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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART XXVIII.
1860,

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE,

AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.

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PHY LAS

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Hy eI gnijoth HT TA

PRINTED BY ‘TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, vot
RED LION COURT, FLEET STRE!

LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Apams, Artuour, F.L.S. page
WNote'on the Wox of Sagat ice). cawes 24 02 gt as ss ee

Apams, Henry, F.L.S.

Description of a New Genus of Freshwater Bivalve Mol-
lusca, belonging to the Family Corbulide, from the Collection
of Hugh Comapy Msgs sys Jenn T) pbs: dei. Ped ee

Description of a New Genus and Species of Mollusk .... 241

On New Genera of Acephalous Mollusks.............. 369

Descriptions of a New Genus and Species of Mollusca .. 450

Bairp, W., M.D., F.L.S.
Description of a New Species of Estheria from Nagpoor,

RMR LOM etait cy ek De ass ote ts Hee eae ee 188
Note on the Genus Cypridina, Milne-Edwards, with a
Description of some New Species..........0.20.00-005- 199

page

Description of a New Entomostracous Crustacean, belong-
ing to the Order Phyllopoda, from South Australia ...... 392

Description of Two New Species of Entomostracous Crus-
tapes Trond Satay ccclewien wast shocks ws Wee an Riek ace we 445

Description of some New Species of Intestinal Worms
(Entozoa) in the Collection of the British Museum........ 446

Bartwett, A. D.
Exhibition of the Head of a variety of the Common Goose,

with the feathers of the back of the head reversed . <a
Exhibition of the Gizzard of a Nicobar Pigeon ........ 99
Note on some Young Hybrid Bears bred in the Gardens

Of-he Sortehy sais she a) .6 tants 2 ae WW le dae o een eeee 130
Exhibition of a series of Eggs of Struthious Birds ...... 205
Notes on the Reproduction of the Australian Wattle-bird

(Talegalla lathami) in the Society’s Gardens ...........- 426
Note on the Binlanscepg 202 acs. ieee wielglidin ss rae «lana 461

Bates, H. W.

Exhibition of an undescribed species of Phyllostoma, from
Pipa Upper nMaanon 2 ns ees oils oes tae vce oe 99

Brearpsworruy, Rev. G.

Extract of a letter relating to two Cetaceans killed on the
North Kentish coast, near Whitstable.................. 373

Becker, Lupwie.

Notes on the Young of Menura superba, in a letter ad-
dressed to John Gould, Esq., from Melbourne, Victoria,
Mept./24, HRS... siscc'0 ios Geek os ee eee eee 61

Bennett, G., M.D., F.Z.S.

Notes on the habits of the Brown Coati (Nasua fusca,
Desm.)

page
Buck.ianp, FRANK T.
Exhibition of the Egyptian Ibis ...... mraipeetevacsed. <taph orem bd
CospBotp, Dr. T. Spencer, F.L.S.
Contributions to the Anatomy of the Giraffe .......... 99

Crisp, Epwarps, M.D., F.Z.S., &c.

Exhibition of specimens of the Cock of the Rock (Rupicola
erocea) which had been brought alive to and had died in this

WOUMUTY feo: as Seigeas sek sa tdies sy <a Sects we ee ee
On the Causes of Death of the Animals in the Society’s

Gardens from 1851 to 1860.......... area Ae ee 175, 190
Exhibition of specimens and drawings of Cenurus cerebralis

from the brains of the Common Sheep.............-...- 185
Note on the Blood-corpuscles of the Japanese Gigantic

Salamander (Sieboldia mawima) ...... 0.00.00 eee eens 203
On the Structure, Relative Size, and Use of the Tail-glands

HI BMRGS dr oy s8 Dds See lben Sa cele gad ro tigdiate aaa Jet vdids “QA

Dourn, H.

Descriptions of New Species of Mitra from the Collection
or Hugh Cumiig Wsge toto o/h tere Cree tek ees 366

Fiower, W. H., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., &c.
On the Structure of the Gizzard of the Nicobar Pigeon
and other Granivorous Birds...............eceeeeeceue 330

Girkxr, Herr H., of Heligoland.
On the Occurrence of American Birds in Europe ...... 105

Goopwin, WILLIAM.

On an apparently New Species of Paradise-bird ........ 243

Goutp, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e.

Description of a New Species of American Partridge .... 62

vi
page
Exhibition of specimens of the Chough of the Himalayas
(Fregilus himalayanus) osc... see cee ieee cere 206

Descriptions of Twenty-two New Species of Humming-
PRES SiS ie 0 Saja ian aN ves coke ES ONG) tna ge 304

Remarks on a Kangaroo living in the Society’s Gardens.. 373
On a New Species of Kangaroo, of the Genus Halmaturus 375

Description of a New Species of Hornbill from Western

Description of a New Species of the Genus Moho of Lesson 381
Description of a New Odontophorus.................. 382

Exhibition of a series of Penguins, and descriptions of two
ew RPGs a wae hee te ae et ee ons cate a teks 418

Gray, G. R., F.Z.S., &c.

Synopsis of the Species of the Genus Penelope ........ 269
List of Birds collected by Mr. Wallace at the Molucca
Islands, with descriptions of New Species, &c. .......... 341

Gray, Dr. Joun Epwarp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., &c.

Description of a New Species of Cuscus (C. ornatus) from
the Island of Batchian, with a List of the Mammalia col-
lected in that Island by Mr. A. R. Wallace.............. 1

Description of a Soft Tortoise (Aspidochelys livingstonii)
from the Zambesi, sent to the British Museum by Dr. Li-
WHOESEOME, «os 6 ix se > 2 nine 5. ai See eee ook 3

Description of a New Genus of Boide discovered by Mr.
Bates on the Upper Aniagon.. .2.\)s.. is. inaiee awe ee oe 132

Note on the Species of the Genus Pithecia, with Description
of a New Species, Psqliteaae <5... 20S) 3. sepa
A ee of a New Species of Geoclemmys from Esme-
raldas . Pe eee ie eee

ficsess te of a New Species of Emys re yi in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society...................... 232

ee ee De a ee ae oe ee

vii
page
Description of a New Species of Distichopora from New
Pledge |. «eae shee aks ace te te Ser ee ee 244

On the African Trionyces with Hidden Feet (Emyda).... 314

Note on the Female of Cuscus ornatus....-----+++++"" 374
Description of a New Coral (Corallium johnsoni) from
Bi liten Ger festa Se OTe Das ers Me ae at ine o tedis 393
On the Genus Manouria and its affinities ..--+++-+++:> 395
On the Genus Hyperoodon: the two British kinds and
eee: Munthe a ee es eee eee eae ewe ss 422
Note on Aspidochelys livingstontt......---- +--+ 77 430

Ginruer, Dr. ALBERT, For. Mem. Z.S8.

On a New Snake from the Galapagos Islands.....-.--- 97
On the Reptiles of Siam ....------ oes, 3 ae vintage = 113
Contributions to a Knowledge of the Reptiles of the Hima-
laya Mountains .... 22.2: ++ s+ +-mers cere sere sents 148
Third List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata collected by Mr.
Beater ii eMRlGE et ak = at Ss Sees ee aes 233

Description of Homalocranium laticeps, a new Snake from
Seerthurerat SM rage et arn a: late ae

Exhibition of a dried specimen of a Fish of the Genus
Centrolophus, obtained by Mr. J. Couch at Polperro, Corn-
1 ean oye th Settee Sn). 2 Aer ot 302

On New Reptiles and Fishes from Mexico ......--+--> 316
On a New Species of Fish, belonging to the Genus Pagrus 391
On a West-African Genus of Snakes (Meizodon)....---- 427

Hamutton, Dr., F.Z.S., &c.

Exhibition of large specimens of hybrids between the Phea-
sank ahd) Domestic Oni. <o vie a ne str tree ne - }

Exhibition of Hen Pheasants in male plumage. . ---- ets OSes

Vili
page
HANLeEy, SYLVANUS.

On New Species of Nuculacee in the Collection of Hugh
Cacatngy sls. Fs 7. 1. tesla bias, tiveness aay as ie alas t, aes 370

Deseription of New Naeplida 22! 52 oc aeistee td watered 440

Harravs, Dr. G., For. Mem. Z.S.

On a New Form of Grallatorial Bird nearly allied to the
Cariama (Dicholophus cristatus)

Harttavs, Dr. G., For. Memb., and J. J. MontTEtrrRo.

On some Birds collected in Angola

Jones, J. Matruew, F.L.S.

Extract from the Bermuda ‘ Royal Gazette,’ relating to the
recent capture of a large species of Gymnetrus.......-..++ 185

LEADBEATER, B., F.Z.S.

Exhibition of some heads and antlers of the American Wa-
piti Stag, and three specimens of Buffon’s Skua .......... 322

Leycester, A. A.

Notes on the Habits of Menura alberti, ina letter addressed
te’dolin Gould,’ Het... 2. 2.2 ase tts Be pee 113

Macpona bp, Professor.

Exhibition of Diagrams illustrative of a new scheme of Zoo-
lopienl "Classification .)..2i, 6-05. <0 =). oe ee re ae 303

Martens, Dr. Epuarp von.

On the Mollusca of Siam (Communicated by Dr. A. Giin-
ther, Foreign Member)

Morcu, Orro A. L., of Copenhagen.
Review of the Genus TJ'enagodus, Guettard............ 400

“|

ix
page
Newton, Aurrep, M.A., F.Z.S., &e.

Note on the supposed occurrence of the Hirundo bicolor

of North America in England ............-2..26-. gnu bod
On some Hybrid Ducks ...... 6.6... 22 eee reece eee 336
Remarks on the Anas (Anser) erythropus, Limn........ 339

On the recent discovery of Bones, supposed to be those of
tine Dados, wacasi ig een e pe aeereia atlases aes cage x 443

Parker, W. K., F.R.C.S.
Abstract of Notes on the Osteology of Baleniceps rex .. 324

Pease, W. Harper.

Descriptions of New Species of Mollusca from the Sand-

wich Islands. Part I... 2.2.2... e0ee se neeeee ee 18
Descriptions of New Species of Planariide collected in the
Sandwich Islands: ....00 506.66 c0sssclneee dees concwsee 37
Descriptions of New nes of Mollusca from the Sand-
wich Islands. Part II. Pes Oe ee ietiiocen | Val
Descriptions of Three Siac of Marine Shells from the
Pacifie Oceaals 15 a Peg ys ha als io IE Ss [2 ots 189

Descriptions of Seventeen New Species of Marine Shells,
from the Sandwich Islands, in the Collection of H. Cuming,
Mages Se Gat etek ae wa ition Sess Meee eS 397

Descriptions of Forty-seven New Species of Shells, from
the Sandwich Islands, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. 431

Descriptions of Six New Species of Land Shells, from Ebon,
Marshall’s Group, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. .. 439

PetuHerick, Joun, Corr. Mem. Zool. Soc., F.R.G.S.

Exhibition of the head and horns of a rare Antelope from
Central Afrien: 222.900... SUARIS LS A Pes 193

Memoranda on the Hippopotamus and Baleniceps recently
imported into England, and now in the Gardens of the So-
CRCEY ic fs bse celica dm Fa asinie es 0 st eee Sean be 195

page

Pre1rFeR, Dr. L.

Descriptions of Thirty-six New Species of Land Shells, from
the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ..................

Prime, Tempxe, of New York.
Descriptions of New Shells from the Collection of Hugh
Cuiaping, Aiea sia): ccitioien hoqetio we wwe neds davies wah

Reeve, Lovett, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

A Commentary on M. Deshayes’s Revision of the Genus
DOPED Me's ain.i = Spits ae pers eng t as pees Leeetes kee

REINHARDT, Professor J., For. M.Z.S.
= On the Affinities of Baleniceps <. 2.02662. 22ccenees-

Romer, Dr. E., of Cassel.

Descriptions of New Species of the Genera Dosinia and
Cyclina from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. .....-

Savin, Ospert, M.A., F.Z.S.

Exhibition of the eggs of the Quesal (Pharomacrus para-
HEGRE) Cds olla hoes Set ey apne ARON EY Nie Sent yeteae

On the Reptiles of Guatemala ................ 20045.

Scuater, Partie Lutuey, Ph.D., M.A., F.L.S., Secretary to
the Society.

Further Evidence of the Distinctness of the Gambian and
Riippell’s Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterus gambensis and
ae gL ee ee ere ee Ce eR free

List of Additional Species of Birds collected by Mr. Louis
Fraser at Pallatanga, Ecuador; with Notes and Descriptions
Gb New Species 3... 6.1 vin: ae eke Sa om ane alert

List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in the vicinity of
Quito, and during excursions to Pichincha and Chimborazo ;
with Notes and Descriptions of New Species ............

List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Na-
negal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro; with Notes and De-
seriptions of New Species . 2. ....:_- = 2. seis 4s

ey Oke

448

117

page

Exhibition of a large Horned Owl (Bubo maximus, var.)
from Pingkéng Lake, Thibet ......+--+erereererrre ee
Note on the Punjab Sheep living in the Society’s Garden
Additions to the Menagerie during the months of January
and Febemary.. fos.cinc oc} epee ain eieyatele ire Os vie einen wn me
Exhibition of Oreophasis derbianus ; and announcement of
the addition of Sieboldia maxima and Baleniceps rex to the
Society’s Menagerie ...--------- Woes ave ats see ies phage
Exhibition of an egg of the King Vulture, and of a second
egg of the Apterye ...-.--++eeeeerr src rte rests
On the Rheas in the Society’s Menagerie, with Remarks on
the known Species of Struthious BIEUSs 3's x oaw = es
On the Black-shouldered Peacock of Latham (Pavo nigri-
PaaS so AOE AT aaa on in wa aa VPA Oe se
On the Species of the Genus Prioniturus, and on the Geo-
graphical Distribution of the Psittacid@ in the Eastern Archi-
pelago.. 2... 62st eee eee de Sembee.

Additions to the Menagerie during the months of March

Briers: 2 ic jn GOOD s eR aged as orate HAA lat slate Aor
Notes on a Collection of Birds from the Vicinity of Orizaba
and neighbouring parts of Southern Mexico A
Exhibition of a specimen of a new form of Dormouse (Plat-
acanthomys lasiurus) .----- So a Dee
List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser at Babahoyo in
Ecuador, with Descriptions of New Species......+-+++--->
List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser at Esmeraldas, Ecua-
dor, with Descriptions of New Species....--+2-+ +++ a
Note on the Skull of the Red River-Hog (Potamocherus
PIS RIT) Sse Ge 3 SIS a llc ean
Exhibition of a male example of the Bimaculated Duck of
Warrell: 2.02.2. oe. Oe ar
Description of a New Species of Manakin from Northern
EUR Seah 0 Ci a ee a aan eg he

99
126

183

184

193

207

221

~ 220

242
245

247

. 230

260

272

291

301

. 303

xii
page
Description of a New Tyrant-bird of the Genus Elainea
from the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies ..:......... 313

Exhibition of a drawing of a species of Rock-Kangaroo
just received by the Society from South Australia ........ 323

Additions to the Menagerie during the month of May .. 371
Additions to the Menagerie during the month of June .. 372

Note on the Japanese Deer living in the Society’s Mena-

RIE Weg dea eC ee aa eS an a woe DOS 375
Catalogue of the Birds of the Falkland Islands ........ 382
Additions to the Menagerie ogee the months of ii

August, September, and October . eae jxme © 7s eae
Exhibition of bird-skins from Port Churchill, Hudson’s

BAY recs aiecete s SRR RES rei SS ed ss o's isi ee ae ws eo ns So ee

Notice of some Rare Species of Quadrumana, now living
in the Society 6 Menmrerie. ooo. ec ok ou vn ss ase ees v- 5S

Additions to the Menagerie during the month of November 442

On the Badirussa and other Suide, now living in the So-

ciety’s Menagerie ...... ele ess ive Jhuriel sr alas eee 443
Note on Ovis polit of Blyth thi cles bed swellinama be densa 443
Report on the Indian Pheasants bred in the Society’s Me-

nagerie during the years 1858, 1859, and 1860 .......... 444
Characters of Ten New Species of American Birds...... 461

SciaTerR, PHILip Temes Ph.D., M.A., F.L.S., Secretary to
the Society, and Ospert Satvin, M.A., F.Z.S.

Characters of Eleven New Species of Birds discovered by
Osbert Salvin in Guatemala ............ eee Peat 298

SHortt, Dr., F.Z.S.
Remarks on the Civet Cats (<.s3s cen cece ce tei cee ss, SS

Simmonps, P. L.

Extract from a letter, announcing the capture of a young
female “Gorilla <c:.cutes ne a ne Sebi he 3 pe, no ss <a

xili
Stevens, S.

Exhibition of Birds and Lepidopterous Insects, collected
by Mr. Wallace in the Island of Batchian ........-.+--. 1

Stewart, T. Howarp, F.Z.S.

Remarks on the Stomach of the Potamocherus penicil-
TPM 5 A ie dag Rs ean tLe imme ne Sain ws pple lt ne Bios 480.8 194

Tempxe, Roser, Chief Justice of British Honduras.

Letter referring to a species of Peccary ........... -- 206

Tomes, Rosert F., Corr. Mem. Z.S.
A Monograph of the Genus Epomophorus, with the De-

scription of a New Species .....-.---seceeeeeeeer cere 42
Description of a New Species of Opossum, obtained by

Mr. Fraser in Ecuador ..........+---++ eeeeee oe ee 58
Notes on a Second Collection of Mammalia made by Mr.

Fraser in the Republic of Ecuador ...... ord arcane int = a's 211
Notes on a Third Collection of Mammalia made by Mr.

Fraser in the Republic of Ecuador ...... re es erat 6 V8 260
Additional Note on Didelphys waterhousti ........ wean oe

Waxuace, A. R.

Notes on Semioptera wallacii, Gray, from a Letter ad-
dressed to John Gould, Esq., dated Amboyna, Sept. 30,1859 61

Witson, F. H.

Exhibition of four examples of a curiously coloured variety
of the Common Mole (Talpa europea) .......+-.-+ +++ 206

1860.
MAMMALIA.

Plate Page
LXXIV. Cuscus ornatus .....cee cece ee ence nenenes Bag devo) 's 1
LXXV. Epomophorus franquett ......ce cesses renner eres 42
LXXVI. Didelphys waterhousit .....seeeeeeeeeeeers reese 58
ae } Anatomy of the Giraffe ......-. cece rere eee teen 99
LXXIX. Oviswignii i. cic. i cece cen dee ewe cert ee cens } 129

LXXX. —— cycloceros 0... cceennrercceeeeceeeeescees
LXXXI. Pithecia albicans ...... cece cece e eee e eee nnes 228
LXXXII. Macacus ocreatus ......ceee cece een tenes 419
LXXXIII. Babirussa alfurus ....6.cec sce ee teen eee eee e eee 443

AVES
CLIX. Oreomanes fraseri ... 2.010 ee se rere nner nee e tenes 73.

CLX. Euchlornis jucunda ........ee reece ener ee eeeees 83
CLXI. Pytelia montetri ........ 00 sere eee e eee e eee ee rete 109
CLXII. Egg of Casuarius bennettit ......seeeeeseceeerees 206
CLXIII. Coccothraustes maculipennis ......-00+0ereeree recs 250
CLXIV. Cyclorhis virenticeps ......-.+ece serene ere sees 274
CLXV. 4 Structure of the Gizzard of the Nicobar Pigeon ae 330

CLXVI. } other granivorous birds ......--++s+ sere reese
GURVIL | piybrid Ducks... 0 00seseeeseereterereseries 336
CLXIX... Aquila gurneyé .. 1.22. ees r cree eee e cree eeeces 341

CLXX. Tanysiptera sabrina ....-.+e+-eeeeeereerercees >

CLXXI. Megapodius wallacti .....+++++eerreeees esate alaie i 341

CLXXII. Habroptila wallacti ....+.+e seer rere reer ee sees
CLXXIII. Chloephaga rubidiceps ....++++sesreeeeserere cers 382

LIST OF PLATES.

xv1

REPTILIA.
Plate Page
XXII. Aspidochelys livingstonii .......6 0c eee eee cece
XXII. Herpeton tentaculatum ...000.cse0veecevevscusees $13
RENT CHM SERUSIANIGSUE sia iarahe a) +I vie nib lotsa, hl kteyazersfo,at loca slain 132
XXV. Barycephalus sykesii and Tiaris elliotti .......... ;
XXVI. Ablapes owenii and A. rappii .... se ce cece eevee | 148
XXVII. Spilotes hodgsonti ...... 0.0. ceece reve cereeees
XXVIII. Rana liebigii and Dicroglossus adolfi ............ J
ORD) > Geoclem mys GMmUlaci. « s'saisic aise s(o0ie\e ales s\e\n's10«viwisis 231
EXGNENS ae PLIVY Sf UELRLTBTLOO SIBua as ical sicxchuhal/v)a\a/s) oip/cl¥ivye 0 sre o's + selec 232
NRO IVAN OUTED PASE olds. Bis oyahaln laine a oie n\e(0:d;a)e/0 e's saints he 395
XXXII. Thamnocenchris aurifer and Hyla holochlora........ 451
PISCES.
X. Pimelodus cinerascens, P. elongatus, and P. modestus.. 233
Le. PGT TODA. ob a. lela vd nena ps ao v diane gta sae Cs plate 391
MOLLUSCA.
a |New Species of Land and Marine Shells........ 133, 189
ANNULOSA.
LXX. New Species of Planariid@ .........eccseeeeeeeee 37
LXXI. New Genus and Species of Entomostracans...... 188, 199
UT SERENEG OUCH vores piaosis dics stoke ale oR tater esa Me ale 392
LXXII. | Streptocephalus dichotomus ......0+eeeeceecceeees 445
(Dalia MEW DOLE ts 5iiss-' «pols aia vee Hla vistsltche ae hee 446
RADIATA.
MMVII. Distichopora-coccmed oo ccc vases veces ceive savcce 244

MVIM.-. Conathium: JOnnsonse 6. 5. cites carowrele alelelotelays a cs s'si¥ 393

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 11th, 1860.
Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

’ - Dr. Hamilton exhibited some remarkably fine and large specimens
of hybrids between the Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and the hen
of the Domestic Fowl.

Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a series of the birds and lepidopterous
insects contained in Mr. Wallace’s recent collections from the island
of Batchian. Mr. G. R. Gray was stated to be preparing a list of
the birds, recognizing eighty-five species, of which about twelve ap-
peared to be undescribed.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descrrprion or a New Species or Cuscus (C. orNATUS)
FROM THE IsLAND OF BATCHIAN, WITH A LIST OF THE
MAMMALIA COLLECTED IN THAT IsLAND By Mr. A. R.
Watuace. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.ZS.,
Pres. Ent. Soc., ETC.

(Mammalia, Pl. LX XIV.)

Mr. Wallace has sent to the British Museum a series of Mammalia
collected in the island of Batchian in the year 1859.

The most interesting specimen is a new species of the genus Cuscus,
belonging to the section of the genus which has the inner surface
of the ears bald. It may be thus described :—

Cuscus ornatus (Pl. LXXIV.).

Male pale golden-brown ; back rather darker, with small irregular
white spots; crown and back with a narrow longitudinal blackish

No. 417.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

streak, which is darker on the back, black on the crown, and indi-
stinct on the nape; beneath rather paler, with a broad white lon-
gitudinal streak near the middle of the chest and front of the abdo-
men; ears produced beyond the fur, naked internally; the skull
with a very deep concavity between the orbits.

Hab. Batchian.

This species is most like Cuscus orientalis, but in that animal the
male is pure white. It differs entirely from C. celebensis (from
Celebes) in the general colour of the fur, and in having a distinct
streak on the head and back, somewhat like the streak on the back
of the female C. orientalis, but narrower and darker.

It differs from all the other species in the nakedness of the inner
surface of the ears.

The white streak on the chest and belly is not exactly in the
middle of those parts, and there is a square white spot on the upper
part of the right fore leg, not found on the other legs.

This animal may possibly be the coloured male of C. orientalis ;
but all the known males of that species are pure white. Can albi-
nism be the usual, and this coloured male the unusual, characteristic
of that species ?

The skull of Mr. Wallace’s animal from Batchian agrees in general
character with the skull of C. orientalis (sent to the Museum as
Cuscus quoyii from the Moluccas), but is yet sufficiently unlike to
render it very doubtful if it be not a distinct species. It is smaller,
the impression on the crown is deeper and furnished with a much
more decidedly raised edge, which is extended behind on the central
line to the occiput, and there is a notch or ridge at the upper front
angle of the orbit, not to be found on the skull of C. orientalis.

Some of the converts to the theory of the mutation of species
may think that this animal is an instance in point; but such a hy-
pothesis derives no support from the observations I have made.

All the difficulties here started arise from the imperfect material
which the specimen affords for arriving at any definite opinion on the
subject, and I believe that this is the explanation of nine-tenths, or
T may say ninety-nine in a hundred, of the cases on which the theory
is attempted to be established. This is not to be wondered at when
we consider how very few are the animals, even of our own coun-
try, and more especially of exotic species and genera, whose history
and anatomy have been properly studied. Most naturalists are of
necessity in the habit of describing species from the few specimens
which are brought from abroad in a more or less perfect state, with-
out being acquainted with the changes which the animal undergoes
in growing from its birth to maturity, and without the slightest in-
dication of its habits and manners. Now, we know from experience
amongst the British birds, such as for example the Rook and the
Crow, and the species of the Willow Wrens, that if we were called
on to describe them from such materials we might make great mis-
takes. A mere examination of stuffed specimens might well lead
to doubts as to their distinctness as species, but this could never
be the case if we had seen them alive in their native haunts, and

2 a cS enc ete

observed the extreme differences which exist in their habits, food,
note, &c.

Judging from analogy, it is fair to believe that many of the spe-
cies, even among the larger and best known vertebrated animals,
which are now considered doubtful, and sometimes only regarded
as slight varieties, if properly observed and described, would prove
to be quite distinct ; and if this be the case with the larger animals,
what must it be with the smaller articulated and molluscous or radi-
ated animals, which are very rarely described, except from specimens
in one condition, often indeed from some isolated part of the ani-
mal, as its shell or coral, as it is found in a museum? I cannot but
think that until we have better materials to work from, it is rather
rash to theorize on so important a question as the stability or muta-
bility of species.

As regards the animal now before us, instead of knowing its history
in all its states, and having a full account of its habits and manners
(and I cannot conceive that any species is well established without
all these particulars), we have only a skin with its separated skull,
and that of one sex, of a genus in which the sexes sometimes differ
greatly in external appearance, and of which the species are very
imperfectly known.

Thus, for example, the section of the genus to which this specimen
is referable contains at present two species; one long known, and of
which perhaps there are not more than twenty-five or thirty speci-
mens in all the museums in Europe. The males in all these cases
are pure white, and the females reddish with a narrow dorsal streak.

Last year I described a second species from a male, a female, and a
young specimen in the British Museum, in which both sexes are
ashy-grey without any dorsal streaks, and which has not been observed
in any other collection. Now I have described a third from a single
adult male, which is bright reddish-yellow varied with white spots,
having a very distinct narrow dorsal stripe. I have every reason to
believe that this is a good and distinct species, but without stronger
evidence I can hardly say that it is so, particularly as I have no
knowledge of the female. Moreover, all the males of the species
most nearly allied to it in the different museums are pure white, a
colour which is very rare in the animal kingdom, except when it
arises from a state of albinism; and the eyes of this animal are
represented in the published figures as red, as if it were an albino ;
_ and this male specimen has a distinct dorsal streak, which is the
character that distinguishes the female of C. orientalis from the other
species of the genus. I am therefore induced to inquire, can the
males which we have hitherto had have been albinos? and is this
the naturally-coloured male of that species? And though I ask the
question in order to induce other naturalists further to examine the
subject, I am myself inclined to regard C. ornatus as a distinct species.
Whether this be the case or not, I do not think that this specimen
affords any ground for believing that the three species of the genus
were derived from a common origin, and have gradually separated
themselves from each other, more especially as they all seem to be

organized on very much the same plan, and are confined to a very
limited space or group of islands on the earth’s surface.
With this animal Mr. Wallace has sent

1, CyNOPITHECUS NIGRESCENS.
Papio nigrescens, Temm. Consp. &e. iii. 111.

Three specimens (with their skulls), two adult and one young.

The adult agrees well with the specimen which the British Mu-
seum received from the Leyden Museum as coming from Celebes.
The younger specimen wants the pale subterminal ring on the longer
hairs of the shoulder, which are more or less distinctly marked in
all the adult specimens I have examined. This species is very nearly
allied to the C. niger of the Philippines.

Mr. Wallace, in a note, remarks, “These apes are very rare and,
I think, very interesting, as I expect they are from the most
southern limits for these animals.”

I think there must be some mistake in this, because, first, they are
more Monkeys than Apes; and secondly, both Monkeys and Apes
are found abundantly in Sumatra and Java, much further southwards
than Batchian, which is nearly on the equator. ‘

The Bats seem numerous on the island, as the collection contained
fifty-nine specimens. I have not ventured to name or describe them,
as Mr. Robert Tomes has now taken up this group of animals, and
promised to form a catalogue of them ; so I leave their determination
to him.

2. RHINOLOPHUS, no. 1.
3. RHINOLOPHUS, no. 2.
4. RuINOLOpPHws, no. 3.
These species differ greatly in size and colouring.
5. HiprosipERos, no. l.

6. HipposipERos, no. 2.
The second species is the smallest of the group I have yet seen.

7. MINIOPTERIS AUSTRALIS.

Peculiar for the great length of the tail and infemoral membrane,
and for the length and freedom of the hind feet.

8. Preropus, no. 1. (Seven specimens. )
9. Preropus, no. 2. (Five specimens.)
10. Preropus, no. 3. A single specimen, of a uniform reddish-

brown, rather paler on the head.

These species differ greatly in colour, aud they appear to be very
uniform, as there are many specimens of nos. 1 and 2, and the indi-
viduals are much alike.

ASPIDOC

CHFord.

Proc. Z.5. Reptilia XXIL.

7 ST ONIL Pig.1. WWest imp

5
11. ViveRRA ZEBETHA, Linn.

Hab. Batchian. A young male.

Mr. Wallace names this animal Paradoxurus, but it has none of
the characters of that genus: the scrotum is covered with hair, and
the tail uniformly hairy.

12. BELIDEUS ARIEL.

Hab. Batchian. ;
Two males, rather differing in size and colour: the larger is
darker and greyer, the smaller paler and redder on the back.

2. Description or A Sorr TorToIse (ASPIDOCHELYS LIVING-
STONII) FROM THE ZAMBESI, SENT TO THE British Museum
spy Dr. Lrvinestone. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray, F.R.S.,
V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., ETc.

(Reptilia, Pl. XXII.)

The British Museum has lately received from Dr. Livingtone the
dorsal and sternal shields of a large fluviatile Soft Tortoise from the
country near the Zambesi. It was accompanied by the skull of a
foetal African Elephant, and some other bones of that animal.

Some years ago I received through the Earl of Derby a Soft
Tortoise from the River Gambia, which differed from the genus
Emyda, to which it was allied, in having no bones on the hinder part
of the margin of the dorsal shield. 1, therefore, proposed to esta- -
blish for it a new genus.

When I described this genus I called it Cyclanorbdis, but re-
ceived a note from Dr. Peters, before the account of this genus was
printed, in which he informed me that he had found near Mozam-
bique, on the River Zambesi, a Tortoise which was called Casi, which
wanted these bones on the hinder part of the margin of the dorsal

,shield, and which he had proposed to call Cyclanosteus frenatus,
on account of certain black streaks on the head. I obliterated my
name, and adopted that which my friend Dr. Peters has suggested,
and described the one I had received from the Gambia under the
name of Cyclanosteus petersii (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853; Ann. & Mag.
N. H. 1855, xv. 69; Catalogue of Shielded Reptiles in the British
Museum, 64, t. 29).

The animal from the Zambesi which we have received from Dr.
Livingstone agrees with the animal from the Gambia in wauting
the bones in the hinder part of the margin of the dorsal shield ; but
it differs so essentially in the structure of the sternum that it is
necessary that another genus should be established for its reception.
Now, it may be the Casi of the natives, but unfortunately Dr. Living-
stone has not sent its native name, and it may be the Cyclanosteus
frenatus of Dr. Peters; but I cannot find any description of that
animal. It is not noticed, nor any other Tortoise, in the review
of the Amphibia collected during his Travels, which Dr. Peters

published in the ‘Monatsberichte der Berliner Academie,’ 1854,
p- 614, and which is reprinted in Wiegmann’s Arch. 1855, p. 43.
Under these circumstances, as I applied Dr. Peters’ name Cyclanos-
teus to the animal from the Gambia, and first gave the character to
that genus derived from that species, and, as my description of that
genus appears to be the only one that has been published, I think
that the name Cyclanosteus must be retained for the Gambian Tor-
toise, although probably Dr. Peters in his note intended it to refer to
the Mozambique form. If I do so, the reference to Dr. Peters’
MS. must be erased from my account of the animal in the papers
above referred to, and I must give a new name to the genus, to be
established on the Tortoise from the Zambesi.

This genus may be considered in some respects intermediate
between Cyclanosteus and Emyda; for, though it has the simple
flexible boneless hinder margin of the dorsal shield of the former
genus, it has the seven sternal callosities of the latter ; but these cal-
losities, though they agree in number, are of a much smaller size,
compared with the size of the animal, than those of the genus
Emyda.

It is the giant of the group, agreeing in size and development with
the genera of this family, which have the legs exposed, and especially
with the genera Trionyx and Chitra.

ASPIDOCHELYS.

Head ? Limbs —~—? The hinder margin of the dorsal
disk expanded, flexible, without any bony plates. The sternum
broad, rounded before and behind, hiding the feet, with very distinet
moveable flaps over the hinder feet. Sternal callosities 7, the odd
one behind the oblong anterior pair, lunar, transverse, the hinder
pair large, oblong, only united together on the hinder part of the
mner margin.

Hab. Africa.

ASPIDOCHELYS LIVINGSTONI (Pl. XXII. fig. 1, 2).

? Cyclanosteus frenatus, Peters, MSS. in Gray, Cat. Shielded
Reptiles Brit. Mus. p. 64.

Hab. Mozambique in tributaries of River Zambesi? (Dr. Living-

stone).
The dorsal shield is 22 inches long and 17 inches wide over the

convexity of the back.

3. On THE Motuvusca or S1am. By Dr. Epvuarp von Martens.
(ComMUNICATED BY Dr. A. GUNTHER, FoREIGN MEMBER.)

During my stay in London I have had the opportunity of exa--
mining several collections of Siamese shells made by Sir Richard
Schomburgk, J. C. Bowring, Esq., Dr. Harland, and Mr. Mouhot.

The greater number of them are in the collection of the British
Museum. Like all naturalists visiting this country, I feel myself under
great obligations to Dr. J. E. Gray and to H. Cuming, Esq., who with
their usual liberality have given me free access to their collections.

J. LAND-SHELLS.

The only notice of a Siamese land-shell recorded by earlier authors
is to be found in Argenville’s ‘ Conchyliologie,’ third edition, by Fa-
vanne, figure C 1 of plate 64 of this work representing a shell called
la Siamoise, which it is difficult to indentify with any known species;
Nicolson (Essai sur I’ Histoire Naturelle de lisle de St. Domingue,
1776) and Lamarck are very probably wrong in quoting it asa Haiti
shell, Helix undulata, Fér. From that time, so far as I know, no
land. or freshwater-shell has been mentioned as from Siam, until
the shells collected by Dr. House were described by Redfield and
Haines (in the sixth volume of the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural
History at New York, 1853-1855) and by Dr. Pfeiffer (in the Pro-
ceedings of this Society, 1856). I shall mention them in the follow-
ing list at the proper place.

HELICcEA.

Virrina SIAMENSIS, Haines, Ann. Lyc. N. H. New York, 1855,
vi. p- 158.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 15 mill.

Leg. House,

Nawnrna pistincta. Pfr. Mon. iii. p. 81; Reeve, Conch. Ic. Hel.
no. 465.

' Leg. House et Mouhot.

This species and Cyclophorus siamensis ave the largest land-shells
known at present from Siam ; it seems to be common there, because
there are several of this species among the shells collected by Mouhot,
and Dr. Pfeiffer had seen and described one some years before House
or Mouhot were in Siam.

NANINA BIRMANA, Pfr.

Pale yellowish, with a reddish band, the whorls slowly increasing.
Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 15 mill.

Leg. Mouhot.

Nanina HAtnEst!, Pfr. Mon. iv. p. 61; Novitat. pl. 18. f. 7-9.

This shell is similar to the preceding, but may be distinguished
by the whorls being more raised, and by the want of any band. They
are both faintly decussated, and their suture is slightly crenulated,
and of a pinkish-violet hue.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 26, alt. 16 mill. .

Leg. House et Mouhot.

NANINA

There is another Siamese species in the British Museum most
allied to N. bistrialis, but distinguished from it by being more flat
above ; the whorls are much more rapidly increasing, as in the two
preceding species; the colour is pale yellowish with a rather broad
white band, bordered on each side by a narrow brown line. As the
specimen seems not to be perfect, I shall not venture to give it a
new specific name.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 17 mill., anfr. 43.

Leg. Mouhot.

NanINa sIAMENSIS, Pfr. Mon. iv. p. 60; Novitat. pl. 18. f. 1, 2.
Leg. House.

Nanrna (subg. Hesra) vatiicoa, Pfr. Mon. iv. p. 46.

Whorls 53, with radiating strize near the suture.
Diam. maj. 12, min. 11, alt. 7 mill.

Nanna (subg. Hesta) spLENDENS, Hutt., Pfr. Mon. iv. p.124?

Umbilicus very narrow.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 7 ‘mill.

Leg. Bowring.

The two last-mentioned species are very brilliant, and in this re-
spect, as well as in their size and general shape. resemble the shells
of the genus Hyalina more than any true Nanina. It is merely
on the authority of Hutton and Pfeiffer (v. Malakologische Blatter,
1856) that I am induced to place them in the genus Nanina,

Nanina (subg. TROCHOMORPHA), Sp.

There is one specimen in the British Museum, gathered by
Mr. Bowring, nearly allied to Helix planorbis, Less., and H. acuti-
margo, Pfr. As Mr. Cuming tells me that he has sent specimens
of all these Siamese land-shells to Dr. Pfeiffer, I prefer to await
the judgment of that experienced monographer in determining the
species.

Hexix TOURANNENSIS, Eydoux et Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, pl. 29.
f. 12; Pfr. Mon. iii. p. 137.

Hevix stmivaris, Fér.; Pfr. Mon.i. p. 336.
A rather large specimen, diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 12 mill.,
with a distinct reddish-brown band.

HEL1x PTYCHOSTYLA, Nn.

Testa umbilicata, conoidea, solidiuscula, striata, fusca ; anfr. 63,
convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus medio carinatus, basi
convexus, umbilico lato, pervio; apertura securiformis ; peri-
stoma expansum, album, margine columellari fere perpendiculari,
uniplicato, angulum rectum cum margine basali formante.

Diam. maj. 14, min, 12, alt. 9 mill.

Nearly allied to H. tapeina, Bens., from which it may be at once
distinguished by the fold on the columella.

BuLimvus PERVERSUS, L.

I have seen two imperfect specimens only, collected by Mr. Mou-
hot ; they may be recognized by the convexity of the upper whorls
and the white sutural zone as belonging to B. perversus, and not to
B. interruptus.

Buuimus staAMEnsis, Redfield, Ann. Lyc. N. H. New York,1853,
vi. p. 15; Pfr. Mon. iv. p. 425.

Leg. Ingalls et Mouhot.

Our specimens would scarcely be called ‘‘ obtuse carinati,’’ havin
in fact no keel at all. The largest of the specimens which I have
seen is 22 mill. long and 11 broad, the length of the aperture being
8 mill.

B. siamensis belongs to the group Ena, Leach (= Merdigero, Held
= Napeus, Alb.), spread from the middle of Europe to the northern
and mountainous parts of India, and seems to be one of its most
eastern representatives ; it is particularly allied to the Transylvanian
B. reversalis, Bietz., by its sinistral whorls.

Srenocyra ERECTA (Bens.); Pfr. Mon. ii. p. 265?

Iam not able to find any reliable difference between one shell col-
lected by Mr.. Bowring and the above-quoted description ; as the
measurements, however, and the number of whorls do not agree, [
subjoin the following diagnose : —

Testa cylindraceo-turrita, apice obtusa, striatula, nitida, pallide
lutescens ; sutura mediocris ; anfractus 54 convewiusculi ;
apertura x longitudinis teste equans, tetragono-elliptica ; peri-
stoma simplex, acutum; columella antrorsum torta, oblique
truncata.

Long. 243, diam. 9 mill. ; apert. 8 mill. longa, 5 lata.

STENOGYRA TURRICULA, 0.

Testa turrita, imperforata, subtiliter verticaliter striata, parum
nitens, sordide flavescens ; apex obtusiusculus ; anfr. 9, regu-
lariter accrescentes convext, sutura profunde discreti, ultimus
angustatus ; apertura ovato-lanceolata, superne acuta, inferne
rotundata ; peristoma simplex, margo externus strictus, rectus,
columellaris adnatus ; columella stricta, elongata, alba, ad
basin valde oblique truncata.

Long. 18, diam. 6; long. apert. 5 mill.

SuCCINEA, sp.
Leg. Mouhot.

The specimens are too badly preserved to be identified with any
known species, or described as a new one.

CyCLOSTOMACEA. |
CycLOoTUS CONICUS.

Testa conico-turbinata, late umbilicata, sub epidermide sordide
brunea aureonitens, spiraliter lirata; apex acuminatus; anfr. 5,
convexi, sutura profunde discreti, ultimus rotundatus, liris 8-9
elevatis, mediana nigricante, piligera, basi levi ; apertura cir-
cularis ; peristoma duplex, internum rectum, album, continuum,
margini columellari appressum, externum interruptum, breviter
expansum, nigricans. Operc. typicum.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 10 mill.

This species comes next to C. touwrannensis, Souleyet, from Cochin
China, but is distinguished from it by the sculpture, by the haired
keel, and by the higher form of the shell.

Leg. Bowring.

OPpISTHOPORUS SIAMENSIS, 0.

Testa discoidea, late umbilicata, striatula, flavida, fusco-fulgu-
rata, vertice prominulo ; anfr. 44, convewiusculi, sutura pro-
funda discreti, ultimus rotundatus, antice descendens, non
solutus, linea mediana pilifera, tubulo recurvo aperto 6 mill.
pone aperturam munitus ; apertura circularis; peristoma du-
plex, internum rectum, continuum, externum interruptum, bre-
viter expansum, superne alatim dilatatum. Operculum calea-
reum, multispirum, planum, margine incrassato, cavo.

Diam. maj. 19, min. 14, alt. 7 mill.

Leg. Bowring.

Allied to O. diciliatus, Mouss. and O. euryomphalus, Pfr.

Prerocycios (subg. SprracuLuM) HovsEI, Haines, Ann. of
Lyc. N. H. of New York, Oct. 1855, vi. p. 157, pl. 5. f. 12-15;
Pfr. Suppl. p. 29.

In this species the end of the last whorl is separated from the
preceding ; the operculum is remarkable from its cylindrical form.

Leg. House.

ALyc£us pistortus, Haines, l. c. pl. 5. f. 5-8; Pfr. Suppl.
p- 33.
Leg. House. :

CycLopPHorws SIAMENSIS, Sow.Thes. Suppl?pl. 31 A. f. 292, 293;
Pfr. Mon. p. 66 ; Gray, Cat. Cycl. p. 37.

Operculum cartilagineo-corneum, multispirum, crassiusculum,
extus concavum, albidum, intus aurantium, nucleo centrali,
mammillato, sanguineo.

In our specimen the last whorl is rather subangulated.

Leg. Bowring.

CycLopHorus FLoRIDUuS, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 300;
Mon. Pneumonop. Suppl. p. 43.
Leg. House.

el a at oe ale |. eS.
(‘“

The figure 115 in Sowerby’s ‘Thesaurus’ agrees more with this
shell than with C. invelvulus, Mill., from which C. flavidus is distin-
guished by the want of the spiral ribs, and by having the peristome
not double, and coloured white.

CycLoruorus punctatus, Grateloup ; Pfr. Mon. p. 67; Gray,
Catal. Cycl. p. 45.

Diam. maj. 24, min. 21, alt 19 mill.

Leg. Bowring.

MEGALOMASTOMA MYERSII, Haines, J. c. pl. 5. f. 9-11; Pfr.
Suppl. p. 79 ; Novitat. Conch. pl. 18. f. 12.

Long. 36-39 mill.

Leg. House.

OMPHALOTROPIS MACULATUS.

Testa ovato-conica, acuta, striatula, parum nitens, olivacea, ma-
culis fuscis triseriatis notata; anfr. 83, planiusculi, sutura
minime profunda discreti, ultimus ovatus ; apertura oblongo-
ovata, superne valde attenuata, acuta, peristomate simplice,
margine externo parum arcuato, recto, acuto, columellari bre-
viter expanso ; umbilicus pervius, angustus, carina alba, fusco-
limbata cinctus.

Long. 11, diam. 7, alt. apert. 6 mill.

The outlines of this shell are somewhat similar to those of Assi-
minea francisci, Wood, sp. I retain the name Omphalotropis, for
which Pfeiffer has substituted “ Hydrocena” in the Supplement of
his ‘ Monographia Pneumonopomorum,’ because I am by no means
persuaded that the Eastern species with a keel round the umbilicus,
and with a subvertical aperture, belong to the same genus as Hydro-
cena cattaroénsis, Pfr., found in Dalmatia.

Most of the species enumerated above have as yet been found only
in Siam; but several are spread over a great extent of the large
eastern peninsula, containing Birma, Assam, Siam, and Cochin China,
as for instance, Nanina birmana, Helix tourannensis; a few others
seem to extend beyond the peninsula to the neighbouring parts of
India and China; but we may remark that these are species belong-
ing to groups which are spread over most parts of the world, and
which consist of species to be distinguished from each other only by
the vague characters of size and proportions.

The most striking natural groups represented in the fauna of Siam,
as far as at present known, are exactly those which predominate
in and are characteristic of the whole Indo-Chinese region and the
adjacent islands, as Cyclophorus among the Cyclostomacea, Nanina
and the great helicoid Bulimus (Amphidromus) among the Helicea.
Bulimus siamensis is the only representative of a group which is con-
fined to the continent, and is wanting, as far as I know, in the Eastern
Archipelago.

II. FresHwater SHELLS.

LIMNZACEA.

PLANORBIS COROMANDELICUuS, Beck; var. minor, Dunker in
Triister’s second edition of Martini’s Conchylien.-Cabinet, pl. 6.
f. 14-16.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 8.

The specimens sent by Dr. Harland and Mr. Mouhot agree very
well with the figure quoted above. It is another question, which,
however, need not be discussed here, whether they should really be
regarded as a variety of Planorbis coromandelicus, which is much
flatter. These shells are very remarkable for their resemblance to
those of the North American group allied to P. trivolvis, Say, exhi-
biting the oblique shape of the mouth, and the few inflated whorls
with a blunt keel near the umbilicus, which is less deep than the
‘centre of the upper side of the shell.

AMPULLARIACEA.

AMPULLARIA GLOBOSA, Swains.; var. 4. corrugata, Swains.

Peristome orange.
Diam. 63, alt. 59 mill. ; apert. 51 mill. longa, 35 lata.

AMPULLARIA CELEBENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard (ampullacea of
Linn. ’).

Peristome whitish, speckled with dark brown.

Diam. 63, alt. 63 mill. ; apert. 55 mill. longa, 35 lata.

AMPULLARIA POLITA, Desh. ?

Spire conic, produced ; the shell of a uniform black colour ; the
peristome whitish. :

Diam. 48, alt. 58 mill; apert. 41 mill. longa, 24 lata.

All these three species I found in the collections made by Mr.
Mouhot.

PERISTOMACEA.

PALUDINA TROCHOIDES, m.

Testa trochiformis, acuminata, obtecte perforata, oblique striata,
striis spiralibus subtilissimis decussata, interdum malleata,
nitens; spira concava; anfr. 6, supremi plani, nigricantes,
medii convexiusculi, obscure virides, ultimus medio carinatus,
pallide virens, fuscia lata fusca supra carinam notatus, basi
convexiuscula ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-cordata ; peri-
stoma breviter expansum, album, margine supero subrecto, colu-
mellari incrassato, dilatato. Operculum corneum, concentricum,
subovatum, extus rugis subtilibus obliquis sculptum.

Long. sive alt. 20, diam. 22, alt. apert. 14 mill. j

This species is very remarkable from its form resembling that of

the trochiform Helix of the Eastern Archipelago (of the section
Geotrochus) ; the structure and the appearance of the surface clearly

eee

indicate its affinity to the other viviparous Paludine, especially to
the following. The keel, in some of the specimens, becomes almost
obsolete near the aperture.

PaLUDINA CINGULATA, N.

Testa ovato-conica, acuta, anguste perforata, oblique striatula et
lineis spiralibus subtilissimis decussata, virens vel brunneo-
nigricans, apice violaceo-nigra ; anfr. 6-7, convexiusculi, supe-
riores lineis elevatis spiralibus, nonnullis obsolescentibus sculpti,
ultimus cingulo tumido mediano munitus ; apertura parum ob-
liqua, ovato-rotunda, superne non acuta, cerulescenti-alba ;
peristoma rectum, crassum, obtusum, extus sepius nigricans.
Operculum corneum, concentricum, late ovatum, aureo-nitens.

Long. sive alt. testee 55, diam. 31, alt. apert. 21 mill. (in speci-
mine maximo).

Leg. Mouhot.

This species can be regarded as a link in the chain hetween P.
oxytropis, Bens., P. tricarinata, Anton, P. angularis, Mill., and
our European P. fasciata, Mill. (vivipara of Linn.). It is distin-
guished from the latter by the presence of one, from all the former
by the absence of the two superior spiral girdles, traces of which,
however, are found-on the upper whorls. The single girdle is in
most of the specimens much swollen, and is visible also on the
penultimate whorl, on or a little above the suture. P. japonica, mihi,
is also closely allied, but its body-whorl exhibits a canthus only in-
stead of an elevated girdle, and its upper whorls no raised lines at all.

PALUDINA POLYGRAMMA, Mm.

Testa conico-oblonga, imperforata, striatula, fusco-viridis, fas-
ciolis nigris numerosis (in anfr. ultimo 9) cincta, apice nigri-
cante; anfr. 53, subplani, ad suturam tumidi, ultimus obtuse
angulatus ; sutura impressa ; apertura ovalis, superne acuta,
ceruleo-albida ; peristoma incrassatum, brevissime campanulato-
expansum, nigro-limbatum. Operculum normale, concentricum,
corneum.

Long. 20, diam. 14, long. apert. 12 mill.

Leg. Mouhot.

Mus. Berol.

Biraynia TRuNCATA, Eyd. et Soul.

Testa conico-oblonga, rimata, levis, flavo-virens, apice truncata ;
anfr. superiores 44, convexiusculi, sutura simplice discreti,
ultimus obsolete fasciatus ; apertura oblongo-ovata, superne
acuta, margine columellari fusco. Operculum ovatum, extus
corneum, concentrice striatum, nucleo subcentrali, intus testa-
ceum, homogenum, margine corneo.

Long. 13, diam. 8, long. apert. 6 mill.

This species is in shape similar to Paludina bulimoides, Olivier

(cleopatra, Troschel), but it is essentially distinguished by the
structure of the operculum ; the whorls, also, are more flattened.

MELANIA, sp.

There is among the shells collected by Mr. Mouhot a turrited
species of this genus ; its chief character consists in the under margin
of the whorls being swollen and prominent over the following suture,
in the same manner as in Twrritella imbricata, Lam. The shell
is of a uniform olive-green colour, which becomes in the uppermost
whorls reddish: it is provided with rather strong vertical strie.
As Mr. Cuming tells me that he has sent specimens of it to Mr.
Reeve to be described and figured in one of the next numbers of the
«Conchologia Iconica,’ I do not give it any specific name. The same
is the case with the two following species.

MELANIA, Sp.

A turrited shell with large dark-brown stripes, a little shorter than
the preceding, allied to M. testudinaria, Busch, and M. picta, Hinds.

Leg. Mouhot.

MELANOPSIS HELENA, Mouss.
Leg. Mouhot.

NERITINA MELANOSTOMA, Troschel= Neritine indienne, Eydoux
et Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, 34, 32-35.

Mr. Reeve is wrong in uniting this species with N. crepidularia,
Lam., from which it differs in the narrower form of the mouth and
of the whole shell, and in the blackish colour of the inner lip.

NAIACEA.

A considerable number of species of the genus Unio, found in Siam
by Dr. House, are described by Lea in the sixth volume of his ‘ Ob-
servations on the genus Unio,’ 1857. Several of them are in the col-
lection of the British Museum, sent by Sir R. Schomburgk.

Unio novset, Lea, /. ¢. pl. 23. f. 3.

This is a flat shell, with a small wing before and a large one di-
stinctly folded behind the summits. Three specimens of different
ages, sent by Sir R. Schomburgk, render it highly probable that
U. myersianus, Lea, 1. c. pl. 22. f. 2, is merely the adult of the same
species, the wings being gradually lost with age.

Leg. Sir R. Schomburgk.

Unio cravinus, Lea, /. c. pl. 24. f. 5.

Is a very distinct form, not yet known from the Eastern hemi-
sphere, similar to U. capae from North America; the wing, never-
theless, shows some wrinkles at its base, which are elevated and
anastomosing, as in many of the Eastern species.

Lao in Siam ; leg. Mouhot.

Unio rvusticus, Lea, /. e. pl. 25. f. 7.

As I am not quite confident in identifying our shell with that de-
scribed by Lea, I shall add a diagnostic phrase.

fe a

Testa ovata, tenuis, virescens, antice rotundata, postice obtuse
angulata, margine dorsali postico convexiusculo, ventrali sub-
stricto; angulus a vertice decurrens, aream posticam teste
circumscribens ; ruge V-formes in medio teste, ascendentes in
area postica, utreque in adultioribus obsolescentes. Dentes
cardinales tenues, compressi, vix crenati ; lateralis elongatus,
arcuatus, in valva dextra duplicatus.

Long. 51, alt. 29, diam. 14 mill.; vertices in } longitudinis siti.

The other species described and figured by Lea, /. ¢., are :—

Unio hainesianus.—This is a large, convex, and rounded shell,
with the wing well developed and almost rectangular to the longitude
of the shell ; allied to U. housez, eumingii, and schlegelit.

Unio eximius.—This has also a folded wing.

Unio scobinatus.— Allied to U. rusticus, from the same locality,
with the corrugations much more developed.

Unio inornatus.— With two oblique keels on the hinder half of
the shell. ;

! Unio tumidulus.—Similar to the European U. tumidus.
\ Unio sagittarius.—Nearly approaching the Egyptian U. cailliaudi.

Unio humilis, substriatus, nucleus.—Founded on very small, per-
haps immature shells.

AnoponTa (subg. LaMPROSCAPHA) SCHOMBURGKI, m.

Testa elongata, antice angustata, postice dilatata, compressa,
tenuis, epidermide nitente, virescente tecta ; margo dorsalis sub-
rectus, postice in alam humilem longiusculam elevatus ; margo
anticus et posticus rotundati, angulis nullis distincti, margo
ventralis subconcavus ; cardo plane edentulus ; impressiones
musculares modice, accessoria antica modica subrhombea; facies
interna violaceo-rubens.

Long. 82, altitudo ad vertices 27, in parte postica dilatata 38, diam.

15 mill., vertices ante + longitudinis siti.

Misit Schomburgk.

The thin and very flat shell and the want of edges at the margins
render it impossible to associate this species with Spatha rostrata,
and induce us to search for allied forms in the subgenus Lampro-
scapha of Swainson.

ANODONTA CALLIFERA, N.

Testa rotundato-ovata, crassa, epidermide nigricante, margines
versus tomentosa ; vertices non prominentes, approximati ;
margo dorsalis antice angulatus, postice convecus, arcuatim
descendens ; margo posticus perpendiculariter truncatus, anticus
et ventralis valde arcuati; cardo callo marginali inflexo, in
valva sinistra prominulo, dentiformi, in dextra emarginato-
notatus ; impressiones musculares anteriores 2, altera (acces-
soria) minor, reniformis.

Long. 80, alt. 51, diam. 28 mill.; vertices in } longitudinis.

SpATHA COMPRESSA, m.

Testa oblonga, compressa, solida, epidermide nigricante, sericeo-
nitente, subtomentosa; umbones parvi, approximati ; margo ven-
tralis rectus, margo anticus rotundatus, posticus perpendicula-
riter subtruncatus ; cardo edentulus, in valva dextra callo parvo
prominulo munitus, in valva sinistra paulisper emarginatus ;
impressiones musculares profunde, antice dua@, accessoria
magna subquadrata; postica unica, ovata; facies interna
cerulescenti-margaritacea, centrum versus flavescens.

Long. 87, alt. 44, diam. 24 mill.; vertices in 2 longitudinis siti.

A specimen purchased for the British Museum from a dealer,
together with other Siamese shells, is noted as coming from ‘‘ Khao-
kho, north-east of Pakpriau in Siam.”

