............ 24
Breadth of hind-leg..........0. 3
Length of hors. .......+-.-..- 37
Breadth asunder at base........ 1
Breadth asunder at tips ........ 94
Length ofeats (ai s'f nee. 2)... 10

Breadth ‘efhedd i Snir. 9

A specimen of a marine snake (Pelamys bicolor) presented to the
Museum by the Rev. William White, Wesleyan Missionary to the
New Zealand Association, and which, with several others, had been
picked up dead upon the beach on the west coast of that country,
was upon the table; also another portion of the birds collected by
Charles Darwin, Esq., to which Mr. Gould in continuation drew the
attention of the Members.

January 23.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A selection of the Mammalia procured by Captain Alexander du-
ring his recent journey into the country of the Damaras, on the South
West Coast of Africa, was exhibited, and Mr. Ogilby directed the
attention of the Society to the new and rare species which it con-
tained.

Among the former were the Herpestes melanurus and Cynictis
Ogilbiz of Dr. Smith, the Canis megalotis, &c. The latter consisted
of five new species, which Mr. Ogilby characterized as follows:

Macroscelides Alewandri. Fur long and fine, very dark blue-
black at the root, but pointed with pale sandy-red above, and white
beneath; ears pretty large, subelliptical, and red behind; whole under
lip red; farsi white; tail long, hairy, and very much attenuated;
length 53 inches; tail 4% inches.

Macroscelides melanotis. Of a rather larger size than the for-
mer, with large head, dark brown or black ears, rather sandy under
lip, dunnish white throat and abdomen, but pale reddish brown chest;
colour of the upper parts much the same, but rather more ashy ; tarsi
light brown; tail mutilated: length 6 inches. ,

Chrysochloris Damarensis. Brown, with a silvery lustre both above
and below; a yellowish white semicircle extends from eye to eye,
under the chin, covering the whole of the cheeks, lips and lower jaw ;
a very marked character which, as well as the peculiar shade of the
colour, readily distinguishes it from the new species described by Dr.
Smith: no tail: length 43 inches.

Bathyergus Damarensis. A species intermediate in size between
Capensis and Hottentotus: colour uniform reddish brown both above
and below, with a large irregularly square white mark on the occiput,
much larger than in Hottentotus, and another on each side of the neck
just under the ears; these two meet on the throat, which is thus
covered with dirty dunnish white; tail, a large flat stump covered
with coarse reddish brown bristles, which stand out from it in all
directions like radii; paws reddish brown: length 8} inches; tail
} inch*,

. Graphiurus elegans, Smaller than Graph. Capensis of Cuv., and
of a purer and deeper ash colour above; the chin, throat, and cheeks
are covered by alarge patch of pure white, the rest of the under sur-
‘face is mixed grey and ash, and all the ¢arsi and paws pure white:
there is a mark of the same colour above and in front of each ear,
and an oblique white stripe runs from the throat backwards over the

'_* This specimen, and the Macroscelides melanotis, were purchased for
_ the British Museum, and the remaining three species for the Museum of
the Zoological Society at the sale of Capt. Alexander’s Collection, March 8,
= -1888. t

shoulder, just in front of the arms; an intense black stripe passes
from the commissure of the mouth, through the eye to the ear; the
tail is covered with short coarse hair, pure white above, pure black be-
low, and pencilled or shaded on each side; face greyish ash; whiskers
abundant, and of a grey colour: length 5 inches; tail 23 inches.

Mr. Ogilby observed, that the above species, and the one described
by F. Cuvier, under the name of Graph. Capensis, appeared to him
to differ in no respect from the genus Myoaus, and that in character-
ising the present animal, he merely made use of the name Graphiurus
to indicate its relation to that originally described by Cuvier.

Mr. Ogilby likewise called the attention of the Society to certain
peculiarities in the structure of the hand, in a living specimen of a
new species of Galago, which he proposes to call Otolicnus Garnettii,
after the gentleman to whom he was indebted for the opportunity of
describing it, and who has already conferred many advantages upon
science by the introduction of numerous rare and new animals. The
peculiarity of structure to which Mr. Ogilby alluded, consisted in
the partially opposable character of the index finger of the fore hands,
the fingers on these members being divided into two groups, com-
posed of the thumb and index on one side, and the remaining three
fingers on the other, as in the Koalas and Pseudocheirs. He re-
marked that the anterior index in all the inferior Lemuride was weak
and powerless, and that it had the same tendency to divide with the
thumb instead of the other fingers in the rest of the Galagos, as well
as in the Nycticebi, Microcebi, Cheirogalei, and Tarsii; whilst in the
Potto it was reduced almost to a tubercle. These genera conse-
quently formed a little group analogous to the Koalas and Pseudo-
cheirs among the Didelphide, being, exclusive of these animals, the
only Cheiropeds in which this character occurs; and Mr. Ogilby re-
garded the fact as a strong confirmation of the truth of the relations
which he had formerly pointed out as subsisting between these two
families. The Otolicnus Garnettii is of a uniform dark brown colour
on every part both above and below ; the ears large, black, and
rather rounded; the tail long, cylindrical and woolly; and the size
of the animal about that of a small /emur, or considerably larger than
Oto. Senegalensis.

A communication was then read to the Meeting by Prof. Owen,
entitled, ‘‘ Notes on the Anatomy of the Nubian Giraffe.”

These notes contain the general results of the anatomical exami-
nation of three specimens of the Giraffe, which Mr. Owen had been
so fortunate as to have the opportunity of dissecting; one of the
three (a male) died in the Society’s Menagerie, and the remaining
two (male and female) were in the possession of Mr. Cross of the
Surrey Zoological Gardens.

The author agrees with Cuvier in considering that the external cha-
racters of the Giraffe clearly indicate its position in the orderRuminan-
tia, to be between the genera Cervus and Antilope; the true bony ma-
terial of its horns. which are covered by a periosteum defended by
hairy integument, resembling the growing antlers of the Deer; but the

non-deciduous character of this tegumentary covering to the perios-
teum, and the consequent permanency of the horns in the Giraffe,
reminding us of the persistent nature of these organs as it obtains
throughout the Antelopes.

The black callous integument on the upper surface in the horns,
is noticed as a probable indication of a tendency to develope a su-
perabundance of epidermic material; and Mr. Owen conceives that
the strong black hair which grows in a matted tuft around their
extremities may represent, in an unravelled state, the fibres com-
posing the horny coverings of the core in the horns of the Antelope.
A few examples occur among both Deer and Antelopes, in which
the possession of horns is found in the two sexes, as in the Giraffe ;
but in this animal these organs present certain peculiar characters

_in the mode of their articulation to the skull, the basis of the horn
being united by sychondrosis to the frontal and parietal bones, con-
stituting an epiphysis rather than an apophysis of the cranium. With
regard to the supposed occurrence of a third horn in the male
Nubian Giraffe, as the osteological details bearing upon this point are
given in that part of the memoir which embraces the description of
the skeleton, Mr. Owen in this place merely observes, that the
evidence afforded by the examination of the two individuals in ques-
tion was rather opposed to, than in favour of its existence.

‘The general form of the Giraffe is obviously modified with
especial reference to its exigencies and habits; the prolongation and
extensibility of its hair-clad muzzle, the peculiar development, cy-
lindrical shape and flexibility of its tongue; the oblique and narrow
apertures of the nostrils, defended by hair and surrounded with
cutaneous muscular fibres, enabling the animal to close them at will,
and thus to protect the olfactory cavity from the fine particles of
sand which in the storms of the desert would otherwise find ingress,
are points referred to by the author as exhibiting marked adapta-
tions of structure in especial harmony with a mode of life consequent
upon the nature of its food and its geographical distribution.

For a description of the general external peculiarities of the body
the author refers to Riippell’s Reise im Nordlichen Africa; Geoffroy
in the Annales des Sciences, xi. p. 210; Salze, in the Mémoires du
Museum, xiv. p. 68; and the 5th and 6th volumes of Sir E. Home’s
Comparative Anatomy.

Oreans or DicEsTion.

The Giraffe differs from every other Ruminant in the form of the
mouth, which resembles that of the Elk in the non-division and ex-
tensibility of the hair-clad upper lip, but differs widely from it in
the elegant tapering shape of the muzzle. The muscles of the
tongue, both as to number and arrangement, presented no peculi-
arities of importance, but the nerves were characterized by the beau-
tiful wavy course in which they were disposed, and by which dis-
position they are accommodated to the greatly varying length of
this organ. The erectile tissue, conjectured by Sir Everard Home
to be present in the tongue of the Giraffe, and to be the cause of

its extension, has no existence: the only modifications of the vas~-
cular system worthy of notice were the large size and slight plexiform
arrangement of the lingual veins at the under part of the base of the
tongue. The inner surface of the lips, especially where they
join to form the angles of the mouth, was beset with numerous
close-set, strong, retroverted and pointed papille, similar to those
distributed over the interior of the gullet in the Chelonie ; a struc-
ture which is also present in other Ruminants.

The palate was beset with about sixteen irregular transverse
ridges, having a free denticulate edge directed backwards; an appa-
ratus for detaining the food, and insuring its deglutition, which Mr.
Owen notices as especially required in the Giraffe, by reason of the
small comparative size of its head and jaws: he also refers to the
mechanical obstacles, which oppose the escape of the food when re- _
gurgitated, in the Ruminantia generally, as the presence of buccal
papille, &c. as an evidence on which to found an argument of spe-
cial adaptation or design. This structure is noticed by Cuvier, but
considered by him as only coexistent with the occurrence of papille
upon the lining membrane of the stomach, and as a condition of
parts which furnishes no obvious indication of any connexion with
final causes; with a view of showing that no such relation of coex-
istence as that imagined by Cuvier, in the presence of papille upon
different portions of the alimentary canal, can be positively esta-
blished, Mr. Owen instances the Turtle, which has these callous
bodies in great abundance, but entirely restricted to the lining mem-
brane of the esophagus, in which situation their use is sufficiently
apparent.

The esophagus in size was found to be very regular and uniform
throughout its entire length, being about an inch and three quarters
in diameter, and surrounded with two strong layers of muscular
fibres; the fibres being thickest, and arranged transversely in the
external layers ; those of the internal being oblique, with an approach
towards a longitudinal disposition. These fibres on being examined
with the microscope and compared with those of the stomach, were
found by Mr. Owen to present a structure which he regards as inter-
mediate between that which characterizes voluntary and involuntary
muscular fibre ; their ultimate filaments being aggregated into regular
sized ultimate fascicles having a parallel disposition, and thus so far
agreeing with the fibres of the voluntary muscles, but at. the same
time exhibiting an important structural difference in the total ab-
sence of transverse stri@ ; the fascicles in fact being perfectly smooth
and substransparent.

The mucous membrane of the esophagus was thick and firm,
lined by a well-developed smooth epithelium, and connected to the
muscular coat by a very lax cellular membrane.

As regards the position of the abdominal viscera in the female,
the paunch occupied the ventral aspect of the anterior two-thirds of
the short abdominal cavity, resting immediately upon the abdominal
muscles and their strong elastic fascie. The great omentum which was
studded reticularly with fat, as in the Ruminants generally, extended

_—— vx

ee ee ee ee ee

from the paunch to below the brim of the pelvis: on raising it a fold
of the colon appeared immediately below the paunch towards the left
side; below this were several convolutions of the small intestines ;
the obtuse blind end of the cecum made its appearance in the left
hypogastric region, and below there was another portion of the
great colon.

In the male the abdominal viscera presented nearly the same ap-
pearances ; on raising the paunch the spiral coils of the colon (cha-
racteristic of the Ruminants) came into view, together With the rest
of the jejunum and ilium, upon the removal of which the third and
fourth stomachs, and the small liver wholly confined to the right of
the mesial plane, were exposed.

The spleen, as usual in the Ruminantia, had its concave surface
applied to the left side of the first stomach or rumen.

The pancreas extended transversely behind the stomach within
the posterior duplicature of the omentum from the spleen to the
duodenum.

The kidneys occupied the usual position in the loins, the right
one a little more advanced than the left; their figure was rounded
and compact, as in the Deer and Antelopes, and they were not ex-
ternally lobated as in the Ox.

The cells of the reticulum, asin the Reindeer, were extremely shallow,
their boundaries appearing only as raised lines; but there was the same
form and grouping of the cells as obtains throughout the Ruminants
generally, the arrangement being that by which the greatest number
are included in the least possible space.

The folds of the psalterium resembled those of most other Rumi-
nants, each two narrow folds having alternately placed between
them one of great and one of moderate breadth.

In the fourth stomach the ruge of the digestive membrane were
slightly developed, and chiefly longitudinal ; the pylorus was pro-
tected by a valvular protuberance placed above it just within the
stomach.

Theduodenum, which was dilated at the commencement, received the
biliary and pancreatic secretions about ten inches from the pylorus.

The small intestines were rather tightly bound to the spine in
short coils by a narrow mesentery; their diameter was about four
inches.

The ilium ceases to be convolute towards its termination, ascend-
ing in a straight course, and entering the cecum near the root of the
mesentery.

The cecum was a simple cylindrical gut, as in other Ruminants ;
its circumference about six inches.

The disposition of the colon resembled that of the Deer; it ex-
tended about eight feet before the spiral turns commenced, there it
narrowed, and the separation of the feces into pellets began at this
poimt. ‘The coils were not in exactly the same plane, but formed a
depressed cone, with its concavity next to the mesentery, on the left
of which the coils were disposed. There were four complete gyra-
tions in one direction, having the same number of reverse coils in

their interspace. This part of the intestine measured fourteen feet
in length.
The length of the intestines was as follows :

Cross’s Cross’s Zool.

Female. Male. Male.
Small.... 91 ft. Oin. 88 ft. 82 ft.
Large ... 43 2 43 40
Cacim’.. “2 2 2 a

The liver weighed six pounds eleven ounces avoirdupois; it con-
sisted of one lobe of a flattened form, with a small posterior spigi-
lean process.

The presence of a gall-bladder, distinguishing the hollow-horned
from the solid-horned Ruminants, made the investigation of this point
in the anatomy of the Giraffe one of extreme interest ; and Mr. Owen
remarks, that the result of his examination of three individuals shows
the caution which should be exercised in generalizing upon the facts
of a single dissection.

In the first Giraffe (Mr. Cross’s female) a large gall-bladder was
present, having the ordinary position and attachments, but presenting
the unusual structure of a bifid fundus. Upon making a longitu-
dinal incision down its side, it was found to be divided throughout
its length by a vertical septum of double mucous membrane, form-
ing two reservoirs of equal size; the organ in fact was double, each
bladder having a smooth lining membrane, and communicating sepa-
rately with the commencement of a single cystic duct.

Inthe two Giraffes subsequently dissected not a vestige of this organ
could be detected, the bile in them being conveyed by a rather wide
hepatic duct to the duodenum. Mr, Owen therefore concludes that the
absence of the gall-bladder is the normal condition, and that the
Giraffe in this respect has a nearer affinity to the Deer than to the
Antelopes.

The pancreas was broader, thinner, and of a more irregular form
than in the calf or human subject; it was attached on the left side
to the diaphragm and posterior part of the stomach, extending trans-
yersely across the spine to the termination of the biliary duct.

The spleen was of a tolerably regular oval form, but very thin, not
exceeding one inch and two-thirds at the thickest part.

In the chest the viscera presented the usual disposition.

SANGUIFEROUS SYSTEM.

The heart measured in the full length of the ventricles eight inches
and a half, and the same in the transverse diameter of the base. The
auricles were small as compared with the ventricles, which form a
rounded cone. The right ventricle terminated two inches from the
apex. The left flap of the tricuspid valve had its free margin at-
tached by long chorde tendinee to the septum ventriculorum on one
side, and to-a single columna carnea on the other, which columna also
gave attachment to some of the chorde tendinee of the right flap of the
tricuspid ; the rest of the chorde of this flap, and all the chorde of

the third or internal flap, were attached to a very short and thick
columna, arising from the septum ; below the left flap of the tricuspid
valve was a fleshy column, connecting the wall of the right ventricle
to the sepium.

At the origin of the aorta there was a single small curved bone.

The arch of the aorta, after distributing the vessels to the heart,
gave off, first, a large innominata, which subdivided into the right
vertebral artery, the right brachial artery, and the common trunk of
the two carotids; secondly, the left brachial artery ; thirdly, the left
vertebral artery. The common trunk of the two carotids was remark-
able for its length. The cranial plecus of the internal carotid was
much less developed than in the ordinary grazing Ruminants.

° Nervous System.

The brain of the Giraffe closely resembled, in its general form, and
in the number, disposition, and depth of the conyolutions, that of the
Deer: it was more depressed than in the Ox, and the cerebrum was
wholly anterior to the cerebellum. ‘The anterior contour of the
cerebral hemispheres was somewhat truncated.

The convolutions might be readily divided, as in other Ruminants,
into primary and secondary ; they averaged a breadth of three lines,
and were almost symmetrical in the two hemispheres. There was little
‘symmetry in the disposition of the primary convolutions in the cere-
bellum: the middle one on the upper surface, representing the su-
perior vermiform process, pursued a wavy course from side to side,
but the inferior vermiform process was straight, and very prominently
developed; these, with the lateral convolutions of the cerebellum,
were subdivided by narrow and, for the most part, transverse folds.
Mr. Owen also enters into a detailed account of the internal struc-
ture of the brain; and concludes his description of this organ by

giving the following admeasurements : Inches. Lines.
Total length of the brain .....- 3
Vertical diameter of ditto..... en 2 8
Breadth of the cerebrum......-- 4 3
Length of the cerebellum ...--- Lee
Breadth of ditto. ....-+++-++> 2 5
Length of pons varolit......-- ad 0
Breadth of ditto. .....--++-+- 1 6

Weight of the brain, 14oz. avoirdupois.

The olfactory nerves were large, as in most Ruminantia, and ter-
minated in expanded bulbs, in length 11 inch, in breadth 1 inch :
these were lodged in special compartments of the cranial cavity. The
optic nerves and ninth pair were relatively larger than in the Deer.
The other cerebral nerves presented no peculiarity.

The spinal chord had a close investment of dura mater, and was
remarkable for the great length of its cervical portion, which, in the
Giraffe dissected at the Zoological Gardens, measured upwards of
three feet, the entire length of the animal from the muzzle to the
vent being eight feet. Mr. Owen here particularly describes the ap-
pearance in the origins of the cervical nerves depending upon the

elongation of this part of the spinal chord; the space between the
lower filaments forming the root of one nerve, and the upper filaments
of the root of the succeeding nerve was not more than the space be-
tween the individual filaments of each root; whence it would seem
that the elongation of the cervical portion of the chord was produced
by a general and uniform interstitial deposition during foetal develope-
ment, which thus effected an equable separation of these filaments ;
so that a single nerve, as in the case of the third cervical, might derive
its origin from a space extending six inches in length.

The brachial plexus was principally formed by the first two dorsal
nerves; seventeen pairs intervened between it and the large nerves
forming the lumbar plezus.

The recurrent nerves were formed by the reunion of several small
filaments derived from the nervus vagus at different parts of its course
down the neck, instead of originating as usual in the thorax, and
being reflected, as a single nerve, round the trunks of the great
vessels,

The sympathetic nerve in the neck was found to present five gan-
glionic enlargements of various sizes.

Musc.iezs.

In the dissection of the abdominal muscles no peculiarity of im-
portance was noticed; but in the neck there existed a highly inter-
esting modification of the parts which effect the retraction of the os
hyoides. ‘The pair of muscles which, as in some other Ruminants,
combines the offices of sterno-thyroideus and sterno-hyoideus, arose
in the Giraffe by a single long and slender carneous portion from the
anterior extremity of the sternum; this fleshy origin was nine inches
long, and it terminated in a single round tendon six inches in length ;
the tendon then divided into the two muscles, each division beco-
ming fleshy, and so continuing for about 16 or 18 inches ; then each
muscle again became tendinous for the extent of two inches, and
ultimately carneous again, prior to being inserted in the side of the
thyroid cartilage, and continued thence in the form of a fascia into
the os hyoides.

Mr. Owen observes that this alternation of a non-contractile with a
contractile tissue, as exhibited by the above structure, displays in a
most striking manner the use of tendon in regulating the amount of
muscular contraction. Had the sterno-thyroideus been muscular
throughout its entire length, the contraction of its fibres would have
been equal to draw down the larynx and os hyoides to an extent quite
incompatible with the connections of the adjacent parts; but the in-
tervention of long and slender tendons duly apportions the quantity
of contractile fibre to the extent of motion required.

The muscle analogous to the omo-hyoideus of other animals was
adjusted to its office by a more simple contrivance, arising from
the third cervical vertebra instead of the scapula, the diminished
length of the muscle enabling it to act upon the os hyoides with the
requisite power of contraction.

Mr. Owen remarks that the analogue of the sterno-mastoideus

should be called sterno-mazillaris, its insertion being by a slender
tendon into the inner side of the angle of the jaw, after continuing
fleshy to within a foot of its place of attachment.

The scaleni muscles, which were most powerfully developed, con-
sisted of four distinct masses on each side, arising from the fourth,
fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebre ; they were inserted into
the manubrium sterni and the first rib.

The trapezius consisted of two portions; one, arising from the
transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebre, is lost in
a strong fascia overspreading the shoulder-joint ; the other arises
from the ligamentum nuche, and is inserted into the fascia covering
the scapula.

The levator scapule arose from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cer-
vical vertebre, and was inserted into the superior angle of the
scapula.

The rhomboideus was single, and chiefly remarkable for its short-
ness; it was inserted into the broad elastic cartilage which is con-
tinued upwards from the base of the scapula.

The pectoralis major arose from the whole length of the sternum ;
it was composed of two portions, one superficial, the other deep
seated; the former was inserted into the fascia covering the extensor
muscles of the fore-leg; the latter into the fascia covering the
brachial plexus.

With respect to the other muscles acting upon the distal joints
of the extremities, with the exception of their greater length, they
were not found materially to differ from the corresponding parts in
other bisulcate mammals.

The ligamentum nuche was remarkable for its prodigious develope-
ment; it commenced at the sacral vertebre, and receiving, as it ad-
vanced, accessions from each of the lumbar and dorsal vertebre, be-
came inserted into the spinous processes of the cervical, the extreme
portion passing freely over the atlas, and terminating by an expanded
insertion upon the occipital crest.

The bony attachment of the ligament afforded by the skull was
raised considerably above the roof of the cranial cavity, the exterior
table of the skull being widely separated from the vitreous plate by
large sinuses, which commencing above the middle of the nasal cavity
extended as far posteriorly as beneath the base of the horns; the si-
nuses were traversed by strong bony sepia, forming a support to the
exterior table. The sphenoidal sinuses were of large size.

The nasal cavity occupied the two anterior thirds of the skull, and
the ossa spongiosa were proportionably developed.

The condyles of the occiput were remarkable for their great extent
in the vertical direction, and the inferior and posterior parts of the
articular surface meet at an acute angle; a structure which enables
the Giraffe to elevate the head into a line with the neck, and even to
incline it slightly backwards.

Mate Oreans or GENERATION.

The testes were elongate, oval, and situated ina short scrotum, on
each side of which were the rudiments of two mamme.

The vasa deferentia pursued the same course as in the Deer; they
became slightly enlarged at the terminal two inches of their course,
and the secreting surface of their lining membrane was augmented
by various irregular folds and sinuses.

The prostate in being formed of two separate glands presented the
true ruminant character; but the lobes themselves, as is the case
with several of the typical ruminants, presented their own peculiar mo-
dification, each lobe at its distal extremity forming a large round
bulbous body, the rest of the lobe diminishing towards its urethral
portion.

Two Cowperian glands, each as large as a nutmeg, were situated
at the base of the bulb of the urethra, surrounded by a special cap-
sule of muscular fibres; they had no single central cavity, but three
or four sinuses conveyed the secretio& to the duct, which terminated
in the bulbous part of the urethra.

The penis, when retracted, assumed the sigmoid form, as in other
ruminants, the muscles producing the sigmoid retraction being in-
serted upon the sides of the corpora cavernosa, near the base of the
ylans. There was no septum dividing the cavernous texture of the

enis.

f The glans began by a somewhat sudden expansion, and continued
to enlarge to its distal extremity, which was smooth and rounded.
The prepuce was reflected upon the extremity, and not upon the
root of the glans, so that its division only exposed a small portion of
the latter. The urethral canal did not open upon the extremity of
the glans, but was continued forwards for an inch and a half, attached
to the inside of the prepuce, its parietes being merely membranous,
and its extremity projecting freely, like a membranous bilabiate tube,
about a line beyond the inner surface of the prepuce. A similar
structure obtains in some other ruminants, as the Ram.

FemMae OrGans.

The ovaria were irregularly oval, sub-compressed bodies, an inch
and a half in length and one in breadth. The fallopian tubes had
the margins of their expanded extremities almost entire. They open
at the outer margin of a wide ovarian capsule, which does not, how-
ever, inclose the ovary. The inner surface of the pavilion is beset
with numerous minute plice, which converge towards the orifice of
the oviduct or fallopian tube; a few small but broad folds imme-
diately surround the opening.

The external orifice of the common vagina resembled that of the
Deer, in coming to a point, within which the clitoris was lodged.
From this orifice to the communication with the urethra, measured
five inches, and the length of the proper vagina six inches, The

vagina was lined by a smooth and polished membrane, disposed in
numerous fine longitudinal ruge. ‘The os tince was a large, trans-
versely oval prominence, having the orifice of the uterus in the centre.
The length of the common uterus was two inches. The cervix was
occupied by two circular series of close-set, short, longitudinal la-
mellar processes, about two lines in breadth, which projected from
the parietes of the uterus, and had their free margins converging to
the centre of the canal. Above these, the inner membrane of the
uterus sent off several thickened processes. Each cornu of the uterus
was about eight inches in length, and became bent in a spiral form
when distended with fluid: four longitudinal rows of flattened pro-
cesses projected from the inner surface, showing that the fetus is
developed in the Giraffe by means of a cotyledonous subdivided
placenta, as in other horned Ruminants, and not, as in the Camel, by
an uniform vascular villosity of the chorion.

=, ‘

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* + -

February 13th, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr, Martin exhibited an insectivorous animal which had fallen un-
der his observation in examining a collection of specimens, presented
some time since to the Museum, by the late William Telfair, Esq.

In the Zoological Proceedings for 1833, reference is made to a
letter of Mr. Telfair’s, accompanying a very young insectivorous
animal, known to the natives of Madagascar by the name “‘Sokinah,”’
and which Mr. Telfair was disposed to refer to the genus Centenes.
The aboye specimen being only seventeen days old, its characters
could not be satisfactorily determined ; but the present animal, which
Mr. Martin considers to be the adult of the same species, appears
to be more nearly related to the genus Erinaceus than Centenes; but
at the same time it differs so materially in the character of its denti-
tion, as to warrant the establishment of a new genus for its reception.
Mr. Martin therefore proposed to characterize it under the generic
appellation of Echinops, with the specific title of H. Telfairi, in
memory of the lamented and zealous Corresponding Member of the
Society from whom it had been received.

Ecuinors.
Corpus superné spinis densis obtectum.
Rostrum breviusculum.
Rhinarium, aures, caudaque ut in Erinaceo.
Dentes primores $, superiorum duobus intermediis longissimis,
discretis, cylindraceis, antrorsim versis ; proximis minoribus.

« +» 1-1
Canint =:

Molares ai utrinseciis antico 1™° supra, et 3S infra spuriis ; re-
liquis, ultimo supra excepto, tricuspidatis, angustis, transversim
positis; ultimo supra angustissimo; molaribus infra inter se feré
zqualibus, ultimo minore.

Pedes 5-dactyli, ambulatorii; halluce breviore ; unguibus parvulis,
compressis ; plantis denudatis.

Ecurnors Tetrairi. Ech, auribus mediocribus, subrotundatis intis
atque extis pilis parvulis albidis obsitis ; capite superne pilis fus-
cis; buccis, mystacibus corporeque subtis sordide albis, spinis fus-
cescenti-albis ad basin, apicibus castaneis ; caudd vix apparente.

unc. lin.
Longitudo corporis totius .............. a.
ab apice rostriadauris basin .. 1 2
— tarsi, digitorumque ....... eenree 3, | Loe
aurxiset.-. oe. sess ens cs sae ss ee ”? 5
Habitat. Madagascar ? %

“* Sokinah”’ of the Natives of Madagascar ?
No, LXII,—Procrepines of THE ZOOLOGICAL SociETY,

In the upper jaw the incisors are four in number, and apart; the two
middle are large, sub-cylindrical, elongated, and placed at the apex
of the jaw; the two others are small, and seated behind the former.
Separated from these by a small space, succeed the canines, similar
in character to the incisors, but stouter and with a slight posterior
notch. The molars are five on each side: the first false and simple ;
the three next transversely elongated, with two external tubercles in
contact, and one internal; hence their crowns assume the form of an
elongated triangle, the apex being internal; the fifth molar is a
slender Jamina transversely placed, but not advancing so far laterally
as the molar preceding it.

The under jaw presents two small incisors, somewhat apart from
each other, and directed obliquely forwards; behind these there
follow on each side in succession three larger and conical teeth, di-
rected obliquely forwards, and which may be regarded as false molars.
Separated from the last of these by a small space, succeed four molars
on each side, vertical and smaller than those above, with two tuber-
cles internally and one externally, so that the worn surface is trian-
gular, with the apex outwards ; the last is the smallest : the surfaces
of all are apart, but their bases are in contact.

Mr. Martin observes, that this system of dentition (very distinct
from that which characterizes the Tenrecs, (Centenes,) and the ge-
nus Ericulus of Isidore Geoffroy) presents us with characters which
decidedly separate Echinops from Erinaceus, notwithstanding their
approximation. In Hrinaceus the upper incisors are six; there are
no canines, but three false molars on each side, and four true molars,
of which the last is small and narrow; the others square, with two
outer and two inner tubercles ; while in the lower jaw, the incisors,
two in number, are very large, followed on each side by two false
molars, and four true molars. In Hchinops, as in Erinaceus, the feet
have five toes ; the thumb of the fore-feet is small and seated on the
wrist, the other toes are small, and armed with feeble, compressed,
hooked claws, the last toe the smallest: the toes of the hind-feet
resemble those of the fore-feet, and the inner and outer are the
smallest. The snout, ears, tail, and spiny covering of the upper sur-
face of the body, as in Hrinaceus.

In addition to the above description of the external characters of
Echinops, Mr. Martin communicated to the Meeting some details of
the anatomy of the soft parts, but the condition of the specimen was
not such as to enable him to give any very complete account of the
appearances presented by the internal organs.

The skull, as compared with that of Hrinaceus, was proportion-
ally very inferior in size; it was more level above, and narrower,
the cranial cavity being contracted, and the muzzle shorter. The
occipito-parietal ridge was elevated, the zygomatic arches were
almost obsolete. The palate was narrow, and the posterior foramina,
which in the hedgehog are large open fissures, were reduced to mi-
nute orifices.

The pelvis was very narrow, and the pubic bones were separate
in front.

19
The vertebral formula was as follows:

Cervical 1... 2.60. eeeeeee 7
Dorgalssiihs . dered vic ant 15
Lumbar.........- patted 7
Sacralls)\ ico naibas .ba8'. 2
Coccyeal ......-- bia Taree 8?

The ribs consisted on each side of 8 true and 7 false.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a recently preserved example of a new spe-
cies of Swan, closely allied in external appearance to the well-known
Domestic Swan, but having the legs, toes, and interdigital mem-
branes of a pale ash-grey colour, which in the Cygnus olor, Ill., are
deep black. Mr. Yarrell observed, that this species had been known
to him for some years past as an article of commerce among the
London dealers in birds, who receive it from the Baltic, and di-
stinguish it by the name of the Polish Swan. In several instances,
these swans had produced young in this country, and the cygnets
wher hatched were pure white, like the parent birds, and did not
assume at any age the brown colour borne for the first two years
by the young of all the other known species of White Swans.
Mr. Yarrell considered that this peculiarity was sufficient to entitle
the bird to be ranked as a distinct species, and in reference to the
unchangeable colour of the plumage, proposed for it the name of
Cygnus immutabilis.

During the late severe weather, flocks of this swan were seen
pursuing a southern course along the line of our north-east coast,
from Scotland to the mouth of the Thames, and several specimens
were obtained. The specimen exhibited belonged to the Rev. L. B.
Larking, of Ryarsh Vicarage, near Maidstone, for whom it had been
preserved. It was shot on the Medway, where one flock of thirty,
and several smaller flocks were seen.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species of Squirrel from the So-

ciety’s Museum, and characterized it as :

Scrurus susuineatus. Se. supra fusco-olivaceus flavescente lava-
tus ; lineis dorsalibus quatuor nigris tribus albescentibus, a hume-
ris ad uropygium excurrentibus : abdomine flavescente: caudd ni-
gro flavoque annulatd. }

unc. lin.
Longitudo corporis ab apice rostriad caude basin.. 6 0
ab apice rostri ad auris basin.......-.- hy 24
caude@ (pilis inclusis) ....-. aia 2a wishes 0 5
tarsi digitorumque ..--+++--+++ gaat. cad 1 23
Aerie. aa wiilbaighee aie sie. bis awa ald ae QO 24

Habitat
~ © This animal is less than the Palm Squirrel (Sciurus palmarum,
Auct.), but like that species has four dark and three pale lines on the
back: these lines, however, are very narrow, and occupy only the cen-
tral portion of the back ; they are not continued on to the shoulders,
neither do they extend over the haunches. The general colour is

olive-brown, a tint arising from the hairs being each minutely an-
nulated with deep yellow and black. ‘The throat, chest, and rump,
are whitish, and the belly is yellow. The hairs covering the feet
above are annulated like those of the body, but of a deeper tint.
The tail is cylindrical and rather slender, and exhibits obscure an-
nulations, each hair being annulated with deep golden yellow and
black. The fur is short and soft, that on the back is grey at the
base; on the under parts the hairs are very obscurely tinted with
grey at the base. The hairs of the moustaches are numerous,
moderately long, rather slender, and of a black colour. The head
is very nearly uniform in colour with the body, it is however less
yellow.”

Mr. Blyth called the attention of the Society to a peculiarity in
the structure of the feet in the Trogonide, which he thought had not
been previously noticed. This family, although zygodactylous, have
the toes disposed on quite a different principle from the Wood-
peckers, Parrots, and other birds, which present an analogous struc-
ture; their first and second toes being opposed to the third and
fourth, in lieu of the first and fourth to the second and third, in
consequence of which, that toe, which corresponds to the middle one
in birds that are not yoke-footed, that is to say, the third or longest
toe, is the inward of the two forward toes in the Trogon family, and
the outward in the Woodpeckers and Parrots.

A continuation of Mr. Owen’s paper, on the Anatomy of the Gi-
raffe was then read, embracing the principal features of interest in
the osteological peculiarities of this animal.

The author, in the first place, details the result of his imvestiga-
tion into the evidence bearing upon the supposition of there being in
the male Nubian Giraffe a third horn, situated anteriorly in the me-
sial line of the cranium.

Upon making a section of the skull of the male Cape Giraffe, the
anterior protuberance was shown to be due only to a thickening and
elevation of the anterior extremities of the frontal, and the contiguous
extremities of the nasal, bones; and in the Nubian Giraffe the ex-
istence of a third distinct bony nucleus was also satisfactorily nega-
tived ; for, upon macerating the skulls of individuals which had not
attained the adult age, the posterior horns became detached from the
bones of the cranium; but no such separation took place in respect
to the protuberances forming the supposed third horn, which would
have been the case had its relation to the cranium been that of a
distinct epiphysis.

In both the Cape and Nubian Giraffe, the horns were placed im-
mediately over the coronal suture, which traversed the centre of their
expanded bases. The frontal bones were distinct and joined by a
well-marked suture, continued along the posterior two-thirds of the
frontal protuberance, or as far as the nasal bones. The sagittal
suture was persistent on both sides external to the horns. The parietal
bone was single and anchylosed with the occipital and interparietal
hones.

The male Giraffe, in both the Cape and Nubian varieties, has the
horns nearly twice as large as those of the female; the expanded
bases of the horns also in the former, meet in the middle line of the
skull, but in the female the bases of the horns are at least two inches
apart.

The nasal bone was bifurcate at its anterior extremity as in the
Deer, not simply pointed as in most of the Antelopes.

With respect to the cervical vertebre of the Giraffe, Mr. Owen
observes, that they are not only remarkable for their great length,
but also, as has been recently shown by Dr. Blainville, for the ball and
socket form of the articulations of their bodies ; the convexity being
on the anterior extremity, and the concavity posteriorly, agreeing
in this particular with the vertebre of the Camel.

The avis was joined to the atlas by the anterior extremity of its
body and the processus dentaius, which were blended in one common
articulation, and inclosed in one capsular ligament, The spinous
process of the avis was developed from the whole longitudinal ex-
tent of the superior arch, but had a very slight elevation. In the
rest of the cervical vertebra, the spinous processes were thin trian-
gular /amina, their apices rising about an inch and a half from a
broad base resting upon the middle of the superior arch. Processes,
analogous to the inferior transverse processes in the Crocodile, ex-
tended downwards and outwards from the lower part of the anterior
extremity of each of the cervical vertebre (except the atlas and den-
tata), but of much smaller size than the corresponding processes in
the Camel.

The perforations for the vertebral arteries were large, and present
in the seventh as wellas in the rest of the cervical vertebra; they were
situated above the transverse processes in the side of the bodies of
the vertebre at the base of the superior Jamine. Mr. Owen observes,
that although this position of the arterial foramina is somewhat pe-
culiar, yet, in this respect, the Giraffe comes nearer the horned
Ruminants than the long-necked Camelide.

In viewing the vertebral column of the Giraffe from above, the
cervical vertebre are seen to present the broadest bodies; of these
the third and fourth are the narrowest and longest, the rest gradually
increasing in breadth and diminishing in length to the seventh: the
dorsal vertebre thence grow narrower to the ninth, after which the
vertebre increase in breadth chiefly by the progressive development
of the transverse processes.

The sacrum consisted of four vertebre anchylosed together, but of
these only the first articulated with the ilium.

Mr. Owen gives the following as the vertebral formula of the
Giraffe.

Cervical eos. ee.0%. ERT 7
Dorsal sq ee ese ik «ie
Lumbarsence eet ve Be cin wiaige 2S

Canilabbadtdtonie' nso ig aes 20

The number of ribs was fourteen pairs, seven true and seven false.
The first pair was straight, the rest became gradually more and
more curved tothe last. They increased in length to the eighth, and
then gradually became shorter: in length the increase was to the
fifth, from which they gradually became narrower.

The sternum consisted of a single series of six bones, and an ensi-
form cartilage; it was chiefly remarkable for its great curvature.
The first sternal bone was the narrowest and longest; the succeed-
ing ones progressively diminished in length, and increased in thick-
ness.

As the osteology of the Giraffe has been illustrated by Pander
and D’Alton, and also described with more detail in the second edi-
tion of Cuvier’s Legons d’ Anatomie Comparée, Mr. Owen considers it
unnecessary to treat at large of the rest of the skeleton, merely gi-
ving a brief notice of the several bones of the extremities: im con-
clusion, he remarks that the order Ruminantia, perhaps the most na-
tural in the mammiferous class, if we look to the condition of the
organs of nutrition, presents, however, more variety than any of the
carnivorous orders, in the local development of the organs of rela-
tion, and the consequent modification of external form: the most
remarkable of these modifications is undoubtedly that which we ad-
mire in the Giraffe, and the anatomical peculiarities, which its internal
organization presents, are principally confined to the skeleton in re-
spect to the proportions of its different parts ; and to those parts of
the muscular and nervous systems immediately relating to the local
peculiarities in the development of the osseous framework.

February 28, 1838.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Some observations were made by M. Bibron upon two European
species of Triton indigenous to this country, Triton cristatus and Trit.
marmoratus, which many naturalists consider to have been errone-
ously separated. M. Bibron, however, entertains no doubt whatever
of their being really distinct, and pointed out a character by which
he states they may readily be distinguished, and which he believed
to have been hitherto unnoticed. ‘This distinction consists in the
form of the upper lip, which in Triton cristatus is so largely de-
veloped as to overlap the under lip posteriorly when the jaws are
closed, a condition never present in Trit. marmoratus.

Mr. Ogilby exhibited and characterized, under the name of Ma-
cropus rufiventer, a new species of Kangaroo which Mr. Gould had
received from Tasmania, where it is known by the name of Walla-
bee. The external incisor tooth of the upper jaw was marked by a
duplication or fold: the general colour of the animal above was
grayish brown, considerably darker than the wild rabbit, and co-
piously intermixed on the back with pure black hairs, which in cer-
tain lights gives this part a perfectly black appearance; the paws
and outer surface of the fore-legs are of the same colour; the ¢arsus
and hind paws brown; the chin, throat, belly, and abdomen, sandy
red, more or less intense; ears yellowish red within, brownish black
without ; tail rather short, dark brown above, dirty yellowish on the
sides, naked, and granulated two-thirds of its length on the under
surface; claws long and pointed; nose naked ; length of body 2 feet ;
of tail 1 foot 2 inches.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a drawing, and the tail and jaws of a
new species of Delphinus, which he characterized as

Detpninus Firzroyi. Delph. supra niger ; capitis corporisque
lateribus, corporeque subtis, niveis ; caudd, pedibus, labioque
inferiore, nigris; fasctis latis duabus per latus utrumque ob-
liqué excurrentibus, hujusque coloris fasciéd utringue angulo
oris ad pedem tendente.

’ ft. in. lin.
Total length (measuring along curve of back)...... i540
Length from tip of muzzle to vent .............. ap. 9
Length from tip of muzzle to dorsal fin .......... 2 36...5
Length from tip of muzzle to pectoral............ 1 4 5
Length from tip of muzzle to eye................ 0-4 9oee

Length from tip of muzzle to breathing aperture (fol-
lowing curve of head) ...... “i ss, OMe

ft. in. lin.
Length from tip of muzzle to angle of mouth...... 0 7 9
Length of dorsal fin (along the anterior margin).... 1 0 5
Peers ar Gitte si Yee cae ess ee o. was toangety 6 4
Length of pectoral, (along anterior margin)........ ie ae
PIatOh lS pee sithcone Man titer re ates yee ae 1 4 §
Girth of body before dorsal fin he mg hoon. Ga + Nia | gual)
Girth of body before pectoral fin ................ rien - Sea
Girth ‘of. hody, before fail fin’. 00 5,/..\4.. -y-siy weirs LW Fads Pea
Girth of head over the eyes ........00----0e-+ 0s 24-0 0

Habitat, Coast of Patagonia, lat. 49° ‘30’. April).
g p

“This species, which I have taken the liberty of naming after
Captain Fitzroy, the Commander of the Beagle, approaches, in some
respects, to the Delphinus superciliosus of the ‘ Voyage de la Co-
quille,’ but that animal does not possess the oblique dark-gray bands
on the sides of the body; it likewise wants the gray mark which ex-
tends from the angle of the mouth to the pectoral fins. In the figure,
the under lip of the Delph. superciliosus is represented as almost white,
whereas in the present species it is black: judging from the figures,
there is likewise considerable difference in the form. The figure
which illustrates this description agrees with the dimensions, which
were carefully taken by Mr. Darwin immediately after the animal
was captured, and hence is correct,”

Mr. Gould exhibited two species of the genus Péilotis, which he
characterized as Ptil. ornata, and Ptil. flavigula.

PriLotis oRNATA. Pil. vertice, alarum marginibus externis, nec
non caude olivaceis ; dorso uropygioque brunneis ; gula, genis-
que olivaceo-fuscis ; pectore corporeque subtus cinerescentibus,
singulis plumis notd latéd_ brunned in medio ornatis ; erisso
pallide badio plumis fusco striatis, penicilla nitidé flavd utrum-
que colli latus ornante ; noté longitudinali sub oculos olivaced ;
primartis rectricibusque caude fuscis, his ad apicem externum
albis ; rostro nigrescente ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 64 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 33; caude, 33; tarsi, 5.

Hab. Swan River, Australia.

PriLotis FLAVIGULA. Ptil. capite, nuchd, genis, corporeque infe-
riore nigro-griseis, hoc colore apud abdomen crissumque olivaceo
tincto ; plumis auricularibus argenteo-cinereis et post has gutta
flava ; guld flava ; alis, dorso, cauddque, flavescenti-olivaceis ;
Jfemoribus olivaceis ; rostro pont nigrescentibus.

Long. tot. 8 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 44; caude, 44; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land and New ‘South Wales,

—

March 13th, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby read a letter from Mr. V. der Hoeven, in which the
writer expresses his belief that the large Salamander preserved in a
living state at Leyden ought to be regarded as a species of Harlan’s
genus Menopoma; its specific characters consisting in the absence
of the branchial apertures, which are present in the species upon
which Harlan founded his genus. M. V. der Hoeven thinks it pro-
bable that the branchial apertures were present in the Leyden Sala- |
mander in the young state, and he proposes to adopt the generic
term Cryptobranchus in preference to that of Menopoma, and to give
it the specific name of Japonicus. He further states that his obser-
vations upon this singular reptile will shortly be published in a
Dutch Journal.

Mr. Owen observed, with reference to the opinion of M. Y. de
Hoeven respecting the relations of the Gigantic Salamander of
Japan to the Menopome of the Alleghany Mountains, that the persist-
ence of branchial apertures was a structure so likely to influence
not only the habits of an amphibious reptile, but also the struc-
tural modifications of the osseous and vascular parts of the re-
spiratory organs, as to render it highly improbable that the Me-

_ nopome should be related generically to a species having no trace

of those apertures. He thought, therefore, that the question of

the Menopome and gigantic Japanese Salamander being different

species of the same genus, could be entertained only on the sup-
position, that the branchial apertures were a transitional structure
in the former reptile as they are in the latter. That this was the

case he considered as highly improbable; for, besides the ossified

state of the hyoid apparatus, there was evidence in the Hunterian

_ Collection that both the male and female generative organs in the
_ Menopome have arrived at maturity without any change having taken
_ place in the condition of the branchial apparatus usually considered
as characteristic of the Menopome. He therefore considered it to be
_ undoubtedly generically distinct from the gigantic Salamander of
_ Japan, the true affinities of which could only be determined satis-

factorily after a complete anatomical investigation, especially of its

- sanguiferous, respiratory, and osseous systems.

Mr. Ogilby exhibited a drawing, made by Major Mitchell, of a
Marsupial animal found by that officer on the banks of the river
Murray, during his late journey in the interior of New South Wales.

Mr. Ogilby stated his original belief that the animal in question be-

longed to the Perameles, under which impression he had proposed
to name it Per. ecaudatus, from its entire want of tail, a cha-
No. LXIJI.—Procerpines or tux ZoonocicaL Sociery.

racter found in no other species of the same group; but a drawing
of the fore-foot, afterwards found by Major Mitchell, and likewise
exhibited to the Society on the present occasion, had considerably
shaken this first opinion, and induced Mr. Ogilby to suspect that
the animal may eventually form the type of a new genus. Ac-
cording to Major Mitchell’s drawing, and the notes which he took
at the time of examining the specimen, it would appear that there
were only two toes on the fore-feet, which were described as having
been so perfectly similar to those of a pig, as to have procured for
the animal the name of the pig-footed bandicoot, among the per-
sons of the expedition.

The drawing of the foot, in fact, very closely resembles that of
the genus Sus in form and characters ; two toes only are represented,
short, and of equal length; but there is a swelling at the base of
the first phalanges, which renders it probable that there may be two
smaller ones behind. ‘The Perameles, on the contrary, have three
middle toes on the fore feet, all of equal length, and armed with
very long, powerful claws, besides a small rudimentary toe very di-
stinctly marked on each side. The form and character of the hind
feet were perfectly similar to those of the Perameles; as were also
the teeth, as far as could be judged from the drawing, except that
the canines did not appear to surpass the anterior molars in point of
size. The ears were long, elliptical, and nearly naked; the head
broad between the ears, and very much attenuated towards the muz-
zle; the body about the size of a small rabbit, and the fur very much
of the same quality and colour asin that animal. Mr. Ogilby, after
expressing his confidence in the fidelity of Major Mitchell’s draw-
ings, and the care with which that gentleman assured him he had
made the observation in question, expressed his belief that this
animal would be found to constitute a new genus of Marsupials, -
and proposed for it the provisional name of Cheropus, in allusion to
the described characters of the fore feet.

The following is the notice of this animal inserted by Major Mit-
chell in his journal, on the occasion of first discovering it. ‘‘ June 16,
1836. The most remarkable incident of this day’s journey was the
discovery of an animal of which I had seen only a head in a fossil
state in the limestone cayes of Wellington Valley, where, from its
very singular form, I supposed it to belong to some extinct species.
The chief peculiarity then observed was the broad head and very long,
slender snout, which resembled the narrow neck of a wide bottle ; but
in the living animal the absence of a tail was still more remarkable.
The feet, and especially the fore legs, were also singularly formed, the
latter resembling those of a Pig; and the marsupial opening was
downwards, and not upwards, as in the Kangaroo and others of that
class of animals. This quadruped was discovered by the natives on
the ground ; but on being chased it took refuge ina hollow tree, from
which they took it alive, all of them declaring that they had never
before seen an animal of the kind. This was where the party had
commenced the journey up the left bank of the Murray, immedi-

ately after crossing that river.” Such, Mr. Ogilby remarked, was
all the information he possessed at present with regard to this sin-
_ gular animal; but Mr. Gould had promised to examine the original
_ specimen on his arrival at Sydney, in the Museum of which town it
had been deposited; and Mr. Ogilby therefore hoped that, through
the kindness of that gentleman, he should shortly have it in his
power to communicate a more detailed description of its form and
characters to the Society.

Mr. Waterhouse afterwards called the attention of the Meeting
to some valuable skins of Mammalia, brought from Africa by Capt.
_ Alexander, recently purchased for the Society’s Museum.