Spatha is regarded by most authors as a genus peculiar to the
African region; but there is besides the above, another species in the
British Museum marked as coming from Manilla, and allied as nearly
to Spatha rubens as Spatha compressa is to S. wahlbergi.

Deshayes, in the second edition of Lamarck’s work, points out the
depth and size of the muscular impressions, and more particularly of
the accessory one on the fore half of the valve, as the only character
by which the shell of Spatha might-be distinguished from that of
Anodonta. This character, coinciding with the very striking re-
semblance to the South African species of Spatha, named above,
leaves me no doubt that this shell should be placed in the same
genus.

Cyrena (subg. CorsicuLA) oRIENTALIS, Lam. Desh. Cat. Brit.
Mus. p. 227?

Shell much swollen, subequilateral, with regular distant elevated
ribs, gradually becoming obsolete on the hinder end; umbones very
blunt, thick, in great extent decorticated. Teeth of the hinge simple,
lateral teeth nearly equal in length, curved and striated through the
whole of their length.

Alt. 20, long. 214, diam. 16 mill.

III. Sea-sHELLs.

We find in the above-named work of Favanne two species with the
epithet ‘ Siamoise,”’ namely, vol. ii. p. 9, “la Couronne Siamoise,”
without figure; according to the author’s words, nearly allied to
Turbo argyrostomus, L., but distinguished by seven rows of thick
and elevated girdles. The other, ibid. p. 274, “la Natice Siamoise,”
pl. 11. f. D 5, appears to be Natica lineata, Lam. It should be stated
that Favanne mentions China, not Siam, as the locality of both of
them ; but we may conclude, from the French names quoted above,
which, without doubt, were then used in the collections of the
amateurs, that those shells were originally brought from Siam to
France.

We cannot say the same of the ‘‘ Siamoise @ collier,” the account
of which immediately follows that of the above species of Natica,

el ee

yee eT Taee

the name being evidently employed in this case as a generic one,
signifying a shell of the kind of the Stamozise, distinguished by a
collar ; and indeed the description of it seems to be made from a
specimen of Natica collaria, Lam., which occurs in the Atlantic
Ocean only. Lamarck, I suppose, intended to call to recollection
the above denomination of ante-Linnean conchologists by the spe-
cific name given by him. At the close of the past century Brugiére
introduced the Conus siamensis, which is admitted generally as a
distinct species, the geographical range of which, however, extends
far beyond the limits indicated by the name. ;

The following are the few Sea-shells from Siam which I observed
in the collections of Mr. Mouhot :—

CeriTHIUM optusuM, Lam. Zoology of Samarang, pl. 13. f. 3.
Natica macutosa, Lam. ; Reeve, Conch. Ie. f. 57.

CypR#A ARABICA, L.

MyrILvus SMARAGDINUS, Chemn.

ARCA NODIFERA, nN.

Testa ovata, ventricosa, equivalvis, parum inequilateralis, superne
utrinque obtuse angulata, margine ventrali medio stricto, utrin-
que rotundato ; coste 21 distantes, anguste, nodose ; inter-
stitia latiora, concentrice striata ; color albidus, zonis nonnullis
Suscescentibus ; margo grosse crenatus ; area ligamenti angusta,
striis divergentibus sculpta ; vertices parvi, remoti.

Hab. Bankok ; legit Mouhot.

This species is allied to 4. granosa, Lam. (Reeve, Conch. Icon.
fig. 15), which is found also in the East Indies: it is distinguished
from it by the shell being more elongated, and by the ribs, which are
narrower, and separated by grooves broader than the ribs themselves.

I have examined three specimens, two of them in the British
Museum ; they are somewhat different from each other as to the
outlines of the shell, and I therefore give measurements of them :—

a. b. ec.
Bength oo... 3... BY tata Sets cadet, Atl), ra 59 50 52 mill.
Height from the summits to the ventral margin 42 35 36 ,,
Diameter from one valve to the other........ 3801322 S2in;s

CyTHEerREA (MERETRIX) zONARIA, Lam. ; Desh. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Venerid. p. 38.

CyTHeREA (MERETRIX) mmpupica, Lam. /.c. p. 36.

Leg. Sir Richard Schomburgk.

The posterior area of the shell is in some specimens more purely
white than the remainder, which is somewhat yellowish, speckled
with pure white ; in others the shell is bordered by a pinkish-violet
stripe on the posterior margin. The interior surface of the former
variety is quite white ; in the other it is provided with a dark-brown

No. 418.—ProcreEDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

spot, which is situated just on the margin of the shell, where the
exterior stripe terminates.

TELLINA (subg. ARgopacia) SIAMENSIS, mM.

Testa ovata, compressa, subequilateralis, lamellis concentricis con-
fertis et striis radiantibus decussata, antice rotundata, postice
carinata, lumellis distantioribus, magis elevatis, sulcis im-
pressis 2 ante carinam sculpta ; flavescenti-alba, haud nitens ;
margo ventralis modice arcuatus, postice valde ascendens et
subinde subsinuatus ; dentes cardinales valve dextre duo, pos-
terior bifidus, valve sinistre duo, prior bifidus, posterior parvus ;
dentes laterales in utraque valva anticus et posticus distincti,
triangulares, a cardinalibus remoti ; facies interna alba, sinus
palliaris maximus.

Long. 49, alt. 33, diam. 14 mill. ; vertices in $ longitudinis siti.

This shell is allied to Tellina capsoides, Hanley, and 7’. concen-

trica, Gould, but it can at once be distinguished by its form being
transversely ovate and nearly equilateral, like that of 7. pristis.

CAPSELLA VIOLACEA, Reeve?

The Siamese shell is rather stronger than is usual in this species;
long. 63, alt. 31, diam. 19 mill. ; vertices in # long.

SOLETELLINA TRUNCATA, Gmel. ?

I have seen only a worn specimen, the end of which was less
truncate than is usual in this species ; Mr. Cuming therefore thinks
it distinct.

4. Descriptions oF New Species or MOLLUscA FROM THE
Sanpwicu Istanps. By W. Harper Pease. (Commvu-
NICATED BY Dr. J. E. Gray.)

Before commencing my descriptions, I should remark that I call
the hinder part of the shell (near the apex) the posterior end.
Being accustomed to see the animal in connexion with the shell in
motion, it appears to me unnatural to call the mouth posterior and
the apex anterior, as some authors do.

I begin with the Opisthobranchiates, the Bullide, and so on
through the Nudibranchiates. There is no part of my collection
with which I am so little acquainted as the Bullide, having received
but few specimens for comparison, and therefore relying mostly on
descriptions for the determination of species. I am often misled
by these, in such cases, for instance, as where an author makes use
of the term s¢rie to mean raised lines, having always considered
that s¢rie indicate quite another character from raised lines. Again,
descriptions are drawn up from imperfect specimens, and are copied
into monographs without alteration or correction.

Of Bullina vitrea I have lately procured the two largest and most —

perfect specimens I ever found. It dues not agree with the Bulline,
but I can place it nowhere else, unless with the Hydatine.

Bullina lauta 1 have always considered heretofore the same as
B. undata (Brug.) ; but on close examination I find differences
sufficient to warrant a separation. With a glass can be traced the
longitudinal lines crossing the transverse ribs. The ribs of B. un-
data are described as smooth, and the interstices punctured trans-
versely, which does not agree with my shell. In B. dauta the apex
is more obtuse, and the transverse red lines are regular, in which
respect also it differs from B. undata. The localities of the two
shells are wide apart, and I have never received a single specimen
from the islands south of the Sandwich, nor ever heard of its having
been found on them.

Tomatina sandwicensis seems to approach T, gracilis (Adams).
It is, however, striated transversely.

I have another species of Haminea which cannot be distinguished
from H. crocata ; but, not having had an opportunity of examining
the animal, I must defer its description.

Atys debilis approaches A. elongata of Adams, but does not agree
with his description in several particulars.

The Bullide are found principally at one locality on the Sandwich
Islands, where I have collected but one season.

1. BuLLINA VITREA.

Shell ovate, thin, fragile, white, with or without one or two sets
of two or three fine transverse black lines on body whorl, transversely
finely grooved ; interstices punctured; spire obtuse ; apex acute ;
whorls four ; aperture oval, dilated at the base; slight fold at the
base of the columella (not imperforate, umbilicated).

Mus. Cuming.

2. BuLLINA LAUTA.

Shell oval, umbilicate, white, with two transverse red lines on body
whorl, crossed by irregular longitudinal pink undulating lines, trans-
versely ribbed, crossed by fine longitudinal raised lines ; whorls
four ; spire a little elevated, nucleus persistent ; aperture elongately
oval ; columella obliquely truncated.

Mus. Cuming.

3. ToRNATINA SANDWICENSIS.

Shell small, cylindrical, shining, white, finely striated transversely ;
spire elevated ; whorls four ; aperture contracted posteriorly, dilated
anteriorly ; slight fold on columella.

Mus. Cuming.

4. HAMINEA CROCATA.

Shell suboval, thin, fragile, slightly narrowed posteriorly, smooth,
with the exception of the longitudinal lines of growth; outer lip
slightly produced posteriorly, and rounded ; aperture narrowed poste-

riorly, and slightly dilated at the base ; columella with a light fold,
white and shining.

Animal.—Cephalic disc large, oblong triangular, entire in front
and truncated, bilobed posteriorly and lobes overlapping; lateral
lobes reflected on the sides of the shell during locomotion, covering
about one-half of its length, and nearly meeting on the back ; poste-
rior lobe covering the spire; foot subquadrate, extending a short
distance beyond the shell posteriorly ; eyes central, immersed, black,
surrounded by white areolz ; colour of the animal varying from grey
to greyish-yellow, and in some nearly to black, being closely mottled
and freckled with olive or dusky.

Mus. Cuming.

Found usually on sand-flats, but occasionally met with on sea-
weed. They are most abundant on the leeward island of our group,
from whence they become less common towards the windward, being
very rarely met with on the windward island.

5. HAMINEA PUSILLA.

Shell small, cylindrically ovate, rather solid, white, surface finely
cancellated ; apex slightly umbilicated or perforated ; aperture nar-
row, contracted posteriorly ; slight fold at base of columella.

Mus. Cuming.

6. ATYS SEMISTRIATA.

Shell oval, contracted posteriorly, thin, fragile, pellucid, white,
transverse raised lines at both ends ; aperture slightly dilated at the
base ; apex perforate.

Mus. Cuming.

7. ATYS DEBILIS.

Shell cylindrically ovate, elongate, narrowed posteriorly, pellucid,
fragile, white ; outer lip produced and twisted posteriorly ; apex um-
bilicated, and umbilicus striated or grooved, finely striated trans-
versely, transverse raised lines at both ends; columella with a fold
at the base.

Mus. Cuming.

Genus VOLVATELLA.

Shell convolute, subpyriform ; aperture wide anteriorly, contracted
posteriorly and produced, forming a circular aperture.

Animal.—Mantle concealed ; cephalic dise quadrate; tentacular
lobes produced from the corners ; anal aperture posterior ; foot small
and triangular.

8. VoOLVATELLA FRAGILIS.

Shell thin, horny, subpyriform, convolute (finely striated longitu-
dinally), covered with a membranaceous epidermis; spire none;
aperture wide, dilated at the base and contracted posteriorly ; the
lips thin and entire, meeting at about one-half the length of the shell

and folding closely one over the other, posteriorly produced in the
form of a tube, leaving a circular aperture ; colour yellowish.

Animal.—Mantle not exposed ; cephalic disk quadrate, slightly in
advance of the shell ; tentacular lobes four, produced from the
corners of cephalic disk, round, short and bluntly rounded at their
extremities, anterior pair slightly longer; foot small, not extend-
ing posteriorly beyond the aperture, and not reaching in front the
anterior side of the cephalic disc, of an oblong triangular shape,
widest in front ; eyes minute at inner base of posterior tentacles ;
anal opening at posterior aperture; colour white.

Mus. Cuming.

This anomalous animal was found on sea-weed dredged from a salt-
water pond. It remained alive several days in a glass jar; it was
very timid and slow in its movements. The animal would occasion-
ally protrude slightly from the posterior aperture.

Genus PHILINopsis.

Animal.—Head-disk large, oblong oval or triangular, not extend-
ing in advance of the foot. Posterior to the head-disk the body is
extended in the shape of a convex fleshy lobe, commencing under
the head disk (which overlaps it), and reaching to or slightly be-
yond the posterior portion of the foot; truncated behind, and the
truncation surrounded by an undulated or crenated crest. Eyes
not visible. Mouth proboscidiform between cephalic disk and foot,
with or without one pair of tentacles on sides of the mouth. Foot
large, rounded and reflected at the sides. Branchial plume near the
posterior end of the body, and curving around between the truncated
end of the foot. Shell concealed in the truncated end.

9. PHILINOPSIS SPECIOSA.

Oblong, smooth. Head-disk about half the length of the ani-
mal, of an oblong triangular shape, truncated in front, and corners
obtusely rounded. The mantle-lobe is convex, rather narrowed
anteriorly and truncated posteriorly, commencing under the head-
disk and extending slightly beyond the posterior portion of the foot;
the truncated end is prolonged behind laterally, and surrounded
by an elevated undulated crest. No visible eyes or dorsal tentacles.
Oral tentacles small, dilated, truncated, and placed at the sides of the
mouth. The foot and the head-disk project in advance of the mouth,
which can be protruded in the shape of a proboscis. Foot broad,
oval, smooth, rounded and reflected at the sides. Branchial plume
single, pinnate, arising from the right posterior end of the animal,
and curving to the left between the foot and the truncated end of
mantle-lobe. Excretory orifice posterior. Shell concealed in the
truncated end, white, thin, fragile, pellucid, subtriangular, with a
curved callous apex ; surface with furrows of growth. Colour above
fawn, spotted and speckled with white; margins more or less varied
with blackish and yellow; sides paler. Foot purplish fawn, and

closely freckled with whitish, and broadly margined on both sides
with the dorsal colours intermixed.

Length 3 inches.

Station, among sea-weed on the coral reefs. They were very
sluggish in confinement. One specimen, when placed in a glass jar,
voided about a dozen small Bulle, shells perfect. They differ but a
trifle in colour, some being darker than others. The foot always re-
mains turned over on the sides of the body.

10. PHILINOPSIS NIGRA.

Oblong, slightly rugose above. Head-disk rather more than one-
third of the length of the animal, oblong oval, acutely rounded
in front and rounded posteriorly. The mantle lobe rather wider
than head disk, of an oblong-oval shape, and the lateral ends of the
truncation prolonged posteriorly into compressed crenate lobes,
which are continued over the truncated portion, forming a slight
crest. No visible eyes or tentacles. Shell buried in the truncated
end. Foot elliptically oval, smooth, revolute laterally. Branchial
plume single, situated on the right posterior end, and curving to the
left. Colour black, with two large white spots on anterior end,
also two on the head disk and two on the mantle lobe ; sides white,
and foot white, with three large black spots on each revolute side.

Found on sea-weed in the upper laminarian zone.

11. DoLABELLA VARIEGATA.

Oblong, rugose, covered with small acute tubercles and more or
less acute ridges; the tuberculations are scabrous, and furnished,
as well as the different portions of the body, with pale, soft cirrhi,
which are most conspicuous on the head. The posterior portion
is obliquely truncated, from which part the body gradually tapers to
the head; the surface of the truncation is convex, with the upper
margin acutely elevated. The lobes of the mantle are closely ap-
pressed, the left overlapping the right, leaving two openings on the
back, one a little in advance of the truncation, and the other on
its centre. Dorsal tentacles stout, deeply grooved laterally, and
somewhat swollen. Head convex above. Oral tentacles short, stout,
grooved laterally and much dilated outwards. Foot rugose, trun-
cated in front, and acutely rounded behind, widest posteriorly. Co-
lour greenish-olive, variegated with brown, white, and green ; inside
of the lobes light brown dotted with white ; a stripe of tawny brown
along sides of the foot. Foot dark orange.

Length 10 inches.

12. DoLABRIFERA OLIVACEA.

Elongate pyriform shape, rounded posteriorly, rugose, and orna-
mented with small filaments. Back convexly rounded. Mantle
lobes small, rounded and closely enveloping the body, the right
overlapping the left, leaving two small orifices ; a groove extends
from the mantle lobes along the back and right side of head to the
mouth. Dorsal tentacles grooved laterally and slightly dilating out:

wards. Oral tentacles longer than the dorsal, and curved forwards,
grooved and much dilated. Eyes small, black, distinct, sessile in
front laterally to dorsal tentacles. Mouth with a bilobed veil. Foot
smooth ; shape same as body. Colour varies ; usually of a dark
olive-green with sap-green margins, and varied with whitish and
dusky. Filaments pale. Foot pale greenish-slate, dotted with dusky
brown and white.
The eggs are deposited under stones, coiled from right to left.

{ 13. SypHONOTA BIPES.

Oblong, smooth, elevately rounded above, compressed towards
the foot. Neck long. Mantle lobes ample, thin, half the length
of the animal, and rounded in outline. Dorsal tentacles small,
grooved, and blunt. Oral tentacles large, strongly dilated, and
‘united in front, forming a kind of veil, beneath which is the mouth.
Eyes small, black, somewhat lateral, a little in advance of dorsal ten-
tacles. Head rather flattened in front, convex in profile, with a
groove extending from the muzzle along its side and over the back
of the animal. Siphonal tube very large and prominent, and expand-
ing outwards. Branchiz exposed when the mantle is thrown on one
side. Foot narrowed anteriorly, widest posteriorly, and rounded ;
the foot is double; the posterior portion (of a circular shape) is
smooth, and projects slightly laterally and posteriorly, béing quite
distinct from the anterior portion, which is slightly rugose. Shell
large, thin, flexible. Colour brownish or brownish-olive, veined
with dusky and clouded with white, or dusky slightly spotted with
the same. Foot pale ash.

This species contracts itself when handled so as to form a ball.
The young are subpellucid.

The hinder part of the foot is evidently used as a sucker by which
the animal suspends itself.

J 14. SypHONOTA GRANDIS.

Body oblong, smooth, elevately rounded above and rather com-
pressed along the sides. Mantle lobes thin, rounded, much dilated
and strongly undulated along the margins. Dorsal tentacles rather
large, pointed, dilating outwards and grooved. Oral tentacles

rooved, about same size as the dorsal, with a furrow extending from
beneath the right one along the neck and terminating on the back,
between the mantle lobes. Foot elongate narrow, corrugated, and
projecting posteriorly, where it isrounded. The siphonal tube is on
the posterior lateral portion of the back, canaliculated and curved, and
extending above the back. Shell large, covered by a thin membrane,
ovately rounded, thin, fragile, with rugose lines of growth, a deep
rounded sinus on the right side near the apex. Apex small and
callous. Colour purplish brown, pale along the flanks, everywhere
above densely crowded with minute white dots, which on the sides
are arranged in circular clusters, forming spots. Foot pale. The
young are of a very pale colour.

This species was found gregarious on a rocky bottom. They gene-
rally carry the mantle lobes expanded, spreading open and exposing
the shell and branchize. When confined in a glass jar, they used the
posterior portion of the foot as a sucker, suspending themselves from
the glass, although there was no division of the foot, as in the pre-
ceding species.

15. SypHONOTA ELONGATA.

Form oblong, smooth. Back elevated, so much so as to give it a
slightly compressed appearance. Mantle-lobes strongly dilated and
undulated, and free nearly the whole length of the back. Dorsal
tentacles rather slender and ear-shaped ; anterior pair large and di-
lated. Foot narrow and terminating in a point posteriorly, which
projects beyond the back. Colour of a darker or lighter brown, which
colour is most intense on the top of the head and neck. The whole
dorsal region is clouded and minutely speckled with white. The
shell is distinctly defined in the living animal, being covered with a
thin translucent membrane.

16. ACLESIA AREOLA.

Elongate, smooth, rounded above, rather compressed on the sides,
and everywhere covered with small branchial filaments. Mantle-
lobes elevated, short, rounded, and a groove extending from where
they unite anteriorly on the back along the right side of the head
to the mouth. Dorsal tentacles elongate and grooved laterally.
Oral tentacles similar, but slightly dilated. Eyes a little in advance
and slightly lateral to the base of the dorsal tentacles. Branchiz
large, exposed or covered by the lobes of the mantle. Siphonal
tube posterior and tubular. Foot narrow, elongated, and projecting
far beyond the lobes of the mantle in a point. Colour cinereous or
greenish-ash, densely and minutely veined longitudinally, and mi-
nutely speckled and clouded with white. Remote ocellations with
blue centres and brown rings on a fawn ground, and scatterivg simple
brown spots.

Length 2 inches.

Found living gregarious among sea-weed.

17. PLEUROBRANCHUS PELLUCIDUS.

Mantle oval, smooth, convex above, not covering the foot behind,
and the margins slightly undulated. Tentacles short, stout, smooth,
truncated and grooved. Oral veil large, broad, emarginated in the
front, which part is much prolonged laterally, so as to give it a trian-
gular form. Eyes sessile, immersed at the posterior inner bases of
the tentacles. Foot large. Branchize on the right side, tripinnate,
elongate and exposed. Colour whitish translucent, and the whole
upper surface of the mantle, with the exception of that portion
covering the shell, minutely reticulated. Shell rather large, oblongo-
ovate, whitish horn-colour, thin, fragile, pellucid, and rather more ob-
tusely rounded before than behind. Surface above convex, and

— -— >.

coarsely marked with concentric wrinkles ; nucleus, posterior and
lateral, forming a small cavity at that portion of the shell.
Length 5 lines.

18. PLEUROBRANCHUS MARGINATUS.

Form oval, smooth, convex above and subpellucid. Mantle widest
at the middle, rounded behind and truncately rounded in front, and
concealing the foot. Tentacles rather long, stout, grooved, truncated,
and cylindrical. Oral veil triangular. Foot oblong oval. Colour pale
lemon-yellow, freckled with white and margined with light red. Shell
ovate, thin, fragile, pellucid, whitish horn-colour, with a dull red
tinge near the nucleus. Nucleus subspiral. Strie of growth coarse.

Under stones in the lower region of the littoral zone.

19. PLEUROBRANCHUS RUFUS.

Form oval, smooth, and convex above. Mantle concealing the
foot, widest at the middle, rounded behind, and somewhat concave in
front. Tentacles stout, truncated, grooved, and cylindrically tapering.
Oral veil subtriangular. Branchiz tripinnate, with the pinne ar-
ranged alternately. Foot oblong oval, rounded at bothends. Colour
uniform vermilion.

Length 1 inch.

Under stones in the lower region of littoral zone.

20. PLEUROBRANCHUS VARIANS.

Oval, rather rugose, convex above. Mantle rounded behind,
deeply sinuose in front, and margins slightly undulated. Ten-
tacles arising from the head, curving laterally, deeply grooved below,
truncated, cylindrically tapering, transversely lamellated. Eyes at
their posterior bases. Oral veil large, convex in front, and much di-
lating laterally, where it is deeply grooved. Mouth proboscidiform.
Branchial plume simple, pinnate on the middle of the right side.
Foot large, reaching the edge of the mantle laterally and behind.
Colour varying ; some bright red, others lemon-yellow, or purplish
brown, others again variegated with whitish; beneath paler than
above. Shell on the anterior half of the body, concealed, small, fra-
gile, pellucid, oblong-ovate, convex, and ornamented with wrinkles of
growth. Nucleus posterior, more or less brownish.

21. PLEUROBRANCHUS RETICULATUS.

Oval, convex above, and covered with crowded depressed gra-
nules, with multiangular bases. Mantle rounded behind and deeply
sinuated in front, and repand, rather thin and undulated along the
lateral margins. Tentacles arising from the lateral anterior portion
of the head, approximating at their bases, stout, large, truncated,
slightly swollen, transversely laminated, grooved in front. Eyes
sessile, conspicuous at their posterior bases. Mouth proboscidiform.
Veil large, granose above, triangular, and grooved laterally. Branchial
plume single, simple, pinnate on the middle of the right side, free

half of its length, along the middle of the plume two rows of alter-
nate granules, Foot large, oval, reaching the margins of the mantle
laterally and projecting a little posteriorly. Colour above pale pur-
plish, with much darker granules, which gives it a beautifully reticu-
lated appearance ; beneath paler than above; disk of the foot light
purplish-grey.

22. Doris SETOSA.

Form elongate-oval, smooth, similarly rounded at both extremities,
and slightly widest a little posterior to the middle. Mantle con-
cealing the foot, convexly rounded above and rather densely pilose,
with slender filamentous processes. Branchiz rather large, ten-
pinnate, erect, converging, surrounding the vent, and retractile in a
common cavity. Dorsal tentacles large, stout, ovate, with their tips
obtusely mucronated, coarsely and strongly obliquely lamellated, and
retractile into simple cavities. Foot oblong, rounded at both ends,
and not projecting beyond the edges of the mantle. Labial appendages
elongate and cylindrically tapering to a point. Colour yellowish-
grey, with numerous indistinct black points and abbreviated lines on
the dorsal region. Tentacles dull yellow. Branchiz same colour
as the tentacles. Beneath, the mantle minutely speckled with dusky.
Disk of foot translucent, so much so that the viscera are visible,
slightly tinged with yellow anteriorly.

Length +4 of an inch.

Its pilose appearance and mucronated tentacles readily distinguish
it from any other species found in these seas.

23. DorIS EXCAVATA.

Body oval, rigid, scabrous, convexly rounded above, widest in the
middle, and obtusely rounded at both ends. Mantle concealing the
foot, margins thin. Dorsal region with promineut, crowded, irre-
gular acute ridges and granules, several subcircular, large, elevated
acute ridges, which form deep concave pits. Branchial plumes small,
seven, arising from a prominent circular rim. Dorsal tentacles re-
mote, mucronated at the tips with blunt papillz, and retractile into
slightly prominent sheaths, which have crenate edges. Oral tentacles
small, conical. Mouth prominent. Foot oblong-oval, slightly trun-
cated in front. Colour light orange-red, with large patches of a light
yellowish fawn. Branchiz light brown, and powdered with white.
Dorsal tentacles fawn, and densely freckled with white; beneath
uniform light orange-red. The posterior portion of the body is pro-
vided with a cylindrical muscular attachment, uniting the mantle
with the foot.

Length 2 inches.

24. Doris RETICULATA.

Body rigid, oval, convexly rounded above. Mantle entirely con-
cealing the foot, granulose laterally, the dorsal region remotely and
reticulately ridged ; margins thick, and very shghtly undulated.

ee,

Branchial plumes small, six, tripimnate, arborescent, retractile, and
surrounding the excretory orifice. [Dorsal tentacles were concealed. |
Mouth proboscidiform, vertical, and placed between the foot and the
mantle. Oral tentacles very small. Foot elliptically oval, truncated
in front. Colour above dark red, with a few large clusters of white
freckles. Foot rich orange-red.

Length 24 inches; breadth 1} inch,

25. Doris ECHINATA.

. Form oblongo-ovate, rigid, scabrous, rounded above. Mantle small,
rounded in front, acuminately rounded behind, not covering foot at
the posterior half. The whole dorsal region covered with spinose
globular granules. The branchial plumes inserted at the poste-
rior tip of the mantle, five, arborescent, tripinnate, procumbent pos-
teriorly, encircling the vent and retractile into a common cavity.
Dorsal tentacles large, ovate, obtusely mucronate, obliquely and
coarsely laminated, stoutly pedunculate, and retractile into tubular
cavities. Labial tentacles small and cylindrically tapering. Foot
large, oblong, bluntly rounded in front, which is the widest por-
tion, gradually tapering behind to a tip, which is rudely crenulated.
Colour light greyish-brown, much paler beneath ; a few brown dots
along posterior edge of the mantle.

This remarkable species was taken on a bed of sea-weed, and, like
all the rigid species, is of a sluggish nature. During locomotion the
posterior end and sides of the foot are exposed. Dorsal tentacles
nearly erect, and the branchiz protruding posteriorly.

26. Doris SCABRIUSCULA.

Form oblongo-ovate, rigid, scabrous and convexly rounded above.
Mantle, which entirely conceals the foot, rounded at both ends,
widest in the middle, and the upper surface covered with mammillated
conical tubercles, which decrease in size towards the margins, and
are united by elevated net-like reticulations. Branchial plumes
placed far back, of moderate size, suberect, six in number, arbores-
cent, tripinnate and retractile into a common simple cavity. Dorsal
tentacles oblongo-ovate, acute, rudely lamellated obliquely, and re-
tractile into simple cavities. Labial tentacles small and lobed. Foot
oval, elongate, and rounded at both ends. Colour above greyish-
olive, with three longitudinal series of dusky spots; dorsal tubercles
and reticulations whitish. Dorsal tentacles pale, with dusky lamella.
Branchiz dusky ash. Disk of foot whitish, with a pale yellowish
tinge.

Length 1 inch 4 lines.

27. Doris PILOSA.

Form oblongo-ovate, rigid. convexly rounded above and pilose. Man-
tle rounded at both ends, concealing the foot ; margins ciliated, with
small tentacular processes, and the whole upper surface covered with
similar appendages, which gives it a pilose appearance. Branchial

plumes small, erect, ten, rudely pinnate, surrounding the vent, and
retractile into a common ciliated cavity. Dorsal tentacles rather
large, ovate, obtusely mucronated, rudely and coarsely laminated
obliquely, and retractile into ciliated cavities. Labial appendages
slender and tapering cylindrically. Foot oblong and rounded at
both ends. Colour ashy-grey, dotted with dusky. Tips of the
branchize brown, and also the lamellze of dorsal tentacles.

28. Doris VIBRATA.

The general outline of this species is oblong; when at rest it
assumes an oval form. Mantle smooth, convexly rounded above,
rounded and somewhat dilated in front, acutely rounded behind,
margins thin, not concealing the foot behind. Branchial plumes
small,"suberect, seven in number, linear, quadrangular, and ciliated
on the angles their whole length, retractile into a common simple
cavity. They decrease in size posteriorly. Anal tube prominent.
Dorsal tentacles short, ovate, obliquely lamellated, and retractile
into simple cavities. Labial tentacles small and cylindrically taper-
ing. Foot elongate, nearly as wide as the mantle, obtusely rounded
in front and tapering to an acutely round point behind, which pro-
jects beyond the posterior end of the mantle. Colour above yellow,
regularly spotted with white, pale towards the margins, which are
dotted and edged with purple. Branchial plumes edged with violet.
Dorsal tentacles violet, with uncoloured peduncles. Foot white.

When in confinement very active, and, whether creeping or at rest,
continually vibrating its branchiz.

The above and two following species form a group, similar in ge-
neral form, with simple, linear, quadrangular-shaped branchie.

29. Doris PROPINQUATA.

Form, when at rest, oblong, substance very soft. Mantle convex
above and covered with rather distant, depressed, irregular-sized
white papillee, which do not extend to the margins. Extremities
rounded, rather wider posteriorly, not concealing the foot behind ;
margins thin, and much undulated. Branchial plumes large, sub-
erect, twelve in number, linear, nearly quadrangular in their trans-
verse section, ciliated, decreasing in height posteriorly, surround-
ing the vent, and retractile into a common simple cavity. Anal
tube erect and very prominent. Dorsal tentacles rather large, nearly
erect, elongately ovate, obliquely finely lamellate and retractile into
simple cavities. Head prominent and furnished with elongate, cy-
lindrically tapering tentacular appendages. Foot elongate, tapering
posteriorly to a point far behind the mantle. Colour above bright
yellow, becoming white at the margins, which are bordered irregu-
larly with purple; four oblong dots of the same colour in front of
the dorsal tentacles. Dorsal tentacles purple on the outer portion.
Branchial plumes edged with the same colour.

Length 1 inch 3 lines.

This Doris possesses the same habit of vibrating its branchial
plumes as the preceding.

30. Doris PICTA.

Form, when at rest, oval ; soft, similarly rounded at both extre-
mities, and convexly rounded above. Mantle not concealing the
foot, rather widest in the middle, and the margins thin and very
slightly undulated. Branchiz small, suberect, curving centrally,
ten in number, decreasing in size posteriorly, encircling the vent,
and retractile into a common cavity; each branchia is subquadran-
gular, tapering to a point and ciliated. Dorsal tentacles rather small,
ovate, with short peduncles, obliquely lamellated and retractile into
simple cavities. Foot elongate, extending beyond the mantle, ter-
minating in an acutely rounded point, the margins slightly undu-
lated. Labial appendages small, cylindrically tapering to a blunt
point. Colour white, with small irregular white spots. Obsolete
yellow spots along the margin, which, as well as the foot, is bor-
dered with orange. The angular edges of the branchiz edged with
carmine. ‘Tentacles tipped with orange.

Length 1 inch 6 lines.

31. Doris NUCLEOLA.

Form oval, rigid, rounded at both extremities and convexly
rounded above. Mantle covers the foot, margins thin, upper sur-
face rough, with remote papillee and small laciniated processes, which
are most conspicuous posteriorly. Branchial plumes small, erect,
five in number, pinnate, surrounding the vent, and retractile into a
common cavity. Dorsal tentacles ovate, acute, closely and finely
lamellated obliquely. Foot oval, rounded at both ends. Colour
orange, dusky along the dorsal region, and shaded with purple on
each side of the branchiz.

32. Doris DECORA.

Oblong, smooth, soft, and convexly rounded above. Mantle
rounded in front, acutely rounded behind. Margins thin and
simple, not covering the foot behind. Branchial plumes small,
nearly erect, seven in number, pinnate, decreasing in height poste-
riorly, surrounding the vent and retractile into a common simple
cavity. Dorsal tentacles elongate-ovate, obliquely lamellated, pe-
duncles as long as the lamellated portion, retractile into simple cavi-
ties. Labial tentacles small and conical. Foot narrow, rounded in
front, tapering behind to an acuminately rounded tip, projecting
far beyond the end of the mantle. Colour: Dorsal region pale
straw-colour, with a medial whitish longitudinal stripe, which is
bifurcated posteriorly and dotted with purple. The margin of the
mantle is bordered with white and dotted with purple; an intramar-
ginal light red band, contiguous to which is a yellow one, which is
dotted with purple. Branchie and tentacles pale. Beneath the
enantle is coloured as above, but much paler.

Length 1 inch 2 lines.

This truly magnificent species was obtained on sea-weed. The
specimens were very active, and when creeping resemble a Goniodoris
in outline.

33. Doris MARGINATA.

Elongate, smooth and convexly rounded above. Mantle somewhat
dilated and rounded in front, acuminately rounded behind. Mar-
gins thin. Branchial plumes seven, small, erect, pinnate, and re-
tractile into a common simple cavity. Dorsal tentacles elongate-
ovate, peduncles long, obliquely lamellated, and retractile into sim-
ple cavities. Labial tentacles small and conical. Foot narrow,
elongate, bluntly rounded and widest in front, tapering to a poiat
behind and projecting far beyond the posterior end of the mantle.
Colour white ; mantle edged with light red and an intramarginal
tinge of yellow.

The above species is quite active, and while creeping, the tentacles
are inclined forward and laterally. When placed in a basin of water,
they suspended themselves from the surface, back downwards.

34. Doris PAPILLOSA.

Oval, rigid, rounded alike at both ends, convexly rounded above.
Mantle entirely concealing the foot, widest in the middle, upper
surface covered with small papille, not very crowded, and of various
sizes. Foot oval, rounded at both ends. Colour greyish. Dorsal
region livid. Beneath the mantle orange. Foot pale grey.

Length 8 lines.

Tentacles and branchize undetermined.

35. Doris ALBOPUSTULOSA.

When at rest, of an oblongo-ovate form, soft. Mantle rounded
at both extremities, edges thin and undulated, and concealing the
foot; the upper surface is covered with white depressed, irregu-
lar-shaped and unequal-sized pustules, which do not quite reach
the margins. Branchial plumes six, rather small, erect, incurved,
pinnate, surrounding the vent and retractile into a common rimate
cavity. Dorsal tentacles somewhat large, oblong-ovate, coarsely and
obliquely lamellate, and retractile into rimate cavities. Head is
prominent, convex in front, and furnished with cylindrically taper-
ing labial appendages. Foot, when in motion, elongate, narrow,
aud rounded at both ends. Colour above lemon-yellow, pustules
white, and the margins of the mantle edged with purple. Dorsal
tentacles reddish-brown, with white lamellee. Branchize white. Foot
and beneath the mantle white.

Length 1 inch.

36. Doris GRANDIFLORA.

Oblongo-ovate, similarly rounded at both extremities, convex above,
and of a soft texture. Mantle widest in the middle, not com
cealing the foot, thin and crisped along its margins. Upper sur-
face strongly rugose, and covered with irregular-sized, prominent,
rounded tubercles. Branchiz very large, procumbent, arborescent,
five in number, inserted far back, encircling the vent and retractile

— lt a ea

into a common cavity. Dorsal tentacles moderate in size, rather
slender, oblong-ovate, obliquely lamellated, stoutly pedunculate, and
retractile into tubular cavities. Foot large, nearly similarly rounded
at both ends, projecting posteriorly beyond the mantle, and the
margins thin and crisped. Labial lobes flattened and dilated. Colour
above darkish fawn, rather closely veined with palish. Tubercles
lighter than ground-colour and tipped with dusky. Margins of
mantle with dark blotches. Dorsal tentacles fawn, with translucent
peduncles. Branchiz greyish-fawn, remotely spotted with whitish,
and the external surface of the branches pale, and the inner surface
dusky.

Length 33 inches.

The spawn, which is deposited under the surface of loose stones in
an irregular spiral coil of a few whorls, is of a faded yellow colour.

37. Doris RUGOSA.

Form ovate, rigid, rounded at both extremities and rather the
widest posteriorly ; above covered with crowded granular unequal
tubercles, of which some are very large and elevated ; the surface
on the dorsal region between the tubercles is somewhat rugose.
Mantle convexly rounded above, entirely concealing the foot, thin
and rugose along the margins, which are somewhat undulated.
Branchial plumes five, tripinnate, very large and recumbent, retrac-
tile, surrounding the vent; at the base and between the branchial
plumes are five conical elevated tubercles. Anal tube long, cylin-
drical, tapering and projecting backwards. Dorsal tentacles pinna-
tifid, lamellated, and retractile into tubular cavities. Oral tentacles,
none apparent. Mouth simple, between the foot and edge of the
mantle. Foot narrow, elongate, elliptical, rounded at both ends and
margin slightly undulated. Colour above darker or lighter purplish
brown, some fawn colour. Branchial plumes deep brown, fringes
paler. Beneath the mantle purplish brown, paler towards the mar-
gins. Foot pale.

Length 5 inches ; breadth 3}.

38. Doris F@TIDA.

Form oval, rigid, convex above, rugose and with a few ridges, one
of which is in a longitudinal medial line, others transverse, and others
small and irregular near the margins of the mantle. Margins of the
mantle thin. Branchial plumes six, tripinnate, and retractile into a
six-lobed cavity, which has elevated margins. Dorsal tentacles di-
stant, acutely conic, lamellated, and retractile in a tubular cavity.
Foot narrow, elongate, oval, wholly concealed by the mantle. Oral
tentacles small and dilated. Proboscis lobed ; above purplish brown,
fawn or yellowish brown, with pale ridges, and generally with the
edge of the mantle tinged with pinkish. Branchiz pale fawn; ten-
tacles pale orange ; beneath pale yellowish.

This species occurs at low water on rocky coasts. It emits a
strong and disagreeable odour.

39. Doris PRISMATICA, Var. IMPERIALIS.

Form elongate, smooth, and convex above. Mantle small, narrow,
dilated and rounded in front, and more acutely rounded behind.
Foot much elongated, pointed posteriorly, and projecting far behind
the mantle. Branchial plumes rather large, erect, non-retractile,
ten in number, the six anterior ones simple, the succeeding two tri-
furcate, and the posterior pair quadrifurcate ; they all decrease in
height posteriorly, and in structure are linear, quadrangular and
ciliated. Anal tube prominent. Dorsal tentacles oblong-ovate,
slightly compressed, closely and finely lamellated obliquely and sub-
retractile. Oral tentacles cylindrically tapering. Colour pale cream
white, and spotted above and on the sides with nich yellow ; the spots
are small, irregular, and very slightly raised, The mantle is mar-
gined with purple, and there are a few broken rings of the same
colour on the sides and upper posterior end of the foot, each ring
having a yellow centre. The branchiz are pale and edged with
purple. The dorsal tentacles are deep black, minutely speckled
with white, and marked with two longitudinal white lines, one be-
hind and the other in front.

Length 2 inches.

40. Doris PRISMATICA, var. LINEATA.

Elongate, soft, smooth, convexly rounded above, rather wider pos-
teriorly, portion anterior to the dorsal tentacles somewhat dilated
laterally and rounded in front. Branchiz small, erect, lanceolate,
pinnate, ten in number, encircling the vent and retractile into a
common cavity. Dorsal tentacles elongate, straight, directed forward
and laterally, lamellated about two-thirds of their length, and re-
tractile into simple cavities. Foot elongated and projecting much
beyond the posterior edge of the body in a point, rounded in front.
Colour light greyish-purple, along the back and the remainder of body
white, irregular, longitudinal, opaque fine white lines on the dorsal
region, some of which are confluent. Margins of foot and body
beautifully edged with violet. Branchize whitish and longitudinally
striped with orange. Tentacles white, with an orange zone near
the tips, and a second near their base.

Length 1 inch.

Genus Doriopsis.

Oblong, or oval depressed ; mantle large, covering the head and
foot. Dorsal tentacles two, lamellated and retractile, non-peduncu-
late ; orals none. Branchial plumes disposed in the form of a semi-

circle, on the posterior portion of the back, and retractile into a
similarly formed slit, the convex portion posteriorly.

41. Dortopsis GRANULOSA.

Form oblongo-ovate, papillose, rather rigid, convex above ; mantle
similarly rounded at both ends, entirely concealing the foot, rather
contracted in the middle, and covered with minute irregularly promi-

-—" " - #

—

nent granules. Dorsal tentacles small, erect, not pedunculated, ovate,
coarsely and obliquely lamellated, and retractile into simple cavities.
Branchial plumes eleven, large, rudely pinnate, increasing in height
posteriorly, procumbent, and retractile into a simple semicircular
cavity. Muzzle prominent. Foot oblong, rounded at both ends.
Colour pale yellow, with green papille.

At first sight the above species might be confounded with the
small rigid granular species of Doris; but the arrangement of the
branchiz and the non-pedunculated dorsal tentacles constitute dif-
ferences sufficient to separate it.

42. HexABRANCHUS PULCHELLUS.

Form oblongo-ovate, smooth, and subpellucid. Mantle depressed,
convex above, similarly rounded at both ends; margins thin and
undulated. Branchial plumes seven, small, ramose, erect, surround-
ing the vent, and each retractile into a simple cavity. Dorsal ten-
tacles remote from each other, ovate, finely and obliquely lamellated,
and retractile into simple cavities. Oral tentacles large, compressed,
and strongly dilated outwards. Foot elongate-oval, and projecting
posteriorly beyond the mantle. Colour pale, with a light yellow
tinge along the dorsal region, where there are also numerous carmine
dots; similar coloured dots around the margin of the mantle, which
is edged with white. Branchiz pale and edged with carmine. Ten-
tacles pale and tipped with carmine.

43. HexaBRANCHUS NEBULOSUS.

Body oblongo-ovate, smooth, during locomotion much elongated.
Mantle rounded above, widest in the middle, rounded at both ends ;
edges thin, crenate and undulated. Branchial plumes eight, inserted
far back, large, curved and elevated, tripinnate, and retractile in
cavities around the vent. Dorsal tentacles large, ovate, stoutly pe-
dunculate, pinnatifid, lamellate, and retractile into simple cavities.
Orals small, scarcely visible. Foot elongate, projecting beyond the
mantle posteriorly during locomotion, emarginated in front; lateral
edges thin. Mouth close to the foot. Colour, above black, mar-
gined with bluish slate, with numerous irregular-sized round whitish
dots, which are the most numerous around the margins. Branchial
plumes pale dusky. Dorsal tentacles darker, tips white.

Length 1? inch.

44, TRiTONIA HAWAIIENSIS.

Form elongate-oblong, widest anterior to the middle, smooth, de-
pressed above, and tapering to a point behind. Branchial plumes
arborescent, irregular in size, opposite and disposed in two rows, of
eleven each, and extending to the posterior end of the body. Ten-
tacles cylindrically tapering, and retractile into stout, tubular laci-
niated sheaths. Veil strongly digitated. Foot linear, grooved, and
pointed at both ends. Colour pale, freckled with pale purplish-
brown ; a longitudinal light band extends from the head to the

No. 419.—ProcrEpDINGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SocirTY.

posterior tip of the body, and lateral bands pass from the medial one
to each of the branchial tufts. Branchiz light purplish-brown, and
tipped with light green. Tentacular sheath same colour as bran-
chi. Tentacles light green.

Under stones in the upper region of the laminarian zone.

45. MELIBE PILOSA.

Elongate, smooth, widest anteriorly, and tapering to a point
behind. Sides convexly rounded, and the back arched. Foot
linear, grooved, extending the whole length of the body, and acute
at both ends. Six pairs of thick tuberculated lobes along the back,
the anterior pair opposite, the others alternate to one another, the
last at the tip of the body. These lobes are easily deciduous, con-
tracted at their bases, truncated above, convex outside, and flattened
on the inner surface. Frontal veil very large, semiglobular, much
inflated above ; united beneath the head, forming a continuous mar-
gin, which is closely fringed. Mouth proboscidiform, and the orifice
vertical. Tentacles on the posterior portion of the veil rather remote,
small, ovate, closely and transversely lamellated and retractile into
long trumpet-shaped sheaths, which are furnished with laciniated ap-
pendages. Everywhere with small, soft, branched, tentacular pro-
cesses. Colour fawn, subtranslucent, more or less clouded with
whitish, which, under the lens, has the appearance of minute dots.
Body punctured with brown, which are most conspicuous along the
flanks. Tubercles on the lobes brown. Foot pale.

Length 23 inches.

These animals were found among sea-weed, in the upper region
of the laminarian zone, and when placed in a basin of water were
yery active, swimming by suddenly curving the head and tail late-
rally, so as nearly to touch one another. When slightly disturbed
they would cast off one or all of their lobes. The length of their
lobes varies much, being in some as large-again as in others; they
may be consequently reproduced, after being cast off. Their foot
cannot be used for creeping on a flat surface, but is well adapted for
clasping sea-weed.

46. AEOLIS SEMIDECORA.

Body smooth, hyaline, elongate, narrow, widest in front, from
whence it tapers to a point behind; convex above. Six pair of
branchial filaments, arranged along the sides, hyaline, elongated,
compressed, tapering to a point, imbricated, and the anterior pair
remote from the others ; the last pair does not reach the tip of the
body by one-third of its total length. Dorsal tentacles rather stout,
cylindrically tapering to a blunt point, transversely rugose, approxi-
mating at their bases, with small black eyes, immersed at their
posterior bases. Head convex above, and furnished with elongate,
subulate, cylindrical, smooth tentacles, which are much longer than
the upper pair. Foot slightly crenated along the posterior margin,
notched in front, and furnished on both sides with recurved tenta-
cular processes. Colour: freckled with opaque white along the

eS eT eee
?

back, and on the head and upper tentacles. Upper tentacles obso-
letely annulated with pale fawn, and a vermilion dot at their anterior
base. Head and front tentacles slightly varied with red. Branchial
tufts freckled with opaque white, lineated with blackish dotted with
fawn, and with an azure reflexion.

Length 1 inch.

When placed in a basin of water this olis suspends itself, back
downwards.

47. MOLIs PARVULA.

Body smooth, subpellucid, tapering to a point posteriorly. Six
pair of branchial tufts arranged longitudinally, the last on the poste-
rior point of the body. Foot furnished anteriorly with lateral auri-
cular appendages. Tentacles elongate-oval. Labial appendages
elongato-subulate. Head and body subpellucid, uncoloured, freckled
with vermilion. Branchial tufts olive, freckled with dusky.

Length 5 lines.

48. EvysIA OCELLATA.

Oblong, smooth, wider anteriorly. Body with a wide expansion
on both sides, which, when open and expanded (in their natural po-
sition), are truncated posteriorly and rounded anteriorly ; the surface
longitudinally and obliquely plaited; when disturbed they roll to-
gether, so that their edges are parallel and medial, forming a cavern-
ous chamber. Beneath and near the anterior end of the cloak is a
papillary orifice. Head rather large, broad, concave between the
tentacles, convex in profile, and furnished beneath with a large veil,
dilated laterally and emarginated in front. Tentacles two, inserted
at the anterior angles of the head, non-retractile, stout, cylindrically
tapering to a blunt point, and grooved laterally in front. Eyes sessile, —
on a prominence on top of the head between the tentacles. Colour
above, when the expansion is closed, cream-colour, and everywhere
crowded with irregular-sized ocellations, some of which are bright
fawn with white rings, others green with fawn rings, and the largest
and most conspicuous bluish-green centres with black rings, out-
side of which are white ones. The surface of the expansion is
palish, the plaits deep green, and the posterior margin violet. Ten-
tacles deep yellowish-fawn, tipped with white, beneath which they
are annulated with violet, and have the grooved edges of the same
colour. Foot pale ash and crowded with ocellations, pale fawn cen-
tres and white rings.

Length 1} inch.

This is a very active and hardy animal.

Genus PTEROGASTERON.

Depressed, thin, with lateral wing-like expansions, which in their
natural position are turned vertically upwards; margins strongly un-
dulated. Neck rather long. Head rounded above, truncated in
front. Mouth underneath. Upper lip bilobed. Tentacles two, ear-

shaped, arising from the angles of the head, grooved laterally and
diverging anteriorly, Foot narrow. No distinct respiratory organs.

49. PrEROGASTERON ORNATUM.

Body smooth, and when expanded of an orbicular form; when
erect, in their natural state, very high and much undulated. Ten--
tacles grooved their whole length and slightly truncated. Colour
olive-green, paler along the foot, spotted with faded yellow, and
dotted with black. Body margined with bright orange-red and
edged with black, in which are a few white dots. Upper surface of
the body paler than below, punctured with black and light red, and
margined the same as beneath.

Hab, On the rocky coast, among sea-weed.

50. PrEROGASTERON BELLUM.

Body smooth, when expanded of an oblong-ovate form, and when
in their natural position are quite low when compared with prece-
ding species. The posterior portion is acutely rounded. Tentacles
stout and truncated. Colour brownish-red, and closely spotted with

small, irregular, greyish-white spots. Eyes with white areolee.
Length 1 inch.

Genus HistiorHorvws.

Animal.—Oblong, no distinct mantle. Body rounded ; posterior
portion prolonged into a vertically compressed tail, furnished above
with a membranaceous crest. Branchiz three, inserted at the middle
portion of the dorsal region. Dorsal tentacles, no labial appendages.
Head furnished with a veil. Foot linear.

51. HistriopHORUS MACULATUS.

Form oblongo-ovate, smooth, subpellucid. Three tufts of filaments
on each side, disposed longitudinally, and also two on dorsal region ;
to each of the hinder tufts is attached an oval glandular body.
Branchiz rather large, procumbent, retractile (?), fimbriated, one di-
rected anterior, which is simple, the remaining two lateral and bifur-
cated. Anal tube prominent. Dorsal tentacles oblongo-ovate, mu-
cronate, slightly compressed, retractile? and finely lamellated trans-
versely. Head furnished with a transversely oval veil, which is
broader than the body, and fimbriated around the margins with
small tufts of filaments. Foot linear, extending the whole length of
the body. Mouth simple. Colour pale whitish-ash, irregularly
dotted with orange above, and four small crimson dots near base_of
branchial plumes. Branchiz pale and freckled with brown. Dorsal
tentacles green-olive, tips pale. Veil yellow.

Length 14 inch.

An active animal, using its compressed tail for swimming.

Proc. Z > “Anmedlosal

B®

Fe a My

Eliz M. Wing ith

5.6 P tentaculata. 78Pmaculata. 910 Pirrorata.

12 Peasia reticulata. 3.4. Pinconspicua.

5. DescripTions oF New SPECIES OF PLANARIID& COLLECTED
IN THE SanpwicH Istanps*. By W. Harper PEASE.
(CommunicaTeD By Dr. J. E. Gray.)

(Annulosa, Pl. LXX.)

1. Peasta RETICULATA (Pl. LXX. figs. 1, 2).

Body oval, smooth, pellucid, no appearance of convexity above or
beneath. Margins crenulate and undulated. No eyes visible.
Dorsal tentacles a little anterior to the middle, small, cylindrical, and
tapering slightly to an obtuse point, non-retractile. Beneath there
is no appearance of a mouth ; but in the thin transparent substance
of the body,.centrally, may be seen a set of whitish organs, which
are delineated in the drawing. In colour this species varies from a
light yellow to a yellowish fawn, closely veined with light brown ;
veins ramifying over the entire surface, and spotted with darker
brown.

The spawn is deposited on the under side of stones, and is multi-
spiral and closely coiled. The animals are very active, swimming by
lateral undulations, and creeping in the same manner.

2. Prasta inconspicua (Pl. LXX. figs. 3, 4).

Body thin, flat above and beneath, smooth, elliptically oval, with
both ends equally rounded. No foot or tentacles. On the anterior
end is a cluster of minute black dots, which may possibly serve as
eyes, as they occur in every specimen of this and others observed.
Colour pale, translucent.

Length 7 lines.

Under stones at low-water mark.

3. Peasta TENTACULATA (Pl. LXX. figs. 5, 6).

Form oval, strongly depressed, smooth, thin as common writing-
paper, subtranslucid. Margins strongly undulated. No visible
eyes. The anterior end is slightly emarginate, and has two blackish
contiguous tentacular processes, which are non-retractile. The
whole upper surface is covered with rather closely set tentacular pro-
cesses, which are retractile, cylindrically tapering or clavate, and
mucronated ; the mucronated tips retractile in the large part. No
foot or appearance of external branchie. Colour above light fawn,
with pinkish margins and darker processes. Beneath paler than
above. f

This singular animal occurs rarely under’ stones at low-water
mark. It swims by the undulations of its mantle, and when creep-
ing the same undulations take place. On close examination of the

* This series of animals appears to differ from any of the genera which have
come under my observation, and to form a group by themselves, to which the
name PEAsi1A may be applied: the descriptions and figures afford the best
generic characters. I have added a specific name to each species for the purpose
of distinguishing them.—J. EZ. Gray.

tentacles, I found them ear-shaped, pointed, grooved laterally, and
the papillz on the surface sub-retractile. When placed in a jar of
water a tubular whitish organ would protrude from the central aper-
ture and act as asucker. Mouth probably anterior at the base of the
tentacles. It is very active, and swims rapidly.

4, Prasta macu.ata (Pl. LXX. figs. 7, 8).

Body oval, smooth, thin, flat above and beneath. Without foot or
tentacles. Margins rather thick. At the anterior end there are two
strong folds of the body. Colour above yellowish-fawn or greenish-
slate, orange towards the margins, and covered with circular greenish-
slate spots, encircled with white rings.

This animal is very active, swimming by the undulations of the
body. When in motion it has an oblong-oval form, and when at rest
a rounded ontline. The folds in the anterior portion of the body are
analogous to the grooved oral tentacles of Aplysia.

5. Peasta rrrorata (Pl. LXX. figs. 9, 10).

Body smooth, elliptical, thin, flattened, and rounded similarly at
both ends. No foot or tentacles. The cluster of dots is microscopic
in size and oblong in shape. Two orifices beneath, a little anterior to
the middle ; the anterior one has lateral radiations, or white appen-
dages, under the surface ; there extends anteriorly from this orifice
an elongate tube beneath the skin, which does not quite reach the
anterior margin ; this vessel the animal can retract and extend.
Colour above pale yellowish-fawn, irregularly dotted with brown and
white, and densely minutely punctured with fawn.

Length ? inch. ;

This species is very active, creeping by very slight but rapid un-
dulations of the body, and also floating, back downwards, on the
surface, and moving about in that position.

6. Furtuer EvipENCE OF THE DISTINCTNESS OF THE GAMBIAN
AND Riipre.y’s SpuR-wINGED GEESE (PLECTROPTERUS GAM-
BENSIS AND P. rtppeviit). By Pure Lutriey Sciater,
M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

The recent death of the males of the two species of Spur-winged
Geese (Plectropterus gambensis and P. riippellit), of which I pointed
out the external differences at one of last year’s meetings * of the So-
ciety, has given me the desired opportunity of comparing the trachez
and skeletons of the two birds, and showing that these afford ample
corroboration of their specific distinctness. Before proceeding to do
this, I should remark that the individuals to be compared are both,
as we know from their dissection, adult males. The specimen of
P. gambensis is in all probability the older of the two, having been

* See P.Z.S. 1859, p. 131.

living many. years in the Society’s Gardens. That of P. riippellit
was received from Eastern Africa in June 1858.

Comparing, first of all, the skulls of these two birds together, we
see that the frontal protuberance, which in P. gambensis (fig. 1) is
hardly elevated 0-2 inch above the general level, rises to an enormous
size in P. réippellii (fig. 2), attaining a height of 1°05, a breadth of
0°75, and a length from back to front of 1-65. It may also be re-
marked, that, from the hard. character of the osseous structure in
the protuberance of P. gambensis, it is obvious that it has reached
its maximum of development. The outlines of the two skulls are
represented in the accompanying woodcuts.

Fig. 2.