343

March 27th, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Dugong preserved in spirit having been presented to the Mu-
seum by Alexander John Kerr, Esq., of Penang, Mr. Owen com-
municated to the meeting some notes descriptive of the principal
viscera in this remarkable aquatic mammal, and a statement of the
relative proportions exhibited by its several parts, in comparison with
the dimensions of a Dugong published by Sir Stamford Raffles in
the Phil. Trans., 1820, and of two other specimens which tank Owen
had on previous occasions examined in the Society’s’¢oll

Mr. Owen remarks, that “ The external form of #

of the Dolphin and other carnivorous Cetacea, which su Rist by a per-
petual pursuit of living animals. In these the snout is conical, and
peculiarly elongated, and in some, as the Delphinus Gangeticus, the
jaws are produced to an extreme length, so as to give them every
advantage in seizing their swift and slippery prey; whilst, in the
herbivorous Dugong, the snout is as remarkable for its obtuse, trun-
cate character ;—a form, however, which is equally advantageous to
it, and well adapted to its habits of browzing upon the alge and
Juci which grow upon the submarine rocks of the Indian seas.

** As, from the fixed nature of the Dugong’s food, the motions
of the animal during the time of feeding must relate more imme-
diately to the necessity of coming to the surface to respire, its tail,
the principal locomotive organ of ascent and descent, is propor-
tionally greater than in the true Cetacea, its breadth being rather
more than one-third the length of the whole body.

«‘ But the most important external differences are seen in the
presence of the membrana nictitans, in the anterior position of the
nostrils, and in the situation of the mamme, which are pectoral, or
rather axillary, being situated just behind the roots of the flippers;
in the female specimen examined their base was about the size of a
shilling, and they projected about half an inch from the surface.

“«« A considerable ridge extends along the middle of the upper sur-
face of the posterior part of the back, which is continued upon and
terminates in the tail.

. +
«« The viscera were detached from one another, and from their

natural connexions, in the same way in Mr. Kerr’s as in the other
specimens transmitted to the Society, so as to disable me from as-
certaining their several relative positions. It may be observed, that
if this were done merely with a view to their preservation, it was un-
necessary ; laying open the cavity of the abdomen, with the addi-
tion of opening the stomach and the intestinal canal in a few places,

Se SSS ee

_ depth.

so as to let the spirit get into the interior of the alimentary canal,
would answer every purpose.

DiceEstivrk OrGans.

«« The mouth and tongue corresponded with the descriptions already
published of these remarkable structures. The opening of the Jarynz
is chiefly defended, during the submarine mastication of the vege-
table matters constituting the food of the Dugong, by the extreme
contraction of the faucial aperture, which resembles that of the Ca-
pybara. It is not traversed by a pyramidal /arynz, as in the true
Cetacea. There are two large parotid glands, situated immediately
behind the large ascending ramus of the lower jaw. A thick layer
of simple follicular glands are developed above the membrane of the
palate, and a glandular stratum is situated between the mucous
and muscular coats of the lower part of the wsophagus; a similar
but more Sevelgped glandular structure is present in the wsophagus

of the Ray. _ fh.
“ The sto: 1 of this singular animal presents, as Sir Everard
Home has j ly observed, some of the peculiarities met with in the

Whale tribe, the Peccari and Hippopotamus, and the Beaver: like
the first, it is divided into distinct compartments; like the second
and third, it has pouches superadded to and communicating with it;
and, like the last, it is provided with a remarkable glandular ap-
paratus near the cardia.

“These modifications obviously harmonize with the difficult digest-
ibility and low-organized nature of the food of the Dugong. Yet,
it is a fact which would not have been, a priori, expected, that in
the carnivorous Cetacea the stomach is even more complicated than
in the herbivorous species, and presents a closer resemblance to
the ruminant stomach; it is divided, for example, into a greater
number of receptacles, and has the first cavity, like the rumen, lined
with cuticle; while in the Dugong, on the contrary, the stomach is
properly divided into two parts only (of which the second much
more resembles intestine), and both are lined with a mucous mem-
brane.

«« The first or cardiac cavity is of a spheroidal or full oval shape,
with the left extremity, which contains the gland, produced in an
obtusely conical form towards the diaphragm. The length of this.
cavity was 9 inches, its depth 6}; but it must be remembered that
it had been opened, and the sides lay flat together. In the smaller
Dugong, where the stomach had probably been more distended at
the time of death, this cavity measured 12 inches in length and 7 in

“« The esophagus is very narrow and muscular, and terminates at
the middle of the lesser curvature rather nearer the right than the

left extremity of the cardiac cavity

“The muscular coat of the stomach is strongly developed, but

_ varies in thickness at different parts of the cavity. Where it covers
_ the gland at the left extremity it is two lines in thickness, but

quickly increases, as it spreads over the wider parts of the cavity, to
the extent of 8 lines; then again gradually diminishes, as it ap-
proaches the pyloric cavity, to a thickness of 1} line at the greater
curvature, but, at the constriction separating the two cavities, again
increases to 6 lines: along the lesser curvature it never diminishes
in thickness beyond 3 lines, the muscular coat at this part being, as
in the human stomach, augmented with additional longitudinal fibres.

«‘ In order to defend the cardia against the pressure of the con-
tents of the stomach, when acted upon by this powerful muscular coat,
the wsophagus enters the stomach in a valvular manner, and is sur-
rounded at its termination by a vast accession of muscular fibres,
forming a conical mass upwards of an inch in thickness all round
the canal: the outermost of these fibres run longitudinally; the
middle ones decussate each other obliquely ; the innermost are cir-
cular, and form a sphincter around the cardia. The diameter of the
canal so surrounded was 3 lines, the inner surface being gathered
up in irregular transverse ruge; the cellular coat is increased in
thickness at its termination, and protrudes the inner membrane into
the stomach like the os ince of the womb. a ate

“The inner surface of the stomach was puckered around the
cardia, and presented a few small, irregular rug@ along the lesser
curvature and about the orifice leading to the second cavity, but the
remainder was tolerably even and smooth. The mner membrane
is a thin, soft membrane, with a finely reticulate surface. To the
left of the cardia there projects into the stomach a rounded mam-
milloid eminence, whose base is 2 inches in diameter, and whose
apex presents an oblique crescentic orifice about 3 lines in diameter ;
on drawing aside the margins of this orifice, I unexpectedly found that,
instead of its being the outlet of a simple mass of follicular glands,
as would appear from the figures and description in Sir Everard
Home’s Account of the Anatomy of the Dugong, it led to a wide,
flattened, winding sinus, and that its circumference was formed by the
termination of a membrane spirally disposed in about eight or ten
turns, and increasing in breadth at each gyration, having both sur-
faces covered with the orifices of numerous glandular follicles, and
the interspaces filled with a cream-like secretion. ‘This structure,
which adds another peculiarity to the stomach of the Dugong, and
one met with in the cecum only in a few other mammalia, viz. that
of having its blind end occupied by a spiral membrane, I have found
in all the specimens dissected at the Society ; and in each case the
gland was infested by Ascarides, hereafter to be described, which
left impressions upon the spiral membrane.

«‘ The orifice leading to the pyloric cavity of the stomach re-
sembles in some respects a true pylorus; besides the additional
muscular fibres, the greater part of which are circularly disposed, it
is provided with a circular and valvular production of the inner
membrane of the stomach of 3 lines in extent; diameter of the
orifice 9 lines. Immediately beyond this valve are the orifices of
the two cecal appendages, situated 14 inch apart at the upper and

rather towards the posterior side of the cavity; these orifices were
about an inch in diameter, but the inferior orifice was the larger
of the two. The appendages were of the same length, viz. 5 inches ;
the circumference of the anterior and superior was 54 inches, that
of the lower one 43 inches; but this difference in capacity depended
on the different state of dilatation in the two pouches; for on laying
them open, the narrower one had its inner surface thrown into nu-
merous small rug@, while very few appeared in the wider pouch in
consequence of the dilatation. Small quantities of comminuted sea~
weeds were found in both these receptacles.

“ The muscular coat of these pouches was one line and a half
thick, and arranged obliquely. There were no particular glandular
appearances on the mucous coat. They seem to vary in their relative
dimensions in different individuals. In the small female Dugong
examined by Sir Everard Home, the posterior inferior pouch was seven
inches and ahalf in length, while the other was only three inches, but
the diameter the latter was twice that of the longer pouch. These
gastric ceca are interesting from repeating so closely the structure
which characterizes the stomach of some of the lowest animals, in
which they sometimes represent the whole of the superadded gland-
ular apparatus of the digestive system.

«« The pyloric cavity of the stomach is, as I have before observed,

more like an intestine, being elongated and narrow ; indeed this cir-
cumstance and the resemblance of the orifice of communication to a
true pylorus appear to have deceived the dissectors who furnished
Sir Stamford Raffles with the otherwise very accurate notes on the
anatomy of the Dugong, published in the 110th vol. of Phil. Trans.,
1820, since they describe these appendages as opening into the sto-
mach near the junction of the duodenum; but the true commence-
ment of that intestine is twelve inches beyond the orifices of the
saceuli. The circumference of the pyloric cavity at its commence-
ment was nine inches; it dilated a little beyond the orifices of the
sacculi, and then gradually diminished to the pylorus, which is an
orifice of about half an inch diameter. The muscular coat of this
compartment of the stomach varies from two to three lines in thick-
ness, the longitudinal fibres which run along the lesser curvature of
the preceding cavity are continued on the same aspect of this one,
passing between the two sacculi, and apparently adapted so as to
close their orifices by drawing towards the cardia the part of the
stomach that is to the right of them. The inner membrane of the
pyloric cavity is similar to that of the cardiac, and is thrown into a
few ruge. é

‘* Beyond the pylorus the mucous membrane of the intestine is for a
few inches slightly rugous like that of the stomach, it is then thrown
into decided transverse wavy rug@; at five inches distance from the py-
lorus the duodenum receives the biliary and pancreatic secretions ona

_ mammillary eminence, three lines broad. Beyond this part the trans-

verse rug@ are crossed by longitudinal ones, and the inner membrane

puts on a reticular appearance ; this dispositioncontinuesfor about six

feet, when the transverse folds gradually disappear, and the longitudi-
nal disposition predominates through the remainder of the smallintes-
tines. The whole length of this part of the canal, in the Dugong last
dissected, was twenty-seven feet; the diameter of the canal uniformly
about oneinch. The muscular coat throughout, two and a half lines
thick, the external longitudinal layer being half a line in thickness.
The cellular or nervous and mucous coats together were two lines in
thickness. The orifices of the intestinal glands described by Home,
(ut sup. p. 318,) were very distinct in the first specimenvdissected,
arranged in a zig-zag line+thus .*.*.*.*.‘—upon th cous
membrane, along the side of the intestine next the mesentery, and
occasionally’crossing from one side to the other of the line of attach-
ment; they were continued all the way to the cecum.

“It would seem that this appendage was present in all the her-
bivorous Cetacea; Steller describes it as of large size, and sacculated,
in the Northern Manatee (Stellerus). Daubenton has given a figure
of the bifid cecum in the Southern Manatee (Manatus Americanus).
It is interesting to observe that a caput-coli is present in those of
the true Cetacea, as the Balenide, which subsist on animal food of
the lowest organized kind.

“ Where the élium enters the caput-coli in the Dugong it is sur-
rounded by a sphincter almost as thick and strong as is that at the
cardia. The terminal orifice is transverse and irregular.

“ The cecum is a conical cavity, but in neither instance was it so at-
tenuated at the extremity as in the specimen from which Sir E. Home’s
representation is taken. Its length six inches; diameter at the base
or entry of i/ium four inches. ‘The muscular coat increases rapidly
in thickness towards the apex, near which it is one inch in thickness ;
its inner surface is smooth, and there is no appearance of glands in the
mucous membrane. This circumstance, combined with its conical
form, its great muscularity, and complete serous outer covering, give
it a great resemblance to the left ventricle of the bullock’s heart.
Its capacity indeed is trifling as compared with the great development
of the rest of the large intestine; and it contains no particular
glandular structure; the chief peculiarity of this cecum is the
strength of its muscular tunic, and it might, without the simile
being far-fetched, be termed, in the Dugong, the heart of the large
intestines, since here its principal function is evidently to give a first
powerful impulse to the motion of the long column of matter con-
tained in the large intestines. There is no trace of a constriction
at the commencement of the colon above the ilio-cecal orifice ; but
the great intestine is continued for a little way of equal dimensions
with the base of the cecum, and then soon diminishes to a diameter
of one inch and a half, which continues to near the termination of
the canal, which becomes again wider to the anus. The parietes of
the large intestines are thinner than those of the small ; the muscular
coat consists of a thin layer of longitudinal, and a thicker layer of
circular fibres ; the mucous membrane is generally smooth.

“ Towards their termination the large intestines again become

———

wider. The inner membrane is produced into a few irregular folds,
and for half an inch within the anus is of dark leaden colour, the

_ pigmentum being apparently continued inwards for that extent.

«From the complexity of the stomach, the great extent of the
alimentary canal, its vast muscular power, and glandular appendages,
the digestive functions must be extremely vigorous inthis animal. ‘The
vigour of the digestive functions obviously relates, in the herbivorous
section of Cetacea, to the low organized indigestible character of their

aent ; but the complicated stomach and long intestinal canal of
ar Porous Cetacea must have other relations than to the kind
of food. These modifications of the digestive system, for example,
cannot be so explained in the Grampus, which preys on the highly
organized mammalia of its own class. It is not to the nature of
the food, but to the quantity of nutriment that is required to be
obtained from it, that I conceive the peculiarities of the digestive
system in the carnivorous Cetacea to relate. In no other Carnivora
is the same quantity of blood, the same mass of fat to be eliminated
from the raw material of the food: the digestive system is, there-
fore, perfected in these warm-blooded carnivorous Mammalia to
meet the contingencies of their aquatic life.

«<The omentum is continued from the great curvature both of the
cardiac and pyloric divisions of the stomach; though short, it is
much more distinctly developed than in the carnivorous Cetacea ; it
contains no adipose matter.

« The mesentery like the omentum was thin, with little fat, and a
few absorbent glands of the size of French beans were scattered in it.
The absorbents going to these glands were very small.”’

Having described various other particulars connected with the chy-
lopoieiic viscera, and the individual differences which they presented
in the three specimens dissected, Mr. Owen proceeded to observe as
follows :—

«« The views taken by Cuvier of the natural affinities of the Du-
gong and other herbivorous Cetacea, as expressed in his latest clas-
sification, in which they form part of the same order as the carnivo-
rous Cetacea, are undoubtedly questionable, and have been dissented
from by De Blainville and other eminent authorities in zoology. If,
indeed, the object of every good classification be, what Cuvier states
it to be, to enable the naturalist to express in general propositions
structures and attributes common to each given group, the conjunc-
tion of the Dugong with the Dolphin fails in this respect in regard
to almost all the important points of internal organization.

‘* It is this question which may give interest to the present ana-
tomical details, some of which are not new, and which I should not

_ have intruded upon the notice of the Society had they previously been

considered with reference to the important zoological question still
at issue.

“In proceeding with our investigation of the abdominal viscera,
we find, with respect to the biliary organs, that the Dugong deviates
in a marked degree from the ordinary Cetacea in the presence of a

well-developed gall-bladder. Daubenton found a gall-bladder in the
Manatee; but the presence of this organ is not constant in the her-
bivorous Cetacea, for in the Northern Manatee (Stellerus borealis,
Cuy.), according to Steller*, the gall-bladder is wanting, and its
absence seems to be compensated by the enormous width of the duc-
tus communis choledochus, which would admit the five fingers united.
The liver in the Dugong is more flattened, and more divided than in
the true whales. It consists of three lobes, with a small Spigelian lobu-
lus continued from the root of the left lobe. The middle of the three
lobes is the smallest, and presents a quadrate figure, with its free
margin projecting forwards, notched for the reception of the suspen-
sory and round ligament, and, in one of the specimens, obtusely
bifurcate; it overhangs, as it were, the gall-bladder, which is lodged
in the middle of its concave or under surface. The gall-bladder was
four inches in length and one inch in diameter at its fundus; it re-
ceives the bile in a peculiar manner; not, as in other Mammalia, by
a junction of the cystic with the hepatic duct, with or without he-
pato-cystic ducts, but by two large hepato-cystic ducts exclusively,
which pierce its cervix obliquely, just as the ureters convey the renal
secretion to the urinary bladder. ‘The orifices of the above ducts are
half an inch apart, and three inches distant from the fundus vesice.
The cervix contracts gradually into the cystic duct, which exclusively
conveys the bile to the intestine. It was six inches in length, and
two lines in diameter; but became dilated just before it entered the
duodenum, and, as it passed between the coats of that gut, its lining
membrane was developed into reticulate folds, presenting the only
appearance of a valvular structure in the course of the duct. Three
wide vene hepatice from the left side, and one on the right side of
the liver, join the inferior cava at the upper and posterior edge of the
liver, which is not perforated by that vein.

“In the Dugong No. 2, the pancreas, which was situated below
and behind the pyloric compartment of the stomach, was seven inches
in length; thick and obtuse at the splenic or left end, where its di-
ameter was two inches, and gradually becoming smaller towards the
duodenum. Its secretion is carried from the component lobules by
from twenty to thirty ducts, each about two lines in diameter, to a
very wide common excretory canal, which terminates below, but on
the same prominence, with the cystic duct; ata much greater rela-
tive distance from the pylorus than in the true Cetacea. In one of
the Dugongs dissected by me I found two small accessory spleens,
in addition to the larger rounded one, which measured four inches
in length; but in the other specimens this alone was present.

CircuLATING SysTEM.

*< All the three specimens presented the same remarkable extent of
separation of the two ventricles of the heart which Raffles and Home
have described in the individuals dissected by them, and which Riip-

* See Novi Commentarii Acad. Scient. Petrop. t. t. 1751.

|
{
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pell * observed in the Dugong of the Red Sea (Halicore tabernaculi,
R.). This condition of the heart was first noticed by Daubenton in
the fetus of the Manatee; and is also described by the unfortunate
Steller in the genus worthily consecrated to his name, in which, how-
ever, the apical cleft of the heart extended upwards only one third
of the way towards the base. In the Dugong it reaches half-way
towards the base. The carnivorous Cetacea do not participate with
the herbivorous section in this interesting structure.

** 1 found in each of the specimens that the foramen ovale was com-
pletely closed, and the ductus arteriosus reduced to a thick ligament-
ous chord, permeable for a short distance by an eye-probe from the
aorta, where a crescentic slit still represented the original communi-
cation. In the smoothness and evenness of their exterior, and their
general form, the auricles of the Dugong resemble those of the Turtle
(Chelone): the appendiv can hardly be said to exist in either. The right
auricle is larger than the left; the musculi pectinati are well deve-
loped, especially in the left: they are irregularly branched, and with
many of the small round fasciculi attached only by their two extre-
mities to the auricular parietes. The free wall of the right ventricle
scarcely exceeds at any part a line in thickness, and is in many places
even less. ‘The tricuspid valve is attached to three fleshy columns
by chorde tendinee given off from the sides and not the extremities
of the columne, both of which extremities are implanted in the walls
of the ventricles. There are several other columne carnee passing
freely from one part of the ventricle to another, like the musculi pec-
tinati of the auricles, and which have no connection with the tricus-
pid valve. The mitral valve is adjusted to its office by attachments
to two short and transversely-extended columne. The thickness of
the parietes of the left ventricle varies from half an inch to an inch.
The valves at the origins of the great arteries present the usual struc-
ture. The primary branches from the arch of the aorta corresponded
in each specimen with the description and figure by Home.. There
is one superior cava only, not two as in the elephant. The pulmo-
nary veins terminate in the left auricle by a common trunk an inch
in length.

“With respect to the vascular system of the Cetacea, Huntert+,
speaking of the true whales, observes, ‘‘ Animals of this tribe have
a greater proportion of blood than any other known, and there are
many arteries apparently intended as reservoirs for arterial blood ;”
and then he proceeds to describe the extraordinary intercostal and
intravertebral plexuses in the true Cetacea. As no mention is made
in the anatomical descriptions of the herbivorous Cetacea, by Dau-
benton, Steller, Cuvier, Raffles, and Home, respecting the existence
or otherwise of similar plexuses in the several specimens examined
by them, I pursued with much interest this part of the dissection of
our Dugongs; but could detect no trace of this very striking modi-

* Beschreibung des im Rothen Meere vorkommenden Dugong. 4to. Frank=
furt, 1833, p. 106.
+ Philos. Trans. 1787, p.415.

fication of the intercostal vessels. Here again, in enunciating a
general anatomical proposition regarding Cuvier’s Cetacea, the her-
bivorous species must be exceptionally cited apart.

REsPIRATORY SYSTEM.

«The peculiar form, structure, and position of the lungs have been
so accurately described and figured by Raffles, Home, and Riippel,

that I have only to observe the close agreement with these accounts |

which the structure of the parts presented in the three Dugongs dis-
sected by me; Daubenton* and Humboldt} describe and figure a
precisely similar condition of the respiratory apparatus in the Ma-
natee. Steller describes the same extension of the lungs along the
dorsal aspect in the Stellerus, which he aptly compares to the posi-
tion of the lungs in the bird, but without their fixation to the pari-
etes of the chest, so characteristic of that class. The Chelonian
reptiles, perhaps, offer a closer resemblance} to the herbivorous Ce-
tacea in this respect; and it is worthy of remark that the air-cells
of the lungs are larger in the Dugong than in any other Mammals.
In the carnivorous Cetacea the air-cells are remarkably minute, and
the lungs more compactly shaped and lodged in a shorter thoraz.

«« Existing, as both the herbivorous and carnivorous Cetacea do, un-
der such peculiar circumstances,—as air-breathing animals constantly
dwelling in an element the access of which to the lungs would be
immediately fatal,—it might be supposed that the mechanism of the
larynx, or entry to the air-passage, would be similarly modified in all
the species, in order to meet the contingencies of their aquatic ex-
istence. But we can as little predicate a community of organization
in the structure of this part as of the circulating or digestive systems
in the Cetacea of Cuvier. The Dugong and the Dolphin present, in
fact, the two extremes in the Mammiferous class, in the develope-
ment of the epiglottis, which is one of the chief internal character-
istics of that class. In the true Cetacea, and the Delphinide in par-
ticular, it is remarkable for its great length, while in the Dugong it
can hardly be said to exist at all. As the larynx, however, has only
been noticed cursorily in the previous anatomical accounts of the
Dugong, I beg to offer a description of this part, as it appeared
in the three specimens dissected.

«The glottis is very small and presents the form of the letter T, the
superior transverse part of the opening being, however, crescentic
instead of straight, with the horns extended a little way outside of
the vertical slit. This is bounded on each side by the thin convex
borders of the arytenoid cartilages ; the epiglotiis makes a short ob-
tuse pyramidal projection in front of the glottis; on each side of this
projection there is a slightly-produced crescentic fold cf the mucous

* Buffon, vol. xiii.

+ Wiegmann’s Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1838, pl. ii. fig. 5.

t This resemblance is further exemplified in the shortness of the trachea,
the completeness of its cartilaginous rings, the length of the bronchial tubes,
and the extension of their cartilaginous structure far into the substance of
the lungs in the Dugong.

_ EE EEE EE EF

membrane; exterior to this fold the pharyngeal membrane is puck-
ered up into numerous minute irregular plications, in the intervals
of which are the orifices of numerous mucous follicles, which are also
scattered about the immediate neighbourhood of the glottis.

“In the largest Dugong dissected (No. 2.), the thyroid, cricoid, and
arytenoid cartilages presented several bony granulations, scattered
irregularly through their substance : in older animals their ossification
may become more complete.

«« The mesial fissure, which is commonly present in other Mammalia
at the inferior margin of the thyroid, is here continued through the
whole of that cartilage, dividing it into two distinct lateral moieties,
connected above by dense fibrous texture, and below by membrane
merely and cellular and adipose tissue. Each portion presents an
irregular elongated rhomboidal figure, of which one extremity forms
the point of junction with its fellow above-mentioned, while the oppo-
site angle is prolonged into the inferior cornu, and is similarly
and closely connected by a strong ligament to a prominence on the
side of the cricoid cartilage ; the intermediate angle on the posterior
margin of the thyroid feebly represents the superior cornu. Length
of the thyroid cartilage, 2 inches 9 lines ; breadth of each lobe, 1 inch
3 lines. ‘The cricoid cartilage is the largest; it forms a complete
ring. The broad posterior surface is not rounded, but bent so as to
offer three facets, one narrow in the middle, which expands above
and below, and two broad lateral ones ; and the inferior margin de-
scribes three straight lines. The superior margin is very thick, and
presents on each side an elliptical, convex, articular surface for the
arytenoid cartilage. ‘The anterior margin of the cricoid is rounded
and convex, and slightly notched above. Longitudinal diameter of
the cricoid posteriorly, 1 inch 9 lines; ditto anteriorly, 8 lines: cir-
cumference of cricoid; 6 inches. Each arytenoid cartilage is in form
of a short irregular three-sided pyramid ; the inner surface flat, the
anterior and outer surface convex; the posterior and outer surface
concave; the base is excavated, to fit the articular convexity of the
ericoid, with which it is connected by a synovial and fibrous capsule ;
the apex is compressed and extended in the antero-posterior direc-
tion ; it forms the convex lateral margin of the glottis above de-
scribed. A short space, however, intervenes between the anterior
part of the arytenoid, and the thyroid cartilages, which is occupied
as usual by an elastic, dense, and pretty thick chorda vocalis, and
the investing laryngeal membrane. There is a small pit between
the anterior attachments of the chord, but no sacculus is developed
from this or any other part of the darynry. The mucous membrane
of the /arynz is smooth for the extent of five lines after it is re-
flected over the apical margins of the arytenoid cartilages, and then
begins suddenly to be disposed in numerous narrow plice, which in-
crease in breadth as they descend into the trachea, and are arranged
somewhat obliquely, diverging in a penniform manner from the mid-
dle line of the anterior surface of the tube. At the back part of the
larynx and trachea these ruge are longitudinal.

“The epiglottis cannot be said to exist as a distinct cartilage in the

Dugong; the small pyramidal prominence in front of the glottis is
formed by a ligamentous or fibrous substance, the boundaries of
which cannot be defined, as it passed insensibly into the cellular sub-
stance filling the posterior interspace of the divisions of the thyroid,
of which cellular substance it seems to*be a mere condensation. The
usual muscle, called hyo-epiglottideus, is, however, continued from
the anterior part of this pseudo-epiglottis. ‘The distance from the in-
sertion of the chorde vocales to the apex of the epiglottis is 9 lines.
The muscles of the /arynx are powerfully developed. ‘The aryteno-
idei obliqui and transversi are represented by a single pair of mus-
cles, which derive a broad and extensive origin from the posterior
and external ridges of the arytenoid cartilages, and converge to be
inserted into a small round cartilage in the posterior interspace of
the arytenoids. These muscles, through the advantage afforded to
them by this middle fixed fulcrum (which ought therefore to be re-
garded as their point of origin), act with great power upon the ary-
tenoid cartilages, drawing them together, and thus forcibly closing
the narrow glottis. They are directly opposed by strongly developed
thyreo-arytenoidei, which pass obliquely backwards from the internal
and interior part of each division of the thyroid cartilages to the pos-
terior and outer part of the arytenoids, which they draw apart, and
thus open the glottis. The crico-arytenoidei arise from the anterior
border of the cricoid, and are so inserted as to draw the arytenoidei
forwards as well as outwards. ‘The crico-thyroidei cover the whole
of the fore part of the cricoid cartilage. The sterno-thyroidei, and
thyreo-hyoidei are extremely powerful.

“The thyroid gland formed an irregular bilobed mass, the greater
part of which lies in front of the conjoined bronchial divisions of the
trachea, There are but three true tracheal rings anterior to the bi-
furcation of the air-tube: of these, the first of these is remarkable
for its superior size, which forms an intermediate transition between
the cricoid and the second tracheal ring. The tube is somewhat
flattened from before backwards; its circumference is 5 inches; its
antero-posterior diameter 1 inch. In the Balenide the tracheal
rings are deficient at the anterior part of their circumference. The
spiral disposition of the cartilages of the air-tubes, of which Home
has given a figure, in the Dugong, is described with more detail by
Steller in the Northern Manatee. It is a structure which best
facilitates the lengthening and shortening of the lungs, whose change
of bulk in respiration, owing to their peculiar form and position, pro-
bably takes place chiefly in that direction.

“« Amongst the true Cetacea we have observed that it is those which
subsist on the lowest organized animal substance, as the Balenide,
which approach the nearest to the herbivorous species, in having the
additional complexity of the cecum celi; and it is interesting to find
that the same affinity is manifested in the structure of the Jarynz.
The epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages, for example, are relatively
shorter in the Balenoptera than in Delphinus ; and, as Mr. Hunter
has observed, they are connected together by the membranes of the
larynx only at their base ; and not wrapped together or surrounded

by that membrane as far as their apices, as in the Dolphins. In the
Balenoptera also, the apices of these cartilages are not expanded, as
in the Dolphins, but diminish to an obtuse extremity. These points
of resemblance to the condition of the larynz in the Dugong and
Manatee are carried still farther i in the Mysticete Whale, at least in
the fetus dissected by me, and in which both the epig/ottis and ary-
tenoid cartilages were relatively much shorter, and the thyroid car-
tilage larger and more convex than in the Piked Whale (Balenoptera).
The thyroid cartilage is, however, a single piece in both genera of
Balenide, though deeply notched above and below; and the laryna
presents several interesting individual peculiarities, which, however,
the minute and accurate descriptions and illustrations of this organ
in both the Balenoptere and Balene, published by Prof. G. Sandi-
fort*, preclude the necessity of further dwelling upon.

Uroroigtic SysTEM.

“If we were acquainted with the structure of the urinary organs
of the herbivorous Cetacea as it is exemplified in the Dugong alone,
we should have to establish as marked a distinction in this respect
between them and the true Cetacea, as in the preceding organic
systems. Instead of the numerous and minute /obuli or renules,
into which the kidney is subdivided in the Dolphins and Whales, it
presents in the Dugong a simple, compact form, with an unbroken
external surface; the tubuli uriniferi terminate upon two lateral se-
ries of eleven Mammille, which project into a single elongated cavity
or pelvis, from which the ureter is continued. The accurate Steller+},
however, describes the kidney in the Northern Manatee as being
subdivided, like that of the Seal and Sea-Otter. John Huntert also
ascribes a similar lobulated structure to the Manatee, including it
with the Seal and White Bear among the animals occasionally inha-
biting the water. Daubenton§, however, in his anatomical descrip-
tion of the Manatus Americanus, merely observes : “ Les reins (A. pl.
_ Avi. fig. 6. ) étoient oblongs et placés l’un vis-a-vis l’autre” ; and his
figure gives no indication of the lobulated structure. Home does
not notice this interesting point in his Anatomy of the Manatee||.
This want of uniformity in the structure of the kidney in the her-
bivorous Cetacea is, however, of less moment with reference to their.
natural affinities ; since in the Pachyderms we find some species, as
the Rhinoceros, and, though in a less degree, the Elephant, present-
ing a subdivided kidney, while others, as the Tapir and Hog, have it
entire.

GENERATIVE SYSTEM.

“The generative organs being those which are most remotely re-
lated to the habits and food of an animal, I have always regarded as
affording very clear indications of its true affinities. We are the

* Nieuwe Verhandelingen der Koninklith, Niederlandishe Instituut, Deel.
iii. p. 224, pl. I—V.

t+ Loe. cit. _ On Whales, Phil. Trans., 1787, p. 412.

§ Buffon, xiii. p. 428. || Phil. Trans., 1821.

least likely, in the modifications of these organs, to mistake a merely
adaptive for an essential character. The true Cetacea, as is well
known, have no trace of vesicule seminales; but I found these bags
present and of large size in the male specimen of our Dugongs.
These accessory secerning vesicles measured each four inches in
length, and two inches in diameter at their fundus, where they were
widest, and their glandular parietes thickest. The internal surface
of the remainder of the cavity was reticulated. ‘The vasa deferentia
are short, and disposed in regular convolutions. Each crus penis
was attached to the lower expanded extremity of the ischia, which
were anchylosed to the ilia on each side*. Inthe true Cetacea the
retractores penis run along the sides to the under surface of the pe-
nis ; while in the Dugong the corresponding muscles are inserted
into the dorsum penis, as in the elephant: they meet and join in a
strong tendon half way between the crus and the glans penis. In
the true Cetacea the body of the penis consists of a single corpus ca-
vernosum, grooved above for the passage of the vena dorsalis, and
more deeply excavated below for the lodgement of the urethra and
_ its surrounding vascular structure. But the Dugong presents a
marked deviation from the cetaceous structure of the same part,
which presents in a transverse section a division of the corpus caver-
nosum into two lateral portions, with a middle ligamentous septum,
as in the Pachyderms; the vascular and erectile tissue also bears a
greater proportion to the surrounding ligamentous structure than in
the true Cetacea.

‘‘In the Dugong the ducts of the vesicule seminales and testes
communicate together before terminating in the urethra.

«« Daubentont has given a figure of the vesicule seminales in the
Feetal Manatee. Steller does not describe the parts of generation
in the Stedlerus.

«« The testes are abdominal in the Dugong, as inthe rest of the Ce-
tacea; but they also have a similar position in the Elephant.

Ossgous System.

*« After the excellent and elaborate descriptions of the osteology of
the Dugong, by Cuvier, Riippel, and others, but little remains to be
said on this subject. The bones are chiefly remarkable, as in the
Manatee, for their dense texture, and the non-development of me-
dullary cavities in them: this reptile-like condition of the skeleton
is further exemplified in the loose connexion of the bones of the
head. The bones are not loaded with oil, as in the Cetacea. - All
the specimens presented 7 cervical and 19 costal vertebre, corre-
sponding to the 19 pairs of ribs; but the number of the remaining
vertebre exceeded that ascribed to the Dugong by Home and Cu-
vier, there being at least 30, making in all 55, Riippell assigns to

* The separate conditions of these rudimental pelvic bones in the Du-
gong is shown in Mr. Clift’s figure of the Skeleton of the young Female
Dugong. In the true Ceéacea the parts analogous to the éschia are alone
present: they serve a similar purpose to that in the Dugong.

+ Loc. cit., pl. lviii. fig. 6.

the Halicore Tabernaculi, 7 cervical, 19 dorsal, 3 lumbar, 3 pelvic,
and 27 caudal vertebre; in all 59 vertebre. I found, as he also
describes, that the first four pairs of ribs reached the sternum, through
the medium of cartilages; ers terminated freely in the mass
of abdominal muscles: th the 15th are the longest, the last
is the shortest. The affini e Dugong to the Pachydermata is
thus again illustrated by the great number of the ribs. The lower
jaw is articulated to the cranium by a true synovial capsule, reflected
over cartilaginous surfaces, and not, as in the carnivorous Cefacea,
by a coarse and oily ligamentous substance.

DentTiTIon.

“* My attention was particularly directed to the state of the denti-
tion in the Dugongs of different sexes, which I have thus had the
good fortune to examine; from which it would appear that, as in
the Narwhal, the permanent tusks of the female are arrested in their
growth, and remain throughout life concealed within the substance
of the intermaxillary bones and the alveolar integument. ‘The ca-
vity of the tusk is in like manner filled up by the secretion of the
pulp which retrogrades in the course of its absorption, and hence
the tusks are solid, like the corresponding tusks in the female Nar-
whal, or at least present only a shallow cavity at their expanded
and distorted base. ‘The form of the tusk from this part is irregu-
larly cylindrical, and it diminishes to an obtuse point at the opposite
or lower extremity, which is perceptible only in the dry skull.

“It is remarkable that in all cases the external parietes of the ale
veolus of the abortive tusk is wanting opposite its base, and this
occurs even in the young female Dugong, when the base of the per-
manent tusk is near the lower extremity of the deflected portion of
the intermaxillary bone; but as the pulp and the base of the tooth
ascend, (or rather appear to ascend, in consequence of the elonga-
tion of the bone and the teeth,) the vacuity also ascends, and is situ-
ated in the adult at the upper part of the external surface of the de-
flected portion of the intermaxillary bone*. In the male the per-
manent tusks project beyond the jaws, and manifest, by the deep
conical cavity at their base, the persistence of the formative pulp
and their continual growth and renovation. These tusks also differ
from those of the female, in not being expanded at their bases, but
continuing of uniform diameter from one end to the other; the pro-
jecting extremities of the tusks are bevelled off from within, out-
wards and downwards, and terminate in a sharp chisel-edge. Only
avery small portion of the tusk projects from the jaw, (in which

circumstance the Narwhal differs most widely from the Dugong,) at
least seven-eighths of the tusk are imbedded in its socket, and the

socket is entire throughout its whole extent, the exterior of the in-
termaxillary bones generally presenting an unbroken surface, which,

* The skull of the female Dugong figured by Riippell (Joc. cit.) exhibits
_ this characteristic vacuity in the parietes of the socket of the tusk. The
contained teeth were cylindrical and conical.

independently of the projecting tusks, unerringly characterizes the
skull of the male Dugong.

«It has been suggested that the use of the projecting tusks in the
Dugong is to detach fuci from the rocks to which they adhere:
one can hardly, however, assign any important function in relation
to nutrition to parts which are limited to the male sex; but it must
be remembered that the function was assigned by a physiologist who
supposed that the tusks in question were specific and not sexual
characters, and that the imperfect tusks, which are peculiar to the
female, were the predecessors of the projecting tusks, and, in fact,
deciduous teeth. This opinion of Sir Everard Home was first called
in question by Dr. Knox*, who, having detected the supposed de-
ciduous tusks in the head of a nearly full-grown Dugong, rejected with
great justice the opinion of Home, that they are deciduous teeth ;
and he truly observes, that no evidence had been given to prove
the existence of deciduous tusks at all in the Dugongyt.

‘‘ T need hardly observe that the tusks of the Dugong, being im-
planted in the intermaxillary bones, are to be regarded, like the tusks
of the Elephant, as incisors. Now both sexes of the Dugong, as of
the Elephant, do, in fact, possess deciduous or milk-tusks, but they
are much smaller than the female permanent tusks or supposed de-
ciduous teeth of Home.

«In a recent cranium of a male Dugong, sent to the Zoological
Society in spirits, I found in the upper jaw the deciduous incisors
or tusks coexisting with the permanent ones. They were loosely
lodged, by one extremity, in conical sockets immediately anterior to
those of the permanent tusks, and adhered by their opposite ends
to the integument, which externally presented no protuberance or
other indication of them. They were two inches in length, slightly
curved, subcylindrical, tapering to both extremities, the fang-end
being the smallest, and perforated by an aperture leading to the ex-
tremely contracted cavity in which the remnant of the exhausted
matrix was lodged. From a comparison of the jaws of the dissected
specimens, and several crania of different ages, it appears that not
more than 20 grinders are developed in the Dugong, viz. 5 on each
side of each jaw. Of these the first is shed before the last or fifth
comes into use. In the dry skull I have seen the last molar pro-
jecting from its socket, before either the deciduous incisor or the
first molar had been shed, but its crown presented the primitive
tuberculate aper, and had not penetrated the gum. The molares
increase very regularly in size from the first to the last. The fang
of the first and second is soon completed and solidified by the pro-
gressive absorption of the pulp: that of the third retains for a longer
period its pulp and expanded conical cavity, but it becomes at length
contracted to a point, and is pushed out; the fourth and fifth mo-

* Edinb. Phil. Trans. xi. p. 389.

} “The milk-tusks of the Dugong have never been seen by any one;
that is, I have not heard of the existence of any preparation showing the
germs of the milk or permanent teeth, together or in succession.”—Dr.
Knox, loc. cit. p. 398.

ee eee

tle

lares, which may be regarded as the permanent teeth, retain through
the greater period of life the wide conical cavity for their pulp, thus
resembling the grinders of the Hdentata: the pulp of the last molar
becomes, in the progress of its development, extended in the antero-
posterior direction, and contracted transversely in the middle, so as
to give a sub-bilobed form to the mature grinder. Thus the molar
teeth of the Dugong succeed each other, as in the Elephant and true
Cetacea, in the horizontal, not in the vertical direction. The first
deciduous molares are shed before the deciduous incisors. They
are always much eaten away by the absorbents, especially about the
neck.

“In the skull of a male Dugong which had molares ==, the sock-

ets of the deciduous incisors were obliterated, and the points of the
permanent ones projected from their sockets.

*« In only one out of seven erania of the Dugong which I have ex-
amined, have I found incisors in the lower jaw; they were two in
number, one in the corresponding socket of each ramus, which sock-
ets were much deeper than the rest. These teeth were smaller and
more bent than the deciduous incisors of the upper jaw. ‘They are
obviously analogous to the rudimental teeth which have been de-
scribed in the jaws of the foetal Whale. The Dugong in which these
were found was eight feet in length; the remaining six toothless al-
veoli in the anterior part of the lower jaw were also present, though
much shallower than those containing the teeth. In the other re-
cent heads examined by me, the alveoli in the deflected portion
of the lower jaw contained ligamentous processes given off from
the internal surface of the thick callous integument covering that
part of the jaw: they serve the purpose of fixing more firmly to
the bone this dense and almost horny plate, which is beset exter-
nally with short coarse bristles, and is doubtless used in scraping
and tearing off the sea-weeds and other alimentary substances which
may be fixed to the rocks.

** It is obvious that the different form and condition of the tusks thus
observed in the heads of Dugongs of the same size and age, might be
regarded as indicating a specific instead of a sexual difference. Dr.
Knox inclines to the former opinion*; I have however adopted the
latter view, not hastily or hypothetically, but as the result of a mi-

‘nute comparison of the forms and proportions of all the crania which
have come under my observation, and of which I have embodied the
principal results in the subjoined table.

* This able comparative anatomist observes, “The tusks differ as much
in form in the two crania, as the tusks of the Asiatic Elephant differ from
those of the African one, and therefore naturalists would say, that these
animals must be specifically different.” I hesitate, however, in asserting
this positively, and would rather say that it amounts with other data, such

_as the belief, on the part of the Malays, in whose seas these animals reside,
_ that, to a great probability, there are two distinct species of Dugong now

inhabiting the Eastern Ocean.—loc. cit. p. 395.

" Male.* | Female.t| Male, ¢

Molares = Molares = Molares S
Cranium. in. lin.| in. lin.} in. lin.
Length of the cranium .......20000iesreececeeee Reaeatac 13 11|)14 8)]14 6
From the occipital crest to the upper border of

the nasal aperture... isi ..odescessccccssncenossccseces 4 10; 5.0; 5 0O
Length of nasal aperture ... 4 0); 5§ 0} 5 O
Brendih, OF/Gi0. Veacccecsstrede. osncenssdecoancvéns avoce |) Sire yer cack ee AL ee
From the lower border of the nasal aperture to

the end of the intermaxillary bone.......... Ri ectleridl Gee 200 ae a
Breadth Of GGG UE so ccesoscccencesccaccrmocvovecccens 5 0}; 5 4] 5 10
Smallest interspace of the temporal ridges......... 2-85 2 SS, cee
Greatest distance between zygomatic arches ...... (fee TB ee ims E'S nee
Greatest distance between postorbital processes

of the frontal bone ....... SenWecopescveccoseccess oid A ed hee Chae aa oe

Lower Jaw.
From the condyle to the lower part of the sym-

PHGSUEL Gus Nuawaskssepcdtcaescby sg inecdie das sessamicaess E Dame fan 4st aona. ees Sa on
From the condyle to the base of the ascending ‘

VON ate ds <abetakyitscasesy cabeGpaotsPyodanctadunnees 6 Oy) SS TG Nr6
Breadth of ascending ramus ...cecceeceeceseereeeees 2 10}; 2 10; 3 90
Length of dental (molar) series ......s.ssssssceecees Zt Oe a eae
Length of sloping symphysis ........ dévkarececers 40 G. | 05 OL nemenne ce
Pre APRESGMONAAL as asnacbatveoneks> <acmnbsedasesncamssan 2, oa |) oe OL ees
From outside of one condyle to that of the other! 6 3] 6 6/ 7 O
From the condyloid to the coronoid process ...... 212) |e

«« The short and thick neck, fin-like fore-legs, want of hind-legs,
caudal tegumentary fin, smooth, naked, and almost hairless integu-
ment, are all modifications of external form, by which the Dugongs
and Manatees are adapted to play their part in the waters: but the
kind of part which they are to play in that element depends on or-
ganic characters which mainly if not exclusively reveal their true
affinities. Now we have seen that the whole of the internal struc-
ture in the herbivorous Cetacea differs as widely from that of the
carnivorous Cetacea, as do their habits: that the amount of varia-
tion is as great as well could be in animals of the same class, exist-

* Deciduous and permanent tusks in place; the first molar, left side,
lower jaw shed. Outer wall of sockets of permanent tusks entire.

+ Deciduous tusks shed and their sockets obliterated; the points of the
permanent tusks protruding from their sockets: the shallow cavity at their
base exposed by the absorption of the wall of the socket at that part.

+ Sockets of deciduous tusks obliterated, permanent ones protruded to
the usual extent and worn by use: their sockets entire.

§ This dimension increases as the intermaxillary bones are lengthened
in the antero-posterior direction.

| The increase of this dimension is due to the greater development of
the lower part of the intermaxillary bones in correspondence with the sexual
condition of the tusk.

4; This dimension of course diminishes with the increased development
of the temporal muscles consequent upon the fitness of the tusk for use.

** The increasing breadth of the last molar compensates for the loss of
the small anterior molars.

€ £2 “tees

— eS, le

ing in the same great deep. The junction of the Dugongs and
Manatees with the true Whales cannot therefore be admitted ina
distribution of animals according to their organization. With much
superficial resemblance they have little real or organic resemblance
to the Walrus, which exhibits an extreme modification of the am-
phibious carnivorous type. I conclude, therefore, that the Dugong
and its congeners must either form a group apart, or be joined, as
in the classification of M. De Blainville, with the Pachyderms, with
which the herbivorous Cetacea have the nearest affinities, and to
which they seem to have been more immediately linked by the now
lost genus Deinotherium.”

Zool. Soc. fama alee
Admeasurements. Raffles. | No. 1. A i ae

nt 1831. | 1931. | 1938.

ft. “\in,
6 103

oaopow ow OF

No. ft.
1. Total length of the animal ......... 8
2. Greatest circumference ............06+ 6

pu
4. Length of head from nostrils to end
PRN HUIE eles Yweana-Wenonsnsdoaensssansuncs 0
5. Width of snout ...........seeeeeseeeees 0
6. Depth Of sont | .2.....ctcsseccesceocees 0
Meee EN OF CHIN” scacaseascscovecesaecnse 0
8,{ Breadth of Chin; <s...,00+.s0seecesaces 0
9. Distance from nostrils to the eyes...| 0
10. Distance from eyes to ears. ......... 0
11. Distance from eyes to flipper. ......... 1
1
0
1
1
2
1
2
1

toh toh tol

Se led
tol bol bol RO

tol et

12. Length of the flippers
13. Breadth of flippers ....-...ss00eesseeeee
14. Breadth across belly from fin to fin.
15. Distance between the mamme ......
16. Breadth of tail from tip to tip ......
17. Circumference of root of tail...,.....
18. Distance from anus to centre of tail
19. Distance from anus to penis .........
20. Total length of intestines ............ 115
21. Total length of small with ce@cum...| 44
22. Total length of large ...--.....-e.20s 72
23. Total length of large with cecum...
24. From end of snout to flipper ......... 2
25. Circumference of neck ........s0e+08 i 2
26. Diameter of orifice of eye-lids ...... 0

i) SOSCNKLONTH ORD

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
01
1
0
1
1
2
1
2
0

i
SOME OOH NOM H oo BOOM

27.6
50 «0

~
ar ie °)

tole

Some prepared specimens belonging to the genera Siphunculus
and Asterias, collected by Mr. Harvey upon the Devonshire coast,
and presented to the Society, were upon the table, to which Mr. Owen
drew the attention of the Meeting. The Chairman read an extract
of a letter from the former gentleman, in which he stated that a con-
siderable number of the Red-band Fish (Cepola rubescens) had been
picked up on the beach near Teignmouth. One of these specimens
sent by Mr. Harvey was exhibited by Mr. Yarrell, who observed

that these fish are rarely captured, owing to their keeping very near
the bottom, and their shape allowing them to pass through the
meshes of the fishermen’s nets. In severe storms, however, shoals
of this Cepola are sometimes killed by being driven against the bot-
tom, or dashed against the rocks, and are then thrown on shore dead.
Mr. Yarrell remarked that he had heard of two or three instances
of this kind recently occurring on the British coast.

————— St

April 10, 1838.
Rev. John Barlow in the Chair.

_ The first communication laid before the meeting was a description
by Mr. Owen of the organs of deglutition in the Giraffe, being a
supplementary note to his former memoir on the anatomy of that
animal.

Mr. Owen observes that since the Giraffes have been at the Gar-
dens, they have not been known to utter vocal sounds, except once,
at the time of coition, when the male uttered a cry like that of the
Deer; and the incapacity of the species in this respect would seem
to be indicated by the structure of the glottis, the rima of which
is permanently open for the space of a line, so that the chords
cannot be brought into mutual apposition.

The modifications of the organs of deglutition accompanying this
open condition of the fissure leading into the windpipe are very re-
markable, and unlike any of the few deviations from the ordinary
structures of the fauces and glottis hitherto noticed by anatomists
in other animals (as in the Elephant, Camels, Cetacea and certain
Rodentia, &c.).

On looking down the mouth into the fauces the cavity appears to
be as completely closed as in the Capibara; but instead of narrowing
in an infundibular form to a small circular depression, it is termi-
nated by a transverse slit through which projects a soft, rounded,
valvular ridge, formed by the broad superior margin of the epiglottis,
which is folded down upon itself at that part. ‘The surface of the
fauces is broken by large risings and depressions, or is coarsely
corrugated.

On looking at the velum palati from behind, it is seen to descend
to the margins of the glottis in the interspace between the epiglottis
and the large arytenoid cartilages ; and on raising the soft palate, a
small process, or rudimental wvu/a, is seen, continued from the middle
of its inferior margin into the open laryngeal fissure ; but it only fits
into the posterior part of this open fissure; the anterior part is
defended by two processes of the mucous membrane of the larynr

_which are continued from the angle between the epiglottis and glot-

tis. These processes are thick, of a triangular form, with their apices
turned backwards and inwards, so as to cover and close the anterior
part of the glottis: when the soft palate is raised to bring them
into view they seem like two accessory epiglottides; but they consist
merely of a duplicature of mucous membrane.