Their conformation is otherwise generally similar, that of P. riip-
pellii being slightly narrower, and rather longer. It may be re-
marked, however, that the skull of P. riippellit is broader between
the orbits; but that, drawing a vertical line from the middle of the
space between the nostrils to a base-line joining the edges of the upper
mandibles, and comparing them at this point, it is here narrower and
more elevated; the proportion of the vertical to the base being in P.
riippellii about 3:5, in P. gambensis about 7:9. The depressed
space between the protuberance and the naked part of the bill is also
somewhat differently shaped in the two birds. In P. riippellit the
outline of this space next to the protuberance forms a segment of a
circle of which the centre is at the junction-point of the two other

sides, so that the space enclosed is nearly a quadrant. In P. gam-
bensis the corresponding outline is carried back much further towards
the protuberance, and formed of two lines, which terminate in a cen-
tral angle, so that the space enclosed is nearly a rhombus.

Dr. Giinther has called my attention to the fact, that the orifices
which commonly occur in the skulls of Gralle and Anatide, situate
in the occipital bone on both sides of the foramen magnum, are re-
markably small in both these birds, particularly so in P. riippellit.

The sterna of the two birds, as far as the comparison can be made
(that of P. gambensis being rather distorted by disease), do not pre-
sent any material points for comparison. The foramina, which in
both species are closed at the base, are rather longer and larger in
P. gambensis.

The subjoined measurements in inches of the bones of the wings
show that these organs are comparatively longer in P. riippellii, and
the bones are likewise thicker and stronger :—

P. gambensis. P. riippellit.

Length of humerus.............. 7°4 7°6
he ee ore 6°5 6°9
GUM «a cu nia se gees 6°25 6°6

—of metacarpus ............ 3°8 4°0

Comparing the posterior extremities, we find the tarsi and toes
again longer in P, riippellii, as the following dimensions prove :-—

P. gambensis. P. riippellit.

Length of fenmiri is .teee Ses. 3°9 40
Otitthinwie so cotk a ctotee... 68 FA
OUMPAEIUS 2. ER. oe oe 4°5 4°6

— of middle toe from base of

tarsus to the end of the nail .... 4°45 4°6

The pelvis is rather narrower in P. riippellii, the distance between
the trochanters measuring 1°9 in. ; in P. gambensis 2°1 in.

The vertebre are, cervical 15, dorsal 10, sacral 13, caudal 8 ; total
40 ; the true ribs 8, the false 2, in both species.

The tracheze of these two birds, though, as might have been ex-
pected, showing a general resemblance, present the following differ-
ences, which are greater than such as are usually found in indivi-
duals of the same species.

When dried, they are of nearly the same length, viz. about 14-5 in.,

but the bronchial rings are 151 in number in P. riippellii, and only —

138 in P. gambensis. The tubes are flattened throughout the
greater part, becoming cylindrical at 1°5 inch from the lower extre-
mity. Here they are much compressed, and develope a large osseous
bulb on the left side. The lower portion only of this bulb, as
usual, is completely ossified, the upper part being covered with fine
framework, which, as will be seen from the accompanying woodcut,
assumes a different pattern in the two species. In P. riippellii (figs. 2
and 4) the bulb is wider, higher, and much compressed ; in P. gam-
bensis (figs. 1 and 3) shorter and comparatively much thicker. This
is particularly observable in the side view, as shown in figs. 3 and 4,

‘

From Mr. Eyton’s observations (Monogr. Anatidee, p. 79) it is evi-
dent that the ¢rachea of the female Plectropterus is, as is generally
the case in this sex, destitute of the bulba ossea.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

I have already pointed out the external characters by which the
two Spur-winged Geese may be distinguished, and their synonymy
will now stand somewhat as follows :—

1. PLECTROPTERUS GAMBENSIS.
Anas gambensis, Linn.—A. spinosa, Vieill. ; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii.
pt. 2, p. 452, pl. 102; G. H. x. 241. — Anser gambensis, Benn.

Gard. Men. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 207, cum fig. — Plectropterus gam-
bensis, Steph. in Shaw, Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 7, pl. 36; Hartl. Orn.
West-Afr. (partim) ; Eyton, Monogr. Anat. p. 79; Sclater, P.Z.S.
1859, p. 131, pl. 152. fig. 2.

Sp. diagn.—Minor : protuberantia sincipitali maris parva : late-

ribus colli in utroque sexu plumosis.
Hab. In Africa Occidentali, accidentaliter in Europa Meridionali.
Mus. Brit.

2. PLECTROPTERUS RUPPELLII.

Cygnus gambensis, Riipp. Orn. Mise. p. 12, fig. 1.—P. gambensis,
Denham and Clapp. Travels, App. p. 204; Hartl. Orn. West-Afr.
p- 246 (partim) ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 131, pl. 152. f. 1.

Sp. diagn.— Major: protuberantia sincipitali maris maxima :

area rhombea ad colli latera nuda, carneo-rubra.

Hab. In Africa Orientali et Centrali, in Dongola et lacu Tchad.

Mus. Brit.

The second species of Plectropterus, given by Stephens (P. mela-
nonotus, Shaw, Zool. xii. pt. 2, p. 8) and also met with by Denham
and Clapperton (App. to Travels, p. 204), is Sarcidiornis africana,
Eyton (Monogr. Anatidze, p. 103).

January 24th, 1860.
John Gould, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. A MonoGraPH oF THE GrNUS EPOMOPHORUS, WITH THE
Description oF A New Species. By Rosert F. Tomes.

(Mammalia, Pl. LXXV.)

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1835, Mr. Ben-
nett gave a short description of a Frugivorous Bat from Gambia,
under the name of Pteropus epomophorus, at the same time suggest-
ing that the characters appeared sufficiently diverse from those of
the ordinary Pteropi to warrant generic separation. Under these
circumstances, Mr. Bemnett thought the specific name, epomophorus,
would not be inappropriate as a generic appellation. A further ac-
count was given by the same naturalist in the Transactions of the
Society, where the specific name white: was substituted; and the
species is now usually mentioned as Epomophorus whitei.

ILDANOONVdA SNHOHMOWNOds

mr 43/4 PMITH O

—

During the same year, but previous. to the communication by
Mr. Bennett, Mr. Ogilby had described a Pteropus from Gambia
under the name of P. macrocephalus. In the volume of Lardner’s
‘Cabinet Cyclopzedia’ devoted to the natural history and classification
of Quadrupeds, Mr. Swainson described a Pteropus, and gave a
figure of the head, from Western Africa, for which the name of P.
megacephalus was proposed. The volume bears date 1835.

All these species are now found to be identical, Epomophorus
whitei being the male, and the other two the female of the same
species. As far as can be ascertained, Mr. Ogilby’s name has the
priority, and should therefore be made use of ; but, before going fur-
ther into the synonymy of the species, I will give the results of some
examinations made with a view to the determination of the generic
peculiarities of this and other closely affined species.

The backward position of the wings, and the length of the face,
have been already mentioned by the first describers, and the excessive
development of the upper lips has been noticed by M. Temminck in
another species called by him Pachysoma labiatum; but there are
some other peculiarities (having reference to this last character) not
hitherto sufficiently insisted on.

The original specimens described by Mr. Bennett and Mr. Ogilby
having passed into my hands, together with a number of other spe-
cimens of this and two other species referable to the same group, I
have been able to examine them with exactness, and more especially
to compare their crania with those of other fruit-eating Bats. The
result has been a thorough conviction not only of their generic di-
stinction, but that the genus is more removed from the ordinary
Pteropi than is Pachysoma, or even perhaps Macroglossus.

For the better understanding of the affinities of the present genus,
I deem it advisable first to institute an inquiry into the relation of the
genera Pteropus and Pachysoma to each other, and afterwards to
compare with them the various species of Epomophort.

M. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, in his ‘Legons sur les Mammifeéres,’ has
separated from the genus Péeropus several species which depart from
the more typical forms of that genus in being possessed of a tail, in
having the muzzle shorter and thicker, and the lower jaw provided
with only five molar teeth, that of Pteropus proper having six.

In the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles’ for 1828*, M. Isid.
Geoffroy, after adverting to the establishment of this genus by his
father, observes, “‘ Le museau des Pachysomes est gros, et leur boite
cérébrale est trés-volumineuse et sphéroidale; mais entre ces deux
parties existe un rétrécissement trés-sensible, quoique beaucoup
moins prononcé que chez les grandes Roussettes. Un grand espace
existe ainsi entre les parois du crane et les arcades zygomatiques,
qui sont d’ailleurs beaucoup plus écartées que chez les Roussettes ;
et comme Pétendue de cet espace est en rapport avec le volume du
mass¢ter et du crotaphyte, nous voyons s’accroitre de beaucoup
chez les Pachysomes la force des muscles élévateurs de la machoire

* This communication bears date Oct. 1828, whilst the published volume of the
‘Lecons’ is dated 1829,

inférieure ; fait d’autant plus remarquable que cette machoire elle-
méme est courte, et n’a d’étendue que dans la portion qui donne in-
sertion aux muscles, c’est-a-dire sa portion postérieure et son aphyse
coronoide.” e

The peculiarities here pointed out in the cranium of those species
which have a tail should not be regarded as characters necessarily
associated with that appendage, but as incidental to the smaller spe-
cies of the group; the tail also in this particular group being re-
stricted to the smaller species. ‘The smaller species in any natural
family of Mammalia,” says Professor Owen, “resemble the foetus
of the larger species in the general proportional size of the brain and
eyes.” This well-known law will, if followed out, explain pretty
fully the nature of the differences in the crania of the larger and
smaller Pteropi. The tail might probably have been either absent
or present in both, without interfering with the results. Had M.
Isid. Geoffroy instituted an examination of the cranium of one of the
common species of Péeropi at several periods of its growth, he would
at once have seen that previously to attaining the full size it had
the cerebral cavity of manifestly greater relative capacity than after-
wards ; and coincidently with this a greater thickness of the facial
part is observable, but more especially a greater breadth between the
orbits. My observations were first made from the examination of a
series of skulls of Pteropus poliocephalus ; but I afterwards, to be
quite satisfied that I was not noting a mere specific peculiarity, exa-
mined those of P. edwardsii, P. edulis, P. rubricollis, P. hypome-
lanus and P. dasymallus, and met with the same results. In the
Pachysomes the same law also obtains, the skulls of the smaller
species, such as P. duvaucellii which furnished M. Isid. Geoffroy
with materials, having a relatively much greater cerebral region than
those of the larger ones, such as P. stramineum and P. egyptiacum.
These latter, although possessed of tails, do not differ at all materially
in the general conformation of their crania from the true Pteropi.

The same holds good with the crania of the Epomophori, but in a
much greater degree. They vary from an exceedingly elongated
form, as in EZ. macrocephalus, which has the facial part half its entire
length, to a form which is remarkable for its shortness and convexity,
and in which the facial part is scarcely more than one-fourth of its
total length ; these skulls at the same time exhibiting no departure
from the more important details of structure. For instance, all have
the same shape and degree of development of the lower jaw, similar
teeth, both in number and form, and similar modification of the
form of the supra-orbital process of the frontal bone; but those
species in which the facial portion of the cranium is long, are the
larger ones; those in which it is short and thick, the smaller ones.

Genus EpomorHorvs, Bennett, 1835.

PacHuysoma, Temminck.

General form of the body rather robust. The wings, ample in
relation to the bulk of the body, are broad and rounded at the ends.

The breadth is in some measure occasioned by the fingers being
more expanded than is usual in other Pteropodide, especially by
the space between the index and longest finger being wider than is
usual. The thumb, which is long, has its basal half enclosed in the
antibrachial membrane, which further assists in giving greater
breadth to the wing. The wings, as noticed by Mr. Bennett and
Mr. Ogilby, are situated farther back than is usual in the allied
genera, and the antibrachial membrane, maintaining its full breadth
from the side of the body to the carpus, contributes also towards
giving the base of the wings a backward appearance, whilst in
Pteropus this membrane narrows as it approaches the wrist, and
does not, therefore, bring that part so far forward in relation to the
base as in Epomophorus*. Another peculiarity in the organs of
flight, remarkable as occurring in the Frugivorous Bats, but usual in
the Insectivorons ones, is that their membranes spring at once from
the sides of the body, instead of being attached along the sides of
the vertebral column, more or less near to it in the different genera.

The form of the head varies very greatly in the different species
of Epomophori, but the lips seem constantly to present that extra-
ordinary amount of development which induced M. Temminck to
apply to one of the species the specific name of /abiatus. In so far
as can be gathered from the inspection of these parts in skinned
specimens, rendered soft for the purpose of examination, they appear
to be quite simple—the lips of an ordinary Pteropus very much en-
larged. There is nothing about the form of the nostrils which does
not occur in the genera Pteropus and Pachysoma. The ears are
rather small, simple, and ovoid.

The tail is rudimentary, scarcely more than a mere tubercle, and
the interfemoral membrane margins the legs and coccyx as in
Pteropus. The feet moderate, with the wing-membranes extending
to the hase of the toes, and attached to the upper surface of the
second + one, as in Pferopus and Pachysoma.

With the comparatively greater development of the cutaneous
system in Epomophorus is associated what may probably be regarded
as a higher degree of development in the membranes themselves.
Instead of the thick and leathery wings of the true Pteropi, they
have membranes more or less translucent, and strongly marked with
lines and papillze, as in some of the Insectivorous genera. As the

_ * L regret that I have not been able to examine specimens otherwise preserved
than in skin, or mounted. In these it appears to me that the humerus is of great
length in relation to the fore arm, and this, unless the wing be perfectly expanded,
must bring the elbow in a more backward position than if it were shorter. When
we consider that the wing-bones necessarily in all cases spring from precisely
the same part of the body, it must be evident that the more backward appear-
ance in one case than in another is due either to some modification in the form
of the wings themselves, or to the mere elongation of the neck of the animal. In
the excellent figure given by Dr. Peters of £. crypturus, the length of the hu-
merus and peculiar form of the wings are well shown.

+ The one next to the outer one in the ordinary position of the foot of a Bat,
but in reality the one next the inner one of other Mammalia.

larger species of Hpomophori approximate in size to the smaller spe-
cies of Pteropus, a comparison of these parts may be easily made.

The fur is short and of a cottony texture, with but little difference
in quality on the different parts of the body, that of the under parts
being somewhat shorter and rather less soft than that of the upper.
It is everywhere unicoloured from root to tip, and there are constantly
two tufts of white fur at the base of the two margins of the ears, but
not differing in quality from that of the other parts of the body.
In some of the species the males are furnished with very remarkable
tufts of long stiff hairs on the shoulders, usually of a yellowish or
white colour.

In an examination of the crania of the several species of this genus
some great peculiarities appear. If we take the skull of one of the
most remarkable of them, Z. macrocephalus, we shall be struck with
the excessive length of the facial, and the extreme smallness of the
cranial portions ; but on examining the skulls of the other species these
proportions are seen gradually to alter, until in the smallest one, Z.
schoensis (Pteropus schoensis, Riipp.), they are actually reversed,
whilst some other characters, more easily overlooked, will be found
to be constant in all the species.

Mr. Ogilby observes that the upper jaw has but three molars (on
each side), and the lower five, and that the first one in the upper jaw
and the second one in the lower have so much the form of canines
as to give the mouth the appearance of having four pairs of these
teeth. On comparing the teeth with those of the ordinary Pteropi,
the same prominent molars are easily recognisable in the latter, but,
being less conical, they have not the canine-like appearance which
Mr. Ogilby observed in Epomophorus.

I will now proceed to notice some real differences which exist in
the dentition of the genera Pteropus, Pachysoma, and Epomophorus.
The skull of the common Pteropus edwardsii will supply all that is
necessary for the first of these genera.

Upper jaw.—On examining the upper jaw, the incisors and canines
may be passed by as presenting nothing which is not common to the
three genera. The next tooth following the canine is extremely
small, and can be seen only in crania which bear evidences of imma-
turity ; at a more advanced age it is lost. To this succeeds a large
and prominent pre-molar, having somewhat the relative proportions,
and holding the same position with regard to the following three
molars, which the carnassier tooth does in the insectivorous genera.
Then come the true molars, three in number, also as in the insecti-
vorous species, but the hinder one so much reduced in size and ab-
normal in shape, as to be merely rudimentary. In Pachysoma the
dentition of the upper jaw differs from that of Pteropus in the
absence of the hinder or rudimentary molar, and in having the first
or small pre-molar retained to a later period, perhaps permanently.
In Epomophorus, on the contrary, it is wanting ; but in one instance
I can clearly trace a depression in the alveolus, which probably in-
dicates the former presence of a tooth there, which, as in Pteropus,
may be lost with age. Then comes the prominent tooth or carnassier,

like that of Pteropus and of Pachysoma, but rather more pointed,
less angular, and having anteriorly a very canine-like appearance.
The remaining teeth—restricted to two in number—are small and
feebly developed, the hinder one the smaller of the two. The third
or hinder one, which in Péteropus was but rudimentary, is here quite
lost, and the one nearest to it has undergone a degradation in deve-
lopment corresponding with that of the one in Pteropus, which is
absent. :

Lower jaw.—In Pteropus we find in the lower jaw, omitting the
incisors and canines, first a small and tubercular pre-molar, not often
absent ; second, a large and prominent pre-molar, shaped like the
long one in the upper jaw; and third, another similar in form to the
last, but less prominent. Three other teeth complete the number,
and they gradually decrease in size to the hinder one, which is a mere
tubercle with a flattened crown. The fourth tooth from the canine
or the third one counting from behind, occupies the place proper for
the carnassier, but that tooth exhibits no peculiarities of form. Re-
verting for comparison to Pachysoma, as before, the difference which
we find in the dentition of the lower jaw from that of Pteropus assists
in the numeration of the different kinds of teeth of the latter. We
find the small anomalous pre-molar followed at a considerable interval
in some of the species by a prominent and rather pointed tooth.
Then comes another interval, followed by three teeth, the first of
which is considerably longer than the other two, and more pointed
It has somewhat of the carnassial form, and is placed in the position
proper for that tooth in relation to the two molars, whilst the tooth
in front of it is here separated from those on either side like an ordi-
nary pre-molar. The same dentition obtains in the lower jaw of
Epomophorus, with this difference, that both molars are greatly re-
duced in size, being scarcely more than rudimentary.

From this it would appear that the Frugivorous Bats form an ex-
ception to the law which regulates the variation in the dentition of
the Insectivorous ones, in which the true molars are liable to but
slight variations in number or form, and in which the pre-molars
suffer considerable modifications, not merely in the several genera,
but even in the different species in the same genus. It is possible
that the pre-molars may be in reality absent in this group, and their
places taken by modified true molars, and by this means the proper
number of the latter preserved. But this is rendered improbable, if
not actually disproved, by the fact that the absence in one genus
(Pachysoma) of the third true molar is predicted by its rudimentary
condition in another (Pteropus), in which the proper number of true
molars certainly exists. And this partial development of the molar
‘series may be traced yet further in those genera which have lost the
third molar, and in which the second molar has assumed in some
measure the abnormal form and size of the third or missing one.

Besides the abridgment in number, and imperfect development of
the molar teeth, the cranium of Epomophorus exhibits certain other
peculiarities worthy of note. It is altogether a fragile structure,
the upper maxillary bones in some of the species being so thin and

translucent that it is easy to see through their outer walls the form
of the enclosed roots of the molar teeth ; and if held up against a
lamp, the light will readily pass through both their outer and palatal
portions. A similar lightness of structure obtains everywhere. The
supra-orbital process of the frontal bone is small and directed more
backwards than in Pteropus; so small in #. schoensis that it can
scarcely be called a process *. The zygoma throws up no process
to meet that of the frontal, so that in those species where the process
of the latter bone is wanting the orbit is continuous with the tempo-
ral fossa, as in the generality of the Insectivorous genera, and as in
other orders of Mammalia. Viewing the skull from beneath, it ex-
hibits some other peculiarities. The auditory bullz are, as in Pachy-
soma, more developed than in Pteropus, and the hinder margin of
the palate is but very slightly curved, but has the appearance of a
transverse ridge more or less raised from the level of the palate.

The lower jaw, besides being exceedingly thin everywhere, has its
alveolar or anterior part extremely narrow in a vertical direction.
Its posterior part is remarkable for the almost entire absence of
ridges or other roughness for the attachment of muscles, and for the
form of the angular portion. The lower margin of each ramus is
very nearly straight from the lower part of the symphysis menti to
the angle, which forms a simple curve up to the condyle. In the dif-
ferent species this curve is of different degrees of sharpness, most
pronounced in Z. franqueti, n. s., and least so in Z. schoensis. In
none of them does the angular region project so far back as the con-
dyle. The coronoid process is elevated about as much above the
condyle as the latter is above the lower margin of the ramus. Its
anterior boundary runs obliquely forward with an easy descent to
the posterior molar, constituting, in fact, more than half of the en-
tire length of the upper margin of the jaw.

I will now offer a few suggestions relative to the probable nature
of the food of the Epomophorus. In the Desmodus, where there is
absolutely no mastication required, the true molars are wholly want-
ing; and the pre-molars, although not reduced to the minimum
number, are diminished to a very rudimentary condition. It happens
that in this genus the zoologist has the opportunity, rarely met with
in this order, of comparing singularity of structure with habits known
to be of a most extraordinary nature, so extraordinary as to be unique
among Mammalia, and, as far as I know, among the whole of the
Vertebrata; and he can at once discern the exact adaptation of the one
to the other. But without information concerning the habits, would
he by a mere inspection of the teeth have inferred them? I think
not. He would indeed infer, from the absence of molars, that the
creature did not eat food requiring mastication; and the form and
character of the incisors and canines would clearly point to some
food requiring to be cut or torn ; but it would scarcely occur to him
that they were intended to puncture the skin of such animals as
horses, and enable the creature by a suctorial operation to feed on

* Being produced in a backward direction, it may be said to be adherent to
the body of the bone, rather than to be wholly absent.

their blood. And if, in the absence of evidence of its sanguivorous
habits, the investigator had compared the dentition of Desmodus with
that of any of the Felidae, in which the molars are reduced in
number, and the premolars and canines greatly developed for the
purpose of tearing flesh, he would very possibly have supposed that
there was some analogy between the two, and that the one was a modi-
fication of the other, each being fitted to the insectivorous or carnivo-
rous type of structure, on which their respective orders are supposed
to be based. We are in pretty much the same position with regard
to the habits and food of the Epomophorus, and can at best only in-
dicate the kind of diet which would be within the management of its
teeth. Although there is not, as in Desmodus, a complete absence
‘of molar teeth, yet they are so imperfect that we are forced to con-
clude that they are not fitted for the purpose of mastication, in the
ordinary sense of the word; but we cannot make any use of our
subsequent knowledge of the habits of Desmodus as any argument in
the case of Epomophorus, because the general structure of the latter
proclaims that it strictly pertains to the Phytophagous type, whilst
that of the former is as strictly Zoophagous. Moreover, the habits
of Desmodus being understood, and the several peculiarities in its
structure found in perfect unison with them, it becomes extremely
easy to see that it is only in the one respect of having merely rudi-
mentary molars that Epomophurus bears any resemblance to Des-
modus. Instead of large and trenchant incisors, suitable to serve the
purpose of lancets, these teeth in Zpomophorus are small and blunt ;
and the premolars, instead of being rudimentary, are, on the con-
trary, some of them so developed as to have equal prominence with
the canines. But, notwithstanding this, we are still precluded from
supposing that the creature could subsist on food requiring mastica-
tion, properly speaking ; and the question is, what is the kind of
food for which the dentition of Hpomophorus is specially adapted ?
If, in speculating on the uses of the peculiar dentition of Desmodus,
we happened to make further examination of the parts connected
with it, we should be able to decide that while the teeth might per-
form the office of lancets, the lips were modelled to the office of a
cupping-glass, and that the whole constituted an apparatus admi-
rably adapted to the sanguivorous habits attributed to the creature.
The Epomophorus is furnished with lips quite as extraordinary as
those of the Desmodus. Although simple in form, they are of such
enormous size as to hang down on each side of the face, almost an
inch in some of the species; so large are they, that the mouth may
be sewn up, and the jaws yet move to the full extent that their con-
struction seems to warrant ; and this, as it appears to me, affords some
index as to the nature of the food. If for the food of the ordinary
Pteropi we were to substitute some fruit of an exceedingly succulent
nature, which would require but a trifling pressure to yield its juices,
less strong molars would be needed, and consequently jaws of much
less strength for their implantation, whilst the muscles required to
work the jaws would be equally reduced in volume. All this we
find in Epomophorus, and much more, contributing to strengthen
No. 420.—Procrepincs or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

the suggestion. The voluminous lips would do good service during
the squeezing operation, by preventing the escape of the juices, and
very possibly the prominent rim across the back part of the palate
might assist in constricting the mouth posteriorly, until a sufficient
amount of fluid was collected to be swallowed, the more solid parts
being rejected. The only suggestion I can make concerning the
long and canine-like premolars is, that they may assist in gathering
the fruit ; but it should be remembered that the Pteropz, proper,
have these teeth considerably developed, and therefore their promi-
nence in Epomophorus must not be dwelt upon too strongly.

Dr. Andrew Smith says of Pteropus leachii that it repairs to Cape
Town and its vicinity when the grapes are ripening, from which we
are led to suppose that this fruit constitutes at that time their food.
The Epomophori would be peculiarly fitted for such a régime as
this, but we have at present no positive evidence that the grape is
actually their food.

1. EPoMOPHORUS MACROCEPHALUS, Ogilby, sp.

Pteropus macrocephalus, Ogilb. Proc. Zool. Soe. iii. p. 101, July
1835; Wagn. Supp. Schreb. Saugeth. i. p. 367,1840; Schinz, Synop.
Mamm. i. p. 135, 1844. ;

Pt. epomophorus, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 149, Oct. 1835 ;
Wagn. Supp. Schreb. i. p. 367, 1840.

Pt. megacephalus, Swains. Nat. Hist. & Class. Quad. p. 92, 1835.

Epomophorus whitei, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. v. 2. p. 38. pl. 6,
Oct. 1835; Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. p. 504, 1838; Cat. Mamm.
Brit. Mus. p. 38, 1843.

Pachysoma whitei et P. macrocephala, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. Cote
Guiné, pp. 65 et 70, 1853.

I regret that I am unable to continue the specific name first asso-
ciated with the generic one now made use of, but that given to the
female of the species by Mr. Ogilby has unquesticnably the priority,
and must therefore be adopted. Of the names given by Mr. Ogilby
and Mr. Swainson it is impossible to say which has the precedence ;
E have therefore chosen that which appears most appropriate.

Of all the species this one appears to typify most strikingly the
genus Epomophorus. The head is very long, or rather the face, the
distance from the eye to the nose being fully twice that of the
distance from the eye to the ear. The nostrils are somewhat tubular,
and a deep notch passes vertically between them, dividing the upper
lip in half. As far as can be gathered from dried specimens, the
lips attain in this species their full development, being perfectly
capable, when softened, of distention to fully three times the extent
of those of Pteropus rubricollis, a species of nearly similar size. The
ears are small, ovoid, and narrowed at the tip, and, with the excep-
tion of two tufts of white hair, naked; these tufts are of fine short
hair, and are placed at their two borders, quite at the root.

The antibrachial membrane is broader than in the other species,
being as much as 8 or 9 lines at the elbow, and nearly as much where

hy See”,:t~<“

it encloses the thumb. The interfemoral membrane margins the
coccyx and legs, and is at the os calcis not more than 2 lines wide,
at the coccyx the same, but at the knee as much as 5 lines wide.

All the face is covered with very short fine hair, with the exception
of the muzzle, chin, and edges of the lips, which are naked. On the
upper lip, towards the end of the nose, are a few scattered longish
bristle-like hairs. The fur of the back extends on to the fore-arm
for half its length, on to the hinder limbs for nearly the whole of
their length, and on the membranes of the flanks for the breadth of
half an inch. Nearly the whole of the interfemoral membrane has
its upper surface hairy, the exception being at the os caleis. Be-
neath, the fore-arm membranes of the flanks and legs are similarly
hairy, but more sparingly so, especially those of the latter.

Both above and beneath, nearly all that part of the wing-mem-
branes which is between the last finger and the body is studded with
rows of glandular dots, each bearing a little bundle of short hairs,
most regular on its upper surface. All the other parts of the mem-
brane are semi-opaque, and rather distinctly veined.

The fur of all parts of the body is short and soft, above longer and
thicker than beneath ; it is unicolour, and of a lightish cinnamon-
brown, with an ill-defined oval patch on the abdomen of a cream
colour. At the base of the ears are two little patches of soft white
fur, just on their margins; and on the shoulder is the remarkable
tuft of long white hairs which was first noticed by Mr. Bennett, and
at that time regarded as peculiar to the species.

In the following table of dimensions, No. 1 refers to the type
specimen of Z. whitei, and No. 2 to the type specimen of H. macro-
cephalus.

1. 2.
Length of the head and body........ 7 0 6 3
GE CHeMDGHA 3. irate e eo 6 iste: 2 0 2 2
from the eye to the end of the
mega Pe mes eer Ves wa YES 1. 2
from the eye to the ear ...... 0.5 0 42
GF thie Sara Shas “eat tans 0 8 0 8
breadth of thevear’ 228.55 et EO. BH Oo bE
Length of the forearm ............ 3 3 3 3
of the longest finger ........ 6 0 5 8
of the fourth finger........ Sale nae i 4 4
of the thumb ......... dice) kta 1 43
Gt thertahie aie chavisain is mesiiody Ab, Lig dt
of the foot and claws ........ 0 11 0 11
Pipe OL WINES. 22a. 2 So a 8 Pe eae |

* The spread of the wings is never a very satisfactory dimension in the Cheiro-
ptera, for in such species as those constituting the present genus, in which the
wings are broad and the fingers much curved, it is obvious that the real expanse
of the wings is not given by following their curvature. On the other hand, if
the measure taken be a straight line between the tips of the open wings, that
line must necessarily vary in length with the degree to which they are opened—

Some peculiarities are noticeable in the cranium of this species,
which, if not confined to it, are certainly not extended to all the
others, and therefore cannot be mentioned as strictly generic. The
palate in this genus, as has already been stated, is remarkable for the
prominence of its hinder margin; this appears to be properly a
generic character, but it is the present species which possesses it in the
greatest degree, and with it a great curvature of the back part of
the palate from side to side also, giving that part of the mouth a
pretty complete dome-shape*. It is further characterized by the
presence of very widely separated transverse ridges. If the mouths
of any of those species of Pteropi be examined which are affine to
the common Pt. edwardsii, they will be found to have ten or a dozen
transverse palatal ridges; and in a fresh specimen of Pachysoma
stramineum, a species more affine to Epomophorus, I have counted as
many as nine; but in EZ. macrocephalus there are not more than six,
and, if the great length of this part of the skull be borne in mind, it
will be readily seen that they are far apart. But the deficiency in
number is compensated for by their great thickness and prominence.
The first is straight, and placed just behind the incisive foramen, and
has a central projection ; the second is also straight, but instead of
a projection has a central notch, and is situate between the first pair
of premolars; the third is strongly curved forwards, and is a simple
entire ridge extended between the first pair of true molars; the
fourth is considerably removed from the third, is equally curved and
projecting, and has a more or less flattened surface; the fifth is of
very peculiar form, being lozenge-shaped, with a central pit, and placed
across the palate between the anterior roots of the zygomatic arches ;
the sixth and last is straight and transverse, but little raised, and is
notched in the centre. Immediately behind this last one comes the
dvep dome-shaped hollow already noticed.

2. EpoMoPHoRvUS GAMBIANUS, Ogilby, sp.

Pteropus gambianus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 3. p. 100, 1835;
Wagn. Supp. Schrub. Siugth. i. p. 366, 1840; Schinz, Synop.
Mamm. i. p. 135, 1844.

Epomophorus gambianus, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 504, 1838.

Epomophorus crypturus, Peters, Natur. Reise Mossam. Saugth.
p- 26. t. v. u. xill. 1852.

Pachysoma gambianus, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. p. 69, 1853.

This species differs considerably in appearance from the last in
consequence of its much shorter head. The muzzle is in fact scarcely
more produced than that of the ordinary Pteropi, and the eye

vary, in fact, with the fancy of the preserver. On the whole, therefore, it appears
desirable to adopt the first of these methods. The actual expanse of the open
wings of these specimens is not more than 17 or 18 inches. Mr. Bennett gives
12 inches as the expanse of the specimen which has furnished the dimensions in
Column 1, which, as M. Temminck justly observes, is certainly an error.

* This peculiar form of the palate has most probably reference to the nature of
the food.

scarcely more distant from the nose than from the ear. It resembles
in this respect the well-known Pachysoma stramineum. In the form
of the ears, lips, nostrils, and indeed of all other parts taken in de-
tail, this species is so much like the last that it will be only neces-
sary to mention a few trifling differences, and then proceed to give
the more important ones of dimensions. The fur in its general cha-
racter and quality is similar to that of the last species, but it is a
little more strungly tinged with cinnamon, and rather less spread on
to the membranes. There is the same obscure patch of whitish
colour on the abdomen, and the ears are similarly furnished with
tufts of white fur at the bases of their two margins, but the conspi-
cuous shoulder tufts of H. macrocephalus are here very fully deve-
loped. They consist of a very slight warty excrescence clothed with
fur, which differs from that which surrounds it only in being of a
dirty-white colour. The membranes are a little more translucent,
and somewhat paler in colour, than those of #. macrocephalus.

The teeth vary but little from those of H. macrocephalus, but the
cranium itself has the facial part much shorter, and it is further re-
markable for the slight extension of the supra-orbital process *.
Unfortunately, in all the erania I have seen, the hinder margin of the
palate has been destroyed in the process of preservation, so that Iam
able to notice only such of the transverse palatal ridges as are not
posterior to the molar range. These are more simple in form than
in the last species, but are equally prominent, and placed in relation
to the teeth just as in that species.

The following dimensions are those of three specimens which
formerly formed part of the Museum of the Zoological Society :—

1. 2. 3.

~
3

Length of the head and body ..
OP ENG UAEET ie its ote -
—— of the head..........
from eye to snout
——w— from ear to eye ..
of the Game. J... <. i
Breadth of the ears..........
Length of the fore-arm ......
of the longest finger
of the fourth finger... .
of the thumb.:.......
at the tibiae. ote «. +.
of the foot and claws ..
Expanse of wings, following the
AO ETS ae A Rai a 22

Hab. Gambia, Mozambique (Peters).

<a
tol

tol

ounce

tol

= hoOWwWoocomKH Os

_
Se ee CE Se be as
nol
i)

oS Oo mr Or

tol

Ome hoawocoeoceon.
SH K BAWOCORK NOR

i)
bo
ie.)
bo
—

* For these details I refer the reader to the excellent figures of the cranium
of this species given by Dr. Peters under the name of EF. erypturus.

3. EPOMOPHORUS FRANQUETI, n. sp. (Pl. LXXV.)

If the species in the present monograph took rank according as
they are more or less typical in form, the present one should appear
as second, the #. /abiatus probably as third, followed by EF. gam-
dianus, and the list should be completed by the smallest and least
typical species —F. schoénsis. But the first and most typical species
is succeeded by the one which was described at very nearly the same
time, as being much better known than those which were to follow.

The present one is much the largest species, attaining an expanse
of more than 2 feet, and has the same singular tufts of hair on the
shoulders as are recorded of the first species in the list—Z. macro-
cephalus, but much more developed than in that species, and of a
pale yellow colour. The only known specimen was forwarded to the
French National Collection by Dr. Franquet of the French Imperial
Navy, and from it I have, by the kind permission of M. Geoffroy St.
Hilaire, taken the description which follows, and have had a care-
fully executed drawing made by M. Oudart, from which the illustra-
tions accompanying the present paper have been copied. Its country
is the same as that of the Gorilla.

The head.is not nearly so long and narrow relatively as that
of E. macrocephalus, but more nearly resembles that of Z. gam-
bianus. The ears, as in the other species of the genus, are of medium
size, oval, and a little narrowed towards the tips; they are furnished
with small tufts of fine white hair at the base of their inner and
outer margins, like those of all the other species here described.
The lips, as far as can be ascertained from the inspection of a
mounted specimen, are large, although perhaps not quite equal to
those of some of the other species. The interfemoral membrane is
rather more ample than is usual in the genus.

The fur extends considerably on to the membranes, above and
below, as in #. macrocephalus, and it is similarly unicolour, and
possesses the same soft cottony texture. That of all the upper parts
is of a cinnamon-brown colour, brighter and deeper than in the other
species ; the under parts similar, but the patch of whitish on the
abdomen, which is faint as in the others, here takes the form of a
clearly-defined oval space of pure white, as much as 24 inches long.

The shoulder tufts are very much developed, and differ somewhat
from those of EH. macrocephalus. They occupy a space on the
shoulder of as much as 14 inch in length, ina descending direction ;
the lower half of this space consists of fur, which is of the same
length and texture as that of the surrounding parts, but is of a buffy-
yellow colour; whilst the upper part, constituting the real shoulder
tuft, is composed of long yellow hairs, which spring outwards, and
then curve downwards, partially hiding the short yellow hair already
mentioned. All this yellow fur, both long and short, has a clear
and well-defined outline. All the membranes are of a darkish cinna-
mon- brown.

The cranium is much less elongated than in either of the preceding
species, and in its general proportions bears some resemblance to that

of Pachysoma stramineum, especially in the expansion of the zygomatic
arches; but the teeth are of precisely similar number and relative
proportion with each other, as in E. macrocephalus, although they
are generally stouter than in that species. The lower jaw exhibits
most unequivocally the peculiarities mentioned in detailing the
generic characters. The dimensions of the cranium will be given
with those of some of the other species, so as to afford a more direct
means of comparison.

=
>
=

Length of the head and body ...---++-- 7
Be Une MEUM, Sbie capt ew anh eteinadrales
aed The COTA ak edocs wees. We

—_— of the fore-arm ......--++++-+ 08 3

—__—— of the longest finger........-++ - 7

— 5

]
0
30

10 oa oN)

of the fourth finger .....--- +++:
of the tibia. «..0..0+« ee =e

of the foot and claws Oe
Expanse of wings, about ...--.+-++-++5

—
or OAOnwweo

Hab. Gaboon.

4. Epomornorvs tasiatus, Temm., sp.

Pteropus labiatus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 83. pl. 39, 1835-1841 ;
Wagn. Supp. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 356, 1840; Less. Nouy. Tab. Rég.
Anim. p. 13, 1842; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 128, 1844.

Pachysoma labiatus, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. p. 68, 1853.

Epomophorus whitei, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 38, 1843.

Of this species, which has been considered by some zoologists as
identical with the EZ. macrocephalus, I can only quote the words of
M. Temminck, since I have not been able to take a description of
it. Judging from the little that could be learned from an inspection
of specimens without removing them from the case, I feel satisfied
that the species is distinct ; and, in order to make this monograph
as complete as possible, I borrow the following description from M.
Temminck’s ‘Monograph’:— __.

Ears long and pointed ; interfemoral membrane hidden in the fur,
which covers a great part of the membrane ; the lips large enough
to hang several lines below the lower margin of the jaw, and entirely
hide the line of the mouth laterally, as in some of the dog kind; the
fur of the upper parts covering also in some measure the humeral
region, and that part of the membrane near the flanks.

The fur cottony on all parts of the body, especially on the back ;
more sleek on the‘under parts. That which extends on to the mem-
brane, and that on the top of the head, short and rough, and of a
reddish-isabelle colour, more reddish towards the back. The two
margins of the ears with white fur at their bases. Side of the neck
reddish-brown, with two shoulder tufts of ample size, and composed
of long white hairs which radiate from the centre of a glandular
prominence ; breast, humeral- region, flanks, and region of the coc-

cyx pale rufous ; middle of the belly covered with short hair, smooth,
and dirty white.

The female, M. Temminck says, does not differ very greatly from
the male, excepting in wanting the shoulder tufts, and in not having
the great development of lips. From this it would seem that the
latter peculiarity is sexual, which appears highly improbable if we
admit that the greatly developed lips have a determinate function to
perform, which could scarcely differ much in the two sexes. More-
over it is further rendered improbable by the facts that in the other
species of the genus the peculiarity exists equally in both male and
female.

Total length (English) .......... 4 4or5
DOre-arih ppb ae ao Fee es, ho 2 6
Expanse of wings .............. 16 0

Hab. Abyssinia.

My note of the species made in the Leyden Museum is as fol-
lows :—‘‘ Much smaller than Z. macrocephalus, and with the face
relatively much shorter ; shoulder tufts as in that species ; size about
that of Pachysoma amplexicaudatum.”

5. EpomMorHorws scHoEnsis, Riupp., sp.

Pteropus schoénsis, Riipp. Mus. Senck. ii. p. 131, 1842; Schinz,
Synop. Mamm. i. p. 129, 1844.

Dr. Rippell observes of this species, that he had some doubts
whether it might not be the young of the Pteropus whitei of Ben-
nett, the incisor teeth of one of the specimens bearing indications of
immaturity, but that some disparities in the proportions induced
him to regard it as distinct.

At the dispersion of the Museum of the Zoological Society, two
specimens of a’small species of Frugivorous Bat, labelled “Gambia,”
fell into my hands, which I had no difficulty in identifying with the
species described by Dr. Riippell under the above name. Afterwards
I met with another specimen in the Paris Museum which had been
received from Gaboon with the specimen of L. franqueti already
described. These examples have furnished the materials for the
following description.

It is a miniature of LZ. gambianus, being the smallest of the Pée-
ropodide, save the Kiodote, and has a shorter and more rounded
head and shorter muzzle. These parts are somewhat similar to the
same parts in Pachysoma brevicaudatum, and indeed the two species
hold precisely the same position in their respective genera. LZ.
schoénsis bears pretty closely the same relationship to EZ. franqueti
as P. brevicaudatum does to P. stramineum and P. egyptiacum.

As in those already described, this species has the two ear-tufts ;
the ears too are themselves so similarly proportioned as to need no
particular description. The fur, like that of #. gambianus, extends
on to the membranes, and in a perfectly similar manner, and in
texture and colour agrees so well with that of that species as to re-

? 57

quire no further mention, except to notice the total absence of the
whitish patch on the under parts, where the fur is of a uniform
greyish-brown colour. With the exception of this difference, EZ.
schoénsis might, as far as external appearance is concerned, be fairly
described by stating it to be a pigmy FL. gambianus.

The cranium requires special mention. It is short, and has the
cerebral region rounded and devoid of crests or ridges, and instead
of being, as in the more typical forms, shorter than the facial portion
of the skull, it is longer, that part in front of the orbit not being
more than half the length of that which is behind it. But while its
general outline is less typical of the form of cranium which charac-
terizes the genus, the parts taken in detail are not less typical.
Thus the small development of the supra-orbital process, taken as a
characteristic feature of the genus, is more remarkable in this species
than in any other. It may be said to be directed backwards, and
adherent, so that only an extremely small point is free. The space
between the orbits is much wider in relation to the size of the skull
than in the larger species. The palate, instead of having transverse
ridges and furrows, is smooth, with a slight prominence behind the
canines, of a hastate form, with the point directed backwards;
behind this is a shallow depression of similar form, with its point
extending almost to the hind margin of the bony palate. On each
side of this point, and just within the raised rim which bounds the
palate, are two ovoid smooth hollows.

The following are the dimensions of the two specimens from
Gambia :—

Length of the head and body........ op ae a
GF the head (5264, «cis ted aor Hea 1 2

frote Nose te eye c2% i... t 5/3. 0 6 0 55
from eaF to. eye. 22.5254. 5.6. 0 4 0 3
Ny CR Lo fa SEE ales 0 2S els 0 6 0 6
Of (ne Mr GENE oso. ete Bld j aS
——— of the longest finger ........ 3 9 3 3
of the fourth finger.......... 2 9 2 6
GE PNG MID ad ls) ooo So <reie wn Sc 0 10 0 8

— ignites: (0 de ee eas 0 10 0 9t
of the foot and claws ........ 0 8 OQ, +2

Expanse of wings, following the pha-

Te eS amar ee alt rues Oey anbiae’ 9:

Hab. Abyssinia, Gambia, Gaboon.
The following table will show the difference in size and proportion

of parts of the crania of the species described in this Monograph,
with the exception of HL. labiatus :—

58 7
E.macro-| E. fran- | E. gam-
cephalus. queti. bianus. | E. schoénsis.
in. limes. | in. lines. | in. lines in. lines.
Length from the extremity of the nasal
bones to the occipital crest .........)) .seeee o: Bea i some ‘beg
Length from extremity of nasal bones
to the front of orbit ..............+4.- DeryOr 4008 9 Dao 0 33
Length from extremity of nasal bones
to the supra-orbital foramen ......... Be OMT dense! Lael 0 52
Length of the nasal bones ............... et ihe haggis ioe 0, 9 0 3

Length of the zygomatic arches, taken
from the ant-orbital foramen to the

hinder margin of the condyloid fossa) 1 0 | 0 10 | 0 10 0 52
Breadth across the zygomatic arches... 1 0 | 1 2 |90 Il 0 7
Breadth taken between the points of P

the supra-orbital processes............ We sae Ole nO aod 0 43
Length of the bony palate............... | til Nis esa tidly (dy hc 0 53
Length from the point of the canine to

the posterior molar........ss0e-.eeeeees 0 9/0 82|)0 8 0 4
Breadth between the two posterior

MONATS oo ac aehanervas «Upon eeneTtsancemdas lle Ere (ie ;O0 4% Us
Breadth between the points of the

CANINES 9. 55S sc8 SS. els Ree Coote Ol SEA 20s pO Ss 1MOet 2
Entire length of the lower maxilla ....| 1 11$)/1 7 |1 7 0 9%
Height at the coronoid ... ........+0-.. 0 9/0 7/9 7 0 3
Length from point of canine to poste-

OSE neal let Ee a o'tes a “91S” See

2. DescripTIoNn or A New Species oF Opossum, OBTAINED BY
Mr. Fraser 1In EcuApor. By Rosert F. Tomes.

(Mammalia, Pl. LX XVI.)

DIDELPHYS WATERHOUSII, 0. 8.

Fur rather long, soft, and of a cotton-like texture ; general colour
dark brownish-grey, tipped with rufous on the sides ; under parts
brownish-buff, with a stripe of yellowish-white along the centre of
the throat and breast. -A black mark through the eye, to near the
end of the nose. t

Mufile of a broadly ovoid form, more deep than wide, the oval figure
truncated at the bottom, where the upper lip constitutes its base ;
notch of the upper lip, occasioned by the mesial groove of the muffle,
deep ; on either side of it, in the edge of the lip, a double cleft. A
horizontal depression passing through the centre of the muffle, serves,
with the vertical groove, to divide it into four divisions or quarters,
of which the two upper ones have a somewhat discoid form, and
project laterally over the nostrils, partially hiding them. The two
lower ones are marked, each with two oblique shallow depressions,
passing from near the centre of the muffle to its outer margins, near
the base.

Ears broadly ovoid, hairy on their hinder surface, at the base only,
and of a dark brown colour, tinged with yellow at the auditory open-
ing. Feet of a pale fleshy-brown colour, suffused with exceedingly
fine short hairs, scarcely visible to the naked eye, but becoming

| Wolf , lith.

nmur

thicker and longer on the upper surface of ‘the fore feet. Nails
small and nearly white, each with a tuft of straight hairs springing
from their bases.

Tail of a uniform dark brown colour for the whole of its length*,
and with the scales very indistinctly marked. Hairy portion at its
base not exceeding half an inch in length.

The fur of the upper parts approaches to half an inch in length,
and is of a dark grey colour, tipped with brown, which passes into a
buffy-brown on the sides of the body. Outer surface of the limbs,
the occiput, a space in front of the ear, and the fur on the base of
the tail, of the same colour as the back. Around the eye a black
mark, of small extent beneath and behind it, more extended above it,
but most so in the direction of the snout, which it approaches very
nearly. On the forehead the fur is pale brown, having the appear-
ance of a pale streak between the two black marks. On all the
under parts the hairs are unicolour, of a pale buff, palest on the
mesial line, and on the throat and breast taking the form of a well-
defined streak of pale yellow. Cheeks, chin, and lips buffy-brown.

“

Length of the head and body, about .......... 6 0
— of the tail, about............. BRET uae ats OF
——— of the head.............. 5 er RR ae
——w— from nose to ear...... Pe PR KER el OL
———— from nose to eye.................00: 0 52
GER MOWEDES oycs cosa a. =e OF se
Breadth of the ears ............. 0 7
Tiere! OF ENG MUMGETAS. 3 os ns heme cp OG
GE COTO MEIN oe 55 ieiy ens sas wu), ea
of the fore foot ....... iy
— ofthe femur ...... een Spueetegeay eee oe
— of the tibia...... sage paipccasNetug ahepeaunsad- 09k to ag Mb See
OMENE ENG TOE Sie an veme es, sie win cies, 0 10
UVotal Tenatht Gt sult 3. ot cep meee ais PTS ie BRS =:
Breadth across the zygomatic arches .......... 0 10
From front of foremost incisor to back of last molar 0 8
enethh. of tie maeal Ones, Svein «2.5 0s «, 0 mehreyace 0 8
of the zygoma from its posterior root to
the front margin of the orbit .............. 0 8
Breadth of the palate between the canines...... 0 2
between the two hinder molars.. 0 34
Bene th.On, CHE -LOWEr GAIN wae coe. «<a Nhs x79. 9 n= L8
Height from the posterior angle to the top of the
COTONOIA DOCH Bene ko ine pics nie ate ea 0 5
Length of the dental series in the lower jaw .... 0 8

The young have all the under parts and inner surfaces of the

* Such is the appearance of the tail after being skinned and immersed in spirits;
bat Mr. Fraser’s note of this animal is to this effect :—‘‘ Nose and feet pale flesh-
colour, ears and tail a little darker.” The young have the terminal two-thirds of
the tail of this colour, after having been skinned and sent home in spirits.

limbs naked, and of a brownish flesh-colour. All the upper parts
dark grey, almost black ; the hairs short, shining, and adpressed.
Basal third of the tail of the same colour, and similarly clothed with
fine hairs ; terminal two-thirds pale flesh-coloured, dusted with ex-
ceedingly fine white hairs, scarcely visible without the aid of a lens.
Ears darkish flesh-colour, with both their surfaces well clothed with
short and fine hairs of a silvery-grey colour. Nails white.

=
=
s

Length of the head and body, about ...... 3 6
ofthe tail; about 2). Voie Se ee 93 9G
GLtne HEAL Pe. dak Ses ets eas ud Sap

Hab. Gualaquiza. Collected by Mr. Fraser, Dec. 1857.

Obs.—This species was first described by Mr. Waterhouse in his
excellent work on ‘ Mammalia’*, but without a name, and was com-
pared with D. cinerea, from which it was observed to differ in having
the hairy portion of the tail of much less extent, in having longer
fur, and in being itself considerably smaller. The specimen examined
was a male, and included in that section of Opossums characterized
by a pouch “rudimentary, or entirely wanting ;” but the female
obtained by Mr. Fraser (evidently of the same species) unquestion-
ably possessed a complete pouch, as might be seen from an examina-
tion of the skin preserved in spirit; and Mr. Fraser’s note accom-
panying the specimen informs us that there were “five young in her
pouch, each 3 inches long.”

This effectually disposes of the question as to its distinctness from
D. cinerea, and in fact removes it to the other section.

To D. noctivaga, Tschudi, it bears some resemblance, in which
species, as in D. waterhousii, the fur on the base of the tail is of ex-
ceedingly limited extent, and both agree in having rather long fur,
although of a different colour. But D. noctivaga is the larger species
of the two, and is quite differently proportioned. Its muzzle is a
great deal longer than that of D. waterhousii, and the ears are much
larger. Moreover the female is destitute of a pouch, and has in its
stead “abdominal folds of the integuments.”” The eyes too, accord-
ing to Dr. Tschudi’s figure and Mr. Fraser’s note, are of a different
colour

Mr. Fraser’s note in full is as follows :—‘‘? had five young in
her pouch, each 3 inches long. Nose, chin, and latter half of the
tail flesh-colour, ears black. Stomach contained bones of a small
mammal, hair, and a pulp containing a vegetable substance. Eyes
black. Xivaro name ‘ Juichma.’”’

I have named this animal after its original describer, as a tribute
to a zoologist who has in such an eminent degree extended our know-
ledge in this branch of natural history.

It is alluded to, but not described, in my list of Mr. Fraser’s Mam-
mals, given in last year’s ‘ Proceedings’ (p. 548).

* vol. i. p. 505.

3. Norges oN SEMIOPTERA WALLACII, GRAY, FROM A LETTER
ADDRESSED TO JOHN GouLp, Esa., F.R.S., py A. R. Wat-
LACE, Es@., DATED AMBOyYNA, SEPT. 30, 1859.

“The Semioptera wallacii frequents the lower trees of the virgin
forests, and is almost constantly in motion. It flies from branch to
branch, and clings to the twigs and even to the vertical smooth
trunks almost as easily as a Woodpecker. It continually utters a
harsh croaking cry, something between that of Paradisea apoda and
the more musical ery of Cicinnurus regius. The males, at short
intervals, open and flutter their wings, erect the long shoulder fea-
thers, and expand the elegant shields on each side of the breast.
Like the other Birds of Paradise, the females and young males far
outnumber the fully plumaged birds, which renders it probable that
the extraordinary accessory plumes are uot fully developed until the
second or third year. The bird seems to feed principally upon fruit,
but it probably takes insects occasionally.

‘<The iris is of a deep olive; the bill horny-olive ; the feet orange,
and the claws horny.

“T have now obtained a few examples of apparently the same
bird from Gi/olo ; but in these the crown is of a more decided violet
hue, and the plumes of the breast are much larger.” ‘

4. NoTes ON THE YOUNG oF MENURA SUPERBA. By Lupwic
Becker, Esqa., 1n a LETTER To JouHN Gou_p, Esa., F.R.S.,
ETC., DATED MELBOURNE, Victoria, Sept. 24, 1859.

“In the month of October 1858 the nest of a Lyre-bird was found
in the densely wooded ranges near the sources of the river Yarra-
Yarra. It contained a bird, which seemed at first to be an old one
in asickly condition, as it did not attempt to escape; but it was soon
discovered to be a young bird of very large size as compared with its
helplessness. When taken out of the nest it screamed loudly ; the
note being high and sounding like ‘ tehing-tching.’ Ina shortStime
the mother bird, attracted by the call, arrived, and, notwithstanding
the proverbial shyness of the species, flew within a few feet of its
young, and tried in vain to deliver it from captivity by flapping her
wings and making various rapid motions in different directions
towards the captor. A shot brought down the poor bird, and with
its mother near it the young Menura was soon silent and quiet. It
was taken away and kept at a ‘ mia-mia’ erected in the midst of the
surrounding forest. The following is as correct a description of the
bird as I can give you :—

“Its height was 16 inches; the body was covered with a brown
down, but the wings and tail were already furnished with feathers
of a dark brown colour. The head was thickly covered with a
greyish-white down of from | to 2 inches in length; the eyes were
hazel-brown ; the beak blackish and soft; the legs nearly as large
as those of a full-grown specimen, but it walked most awkwardly
with the legs bent inwards. It rose with difficulty, the wings as-

sisting, and when on its legs occasionally ran for a short distance,
but often fell, apparently from want of strength to move the large
and heavy bones of its legs properly. It constantly endeavoured to
approach the camp fire, and it was a matter of some difficulty to
keep it from a dangerous proximity to it. Its ery of ‘ ¢ching-
tching’ was often uttered during the day time, as if recalling
the parent bird; and when this call was answered by its keeper,
feigning the note ‘ bullen-bullen,’ the native name for the Lyre bird,
and which is an imitation of the old birds’ ery, it followed the voice
at once, and was easily led away by it. It soon became very tame,
and was exceedingly voracious, refusing no kind of food, but standing
ready with widely gaping bill awaiting the approaching hand which
held the food, consisting principally of worms and the larvee of ants,
commonly called ‘ants’ eggs;’ but it did not refuse bits of meat,
bread, &e. Occasionally it picked up ants’ eggs from the ground,
but was never able to swallow them, the muscles of the neck not
having acquired sufficient power to effect the required jerk and throw-
ing back of the head; it rarely, if ever, partook of water. It re-
posed in a nest made of moss and lined with opossum skin, where it
appeared to be quite content ; while asleep, the head was covered by
_ one of the wings. When called ‘ dullen-bullen,’ it awoke, looked for
several seconds at the disturber, soon put its head under the wing
again, and took no notice whatever of other sounds or voices. That
the young Menura remains for a long time in the nest is proved by
the manner in which it disposes of its droppings : our young captive
always went backwards before dropping its dung, as if to avoid soil-
ing the nest. It is probable that it leaves the nest in the day time
when the warmth of the weather invites it so to du, but that during
the night it remains in the nest; and if the weather should become
cold the mother shelters her young, the nest being large enough to
contain both.”

5. DescripTIon oF A New Species or AMERICAN PARTRIDGE.
By Joun Gouxp, Esa., F.R.S., ere.

EvrsycHorRTYxX HYPOLEUCUS, Gould.