At the posterior part of the soft palate there is an oval glandular
body about one inch in long diameter.

The tonsils are well-developed glands communicating with the
fauces by a single wide opening, or fossa, and thus exhibiting a

No. LXIV.—Procrepines or THE Zooxocicar Sociery.

higher type of structure than they present in the human subject,
where the mucous follicles terminate by several separate apertures.
They are two inches in length and one in breadth.

Mr. Owen then proceeded to read the first part of a paper on
the Anatomy of the Apteryx; the body of that bird having recently
been presented to the Society’s Museum by the Earl of Derby. The
results of the anatomical examination, communicated to the Meeting
on this occasion, embrace a detailed description of the parts con-
nected with the digestive apparatus.

Commencing with the beak, Mr. Owen notices the general super-
ficial resemblance which it bears to that of the Curlew and Jbis,
though it differs essentially from this organ in the slender-billed
waders, by having the perforations of the nostrils near the aper,
and the base covered with a cere. The cere terminates anteriorly
in a concave or lunated curve, resembling that of the Rhea. Two
narrow grooves extend from the angles or cresses of the cere along
each side of the mandible, the upper groove being continued to the
truncated extremity of the mandible, the lower one leading into the
external nostril, which forms, as it were, the dilated termination of
the groove, and this occupies a position of which there is no other
known example throughout the class of birds.

The cere was about an inch in length, furnished at its sides with
short stiff plumes and hairs, while at its base a number of long black
bristles are given off, the presence of which, in conjunction with the
extension of sensitive skin upon the beak, is considered by Mr.
Owen to indicate the importance of the sense of touch to the Apte-
ryx, and to correspond with the account given of its nocturnal
habits. The general form of the beak is adapted for insertion into
crevices and holes, in search of insects, which were found to consti-
tute in part the contents of the gizzard.

The tongue, as in all the struthious birds, was short and simple,
yet presented nevertheless a greater relative development. It was
of a compressed, narrow, elongated, triangular form, with the aper
truncate and slightly notched; the lateral and posterior margins
entire: 8 lines in length, 4 lines broad at the base, 1 line across
the aper. The anterior half consisted of a simple plate of a white,
semitransparent, horny substance, gently concave above; behind
this the exterior covering, which is lost in, or blended with, the
horny plate, gradually becomes distinct, and assumes the character
of a mucous membrane: it was reflected over the posterior margin
of the tongue, forming a crescentic fold, with the concavity towards
the glottis ; but here, as well as on every other part of the tongue,
it was devoid of spines or papille. The lining membrane of the
pharynz, behind the glottis, formed two elongate, square-shaped,
smooth, thick, and apparently glandular folds or processes, the ob-
tuse free margins of which project backwards, like lappels, into the
pharyne ; beyond which the lining membrane is produced into close-
set, narrow, somewhat wavy, longitudinal folds.

The esophagus at its upper extremity was half an inch in diameter,

but rapidly diminished to a breadth of three lines, of which size it
continued to the commencement of the proventriculus ; its position
was to the right of the cervical vertebrae, and a little behind and to
the right of the trachea, to which latter it was closely connécted.

The muscular coat of the esophagus was about half a line in thick-
ness, and its fibres were arranged in two layers; in the internal
layer the fibres presented a longitudinal arrangement, while in the
external their disposition was circular. The length of the tube was
about eight inches, and its dilatibility was indicated by the lining
membrane being disposed in narrow longitudinal ruge.

The proventriculus was one inch two lines in length and half an
inch in diameter, and situated in the azis of the esophagus, of which
it formed an immediate continuation; the gastric glands were de-
veloped around its entire circumference, their orifices opening in the
meshes of a reticulated surface, produced by the longitudinal ruge
of the cesophageal membrane, changing their character after entering
the proventriculus, and branching, as it were, over its surface.

The stomach was small, measuring less than two inches both in
its longitudinal and transverse diameters: in shape it had more
the character of a membranous stomach than of a gizzard, being
of a regular oval-rounded form. The muscular fibres were not ar-
ranged in the definite masses called digastrici and laterales, but
radiated from two tendinous centres of about two-thirds of an inch
in the longest diameter. Upon the inner surface of the gizzard were
two protuberances, one at the lower and one at the upper end of the
posterior part. The situation of the latter was such with respect
to the cardiac and pyloric openings, that Mr. Owen conceives it
would tend to close these openings during the forcible contraction
of the fibres at the upper part of the gizzard, and thus probably in
some measure regulate the passage of food into this cavity, by re-
taining a portion in the proventriculus, until the gizzard should have
become emptied of its previous contents.

A narrow pyloric passage of about three lines in length extended
from the upper eXtremity of the gizzard into the duodenum ; there
was no sphincter present, and no pyloric pouch, as in the Ostrich,
but the cuticle was continued into the duodenum about three lines
beyond the pylorus.

Upon removing the abdominal muscles, the two lobes of the liver
were seen to occupy the anterior part of the cavity, extending from
above the notches of the sternum, to midway between the sternum
and the cloaca.

The stomach was entirely concealed by a large omental adipose
process, continued from that of the peritoneum, and upon the longi-
tudinal division of which so much of the stomach was exposed as
projected between the lobes of the liver; its position was towards
the left side of the abdomen.

The space below the stomach and liver was occupied by long and
simple loops of intestine, extending obliquely and nearly parallel
with each other from the upper and right to the lower and left side

of the abdomen. The lowest and largest superficial loop was formed
by the duodenum, and the whole were hid by an omental covering
thickly charged with fat.

The interspace of the duodenum was occupied by the two lobes of
a narrow and elongated pancreas, the pointed extremity of the an-
terior lobe extending freely beyond the bend of the duodenum, and
immediately beneath it appeared the end of the rectum and cloaca.

Upon dissecting away the omental processes and raising the ex-
posed loops of intestine, the rectum was seen extending forwards
about two inches along the mesial line, and then receiving the ilium
and extremities of two ceca: the anterior half only of the rectum had
an investment of peritoneum.

Upon raising the liver, and drawing aside the stomach, the duo-
denal loop was seen extending in a curved direction, and about four
inches in length, from the right side of the gizzard as before noticed ;
having formed that loop, the intestine bends abruptly backwards,
upon itself to the right, and then forms a second loop three and a
half inches long, which is continued down the right side of the ab-
domen. ‘Three similar but somewhat shorter loops are there formed
to the left of the preceding, after which the intestine returns to near
the commencement of the duodenum behind the stomach, and close
to the root of the mesentery, whence it descends to form a fifth long
loop situated at the left side of the abdomen behind the others, and
then becoming looser terminates after a short convolution in the
rectum.

The ceca were each five inches in length, and attached throughout
their whole extent to different parts of the last folds of the ilium.

The small intestines had a general diameter of three lines, their
size slightly diminishing on approaching the rectum. The ceca at
their commencement rather exceeded in diameter that of the ilium,
their capacity slightly increasing to near their blind extremities,
where, having attained the diameter of about five lines, they sud-
denly taper to an obtuse point. The anterior half of the rectum
was contracted and the lining membrane thrown into longitudinal
folds, but these gradually subsided in the second or dilated portion.
The rectum communicated with the urinary dilatation by a small
semilunar aperture, from which several short ruge radiated. This
compartment of the cloaca was not expanded into a large receptacle
as in the Ostrich, but offered the same proportional size as in the
Emeu, measuring about two-thirds of an inch in length and the
same in diameter. The external compartment of the cloaca con-
tained a large single penis retracted spirally, and one inch and a half in
length when extended. It was traversed by an urethral groove, the
sides of which were not beset with papil/e as in the Gander, but
simply wrinkled transversely. At the back part of the cloaca there
was a small dursa half an inch in length, and communicating by a
wide longitudinal aperture with the external compartment.

The gizzard contained a greenish yellow pulpy substance, and
numerous filamentary bodies, amongst which a few slender legs of

<< o.

le I a OO

insects and portions of the down of the Apteryx were the only re-
cognizable organized parts ; it also contained a few pebbles.

In the small intestines a little pulpy material was present, similar
to that in the gizzard, but of a darker colour.

The ceca contained a larger quantity of similar, but more fluid
matter, in which the legs of insects were again discernible.

The liver consisted of two large lobes, connected by a narrow
isthmus, the right being the larger and of a subtriangular figure ;
the left was more quadrangular in shape.

The gall bladder, one inch and a half in length, was appended by
its cerviv to the inner margin of the right lobe of the liver, the
medium of attachment being formed by the nutrient vessels of the
gall-bladder, and by two short cyst-hepatic ducts, with a reflection
of serous membrane upon them. A cystic duct was continued in
length rather more than two inches, to half way between the lower
bend of the termination of the duodenum.

The hepatic duct terminated a few lines below the cystic; both
ducts were larger than usual.

The pancreas consisted as usual of two elongated subtriedral
lobes, lodged chiefly in the anterior part of the duodenal interspace ;
one of the lobes extended upwards to the right as far as the spleen.
The secretion was carried by two short and thick ducts, which ter-
minated close to the hepatic and cystic upon a small longitudinal
ridge.

The spleen presented no peculiarities; its size was about that of
a hazel-nut.

With respect to the physiological relations of the apparatus
just described, Mr. Owen remarks that the whole is harmoniously
co-adapted to the instruments of prehension which characterize the
Apteryz.

A beak framed to seize and transmit to the gullet small objects,
is succeeded by a simple and narrow muscular canal. The food
being of an animal nature, and taken in small and successive quan-
tities, is digested as fast as it is obtained, and therefore the esophagus
is not required to be modified to serve as a reservoir, either by its
extreme width, ora partial dilatation. The proventriculus, in the
comparative simplicity of its glands, and the gizzard, in its small size
and medium strength, more forcibly bespeak structures adapted for
the bruising and chymification of animal substances presenting, as
do worms and the softer orders of insects, a moderate resistance.

The length of the intestines, which somewhat exceeds that of the
slender-billed insectivorous waders, and the size of the ceca, are con-
sidered by Mr. Owen to indicate an intention, that this bird, which
is so remarkably restricted in its locomotive powers, should have
every needful or practicable advantage in extracting from its low
organized animal diet, all the nutriment that it can yield.

April 24th.
R. C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

Some notes by Mr. Martin were read, On the visceral anatomy
of the Spotted Cavy, Celogenus subniger, taken from the examina-
tion of a male specimen which had died suddenly in the Menagerie
of the Society. The length of the head and body along the spine
measured about 1 foot 10 inches.

On opening the abdomen, the large folds of the cecum presented
themselves, occupying the whole of the umbilical and epigastric re-
gions, while to the left appeared the coils of small intestine; and a
portion of the stomach was seen to emerge from below the edge of
the left portion of the liver. The omentum was of very small extent,
destitute of fat, and crumpled up beneath the stomach.

The duodenum commenced in the form of a large pear-shaped
sac, which measured in length 23 inches, when the intestine as-
sumed its ordinary size, namely about half an inch in diameter. The
dimension of the sac at its largest part was four inches in circum-
ference. This pyriform commencement of the duodenum obtains in
many Rodents, and also in some Jnsectivora; among the former may
be noticed the Coypus, Capromys, and Anema: in the insectivorous
animal lately described (Zool. Proc. 1838, p. 17.) under the name
of Echinops Telfairi, the same structure also is remarkable. The
course of the duodenum was as follows: leaving the pylorus and
loosely attached by mesentery, it described an arch over the
right kidney, whence it passed over the spine to the left kidney; it
then turned back to the spine, and there making several abrupt con-
volutions merged into the jejunum. In the sacculated part two
areole of glandular follicles were apparent through the parietes.
As in the Agouti, (Zool. Proc. 1834, p. 82.) the stomach had a con-
striction between its cardiac and pyloric portion; in which point
(as does the Agouti,) it differs from the Acouchi, the dissection of
which wil! be found in the Proc. of Com. of Sci. &c., 1831, p. 75. The
length of the stomach lying on the table undistended, or but slightly,
was 6 inches; the cardiac portions swelled out to the extent of nearly
2 inches beyond the entrance of the esophagus, and its pyloric ex-
tremity swelled out into a process on each side, as in the Agouti.
A muscular band, commencing at the entrance of the esophagus,
passed longitudinally along the stomach, contracting the greater
curve into sacculi, especially at the constricted portion. The length
of the esophagus within the abdomen was one inch and a quarter.

The length of the small intestines was very great, the measure-
ment being 21 feet 8 inches.

The cecum was large, irregularly, multitudinously, but not deeply
sacculated ; in form it was gently conical, terminating in a subacute

apex; its length 2 feet 4 inches, its basal circumference about 7
inches. When blown up it formed a spiral turn and a half. The
large intestines at their commencement were about 7 inches in circum-
ference, the decrease being gradual. The lining membrane of the
colon formed a series of regular longitudinal strig, gradually disap-
pearing as the intestine narrowed, until at length they finally disap-
peared. The colon in its course followed the circular sweep of the
cecum to which it was attached by a riband of mesentery 1} inch
in breadth.

At about two feet from its origin the colon merges into a flat layer
of circular folds, the intestine making four distinct gyrations; from
this part to the anus the intestine measured 9 feet 3 inches.

The circular fold above noticed is analogous to the long loose
fold observed in the same parts of the intestine in other Rodentia,
as the Coypus, and Capromys, and which is noticed in the respective
accounts of the dissection of those animals in the Zoological Pro-
ceedings.

At a little distance above these circular folds, and throughout
the remainder of the intestinal canal, the feces assumed a knotted
character.

The liver formed a right and left portion; the right portion was
divided into two parts, of which the innermost was the smallest;
the deft portion was divided into four nearly equal lobuli; between
the first and second of which (reckoning from the centre) projected
the gall bladder, very large, and distended with bile of a dark green
colour ; its shape was oval, being 24 inches long, but it was evidently
over-distended. On turning up the liver a large hepatic duct was seen
running from its base, for the length of an inch, to join the cystic duct,
nearly 2 inches from the origin of the latter; the common duct thus
formed was 1} inch in length, and terminated at the neck of the
duodenal sac 23 inches from the pyloric orifice.

The spleen of a prismatic figure, 24 inches long, was somewhat
closely adherent to the cardium; its colour was dark. Spreading
in the mesenteric membrane below the stomach, and between this,
the spleen, and the duodenal fold, lay the pancreas, a large foliaceous
gland of an irregular figure.

The vena porte was large and gorged with blood.

The kidneys were nearly in a parallel line with each other; their
figure was elongated, (being 3 inches in length by one in breadth at
the middle,) and at their upper apev, internally, lay the renal cap-
sules, long cylindrical bodies, of an ochreous colour, and extending
to the emulgent vessels.

The right kidney lay much closer to the vena porte than did
the left; the vena porte in fact passed over the renal capsule on the
right side, while the upper aper of the kidney was in contact with
o The length of the renal capsules was 14 inch, their figure vermi-

orm.

There was no marked line of division between the cortical and
medullary substances of the kidney. The urinary éubuli converged
into three obtuse papille; the pelvis was very small.

The lungs consisted of three right and two left lobes. The
heart was round, and firm in texture, the left ventricle being very
stout; the apex exhibited a slight tendency to a bifid figure. The
aorta at its arch sent off first an arteria innominata, which divided
into a right subclavian, and a right and a left carotid ; then secondly,
at a quarter of an inch further, a left subclavian, in an undivided
condition.

The thyroid glands were very small.

The tongue was 34 inches long, fleshy, rounded at the tip; the
upper surface villose, with fine close hairy papille; at its base were
numerous, large, mucous follicles.

The pharyne was funnel-shaped and prolonged; the cesophagial
orifice being at the root of the epiglottis, and about large enough to
admit a common black lead pencil.. The esophagus was longitudinally
corrugated internally.

The epiglottis was deeply notched, and with patulous and slightly
curled edges.

The arytenoid cartilages were prolonged.

‘The upper corner of the os hyotdes consisted of three portions.

The sublingual glands were about the size of a nutmeg, or scarcely
so large; the rings of the ¢rachea (of course imperfect,) amounted
to 33.

The clavicles were imperfect, 12 inch in length, and united to
the sternum by a cartilaginous continuation nearly an inch long.

The generative organs agreed closely with those of the Acouchi.
The epididymis appeared. externally through the abdominal ring, en-
veloped in a eremaster, to which both the internal oblique and the
transversalis muscles appeared to contribute. The penis was retro-
verted at the pubes, and before the skin cf the body was taken off,
was invisible, being completely retracted within the preputial fold.
At the angle which it makes on the pubes, where it is retroverted,
there is spread a slip of fibres from the external oblique.

The length of the penis, from the pubes to the extremity of the
glans, was 24 inches; the extreme portion for 1} inch enclosed an
osseous stylet. ‘The apex of the glans and its subsequent portion
for an inch on the under surface were covered with close-set minute
horny papille directed backwards; and along the dorsum was a
double row of retroverted sharp horny points, each point decreasing
from the first to the last; the number in each row being five. Its
extremity was bifid, the orifice entering into a cavity, whence ante-
riorly issued the wrethra, which, posteriorly, was continued into a
rugous canal of considerable depth, having at the bottom two pointed
osseous spurs, which are capable of being protruded.

The length of the penis, from the apex of the glans to the bulb,
was four inches. The length of the membranous part, two inches.

The testes lay within the abdominal ring; they were oval in form,
and I1dinch long. ‘The epididymis, on laying open the muscular sac,
was seen to consist of an assemblage of contorted tubes, from which
emerged the vas deferens ; the length of this, to its entrance at the
base of the vesicule seminales, being 54 inches. ‘The vesicule semi-

nales were large, and foliated at their upper part; their length was
22 inches.

The morbid appearances were as follows:

The vessels of the brain gorged with blood, and deep blush occu-
pied the whole surface. The abdominal viscera were adherent to
each other and to the peritoneal lining of the abdomen. The blad-
der was distended with urine, so as to be as thin as fine transparent
paper; it extended above the umbilicus, and was adherent to the
peritoneum. The urine exuded through its parietes, as the moisture
with which it was perpetually bedewed proved by the smell. There
was bloody fluid in the abdomen ; and the gall-bladder was distended
as large as an egg.

‘ Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species, from the Society’s Col-
lection, of Gerbillus, and a new Herpestes, which were accompanied
with the following descriptions.

Herrestes rusca. Herp. fusca ; pilis nigro flavoque annulatis, ad
basin fuscescentibus ; guld fusco-flavd ; caudd, quoad longitudinem,
corpus fere equante, pilis longissimis obsitd.

une. lin

Longitudo capitis corporisque ..... . 18.0
— COMM 52 jase Svtehdares ie SALE 'Q
tarsi digitorumque ...... 3 6

Hab. India (Madras ?) ,

«This species is about equal in size to the Herpestes major or
urinatriz of the Cape, and hence is larger than any of the Indian
species hitherto described. It approaches in colour nearest to Herp.
brachiurus of Mr. Gray, but may be distinguished by its very long
and bushy tail. The claws of the fore feet are remarkably large and
of a brown colour; the longest claw measures upwards of three
quarters of an inch; the feet are blackish. Each hair of the back
is grayish brown at the base, then pale brown, and the apical half is
black, generally with about three or four yellowish rings. Ata little
distance the animal appears to be of a deep brown colour.

“The skins from which the above description was taken were
purchased at a sale of zoological subjects, the greater portion of
which were from Madras. As, however, there were some from the
Nilgherries, it is possible these specimens may have come from that
quarter. The dimensions of a skull, accompanying one of these
specimens, are as follows :—

inch. lin.
Total length of slaglbaea ste. fee 3 6
Width of slcalltS sian et ee. Ske 2 0
Leneth of palatess mens. SSS... 1. ot ny 92
Width of palate between posterior molars .. 0 74
Width of ditto between canines .......... QO 54

Length from incisors to hinder portion of last
ME pe eee Me Tye cot ante fess Ll

cs
Pleo

GerBitius Cuviert. Gerb. supra colore flavescenti-cinnamomeo ;
guld, abdomine, pedibusque niveis ; auribus mediocribus; caudd
longissimd ; tarsis longis.

une. lin
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad basin caude .... 7 1
aT Tee A te er aes 8 0
ab apice rostri ad basin auris...... 1 6

—- tarsi digitorumque .............. 1 8?
PTR SL ATE PAI 0 7

Hab. India. (No. 473. in Catal. of the Mammalia in the Zoolo-
gical Society’s Museum.)

‘General colour very bright cinnamon yellow; the hairs of the
upper parts of the body gray at the base; cheeks whitish, a white
spot above, and extending behind the eye; the feet and the whole
of the under parts of the animal white; the hairs of the same colour
at the base as at the aper; tail brownish above, dirty-white be-
neath, the apical third furnished with long blackish hairs; ears
blackish, sparingly clothed with white hairs; hairs of the moustaches
black, some of those nearest the mouth white.

“This species of Gerbillus, which I have great pleasure in naming
after M. F. Cuvier, who has published so excellent a monograph on
the group to which it belongs, I have reason to believe has long been
confounded with the animal described by Major-General Hardwicke,
in the eighth volume of the Linnean ‘T'ransactions, under the name of
Dipus Indicus. The chief character which induces me to consider
it as a distinct species, consists in the comparatively great length of
the tarsus. In aspecimen of Gerb. Indicus, which exceeds the present
animal in size, I find the ¢arsus to be only 1 inch and 6 lines in
length; and in a specimen in the Paris Museum the foot was only a
quarter of a line longer, this animal being likewise larger than the
specimen which furnished the above description. In the same mu-
seum there is also a specimen of the present species, in which the
tarsus measured 1 inch 9 lin.; the length of the animal being 7 inches
10 lin. In the specimen of Gerb. Indicus, and that of Gerb. Cuvieri,
belonging to the Zoological Society’s Museum, there is a consider-
able difference in the colouring, the latter being paler, and of a much
brighter hue than the former; but whether this difference is constant
I am not aware.”

ee CO

————- -- —*

May 8, 1838.
The Earl of Sheffield in the Chair.

Mr. Waterhouse brought before the notice of the Meeting an ex-
tremely interesting series of skins of Mammalia, which had recently
been given to the Society’s Museum by George Knapp, Esq., who
had received them from the Islandof Fernando Po. The collection
included the following seven species, which were considered by Mr.
Waterhouse as hitherto undescribed ; namely, two new Colobi, form-
ing a most important addition to that group of Quadrumana of which
our knowledge is so extremely limited, from the small number of skins
brought to Europe ; two new species of Cercopithecus; a new An-
telope, a new Otter, and a new species of the genus Genetta.

These were severally named by Mr. Waterhouse, and the follow-
ing descriptions and specific characters communicated to the Meet-
ing for publication in the Society’s proceedings.

Cotosus Pennantu. Col. supra nigrescens, ad latera fulvescenti-
rufus ; subtis flavescens ; caudé fusco-nigricante ; genis albis.

une. lin.
Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 27 0
E TT hE ee test eeee eees 29 0

Hab. Fernando Po.

** The prevailing colour is bright rusty-red; the head, back of the
neck, and the central portion of the back, are black; the cheeks and
throat are white or dirty white; chest, fore part of the shoulders,
the under parts of body and inner side of the limbs are dirty yellow;
inner side of the thighs whitish; the hairs of the tail are brownish
black. The fur is long and not very glossy; that on the head and
fore parts of the body being the longest. There is no soft under

' fur; the hairs are of an uniform colour to the base, or atleast in a

very slight degree paler at that part. The portion of the back which
is described as black partakes slightly of therusty hue which prevails
over the other parts of the body; it occupies but a narrow portion
of the back, and blends indistinctly into the rust colour. The lower
parts of the limbs are removed, but as they are black at the knee,
and also assume a deep hue below the elbow, it is probable the re-
maining portions are black externally ; but internally, as far as can
be seen, the limbs are yellowish or yellow white.

“There was scarcely any perceptible difference in the colouring in
all the specimens examined by me, from Fernando Po, amounting to
about eight in number. They invariably had white or dirty-white
cheeks and throat.

«This species is the nearest yet found to the Bay Monkey of Pen-
nant, but differs in having the throat and cheeks white, and in ha-

No. LXV.—Procgepines or THE ZooLogicaL Society.

ving three distinct shades of colour on the body: Pennant’s animal
having the cheeks of a pale bay colour, and the body deep bay above,
and pale bay beneath. It might be argued that by ‘ deep bay’
Pennant meant to designate the peculiar colour described by me as
black with a rusty hue: if so, he could scarcely apply the term ‘ very
bright bay’ to the parts which I call yellow. If, however, even this
Were the case, there is still another distinct tint which he has not
mentioned, and that is the bright rusty-red colour of the sides of the
body and limbs. On the whole, therefore, I think I am right in ap-
plying a name to the animal here described, which it must be remem-
bered is from a different locality; that of the Bay Monkey being
Sierra Leone. There is another circumstance which should lead us
to be cautious in pronouncing any species which differs as much as
that here described, as identical with Pennant’s animal, since it so
happens that each red Colobus discovered has in its turn been re-
ferred to the Bay Monkey, or to the Simia ferruginea of Shaw, which
is the same animal, and has had one or both of these names applied,
but has been changed upon the discovery of the next species; in
consequence of which much confusion has arisen. I think we had
better let the Bay Monkey stand until we can find an animal agree-
ing with Pennant’s description.

Corosus Saranas. Col, niger ; vellere longissimo.

une. lin.
Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 31 0
—- CONDE oiaé a wae 60-9 he Od Om 36 0

Hab. Fernando Po.

«Of this species I have seen three skins from the same locality;
one of these was very imperfect ; the other two were perfect, with
the exception of the hands and feet. Its uniform black colour will at
once distinguish it either from Colobus leucomeros, or Col. ursinus,
the férmer having white thighs and a white throat, and the latter
haying a white tail, and long grey hairs interspersed with the black
on the neck, The longest hairs on the back measure ten inches.
The fur is but slightly glossy, and the hairs are of an uniform colour
to the base. There is no under fur.

Crrcoritazcus Martini. Cere. pilis corporis supra nigro et
flavescenti-albo annulatis; capite supra, brachiis cauddque ni-
grescentibus ; guld abdomineque grisco-fuscescentibus.

une. lin, -
Longitudo capitis corporisque......-. 22 0
CONE... de thn tant ae 26 0

Hab. Fernando Po.

‘«Of this animal I have seen but two skins; both very nearly agree
in colouring but differ slightly in size ; the dimensions are from the
larger specimen. The face, hands, and feet, are unfortunately
wanting. It appears to be most nearly allied to Col. nictitans ; the
hairs of the upper parts of the body, however, are more distinctly
annulated, and the general tint is somewhat greyish. Each hair is

grey at the base, and has the apical portion black, with, generally,
three yellowish white rings. The crown of the head and the fore
legs are black; the hind legs are blackish, the hairs being but ob-
securely annulated. The throat is dirty white, the belly and inner
side of the legs at the base are of a brownish colour. ‘The tail is black
above, and somewhat grizzled at the sides. At the base of the tail
beneath there are some deep reddish brown hairs. The naked cal-
losities are small. The hairs on the fore part of the crown of the
head are black, annulated with brownish white, and so are those
on the side of the face immediately below the ear. The fur is tole-
rably long, and but loosely applied to the body.

‘* In the smaller specimen the under parts of the body are some-
what paler than those in the larger, being brownish-grey.

«T have named this species after my fellow curator Mr. Martin.

_ Cercopirnecus eryTuroris. Cerc. griseus ; pilis corporis supra
flavo nigroque annulatis; guld genisque albis; brachiis ni-
grescentibus; caudd splendidé rufd, lined nigrescente per par-
tem superiorem excurrente, apice nigrescente ; regione anali

auribusque rufis.
une. lin
Longitudo capitis corporisque.......- 17 0
WOME 6 6 oiia'e's aida Rew an teen 23 0

Hab. Fernando Po.

* This beautiful little species is about the same size as the Mou-
stache Monkey (Cerc. cephus), andhas undoubtedly a close affinity to
that animal ; it may, however, be distinguished by the bright rusty-
red hairs which cover the ears internally, its brilliant red tail, and
by the hairs in the region of the anus being also of a bright red.

“The hairs on the upper parts of the body are black annulated

with yellow; on the hinder part of the back the yellow assumes a
_ deep golden hue, but, unlike the Moustache Monkey, the black pre-
_vails over the yellow. On the sides of the body and the outer side
of the hinder legs, the hairs are greyish ; and on the belly and inner
side of the limbs, they are greyish-white. The fore legs are blackish
externally ; a dark mark extends backwards from the eye to the ear ;
below this, on the cheeks, there is a tuft of white hairs, beneath
which the hairs are grizzled black and yellow,—in these respects
bearing a close resemblance to the Moustache Monkey. The face
is imperfect, and the feet have been removed from the skin; these
; therefore, cannot be described.

- Geyerra Pornsis. Gen. fulvescenti-fusca; dorso lineis nigris
eonfluentibus et irregularibus notato; lateribus maculis nigris
crebré adspersis ; caudé nigra, annulis fulvis interruptis.

une. lin.
‘ Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 26 0
mm CONBE Laas Papeete 440-0
_ Hab. Fernando Po.

_ “This species probably approaches nearest in affinity to the Ge-

netta Pardina, Is. Geoff., but is distinguished from all the African
species with which I am acquainted, by its deep rich yellow-brown
colouring, and by the great number of dark markings and spots with
which its body is adorned.

«On the back of the neck there are three or four slender longitu-
dinal black lines, which are irregular and indistinct, especially near
the head. On each side of these slender lines there is a broad, ir-
regular black mark, which commencing behind the ear runs back-
wards and outwards over the shoulders ; here the slender black lines
appear to divide, for as many as seven can be traced; the outer-
most of these diverge, and are soon broken into irregular spots,
which are scattered over the sides of the body. The intermediate
lines are also broken into oblong spots, excepting that line which
runs along the spine of the back, which is uninterrupted, and be-
comes broader on the middle of the back. On the hinder half of
the back there are, on each side of and parallel with the spinal
black mark, two lines formed by confluent spots. The sides of the
neck are adorned with numerous oblong spots. The muzzle is black;
there is a slender black line between the eyes, a yellow spot below
the anterior angle of each eye; the tip of the muzzle is also yellow.
The lips are blackish, and the eyes are encircled with black hairs ;
the hairs of the moustaches are brown, black and brown. ‘The ears
are black at the base externally; internally they are covered with
yellowish hairs. The limbs are brownish-black. The tail is black ;
on the basal half there are five narrow yellowish rings, and on the
apical half there are about four rings of a brownish colour, and
somewhat indistinct. The fur is short, glossy, and adpressed.

Lutra Pornsis. Lut. nitidé fusca; genis mento guldque fulves-

centibus.
une. lin
Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 24 38
CGS ere ge ie Ae ah rata 13 0

Hab. Fernando Po.

“The only specimen of this Otter which I have seen is smaller —
than the common European species (Lutra vulgaris); its colour is —
much brighter, being of a rich yellowish brown; the sides of the —
face (immediately below the ears), the sides of the muzzle, and the ;
throat, are of a rich deep golden yellow with a faint brownish hue. ;
The ears are small, and covered with hairs of the same colour as —
those on the top of the head. The tip of the muzzle is bare. The
moustaches and long bristly hairs on the sides of the face are brown,
paler at the base, and blackish at the aper. The tail is about equal
to half the whole length of the animal. ‘The fur is short, and the hairs —
are nearly erect; the under fur is of a brownish-white colour, glossy —
silk-like nature, and tolerably abundant. There are no feet to the skin. }

em.

Antitore Ocitpyr. Ant. splendide Suscescenti-aurata, subtis pal-—
lidior, lined dorsali nigra; collo fusco lavato; cauda brevi et floc- H
cosd, nigrescente, pilis albis subtus interspersis. |

« Hab, Fernando Po.

“The small bushy tail, the character of the fur, which is short and
closely adpressed, and the colouring, all indicate in this species, I
imagine, an affinity to the Ant. scripta, with which it appears to agree
in size. The brown neck, deeper and richer colouring, and the ab-
sence of white markings on the body, however, will serve to distin-
guish it from that species. As in Ant. scripta, there is a black line
along the spine of the back.

“The skin from which the above description is taken is without
head or limbs. The length from the shoulders to the root of the
tail is about two feet eight inches. The tail is about four and a
half inches.

“If my conjectures regarding the affinities of this animal prove
correct, it will belong to the sub-genus Tragelaphus of Hamilton
Smith, or to the more extended group to which Mr. Ogilby has ap-
plied the name of Calliope.

«I have taken the liberty of naming this animal after the author
last mentioned, whose careful researches in the Ruminant animals
have thrown considerable light on the affinities of the species.’

Mr. Waterhouse then proceeded to notice two skins which had been
just brought from Sierra Leone by Major Henry Dundas Campbell,
(late Governor of that Colony,) and sent by him for exhibition at
the Society’s evening meeting, with a promise on the part of Major
Campbell to present them to the Museum, in the event of his being
able to make an arrangement with a party to whom he had parted
with them as an article of commerce. One of these specimens was
a remarkably fine skin of a species of Colobus, described by Mr.
Ogilby in the Society’s Proceedings under the name of Col. ursinus ;
the skin, however, upon which Mr. Ogilby founded his species was
imperfect, and until the opportunity afforded by, the inspection of
the present specimen, nothing was known of the colour of the head
and face, which prove to be greyish white.

The other skin was a new species of the genus Cercopithecus, for
which the name of Cerc. Campbelli was proposed, with the following

_ character.

Crrcorirurcus CampBeLui. Cerc. vellere perlongo, subsericeo,
per dorsum medium diviso; capite corporeque anteriore grises-
centi-olivaceis, pilis nigro flavoque annulatis; corpore posteriore
femoribusque extus intense cineraceis ; guld, abdomine, artubus-
que internis albis ; brachiis externé nigris ; caudd pilis nigris et
sordidé flavig, indutd, apice nigro, pilisque longioribus instructo.

a une. lin.
= Longitudo capitis corporisque........ 20 0
a Caud@ ......+ ae 1. AR

. Hab. Sierra Leone.
__ This species appears to be most closely allied to the Cercopithecus
_ Pogonias of Mr. Bennett; it has not, however, the black back which
serves to characterize that animal.

- « The most remarkablecharacters in this animal are its long fur,

and the hairs being divided on the back, as in most of the species of
the genus Co/obus. The average length of the hairs of the back is
about two and a half inches; on the hinder half of the back, how-
ever, they exceed three inches. These hairs are grey at the base,
and the remaining portion of each hair is black, with broad yellow
rings, the latter colour prevailing. On the posterior half of the
body, and the outer side of the hinder legs, the hairs are of a deep
slate grey, and almost of an uniform colour; some of those on the
middle of the back are obscurely freckled with deep yellow, and
those on the thigh are very indistinctly freckled with white. The
belly, inner side of limbs, fore part of thigh, chest and throat are
white. The hairs of the cheeks and sides of neck are very long, and
of a greyish white colour, grizzled towards the apex with black and
yellow; some whitish hairs tipped with black are observable across
the fore part of the forehead. The inner side of the ears is fur-
nished with very long hairs of a greyish white colour, obscurely an-
nulated with grey and pale yellow; these hairs vary from three
quarters to one inch in length. ‘The fore legs are black externally,
and the hairs on this part are comparatively short. The hairs on
the upper side of the tail are grizzled with black and dirty yellow,
and on the under side with black and brownish white. The apical
portion of the tail, which is furnished with longish hairs, (as in Cerc.
Pogonias), is black, the black hairs occupying about one third of
the whole length of the tail.

“T have named this animal after the late Governor of Sierra Leone,
Major Campbell, that gentleman being its discoverer.”

Mr. Ogilby exhibited and described various species of Kangaroo
Rats (Hypsiprymaus) from the Society’s Collection, and read extracts
relating to them from a paper which he had prepared upon the sub-
ject so long ago as the year 1832; and which, though partly read
before the Linnean Society at that time, had never been made public,
owing to the imperfection of the materials then in this country for
the perfect illustration of the genus. Reserving the detail of his
observations for an express monograph, Mr. Ogilby briefly charac-
terized the following species :—

1. Hyp. setosus: described in the Proceedings for 1830-31,

. 149.
: 2. Hyp. myosurus: easily distinguished from all the other species
by its much shorter tail and tarsus; the former organ being scaly, as
in the true Rats.

3. Hyp. melanotis : a large species with longer ears than its con-
geners, and readily distinguished by the dark brown colour of the
hair which covers the organs, as well as by its superior size. In
the Zoological Society’s Museum.

4. Hyp. formosus: a beautiful small species of a light russet-
brown colour, the latter half of the tail white. This species has been
for many years in the Collection of the Linnean Society.

5. Hyp. Phillippi : pale brown, with a slight shade of russet above,
dirty white beneath ; tail long, cylindrical, covered with short, ad-

i .

pressed yellowish white hairs beneath, and with reddish brown
woolly fur on the upper surface, terminated by a tuft of dirty yel-
lowish brown; ears elliptical; head small and attenuated; tarsus
long, and of a pale greyish white colour; middle upper incisors not
so much longer in the lateral as in Hyp. murinus, and lower shorter
and slenderer ; the canines are nearly in contact with the lateral in-
cisors, and of the same form and size. This is the species described
in Governor Phillipp s Voyage; that figured by White appears to
be Hyp. myosurus. Described from two specimens in the Linnean
Society’s Collection.

. 6. Hyp. Cuniculus : in size and colour something resembling Hyp.
Phillippi, but of a clearer grizzled brown colour, something like that
of the wild rabbit; a dark brown patch marks the nose; tail long,
cylindrical, and terminated by a tuft of coffee-coloured wool ; upper
middle incisors very large, separated from one another and truncated ;
the lower of the same form, but considerably shorter than in any
other species, and the canines much smaller than the contiguous
lateral incisors, and separated from them by a distinct bar or vacant
space ; by all which characters this animal differs from Hyp. Philippi,
as well as by its larger and thicker head and clearer grey colour.

7. Hyp. murinus : of nearly the same colours as the last two spe-
cies, but readily distinguished by its short, thick head, blunt, unat-
tenuated muzzle, and very short ears bordered with red: the teeth
also afford a very distinctive character; the lower incisors are twice
as long as in the last species, the upper not much longer than the
lateral, and the canine only half the size of the contiguous incisor,
and nearly in contact with it, being separated only by the third part
of a line; the tail is furnished with an erect crest of black hair for
three or four inches towards the tip: this is the ‘* Potoroo”’ of the
French Zoologists, as Mr. Ogilby had verified by comparison with
the Paris specimens. Mr. Ogilby remarked that by an oversight
for which he was accountable, the Society’s specimen of this animal
is called Hyp. setosus in the recently published Catalogue of the
Mammalogical part of the Collection.

Mr. Martin then brought before the notice of the Meeting three
species of Chameleon from Fernando Po, forming part of Mr. Knapp’s
donation, and upon which he proceeded to offer the following obser-
vations.

“« Among the collection of specimens from Fernando Po lately pre-
sented to the Zoological Society are three chameleons of peculiar
interest. One of them is the Cham. tricornis, or Owen of Mr. Gray ;
the second is the Cham. cristatus of Mr. Stutchbury, described and
figured in the 3rd Part of the 17th Vol. of the Linn. Trans. The
third appears to me to be undescribed.

“With regard to the specimen of Cham. cristatus, I may be per-
mitted to point out some trifling differences between it and the
figure given by Mr. Stutchbury, The crest ceases to be elevated
over the loins and base of the tail, degenerating into an acute ridge,
whereas in the figure it continues for a considerable distance along

the upper aspect of the tail, and is as elevated over the loins as over
the chest. The tail is shorter in proportion im the present specimen;
the indentations which margin the casque are less bold and decided,
and the casque itself is less produced posteriorly. The dorsal crest
is supported by only ten spinous processes. The colour is slate gray,
with a yellow abdominal line, but without the orange and dark reti-
culated lines observed by Mr. Stutchbury in his specimen.

Length of head and body .... 34 inches.

——— tail ............ 23

«« Asthespecimen described and figured by Mr.Stutchbury camefrom
the river Gaboon, Western Equinoctial Africa, and the specimen. be-
longing to the Zoological Society from Fernando Po, it is possible that
they may be examples of permanent varieties; but I am rather in-
clined to attribute the difference to age or sex, or to both combined.
Mr. Stutchbury’s specimen is probably an adult male; that belonging
to the Zoological Society isa young female. The Cham. Oweni, Gray
(Cham. tricornis, Gray), differs from a specimen from Fernando Po,
(collected by Lieut. Allen) in the possession of the Society, only in
having the horns less developed. With respect to the species I regard
as undescribed, I beg to offer the following observations :—

** Ata first glance this Chameleon might be confounded with Cham.
Senegalensis, or with Cham. dilepas ; the grainlike scales of the body
and the general contour of the head and body being much alike in
each. When, however, we come to examine more closely, we shall
find sufficient reason to regard it as entirely distinct. Both in
Cham. Senegalensis and its immediate ally (if it be truly a separate
species), Cham. dilepas, the dorsal ridge and also the median line of
the throat and abdomen are strongly denticulate. In this, however,
neither the dorsal ridge, nor the abdominal or gular median line,
present any such character. In Cham. Senegalensis the tail is re-
markably stout at the base, the skin behind the knee-joint is close,
and there is a sort of heel, or angular projection (at least in the
specimens before me), at the posterior junction of the two portions
of the hind-foot. In the Chameleon which I regard as undescribed
the tail is slender at the base and long, the skin behind the knee-
joint is loose and fanlike, and there is no angular projection or
heel.

«« The granulations of the body, it may also be observed, are much
less acutely elevated (being smaller and rounder) than in Cham.
Senegalensis.

“The casque between the eyes is comparatively narrower, being
there contracted; it is broader and more rounded however posteriorly,
and is less produced. The middle line or keel is a little more dis-
tinct ; and between the eyes the casque is more deeply and abruptly
concave ; a very small flap or ear, which indeed might easily be over-
looked, is produced from the posterior part of the casque, and lies on
each side of the neck, as in Cham. dilepas; but as we have said, in
this species the dorsal ridge and the median line of the throat and
belly are strongly denticulate, or as Daudin said of its ally the
Cham. Senegalensis, ‘ dentelés en scie.’

ee — ,

“Regarding then this species as hitherto undescribed, I propose for
it the name of Chamaeleon Bibroni, as a tribute of respect to M. Bibron,
of the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris, the merit of whose work
on Reptiles, from which I have derived so much advantage, I am
anxious thus publicly to acknowledge; and to whom, during his late
visit to London, I am indebted for assistance and information, while
engaged with the collection of Sauria, in the possession of this So-
ciety.

«The characters of Cham. Bibroni may be summed up as follow:
Casque (or upper surface of the skull) flat, with a very slight occi-
pital keel ; contracted and concave between the eyes, rounded pos-
teriorly : superciliary ridge very little elevated, and becoming obso-
lete over the nostrils; a small flap on each side from the posterior
edge of the casque lies on the neck; the dorsal ridge and median
line, both of the throat and belly, destitute of a denticulated crest.
The grains of the body and limbs small and close-set, those of the
easque flat and angular.

Cuamezteon Bisront. Galed pland ; vix apud occiput carinata ;
inter oculos angustd et concavd ; posticé rotundatd, et lobo par-
vulo utringue instructd ; margine superciliart paruim elevato, et
super nares obsoleto; culmine dorsali, linedque media per gu-
lam et abdomen tendente, absque denticulis ; corpore granis par-
vis et confertis tecto ; galed lamellis angularibus.

Longitudo corporis cum capite ...... 4 unc.
eaulldaeis3i). Soe mie et ‘sha 53
Hab. in Insul4 Fernando Po.

«In proportion to the size of the body the head of Cham. Bibroni
is short, and particularly the muzzle, which is very acute at the apex.
Viewed from above the helmet it would present an elongated oval,
rounded behind and acute anteriorly, were it not for its contraction
between the eyes, which is not the case in Ch. Senegalensis. The
accessory lobes at its posterior part are very small, and might easily
be overlooked. Perhaps, however, they may be larger in the male,
(for the present individual, it is to be observed, is a female,) but of
this I have no means of judging. The length and slenderness of
the tail are remarkable. The granulations of the body are small
and even. The general colour is purplish black, passing on the
sides of the belly, on the loins, and posterior limbs, into olive green ;
the inside of the limbs, and the median line of the abdomen, are pale
reddish yellow.”

May 22, 1838.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was first read, dated Sierra Leone, February 19, 1838,
addressed to Mr. Rees, the Assistant Secretary, from F. Strachan,
Esq., Corresp. Memb.

The writer in this letter expresses the warm interest which he
takes in the furtherance of the Society’s scientific objects, and states,
that both himself and his friends are making exertions to procure skins
and living animals. Referring to the Chimpanzee, Mr. Strachan ob-
serves, that only two had been brought over to Freetown during the
late rains, both of which he believes to be on their way to England;
he also remarks, that there would be no great difficulty in procuring
a young Hippopotamus, and that it might probably outlive the voy-
age to England if brought home in a man of war.

The Rey. F. W. Hope exhibited a piece of deal, perforated through-
out by the Limnoria terebrans, and in which many of these destruct-
ive animals might still be detected. Mr. Hope stated that the piles
of the pier at Southend, which were of oak, had been cased with
deal, and then surrounded with a sheathing of iron, to protect them
from the ravages of the Limnoria ; but, instead of producing the de-
sired effect, this plan appeared to have accelerated their destruction,
as the Limnoria made its way from beneath between the sheathing
and the pier, and very quickly destroyed the deal casing, as shown
by the piece he exhibited. Mr. Hope believed that wood could not
by any means be effectually protected from this animal if exposed to
its attack; and that iron, protected from the decomposing action of
the water by some varnish, although requiring a much greater out-
lay at first, would in the end be found the least expensive of the
two.

A specimen of the Anchovy, interesting from the circumstance
of its having been captured in the Thames, was exhibited by Mr.
Yarrell, who remarked that although this was the first instance of
the kind that had fallen under his observation, yet as the Anchovy
is plentiful along parts of the Devonshire and Cornwall coast, it was
not improbable that its occurrence in the above river would be occa-
sionally detected, if the nets of the white-bait fishermen were ex-
amined.

Mr. Waterhouse then laid before the Meeting a collection of spe-
cimens received from Mr. Cuming, consisting of a considerable num-
ber of birds, with skins of Mammalia, &c.: among the latter were
several new or rare species, including specimens of the genera Tar-
sius, Galeopithecus, Sciurus, and Paradoxurus.

The scientific value of the above donation was much increased by
some manuscript notes made by Mr. Cuming upon several of the ani-

ss ee

mals, giving theirnativenames, and information relative to their habits.
Of one of these, a species of Galeopithecus, Mr. Cuming remarks :—

“The Caguang is an inoffensive animal, inhabiting lofty trees in
dark woods, and is known to feed upon the leaves of the Nanka or
Jack Fruit; it suspends itself from the upper branches of the tree by
all its feet, which gives it a large appearance, as it brings them all
four together.

“It flies heavily for about a hundred yards on an inclined plane,
but readily ascends the trees by its strong claws; it makes a weak
noise similar to geese when at rest: when the calls of nature ope-
rate on the animal, it erects its tail and membrane up to the back
part of the neck, which gives it a most singular appearance. They
are easily taken by the natives throwing nets over them, or by cut-
ting down the tree on which they are; and before they can clear
themselves of the branches are taken hold of by the hand. I never
saw one of them attempt to bite. When the female has young she
is very easily taken. They appear much attached to their young,
which are always hanging at the breast. Of late years great num-
bers of them have been taken for the sake of their skins, which meet
with a ready sale at Manilla. They are found on the islands of Bo-
hol and Mindanado.”’

Another of the specimens was the Tarsius spectrum of Geoffroy, of
which Mr, Cuming’s memoranda furnished the following interesting
details :—

«The Malmag is a small animal living under the roots of trees,
particularly the large bamboo of these islands. Its principal food is
lizards, which it prefers to all other. When extremely hungry, I
have known it to eat shrimps and cock-roaches, and give a great pre-
ference to those which arealive. It is very cleanly in its habits, never
touches any kind of food that has been partly consumed, and never
drinks a second time from the same water. It seldom makes any
kind of noise, and when it does emit sound it is a sharp shrill call,
and only once. On approaching it in its cage, it fixes its large full
eyes upon the party for a length of time, never moving a muscle:
on drawing nearer, or putting anything near it, it draws up the
muscles of the face similar to a monkey, and shows its beautiful
sharp regular set teeth. It laps water like a cat, but very slowly,
and eats much for so smallan animal. It springs nearly two feet at a
time. It sleeps much by day, is easily tamed, and becomes quite
familiar, licking the hands and face, and creeping about your person,
and is fond of being caressed. It has an aversion to the light, al-
ways retiring to the darkest place. It sits upon its posteriors when
it feeds, holding its food by its fore paws ; when not hungry, it will
ogle the food for a considerable time. A male and female are gene-
rally seen together: the natives of these islands make sure of taking
the second having secured the first. They are extremely scarce in
the island of Bohol, and only found in the woods of Jagna and the
island of Mindanado.

‘* The calls of nature seldom operate ; the feces are similar to those
of a dog, and large for so small an animal.

“It produces one ata time. I had the good fortune to procure a
female without knowing her to be with young: one morning I was
agreeably surprised to find she had brought forth. The young ap-
peared to be rather weak, but a perfect resemblance to its parent:
the eyes were open and covered with hair; it soon gathered strength,
and was constantly sucking betwixt its parent’s legs, and so well
covered by its mother, that I seldom could see anything of it but its
tail: on the second day it began to creep about the cage with apparent
strength, and even climb up to the top by the rods of which the cage
was composed. Upon persons wishing to see the young one when
covered over by the mother, we had to disturb her, upon which the
dam would take the young one in its mouth, in the same manner asa
cat, and carry it about for some time ; several times I sawher when not
disturbed trying to get out of the cage, with the young one in hermouth
as before. It continued to live and increase in size for three weeks,
when unfortunately some person trod upon the tail of the old one,
which was protruded through the cage, a circumstance which caused
its death in a few days : the young one died a few hours after, which I
put into spirits. The skin, with its tail crushed, is in the box with the
otheranimals. I should recommend its being placed in the attitude of
springing, with the body a little bent forward; ear erect and round ;
eyes very full of light; chestnut colour; pupil black and small; the
nails or claws two in number, erect, such as they are at all times. -

Jagna, Isle of Bohol, August 1837. Be a + atl

Among the collection sent by Mr. Cuming to the Society were
specimens of two species of Saurian Reptiles, upon which, at the
request of the Chairman, Mr. Martin offered some remarks.

The first species to which he adverted was the Istiurus Amboi-
nensis of Cuvier : two specimens of this rare reptile, both males, were
procured by Mr. Cuming in the Island of Negros. The Jstiurus
Amboinensis, from the circumstance of the male being furnished with
an elevated crest or fan, supported by the spinous processes of the
base of the tail, in which respect it agrees with the Basilisk, was
placed by Daudin in the same genus with this latter reptile, and
characterized as the Basiliscus Amboinensis, and in this arrangement
Daudin was followed by most succeeding writers. So little allied,
however, in reality, are these two reptiles (though possibly they
may be the representatives of each other in different quarters of the
globe), that they belong to two different sections of the Sauria, of
which one has the Old World, the other the New World, for
its range. The Basilisk (Basiliscus mitratus, Daud.), with all
the American genera of the Iguanian group or Hunotes of Dumeril
and Bibron, belong to the section of that group termed Pleuro-
donta, distinguished by the situation of the teeth, which rise from
a furrow along the internal aspect of each jaw; whereas the
Istiurus, with all the Old World genera of the Iguanian group,
(the genus Brachylophus, of which there is only one species, alone
excepted,) belong to the section termed Acrodonta, distinguished

— ae

Se eee

by the -teeth being firmly fixed along the very ridge of each
jaw, instead of having an insertion in a lateral furrow. The
first discovery of the true characters of the Jstiurus is due to Mr.
Gray, who instituted a genus for the reception of this species, and
also of two others allied to it, (one of these being the Physignathus
Cocincinus of Cuvier,) under the title of Lophura. In the last edi-
tion of the Régne Animal, Cuvier, though he admits the justness of
Mr. Gray’s views respecting the Amboina Lizard, still retains the
genus Physignathus for the Cochin Chinese one, but he changes
the term Lophura into Istiurus ; his reason being that the word Lo-
phura approaches too nearly the term Lophyrus already applied by
Daudin to a different genus. MM. Dumeril and Bibron adopt the
generic title proposed by Cuvier, and also receive into the genus the
Physignathus Cocincinus, under the title Istiurus Physignathus ; they
add, moreover, a third species under the name of Istiurus Lesueuri,
originally described by Mr. Gray as the Lophura Lesueurt. Mr.
Martin observed, that the presence of the elevated fan at the base
of the tail, which occurs only in the males of Istiurus Amboinensis,
was a circumstance of interest, inasmuch as it involves a structural
difference between the osteology of both sexes. In the common
Water Newt, the male of which acquires fanlike membranes at a
certain season of the year, the membrane is unsupported by an
osseous frame-work, and is deciduous, or rather temporary; but in
this animal, while the use of such a fan may be in all probability
connected with sexual functions, it is a persistent appendage. The
locality from which the specimens were derived gives them addi-
tional value.

The next species to which Mr. Martin requested the attention of
the meeting was a Varanus from the Isle of Mindanado, which he
regarded as hitherto undescribed.

This Varanus, he observed, appeared to be closely allied to Va-
ranus chlorostigma, Dum. and Bibr., differing, nevertheless, materi-
ally in the character of the scales of the body, and in the distribu-
tion of its markings. As in Varanus chlorostigma and Var. bivittatus,
the suborbital scales consist of a crescent of plates, broader than
long, encircled by small plates, which latter cover the suborbital
margin. The nostrils are rounded, and placed on each side of the
muzzle rather nearer the apex than in Var. chlorostigma; the teeth
are also compressed with sharp edges very minutely dentated ; the

* head is more produced than in Var. chlorostigma, being, in this re-

spect more like that of Var. bivittatus; and the scales are larger,
coarser, and more irregular.

For this new Varanus, Mr. Martin proposed the name of Varanus

Cumingi.

Varanus Cuminer. Varan. caudé compressd, naribus feré ro-
tundatis et rostri apicem versus positis; lamellis suborbitalibus
imeequalibus, septem vel octo ceteris quoad magnitudinem pre-
stantibus latissimis, Lneamque semilunarem efficientibus ; dentibus
compressis, acutis, et delicaté serratis; corpore supra nigro,
gultis ocellisque flavis ornato; abdomine aurantiaco.

Hab, apud Insulam Mindanado.

The head of this Varanus is elongated as in Var. bivittatus,
and the nostrils have the same situation, but are rounded, and the
nasal pouches are situated as in Var. chlorostigma. ‘The poste-
rior teeth are larger than the anterior, but all are recurved, com-
pressed, with sharp edges and point, and very minutely serrated.
The upper surface of the head is covered with flat polygonal scales,
arranged in a system of circles. On the superorbital region seven
or eight scales, much broader than long, forma sort of crescent.
The scales of the back of the neck are large, oval, convex, and di-
stinctly encircled with small, granulous scales ; on the sides of the
neck they become smaller. The rami of the lower jaw are covered
with rather large oblong scales disposed in parallel lines; and
the throat and interspace between the rami are furnished with
scales of a similar character, but very small. On the back, the scales
are oval, and slightly keeled; the largest are those down the middle
of the back, whence they become gradually smaller as they ap-
proach the sides. The scales of the aville are very small, flat, and
circular ; those covering the outer aspect of the arms, large, pointed,
and subcarinate. The thighs are covered anteriorly with large square
flat scales, having indications of a keel, while the leg from the
knee downwards is covered externally with pointed scales, each
strongly and sharply keeled. On the inside of the thighs the scales
are moderate and circular. The scales of the abdomen and tail re-
semble those of Varanus bivittatus, but the double ridge of the tail
is comparatively more feeble and less elevated. The toes are long,
the claws large, compressed, and hooked.

The ground colour of the upper surface is black; the aper
of the muzzle, a transverse bar behind the nostrils, a second
about an inch beyond, a smaller between the eyes, and a large
space on the top of the head, are bright yellow; the edges of the
upper lip are yellow, and a yellow stripe extends from the back
of the eye to the ear; an irregular, but somewhat triangular mark
of yellow occupies the back of the neck, whence a line of yellow
spots, or, as in one specimen, a continuous line, runs between the
shoulders. ‘The back is crossed by yellow spots, or by ocelli, form-
ing six or seven interrupted bars ; sometimes the back is more irre- +
gularly marked, the interrupted bars being obscure, and the inter-
spaces numerously dotted with yellow scales amidst the black: one
of the three specimens is thus coloured ; the limbs externally are irre-
gularly spotted with yellow, and the tail is banded with the same. ©
The whole of the under surface, from the chin to the base of the
tail, the aville, and inside of the thighs, are orange yellow.

Length of the largest of the three specimens (each apparently

adult). ft. inch.
From the muzzle to the posterior margin of theear O 3
From the ear to the root of the tail.......... vs soe’

TOd ivi w ae ewe ba Se Uie dad oes we seeeesen Roe

June 12, 1838.
The Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair.

Mr. Owen communicated to the Meeting another portion of the
results attending his examination of the body of the Apteryr, em-
bracing a description of the parts connected with the function of re-
spiration, and their general relations, as shown in this extraordinary
bird, to that structure of the respiratory organs which is so eminent-
ly characteristic of the entire class.

Mr. Owen remarks, that the system of respiration in birds is so
obviously framed with especial reference to the faculty of aérial pro-
gression, and the peculiarities in the former exhibit so marked a phy-
siological relation to the latter, that in the Apteryz, where the wings
are reduced to the lowest known rudimentary condition, the exami-
nation of the accompanying modifications in the respiratory apparatus
presented a most interesting subject for inquiry.

Upon carefully removing the viscera from the abdomen, Mr. Owen
was both gratified and surprised at finding no trace of air-cells in
the abdominal cavity ; the diaphragm being entire, and pierced only
for the transmission of the wsophagus and larger blood-vessels, as in
the Mammalia.

The position of the diaphragm was almost horizontal, like that of
the Dugong, differing from it principally in relation to the heart and
pericardium, which projected into the abdominal cavity, as through a
hernial aperture, the aponeurosis of the diaphragm being continuous
over the pericardium ; an approach towards the oviparous type in the
disposition of the viscera being thus preserved.

In the origins of the diaphragm Mr. Owen found the crura of the
lesser muscle exhibiting a greater degree of development than is
known to exist in any other bird ; the crura were entirely tendinous,
and arose from slight projections at the sides of the last costal ver-
tebre, their fibres expanding and being lost in the large aponeuro-
tic centre; at the point of their expansion to join the aponeurosis a
small proportion of muscular fibre was observed.

The abdominal surface of the diaphragm, as in the Mammalia, was
principally in contact with the convex surface of the liver, but the
thoracic surface of the former was separated from the lungs by a se-
ries of small but well-marked air-cells, one of which projected
slightly through the anterior aperture of the thoracic-abdominal
cavity at the base of the neck; the Apteryr thus still retains the
ornithic type of structure, although presenting us with the only
known instance, in the feathered race, of a species in which the recep-
tacular portion of the lungs is not extended into the abdomen.

The lungs were each of an irregular sub-compressed triedral fi-
gure, broader anteriorly and contracted towards the posterior ex-

No. LXVI.—Procrepines or THE ZooLogicay Society.

tremity ; they were fixed to the posterior part of the chest in a plane
nearly parallel with the axis of the trunk, and were perforated by
large apertures for the passage of air from the bronchial tubes into
the air-cells.

The bronchial divisions of the ¢rachea entered the lungs about one-
fifth of their length from the anterior end, and immediately formed
four principal branches, two (a small one and the largest) supplying
the respiratory portion of the lung itself, and the other two termina-
ting by openings into the thoracic air-cells previously noticed. The
course of these divisions of the trachea is severally described by Mr.
Owen, and he also enters into details respecting the number and po-
sition, &c. of the air-cells.

In the simplicity of its structure the trachea resembled that of the
struthious birds, but there was no trace of a dilated membranous
pouch as inthe Emeu. The trachea consisted of 120 small rings,
becoming gradually smaller to the last 20, and alternately overlap-
ping and being overlapped at the sides, during the relaxation of the
tube. The upper Jarynr was not defended by any rudimental epi-
glottis, nor provided with retroverted spines or papille; a small
process projected from its anterior part halfway across the laryngeal
area. There was no lower larynz; the rings of the bronchi, with
only a slight diminution of thickness, were continued from the
last two of the trachea, which latter were increased in size. The
trachea was closed below by a membrane completing the bronchial
cartilages at their under part, and the half-rings of the bronchi were
completed by a tympaniform membrane both above ard below.

There were two of the so-called sterno-tracheales muscles arising
one from the inner surface of each coracoid.

Mr. Owen remarks that the fixed condition of the lungs, and the
existence of air-cells between the lungs and the diaphragm, clearly
prove that inspiration cannot be effectually performed by the action
of the diaphragm alone, but that it takes place in the Apteryz as in
other birds, by the sternum being depressed, and the angle between
the vertebral and sternal ribs being increased.

A communication was then read to the Meeting by Dr. Cantor,
entitled, ‘‘ A notice of the Hamadryas, a genus of Hooded Serpents
with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth.”

Dr. Cantor commences with observing, that “ since Dr. Russell em-
bodied the results of his investigations in his unequalled work upon
Indian Serpents, the attention which this branch of Indian zoology
has received has been chiefly confined to occasional discoveries of
single species ; and yet from experience I have been convinced how
rich this branch is, and how much still is left to be illustrated, not
only with regard to species, but also with regard to the habits and
the geographical distribution of this order of reptiles, the number
and variety of which forms so prominent a feature in the zoology of
Southern Asia.

“‘ The venomous serpent, to which I shall here call attention, is the
type of a new genus; which, from its inhabiting hollow trees and

,
4
;
j
’
q
)

frequenting the branches, I propose to call Hamadryas. Its charac-
ters induce me to assign it a place between the genera Naja, Lau-
renti, and Bungarus, Daudin, which two forms it will be found to
connect together.

HaMADRYAS.

Caput latum, subovatum, deplanatum, rostro brevi obtuso, scutis
quindecim superne tectum.

Bucce tumide.

. Oculi magni prominentes, pupilld rotunda.

Nares lat@ apertz, duorum scutorum in confinio.

Oris rictus peramplus, subundatus.

Tela antica, pone qua dentes maxillares.

Collum dilatabile.

Corpus crassum, teres, squamis levibus, per series obliquas dis-
positis, imbricatim tectum.

Cauda brevis, apice acuto, scutis et scutellis tecta.

Hamapryas Orniopnacus. Ham. superné olivaceo-viridis, striis
sagittalibus nigris cinctus, abdomine glauco, nigro marmorato.

Scuta abdominalia a 215 ad 245
Scuta subcaudalia a 13 ad 32
Scutella subcaudalia a 63 ad 71

Hab. Bengal.

Hindustanee name, ‘ Sunkr-Choar.’

“ For the description and anatomical details, I beg to refer to my
provisional description, published in the Asiatic Researches, vol. xx.
p- 87., while I shall here confine myself to some general remarks
upon the habits, the effects of the poison, and the history of this
serpent.

«The Hamadryas, like the Bungarus, Hydrus, and Hydrophis, has
a few maxillary teeth behind the poison-fangs, and thus like the lat-
ter connects the venomous serpents with isolated poison-fangs to the
harmless, which possess a complete row of maxillary teeth.

*« Of the terrestrial venomous serpents the Bungarus is chiefly cha-
racterized by a distribution of the teeth similar to that of the Hama-
dryas, which, also partaking of the chief characteristic of the genus
Naja, viz. that of forming a hood or disc, constitutes an immediate
link between the genera Bungarus and Naja.
~ “In consequence of the strong resemblance in the general appear-
ance between the Naja and the Hamadryas, when first my attention
became attracted to the latter, I thought I could refer this serpent
to that genus; and it was not until I was able to examine a speci-
men whose poison-fangs were untouched (those of the first speci-
mens I saw having been drawn by the natives, ‘who are greatly
afraid of this serpent), that I discovered the maxillary teeth behind
the poison-fangs.

*« Hamadryas ophiophagus differs from the Naja tripudians :

1. By its maxillary teeth.
2. By the strongly developed spines on the os occipitale inferius,

3. By the integuments covering the head.

4. By the integuments covering the abdominal surface of the tail.
5. By its colour.

6. By its size.

«According to the natives the Hamadryas feeds chiefly upon other
serpents; in one I dissected I found remains of a good-sized Mo-
nitor, which fact may account for its arboreal habits, as I have in
Bengal, along the banks of the rivers, observed numbers of those
large lizards among the branches of trees watching for birds.

“« The power of abstaining from food, generally speaking, so charac-
teristic of the serpents, is but in comparatively small degree possessed
by this species; the most protracted starvation amounts to a period
of about one month, while the Vipera elegans, the Naja tripudians,
and the Bungarus annularis, have, without inconvenience, been con-
fined in cages without any food for more than ten months. Two
specimens of the Hamadryas in my possession were regularly fed by
giving them a serpent, no matter whether venomous or not, every
fortnight. As soon as this food is brought near, the serpent be-
gins to hiss loudly, and expanding the hood rises two or three
feet, and retaining this attitude as if to take a sure aim, watching
the movements of the prey, darts upon it in the same manner as the
Naja tripudians does. When the victim is killed by poison, and by
degrees swallowed, the act is followed by a lethargic state, lasting
for about twelve hours. Such of the other Indian venomous ser-
pents, the habits of which I have had opportunity to study from life,
show themselves much inclined to ayoid other serpents, however
ready they are to attack men or animals, when provoked or driven
by hunger ; and I am not aware of any other of those serpents being
recorded as preying upon its own kind. A short time ago, however,
during my sojourn at the Cape of Good Hope, I received from high
authority the following fact, which throws a light upon the habits
of the Naja of southern Africa, one of which, when being captured,
threw up the body of a Vipera arietans (Vip. brachyurus, Cuvier),
which bore marks of having been submitted to the process of di-
gestion.

“The Hamadryas, like the greater number of Indian serpents,
evinces a great partiality to water; with the exception of the tree-
serpents (Leptophina, Bell), they all not only drink, but also moisten
the tongue, which, as this organ is not situated immediately in the
cavity of the mouth, become in the serpents two different acts *. Spe-
cimens of this serpent in my possession changed the skin every third
or fourth month, a process which takes place in all the Indian ser-

* M. Schlegel is of opinion that serpents never drink. (Essay sur la Physiogn.
des Serpens, Partie Generale.) As mentioned above, I have had opportunities of
ascertaining that the greater number of Indian serpents are very fond of water,
a fact which I am aware has also been observed in the African serpents by the
eminent naturalist Dr. A. Smith, whose valuable discoveries, which he is at present
engaged in publishing, will bring to light many facts, of which we are at present
in almost total ignorance concerning the habits of animals, particularly those of the
Reptiles.

sf ee

See ee

pents several times during the year. The Hamadryas is very fierce,
and is always ready not only to attack but to pursue when opposed;
while the Cophias, the Vipera, the Naja, and the Bungarus, merely
defend themselves, which done, they always retreat, provided no
further provocation is offered. The natives of India assert, that in-
dividuals are found upwards of twelve feet in length, a statement
probably not exaggerated, as I have myself seen specimens from eight
to ten feet in length, and from six to eight inches in circumference.
I have often heard it asserted, that ‘ Cobras’ (which name is natu-
rally enough given to every hooded serpent,) have been met with of
an enormous size, but I strongly doubt their belonging to the genus
Naja: among a considerable number which have come under my ob-
servation, I never saw any exceeding five to six feet in length, while
the common size is about four feet. Some time before I discovered
the Hamadryas, I was fayoured by J. W. Grant, Esq., of the Hon.
Company’s Civil Service, with an interesting description of a gi-
gantic hooded serpent he had observed in the upper provinces, and
which, he remarked, was not a Naja. By inspection this gentleman
denied the Hamadryas to be identical with the above-mentioned.

«The natives describe another hooded serpent, which is said to
attain a much larger size than the Hamadryas, and which, to con-
clude from the vernacular name, ‘Mony Choar’, is perhaps another
nearly allied species.

«The fresh poison of the Hamadryas is a pellucid, tasteless fluid,
in consistence like a thin solution of gum arabic in water; it red-
dens slightly litmus paper*, which is also the case with the fresh
poison of the Cophias viridis, Vipera elegans, Naja tripudians, Bun-
garus annularis and Bung. ceruleus : when kept for some time it acts
much stronger upon litmus, but after being kept it loses considerably
if not entirely its deleterious effects.

«From a series of experiments upon living animals, the effects of
this poison come nearest to those produced by that of the Naja tripu-
dians, although it appears to act less quickly. ‘The shortest period
within which this poison proved fatal to a fowl, was fourteen mi-
nutes; whilst a dog expired in two hours eighteen minutes after
being bitten. It should however be observed, that the experiments
were made during the cold season of the year.”

A specimen of the present genus (Hamadryas), in the Collection
of the Society, was upon the table, having been presented to the
Museum by Sir Stamford Raffles, but without any facts respecting
its history, or the locality in which he had procured it.

* “M. Schlegel asserts (loc. cit. p. 34,) the venom is ‘ni alcalin ni acide.’ The
only way in which I can account for this mistake from a man who ranks among
the first Erpetologists, is by supposing that M. Schlegel himself never had an
opportunity of testing the poison of a living serpent; for besides the five above-
mentioned genera of Indian venomous serpents, I found the fresh poison of dif-
ferent species of marine serpents (Hydrus) to possess the property of turning litmus
paper red. The same fact with the Crotalus is noticed by Dr. Harlan, who says,
‘The poison of the living Crotalus tested in numerous instances with litmus paper,
&c. invariably displayed acid properties.’ (Vide Harlan, Medical and Physical Re-
searches, p. 501, sq.)”

Mr. Yarrell called the attention of the Meeting to some specimens
of fish presented by Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, whom he stated to
be on the point of quitting England for a residence in Australia, and
to whose zealous exertions as a Corresponding Member the Society
had on many occasions been largely indebted.—The following vote
of thanks was proposed and carried unanimously :—

*« That the thanks of the Meeting be offered to Mr. Harvey, Cor-
responding Member, for the services he has already rendered to the
Society, and that he be assured of the cordial desire experienced by
his fellow Members for his welfare and success in his new under-
taking.”

June 26, 1838.
William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen of the Peregrine Falcon was upon the table, which
had been sent to the Society’s office as a donation to the Menagerie,
with the following letter addressed to Mr. Rees, from the donor,
Capt. Charles Robertson :—

“Sir,

“‘T xg to present to you the accompanying Hawk, which was caught
on board the ship Exmouth, on the 12th of February last, on her
passage from Bengal to London, when in about latitude 12° north,
and longitude 88°°30 east, which placed the ship about 300 miles
from the Andaman Islands; and from observing the bird’s tendency
to fly away towards the east about the time of sunrise, for some
days after it was caught, I am led to suppose that it must have been
blown off, or followed its prey till out of sight of, those Islands. At
the time that it was taken, it was in the act of devouring the remains
of a sea bird on the main-topsail yard, which it had previously been
seen to pounce down upon and take up from the sea.

« 'The injured leg was occasioned by a ring, to which it was attached
when first caught, and the struggles of the bird to get away ; but I
have great hopes that it will regain in some measure the use of it
by proper care and attention, which I was unable to give it ; and it is
now much improved to what it was, the two parts being more in-
clined to unite. I have fed it upon raw fresh meat, and young rats
occasionally, but it never looks at water. When approaching the
coast of England, it was very remarkable that the bird again strug-
gled to get away in the direction of the land, although we were so
far off as not to see it from the ship. I am not aware that this
hawk differs from the common species, but the circumstances attend-
ing it may be interesting to a naturalist ; and if it should be thought
worthy of being added to your collection, I shall feel amply repaid
for the trouble I have taken to preserve it.

«« This is the second instance of a hawk being taken by me out of
sight of land; and on the former occasion a sparrow took refuge in
the cabin: we were at that time about 80 miles from Ceylon. From
these circumstances it is evident that hawks traverse great spaces of
the ocean, being able to feed on the wing.

‘**T remain, Sir, your obedient Servant,

The first part of a paper was then read by Mr. Blyth, entitled,
“« Outlines of a Systematic Arrangement of the class Aves.”

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July 10th, 1838.
Wm. Ogilby, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter dated Tymaen Pyle, Glamorganshire, May 14th, 1838,
was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. E. Bicheno, Esq., accom-
panying a donation to the Museum of a skin of the Burrhal Sheep
from the Himalaya Mountains. The animal being quite new to the
collection had been set up by Mr. Gould, and was placed in the room
for exhibition. Mr. Bicheno writes as follows:

“‘ I found the accompanying skin in the possession of a neigh-
bouring gentleman, who left India last year; and as I apprehend it
to belong to a rare animal, and hardly known in this country, I
have, with his permission, sent it to the Museum of the Zoological
Society. It is not possible for me, at this distance from authorities,
to make it out satisfactorily, but it seems very near to the Asiatic
Argal (Ovis Argala), if not identical; if so, however, it varies in many
particulars from the descriptions given of that species.

“It was killed, June Ist, 1836, by Thos. Smith, Esq., 15th Native
Infantry ; known in India as one of the most intrepid sportsmen
and best shots in the country. He met with it in the Great Snowy
Range close to the Barinda Pass, communicating with Chinese Tar-
tary, near also to the famous peak called Jaurnootrie, under which
rises the river Tamna. He estimates the height at which he found
the animal to have been from 15,000 to 17,000 feet: Humboldt,
he thinks, calls the Berinda Pass 18,000 feet high.

“ The hill-men call it Burrhal, and considered this specimen to
have been seven years old by the horns. The cry was that of a tame
sheep. It was exceedingly shy, and no animal in Mr. Smith’s opi-
nion is so difficult ofapproach. During his expedition in pursuit of
the Burrhal he killed also the Thaar, which he took to be a species of
Goat, and the ‘Serow,’ an Antelope, which Mr. Hodgson has de-
scribed in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, No. 45, for Sept. 1835.
The Thaar is also described in the same paper, and is regarded by
him to be an Antelope. Mr. Hodgson suspects the Burrhal to be his
Ovis Nahoor, but I have no opportunity of consulting the work.”

An extract, forwarded by Mr. Bicheno, copied from the journal of
Lieut. Thomas Smith, was also read, in which, after describing the
great difficulty he found in reaching the district frequented by the
Burrhal, he proceeds :

*« I was at last repaid by seeing nine of them at about 600 yards,
and they saw us. I attempted to get near; but no! they are with-
out exception the most difficult animals in the world to get near ; and
the air being so rarified I could hardly breathe, my Paharrees con-
stantly falling and declaring they would die, and begging me to re-
turn.

No. LXVII.—Procerrpines oF THE ZooLocicaL Society.

“ About four o’clock, as I was just giving it up indespair, I suddenly
came round a peak of snow, and found the large Ram at about 300
yards looking at me : despairing of ever getting nearer, and knowing
my rifle would do it if only held straight, I beat a place in the snow
and laid it along, taking a steady aim, pulled, and to my delight saw
him fall on his side and kick. He recovered himself and crawled
into some frightful rock, and there stood showing me his horns.”

The animal was not eventually captured until it had received a
large number of balls. ‘‘ Thus I killed,” says Lieut. Smith, “ the
first Burrhal ever killed by European or native that I can learn.”

Mr. Ogilby observed that the present animal, although extremely
rare and valuable, had been for some time known to naturalists, by a
specimen in the collection of the Linnean Society, and by the re-
searches of Mr. Hodgson, who had described two species of sheep
inhabiting the Himalayan range. Recently, however, Mr. Hodgson
had changed his opinion with respect to the existence of two di-
stinct species, referring them both to his Ovis Nahoor; but Mr. Ogilby
believed that another species did inhabit the Himalaya Mountains
decidedly distinct from the present, and the horns of which are so
capacious, that the young Foxes are said to nestle in such as are
found unattached to the animals.

A paper was then read, entitled, ‘‘ Observations on Marine Ser-
pents.” By Dr. Cantor.

This communication embodies the results of Dr. Cantor’s obser-
vations upon the habits and general conformation of the Marine
Ophidians, a group of Vertebrata to which but little attention has
hitherto been given, from the circumstance of the danger attending
their examination in the living state, and also from their geogra-
phical distribution being entirely confined to the tropical seas. The
author being stationed, in the East India Company’s service, on the
Delta of the Ganges, had, during a considerable period, most favour-
able opportunities for studying these serpents, many of which were
captured in the nets employed for fishing. His observations are
principally directed to the anatomical characters which distinguish
the marine from the terrestrial serpents, and to the modifications of
structure by which the former are adapted to the element in which
they exist. With respect to their physiology, the principal point of
interest he establishes is, the circumstance of all the species, with-
out exception, being highly venomous, a fact which has been denied
by Schlegel, who states that the Marine Snakes are harmless; and
the same erroneous idea is very current with the natives. Dr. Cantor
in proof of the contrary refers to the recent death of an officer in
Her Majesty’s service, within an hour or two after the bite of a Serpent
which had been caught at sea, and also to numerous experiments
of his own, in which fowls, fish, and other animals invariably died
within a few minutes after the bite had been inflicted. Numerous
sketches were exhibited to the Meeting in illustration of Dr. Cantor’s
observations.

i ae

July 24, 1838.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter, addressed to the Secretary, was read, from Walter Paton,
Esq., accompanying a donation to the Museum of an Indian Fowl,
remarkable for having had one of its spurs engrafted upon its head.
The spur, in consequence of its removal to a part in which the supply
of arterial blood was greatly increased, had grown to an unnatural
size, and hung down in crescentic shape, presenting a very singular
appearance.

Mr. Martin brought before the Meeting a collection of Snakes
procured by the Euphrates Expedition, which, at the request of the
Chairman, he proceeded to notice in detail.

The first, he observed, appeared to be referable to the Coluber
Cliffordii; it agreed in every respect with specimens of that snake
from Trebizond, procured by Keith Abbott, Esq., except that its co-
lours were more obscure. Of this species there were several speci-
mens, young and adult.

The others he regarded as new, and described them as follows :

Cotuser Cuesyzt1. This species is allied to Col. Hippocrepis,
but differs in the shape of the muzzle, (which is more acute,) in the
figure and extent of the nasal and labial plates, and in the disposition
of the markings.

The labial plates are small and numerous, and in one specimen
seyeral are divided.

The posterior frontals are small, and in one specimen are divided
into two.

The anterior frontals are contracted.

The superciliary plates are convex ;—the eyes are small.

The scales of the trunk are small, imbricate, and without a keel.

The head is pale yellowish brown, the plates beautifully freckled
or finely marbled with dark brown: a brown band traverses the
superciliary and vertical plates from eye to eye, and then descends
on each side obliquely to the angle of the mouth. © The labial plates
are bordered with dusky brown or deep gray.

The ground colour of the body above is yellowish brown ; a series
of square spots of a brown; or olive brown colour, extend from the
back of the neck, above the median dorsal line, to the end of the
tail. On the sides of the neck begins a line of the same colour,
which soon breaks into elongated narrow marks, which towards the
middle of the body become confused, broken, and irregular.

The superior margins of the abdominal plates are tinged with
gray or dusky brown.

The whole of the under surface of head, body, and tail, pale
yellow.

Caudal plates, 69 pairs in one specimen, and 57 in another.

ft. in.
Length of head and body......... iste ta!
eneta or tame Seco hat igide abe tees 0 42

CoronELia Mutticincta. Allied to the “‘Couleuvre & capuchon”
but has the muzzle much shorter and rounder ; it differs also in the
distribution of the colours.

The head is broad, the eyes very small, the muzzle very short
and blunt.

The head is gray, finely and closely marbled, and dotted with
black; a ring of which colour.encircles the neck. The ground
colour of the trunk above is pale cinereous gray, barred with trans-
verse marks of black, broadest in the middle, and having a disposition
to assume the arrow-head form; they unite with the black of the
abdomen alternately, so that their direction across the back is not
directly transverse but obliquely so.

ft. in.
Length of head and body ..,......... 1 14
Lengthy, Of tail *jia!s 553i. sz lain etelebs 0 2b

CoronELLA MopESTA. Head small; muzzle short, but moderately
pointed; eyes small. Scales of upper parts smooth and small; uni-
versal colour yellowish gray. A black band passes from eye to eye;
a second crosses the occiput ; and a third of a more decided tint en-
circles the back of the neck. Ina specimen from Trebizond, pro-
cured by K. Abbot, Esq., the marks on the head are more obscure.

Length of head and suk es tka 9 inches,
Tene OF Cale ass 5113 Sine es ee 23

CoroneLua putcura. Head long, flat, and pointed at the muzzle ;
eyes moderate.

Scales small and smooth.

General ground colour ashy gray; the head above beautifully
marbled and mottled with black; an irregular mark crosses each
superciliary plate and extends upon the vertical; and a mark of the
same character traverses each occipital, and extends upon the sides
of the occiput. A black mark runs below the eye to the margin of
the lips, and a second to the angle of the mouth; a series of black-
ish spots begins on the back of the neck, and runs down the back,
where they become larger, and often broken into a double alternating
series ; a line of smaller and deeper black spots runs along each
side, and the upper margins of the abdominal plates also are irregu-
larly mottled with black. The plates of the abdomen are minutely
and obscurely freckled with dusky black.

Length of head and epson See Fags ge 1 14
Gireetall A a ee PIC ae

Virera Evepratica. Allied to Pee elegans, but differs in the
disposition of the plates around and between the nostrils, and in the

style of its colouring, A large fossa indicates, as in Vip. elegans,
the aperture of the nostrils, and within this a valve, only to be
seen when the fossa is opened, stretches obliquely across, forming
the posterior margin of the nasal canal, as it extends from the bot-
tom of the fossa.

The rostral plate is large and rounded above ; the muzzle is large
and swollen; the eyes sunk, but are not overshadowed, as in V.
elegans, by a single superciliary plate ; the scales, however, which
occupy its place, are somewhat larger than those covering the top
of the skull between the eyes. A large elongated scale intervenes
between the nasal cavity and the rostral plate. The scales between
the nostrils are larger than those which succeed them; the labials
are rather small, the fourth from the rostral being the largest—their
number on each side is ten. The scales on the top of the head are
small, keeled, subacute at the points; those of the trunk are large,
flat, elongated, with rounded points, and narrowly keeled.

Subcaudal plates 47 pairs.

Body stout and robust, gradually tapering to the apew of the tail.
The general colour of the upper surface is brownish gray, minutely
freckled with black, the dots of which are more clustered on the
sides, in some places, and at regular intervals, giving the appearance
of obscure clouded fascia, or nebule, The plates of the under surface
are pale yellow, obscurely mottled and dotted with dusky gray.

ft. in.

Length of head and body .........->- 4 5
Leripth, Of tail: 0 pip n2herieria- ere ee ie 73

Two other snakes, one from India, the other from Antigua, were
also described as follows:

Coxuser Cantort. Eyes large; head broad; muzzle moderate ;
vertical plate broad, as are also the two occipital plates, and the an-
terior ocular on each side. Scales of body small, smooth, and
closely imbricate.

Body deep, somewhat compressed and tapering.

General colour of upper surface glossy brownish black; a black
spot below each eye, on the meeting edges of the 5th and 6th labial
plates ; a black line from the back of the eye to the angle of the
mouth, and a black band from the side of each occipital plate to the
sides of the neck, where it ends abruptly.

Along the sides, for the anterior half of the body, a small whitish
spot occurs at regular intervals, with a broad black spot below it ;
these marks become fainter and fainter, and at length disappear.
The central line of the back, from the neck to the middle of the
body, pale brown.

Abdomen yellowish white, becoming dusky as it proceeds ; the
posterior portion and the under surface of the tail being a little
paler than the ground colour of the upper surface.

Length of head and body ......--.--> Pv
Length of tail...... iE ee OF

Mr. Martin observed that Dr. Cantor, in honor of whom he named
this Snake, had observed it in India; and, according to the observa-
tions of this gentleman, it did not attain much larger dimensions
than those of the specimen exhibited.

Inhabits India.

The exact locality of the specimen exhibited unknown.

HERPETODRYAS PUNCTIFER. Head narrow, scarcely distinct from
the body; muzzle short and pointed; eyes small; body stout and
gradually tapering. Scales smooth, short, broad, and imbricate.

General colour pale brown. A dark brown line runs down the top
of the head; a riband of dark brown, made up of diamond-shaped
marks joined together, commences at the occiput, and runs down
the middle of the back to the end of the tail, on which last it is a
simple line ; a brown riband, little darker than the ground colour,
but narrowly margined with dark brown, begins behind each eye,
but soon loses itself on the sides of the body. Every scale at its
apex has two minute dots of chalk-white, which, if not examined
through a lens, might lead to the idea of their being the indications
of pores; they are, however, simply round little dots of opake white,
Plates of abdomen pale yellowish white, irregularly and obscurely
marked with a dusky tint.

The specific term punctifer is given in allusion to the two white
points at the apex of each scale.

Inhabits Antigua.

August 14, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A series of skins, belonging to species of the genus Sciurus, in-
cluding, with one or two exceptions, all which are known to in-
habit North America, were upon the table; and the Rev. Dr. Bach-
man, of S. Carolina, brought them severally before the notice of the
Members. Six of the species exhibited were new, and for these he
proposed the specific names of Texianus, lanuginosus, fuliginosus,
subauratus, Auduboni, and Richardsoni. Dr. Bachman’s manuscript
notes upon the habits and characters of the North American Squir-
rels, with descriptions of the newly characterized species, were also
laid before the Meeting.

The first species noticed by Dr. Bachman is the Sciurus capi-
stratus of Bosc, or Fox Squirrel; Vulpinus of Gmel.; niger, Catesby;
variegatus, Desm.; the Black Squirrel of Bartram. Its essential
characters consist in its large size, in having the tail longer than
the body, the hair coarse, and the ears and nose white. The dental

formula is inc. 3 can. = mol, =. In a very young individual,
supposed to have quitted the nest only a day or two, Dr. Bachman.
found an additional anterior grinder on each side in the upper jaw,
but very minute. The additional molar teeth, he concludes, are
shed at a very early period, as they were not present in two other
specimens subsequently examined, and which were some days older
than the former one. The Fox Squirrel is the largest found in the
United States, and is subject to great differences of colour, but it
still exhibits such striking and uniform markings, that the species
may always be distinguished. Three principal varieties are noticed ;
in the first, which is the gray variety and the most common, the white
of the nose extends to within four or five lines of the eyes; the ears,

hairs on the back are dark, plumbeous near the roots ; then a broad
line of cinereous ; then black, and broadly tipped with white, with an
occasional black hair interspersed, especially on the neck and fore-
shoulder, giving the animala light gray appearance; the hairs in the
tail are for three-fourths of their length white from the roots, then
a ring of black, with the tips white. This is the variety given by
Bosc and other authors as Se. capistratus.

The second variety (the Black Fox Squirrel) has the nose and ears
white, a few light-coloured hairs on the feet, the rest of the body
and tail black; there are, occasionally, a few white hairs in the tail.
This is the original black squirrel of Catesby and Bartram, (Se.
niger).

In the third variety, the nose, mouth, under-jaw, and ears, are

No. LXVIII.—Proceepines or THE ZooLocicaL Socrery.

feet, and belly, are white; forehead and cheeks, brownish black; the’

ay Se r
ReaD Pe ce ee eS

white ; head, thighs, and belly, black ; the back and tail, dark-gray.
This is the variety alluded to by Desmarest, Ency. Méthod. Mam-
malogie, p. 333.

A fourth variety, very common in Alabama, and also occasionally
seen in the upper districts of South Carolina, and which has, on
several occasions, been sent to Dr. Bachman as a distinct species,
has the ears and nose white, a prominent mark in all the varieties,
and by which the species may be easily distinguished. The head
and neck are black; back, rusty-blackish brown; neck, thighs, and
belly, bright rust colour; tail annulated with black and red. This
is the variety erroneously considered by the author of the notes on
MacMurtius’ translation of Cuvier, (Append. vol. i. p. 433.) as the
Sciurus rufiventer.

The three first varieties noted above, Dr. Bachman describes as
being common in the lower and middle districts of South Carolina ;
and although they are known to breed together, yet it is very rare
to find any specimens indicating an intermediate variety. Where
the parents are both black, the young are invariably of the same
colour; the same may be said of the other varieties; where, on the
other hand, there is one parent of each colour, an almost equal pro-
portion of the young are of the colour of the male, the other of the
female. Oni three occasions he had opportunities of examining the
young produced by progenitors of different colours. The first nest
contained four, two black and two gray ; the second, one black and
two gray; and the third, three black and two gray. The colour of
the young did not, in a majority of instances, correspond with that
of the parent of the same sex. Although the male parent was black,
the young males were frequently gray, and vice versd.

Dimensions of the Fox Squirrel.

in. lines.

Length of head and body............ 14

Tail (to end of vertebre) ............ 12 4
SAR ON AAR a oat wo sids = ele a nee 15.3
Palm and middle fore-claw .......... 1 iN
Sole and middle hind-claw .......... 211
Length of fur on the back............ 8
Height of ear posteriorly ........ Se 7

This species is said to exist sparingly in New Jersey: Dr. Bach-
man has not observed it further north than Virginia, nor could he
find it in the mountainous districts of that state. In the pine
forests of North Carolina it becomes more common; in the middle
and maritime districts of South Carolina it is almost daily met
with, although it cannot be said to be an abundant species any-
where.

Sciurus Texianus. Texian Squirrel. This name is proposed by
Dr. Bachman for an apparently undescribed species which he saw in
the Museum at Paris. It was said to have been received from
Mexico. Inthe Museums of Berlin and Zurich, he also found what

~ he conceives to be the same species; and in the British Museum
there is a specimen obtained at Texas by Mr. Douglas, agreeing with
the others in almost every particular. Dr. Bachman also states that,
among his notes there is a description of a specimen received by a
friend from the south-western parts of Louisiana, which, on a com-
parison with memoranda taken from the other specimens, does not
appear to differ in any important particular. Hence, he thinks it
probable that this species has a tolerably extensive range extending
perhaps from the south-western portions of Louisiana, through
Texas, into Mexico.
- The Texian Squirrel is about the size of the Fox Squirrel. On
the upper surface there is a mixture of black and yellow, and on the
under parts deep yellow. The under sides of the limbs, and also the
parts of the body contiguous, are whitish. Fore-legs externally,
and the feet, rich yellow: ears, on both surfaces, yellow, with in-
terspersed white hairs: nose and lips, brownish white: hairs of tail,
rich rusty yellow at base, with a broad black space near the ex-
tremity, and finally tipt with yellow.

Dimensions. in. lines.
Lenpth of hody,.:.-.-0:..2 {VU Fee. 13 6
aihite end jofhair, 2 cad shi wee ae VS
EATS: pees LES QUE MBS 10 Son
Height of ears to end of fur ..... pave. 71D 7 BZ

The Texian Squirrel bears some resemblance to the Sciurus cas
pistratus. 'The latter species, however, in all the varieties hitherto
examined by Dr. Bachman, has uniformly the white ears and nose.
_ This species would appear to replace the Capistratus in the south-
western parts of America,

Scrurus susavratus. Sci. corpore supra cinereo, flave lavato,

infra austere aureo, caudd corpore longiore. Dentes, inc. i mol.
4-4
- “The designation ‘‘ Golden-bellied Squirrel,” and the specific term
_ gubauratus, are given by Dr. Bachman to a species, of which two

-dead specimens were procured in the markets of New Orleans by

Mr. Audubon. Their size was between that of the Northern Gray,

and the Little Carolina Squirrel. There was no trace of the small
anterior upper molar generally found in the species of the genus
Sciurus. The upper incisors are of a deep orange brown colour, and
of moderate size : under incisors a little paler than the upper; the
head is of moderate size; whiskers longer than the head; the ears
are short and pointed, and clothed with hair on both surfaces. The
body seems better formed for agility than that of the small Carolina,
in this respect approaching nearer to the Northern Gray Squirrel.
The tail is broad and nearly as long as that cf the last-named spe-
cies.
The colour of the whole upper surface is gray, with a distinct
yellow tint. The hairs, which give this outward appearance, are
grayish slate colour at their base, then very broadly annulated with

Ea PAL. ht

8&8

yellow ; then black, and near the apex annulated with yellowish
white. The sides of the face and neck, the whole of the inner side
of the limbs, feet, and the whole of the under parts, of a deep golden
yellow ; on the cheeks and sides of the neck, however; the hairs are
obscurely annulated with black and whitish; the ears are well
clothed on both surfaces with tolerably long hairs of the same deep
golden hue as the sides of the face; hairs of the feet are mostly
blackish at the root, and some are obscurely tipped with black;
hairs of the tail black at the roots, and the Tremaining portion of a
bright rusty yellow; each hair three times in its length annulated
with black; the under surface of the tail is chiefly bright rusty yel-
low ; whiskers longer than the lead, black.

Dimensions. in. lin.

Length of head and hieits GER «chapels 10 6
Tail (vertebre) . Sees Jase Soe
Tail including filiea dad paneeeticn 120
Palm to end of middle fore-claw ...... 7
Length of heel to point of middle nail.. 2 6
Height of ear posteriorly ............ 0 5
Length of fur on the back............ Qind
6

Breadth of tail with hair extended .... 8
Weight, one pound and a quarter.

Sciurus magnicaudatus, Harlan’s Fauna, p. 170. S. macrourus, Say.
Long’s Expedition, vol. i. p. 115.

Of this species Dr. Bachman remarks, that although he has seen
many specimens labelled under the above name, yet the only true
S. macrourus which has come under his own observation, is one in the
Philadelphia Museum. Not being in possession of his own memo-
randa upon this species, he quotes the description published by Say.

Sciurus aureogaster, F.Cuv. et Geoff. Mamm. Californian Squirrel.

Dr. Bachman’s acquaintance with this species rests upon the ex-
amination of some specimens in the Museum of the Zoological So~
ciety, from which he draws up the following description.

The general hue above is deep gray, grizzled with yellow: the
under parts and inner side of the limbs are deep rusty red ; chin,
throat, and cheeks, pale gray. Limbs externally, and feet, coloured
as the body above. Hairs on the toes chiefly dirty white. Tail large
and very bushy. Hairs of the tail black, twice annulated with dirty
yellow, and broadly tipped with white—the white very conspicuous
where the hairs are in their natural position. Ears thickly clothed,
chiefly with blackish hairs, the hinder basal part, externally, with
long white hairs extending slightly on the neck. All the hairs of
the body are gray at the base, those of the upper parts annulated
first with yellow, then black, and then white. Whiskers black,
the hairs very long and bristly. The under incisors almost as deep
an orange colour as the upper.

Habitat Mexico and California.

:
|
q
:
:
.

Dimensions. in. lin.
From nose to root of tail .......«.... 12 0
Tail to end of hair... 2.0... 060522560 10 6
Heel to end of claws ..s.ii.. 02-2005. 2 54
Nose to ear... 02-2 bee seen seen es 2 iL
Height of ear posteriorly ......-.-.-- 0. 74

A second specimen, the locality of which was not given, differed
from the above in having a much richer colouring. The belly was
of a very bright rust colour. The hairs on the tail were black at the
roots, then broadly annulated with rusty yellow, then a considerable
space occupied by black, the apical portion white, but when
viewed from beneath, a bright rust colour like that of the belly was
very conspicuous, occupying the basal half of the hair. The upper
parts of the body were grizzled with black and white, and many of
the hairs were annulated with rust colour. Over the haunches and
rump, the hairs are annulated with rusty yellow and black. The
hairs of the feet were chiefly black.

The original specimen on which this species was founded, is in
the Museum at Paris, and Dr. Bachman quotes the following de-
scription from Mr. Waterhouse’s manuscript notes.

“« General colour, grizzled black and white. Throat, chest, belly,
innerside of legs, nearly the whole of the fore-legs, and the forepart
of the hind-legs, rusty red. Tail very broad; the hairs black ; red
at the base, and white at the apex; lips white ; feet black, with a
few white hairs intermixed; forepart of head also black, with scat-
tered white hairs. Chin blackish in front, shading towards the
throat into gray.”

in. lin.
Nose to root of tail .......-.5..--.- ll 6
Tailtovendvof hair) 23. Foi ae ore 1l 0
Parsnss) sei BAGS ee VRE DIE Ss 2 44

Sciurus cinereus. Gmel. Cat Squirrel, Pen. Arct. Zool. i. 137.
A little smaller than the Fox Squirrel; larger than the Northern
Gray Squirrel; body stout; legs rather short ; nose and ears not
white; tail longer than the body. Dental formula, incis. = can. 7
4—4 _
mol. roar) = 20. +
Of this species Dr. Bachman remarks, “ It has sometimes been
confounded with the Fox Squirrel, and at other times with the
Northern Gray Squirrel. It is, however, in size intermediate be-
tween the two, and has some distinctive marks by which it may
always be known from either. The Northern Gray Squirrel has, as
far as I have been able to ascertain from an examination of many
specimens, permanently five grinders in each upper jaw, and the
present species has but four. Whether at a very early age the Cat
Squirrel may not, like the young Fox Squirrel, have a small deci-
duous tooth, I have had no means of ascertaining; all the specimens
before me, having been obtained in autumn or winter ‘and being
adults, present the dental formula as given above. The Fox Squirrel
is permanently marked with white ears and nose, which is not the

990

case with the Cat Squirrel; the former is a southern species, the
latter is found in the middle and northern states.

“The head is iess elongated than that of the Fox Squirrel; nose
more obtuse; incisors rather narrower, shorter, and less prominent;
the molars, with the exception of their being a little smaller, bear a
strong resemblance to, and are arranged in a similar manner to those
ofthe former species. The neck is short; legs short and stout ; nails
narrower at base than those of the Fox Squirrel; shorter and less
arched; the tail also is shorter and less distichous; the body is
shorter and thicker, and the whole animal has a heavy, clumsy
appearance. ‘The fur is not as soft as that of the Northern Gray
Squirrel, but finer than that of the Fox Squirrel.

«« This species, as well as the last, is subject to great varieties of
colour. i have observed in Peale’s Museum specimens of every
shade of colour, from light gray to nearly black. I have also seen
two in cages which were nearly white, but without the red eyes,
which is a characteristic mark in the Albino. ‘There appears, how-
ever, to be this difference between the varieties of the present spe-
cies and those of the Fox Squirrel; the latter are permanent varie-
ties, scarcely any specimens being found in intermediate colours;
in the present there is every shade of colour, scarcely two being
found precisely alike.

«The most common variety, however, is the Gray Cat Squirrel,
which I shall describe from a specimen now before me.

«Teeth orange; nails dark brown near the base, lighter at the
extremities. On the cheeks there is a slight tinge of yellowish
brown, and this colour is extended to the neck; the inner surface of
the ears is also of the same colour; the fur on the outer surface of
the ear, which extends a little beyond the outer edge and is of a
soft woolly appearance, is light cinereous, and on the edge of the
ear, rusty brown. Whiskers black and white, the former colour pre-
dominating. Under the throat, the inner surface of the legs and
thighs, and the whole under surface, white. On the back the hairs
are dark cinereous near the roots, then light ash, then annulated
with black and at the tip white, giving to the fur an iron-gray appear-
ance. The tail, which, does not present the flat distichous appear-
ance of the majority of the other species, but is more rounded and
narrower, is composed of hairs which, separately examined, are of
a soiled white tint near the roots, then a narrow marking of black,
then white, then a broad line of black, and finally broadly edged
with white.

“Another specimen is dark gray on the back and head, and a
mixture of black and cinereous on the feet, thighs, and under sur-
face. Whiskers nearly all white. ‘The markings on the tail are
similar to those of the other specimen.

Dimensions. in. lin.
Length of head and body ............ ll 3
Tail (vertebra) ............ + ipuelxs 9 6
Tuil to the end of the hair .......... 12. 6

“of colour.