Forehead, stripe over each eye, throat and under surface creamy
white, head and short crest reddish-brown, minutely freckled with
darker brown; round the back of the neck a series of dark brown
feathers, tinted with rufous and spotted with creamy-white ; general
tint of the upper surface grey, mottled and finely freckled with rufous ;
the centre of the back marked with large blotches of black; wing-
feathers freckled with black, and barred on their outer webs with
black bounded posteriorly with white ; tertiaries bordered with buff,
lower part of the flanks and under tail-coverts dark brown spotted
with white ; tail brown, crossed by narrow, irregular, freckled, grey
bars ; bill black ; feet light brown.

Total length, 7°5 inches ; bill, 0°5 ; wing, 4-1; tail, 2°4; tarsi, 1°2.

Hab. Acajutla in Mexico.

Remark.—For a knowledge of this species I am indebted to the
kindness of M. Jules Verreaux of Paris, who has entrusted it to my
charge for the purpose of figuring and describing. M. Verreaux
tells me he has seen a second example precisely similar in colour to
the one here described, which latter cireumstance has mainly induced
me to consider it a distinct species. In its colouring it is one of the
most remarkable members of the whole family ; in size it is about
equal to the Eupsychortyx leucopogon, but the crest is not so much
developed as in that species; its white breast at once distinguishes
it from that as well as from every other species.

6. List or ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF BIRDS COLLECTED BY Mr.
Louris Fraser aT Patuataneca, Ecuapor; wita Notes
AND Descriptions OF New Species. By Puitie Lutitey
Sciater, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

The present list gives an account of the birds in Mr. Fraser’s
second collection from Pallatanga, which were not included in my
catalogue of his first collection (P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 135). Some of
them were obtained at Chillanes, which is situate higher up the same
valley on the opposite side of the Rio Chimbo ; but, judging from
Villavicencio’s Map, not at a very great distance off. After collect-
ing at Chillanes during part of November 1858, Mr. Fraser returned
to Pallatanga, and stayed there until driven out by the rains in the
middle of December.

The addition thus made to the Avi-fauna of Pallatanga consists of
fifty-nine species, and, together with those enumerated in the list of
the former collection, gives a total of 161 species (a large number
for a few months’ collecting in one spot), illustrated by about 650
specimens.

I have included the names of the birds obtained at Chillanes in
the present series, though the character of the ornithology is different,
it being evidently situated at a considerably higher elevation. These
are—

Turdus gigas. * Elainia 2
Vireo josephe. Pipreola melanolema.
Tanagra cyanocephala. Heliotrypha viola.
Chlorospingus superciliaris. Agleactis cupreipennis.
Zonotrichia pileata. Metallura tyrianthina.
Grallaria ruficapilla. Lesbia gracilis.
Margarornis squamigera. Adelomyia melanogenys.
Octhoéca fumigata. Columba albilinea.
lessoni. Ortalida montagnii.

Myiodynastes chrysocephalus.

Several of these (Conirostrum fraseri, Heliotrypha viola, Pipreola
melanolema, &c.) have not occurred at Pallatanga.

I. PassereEs.

1. THRYOTHORUS MYSTACALIS, sp. nov.

Supra rufus, pileo fusco, alis caudaque nigricanti-fuscis, brunneo
eatus limbatis, rectricum pogoniis externis nigro obsolete trans-
vittatis: macula lororum et ciliis ocularibus albis: regione
auriculari albo nigroque striolata: gutture albo, mystacibus
latis nigris : subtus pallide cinerascenti-albus, ventre crissoque
cinnamomeo lavatis: rostro plumbeo ; pedibus fuseis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°6, caudze 2°4, tarsi 1-0.

Hab. In rep. Equat.

Mus. P.L.S.

Two examples (¢), Pallatanga Nov. 1859. “TIrides hazel: bill
black above, yellowish beneath; legs and feet dark flesh-colour :
stomach contained insects.”

This Wren is a close ally of TJ’. coraya of Guiana and T. genibarbis
of Brazil, belonging strictly to the same group of species, but dis-
tinguishable by its larger size, darker colouring, and well-defined
moustache.

2. CaATHARUS MACULATUS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 64.

Two ex., Pallatanga and Chillanes. Sexes alike. ‘‘ Irides hazel ;
bill orange, with black culmen; legs, feet, and rim round the eye
orange.”

I am surprised at finding this bird here, although it is not quite a
solitary instance of the same species occurring on both sides of the
Andes. The birds formerly described were from the Rio Napo.

3. CYPHORINUS GRISEICOLLIS (Lafr.).—Merulazis griseicollis,
Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 103.

Gizzard contained insects.

4. DENDROICA BLACKBURNIZ (Gm.).
Two ex., d et 2.

5. VireosyLyia acitis (Licht.).—V. virescens, Baird, Rep.
p. 333.

Agrees with Bogota specimens, which I refer to this species.

§. My1apEsTES VENEZUELENSIS, Sclater, Ann. & Mag. N. H.
ser. 2, vol. xvii. p. 468 (1856).

One pair. “Bill black, with under part of lower mandible yel-
lowish ; legs and feet yellowish.”” Sexes alike.

These birds agree with a Bogota skin in my possession. Cabanis
(Mus. Hein. p. 55) notices the occurrence of M. griseiventris
(Tschudi) from Bogota. It is possible that this is the same as his
species ; but I should hardly think so from Tschudi’s description.

7. Dacnis EGreeta, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 251.

“Trides orange; bill black above, blue below ; contents of sto-
mach, insects ; found very high up in a tall tree.”

8. CoNnrIROSTRUM FRASERI, Sclater.
Chillanes.

9. SALTATOR MAGNUS (Gm.).

A nest of this species, taken from an orange-tree by Mr. Fraser at
Pallatanga in November, is cup-shaped, rather loosely put together,
built of moss and roots, and lined with coarse roots. The eggs re-
semble those of the Blackbird (Turdus merula), being of a pale
greenish, minutely freckled with reddish, more particularly at the
larger end: they measure 11 by 0°8 inch,

10. CHLOROSPINGUS SUPERCILIARIS (Lafr.).
Chillanes, three ex. ‘‘ Irides hazel.”

11. Pyranea astrva (L.),
Many examples.

12. RAMPHOCELUS ICTERONOTUS, Bp.

Many examples of both sexes and nestlings. Called ‘ Onza.’
Mr. Fraser says of a female, “Certain it is that I have not seen
more than two or three specimens in this livery. This bird was
extremely shy. I hunted her for several days; she was in com-
pany of a male, in adult plumage; he might be constantly seen
sitting on the extreme highest point of a young orange tree, a To-
ronka, or Plantain, giving forth his ‘heep, heep,’ she answering with
the same note, but in a more delicate key, from below and generally
at some little distance, but not to be seen; he I suppose giving
notice of the approach of danger. This may account in one way for
the apparent scarcity of females. In fine weather the male exhibits
the whole of the yellow rump; but in the rain the wings are
almost, and sometimes entirely, closed over it. On the wing this yel-
low mark is very conspicuous. The flight is undulating, quick, but
laboured. I may have seen as many as a dozen at a time in one
tree, but in general not more than three or four. I have frequently
seen them take insects on the wing and return to the same spot, like
the Solitarios.”’

13. PIpRIDEA VENEZUELENSIS, Sclater.

Three ex. “TIrides bright red; bill black above, blue below ; legs
and feet blue; in gizzard vegetable matter,’’ and in another “fruit
with small seeds.”’

14. EupHontia NIGRICOLLIs (Vieill.).

Two ex. “TIrides hazel; bill black above, blue below ; legs and
feet flesh-coloured ; gizzard, green seeds with a pulp.”
No. 421.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

15. CurysoMItTris 1cTERICA (Licht.) ?

The same bird as described in P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 552, but perhaps
not the true icterica. “ Ilguero: very common.”

16. Spiza

One ex. d. “Bill nearly black; legs and feet dark blue; food
vegetable matter.’ Apparently a new species of this limited genus
of uniform bluish-grey colouring ; but the bill is rather crushed, and
I am unwilling to describe it from the present specimen.

17. SYNALLAXIS ERYTHROPS, Sp. Nov.

Murino-brunnea, supra rufescentior, subtus cinerascentior, gula
albicante: pileo supero et capitis lateribus totis, alis extus et
cauda lete rufis: subalaribus cinnamomeis : rostro superiore
nigro, inferiore carneo, pedibus sordide viridibus.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°4, caudee 2°3.

Hab. In rep. Equatoriana.

Mus. P.L.S.

Five examples, sexes alike. Food “insects.” This species may
be easily distinguished from its allies by the extension of the red
‘head below the eyes, so as to cover the sides of the face. The rec-
trices are twelve in number.

18. MARGARORNIS SQUAMIGERA (Lafr.).
Chillanes, one ex.

19. DenpDRocors aTRiRosTRIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.) ; D’Orb. Voy.
pl. 54. fig. 1; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 466.

Several ex. ‘‘ Irides grey ; bill blackish.”

20. GRALLARIA RUFICAPILLA, Lafr.
One ex. ‘‘ Shumpo: food insects.”

21. GRALLARIA REGULUS, Sp. nov.

Brunnescenti-olivacea, pileo cinerascentiore ; dorsi plumis niyro
circumeinctis ; alis nigricantibus extus brunneo limbatis ; cauda
brevissima unicolore brunnea : subtus saturate ferruginea, gut-
ture et pectore nigricantiore perfusis ; torque gutturali pallide
cinnamomeo, hujus plumarum apicibus nigris : rostro corneo,
supra obscuriore: pedibus corylinis : tectricibus subalaribus
ventre concoloribus.

Long. tota 6:3, alee 4:0, caudze 1°2, tarsi 1°6.

Hab. Yn rep, Equatoriana.

Mus. P.L.8.

A single specimen of this Grallaria is in the collection, without
notes. It is strictly of the same group as G. varia sive rex, G. im-
perator and G. guatemalensis, being most closely allied to the
latter bird, from which it may be distinguished by its dark throat
and breast, clearly defined guttural band, and much inferior size.

——.- =

22. MyRMOTHERULA MENETRIESI (D’Orb.)?

A male and two females, apparently referable to this species of
the section embracing M. azillaris and its allies. *‘ Irides hazel ;
gizzard contained insects.”

23. DysirHAMNUS MENTALIS (Temm.)?
Many specimens of this bird, apparently hardly different from
Brazilian examples.

24. PacuyRHAMPHUS ——?

A female of a species belonging to the group containing P. mar-
ginatus,—perhaps of P. dorsocinereus.

25. AMPELION cincTus (Tsch.).—Ampelis cincta, Tsch. F. P.
p- 136.

Four ex. gd and 2, “‘Irides orange; bill black above, blue
below; legs and feet green ; gizzard contained the bodies of Land-
Mollusks.”

The males of this bird do not quite agree with the example from
Bogota, now in the British Museum, from which my figure was
taken (P. Z.S. 1855, pl. civ.), the head being purely black without
yellow markings, and the wings shorter. The latter is the case in the
female specimens also. If they are different, it would be difficult ~
to decide which is Tschudi’s bird without actual comparison of spe-
cimens, particularly as the females are coloured alike.

26. PrpREOLA MELANOLZMA, Sclater, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,
vol. xvii. p. 467.

Chillanes, one ex. “‘ Esparagun: irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet
red ; gizzard contained a small green fruit.”

This example seems to agree with Venezuelan specimens, and to
be different from the Bogota bird (P. riefferi), though more of a
local race than a species.

27. CEPHALOPTERUS PENDULIGER, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p.142.

Mr. Fraser has now sent a large series of this fine bird, both of
males and females. In the females the throat-lappet is quite small,
not exceeding + of an inch in length, and the crest-feathers are very
little developed. The dimensions are generally smaller. Other
names for this bird, besides Bocinero, are according to Mr. Fraser’s
notes, Trompetero and Muchilero. One example, “when shot, drew
the whole of the neck-appendage into one bunch close up to his
throat. It was in company with a Cacique (Ostinops atrovirens).”
Again Mr. Fraser says, ‘The appendage seems generally held in a
bunch like a rose under the throat, and to fall after death.”

28. OcrHoiica rumieata (Boiss.).
Chillanes, one ex.

29. OcTHO#CA LEsSONI, Sclater.
Chillanes, two ex.

30. SAyORNIS CINERACEA (Lafr.).
Patillo, one ex.

31. MyraRCHUS NIGRICEPS, sp. nov.

Olivaceus, pileo nigro: alis caudaque nigricantibus rufescenti-
olivaceo extus limbatis : gutture et pectore cinereis: abdomine
toto flavo: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3:1, caudee 2-7.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Several ex. A typical Myiarchus, distinguished from other species

in my collection by its small size and black head.

32. My1oPpHosus, sp.
A bad specimen of a species apparently referable to this division.

33. LeGATUS ALBICOLLIs (Vieill.).
Seems hardly different from Brazilian examples.

34. PLATYRHYNCHUS ALBOGULARIS, Sp. nov.

3. Brunnescenti-olivaceus ; alis et cauda fusco-nigris, brunneo
limbatis : pileo cristato interne flavissimo ; regione oculari et
loris fulvescentibus : subtus flavescenti-fulvus, ventre dilutiore,
gutture niveo: rostri nigri tomiis pallidis, pedibus pallidis.

2. Crista pileo concolore.

Long. tota 3°7, alee 2°4, caudee 1°2.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

‘«Trides hazel; found in the underwood.”

A near ally of P. cancroma, and of the same size, but distin-

guishable by its pure white throat, black under mandible, longer
wings, and more fulvous colouring below.

35. ELAINIA ?

Four ex. Sexes alike.

36. ELAINIA ?
Pallatanga and Chillanes.

37. ELAINIA STICTOPTERA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 554.
Chillanes, one ex.

38. EupstLOSTOMA PUSILLUM, Sp. nov.

Pallide cinereum, pileo obscuriore, dorso olivaceo perfuso; alis
eaudaque nigricantibus fulvo extus limbatis ; illarum tectrici-

te Pe

« 69

bus cervino bifasciatis ; subtus albescens, lateribus, tectricibus
subalaribus et crisso flavo perfusis: rostro corneo, culmine et
apice obscuriore, pedibus nigricanti-plumbeis.

Long. tota 2°5, alee 1°9, caudee 1°5.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P. LS.

One ex. Q. ‘“Irides hazel; in gizzard insects.”

This diminutive bird may be arranged near Muscicapa obsoleta ot
Temminck from Brazil. I refer them both to a division which ]
propose to call Eupsilostoma, the type being H. eximium (Muscicapa
eximia of Temminck).

39. TyYRANNULUS FLAVIDIFRONS, Sp. Nov.

Olivaceus, fronte et oculorum ambitu flavidis : alis et cauda nigri-
cantibus, illarum tectricibus flavo, remigibus flavicanti-olivaceo,
hujus rectricibus olivaceo extus marginatis : subtus pallide
cinerascenti-albidus, ventre flavicantiore ; tectricibus subala-
ribus flavidis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 4°1, alee 2°3, caudee 1°9.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P. L.S.

Many examples of this obscure species, and also in the former
collection. The bird is nearly allied to that described as T. chrysops
(P. Z. S. 1858, p. 458) from Zamora, but is of larger dimensions,
has a longer tail, stronger beak, and less yellow on the front.

40. TyRANNULUS CINEREICEPS, Sp. NOv.

Olivaceus, pileo cinereo, loris et oculorum ambitu albidis, macula
auriculari nigra, alis caudaque nigris, tectricibus albo termi-
natis, et secundariis externis albo extus limbatis : subtus flavus,
gula olivaceo tincta, mento albicante : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°2, caude 1°5.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L. 8.

One ex. “TIrides hazel, in gizzard vegetable matter.”

This species is a near ally of 7. nigricapillus, but the wings and

tail are shorter, the bill is stouter, and the head is cinereous instead
of being of a smoky-black.

41. LepropoGon suPERCILIARIS, Tsch. F. P. p. 161. pl. 10.
fig. 2.

Two ex. Seemingly agreeing with Tschudi’s characters. I have
the same bird from the Rio Napo.

42. TRoGoNn coLuaRis, Sw.

Mr. Fraser has now forwarded many examples of the Trogon
sp. 68 of my former list. It proves to be scarcely different from
Trogon collaris of eastern South America.

70 *
43. PHAROMACRUS ANTISIANUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Many examples of both sexes. ‘‘ Pilco real: Irides bright red ;
bill black, base yellowish ; gizzards contained wild Aguacati. There
were three together: they make but little noise.”

44, Nycripromus ——?
“Compadre Gaspar: gizzard contained moths.”

45. ScHISTES ALBOGULARIS.

One ex. 2. “Bill black ; feet dark flesh-colour ; gizzard contained
insects ; found in the underwood.”

46. ScHISTES GEOFFROII.
One ex. g. “Bill and feet black ; gizzard contained insects. I

should take this to be male of 1388 (Schistes albogularis), but for
the colour of the feet and shape of the tail.”

47. AGLHACTIS CUPREIPENNIS.
Chillanes, two ex.

48. CYNANTHUS CYANURUS.

Two ex. One, “¢ by diss. Irides hazel; bill black; legs and
feet brownish, testes very small. Killed fighting with one of the
smaller species.”

49. LEesBIA GRACILIS.
Chillanes.

50. PoxoL#2MA £QUATORIALIS, Gould.

One ex. Inserted in my former list as P. rubinoides. Mr.
Gould now considers it different from the New Granadian bird, and
proposes to publish it under the new name given above.

51. ADELOMYIA MELANOGENYS.
Chillanes.

II. ScansoreEs.

52. RuAMPHASTOS ToCARD, Vieill. ; Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 4.

Two ex. det 2. “,irides green; bare space round the eyes green,
approaching to yellow near the upper mandible ; naked part under
the lower mandible greenish-yellow ; lower mandible, and lower por-
tion of base of upper, deep maroon, blending into a black stripe, which
succeeds it on upper mandible ; a broad band of yellow from upper
portion of the base of the upper mandible to the point ; part of cul-
men greenish ; legs and feet blue: gizzard contained wild Aguacati.
@ similar in all points.”

“The males and females have the same note: occurring together

in twos and threes. The bird is called Predicador (Preacher) from
his note, supposed to represent the words ‘ Dios,’ as he bows his
head, and ‘ ¢é de’ as he moves it from side to side, thus making the
sign of the cross.”

53. PreRoGLossus,ERYTHROPYGIUS, Gould, Mon. ed. 2.

“‘Irides deep straw-colour; bill horn-colour, slightly clouded ;
blotch at the base vermilion, a narrow basal line and toothed mar-
gins of mandibles white; longitudinal line along the lower part of
upper mandible and a blotch at the base and apex of the lower man-
dible black ; tip of upper mandible orange ; space round and in front
of the eyes blue.”

These examples differ from the birds figured by Mr. Gould in
having no black mark on the culmen of the bill; but there are slight
traces observable of this colouring, and in specimens more recently
transmitted by Mr. Fraser from Babahoyo it is fully developed.

54. Dryocorus scitateri (Malh.).—Megapicus sclateri, Malh.
Mon, Picid. p. 22. pl. 8. fig. 1.—D. albirostris, Sclater, P. Z. 8S.
1859, p. 146.

Two males and one female of this species, described by M. Mal-
herbe from a skin which I transmitted to him for examination.
This specimen, which he considered to be a male, turns out to be a
female. This male differs in having the front and sides of the head
red instead of white, leaving merely a small round patch of white
beneath the ear, just as in D. albirostris. But it may easily be di-
stinguished from that bird by the red front, this part in D. albi-
rostris being white.

‘© Carpintero: usually seen in pairs.” Gizzard of No. 1620 con-
tained “ pulpy fruit with small yellow seeds, and what appeared to
be insects’ eggs.” :

55. ConuRUS ERYTHROGENYS.—Psittacara erythrogenys, Less.

“ Toro : irides yellow ; gizzard contained seedy fruit. Very com-
mon dnd very noisy, but difficult to get at.”

It may be remarked that Lesson’s Conurus erythrogenys (pub-
lished in the ‘ Traité d'Ornithologie,’ p. 215) is not different from
Paleornis malaccensis. (See Pucheran in Rev. et Mag. de Zool.
1853, p: 160.) Mr. Fraser has now sent several good examples of
this species. But one imperfect specimen was contained in his former
collection from Pallatanga.

Ill. Accirirres.

56. BuTEo PENNSYLVANICUS (Wils.).

One ex., ¢ juv. “rides yellowish-grey ; cere yellow; legs and
feet yellow.”

57. ACCIPITER PILEATUS, Max.

A pair. “ No. 1404, ¢ : irides orange; bill black, with yellowish
bases ; cere between the nostrils black; in front and under the
nostrils, face, and space round the eyes yellowish ; rim round the
eyes orange; legs and feet orange. No. 1511, @: irides deep
orange ; bill blue at the bases, with black tips ; face, legs, and feet
yellow ; gizzard contained feathers and the toe of a bird, probably a
Guan (Ortalida). 7

IV. CotumMBz.

58. CoLUMBA ALBILINEA (Bp.), Consp. ii. p. 51.
Chillanes, one ex. ‘‘ Gizzard contained minute seeds. A flock of
twenty or thirty was noticed.”

59. GroTRYGON BOURCIERI, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 71?

Many ex., 5, 2, et juv. “ Tortola or Chalana : irides yellow ; bill
black ; legs in front and toes above red. Found on the ground.”
Food “ fruit,” and in one case “‘ grasshoppers.”

V. GALLINZ.

60. OpontorHoRus ERyTHROPS, Gould, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 99.

Four ex. “Irides light hazel; bill black; legs and feet blue:
gizzard contained shells and grit. Found on the ground, in one
instance four in company: Cubalan.”

A white crescentic mark across the throat is observable in three
examples marked female, but not in that marked male in the present
collection, nor in two male specimens in the former. I therefore
suppose it to be peculiar to the female.

61. PenELoPE sacucaca, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. t. 69 ?
Four ex., sexes alike. ‘‘Irides, legs, and feet red; bill blackish
above, dark horn-colour below ; face blue ; throat red; gizzard con-

tained fruits.”
These examples agree with specimens marked P. jacucaca in the

British Museum.

62. OrTALIDA MonTAGNU, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 875.—O.
arcuata, G. R. Gray, in Mus. Brit.

Chillanes, one ex. ‘‘ Gizzard contained fruit.”

VI. GRALLA.

63. TIGRISOMA BRASILIENSE (Gm.).
On ex. Q juv. “ Pawaro Tigre: irides yellow; legs and feet
green; gizzard contained small crabs.”

ci ee ee

ne
ae

wae

“La OO hy

>.
Nie.

yn =. oe

Prog. ZS. Aves CD

J .dennens, lilh M & N. Hanhartjia

OREOMANES FRASERI.

64. EurypyGa HELIAs (Pall.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 144.

One ex. “TIrides red; bill black above, orange below; legs and
feet dirty orange, darker in front, brighter behind. Stomach con-
tained small bones, apparently of fishes, grubs, and beetles. This
bird was running about the margin of the river like a Sandpiper, and
sitting on the large stones in the water.”

7. List or Brrps COLLECTED BY Mr. FRASER IN THE VICINITY
oF QuiTro, AND DURING Excursions TO PICHINCHA AND
CuIMBORAZzO; witH Notes anv DescripTions or New
Species. By Puruie Lutruey Scuater, M.A., Secretary
TO THE SOCIETY.

(Aves, Pl. CLIX.)

After leaving Pallatanga in the middle of January 1859, Mr. Fraser
returned to Riobamba. From Riobamba he made an excursion to
Panza, a place situated on the southern slope of Chimborazo, at an
altitude of about 14,000 feet above the sea-level, on the route to-
wards Guaranda. The birds obtained during a short sojourn at this
spot were of the following seventeen species* :—

1. Oreomanes fraseri, sp.nov. 10. Myiotheretes erythropygius.
2. Diglossa aterrima. 11. Octhoéca fumicolor.

3. Zonotrichia pileata. 12. Muscisaxicola albifrons.

4. Phrygilus unicolor. 13. Oreotrochilus chimborazo.

5. Synallaxis flammulata. 14. Ramphomicron stanley.

6. Cinclodes excelsior, sp.nov. 15. Nyctidromus, sp.

7 albiventris, sp. nov. 16. Peristera melanoptera.

8. Grallaria monticola. 17. Attagis chimborazensis, sp. n.
9. Agriornis andicola, sp. nov.

Iam not aware of any birds having been collected at a higher ele-
vation than this series; and it will, I am sure, be interesting to the
Society to see the curious forms which compose the feathered inha-
bitants of these dreary and inhospitable solitudes. They are mostly
birds of dull plumage, and belong (with the exception of the Zono-
trichia) to genera peculiar to the South American or Neotropical
Region ; the greater part of them being characteristic either of the
more southern portion of the continent, or of the elevated regions of
the mountain ranges. :

Leaving Panza, Mr. Fraser returned to Riobamba, and thence
proceeded to Quito, collecting on his way such species (Cathartes
atratus, Cyanopterus discors, and Fulica chilensis) as occurred to
him.

The months of February and March and part of April 1859 were

* A letter from Mr. Fraser, giving some account of this excursion, will be found
in ‘ The Ibis,’ vol. i. p. 208.

passed at various spots on the western slope of the Andes to the
north and north-west of Quito. Of the birds collected there I have
given an account in a separate paper. But I have added to the pre-
sent list the names of the species obtained at Quito itself, and at the
following localities, all of high elevation, and in its immediate vicinity :
(1) Lloa, a small pueblo situate a few miles to the south-west of
Quito on the side of Pichincha in a well-wooded district ; (2) Gua-
pulo, at a somewhat lower elevation, one league to the north-east of
Quito; (3) Guagua (old) Pichincha and Rucu (young) Pichincha,
the names applied to two of the principal summits of that celebrated
volcano, to which Mr. Fraser made excursions.

1. THRYOTHORUS EUOPHRYS, sp. nov.

Supra lete rufus, pileo summo fuscescente ; superciliis distinctis
et elongatis cum macula suboculari albis: subtus pallide ru-
Jescens ; gutture et pectore medio albis, mystacibus latis et
pectoris plumarum marginibus nigris : rostro et pedibus plum-
beis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°7, caudze 2:2, tarsi 1-0.

Lloa, May 1859, one ex. “ Irides hazel; bill blue; culmen black;

legs and feet blue.”

This Wren belongs, like 7. mystacalis, from Pallatanga, to the
group of 7’. coraya. It much resembles the former species, but has
a longer, thinner, and more curved bill, a lighter plumage above, and
black terminations to the breast-feathers, which are sufficient to
distinguish it.

2. THRYOTHORUS MYSTACALIS, Sclater, antea, p. 64.
Lloa.

3. CINNICERTHIA UNIBRUNNEA (Lafr.).
Lloa and Guagua Pichincha.

4, BASILEUTERUS NIGRICAPILLUS (Lafr.).—Trichas nigricris-
tatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 230.

Guapulo.

5. SETOPHAGA RUFICORONATA, Kaup.
Lloa.

6. PETROCHELIDON MuRINA, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. (1853)
vi. p. 370.

Many ex., Quito: “Very common in and about the city.” In
May this Swallow was building under the eaves of the houses. The
nest forwarded is a shallow structure, composed of moss and lined
with a little wool. The egg is of a spotless white, 0°72 inch in length
by about 0°51 in breadth, and has the usual character of birds of
this group.

—

7. PETROCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.).
One ex., Quito, May. ‘Common in and about the city.”

8. OREOMANES FRASERI, Sp. et gen. nov.
Oreomanes, genus novum ex familia C2REBIDARUM.

Rostrum tenue, vix longius quam caput, rectum, compressum, man-
dibularum apicibus rectis et acutis: ale fere ut in genere Di-
glossa, sed paulo longiores, ex primariis novem, quarum secunda,
tertia, et quarta coequales, prima brevior quintam e@quat :
cauda quadrata paulo brevior quam in hoc genere: pedes for-
tiores, tarsi crassiores et breviores, acrotarsiis vix conspicue
divisis.

Typ. et sp. unica, O. rraseri. (Pl. CLIX.)

Supra plumbea ; alis caudaque intus fusco-nigris, extus plumbeo
stricte limbatis: superciliis brevibus et corpore toto subtus
saturate ferrugineo-rufis : facie utrinque, tectricibus subalari-
bus et tibiis albis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°3, alee 3:5, caudee 2°4, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0°9.

Hab. In Monte Chimborazo, ad alt. 14,000 pedum.

Mus. P.L.S.

The general appearance of this curious form is so much that of a
Diglossa that I am induced to believe its natural place is near those
birds, although the structure of the bill is rather different. Indeed,
after ascertaining that the wing has only nize primaries, I know not

where else it could be placed at all satisfactorily. The billis straight
and sharp, and the ends of the mandibles pointed through rather
rounded laterally at the termination. In spite of this, and its rather
shorter and stronger tarsi, I believe it is more nearly allied to Di-
glossa and Diglossopis than to any other genus of C@rebide.

Mr. Fraser has sent one skin of this species and one bird in spirits,
both obtained at Panza, on the side of Chimborazo. His notes are
as follows :—‘‘ Gorion del Paramo, male by dissection. Irides hazel ;
bill, legs, and feet black ; in gizzard insects and caterpillars. These
birds hop about on the ground and scratch in the sand like the Go-
rions (Zonotrichia pileata) ; in the trees they are very sprightly, and
resemble the Trepadores (Glyphorhynchus and its allies). Their
note is ‘chip-chip,’ about four times in succession. In fact they
may be considered the Tits (Parus) of this country.”

9. DieLossa peRsoNATA (Fraser).
Lloa.

10. DigLossA ATERRIMA, Lafr.

Panza. ‘Found on the tops of the stunted trees; exceedingly fat,
—called Congo.”

11. PsrrrospizA RIEFFERI (Boiss.).

Lloa, June 1859. “ Irides hazel; bill, legs, and feet blood-red ; in
gizzard a dark purple fruit.”

12. BUARREMON ASSIMILIs (Boiss.).

Lloa. ’

13. BUARREMON LATINUCHUS, DuBus.

Guapulo.

14. CHLOROSPINGUS ATRIPILEUS (Lafr.).

Lloa, June. One ex. 2. “Irides hazel; contents of stemach
vegetable matter.”

15. PaciLoTHRAUPIS LUNULATA (DuBus).

Lloa. Sexes alike. ‘In gizzard green vegetable matter.”

16. ZoNoTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.).
Panza, Chimborazo.

17. PHRYGILUS UNICOLOR (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Panza and Guagua Pichincha, several ex. g et 2. ‘“* Pajaro del
Parimo. Irides hazel; bill nearly black; legs light brown ; feet
dark brown: common amongst the Paja, and runs much upon the
ground.”

18. SYNALLAXIS FLAMMULATA, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 82.
pl. 56.

Panza. ‘Trides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black. Shot in a tree
under which our fire was burning.”

19. CINCLODES EXCELSIOR, sp. nov.

3. Fumoso-brunneus, uropygio rufescentiore : linea superciliari
et ciliis oculorum albis: alis cinnamomeo-rufis, fascia duplici
et altera terminali nigricantibus, tectricibus minoribus dorso
concoloribus : cauda nigricante, rectricibus duabus mediis et
lateralium apicibus cinnamomeo-brunneis : subtus pallide fusces-
cens, medialiter dilutior, gula albicantiore, colore obscuriore
nubilatus : tectricibus subalaribus et remigum (nisi duarum
externarum) marginibus interne pallide cinnamomeis: rostro
nigro, pedibus obscure brunneis.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 4°8, caudze 3-3, rostri a rictu 1:2, tarsi 1°4.

Q. Mari similis, sed crassitie paulo inferiore.

Hab. In Monte Chimborazo, reipubl. Equator. ad alt. 14°000 ped.

Mus. P.L.S.

Panza and Guagua Pichincha, six ex. of both sexes. Tungi:
irides hazel; gizzards contained “insects, caterpillars, and grubs.
Found on every part of the Paramo: a very active bird; tame on
our first arrival.”

This apparently new species of Cinclodes is the largest of the genus
that I am at present acquainted with, rather exceeding in dimensions
Upucerthia dumetoria, an aberrant member of the same group. In
its thick but curved beak it is somewhat intermediate between the two
forms. U. andicola of D’Orbigny’s ‘ Voyage’ appears to be much
smaller, the wings only measuring 90 mm. (about 3:0 inches), instead
of 4°8.

20. CINCLODES ALBIDIVENTRIS, sp. nov.

Supra fumoso-brunneus, uropygium versus rufescentior, linea
superciliart et ciliis oculorum albidis: alis nisi in duabus pri-
mariis externis, cinnamomeo-rufis, fascia duplici et altera termi-
nali nigricantibus, tectrictbus minoribus dorso concoloribus :
cauda dorso concolore, sed rectricum externarum apicibus extus
cinnamomeis : subtus lactescenti-albus, gutture clariore, pec-
tore fusco variegato: lateribus et crisso fulvescentibus : rostro
et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°8, caudze 2°5, rostri a rictu 0°9, tarsi 1-2.

Hab. In Monte Chimborazo reipubl. Equator. ad alt. 14-000
pedum.

Mus. P.L.S.

Panza, Tungi Chico, four ex., all 2. “ Irides hazel ; gizzards con-
tained insects and caterpillars.”

This Cinclodes is of the same size as C. vulgaris, C. patachonicus,
and C. antarcticus, and belongs to the same group. It may be di-
stinguished by the paler colouring below, -being almost white on the
belly, and the deeper, almost chestnut-red colour, of the base of the
intermediate primaries.

21. GRALLARIA MONTICOLA, Lafr.

Panza, Guagua Pichincha (1200 feet), and Ruco Pichincha, four
ex. “Shumpo: very common at Panza; in gizzard caterpillars ;
irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet brownish. Only seen running
on the ground.”

22. AMPELION RUBROCRISTATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Lloa, one ex.

23. AGRIORNIS ANDICOLA, Sp. nov.

Cinerascenti-fuscus, subtus pallide ochraceus, pectore cinerascente,
gutture albo nigro striato, ventre imo crissoque et tectricibus
subalaribus pallide cervinis :. cauda alba, rectricibus duabus
intermedits, sequentium pogonio interno et ceterarum macula
terminali, gradatim decrescente, cinerascenti-nigris: rostri
nigricantis basi carneo, pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 11:0, alee 6-0, caudee 5-0.

Hab. In mont. reipubl. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.:

Panza, one ex. “ Solitario ravo-blanco : irides hazel ; in gizzard

a large white grub: common.”

This is the finest and largest species of Agriornis I have yet seen.
It exceeds in size 4. livida of the Chilian sea-coast, and possesses
the striated throat of this species with the white tail of 4. soli-
taria.

24. AGRIORNIS SOLITARIA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 553.

Quito, May. Solitario ravo-blanco. Two nests are forwarded
by Mr. Fraser belonging to this bird. One was taken “from a mud
wall,’’ the other from “ under a bridge passing over the Machangra.”’
They are cup-shaped, composed rather roughly of roots and tendrils,
and lined with wool. The eggs are rather rounded in shape, white
sparingly dotted, principally at the larger end, with red and pale
purple. They measure 1°15 in long and ‘85 in short diameter. Mr.
Fraser says that this bird frequents the tops of the houses in Quito,
and is said to breed in the church-towers.

25. My1lorHERETES ERYTHROPYGIUS.—Tenioptera erythropy-
gia, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 193.

Panza, two ex. ‘‘ Solitario colorado: irides hazel ; bill, legs, and
feet black ; food insects.” The bill of this species is much more
feeble than in M. rufiventris and M. striaticollis, and the primaries
are not emarginate at the tips.

26. MuscIsaxICOLA ALBIFRONS (Tsch.).—Ptyonura albifrons,
Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 167. pl. 12. fig. 2.—Tenioptera alpina, Jard.
Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 47. pl. 21.

Panza, several ex. ‘‘ Solitario blanco: very common throughout
the Paramo ; irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.’

27. OcrHo#CA FUMICOLOR, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 28.
Panza, one ex.

28. ELAINIA STICTOPTERA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 554.
Lloa, one ex.

29. Nycripromus ——?

Panza. A young bird captured on the ground by the hand. “TIrides
hazel.”

30. Nycrrsrus PECTORALIS, Gould.
Western slope of the Andes.

31. OREOTROCHILUS CHIMBORAZO.

Panza, many ex. “TIrides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black. To be
seen occasionally on the Arbor maria, but feeds generally on a red
thistle. It is common, and by no means shy, and has rather a pretty
song for a Quindi, oft repeated, and to be heard at a considerable
distance. In bad weather, when the wind is high, this bird is said
to creep under and into the clumps of Paja (a species of Stipa).”

32. OREOTROCHILUS PICHINCHA.

Guagua and Rueo Pichincha (14,000 feet alt.), many ex. ‘The
Pichincha Humming-bird, like the Chimborazo, is found only close
under the line of perpetual snow; but this species, according to the
present state of our knowledge, is more widely distributed than the
latter, being found not only on Pichincha, but also on Antisana and
Cotopaxi. Upon my first visit to Guagua Pichincha these birds were
feeding entirely on the ground, hunting the little moss-covered clumps
as fast as the snow melted. They are not uncommon in this lo-
cality, but always met with singly. They are very restless, but not
shy, seldom remaining on one clump more than a second, then away
to another, perhaps a yard distant. Sometimes they would take a
rapid flight of 40 or 50 yards. On my second visit, the Chuquiragua
(Chuquiraga insignis, Humb.) being in flower, they were feeding
from it like the Quindi of Chimborazo, but still occasionally hunted
the mossy clumps. They flit with a durr of the wings, and occasion-
ally settle, with the feathers all ruffled, on the top of the Chuquira-
gua or other small plant. In this respect, so far as my observations
and those of Professor Jameson go, they differ from O. chimborazo.
Professor Jameson found this species building hanging nests, in the
lower compartment of the farm-house on Antisana.”

Mr. Fraser has sent home one of these nests as found by Professor
Jameson on the 2nd November, 1858. It was attached to a straw

rope hanging to the roof of the house*, which is situated at an ele-
vation of 13,454 feet above the sea-level. It forms a large compact
mass of wool and hair mixed with dried moss and feathers of the
curious shape portrayed in the accompanying woodcut. A little

cup-shaped opening at the top forms a receptacle for the eggs, and
is balanced and brought into a horizontal position by the weight of
the mass on the opposite side of the rope by which it is suspended.

Mr. Fraser again says, speaking of two specimens obtained on
Guagua Pichincha in June, “‘ From the mouth of one of these fwo
birds a quantity of very pale yellow fluid of a slightly sweet taste
flowed ; but I did not find any in either crop or gizzard. Amongst
some of those, of the same species, which I skinned the other day, I
observed the same thing. If my memory serves me correctly, it has
occurred twice before in other species.

“I observed three specimens of this bird all of a row, hanging to the
bare rock, (this now explains the use of those large feet and claws,
which the species of this group have, and which has hitherto puzzled
me,) like Sandmartins ; it was under a ledge, well protected from the
weather, consequently well adapted by nature for nest-building.
They would fly away and then return; this was done in my sight
three or four times in succession. On examining the spot, which
was almost inaccessible, I found much excrement, proving to my
mind that they bred in societies. My countryman, Col. Stacey, on
a visit to this mountain, happened to have on a new bright yellow
oil-skin cover to his wide-awake hat, and one of these birds flew
round and round it for a considerable time, as he supposes, mistaking
it for a flower. .

“No snow on the ground this visit (June 5), and all birds were

* See ‘Ibis,’ 1859, p. 115.

——

apparently scarce and shyer; these birds in particular were chasing
each other, in twos and threes, like flashes of lightning.

‘“‘ Had I had a tent, I would have located myself, for some time,
amongst these little high-minded creatures, and completed the obser-
vations now commenced.”

33. ERIOCNEMIS LUCIANI.
Lloa, May.

34. LesBIA AMARYLLIS, Gould.

‘© Common in and about the houses in Quito, seeking food among
the flowers grown in pots.”

35. BouRCIERIA FULGIDIGULA, Gould.

* Quindi ravo-blanco: Lloa, May.”

36. RHAMPHOMICRON STANLEII.
Panza, three ex. ‘Very swift of flight; stomachs contained
insects.” :

37. PETASOPHORA IOLATA, Gould.
Lloa.

38. AGL@&ACTIS CUPREIPENNIS.
Lloa and Ruco Pichincha.

39. HELIANTHEA LUTETIZ.
Lloa.

40. DocIMASTES ENSIFER (Boiss.).
Lloa.

41. Paracona G1Gas (Boiss.).

‘Shot about two miles from Quito, May 1859. Common where-
ever the Aloe (Agave americana) is in flower.”

42. LAFRESNAYA GAYI.

Lloa.

43. CoLAPTES ELEGANS, Fraser.
Lloa. Gizzard contained “insects.”

44. Mitvaco caruncutatus (Des Murs).—Phalcobenus ca-
runculatus, Des Murs, Rey. Zool. 1853, p. 154.

One ex., Curricunga, 2 by diss. ‘Shot sitting on a clump at
the upper edge of the Paramo, on the road to Guagua Pichincha, at
an altitude of about 14,000 feet. She seemed not easily disturbed.
These birds soar together in pairs. They appear to be breeding in

No. 422,—PRrocrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the crevices of the naked and abrupt peaks of Guagua Pichincha.
On opening the body for examination, it sent forth an almost unbear-
able stench. Bill blue; naked face; throat, legs, and feet orange ;
claws bluish.”

This specimen agrees with those described from Mr. Fraser’s
second collection (P. Z. S. 1858, p. 555), which I there erroneously
referred to the Milvago megalopterus of Bolivia.

45. Srrrx puncratissima, G.R. Gray, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ p. 34.
pl. 4.

Quito, May 1859, 9. ‘‘Said to build in the church-towers in
the city.” Hitherto only known from the Galapagos.

46. PeRISTERA MELANOPTERA (Mol.).

Panza, one ex. “ Gizzard contained seeds; bill black ; bare space
under and in front of the eyes salmon-colour. Appears to be very
common on the edge of the Paramo.”

47. ATTAGIS CHIMBORAZENSIS, Sp. nov.

Supra niger, plumis omnibus lineis ochracescenti-rufis marginatis
et intus notatis: remigibus alarum nigricanti-cinereis, margine
angusto apicali albido : subtus gutture ad medium pectus ochra-
cescenti-rufo nigro variegato, abdomine toto pure cinnamomeo-
rufo, subcaudalibus nigro variegatis : rectricibus obscure cine-
reis, harum pogoniis externis lineis pallide cinnamomeis fre-
quenter transfasciatis : tectricibus subalaribus pallide cinna-
momescenti-albidis : rostro et pedibus (in pelle) obscure fuscis.

Long. tota 11-0, alee 7°3, caudz 3-0, tarsi 1:0.

Hab. In Monte Chimborazo, ad alt. 14,000 pedum.

Panza, three ex., sexes alike. ‘‘ Cordoniz: found among the bare
rocks ; note ‘chay-lac, chay-lac, chay-lac’; gizzard contained green
vegetable matter and grit.”

This Attagis is nearly of the same size and general proportion as
A. latreillei of Chili, figured in Gray’s ‘ Genera of Birds,’ pl. 125 ;
but is readily distinguishable by its much darker, blacker colouring
above, and unspotted cinnamon-brown breast.

48. VANELLUS RESPLENDENS, Tsch.

«‘ Veranero; very common on all the marshy plains of the table-
land from May to September.”

49. GALLINAGO ?

Panza, one ex. Sumbardor. A fine large Snipe with fourteen
tail-feathers, probably of a new species, but requiring close investi-
gation.

50. Funica ca1Lensis, Des Murs.

One ex., 9.. “Shot on the settled waters of the Paramo, be-
tween Riobamba and Mocha: irides red; frontal shield delicately

Proc. Z.S. Aves. CLK

orange, blending into lemon at the sides and back ; bill flesh-colour,
point bluish ; legs and feet delicate slate-colour.”’

51. CYANOPTERUS DISCORS.

One ex., ¢, in eclipse plumage, from the Rio Machangra, below
Quito, May 1859. :

52. Dariua (3

One ex., ¢, in eclipse plumage, from the same locality as Fulica
chilensis.

8. List or Brrps COLLECTED By Mr. Fraser 1n Ecuapor, AT
NaneGAL, Cauacaui, PerucHo, AND PUELLARO; WITH
Notes anp Descriptions or New Species. By Puitip
Lutuey Sciater, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Aves, Pl. CL)

The localities at which this part of Mr. Fraser’s collections was
formed are all situated northwards of Quito at different heights on
the western slope of the Andes in the valleys traversed by branches
of the Rio Perucho, which joins the Esmeraldas and enters the
Pacific. Nanegal was visited in February 1859. Its altitude above
the sea is about 4000 feet. It lies on the western slope of Pichincha,
10 leagues from Quito. Many of the birds of Nanegal were also
found at Pallatanga ; but there are many interesting novelties amongst
them, such as Basileuterus semicervinus, Pipreola jucunda, Pipra
deliciosa, and others, which have not been obtained elsewhere. I
have added to the list the names of a few species which formed part
of a small series contained in Mr. Fraser’s former collections from
this same locality.

In March Mr. Fraser ascended to Calacali, situated due north of
Quito, at a height of 8000 feet above the sea-level. Turdus gigas
was very common here; Agriornis andicola, Pecilothraupis lunulata,
Diglosse aterrima and personata, Phrygilus alaudinus, Muscisazi-
cola maculirostris, Ampelion rubricristatus, and Lesbia gracilis may
be considered characteristic of this elevation.

Perucho and Puellaro, Mr. Fraser’s next two stations, lie on the
further side of the river at elevations of about 6300 and 6500 feet
respectively. In April he quitted the latter of these places for a
station on the wooded heights above at an elevation of 8000 feet.
Of the species met with here, Ampelion rubrocristatus, Octhoéca
lessoni, Meltalura tyrianthina, and Ortalida montagnii appear to
have been common. j

In the localities above mentioned 130 species were obtained alto-
gether, of which I now give the names.

I, PassEREs.
1. TuRDUS ATROSERICEUS, Lafr.
Above Puellaro. ‘‘ Costillar : much sought after for its song, and

kept in confinement; bill and rim round the eyes yellow ; irides
hazel ; in stomach, green berries of a species of Melastoma.”’

2. Turpvus eieas, Fraser.
Nanegal, very common.

3. TuRDUS SWAINSONI, Cab.
Nanegal.

4. TROGLODYTES SOLSTITIALIS, Sclater.
Nanegal.

5. THRYOTHORUS NIGRICAPILLUS, Sp. nov.

Supra castaneus, alis caudaque nigro late transfasciatis : pileo et
capitis lateribus nigris, loris, ciliis oculorum et plumis auricu-
laribus albo terminatis; subtus albus, abdomine rufescente,
nigro confertim transvittatus ; gutture pure albo: rostro nigri-
cante, mandibula inferiore plumbescente : pedibus pallide plum-
beis.

Long. tota 5°3, alee 2°5, caudee 1°8, tarsi °95.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P. 1.8.

Nanegal, three ex. ‘‘Irides red; bill black above, blue below ;

legs and feet lead-colour; gizzard contained insects.”’

This is a typical Thryothorus, resembling in form and size 7’. ruf-

albus, T. albipectus, &c., but quite distinct in coloration from any
species with which I am acquainted.

6. PARULA BRASILIANA (Licht.).
Nanegal.

7. DENDROICA BLACKBURNIE (Gm.).
Nanegal.

8. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.), 2.
Perucho.

9, SeTOPHAGA VERTICALIS (Lafr. & D’Orb.).
Perucho and Puellaro.

10. BastLEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS, Sp. Nov.

Obscure fuscus, superciliis a fronte, oculorum ambitu, corpore toto
subtus et caude parte basali cum hujus tectricibus superioribus
pallide cervino-rufis: caude parte apicali nigricanti-fusca :
tectricibus subalaribus fuscescenti-cervinis : rostro nigro: pe-
dibus pallide corylinis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°35, caudee 1°4.

Hab. In rep. Equatoriali.

Mus. P.L.S.

Nis Lo

Examples of both sexes of this apparently new Basileuterus were
collected by Mr. Fraser at Nanegal. They are coloured alike.
*¢ Trides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet brownish flesh-colour ; con-
tents of stomach insects.”

This species does not differ in form from ordinary Basileuteri,
except in its rather shorter tail, but is rather abnormal in colouring.

11. BastLevTerus srvitratus (Lafr. & D’Orb.).
Cachi-Llacta and Nanegal.

12. VirEo sosePu#, Sclater.
Nanegal.

13, PeTROCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.).

Several ex., Nanegal and Perucho. ‘Common, and building in
the roofs.”’

14. Dacnis EGREGIA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 251.

Two ex. ¢. ‘rides orange; stomach contained small red fruit,
no insects.” Nanegal.

15. CERTHIOLA LUTEOLA, Cab.
Two ex., Nanegal. ‘‘ Gizzard contained minute-seeded fruit.”

16. DiGLossA PERSONATA, Fraser.
Calacali.

17. Dreuossa rnpicoTica, Sclater, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 2.
xvii. p. 467.

Nanegal, one ex. gd. “Irides bright red; bill, legs, and feet
black.”

18. DiGLossa ALBILATERALIS, Lafr.

Examples of both sexes from Puellaro and from above Puellaro.

19. DiGLOSSA ATERRIMA, Lafr.
Calacali.

20. SALTATOR ATRIPENNIS, Sclater.

Nanegal.

21. ARREMON ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855,
p- 83. pl. 89.

Nanegal, four ex. ‘‘Irides hazel; bill red; legs and feet flesh-
coloured ;”’ in gizzards, “grit,”’ “ remains of insects,”’ “seeds.”

22. BUARREMON LATINUCHUS, DuBus; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858,
p: 293.

Calacali and above Puellaro, six ex. ‘‘ Monga: in gizzard a quan-
tity of vegetable matter, remains of insects and their eggs.”

23. BUARREMON CASTANEICEPS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 441.

Nanegal, one ex. ‘Bill brownish above, blue below; legs and
feet brown ; in gizzard insects and vegetable matter.” Described
from a single specimen received by M. Verreaux from the Rio Napo.

24. CHLOROSPINGUS FLAVIGULARIS, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1852,
p- 131, pl. 98.

Nanegal, two ex. ¢ and 9, sexes alike. ‘Irides yellowish ; bill
black above, blue below ; legs yellowish; feet blue.’’ Besides the
example from Bogota, originally described, I have hitherto seen but
one specimen of this species, which was obtained by Mr. Moore in
his journey down the Napo, and is now in the collection of Mr.
Lawrence of New York.

25. CHLOROSPINGUS ATRIPILEUS (Lafr.).

Above Puellaro.

26. CHLOROSPINGUS SUPERCILIARIS (Lafr.).
Nanegal, one ex.

27. RAMPHOCELUS ICTERONOTUS, Bp.
Nanegal, several examples of both sexes—Platanero.

28. TANAGRA DARWINI, Bp.
Calacali.

29. CompsocoMa sumptvuosa (Less.).

Wooded heights above Puellaro. ‘ Chucunillo:” in stomach
‘“‘berries”’ and “ vegetable matter.”

30. PaciLoTHRAUPIS LUNULATA, DuBus.

Calacali and above Puellaro, many examples. ‘‘ Platero: in giz-
zard dark green fruit.”

31. CALLISTE RUFIGULARIS (Bp.).

Nanegal, three ex. ‘‘ Food minute-seeded fruit.””

32. CALLISTE AURULENTA (Lafr.).
Nanegal.

. 33. CALLISTE VITRIOLINA (Cab.).

Perucho and Puellaro, many examples. “ Frutero: feeding in a
large Tocte-tree (Juglans sp.), from which they were constantly
flying to and fro. These must be the Gallinazos (Cathartes) amongst
the Tanagers, for their heads and necks are very sparingly feathered,

and were, when I shot them, entirely covered with the pulp of the
fruit ; so much so, that I only partly succeeded in cleansing them.”

34. CALLISTE AURULENTA (Laf?.).
Nanegal, four ex.

35. CALLISTE LUNIGERA, Sclater.

Nanegal, one ex. ‘Bill black ; legs and feet blue ; food vege-
table matter and insects.”

36. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES.
Nanegal. Food “fruit and insects.”

37. CALLISTE ICTEROCEPHALA (Bp.).

Nanegal. ‘“Irides hazel; bill black; legs and feet blue; food
green minute-seeded fruit.”

38. Diva vassort, Sclater.

Above Puellaro, April. ‘One ex. 2, with two eggs nearly per-
fect in the ovary ; food vegetable matter.”

39. CHLOROCHRYSA PHENICOTIS, Bp.

Nanegal, one ex. ¢. “rides hazel; bill black; legs greenish ;
feet nearly black ; in gizzard a spider and fruit.”

40. EvpHoNIA NIGRICOLLIs (Vieill.).

Perucho and Puellaro. ‘Found in pairs on the tall flowering stems
of the Aloe (Agave americana) uttering a plaintive wee-wee in the
heat of the day.”

41. EupHoniA XANTHOGASTRA (Sund.).

Nanegal, many ex.

42. PHEUCTICUS CHRYSOGASTER (Less.).

Calacali. Mr. Fraser evidently considers this bird as not different
from P. aureiventris, for he says, “ Common also about Quito, where
it breeds in May.”’ Now the examples from Riobamba, above Punin,
&e. are referable to the black-headed P. aureiventris.

43. PuryGiLus ALAUDINUS (Kittlitz).

Calacali. ‘“‘ Not uncommon ; food small seeds and grubs ; lives
entirely on the ground amongst the heather : when disturbed, takes
an undulating flight for about 60 or 80 yards.”

44. PHRYGILUS OCULARIS, Sclater.

Calacali. ‘‘Food seeds: might be easily mistaken for the pre-
ceding (P. alaudinus) at a distance, only it perches sometimes.”

45. CoryPHosPINGUs, sp.?
Nanegal. Apparently a female of some species of this genus.

46. CATAMENIA HomMocHROA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 552.

Calacali and above Puellaro. Apparently the females of this
species; but one marked ¢ may bea young male. “ Irides hazel ;
food vegetable matter and seeds.”

47. SPERMOPHILA GUTTURALIs (Licht.).

Nanegal and Puellaro. Rather brighter in the belly than an
eastern specimen, apparently from Trinidad.

48. ORYZOBORUS ZTHIOPS, sp. nov.

Ater unicolor : tectricibus subalaribus, speculo alari parvo et

tibiarum parte interna albis : rostro et pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°2, caudze 2:1, tarsi 0°575.

Nanegal, one ex. d. “ TIrides hazel ; food seeds.”

I have a second specimen of this bird, which is very nearly allied
to my O. funereus (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 378) from Minca in New Gra-
nada, received through M. Verreaux. It has a smaller bill than the
Mexican bird, and the tarsi are much shorter, and feet smaller. I
am disposed to consider them as referable to two different species.

49, OsTINOPS ATROVIRENS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Nanegal.

50. Cyanocitta TuRCosA, Bp.
Above Puellaro and in the valley of Chillo.

51. PIcoLAPTES LACRYMIGER (Lafr.).
Nanegal, one ex,

52. Denprocors ATrirostris (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Nanegal.

53. PsEUDOCOLAPTES BOISSONEAUTI (Lafr.).
Above Puellaro, one ex. ‘‘ Galeador: food insects.”’

54, MARGARORNIS SQUAMIGERA (Lafr.).

Above Puellaro.

55. MARGARORNIS BRUNNESCENS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 27.
pl. 116.

Nanegal, one ex. 2. “ Irides hazel ; food insects.”

56. SynaLuaxis pupica, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 191.
Nanegal. “ Irides hazel.”

57. SYNALLAXIS GULARIS, Lafr.
Nanegal, one ex.

58. GRALLARIA SQUAMIGERA (Prevost).
Calacali and above Puellaro.

59. THAMNOPHILUS IMMACULATUS, Lafr.

Nanegal. ‘‘Irides red; bill black; legs and feet very dark blue ;
face ceerulean blue ; food insects.”’

60. DysIrHaMNUS OLIVACEUS ?
Nanegal,

61. DystrHaMNus uNIcoLoR, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 141.

Nanegal, g et 2. Male, “irides greyish;” female, irides “ red-
dish hazel.” Food “ caterpillars, beetles, insects.”

62. MyRMOTHERULA MENETRIES!I (D’Orb.).

Nanegal. Agrees with examples of the bird of this genus men-
tioned in the preceding list, p. 67.

63. PrpREOLA JUCUNDA, sp.nov. (Pl. CLX.)

Psittaceo-viridis ; capite toto et gula nigris: pectore aurantiaco,
nigro anguste circumcincto, ventre medio, hypochondriis et
crisso flavis ; rostro ruberrimo, pedibus cinereis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:8, caude 2°4.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Cachi-Llacta, oneex. ¢. Esparagun. This beautiful new species
of Pipreola is closely allied to Hartlaub’s P. formosa (Rev. et Mag.
de Zool. 1849, pl. 14. p. 275); but is distinguishable by the want
of white markings on the wings, the black edging to the large orange
breast-plate, and the sides of the body being green. It forms a
brilliant addition to this lovely group of birds.

64. AmpELion cincTus (Tsch.).

Nanegal, one ex., agreeing with specimens from Pallatanga. “In
stomach vegetable matter.”

65. AMPELION ARCUATUS (Lafr.).

Above Puellaro, one ex. g. “ Sangralluvia : irides greyish ; legs,
feet, and bill deep red; gizzard contained dark purplish fruit.”

66. AMPELION RUBROCRISTATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Calacali and above Puellaro, several ex.

67. CH1ROMACHERIS MANACUS (Linn.).

Nanegal, examples of both sexes. ‘ Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs
and feet orange.”
Agrees with examples from Cayenne and New Granada.