91
Dimensions. in. lin,
Height of ear posteriorly ............ O 6
Palm and middle fore-claw ..... Sia oer G
Heel and middle hind-claw .......... Bees
Length of fur on the back,........... 0 7

“This has been to me a rare species. It is said to be common
in the oak and hickory woods of Pennsylvania, and I have occa-
sionally met with it near Easton and York. I also observed one
in the hands of a gunner near Fredericksburg, Virginia. In the
northern part of New York it is exceedingly rare, as I only saw two
pair during fifteen years of close observation. In the lower part of ‘
that state, however, it appears to be more commun, as I recently re-
ceived several specimens procured in the county of Orange. é

“This squirrel has many habits in common with other species, ;
residing in the hollows of trees, building in summer its nest of
leaves in some convenient crutch, and subsisting on the same va-
riety of food. It is, however, the most inactive of all our known
species. Jt mounts a tree, not with the lightness and agility of the
Northern Gray Squirrel, but with the slowness and apparent reluc-
tance of the little Striped Squirrel (Tamias Lysteri). After ascend-
ing, it does not mount to the top, as is the case with other species,
but clings to the body of the tree on the side opposite to you, or
tries to conceal itself behind the first convenient limb. I have never
observed it escaping from branch to branch. When it is induced in
search of food to proceed to the extremity of a limb, it moves cau-
tiously and heavily, and returns the same way. On the ground it
runs clumsily and makes slower progress than the Gray Squirrel.
It is usually fat, especially in autumn, and the flesh is said to be
preferable to that of any other of our species.

“The Cat Squirrel does not appear to be migratory in its habits.
The same pair, if undisturbed, may be found taking up their resi-
sidence in a particular vicinity for a number of years in succession,
and the sexes seem mated for life.”

Sciurus leucdtis. Northern Gray Squirrel. ae
Gray Squirrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. vol. i. p. 135. Hist. Quad.
No. 272. >
Sci. Carolinensis. Godman non Gmel.
Sci. leucotis. Gapper, Zoological Journal, vol. v. p. 206, pub-
lished in 1830.
Larger than the Carolina Gray Squirrel; tail much longer than
the body ; smaller than the Cat Squirrel; subject to many varieties

Dental formula, incis. = mol. pe 22.

Dr. Bachman states, that this species, which is very common in
the northern and middle states, has hitherto been improperly con-
founded with the Carolina Gray Squirrel. It appears to have the

additional anterior molares permanent, in this particular agreeing

with several other American Squirrels. he fact, that many of them

have only {-4, he alludes to as indicating the necessity for modifying
the dental formula hitherto assigned to the genus Sciurus.

_ The incisors are strong and compressed, a little smaller than those
of the Cat Squirrel, convex, and of a deep orange colour anteriorly ;
the upper ones have a sharp cutting edge, and are chisel-shaped ;
the lower are much longer and thinner. The anterior grinder, al-
though round and small, is as long as the second; the remaining
four grinders are considerably more excavated than those of the Cat
Squirrel, presenting two transverse ridges of enamel. The lower
grinders corresponding to those above have also elevated crowns.
The hair is a little softer than that of the Cat Squirrel, and is most
harsh on the forehead.

The nose is rather obtuse ; forehead arched; whiskers as long as
the head ; ears somewhat rounded, concave; both sides of the ear co-
vered with hair, that which clothes the outside being much the
longest. In winter the fur projects upwards, about three lines be-
yond the margin. -

Dr. Bachman observes, that although this species exists under

many varieties, there appear to be two very permanent ones. These

are,

1. Gray variety. The nose, cheek, around the eyes, extending to
the insertion of the neck, the upper surface of the fore and hind feet,
and a stripe along the sides, yellowish brown. ‘The ears on their
posterior surface are dirty white, edged with brown. On-the back

from the shoulder there is an obscure stripe of brown, broadest at .

its commencement, and running down to a point at the insertion of
the tail. In a few specimens this stripe is wanting. On the neck,
sides of the body, and hips, the colour is light gray ; the hairs sepa-
rately are for one half their length dark cinereous, then light umber,
then a narrow mark of black and tipped with white; a considerable
number of black hairs are mterspersed, giving it above a gray colour;
the hairs in the tail are light yellowish brown from the roots, with
three stripes of black, the outer one being widest, and broadly tipped
with white; the whole under surface is white. _ :

«« There are other specimens where the yellowish markings on the
sides and feet are altogether wanting. Dr. Godman (vol. ii. p. 133.)
asserts that the golden colour on the hind feet is a very permanent
mark. The specimens from Pennsylvania in my possession have
generally this peculiarity, but many of those from New York and
New England have gray feet, without the slightest mixture of yel-
low.”

2. Black variety. This variety, on several occasions, Dr. Bachman.

has seen taken from the same nest with the Gray Squirrel. It is of
the size and form of the gray variety. It is dark brownish black
on the whole of the upper surface, a little lighter beneath. In sum-
mer its colour is less black than in winter. The hairs of the back

and sides of the body and tail are obscurely grizzled with yel-—

iow,

Eee ee

Length of head and body ..........
(Fail*(vertebrae) 0... 0ii eine se e.. ethos
PRRERE MED RELY 3! oven He Se Thad olan aint
Height of ear ........ BAP TRNAS Ao.
Height to the end of fur............
Palm to end of middle claw

Heel to end of middle nail ..........
Length of fur on the back ..........
Breadth of tail with hairs extended ..

_
wr RnAOUNOOLH

As regards its geographical distribution, the northern limit of this
species is not determined ; it however exists as far as Hudson’s Bay;
was formerly very common in the New England States, and in the
less cultivated portions is still frequently met with. It is abundant
in New York and the mountainous portions of Pennsylvania. Dr.
Bachman has observed it on the northern mountains of Virginia; it
probably extends still further south: in the lower parts of North and

South Carolina, however, it is replaced by a smaller species. The

black variety is more abundant in Upper Canada, in the western part
of New York, and in the States of Ohio and Indiana. The Northern
Gray Squirrel does not exist in Georgia, Florida, or Alabama; and
among specimens of Squirrels sent from Louisiana, stated to be all

the species existing in that State, he did not discover the present

species.

In its habits Dr. Bachman describes the Sc. leucotis as one of the.

most active species of Squirrel existing in the United States. It rises
with the sun, and continues industriously engaged in search of food
during four or five hours inthe morning. In the middle of the day it
retires for a few hours to its nest, and then resumes its labours till
sunset. In the warm weather of spring and summer it builds a tem-
porary residence in the crutch of some tree, or in the fork of some

large branch. A pair of squirrels are employed on this nest, which
is formed of dry sticks and twigs, and lined with moss. In the winter
months these squirrels reside together in the hollows of trees,and there
the female brings forth her progeny. No instance has come under
Dr. Bachman’s observation of their breeding in a state of domesti-

cation.

During the rutting season the males engage in frequent contests,

and often wound each other severely. The very current notion that
they emasculate one another in these encounters, is supposed by
Dr. Bachman to have originated in the circumstance of the ¢estes
diminishing in bulk at a certain period of the year, or in these or-
gans being retracted within the pelvis.

The food of the Northern Gray Squirrel is like that of the species

in general, nuts, seed, and grain ; it gives, however, the preference
to the several kinds of hickory. Its fondness for the green corn and

young wheat renders it very obnoxious to the farmer, and various |

ee we ee

inducements are consequently held out for their destruction. In
Pennsylvania an ancient law existed, offering three pence a head for
every one destroyed; and in this way, in the year 1749, the sum
of eight thousand pounds was paid out of the treasury in pre-
miums.

It is this species of Squirrel which occasionally migrates in such
vast bodies, but instances of this nature are of much rarer occurrence
now than formerly. Autumn is the season of the year at which the
migration takes place, and they instinctively direct their course in an
eastward direction. Dr. Bachman states that he once witnessed a
body of them in the act of migrating, and saw them cross the Hud-
son in various places between Waterford and Saratoga. They swam
deep and awkwardly, with the body and tail entirely submerged.
Many were drowned in the passage, and those which reached the
opposite bank were so exhausted, that the boy stationed there had
no difficulty in killing them or taking them alive.

Sciurus Carolinensis, Gmel. Little Carolina Gray Squirrel.

This species is smaller than the Northern Gray Squirrel, and has
the tail, which is the same length as its body, narrower than in that
species. The colour above is rusty gray, beneath white, and not
subject to variation.

The head is shorter, and the space between the ears proportion-
ally broader than those of the Northern Gray Squirrel; the nose
also is sharper; the small anterior molar in the upper jaw is per-
manent, being invariably found in all the specimens examined
by Dr. Bachman; and is considerably larger than in the other spe-
cies. All his specimens, which give evidence of the animals having
been more than a year old, instead of having the small thread-
like single tooth as in the northern species, have a distinct double
tooth with a double crown; the other molars are not unlike those
of the other species in form, but are shorter and smaller ; the upper
incisors are nearly a third shorter. The body is shorter, less ele-
gant in shape, and has not the appearance of sprightliness and agility
for which the other species is so eminently distinguished. The ears,
which are nearly triangular in shape, are so slightly clothed with
hair internally, that they may be said to be nearly naked; externally,
they are sparely clothed with short woolly hair, which does not, how-
ever, extend beyond the margins, as in the other species; the nails
are shorter and less hooked; the tail is shorter, and does not pre-
sent the broad distichous appearance of the other. Teeth light
orange colour; nails brown, lighter at the extremities; whiskers
black ; nose, cheeks, and around the eyes, with a slight tinge of rufous
gray. The fur on the back is for three-fourths of its length dark
plumbeous, then a slight marking of black, edged with brown in
some hairs, and black in others, giving it on the whole upper sur-
face an uniform dark ochreous colour. In a few specimens there is
an obscure line of lighter brown along the sides, where the ochre-
ous colour prevails, and a tinge of the same colour on the upper

- surface of the fore-legs above the knees. he feet are light gray ;
the hairs of the tail are, for three-fourths of their length from the
roots, yellowish brown ; then black, edged with white; the throat,

inner surface of the legs and the belly, white.

Dimensions. in. lin.

. Length of head and body ............ 9 6
Lau (vertebree):*..loibit sei. wtiwiex fi. oobi 7.4
eil.te point of hain. .yircse sists isd hs 9.-
Eleight of enti. ead vahines +aeiny okt 0 6
Palm to end of middle claw .......... 1 3
Heel to end of middle nail ............ 2 6
Length of fur on the back ............ 0 5
Breadth of tail with hairs extended .... 3 O

Dr. Bachman remarks that the present species has long been con--
founded with the Northern Gray Squirrel, but that any naturalist
who has had an opportunity of comparing many specimens of both,
and of witnessing their natural habits, cannot fail to regard them as
distinct species. Specimens of the former, which he had received
from North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana, scarcely pre-

‘sented a shade of difference when placed beside those of South

Carolina; whilst in the Northern Gray Squirrel the great variations
in colour form a prominent characteristic distinction.

As regards the geographical range of the Carolina Squirrel, Dr.
Bachman states it to be abundant in South Carolina, Alabama,
Mississippi, and Georgia, especially in low grounds or swampy lo-
calities ; it is the only known species in the southern peninsula of East
Florida, and it also occurs, though not abundantly, in Louisiana.
Dr. Bachman has received it from North Carolina, and believes that
he has seen the species in the southern part of New Jersey. Its
habits he describes as very different from those of the Northern Gray
Squirrel : its bark is less full, but much shriller and more querulous.
Instead of mounting high on the trees when alarmed, it clings round
the trunk on the opposite side, and hides itself under the Spanish
mosses which are trailing around the trees. It is much less wild,
and consequently more readily captured than the northern species.
Its favourite haunts are low swampy situations, and amongst the
trees which overhang the streams and borders of the rivers : its nest
is composed of leaves and Spanish moss, and is generally placed in
the hollow of some cypress. In one respect, it differs from all the
other species of the genus, in being, to a certain extent, nocturnal
in its habits. Dr. Bachman has frequently observed it by moonlight

- as actively engaged as the Flying Squirrel; and the traveller, after

sunset, in riding through the woods, is often startled by its noise.

Sciurus Colliei. For a description of this species, of which the
original specimen is in the Collection of the Zoological Society,
Dr. Bachman refers to Dr. Richardson’s Appendix to Capt. Beechey’s
Voyage.

Sciurus nigrescens. A species described by Mr. Bennett, in the
Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. for 1833, p. 41.

Sciurus niger, Linn. non Catesby. The Black Squirrel.

A little larger than the Northern Gray Squirrel; fur soft and
glossy. Ears, nose, and the whole body, pure black ; a few white
tufts of hair interspersed. Incis. s canines ae molars *=*,=20.

Of this species Dr. Bachman remarks, ‘“‘ Much confusion has ex-
isted with regard to this species. The original Sciurus niger of
Catesby is the black variety of the Fox Squirrel. It is difficult to
decide, from the descriptions of Drs. Harlan and Godman, whether
they refer to specimens of the black variety of the Northern
Gray Squirrel, or to the species which I am about to describe. In-
deed, there is so strong a similarity, that I have admitted it as a
species with some doubt and hesitation. Dr. Richardson has, under
the head of Sciurus niger, (see Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 191.)
described a specimen from Lake Superior, of what I conceive to be
the black variety of the Gray Squirrel ; but at the close of the same
article (p. 192.), he has described another specimen from Fort
William, which answers to the description of the specimens now
before me. There is great difficulty in finding suitable characters
by which the majority of our species of Squirrel can be designated,
but in none greater than in the present. All our naturalists seem
to insist that we have a Sciurus niger, although they have applied
the name to the black varieties of several species. As the name,
however, is likely to continue on our books, and as the specimens
before me, if they do not establish a true species, will show a very
permanent variety, I shall describe them under the above name.

«Dr. Godman states (Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 133.) that the Black
Squirrel has only twenty teeth; the specimens before me have no
greater number, with the exception of one, evidently a young animal
a few months old, which has an additional tooth on one side, so
small that it appears like a white thread, the opposite and corre-
sponding one having already been shed. If further examinations
will go to establish the fact that this additional molar in the North-
ern Gray Squirrel is persistent, and that of the present deciduous,
there can be no doubt of their being distinct species. Its head ap-
pears to be a little shorter and more arched than that of the Gray
Squirrel, although it is often found that these differences exist
among different individuals of the same species. The incisors are
compressed, strong, and of a deep orange colour anteriorly. Ears,
elliptical and slightly rounded at tip, thickly clothed with fur on both
surfaces, that on the outer surfaces, in a winter specimen, extend-
ing three lines beyond the margins; there are, however, no distinct
tufts. Whiskers a little longer than the head. Tail long and di-
stichous, thickly clothed with moderately coarse hair.

“The fur is softer to the touch than that of the Northern Gray
Squirrel. The whole of the upper and lower surface, as well as the
tail, are bright glossy black; at the roots the hairs are a litile
lighter. The summer fur does not differ materially from that of the

winter, it is however not quite so intensely black. In all the speci-
mens I have had an opportunity of examining, there are small tufts
of white hairs irregularly situated on the under surface, resembling
those on the body of the Mink (Mustela vison). There are also
a few scattered white hairs on the back and tail.

Dimensions. in. lin.
Length of head and body ............ 13 0
PS REMAIN ota as he oa iia vanes) fe 9 1
Jail meluding' the fur ot eee. te 7 13 40
Palm to end of middle fore-claw ...... nya
Length of heel to the point of middle claw 2 7
Length of fur on the back............ 0 8
Breadth of tail with hair extended .... 5 O

“The specimens from which this description has been taken were
procured, through the kindness of friends, in the counties of Rens-.
sellaer and Queens, New York. I have seen it on the borders of
Lake Champlain, at Ogdensburg, and on the eastern shores of Lake
Erie; also near Niagara on the Canada side. The individual de-
scribed by Dr. Richardson, and which may be clearly referred to
this species, was obtained by-Capt. Bayfield at Fort William, on
Lake Superior. Black squirrels exist through all our western wilds,
and to the northward of the great lakes, but whether they are of
this species, or of the black variety of the Gray Squirrel, I have not
had the means of deciding.”

Dr. Bachman had for several successive summers an opportunity
of studying the habits of this species in the northern parts of the
United States. It seems to prefer valleys and swamps to dryer and
more elevated situations, and to possess all the sprightliness of the
Northern Gray Squirrel. A colony of them had taken up their
abode by the side of a retired rivulet, where they were closely and
frequently watched by Dr. Bachman. He remarked that when
drinking they did not lap, but protruded the mouth a considerable
way under the surface of the water: supported upon the tail and
tarsi, they would remain for a quarter of an hour wiping their faces
with their paws ; when alarmed, their favourite place of retreat was a
large white pine tree, (Pinus strobus): their bark and general habits
did not differ much from those of the Northern Gray Squirrel.

Scrurus Avpusonr. Larger Louisiana Black Squirrel.
Sciurus corpore supra nigro, subtis fuscescente ; caudd corpus
longixudine equante.
A new species, for which Dr. Bachman is indebted to Mr. Audu-
bon. It has the fur very harsh to the touch, and is rather less in
size than the Sciurus niger.

Scrurus ruticinosus. Sooty Squirrel.
Sciurus corpore supra nigro et fuscescenti-flavo irrorato, subtis

fuscescente ; caudd corpore valde longiore: dentes ine. =f

(35
mol, 7-4

cant ot bela

Dr. Bachman remarks of this species, ‘ I am indebted to J. W.
Audubon, Esq., for a specimen of an interesting little Squirrel ob-
tained at New Orleans on the 24th March, 1837, which I find
agreeing in most particulars with the specimen in the Philadelphia
Museum, referred by American authors to Sciurus rufiventer.

«« Dr. Harlan’s description does not apply very closely to the spe-
cimen in question, but seems to be with slight variations that of
Desmarest’s description of Sciurus rufiventer.

«« The following description is taken from the specimen procured
by Mr. Audubon. It was that of an old female, containing several
young, and I am enabled to state with certainty that it was an adult |
animal.

«<1 have given to this species the character of 22 teeth, from
the circumstance of my having found that number in the specimen
from which I described, The animal could not have been less than
a year old. ‘The anterior molars in the upper jaw are small; the
inner surface of the upper grinders is obtuse, and the two outer
points on each tooth are elevated and sharper than those of most
other species. In the lower jaw the molars regularly increase in
size from the first, which is the smallest, to the fourth, which is the
largest. Head short and broad; nose very obtuse ; ears short and
rounded, slightly clothed with hair; feet and claws rather short and
strong; tail short and flattened, but not broad, resembling that of
the Sc. Hudsonius. ‘The form of the body, like that of the little
Carolina Squirrel, is more indicative of strength than of agility,

«« The hairs on the upper part of the body, the limbs externally
and feet, are black, obscurely grizzled with brownish yellow. On the
under parts, with the exception of the chin and throat, which
are grayish, the hairs are annulated with brownish orange and
black, and a grayish white at the roots. The prevailing colour of
the tail above is black, the hairs however are brown at base and some
of them are obscurely annulated with brown, and at the apex pale
brown, On the under side of the tail the hairs exhibit pale yellowish
brown annulations.

Dimensions. in. lines
Length of-head and body ............... 10 +O
Pail'{zertebre) si) 26 fase Sk). an 6.9
Doltneluding fara 292 bea 8 6
Fore foot to point of middle fore-claw. .... 1 ae
Hinder foot to point of longest nail ...... a. ak
Height of ear posteriorly. ... 2... 3.22 pn0 QO 4
Length of fur on the back............... O en

Weight without intestines, 3 lb.

«*T am under an impression that this little species is subject to
some variations in colour, the present specimen and that in the
Philadelphia Museum having a shade of difference, the latter ap-
pearing a little lighter. In Louisiana it is so dark in colour as to
be familiarly called by the French inhabitants, ‘ Le petit noir.’
This Little Black Squirrel is an inhabitant of low swampy situations

:
"
|
‘
3

5 ees st

along the Mississippi, and is said to be abundant in its favourite lo-
calities.

«As yet 1 am unacquainted with any species of Squirrel fully
agreeing with Sc. rufiventer.”

Sciurus Douglasii, Gray. Oppoce-poce, Indian name.

A species about one-fourth larger than the Hudson’s Bay Squirrel ;
tail shorter than the body. Colour: dark brown above, and bright
buff beneath. Dental formula ; zncis. z, can. = mol, 3, = 20.

The incisors are a little smaller than those of Se. Hudsonius. In
the upper jaw, the anterior molar, which is the smallest, has a single
rounded eminence on the inner side; on the outer edge of the
tooth there are two acute points, and one in front; the next two
grinders, which are of equal size, have each a similar eminence on
the inner side, with a pair of points externally; the posterior
grinder, although larger, is not unlike the anterior one. In the
lower jaw the bounding ridge of enamel in each tooth forms an an-
terior and posterior pair of points. The molars increase gradually
in size, from the first, which is the smallest, to the posterior one,
which is the largest.

This species in the form of its body is not very unlike the Se. Hud-
sonius ; its ears and tail, however, are much shorter in proportion.
In other respects also, as well as in size, it differs widely.

Head considerably broader than that of Sc. Hudsonius ; nose less
elongated and blunter; body long and slender; ears rather small,
nearly rounded, slightly tufted posteriorly ; as usual in this genus,
the third inner toe is the longest, and not the second, as in the
Spermophiles. The whiskers, which are longer than the head, are
black. The fur, which is soft and lustrous, is on the back, from
the roots to near the points, plumbeous, and at the tip brownish
gray; a few lighter coloured hairs interspersed, gives it a dark
brown tint: when closely examined it has the appearance of being
thickly sprinkled with minute points of rust colour on a black ground.
The tail, which is distichous but not broad, is for three-fourths of its
length of the-colour of the back; in the middle the hairs are plum-
beous at the roots, then irregular markings of brown and black,
and tipped with soiled white, giving it a hoary appearance ; on the
extremity of the tail the hairs are black from the roots, tipped with
light brown. The inner sides of the extremities and the outer sur-
faces of the feet, together with the throat and mouth, and a line
above and under the eye, are bright buff.

The colours on the upper and under parts are separated by a line

of black, commencing at the shoulders and running along the flanks:

to the thighs. It is widest in the middle, where it is about three
lines in width, and the hairs, which project beyond the outer
margins of the ears, and form a slight tuft, are dark brown, and in
some specimens black.

Dimensions. in. lines.
Length from point of nose to the insertion of the tal$ 4
MPa Cverceniias) eae erie APS Gb tis acess vo Ss ie siete 4 6

TE, TOGMMMEE TOP ogee aad cign ss cn es ce cena 6 4

Dimensions, in. lines.
Height. of ear posterionhy 012-60... ete cia as ie asin etal 0
Palm to end of middle fore-claw ..............0. le
Heel and middle hind-claw .............-....0% as Ce 10,

Sciurus Hudsonius, (Pennant). The Chickaree Hudson’s Bay
Squirrel. Red Squirrel.

Common Squirrel. Foster, Phil. Trans., vol. 62, p, 378, an.
1772.

Sciurus vulgaris, var. F. Erxleben Syst., an. 1777.

Hudson’s Bay Squirrel. Penn. Arct. Zool., vol. 1. p. 116.

Common Squirrel. Hearne’s Journey, p. 385.

Red Barking Squirrel. Schoolcraft’s Journal, p. 273.

Red Squirrel. Warden’s United States, vol.i. p. 330.

Ecureuil de la Baie d’Hudson. F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. de Mam.

Sc. Hudsonicus. Harlan. Godman.

The Hudson’s Bay Squirrel, a well-known species, is a third
smaller than the Northern Gray Squirrel; tail shorter than the
body ; ears slightly tufted. Colour, reddish above, white beneath.
Dental formula : izcis. 4 can. — mol. = 20.

Sciurus Richardsoni. Columbia Pine Squirrel.

Small Brown Squirrel. Lewis and Clarke, vol. iii. p. 37.

Sciurus Hudsonius, var. (3. Columbia Pine Squirrel. Richardson,
Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 190.

Smaller than Sc. Hudsonius; tail shorter than the body; rusty
gray above, whitish beneath; extremity of the tail black.

This small species was first noticed by Lewis and Clarke, who
deposited a specimen in the Philadelphia Museum, where it still
exists. I have compared it with the specimen brought by Dr.
Townsend, and find them identical. Dr. Richardson, who appears
not to have seen it, supposes it to be a mere variety of the Sciurus
Hudsonius. On the contrary, Dr. Townsend says in his Notes,
“It is evidently a distinct species; its habits being very different
from those of the Sciurus Hudsonius. It frequents the pine-trees
in the high range of the rocky mountains west of the great chain,
feeding upon the seeds contained in the cones. These seeds are
large and white, and contain much nutriment. The Indians eat a
great quantity of them, and esteem them good. The note of this
squirrel is a loud jarring chatter, very different from the noise of
Sc. Hudsonius. It is not at all shy, frequently coming down to
the foot of the tree to reconnoitre the passenger, and scolding at
him vociferously. It is, I think, a scarce species.”

The difference between these two species can be detected ata
glance by comparing the specimens. The present species, in addi-
tion to its being a fourth smaller and about the size of the Tamias
Lysteri, has less of the reddish brown on the upper surface, and
may always be distinguished from the other by the blackness of its
tail at the extremity, as also by the colour of the incisors, which
are nearly white, instead of the deep orange of the Hudsonius.

The upper incisors are small and of a light yellow colour; the

"ewe.

101

lower are very thin and slender, and nearly white. The first, or
deciduous, grinder, a8 in all the smaller species of Pine Squirrels
that I have examined, is wanting; the remaining grinders, both in
the upper and lower jaw, do not differ very materially from those
of Douglas’ Squirrel. :

« Dental formula: incis. 4 can. =. mol. ‘4 = 20.

“ The body of this most diminutive of all the known species of
genuine squirrel in North America, is short, and does not present
that appearance of lightness and agility which distinguishes the
S. Hudsonius. Head large, less elongated, forehead more arched,
and nose a little blunter than Sc. Hudsonius ; ears short ; feet of
moderate size. ‘The third toe on the fore-feet but slightly longer
than the second; the claws are compressed, hooked and acute;
tail shorter than the body ; the thumb-nail is broad, flat and blunt.

«The fur on the back is dark plumbeous from the roots, tipped
with rusty brown and black, giving it a rusty gray appearance.
It is less rufous than the Sc. Hudsonius, and lighter coloured
than the Sc. Douglasii. The feet on their upper surface are
rufous: on the shoulders, forehead, ears, and along the thighs,
there is a slight tinge of the same colour. ‘The whiskers, which are
a little longer than the head, are black. The whole of the under
surface, as well as a line around the eyes, and a small patch above
the nostrils, smoke-gray. " The tail for about one half its length
presents on the upper surface a dark rufous appearance, many of the
hairs being nearly black, pointed with light rufous: at the extremity
of the tail, for about an inch and three-fourths in length, the hairs
are black, a few of them slightly tipped with rufous. ‘The hind-feet,
from the heel to the palms, are thickly clothed with short adpressed
light-coloured hairs ; the palms are naked, The sides of the body
are marked by a line of black commencing at the shoulder and ter-
minating abruptly on the flanks: this line is about two inches in
length and four lines wide.

Dimensions. in. lines.
Length of head and body ...-.--- 6 2
Tail (vertebrae) ...-----+e e082: 3 G6
Do. including fur .....---+++++: 5. Q 5
Ears posteriorly .....+++++s++0+ Onu8 5
Do, including fur ....+-++-s9++s 0 3d
Palm and middle fore-claw ....--- 1 3
Sole and middle hind-claw .....-- L349

Scrurvs Lanucinosus. Downy Squirrel.
Sciurus corpore supra flavescenti-griseo, lateribus argenteo-cinereis,
abdomine albo : pilis mollibus et lanuginosis : auribus brevibus :
palmis pilis sericeis crebre instructis ; caudd corpore breviore.

« A singular and beautiful quadruped, to which I have conceived
the above name appropriate, was sent to me with the collection of
Dr. Townsend. He states in his letter, ‘ Of this animal I have no
further knowledge than that it was killed on the North-west coast,

oe) OTe a ee

102

near Sitka, where it is said to be common; it was given to me by
my friend W. F. Tolmie, Esq., surgeon of the Hon. Hudson’s Bay
Company. I saw three other specimens from Paget’s Sound, in
the possession of Capt. Brotchie, and understood him to say that
it was a burrowing animal.’ Sitka is, I believe, the principal set-
tlement of the Russians on Norfolk Sound and Paget’s Sound, a few
degrees North of the Columbia River.

«The head is broader than that of the Sc. Hudsonius, and the fore-
head much arched. The ears, which are situated far back on the
head, are short, oval, and thickly clothed with fur; they are not
tufted as in the Se. Hudsonius and Sc. vulgaris of Europe, but a quan-
tity of longer fur, situated on the outer base of the ear, and rising
two or three lines above the margins, give the ears the appearance
of being somewhat tufted. In the Squirrels generally, the posterior
margin of the ear doubles forward to form a valve over the auditory
opening, and the anterior one curves to form a helix; in the present
species the margins are less folded than those of any other species I
have examined. The whiskers are longer than the head; feet and toes
short; rudimental thumb armed with a broad flat nail ; nails slender,
compressed, arched and acute; the third on the fore-feet is a little the
longest, as in the Squirrels. The tail bears some resemblance to that
of the Flying Squirrel, and is thickly clothed with hair, which is a
little coarser than those on the back. Qn the fore-feet the palms
are only partially covered with hair; but on the hind feet, the under
‘surface, from the heel even to the extremity of the nails, is thickly
clothed with short soft hairs.

“‘ The fur is softer and more downy than that of any other North
American species, and the whole. covering of the animal indicates it
to be a native of a cold region.

“‘Dental formula: incis. if can. — mol. — =20.

“The upper incisors are smaller and more compressed than those
of Sc. Hudsonius; the iower ones are alittle longer and sharper than
the upper: the upper grinders, on their inner surface, have each an
elevated ridge of enamel; on the outer crest or edge of the tooth,
there are three sharp points instead of two obtuse elevations, as in
the Squirrels generally, and in this particular it approaches the
Spermophiles. In the lower jaw, the grinders, which are quadrangu-
lar in shape, present each four sharp points.

««The incisors are of an orange colour; and the lower incisors
are nearly as dark as the upper. Whiskers pale brown. Nails white.
The fur on the back, from the roots to near the extremity, is
whitish gray; some hairs are annulated near the tips with deep
yellow, and ut the tip black: on the sides of the body the hairs are
annulated with cream colour. Hind-feet above, grizzled with black
and cream colour. ‘There isa broad line of white around the eyes;
a spot of white on the hind-part of the head, a little in advance
of the anterior portions of the ears. The nose is white, and this
‘colour extends along the forehead and terminates above the eyes,
where it is gradually blended with the colours on the back. The
cheeks are white, a little grayish beneath the eyes. The whole of

Be es Te ON CH yh Ne yes aS

103

the under surface is white, as are also the feet and inner surface of
the legs, the hairs being uniform to the roots. The hairs of the
tail are for the most part of a light ash colour at the roots; above
the ash colour on éach hair there is a broad but not well-defined
ring of light rufous; this is followed by dark brown, and at the tips
the hairs are rufous and gray. Many of the hairs of the tail, how-
ever, are white, some of them are black, and others almost uniform
rusty yellow. -

Dimensions.. in. lines.

Length of head and body ............ (jess
Oe UL ACURA EE cy crack a Bite’ 5 fu an ' flan 'y’ as 4 8
ELL PCIE ANP Gr dato) wliyad3 «cb aye ole 6 O
Palm middle fore-claw............ 1 O
Sole and middle hind-claw............ 1 9
Length of fur on the back ........-... 0 7
At the tip of tail .. : RO aN ii 0 OP C8
Height of ear, including ot ite

DOBERIQELY isis, 's aval n'ottaves Vin sit csnintenece 1 5

“On the back and tail there are so many white hairs inter-
spersed, the white spot on the head being merely occasioned by
a greater number of hairs nearly or wholly white, that there is great
reason to believe that this species becomes much lighter, if not
wholly white, during winter.

“In the shape of the head and ears, and in the pointed projec-
tions of the teeth, this species approaches the Marmots and Sper-
mophiles ; but in the shape of its body, its soft fur, its curved and
acute nails, constructed more for climbing than digging in the earth,
and in the third toe being longer than the second, it must be placed
among the Squirrels.” ~

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a new species of Hare from the collec-
tion made for the Society by the late Mr. Douglas, and pro-
posed to characterize it under the name of Lepus Bachmani: he
thought it probable that the species had been brought from Cali-
fornia. It was thus described :

Lerus Bacumani. Lep. intense fuscus, pilis fuscescenti ~flavo ni-
groque annulatis ; abdomine sordide albo : pedibus supra pallidis,
subtis pilis densis sordide fuscis indutis : caudd brevi, albd, supra
nigricante, fluvido adspersd: auribus extern? pilis brevissimis
cinerescenti-fuscis, interné albidis, ad marginem externum, et
ad apicem flavescentibus obsitis: nuchd pallide fuscescenti-
flava.

“Fur long and soft, of a deep gray colour at the base ; each hair
annulated near the apex with pale brown, and black at the points ;
on the belly the hairs are whitish externally ; on the chest and fore-
part of the neck the hairs are coloured as those of the sides of the body;
the visible portion is pale brown, each hair being dusky at the tip;

104

chin and throat gray-white: ‘The hairs of the head coloured like those
of the body ; an indistinct pale longitudinal dash on the flanks just
above the haunches: the anal region white. The general colour of
the tarsus above is white ; the hairs, however, are grayish-white at the
base, and then annulated with very pale buff colour (almost white),
and pure white at the points; the sides of the tarsus are brown ;
the long hairs which cover the under part of the tarsus, as well as
that of the fore-feet, deep brown. ‘The fore-feet above very pale
brown, approaching to white ; the hairs covering the toes principally
white ; the claws are slender and pointed, that of the longest toe
very slender. Ears longer than the head, sparingly furnished with
hair, the hairs minute and closely adpressed; externally, on the
forepart, grizzled with black and yellowish white, on the hinder
part grayish-white; the apical portion is obscu margined with
black ; at the base the hairs are of a woolly nature, and of a very
pale buff colour; the hairs on the occipital part of the head, and ex-
tending slightly on to the neck, are of the same colour and of the
same woolly character; the ears internally are white, towards the
posterior margin obscurely grizzled with blackish, at the margin
yellowish.

Dimensions. in. lines,
TICBPRED Fos Sos re, a vaya ooo) Si 10 O
SUtATSUS Pee tom, is ee os cs, foe nO
Vatlcad fOr: tacte vc tenes 1.3
Har-externallys). sj 4. 2, 8
IOSO UR ERE ee area cte thi ee

Habitat S.W. coast of N. America, probably California.

‘“« This animal may possibly not be adult ; but neither in the teeth,
so far as can be ascertained from a stuffed specimen, nor in the cha-
racter of the fur, can I see any reason for believing it young, excepting
that it is much under the ordinary size of the species of the genus to
which it belongs ; and although it may not be adult, it certainly is not
a very younganimal. Compared with Lep. palustris, with which spe-
cies it was sent over by Mr. Douglas, it presents the following points
of distinction. Although the present animal is not above one-third of
the size of that species, the ears measure nearly a quarter of an inch
more in length: in fact, they are here longer than the head, whereas
in Lep. palustris they are much shorter. The next most important
difference is in the feet,—which instead of having comparatively
short and adpressed hairs which do not conceal the claws, are in
Lep. Bachmani long and woolly, especially on the under part, and not
only conceal the claws, but extend upwards of a quarter of an inch
beyond their tips. The claws are more slender and pointed, espe-
cially those of the fore-feet. Besides these differences there are
some others, which perhaps may be considered of minor importance:
the fur is much softer and more dense ; the longer hairs are extreme-
ly delicate, whilst in Lep. palustris they are harsh. As regards the
colour, Lep. palustris has a very distinct rich yellow tint, which is not
observed in the present species, the pale annulations of the hairs

105

which produce the yellow tint, being repla¢ed by brownish white or
pale brown.”

Mr.Ogilby pointed out the characters of a new species of Muntjac
Deer, which lately died at the Gardens. This species is about the same
size as the common Indian Muntjac, but has a longer head and tail;
has less red, and more blue in the general shade of the colouring,
and is readily distinguished by the want of the white over the hoofs,
which is so apparent in its congener. The specimen, a male, was
brought from China by J. R. Reeves, Esq., to whom the Society is
already indebted for many rare and valuable animals, and to whom
Mr. Ogilby proposed to dedicate the present species by applying the
name of Cervus Reevesi. A female specimen which accompanied
that here described, is still living and has lately produced a fawn,
which is interesting from exhibiting the spotted character common to
the generality of the young in this extensive group.

Mr. Waterhouse then directed the attention of the Meeting toan
interesting series of skins of Marsupial animals, brought from Van
Diemen’s Land by George Everett, Esq., and presented by that gen-
tleman to the Society; the collection includes a specimen of the
Thylacinus, two species of Kangaroo, and two of the genus Perameles,
besides others of more common occurrence.

Mr. Owen concluded his memoir on the anatomy of the Apteryx
by a description of the general structure and peculiarities of its os-
seous system.

The bones of the Apteryz are not perforated for the admission of
air, nor do they exhibit the pure white colour which characterizes the
skeleton in other birds; their tough and somewhat coarse texture
resembles rather that of the bones of the lizard tribe.

The spinal column was found to consist of 15 cervical and 9 dorsal
vertebrae, and 22 in the lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions. The third
to the sixth, inclusive, of the dorsal vertebra, are slightly anchylosed
~ together by the contiguous edges of their spinous processes; but Mr.
Owensupposesthat notwithstanding this anchylosis, a yielding, elastic
movement may still take place between these vertebre. A short ob-
tuse process is sent off obliquely forwards, from the inferior surface
of the body of the first four dorsal vertebre ; the articulation between
the bodies is by the adaptation of a surface, slightly concave in the ver-
tical, and convex in the transverse direction, at the posterior end of
one vertebra to opposite curves at the anterior end of the succeeding
one; close to the anterior surface on each side there is a hemisphe-
rical pit for the reception of the round head of the rib; the trans-
verse processes are broad, flat, and square-shaped, with the anterior
angle obliquely cut off to receive the abutment of the tubercle of the
rib; they are not connected together by extended bony splints, but are
quite detached, as in struthious birds. The spinous process arises from
the whole length of the arch of each vertebra; it is truncate above,
and with the exception of the first, is of the same breadth through-
out : all the dorsal spines are much compressed, the middle ones being

106 -

the thinnest, slightly expanding at their truncate extremities. The
length of the dorsal region was four inches. The length of the ver-
tebral column behind the dorsal vertebre, included between the ossa
innominata, was three inches. The first four and the ninth and tenth
sacral vertebre, send outwards inferior transverse processes. The
foramina for the nerves are pierced in the base of the arches of the
sacral vertebre; they are double in the anterior ones, but single in
the posterior compressed vertebre, where they are situated close to the
posterior margin. ‘The cervical vertebre present all the peculiarities
of the type of Birds; the inverted bony arch for the protection of
the carotid arteries, is first seen developed from the inner side of the
inferior transverse processes of the twelfth cervical vertebra, but the
two sides of the arch are not anchylosed together. The spinous
process is thick and strong in the Vertebra dentata, but progressively
diminishes to the seventh, where it is reduced toa mere tubercle; it
reappears at the eleventh, and progressively increases to the dorsal
vertebra. The large canal on each side for the vertebral artery and
sympathetic nerve, is formed by the anchylosis of a rudimental rib
to the extremities of an upper and lower transverse process. ‘The
spinal chord is least protected by the vertebre in the middle of the
neck, where there is the greatest extent of motion. The length of
the cervical region was seven inches.

In the first fifteen vertebre the costal appendages were an-
chylosed; in the nine succeeding vertebre the ribs appear to re-
main permanently moveable; the first is a slender style about an
inch in length, the rest are remarkable for their breadth, which is
relatively greater than in any other bird. The second, third, fourth
and fifth ribs, articulate with the sternum through the medium of
slender sternal portions. The appendages to the vertebral ribs are
developed in the second to the eighth inclusive; they are articulated
by a broad base to a fissure in the posterior margin of these vertebral
ribs, a little below their middle; those belonging to the third, fourth,
fifth and sixth ribs, are the longest, and overlap the succeeding mb ;
these processes were not anchylosed in the specimen described. The
first four sternal ribs are transversely expanded at their sternal ex-
tremities, which severally present a concave surface lined with smooth
cartilage and synovial membrane, and playing upon a corresponding
smooth convexity in the costal margin of the sternum, which thus
presents four true enarthrodial joints, with capsular ligaments on
each side.

The sternum is reduced to its lowest grade of development in the
Apteryx. In its small size, and in the total absence of a keel, it re-
sembles that of the struthious birds, but differs in the presence of
two subcircular perforations, situated on each side of the middle
line; in the wide anterior emargination, and in the much greater ex-
tent of the two posterior fissures. ‘The anterior margin presents
no trace of a manubrial process, as in the Ostrich, the interspace
between the articular cavities of the coracoid being, on the con-
trary, deeply concave. ‘The articular surface for the coracoid is an
open groove, externally to which the anterior angles of the sternum

_—

107

are produced into two strong triangular processes, with the apew ob-
tuse. The costal margin is thickened, and when viewed anteriorly;
presents an undulating contour, from the presence of the four arti-
cular convexities for the sternal ribs and the intermediate excava-
tions ; the breadth of each lateral perforation is nearly equal to that
of the intervening osseous space; in the specimen described they
were not quite symmetrical in position. The extent of the posterior
notches is equal to one half the entire length of the sternum.

The scapula and coracoid were anchylosed; a small perforation
anterior to the articular surface of the humerus indicates the separation
between the coracoid and rudimental clavicle, of which there is other-
wise not the least trace. The coracoid is the strongest bone; its
inferior expanded extremity presents an articular convexity adapted
to the sternal groove before described. The scapula reaches to the
third rib; it is slightly curved and expanded at both ends, but chiefly
at the articulation. ‘The humerus is a slender, cylindrical, styliform
bone, slightly curved, one inch, five lines in length, slightly expanded
at both extremities, most so at the proximal end, which supports a
transverse, oval, articular convexity, covered with smooth cartilage,
and joined by a synovial and capsular membrane to the scapulo-
coracoid articulation. A small tuberosity projects beyond each end
of the humeral articular surface. The distal end of the humerus is
articulated by a true but shallow ginglymoid joint with the rudi-
mental bones of the antibrachium, and both the external and in-
ternal condyles are slightly developed. The radius and ulna are
straight, slender, styliform bones, each nine lines in length ; a slight
olecranon projects above the articular surface of the ulna; there is
a minute carpal bone, two metacarpals, and a single phalanx, which
supports the long, curved, obtuse alar claw; the whole length of
this rudimental hand is seven lines, incl the claw, which mea-
sures three lines and a half. A few nce short quill feathers
are attached by ligament to the ulna and metacarpus. .

_ The iliac bones in size and shape present the character of the
struthious birds. The pubic element is a slender bony style con-
nected by ligament to the end of the ischium, but attached by bone
only at its acetabular extremity. A short pointed process extends

from the anterior margin of the origin of the pubis. The acetabulum

is produced anteriorly into an obtuse ridge.

The femur is three inches, nine lines in length, slightly bent; the
articular head presents a large depression for the strong and complex
ligamentum teres. ‘The condyles of the femur are separated by a
wide and deep groove anteriorly, and by a triangular depression be-
hind. The ¢idia is five inches long. Two angular and strong ridges
are developed from the anterior part of the expanded head of the
tibia; the external one affords attachment to fascia, and to the ex-
panded tendon of the rectus femoris latissimus ; the internal has af-
fixed to it the ligament of the small cartilaginous patella. The fibula,
half an inch below its head, is anchylosed to the tibia, the attach-
ment continuing for about ten lines; after an interspace of nine lines
it again becomes anchylosed, and gradually disappears towards the
lower third of the tibia,

108

The distal end of the ¢ibia presents the usual trochlear form, but
the anterior concavity above the articular surface is in great part
occupied by an irregular bony prominence. A small cuneiform bone
is wedged into the outer and back part of the ankle joint.

The anchylosed tarso-metatarsals form a strong bone, two inches,
three lines in length; it expands laterally as it descends and divides
at its distal extremity into three parts with the articular pulleys for
the three principal toes. The surface for the articulation of the fourth
or small internal toe, is about half an inch above the distal end in the
internal and posterior aspect of the bones; a small ossicle attached
by strong ligaments to that surface gives support to a short phalanz,
which articulates with the longer ungueal phalanr. The number of
phalanges in the other toes follows the ordinary law.

After concluding the description of the osteology of the Apteryz,
of which the preceding is an abstract, Prof. Owen proceeded to ob-
serve, “ that so far as the natural affinities of a bird are elucidated by
its skeleton, all the leading modifications of that basis of the organi-
zation of the Apteryx connect it closely with the struthious group.
In the diminutive and keel-less sternum it agrees with all the known
struthious species, and with these alone. ‘Ihe two posterior emar-
ginations which we observe in the sternum of the Ostrich are present
in a etill greater degree in the Apteryx; but the feeble development
of the anterior extremities, to the muscles of which the sternum is
mainly subservient, as a basis of attachment, is the condition of a
peculiarly incomplete state of the ossification of that bone of the Ap-
teryx; and the two subcircular perforations which intervene between
the origins of the pectoral muscle on the one side, and those of a
large inferior dermo-ceryical muscle on the other, form one of seve-
ral unique structures in tile anatomy of this bird. We have again
the struthious characters repeated in the atrophy of the bones of the
wing, and the absence of the clavicles, as in the Emeu and Rhea*,
Like testimony is borne by the expansively developed iliac and sacral
benes, by the broad ischium and slender pubis, and by the long and
narrow form of the pelvis: we begin to observe a deviation from the
struthious type in the length of the femur, and a tendency to the
gallinaceous type in the shortness of the metatarsal segment; the
development of the fourth or inner toe may be regarded as another
deviation, but it should be remembered that in the size and position
of the latter the Apteryx closely corresponds with the extinct stru-
thious Dodo. The claw on the inner toe of the Apteryr has been
erroneously compared with the spur of certain Galline, but it scarcely
differs in form from the claws of the anterior toes.

"Tn the broad ribs (see the Cassowary), in the general freedom of
anchylosis in the dorsal region of the vertebral column, and the nu-
merous vertebre of the neck, we again meet with struthious charac-
ters; and should it be objected to the latter particular, that some

* In the Ostrich the clavicles are undoubtedly present, though anchylosed,
with the scapula and coracoids, and separate from each other. In the Cas-
sowary they exist as separate short styliform bones.

_ Palmipeds surpass the Ostrich in the number of cervical vertebre, yet
these stand out rather as exceptions in their particular order ; while
an excess over the average number of cervical verfebre in birds is
constant in the siruthious or Brevipennate order.. Thus in the Cas-
sowary 19 veriebre precede that which supports a nb connected with J
the sterrwm, and of these 19 we may fairly reckon 16 as analogous —~
to the cervical verfebre im other birds. In the Rhea there are also
16 cervical veriebre, and not 14, as Cuvier states. In the Ostrich
there are 18, in the Emeu 19 cervical veriebre. In the Apieryr we
should reckon 16 cervical vertebre if we included that which sup-
ports the short rudimental but moveable pair of ribs. Of the 22
true. grallatorial birds cited in Cuvier’s Table of the Number of Ver-
tebre, only 9 have more than 14 cervical veriebre; while the Ap-
teryx with 15 cervical vertebre, considered as a struthious bird, has
the fewest of its order. The free bony appendages of the nibs, and
the universal absence of air-cells in the skeleton, are conditions in
which the Apteryx resembles the Apienodites, but here all resemblance
ceases : the position in which the Apieryz was originally figured* is
incompatible with its organization. 5
« The modifications of the skull of the Apieryz, in conformity with
the structure of the beak requisite for obtaining its appropriate food,
are undoubtedly extreme ; yet we perceive in the cere which covers
_ the base of the bill in the entire Apferyzr a structure which exists in
all the struthious birds; and the anterior position of the nostrils in
the subattenuated beak of the Cassowary is an evident approach to
that very singular one which peculiarly characterizes the Apieryz.
With regard to the digestive organs, it is interesting to remark, that
the thickened muscular parietes of the stomach of the most strictly
granivorous of the struthious birds do not exhibit that apparatus of
distinct Musculi digastrici and laterales which forms the characteristic
structure of the gizzard of the gallinaceous order: the Apferyx, in
the form and structure of its stomach, adheres to the struthious type.
It differs again in a marked degree from the Ga/lline, in the absence of
a crop. With respect to the cecal appendages of the intestine, though
generally long in the Galline, they are subject to great variety in
both the struthious and grallatorial orders : their extreme length and
complicated structure in the Ostrich and Rhea form a peculiarity only~
met with in these birds. In the Cassowary, on the other hand, the
ceca are described by the French academicians as entirely absent.
Cuvier} speaks of ‘ un cecum unique’ in the Emeu. In my dissec-
tions of these struthious birds I have always found the two normal
ceca present, but small; in the Emeu measuring about five inches
Jong and half an inch in diameter; in the Cassowary measuring ©
about four inches in length. The presence of two moderately de-
veloped ceca in the Apterys affords therefore no indication of its re-
cession from the struthious type: these ceca correspond in their
condition, as they do in the other struthious birds, with the nature

a ot

* Shaw’s Miscellany, xxiv. pl. 1075.
+ Legons @ Anat. Comp. 1836, iv. p. 291.

110

of the nutriment of the species. It is dependent on this circum-
stance also, that in the grallatorial bird (Ibis), which the Apteryr
most resembles in the structure of its beak, and consequently in the
nature of its food, the ceca have nearly the same relative size; but
as regards the Gralle, taken as an order, no one condition of the
ceca can be predicated as characteristic of them. In most they are
very small; in many single.

« What evidence, we next ask, does the generative system afford of
the affinities of the Apteryr? A single, well-developed, inferiorly
grooved, subspiral, intromittent organ attests unequivocally its rela-
tions to the struthious group; and this structure, with the modifi-
cations of the plumage, and the peculiarities of the skeleton, lead me
to the same conclusion at which I formerly arrived*, from a study
of the external organization of the Apteryz, viz. that it must rank as
a genus of the cursorial or struthious order; and that in deviating
from the type of this order it manifests a tendency in one direction,
as in the feet, to the gallinaceous order; and in another, as in the
beak, to the Gral/e ; but that it cannot, without violation of its na-
tural affinities, be classed with either.”

A living specimen of the Gymnotus electricus, from the Amazon,
was exhibited by Mr. Porter.

August 28th, 1838.

No meeting took place.

* Art. Aves, Cycl. of Anat. and Phys., i. 1836, p. 269.

Se —)

111

September 11th, 1838.
Lieut. Col. Sykes, in the Chair.

Some notes were read by the Chairman upon three skins of digi-
tigrade carnivora, which were on the table for exhibition: one of
these was a beautiful skin of the Aguara Guazu of Azara, (Canis
jubatus, Desm.) and the other two, those of the Felis Pardina, Temm.,
in an adult and nonadult state. Respecting the first of these Col.
Sykes offered the following observations :

*« Azara in his preliminary notices of the two species of Canis, C. ju-
batus and C. Azare, says, I prefer for the family the Spanish names
of Zorro or Fox to the Guaranese name Aguara, which also means
fox ; and he accordingly heads the notices with the words ‘ Zorros
or Foxes.’ The C. jubatus, measuring 5 feet to the tail, and the tail
of which is 19 inches, is certainly a Brobdignag Fox. I mention
this circumstance in illustration of the fact, that Azara, in his classi-
fication, appears to have overlooked analogies. And this remissness
I hope will authorize me, without the imputation of presumption, in
venturing upon the remarks I am about to make.

«The skin I put before the Society is that of Azara’s Canis jubatus,
and as it and a fellow skin in my possession are the only specimens of
the kind in England (indeed I believe there are only two other speci-
mens in Europe, one in Paris, the other in Cadiz), and as it will most
probably have been seen but by few of the gentlemen present, I shall
be happy to find that its exhibition is acceptable. Azara states that
the Canis jubatus has 6 incisors in the upper jaw, then on either
side of a vacant space follow 2 canines and 6 molar teeth, three of
which, however, look more like incisors than molars; the lower jaw
is i all respects similar to the upper, except that the interval is
wanting between the canine teeth and the incisors, and there is one
additional molar tooth ; in other respects the form and general cha-
racter of these animals are those of the Dog: they differ, however,
chiefly in being wnsociable and nocturnal. The tail is much thicker
and more bushy, and they never raise or curl it; the body and neck
are shorter and covered with longer fur; the neck is also thicker ; the
hair too is thicker; the eye is smaller, the face flatter; the head
rounder and more bulky as far as the front of the eyes, where the
‘thick part diminishes more speedily and terminates in a sharper
muzzle, furnished with whiskers; the ear is broader at its origin,
and thicker and stiffer, and when they are on the look out they pre-
sent the hollow part forwards and approximate their ears much
more than Dogs. They do not bark nor how! like Dogs, nor is their
voice heard often; in fact they so cry but seldom, and submit to be
killed without uttering a sound. Other discrepancies between his
two ‘ Zorros’ and Dogs are added, but it is unnecessary to specify
them. I perfectly agree with Azara that he has afforded sufficient

No. LXIX.—Proceepines or roe ZooLoGicaL Society.

112

proofs of the wide difference between the Canis jubatus and Dogs
(the most striking part of which difference, however, he. has omitted
to characterize, viz. the long mane), but here my coincidence in
opinion ceases, for it is evident that the animal of which the skin
lies upon the. table has not the slightest approximation to the cha-
racter of a Fox, which Azara would make it. A question is thus
opened, to what genus or subgenus of the second division of digiti-
grada does the animal belong? Unfortunately the skins in my pos-
session do not afford the means of fixing definitively its place in the
family, there being neither skull nor teeth, no toes, and no means
of determining whether or not an anal pouch existed. Azara’s
dental characters are applicable to the genus Canis, but he has
omitted to notice those minute points which might constitute sub-
generic differences. One fact mentioned, that the canines of the
only adult te examined were ten lines long, although they were
very much worn, would apply rather to Hyena than to Canis.
The number of toes is omitted. Buffon calls the Canis jubatus the
Red Wolf; but, were not its solitary and nocturnal habits and its
predilection for certain fruits and vegetables sufficient to separate it,
the remarkable mane at once prevents the alliance. Apparently,
therefore, being neither fox, dog, nor wolf, it may be permitted us to
look to a neighbouring genus, to see whether or not there are more
characteristics common to the animal under consideration and species
of that genus than we have yet met with.

«« While residing with my family at Cadiz during the spring, three
beautiful skins were imported from Buenos Ayres; they were quite
unknown to the owner and his friends, and learning that I took an
interest in natural history, I was asked to examine and give my opi-
nion upon them. The heavy head, the large ears, the bulky body and
comparatively slender hind-limbs, the short neck, the shaggy hair,
but particularly the singular mane, fixed my attention; and in the
absence of primary generic characters, I would have pronounced the
skins to be those of a beautiful species of Hyena: but the few natu-
ralists who have examined the New World have not yet discovered
the Hyzena, and it would have been rash, with the slender data before
me, to have expressed a definitive opinion. Nevertheless on returning
to England and deliberately examining Azara’s description of the
form and habits of the Canis jubatus, my original opinion is so much
strengthened that I am induced to submit the whole question to the
consideration of naturalists, in the hope that on an opportunity oceur-
ring it may be taken advantage of to determine the primary generic
characters, with a view to the allocation of the animal into its exact.
place in the digitigrade family. But to me it isa matter of indiffer-
ence whether or not the animal has the technical characters of Canis
or Hyena. Nature, in her wondrous chain of animated beings di-
spersed over the world, is never defective in a link (at least on the
great continents), for if the identical species of one continent be
wanting, in another we surely find its analogue. The Ostrich of
Africa has its analogue in America in the Rhea, and in the Hmu and
Cassowary of Australia: the L/ama replaces the Camel, and the Fe-

—

113

lis concolor, the Lion in America; but the numerous cases are fami-
liar to all naturalists and need not be enumerated ; and with respect
to the Aguara Guazu (Canis jubatus), if it be not an Hyena, it is at
least the analogue of the Hyena. The multitudinous reasons of Azara
already quoted against his two Zorros being Dogs, may be applied
almost verbatim in proof of one of them being an Hyena; and in his
detailed description of the Aguara Guazu he mentions many of its
nabits that are common to the Hyena vulgaris—its walk with long
paces, its absence of a predal disposition on living animals (Azara in-
stances poultry not being touched while passing within reach of the
animal he had chained up) in its wild state, not committing havock
amongst herds or lesser flocks, and its indifference to a meat or
vegetable diet, indeed its predilection for fruits and sugar cane. An
Hyena I brought from India with me, and which is now living in the
Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, London, and which is as affec-
tionate to me as a spaniel dog would be, was fed during the whole
voyage from India on boiled rice and a little ghee (liquid butter ;)
and these instances of a community of habits between the Hyena and
Canis jubatus could be greatly multiplied. If Azara’s dental formula
be right, the Aguara Guazu cannot technically be an Hyena, and
it may be desirable to constitute it a subgenus; but as I before said,
it will suffice if my speculations assist in any way to rivet a link in
the chain of nature.”

With respect to the skin of Felis Pardina Col. Sykes remarked,
“ Although Temminck, in his Monographie de Mammalogie, p. 116,
in a note, says the skin of this European Felis is well known amongst
the furriers as the Lynx of Portugal, I have nowhere been able to
meet with a specimen in London ; and as amongst my friends scarcely
any one appeared to be aware of the existence of a Spanish Lynx, I
thought it might be acceptable to the members to exhibit specimens
in a state of maturity and nonage. In Andalusia, whence the speci-
mens come, it is called Gato clavo (clavo meaning the pupil of the
eye), illustrative of the spotted character of the skin. Some pea-
sants in Andalusia make short jackets of the skins. The animal
inhabits the Sierra Morena. I bought both skins at Seville for thirty
reales, about 6s. 3d. Neither the British Museum nor the Zoological
Society have specimens.

“Temminck describes the Pardina as ‘ Toutes les parties du corps
lustre, 2 peu prés de la méme teinte que dans le caracal.’ This is
certainly not the description of my animal, the colour of the adult
being reddish gray, and that of the non-adult light fawn; never-
theless there are so many other points common to both, that it would
be unadvisable to consider them distinct.”

A specimen of the Alauda Calandra, Linn., from Andalusia, was
afterwards exhibited by Col. Sykes, accompanied with the following
notice:

“I brought two specimens of these delightful singing-birds from
Andalusia with me this spring; and on comparing them with the
type of the genus, I am satisfied they approximate more closely to

114

the genus Mirafra than to that of Alauda. The bill is infinitely
more robust than that of Alauda. The size of the bird is larger,
and its ensemble rather that of Mirafra than Alauda, and the inter-
nal organization has a close resemblance to the former, in the propor-
tional length of the intestines and the colon, in the form of the lobes
of the liver, in the spleen, in the size of the gizzard and substance of
the digastric muscles, and particularly in the form and position of
the ceca. Mr. Yarrell very justly remarks, that the bird in depart-
ing from the type of Lark approaches to that of Plectrophanes of
Meyer; but differs from the latter in not having a curved long hind
claw, and also in its more robust character ; in short, it has a station
between the Larks and the Finches ; it differs also slightly from Mi-
rafra in its hind claws being those of a Lark, while its bill and other
external and internal characters are those of Mirafra. On the whole,
therefore, it appears desirable to divide the genus Alauda into sub-
genera, and constitute the Londra a new subgenus, to which the
name of Londra may be given. ‘The Andalusian bird would thus be
the Londra Calandra, and an undescribed species from China, now in
the gardens of the Society, appears to form a second example of this
genus. The generic characters of Londra are as follow:

Lonpra. Genus noyum.

Rostrum crassum; capitis longitudinem zquans; basi altum, sub-
compressum; maxilla arcuata; tomiis integerrimis.

Nares plumis anticum versus tectz.

Alecorpore longiores, acuminate ; remigibus, primasub-abbreviata,
tertia Jongissima, secunda et quarta feré squalibus ; reliquis gra-
datim brevioribus.

Cauda cuneata.

Pedes robusti; unguis hallucis rectus elongatus.

Typus est, Alauda Calandra.

«* The specific characters of Londra Calandra as published are suffi-
ciently accurate.

“The following are the measurements of a male bird; and as I
have seen many scores of them, I think I may say they would ony
to the generality of individuals of the species.

«« Length, from the tip of the bill to the rump, 5 inches; bill, 42; tail,
24 inches ; tibia, 1 45; tarsi, including nail, 1+';; hind claw, 44 inch ;
liver of two lobes, one much longer than the other; gall-bladder
fully developed ; spleen cylindrical, +%, inch ; intestines, 9 +3, inches ;
duodenum very wide; small intestines narrow ; ceca, +5, little more
than oblong specks; colon, inch long ; gizzard very small; but di-
gastric muscle, 3, inch thick; testes very large, nearly globular ;
irides black. These birds are fed upon canary seed in Andalusia, but
in Lisbon they are fed upon wheat; nevertheless they are fond of
raw meat, flies, and worms. ‘They are soon accustomed to confine-
ment, and they sing unconcernedly, although surrounded by spec-
tators; their notes, some of which are a kind of double-tongueing
in the phrase of flute players, are remarkably rich and full.”

eae
a

115

Mr. Blyth made some remarks on the plumage and progressive
changes of the Crossbills, stating that, contrary to what has ge-
nerally been asserted, neither the red nor saffron-tinted garb is in-
dicative of any particular age. He had known specimens to acquire
a second time the red plumage, and that much brighter than before;
and he exhibited to the Meeting two individuals recently shot from
a flock in the vicinity of the metropolis, which were exchanging their
striated nestling feathers for the saffron-coloured dress commonly
described to be never acquired before the second moulting.

He also exhibited a Linnet killed during the height of the breeding
season, when the crown and breast of that species are ordinarily
bright crimson, in which those parts were of the same hue as in
many Crossbills; and observed that the same variations were no-
ticeable in the genera Corythraiz and Erythrospiza. Mr. Blyth called
attention also to the fact, that in the genus Linota the females oc-
casionally assumed the red breast, supposed to be peculiar to the
other sex, and that they continue to produce eggs when in this
livery ; a circumstance very apt to escape attention, as most natu-
ralists would at once conclude such specimens to be males without
further examination.

September 25th, 1838.
No meeting took place.

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117

October 9, 1838.
Rey. F. W. Hope in the Chair.

The reading of a paper by Richard Owen, Esq., on the Osteology
of the Marsupialia, was commenced.

Mr. Martin drew the attention of the Meeting to the crania of
the Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys, Cercopithecus fuliginosus and
C. Aithiops, which were placed upon the table, and upon which he
proceeded to remark as follows:

“It is now some years since I stated to the late Mr. Bennett that
in the skeleton of a Sooty Monkey I had discovered the presence of a
distinct fifth tubercle on the last molar of the lower jaw; recently I
have observed the same fact in the skull of the Collared or White-
eyelid Monkey (C. Zthiops) circumstances of some interest, as this
tubercle appears to be always absent in the Cercopitheci, and also in
such as the Malbrouck, Grivet, and Green Monkeys, &c., which have
been separated from the Cercopitheci under the subgeneric title
Cercocebus, Geoff., the Sooty and the White-eyelid Monkeys being
included ; though, as far as we can see, on no feasible grounds, dif-
fering from the foregoing species, as they do, in physiognomy and
also in style of colouring. However this may be, the Sooty and
White-eyelid Monkeys approximate to their supposed congeners in a
more remote degree than has hitherto been supposed. Now with re-
gard to the genera Semnopithecus and Macacus, both of which are from
India, and the African genera Inuus and Cynocephalus, this fifth tu-
bercle is a constant character and accompanied by the presence of
laryngeal sacculi; and in another African genus, viz. Colobus, a fifth
tubercle also exists, but whether accompanied or not by laryngeal
sacs is still to be determined. May not this fifth tubercle, it may
here be asked, bring the Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys within the
pale of the Macaci? and the question will bear considering. Our
reply, however, would be in the negative; for as we have ascertained
by dissection, the Sooty Monkey, at least, is destitute of laryngeal
sacs, (but has large cheek pouches) and we may readily infer the
same of the other species, its immediate ally. The relationship, as
it appears to us, between these two animals and the Indian Macaci,
is that of representation. They have not indeed the muzzle so pro-
duced and the supra-orbital ridge so developed as in the Macaci ;
but in these points they exceed the African Guenons generally, and
are also we think stouter in their proportions. They appear, indeed,
to constitute a form, intermediate between the Macaci and Cercopi-
theci, on the one hand; as are the Colobi between the Semnopitheci
and Cercopithect on the other. What the Colobdi of Africa are to
the Semnopitheci, these two monkeys (and others have perhaps to
be added) are to the Macaci. With respect to the genus Cercocebus,

No. LXX.—Procrepines or tue ZooLoGicaL Sociery,

118

I should be inclined to restrict it, excluding from it the Grivet and
Green Monkeys, and modify its characters accordingly, taking the
Sooty and White-eyelid Monkeys as its typical examples, a plan
which, it appears to me, is preferable to the creation of a new ge-
neric title, which often leads to confusion.”

Mr. Owen exhibited a preparation of the ligamentum teres in the
Coypou, which he had received from Mr. Otley of Exeter, and read
the following extract in a letter from that gentleman :—

“T have enclosed with this the thigh bone, and the scapula,
clavicle, and humerus of a Coypou, which came into my hands after
having been mangled by a stuffer of animals, and which had been
preserved alive for some weeks by a gentleman of this place. I be-
lieve that not many opportunities have occurred of dissecting this
animal in England; and as I found a difference between the specimen
in question and that described by Mr. Martin, I thought the por-
tions I have forwarded might be interesting to you, had it not fallen
to you to dissect one of these animals. Mr. Martin states that the
thigh bone had no round ligament: you will see that there exists a
well-developed one in this, as there also was on the other thigh
bone.”

Mr. Martin observed, that on referring to his account of the dis-
section of this animal, it will be found, that he is so far from assert-
ing it as a fact, positively determined, that the ligamentum teres is
wanting, that, after giving an account of the state of the acetabulum
and head of thigh bones as he found them, he adds, “it would be
desirable that another specimen should be examined before this pe-
culiarity (viz. the absence of a ligamentum teres) is insisted on as an
ascertained fact.” See Zool. Proc. 1835, p. 182.

119

October 28, 1838.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from M. Julien Desjardins, Secretary of the
Natural History Society of the Mauritius, stating that it was his in-
tention to leave that island on the lst of January next, for England,
with a large collection of objects in natural history, many of which
he intended for the Society. A letter from Colonel P. Campbell,
Her Majesty’s Consul General and Agent at Alexandria, was also
read. In this letter Col. P. Campbell states that he had not yet
succeeded in gaining any further information respecting the pro-
bability of procuring some White Elephants for the menagerie. A
letter received from Lieut.-Colonel Doherty, Governor of Sierra
Leone, stated, that he was using every exertion to procure for the
Society a male and female Chimpanzee, in which attempt he fully
expected to be successful; but he feared that he should not be
able to obtain a living specimen of the Hippopotamus, from the
superstitious dread with which the natives regard these animals.

Some specimens of Flying Lemurs (Galeopithecus) were upon the
table, and in reference to them Mr. Waterhouse stated that his ob-
ject in bringing them before the Meeting was to notice certain cha-
racters which appeared to him to indicate the existence of two spe-
cies in these specimens. He remarked that in systematic works three
species of the genus Galeopithecus are described, founded upon dif-
ferences of size and colour; as regards the latter character, he had
never seen two specimens which precisely agreed ; and with respect
to size, the dimensions given of two out of the three species are evi-
dently taken from extremely young animals. Mr. Waterhouse then
proceeded to point out the distinctive characters of the two species
on the table, for which he proposed the specific names of Temminckii
and Pihillippinensis ; of these two the first is the larger species, mea-
suring about two feet in total length, and having a skull two inches
eleven and a half lines in length. The anterior incisor of the upper
jaw is broad and divided by two notches into three distinct lobes;
the next incisor on each side has its anterior and posterior margins
notched ; and the first molar (or the tooth which occupies the situa-
tion of the canine) has its posterior edge distinctly notched. This
tooth is separated by a narrow space anteriorly and posteriorly, from
the second incisor in front, and the second molar behind; the tem-
poral ridges converge towards the occiput, near which, however,
they are separated usually by a space of about four lines.

The second species (G. Philippinensis) is usually about twenty
inches in length, and has a skull two inches seven lines in length.
It may be distinguished from G. Temminckii by the proportionately
larger ears, and the greater length of the hands; the skull is nar-
rower in proportion to its length; the muzzle is broader and more

120

obtuse; the orbit is smaller; the temporal ridges generally meet
near the occiput, or are separated by a very narrow space; the an-
terior incisor of the upper jaw is narrow, and has but one notch;
the next incisor on each side is considerably larger, longer, and
stronger than in G. Temminckii, and moreover differs in having its
edges even; the same remarks apply to the first false molar. The
incisors and molars here form a continuous series, each tooth being
in contact with that which precedes, and that which is behind it.
The most important difference perhaps which exists between the
two species in question consists in the much larger size of the molar
teeth in the smaller skull, the five posterior molars occupying aspace
of ten lines in length, whereas in G. Temminckii, a much larger animal,
the same teeth occupy only nine lines. The above are the most pro-
minent characteristic differences in the two species, though several
other minor points of distinction may be observed.

Mr. Blythe called the attention of the Meeting to the skull of a
Cumberland Ox, presenting an unnatural enlargement of the facial
bones, accompanied with a most remarkable development of the horns,
one of which measured four feet in circumference at its base.

The reading of Professor Owen’s paper ‘‘ On the Osteology of
the Marsupialia,” was completed. After some preliminary remarks
upon the importance of the study of the skeleton, in investigating
the natural groups of this order and the determination of the inter-
esting fossils of Australia, Professor Owen proceeded in the first
place to point out the principal modifications in the general form
of the skull as observed in the various genera of marsupial animals.

««The skull,” says Professor Owen, ‘‘is remarkable in all the
genera for the small proportion which is devoted to the protection
of the brain, and for the great expansion of the nasal cavity imme-
diately anterior to the cranial cavity.

«In the stronger carnivorous species the exterior of the cranium
is characterized by bony ridges and muscular impressions; but in the
smaller herbivorous species, as the Petaurists and Potoroos, the cra-
nium presents a smooth rounded surface as in birds, corresponding
with the smooth unconyoluted surface of the simple brain contained
within.

‘«« The breadth of the skull in relation to its length is greatest in
the Wombat and Ursine Dasyure in which it equals three-fourths the
length, and least in the Perameles lagotis in which it is less than
one-half. The occipital region, which is generally plane and ver-
tical in position, forms a right angle with the upper surface of the
skull, from which it is separated by an occipital or lambdoidal
crista. This is least developed in the Myrmecobius, Petaurists,
and Kangaroo, and most so in the Opossum, in which, as also
in the Koala, the crest curves slightly backwards, and thus changes
the occipital plane into a concavity, well adapted for the insertion
of the strong muscles from the neck and back.

“The upper surface of the skull presents great diversity of cha-

121

racter, which relates to the different development of the temporal
muscles, and the varieties of dentition in the different genera. In
the Wombat the coronal surface offers an almost flattened tract,
bounded by two slightly elevated temporal ridges, which are upwards
of an inch apart posteriorly, and slightly diverge as they extend for-
wards to the anterior part of the orbit.

“The skull of the Opossum presents the greatest contrast to that
condition, for the sides of the cranium meet above at an acute angle,
and send upwards from the line of their union a remarkably ele-
vated sagittal crest, which, in mature skulls, is proportionally more
developed than in any of the placental Carnivora, not even exempt-
ing the strong-jawed Hyzna.

“The Thylacine and Dasyures, especially the Ursine Dasyure,
exhibit the sagittal crest inasomewhat less degree of development.
It is again smaller, but yet well marked in the Koala and Perameles.
The temporal ridges meet at the lambdoidal suture in the Phalangers
and Hypsiprymni, but the size of the muscles in these does not re-
quire the development of a bony crest. In the Kangaroo the tem-
poral ridges, which are very slightly raised, are separated by an inter-
space of the third of an inch. ‘They are separated for a proportion-
ally greater extent in the Petaurists; and in the smooth and convex
upper surface of the skull of Pet. sciureus, Pet. pygmeus, and in Myr-
mecobius the impressions of the feeble temporal muscles almost
cease to be discernible.

«The zygomatic arches are, however, complete in these as in all
the other genera: they are usually, indeed, strongly developed; but
their variations do not indicate the nature of the food so clearly, or
correspond with the differences of animal and vegetable diet in the
same degree, as in the placental Mammalia. No Marsupial animal,
for example, is devoid of incisors in the upper jaw, like the ordinary
Ruminants of the placental series; and the more complete dental
apparatus with which the herbivorous Kangaroos, Potoroos, Phalan-
gers, &c. are provided, and which appears to be in relation to the
scantier pasturage, and the dry and rigid character of the herbage or
foliage on which they browse, requires a strong apparatus of bone
and muscle for the action of the jaws, and the exercise of the termi-
nal teeth, There are, however, sufficiently marked differences in
this part of the marsupial skull; and the weakest zygomatic arches

are those of the Insectivorous Perameles and Acrodates, in which
structure we may discern a correspondence with the edentate Ant-
eaters of the placental series. Still the difference of development is
greatly in favour of the Marsupial Insectivora.

«The Hypsiprymni are next in the order of development of the
zygomatic arches, which again are proportionally much stronger in
the true Kangaroos. ‘The length of the zygomata in relation to the
entire skull is greatest in the Koala and Wombat. In the former
animal they are remarkable for their depth, longitudinal extent, and
straight and parallel course. In the latter they have a considerable
curve outwards, so as greatly to diminish the resemblance which
otherwise exists in the form of the skull between the Wombat and

122

the herbivorous Rodentia of the placental series, as, e. g., the Vis-
caccia.

“In the carnivorous Marsupials the outward curve of the zygo-
matic arch (which is greatest in the Thylacine and Ursine Dasyure,)
is also accompanied by a slight curve upwards ; but this curvature is
chiefly expressed by the concavity of the lower margin of the zygo-
ma, and is by no means so well marked as in the placental Carnivora.
It is remarkable that this upward curvature is greater in the slender
zygomata of the Perameles than in the stronger zygomata of the Da-
syuresand Opossums. In the Koala and Phalangers there is also a
slight tendency to the upward curvature; in the Wombat the out-
wardly expanded arch is perfectly horizontal. In the Kangaroo the
lower margin of the zygoma describes a slightly undulating curve,
the middle part of which is convex downwards.

«* In many of the Marsupials, as the Kangaroo, the Koala, the Pha-
langers, and the Opossums, the superior margin of the zygoma be-
gins immediately to rise above the posterior origin of the arch. In
the Wombat an external ridge of bone commences at the middle of
the lower margin of the zygoma, and gradually extends outwards
as it advances forwards, and, being joined by the upper margin of
the zygoma, forms the lower boundary of the orbit, and ultimately
curves downwards in front of the ant-orbital foramen, below which
it bifurcates, and is lost. This ridge results, as it were, from the
flattening of the anterior part of the zygoma, which thus forms a

“smooth and slightly concave horizontal platform for the eye to rest
upon. The same structure obtains, but in a slighter degree, in the
Koala. In the Kangaroo the anterior and inferior part of the zygoma
is extended downwards in the form of a conical process, which
reaches below the level of the grinding teeth. A much shorter and
more obtuse process is observable in the corresponding situation in
the Phalangers and Opossum.

“The relative length of the facial part of the skull, anterior to
the zygomatic arches, varies remarkably in the different Marsupial
genera. In the Wombatitis as six to nineteen; in the Koala as five
to fourteen ; in the Phalangers it forms about one-third of the length
of the entire skull; in the carnivorous Dasyures and Opossums it is
more than one-third. In Perameles, Macropus, and Hypsiprymnus
murinus, Ill., the length of the skull anterior to the orbit is equal
to the remaining posterior part; but in a species of Hypsiprymnus
from Van Diemen’s Land (Hypsiprymnus myosurus, Ogilb.) the
facial part of the skull anterior to the orbit exceeds that of the re-
mainder ; and the arboreal Hypsiprymni from New Guinea present a
still greater length of muzzle. In most Marsupials the skull gradually
converges towards the anterior extremity, but in the Perameles
lagotis the skull is remarkable for the sudden narrowing of the face
anterior to the orbits, and the prolongation of the attenuated snout,
preserving the same diameter for upwards of an inch before it finally

tapers to the extremity of the nose. Inthe Koala the corresponding
part of the skull is as remarkable for its shortness as it is in the

Per. lagotis for its length, but it is bounded laterally by parallel lines

123

through its whole extent. Before concluding this account of the
general form of the skull, I may observe that the Kangaroo resembles
the placental Ruminantia and some Rodentia, as the Viscaccia, in the
prolongation downwards of two long processes corresponding in
function to the mastoid, but developed from the exoccipital bones.
The same processes are developed in an almost equal degree in the
Koala, and, in the Wombat, coexist with a corresponding develop-
ment of the true mastoids. The exoccipitals each send down a short
obtuse process in the Potoroos, Perameles, Petaurists, Phalangers,
Opossums, and Dasyures.

Of the Composition of the Cranium. The occipital bone is de-
-veloped, as in the placental Mammalia, from four centres or ele-
ments, the basilar below, the supra-occipital above, and the ex-occi-
pitals at the sides; but these elements remain longer separate, and
in some genera do not become, at any period of life, united by con-
tinuous ossification.

“In the skull of an aged Virginian Opossum I found the supra-
occipital still distinct from the ex-occipitals, and these not joined
together, though anchylosed to the basilar element: in this Mar-
supial animal they meet above the foramen occipitale, and complete
its boundaries, as the corresponding superior vertebral amine com-
plete the medullary canal, in the region of the spine. I have found
the same structure and condition of the occipital bone of an adult
Dasyurus Ursinus, and it is exhibited in the plate of the cranium of
this species given by M. Temminck*. In the skull of a Perameles
nasuta the ex-occipitals were separated by an interspace, so that a
fissure was continued from the upper part of the foramen magnum to
the supra-occipital element. The same structure may be observed
in the Kangaroo, and is very remarkable in the young skulls of this
species ; I found this superior notch wide and well-marked in Ma-
cropus Bennettii. In the Wombat the corresponding fissure is very
-wide, and the lower margin of the supra-occipital is notched, so
ithat the shape of the foramen magnum somewhat resembles that of
the trefoil leaf. In the Koala, the Phalanger, Petaurus, Hypsiprym-
nus, and Dasyurus Maugei, the elements of the occipital bone present
the usual state of bony confluence.

“The temporal bone generally presents a permanent separation
of the squamous, petrous, and tympanicelements. I have observed
this reptile-like condition of the bone in the mature skulls of an
Ursine Dasyure, a Virginian Opossum, a Perameles, in different spe-
cies of Potoroo and Kangaroo, in the Wombat, and in the Koala.
So loose, indeed, is the connection of the tympanic bone, that,
without due care, it is very liable to be lost in preparing the skulls
of the Marsupiata. In the Kangaroo and Wombat it forms a com-
plete bony tube, about half an inch in length, with an irregular ex-
terior, and is wedged in between the mastoid and articular processes of
the temporal bone. In the Potoroo the bony circle is incomplete at the
upper part; in the Perameles and Dasyures the tympanic bone forms

* Monographie de Mammalogie, pl. viii.

(124

a semicircle, the posterior part being deficient, and the tympanic
membrane being there attached to a descending process of the squa-
mous element of the temporal. Here we have a near approach to
the form of the tympanic bone in birds, but we have a still closer
resemblance to its condition both in birds and reptiles, in its want
of union with, and relations to, the petrous element of the temporal
bone. In the Rodent quadruped the tympanic, petrous, and mastoid
elements of the temporal bone are always anchylosed together ; this
condition is well shown in the skull of the Porcupine and Beaver,
in which the mastoid element sends down a thick obtuse process be-
hind the petro-tympanic portion. It is to the expansion of the pe-
tro-tympanic and not of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone
that the enlargement of the tympanic cavity is due, in the Rodentia ;
and this expansion forms in that order, as is well known, a large
bulla ossea, which is situated anterior and internal to the mastoid
process. In many of the Marsupials, as the Dasyures, Petaurists,
Perameles, Potoroos, and Koala, there is also a large bulla ossea for
the purpose of increasing the extent of the auditory cavity ; but, with
one single exception, the Wombat, this bul/a is not formed by the
tympanic or any other element of the temporal bone, but by the ex-
pansion of the base of the great ala of the sphenoid bone. It is only
in the Perameles lagotis that, in addition to the preceding bulla,
I have observed an external dilatation of the petrous element of
the temporal bone, which thus forms a second and smaller bud/a on
each side, behind the large bulla ossea formed by the sphenoid. In
other Marsupiata the petrous bone is of small size, generally limited
to the office of protecting the parts of the internal ear, and some-
times, as in the Koala, is barely visible at the exterior of the base of
the skull. ‘The petrous and mastoid elements are commonly anchy-
losed together. In the Kangaroos, Koala, and Wombat, the petro-
mastoid bone is of a large size, and is visible in two situations
on the outs‘de of the skull, viz. at the usual place at the base, where
the petrous portion is wedged in between the basilar bone, ex-occipital
and sphenoid ; and again at the side of the cranium, where the mas-
toid portion appears between the squamous, ex-occipital, and supra-
occipital bones. In the Wombat it sends outwards the strong com-
pressed process which terminates the lateral boundaries of the occipital
plane of the cranium.

“« The auditory chamber of the ear is augmented in the Phalangers,
the Koala, the Kangaroo, and Potoroo, by a continuation of air-cells
into the base or origin of the zygomatic process; but the extent of
the bony air-chambers communicating with the tympanum is pro-
portionally greatest in the Petaurists, or Flying Opossums, where,
besides the spheroid du//a, the mastoid element, and the whole of
the zygomatic process of the temporal bone are expanded to form
air-cells with very thin and smooth walls, thus presenting an inter-
esting analogy in the structure of the cranium to the class of birds.

“<The direction of the bony canal of the organ of hearing corre-
sponds, as in the placental Mammalia, with the habits of the species.
The meatus is directed outwards and a little forwards in the car-

“195

“nivorous Dasyures; outwards and a little backwards in the Pera-
-meles and Phalanger; outwards, backwards, and upwards in the

Kangaroos ; and directly outwards in the Petaurists and Wombat :
* but the differences of direction are but very slightly marked.

«The squamous element of the temporal bone generally reaches
half-way from the root of the zygoma to the sagittal ridge or su-
‘ture: it is most developed in the Wombat, in which its superior
“margin describes a remarkably straight line. The zygomatic pro-
cess of the temporal bone is in general compressed, and much ex-
tended in the vertical direction in the Opossum, Dasyure, Phalanger,
Koala, and Kangaroo. In the Wombat it curves outwards from the
side of the head in the form of a compressed and almost horizontal
plate; it is then suddenly twisted into the vertical position, to be
received in the notch of the malar portion of the arch.

‘«« The cavity, corresponding to the sphenoidal bu//a ossea in other
Marsupials, is in this species excavated in the lower part of the squa-
mous element of the temporal bone at the inner side of the articular
surface for the lower jaw.

‘ This articular surface, situated at the base of the zygomatic pro-
cess, presents in the Marsupial, as in the placental Mammalia, va-
rious forms, each manifesting a physiological relation to the struc-
ture of the teeth, and adapted to the required movements of the
jaws in the various genera. In the herbivorous Kangaroo the gle-
noid cavity forms a broad and slightly convex surface, as in the Ru-
minants, affording freedom of rotation to the lower jaw in every di-
rection. In the Phalangers and Potoroos the articular surface is
quite plane. In the Perameles it is slightly convex from side to
side, and concave from behind forwards. In the Wombat it is form-
ed by a convex narrow ridge considerably extended, and slightly
concave, in the transverse direction. This ridge is not bounded by
any descending process posteriorly, so that the jaw is left free for
the movements of protraction and retraction; but this structure is
widely different from that which facilitates similar movements in
the Rodentia. In these there is a longitudinal groove on each side,
in which the condyle of the lower jaw plays backwards and forwards,
but is impeded in its lateral movements ; these, on the contrary, are
freely allowed to the Wombat, and the oblique disposition of the
lines of enamel upon the molar teeth correspond with the various
movements of which the lower jaw of the Wombat is thus suscep-
tible. In the Koala the glenoid cavity is a transversely oblong depres-
sion, with a slight convex rising at the bottom ; indicating rotatory
movements of the jaw. In the carnivorous Dasyures it forms a con-
cavity still more elongated transversely, less deep than in the placental
Carnivora, but adapted, as in them, to a ginglymoid motion of the
lower jaw; the joint differs in the absence of an interarticular car-
tilage in the Marsupial Carnivora. In all the genera, save in the
Wombat, retraction of the lower jaw is opposed by a descending
process of the temporal bone immediately anterior to the meatus
auditorius and tympanic bone.

“The glenoid cavity presents a characteristic structure in the

126

Marsupialia. In all the species, the Petaurists excepted, the malar
bone forms the outer part of the articular surface for the lower jaw ;
and in the Dasyurus Maugei, Dasyurus Ursinus, Perameles, Hypsi-
prymnus and Macropus, the sphenoid ala forms the inner boundary
of the same surface; but it does not extend so far backwards in the
Wombat or Koala.
“* The sphenoid bone has the same general form and relative po-
sition as in the ordinary Mammalia, but presents a similarity to that
in the Ovipara, in the persistence of the pterygoid processes as sepa-
rate bones. It is only in the Koala that I have observed a complete
obliteration of the suture joining the basilar element of the sphe-
noid with that of the occipital bone.
«‘ The chief peculiarity in the sphenoid bone is the dilatation of
the root of the great ala already alluded to; this dilatation commu-
nicates with and is filled with air from the tympanum ; it forms the
hemispherical bud/a ossea on each side of the basis cranii in the Da-
syures and Phascogales, and the large semiovate budl/@ in the Myr-
mecobius: but in the Koala the bulle are still more developed, and
are produced downwards to an extent equal with the ex-occipital
processes ; they are somewhat compressed laterally, and instead of
the smooth and polished surface which characterize them in the pre-
ceding genera, terminate here in a rough ridge. The dilated air-cham-
bers or bulle of the sphenoid are relatively smaller in the Phalangers
and Potoroos than in the Dasyures; and they are incomplete poste-
riorly in the Kangaroo and Wombat. In the Brush Kangaroo the
above process from the sphenoid joins the base of the large descend-
ing process of the ex-occipital. The pterygoid processes are relatively
largest in the Kangaroo, Wombat, and Koala, and present in each
of these species distinct hamular processes. In the Potoroo, Kanga-
roo, and Wombat, the sphenoid ala combines with the pterygoid
process to form a large and deep depression opening externally. In
the Kangaroo, Dasyures, Koala and Wombat, the great ale of the
sphenoid articulate with the parietal bones; but, by a very small
portion in the two latter species ; in the Perameles and Potoroos,
the sphenoid ale do not reach the parietals.
«There is little to notice in the parietal bones except the oblite-
ration of the sagittal suture in those species in which a bony crista
is developed in the corresponding place: they present a singularly
flattened form in the Wombat, in an aged skull of which, and ina
similar one in the Kangaroo, I observe a like obliteration of the sa-
gittal suture. In the Kangaroo, Potoroo, Petaurus, Phalanger, and
Myrmecobius, there is a triangular inter-parietal bone. The cor-
responding bone I find in three pieces in the skull of a Wombat.
«« The coronal suture presents in most of the Marsupials an irre-
gular angular course, forming a notch in the frontals on each side,
which receives a corresponding triangular process of the parietal bone:
-this form of the suture is least pronounced in the Myrmecobius and
Acrobates. A process corresponding to the posterior frontal augments
the bony boundary of the orbit in the Thylacine, the Ursine Dasyure,
and in a slighter degree in the Virginian Opossum. It is relatively

127

most developed in the skull of the Myrmecobius fasciatus, where the
orbit is large ; but the bony boundary of the orbit is not complete
in any of the Marsupials. In the Myrmecobius there is a deep notch
at the middle of the supra-orbital ridge. I have found the frontal
suture obliterated only in the Virginian Opossum and Petaurists;
but in the latter it is remarkable, that the other sutures of the head,
as the lambdoidal and sagittal, continue distinct.

«The frontal bones are chiefly remarkable for their anterior expan-
sion, and the great share which they take in the formation of the na-
salcavity. Inthe Thylacine the part of the cranium occupied by the
frontal sinuses exceeds in breadth the cerebral cavity, from which it
is divided by a constriction.

« The lachrymal bones vary in their relative size in different Mar-
supiata. In the Koala they extend upon the face about a line be-
yond the anterior boundary of the orbit; and at this part they pre-
sent a groove with one large, and two or three small perforations ;
in the Wombat their extent upon the face is slightly increased ; it
is proportionally greater in the Kangaroos, Potoroos, Phalangers,
and Dasyures, in which this part of the lachrymal bone presents two
perforations, but itis close to the orbit. The Thylacine, as compared
with the Wolf, presents a greater extent of the facial portion of the
lachrymal bone, and thus indicates its inferior type. In the Myr-
mecobius the lachrymal bone exhibits its greatest relative develop-
ment.

«« The malar bone is very strong and of great extent in all the
Marsupiata : least developed in the Perameles lagotis, it here presents
a singular form, being bifureate at both extremities; the processus
zygomaticus mazille superioris is wedged into the cleft of the ante-
rior fork ; the corresponding process of the temporal bone fills up
the posterior space ; the lower division of this bifurcation is the
longest, and in all the Marsupiata enters into the composition of the
articular surface for the lower jaw, except in the Petaurists, where
it just falls short of this part. The anterior bifurcation of the malar
bone is not present in the Marsupiata generally : the external malo-
maxillary suture forms an oblique and almost straight line in the
Wombat, Phalanger, Opossum, Dasyurus, and Kangaroo. Owing
to the low development of the zygomatic process of the superior
maxillary in the Wombat, the malar bone is not suspended in the
zygomatic arch in this Marsupial, as in the placental Rodentia. It
is of relatively much larger size, and of a prismatic form, arising
from the development of the oblique external ridge above described.
In the Kangaroo, Potoroo, Great Petaurus, and Phalanger, it is tra-
versed externally by a ridge showing the extent of attachment of
the masseter; in the Koala the ridge extends along the bone near
the upper margin, and the surface below presents a well-marked ex-
_cavation.

« The nasal bones vary in their form and relative size in the dif-
ferent genera; they are longest and narrowest in the Perameles,
‘shortest and broadest in the Koala. Their most characteristic
structure is the expansion of the upper and posterior extremity,

128

which is well marked in the Wombat, Myrmecobius, Petaurists,
Phalangers, Opossums, and Dasyures. In the Potoroos the ante-
rior extremities of the nasal bones converge to a point: which projects
beyond the intermaxillaries. In some Petaurists and the Perameles
the corresponding points reach as far as the intermaxillaries ; and in
Perameles lagotis the bony case of the nasal passages is further in-
creased by the presence of two small rostral bones, resulting, as in
the Hog, from ossification of the nasal cartilage.

** The intermaxillary bones always contain teeth, and the ratio of
their development corresponds with the bulk of the dental ap-
paratus which they support. They are consequently largest in the
Wombat, where they extend far upon the side of the face, and are
articulated to a considerable proportion of the nasal bones, but do
not, as in the placental Rodentia, reach the frontal, or divide the
maxillary bone from the nasal. They present the next degree of
inferior development in the Koala, and both in this species and in
the Wombat bulge outwards, and thus remarkably increase the
transverse diameter of the osseous cavity of the nose.

‘« Neither in Hypsiprymnus nor Macropus do | find the incisive pala-
tal foramina entirely in the intermaxillary bones, as described by the
author of the text in Pander and d’Alton’s ‘Skelete der Beutelthiere,’
a small proportion of their buny circumference is due to the ante-
rior extremity of the palatal process of the maxillaries, and the
same structure obtains in the Wombat, Koala, and Opossums.
In the Dasyuri and Phalangers a greater proportion of the posterior
boundary of these foramina is formed by the maxillaries. In the
Petaurists they are entirely surrounded by the maxillaries; while
in the Perameles the incisive foramina are wholly surrounded by
the intermaxillary bones. They always present the form of two
longitudinal fissures.

«The maxillary bones in the Wombat send up a long, narrow,
irregular nasal process which joins the frontal and nasal bones,
separating them from the intermaxillaries; the part which pro-
jects into the temporal fossa behind the orbit presents two or
three smooth tuberosities, formed by the thin plate of bone co-
vering the pulps of the large curved posterior grinders. The
corresponding part in Perameles lagotis is perforated by nume-
rous minute apertures like a cribriform plate, and this structure
is presented in a slighter degree in the Potoroos and Ursine Da-
syure. ‘The ant-orbital foramen does not present any marked va-
riety of size, which is generally moderate. It is much closer to
the orbit in the carnivorous Marsupiata than in the corresponding
placental quadrupeds. It is relatively largest in the Ursine Dasyure,
and presents the form of a nearly vertical fissure in the Wombat. I
have observed it double in the Kangaroo. The chief differences in
the maxillary bones, independently of the teeth and their alveoli,
are presented by the palatal processes; the modifications of which
I shall consider in conjunction with those presented by the palatal
processes of the palatal bones. The perforations of the bony palate
deserve particular attention; they are generally specific, and of

eee

129

consequence in the determination both of recent and fossil spe-’
cies.

“In Phalangista Cookii, some of the Petaurists, and the great
Kangaroo (Macropus Major), the bony palate is of great extent, and
presents a smooth surface, concave in every direction towards the
mouth ; this is pierced by two small posterior palatine foramina,
situated at the anterior external angles of the palatine bones, close
to the transverse palato-maxillary sutures ; behind the foramina in
the Kangaroo, and pierced in the suture itself in the Petaurists, are
a few small irregular perforations. The bony palate is also entire
in the Hypsiprymnus Ursinus, Mill.

*« In Macropus Bennettii there are four orifices at the posterior part of
the bony palate : the two anterior ones are situated upon the palato-
maxillary suture, of an ovate form, with the small end forwards ; the
two posterior foramina are of a less regular form and smaller size.

“In the Brush Kangaroo (Macropus Brunii, Cuv.) the posterior
palatal foramina present the form of two large oval fissures placed
obliquely, and converging posteriorly. ‘They encroach upon the
posterior border of the maxillary plate. Anterior to these vacan-
cies there are two smaller foramina, and posterior to them are one
or two similar foramina. In the Australian Potoroos, Wombat,
and Koala, the posterior palatal openings are large and oval, and
situated entirely in the palatal bones; posterior and external to
these there are two small perforations. In the Phalangers (Phal.
Cookii excepted) the palatal openings are proportionally larger ; they
extend into the palatal process uf the maxillaries ; and the thin bridge
of bone which divides the openings in the Potoroo, &c. is wanting;
the two perforations at the posterior external angles of the palatine
bones are also present. In the Virginian Opossum the bony palate
presents eight distinct perforations besides the incisive foramina ;
the palatal processes of the palatine bone extend as far forwards
in the median line as the third molares ; a long and narrow fissure
extends for an equal distance (three lines) into the palatal processes,
both of the palatines and maxillaries; behind these fissures, and
nearer the median line, are two smaller oblong fissures ; external,
and a little posterior to these, are two similar fissures, situated in
the palato-maxillary suture ; lastly, there are two round perforations
close to the posterior margin of the bony palate.

«« Now there is no carnivorous quadruped in the placental series
which has a bony palate characterized by perforations and vacuities
of this kind. In the dog, the cat, and the weasel tribe, the bony
palate is only perforated by two small oblique canals, which open in
or near the palato-maxillary suture. The very great interest which
is attached to the fossil jaws of the Stonesfield Marsupials, the only
mammiferous remains hitherto discovered in the secondary formations,
will justify the minuteness; perhaps tediousness, with which I have
dwelt on characters that, inclusive of the teeth, serve to distinguish
the cranium of the Marsupial from that of any. placental quadruped.
The structure of the bony palate in the Marsupiata is interesting in
other respects. Since the defective condition of this part of the cra-

130

nium is one of the characteristics of the skull of the bird, it might be
expected that some approximation would be made to that structure
in the animals which form the transition between the placental and
oviparous classes. We have already noticed the large vacuities which
occur in the bony palate of nearly all the Marsupials, but this imper-
fectly ossified condition is most remarkable in the Acrobates and Pera-
meies lagotis. 1n the latter the bony roof of the mouth is perforated
by a wide oval space, extending from the second spurious molars to
the penultimate molars, exposing to view the vomer and convo-
lutions of the inferior spongy bones in the nasal cavity. Behind
this space there are six small perforations ; two in a transverse line,
midway between the great vacancy and the posterior margin of the
bony palate, and four in a transverse line, close to that margin.

‘«« In the Ursine Dasyure a large transversely oblong aperture is
situated at the posterior part of the palatal processes of the maxil-
lary bones, and encroaches a little upon the palatines; this aper-
ture is partly, perhaps in young skulls, wholly bisected by a narrow
longitudinal osseous bridge. The large aperture in the skull of the
Dasyurus Ursinus, figured by Temminck, is the result of accidental
injury to the bony palate. — (Monographie de Mammalogie, Pl. viii.)
In Mauge’s Dasyure two large ovate apertures, situated in the palato-
maxillary sutures, are divided by a broad plate of bone ; posterior to
these are two apertures of similar size and form, which, being
situated nearer the mesial line, are divided by a narrower osseous
bridge ; each posterior external angle of the bony palate is also per-
forated by an oval aperture. Jn the Viverrine Dasyure the two va-
cancies which cross the palato-maxillary suture are in the form of
longitudinal fissures, corresponding in situation with the fourth and
fifth grinders; the posterior margin of the bony palate has four
small apertures on the same transverse line.

Cavity of the Cranium.—‘ The parietes of the cranial cavity are
remarkable for their thickness in some of the marsupial genera.
In the Wombat the two tables of the parietal bones are separated
posteriorly for the extent of more than half an inch, the interspace
being filled with a coarse cellular diploé; the frontal bones are
about two and a half lines thick. In the Ursine Dasyure the cra-
nial bones have a similar texture and relative thickness. In the
Koala the texture of the cranial bones is denser, and their thick-
ness varies from two lines to half a line. In the Kangaroo the
thickness varies considerably in different parts of the skull, but the
parietes are generally so thin as to be diaphanous, which is the case
with the smaller marsupials, as the Potoroos and Petaurists. The
union of the body of the second with that of the third cranial verte-
bre takes place in the marsupiata, as in the placental mammalia, at
the sella turcica, which is overarched by the backward extension of
the lesser ale of the sphenoid. The optic foramina and the fissure
lacere anteriores are all blended together, so that a wide opening
leads outwards from each side of the sella. Immediately posterior,
and external to this opening, are the foramina rotunda, from each of
which, in the Kangaroo, a remarkable groove leads to the fossa

131

gasseriana, at the commencement of the foramen. ovale ; the same
groove is indicated in a slighter degree in the Dasyuri and Phalan-
gers, but is almost obsolete in the Wombat and Koala. The carotid
canals pierce the body of the sphenoid, as in the bird, and terminate
in the skull, very close together, behind the sedla turcica, which is
not bounded by a posterior clinoid process. The petrous bone in
the Kangaroo, Koala, and Phalanger, is impressed above the meatus
auditorius, by a deep, smooth, round pit which lodges the lateral
appendage of the cerebellum. The corresponding pit is shallower
in the Dasyuri, and almost obsolete in the Wombat. The middle,
and posterior fissure lacere have the usual relative position, but. the
latter are small. The condyles are each perforated anteriorly by
two foramina. The composition and form of the foramen magnum
we have already ‘spoken of. It is of great size, in relation to the
capacity of the cranium; the aspect of its plane is backwards, and
slightly downwards.