68. PrpRA DELICIOSA, sp. nov.

3. Fulvescenti-castanea, pileo antico coccineo: alis caudaque
niugris, uropygio nigricante : hypochondriis et tectricibus sub-
alaribus albis, margine axillari flavicante : rostro nigro, pedi-
bus albidis.

2. Obscure olivacea, subtus dilutior ; ventre, crisso et tectricibus
subalaribus flavicantibus.

Long. tota 3°5, alee 2°5, caude 0°8.
Nanegal, three ex. ‘ 4. Irides red; bill black; legs and feet

yellow ; testes very large ; gizzard contained minute-seeded fruit,”
in another “ green berries.” “9. Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and
feet bluish flesh-colour; gizzard contained dark indigo-coloured

fruit.”

WW .eésh4u4

This Manakin is one of the most brilliantly coloured birds of the
charming group to which it belongs; and the male bird is further
remarkable for the very curious structure of its wings, which merits
a detailed description. The ten primaries are of the ordinary for-
mation of birds of this family, the first being shorter than the second,
third, and fourth, which are nearly equal and longest, and of about

the same length as the sixth. The first three secondaries are thick-
stemmed and curved towards the body at a distance of about two-
thirds of their length from the base. The fourth and fifth show
this structure to a greater degree, with some corresponding alteration
in the barbs on each side, as may be seen by comparing fig. a, re-
presenting the upper surface of the fifth secondary of the male bird,
with fig. d, which gives a similar view of that of the female. In the
sixth and seventh secondaries of the male the terminal half of the
rachis is thickened to an extraordinary degree, forming a solid horny
lump. The external and internal barbs are also much modified in
shape and generally curtailed in size. Fig. 6 gives an upper view of
the sixth, and fig. c an under view of the seventh secondary. The
corresponding feathers of the female, representing the normal struc-
ture, are seen in fig. e and fig. f. In the eighth and ninth secon-
daries the rachis is still rather thickened ; but the barbs (pogonia),
instead of being reduced in size, are highly developed, particularly
on the inner side. Mr. Fraser states that the wing-bones of these
birds were also much thickened, no doubt in aid of this abnormal
structure of the remiges.

The same deviation from ordinary characters is observable in other
species of the allied group Chiromacheris (e. g. in C. manacus, C.
gutturosa, C. candai, &c.). 1 believe it is this structure which
enables them to make the extraordinary noise for which they are
noted. Buffon says that the Chiromacheris manacus is called La
caisse-noisette in Cayenne ; and Mr. Salvin tells us (Ibis, 1860, p. 37)
that OC. cand@i “begins with a sharp note, not unlike the crack of a
whip.” But in no other species is the abnormal development carried
to so great a degree as in the present.

69. Masius CORONULATUS, sp. nov.

Nigerrimus, plumarum menti parte basali cum plaga magna gut-
turali, alis infra, et remigum rectricumque mediarum parte in-
terna vivide luteis: capitis crista, erecta, elongata, pallide
flava, hujus plumarum apicibus dilatatis et incrassatis, colore
aurescenti-castaneo : rostro plumbeo, pedibus rubris.

Long. tota 3°7, alze 2°3, caudz 1°7, tarsi 0°65.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Nanegal, one ex. This Manakin is a close ally of Masius chry-
sopterus of New Granada ; but may be readily distinguished by its
crest, which is of a paler yellow and terminated with pale golden red,
the feathers being thickened and flattened at the extremity into a
horny substance, something like that on the wings of the Wax-wing
Chatterer. One example occurred in Mr. Fraser’s former collection
from Nanegal without any note attached.

70. RupicoLa SANGUINOLENTA, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 100.

Nanegal, two ex. This is the Transandean representative of R.
peruviana, as Cephalopterus penduliger is of C. ornatus.

71. CEPHALOPTERUS PENDULIGER, Sclater.
Nanegal, two ex.

72. AGRIORNIS ANDICOLA, Sclater, antea, p. 77.

Calacali, one ex. Solitario ravo blanco. Common on the Pa-
ramo.

73. AGRIORNIS SOLITARIA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 553.

Puellaro, rather common in and about the pueblo.

74. MyYIoTHERETES STRIATICOLLIS, Sclater.— Tenioptera stria-
ticollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 193.—Tyrannus erythropygius,
Lafr. et D’Orb. ; D’Orb. Voy. pl. 32. fig. 2 (nec Vieill.).

Puellaro, two ex. ‘‘Solitario colorado: Irides brownish-white ;
bill, legs, and feet black. Found solitary among the heaths, &c.,
between Perucho and Puellaro on the hill-side. Stomach contained
insects. Note rather mournful—pee—pee—pee.”

75. Muscrisax1coua ALprna (Jard.).

One ex. Above Puellaro.

76. OcTHOECA LESSONI, Sclater.

Above Puellaro, one ex.

77, MuscrsaxIcoLa MACULIRoOsTRIS, Lafr. et D’Orb. ; D’Orb.
Voy. pl. 41. fig. 2.

Calacali, several ex. ‘Seen always perched upon the heaths or
other stunted vegetation : Solitario chiquito.”’

78. TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS (Vieill.).

Perrucho, one ex.

79. My1opyNasTes CuRysocePHALus (Tsch.).
Nanegal, one ex.

80. Conrorus ARDEst1acus (Lafr.).
Perucho and Puellaro.

81. PLaTYRHYNCHUS ALBOGULARIS, Sclater, antea, p. 68.
_ Nanegal, one ex.

82. CycCLORHYNCHUS FULVIPECTUS, Sp. nov.

Olivaceus; alarum tectricibus rufescente, remigibus fulvescente
limbatis, cauda omnino brunnescente : subtus dilutior, pectore
et gutture toto fulvescente perfusis, ventre flavescente : rostrt
mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore pallide carnea, pedibus
plumbeis.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°0, caude 2°3.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

_—

Nanegal, one ex., ¢. Irides hazel; bill black above, reddish
flesh-colour beneath ; legs and feet blue.

This is a typical Cyclorhynchus, distinguished from C. olivaceus
by its smaller size, shorter tail, and the fulvous colour of the breast.
It forms a fourth of this section of the group, the others being C.
brevirostris of Mexico and C. equinoctialis from the Rio Napo.

83. TopIROSTRUM, sp.
Nanegal, one ex., in an imperfect state.

84. Myrosrus ornatus (Lafr.).
Nanegal, one ex.

85. Myrosrus vittosvs, Sclater, sp. nov.

Obscure olivaceus, alis nigricantibus-plumarum marginibus brun-
nescentibus ; uropygio pallide limonaceo-flavo, cauda lucente
nigra: pilet ecristati plumis rufis, medialiter aureis : subtus
Sulvo-brunneus, gutture et ventre medio flavescentioribus: rostro
superiore nigro, inferiore carneo ee terminato : pedibus

Suscis.
Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°8, caudze 2°4.

Hab. In rep. Equat.

Mus. P.L.S.

Nanegal, one ex. “Jrides hazel; upper mandible black, lower
flesh-colour with black tips; legs and feet brownish ; gizzard con-
tained insects.”

T have already one example of this bird in my collection, received
from M. Verreaux and marked “ Rio Napo.” This species is nearly
allied to M. barbatus of Cayenne and Brazil, but differs in its larger
and stronger form and darker colouring below.

86. TyRANNULUS CHRYSOPS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 458.

Nanegal, two ex.

87. EupsILostoma, sp. ?
Above Puellaro.

88. TYRANNULUS NIGRICAPILLUS, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 341.
Above Puellaro, one ex., agreeing with Bogota specimens.

89. MronecTEs sTRIATICOLLIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Nanegal. “In gizzard, green berries.”

90. TroGoN PERSONATUS, Gould.

Above Puellaro, one ex. Pileo. ‘Stomach contained remains of
insects.”

91. PHAROMACRUS AURICEPS (Gould).

Nanegal. ‘‘ Gizzard contained remains of vegetable matter, and
a small white stone about a quarter of an inch square.”

92. PHaiTHORNIS YARAQUI, Gould.—T. yaraqui, Boure.
Nanegal, seven ex. ‘ Upper mandible black, lower deep red with
a black tip ; legs and feet reddish.”

93. HELIODOXA JAMESONI.
Nanegal, many ex. ‘‘ Gizzard contained insects.”’

94. ERIOCNEMIS LUCIANI.

Puellaro and above Puellaro, many ex. Spec. no. 1957 from
Puellaro “ was feeding on a plant in a morass at the very top of the
mountain, the place abounding in mosses, orchids, and ferns, and
made no noise either with wings or voice.”

95. CaLIGENA witsont (Del. & Bourc.).
Nanegal. ‘“‘ Gizzard contained insects.”

96. CHLOROSTILBON ATALA (Less.).
Puellaro, four ex. ‘ Gizzard contained insects.”’

97. PerasOPHORA IOLATA, Gould.

Calacali, Perucho, Puellaro, and above Puellaro. At the latter
place “‘common in the upper part of the pueblo and rare in the
lower.”

98. ADELOMYIA MELANOGENYs (Fraser).
Above Puellaro. ‘‘ Feet reddish flesh-colour; gizzard contained
insects.”

99. CALOTHORAX MULSANTI (Bourc.).

Puellaro. ‘‘ On my way here from Perucho I saw three of this
species feeding together in a row. I have hunted for it every day
since without success until to-day. It seems to be silent on the wing,
and in voice, restless, and exceedingly swift of flight.”’

100. LrespiaA AMARYLLIS, Gould.
Calacali.

101. Lespia GRACILIS, Gould.

Above Puellaro and Calacali. At the latter place ‘‘ not common.
This species is readily distinguishable from all others by the peculiar
loud humming noise produced by the wings, audible at a distance of
20 or 30 yards. I did not find it near the pueblo, but at some
height up one of the hills. Gizzard contained insects.”

102. LAFRESNAYA GAYI.
Nanegal, two ex.

103. AMAZILIA RIEFFERI (Boiss.).
Nanegal and Perucho.

104. MetraLura TYRIANTHINA (Lodd.).
Abovd Puellaro, many ex.

105. SpATHURA MELANANTHERA, Jard.
Nanegal, one ex.

106. THALURANIA VERTICEPS, Gould.
Nanegal (many ex.), and above Puellaro.

107. UrosticTE BENJAMINI (Bourc. ).

108. HeELIANGELUS sTROPHIANUS (Gould).
109. Dor1rera LuDovici# (Bource. et Muls.).
110. FuorisuGa MELLIVoRA (Linn.)..

111. Lespra cyanura, Gould.

112. UrRocHROA BOUGIERI.

Specimens of these six last species were in Mr. Fraser’s former
collection from Nanegal, besides examples of others already enume-
rated.

II. Scansores.

113. P1ayA MEHLERI, Bp.?
Nanegal. < Gizzard contained grasshoppers and maggots.”

114. RHAMPHASTOS AMBIGUUS, Sw.
Nanegal. ‘‘ Moledor: gizzard contained fruit.”

115. ANDIGENA LAMINIROSTRIS, Gould.
Nanegal.

116. Evsucco sourciert (Lafr.).

Nanegal, two ex. ‘Bare space round the eye yellowish ; gizzard
contained green fruit with minute seeds.”

117. PrcuMNUS GRANADENSIS (Lafr.).

Two ex. d. Irides hazel; gizzard contained caterpillars and in-
sects.

Nanegal, two ex. ‘“Inrides hazel ; bill black, base of lower man-
dible blue ; legs and feet greenish ; gizzard contained caterpillars and
insects.”

118. CoLaptres ELEGANS, Fraser.

Calacali, March, adult ¢ and nestling. ‘Builds in holes of trees ;
stomachs contained apparently green vegetable matter.”

III. Accrpirres.

119. CATHARTES ATRATUS.

Perrucho, ‘common in the pueblo, sitting on the roofs,’’ and above
Puellaro. Not distinguishable from the bird of the United States.
*«Trides dark hazel ; bill and legs bluish.”

120. CaTHARTEs AuRA (Linn.).

One ex., ¢, from Puellaro, agreeing with C. aura of North America.
“ Upanga (Quichua) from Upa—‘ fool’ ; Gallinazo tonto or G. colo-
rado (Spanish). The inhabitants of the pueblo had not observed this
species before ; it was one of two amongst a community of C. atratus.
It does not appear to be common anywhere. In most places I have
observed it singly or in pairs. In Pallatanga it is called Chalpan :
mandibles very pale yellow; head of a port-wine colour, the corru-
gations from the crown down the back of the neck and coruscations
before and under the eyes white; legs and feet pale yellow; gizzard
contained short hair and small lines.”

121. TrnnuncuLus spaRveRivs (Linn.).

Calacali and Puellaro, three ex. At Calacali ‘ very common in
pairs everywhere about the town.” Stomach of one contained “a
mouse,”’ of another ‘‘ grasshoppers.”

122. AccrPITER ERYTHROCNEMIUS, Kaup.

Nanegal, one ex. “ Irides, legs, and feet yellow ; bill at the base
blue, with the tip black.” Stomach contained “ flesh and feathers.’’

123. Micrastur GILvicou.ts (Vieill.).—M. concentricus, Auct.

Nanegal, one ex., adult. ‘Irides reddish ; bill black above, yel-
low beneath ; face, legs, and feet orange ; gizzard contained grass-
hoppers and the lower jaw of a lizard.”

124. Srrix puncratisstma, G. R. Gray, Voy. Beagle, Zool.
p- 34, pl.4.

“ Lechusa; from the roof of the house at Puellaro.”’

A young bird, apparently of this species, of which Mr. Fraser has
sent the adult from Quito.

125. SyRNIUM ALBOGULARE, Cassin.

Wooded heights above Puellaro. ‘‘ Adult ¢ and young, taken
together in a large tree ; in the stomach, remains of beetles and other
insects.” ;

126. PHoLEOpTYNX CUNICULARIA (Mol.).

Calacali. ‘“‘Irides bright straw-colour ; beak bluish ; gizzard con-
tained insects. I saw some twenty or thirty of these birds on the
side of a hill, mostly in pairs. They live in holes in the ground.
Their flesh is eaten by the natives.”

IV. CoLumsB.

127. CotumBa RvUFINA, Temm.
Nanegal. In the stomach “fruit and grit.”

128. ZeENAIDA HYPOLEUCA, Bp.
Calacali. ‘Very common; stomach contained small seeds and
grit.”
V. Gauuin..

129. ORTALIDA MONTAGNII, Bp.

Nanegal and above Puellaro. At latter place “common ;” giz-
zard contained a fruit called Mora, which is a species of Rubus,
according to Dr. Jameson. "

130. Ruyncnotis perpix (Mol.)?

Calacali and Puellaro. “ Perdiz: in gizzard, seeds of various
sizes and grit. Said to be common high up in the mountains, where
they are taken by dogs ; I have never seen them except in pairs.”’

Nearly allied to R. perdizx of Chili, but probably of a different
species.

9. On a NEw SNAKE FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDs.
By Dr. Atsert GinTuHer.

The genus Herpetodryas, being composed of those Dryadide,
which have the maxillary teeth of equal length and entirely smooth,
comprises snakes from America and from Madagascar. The follow-
ing species comes from the Galapagos Islands, and appears to be the
only Snake as yet known to inhabit that group *.

HERPETODRYAS BISERIALIS.

Diagnosis.—Scales in nineteen rows; eight upper labials, three
posterior oculars. Light brown, with a dark brown dorsal band,
serrated on the anterior portion of the trunk, and formed by a double
series of spots on the middle and on the posterior part of the back.
A dark brown streak from the eye across the cheek. Belly irregu-
larly dotted with brown.

* The first mention of a Snake on these islands seems to be in Dampier’s ‘ Voy.
Round the World,’ ed. 7. vol.i. 8vo. Lond. 1729, p. 103 :—“ There are some Green
Snakes on these islands; but no other land-animal that I did ever see.”

Darwin says in his Journ. of Research., p. 381, speaking on the Zoology of
the Galapagos Islands :—“ There is one snake which is numerous; it is identical.
as 1 am informed by M. Bibron, with the Psammophis temminckii from Chile.”
Although subsequently, in the ‘ Erpétologie Générale,’ nothing is mentioned by
Duméril and Bibron about the occurrence of P. temminckii, or of any other snake,
in these islands, that determination of Bibron may possibly be correct. If such
be the case, there are two species of Snakes in that group of islands.

No. 423.—ProcerpineGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

Hab. In Charles Island (Galapagos). Typical specimen in the
Collection of the British Museum.

Description.—The head is rather depressed, flat, and, like the
trunk and tail, somewhat elongate ; the eye is of moderate size, with
the pupil round. The rostral does not reach to the upper surface
of the snout; the anterior frontals are square, the posterior ones
about twice the size and subquadrangular ; the vertical is rather
slender, twice as long as broad ; the occipitals triangular and rather
pointed posteriorly. The nostril is situated between two shields ;
the loreal nearly square; the anterior ocular extends to the upper
surface of the head, and is in contact with the vertical. There are
three posterior oculars, the middle of which is the smallest, the in-
ferior forming a part of the lower portion of the orbit ; the temporal
shields are scale-like and rather irregularly arranged. There are
eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit. The
median lower labial is triangular, and of moderate size ; ten lower
labials, the first of which is in contact with its fellow, behind the
median shield. There are two pairs of elongate skin-shields of equal
size. The scales are perfectly smooth, in nineteen rows, rhombic,
those of the outer series being rather larger. Ventral plates 209 ;
anal bifid; caudals 108.

The ground colour is a light brownish-grey: a vertebral band,
formed by dark brown spots, begins from the occiput, and is gra-
dually lost on the middle of the tail; it is continuous anteriorly, and
serrated on both sides, but gradually dissolved into two series of
brown spots, the spots of each series being confluent on the end of
the trunk ; there is a dark brown streak across the temple. The
belly is greyish, and finely and irregularly speckled with brown.

inches. lines.

Dotal Jeno ie ts am bp idian.- acre a alps sis 14 3
Length of the head ............ SE ie
Greatest width of the head ........ 0 3
Length of the trunk .............. 10 0
Length of the tail ........ eeeere-- 3 10

The maxillary teeth are of moderate size, of nearly equal length,
in a continuous series, and entirely smooth.

February 14, 1860.
John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. Shortt, F.Z.S., made some remarks on the Civet-cats of India,
and the native method of extracting the perfume.

Dr. Crisp exhibited two stuffed specimens of the Cock of the
Rock (Rupicola eroeea) which had been brought alive to and had
died in this country.

oe a
oe ‘ 7
» ene

Gesleusy. af,

ILAXX'T ‘Peet

NOI,

Lows

bit

anmalia LXXVOL.

SACCULATED PEYERIAN GLAND OF YOUNG GIRAFFE

nee.

Mr. Bartlett exhibited a head of a variety of the Common Goose
in which the feathers at the back of the head were reversed so as to
form a sort of ruff. It was stated that this variety had been per-
petuated for several generations at the farm of J.C. Chaytor, Esq.,
at Croft near Darlington, and if properly treated by a judicious
selection of breeding birds, might doubtless be made the origin of a
new domestic breed of geese. Mr. Bartlett also exhibited the gizzard
of a Nicobar Pigeon, from a specimen recently deceased in the So-
ciety’s Gardens, and called attention to the peculiar stony develop-
ment of the epithelial lining.

Mr. Sclater exhibited a specimen of a large Horned Owl shot by
Major W. E. Hay, F.Z.S., upon the borders of the Pangkong Lake
in Thibet. He was disposed to consider the bird as a pale variety
of Bubo maximus. Mr. Blyth (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 506)
had noticed the report of the occurrence of this bird in the Hima-
layas, but Mr. Sclater believed that this was the first recorded speci-
men which had been obtained and examined.

Mr. H. W. Bates exhibited a frugivorous Bat from Ega on the
Upper Amazon, which he believed to belong to an undescribed species
of Phyllostoma.

The following papers were read :—

1. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANATOMY OF THE GIRAFFE. By
T. Spencer Cossoip, M.D., F.L.S.

(Mammalia, Plates LXXVII., LX XVIII.)

Notwithstanding the apparent completeness of that elaborate
Memoir on the Giraffe by Prof. Joly and Mons. A. Lavocat, con-
tained in the third volume of the ‘Transactions of the Strasburg
Natural History Society*,’ combined with the more recent ‘ Osteo-
logische Bemerkungen’ of Dr. George Jager}, there are still many
points of interest associated with the study of the structure of this
aberrant ruminant which remain to be elucidated. Some of these
are matters of dispute, and a few have reference to the existence of
peculiarities not known to occur in any other living mammal.

The President and Office-bearers of the Zoological Society having
liberally afforded me an opportunity of examining the carcass of a

* Recherches historiques, zoologiques, anatomiques, et paléontologiques, sur la
Giraffe (Camelopardalis Giraffa, Gmelin), par MM. N. Joly et A. Lavocat, Mém.
de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Strasbourg, tom. iii. livr. 3°, 1840-1846. This essay
is illustrated by seventeen plates, many of the figures being borrowed from
Prof. Owen’s Memoirs, published in the Zoological Society’s Transactions. It is
satisfactory to notice, however, that the sources whence they have been obtained
are carefully acknowledged.

+ Osteologische Bemerkungen, von Dr. George Jaeger, Acta Acad. C. L. C.
Nat. Cur. vol. xxvi. part i. 1855, Abschnitt 3. Oeffnung auf der Oberflache des
Stirnbeins einer jungen Giraffe, p. 99. Bemerkungen iiber die Horner und
Epiphysen, sowie iiber die Sinus des Schidels in Vergleichung mit andern
Wiederkauern. Vergleichung der Grossenverhaltnisse einiger Knochen der Giraffe
mit denen des fossilen Sivatherium, p. 102.

100

young male Giraffe, I have been enabled to confirm certain important
discoveries previously made by myself in connexion with the intes-
tinal canal, whilst, at the same time, I have some additional facts to
contribute towards our knowledge of the development of the intra-
cranial sinuses. The intestinal peculiarities above alluded to had
been entirely overlooked by the Cuviers, Isidore and Etienne Geof-
froy Saint-Hilaire, Home, Owen, and all other anatomists previous
to the date when the facts I refer to were originally made public,—
namely, at the meetiag of the British Association held at Glasgow
in 1855; and it may also, with equal truth, I believe, be remarked,
that no one has, since that time, had an opportunity of confirming
or refuting the statements then and there set forth. The anomalous
structures in question are briefly described in my article “ Rumi-
nantia,”’ in the supplement to Dr. Todd’s ‘ Cyclopeedia of- Anatomy
and Physiology,’ and they have also been specially noticed else-
where*.

The young Giraffe which so receutly formed an attractive feature
in the Society’s menagerie was born in the Gardens on the 6th of
July 1859. From the period of its birth until the day of its death,
it had never exhibited any symptoms of indisposition, whilst its
Sportive gambols and rapid growth were the subject of general
remark. Early in the morning of the 2nd of December, on entering
the Giraffe-house the keeper observed the animal struggling to raise
itself from the ground, but, in spite of timely assistance, these efforts
proved unavailing. It soon became apparent that the limbs were
partially paralysed, and the animal expired in about two hours from
the time it was first observed prostrate. The young Giraffe had
clearly sustained some injury, which was in all probability occasioned
by a kick from the mother, when the former was attempting to
reach the teat. This supposition derives strength from the circum-
stance that the mother would ailow lactation to be carried on only
at certain intervals, and therefore the importunate cravings of the
“fawn” frequently exposed it to rough usage, or even violent re-
sistance. I am informed by the experienced keeper (on whose care
the condition of the young animal up to the time of its death reflects

* Bearing upon this subject, I have contributed the following papers, notices,
&e.:—

1. Account of the Dissection of a Giraffe. Physiological Soc. Rep. in Edin.
Month. Journal for April 1854.

. 2. Notes on the Anatomy of the Giraffe. Communicated to the Royal Physical
Soc. of Edin., and published in the Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. for June 1854,
3. Description of a New Species of Trematode infesting the Giraffe. Read at

the Glasgow Meeting of the Brit. Assoc. Sept. 1855. See Reports. Also pub-

lished, with a coloured plate, in Edin. New. Phil. Journal, Oct. 1855.

4, On a remarkable pouched condition of the Glandule Peyeriane in the
Giraffe. Edin. New Phil. Journ. for Jan. 1856, with a coloured plate. Also
noticed in British Assoc. Rep. for the preceding year.

5. See also, under “ Intestinal Glands,”’ additional observations, Article ‘‘ Ru-
minantia,” in Supp. to Dr. Todd’s Cyclopedia of Anat. and Physiol. p. 539, with
two figures. 1859.

6. Also a brief notice (with good fig.) in the Mammalian Division of the
“Museum of Natural History,” in the general characters of the Order Rumi-
nantia, vol. i. diy. i. p. 157, 1860. : :

101

the highest credit) that this resistance on the part of the parent is
quite natural and frequent with giraffes in general ; and this leads
me to infer, therefore, that the young animal must have struck its
head violently against the woodwork of the stall when in the act of
escaping from the kicks of its annoyed parent.

In a formal note addressed to the Secretary, and dated 7th Dec.
1859, I have already communicated the results of a post mortem
examination of this animal, made by Mr. Bartlett and myself. That
dissection has fully explained the immediate cause of the Giraffe’s
death, for, as then observed, “a longitudinal section of the skull
showed extensive injury to the vessels internally, the large sphe-
noidal sinus being filled with extravasated blood. The upper lip
was rather deeply cut, evidently from sudden contact with the middle
incisor-teeth. The vessels of the brain were gorged, but there was
no laceration of the cerebral substance. All the viscera were per-
fectly healthy.” The precise locality of the blood-extravasation is
clearly indicated in the accompanying drawing (Pl. LXXVII.). Here
it will be noticed that the submucous tissues, both above and below
the palato-maxillary bones, are completely ecchymosed, whilst the
large sphenoidal sinus below the basis cerebri is choked with blackish
clots. Traces of extravasation existed within the cranium, and the
meningeal vessels were everywhere unnaturally distended.

If the drawing be further examined, and a comparison be insti-
tuted between it and the artistic figure of a similar longitudinal
section of the dried adult cranium accompanying Prof. Owen’s
Memoir, published in the second volume of the Society’s Trans-
actions, it will be observed that the relative differences in the dis-
position of their parts are singularly marked. In the adult animal
the fronto-parietal air-sinuses extend backwards from the centre of
the facial region to the occipital border; but in the young giraffe
under consideration, the anterior part of the head is only occupied
by a single frontal sinus of comparatively limited dimensions, the
cavity being situated immediately below the naso-frontal eminence.
In the former, again, the sinuses are complicated by numerous
lamellar partitions, which in the latter are merely represented by
curved ridges whose smooth and rounded borders project internally
from the parietes of the cavity ; two or three of these linear eleva-
tions are seen in the annexed illustration. Another still more
striking difference, and one which results from the non-development
of the parietal sinuses, is that relating to the size and position of the
brain. In the adult animal the transversal area of the cerebrum on
section, taken immediately behind the lateral horns, is manifestly
less than half that of the cranium divided at a similar spot ; whereas
in the Society’s young giraffe, a like comparison will show that the
transversal area of the brain is equivalent to at least two-thirds of
that of the cranium. And even yet more noticeable is the circum-
~ stance that the brain of the full-grown giraffe lies on a plane almost
level, and continuous, as it were, with the nasal passages; but in
the young individual, the cerebrum, though nearly parallel in direc-
tion, is at the same time placed at a very much higher level. In the

102

one the upper border of the nasal passage is on a line with the inner
or vitreous table of the fronto-parietal walls of the cranium, but in
the other the same limiting border of the nasal inlet is almost level
with the floor of the cerebral cavity. In the young animal the
cavity of the frontal sinus extends somewhat further backwards at
the sides than it does in the median plane; nevertheless, the accom-
panying illustration affords a tolerably fair estimate of its capacity.
The sphenoidal sinus exhibits comparatively limited dimensions.

In the present communication I do not enter into details respect-
ing the form and relations of the separate cranial elements, reserving
these (as well as considerations affecting the dentition, and also cer-
tain skeletal peculiarities) for future observation, when I shall have
had an opportunity of more minutely examining the dried bones.
In the meantime, however, I cannot allow this opportunity to pass
without distinctly expressing my adhesion to the early opinion and
carefully recorded observations of Riippell, as to the existence of a
third epiphysial horn in the male Nubian Giraffe. I have satisfied
myself as to the substantial accuracy of Riippell’s views, not merely
from the dissection of two young males, but from a close inspection
of several adult crania contained in the Museum of the Royal College
of Surgeons; and I have been even more persuaded as to the cer-
tainty of the presence of a third so-called horn in this animal by an
examination of the admirably prepared skeleton of a male giraffe
preserved in Dr. Harrison’s Museum at Trinity College, Dublin*,
together with the skull of another specimen which died in the
Society’s Menagerie about two years ago. I have recently been
informed that the animal last mentioned was a female, which, if
true, renders the argument still more interesting. At all events, I
agree with those who, with Riippell and Cuvier, insist upon the
recognition of a third horn in the male, and, although opposed in
this persuasion by the opinion of Prof. Owen, I am nevertheless
glad to observe its existence fully corroborated by the independent
researches of Jager.

* The Dublin specimen (also bred in the Zoological Society’s Menagerie) was a
remarkably fine animal. The late Dr. Ball informed me that it died during
sexual excitement, while in the act of assaulting a sheep which had been placed
in the same paddock.

+ Dr. Jager makes the following statement in a foot note to his Memoir pre-
viously quoted :—‘ In the skull of a young male in the collection at Munich,
whose horns are scarcely two inches long, and likewise separated, there is, in the
place of the third central horn, a rather strongly marked elevation of the frontal
bone, but no trace of an epiphysis. In the skull (19 inches long) of a male
received a short time ago froth the north of Africa, through Dr. Heuglin, which
skull we believe to be mature, the suture of the hind horns (14 inches high) is
still perceptible, but the serrated borders are almost firmly united to the frontal
and parietal bones. The mesial horn, however, is still quite separated by the
epiphysial cartilage from the frontal and nasal bones, whose sutures are not yet
obliterated, as also obtains in the other cranial bones. The anterior margin of
the central horn-bone projects about one inch over the posterior limit of the
nasal bone. From thence the anterior part of the horn rises to the tip, forming
a very gradual slope, while the posterior inclination is comparatively steep and
short. It results from this that the central horn unites with the bones much
later than the hinder horns, which are common to both sexes.”

103

Before passing to the consideration of certain intestinal peculi-

arities, I cannot omit noticing a few additional points of general
interest. As in the aged animal, so also in the young individual,
the cerebellum is situated on a level with, and is not overlapped by,
the cerebrum. In the Edinburgh specimen I found the rudimental
uvula to consist of three small, conical, and closely approximated
papillee, but in the present example there are only two minute pro-
cesses of a similar character, united at the base and subsequently
diverging from one another at right angles. From former exami-
nations, I feel quite certain that the fibres of the ligamentum nuche do
not exhibit, under the microscope, any transverse striation, neither
in the fresh state nor when dried, and I cannot but suppose that the
appearances indicated by Prof. Quekett must have been accidental.
Except in the truly anomalous instance described by Prof. Owen—
where a double gall-bladder occurred in a female—all previously
recorded dissections of the giraffe point to the absence of a gall-
bladder ; and this rule, which also holds good in the case before us,
very strongly indicates the Cervine affinities of the genus.
_ Without entering upon a minute description of the parasites
infesting the Giraffe, I may here notice that a careful scrutiny of
the viscera of the Society’s young specimen has enabled me to add
yet another species to the list.of Entozoa. From the liver and sub-
lingual cellular tissues of the Edinburgh specimen I obtained nume-
rous Cysticerci and Cercarie, together with about forty examples of
an unusually large fluke* ; and though neither of these helminthic
forms existed in the present instance, the cecum was nevertheless
abundantly supplied with Trichocephali, markedly different from those
so commonly found in man. Provisionally, I recognize this nema-
tode entozoon under the combined generic and specific title of
Trichocephalus gracilis+.

In regard to certain peculiar modifications of structure found in
the alimentary canal, I have, in the first place, to remark the
presence of valvular folds at the anterior border of Peyer’s glands.
All the agminated follicles or patches do not exhibit this smgular
folding, only three or four of the glands being thus extended; in
these, however, the duplication was even more developed than re-
presented in my original figure in the Article “‘ Ruminantia”’ previ-
ously cited. In the Society’s young giraffe, also, the lateral margins
of the glands are more elevated, whilst well-marked transverse ridges
pass across the follicles from side to side. Morphologically speak-
ing, these rudimental partitions undoubtedly represent the lobular
foldings of ordinary compound glands—a view which is more clearly
brought out by considering the complexity of that unique differen-
tiation which I have next to notice. From the juvenile character of
the Society’s animal I scarcely expected to detect more than a mere

* Fasciola gigantea mihi, in Mem. loc. cit.

+ From other animals which have more or less recently died at the Society's
Menagerie, [ have procured a variety of interesting Entozoa. See two Memoirs
in the Linnean Society’s Transactions, vol. xxii. pp. 155, 363. Plates 31-33,
and 63.

104

trace of those remarkable glandular pouches which I originally dis-
covered in a giraffe about two years old; in this, however, I have
been agreeably surprised, and have found a structure still more com-
plicated, although the secerning or follicular tissue is so little marked
as to be scarcely visible to the naked eye (Pl. LXXVIII.)*. In
Wombwell’s giraffe, which died at Edinburgh, only seven of the sacs
were found complete and bordered by very attenuated walls; but in
the Society’s specimen there are at least twenty circumscribed fossz.
Ten of these exhibit very small outlets, whilst two or three of the
larger and more patent sacculi display secondary pouches in their
interior. As the drawing sufficiently illustrates the relative form
and disposition of these sacs, it is scarcely necessary to describe them
more fully ; but no one, I think, can possibly fail to recognize the
morphological signification of this singular development in its en-
tirety. Among the various known modes of extension of the intes-
tinal glandular element, there is nothing comparable to it throughout
the entire range of the vertebrate series. Special induplications of
the alimentary membranes are here and there produced to meet the
exigencies of certain mammalian species, but no one, I believe, has
hitherto observed a similar development exclusively involving Peyer’s
patches. It is now, therefore, even more perceivable that the com-
pound agminated follicles may be legitimately associated with the
highly developed compound lobulated glands, such as the sublinguals,
the parotids, and the tonsils; and the latter, again, may be regarded
as morphologically analogous, and even serially homologous with
the highly organized liver and pancreas. In the Giraffe, indeed, the
tonsils display a remarkably capacious excretory outlet common to
all the lobules—a circumstance rendering the above comparison still
more significant.

There is also yet another aspect in which this honeycombed in-
testinal gland is entitled to assume especial prominence, namely, as
a zoological character. Here I am aware that I am likely to meet
with opposition from those who ignore the value of anatomical
investigations ; nevertheless, with all due deference to others, I must,
in the present instance, be permitted to uphold the validity of the
persuasion which argues that no viscus or system of tissues should
be excluded from the characters employed in the determination of
zoological affinity—certainly not, at least, when any marked devia-
tion from a classic, ordinal, or generic type is sufficient to impart

* It is remarkable that Prof. Owen should have entirely overlooked this
peculiar formation, since nothing can be more precise and correct than his de-
scription of the subjacent ilio-colic valve. In the Memoir, loc. cit. p. 227, he
says :— The termination of the ilium forms a circular tumid lip within the
cecum, and presents a less efficient mechanical obstacle to regurgitation than in
the human subject.”

Prof. Joly and Mons. Lavocat, although they have given a complete résumé of
the writings and investigations of no less than forty eminent anatomists and
zoologists, thus summarily dismiss their account of the cecum (Mem. J. c. p.35) :
—‘ Le ceeum n’offre rien de particulier, si ce n’est son volume assez peu con-
sidérable, quand on le compare a celui des autres ruminants, et surtout A celui
du cheval.”

105

distinctive cogency to the balance of hypothetical analysis. I firmly
believe that the comparative perfection of our knowledge of the
proper definitive allocation and relative position of organized beings
— whether arranged in groups, species, or individualities—depends
solely on the accuracy and grasp which an extended experience and
observation alone can supply; and I respectfully submit that no
structural phzenomenon, great or small, external or internal, scarce
or invariable, can be too unimportant to be carelessly eschewed.
We have seen the highest animal existences organically linked with
the members of the vegetable kingdom by the discovery of starch in
the human brain, whilst the abundant presence’ of cellulose in the
Tunicated Molluscs affords a more striking illustration of the funda-
mental unity of all organized being. Without enlarging further,
however, on general facts and principles, I return to the direct
subject-matter of this paper, in order to enforce more strongly the
zoological value of the glandular body above described. The giraffe
is an animal admittedly osculant between the Cervine, Antilopine,
and Cameline ruminants—partaking of characters more or less com-
mon to all these groups; and here we have (in addition to the
peculiar horns, and the partially distinctive cranial, lingual, and
external modifications subservient to the animal’s mode of existence)
an entirely unique development connected with the digestive system.
When, therefore, it is considered that this marked peculiarity is not
known to be shared by the allied families above referred to, and that
the complexity of the organ has arriyed at a point far beyond the
ordinary development of Peyer’s patches, I think it but fair that
zoologists should candidly admit the utility of anatomical researches
and welcome any structural discovery which gives aid to their defi-
nitions, and which, in the instance under consideration, palpably
justifies the recognition of the giraffe as the type of a separate
family. I consider the force of this argument is in no degree less-
ened by the circumstance, that, on separate and at the same time
thoroughly judicious grounds, Dr. Gray and others have already
advocated this separation, the most striking character which they
employ for this purpose having reference to the existence of pseudo-
ceratophorous epiphyses permanently invested by a hairy integu-
ment,

In conclusion, I may remark that zoological science should not
be allowed to resemble an eviscerated carcass, but its proportions
should be shaped and its constituent parts welded together by data
gathered from every phase of biological inquiry, though this may
oceasionally involve a prominent recognition of deep-seated ana-
tomical appearances, and sometimes even extend to purely chemico-
vital manifestations.

2. ON THE OccURRENCE oF AMERICAN Birps tN EvrRore.
By Herr H. GArKke or HELIGOLAND.

The route by which American birds proceed to Europe is, as
Yarrell justly terms it, “an interesting problem, of difficult solu-

106

tion.” For years this solution has occupied my attention, and
although I have myself always been convinced that such of these
entirely American birds as occasionally visit Europe do reach us by
a passage across the Atlantic, this remains a mere opinion, carrying
no weight if unsupported by facts, or by at least sufficient argument
to make good the question at issue.

The mere comparative review of the occasional visitors among the
birds of Great Britain and of Germany will lead to the conclusion
that the route of American birds to Europe must needs be a voyage
across the Atlantic, for, almost all the additions to the birds of
Europe, of species purely American, have been obtained in Great
Britain—which could not have been the case if they had proceeded
in any other than an eastern direction—whilst the additions by Ger-
many, furnished to the European Ornis, consist nearly entirely of
birds belonging to Asia.

However striking the result of such a comparative review may be,
one question will always present itself, namely :—Whether it be pos- .
sible for a bird to sustain an uninterrupted flight sufficient to carry
it across the wide expanse of the Atlantic. I am convinced that this
is possible, and shall endeavour to prove such possibility.

This purpose necessitates a measure for the rate of locomotion of
a bird through the atmosphere. Fora long time I vainly endeavoured
to obtain reliable data upon which to found an estimation of the rate
of flight of birds—when at last I hit upon a passage in Yarrell’s
‘ British Birds,’ ii. p. 295, where, speaking of the Carrier Pigeon, he
mentions the fact of one of these birds having performed a flight of
150 miles in an hour anda half: it was on the 24th of June 1833;
the Pigeon flew from Rouen to Ghent ; sixteen others flew the same
distance in two hours and a half.

Wonderful as this instance of swiftness of the flight of a bird may
appear, it certainly is still surpassed by birds when on their period-
ical migrations ; for, the above feat was accomplished by an indivi-
dual hatched and reared in at least semi-confinement, whose powers
of flight consequently could not be nearly so well developed as in a
bird grown up wild and free, which nearly every hour of his life ‘has
to depend on the utility of its wings, either for the purpose of over-
taking its prey, or for that of escaping from being caught.

Laying down, therefore, 100 geographical miles per hour as the
rate of flight of birds during distant migration, one keeps—after
the above—quite within safe bounds, and, at this rate, the 1600
geographical miles from Newfoundland to Ireland would be effected
in sixteen hours. No orithologist will doubt for a moment the
capability of a healthy bird to sustain a flight of that duration ;
during the long summer days many of the Hirwndinide are on the
wing for as long a period, and although their flight may be inter-
rupted by occasional rests of very short duration, it is performed in
the lower, less buoyant atmosphere, and consists of so many evolu-
tions, that most decidedly it must on the whole be much more tiresome
than the straight path in the pure upper regions of a bird bent on
the performance of one long pilgrimage.

107

Even supposing that birds become exhausted before accomplishing
the passage across the ocean, observations I have made in the vici-
nity of this island have fully convinced me that small birds, such as
Thrushes, Buntings, Finches, &c., are able to rest on the sea—even
when a little in motion—and afterwards to resume and pursue their
flight with fresh vigour. Of this I shall give the particulars further
on; but, for the present, return to the above question, by giving an
instance of endurance on the wing of a species which, with pretty
good certainty, may be said every spring to perform in the period of
one night a flight of more than 1200 geographical miles; namely,
from Egypt to Heligoland—the bird in question being a particular
form of Blue-throated Warbler, Sylvia ceerulecula, Pallas.

This pretty little bird, noted not at all either for rapidity or great
endurance of flight, has its summer quarters in the high northern
latitudes of Sweden, Finland, and Siberia, whereas during the winter
months it is staying principally in Egypt. On its spring migration,
which takes place during the earlier half of May, the first place
north of Egypt where it is to be found with certainty in pretty con-
siderable numbers is Heligoland. Nowhere in the whole intermediate
- distance is it met with but as a great rarity—not even on the neigh-

bouring north coast of Germany—whilst here in Heligoland I have
oftentimes obtained it in such numbers that more than twenty of the
finest adult male birds have been bought by me in one day, and per-
haps the same number by the bird-stuffers of the island. The fore-
going admits of one conclusion only, namely, that this little bird per-
forms the passage from Egypt to Heligoland in one uninterrupted
flight, travellmg—as many of the other small Insectivore do—
during the night, starting towards sunset and arriving here about sun-
rise, or a little later, the time occupie being from twelve to fourteen
hours. The distance from Egypt to Heligoland being about 400
geographical miles less than that between Newfoundland and Ireland,
the rate of flight of this delicate little bird may be put down the same
as that rendered by the above-mentioned Carrier-Pigeon, and con-
sequently furnishes a further proof that a healthy well-flying bird is
able to cross from the nearest point of America to Ireland without
rest or any extraordinary support whatever.

In the foregoing I alluded to the aptness of non-natatorial birds of
resting, in case of exhaustion, on the sea, and of rising from it after
having recovered sufficient strength to resume their flight ; and that
at times too, when the water is far from being unruffied. This state-
ment is based on the following observations. One day, when out in a
boat shooting, about two or three miles from Heligoland, I observed
a very small bird swimming on the water. Neither the boatman nor
myself being able to discern what species it belonged to, we became
very eager to secure the stranger—conjecturing that it would turn
out to be some wonderful rarity. When preparing to fire, I fortu-
nately discovered that the expected prize was nothing but a Song-
thrush! Immediately our desire to kill was changed into compassion :
the “poor Thrush” in so piteous a situation was to be “saved.”
But how great was our astonishment, when, upon the approach of the

108

boat, the bird without any apparent difficulty rose from the water
and flew towards Heligoland in first-rate style! Another time we saw
a Snow-Bunting, evidently exhausted very much, because it was float-
ing scarcely 500 yards from the island. At the approach of my
boat, this bird also very lightly rose from the water, but it was so
weak that it had to resume its unnatural resting-place after proceed-
ing about thirty or forty yards towards the rocks. We went after
it again, and for a third time, but with the same result, whereupon
we refrained from all further attempts at forcing our well-intended
assistance upon so obstinate a fellow—the more so, as we entertained
no doubts that after a little rest he would obtain a more solid foot-
ing without any help of ours.

I will give one more instance of this propensity in birds—m all
my experience, the most striking : this time it was a Mountain-Finch
which had been compelled to alight for rest on the water of the sea ;
it was about three miles east of Heligoland. When this bird was
approached by the boat, it rose very easily, mounted into the air to
a great height—as birds do when starting for their migratorial ex-
cursions—and then struck out steadily in a southern direction, with-
out taking any notice whatever of the island.

Although I believe in the foregomg to have proved sufficiently the
possibility of birds being capable to cross on the wing from the
United States of America to Great Britain, the greatest probability
that they do so is still shown by the proportion the number of
American birds obtained in Great Britain bears to that of those ob-
tained in the whole of Europe. Yarrell, in his ‘ British Birds,’ 1845,
mentions more than forty instances cf that description ; Tringa ru-
fescens and Scolopax grisea having been obtained six times each!
whereas, Germany, Holland, and France together offer but very few
instances—some of which scarcely rest on good authority.

Heligoland seems to forma happy centre. Here the Gulls of the
Arctic Sea, Larus rossii and sabinii, meet the Numidian Crane, Grus
virgo, Lanius phenicurus, and other African birds ; whilst the United
States send Mimus rufus and T. lividus, Sylvicola virens, Charadrius
virginicus, and others, to meet deputations from the far east of Asia
consisting of Turdus ruficollis and T. varius, Sylvia javanica, S. cali-
gata, and S. certhiola, Emberiza rustica, E. pusilla, and E. aureola,
Pyrrhula rosea and a great many others.

All these birds, together with a great number of acquisitions quite
as valuable for the European Ornis, all captured on this island, are
preserved in my collection—a collection, which, although scarcely
approaching to three hundred specimens, has, by Blasius, been pro-
nounced to be “the most interesting between Paris and Petersburg.”

Heligoland, January 1860.

4.8. Aves CLX

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109

3. ON some BrrpS COLLECTED tn ANGoLA. By Dr. G. Harr-
LAUB, OF BREMEN, AND J. J. MonTEIRO.

(Aves, Pl. CLXI.)

The twenty-two birds hereinafter enumerated were obtained by me
in Angola, at the port of Ambriz, and at Bembe, about 130 miles in
the interior, during my residence there in 1858 and 1859. Bembe
is a Portuguese settlement, where there are Malachite copper-mines,
at present worked by an English Company. It liesin a mountainous
district, belonging to the clay-slate formation, traversed by numerous
valleys and water-courses, in which the vegetation is very luxuriant.
Dr. G. Hartlaub, of Bremen, who is our best authority on West
African Ornithology, has kindly determined the species.—(J. J. M.)

1. Mrcrontsus MonocRAMmicus (Temm.), var. Meriv. Dif-
fert .a specimine Senegalensi fasciis abdominalibus latioribus ;
‘fascia caude media strictiore; notis longitudinalibus gutiuris
muito strictioribus minusque conspicuis.

Long. tota cirea 134", ale 8" 2'", caudee 53", tarsi ie,

I consider this bird to be a southern local race of the well-
known M. monogrammicus of Senegambia and the upper Bahr-el-
Abiad, where Brun-Rollet and Heuglin found it.—(G. H.) Brought
to me alive at Ambriz on the coast, and kept some days alive.—
(J. J. M.)

2. CAPRIMULGUS FULVIVENTRIS, n.sp. Supra in fundo late
fulvo-rufescente nigricante fasciolatus et vermiculatus ; maculis
pilei medii subtriquetris nigerrimis, pulchre conspicuis ; ale parte
dorso proxima simili modo notata ; remigibus nigris, macula alba
ut in congeneribus notatis ; tertiariis alarumque tectricibus fulvo
nigroque variegatis ; rectricibus 4 mediis obscurius nigro rufoque
variegatis et irregulariter fasciatis, binis externis pro maxima
parte albis, tertia parte basali unicolore nigra ; gutiure in fundo
lete fulvo nigro fasciato ; macula gulari et vitta brevi triangulart
albis ; pectore et abdomine lete fulvis, unicoloribus, subalaribus
et subcaudalibus lete fulvis ; vibrissis rictalibus brevibus, debili-
bus, rostri apice nigro. ’

Long. 83", ale 5" 7", caudee 31", rostr. a fr. 5!". -

A true Caprimulgus, and very probably a new one.—(G. H.)
Common at Bembe and on the coast. In flocks of five or six, hawk-
ing for flies in the evening close to the ground. Eyes very large.
Native name “ Lubutarubuta.”—(J. J. M.)

3. Coractas cAuDATA, L.

Very common on the coast, but not met with inland beyond twenty
or thirty miles. Seen flying about with irregular flight all through
the day, chattering much, and feeding on Orthoptera. One kept
five months in captivity subsisted on raw beef. Native name “ Taca-
mantaca.’’—(J. J. M.)

110

4, HALCYON CINEREIFRONS, Vieill.

The first description of this well-known and widely distributed
Species was made from an Angolan specimen obtained by Perrein.
Cassin has indicated it as occurring about Natal.—(G.H.)

Not uncommon near Bembe in the thick woods at the bottoms of
the ravines, where there is water. Subsists on insects. Seen sitting
on a branch, head aloft, whence they dart forth to secure their prey,
and return. Called ‘‘ Telampuica.”—(J. J. M.)

5. NECTARINIA ANGOLENSIS, Less.
6. NECTARINIA CYANOL&MA, Jard.
7. NECTARINIA CHLOROLEMA, Jard.

8. NECTARINIA CYANUOCEPHALA, Sh.

These four Sunbirds were all obtained at Bembe, where this group
of birds is abundant, both in species and individuals. They are seen
in the hottest part of the day haunting the flowering plants, never
settling but hovering, whilst they extract the honey from the flowers.
—(J. J. M.)

Three of those Nectarinia, Nos. 5, 7 and 8, were already known
to inhabit Angola, the fourth, NV. cyanolema, had been collected only
in those northern parts of Western Africa, Fernando Po, Gaboon, and
even as high up as Galam, whence there is a specimen in the Paris
Museum. Three very fine species of Nectarinie collected by Per-
rein in Angola, N. erythrothorax, N. rubescens, and N. perreinii,
all three described by Vieillot, have never been found again, and do
not exist in any collection. We call the particular attention of Mr.
Monteiro to these lost species.—(G. H.)

9. ANTHUS GOULDII, Fras.

Very probably this species. The pectoral spots nearly obsolete.
The whole colouring singularly uniform.—(G. H.) Very common
on the grassy plains near Bembe. Rises with a whirring noise
from the grass when disturbed, but does not sing or utter any note.

—(J. JBL).

10. CossyPHA NATALENSIS, Smith.

This fine species was never known before to inhabit Western
Africa.—(G.H.) Frequents the woody ravines near Bembe. The
muscular stomach of one specimen examined contained remains of
insects. Native name “ Taranganga.”’—(J. J. M.)

11. BuraLis LUGENS, n.sp. Cinerea, subtus pallidior, abdomine
imo medio, crisso et subcaudalibus albis; subalaribus cinereis ;
gula nonnihil longitudinaliter varia; alis et cauda fuscescenti-
nigris ; scapis plumarum pilei nigris ; tectricibus ale minoribus
scapularibusque nigris, obsolete cinerascente limbatis ; rostro nigro,
pedibus fuscis.

Long. 54", rostr. a fr. 6", alee 2" 8!", caud. a bas. 2! 3!", tars. 64".

111

Apparently a true Muscicapa, or, subgenerically, a Butalis, though
the beak is rather long. In the Stutgardt collection there is a spe-
cimen of this bird from the interior of South Africa. I have tried
without success to discover a description of it somewhere.—(G. H.)
Not very common at Bembe, and, I believe, unknown on the coast.
Shot in a wooded ravine near a rivulet. Called ‘“‘ Engumbeashedivco.”

—(J. J. M.)

12. TcuH1rREA MELAMPYRA, Verr.

Common in the wooded ravines near Bembe; native name “ En-
gundobeoli anfinda;”’ recognizable by its peculiar cry, but difficult to
see, keeping in the densest thickets.—(J. J. M.)

13. Dryoscopus ANGOLENSIS, Hartlaub, n. sp. Supra obscure
cinereus, uropygio pallidiore ; remigibus fuscis, cinerascente mar-
ginatis; pileo toto, nucha colloque postico nigerrimis, nitore
nonnullo chalybeo, plumulis pilet sericeis, brevissimis ; rectricibus
obsolete fuscescentibus, mediis potius cinerascentibus, scapis supra
nigris, subtus albis ; subtus pallide cinerascens, gutture et subala-
ribus albis; rostro nigro, pedibus fuscis ; iride obscure cerulea.

Long. circa 72", rostr. a fr. 84", alee 3! 2'", caud. a bas. 3",
tars. 94!"

Decidedly new, and not quite typical. The characteristic de-
velopment of the rump-feathers, so conspicuous in all the typical
Dryoscopi, is very little apparent in this new one, and the structure
of the curiously short and silk-like feathers of the crown is also very
peculiar. Beak strongly carinated.—(G. H.) Common near Bembe
in the thick wood. Stomach very large, and full of Indian corn and
seeds. Native name “ Entuecula.”—(J.J.M.)

14. EUPLECTES FLAMMICEPS, Sw.

Angola is certainly the most southern locality of this species on
the west coast. Its northern frontier seems to be the Gambia.
Von Pelzeln writes me that there is a specimen at Vienna obtained
by Bojer on the island of Zanzibar.—(G. H.) Very common at Bembe,
but not seen on the coast ; found among the high grass.—(J.J. M.)

15. SPERMESTES POENSIS, Fras.
Seen in flocks in the high grass at Bembe.—(J. J. M.)

16. PyTeLIA MONTEIRI, n. sp. (Pl. CLXI.) Supra cinerea,
dorso distincte olivascente ; uropygio et supra-caudalibus obscure
coccineis, maculis nonnullis albis, rotundatis ; alis et cauda brun-
neo-cinerascentibus ; macula gulari longitudinali intense cinna-
barina ; pectore et abdomine dilute et lete cinnamomeis, maculis
rotundatis albis pulchre et confertim notatis ; subalaribus palli-
dius rufo alboque variis ; subcaudalibus brunneo alboque late et
conspicue fasciatis ; rostro nigricante ; pedibus rubellis.

Long. 41”, rostr. a fr. 5’, alee 2” 2’", caudee 14”, tars. 6”.

This beautiful little Finch is the pride of Mr. Monteiro’s collection.

112

It is undoubtedly new, and I take great pleasure in naming it after its
discoverer. May he add many more interesting novelties to our
knowledge of African ornithology !—(G. H.) Only one specimen
was obtained of this Finch. It was brought to me alive, having been
trapped by a native near Bembe. Said to be found in flocks, like
Spermestes poénsis.—(J. J .M.)

17. LAMPROCOLIUS SPLENDIDUS (Vieill.).

Tolerably common at Bembe, and more so near the coast, being
found in flocks of from twenty to thirty. It has a clear whistle like
a Starling (Stwrnus). There is another smaller species of this group
very abundant.

18. ZANCLOSTOMUS ZNEUS, Vieill.

First described by Perrein from an Angolan specimen.—(G. H.)
Found only in the interior.—(J. J. M.)

19. CHALCITES SMARAGDINEUS, Sw.

Brought to me alive from Encége, two days’ journey to the south
of Bembe, where they are said to be abundant.—(J. J. M.)

20. TRERON NUDIROSTRIS, Sw.

Identical with Abyssinian specimens.—(G.H.) Very common
both on the coast and in the interior. Fat and good toeat. Found
generally among the branches of the Adansonia digitata, which is
very abundant on the coast. This pigeon is called ‘ Eneuturuga.”

fs |

21. PorpHyRIO ALLENI, Thomp.

Differing from Abyssinian specimens only in the rather darker and
more olive shade of the back.—(G. H.) Very abundant in the
interior. I had seven alive at one time in my garden at Bembe.
They are very tame in captivity. Ina wild state, they haunt the
rivulets and marshes, and are known as “ Lnsuso en maza,”’ or
Waterhen.—(J. J. M.)

22. Suva carensis, Licht.

Seen at Ambriz on the beach, where it is common, and subse-
quently at Loanda.—(J. J. M.)

In conclusion, I may remark that the Black-cheeked Monkey
(Cercopithecus melanogenys) described by Dr. Gray in the Proceed-
ings of this Society for 1849, and figured Mamm. PI. IX. fig. 1, is
very abundant at Encége, three days’ journey to the south of Bembe.
About Bembe I have seen but one species, probably of the same
genus, but of much larger size and of uniform colouring.—/(J.J.M.)

dar 389 _—

TY etrdey 7005

113

4. Nores on THe Hasirs or Menura avserti. By A. A.
Leycester, Esa. (IN A LerrerR ADDRESSED TO JOHN
Gov tp, Esa., F.R.S., &c.)

The habits of this bird are very similar to those of the Menura
superba, as described by Mr. Gould, but, as that gentleman has
begged for a full description of them, I send all the particulars I
have been able to collect.