“« In the Kangaroo and Phalanger a thin ridge of bone extends for
the distance of one or two lines into the periphery of the tentorial
process of the dura mater, and two sharp spines are sent down into
it from the upper part of the cranium in the Phalangista Vulpina.
The tentorium is supported by a thick ridge of bone in the Thyla-
cine, but it is not completely ossified in any of the Marsupiata; in
some species indeed, as the Dasyures, the Koala, and the Wombat,
the bony ridge above described does not exist. There is no ossifi-
cation of the falciform ligament, as in the Ornithorhynchus. The ~
anterior depression, or olfactory division of the cavity of the cranium,
as it may be termed from its large size, is separated in a well-marked
manner from the proper cerebral division of the cavity. It is rela-
tively smallest in the Koala. In all the Marsupials it is bounded
anteriorly by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which is con-
verted into an osseous reticulation by the number and size of the
olfactory apertures. The cavity of the nose, from its great size
and the complication of the turbinated bones, forms an important
part of the skull. It is divided by a complete bony septum to with-
in one-fourth of the anterior aperture ; the anterior margin of the
septum is slightly concave in the Koala, describes a slightly convex
line in the Wombat, Kangaroo, and Phalanger, and a sigmoid
flexure in the Dasyure. A longitudinal ridge projects downwards
from the inside of each of the nasal bones, and is continued poste-
riorly into the superior turbinated bone; this bone extends mto the
dilated space anterior to the cranial cavity, which corresponds with
the frontal sinuses. The convolutions of the middle spongy bone
are extended chiefly in the axis of the skull; the processes of the
anterior convoluted bone are arranged obliquely from below, upwards
and forwards. They are extremely delicate and numerous in the
Dasyures and Phalanger; they consist of thin Jamine of bone beau-
tifully arranged on the convex surface of the os turbinatum, and
placed vertically to that surface in the Potoroo; but the bone be-
comes very simple in the Kangaroo, Koala, and Wombat. The
nasal cavity communicates freely with large maxillary sinuses, and,

132

finally, terminates by wide apertures behind the bony palate. In
the skull the nasal cavity communicates with the mouth, as before-
mentioned, by means of the various large vacuities in the palatal
processes.

«« The lower jaw of the marsupiata isa part of their osseous struc-
ture which claims more than ordinary attention, in consequence of
the discussions to which the fossil specimens of this bone, discovered
in the oolitic strata of Stonesfield, have given rise. I have examined
the two specimens in the possession of Dr. Buckland, the specimen
formerly in the collection of Mr. Broderip, and that which is pre-
served in the Museum at York; the composition of the lower jaw,
each ramus of which consists of one piece of bone, the convex condyle,
and the double fangs of the molar teeth, prove the mammiferous
character of these remains; the size, elevation, and form of the
coronoid process of the lower jaw, the production of the angle
of the jaw, with the development of the canines, and the pointed
tubercular crowns of the molar teeth, indicate the carnivorous
and insectivorous character of the species in question. The number
of the incisors, eight in the lower jaw, and the structure and propor-
tions of the molar teeth, approximate these small insectivora most
nearly to the smaller species of the modern genus Didelphis; but
the number of the molars in one of the specimens exceeds that of
any insectivore, placental, or marsupial, which was known at the
period when Cuvier wrote on this fossil. Recently, however,
’ a genus of insectivorous mammal (Myrmecobius) has been dis-
covered in Australia, presenting the modifications of the cranium
which characterize the marsupiata, and having nine tuberculate
molares in each ramus of the lower jaw.—(See Mr. Waterhouse’s
Memoir, Zool. Trans. ii. pl. 28. fig. 2,5.) Besides the osteolo-
gical characters above alluded to, there is a character in the lower
jaw of the marsupial animals, not peculiar to the genus Didelphis,
which serves to distinguish it from that of the placental mammalia.
In the carnivorous marsupials, as the Thylacine, the lower maxillary
bone very nearly resembles in general form that of the corresponding
placental species, as the dog; a similar transverse condyle is placed
low down, near the angle of the jaw; the strong coronoid process rises
high above it, and is slightly curved backwards; there is the same well-
marked depression on the exterior of the ascending ramus for the firm
implantation of the temporal muscle, and the lower boundary of this
depression is formed by a strong ridge extended downwards and
forwards from the outside of the condyle. But in the dog and
other placental digitigrade carnivore, a process, representing the
angle of the jaw, extends directly backwards from the middle of
the above ridge, which process gives fixation to the articulation of
the jaw, and increases the power by which the masseter acts upon
the jaw. Now, although the same curved ridge of bone bounds
the lower part of the external depression of the ascending ramus in
all the marsupiata, it does not in any of them send backwards, or
in any other direction, a process corresponding to that just de-
scribed in the dog. ‘The angle of the jaw is as if it were bent in-

133

wards in the form of a process encroaching in various shapes and ya-
rious degrees of development, in the different marsupial genera, upon
the interspace of the rami of the lower jaw. In looking down upon
the lower margin of the jaw, we see therefore, in place of the margin
of a vertical plate of bone, a more or less flattened surface extended
between the external ridge and the internal process or inflected

angle. In the Opossums this internal angular process is triangular —

and trihedral, directed inwards, with the point slightly curved upwards.
In the Dasyures it has a similar form, but the apex is extended into
an obtuse process. In the Thylacine the base of the inverted angle
is proportionally more extended, and a similar structure is presented
by the fossil Phascolothere. In the Perameles the angle of the jaw
forms a still longer process; it is of a flattened form, extended obliquely
inwards and backwards, and slightly curved upwards. In the Poto-
roos and Phalangers the process is broad, with the apex slightly de-
veloped ; it is bent inwards, and bounds the lower part of a wide
and deep depression on the inside of the ascending ramus. In the
great Kangaroo the internal margin of this process is curved up-
wards, so as to augment the depth of the internal depression above-
mentioned. The internal angular process arrives at its maximum
of development in the Wombat, and the breadth of the base of the
ascending ramus very nearly equals the height of the same; this
broad base also inclines downwards and outwards from the inflected
angle, and the same peculiarity occurs in the jaw of the fossil Phas-
colothere. In the Koala the size of the process in question is also
considerable, but it is compressed, and directed backwards, with the
obtuse apex only bending inwards, so that the characteristic flatten-
ing of the base of the ascending ramus is least marked in this species.

““There is no depression on the inner side of the ramus of the
jaw in the Koala, but its smooth surface is simply pierced near
its middle by the dental artery. There is a corresponding perfora-
tion on the external surface of the ramus, upon which we observe
the external muscular depression bounded below by a broad an-
gular ridge. In the Dasyure, there is no external perforation corre-
sponding with the dental canal on the inside of the ramus.. The
ramus is likewise entire in the Petaurists, Phalangers, Perameles, and
Opossums: In the Wombat the ascending ramus is directly per-

forated by a round aperture immediately posterior to the com-

mencement of the dental canal: the corresponding aperture is of
larger size in the Kangaroo. But in the Potoroos both the external
and internal depressions of the ascending ramus lead to wide canals,
or continuations of the depressions, which pass forwards into the sub-

stance of the horizontal ramus, and soon uniting into one passage, -

leave a vacant space in the intervening bony septum: this structure,
if it had existed only in the jaw of a fossil marsupial, would have
supported an argument for its Saurian nature, on account of a nearly
similar structure in the jaw of the Crocodile. The posterior aperture
of the dental canal is situated in the Potoroos and Wombat, as in
the Stonesfield fossils, just behind the last molar tooth ; and in the
Wombat a vascular groove is continued from the foramen along the

134

inner side of the ramus of the jaw, as in the same fossils. In the
Thylacine and Ursine Dasyure, and in their fossil congeners, the
Thylacothere and Phascolothere, the condyle of the lower jaw is
placed low down on a level with the molar series: it is raised a
little above that level in the Opossums, and ascends in proportion to
the vegetable diet of the species.

«« In all those Marsupiata which have few or very small incisors,
the horizontal rami of the jaw converge towards a point at the
symphysis. ‘The angle of convergence is most open in the Wombat,
and the gradual diminution is most marked and direct. The inter-
nal surface of the symphysis menti is almost horizontal, and is con-
vex from side to side in the interval between the molars and incisors.
The suture becomes obliterated in aged skulls ; it is also wholly ob-
literated in the skull of a Koala now before me: in all the other
Marsupial crania which I have examined, the rami of the lower jaw
are disjoined at the symphysis ; and in the Opossum, both the rami
of the lower jaw and all the bones of the face are remarkable for the
loose nature of their connection.

«<The vertebral column is divisible in all the Marsupiata into the
usual classes of cervical, costal, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrze.

«< The cervical vertebre invariably present the usual numher, seven,
and the usual character of the perforation of the transverse process,
or rather the presence and union of the outer extremities of the
upper and lower transverse processes. In the Dasyures, Opossums,
Perameles, and Phalangers, the seventh cervical vertebra has only the
upper transverse process, and consequently wants the character of
the perforation, as in many of the ordinary Mammalia. In the
Koala, Wombat, Potoroos, and Kangaroos, the seventh vertebra is
perforated like the rest; but inthe Kangaroo both the dentata and
atlas have the transverse processes grooved merely by the vertebral
arteries; and in the Koala and Wombat the atlas presents only the
perforation on each side of the superior arch.

“In the Perameles and some other Marsupials, as the Cayopollin,
an affinity to the Reptilia is manifested in the structure of the atlas,
which exhibits a permanent separation of the superior laminz from
the centre or body below. In the Koala and Wombat the body of
the atlas remains permanently cartilaginous ; at least, this is its con-
dition in an adult skeleton of each of these animals in the Hunterian
Museum, in which the lower part of the vertebral ring is completed
by dried gristly substance. In the Petaurists, Kangaroos, and
Potoroos, the atlas is completed below by an extension of ossifica-
tion from the centres developed in the superior laminz into the car-
tilaginous nucleus representing the body; and the ring of the ver-
tebre is for a long time interrupted by a longitudinal fissure in the
middle line, the breadth of which diminishes withage. This fissure
is represented in figures of the atlas of a Potoroo and Kangaroo given
by Pander and d’Alton (Beutelthiere, fig. c. pls. ili. and vii.), but in
some of the skeletons of these Marsupials examined by me I find the
ring completed, and the fissure obliterated. In all the Marsupiata
the spine of the dentata is well developed both in the vertical and

itudinal directions, but most so in the Virginian and Crab-eating
)possums, where it increases in thickness posteriorly; in these spe-
cies also the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebre have their
spines remarkably long and thick, but progressively diminishing
from the third, which equals in height and thickness, but not in lon- |
gitudinal extent, the spine of the dentata. These spines are four-

sided, and being closely impacted one behind another must add —
greatly to the strength while they diminish the mobility of this part

of the spine. I know of no other Mammiferous genus which pre-

sents the same structure : in the Armadillos the corresponding spines

are largely developed, but they are anchylosed together. In the

_ Orang the cervical spines are remarkably developed, but have the a»
ordinary slender subcylindrical rounded form. Tyson, who describes a
and particularly figures the above structure of the cervical vertebre tae
in the Opossum, conjectures that it is given to this arboreal animal e
in order that there might be ‘no danger of its breaking its neck
should it happen to fall to the ground by chance or design.’ Un-
fortunately for this reasoning, however, the Phalangers, Koala, and ‘a é
other Marsupiata, whose arboreal habits render them equally liable
toa fall, present the usual structure of the five posterior cervical
_ vertebrae, the spines of which are all much less than that of the
_ dentata, and in the Phalangers and Petaurists almost obsolete. I
observe in the Phalangista Cookii that the superior flattened arches
of the five last cervical vertebra bear a ridge on each side of the
_ spine, having the same direction and form, and nearly the same size.
: The structure of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebre, in

the Opossum, is adapted to the strengthening and fixation of this part
of the vertebral column ; they are expanded nearly in the axis of the ==
spine, but obliquely, so that the posterior part of one transverse pro-
cess overlaps the anterior part of the succeeding. ‘This structure is"
_ exhibited in a slighter degree in the cervical vertebree of the Dasyures,
_ Phalangers, and Great Kangaroo. In the Petaurists, Potoroos, Wom-
bat, and Koala, the direction and simpler form of the transverse pro-
cesses allows of greater freedom of lateral motion. In the Koala and
_ Wombat a short obtuse process is given off from the under part of the
_ transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra. In the Potoroos,
Kangaroos, Petaurists, Phalangers, Opossums,and Dasyures, this pro-
_ cess is remarkably expanded in the direction of the axis of the spine;
in the Perameles corresponding processes are observed pregressively
increasing in size, on the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebra.
“The number of the dorsal vertebrie is greatest in the Wombat,
where it is fifteen, corresponding with the number of pairs of ribs;
it is least in the Petaurists which have twelve dorsal vertebre.
In all the other genera there are thirteen. In the Koala the
length of the spine of the first dorsal hardly exceeds that of the last
cervical; but in all other Marsupials the difference is considerable,
the first dorsal spine being much longer ; those of the remaining:
dorsal vertebre progressively diminish in length, and increase in
yreadth and thickness. hey slope backwards towards the centre
of motion. In Mauge’s Dasyure this is shown to be at the ninth —

Te 8 re ee CPR ere a Sere oe ee) eee, PS eee eee
3 M3

136

dorsal vertebra, by the verticality of its spine, towards which both
the preceding and succeeding spines incline. In the Perameles the

centre of motion is at the eleventh dorsal vertebra; in the Potoroo -

and Kangaroo at the twelfth; in the Petaurists at the thirteenth
vertebra. In the Phalangers, Opossum, Koala, and Wombat, the
flexibility of the spine is much diminished, and the centre of motion
is not defined by the convergence of the spinous process towards a
single vertebra, but they all incline slightly backwards.

«< The lumbar vertebree are four in number in the Wombat, seven
in the Petaurists, and six in other Marsupiata, the total number of
true vertebre being thus the same in all the genera. The an-
terior oblique processes, which begin to increase in length in the
three posterior dorsal vertebrz, attain a great size in the lumbar
vertebree, and are locked into the interspace of the posterior ob-
lique processes, which are double on each side, except in the Pera-
meles, and in the last lumbar vertebre of all the other genera. The
transverse processes of the lumbar vertebre progressively increase
in length as the vertebre approach the sacrum; they are most de-
veloped in the Wombat, where they are directed obliquely forwards.
In the Kangaroos, Potoroos, and Perameles they are curved for-
wards, and obliquely downwards. The length of these and of the
anterior oblique processes is relatively least in the Petaurists, Pha-
langers, and Opossums.

«« The number of vertebre succeeding the lumbar, which are an-
chylosed together in the sacral region of the spine, amount in the
Wombat to seven; but if we regard those vertebre only as sacral
which join the innominata, then there are three. In the Pha-
langers there are generally two sacral vertebre; but in a Phal.
Cookii I have observed three sacral vertebrae, both by anchylosis
and juncture with the ossa innominata. In the Kangaroos and
Potoroos the impetus of the powerful hinder extremities is trans-
ferred to two anchylosed vertebre. In the Perameles there is
only a single sacral vertebra, the spine of which is shorter and
thicker than those of the lumbar, and turned in the contrary direc-
tion, viz. backwards. In Mauge’s Dasyure two sacral vertebra are
anchylosed, but it is to the expanded transverse processes of the
anterior one that the innominata arejoined. The same kind of union
exists in the Viverrine Dasyure, but three vertebre are anchylosed
together. In the Phalangers and Petaurists there are two sacral
vertebrae. In Petaurus taguanoides and Pet. macrurus three are
anchylosed together, though two only join the i/ium. Inthe Wom-
bat the transverse processes of the numerous anchylosed vertebra
are remarkable for their length; those of the first four are directed
outwards and are confluent at their extremities ; the remaining ones
are turned in a slight degree backwards, and very nearly reach the
tuberosities of the ischia, behind which they gradually diminish in
size, and are lost in the three last caudal vertebre. The transition
from the sacral to the caudal vertebrz is very obscure in the Wom-
bat; if we limit the sacral to the three which join the élium, then
there remain twelve vertebr for the tail. The spinal canal is com-

137

plete in all but the last three, which consist only of the body.
There are no inferior spines ; and as only the six posterior vertebre,
which progressively diminish in length, extend beyond the posterior
aperture of the pelvis, the tail is scarcely visible in the living animal.
In the Koala the tail is also very short. Inone species of Perameles
I find eighteen caudal vertebre, in another twenty-three.

*«JIn two species of Potoroo there are twenty-four caudal verte-
bre, but the relative length of the tail differs in these by one-third,
in consequence of the greater length of the bodies of the vertebra. In
the Great Kangaroo there are twenty-two, while in Bennett’s Kangaroo
there are twenty-four caudal vertebre. In the Phalangista vulpina
there are twenty-one caudal vertebrae. In the Petaurus macrurus I
find twenty-eight caudal vertebree, while in the Pet. sciureus there
are but twenty. ‘The bodies of the middle caudal vertebre, in both
these species, are remarkably long and slender. In the Dasyurus
Maugei I find twenty caudal vertebre.

“Tn the Virginian Opossum there are twenty-two caudal vertebre ;
the spinal canal is continued along the first six, beyond these the
superior spinous processes cease to be developed, and the body gives
off above only the two anterior and two posterior oblique processes,
which are rudimental, and no longer subservient to the mutual arti-
culation of the vertebre. The transverse processes are single on
the first five caudal vertebre, and are nearly the breadth of the body,
but diminish in length from the second caudal, in which they are
generally the longest. In the other vertebrz a short obtuse trans-
verse process is developed at both extremities of the body on either
side, so that the dilated articular surfaces of the posterior caudal
vertebre present a quadrate figure.

“Tn most of the Marsupials, which have a long tail, this appendage
is subject to pressure on some part of the under surface. In the
Kangaroo this must obviously take place to a considerable degree
when the tail is used as a fifth extremity to aid in supporting or pro-
pelling the body. In the Potoroos and Perameles the tail also
transmits to the ground part of the superincumbent pressure of the
body by its under surface, when the animal is erect; but it is not
used as a crutch in locomotion, as in the Kangaroos. In the Pha-
langers and Opossums the tail is prehensile, and the vessels situated
at the under surface are liable to compression when the animal
hangs suspended by the tail. To protect these vessels, therefore,
as well as to afford additional attachment to the museles which execute
the various movements for which the tail is adapted in the above-men-
tioned Marsupiata, V-shaped bones, or inferior arches (hemapophy-
ses) are developed, of various forms and sizes, and are placed opposite
the articulations of the vertebre, analogous to the situation of the
superior arches in the sacral region of the spine in Birds, and in the
dorsal region of the spine in the Chelonian Reptiles. ‘The two crura
of the subvertebral arch embrace and defend the blood vessels; and
the process continued from their point of union presents a variety
of forms in different genera. In the Virginian Opossum and Vul-
pine Phalanger they are simple, about a quarter of an inch in

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BE ee eer eR RO GE One ee
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138

length where longest, directed obliquely forwards, and diminish in —
size as they approach the extremity of the tail. In Cook’s Phalan-
ger I find the hemapophyses commence between the second and third
caudal vertebre, increase in length to the fourth, and then pro-
gressively diminish to the end of the tail: the penultimate and an-
tepenultimate presenting a permanent separation of the lateral moie-
ties, and an absence of the spine.

“In the Potoroos the extremity of the long anterior spines is di-
lated, and produced backwards and forwards ; the posterior smaller’
ones become expanded laterally, and give off similar but shorter pro-
cesses from each side, whereby the base of the support is extended.

«In the Great Kangaroo the spine of the first subvertebral arch
only is simple and elongated; the extremities of the others are ex-
panded, and in some jut out into four obtuse processes, two at the
sides and two at the interior and posterior surfaces. In a carefully
prepared skeleton of Macropus Benettii, | found these inferior spines
wanting between the last nine vertebre of the tail. In the Petau-
rists, Phascogales, and Dasyures, where the tail acts as a balancing
pole, or serves, from the long and thick hair with which it is
clothed, as a portable blanket to keep the nose and extremities
warm during sleep, the subvertebral arches are also present, but
less in number, and of smaller relative size. They are here princi-
pally subservient to the attachment of muscles,—their mere mecha-
nical office of defending the caudal vessels from pressure not being
required.

“ The ribs consist of thirteen pairs, excepting in the Wombat and
Petaurists : the first of these is the shortest, and, except in some of
the Petaurists, the broadest. In the Pet. macrurus, the fifth, sixth,
or seventh are the broadest, and the ribs generally have, both in this
species and in Pet. sciureus, a more compressed form than in the
other Marsupials; but this character does not exist in Petaurus
Taguanoides. In the Great Kangaroo they are very slender and
rounded, except at the sternal extremities, which are flattened for
the attachment of the cartilages. In this species the anterior pairs of
ribs articulate directly with the sternum. The cartilages of the other
pairs are long and bent towards the sternum, but do not join it; nor
are they confluent, but have a gliding motion one over the other.
In the Opossum there are seven pairs of true ribs, and six which
may be regarded as coste nothe. In the Wombat six pairs only out
of the fifteen reach the sternum.

«The sternum consists of a succession of elongated bones, gene-
rally six in number, but in the Wombat four. The first bone, or
manubrium sterni, is the largest, and presents in many species a tri-
angular shape, from the expansion of its anterior part, and some-
times a rhomboidal figure. A strong keel or longitudinal process
is given off in many species from the middle of its inferior or outer

‘surface; the side next the cavity of the chest is smooth and slightly

concave. In the Wombat, Phalangers, and others, the keel is pro-
duced anteriorly into a strong process, against the sides of which
the clavicles abut: the first pair of ribs join the produced anterior

139

angles of the manubrium. In the Dasyures, Opossums, Phalangers,
and Petaurists, the manubrium is compressed and elongated, and the
clavicles are joined to a process continued from its anterior extremity.
The small clavicles of the Kangaroo have a similar connection.

‘* The cartilages of the true ribs, (which frequently become ossi-
fied in old Marsupials) are articulated as usual to the interspaces
of the sternal bones; the last of these supports a broad flat cartilage.

*« The clavicles are relatively strongest and longest in the burrow-
ing Wombat, weakest and shortest in the Great Kangaroo. In the
latter they are simply curved with the convexity forwards, and mea-
sure only two inches in length In the Wombat they are upwards
of three inches in length, andhave a double curvature ; they are ex-
panded and obliquely truncate at the sternal extremity, where the
articular surface presents a remarkably deep notch: they become
compressed as they approach the acromion, to which they are at-
tached by an extended narrow articular surface. In the Koala the
clavicles are also very strong, but more compressed than in the
Wombat, bent outwards in their whole extent, and the convex mar-
gin formed, not by a continuous curve, but by three almost straight
lines, with intervening angles, progressively diminishing in extent
to the outermost line which forms the articular surface with the
acromion. In most of the other Marsupials the clavicle is a simple
compressed elongated bone, with one general outward curvature. In
the genus Perameles there are no clavicles.

«The scapula varies in form in the different Marsupiata. In the
Petaurists it forms a scalene triangle, with the glenoid cavity at the
convergence of the two longest sides. In the Wombat it presents a
remarkably regular oblong quadrate figure, the neck being produced
from the lower half of the anterior margin, and the outer surface
being traversed diagonally by the spime; which, in this species,
gradually rises to a full inch above the plane of the scapula, and
terminates in a long narrow compressed acromion arching over the
neck to meet the clavicle. In the Koala, the superior costa does not
run parallel with the inferior, but recedes from it as it advances for-
wards, and then passes down, forming an obtuse angle, and with a
gentle concave curvature to the neck of the scapula; a small process
extends from the middle of this curvature. In the Potoroos the upper
costa is at first parallel with the lower; but this parallel part is much
shorter; the remainder describes a sigmoid flexure as it approaches
the neck of the scapula. In the Great Kangaroo, the Perameles,
Phalangers, Opossums and Dasyures, the whole upper costa of the
scapula describes a sigmoid curve, the convex posterior portion of
which varies as to its degree and extent.

“The subscapular surface is remarkable in the Perameles for its
flatness; but presents a shallow groove near the inferior costa. In
most other Marsupials it is more or less convex and undulating.

“In the Great Kangaroo the supraspinal fossa is of less ex-
tent than the space below the spine, and the spine is inclined
upwards. In the Perameles and Dasyures the proportions of the
supra and infra spinal surfaces are reversed, and the whole spine
is bent downwards over the infraspinal surface. In the Potoroos

140

and Phalangers the acromion is, as it were, bent downwards, so as to
present a flattened surface to the observer. In the Potoroos and —
Opossums this appearance is produced by a true expansion of the
acromion. In the Perameles the caracoid process is merely repre-
sented by a slight production of the superior part of the glenoid ca-
vity. In the Kangaroo and Potoroos it forms a protuberance on
the upper part of the head of the scapula. In the other Marsupiata
it assumes the character of a distinct process from the same part;
and attains its greatest development in the Wombat and Koala, in
the latter of which it is forcibly curved downwards and inwards.

“The humerus in the Dasyures and lacine resembles that of the
dog-tribe, in the imperforate condition of the inner condyle, but dif-
fers in the more marked development of the muscular ridges, espe-
cially that which extends upwards from the outer condyle, for the
origin of the great supinator. This ridge is terminated abruptly by
the smooth tract for the passage of the musculo-spiral nerve. In
Phal. Cookii the internal condyle is imperforate, and in Petaurus
Sciureus it is deeply notched ; but in other Phalangers and Petaurists,
as also in all the other genera of Marsupials, the internal condyle
of the humerus is perforated.

“« The ridge above the external condyle is much developed in the
Petaurus macrurus and P. sciureus, and notched at its upper part ;
there is the same structure in Phal. Vulpina, but it does not exist
in Phal. Cookii. I find similar differences in the development of
the supinator or outer ridge in the genus Perameles; in the Per.
lagotis it is bounded above by a groove; in Per. grisea it is less
developed and less defined. In the Kangaroos, Potoroos, Wombat
and Koala, the outer condyloid ridge extends in the form of a
hooked process above the groove of the radial nerve. In all these,
and especially in the Wombat, the deltoid process of the humerus is
strongly developed ; it is continued from the external tuberosity
down the upper half of the humerus; except in the Petaurists,
where, from the greater relative length of the humerus, it is limited
to the upper third. The interspace of the condyles is occasionaliy
perforated, as in the Perameles lagotis and Wombat. ‘The articular
surfaces at both extremities of the Aumerus have the usual form ;
but it may be observed, that in some Marsupials, as the Koala, the
external convexity at the distal articulation for the radius has a
greater relative extent than usual, and the ulnar concavity is less deep.

“The bones of the fore-arm present little to detain our notice.
They are always distinct and well-developed, and their adaptation
to pronation and supination is complete. The prehensile faculty
and unguiculate structure of the anterior extremities appear to have
been indispensable to animals requiring to perform various manipu-
lations in relation to the ceconomy of the Marsupial pouch, and when
such an animal is destined, like the Ruminant, to range the wilderness
in quest of pasturage, the requisite powers of the anterior members are
retained and secured to it by an enormous development of the hinder
extremities, to which the function of locomotion is almost restricted.

_ “* We find, therefore, that the bones of the fore arm of the Kangaroo
differ little from those of the burrowing Wombat, the climbing

141

Koala, or the carnivorous Dasyure, save in relative size. They pre-
sent the greatest proportional strength in the Wombat, and the
greatest proportional length and slenderness in the Petaurists or
Flying Opossums, in which the extremities are subservient to the
support of a dermal parachute. They are also long and slender
in the Koala. In general the radius and ulna run nearly parallel,
and the interosseous space is very trifling: it is widest in the Po-
toroos. The olecranon is weil developed in all the Marsupiata. In
the Virginian Opossum and Petaurists, we find it more bent for-
wards upon the rest of the ulna, than in the other Marsupials. In
the Wombat, where the acromion is the strongest, and rises an inch
and a half above the articular cavity of the ulna, it is extended in
the axis of the bone. ‘The distal end of the radius in this animal is
articulated to a broad bone representing the os scaphoides and os
lunare. ‘The ulna, which in the same animal converges towards a
point at its distal end, has that point received in a depression formed
by the cuneiform and pisiform bones; these are bound together by
strong ligaments ; and the latter then extends downwards and back-
wards for two-thirds of an inch. The second row of the carpus con-
sists of five benes. The trapezium supports the inner digit, and has a
small sesamoid bone articulated to its radial surface. The trapezoides
is articulated to the index digit, and is wedged between the scapho-
lunar bone and os magnum; this forms an oblique articular surface
for the middle digit ; but the largest of the second series of carpal
bones is the cuneiform, which sends downwards an obtuse rounded
process, and receives the articular surface of the fifth and the outer.
half of that of the fourth digit ; the remainder of which abuts against
the oblique proximal extremity of the middle metatarsal bone. Thefive
metatarsal bones are all thick and short, but chiefly so the outermost.

«The innermost digit has two phalanges, the remainder three; the
ungueal phalanx is conical, curved, convex above, expanded at the
base, and simple at the opposite extremity. In the Perameles the
ungueal phalanx of the three middle digits of the hand, and of the
two outer digits of the foot, are split at the extremity by a longitudinal
fissure, commencing at the upper part of the base. This structure,
which characterizes the ungueal phalanges in the placental Pangolins,
has not been hitherto met with in other marsupial genera. It would
be interesting to examine the skeleton of the newly described ge-
nera Myrmecobius and Cheropus with reference to this structure.

“The terminal phalanges of the Koala are large, much com-
pressed, and curved; the concave articular surface is not situated,
as in the cats, on the lower part of the proximal end, but, as in the
sloths, at the upper. ‘The claws which they support are long.

“In the great Kangaroo the first row of the carpus is composed,
as in the Wombat, of three bones; but the apex of the ulna rotates
in acavity formed exclusively by the cuneiforme. There are four bones
in the second row, of which the cuneiform is by far the largest, and
supports a part of the middle, as well as the two outer digits. In
Potoroos | find but three bones in the distal series of the tarsus,
the trapezoides being wanting, and its place in one species being

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142

occupied by the proximal end of the second metatarsal bone, which
articulates with the os magnum. In the Perameles there are four
bones in the distal series, although the hand is less perfect in this
than in any other marsupial genus, the three middle toes only being
fully developed. In the Petaurists, the carpus is chiefly remarkable for

_ the length of the os pisiforme. It would he tedious to dwell on the

minor differences observable in the bony structure of the hand in
other Marsupiata. I shall therefore only observe that, though the inner
digit is not situated like a thumb, yet that the fingers enjoy much
lateral motion; and that those at the outer can be opposed to those at
the inner side, so as to grasp an object and perform in a secondary
degree the function of a hand. Inthe Koala the two inner digits are
more decidedly opposed to the three outer ones than in any otherclimb-
ing Marsupial. But some of the Phalanges, as the Ph. Cookii and
Ph. gliriformis of Bell, present in a slight degree the same disposi-
tions of the fingers, by which two out of the five have the opposable
properties of a thumb—a structure for which we seek in vain among
the placental Mammalia, but which we have repeated in the prehen-
sile extremities of the Chameleon.

“The pelvis in the mature Marsupial is composed of the os
sacrum, the two ossa innominata, and the characteristic supplemental
bones attached to the pubes, called by Tyson the ossa marsupialia,
or Janitores marsupii.

«« We seek in vain for any relationship between the size of the pel-
vis and that of the new-born young, the minuteness of which is so
characteristic of the present tribe of animals. The diameters both

of the area and the apertures of the pelvic canal are considerable, »

but more especially so in those Marsupialia which have the hinder
extremities disproportionally large, as also in the Wombat, where
the pelvis is remarkable forits width. The pelvis is relatively small-
est in the Petaurists. The anterior bony arches formed by the ossa
pubis and the ischia are always complete ; and the interspace between
these arches is divided, as in other Mammalia, into the two obturator
foramina, by an osseous bridge continued from the pubes to the ischium
on each side of the symphysis.

«In the Kangaroos, Potoroos, Phalangers, and Opossums, the
ischia offer an elongated prismatic form. They are straight in the
Opossum, but gently curved outwards in the other marsupial genera.
In the Dasyures there is a longitudinal groove widening upwards in
place of the angle at the middle of the exterior surface of the ilium.

« The ilia in the Petaurists are simply compressed from side to
side. They are broader and flatter in the Perameles, and their plane
is turned outwards. But the most remarkable form of the ilia is
seen in the Wombat, in which they are considerably bent outwards

at their anterior extremity.
«« In the Kangaroos and Potoroos the eye is arrested by a strong”

process given off from near the middle of the ilio-pubie ridge; and
this process may be observed less developed in the other Marsupiata.

«« The tuberosity of the ischia inclines outwards in a very slight
degree in the Dasyures, Opossums, Phalangers, Petaurists, and Pe-

143

rameles ; in a greater degree in the Kangaroos and Potoroos; and
gives off a distinct and strong obtuse process in the Wombat,
which not only extends outwards but is curved forwards. In the
Potoroos the symphysis of the ischia or the lower part of what is
commonly called the symphysis pubis, is produced anteriorly. The
length of this symphysis, and the straight line formed by the lower
margin of the ischia, is a characteristic structure of the pelvis in most
of the Marsupiata.

“« The marsupial bones are elongated, flattened, and more or less
curved, expanded at the proximal extremity, which sometimes, as in
the Wombat, is articulated to the pubis by two points ; they are rela-
tively longest, straightest, and most slender in the Perameles; flattest,
broadest, and most curved in the Koala. They are always so long
that the cremaster muscle winds round them in its passage to the
testicle or mammary gland; and the uses of these bones immediately
relate to those muscles.

“With reference to the interesting question—What is the homo-
logy or essential nature of the ossa marsupialia? I have, ona pre-
vious occasion, discussed that problem before the Zoological Society,
and have not found reason to change the opinion I offered in 1835 *;
viz. that they belong to the category of the trochlear ossicles, com-~
monly called, sesamoid, and are developed in the tendon of the exter-
nal oblique which forms the mesial pillar of the abdominal ring, as the
patella is developed in the rectus femoris. They are not, however,
merely subservient to add force to the action of the ‘ cremasteres,’
but give origin to a great proportion of the so-called ‘ pyramidales.’

“ The osteogenesis of the marsupial pelvis derives some extrinsic
interest from the not yet forgotten speculations which have been
broached regarding the analogies of the marsupial bones. These
have been conjectured to exist in many of the placental Mammalia,
witha certain latitude of altered place and form, disguised, e. g. as the
bone of the penis in the Carnivora, or appearing as the supplemental os-
sicles of the acetabulum, which exist in the young of many of the Ro-
dentia. In the os innominatum of the immature Potoroo, the curved
prismatic lium contributes to form by the outer part of its base the
upper or anterior third of the acetabulum ; the rest of the circumfe-
rence of this cavity is completed by the ischium and pubis, excepting a
small part of the under or mesial margin, which is formed by a distinet
ossicle or epiphysis of the ilium, analogous to that described by
Geoffroy St. Hilaire as the rudimental marsupial bone in the rabbit.
Now here there is a co-existing marsupial bone : but besides the five
separate bones just mentioned, there is a sixth distinct triangular os-
sicle, which is wedged into the posterior interspace of the ischio-pubie

* See the abstract of a Paper on the analogy of the Dasyurus, Proc. Zool.
Soc., January 1835, in which the discussion of the question of the marsupial
bone is abridged in the following words : “and Mr. Owen stated it to be his
opinion, that the marsupial bones are essentially ossifications of the tendons
of the external abdominal muscle which constitute the internal or mesial
pillars of the-abdominal rings.” The same hypothesis is again advanced in
the account of the anatomy of the Wombat. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 49.

144

symphysis. How easy to suggest that this single symmetrical bone
may be the representative of the os penis removed from the glans to
the root of the intromittent organ! It is obviously a mere epiphysis
of the ischium, The circumference of the acetabulum is always in-
terrupted by a deep notch opposite the obturator-foramen, which is
traversed by a ligamentous bridge, and gives passage to the vessels
of the Harderian gland lodged in the wide and deep acetabular fossa.

«The femur is a straight or nearly straight long cylindrical bone,
having a hemispherical head supported on a very short neck, espe-
cially in the Petaurists, and situated here almost in the axis of the
shaft, above and between the two trochanters, which are nearly of
equal size. In the Kangaroos and Potoroos the head of the thigh
bone is turned more inwards, and the outer or great trochanter rises
above it. In other Marsupiata the great trochanter is less developed.
In all a strong ridge is continued downwards to a short distance
from the trochanter ; and this ridge is so produced at the lower part
in the Wombat as almost to merit the name of a third trochanter.

«In the Wombat and Koala there is no depression for a ligamentum
teres which nevertheless exists in the latter.

«* The shaft of the bone presents no linee aspere. The canal for
the nutrient artery commences at the upper third and posterior part
of the bone in the Koala, and extends downwards, contrary wise to that
in man and most other Mammalia. At the distal extremity of the
femur the external condyle is the largest, the internal rather the
longest, ‘The intermediate anterior groove for the patella is well
marked in the Perameles where the patella is fully developed, but is
broad and very shallow in the Phalangers and Dasyures, where the
tendon of the rectus is merely thickened, or offers only a few irregular
specks of ossification ; and the corresponding surface in the Petau-
rists, Wombat and Koala, is almost plane from side to side. I find
distinct but small bony patellz in the Macropus Bennettii.

«The tibia presents the usual disposition of the articular surface
for the condyles of the femur; but in some genera, as the Wombat
and Koala, the outer articular surface is continuous with that for
the head of the fibula. In the Kangaroos and Potoroos the
anterior part of the head of the tibia is much produced; and
in the young animal its ossification commences by a centre dis-
tinct from the ordinary proximal epiphysis of the bone. A strong
ridge is continued down from this protuberance for about one
sixth the length of the tibia. In the Koala a strong tuberosity
projects from the anterior part of the tibia at the junction of the
upper with the middle third. In this species, and in the Wombat,
as also in the Opossums, Dasyures, Phalangers, and Petaurists, the
shaft of the tibia is somewhat compressed and twisted ; but in the
Kangaroos, Potoroos, and Perameles, the tibia is prismatic above
and subcylindrical below. The internal malleolus is very slightly
produced, perhaps most so in the Wombat.

«« The fibula is complete, and forms the external malleolus in all the
Marsupiata. In one species of Hypsiprymmus, and in one species of
Perameles, it is firmly united to the lower part of the tibia, though the

145

line of separation be manifest externally. In asecond species of each
of the above genera it is in close contact with the corresponding part
of the tibia, but can be easily separated from that bone. In the
great Kangaroo the fibula is also a distinct bone throughout, but it
is remarkably thinned and concave at its lower half, so as to be
adapted to the convexity of the tibia, with which it is in close con-
tact. In each of these genera therefore, in which locomotion is
principally performed by the hinder extremities, fixity and strength
is gained by the structure of the bones of the leg. In the other
genera, as Phascolarctos, Phascolomys, Phalangista, Petaurus, Didel-
phis, and Dasyurus, the tibia and fibula are so connected together,
and with the tarsus, that the foot enjoys a movement of rotation ana-
logous to the pronation and supination of the hand; and in the Pe-
taurists, Phalangers, Opossums, and Koala, the inner toe is so placed
and organized as to perform the office of an opposable thumb, whence
these Marsupiata have been termed pedimana or foot-handed. It
is to this prehensile power that the modifications of the fibula chiefly
relate. Inthe Wombat, Koala, Petaurists, and Phalangers it ex-
pands to nearly an equal size with the tibia at the distal extremity,
and takes a large share in the formation of the tarsal joint; but the
articular surface is slightly convex, while that of the tibia is slightly
concave. ‘The proximal extremity of the fibula is also much en-
larged, but compressed, obliquely truncated, and giving off two tube-
rosities from its exterior surface; to the superior of these a large
sesamoid bone is articulated; we observe the same sesamoid at-
tached to the upper end of the fibula in a Dasyurus macrurus. Tem-
minck figures it in the Phalangista ursina and Didelphis Philander.

‘© This enlarged and elevated proximal end of the fibula, with its
superimposed sesamoid, obviously represents the olecranon of the
ulna, and beautifully illustrates and establishes the analogies long
ago pointed out between the radius and tibia, the ulna and fibula,
by my revered preceptor in anatomy, Dr. Barclay *.

“I find the following structure of the tarsus in the Wombat.
The astragalus is connected as usual with the tibia, fibula, caleaneum
and scaphoides. The upper articular surface for the tibia is as usual
concavo-convex, the internal surface for the inner malleolus flat-
tened, and at right angles with the preceding. But the outer
articular surface presents a triangular flattened form; and instead of
being bent down parallel with the inner articulate surface, slopes
away at a very open angle from the upper surface, and receives the
articular surface of the fibula, so as to sustain its vertical pressure.
A very small proportion of the outer part of the inferior surface of

* See his admirable ‘ Description of the Arteries of the Human Body,’
pp- 258, 259, and his ‘ Explanations of Mitchell’s Engravings of the Bones,
4to., Edin. 1824, Expl. of Pl. xxiv.’ Both Dr. Barclay's analogies of the
bones of the atlantal and sacral extremities, and my hypothesis of the nature
of the marsupial bones, have been reproduced in the past year as novel dis-
coveries, by two French anatomists ; the one by Dr. Flourens in an interest-
ing and ingenious paper in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Nat., Oct. 1838,’ the
other by M. Gervais in the ‘ Zoologie de la Favorite,’ Partie III. p. 100.

146

the astragalus rests upon the caleaneum:: a greater part of the super-
incumbent pressure is transmitted by a transversely extended convex
anterior surface to the scaphoid and cuboid bones. This form of the
astragalus is also characteristic of the Koala, Petaurists, Dasyures,and
the Pedimanous Marsupials. In the Kangaroos, Potoroos, and Pera-
meles which have the pedes saltatorii, the fibular articular surface
of the astragalus is bent down as usual, at nearly right angles with
the upper tibial surface. The caleaneum presents a ridge on the
outer surface which serves to sustain the pressure of the external
malleolus, which is not articulated to the side of the astragalus.
The internal surface which joins the astragalus is continuous with
the anterior slightly concave surface which articulates with the cu-
boides. The posterior part of the bone is compressed; it projects back-
wards for nearly an inch, andis slightly bent downwards and inwards.
This part is relatively shorter in the Koala, Phalangers, Opossums,
and Petaurists ; but is as strongly developed in the Dasyures as in
* the Wombat. In the Dasyurus macrurus, I observe a small sesamoid
bone wedged in between the astragalus, tibia, and fibula, at the back
part of the joint. In the Petawrus taguanoides, there is a supple-
mental tarsal bone wedged in between the naviculare and cuboides in
the plantar surface. In the Wombat the scaphoid, cuboid, and the
three cuneiform bones, have the ordinary uses and relative positions.
“The analogy of the carpal and tarsal bones is very clearly illus-
trated in this animal. The anchylosed naviculare and lunare of the
hand correspond with the astragalus and naviculare of the foot,
transferring the pressure of the focile majus upon the three inner-
most bones of the second series. ‘he long backward projecting pisi-
form bone of the wrist closely resembles the posterior process of the
os calcis; the articular portion or body of the os calcis corresponds
with the cuneiform; the large unciform represents the cuboides,
and performs the same function, supporting the two outer digits :
the three cuneiform bones are obviously analogous to the trapezium,
trapezvides, and os magnum. ‘The internal cuneiforme bone is the
largest of the three in the Wombat, although it supports the smallest
of the toes. It is of course more developed in the Pedimanous Mar-
supials, where it supports a large and opposable thumb. In the
Wombat the metatarsals progressively increase in length and breadth
from the innermost to the fourth; the fifth or outermost metatarsal
is somewhat shorter, but twice as thick, and it sends off a strong
obtuse process from the inside of its proximal end. The innermost
metatarsal supports only a single phalanx ; the rest are succeeded by
three phalanges each, progressively increasing in thickness to the
outermost; the ungueal phalanges are elongated, gently curved
downwards, and gradually diminish to a point. In the Dasyures the
innermost toe has two phalanges, but it is the most slender, and
does not exceed in length the metatarsal bone of the second toe.
In the Petaurists it is rather shorter than the other digits, but is the
strongest; the toes are set wide apart in this genus. In the Opos-
sums and Phalangers the inner metatarsal bone is directed inwards
apart from the rest, and together with the first phalanx, is broad and

147

flat. The second phalanx in the Opossum supports a claw, but in
the Phalangers is short, transverse, unarmed, and almost obsolete.

‘In all the preceding genera there are two small sesamoid bones
on the underside of the joints of the toes, both on the fore and hind
feet.

«The commencement of a degeneration of the foot, which is pecu-
liar to, and highly characteristic of, the Marsupial animals, may be
discerned in the Petaurists, in the slender condition of the second
and third toes, as compared with the other three. In the Phalangers,
this diminution of size of the second and third toes, counting from
the thumb, is more marked. ‘They are also both of the same length,
and have no individual motion, being united together in the same
sheath of integument as far as the ungueal phalanges, whence the
name of Phalangista applied to this genus. In the saltatorial genera
of Marsupiata the degradation of the corresponding toes is extreme,
but though reduced to almost filamentary slenderness, they retain
the usual number of phalanges, the terminal ones being armed with
claws, which appear as appendages at the inner side of the foot, for
the purpose of scratching the skin and dressing the fur. In the Kan-
garoos and Potoroos the innermost toe is deficient, but in the Pera-
meles it is retained. In Per. lagotis I find the metatarsal bone of this
toe supports only a single rudimental phalanx, which reaches to the
end of the next metatarsal bone, and the internal cuneiform bone
is elongated. In Per. grisea the internal toe is as long as the
abortive second and third toes, and has two phalanges, the last of
which is divided by the longitudinal fissure characteristic of the un-
gueal phalanges in this genus. The power of the foot is concen-
trated in all these genera on the two outer toes, but especially the
fourth, which in the great Kangaroo is upwards of a foot in length,
including the metatarsal bone and the claw, which latter resembles an
elongated hoof, but is three-sided, and sharp-pointed like a bayonet.
It is with this formidable weapon that the Kangaroo stabs and rips
open the abdomen of its assailant; it will hold a powerful dog
firmly during the attack with the anterior extremities, and sup-
porting itself behind upon its powerful tail, deliver its thrusts with
the whole force of the hinder extremities. The cuboid bone which
supports the two outer metatarsals in the Kangaroo is proportion-
ally developed. The internal cuneiform bone is present, though
the toe which is usually articulated to it is wanting. It is also the
largest of the three, and assists in supporting the second metatarsal ;
behind it is joined with the naviculare and external cuneiform; the
small middle cuneiform occupying the space between the external and
internal wedge-bones and the proximal extremities of the two abor-
tive metatarsals. The great or fourth metatarsal is straight and
somewhat flattened; the external one is compressed and slightly bent
outwards; the toe which this supports is armed with a claw similar
to the large one, but the ungueal phalanx does not reach to the end
of the second phalanx of the fourth toe, and the whole digit is pro-
portionally weaker.”

149

November 13, 1838.
Professor Owen, in the Chair.

A letter was read from G. Burghall Watts, Esq., Corr. Memb.
Z.S., addressed to William Yarrell, Esq., stating that a collection
of specimens from the neighbourhood of Turbaco, South America,
was on the way to England for the Society’s Museum.

A letter from Alexander Gordon, Esq. was also read, begging the
Society’s acceptance of the animal described by Mr. Waterhouse
under the name of Myrmecobius fasciatus, and also the Perameles la-
gotis. Both of these animals, Mr. Gordon stated, were from Swan
River and not from Van Diemen’s Land as had been supposed.

A paper entitled ‘‘ Observations on certain modifications observed
in the dentition of the Flying Opossums (the genus Petaurus of
authors),” was communicated by Mr. G. R. Waterhouse.

“‘ In the ‘ Dents des Mammiferes’ of M. F. Cuvier, the dentition
of the Flying Opossums and that of the Phalangers is described
under the two heads ‘ Petaurus’ and ‘ Phalangers proprement dits.’
Both the groups termed Petaurus and Phalangers by M. F. Cuvier
contain certain species of Flying Opossums, and likewise species of
Phalangers. ‘Those species, however, which have the flank-membrane
extended from limb to limb, enabling them to sail in the air like a
parachute, are now with universal consent separated from the Phalan-
gers (Phalangista), and arranged under the generic title Petaurus or
Petaurista.

“In grouping the Phalangers and Petaurists as above mentioned,
M. F. Cuvier was guided only by the characters offered by the den-
tition; that of Petaurus Taguanoides certainly bearing a very close
resemblance to that of Phalangista Cookiit. ‘The teeth of Petaurus
sciureus, however, do not bear so close a resemblance to those of
Phalangista vulpina and P. maculata, although the three animals
mentioned are placed in the same division by the author alluded to.
Regarding the Petauri as a distinct genus from the Phalangers, I
will proceed to describe their dentition as I find it in the skulls before
me, which I may observe consist of two specimens of each of the
following species :—P. taguanoides, P. flaviventer, P. sciureus, and
P. pygmeus, and one skull of a new species hereafter described.

** In these crania three distinct modifications in the dentition are
observable ; and as they are combined with certain differences in the
skulls and in the external characters of the animals to which they be-
long, they may be regarded as forming three subordinate sections, to
which for convenience I shall apply the names, Petaurus, Belideus, and
Acrobata. ‘Two of these names will be found in the ‘ Mammologie,’
by M. Desmarest. The dentition observable in the species of

No. LXXI,—Procergpines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society,

150

the first of these sections (Pefaurus) is as follows :—Incisors 2;
canines a false molars ae true molars = I am induced to
call the two first teeth following the incisors canines, since they re-
present those which are evidently canines in the two next sections.
The incisors of the upper jaw are arranged laterally, the three on
either side being placed close together; the two foremost are sepa-
rated from one another by a space about equal to their diameter ;
they are narrow at the base, and expanded and somewhat compressed
above the base. The next incisor on each side is larger than the
last or posterior one, and about half the height of the first, narrow
at the base, and wide and truncated at the apex. The third incisor
is small and but slightly wider at the tip than at the base. The
canine is very small, being in size about equal to the posterior inci-
sor ; its tip is rounded, and it springs from the maxilla a little behind
the intermaxillary suture; the space between it and the canine being
about equal to twice its diameter or more; for there is a difference in
this respect in the specimens before me. The first false molar is
minute and conical, separated by a considerable space from the
canine and also from the following molars. The next two molars
on each side I have called false molars, because they do not possess
the inner tubercles which are observed in those behind ; they are broad
at the base and compressed at the tip; the foremost presents an an-
terior larger, and a posterior small compressed tubercle; the third is
divided at the tip into three compressed points. The true molars are
nearly square, but rather longer than broad; the crown of each, with
the exception of the last, presents four tubercles, with sharp cutting
edges, and very much resemble those of a Ruminant animal. In the
last molar there are but three of these tubercles, two in front and one
behind. The incisors of the lower jaw are large, nearly cylindrical
at the base; beyond this they are somewhat dilated, flattened,
pointed, and have two sharp edges. There are no minute detached
false molars in the lower jaw. ‘The single false molar on each side
is placed close to the true molars, compressed in front and expanded
behind ; a small anterior tubercle is separated from the body of the
tooth by a slight transverse incision. The true molars resemble
those of the upper jaw, excepting that they are narrower, and the
last molar has four tubercles instead of three.