The Menura alberti is famous for its most extraordinary mocking
capabilities. It is found only on the Brisbane and Tweed rivers and
in the neighbourhood of their waters. It inhabits the rushes, and
generally chooses a sandy soil for its locality. I never saw more
than a pair together, male and female. Each male bird has his
walk or boundary, and gives battle if another male encroaches on it.
He commences singing some time before the dawn of day, being the
earliest of the forest-birds in this respect. His song is much varied,
as besides his own peculiar note he imitates the cries of all the birds
in the bush, such as the Laughing Jackass (Dacelo gigas), and even
the mournful howl of the Owl and the thrilling scream of the
Curlew. When singing and playing about he spreads his tail over
his back like a peacock. He scratches and picks at the earth while
singing, which he generally does until about an hour after sunrise.
He then becomes silent, and remains so until about an hour before
sunset, when he again commences, and continues singing and playing
about until it is quite dark. This Menura feeds entirely upon insects,
mostly small beetles, mingled with a goodly proportion of sand. It
has no crop or upper stomach. The male bird is about four years
old before he gets his full tail, as I have proved by shooting ex-
amples in full feather with the tail in four different stages of develop-
ment; the two centre curved feathers are the last to make their
appearance. It breeds in winter, commencing its nest in May, laying
in June, and hatching its young in July. It generally builds on
some bare rock where there is a sufficient shelter for a lodgment, so
that no animals or vermin can approach. The nest is cohstructed of
small sticks interwoven with long dry roots and moss, the inside
being composed of the skeleton leaf of the parasitica] tree-fern,
which makes an inside lining, and is very similar to horse-hair. It
is completely rain-proof, and has an entrance at the side. The hen
lays only one egg of a very dull colour, looking as if it had been
blotched over with ink. The young bird when first hatched is
covered with a white down, and remains in the nest about six weeks
before it takes its departure. The flesh is not good for food, being
of a dark colour, tough and dry. The aboriginal name is Colwin.

5. On tue Reptiues or Sram. By Dr. Avsert GinTuER.
(Reptilia, Pl. XXIII.)
There is no part of Tropical Asia of which the Amphibio-fauna

is so little known as that of Siam. The only information on the
No. 424.—Procrepines or THE ZooutoeicaL Society.

1l4

subject must be gathered from some old works, and this is scanty
enough, as we shall see hereafter. And yet, what has been con-
sidered down to the present day the scarcest and most remarkable
species of Snake—Herpeton tentaculatum—proves now to be an in-
habitant of this very country. A collection of reptiles, transmitted
last year by M. Mouhot to the British Museum, contains two speci-
mens of this Reptile, beautifully preserved in every respect, and also
twenty-two other species. We thus gain a first step to a fuller
knowledge of Siamese Herpetology. I proceed to give an account of
this collection.

1. Emys s1AMENsIs, Gray.
2. CALOTES VERSICOLOR, Daud.
3. GecKO vERUS, Merr.

4, TiL1QUA RUFESCENS, Shaw.

This species varies very much: the posterior frontals form a more
or less broad suture together in some of the specimens, whilst in
others they are entirely separated from each other by the intervening
medial shield. The black lateral streak is most conspicuous in indi-
viduals of middle age, and is gradually lost in older ones; it dis-
appears entirely if the epidermis is stripped off. Young individuals
are uniform blackish-ash, minutely speckled with whitish.

5. XENOPELTIS UNICOLOR, Reinw.
6. TYPHLOPS DIARDII.
7. CALAMARIA QUADRIMACULATA, Dum. et Bibr.

8. SIMOTES TRINOTATUS, Dum. et Bibr., var.

Duméril states correctly the number of longitudinal series of scales,
which is twenty-one. The Siamese specimen, however, differs in the
coloration, having the belly pure white, the back reddish-olive, some
scales being blackish, and forming transverse streaks in regular inter-
spaces, but not three distinct series of spots.

9. TRopIpONoTUS QuincuNctatTuS, Schleg. var. F., Gthr.

10. HypstrHinA AiR, Wagl. Variety without series of spots on
the belly or tail.

11. HerPeTON TENTACULATUM, Lacép. (Pl. XXIII.)

This Snake is hitherto known from a single discoloured specimen
only, which has served for all the descriptions published. After the
account and the figure given by Schlegel, it does not appear neces-
sary to repeat a description of the form, or of the shields and scales,
in which our specimens do not show any difference. The larger of

115

the specimens is an adult male, 25 inches long, the smaller half-grown,
13 inches long. The coloration and the dentition are as follows :—

The ground-colour of the broad back is brown or olive-brown,
bordered on each side by a black line, which becomes indistinct
posteriorly, and is more conspicuous in the young specimen ; those
black lines are separated from each other by five or six series of
scales, and show button-like swellings in regular interspaces ; black
transverse lines run obliquely from one line to the other, most con-
spicuous on the anterior part of the trunk, whilst they appear in
the form of specks towards the middle of the length, entirely dis-
appearing posteriorly. A blackish-brown band proceeds from the
tentacle through the upper half of the eye along the side of the body
to the end of the tail; it occupies two to three series of scales, and
is separated from another similar band, running along the lower part
of the side, by a brownish-yellow band-like interspace. The lower
of the blackish bands is confluent with the upper on the side of the
vent. The lower parts are brownish-yellow, with a pair of darker
longitudinal streaks, flanking the abdominal shields. There is a
series of white or faint rose-coloured, posteriorly black-edged, spots on
each side between the ventral and the lower lateral band ; they form
very distinct and elegant markings in the younger specimen, where
they are continued to the vent, forming altogether twenty-four pairs;
some of them are opposite to those of the other side, others alternate
with them. These spots are less bright in the old specimen, and
distinct only on the anterior part of the belly. The lower lip has a
yellowish margin, and there are two wavy yellow lines along the
throat. .

Duméril made a mistake in suggesting that Herpeton has a long
and grooved posterior maxillary tooth, like the snakes of his family
of “ Platyrhiniens.” All the teeth are of equal length, and not one
is grooved. They are of moderate strength and somewhat closely
set, and there are ten in the upper, and as many in the lower jaw.
The series of the palatine and pterygoid bones is formed of fifteen
or sixteen. Another very remarkable peculiarity is found in the
structure of the intestines, which in the posterior third of the length
of the trunk form a big mass of twelve or thirteen convolutions.
Having found the same in dcrochordus javanicus, I do not hesitate
to remove Herpeton from Homalopsis and the genera allied to it
(which have the usual simple intestinal tractus), and to place it be-
side Acrochordus. Hornstedt has found undigested fruits in the sto-
mach of the latter.

12. Sprtores RADIATUS, Reinw.

13. CoRYPHODON BLUMENBACHII, Merr. The keels of the
scales are not distinct in very young individuals,

14. CoryPHODON KORROS, Reinw.
15. CHRYSOPELEA ORNATA, Shaw, var. 6, Gthr.

16, TRImESURUS ALBOLABRIS, Gray.

116
17. OxyeGxossus t1mA, Tschudi.
18, Rana viTTicerA, Wiegm.
19. Buro MELANOSsTICTUS, Schneid.
20, PoLyPEDATES MACULATUS, Gray.
21. HyLaARANA ERYTHR2ZA, Schleg.
22. KaLouLa PuLcHRA, Gray.
23. PLETHODON PERSIMILIS, Gray.

The earliest notice of Siamese Reptiles is found in Tavernier (‘Col-
lection of Travels through Turkey into Persia and the East Indies,’
Lond. 1684, fol.). In Part 2, book iii. chap. xvili., speaking of the
kingdom of Siam, he says, p. 189, “‘ There are some serpents, two foot
long, with two heads ; but one of them has no motion. There is also
another creature, like our Salamander, with a forked tail, and very
venomous.”

We learn more from the Jesuit Tachard, who published a ‘ Voyage
de Siam des péres Jésuites,’ Amsterd. 1689, 8vo. He mentions,
p- 155, Gecko verus with the name of Toquet, and describes the
species as “ Lézards fort vénimeux, trouvés dans les maisons de la
ville de Siam” (Juthia). In his other work, ‘Second voyage du pére
Tachard et des Jésuites envoyés par le roy au royaume de Siam,’
Paris, 1689, 4to, he gives a figure of the same species, and describes
its anatomy, p. 276.

P. Goiiye (‘ Observations physiques et mathématiques, envoyées de
Siam 4 l’Académie royale par les péres Jésuites,’ etc., Paris, 1688,
8vo.) knows two Siamese reptiles: the one (p. 47, pl. 3) is again
Gecko verus: ‘Le toc-kaie est deux fois plus gros que les lézards
verts qu’on voit en France,” etc. ‘ En criant il articule trés distincte-
ment les deux syllabes toc-kaie.”” The other is a Crocodile (p. 2,
pl. 1, 2) “‘trouvée dans la fleave Menam, qui baigne le pied des rem-
parts de Louvo; nom. Ta-kaie.”’ Cuvier (Ann. Mus. x. p. 5).
pl. 1, f. 9) has established Crocodilus galeatus, from Goiiye’s account,
and a skull sent by the Jesuits to Paris. Nothing else is known of
this species.

Kiimpfer, who had visited Siam in 1690, mentions in his ‘ Ge-
schichte und Beschreibung von Japan,’ Lemgo, 1777, 4to. p. 24,
venomous water-snakes in the river of Juthia, making their appear-
ance every seventh or tenth year, at the end of the month of May.
Several people, bitten by the snakes, died, and every body was pro-
hibited, by a royal order, to bathe or to wash in the river. The
snakes are said to be not longer than a finger, and not bigger than a
leech, brown- or blue-coloured. This story of small venomous
freshwater-snakes is not less doubtful than that of the big Sea-
serpent.

Crawford (‘Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and

117

Cochinchina,’ Lond. 1828, 4to.) observes, pp. 434, 435, that Tor-
toises and Crocodiles are not so frequent in the Menam as in the
Ganges, that Lizards and Snakes are very numerous: “some were
obtained even in the court-yard of our dwelling ; among those we
found no poisonous ones. The Hooded-snake, Coluber naja, is known
to exist; also a Python 12-13 feet long.”

From notices made by Sir J. Bowring in ‘The Kingdom and
People of Siam,’ Lond. 1857, 8vo., vol. i., it is evident that there is
yet a wide field for the Herpetologist in Siam. P. 228, “‘ The reptiles
of Siam are multitudinous; Crocodiles live in the rivers from their
mouths to their shallows.”’ P.230, ‘There are many species of lizards;
the largest is the Tackuet, the tongue of which is divided in two ;
the noisy Tookay, destroying vermin ; Chameleons, Flying-lizards ;
Serpents from the most gigantic to the smallest species.”” P. 231, “a
snake called ‘Sun-beam’ from its very brilliant colours, inert, the
bite of which is said to be mortal ; an immense frog sings, especially
during rain.”

We see from the notes quoted that we can add to the above list
some other reptiles: those specifically determined are Naja tripu-
dians and Crocodilus galeatus, those generically, Chameleo and Draco,
the Tortoises being mentioned in too general terms to admit of any
further suggestion.

6. DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF THE GENERA DOSINIA AND
CycuLINA FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cumine, Esa. By
Dr. E. ROMER or CAsseEL.

. Dostn1aA ERYTHRAEA, Romer. D. testa subquadrato-orbiculari
solidiuscula, medio tumidiuscula, postice compressa et peculiariter
inflexa, inequilaterali ; liris crassiusculis, elevatis, sub-irregula-
ribus, sepe furcatis, postice confluentibus et valde sursum flexis,
his scabris sensim extenuatis circumcincta; albida, vel sordide
alba, maculis sanguineis lividisve, precipue ad umbones, infecta,
interdum radiis pallide rubris in extremitate postica ornata ;
umbonibus viv prominentibus, valde incurvatis, paulo retroversis,
tenuissime striatis, ferrugineis, in 4 longitudinis positis ; margine
ventrali medio dependente, antice exacte curvato, postice subito
oblique adscendente ; margine dorsali antico brevi, concavo, postice
subdeclivi et longe curvato, vir in ale formam surrecto ; lunula
profundissima, cordata, linea argutissime circumscripta, longitudi-
naliter sublamellosa, fusco maculata; area anguste lanceolata,
labiis valde elevatis, hiantibus; ligamento profunde immerso ;
intus flavescente; sinu palliari magno, triangulari, ab initio
modice lato, superne multo deminuto, in apice angustissimo, rotun-
dato ; lamina cardinali latissima, dentibus cardinalibus crassis,
ultimo in valva sinistra pertenui, dente lunulari valido, papilli-
formi.
Long. 51, alt. 50, crass. 26 mill.
Hab. Mare Rubrum (Hemprich et Ehrenberg), Aden (Cuming).

—

118

This is the second example I have seen of this interesting species.
A year since, I named, but did not publish it, after a smaller shell
than the above in the Royal Museum at Berlin. This species is
referable to the same section as D. exoleta, and is most allied to
D. amphidesmoides of Reeve ; but it is very distinct in its form and
sculpture, in its area, which is more impressed than in any related
species, and particularly in its produced small triangular pallial
sinus, which is rounded at the apex. The concentric striz are
elevated and rounded in the middle of the shell, and diminish very
much near the extremities ; in the posterior part there is a peculiar
compression of the valves, at the place where the striz converge,
whilst the latter suddenly turn upwards and become thinner by de-
grees.

2. Dostn1A TENELLA, Romer. OD. testa subquadrato-orbiculata,
via longiore quam alta, tenui, translucida, compressiuscula, in-
equilaterali ; lineis transversis densis, regularibus, postice vir
convergentibus, et vix elevatioribus, superficie proinde serico
simili nitente ; pallide ferrugineo-alba, umbonibus saturatioribus,
mediocriter prominulis, acutiusculis, recurvis, longitudinem in
ratione 1:2 dividentibus; margine ventrali semicirculari, ante
et pone equaliter et valde ascendente; margine dorsali antico
perbrevi, subrecto, obliquo, infra rotundatim prosiliente, postico
declivi, producto, in marginem ventralem cum angulo rotundato
transiente; lunula lanceolato-cordata, impressa, circumscripta,
medio elevata; area subplana, angusta, ligamento subimmerso,
sub labiis hiantibus conspicuo; intus albida, medio opaca; sinu
palliari magno, triangulari, lineis includentibus rectis, in apice
rotundato ; lamina cardinali tenui, angusta ; dente cardinali antico
in valva sinistra tenui, obliquo, cum secundo, crassissimo complicato,
dente lunulari mediocri, compresso.

Long. 22, alt. 20°5, crass. 10°5 mill.

Hab. Australia.

In general appearance this small shell reminds one of D. subrosea
Gray ; the shape is nearly the same, but the angle of the posterior
end is more rounded than in that species, and the posterior slope
more descending. The forms of the area and lunula are very different
from those in D. subrosea, being not so much impressed, and the
latter, which in D. subrosea is exactly heart-shaped, is in D. tenella
more lanceolate. The concentric striz are so thin and regular as to
produce an aspect like silk, whilst the strize in D. subrosea are flat
and much broader. Besides the more solid growth of the latter, a
most remarkable difference exists in the form of the pallial sinus,
which in D. subrosea is broad and acute at the apex, while in D.
tenella it is large and rounded at the top. In the latter the plate of
the hinge is very small and thin.

3. Dostn1A AMETHYSTINA, Rémer. JD. testa quadrato-rotundata,
solida, compressiuscula, postice valde compressa, satis inequi-
laterali; transversim lirata, liris equalibus, distantibus, filifor-
mibus, extremitates versus confluentibus, striisque transversis

119

minoribus cincta ; interstitiis longitudinaliter dense et undulatim
striatis ; violacescenti-albida, ad umbonum regionem amethystina ;
umbonibus acutis, subprominentibus, valde antrorsum inclinatis, in
2 longitudinis collocatis ; margine ventrali medio subcurvato,
postice subito subrecte, et antice subcurvatim, in utroque latere
valde adscendente ; margine dorsali antico brevissimo, concavo,
postico subhorizontali, vir curvato, infra angulo obtuso formante ;
lunula ovali, lateraliter compressa, medio acute elevata, lamellis
curvatis obtecta, alba, linea argutissima circumscripta; area
lanceolata, ad basin lineis impressissimis constricta, medio in ale
formam surrecta, lamellosa, area secunda lineari, ligamento im-
merso, sub labiis hiantibus conspicuo ; intus amethystina, disco et
impressionibus muscularibus pallidioribus ; sinu palliari magno,
triangulari, apice late rotundato ; dente laterali crassissimo,
papilliformi.

Long. 30, alt. 28, crass. 14 mill.

Hab. Australia.

A very peculiar shell, differing from all its congeners. The out-
line is that of D. pubescens, Phil. (celata? Reeve), and the wing-
like elevation of the ligament-area is also similarly formed; but in
other respects there exists no relation between these species. The
amethystine colour is dark near the umbones ; towards the basal mar-
gin it becomes lighter, and changes at last into a pale bluish white.
The concentric strize are small and thread-like, moderately elevated,
running almost equidistant from each other, and converging at the
sides. The greatest peculiarity consists in the close undulated striee
going from the apex to the base, but only in the interstices, which
are thrice as broad as the concentric elevated lines. The white
wing-like ligament-area and the white lunula, laterally compressed,
and therefore shaped like the former, and both elevated on an ame-
thystine ground, produce a very agreeable aspect. It is a charac-
teristic sign of Dosinia that the lateral tooth of the hinge is very
small, shaped like a wart, and very near the cardinal-teeth ; in this
example the lateral tooth is as large and broad as in any known
species.

4. Dostn1a ovatus, Romer. D. testa rotundato-ovali, solida,
tumidiuscula, posterius obtusissime angulata, valde inequilaterali,
liris transversis densis, sublatis, rotundatis, ad latera, precipue
postice, subundulatis, vix elevatioribus cincta ; pallidissime ferru-
gineo-alba ; umbonibus acutis, vix prominulis, mediocriter reflexis,
in + longitudinis positis; margine dorsali postico prelongo,
arcuato, declivi, antico concavo, brevi, margine ventrali fere
semicirculari, in utraque extremitate rotundatim et equaliter ad-
scendente ; lunula cordata, convexiuscula, maxime impressa, argu-
tissime circumscripta, longitudinaliter striata ; area lanceolata,
concaviuscula, striata, ligamento subimmerso, conspicuo ; pagina
interna ferrugineo-alba, fere omnino opaca; sinu palliari magno,
angustissime triangulari, valde adscendente, apice obtusiusculo,
lineis subrectis incluso; dente lunulari crasso, lateraliter com-

120

presso, cardinalibus valde accesso; dente cardinali secundo in

valva sinistra latissimo, cuneiformi, sensim assurgente.
Long. 57, alt. 53, crass. 26 mill.
Hab. 2

The Dosinia scalaris, Menke, is a very peculiar shell, and has
affinities with three species, by which it is connected with other
groups, at the first sight remote from it. One of these species is D.
deshayesii of A. Adams; the second, from the Royal Museum at
Stuttgardt, named by me D. affinis; the third is the above. The
shape of this last is nearly the same as that of D. scalaris, but the
sculpture is very different, consisting in D. ovalis of close-set rounded
and not elevated strize, which at the sides do not change into lamelle.
The greatest difference is expressed by the size and form of the pallial
sinus, which in D. scalaris is very broad and moderately deep, in-
closed by concave lines, and with a large rounded apex, whilst in
D. ovalis it is very small and long, and considerably ascending. In
the former, the second cardinal-tooth of the left valve is broad and
thick ; in the latter it is wedge-shaped, and increases by degrees from
the base to the very sharp and linear top. Accordingly, the last
tooth in the right valve is very remote from the second, and both
of them are separated by a broad triangular cavity.

5. Dostn1A EBURNEA, Romer. D. testa cordato-orbiculari, tu-
mida, diaphana, postice distincte angulata, antice rotundata, valde
inequilaterali ; liris transversis, medio latis, planis, densis, ex-
tremitates versus numero valde decrescentibus et in lamellis tenui-
bus, sparsis, deorsum reflexis, postice elevatioribus, mutatis ;
eburnea, nitidissima, zonis transversalibus pallidissime luteis
ornata ; umbonibus tumidis, valde recurvis, longitudinem in ratione
1:3 discludentibus ; margine ventrali regulariter arcuato, antice
eximie adscendente, dorsali antico perbrevi, concavo, postico
producto, curvato, oblique descendente ; lunula late cordata, im-
pressissima, subplana; area lanceolata, subexcisa, sublevigata,
lamellis brevibus, raris, e liris transversis excurrentibus, cincta ;
ligamento subimmerso, conspicuo ; intus eburnea, nitida, disco opaco;
sinu palliari mediocri, lingulato, in apice late rotundato, linea
superiore horizontali ; dente lunulari crassissimo, dentibus cardi-
nalibus tenuibus.

Long. 37, alt. 34, crass. 20 mill.

Hab. Insula Ceylon.

In the middle of the shell the transverse striz are formed as in
D. dunkeri, Phil.; they therefore produce the same shining aspect
and interference of light, consisting in alternately bright and dark
longitudinal traces. Near the posterior end these strize grow smaller
and more elevated, till at last the second or third of them remains
in the form of a thin and bent-down lamella; near the anterior ex-
tremity the same thing is to be seen, but the lamellee are less pro-
duced. The pallial sinus is tongue-shaped, and its upper line runs
in a horizontal direction. The valves are tolerably solid, but trans-
parent, and the teeth of the hinge are very thin, except the lateral

ote all

121

one, which is uncommonly thick and elevated. This very fine species
is distinguished by many peculiarities from all others I am acquainted
with.

6. Dostn1A sPECULARIS, Romer. D. testa subcordato-orbiculart,
vir altiore quam longa, postice obtuse angulata, tumida, solida,
valde inequilaterali ; concentrice tenui-striata, striis planis,
densis, ad latera furcatis, elevatioribus et in lamellis brevibus,
precipue postice terminatis ; strigillis longitudinalibus interruptis,
irregularibus, extremitates versus evanescentibus ; sordide alba ;
umbonibus pallide luteis, valde prominulis, recurvisque, in } lon-
gitudinis collocatis ; margine ventrali semicirculari, antice et
postice valde adscendente ; dorsali antico perbrevi, concavo, postico
macime declivi, longe curvatim descendente ; lunula late cordata,
impressa, plana, circumscripta ; area lanceolata, profunde exca-
vata, longitudinaliter strigillata, marginibus acutis, lamellis brevi-
bus limitatis ; ligamento immerso, vix conspicuo ; pagina interna
alba; sinu palliari mediocri, triangulari, apice acuto, lineis sub-
rectis incluso, linea superiore horizontali; dente laterali incras-
sato, secundo cardinali in valva sinistra crassissimo, irregulariter
plicato, reliquis tenuibus.

Long. 28, alt. 29, crass. 16 mill.

Hab. Malacca.

In general appearance like D. adansonii of Philippi (which is
neither Le Dosin of Adanson, nor D. africana of Gray), but a
thicker and more oblique shell, having the concentric strize lamellar
at the sides, whilst in D. adansonii they are uniformly flat; the
ligament-area is more excavated in D. specularis than in the latter,
and the pallial sinus is shorter and forms an acute angle, being in
D. adansonii rounded in the apex. The scar of the posterior muscle
is uncommonly small and nearly circular.

7. Dostn1a RustTICA, Romer. D. testa ovato-orbiculari, longiore
quam alta, postice distincte anguluta, tumidiuscula, valde inequi-
laterali; liris transversalibus, subdensis, inequalibus, elevatis,
sublamellosis, antice posticeque in lamellis tenuibus mutatis,
scabra; sordide alba; umbonibus tumidiusculis, su®prominulis,
satis antrorsum recurvatis, in 2 longitudinis positis ; margine ven-
trali semicirculari, postice vix producto, antice rotundato et
valde adscendente ; margine dorsali antico brevi, concavo, postico
valde declivi, curvatim longe descendente ; lunula cordata, im-
pressa, circumscripta, subplana, longitudinaliter striata ; area
late lanceolata, subexcavata, strigillata ; ligamento immerso, vir
conspicuo ; intus albida, medio ferrugineo maculata ; sinu palliari
mediocri, triangulari, haud aperto, apice obtusiusculo, lineis sub-
concavis incluso, superiore fere horizontali ; dente laterali crasso,

apilliformi.

Long. 28, alt. 26, crass. 14 mill.

Hab. ?

The outline is that of D. aspera, Reeve, which is a smaller shell

122

and has a very different sculpture and pallial sus. The concentric
strize are a little broader than the interstices, elevated, but of an un-
equal height, not diminishing much towards the sides, and there be-
coming lamellar. The pallial sinus is not widely open, is extended to
the middle of the shell, and included by lines which are a little con-
cave and form a small round vertex. The latter is marked with a
pale rust-coloured stain, which is produced upwards, and disappears
by degrees.

8. Dosinra SALEBROSA, Romer. D. testa oblique quadrangulari
rotundata, vir altiore quam longa, antice posticeque obtuse et ro-
tundatim truncata et biangulata, tumida, valde inequilaterali ;
lamellulis transversis, densis, tenuibus, irregularibus, ad extre-
mitates in foliis sparsis, erectis conversis ; calcarea, opaca; um-
bonibus tumidiusculis, prominentibus, recurvis, in + longitudinis
sitis; margine ventrali postice dependente, medio subcurvato,
antice fere perpendiculariter, postice oblique adscendente ; margine
dorsali antico brevi, vix concavo, postico valde descendente, longe
curvato; lunula triangulari-cordata, impressa, circumscripta, ~
longitudinaliter striata, foliis brevissimis circumdata ; area an-
guste lanceolata, valde excavata, foliis parvis cincta; ligamento
valde immerso, vix conspicuo ; intus alba; sinu palliari mediocri,
late aperto, in apice rotundato, lineis includentibus subrectis,
superiore subhorizontali ; dente laterali mediocri, papilliformi,
secundo cardinali in valva sinistra crasso, tertio in dextra lato,
producto, profunde inciso.

Long. 22°5, alt. 23°5, crass. 13 mill.

Hab. Malacca.

In the outline this shell much resembles D. lucinoides of Reeve,
but by the sculpture and size can be readily distinguished from it.
In consequence of the straightness of the basal margin, and the
rounded truncation of the sides, there are produced four obtuse angles
on the margins, whilst the posterior part of the basal margin projects
a little downwards. All the surface is covered with fine, close-set,
slightly elevated lamellze, running irregularly and growing elevated
and leaf-like at the sides, particularly on the hinder part, so as to ter-
minate the ligament-area with a wreath of short leaf-work. The
pallial sinus is distinguished by its wide opening, and by its broadly
rounded apex. The exterior of this shell is calcareous, without any
lustre.

9. Dostn1tA TRIPLA, Romer. JD. testa rotundato-triangulari, sub-
inequilaterali, inflata, tenui, vix longiore quam alta; striis trans-
versalibus, subrotundatis, vie elevatis, interstitiis equantibus, sub-
regularibus, ad latera tenuibus, non elevatioribus cincta ; albida ;
umbonibus acutiusculis, maxime prominulis, incurvis, in 2 longi-
tudinis positis ; margine ventrali subcurvato, ad latera vix adscen-.
dente ; margine dorsali antice oblique et subrecte descendente,
postice obliquo, subcurvato, in utroque latere fere usque ad basin
producto ; lunula maxima, totam declivitatem anticam occupante,

123

late lanceolata, superficiaria, medio elevata, e striarum transver-
sarum processu crebro striata, linea subelevata vircumdata ; area
lanceolata, subincisa, obtuse limitata; ligamento immerso, sub
labiis late hiantibus conspicuo ; pagina interna alba, medio pallide
luteo infecta ; sinu palliari magno, sublate aperto, apice acuto,
lineis subconcavis incluso ; impressione musculari antica angusta,
usque ad laminam cardinalem producta, postica latissime pyri-
formi ; lamina cardinali angusta, tenui ; dente lunulari elevato,
acutiusculo, valde remoto, dentibus cardinalibus tenuibus, secundo
in valva dezxtra crasso, tertio permagno, perobliquo, bisulcato.

Long. 37, alt. 35, crass. 20 mill.

Hab. Malacca.

This fine species belongs to the section represented by D. excisa
of Chemnitz and D. trigona of Reeve; it differs from both not only
in its thinner shell, the transverse strize of which are much finer, but
still more in the following particulars. In D. excisa, the umbones are
situated at 7, in D. trigona at 1, and in D. tripla at 2 of the whole
length, so as to produce nearly the aspect of an isosceles triangle ;
the ligament-area is very deeply excavated in the first, very narrowly
lanceolate and but a little hollowed in the second, deeper and less
narrowly lanceolate, but with rounded limits, in the third; the
lunula is flat in D. ewcisa and trigona, being in the latter much
broader than in the former, whilst it is swollen and convex in the
middle, and mere lanceolate in D. tripla. The pallial sinus is broad
and roundly triangular in both the former species, but less opened

and acute at the apex in the latter, which has also a very thin and
small hinge-plate.

10. Dostnta pERupTA, Romer. D. testa rotundato-triangulari,
subinequilaterali, tumidiuscula, tenuicula, vir latiore quam alta ;
liris transversalibus regularibus, rotundutis, elevatis, interstitiis
@quantibus, postice valde confluentibus cincta, interstitiis lirisque
tenuissime transversim striatis ; pallide luteo-alba; umbonibus
marginibus, lunulaque ut in D. tripla; area angustissime lanceo-
lataesubexcisa, evacte ut in D. trigona; intus alba; sinu palliari
latissime aperto, magno, apice acuto, lineis concavis incluso ;
lamina cardinali angusta, subtenui ; cardine ut in D. tripla, sed
dente cardinali medio in valva sinistra crassiore, tertio in dextra
obsolete bisulcato.

Long. 26, alt. 24, crass. 15 mill.

Hab. Malacca.

This species is nearly related to D. trigona; the outline is almost
the same, the extremities being only a little more rounded. But the
concentric striz, notwithstanding the smaller size of the shell, are
far thicker, as broad as the insterstices, and, both being finely striated,
produce the effect of smaller transverse strie. The ligament-area is
formed exactly as in D. trigona. The pallial sinus is broadly open
with an acute apex, the upper line being horizontally directed. From
this it may be seen that D. derupta unites several of the characters
of D. trigona and D. tripla; but the size, the sculpture, the pallial

124

impression, and the hinge, prove it to be different from each of those
species.

11. Cycnina sPLENDIDA, Rémer. C. testa subquadrato-orbicu-
lari, lentiformi, viz altiore quam longa, tumida, subinequilaterali ;
concentrice grosse lirata, liris in parte inferiore remotis, rotun-
datis, in medio subregularibus, extremitates versus irregulariter
confluentibus, bifurcatisque, postice tumidioribus, liris ad umbonum
regionem sensim densioribus, denique tenuissimis ; interstitiis
transversim striatis ; nitida, pallide crocea, marginibus albidis ;
umbonibus tumidis, valde prominulis, incurvis, fere contiguis, in =
longitudinis collocatis ; margine ventrali medio dependente, sub-
rotundato, tum in utroque latere oblique et subrecte adscendente ;
margine dorsali regulariter curvato, postice valde prosiliente et in
utraque extremitate cum margine ventrali angulum vix distinctum,
rotundatum formante ; lunula areaque nullis, ligamento occulto,
longe conspicuo ; pagina interna luteo-alba, ad marginem pallidis-
sime albido-c@rulescente ; sinu palliari magno, late triangulari,
valde sursum directo, in apice. rotundatim biangulato, lineis sub-
rectis incluso ; lamina cardinali lata, planissima, dentibus in valva
sinistra fere equaliter configuratis, tertio in valva dextra
crassissimo, subprofunde bisulcato ; margine interiore subdense
denticulato.

Long. 46, alt. 48, crass. 27°5 mill. :

Hab. Japan.

The characters of this pretty shell bear a strong resemblance to
those of C. flavida of Deshayes, and it was after much hesitation that
I decided to separate it as species. I find it differing, in its more
quadrangular outline, in its more oblique shape, the umbones being a
little nearer to the anterior extremity, in the absence of the longitu-
dinal lines, which are present at the hinder part of C. flavida, in the
broader sinus of the pallial impression which is biangulated at the
apex, and in the character of the hinge, viz. the teeth in the left
valve being all of similar strength, and the third tooth in the right
valve very much elevated, produced, and deeply divided.

12. Cyctrna BomBycrINaA, Romer. C. testa fere exacte orbiculari,
solidiuscula, antice rotundatim productiuscula, lentiformi, modice
tumida, subequilaterali ; concentrice dense lirata, liris rotundatis,
ad apices tenuissimis, basin versus sensim vit crassioribus, medio
regularibus, ad extremitatem posticam rudibus, irregulariter con-
fluentibus , lineis longitudinalibus impressis, cerulescentibus, per
liras concentricas interruptis, medio exilissimis, densissimis, ad
latera, precipue postice, remoticribus, expressioribus ornata ;
colore e zonis pallide cerulescentibus et flavicantibus mizto, super-
ficie serico simili nitente ; umbonibus acutiusculis, subrecte elevatis,
incurvatis, contiguisque, vix medianis ; lunula areaque nullis ;
ligamento immerso, conspicuo ; pagina interna albida, medio fla-
vicante, supra pallide cerulea, ad marginem ianthina ; sinu palliari
mediocri, sublate aperto, in apice anguste rotundato, lineis inclu-

125

dentibus subundulatis ; dentibus cardinalibus anticis in valva
sinistra superficialiter bisulcatis, tertio pertenui, dente medio in
valva dextra cuneato, e lamellis duabus complicatis composito,
tertio curvato, profunde diviso ; margine interno dense et fortiter
dentato.

Long. 38, alt. 37°5, crass. 21 mill.

Hab. Japan.

Var. Testa tumidiore, zonis flavidis prevalentibus, liris transversis

infra remotioribus, lineis longitudinalibus medio obsoletis.

Hab. China.

This species is easily known by its being nearly equilateral and
well-rounded, and by the fine impressed lines running from the apex
to the base, which are scarcely visible in the middle, but grow
stronger at the sides, particularly at the hinder part of the shell,
where they show a pale cerulean colour. The regular and close-set
transverse striee produce a kind of silky appearance, which, in con-
nexion with the pale bluish and yellowish bands, gives the shell a
very agreeable aspect. There are peculiarities of the pallial sinus
and of the hinge which also distinguish this species from all its con-
geners.

13. CycLinaA PECTUNCULUS, Romer. C. testa orbiculari, vix
altiore quam longa, antice rotundatim productiore, ad marginem
basalem posticum vie dependente, lentiformi, valde tumida, soli-
diuscula, attamen diaphana, modice inequilaterali ; umbonum re-
gione transversim tenuissime striata, striis marginem ventralem
versus crassioribus, et infra in liris rotundatis, irregularibus,
mutatis; albida, irregulariter ferrugineo maculata et punctata,
superficie subnitente ; umbonibus tumidis, valde prominulis, oblique
incurvis, contiguis, in 2 longitudinis collocatis ; area lunulaque
nullis, ligamento late conspicuo ; intus lactea, nitida ; sinu palliari
mediocri, sublate aperto, apice expanso, subrotundato, lineis sub-
rectis incluso ; lamina cardinali lata, dentibus cardinalibus validis,

- medio in valva dextra cuneiformi, subacuto, tertio crasso, oblique
producto superficialiter bisulcato ; margine interno dense denticu-
lato.

Long. 39, alt. 40, crass. 26 mill.

Hab. China.

Among the little varied forms presented by the genus Cyelina, the
species described is remarkable for the elevation of its umbones and
the produced dependent hinder part of its basal margin. It is there-
fore not unlike in shape to a Pectunculus, and I know only one species
in my own collection, and named by me Cyclina intumescens, with
which it can be compared. Near the umbones the surface is covered
with very fine transverse lines, which become stronger by degrees
and finally change into rude, irregular, thick-set stri. Although
the valves are tolerably solid, yet they are prettily transparent, and
produce at the inner part a china-like lustre. C. intumescens is a
thicker and more oblique shell, of a rounded quadrangular outline,
presenting fine longitudinal lines.

126

Note.—-In the genus Cyclina, there are usually placed several
species with no denticulated inner margin, with thin valves, very fine
transverse lines at the surface, and which seem to have always a
superficial lunula circumscribed by an impressed line. These species
are :—Venus kroyeri, Philippi, Abbild. ete. iii. p. 26. 78. No. 9.
t.7.f.9; Dosinia tenuis, Recluz, Journ. de Conch. tome 3™*, 1852,
p- 250. t. 10. f. 1, which is decidedly no Dosinia ; Artemis inflata,
Sow., Thesaur. Conch. p. 661. No. 22. t.171.f. 25; Artemis tenuis,
Sow. ibid. No. 23. t. 141. f. 22; Cyclina subquadrata, Hanley, B.M.
Maz. Cat. p. 66. No. 91 (Artemis saccata, Gould); Cyclina pro-
ducta, Carpenter, Proc. Z.S. L. 1856, p. 161. No. 6. I think these
species do not agree very well with Cyclina, and that it would be
justifiable to separate them asasubgenus. These observations show
the importance of studying the animals of both groups, between which,
when examined, I am convinced there will be found to exist consider-
able differences.

February 28th.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—

1. Nore on THE PunsAB SHEEP LIVING IN THE Society's GAR-
pens. By Pauiiie Lurtey ScuaTer, M.A., SECRETARY TO
THE SOCIETY.

(Mammalia, Pls. LXXIX., LXXX.)

In August 1854 the Society received from Brigadier-General Hear-
sey, of the Bengal Army, and Lieut. Bartlett, a fine living pair of
Wild Sheep, which had been obtained by those gentlemen in the
Salt-range of the Punjab in 1853. The female has twice bred in
the Gardens, in 1858 and 1859, and produced on each occasion two
female kids, so that we now possess a male and five females of this
animal, all in a robust state of health, and likely to continue to pro-
pagate their species. ;

This Sheep has hitherto been labelled Vigne’s Wild Sheep (Ovis
vignii), under the supposition that it belonged to the species described
under that name by Mr. Blyth in our ‘ Proceedings’ (1840, p. 70),
and subsequently in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’
(vii. p. 251). My present object is to prove that we have misnamed
this animal, and that it is really quite distinct from the Shapoo or
Wild Sheep of Ladakh and Thibet, which should more properly bear
the name of Ovis vignit.

My attention was first called to this point by my friend Captain

Proc Z.5.Mammalia LXXIX.

127 ‘

Speke, who, upon seeing the present animals in the Gardens, at once
declared them to be very different from those which he had himself
pursued and shot in the higher regions of Little Thibet. There
seems to be little doubt that Mr. Blyth’s original name, Ovis vignii,
comprehends both species. He associates together under the
same scientific appellation ‘the Sid”? (Shapoo) “ of Little Thibet,”’
and the “ Koch of the Sulimani range between India and Khoras-
san*.’’ His description is perhaps rather referable to the latter,
being the animal which we have alive in our Gardens. NowI think
that the name Ovis vignii should be restricted to the Tibetan animal
for two reasons: first, because the Sheep discovered by Mr. Vigne
in “ Little Tibet, where the river breaks through the chain of the
Himalayast,” and dedicated to its discoverer by Mr. Blyth, was doubt-
less the Shdpoo ; secondly, because the other animal, the Koch, or
Oorial of the Sulimani range, has already been well described by, and
received another scientific name from, Capt. Hutton; so that by this
course the objectionable necessity of proposing a new name is ob-
viated.

I now proceed to endeavour to show the differences between these
two species :-—

1. Ovis vientr. The Shapoo. (Pl. LXXIX.)

Ovis vignit, Blyth, P. Z.S. 1840, p. 70; Ann. N. H. vii. p. 251;
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. p. 873 (partim); Horsfield, Cat. Mus.
E. I. C. p. 175 (specimen A, from Strachey’s collection); Gray’s
Cat. Ungulata in Brit. Mus. (1852) p. 172; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858,
p- 526 (partim).—Shé of Little Thibet (Blyth).—Shapoo of the
Tibetans (Speke).

Male.—Horns subtriangular, rather compressed laterally, rounded

* P. Z.S. 1840, p. 70. + P. Z. S. 1840, p. 72.

128

posteriorly, transversely sulcated, curving outwards and backwards
from the skull, points divergent ; general colour above brownish-
grey, beneath paler ; belly white ; beard short, of stiffish brownish
hairs.

Female.—Very similar to the male, but with the horns shorter (?).

Hab. Ladakh, at an alt. of 12-14,000 feet (Speke) (Strachey).

Mus. Brit., East India Company.

This Wild Sheep inhabits the elevated regions of Ladakh, where
it has been pursued and obtained by Capt. Speke, Capt. Strachey,
and others since its discovery by Vigne. There are examples in the
British Museum and in the collection of the East India Company,
from the latter of which the figure is taken, being the specimen pro-
cured in Ladakh by Capt. Strachey.

2. Ovis cyctoceros. The Oorial. (Pl. LXXX.)

“Wild Sheep of Hindoo Koosh, Capt. Hay, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
ix. p. 440.—Ovis cycloceros, Hutton, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 1842,
p-514. pl. 19 (1842).—Ovis vignii, Blyth (partim) : Adams, P. Z.S.
1858, p.526; Horsfield, Cat. Mus. E. I. C. p. 175 (spec. B.).

Male.—Horns subtriangular, much compressed laterally and pos-
teriorly, transversely sulcated ; curving outwards and returning in-
wards towards the face, points convergent; general colour rufous-
brown, face livid, side of mouth and chin white; belly, legs below
the knees, and feet white; blotch on flanks, outside of legs, and
strong lateral line blackish ; a profuse black beard from throat to
breast, intermixed with some white hairs, reaching to the level of the
knees.

129

Female.—More uniform pale brown, beneath paler, belly whitish,
no beard; horns quite short and straight, about 3 inches long.

Hab. Sulimani, range of Punjab, altitude 2000 feet, and extend-
ing into Affghanistan ; Kojeh Amraun, Hindoo Koosh, and Huzarreh
Hills (Hutton).

Mus. East India Company (horns).

Vivario, Soc. Zool. Londinensis.

The very fact of this animal inhabiting the low Salt range of the
Punjab, at an altitude of 2000 feet, would indicate the probability of
its distinctness from the preceding, which is not found under an ele-
vation of 12,000. The Oorial has been well described by Major
Hay, Captain Hutton, and Dr. Adams, as above referred to, and it
is hardly necessary to repeat the details of its habits and manners.
The differences in the horns, as well as those of its general external
appearance, are sufficiently obvious, as will appear on examination of
the figures, to leave no doubt as to its specific difference from the
Shapoo. The skull and horns from Griffith’s Affghanistan collection,
referred to in Dr. Horsfield’s ‘Catalogue of Mammalia’ (p. 175),
belong to this species. On comparing the skull with that of the
Shapoo, we observe a general resemblance. But it may be noted that
the suborbital pits in the present species are smaller, deeper, and
more rounded, the nasal bones are considerably shorter and more
pointed, and the series of molar teeth (formed in each skull of three
premolars and three true molars) measures only 2°85 instead of 3:20
inches in total length.

At least ¢wo other distinct species of Wild Sheep are found within
the limits of our Indian possessions. Through the kindness of Mr.
Leadbeater, Capt. Speke, Mr. F. Moore, and others, I am enabled
to exhibit a tolerably complete series of the skulls, the horns of these,
and those before alluded to, by which the differences of all four
species are appreciable at first glance.

1. The Ovis hodgsoni, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 65 ; Ovis ammon
et O. ammonoides, Hodgs. ; Ovis argali, ex Mont. Himalay., J. E.
Gray, the Ammon or Argali of the higher Himalayan ranges, the
Banbhera of Nepal, and N’yan of Thibet. It is, I believe, not yet
quite certain that this magnificent Sheep is identical with the Ovis
ammon, Linn. (Zgosceros argali, Pallas), of Siberia. Mr. Blyth’s
appellation appears to be the first given to the Himalayan animal.
Two fine males and a female of this species are in the Museum of the
East India Company.

Hab. Cachar region of Nepal (Hodgs.); Ladakh (Speke).

2. Ovis nahoor, Hodgson (O. burrhel, Blyth?) ; the Burrhel or
Bharal of English sportsmen ; Nahoor of Nepal.

I confess I am not able at present to appreciate thoroughly the
differences between the O. nahoor and O. burrhel as insisted on by
Mr. Blyth*. There are not sufficient specimens of the whole animal
at present accessible to enable one to express a decided opinion on

* P. Z. S. 1840, pp. 66, 67.
No. 425.—PRoOCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

130

the subject. But, comparing the horns of O. nahoor in the British
Museum, sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, with those of the only
example of the Burrhel in the same collection (being the specimen
noticed by Mr. Ogilby in P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 79, as obtained by Lieut.
Thomas Smith near the Barinda Pass, and referred to as belong-
ing to this species by Mr. Blyth himself, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 68), I
can see but slight grounds for distinction, as far as the horns go.
The specimen in question is certainly coloured in an extraordinary
way, being of a “dark and rich chestnut-brown.” The ordinary
Burrhel (Ovis nahoor), as may be seen by the fine skins of both
sexes of this species, obtained by Capt. Townely Parker, now before
us, is of a light brownish ash-colour, white below, with the breast-
mark, a stripe on each side, and a stripe down the front of each leg,
dark chestnut. According to ‘‘ Mountaineer,’ who has given an
excellent account of the Burrhel and its habits in the ‘ India Sporting
Review’ (vol. vi. p. 152), these chestnut markings become black in
fully adult males, and are “ most observable immediately after the
animal changes his coat, which happens in July.” With reference
to the Ovis burrhel of Mr. Blyth, “of a dark mahogany colour,”
the same experienced observer remarks, “ Amongst some hundreds
I have killed and many thousands I have seen in my excursions I
have never met with but one variety.” This he describes nearly in
the same terms as I have mentioned above. ,

The horns of the Ovis polii of Central Asia are sometimes brought
to this country from the Himalayas; but there is no reason to be-
lieve that this animal occurs nearer to India than the plateau of
Pamir.

2. Nores oN somE YounG Hysrip BEARS BRED IN THE GaAR-
DENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. By A. D. Barruert.

In the Bear-pit in the Gardens a male Black Bear of America (Ursus
americanus) has been kept for a long time with a female of the Eu-
ropean Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). In the month of May these
bears were seen to copulate, and on the 3lst of last December the
female produced three young ones ; which, when born, were naked
and blind, and about the size of a full-grown rat.

The mother was seen to carry one of these young ones in her
mouth a day or two after they were born, and, as it disappeared, it is
supposed that she devoured it. Probably it was not healthy. The
other two remained and continued to grow, and at the age of five
weeks were as large as a commonrabbit. Their eyes began to open
by this time ; they were covered with a short thick fur, and were
nearly black.

On examining these young bears it was found they were male and
female, and the number and situation of the teats appears somewhat
remarkable. They have six teats, four of them placed in front be-
tween the fore legs, and two of them in the lower part of the abdo-
men. Another singular fact is, that the female during the time she

"Ve

131

was suckling these young ones fed most sparingly, and rarely took
any drink. From the before-mentioned observations we may infer
that the period of gestation of the Bears is about seven months.

3. NoTE ON THE SUPPOSED OCCURRENCE OF THE HiIRUNDO
BICOLOR OF NortTH AMERICA IN ENGLAND. By ALFRED
Newron, M.A., F.Z.S., &e.

I venture to send for exhibition a skin of the North American
Hirundo bicolor of Vieillot, which was formerly the property of my
late very good friend Mr. John Wolley, and which there can be little
doubt was obtained from a bird killed in this country, though Mr.
Wolley, with that admirable caution which distinguished him in re-
cording the reported occurrence (‘Zoologist,’ 1853, p. 3806), was
careful to mention that there was “a possibility of mistake’ in the
matter.

I think that perhaps some members of the Society will view this
specimen with a certain amount of interest ; but, apart from this, my
object in its exhibition is mainly to draw the attention of naturalists
to a matter which is every day becoming of greater consequence to
those ornithologists who chiefly occupy themselves with the Avi-
fauna of any one district. I refer to the occurrence within parti-
cular limits of strong examples of exotic species. It is not only
“British bird” students who find in these alien immigrants a great
cause of perplexity. To whatever country we go, we are, perhaps
before we have well ascertained the number of the bond fide species,
puzzled by some wanderer turning up exactly where he was least
wanted. In my own opinion, the ornithologist must accept his
position with all its responsibilities ; he chooses to study a class of
beings, some of whom, for all sublunary purposes at least, are blest
with almost infinite powers of locomotion. He must, therefore, not
complain if in the course of a morning’s walk here in England, an
Australian Swift flies in his face, or he picks up a dead Crossbill of a
Transatlantic species ; and he must invoke no Deus ex machina in the
shape of an auxiliary-screw clipper or a careless aviary-keeper to
account for the incident. Facts like these hardly admit of a doubt,
and force themselves day by day more and more upon the notice of
the thoughtful naturalist. For some time, indeed, European orni-
thologists have been accustomed to regard the properly authenticated
appearance of an exotic species, which there may be good reason to
suppose have reached our shores without intentional human aid,
as sufficient ground for including it in the list of our birds. But as
observers have of late so largely increased, so have these occurrences
been more frequently noticed ; and it seems absolutely necessary to
prescribe some limit to prevent our really native species from being
outnumbered by these foreigners. The difficulty is to know where
to draw the line; and to this point I would invite the careful con-
sideration of naturalists, It may be all very well to ‘call Thalassi-

132

droma wilsoni and Mergus cucullatus European birds ; but because
a single individual of Regulus calendulus or*Dendreca virens has
reached the Old World, it is absurd to include either of those species
in its Fauna. I cite these instances, because they ave all from that
continent whence most of our occasional visitants arrive ; so much
so, that one is almost driven to the conclusion that there is no primd
JSacie reason why examples of the greater number of birds of Eastern
North America should not, favente zephyro (the prevailing strong
wind in Western Europe), make their appearance on our shores in
course of time. Then, on the other hand, the last two additions to
the list of so-called “ British birds”? have been from the opposite
quarter. Are Syrrhaptes paradoxus and Xema ichthyaétus to take
their places in the books elucidating British Ornithology by the side
of the Red Grouse and the Peewit Gull? It appears to me that we
gain nothing by deferring a decision on the subject, and I trust that
these remarks will not be deemed unnecessary by those who are
competent to deal with the matter.

Elveden, 28 February, 1860.

4, DrescripTION or A New Genus or Boip& DISCOVERED BY
Mr. Bates oN THE Upper Amazon. By Dr. J. E. Gray.

(Reptilia, Pl. XXIV.)
Fam. Borpz.

CHRYSENIS, 0. g.

Head rather large, rather depressed, covered with scales, the front
half covered with small symmetrical shields, as follows :—two pair
in an arched series behind the rostral and nasal, and four pair forming
a ring round the pair of small central frontal shields ; loreal shields
two; eyes surrounded by a series of small shields, with a series of
four or five small superciliary shields above them; forehead, crown,
and cheeks covered with small granular scales; rostral plate with a
pit on each edge ; upper labial shields low, with a large deep pit on
their hinder edge ; front lower labial shields simple, high, the hinder
short, with a very deep pit on the hinder edge of each of them;
nostrils situate between two moderately sized, nearly equal, nasal
shields ; pupils erect, oblong ; body compressed, rounded above and
below ; tail conical, with a single series of subcaudal plates.

This genus resembles Epicrates as to the shields on the muzzle,
but differs in the distinctness and form of the pits on the labial
shields.

Curysents BaTesit (Pl. XXIV.).

Pale brown, with a series of oblong subangular black-edged pale
spots on the hinder part of the back, which become broader and
more distinet,as they approach the end_of the tail, and with a series
of distant small roundish black-edged spots on the lower part of the

‘dhrt 95@MM

tigseyeq stueskIy)

“PIOLH'D

G.B. Sowerby, lith Vincent Brooks. lith

| Cylindrella splendida, Pf. 2.C.arctospira, Ar. 3.C. grandis, Pf.
TT : ’ = 5 . - Dp
4, Helix acmella, Pr 5.H. mouhoti, fr 6©.H.xequatoria, fr.

H. bougainville: , Pr 8.H.isis, Pr 9. H. apollo, Pfr.

Proe.Z.S Mollusca ss

roc. ZS. Mollusca LI].

4B:

B Sowerby, lith

a : 133
middle of the body, the hinder spot largest and nearest to the edge
of the ventral shield.

Hab, Upper Amazon.

5. Descriptions oF Tuirty-stx New Species or LAND-SHELLS
rrom Mr. H. Cumine’s Cotxtection. By Dr. L. Preirrer.

(Mollusca, Pls. L., LI.)

1, Hexix souGarinvitxel, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 7.) 7. imperforata,.
globoso-conoidea, solidiuscula, striatula, irregulariter malleata
et sulcis nonnullis spiralibus notata, nitida, saturate castanea ;
spira conoidea, vertice subtili, obtusulo; sutura pallide mar-
ginata ; anfr. 5 modice convexi, regulariter accrescentes, ulti-
mus rotundatus, peripheria obtuse angulatus ; columella lata,
oblique substricte descendens ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-
lunaris, intus nitide cerulescens ; peristoma albo-callosum, bre-
viter expansum, marginibus callo crassiusculo junctis, dextro.
regulariter arcuato.

Diam. maj. 62}, min. 51, alt. 39 mill.

Hab. Bougainville Island.

2. Hexrx apox.o, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 9.) 7. imperforata, turbi-
nato-depressa, solida, carinata, oblique striata et sub lente mi-
nutissime granulata, opaca, lutea, lineis fuscis irregulariter
circumdata ; spira breviter conoidea, obtusa; anfr. 4 vix con-
veatuscult, ultimus acute carinatus, antice. leviter descendens,
basi convexus; apertura diagonalis, rhombeo-lunaris, intus
lactea ; perist. crassum, album, breviter reflecum, margine
basali dilatato, in regione umbilicali adnato, tuberculo elongato
prope insertionem predito. *

Diam. maj. 463, min. 874, alt. 22 mill.

Hab. Isle of Cuba.

3. Hexrx ists, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 8.) TT. umbilicata, depressa,
solidula, striatula, unicolor castanea; spira vie elevata ; anfr.
5 via converiusculi, sensim accrescentes, ultimus antice subde-
flexus, peripheria obsoletissime angulatus, subtus convexior ;
apertura obliqua, late lunaris, intus submargaritacea ; perist.
album, marginibus vie convergentibus, supero subhorizontalt,
expanso, basali late reflexo, ad insertionem breviter ascendente,
umbilicum mediocrem lamina dilatata semioccultante.

Diam. maj. 45, min. 38, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. Admiralty Islands.

4. Hewix zquaroria, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 6.) ~ 7. imperforata,
conoideo-depressa, solida, striatula et subtilissime punctato-
granulata, subcarinata, saturate castanea; spira convexo-
conoidea ; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, ultimus antice deflexus, rotun-
datus, turgidus ; apertura perobliqua, sinuato-lunaris ; perist.

134

Susco-carneum, incrassatum, reflecum, marginibus callo funicu-
lari junctis, supero arcuato, intus calloso (callo ad dextram
abrupte desinente), dextro acute unidentato, basali dilatato
subappresso, intus medio tuberculo valido compresso munito.
Diam. maj. 38, min. 32, alt. 20 mill.
Hab. Republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser).

5. Heurx trvesayti, Pfr. TT. umbilicata, lenticularis, carinata,
solidiuscula, capillaceo-striata et striis spiralibus obsolete
granulata, sericea, corneo-albida, fasciis castaneis superne 2,
basi unica ornata; spira conidea, obtusa; sutura albomargi-
nata ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, ultimus carina acuta, prominente,
alba munitus, aperturam versus superne convexior, inde angus-
tatus, subito deflerus, subtus scrobiculatus ; apertura fere hori-
zontalis, transverse subrhombeo-ovalis ; perist. continuum,
album, expansum et reflecum, margine basali intus valide uni-
dentatum, umbilicum angustum semitegente.

Diam. maj. 25, min. 21, alt. 10 mill.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

6. Hexix caseus, Pfr. TZ. umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula,
irregulariter striata et sub lente minutissime granulata, dia-
phana, albido-cornea vel pallide rufescens ; spira vix elevata ;
sutura impressa; anfr. 44 planiusculi, ultimus superne obtuse
carinatus, antice deflexus, basi turgidus, circa umbilicum conicum
angulatus ; apertura diagonalis, subelliptica; perist. album,
undique sublate reflecum, marginibus approximatis, basali
leviter arcuato, juata umbilicum dilatato.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. Siam.

7. Heurx axupicostis, Pfr. ZT. sublate umbilicata, depressa,
tenuis, granulato-rugosa et pilis brevibus obsita, cornea, cos-
tulis obliquis albidis munita ; spira parum elevata; anfr. 4—
convexiusculi, ultimus superne subangulatus, supra angulum
leviter sulcatus, antice deflecus ; apertura perobliqua, ovalis ;
perist. tenue, marginibus fere contiguis, supero expansiusculo,
basali breviter reflexo.

Diam. maj. 94, min. 8, alt. 44 mill.

Hab. Ahmednuggur, India.

8. Hevix weraxra, Pfr. T. mediocriter umbilicata, conoideo-
depressa, tenuiuscula, oblique irregulariter rugulata et undique
minute granulata, pallide lutescens, fasciis 3 rufis, 1 suturali,
2 approximatis periphericis cincta; spira breviter conoidea ;
anfr. 6 modice convex, lente accrescentes, ultimus antice vix
descendens ; apertura obliqua, lunaris, intus submargaritacea ;
perist. fusco-carneum, breviter reflecum, juxta umbilicum dila-
tatum.

Diam. maj. 19, min. 16, alt. 103 mill.

Hab. Unknown.

135

9. Henrx acme ua, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 4.) 7. subobtecte perfo-
rata, turbinata, solidula, levigata, nitida, lutea, sursum palli-
dior ; spira regulariter turbinata, vertice minutissimo, acuto ;
anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus non descendens, basi planior ; aper-
tura diagonalis, subquadrangulari-ovalis ; perist. album, re-
flecum, margine dextro subflexuoso, columellari longe adnato,
umbilicum canaliformem fingente.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, alt. 25 mill.

Hab. Admiralty Islands.

10. Hexrx uiratura, Pfr. T. umbilicata, trochiformis, tenui-
uscula, striata et liris filiformibus subconfertis cincta, diaphana,
oleoso-micans, pallide corneo-lutescens ; spira conica, apice
obtusa; sutura impressa; anfr. 73 convexiusculi, ultimus an-
gulatus, non descendens, bast levior, convexior ; apertura vix
obliqua, subangulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine
columellari declivi, jucta umbilicum perangustum subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 6, min. 54, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. Ceylon, 6000', under decayed woods (Mr. Thwaites).

11. Hecrx sates, Pfr. TT. umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, dense
et oblique plicatula, cornea, pliculis albidis ; spira convexa,
parum elata; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes,
ultimus non descendens, subdepressus, basi convexior ; umbilicus
latus, + diametri subequans ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-
lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine basali arcuato, ad
insertionem vix patente.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 93, alt. 5 mill.

Hab. Upper Amazon (Mr. Bates).

12. Heurx turNeERI, Pfr. T. anguste et clauso-umbilicata, de-
pressa, subdiscoidea, tenuiuscula, conferte plicato-costata, dia-
phana, nitidula, corneo-lutescens, rufo variegata et ad suturam
distincte maculata; spira via elevata; sutura denticulata ;
anfr. 4 convexiuscult, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus, subde-
pressus, non descendens, loco umbilici lamina vitrea obtectus ;
apertura fere diagonalis, subtriangulari-lunaris; perist.simplex,
vectum,- marginibus distantibus, supero antrorsum arcuato,
basali medio denticulo albo munito, ad insertionem subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 74, min. 64, alt 3 mill.

Hab. New Caledonia (Mr. Turner).

13. Hexirx nacrorensis, Pfr. T. latissime umbilicata, depressa,
tenuiuscula, oblique striata, opaca, carneo-albida ; spira medio
via prominula ; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, ultimus subtus vix latior,
antice deflecus et subtus subconstrictus ; apertura perobliqua,
transverse ovalis; perist. tenue, marginibus convergentibus,
supero recto, basali breviter reflexo.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 4 mill.

Had’. Nagpore, India (Mr. Jerdon).

136

14. Hexirx Tristram, Pfr. TZ. late umbilicata, perdepressa,
acute carinata, tenuis, oblique plicato-strata, opaca, sordide
albida, corneo obsolete variegata; spira vir elevata; sutura
carina leviter exserta marginata ; anfr. 5 planiusculi sensim
accrescentes, ultimus infra carinam compressam, crenulatam
convexus, antice non descendens ; apertura obliqua, subsecuri-
formis ; perist. rectum, intus sublabiatum, margine supero an-
trorsum arcuato.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 104, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. Interior of Tunis (Mr. Tristram).

15. Hexix menpicaria, Pfr. T. mediocriter umbilicata, co-
noideo-semiglobosa, solidula, striata et sub lente breviter pilosa,
cornea ; spira conoidea, vertice subtili nitido ; anfr. 4% turgid,
ultimus viz descendens ; apertura parum obliqua, lunato-sub-
circularis; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus convergentibus,
columellari vix dilatato, non reflexo.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 43 mill.

Hab. Interior of Tunis (Mr. Tristram).

16. Hexix (Nanrna) péuRniana, Pfr. T. perforata, depressa,
suborbicularis, tenuiuscula, sublevigata, parum diaphana, lutes-
centi-grisea; spira breviter conoidea, vertice minuto, obtuso ;
anfr. 64 convewiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus non
descendens, supra medium obsolete subangulatus, basi viz con-
vexior, nitidior ; apertura fere verticalis, transverse lunaris ;
perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari declivi, levissime
arcuato, ad perforationem reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 314, min. 28, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. Siam (Mr. Mouhot).

17. Henrx (Nanrna) Mounoti, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 5.) TT. perfo-
rata, orbiculato-depressa, tenuiuscula, minute costulato-striata
et superne lineis spiralibus impressis decussata, superne pallide
cinnamomea, basi nitida, corneo-albida ; spira convexa ; sutura
rufulo-marginata ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, lente accrescentes,
ultimus non descendens, subtus convexior ; apertura obliqua,
lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari leviter
arcuato, ad perforationem apertam triangulatim reflexo.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. Siam (Mr. Mouhot).

18. Butrmus saturanus, Pfr. T. imperforata, subfusiformi-
oblonga, solida, lilaceo-carnea, fusco-flammulata ; spira conica,
apice acutiusculo, albo; anfr. 64, summi levigati, sequentes
oblique striati, ultimus levior, rarioribus nonnullis latis nigri-
cantibus munitus, spira paulo brevior, basi attenuatus ; colu-
mella crassa, torta, nigra; apertura subverticalis, acuminato-
oblonga; perist. nigrum, breviter reflecum, marginibus callo
nigro junctis.

Long. 76, diam. 33 mill.

Hab. Pallatanga, Republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser).

137

19. Bunimus rrasert, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 5.) T. imperforata,
oblongo-fusiformis, solida, longitudinaliter conferte striata et
lineis impressis remotis cincta, sub epidermide virenti-fulva,
non nitente, carnea, fasciis interruptis sagittatis vel fulguratim
confluentibus atrofuscis ornata ; spira conica, apice obtusula ;
anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, bast attenu-
atus; columella violacea, superne plica valida munita, basi
subtorta ; apertura obliqua, semielliptica, basi subangulata,
intus lactea ; perist. roseum, incrassatum et expansum, margi-
nibus callo nitidissimo, lilacino, intrante junctis, columellari
angusto, adnato.

Long. 89, diam. 37 mill.

Hab. Province of Cuenca, republic of Ecuador (Mr. Fraser).

20. Butimus scHomBurckI, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 9.) 7. subim-
perforata, dextrorsa vel sinistrorsa, solida, striatula, sub epi-
dermide viridi, saturatius lineata et radiatim detrita alba;
spira conica, vertice acutiusculo, atro-violaceo ; anfr. 7 con-
vexiusculi, supremi violaceo-fasciati, ultimus spira brevior, basi
attenuatus ; columella inflata, substricta, violacea ; apertura
parum obliqua, truncato-ovalis, intus alba; perist. incrassatum,
reflecum, lilaceum, marginibus callo nigro-castaneo junctis, colu-
mellari dilatato, fornicatim reflexo, subadnato.

Long. 48, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. Siam.

21. Butimus sturcHsuryt, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 8.) TT. subum-
bilicata, ovato-fusiformis, tenuiuscula, striata, striis spiralibus
subtilissime decussatula, nitida, fulva, lineis saturatioribus
radiata ; spira subregulariter conica, obtusula ; sutura albo-
filosa; anfr. 5 vie convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis ade-
quans, antice arcuatim breviter ascendens, basi attenuatus ;
apertura subauriformis, superne acuminata, se@pe tuberculo pa-
rietali nodiformi coarctata, intus margaritacea ; columella alba,
leviter plicata ; perist. carneo-fulvum vel album, margine dex-
tro subregulariter arcuato, expanso et reflexo, columellari dila-
tato, plano, fere adnato.

Long. 53, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides.

22. Buximus pyrostomus, Pfr. TJ. profunde rimata, ovato-

conica, solidula, striata et striis spiralibus levibus irregulariter
rotata, castanea, saturatius strigata ; spira conica, acutiuscula ;
sutura mediocris, simplex ; anfr. 5 modice convexi, ultimus spi-
ram paulo superans, medio inflatus; columella substricta ;
apertura vie obliqua, acuminato-ovalis, intus ign2o-fusea, nitida ;
perist. incrassatum, rectum, igneum, marginibus callo junctis,
dextro leviter arcuato, columellari dilatato, libero.

Long. 42, diam. 19 mill.

Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides.

138

23. BuLimus TURNER], Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 10.) 7. imperforata,
ovato-acuta, succinoidea, tenuis, striatula, corneo-albida, fasciis
olivaceo-fuscis, saturatius strigatis, ornata; spira conica, acu-
tiuscula ; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis superans,
basi viz angustatus ; columella compressa, callosa, filaris ; aper-
tura parum obliqua, acuminato-ovalis, intus nitida ; perist.
simplex, tenue, breviter expansum, margine dextro subflexuoso,
columellari adnato.

Long. 32, diam. 17 mill.

Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides (Mr. Turner).

24. Butimus cotusrinus, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 4.) TZ. umbili-
cata, fusiformi-oblonga, solidula, striata et sulculis obliquis et
sptralibus irregulariter granulata, nitida, fulva, strigis fulmi-
nantibus, nigro-castaneis ornata; spira conica, acuminatius-
cula, superne nuda, purpurascens ; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus spi-
ram paulo superans, basi saccatus ; columella albida, crassa,
torta, leviter prominens ; apertura subverticalis, oblongo-ovalis,
intus igneda, nitidissima; perist. subincrassatum, albido-limba-
tum, marginibus callo igneo junctis, deatro breviter expanso,
columellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 56, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. New Caledonia (Mr. Turner).

25. OrTHALICUS BoUCcARDI, Pfr. (Pl. LI. fig. 7.) T. conico-
ovata, solidula, striatula, striis spiralibus sub lente vix conspi-
cuis decussatula, opaca, alba, strigis latis fuscis picta et vari-
cibus nigris instructa ; spira conica, obtusula ; sutura subcre-
nata, albo-marginata ; anfr. 53 convexiusculi, ultimus spiram
a@quans; columella pilaris, alba, stricte recedens; apertura
obliqua, angulato-ovalis, intus alba, nigro-strigata ; perist. rec-
tum, nigro-limbatum, marginibus callo nitido, nigro-castaneo
junctis.

Long. 43, diam. 25-26 mill.

Hab. Mexico (Mr. Boucard).

26. ACHATINA GREVILLEI, Pfr. 7’. ovato-oblonga, solida, stria-
tula, sub epidermide tenui, fuscula olivaceo-lutescens ; spira
conica, obtusa; sutura crenulata, late impresso-marginata ;
anfr. 6-7, supremi minutissime decussati, ultimus spiram supe-
rans, sublevigatus, peripheria obsolete angulatus ; columella
subtorta, purpurea, anguste truncata ; apertura parum obliqua,
angulato-ovalis, intus margaritaceo-albida; perist. tenue, ex-
pansiusculum, marginibus callo purpureo, sursum pallidiore,
junetis, dextro repando.

Long. 105, diam. 55 mill.

Hab. Old Calabar.

27. OrEeactna 1nDusIATA, Pfr. TT. ovato-oblonga, solidula, an-
gulis longitudinalibus et striis confertis decussata, fulva, epi-
dermide castanea, irregulariter detrita, obtecta ; spira conica,

139

apice obtusa; sutura subcrenata; anfr. 55 convexiusculi, ulti-
mus subinflatus, a medio deorsum striis spiralibus destitutus ;
columella arcuata, basi late truncata; apertura verticalis, acu-
minato-ovalis, intus margaritacea ; perist. rectum, acutum.
Long. 43, diam. 22 mill.
Hab. La Parada, Oajaca, Mexico (Mr. Sallé).

28. CyLinpRELLA GRANDIS, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 3.) TT. profunde
rimata, turrita, late truncata, solidiuscula, oblique filoso-
striata, interstitiis sub lente oblique striatulis, nitidula, fusco-
rubella ; sutura sub-albo-marginata ; anfr. superst. 8 convexius-
cult, ultimus basi obtuse carinatus, antice vix protractus ; colu-
mella subplicata ; apertura vix obliqua, ovalis, superne suban-
gulata ; perist. continuum, breviter expansum, vix reflexiuscu-
lum.

Long. 56, diam. 17 mill.

Hab. Juquila, Mexico (Mr. Boucard).

29. CyLINDRELLA MEXICANA, Cuming in litt. T. suleato-rimata,
turrita, truncata, leviter arcuato-striata et sub lente punctu-
lata, parum nitens, violaceo-fusca ; sutura levis, subalbida ;
anfr. superst. 10 planiusculi, ultimus infra medium obtuse an-
gulatus, antice protractus, dorso carinatus; columella plica com-
pressa, dentiformi munita; apertura vix obliqua, irregulariter
ovalis, superne angulata ; perist. continuum, undique reflecum,
margine dextro incrassato, regulariter arcuato, sinistro sinuoso.

Long. 55, diam. 15 mill.

8. Minor, anfr. superst. 8. Long. 323, diam. 10 mill.
Hab. Mexico.

30. CyLINDRELLA SPLENDIDA, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 1.) 7’. rimata,
turrita, late truncata, solidula, oblique filoso-costulata, nitidula,
carneo-violacea; sutura sub-albo-filosa, crenulata; anfr.superst.
8-83 modice convexi, ultimus obsoletissime filo-carinatus, antice
breviter solutus ; columella subplicata ; apertura fere verticalis,
oblique ovalis; perist. continuum, album, breviter reflexum,
superne subangulatum.

Long. 46, diam. 15 mill.

Hab. Zacatepec, Mexico (Mr. Boucard).

31. CyLInDRELLA ARcTospiRA, Pfr. (Pl. L. fig. 2.) TT. rimata,
cylindraceo-turrita, late truncata, solidula, confertim subar-
cuato-costata, subopaca, albida; sutura profunda, subnodulosa ;
anfr. superst. 18, arcte voluti, convexi, ultimus angustior, filo-
carinatus, antrorsum breviter protractus ; apertura parvula,
obliqua, oblique ovalis; perist. continuum, nitidum, undique
breviter reflecum, margine sinistro lateraliter producto.

Long. 38, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. Juquila, Mexico (Mr. Boucard).

140

32. CyLiInpRELLA cRETACEA, Pfr. 7. rimata, oblongo-turrita,
cretacea; spira medio ventrosior, apice subtruncata, vel in
conum brevem abiens; sutura levis; anfr. 13-14 viz convexius-
culi, levigati, penultimus semiplicatus, ultimus valide costatus,
basi compresso-carinatus, antice horizontaliter et breviter pro-
tractus; apertura verticalis, subtriangularis ; perist. conti-
nuum, undique rectangule patens.

Long. 24, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Mexico.

33. Cuaustn1a ADAMSIANA, Pfr. TJ. vix rimata, turrito-fust-
formis, solidula, oblique distinete et confertim striata, oleo-
micans, diaphana, fusco-cornea; spira medio subinflata, apice
obtusula ; anfr. 8 convexiusculi, ultimus angustus, solutus, de-
orsum protractus, basi rotundatus; apertura obliqua, pyriformi-
subcircularis ; lamelle approximate, subparallela, superior
producta, acuta, inferiore minor, profundior ; lunella distincta,
filaris, arcuata; plica palatalis | supera, subcolumellaris incon-
spicua; perist. tenue, fusculum, undique subequaliter expansum.

Long. 18-19, diam. 44-4} mill.

Hab. South America.

34. CLAUSILIA TRISTRAMI, Pfr. TJ. viv rimata, subfusiformi-
turrita, solidula, conferte filoso-striata, opaca, sordide liliacea ;
spira convexiusculo-turrita, apice cornea, obtusula ; sutura
levissima, subsimplex ; anfr. 12 planiusculi, ultimus basi com-
presso-gibbosus ; apertura verticalis, elliptica, intus carneo-
fusca; lamella tenues, convergentes ; lunella crassa, albida,
arcuata; plica palatalis 1 supera, elongata; subcolumellaris
inconspicua ; perist. album, continuum, breviter reflecum, su-
perne adnatum, margine externo intus subdentato.

Long. 21, diam. 43-44 mill.

Hab. Southern slope of the Atlas, Interior of Tunis (Mr. Tristram).

35. CYCLOPHORUS CONFLUENS, Pfr. T. late umbilicata, de-
pressa, solida, striis confertis confluentibus et cruciatis superne
sculpta, lutea, fasciis castaneis, pallide punctatis, superne con-
fluentibus, subtus distinctis ornata; spira subplana; sutura
impressa; anfr. 43 convexiusculi, ultimus antice ad insertionem
cucullatim dilatatus ; apertura diagonalis, subcircularis, intus
albida; perist. subinterruptum, margine supero elevato, si-
nuato, dextro expansiusculo, basali reflewiusculo, columellari
angusto. Opere. corneum, arctispirum.

Diam. maj. 25, min. 203, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. Borneo.

36. PaARTULA TURNERI, Pfr. T. profunde rimato-umbilicata,
ovato-conica, solidula, sub lente spiraliter undulato-striata,
nitida, pallide lutescens, strigis saturatioribus radiata; spira
conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus spira via brevior,

—rr

141

basi subcompressus ; columella simplex, leviter arcuata ; aper-
tura parum obliqua, oblonga ; perist. album, nitidum, undique
latiuscule expansum, marginibus conniventibus, columellari pa-
tente.

Long. 22-23, diam. 11-12 mill.

B. Paulo ventrosior, albido et isabellino radiata.
Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides (Mr. Turner).

6. Descriptions or New Species or MoLiuscA FROM THE
Sanpwicu Isuanps. By W. Harper Pease. (Communt-
caTepD By Dr. J. E. Gray.) (Part II.)*

Genus POLYBRANCHIA.

Body oblongo-ovate, provided with several rows of lobes, commen-
cing at anterior portion of the body, and extending in continuous
series around the posterior part; lobes deciduous. Branchiee im-
bedded in the lobes. Cephalic tentacles bifurcate.

52. PoLYBRANCHIA PELLUCIDA.

Animal.—Oblongo-ovate, pellucid. Cephalic tentacles long, cylin-
drical, slightly tapering to a blunt point, bifurcate from the base, one
part curving slightly anteriorly and the other posteriorly, grooved (?),
on the inside, opposite each other. Labial tentacles of same shape,
shorter. The body furnished with four rows of lobes, commencing
opposite the cephalic tentacles, and passing in continuous series
around hinder part of the body, leaving a narrow space on dorsal
region bare; lobes deciduous, pellucid, of a jelly-like consistency,
close, disposed alternately, those on the edge of the mantle smallest,
increasing in size as they ascend over the sides and back of the body,
cylindrical at the base, spreading out in a fan-like shape, overlapping
each other. Branchiz imbedded in the substance of the lobes, ra-
mose; the stem commencing at the base of the lobes and branching
out, following their form, not extending to the edges of the lobes.
Foot same size as the mantle.

This singular species was very active, when handled casting off
its upper lobes, and when plunged in alcohol instantly detaching the
whole.

53. VEXILLA FUSCO-NIGRA.

Shell abbreviately fusiform, ventricose, solid; spire moderately
produced, acute, and less than half the length of the shell ; whorls
six, convex, furnished with close transverse granular ribs; suture
impressed ; body-whorl large, ventricose, and marked with coarse,
remote, revolving impressed lines, and fine longitudinal strize and
wrinkles ; canal short, slightly recurved; aperture oblong-ovate; outer

* See P. Z.S. for January 11, antea, p. 18.

142

lip thick, somewhat dilated, and furnished with six or seven intra-
marginal tubercular teeth, sinuated at its junction with body-whorl ;
columella-lip smooth, flattened, slightly callous above. Colour
black or brownish-black, impressed lines on body-whorl light choco-
late-colour ; lips purplish-brown ; teeth white or bluish.

Animal.—Foot oblong, truncated in front, rounded behind. Ten-
tacles cylindrically tapering. Eyes lateral and sessile, at about two-
thirds of the length of the tentacles. Siphon long. Colour dark
greenish-slate, and closely punctured with black and white. Ten-
tacles zoned with brown, tips white.

54. ENGINA COSTATA.

Shell solid, fusiformly ovate, attenuated at both ends; spire
acute, half the length of the shell; whorls seven or eight, convex,
longitudinally ribbed ; ribs coarse, rounded, and crossed with nume-
rous transverse spiral ridges, which become somewhat nodulous on
the ribs; interstices between the transverse ridges cancellated with
raised strize ; sutural lines undulated; canal produced and slightly
recurved ; aperture narrow, widest above ; outer lip much thickened
externally ; edge sharp, furnished with five or six intramarginal tu-
bercular teeth ; columella-lip with a thin callosity, and transversely
ribbed on the middle. Colour yellowish-brown ; aperture white.

55. ENGINA MONILIFERA.

Shell solid, ovate, slightly attenuated at both ends ; spire acute,
half the length of the shell; whorls six or seven, convexly angu-
lated, ribbed longitudinally ; ribs coarse, rounded, crossed with spiral
transverse granular ridges, two on each whorl of the spire; suture
faintly defined, bordered by a single row of golden-coloured granules ;
body-whorl sculptured same as the spire ; canal short, slightly re-
curved ; aperture narrow, oblong; outer lip nearly straight, thick-
ened externally, and provided with four internal teeth, and three
small tubercular teeth on the lower half of columella-lip. Colour
white, with a broad, broken, purplish transverse band on the body-
whorl, and a narrow one at the margin of the sutures.

56. ENGINA ALBOCINCTA.

Shell ovate, brownish red, with a white transverse band on body-
whorl; apex acute, longitudinally ribbed, transversely nodosely
ridged, finely striated between the ridges ; aperture narrow ; outer
lip denticulated within ; canal slightly produced and recurved.

57, HinDSIA ANGICOSTATA.

Shell ovate; spire blunt ; whorls rounded, longitudinally ribbed,
and transversely nodosely ridged ; interstices finely striated; aper-
ture oval; outer lip thickened externally ; edge of lip sharp, ridged
internally ; columella-lip arched, slightly callous, wrinkled striee on
upper part; canal slightly produced and recurved. Colour light
brown, longitudinal ribs darker, white band on body-whorl.

143

mM A 58. Borsonia LUTEA.

ple Shell fusiform, solid, shining; whorls convex, angulated at the
sutures, longitudinally regularly and closely ribbed, crossed by re-
gular transverse ridges ; aperture narrow ; outer lip thick, denticu-
lated within; canal produced and recurved. Colour light yellowish-
brown.

59. BorsoniA CRASSICOSTATA.

Shell fusiform, shining, longitudinally coarsely ribbed, crossed by
transverse raised strie; whorls rounded ; sutures well impressed ;
aperture narrow ; outer lip denticulated within ; canal short, slightly
recurved. Colour light yellow.

P<)

abr

s| 60. Borsonta BIFASCIATA.

Shell fusiform, shining, longitudinally coarsely ribbed, crossed by
coarse raised striee ; whorls rounded at the sutures ; outer lip thick,
incurved, serrated on the edges at the termination of the transverse
strie ; canal short and slightly recurved. Colour white; two light
brown bands on each whorl.

y 61. CLATHURELLA BALTEATA.

Shell fusiformly ovate, longitudinally coarsely ribbed ; ribs dis-
posed alternately on the whorls, crossed by transverse raised striz ;
whorls roundly angulated at the sutures; outer lip incurved, serrated
on its edge by the termination of the transverse strize. Colour light
brown, ornamented by one white band on centre of each whorl.

62. BorsONIA NEBULOSA.

Shell fusiformly oblong, finely ribbed longitudinally, striated trans-
versely, forming regular granules; sutures slightly angulated and
smooth ; aperture oval; outer lip slightly incurved and serrated on
its edges, striated internally ; canal slightly produced and recurved.
Colour white, marked with irregular, interrupted, longitudinal brown
lines.

“ 63. CLATHURELLA PRODUCTA.

Shell fusiformly elongate, longitudinally ribbed, finely striated

2. transversely ; whorls convex; suture impressed ; aperture oval ;

' outer lip denticulated; canal short. Colour yellowish-brown; a
darker band of same colour on each whorl.

mr «4Y 64. CLATHURELLA BRUNNEA.

aur Shell fusiformly elongate, ornamented with transverse granular
ribs, and fine longitudinal raised striee ; whorls slightly convex ; aper-
ture elongate-oval; canal short. Colour dark brown.

~ 65. CLATHURELLA CYLINDRICA.

; G)- Shell cylindrically fusiform, shining; apex blunt, longitudinally
strongly ribbed, transversely ornamented with raised strize, forming

abe

144

deep cancellations; whorls slightly convex, angulated at sutures
aperture oval. Colour white.

66. CLATHURELLA EXILIS.

Shell elongately fusiform, ornamented with transverse ribs and
longitudinal striz; whorls slightly convex ; aperture oblong-oval ;
canal short, slightly recurved. Colour white, with irregular yel-
lowish-brown longitudinal spots on upper whorls, and two bands of
same colour on body-whorl.

67. CLATHURELLA ELEGANS.

Shell elongate-pyramidal, yellowish, with chestnut-brown spots on
the centre of varices of each whorl; remote varices extending whole’
length of the shell, transversely granosely ribbed, interstices finely
granulated ; whorls convex, rounded ; suture well impressed ; aper-
ture wide, ovate ; outer lip acute ; canal produced and recurved.

68. CLATHURELLA HARPA.

Shell pyramidally ovate ; body-whorl ventricose, longitudinally
strongly ribbed ; ribs rather distant ; interstices finely striated lon-
gitudinally ; whorls roundly angulated at the sutures ; outer lip acute,
somewhat dilated; aperture large, oval; columella-lip striated ob-
liquely on lower part ; canal short, slightly recurved. Colour white.

69. CLATHURELLA PULCHELLA.

Shell fusiform, acuminated, shining, longitudinally ribbed, crossed
by transverse raised strize ; whorls rounded ; suture impressed ; aper-
ture oval; canal slightly produced and recurved ; pinkish-white, ir-
regular pink spots over the surface ; apex red.

70. CLATHURELLA PAUCICOSTATA.

Shell elongately fusiform, thin, shining; whorls ornamented with
varices, remote, and fine transverse raised striz ; outer lip thin;
aperture elongate-oval; canal long and slightly recurved. Colour
white, with irregular orange-brown spots or blotches ; varices white.

71. CLATHURELLA FUSCOMACULATA.

Shell acuminately turreted, ornamented with transverse raised
strie, slightly granulose; outer lip thin; aperture oval; canal
straight and slightly produced. Colour white, with irregular longi-
tudinal bands of reddish-brown.

72. CLATHURELLA BUCCINOIDES.

Shell pyramidally ovate, shining ; whorls rounded, longitudinally
ribbed, crossed by transverse striee ; aperture ovate; outer lip ser-
rated at edge; canal short, slightly recurved. Colour yellowish
white.

p -

145

73. NASSA MICROSTOMA.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, white, sparingly stained with ferru-
ginous brown ; spire rather long, acute ; whorls six or seven, strongly
convex, ribbed longitudinally, ribs stout, close set, rounded and
crossed with numerous close spiral ridges ; aperture small, rounded,
lyrated within; outer lip thick; columella arched, transversely
wrinkled above, one or two faint spiral plicee near the base.

74. DriLLiA NODIFERA.

Shell elongate-ovate, smooth, plicately noduled longitudinally ;
outer lip thin, acute; canal short; nodules white, interstices red-
dish brown, base white.

Vv 75. OLIvA SANDWICENSIS.

Shell oblong-ovate ; spire somewhat acuminated ; columella-plaits
few in number, extending two-thirds of the length of the aperture ;
outer lip slightly thickened internally. Colour minutely freckled
and blotched with white, reddish brown and cinereous, the lower
half of the body-whorl being much the darkest ; apex white, en-
circled beneath the suture with a light fawn-coloured or whitish
band, blotched with dark reddish brown or cinereous ; aperture white,
two broad, equidistant dark brown bands on the interior, reaching
to the thickened portion of the outer lip.

76. BLAUNERIA GRACILIS.

/2> Shell elongate fusiform, thin, corneous, fragile, semipellucid.

Whorls seven or eight, flatly convex, finely longitudinally obliquely
striated ; suture faintly impressed, outer lip thin; columella-lip
flexuous ; one oblique plait near the centre, truncated; aperture
oblong-ovate, contracted posteriorly.

Animal.—Small, subpellucid, uncoloured, excepting a yellow tinge
around the mouth. Tentacles short, stout, approximating at their
bases. Eyes conspicuous, black, immersed at the posterior bases of
the tentacles. Head deep, narrow above, and much dilated below.
Mouth a simple longitudinal slit. Foot small, short, bluntly rounded
behind, truncated in front, divided by a transverse groove ; posterior
portion slightly the longest. .

77. TuURRICULA BELLA.

Shell fusiform; spire acuminated; whorls convexly angulated ;
sutures rather deep, longitudinally ribbed, ribs somewhat angular,
irregular in size and finely striated longitudinally, also the interstices,
and crossed by numerous transverse striz ; base slightly recurved ;
columella four-plaited, a callosity posteriorly ; aperture lyrated within.
Colour light chestnut brown, with broad lighter or whitish bands,
and spotted remotely and irregularly with reddish brown; base
white.

No. 426.—PRocrEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

146

78. TURRICULA APPROXIMATA.

Shell ovate, turreted ; whorls convexly angulated at the sutures,
longitudinally ribbed, crossed by impressed strize ; interstices punc-
tured ; aperture striated within; columella four-plaited. Colour
white, banded and blotched irregularly with chestnut brown.

79. Mirra PALLIDA.

Shell fusiform ; spire elongate, slender, pointed, surface latticed
by fine longitudinal and transverse striz ; columella five-plaited.
Colour white or light yellow.

80. Mirra puDIcA.

Shell ovate ; spire short, transversely ribbed ; interstices finely
cancellated, longitudinally remotely ribbed, white, variegated with
smoky brown; columella four-plaited.

81. Mirra ERICEA.

Shell fusiformly ovate, attenuated at both ends, transversely
ribbed ; body-whorl crossed by longitudinal strie, rather remote.
Colour light brown ; apex white; columella three-plaited.

82. STRIGATELLA PICEA.

Shell small, ovate, longitudinally ribbed, row of granules bordering
suture, transversely finely striated. Colour dark brown; whorls en-
circled by a single narrow light-brown belt ; columella five-plaited ;
aperture purplish white.

83. STRIGATELLA FUSCESCENS.

Shell ovate, thick, finely crenulated at borders of suture, trans-
versely faintly grooved, the grooves becoming more distinct towards
the base ; columella five-plaited. Colour brown; aperture white.

84. Metampus (TRALIA) SEMIPLICATA.

Shell elongate-ovate, dark reddish brown, with an olive shade ; apex
acute ; whorls eight or nine; spire and upper part of body-whorl
plicate ; rough striee of growth on body-whorl; aperture narrow,
acute above ; two transverse folds on base of columella; one plait
on the imner lip below the centre, and three on outer lip.

85. PEDIPES SANDWICENSIS.

Shell ovate globose, brownish yellow ; aperture white, solid, ribbed
transversely, ribs rather remote and irregular ; whorls four, convexly
angulated at the sutures, the last whorl ventricose ; outer lip flexuous,
thickened in the middle; aperture subquadrate ; columella-lip flat,
furnished with three plaits, of which the upper is the largest, and
slightly oblique ; remaining two transverse, lower one the smaller.

86. ERATO SANDWICENSIS.
Shell pyriform, smooth, shining, white, with a broad band of yel-

9 uk

(1 a el
Pe.
>

147

lowish brown on lower part of the body-whorl, and a narrower one
of same colour bordering the sutures beneath ; columella and outer
lip white ; apex and base tinged with pink; aperture narrow, con-
tracted ; outer lip denticulated its whole length } inner lip about one-
half its length.

87. MARGINELLA ORYZA.
Shell small, subpyriform, thin, transparent, white ; aperture nar-

row ; outer lip denticulate ; inner lip four-plaited, finely striated lon-

gitudinally.

88. MArGINELLA SANDWICENSIS.

Shell minute, subconoidal, thin, transparent white ; aperture nar-
row, contracted; apex obtuse; inner lip three-plaited.

89. CyTHARA GARRETTII.

Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, longitudinally mbbed,
ribs becoming nearly obsolete on body-whorl, transversely finely and
closely striated, a deeply impressed line encircling the whorls just
beneath the sutures. Colour white, variegated with reddish brown,
which colour extends over the greater part of the body-whorl.

90. CyTHARA VARIA.

Shell fusiform, minute, attenuated at both ends, longitudinally
ribbed. Colour variable, light brown with transverse lines of a darker
colour encircling the whorls, or with longitudinal undulating lines, or
ornamented with oblong square brown spots, or light brown dotted
with white.

91. CyTHARA PUSILLA.

Shell oval, white, stained with purplish brown; whorls longitudi-
nally ribbed, ribs somewhat oblique, striated transversely, whorls
angulated at the sutures; outer and inner lip denticulated ; spire
short, outer lip thickened.

92. DAPHNELLA BELLA. a

Shell fusiform ; whorls angulated at the sutures, nodosely ribbed ;
body-whorl ribbed longitudinally somewhat obliquely, transversely
finely striated. Colour yellowish brown, nodules white, ornamented
with a row of dark brown spots between the interstices, encircling
the whorls, and one following the sutures.

93. DAPHNELLA INTERRUPTA.

Shell elongate fusiform, thin, yellowish white, ornamented with
transverse, interrupted, chestnut-brown lines transversely marked
with interrupted granulose raised lines, finely striated longitudinally ;
aperture rather long ; sinus deep.

148

94. DAPHNELLA SANDWICENSIS.

Shell ovate; spire short, smooth or obsoletely striated, slightly
granulose at the sutures; aperture long, open, base subtruncate,
white, stained with chestnut-brown ; body-whorl ornamented with
reticulated lines of same colour ; apex reddish brown.

95. DAPHNELLA MACULOSA.

Shell elongate fusiform, transversely and longitudinally finely
striated, giving the surface a granulose appearance; aperture long ;
base subtruncate. Colour white, ornamented with broad, interrupted
longitudinal lines of a reddish brown.

7. CoNTRIBUTIONS TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE REPTILES OF
THE Himataya Mountains. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

(Reptilia, Plates XXV., XXVI., XXVII., XXVIIL)

The following paper has been suggested by a collection of Reptiles
made by MM. Hermann, Adolphe and Robert von Schlagintweit
during their scientific mission to India and High Asia from 1854 to
1858, and submitted by those gentlemen to my examination. The
value of the collection is highly increased by very accurate state-
ments of the localities and altitudes at which each specimen was ob-
tained, and which were kindly communicated to me for this paper.
This is the first information of the kind we have received on the
Reptiles of the Himalayas, and it is of the utmost importance, since
it not only augments our knowledge of the vertical distribution of
these animals, but embraces a larger number of facts, respecting the
altitudes at which species of reptiles are known to exist in the dif-
ferent mountainous systems of the globe, than the whole-of our pre-
vious information on the subject. I, however, have thought it ad-
visable to take this opportunity of giving at once a complete list of
the Reptiles known to inhabit the Himalayas, and to collect also those
notes referring to them, which, if deficient in statements of the alti-
tudes, yet give much information as to their horizontal distribution.
In doing this, I have gathered my information from British collec-
tions and publications only, not finding the slightest data on the sub-
ject in foreign works treating of the physical history of these moun-
tains. One of the chief resources for this list has been a collection
made by Dr. J. Hooker in Sikkim and Khasia, partly described by
Dr. J. E. Gray (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, xii. p. 386), and
partly by myself in my Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. Finding a
great congruity between the species obtained in the Khasia Hills and
those collected by MM. von Schlagintweit at considerable altitudes
in the Himalayas, I have not hesitated to admit the former into the
list, although every other information on their habitat is wanting.
But I have not admitted the numerous species mentioned by Dr.
Cantor and others as bemg found in Assam ; they were evidently col-

* Proc. Z.5. Reptilia XXV.

eee ser tcts

Add

A. BARYCEPHALUS SYKESIL, Gir. B. TIARIS ELLIOTTI, Ge.
G. TILIQUA SCHLEGELIL, Geir.

149

lected in the plains of this country; and even those said to have
been obtained from hills (their height is not stated) belong entirely
to the lowland fauna. On the Reptiles inhabiting High Assam we
have no information whatever. Another contribution to the Hima-
Jaya fauna has been given by Mr. Blyth in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
vols. xxii. and xxili.*, containing an account of several Reptiles from
Nepal and Sikkim. Some of the latter have been found by Capt.
Sherwill at Darjeeling, which locality is, as we know, 7100 feet above
the level of the sea. Finally, Mr. Hodgson has sent numerous
specimens from Nepal to the British Museum, but it is much to be
regretted that he has not paid the same attention to their altitudinal
distribution as he has done in the higher classes of Vertebrata; and I
have been obliged to make a cautious selection from among the
species sent by him, in order not to admit those which, although from
Nepal, belong exclusively to the lowland fauna.

The collection of Messrs. von Schlagintweit is composed of 118
specimens, nearly all of which are in the best state of preservation ;
they have been transferred to the British Museum, together with
the large Collection of the East India Company. A few only were
collected in Ceylon, at Calcutta and Kurrachee, and are not mentioned
in this paper, with the exception of one Snake from the latter place,
which, with no other difference than a few very slight variations in
the small additional shields of the head, so completely agrees with
Zamenis cliffordii as to leave no doubt as to the identity of both,
This species therefore appears to be found along all the coasts of
North Africa through Egypt, and to extend to the banks of the
Indus !

I shall first give the descriptions of the new species f.

I. Descriptions of the New Species.

BarycePHauus {, Gthr.

Head, body, and tail rather depressed, the latter tapering ; tym-
panum circular; throat with a deep transverse fold; preeanal or
femoral pores none ; head covered above with very small shields ;
back with very small square, keeled, and imbricate scales ; sides gra-
nular, with scattered spines ; belly with small square plates in trans-
verse series ; extremities and tail with oblique transverse series of
strongly keeled scales; teeth laterally compressed, triangular, with-
out lobes.

This genus is to be referred to the family of Agamide.

* T am very sorry not to have had earlier knowledge of this paper, which con-
tains valuable detailed descriptions of numerous species. So much cannot be
said of a herpetological paper by another author in the twenty-second volume of
the Asiatic Journal, which, in its present shape, is of no value whatever to science.

t+ The discoverers of these Reptiles have requested me to dedicate the new
species to gentlemen who have taken a particular interest in their travels.

{ From Bapu«cpaXos, with depressed head.

150
BarYCEPHALUS SYKEsiI, Gthr. (Pl. XXV. fig. A.)

Diagnosis.—Temple, sides of the throat and trunk, and the poste-
rior part of the hind legs with scattered spines; a transverse series
in the middle of the belly contains about fifty shields. Upper parts
dusky, variegated and speckled with black, the lower parts whitish ;
throat reticulated with greenish.

The following specimens are in the Collection :—

Adult. Simla, Himalaya; 2500 feet above level of the sea.
Half-grown. Simla, Himalaya; 7200 feet above level of sea.
Adult. Giarhval, Himalaya ; 8200 feet above level of the sea.
. Young. Balti, Tibet; 6100 feet above level of the sea.

. Half-grown. Ladak, Tibet ; 15,250 feet above level of the sea.

SAS S8

Description.—The head is rather depressed and flat, with the
canthus rostralis distinct, and with the snout of moderate length ; it
is covered above with numerous very small shields ; there is a shield
in the middle of the occipital region, which is rather larger than the
others, but it is not present in all the specimens; a series of slightly
keeled shields runs along the median line of the snout. The width
of the space between the bony orbits is one-half that of the upper
eyelid. The rostral shield is low, twice as broad as high ; there are
twelve upper labials. The nostril is in a single shield, which is
situated between the canthus rostralis and the first upper labial. The
loreal region is concave, and covered with minute shields. The
median shield of the lower jaw is subpentagonal, and longer than
broad ; the lower labials are eleven in number, and higher than
those of the upper lip ; several other series of very small shields run
parallel to that of the labials, the remainder of the throat being
covered with minute granules. A low spiny crest proceeds from
below the eye to the tympanum, the anterior circumference of which
also is provided with spinous scales; several other groups of spines
are between the tympanum and the fold of the throat, and on the
sides of the neck, which is exceedingly finely granulated.

The trunk is depressed and flattened; the back is covered with
small imbricate scales, each being provided with a strong keel ; they
gradually pass into the granulations of the sides, which, however,
are intermixed with small scattered spines. The belly is covered
with smooth square shields, arranged in transverse series ; they are
so small that I count fifty of them in one of the series in the middle
of the belly.

The ¢ai/ is considerably depressed at the base, assumes gradually
a more conical form, and tapers posteriorly into a fine point; it is
verticillated. The scales form rings, are quadrangular and strongly
keeled, each keel terminating posteriorly in a small spine. The
scales which are the largest and provided with the strongest keels
are those on the anterior and superior parts of the extremities; the
scales round the jomts and on the posterior and inferior sides are
smaller, and smooth. The fore leg reaches to the loin, if laid back-
wards ; the third and fourth fingers are the longest, and equal in

151

length ; the second and fifth are shorter, and equal each other in
length; the first is the shortest. All the fingers and toes are slightly
compressed and armed with strong claws. The hind leg reaches
to the end of the snout, if laid forwards ; the fourth toe is the longest,
somewhat longer than the third and fifth, which are nearly equal ;
the second is considerably shorter, and the first is the shortest.

The ground-colour of the upper parts is dusky-brown or greenish-
brown, the back being irregularly speckled wlth black ; two of the
specimens exhibit also some lighter, indistinct spots; the lower
parts are whitish, the throat is reticulated with greenish ; one spe-
cimen has the breast dotted with bluish-green.

’ : inches. lines.
Total lensth fii. ie. fee abe TE
Length of the head (to the hinder edge of the
tympanum) .... 2... ee. ee eee eens
Greatest width of the head ..........+-+-
Length of the trunk (to the anus) .......-
of the tags 22rd. Wel Fae
of the humerus...... -+..- 0+ eee
of the fore-arm...... 6... eee eee
of the fourth finger .........-4++-
of the first finger ........---- eee:
of the entire fore extremity ......-.
of the femur...........-0ee0-+:
of the lower leg.... 2... ---- e+e 5-
—— of the foot....:....... ae ae acl SAS
of the fourth toe .......... +++ 05
of the fifth toe .......6+.- 0 seeee-
of the first toe ........----ee-e ee
— of the entire hinder extremity ......

ble

=
ANOeK OCLC S

bole

_
Se a)

tole

woocerenoocoonwor

This genus has a remarkable resemblance in many points to Mi-
crophractus * (Hopluride), from the Andes ; but there is a generic
difference in the dentition. The species is named in honour of
Colonel Sykes.

Traris eELLiorri, Gthr. (Pl. XXV. fig. B.)

Diagnosis.—Crest of the nape and of the back exceedingly low,
formed by a series of larger keeled scales ; neither a longitudinal nor
a transverse gular fold; a very small detached tubercle behind the
margin of the upper eyelid, which is not armed ; a series of tubercles
from above the tympanum, bent towards the nuchal crest. Above
brownish, uniform or varied with darker.

Hab. Sikkim, Himalaya, One adult female specimen procured
in an altitude of 9200 feet is in the Collection. ‘Three other speci-
mens, from the same country, have been presented to the British
Museum by Dr. J. Hooker.

Description.—The head is rather high, with a sharp canthus ros-
tralis, short snout, and convex upper eyelids; it is covered with

* Cfr. Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 90.

152

numerous slightly keeled scales, and one situated in the middle
of the occiput appears to be rather larger than the others ; the width
of the space between the bony orbits is very narrow; the canthus
rostralis and the margin of the upper eyelid form one continuous
sharp edge. The rostral shield is very low, like the upper labials,
which are five in number. The nostril is very small, in a single
shield, which is situated between the canthus rostralis and the first
labial. The loreal region is a little concave, and covered with small
irregular shields. The median shield of the lower jaw is subtrian-
gular and longer than broad ; there are five lower labials on each
side, the remainder of the throat being covered with imbricate and
keeled scales. There is a small conical tubercle behind, and detached
from the orbital edge; another similar tubercle is on each side of the
throat below the tympanum; a series of tubercles proceeds from
above the tympanum, and is bent inwards to the nuchal ridge. The
tympanum itself is small and subcircular. There is no fold across
the throat, but a transverse band of rather smaller scales.

The trunk is rounded, in the female depressed ; a series of larger,
keeled scales runs along the middle of the neck and back to the base
of the tail, and forms a sort of dorsal crest ; the back and the sides
are covered with small scales of unequal size and quite irregularly
arranged ; they are intermixed with scattered, considerably larger
scales, and these are distinctly keeled. The scales of the belly are
imbricate, rhombic, more equal in size and more regularly arranged
_and slightly keeled ; the preeanal scales are like those of the belly ;
preeanal pores none.

The ¢ail is very long, slender, rounded at the base, and covered
on all sides with rhombic, keeled, imbricate scales; it is not verti-
cillated.

The upper parts of the extremities are covered with very large
and strongly keeled scales; some scales on the hinder side of the
femur have even two or three keels. The fore leg reaches to the
loin, if laid backwards ; the hind leg, if laid forwards, nearly to the
end of the snout. The fingers and toes are armed with strong claws,
and-have the usual relative length. There are no femoral pores.

The ground-colour of the upper parts is brownish; uniform in
the females, variegated with darker in the males. Some of the large
scales of the back appear to have been iridescent during life. The
lower parts are uniform dull-yellowish.

inches. lines.
Motel eri aise, ahs Gentes f J01S spar eewigs 73
Length of the head (to the tympanum).... 0 6%
Greatest width of the head.............. 0.

5
Length of the trunk (to the anus).......- Lind
iE REMAN shai cue ade ao kictsme ete oe sem OE. ee
— of the humerus ................ 0 4
——— of the fore-arm ................ 0 4
——— of the fourth finger ............ 0 42
——— of the first finger .............. 2) Sie
——— of the entire fore extremity ...... 1 120

153
inches. lines.
Length of the femur ............+.---- 0 63
ofthe lower leg... .5'..2--/-4.-+. 0 54
————— of the foot... 0. cde ee eine es 0 3
of the fourth, too.:......5.--:+..../ 0 6
_ of the fifth toe. . 025200. .ee ees 0 4
@ GF the first. £00... !66 5 sin). 4.2 050 554m a 2
of the entire hinder extremity .... 1 9

The species is dedicated to Walter Elliott, Esq., Member of
the Council of Madras.

Tixiaua scHLEGELIU, Gthr. (Pl. XXV. fig. C.)

Diagnosis.— Uniform black. Scales rather large, smooth, striated,
not keeled, in four or five longitudinal series on the back. Four
preeanal shields, the two middle ones being the larger; a series of
broad shields along the lower side of the tail. Ear-opening small,
deep, round, with smooth margins.

Hab. Sikkim. One specimen, apparently not full-grown, has been
found at an altitude of 8930 feet.

Description.—This species does not differ in general habit from
the other Tiligue. Its snout is of moderate extent, and not pro-
duced. The series of shields covering the upper surface of the head
is as follows:—1, the rostral shield is rounded; 2, the anterior
frontal is single, subquadrangular, broader than long ; 3, a pair of
posterior frontals, which are not in contact with each other; 4, the
vertical shield is quadrangular, with the anterior angle obtuse and
the posterior very acute, and with the two anterior sides much shorter
than the two posterior ones; the shield reaches backwards to the
level of the pupil. 5. There are five superciliary shields on each side
of the vertical ; 6, five occipital shields, viz. an anterior pair, a single
central one, and a posterior pair; the anterior pair form a suture
with the vertical, separating it from the central occipital. The latter
is quadrangular, similar in form to the vertical, but much shorter,
so that the anterior pair of its sides are not much longer than the
posterior. The anterior pair of the occipitals form together with the
central shield a perfect square. The posterior pair is obliquely
situated, subelliptical in form, and Jarger than any of the other occi-
pitals ; the inner side of those shields is in contact with an anterior
and with the central occipital.

The nostril is in a single shield between the first labial and the
anterior frontal ; there are three shields between nostril and eye,
covering the loreal region. Seven upper labials, the fifth of which
is the largest, and extending upwards to the eyelid. The posterior
part of the orbit is formed by three small shields, behind which are
some large temporals. The median lower labial is broader than
long, truncated posteriorly, forming a straight transverse suture
with another single broad shield situated immediately behind the
median labial. There are five narrow lower labials, with an interior
series of five other much larger shields ; the remainder of the throat

154

is covered with scales like the belly. The opening of the ear is small,
round, and deep.

The scales are finely striated, without keels, and rather large on
the back, whilst those on the belly are of moderate size, and those
on the sides rather small. I count in the middle of the trunk five
longitudinal series on the back, seven on each side, and six on the
belly ; so that that part of the body is surrounded by twenty-five
series. There are four preeanal shields, the middle pair being con-
siderably the largest. »

The greater portion of the tail is broken off; a band of broad
shields begins to cover its lower side at a short distance from its
origin ; the tail is surrounded by eight series of scales, which exhibit
no keel whatever. The tail itself is rounded, not compressed, and
tapering.

The extremities are covered with scales similar to those of the
body ; the fore extremity reaches to the anterior margin of the eye,
if laid forwards; the third and fourth fingers are the longest, and
nearly equal ; then follow the second, the fifth and the first. The
length of the hinder extrémity is rather more than one-half that of
the trunk ; the fourth toe is the longest ; the third and fifth are equal
in length, and the first is shorter than the second. All the fingers
and toes are slightly compressed and well armed with claws.

The upper parts are uniform black, the lower ones blackish.

Palatine teeth none.

inches. lines.

Pitallengthtin: soso Aas miata ee
Length of the head (to the tympanum) 0
Greatest width of the head.......... 0
Length of the trunk (to the vent) .... 1
of the tail (restored) ........ 2
—— — of the fore extremity ........ 0
0
0

tol

- of the fourth finger..........
——— of the hinder extremity ......
of the fourth toe.....

bol bol

The species is called after Prof. H. Schlegel of Leyden.

ApxaBes RAppPI, Gthr. (PI. XXVI. fig. B.)

Diagnosis.— Scales in fifteen rows; six upper labials, the third
and fourth of which enter the orbit; Above uniform blackish ;
below yellowish.

Hab. Sikkim (5340 feet above the level of the sea). Another
specimen, sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, and rather injured, is
in the Collection of the British Museum.

Description.—The head is of moderate length, and continuous
with the neck ; the body and tail are rather slender. The rostral is
a little broader than high, rounded superiorly, and reaching to the
upper surface of the head. . The anterior frontals are smaller than
the posterior ones, which are bent downwards to the side of the head.
The vertical is not twice as long as broad, and has the posterior

A.a. ABLABES QWENII, Gthr
Peo . RABPTL Cir.

a a a ae a & “a A

Proc.Z.5. Reptilia XXV1

155

angle pointed in the specimen from Sikkim, and obtuse in those
from Nepal. The occipitals are of moderate extent. The nostril is
between two shields; one loreal, one anterior and two posterior oculars;
six upper labials, the third and fourth of which enter the orbit ; two
temporals, one behind the other, the anterior elongate ; seven lower
labials, those of the first pair forming a suture behind the triangular
median shield ; two pairs of chin-shields, those of the anterior pair
being the largest.

The scales are rhombic, perfectly smooth, in fifteen rows in the
middle of the body; anals and subcaudals bifid.

Sikkim specimen: ventrals 191, subcaudals 60.

Nepalese specimen: ventrals 198.

The colour has been described above. The teeth are small, equal,
smooth. The specimen from Sikkim isan adult female with mature
eggs in the oviduct ; its total length is 163 inches, the length of the
head 4} lines, that of the tail 3} inches.

The species is called after Prof. von Rapp, of Tiibingen.

ABLABES OWENII, Gthr. (Pl. XXVI. fig. A.)

Diagnosis.—Scales in fifteen rows ; six upper labials, the third
and fourth of which enter the orbit. Greyish-brown, with a broad
black collar and many black transverse spots on the anterior part of
the body.

Hab. Sikkim, Himalaya (10,200 feet above the level of the sea).

Description.—The head is of moderate length, flat and depressed,
not distinct from the neck; the snout is rather broad ; the rostral
much broader than high, and not extending backwards on the upper
surface of the head. The frontals are broader than long, the ante-
rior ones half the size of the posterior, which are bent downwards on
the side of the head. The vertical is pentagonal, with the anterior
margin convex and equal in length to the lateral one, and with the
posterior angle pointed. ‘The occipitals are of moderate extent and
rounded posteriorly. The nostril is between two shields. One loreal,
one anterior, and two posterior oculars; six upper labials. There
are two narrow temporal shields of nearly equal length, one behind
the other. Six lower labials, those of the first pair forming a suture
together behind the median shield, which is triangular and longer
than broad. The two pairs of chin-shields are of equal size. The
trunk is rounded, of moderate length, surrounded by fifteen rows of
rhombic, perfectly smooth scales. Ventrals 200, anal bifid; sub-
caudals 59. The upper parts are greyish-brown ; there is a broad
black collar immediately behind the occipitals, and not extending on
to the abdominal side; the anterior portion of the trunk exhibits
many narrow and rather irregular black transverse spots, gradually
disappearing towards the middle of the length of the body. The
lower parts are uniform yellowish.

inches. lines.

Total-lengiie Sena fois kee eg
Length’ of the hpadiar ke a. 0 $2

of the: tail: i sace. ci Pree) ebay!

This species is called in honour of Prof. Richard Owen.

156

Spitores Hopcsonu, Gthr. (PI. XXVII.)

Diagnosis.—Body elongate, slightly compressed. Scales indi-
stinctly keeled, in twenty-three rows ; the fifth upper labial shield
hardly reaching upwards to the posterior margin of the orbit ; eight
upper labials, two posterior oculars, anal bifid. Uniform olive, the
skin between the scales black.

Hab. Ladak, Tibet (15,200 feet above the level of the sea). Two
other specimens have been sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal.

Description.—This species is closely allied to Spilotes melanurus,
Schleg., and Sp. reticularis, Cant., which, however, have consider-
ably larger scales, in nineteen, and sometimes in twenty-one series,
and exhibit a different coloration. Sp. melanurus has the sixth
(fifth) upper labial differently shaped ; but in all have the shields of
the head the same tendency to irregularities, two or three being often
united. This is the case in the Nepalese specimens of the present
species, whilst that from Tibet has all distinctly separated. The
form of the head and of its shields is exactly the same as in the other
species mentioned. The ante-ocular reaches to the upper surface of
the head, without touching the vertical. The scales are small, espe-
cially those on the neck, where they are arranged in twenty-three
rows, as in the middle of the body. Those of the dorsal series are
indistinctly keeled.

Ventrals. Anal. Caudals.

Tibetan specimen ............ 296 1/1 90
Nepalese specimen, no. 1...... 226 1/1 79
Nepalese specimen, no. 2...... 233 1/l 85

The colour of the upper parts is uniform olive, the skin between
the scales being black ; the belly is whitish, and the margin of each
ventral shield blackish on each side. The tail is coloured like the
body.

inches. lines.

Lenpthvof thethead). 00 33s gn wee 5 F
OF She teas ON Tk ve, cocoate Pee
Total length. - 2... 0. Sse pale seater 61-0

This Snake is called after B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Herpetoreas, Gthr.

Diagnosis.—The posterior maxillary tooth longest, in a continu-
ous series with the anterior ones. Body and tail slender, compressed.
Two nasals, one loreal, one anterior, two posterior oculars. Scales
moderately elongate, keeled, in nineteen rows. Eye of moderate
size.

This genus is to be referred to the family of the Dryadide, and is
distinguished from the other genera by its dentition.

HeERPETOREAS SIEBOLDII, Gthr.

Diagnosis.—Vertical shield five-sided, with the lateral margins
nearly parallel, and with the posterior sides very short. Scales in

ll i i i ee ek kk ee

eee eee ete
cere 3
RSF

[KOs
PPPOE

sees

GH Ford

W West amp

1, Gthr

HOD GS ON

)

PILOTS

a
»

157

nineteen rows, slightly keeled. Above uniform greenish-brown ;
below yellowish, with a darker stripe on each side, formed by short
streaks.

Hab. Sikkim, Himalaya (7500 feet above the level of the sea).

Description.—Although the head of the single specimen sent, is
somewhat injured, and does not admit of a fully detailed description,
I do not hesitate to found a new genus and species on it, as those
parts which are in a better state of preservation exhibit peculiarities
sufficient for its recognition. From some few remarks made by Mr.
Blyth in Journ. As. Soc. 1855, p. 292, it would appear that he also
has seen this Snake. He, however, describes it as having seventeen
rows, and applies to it the name of Herpetodryas helena, Daud.,
which is entirely incorrect, the Snake of Daudin being a common
species from Ceylon with twenty-seven rows of scales (Cynophis
helena).

The head is somewhat elongate, rounded in front and flat above.
The rostral shield is broader than high, and rounded superiorly ; the
anterior frontals are pentagonal, one-half the size of the posterior,
which are bent downwards on the side of the head. The vertical is
pentagonal, much broader than the superciliary, and not quite twice
as long as broad ; its lateral margins are nearly parallel, the posterior
ones very short, and meeting at a right angle. The occipitals are
slightly elongate and rather narrow, subtruncated posteriorly. Nos-
tril between two plates; one loreal, one anterior, and two posterior
oculars; eight upper labials, the third, fourth, and fifth of which
enter the orbit. There appear to be five temporal shields. Ten
lower labials, those of the first pair being in contact with each other,
behind the median shield, which has the posterior margin obtusely
rounded. Two pairs of chin-shields, the anterior being the smaller.

The trunk is compressed, especially towards the tail, and slender ;
it is surrounded by nineteen series of scales, those of the back being
slightly keeled ; they are rather elongate, and assume a rhombic
form towards the tail. The ventral and subcaudal plates are bent
upwards to the sides, but not keeled. Ventrals 216, anal bifid, cau-
dals 90.