«The above description is taken from P. Taguanoides. The cra-
nium differs from that of the species of the second section (Belideus)
in being proportionately smaller, more contracted, and deeply con-
cave between the orbits; the cranial cavity is smaller, the zygoma-
tic arches deeper, and the bony palate is deeply emarginated poste-
riorly ; in fact, the palatine portion of the palatine bone is wanting.
The dense woolly fur on the outer side of the ears will serve to dis-
tinguish the animal externally from either of the species of the next
subgenus. P. macrourus I suspect belongs also to this section. In
M. F. Cuvier’s ‘ Dents des Mammifeéres,’ it is stated, that besides the
false molars described by me there are two others on each side,
which are small ;—these I have not seen, nor are they shown in the
plate of the work quoted. Perhaps they are shed at an early pe-

151

riod, or perhaps M. Cuvier may have described the dentition of
Phalangista Cookii and figured that‘of Petaurus Taguanoides.

** Section 2. Belideus.—Dentition: Incisors, s ; canines, i; false

molars, ;—;; true moijars, —,=40. The anterior incisors of the

upper jaw are large, somewhat suddenly dilated immediately above
their insertion in the intermaxillaries, and assuming a triangular
form. In P. flaviventer they are broader than in either P. sciureus or
the new species here described under the specific name of breviceps,
where these incisors are proportionately shorter, and perhaps a little
broader than in P. sciureus. The next incisor on each side is smaller
than the posterior one, narrow at the base, and broad at the apex.
The third incisor is broad, and has a sharp incurved cutting edge.
The canine is tolerably large, and has its origin close behind the in-
termaxillary suture; in fact, is in the usual situation of the canine.
It is separated by a small space on either side from the false molars
and the incisors, compressed and pointed, and its anterior and posterior
edges are sharp. The apex projects beyond the level of either of
the molars. The first false molar on each side is rather large, broad,
compressed and pointed, has a very faint indication of an anterior
and posterior lobe, and two distinct fangs (which is.not the case in
the small and cylindrical corresponding tooth in Petaurus Tagua-
noides). ‘The second false molar is small, short, and compressed,
and has a minute anterior lobe. ‘This tooth is separated by a con-
siderable space from the first false molar, and by a narrow space from
the third. The latter touches the first true molar, is narrow in
front, and consists chiefly of one triangular and pointed tubercle.
The first true molar on each side is considerably larger than the fol-
lowing molars, each of which is smaller than the preceding, so that
the last is not equal in bulk to one half of the first. With the ex-
ception of the last, all the true molars possess four somewhat blunt
and rounded tubercles, and in general appearance very much resem-
ble the corresponding teeth of a Squirrel. The last molar has but
three tubercles, two in front and one behind.

«* The incisors of the lower jaw are long, compressed, and pointed,
and have the upper and lower edges sharp ; they are almost horizon-
tal in their direction, being but slightly curved upwards. Next
follows a series of four small teeth on each side, which I have called
false molars, though possibly the last only is properly so called, that
having two fangs, whereas the others appear to have but one. The
true molars nearly resemble those of the upper jaw, though they
are narrower and longer. The first has a large irregular anterior
lobe, which is higher than the posterior portion of the tooth, which
is divided into two tubercles. ‘The three posterior molars have each
four tubercles.

** Besides the points of distinction already alluded to between the
species of the present section and the preceding, there are other
characters which cannot be considered unimportant. The space
occupied by the grinding teeth of the upper jaw, compared with the
space between the last incisor and the first true molar in the species of

152

Belideus, is much less than in Petaurus. In Belideus the molars oc-
cupy a space equal to rather more than two-thirds of that between the
incisors and first true molar; whereas in Petaurus, the four last
molars occupy more space than that which extends from them to
the incisors. There is a corresponding difference in the lower jaw.
In Petaurus the molars are very nearly equal in size, whereas in Beli-
deus they decrease considerably from the first molar to the last. In
Petaurus, again, there are five molars on each side of the lower jaw
opposed to six in the upper jaw, all of which are fitted for the masti-
cation of the food; whilst in Belideus the molar corresponding to
the first on either side of each jaw in Petaurus is so small, and its
crown is so low, that it cannot be used in mastication. The com-
paratively large size of the canines, and the series of small teeth in
front of the molars, will also serve to distinguish the species of the
present section from the preceding, where the upper murgin of the
ramus of the lower jaw somewhat suddenly descends in front of the
molars, and the coronoid process is comparatively broad.

« Petaurus sciureus may be regarded as the type of the section Be-
lideus, which will also contain P. flaviventer and P. breviceps.

aay 6 * 1—1 3—3
marest, the incisors are g) canines, 94; false molars, iy; true mo-
lars, ——,— 36. The incisors resemble those of Belideus; the canines

are well-developed, long, pointed, and recurved, placed close to the
intermaxillary suture, and even encroaching slightly on the intermax-
illary bone. The three false molars of the upper jaw have each two
fangs, they are compressed, sharply pointed, and viewed laterally, of
a triangular form. The first and second are about equal in size, and
larger than the third, the apex of which projects beyond the level
of the crowns of the true molars. Between the first and second false
molars on each side there is a narrow space; the third is placed
close to the true molars; these as well as those of the under jaw
resemble the true molars of Belideus; there is however one less on
each side of both jaws. ‘The incisors of the lower jaw also resemble
those in Belideus. Behind these incisors there are two minute teeth
on each side, which are followed by two sharply pointed false molars,
the foremost of which is the larger, and the apex of the second is
raised above the plane of the true molars,

«The difference in the form of the false molar teeth pointed out,
together with the reduced number of true molars, the slenderness
of the zygomatic arch, and the incurved angle of the lower jaw,
combined with the imperfect state of the palate, will serve to distin-
guish the species of the present section from the preceding. Exter-
nally, the P. pygmeus (which is the type of M. Desmarest’s sub-
genus) may be distinguished by its distichous tail.

Peraurus BREvicErs. P. cinerea, lined dorsali longitudinali
membrandque laterali supra nigrescentibus, hae ad latera alba s
corpore subtus sordidé et pallidé cinereo; caudd gracili, ad
apicem fuliginosd ; auribus mediocribus.

158

une. lin,
Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caudz basin 6 6
AIR Asad adhd. ewiAO tb 7 0
— tarsi digitorumque ......-. e000 1a
MANGES IEP iw be: aunosite. 7% 3 ovement 3 0«9

Habitat New South Wales.

“« This species very much resembles the P. sciureus in colouring ;
the under parts, however, have a distinct grayish tint: the dark
mark which extends from the tip of the nose along the back is in-
distinct. It is of a much smaller size than P. sciureus, the tail is
much more slender, and occasionally has a white tip. Theskullis
proportionately broader and shorter than that of P.sciureus, as will be
seen in the following dimensions.”

P, breviceps. P. sciureus.
in. lin. in. lin.
Total length of skull ...... ni fade cele 2S pegabicig akc! ities hy
Length of nasal bones..,..... epee aon gang
Boned! urironia: oe se... OOP Mee sO” MSR
Length of palate. Oe 0. 20! OPE Suet s Or 11e
Whnidtior Ska Te 2 Ty eee Pe Oe eat 1 24

Mr. Waterhouse then proceeded to point out some peculiarities
in the skull and dentition of the American Badger (Meles Labra-
doria). ‘Three skulls of this species, belonging to individuals of
different ages, were exhibited to the Meeting. ‘‘ The most striking
peculiarity in the skull of the American Badger,” observes Mr. Wa-
terhouse, ‘‘ consists in the great expanse of the occipital region; the
width of the occiput being equal to that of the skull measured from
the outer surface of the zygomatic arches. ‘The general form of the
skull is almost conical ; viewed laterally, the outline of the upper
surface is most elevated at, or very near the occiput; thence it runs
downwards with a slightly convex curve to the nasal bones. The
interorbital portion is considerably contracted, and is narrowest pos-
teriorly. The occipital crest is well-developed, but the sagittal crest
is very slightly elevated; in this respect differing from the corre-
sponding ridge in the Meles vulgaris.

«The auditory bulle are very large and convex. The articulating
surface of the temporal bone, or glenoid cavity, like that of the Com-
mon Badger, has its anterior and posterior process ; these processes,
however, merely serve to prevent the protrusion or retraction of the
lower jaw, and not to enclose and lock the condyle as in that animal.
Comparing the lower jaw with that of the Common Badger, the most
striking difference consists in the form of the coronoid process. The
anterior margin of this process is less oblique than in the last-men-
tioned animal ; its apex is somewhat pointed, whereas in the Common
Badger it is rounded: the posterior margin is formed of two lines,
an upper one, running backwards and downwards from the apex of
the coronoid process, and a lower one, which is perpendicular, and
forms an obtuse angle with the first. In this form of the coronoid

154

process we perceive a similarity between the American Badger and
the Otter.

Dentition.—“ In the number of the teeth the present animal agrees
with the Common Badger, excepting that in the skulls now before
me, and which belong to animals of different ages, I do not find the
molar corresponding to the small first false molar of the lower jaw
of that animal. In the relative size and form of the teeth there is
' much difference. The incisors of the upper jaw are arranged in an
arch, but form together a segment of a larger circle than those of
Meles vulgaris ; they are proportionately smaller and shorter. In the
canines there is but little difference ; the posterior cutting edge ob-
served in the Badger is here almost obliterated. The false molars
likewise scarcely differ. In the ‘ carnassiére’ and true molar, however,
there is much difference, the former being of great size and equal to
the last molar. It is nearly in the form of a right-angled triangle,
the cutting edge is much raised, and there is a large tubercle on the
inner lobe of this tooth, which has no analogue in the Badger. The
true molar is also nearly triangular; the tubercles with which it is
furnished are but slightly raised, and are much less developed than
in the corresponding grinding molar of the Badger. The principal
differences observable in the teeth of the lower jaw, consist in the
smaller size of the incisors, the larger size of the last false molar,
and its being furnished with two distinct tubercles at its apex ; that
of the Common Badger being simply pointed: the smaller size of
the ‘ carnassiére,’ which is not distinctly dilated posteriorly, as in the
Badger, and the cutting edge being higher; the true molar is
smaller.

«« The ‘carnassiére’ of the lower jaw may be dividedintotwoportions,
that which is opposed to the ‘carnassiére’ of the upper jaw, and which
is the cutting portion, having high sharp cusps; and that which is
opposed to the true molar, which is the grinding portion. Now in
the Common Badger (Meles vulgaris) the latter portion decidedly
exceeds the former in bulk, whereas in the American Badger the
reverse is the case, arising from the comparatively large size of the
‘carnassizre’ of the upper jaw, and smaller size of the true molar.”

Mr. Waterhouse also pointed out other distinctions between the
American Badger and the European species. Independent of the
differences observable in the colouring and markings, the former
may be distinguished by its muzzle being hairy at the tip, the fore
limbs stouter, and the claws larger and stronger. -

The peculiar form of the skull in the present animal, and the mo-
difications in the dentition are such, as, in Mr. Waterhouse’s opinion,
would indicate a subgeneric rather than a specific distinction ; and
should his views be borne out by the discovery of other species
agreeing essentially with the above animal, he suggested that the
name 7azridea might be an appropriate title for the group.

Professor Owen exhibited to the Meeting two skulls of the full-
grown Koala (Lipurus cinereus, Goldf., Phascolarctos, Bl.), and two
of immature specimens of the same species, and demonstrated the

155

peculiarities of the cranium, and especially the condition of the dental
system.
In both the adult crania the dental formula was as follows :

. 3-8 iis sabe 1-1 nb 2d Pdi
Incis. =, canin. 5, premol, =, mol. | = 30:

it thus corresponds numerically with the formula of the genus Hy-
psiprymnus, and differs only in the absence of a few minute, incon-
stant, and functionless teeth from the dentition of many of the Pe-
taurists and Phalangers. The true molares in the Koala are, how-
ever, relatively larger and stronger than in the Potoroos and Pha-
langers, yet present the same general structure; each molar is beset
with four three-sided pyramids, the sharp apices of which soon be-
come blunted by trituration, and the outer series in the upper grinders
are the first to be worn down; the posterior grinder is a little smaller
than the rest in the upper jaw; the true modares of the lower jaw
are equal amongst themselves, but narrower than those of the
upper jaw. The crowns of the premolares, or false grinders, are
subtriangular, broadest behind, compressed, and terminate in a cut-
ting edge; those of the upper jaw have a ridge extended along the
inner side of their base; they do not exceed in antero-posterior ex-
tent the crowns of the true grinders. The true molares of the upper
jaw have four fangs; those of the lower jaw, and the premolares in
both jaws, have two fangs. The canines are situated close to the
mavillo-incisive suture, distant from the premolares half an inch;
they are very small, and do not extend beyond the alveolar margin
further than two lines; they terminate in an oblique cutting edge,
and their simple fang is closed at its extremity. ‘T'wo lines anterior
to the canines begin the series of incisors, of which the four posterior
ones are of the same size as the canines; the pair immediately behind
the large anterior incisors have their crowns worn flat by the appulse
of the two large incisors below. The two anterior incisors, upper
jaw, are twice as long, and as broad and thick as the posterior ones;
their crown is conical, slightly curved, subcompressed, beveled off
obliquely to an anterior cutting edge, and having a partial coating
of enamel, but differing from true dentes scalprarii in having the ex-
tremity of the fang contracted and closed. The two incisors of the
lower jaw are longer, straighter, and more compressed than the cor
responding pair above; the enamel is confined to the anterior and
lateral surfaces of the crown; but this, though beveled off from be-
hind forwards, terminates in a blunt apex by attrition against the
small middle incisors of the upper jaw; the posterior surface of the
crown is impressed with a narrow longitudinal groove. These in-
cisors, like those above, are developed by a temporary pulp, and have
the fang contracted and solidified. In this respect the Koala re-
sembles the Phalangers, and differs from the Potoroos, which have
the fang of the large anterior incisors open for the reception of a
persistent pulp. In the compressed and sectorial structure of the
premolares of the Koala, we perceive, however, an evident transition
to the characteristic form of these teeth in Hypsiprymnus; but in
this genus the premolares are still more compressed, and are remark-

156

able for their antero-posterior extent, which dimension becomes ex-
cessive in the arboreal Potoroos of New Guinea.

So far, therefore, as the affinities of a Marsupial quadruped are
indicated by its teeth, the position assigned to the Koala by Latreille*,
viz, next to the Phalangers, must be regarded as more natural than
that which it occupies in the ‘ Régne Animal’ of Cuvier, viz. between
the Kangaroos and Wombat. From the Kangaroos the Koala differs
in the presence of canines in the upper jaw; and still more so from the
Wombat, which has neither canines nor posterior incisors ; whereas
the Koala not only closely resembles the Phalangers and Petaurists
in the correspondence as to number, kind, and conformation of its
teeth, as compared with the functionally developed teeth of those
genera, but also agrees with them in the conformation of its di-
gestive organs, having asimple stomach, and a very long cecum. In
the Wombat, on the contrary, the cecum is short and wide, and has
a vermiform appendage. Both the Potoroos and Kangaroos differ
from the Koala and Phalangers in their large sacculated stomach
and relatively shorter ceecum ; but the Potoroos, in the comparative
simplicity of this organ, as well as in the presence of superior canine
teeth, have clearly the nearer affinity to the Koala. Since, more-
over, the Petaurists have canines in both jaws like the Phalangers,
while the Koala possesses them only in the upper jaw, the place of
the Petaurists should be between the Phalangers and Koala, and
not, as in Latreille’s system, between the Kangaroos and Potoroos;
and Professor Owen proposed to include the Koala with the Pha-
langers and Petaurists in one subdivision, and to join the Potoroos
with the Kangaroos to form another and distinct primary group of
Marsupialia.

* Familles Nat. du Régne Anim. p. 53.

157

November 27, 1838.
Lieut.-Colonel W. H. Sykes in the Chair.

Dr. Horsfield laid before the Meeting a series of Mammalia and
Birds collected in India by John M‘Clelland, Esq., Assistant Sur-
geon E.1.C.8., and proceeded to point out the characters of some
which were undescribed,

A paper on the Fishes of the Deccan, illustrated with numerous
coloured drawings, was read by Colonel Sykes.

“« In submitting to the Society an account of the fishes of Dukhun,”
observes Colonel Sykes, ‘it will scarcely excite surprise, that out
of 46 species described no less than 42 are new to science, since they
are from a hitherto untrodden field, and from peculiar localities, on
the great plateau of the Dukhun (Deccan), none of them coming from
a less elevation than 1500 feet above the sea; many from near 2000
feet, and others from yet higher situations. The chief features in
the collection are the paucity of orders to which the collection be-
longs, and the remarkable prevalence of the members of the families
of Siluride and Cyprinide. There is but one apodal Malacopterygian,
but 4 Acanthopterygit, and the whole of the rest of the fish belong
to the order Abdominal Malacopterygians. Of the families there
are only eight: Percide, Scombride, ‘Pharyngiens Labyrinthiformes,’
Gobiade, Siluride, Cyprinide, Esocide, and Murenide, comprising
15 genera and 9 subgenera, including one subgenus, which I have
been compelled to add to the Cyprinide. An attempt has been made
to methodize and distinguish the multitudinous members of. the fa-
milies of Siluride and Cyprinide. The fact is, the continued inos-
culation in the character of the teeth, of the cirri, of the spines (ser-
rated or not) of the fins, the armature of the head, and the position
of the fins in the Siluride; and the number of cirri, and form and
position of the fins in the Cyprinide, together with the character of
the mouth, produce such approximations in species to each other, and
in individuals of one genus to another, that not only is there infinite
difficulty in determining the genera of the fishes of these families, but
their identity as species is occasionally not less difficult. Some of
my Stluride do not exactly correspond with the generic characters
of the genera of this family as now constituted, and I might have
added to the number of genera; but to this I have an objection,
unless as an evidently necessary measure. In the Cyprinide, how-
ever, I was obliged to set aside my repugnance, for three species were
not referrible to any one even, of the numerous subgenera which
Buchanan Hamilton wished to establish. It only remains to state
that the whole of my fishes were drawn from absolute measurement,
and have a scale of size attached to each figure; they were caught
in the various rivers on whose banks I encamped, as individuals
were required; so that my draftsman, who worked constantly under
my own eye, never had to finish his drawings from shriveled and

158

discoloured specimens. I have to a great extent adopted the names by
which the fishes are called by the Mahrattas as specific names, so that
naturalists who travel the country can always obtain them.

Ord. AcaNnTHOPTERYGII.
Fam. Percide.
Ambassis, Agass.

Amb. Barlovi, Sykes. An Ambassis with the two back fins united,
with the first ray indented on the edge, and containing 7
spines, and the second 14 spines; all the spines longer
than the membrane, with 18 rays longer than the membrane
in the anal fin, and with a short vertically compressed dia-
phanous body.

Closely allied to Changa Ranga of Hamilton. ‘Fishes of the
Ganges.’ This fish is dedicated to our Secretary.

Fam. Scombridz.
Mastacembelus, Gron.

Mast. armatus, Sykes. A Mastacembelus with the fins of the tail,
back, and vent united, with thirty-nine to forty short sharp
bony spines along the back, and two behind the vent.

This fish has not the exact generic characters of Macrognathus,
Mastacembelus, or Notacanthus, and might probably consti-
tute a genus between the two last.

Fam. ‘ Pharyngiens Labyrinthiformes,’ Cuv.
Ophicephalus, Bloch.

Oph. leucopunctatus, Sykes. An Ophicephalus with from 51 to
53 rays in the dorsal, and 6 in each ventral fin, and with the
rays of the dorsal and anal fins undivided; the pectoral fins
ending in a central point, and the fish covered with white
dots.

I have never known this remarkably fine fish crawl on shore or
in the grass, as some species of the genus are said todo, It
is excellent eating.

Fam. Gobiadz.
Gobius, Linn.

Gob. Kurpah, Sykes, A Gobius with 7 rays in the first dorsal
fin, 11 in the second, which is of similar size with the anal
fin; 19 in the pectoral, and 10 in the anal fin.

In different individuals of this species I have found the number
of rays in the fins slightly differ. Of a sweet flavour.

Ord. MatacopreryGi1 ABDOMINALES,

Fam. Cyprinide.
Cyprinus, Linn.
Cyp. Abramioides, Sykes. A Cyprinus with 20 rays in the dorsal,
8 in the anal, and 18 in the pectoral fins, without tendrils,
with tuberculated nose, red edged fins, and with a red lunule
on each scale.
This very fine fish is called Tambra by the natives, from the

159

general prevalence of a copper colour over it. Attains the
length of 21 inches and more; height 7 inches. Is excellent
eating.
Cyp. Potail, Sykes.

~ A Cyprinus proper, deep and fleshy, slightly compressed, with-
out tendrils, with the dorsal fin of 13 rays, pectoral of 14,
and anal of 9. Scales large and silvery; length 10 or more
inches; height 3} inches.

Cyp. Nukta, Sykes.

A Cyprinus with two tendrils on the under jaw, and with two
short horns or bosses on the space between the eyes, which
together with the deflected upper lip are tuberculated; large
scales.

In the judgement of my friend Mr. Yarrell, to which I subscribe,
this very singular fish is considered a monstrosity of Cyp. au-
ratus. Dr. Riippell, who did me the favour to look over my
drawings, expresses the same opinion. Found very abun-
dantly in the Inderanee river 18 miles north of Poona, It is
called Nukta (or nob) by the Mahratta fishermen.

Varicorhinus, Riippell.

Var. Bobree, Sykes. A Varicorhinus with tuberculated nose,
without tendrils ; with 17 rays in the dorsal, and 8 in the
anal fin; with the form of a tench.

It may bea question whether this is not a real Labeo of Cuvier,
with long dorsal, no spines or cirri, and thick fleshy lips fre-
quently crenated ; size 6 inches by 14%, high.

Barbus, Cuv.

Barb. Mussullah, Sykes. A Barbus with 12 rays in the dorsal,
8 in the anal, and 16 in the pectoral fins, with the mouth
furnished with 4 very short cirri, and tuberculated nose ;
sometimes 3 feet and more long, and a foot high, and weigh-
ing 42 pounds.

Found in the Goreh river,

Barb. Khudree, Sykes. A Barbus with 4 cirri, blood-stained fins,
large hexagonal scales, elongated body, and with 14 rays in
the dorsal, 14 in the pectoral, and .7 in the anal fins,

Found in the Mota Mola river, 8 miles east of Poona.

Barb. Kolus, Sykes. A Barbus with 13 rays in the dorsal fin,
8 in the anal, and 10 in the ventral; with moderate-sized
scales; with callous tubercles on the head, and a short cirrus
at each corner of the mouth.

This fish shows the difficulty of drawing up generic characters
to embrace all the species of a genus. Having only 2 cirri,
it should not be a Barbel; but having cirri at all, it does not
belong to the next genus Gobio ;—moreoyer, it has a spine in
the dorsal.

Chondrostoma, Agassiz, the first division of the genus Leuciscus of

Klein. Dorsal fin in the centre of the back.

160

Chond. Kawrus, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, without lateral line,
tubercles, or cirri, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 8 in the anal,
and 16 in the pectoral fins.

A sub-cylindrical fish found in the Beema river; grows to a foot
in length, but is usually smaller. Proportion of length to
height in one specimen, 6 inches by 15% inch.

Chond. Fulungee, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, with dorsal fin of
10 rays, anal 6, and pectoral of 10; of an elongated, not
much compressed shape. Length about a foot; height 4
inches.

Chond. Boggut, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, without tendrils or
tubercles on the nose, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 15 in the
pectoral, and 8 in the anal fin; body of an elongated form.
Length from 7 to 11 inches; height 13 to 2 inches.

Chond. Mullya, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, with a short, obtuse
head, without tubercles or tendrils; sub-cylindrical body,
with 11 rays in the dorsal, 14 to 16 in the pectoral, and 8
in the anal fins; a red process or protuberance on the snout
between the nostrils. Length 5 to 6 inches; 14 to 2 in
diameter.

Chond. Wattanah, Sykes. A Chondrostoma of an elongated form,
without tubercles or tendrils, with the dorsal fin high, and
having 11 rays: and 9 or 10 in the ventral, and 8 in the anal
fin; subcylindrical form. Length 44. inches, height 3 of an
inch.

Found in the Beema river.

Chela, Buchanan Hamilton. A sub-genus of Leuciscus, with the
dorsal fin very far behind over the anal; straight back, and
nose on the level of the line of the back.

Chel. Balookee, Sykes. A Chela of the size of a minnow;
back straight; body elongated; dorsal fin situated far back,
and having 8 rays, 14 rays in the anal, and 12 in the pectoral
fins. Length 3 inches.

Very sweet eating, the bones as well as other parts. Common
in all the rivers.

Chel. Oweni, Sykes. A Chela,with straight back, elongated and
vertically compressed body; dorsal fin situated far baek,
with 11 rays, 12 in the pectoral, and 19 in the anal fins,
with scales so minute as to be scarcely discoverable. Length
5 inches; greatest size 7 inches.

Found in most of the rivers. The Cyprinus Cultratus of Bloch
would appear to be the type of the sub-genus.

I have dedicated this fish to my friend Mr. Owen, the distin-
guished naturalist.

Chel. Jorah, Sykes. A Chela, with straight back, convex belly,
dorsal fin far behind; size of a large minnow; with 10 rays

161

in the dorsal, 12 in the pectoral, and 8 rays in the anal fin.
Length about 4 inches, height 4%,ths of an inch.

Excellent eating. Found abundantly in the Beema river near
Pairgaon.

Chel. Teekanee, Sykes. A small Chela, with nearly straight
back; snout on the continuation of the line of the back;
belly arched; with 10 rays in the dorsal, 12 in the pectoral,
and 14 in the anal fins. Length 2+ inches, height 3 inch.

Found in the Beema.

Chel. Alkootee, Sykes. An elongated, silver-white, slightly
compressed, minute Chela, with the dorsal fin of about 8
rays, very far back; ventral of about 7, and anal of about 10
rays, with burnished silver gill covers and black orbits;
rarely more than an inch long, and not much thicker than
a good-sized crow quill.

This very beautiful fish has a sweet flavour.

Leuciscus, Klein. First division. The dorsal situated a little behind
the centre of the back, above the space between the ventral
and anal fins.

Leuc. Morar, Cyprinus Morar, Buchanan Hamilton. A Leu-
ciscus allied to Chela, but with the dorsal fin a little behind
the centre of the back, with 8 rays in each ventral fin, 12 in
the anal, and 10 in the dorsal, and with the edge of the
belly smooth. Length 4% inches; height ,'5.

Differs slightly from Buchanan Hamilton’s ZL. Morar.

Leue. Sandkhol, Sykes. A Leuciscus, with nearly cylindrical
body ; dorsal fin of 12 rays, pectoral of 14, and ventral of 10
rays; gibbous head; 8 to 10 inches long by 14 to 2 inches
high; eyes with whitish narrow irides. The dorsal in this
fish is situated a little before the centre of the back.

Found in the Goreh river at Kullumb.

Leuc. Chitul, Sykes. A Leuciscus, with 14 rays in the dorsal,
14 in the pectoral, and 8 in the anal fins; of a reddish grey
colour, and rounded head. Sub-cylindrical. Length about 5
inches, height 14 inch.

Found in the Inderanee river near Chakun.

It being found impracticable to arrange, in any of the sub-genera
described, the following fishes of the Carp family, it is proposed to

place them in a new sub-genus, which I will call by the native
Mahratta name of Rohtee.

Rouse, noy. genus.
Carps with a lozenge-shaped body, rather long dorsal and anal
fins, the former seated on the angle of the back, with the
first complete ray serrated posteriorly ; scales minute.

Rohtee Ogilbii, Sykes. A Rohtee, with 12 rays in the dorsal,

9 in the ventral, and 17 in the anal fins; the body very
compressed, and very high, with the back sloping to each

162

end from the centre; head sharpish; pectoral fins, narrow
acuminated. - First complete dorsal ray, a strong bone, ser-
rated behind. Length, 44 inches, height 14 inch. A bony
fish.

Found in the Beema river near Pairgaon. This fish is dedicated
to my friend Mr. Ogilby, a distinguished member of the
Society.

Roht. Vigorsii, Sykes. A Rohtee, with armed dorsal fin of 11
rays, ventral of 10, and anal of 28 rays; compressed body ;
high in the middle, and sloping to each end; head slightly
recurved; eyes very large. Length, 6 inches; height, 1,3,
inches ; greatest length, 8 inches.

Found abundantly in the Beema river at Pairgaon. I have
dedicated this fish to my friend Mr. Vigors.

Roht. Pangut, Sykes. A Rohtee, compressed, deep, angular-
backed, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 14 or 15 in the pectoral,
and 8 in the anal fins, and with the first 3 or 4 rays of the
dorsal fin black at their tips; scales larger than in the pre-
ceding species. Length, 5 inches; height, 14 inch.

Found in the Baum and Beema rivers.

Roht. Ticto ; Cyprinus Ticto of Buchanan Hamilton. A Rohtee,
1+ inch long, with 4 to 6 black spots on the body; the 2nd
ray of the dorsal toothed behind with sharp incurved teeth ;
with 10 rays in the dorsal, 8 in the anal, and 8 in the ventral
fins; pectoral fins narrow, acuminate.

Found in the Mota Mola at Poona. This fish differs slightly
from Dr. Buchanan Hamilton’s Cyprinus Ticto.

Cobitis, Lin.

Cob. Rupelli, Sykes. A nearly cylindrical scaleless Cobditis, not
much thicker than a large goose-quill; from 2 to 3 inches
long, with 6 cirri; the lateral line marked with short brown
bars, and the rays of the dorsal and anal fins similarly
barred ; dorsal fin of 13 rays, pectoral of 12, and ventral of
8 rays.

This fish is much esteemed for food. Found in the Beema river
at Taimbournee and Mota Mola near Poona. I have dedi-
cated this beautiful little fish to Riippell, who did me the
favour to look over my drawings, and at the same time gave
me his opinion respecting the genera of the fishes.

Cob. Mooreh, Sykes. Differs from the preceding only in being
of a smaller size, in having 12 rays in the dorsal, and 7 in
the anal fin; the head is more obtusely pointed, and there
are more dark blotches on it; the bars on the lateral line
are differently arranged.

Cob. Maya, Sykes. Differs from the first species in having a
spine under each eye, and in having a blunter head; 9 rays
in the dorsal, 7 in the ventral fins.

Se ———————EE———=—V a

163

Fam. Esocide.

Belone, Ouv.

Bel. Graii, Sykes. A Belone with the fin of the tail rounded
and emarginate, with both jaws elongated into a quadrangular
beak ; with very minute scales; dorsal of 16 rays and anal
of 16 rays: closely allied to the Esow Cancila of Buchanan
Hamilton.

I have dedicated this fish to. a gentleman well known for his
contributions in natural history.

Fam. Siluride.

Schilbe, Cuv.

Sch. Pabo: Silurus Pabo, Buchanan Hamilton. A Schilbe, with
the tail divided into 2 unequal lobes, both pointing down-
wards; with 4 cirri, 2 shorter than the head, and with from
68 to 70 rays in the anal fin. Length from 12 to 15 inches,
height 24 to 3 inches.

Found in most of the rivers. Differs slightly from Buchanan
Hamilton’s Silurus Pabo. No second dorsal.

Sch. Boalis, Silurus Boalis, Buchanan Hamilton. A Schilbe,
with the fin of the tail divided into 2 unequal lobes; with
4 cirri, of which 2 extend to the middle of the fish ; all the
fins unarmed; dorsal of 5 rays, pectoral of 15; ventral fins
very small, of 9 rays; anal fin of 84 rays. Attains the length
of 3 feet, and the weight of 8 lbs.

Found in the Mota Mola at Poona. Differs slightly from the
Silurus Boalis of Buchanan Hamilton. No second dorsal.

Hypophthalmus, Spix.

Hyp. Goongwaree, Sykes. An Hypophthalmus, with 8 cirri,
all longer than the head, but not extending to the middle of
the fish; with 7 rays in the dorsal, and 52 in the anal fin,
with an extremely minute second dorsal; first ray in the
pectoral, and first in the dorsal, spinose and serrated behind.
Greatest length, 28 inches: body vertically compressed.

Found in the Mota Mola near Poona.

Hyp. Taakree, Sykes. An Hypophthalmus, with 8 cirri, 2 of
which reach to the ventral fins, 2 very minute near the nos-
trils, and 4 on the chin, nearly as long as the head; with
the first dorsal and pectoral rays serrated on the posterior
edge, with 8 rays in the dorsal and 50 in the anal fin.
Length, 9 inches; height, 2 inches.

Bagrus, Cuvier.

Bagr. Yarrelli, Sykes. A Bagrus, with the first rays of the
pectoral and dorsal fins terminating in long fleshy tendrils
and serrated behind; with 8 cirri, two of which are as long
as the head, thick, fleshy, and being lateral elongations of
the upper lip; other cirri very short; head broad, covered
with a granulated bony plate; the fish olive brown, marked

164

with black blotches like a Dalmatian dog; 2nd dorsal fleshy,
triangular. Length, 18 inches, but attains to a very great
size; body not vertically compressed.

Found in the Mota Mola at Poona.

Bagr. Lonah, Sykes. A Bagrus, with 8 small cirri; flat, granulated
head ; first dorsal fin of 7 rays, and pectoral of 10 rays, the
first ray of which is furnished on the posterior edge with
long sharp teeth; anal fin of 10 rays; 2nd dorsal of a trian-
gular form and fleshy: something resembling the preceding
in colour.

Platystoma, Agassiz.

Plat. Seenghala, Sykes. A Platystoma, with the tail fin
crescent-shaped, lobes unequal; with 8 cirri, two of which
only are longer than the head, reaching to two-thirds of the
length of the fish; the first ray of the pectoral and ventral
fins serrated behind; head long, flat, spatulate, covered
with a granulated bony plate. Dorsal fin of 8 rays; high,
ventral fins, very far back, of 6 rays. Grows to a great
size; flesh heating and soft.

Phractocephalus, Agassiz. Pirarara of Spix.

Phract. Kuturnee, Sykes. A Phractocephalus, with 6 cirri, 2
of which only are longer than the head; the first pec-
toral spine serrated on both edges; the lst dorsal spine on
the posterior edge only; these two spines terminating in a
filament: the shoulder-bone elongated into a point behind.
Greatest length, 6 inches; dorsal fin of 7 rays; pectoral of
9 rays; ventral fin small, of 7 rays; second dorsal replaced
by a small adipose fin.

Phract. Itchkeea, Sykes. A Phractocephalus, with 8 cirri, 2 of
which from the upper lip, extend to the end of the pectoral
fins; the other 2 very minute, with the 4 on the chin nearly
as long as the head; with the lst ray in the pectoral fins only
serrated; with § rays in the dorsal, and 12 in the anal fins;
with a sharp prolongation of the scapula. Fish handsomely
marked on the back with dark colours. Length, 2 inches.

This fish presents some slight deviations from the generic
characters.

Phract. Gogra, Sykes. A Phractocephalus, with 4 shortish
cirri; the plates of the shoulder elongated into acute, an-
gular, broad spines, with a dorsal fin of 8 rays; first ray a
bone serrated behind; pectoral fins of 10 rays, the first ray
a broad compressed bone serrated on both edges; head flat
and broad; second dorsal small, fleshy. Size 6 inches, but
grows larger.

Pimelodus, La Cepede.

Pimelodus Seengtee, Sykes. A Pimelodus, with the caudal fin
divided into 2 unequal sharpish lobes, and haying & cirri, 2

165

of which reach to the tail fin, and 4 to the end of the head,
and 2 are shorter than the head; the dorsal fin high and
without spine, of 9 rays; 12 rays in the anal fin; the second
dorsal adipose, and extending from the termination of the
first dorsal to near the tail. Length of fish, 6 inches.

Ageneiosus, La Cepede.

Ageneiosus Childreni, Sykes. An Ageneiosus, without cirri,
with the first ray of the dorsal and pectoral fins serrated on
the anterior edge only; with 8 rays in the dorsal, and 42 in
the anal fin; with two sharp lobes to the tail, the upper being
somewhat the smallest. Length of fish, 18 inches ; height,
41 inches, but grows to a larger size. Second dorsal adipose,
minute.

Fam. Clupeide.

Mystus, Buchanan Hamilton ; Notopterus, La Cepede.
Mystus Badgee, Sykes. A Mystus, with not less than 105 rays
“n the anal fin, 7 or 8 in the dorsal, and in the pectoral from
13 to 16, all unarmed; without apparent ventral fins, and
with a single small dorsal; the anal and caudal fins uniting,
and terminating in a point at the end of the body ; posterior
edge of the last gill plate crenated; scales minute. This
remarkable fish belongs to the genus Mystus of Buchanan
Hamilton, but not to the genus Mystus of Cuvier. Fish
vertically compressed. Length, 11 inches; height, 3 inches.

Ord. AropEs.

Fam. Murenide.
Anguilla, Cuv.

Ang. Elphinstonei, Sykes. An Anguilla, with the lower jaw
the longest; with the back, tail, and anal fins united, and
with a broadish, flat head; body dark green, blotched with
black; with 2 short tubular processes, one on each side of
the upper jaw. Attains the length of 3 feet, and diameter
of 3 inches.

I have dedicated this fine fish to the Honourable Mountstewart
Elphinstone.

In concluding my characters of the fishes of Dukhun (Deccan),
I may be allowed to state, that I have found the number of cirri,
whether in the Siluride or Cyprinide, insufficient as a generic cha-
racter; different species of the same genus varying in the number
of their cirri.”

167

December 11, 1838.
Dr. Bostock in the Chair.

An extensive collection of Fossil Tertiary Shells, from Italy, was
laid on the table, and aletter was read from Dr. Michellotti of Turin,
begging the Society’s acceptance of them.

A Wasp’s Nest, of very large size, was also exhibited to the Mem-
bers present. This nest was sent from Ceylon by the Governor of
that island, and was accompanied by the following letter from Lieut.
W. Williams, R.A.

Colombo, 27th May, 1838.

“The specimen of the Social Wasp’s nest, now on board the
barque ‘ Morning Star,’ was found by me in a talipot tree near
Colombo in Ceylon: its apex was secured at the junction of two of
the smallest leaves of this magnificent tree, and the bottom of the
nest was about seventy feet from the ground, at which elevation the
leaves began to shoot.

“It had been abandoned by the wasps, and its exterior walls were
much injured by the monsoon rains and storms, which left the ter-
races unprotected and unsupported, except by their interior pillars :
and the natives were in consequence unable to lower it from such a
height without destroying some of the lower terraces.

“I shall not attempt to enter further on this subject, a structure
so well known to naturalists. The appearance of the nest, as it
hung upwards of seventy feet from the ground, the shaft to it per-
fectly bare; and the larger leaves (used by the natives as umbrellas
and tents) waving over it, presented a very singular appearance : and
I hope its remains may reach England in a state of preservation
sufficient to satisfy the inspection of the curious.

« W. WituraMs, Lieut. R. Artillery.”

A letter was read from Dr. Philip Poey, Corr. Memb. Z.S. dated
Havanna, September 28, 1838, accompanying two specimens of
Capromys Fournieri, which he begged to present to the Society for
the Menagerie.

The reading of Mr. M¢Clelland’s list of new additions to the

Fauna of India was resumed by Dr. Horsfield, and some drawings
of the new species were exhibited.

No. LXXII,.—Procrepincs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

srT.08 UsourouN AMT Re SUAIREIOR I TERK 9 ee:

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed in Roman
Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel informa-
tion is given, in Italics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Observations

are made, in CAPITALS.

Page
Ageneiosus Childreni, Sykes ...+++++ 165
Aigocerus niger, Harris.......+. Fuses
Alauda Calandra, Linn. .....+s0.++0+4+
Ambassis Barlovi, Sykes
Anguilla Elphinstonei, Sykes .....++- 165
Antilope Ogilbyi, Waterh. ....+..+++» 60
Apreryx AuSTRALIS, Shaw...48, 71, 105
Bagrus Lonah, Sykes ...+--sesseseeeers 164
Yarrelli, Sykes .sssssescseseee 163
Barbus Khudree, Sykes ... we» 159
Kolus, Sykes sosees 159
Mussullah, Sykes ....+«+ sseee 159
Bathyergus Damarensis, (gilby...... 5
Belone Graii, Sykes....++.++++++ andecees 163

Ca@LoGENys SUBNIGER, F. Cuv. ... 54
CAMELOPARDALIS GIRAFFA,

Gmel. ......6, 20, 47

Canis jubatus, Desm. ...++se2eseeres++s 111
MEGAIOLIS ...sserereenee papseneve 5
Copola rubescens ...sssresevseneresnseess 45
Cercocebus ssssesseseereersecceccasconers 117
Cercopithecus AEthiops ...++.+s+10e00+ 117

Campbelli, Waterh... 61
erythrotis, Waterh.... 59

FUliginosus ssereesesee 117

Martini, Waterh. ... 58

Cervus Reevesi, Ogilby ...s.escereseee 105
Chameleo Bibroni, Martin.......+.++ 65
cristatus, Stutchbury...... 63

Chela Alkootee, Sykes.....sssseseeseees 161
Balookee, Sykes ...ssseeees +e» 160
Torah, Sykes ..sscsscescsseeserere 160
Oweni, Sykes..ece-cessesseereeees 160
Teekanee, Sykes «.sss00+ 161
Chondrostoma Boggut, Sykes......... 160
Fulungee, Sykes ...... 160

Kawrus, Sykes ...... 160

Mullya, Sykes....00+e+ 160

Wattanah, Sykes...... 160

Chrysochloris Damarensis, Ogildy... 5
Cheropus, n. g., Ogilby ....seseeereree 26

Cuxrorus, Ogilby........+ 120 to 147

Page

Cobitis Maya, Sykes sscceseescoeee we. 162
Mooreh, Sykes ..sceseseeeeees 162
Riippelli, Sykes .....sceseerees 162
Colobus Pennantii, Waterh. ....... aa coe
Satanas, Waterh. ...sec+-0+. 58
ursinus, Ogilby ....+. 61
Coluber Cantori, Martin 83
Chesneii, Martin .....+s+0+0+ 81

CUGPOr dit. ....eeserrersenseraes 81
Coronella modesta, Martin ....++... 82
multicincta, Martin ...... 82

pulchra, Martin .....-ss+-+ 82

Cryptobranchus Japonicus,
V. der Hoeven... 25

Cygnus immutabilis, Yarrell ......... 19
Cynictis Ogilbii, Smith .......+.. Pane
Cyprinus Abramioides, Sykes......... 158
Morar, Buchanan Hamilton 161
Nukta, Sykes .sssecseeeee w.. 159
Potail, Sykes.....sssseeseeree 159

Ticto, Buchanan Hamilton 162
DAsyYuRuS MACRURUS, Geoff. 120 to 147
Mavest, Geoff....120 to 147

Ursinvus, Geoff...120 to 147

Delphinus FitzRoyi, Waterh. ...... 23
DipELPuHiIs PHILANDER, Tem. 120 to 147
VirGiniana, Auct. 120 to 147

Echinops, n. g., Martin .....scseeeeees 17
Telfairi, Martin.. cone tke
Felis Pardina, Temm........++sseeeeeee 113
Galeopithecus ...seceesereseecossenverses 67
Galeopithecus Philippinensis,
Waterh. «0.000 119
Temminckii, Waterh. 119
Genetta Poensis, Waterh. ...+++.+++++ 59
Gerbillus Cuvieri, Waterh. «..++.++- 56
Gobius Kurpah, Sykes «..esseseseeeee 158
Graphiurus elegans, Ogilby ...... may pete!
Gymnotus electricus .+..+++0seeeverens 110
Haxicorre Dueons, F. Cuv.........- 28
Hamadryas, n. g-, Cantor .s.eeeeeeees 73

ophiophagus, Cantor... 73

170

Herpestes fusca, Waterh. ...
MELANUTUS sre0000 eesccense v
Herpetodryas punctifer, Martin ... 84
Hypophthalmus Goongwaree, Sykes. 163
Taakree, Sykes...... 163

Hypsiprymnus cuniculus, Ogilby ... 63
formosus, Ogilby ... 62

melanotis, Ogilby ... 62

murinus, Ogilby ....+. 63
myosurus, Ogilby ... 62

MYOSURUS,
Ogilby....+. 120 to 147
Phillippi, Ovilby...... 62
setosus, Ogilby ...... 62
Ursinvs, Miill.120 to 147
Istiurus Amboinensis, Cuv. «.s+0se0s 68
Lepus Bachmani, Waterh. ......... 103
Leuciscus Chitul, Sykes .......0ss00008 161
ONG sceseedasdpesercedasdad 161
Sandkhol, Sykes.......++ pie |
Limnoria terebrans..ccrcceccscceersseees 66
Lipurvs CINEREUS, Goldf....120 to 147
Lipurus cinereus, Gold. ....0.02+008 134
Londra, n. g., Sykes ...100++ “seq!
Lutra Poensis, Waterh. ...csccevcesees 60

Macropus BENNETTII,

Waterh... 120 to 147
Brunu, Cuy. ... 120 to 147
MAJoR, Auct. ... 120 to 147

PENECILLATUS,
Gray...... 120 to 147
Macropus rufiventer, Ogilby ......... 23
Macroscelides Alexandri, Ogilby ... 5
melanotis, Ogilby ... 5

Mastacembelus armatus, Sykes ...... 158
Meles Labradoria viscecesseveceveceeer 153
MYOPOTAMUS COYPUS ..eseseeeeeeees 118
Mystus Badgee, Sykes......sssseeeeeees 165

MyRMECOBIUS FASCIATUS,
Waterh... 120 to 147
Myrmecobius fasciatus, Waterh. ... 149
Ophicephalus leucopunctatus, Sykes 158
6

Otolicnus Garnettii, Ogilby .....++..
Ovis Nahor, Hodgson....+.++++++ aposse 40
Pelamys bicolor ....seceseeeseseeseeases 4
Perameles ecaudatus, Ogilby ......+.. 25
GRISEA cescececeeee 120 to 147
Gunnili, Gray...cecreceeeees 1
LaAGoris, Reid ... 120 to 147
lagotis, Reid ........+.+.+++ 149
wasuTA, Geoff.... 120 to 147
Petaurus breviceps, Waterh. ......... 152
Plaviventer, cesscrcesserseeees 149

MACRURUS, Desm. 120 to 147

pyGmM vs, Desm... 120 to 147
sc1rureEuS, Geoff.... 120 to 147
SCHUTCUS, sacecreaccencccnccees 149
TAGUANOIDES, Desm.120 to 147

INDEX.

Page
Petaurus Taguanordes...ccccsccrcceseee 149
Puavaneista Cooxu, Desm. 120 to 147
GLIRIFORMIS,

Bell ...... 120 to 147
Ursrna, Tem. 120 to 147

VULPINA,
Desm. ...

PuascoLtomys WomBat,
Peron et Lesu... 120 to 147
PHASCOLOTHERIUM, Owen... 120 to 147
Phractocephalus Gogra, Sykes ...... 164
Itchkeea, Sykes ... 164
Kuturnee, Sykes ... 164

120 to 147

Pimelodus Seengtee, Sykes.......++++ 164
Platystoma Seenghala, Sykes......+++ 174
Ptilotis flavigula, Gould ...... vesssnse | O%
ornata, Gould...... beew 124
Rohtee, n. g., Sykes...cssceveees cccevern OL
Ogilbii, SyKes...eeceeeceeevees 161
Pangut, SyKe8..ssceveeressevees 162
Ticto' <s.00 ecacsnscvastvencpe ins 162
Vigorsii, Sykes .s.ssscecseseee 162
Schilbe Boalis .......sceccccaseoecseconse 163
PUDT sasentcannens peaaunacenaes 163
Sciurus Auduboni, Bachm. ......... 97
aureogaster, F. Cuy. et Geoff. 88
capistratus, BOSC. ..++.+000+ . 85
Carolinensis, Grel. ..++.0006 94
cinereus, Gel. ......2esceeees 89
Collizi, Richardson ........+ 95
Douglasii, Gray ....++.++ sondadigeao
fuliginosus, Bachm. ....++++ 97
Hudsonius, Pennant ......... 100
lanuginosus, Bachm. ......... 101
leucotis, Gapper...+.+++++eeee 91
MACTOUFUS, SAY .oecerereeeeeee 88
magnicaudatus, Harlan ...... 88
niger, Linn. s.sccseeeeee ere He
niger, Catesby --.-+-+«rereees 85
nigrescens, Bennett ....+.++ 96
Richardsoni, Bachm.......... 100
TUPiVENTEL ceveeeeereeses Rees
subauratus, Bachm. ....+000+ 87
sublineatus, Waterh.....++++: 19
Texianus, Bachm. ...-++++++0+ 86
variegatus, DeSM, «..+..+000+ 85
vulpinus, Gmel. soe.+s-ssee00e . 85

Silurus Boalis, Buchanan Hamilton 163

Pabo, Buchanan Hamilton... 163
Tarsius Spectrum, Geoff........+++00+ 67
Tuy Lacinus Harris, Tem. 120 to 147
THYLACOTHERIUM, Owen ... 120 to 147

Triton Cristatus ..scccsocscssccecceee nent ao

MATMOLALUS...00.sescecseceseecs 23
Varicorhinus Bobree, Sykes «.-..+++ 159
Varranus Cumingi, Martin....... jeden 09
Vipera Euphratica, Martin....... spies POP

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