The two posterior teeth are twice as long as the anteriors, with
which they form a continuous series; they are not grooved. The
upper parts are uniform greenish-brown, the lower ones yellowish ;
the ventrals have an elongate spot on each side. Total length 3 feet
linch ; length of the head 10 lines, of the tail 9 inches. +

This species is called after Prof. von Siebold of Munich.

Rana tresier, Gthr. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. A.)

Diagnosis.—Tympanum hidden; a strong tubercular fold from
the eye to the axil, another along each side of the back ; sacral re-
gion tubercular. Head broad; muzzle obtuse, with the canthus
rostralis flattened. A slight groove across the occiput, uniting both
the posterior angles of the eye-lids. Vomerine teeth in two oblique
series, convergent posteriorly. The fifth toe not quite one-third the

158

length of the third and fourth. Metatarsus with one tubercle. Tips
of the fingers and toes truncated. (Brown, a dark. streak along the
canthus rostralis ; the hinder side of the thigh with white spots ; the
lower parts brown, or whitish marbled with brown.

Hab. One specimen, found by Messrs. von Schlagintweit in Sik-
kim (3800 feet) ; another from Nepal is in the Collection of the
British Museum.

Description.—The upper surface of the head is flat, with indistinct
canthus rostralis ; the loreal region is oblique, the snout short and
broad, the distance between the angles of the mouth being very much
more than the length of the head. The tympanum is hidden by the
skin, but its outlines become somewhat visible in exsiccated speci-
mens only; the species may be readily distinguished by this cha-
racter. ‘The nostril is situated midway between the eye and the end
of the snout. The eye is of moderate size, prominent above the level
of the crown, and with a slight groove behind. The space between
the eyes is as wide as an upper eyelid. The inner nostrils are a
rather narrow transverse cleft, and in size about equal to the open-
ings of the eustachian tubes. The lower jaw without prominences ;
there are no vocal sacs, both the specimens being females. Two
tubercular folds arise from the eye; the stronger one running above
the tympanum to the axil, the other along the side of the back
towards the loin; the back and the belly are smooth ; the sacral re-
gioa, the sides of the body, and the upper parts of the thigh are
more or less covered with broad tubercles. The toes and fingers are
truncated or ending in small knobs. The former are webbed to their
extremities, the membrane being slightly emarginate. The fourth
toe is one-fourth longer than the third, which is rather longer than
the fifth. One metatarsal tubercle. Fhe colours have been stated

above.
inches. lines.

Length of head and body ...........-.- 9
Gf thewead) osq foe tastes oes ee
Width: ofthe head’ Fei Gav ists ot oa 2) eee
Length of the fore leg.......... Pe SE fae |
of the hind les > x05) 3.5 sitar seen 6. «0
of theditth:teé. 164 ckeeerseme as tine: |
of ithe fourth toe< iin. vsneou ee en ea aes.
of the third toe ........ te Sa

This species is called after Dr. von Liebig, jun.

Dicroctossus, Gthr.

Fingers free, toes broadly webbed ; tongue rather elongate, deeply
notched behind ; vomerine teeth none ; eustachian tubes moderate,
tympanum indistinct ; vocal sacs of the male external and lateral.

This genus is to be referred to the Ranide, and differs from Oxy-
glossus in the shape of the tongue.

Dicrocrossus apourFi, Gthr. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. B.)
Diagnosis.—Skin smooth or warty ; toes webbed to their tips by

Proc.Z.5 Reptilia XXVIII

Aa.Rana liebigu, Gtr B.b Dicroglossus adolfi, Gthr

159

a very extensible membrane ; a cylindrical tubercle at the metatarsus,
very much like the rudiment of a sixth toe. Above greenish or
greenish-brown, uniform or spotted with darker; belly with dark
specks. Size of Bombinator igneus.

Hab. Kulu and Simla, Himalaya (2400-4200 feet above the level
of the sea). :

Description.—In habit and size somewhat similar to Bombinator
igneus, but with the snout more pointed. The skin is in some spe-
cimens warty, in others smooth. The tympanum is rather indistinct,
and not quite of the size of the eye. The inner nostrils are small
and rather distant from each other, the openings of the eustachian
tubes larger. The extremities are of moderate length ; the fingers
quite free: the third is the longest ; the first is very little longer
than the second and fourth, which are equal in length. The struc-
ture of the hind foot is similar to that in Oxyglossus ; but the tubercle
of the metatarsus is very much like a rudiment of a sixth toe. The
fourth toe is one-fourth longer than the fifth. The species varies con-
siderably in coloration, and the most constant characters appear to
be brownish specks on all or some of the lower parts, and a brownish
_ streak on the hinder side of the thigh.

inches. lines.

Length of the head and body .......--.-- 1
of the fore leg... 6... ee eevee wees 0 10
—of the hind leg ...........-5+-- 2 #4

I have dedicated this species to the memory of the late Adolphe
von Schlagintweit.

Il. List of Himalayan Reptiles, with Remarks on their Horizontal
Distribution.

Those species which, although they extend into the mountainous
regions, are not peculiar to the Himalaya fauna, are marked with
an asterisk.

CHELONIA.

1. Emypa puncrata, Lacép.
Found by MM. von Schlagintweit in Sikkim.
i

SAURIA.

*], EMPAGUSIA FLAVESCENS, Gray, Catal. Liz.

Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal. I strongly suspect this species
to belong to the fauna of the lowlands.

2. Hinvwia invica, Gray, Ann. & Mag.

Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim, by Messrs. von Schlagintweit in
Sikkim, Garhval, Simla, Kashmir, and in Ladak, Tibet.

160

3. Mocoa s1kKIMMENSsIs, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Found by Capt. Sherwill in Sikkim.

4, PLESTIODON SIKKIMMENSIS, Gray, Ann. & Mag.
Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim.

*5. VARANUS HERALDICUS, Gray, Catal. Liz.
Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal.

6. Roto GRACILIs, Gray, Catal. Liz. & Ann. & Mag.
Found by Dr. Hooker in the Khasia Hills.

*7, TILIQUA RUFESCENS, Shaw (Gray, Catal. Liz. & Ann. & Mag.).

Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. y.
Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

8. Tix1qvA SCHLEGELI, Gthr.
Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

9, ARGYROPHIS HORSFIELDII, Gray, Catal. Liz.
Khasia Hills.

10. Brancta niera, Gray, Ann. & Mag.
Found by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

11. Catores Marr, Gray, Catal. Liz. & Ann. & Mag.

Found by Dr. Hooker in the Khasia Hills, and by Messrs. vy.
Schlagintweit in Jamu, Himalaya.

12. CALOTES TRICARINATUS, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1854,
p- 650.

Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling.

*13. CaLoTESs vERSICOLOR, Daud. (Gray, Catal. Liz.).

Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and by Messrs. v. Schlagint-
weit in Jamu and Simla (Himalaya).

14. CaLorrs MINOR, Gray.

Stated by Dr. Gray (Catal. Liz.) to come from the Khasia Hills ;
found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

15. Traris ELuIoTTI, Gthr.

Found by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

16. IpALuRA VARIEGATA, Gray, Ann. & Mag.
Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim.

161

17. PHRYNOCEPHALUS TICKELII, Gray.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Tibet. The black bands
round the tail are not always present.

*18. UROMASTIX GRISEUS, Cuv.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

19. BaARYCEPHALUS SYKESII, Gthr.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit at Simla and Garhval (Hima-
laya), and in Balti and Ladak (Tibet).

OPHIDIA.

1. BracuyorruHos TENUICEPS (Calamaria tenuiceps, Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1855, p. 288).

Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling.

*2, StImoTES RUSSELLII, Daud. (Gthr. Catal. Colubr. Snakes).
Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal.

*3. SIMOTES PURPURASCENS, Schleg. (var. D. & E. Gthr. Catal.
Colubr. Snakes= Coronella puncticulata, Gray, Ann. & Mag.).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in
Sikkim, and by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal.

*4, ABLABES COLLARIS (Psammophis collaris, Gray, 1. c.; Gthr.
Catal. Col. Snakes).

Found by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Khasia, and
by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal.

5. ABLABES RAPPII, Gthr.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

6. ABLABES OWENII, Gthr.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

7. TRACHISCHIUM FuUsCUM (Calamaria fusca, Blyth. Journ. As.
Soc. Beng.=Trachischium rugosum, Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.).

Found by Dr. Hooker, Capt. Sherwill, and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit
in Sikkim ; by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal.

8. TRACHISCHIUM OBSCURO-STRIATUM (Calamaria obscuro-
striata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.).

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim; described by Mr.
Blyth from specimens from Rangoon.

9. XENODON MACROPHTHALMUS, Gthr. (Catal. Col. Sn.).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia and Sikkim (4000 feet). T'vro-
No. 427.—ProceEepinGs or THE ZooLoeicat Society.

162

pidonotus macrops, Blyth (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. p. 296), found
by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling, appears to be closely allied to, if not
identical with, X. macrophthalmus.

*10. TRopipoNoTus QuINCUNCIATUS, Schleg. (Gthr. Catal. Col.
Sn.).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim, by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in
the Himalaya and Cashmere. The variety 7. umbratus has been
procured by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit
in Sikkim.

*11. Troprponotvus stoxatus, L. (Gray, Ann. & Mag.; Gthr.
Catal. Col. Sn.). ;

Found by Mr. Hedgson in Nepal, by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, and
by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in the Himalaya.

*12. TRopIDONOTUS sUBMINIATUS, Reinw. (Gthr. Catal. Col.
Sn.).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim, by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in
Jamu, Himalaya.

*13. TroprponoTus cHRySARGUS, Boie (Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.).
Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal.

14, Troprponotus PLATyceps, Blyth, /. c. p. 297.

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, by Capt. Sherwill and Messrs.
v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal. This species
has the teeth of the genus Amphiesma, D. & B., and varies very much
in coloration according to age and sex; but it constantly shows a
dark stripe through the eye, and a black vertical streak on the rostral
shield. I have found the eggs of a Lizard or of another Snake in
the stomach of one of the specimens.

*15. TROPIDONOTUS CERASOGASTER, Cant. (Gthr. Catal. Col.
Sn.).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia.

16. Tropiponortus (?) pipsas, Blyth, J. ¢. p. 297.
Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling.

17. COoLUBER CALLICEPHALUS (Coronella callicephala, Gray,
l.e.).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia.

*18. SprLoTES RADIATUS, Reinw. (Gray, Ann. & Mag.; Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, and by Capt. Sherwill in Sikkim.

163

*19, SprLoTES MELANURUS, Schleg. (Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn.).
Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal.

20. Sprtores HopGsont!, Gthr.
Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, and found by Messrs. v. Schla-
gintweit at Ladak (Tibet).

21. SprLores RETICULARIS, Cant. (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn.).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, by Messrs. Schlagintweit in
Sikkim, by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal.

*22. CoRYPHODON FASCIOLATUS, Shaw (Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng.).
Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling.

*23. CoRYPHODON BLUMENBACHI, Merr. (Gthr. Catal. Col.
Sn.).

Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit
in Sikkim.

*24. CoryPpHopoN KoRRos, Reinw. (Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng.).

Found by Capt. Sherwill at Darjiling.

25. CorYPHODON CARINATUS, Gthr. J. e.= Coluber nigro-margi-
natus, Blyth, J. ce. p. 290= Coluber dhumnades, Cant.

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia and Sikkim, by Capt. Sherwill and
Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, and by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal.
When naming this Snake C. carinatus, I was well aware of its iden-
tity with C. dhumnades ; but I intended to point out that it stands
in the same relation to Coryphodon fuscus as Herpetodryas carinatus
does to H. fuscus.

26. HERPETOREAS SIEBOLDII, Gthr.
Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

27. GONYOSOMA FRENATUM (Herpetodryas frenatus, Gray, Ann.
& Mag.).
Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia.

*28. PsAMMODYNASTES PULVERULENTUS, Boie (Gthr. Cat. Col.
Sn.= Dipsas ferruginea, Cant. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 53; Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng.).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia, by Capt. Sherwill and Messrs. v.
Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

*29. Denpropuis picta, Gm. (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn.).
Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia.

164

30. DresADOMORPHUS TRIGONATUS, Schneid.
Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in the Himalaya.

*31. Lycopon auticus, L. (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn.).

Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal ; found by Messrs. v. Schla-
gintweit in the Himalaya (2400 feet).

32. Exvars univireatus, Gthr. /. c.

Sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal.

33. Parias macu.ata, Gray, l. c. (Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 266,

where the specimens are referred, by mistake, to Trimesurus macu-
latus).

Found by Dr. Hooker in Sikkim, and sent by Mr. Hodgson from
Nepal.

34. TRIGONOCEPHALUS AFFINIS, Gray.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Tibet.

*35. DABOIA ELEGANS, Daud.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Kulu, Himalaya. °

36. TRIMESURUS BICOLOR, Gray, J. ¢.
Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia.

37. TRIMESURUS ELEGANS, Gray, /. c.
Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia.

*38. NagsA TRIPUDIANS, Merr.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim. The specimens are
uniform black, or with white cross-bands.

*39. GonGyYLOPHIs CoNniIcus, Schneid.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

*40. CLOTHONIA JOHNII, Gray.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

BATRACHIA.

1. DicroGLossus ADOLFI, Gthr.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Kulu and Simla, Himalaya.

*2, Rana TIGRINA, Daud. (Gthr. Catal. Batr.).

Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in
Sikkim.

*3, RANA VITTIGERA, Wiegm.

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Jamu, Himalaya.

165

4. Rana tiesier, Gthr.
Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, and sent by Mr.
Hodgson from Nepal.

*5. ToMOPTERNA STRIGATA, Gthr. ‘

Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit at Simla, Himalaya. This
species has been described and figured in the Catal. Batr. Sal. p. 20.
pl. 2. f. A, under the name of Spherotheca strigata, from specimens
in the British Museum, transmitted by Mr. Jerdon from Madras.
When, however, during the printing of that catalogue, Sir Andrew
Smith presented his collection of Reptiles to the British Museum, I
found in it specimens of a Frog, identical with Spherotheca strigata,
labelled “‘ Tomopterna delalandii, Cape,” in Sir A. Smith’s own
hand. I did not venture to doubt such an authority for the reptiles
of South Africa, and accordingly placed in the Appendix, p. 133,
the new name as a synonym of the older. But the fact of the species
now having been found by Messts. v. Schlagintweit in the Himalaya,
leaves us no other alternative than to suppose either that the species
occurs in South Africa as well as in the East Indies (which is impro-
bable in the highest degree), or that Sir A. Smith, who has collected
reptiles from all parts of the globe, has mistaken the origin of his
specimens. Spherotheca strigata has, indeed, a great resemblance
to Tomopterna delalandii ; but it is evident, from a specimen of the
latter which I have lately examined, that both differ in the form of
the occiput, which is singularly convex and rounded in the former,
whilst it is flat in the African species. This character is not suffi-
cient to found a separate genus on it, and Spherotheca strigata,
therefore, is to be referred to Tomopterna.

6. Mecatopurys ees, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1855,
p-. 299.
From Sikkim.

*7. Buro vuLGaris, Laur.
Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim and Balti, Tibet.

*8. Buro MELANOosTICTUS, Schneid. (Gthr. Catal. Batr.).

Found by Dr. Hooker and Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim, by
Mr. Hodgson in Nepal.

9. Bomsrnator (?) sIkKImMENsiIs, Blyth, J. c. p. 300.
From Sikkim.

*10. PoLyPEDATES MACULATUS, Gray.
Found by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit in Sikkim.

11. RaacorpHorus MAximus, Gthr. J. c.

Found by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and by Messrs. v. Schlagintweit
in Sikkim.

. 166

12. IcHTHYOPHIS GLUTINOSUS, L. (Gray, l. ¢.).
Found by Dr. Hooker in Khasia.

I am well aware that the results of our examination rest on
facts which, for the present, depend on isolated, and therefore ne-
cessarily incomplete, observations ; and cautiously as the conclusions
may be drawn, yet they will undergo, perhaps, considerable altera-
tions, when some future traveller or resident devotes as much at-
tention to this part of zoology as has been given to other branches
and to botany. With regard to horizontal distribution, the first
question is, whether the Reptiles of the Khasia Hills show such a
degree of identity with those of the Himalayas as to compel us to
refer them to the same fauna ; our knowledge of the Reptiles of High
Assam being too scanty to admit of any conclusion as to that country.
Now, two of the four species of Khasian Saurians are found also in
the Himalayas and in Affghanistan, but nowhere else (Calotes marie
and C. minor). The order of Ophidians offers us more facts. Dr.
J. Hooker was able to collect fifteen species of Snakes during a
twelve months’ sojourn in Khasia. He says* that they are very
common there, whilst he found them rare and shy in most parts of
the Himalaya+. In this, however, he appears to be right merely
with regard to the number of individuals, the Himalaya showing an
absolutely greater variety in generic and specific forms ; and the dif-
ference mentioned by Dr. Hooker may depend on the influence of
the climate which, in Khasia, is remarkable for the extensive rain-
fall, the annual average probably greatly exceeding 600 inchesf,
whilst 136 only are recorded at Darjeeling. Three of these fifteen
species (Gonyosoma frenatum, Trimesurus elegans, and T. bicolor)
are known from Khasian specimens only ; five are very distinct varie-
ties and species, confined to Khasia and the Himalaya, and not de-
scending below 4000 feet in the latter (Simotes purpurascens, var.,
Xenodon macrophthalmus, Tropid. platyceps, Spilotes reticulatus,
Psammod. pulverulentus, var.). The remainder are found in the
plains also, but they ascend the Khasia Hills, as well as the Hima-
layas, far enough to be admitted into their fauna. Thus we find in
these facts evidence enough to show not only a great similarity, but
a real unity of the two faunas, extending westwards along all the
chains of the Himalayas; and there are not a few Khasian and
Himalayan species which are found in Affghanistan.

When we come to examine the highest zone of the Himalaya in
which reptiles can live, we find its Amphibio-fauna mixed with forms
bearing the Palearctic character. This appears to be not only the
effect of a climate tempered by the great vertical elevation, but the
natural consequence of the connexion between the northern Himalaya
and Central Asia, or, in other words, a fact of the horizontal distri-

* Himal. Journ. ii. p. 301. Dr. Hooker is mistaken in believing that none of
the Snakes collected by him in Khasia are venomous. Tvrimesurus bicolor and T.
elegans were described from his collection. See Ann. & Mag. 7. c. pp. 391, 392.

+ Himal. Journ. ii. p. 49. } Himal. Journ. ii. p. 283.

ary:

167

bution of animals. Forms belonging to the Palearctic fauna extend
from the north into the mountains, as the Indian species do from
the south, and we may infer that there exists a great difference be-
tween the reptiles inhabiting the northern parts of the Himalayas
and those found on its southern slope ;—a difference, which, for the
present, is merely pointed at by Phrynocephalus tickelit, Trigonoce-
phalus afinis and Bufo vulgaris, obtained by MM. von Schlagintweit
in Tibet. The Himalayas, situated on the border between the Pale-
arctic and the Indian regions, offer the same variations in their
fauna as the Sahara, which separates the Palearctic region from the
/Ethiopian.

Ill. List of Himalayan Reptiles according to their Altitudinal
Distribution, and Remarks on it.

Chelonia.
Feet above the level of the sea.
POM MELA = aS ele ce. - 2100
Sauria.
Phrynocephalus tickelii ..... 15,200—15,300
Hinulia indica .............. 5800—15,250
Barycephalus sykesii........., 2500—15, 250
Ll La oo Be Geshe tie aac rece being 11,200
AS ICES UMIMOD ire cy -vogccrciats Gio.s, ie neque 11,100
Eilitfga FHTCSCENS. 6... tc. ne oe 0—9560
LETIUG UG), GA Ae it hl ale Si 9200
Calotes tricarinatus Sree bee 7100
MME ao st Gieicie 2 ct~ cigs, «<at> a > 3900
VERRICOIOE ooo ton ops See ee 0—3400
WRGE RAR VERTIS no creer << + cig sn se = c 0—1600
Uromastix griseus 0—1500
Ophidia
Spilotes hodgsonii.................. 15,200
PLES (or A ae ek eat ae 10,200
Clothonia johnii.....- is cat See See = 0—9800
Trigonocephalus affinis .............. 9000
Tropidonotus platyceps ........ 4100—9000
Trachischium fuscum .......... 7100—8500
Tropidonotus subminiatus.......... 0—8200
PUApAnOLIPIMMMMIB I 2. as. elec die se aaxy 0—8000
Herpetoreas sieboldii ..............0. 7500
Trachischium obscuro-striatum ........ 7400
Psammodynastes pulverulentus (var.). 0—7250
Brachyorrhos tenuiceps ............-. 7100
Xenodon macrophthalmus ...... 4000—7100
Spilotes reticularis ............ 4220—6900
Coryphodon carinatus.......... 5700—7100
Dipsas trigonata........ ......... 0—6200
Simotes purpurascens ............ 0—6040

wat

168

Feet above the level of the sea.
Ablabes mappa 3. ..6. Scipsloiarses 5340
Coryphodon blumenbachii.......... 0—5240

Gongylophis conicus .............. 0—4900
Simotes russellii.................. 0—4100
Tropidonotus quincunciatus ........ O0—3950
Alilabes, collsinia.s . sis. 's\si ob osdee .« 0—3400
Daboia elegans .................. 0—3400
Tropidonotus stolatus ............ 0—3310
Lycodon aulicus.................. O—2400
Batrachia.

ufo 'vitisaris ye erase 5900—10,200

melanostictus .............. 0—9000
Rhacophorus maximus .............. 5200
Mates witha P05 tee Gas Oe ESS 0—4900
Tomopterna strigata .......... (0 ?—) 4700
Dicroglossus adolfi ............ 2404—4200
Haus helaei Ty 2. gcse sioe ees Fe 3800
Polypedates maculatus ............ 0—2780
Rana tigrina ......... Be ee Phe 0—1900

It is not to be wondered at that we do not find any Crocodilian in
our lists, as those animals prefer the damp and hot climate of the
lowlands, with the flat and level banks of slowly moving rivers and
streams ; but we should have expected to find several species of Tor-
toises extending upwards to the subtropical zone. Yet neither Dr.
Hooker nor Mr. Blyth mentions their occurrence*, and the single
specimen of Hmyda punctata in the collection of MM. von Schlagint-
weit is, at present, the only known representative of this order in
the Himalayas. The absence of Crocodiles and the scarcity of Tor-
toises appear to distinguish the outer Himalayas from the plains.

The ratio of the numerical distribution through the various alti-
tudes is different in the different orders of Reptiles. Whilst the
number of the species of Lizards (strangely enough) does not decrease
between 1000 and 15,000 feet, the number of Snakes and Frogs de-
creases very steadily with the increasing elevation, From the. above
list we find—

16 Snakes and 5 Batrachians at 1000 feet.

14 » 5 » 2000 ,,
13 = 4 : 3000 ,,
13 5 5 3 4000 ,,
11 33 2 5 4500 ,,
10 35 1 5 6000 ,,
8 » 1 ” 7500 ,,
5 1 2 8000 ,,
3 ” 1 ” 9000 ”
2 63 ] er 10000 _,,
1 pa 0 By 15000 _,,

* Several freshwater Tortoises, sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, belong to the
lowland fauna, being the most common species at the mouth of the Ganges.

169

Three different zones of elevation are very clearly indicated, less
by the appearance of forms similar to, or identical with, those of the
subtropical and temperate regions (as is the case in the flora and
in several other parts of the fauna), than by the appearance of new
species and genera peculiar and confined to the Himalaya, and espe-
cially by the disappearance* of such species which are abundant in
the lowlands. The most common species of Lizards in the plains
south of the Himalaya are Calotes versicolor and Tiliqua rufescens.
Both ascend the mountains ; but the former disappears at an eleva-
tion of 3400 feet, the other at 9600 feet. The most common species
of Snakes throughout the Indian continent are Tropidonotus quin-
cunciatus and Simotes russellii: they disappear at 4000 feet, whilst
Clothonia johnii, by no means a rare species, extends nearly to
10,000 feet+. With regard to the Batrachians, we find that Bufo
melanostictus, the most common East Indian Toad, disappears at
9000 feet in the Southern Himalaya; whilst Bufo vulgaris, the most
common Toad of the Palearctic region, extends to 10,200 feet in
Tibet. Thus, although we must always bear in mind this fact—
that changes in the faunas of the various elevations succeed each
other gradually, and that these successions necessarily vary at differ-
ent localities even of the same elevation—we may well suggest that
at an elevation of 4000 feet, and again of 10,000 feet, such a change
takes place, that we are justified in separating the Amphibio-fauna
of the Himalayas into three divisions, concurring thus with the views
of Mr. Hodgson, who has established the same zones for the Mam-
mals and Birds f.

1. The Tropical Zone ; zone of Tropidonotus quincunciatus (from
the level of the plains to 4000 feet above the level of the sea).

The climate of this zone bears an entirely tropical character ; it is
covered by a very rich vegetation §, with the prevalent timber gigantic
and scaled by climbing Leguminose ; bamboo and luxuriant ferns
abound, and the first decided signs of a change of the flora cannot be
observed below 3500 feet. In accordance with this, the Amphibio-
fauna is extremely similar to that of Tropical India; we find in this
zone the following species || :—

* The upper elevational limits of the land-animals are much more distinct than
the lower ones ; vice versd in sea-animals. See Schmarda, ‘Geograph. Verbreit.
der Thiere,’ p. 70

t The black variety of the Copra de Capello (Naja tripudians) certainly ascends
higher than 8000 feet ; it would very finely illustrate our division if this sug-
gestion should prove to be true.

t Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1850, p. 772.

§ The botanical characters of the zones are taken from Dr. Hooker’s ‘ Himalaya
Journal.’

|| In all the following enumerations of species, those only have been referred to,
the elevational limits of which have been stated.

170
A. Between the level of the plains and 2700 feet.

*Emyda punctuta. * Simotes russellit.

*Tiliqua rufescens. - * Coryphodon blumenbachii.

* Calotes versicolor. *Gongylophis conica.

*Gecko verus. * Ablabes collaris.

* Uromastix griseus. *Tycodon aulicus.

* Clothonia johnit. * Naja tripudians.

*Tropidonotus subminiatus. * Daboia elegans.
quincunciatus. * Rana tigrina.

"y stolatus. = vittigera.

* Psammodynastes pulverulentus. *Tomopterna strigata.

* Dipsas trigonata. * Rufo melanostictus.

* Simotes purpurascens. * Polypedates maculatus.

B. Between 2700 and 4000 feet.

Barycephalus sykesii. *Coryphodon blumenbachii.
*Tiliqua rufescens. *Gongylophis conica.
Calotes marie. * Ablabes collaris.
* versicolor. *Naja tripudians.
*Clothonia johnii, *Daboia elegans.
*Tropidonotus subminiatus. Rana liebigit.
is quincunciatus. mA vittigera.
s stolatus. *Tomopterna strigata.
*Psammodynastes pulverulentus. _Dicroglossus adolfi.
* Dipsas trigonata. * Bufo melanostictus.
*Simotes purpurascens. * Polypedates maculatus.
iz russellit.

The species marked with an asterisk are found also in the plains
of Lower India.

It is evident from the lists given that we intend to establish two
subzones for the Amphibio-fauna. In the parts below 2400 feet the
Reptiles are entirely identical with those of the plains ; there is not
one species which indicates that we are at the foot of the gigantic
wall which separates the Palearctic from the Palzotropical region,
and the total absence of Crocodiles appears to be the only, but im-
portant, sign of a coming change. Several other Reptiles gradually
disappear: Gecko verus, Uromastix griseus, the true Tree-snakes of
green colour, Rana tigrina, Emyda punctata, and finally Lycodon
aulicus. In the upper portion of the zone appear two new Frogs,
but they are merely representatives of species found in the lower one
and in the plains, namely Dicroglossus representing Oxyglossus, and
Rana liebigii, replacing Rana tigrina. Barycephalus begins here,
and, although a genus peculiar to the Himalaya, it belongs to the
family of Agamide, which is chiefly East Indian. The upper limit
of this zone is remarkably distinct, and indicated by the simultaneous
disappearance of one-third of the species found within its extent
(Calotes versicolor, Simotes russellii, Tropidonotus quincunciatus and
stolatus, Ablabes collaris, Daboia elegans, Dicroglossus adolfi, Rana

liebigit).

171

2. The Temperate Zone; zone of Tiliqua rufescens.—4000-10,000
feet above the level of the sea.

A great change in the flora takes place at an elevation of 4000 feet,
and is complete at 4800. Scattered oaks appear in the midst of a
tropical vegetation; these, with chestnuts, magnolias, laurels, and tree-
rhododendrons become gradually more numerous; at from 6000 to
7000 feet, plants of the temperate regions blend with those of the
tropical ; the vegetation yet continues to be gorgeous, and is, in some
respects, not to be surpassed by anything in the tropics. At 8000 feet,
forests of firs and manysubalpine plants appear; the traveller, who was
glad to have escaped the leeches, which received him at the entrance
of this zone, finds himself now attacked by another species, not less
blood-thirsty : the mean temperature at this elevation coincides most
nearly with that of London, viz. 50°. A little higher up, the ther-
mometer falls in nights of the month of November to 30°, whilst at
9700 feet it reaches 67° in the noon of August. No marked change
in the flora takes place from 8000 feet towards the upper limit of
the zone; but at 10,000 feet extensive snow-beds have been found
yet unmelted in June. We must refer to this zone what we know
of the Reptiles of the Khasia Mountains; and the fact stated by
Dr. Hooker, that the temperate flora descends fully 4000 feet lower
in the latitude of Khasia than in that of Sikkim, though the former
is two degrees nearer the equator, appears to be fully confirmed by
a similar modification of the elevational limits of the reptiles. Several
species collected in Khasia, apparently not much above 3000 feet,
where the tree-vegetation has already disappeared, are found in the
Himalaya not below the middle of this zone, and spread even beyond
it; for instance, Hinulia. Other species show at least a distinctly
higher range in the Himalaya. It is clear, from what we have said
above, that all the physical conditions for a rich Amphibian life ex-
tend through nearly the whole zone, but the influence of elevation
makes itself very perceptible by the decrease of the number of species
in the higher parts.

a. Species between 4000 and 8000 feet.

Hinulia indica. Brachyorrhos tenuiceps.
Barycephalus sykesii. Simotes purpurascens, var.
*Tiliqua rufescens. Xenodon macrophthalmus.
Calotes tricarinatus. Coryphodon carinatus.
* Clothonia johnit. - blumenbachit.
*Tropidonotus subminiatus. Spilotes reticulatus.
platyceps. Ablabes rappit.
Trachischium fuscum. * Gongylophis conica.
obscuro-striatum. *Naja tripudians.
* Dipsas trigonata. *Rana vittigera.
‘Herpetoreas sieboldii. Bufo vulgaris.
Psammodynastes pulverulen- * Bufo melanostictus.

tus, var. Rhacophorus maximus.

172

b. Species between 8000 and 10,000 feet.

Hinulia indica. Trachischium fuscum.
_Barycephalus sykesi. Tropidonotus platyceps.
*Tiliqua rufescens. Trigonocephalus affinis.

Tiaris elliotti. Bufo vulgaris.

* Clothonia johnit. 7 melanostictus.

Ablabes owenii.

The upper limit of this zone is marked by the disappearance of a
Saurian (Tiliqua rufescens), of a Snake (Clothonia johnii), and of
two Batrachians (Bufo melanostictus and B. vulgaris). Several
other tropical Snakes reach more or less deeply into this zone, and
their range may help some day to establish two or three subzones ;
for the present, however, I will merely suggest the feasibility of sepa-
rating the upper part (from 8000 to 10,000 feet) from the lower.

The greater number of the species are peculiar to the Himalaya:
the tree-lizards of the Tropical zone (Calotes) are here replaced: and
represented by a distinct species (C. ¢ricarinatus), the other species
of Saurians being such as live on or below the ground. As for
Snakes, the absence of Calamaria and Elaps strikes us first, both
genera being strictly confined to tropical regions. Tree-snakes are
scarcely represented by Dipsas trigonata and Herpetoreas, which
do not extend on to 8000 feet. All the others are ground- or
freshwater-snakes belonging to genera, which, if not confined to
the Himalayas, are spread over parts of the globe so different, that
the Amphibio-fauna of this zone is by no means strikingly stamped
with the character of the temperate regions. Two instances alone *
remind us of the fact that a great part of the plants and insects of
this zone are identical with European forms; namely, the occurrence
of a Snake at 9000 feet, which is nearly allied to, or perhaps really
identical with, Trigonocephalus halys from the shores of the Cas-
pian Sea and Tartary, and which has another congener in Trigono-

* It is a pity that a more exact statement of the locality of the Khasia Blind-
worm, Dopasia gracilis, has not been preserved; it appears to belong to this
zone. Dr. Hooker (Him. Journ. ii. p. 301) says that “it belongs to a truly
American genus,” and appears to have been guided in so saying by the opinion
of Dr. Gray, who, however, after referring it first to the European Pseudopus, and
afterwards to the American Ophisurus, has founded a separate genus upon it—Do-
pasia. The occurrence of a form in Khasia so closely allied to northern genera is
remarkable enough; but if we separate these three forms generically from one
another (for which, in my opinion, the differences are not important enough),
Dopasia has quite as much resemblance to Pseudopus as to Ophisurus; the pala-
tine teeth in Dopasia forming a very narrow band, whilst this band in Ophisurus
is broad. Another assertion of Dr. Hooker (J. c.), ‘ that the Sikkim Skink and
Agama are also American forms,” is not correct. The appellation of ‘“ Sikkim
Skink ” can be applied with the same right not only to Plestiodon sikkimensis
(probably referred to by Dr. Hooker), but also to Hinulia indica and Tiligua ru-
Jescens ; the two latter genera are confined to the East Indies and to Australia,
and the former is, it is true, represented by some American species, but two or
three others occur in different parts of the East Indies; so that this genus of
Skinks can by no means be called a North American form. With regard to the
“ Sikkim Agama”’ being called an American form, it must be mentioned, that the
Agamide are a family confined to the Old World.

173

cephalus blomhofii from Japan ; and, secondly, the presence of our
common toad in Sikkim and Tibet. The latter species is spread over
all the parts of Europe and Asia belonging to the Palearctic region ;
it is found also in Japan and on the Chinese island of Chusan (Bufo
gargarizans, Cant.), and offers here, in the Himalaya, the example
of the greatest elevation of a Batrachian known (10,200 feet), illus-
trating a law which is generally found to be true,—namely, that ani-
mals with a wide horizontal range have also a great vertical distri-
bution.

The number of species rapidly decreases with the rising eleva-
tion ; and when we arrive at the upper limit of this zone, we find it
reduced to three Saurians, two Snakes, and a single Batrachian ;
four of these disappear simultaneously (Tiliqua rufescens, Ablabes
owenii, Clothonia johnii, and Bufo vulgaris), and at this elevation
mark the highest point to which an otherwise tropical form is known
to rise.

3. Alpine Zone; zone of Barycephalus sykesii.—10,000—15,000
feet.

The lower part of this zone is covered by a vegetation by no
means scanty, and continuing to be similar to that of England, or
towards the middle to that of the Scandinavian peninsula, whilst agri-
cultural plants may be cultivated, and the different species of Pinus
form extensive forests, but trees and shrubs cease at several locali-
ties of the upper part. The line where perpetual snow, or a barren,
frozen ground oppresses the vegetative life, appears to vary much in
different localities, independently of the fact that it is higher on the
northern side of the chains than on the southern. Dr. Hooker, for
instance, found perpetual snow at 15,000 feet in East Nepal, and on
one side of a mountain in Tibet at 16,500, whilst on the other
there was none at 19,000 feet. Meyen* states the presence of low
shrubs at 15,000, and of mosses and grasses at 15,500 feet. The
occurrence of Reptiles proves at least a local vegetation above 15,000
feet. The thermometer rises in June and August to 70° in the noon
at 11,500-11,900 feet, to 43° at 15,700, whilst it falls in November
and December to 292° in the noon in 13,080, and to 12—15° in the
night. Thus the Reptiles inhabiting this zone are subject to the
conditions of a very severe change in the different seasons, and they
fall into a lethargic state during the winter, like our European spe-
cies +. The species found within this zone are the following :—

Phrynocephalus tickeli. Biancia nigra.
Hinulia indica. Calotes minor.
Barycephalus sykesit. Spilotes hodgsonii.

* Wiegm. Arch. 1836, pp. 317, 318. It is not said which measurement (En-
glish or French) has been used.

+ The Reptiles which inhabit the upper parts of the temperate zone hybernate
of necessity: and we have the remarkable fact of species being adapted to pass
part of a year in lethargy, whilst other individuals of the same species living in
a tropical climate never become subject to an influence similarly depressive of the
vital functions. Is this not proof enough that one and the same species may
extend over two or more horizontal regions ?

174

None of the tropical species extend into this zone ; and, although
it is not improbable that a future traveller may discover the presence
of Batrachians, their number will be very limited. The first of the
species mentioned offers another example of the occurrence of northern
forms in the Himalaya, the genus Phrynocephalus having its range
over High Asia to the shores of the Caspian Sea and to Siberia; the
species is said to be found also in Affghanistan. Barycephalus and
Biancia are peculiar to the Himalaya, and the former bears a striking
resemblance to Microphractus of the Andes of Ecuador: in fact,
they do not differ in any essential external character, and would
be referred to the same genus if it were not for the dentition. A
single Tree-lizard enters this zone (Calotes minor), replacing Calotes
tricarinatus of the temperate zone, but it is of small size, and the
bright green colour of other species is changed to a dull yellowish,
marbled with brown. Finally, the only species of Snake (Spzlotes
hodgsonii) is a representative of Indian forms—namely, of Sp. reti-
culatus from the temperate zone, and of Sp. melanurus from the
lowlands.

Thus, although the forms of this zone are specifically distinct
from those without the limits of the Himalaya, its Amphibio-fauna
is mixed, and composed partly of species which approach northern
or southern forms, and partly of others quite peculiar to those moun-
tains.

In conclusion, it will be of interest to make a comparison of the
greatest elevations at which Reptiles have been found in different
parts of the globe. In the Alps and in the Andes the Batrachians
ascend to much greater heights than Lizards or Snakes, whilst in
the Himalaya these latter appear to go higher ; a discrepancy, how-
ever, which may arise from our present incomplete knowledge, as it
is very probable, in my opinion, that some species of Toad or Sala-
mander will be discovered at a greater altitude than the specimens
of Bufo vulgaris from the Collection of Messrs. v. Schlagintweit.
Bufo vulgaris and Salamandra atra live in the Alps at 6000 feet,
Rana temporaria round lakes, near the region of eternal snow
(8500 feet), which are nine months covered with ice; Triton at
7800 feet in the Pyrenees. Castelnau* found a Tree-frog at nearly
15,000 feet (English) in the Andes, and Tschudi+ Leiuperus viri-
dis (a species little known) near the region of eternal snow at 16,000
feet. With regard to Snakes, the occurrence of Spilotes hodgsonii
at 15,200 feet in the Himalaya gives the highest point at which -
an Ophidian has ever been found; for Vipera berus and Tropido-
notus natriz reach to 6000 feet only in the Alps, and the former to
7000 feet in the Pyrenees ; Castelnau states that he met with two
Snakes only at 7500 feet in the Andes. The Lizards rise still higher:
three species of them live at 15,300 feet in the Himalayas. The state-
ments as to the altitudinal extent-of our European species are scanty:
Zootoca vivipara is known to rise in the Austrian Alps to 3500 feet,
and Anguis fragilis to 5000. Castelnau merely observes that

* Comptes Rendus, xxyi. p. 101. tT Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. Herpetol. p. 68.

175

Lizards are numerous on the table-land of Peru and Bolivia below
12,000 feet. At all events, upon comparing these observations of
Castelnau with those made in the Himalaya, we must come to the
conclusion that Lizards are better adapted than Snakes to inhabit
the highest localities in which Amphibian life is possible.

8. On THE Causes ofr DEATH OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S
GARDENS, FROM 1851 TU THE PRESENT TIME, 1860. By
Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., erc.—(Part I.)

Before I proceed to the immediate subject of my paper, a few pre-
liminary remarks will be necessary.

In the earlier Numbers of our ‘ Proceedings’ several accounts of
the morbid parts of animals dissected are given by Professor Owen,
Mr. Martin, the late Mr. Yarrell, and others; but I believe no
attempt has been made in this or in any other country to investigate
the diseases of foreign animals in confinement, in a comprehensive
manner, so as to endeavour to draw practical and useful deductions
from them. Such will be my object in the present communication. I
have made rough sketches in oil-colours of many of the diseased parts
I shall have to describe, so that they may be the better understood.
Tn 1851 I obtained permission from the Council of the Zoological So-
ciety to examine all animals dying at the Gardens, for the purpose
of physiological investigations ; but in these researches I was espe-
cially anxious to ascertain the cause of death in all the animals I dis-
sected, believing that the morbid condition of certain organs might
throw some amount of light upon their functions. I mention this
for the purpose of showing that, if I had examined these animals ex-
clusively for the purpose of comparative anatomy, I should have been
less careful about their abnormal conditions.

In most instances in the examination of the blood, and in the in-
vestigation of morbid structures, I have been aided by the use of
the microscope. The large number of notes that I possess would
enable me to make a very long communication; but, as my chief
object in bringing this matter before the Society is to convey useful
and practical information in plain and simple language, I shall re-
serve some of the more minute and scientific parts of the subject for
the Pathological Society. In addition to these remarks, I may ex-
press my belief that the nature of the diseases of man will not be
thoroughly understood, nor appropriately treated, until the devia-
tions from normal structure are fully investigated in plants and in
the lowest grade of animals: a doctrine, I believe, not promulgated
before, and one that will be laughed at by many; but I have the
greatest confidence that this mode of throwing light on the dark and
uncertain nature of the art of medicine will hereafter be adopted.

For the purpose of pointing out what I believe to be the import-
ance of this matter, I trust I may be pardoned for quoting a short
extract from my work on the Spleen, written in 1852 :—“ Nearly all

176

the great discoveries in physiology have been made by experiments
upon living animals, in a state of health ; but why should not their
diseased conditions be turned to account? Why may not brute pa-
thology hereafter clear up some of the doubts and difficulties of our
art? The examination of one of the lower animals that has been
kept in confinement is attended with these great advantages :—the
exact nature of the food, and the deviations from the natural state of
the animal, can be readily ascertained; and if the animal is small
(a bird e. g.), the morbid parts are revealed at once, and the chain
of causes is more apparent than in larger quadrupeds, the investigator
always taking into account the peculiarities of structure.”

I divide my subject into two parts, the first including that which
forms the heading of this paper; the second will treat upon the
best means of preserving the health of animals in confinement, and
of preventing the disorders and diseases to which they are liable.
The former division I shall consider this evening.

It will be well to remember that most of the animals in question
were living in an artificial state, many of them exposed to a tempera-
ture much lower than that which was natural to them ; their food,
too, generally different from that which they were accustomed to obtain
in their native haunts; and the situation of the Gardens, on a cold,
clayey soil, is another matter that should not be lost sight of. We
must also, in estimating the nature of the diseases of quadrupeds,
birds, and reptiles, consider the peculiarities of their anatomy. Thus
that of the Mammals does not differ very materially, so far as regards
diseased conditions, from that of man ; many of them have a slower
circulation, and the complexity of the stomach and the length of the
alimentary canal, in the Ruminants especially, are important items
in the account.

In birds the temperature is several degrees higher and the circu-
lation much more rapid than in quadrupeds ; whilst in reptiles the
blood is cold, and the action of the heart generally slower than in
the higher classes.

The natural longevity of the lower animals is a point that should
not escape observation. In the vast majority we have no means of
knowing the age which they attain, and even among our British wild
quadrupeds and birds we possess but little reliable information. As
regards our domestic animals we are not much better informed, for
but few of them are allowed to live the natural period of their exist-
ence. The probable average age of some of our British animals,
judging from my own inquiries and investigations, is about as fol-
lows :—The horse 25 to 35 years, ass 30 to 40, ox 15 to 20, goat 15,
sheep 15, pig 12 to 16, dog 14, fox 14, cat 16, hare 11, rabbit 11 ;
the eagle and many of the accipitrine birds 30 to 60; the small
passerine birds 12 to 16; ravens 30 to 50; goose 25 to 40. Many
of the gallinaceous birds, as far as my information goes, are the
shortest lived, some of them, the Cochin China cock for example, in
some localities not living more than six or eight years. Among the
reptiles, the tortoise is nearly the only one about the age of which we
possess any positive information, and this animal is said to live a

177

hundred years ; and some of the Saurians (Alligators and Crocodiles)
are probably very long lived. Another remark I may make en pas-
sant : the old adage “‘ Soon ripe, soon rotten,” like many wise sayings,
so called, is frequently inapplicable, for the raven and the goose in a
few months attain their natural size; whilst many animals that are
comparatively short-lived are much longer in coming to maturity.
It must be borne in mind, too, that individuals among the lower ani-
mals, as among the human species, occasionally reach a great age.
Thus Youatt mentions one instance of a horse that died at the age
of sixty-two. I know of an instance of a Suffolk cart-mare that bore
a foal when forty-two years of age; and I have recently dissected a
cat that had reached the age of twenty.

I now come to the gist of my subject, viz. the cause of death of
many of the animals during the period alluded to. For the sake of
brevity and perspicuity, I will speak of the animals in classes accord-
ing to the Cuvierian arrangement ; one advantage of this method will
be the consideration of the differences in structure in connexion with
the morbid changes.

The description of the secondary, or what may be called minor
lesions, I shall make brief allusion to at the end of my paper, and
confine myself at present to those diseases which, as far as I could
judge, appeared to be the immediate cause of death.

I scarcely need say that in many instances it is difficult to ascer-
tain the exact or immediate cause of death, so that a great number
of deaths must come under the denomination of doubtful. Thus,
fully to explain my meaning, an animal labouring under a chronic
disease readily succumbs to any depressing cause, such as exposure
to cold, change of diet, or food of an improper kind, slight external
injury, &c., the vital forces being insufficient to resist a shock that
an animal in a healthy condition would bear with impunity. I could
give several examples of this during the late cold weather. An Ar-
madillo (Dasypus peba), with a large and fatty liver, became sud-
denly torpid, and died in a short time. A Wagati Cat (Felis viver-
rina) that had partly lost the use of the hind limbs appeared to die
solely from the depressing influence of cold. A Civet Cat (Viverra
civetta), in good condition and apparently in good health, died in a
fit, the consequence probably of determination of blood to the brain
from cold. I could mention several examples of birds that died
from a similar cause, the presence of tubercles on the liver, spleen,
and other parts, rendering the animals more susceptible to its in-
fluence. Animals, too, often died soon after a long voyage, the con-
finement, unnatural food, and other causes producing derangement
of the vital functions. A Dusky Duck (Anas obscura) that lately
arrived from America had no discoverable disease in any part, but
the small intestines contained thousands of entozoa (Ligula), and
these, combined with the cause above alluded to, were sufficient to
produce death. A monkey had been two years at liberty; after a
few months’ confinement in the monkey-house it died, and I could
discover no sufficient cause of death. Another point must not
escape observation, viz. the impossibility in most instances of exa-

No. 428.— PrRoOcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

178

mining the brain, as the specimens were many of them used for
stuffing or for skeletons. I believe, however, that diseases both of
the brain and heart are comparatively rare in the lower animals,
although their occurrence is far from unfrequent ,—the absence of
mental exertion will toa great extent serve to explain this. Sudden
and immediate death sometimes occurs, but it is very unfrequent.

Quadrumana.—Of these J have inspected the bodies of sixty-seven,
and I may remark here that I speak in this communication only of
the animals dying at the Society’s Gardens. Among them were two
Ourangs(Simia satyrus) and four Chimpanzees (S. troglodytes) ; three
of these apes died of diarrhea, two of pneumonia, and one of diseased
kidneys. They were between two and four years of age, and all were
teething. There is, I think, but little chance of the young anthropoid
apes living long in this country; if they could be obtained when
nearer the adult period, there would be a much greater probability of
keeping them for several years. I have neither time nor space to
notice separately the diseases of the different animals; I shall there-
fore endeavour to classify the diseases as well as I am able, and com-
ment briefly on the rarer forms of abnormal structure, especially
when they occur in animals that have seldom or never before been
dissected in this country. The supposed cause of death in the Qua-
drumana may be thus classified (I use the term supposed, because
in this order, as in most of the others, I may often have been in
error respecting the immediate cause of death) : pneumonia 13, pleu-
ritis and pericarditis 11, tubercles of the lungs 17, tubercles of the
liver, spleen, and other parts 5, diarrhoea 4, atrophy 5; one of each
of the following: tetanus (from diseased tail), epilepsy, fungus hee-
matodes of the lungs, fatty liver, diseased kidneys, ruptured stomach,
and aneurism of the aorta. In thirteen I could not discover any
sufficient cause of death; but in these, as in most of the other
specimens, from circumstances before alluded to, the brain was not
examined.

The above deductions serve to correct a prevailing error, viz. that
nearly all the Quadrumana in this country die from tubercles in the
lungs. In five monkeys that I have recently examined no tubercles
were present in any instance. It is true that disease of the lungs is
the most frequent morbid change, and that consolidation of the pul-
monary tissue from inflammation is generally the forerunner of tuber-
cular deposit ; but a great number, as the list shows, die from
other causes. As might be expected, the diseases of this order re-
semble more those of man than any of the succeeding. In one in-
stance the transmission of the tubercular diathesis was very marked.
A female Rhesus monkey that I examined died of extensive tuber-
cular deposit in the lungs and in other organs; she had borne five
young ones: two of these which I inspected also died of tubercles
in the lungs, and probably the others shared the same fate.

As I shall have occasion to speak often of tubercle, I may as well
at once point out the peculiarities of this deposit in the lower animals.
Thus, large cavities, so common in the lungs of man, are but rarely
met with in the brute, the extraneous matter having a more solid

179

and cheese-like appearance. In birds the deposit is mostly hard and
formed in concentric layers, differing materially from that which
occurs in the human subject ; it is often met with, too, on the surface
of organs, in the shape of small nodules. This form of tubercle,
I believe, is often of rapid formation, its structure being more albu-
minous than that of the other varieties. In reptiles it is generally
softer and less circumscribed than in birds. Of all the chronic
lesions to which foreign animals in confinement are exposed, this is
by far the most frequent, although probably in their wild state it
seldom occurs. I have examined the bodies of all the British qua-
drupeds and reptiles, and the greater number of the British birds,
but, with two or three exceptions, they have been free from this dis-
ease. One of these exceptions was in a large number of Common
Sparrows (F'ringilla passer) that were found dead some years since
in the Society’s Gardens; in nearly all of these I found tubercles of
the liver, spleen, or other organs,—a fact that does not speak much
in favour of the locality of the Gardens.

The length of time that some animals will live with extensive
tuberculous disease of the lungs and other parts is remarkable. In
1853 I had an opportunity of watching a Patas Monkey (Cerco-
pithecus ruber); for some time the symptoms were a short, dry
cough, loss of appetite, dull eye, great emaciation, and a pulse of 140
per minute. There was scarcely a sound portion of lung in this
animal, the whole being studded with tubercles in various stages of
development. The wonder is that life could have been prolonged
under such a vast accumulation of disease.

The presence of aneurism in a monkey has not, as far as I know,
been before observed, and, although I have been especially careful to
examine the larger arteries in most of the animals I have dissected, I
have only in one instance—an old Capybara (Hydrocherus)—met
with ossified deposit,—an alteration so common in the human subject.

Chiroptera.—Three Pteropi (Fruit-eating Bats) are the only
members of this order that I have inspected, and, with the exception
of evidence of want of nutrition, no sufficient cause of death could
be discovered.

Carnivora.—The animals of this order examined amount to more
than one hundred, and their diseases differ in many respects from the
preceding. Tubercles of the lungs are much less frequent, but their
occurrence in the liver and spleen is not uncommon. Although it is
said that “a cat has nine lives,” many of the Felide are readily killed
by a slight amount of inflammation of the lungs. In several deaths I
have found the first stage of pneumonia sufficient to produce the fatal
result. Among the Carnivora, I have examined six lions (including
two cubs), four tigers, two jaguars, and four leopards. One lion had
a false aneurism of the lung; a lioness died in convulsive fits; I
found a large quantity of hay in the stomach, but could discover no
lesion of the brain or other organ to account for death. I may
here mention that I have met with several cases of fatal obstruction
of the bowels in carnivorous animals from this cause: large accumu-
ati ons of hay and straw are matted together in the intestines, ren-

180

dering them impervious. The most extraordinary example, however,
that has come to my notice occurred in a common cat at Barclay’s
Brewery, and in this instance, as the case is a very practical one, I
think I may depart from the plan I had laid down of confining my
notices to deaths in the Society’s collection. The cat in question
had been for a long time confined in one of the corn-chambers, and
was unable to procure grass; she gradually became emaciated and
died nearly a skeleton; after death the stomach was found filled
with a solid mass, formed of the twigs of birch-brooms. Mr. Braby,
the intelligent veterinary surgeon of the establishment, gave me a
half-section of this mass; it is now in the Museum of the College
of Surgeons. I mention the case especially for the purpose of show-
ing the importance of supplying carnivorous animals with grass. A
most remarkable form of disease occurred in 1854 among some of the
cats (lions, tigers, and jaguars), arising, I believe, from their having
eaten glandered horsefiesh. The animals had most of the symptoms
of this fearful disease, which is so often transmitted to man ; rabbits
and cats that I inoculated from the nasal purulent matter of a jaguar
died in a few days. A short time before this, as related to me by
Mr. Bartlett, two gentlemen dissected at the Gardens a lion that was
probably affected with the same disease: one died, and the other was
nearly two years before he recovered from the effects of the poison.
A remarkable instance of attachment occurred in the Cape hunting-
dog (Lycaon pictus), as I have stated in the ‘ Proceedings ’ for 1855 ;
after the death of the dog, the bitch pined away, refused her food,
and died in ten days. Many of the carnivorous animals were exces-
sively fat, especially the bears. In a Persian lynx the quantity of
fat in the pelvis and abdomen was very great, and I have seen similar
accumulations in many of the Felide. Some writers on fatty dege-
neration in man have stated that the deposit of fat in wild animals
is seldom or never met with ; but this is an error; in many of our Bri-
tish wild animals it is very abundant. The body of the Barn-owl
(Strix flammea) now on the table contains a large quantity of fat,
a thick layer of which also existed under the skin; indeed I have
never seen the same amount in a graminivorous bird. Lieutenant
Burgess, some of whose papers are in our ‘ Proceedings,’ informs
me that many birds which he shot in India were exceedingly fat.

The chief diseases of the Carnivora may be arranged under two
heads, viz. the inflammatory and the tuberculous, the latter (as I
believe) being generally the effect of the former. One bear (Ursus
americanus) died suddenly in a fit, and it is said that in these ani-
mals sudden death is not unfrequent. In one instance I found the
lung of a tiger emphysematous, the ruptured air-cells forming eleva-
tions as large as walnuts.

Amphibia.—In three seals (P. vitulina) and in a walrus (7. ros-
marus) the cause of death was not evident; the last-named animal
had been fed by the Scotch captain who brought it to this country
upon oatmeal !

‘ Marsupiata,—The marsupial animals examined number about
thirty ; many of them were very fat ; tubercles of the liver are com-

181

mon in this division, and this organ is often soft and fatty. A
tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus inustus) had tubercles of the liver. The
most remarkable death among these pouched animals was that of a
great kangaroo (Macropus major), namely, from bleeding of the
bowels ; the blood appeared to ooze from a large extent of surface
of the mucous lining of the alimentary canal. This membrane was
very dark and ecchymosed. The cause of this was not apparent, as
the animal was in excellent condition. In two Tasmanian Wolves
(Thylacini) the deposit of fat was very abundant, and in one which
died in hot weather, and the body of which was exhumed, the oily
fat appeared to permeate almost every tissue.

Rodentia.—About thirty individuals of this order have been dis-
sected, and tuberculous deposits in the liver and spleen were often
present ; several died from inflammation of the lungs. A Cana-
dian porcupine (Hrethizon dorsatum) died of distended stomach,
having gorged itself with potatoes, after a sea-voyage. A beaver
( Castor fiber) presented a large amount of tubercular disease of the
liver and spleen, although in tolerable condition ; whilst the body of
the large squirrel (Sciurus maximus), in excellent condition, revealed
no satisfactory cause of death. The two Capybaras afforded the
most remarkable deviations from normal structure ; one, as recorded
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Pathological Society,’ 1854, p. 347, had
scirrhus of the kidney; the last that died had the liver so softened
that the bile-ducts, arteries, and veins could be readily pulled from
the substance of the liver ; both suprarenal capsules, too, were en-
larged and diseased,—a very rare occurrence in the lower animals.

Edentata.—The examination of the misnamed toothless animals
has been very limited, three armadillos and one large ant-eater (Myr-
mecophaga jubata) forming the whole. The armadillos appeared to
die from derangement of the assimilative organs ; in one the liver was
soft and fatty, but in none of the above was there any active disease.

Pachydermata.— Although the animals in this section are but few
in number, the morbid appearances were of especial interest. In the
female Asiatic elephant which I examined the condition of the blood
was very remarkable ; it was generally tough, and could readily be
pulled out of the vessels; one portion from the posterior cava and
iliac veins measured 4 feet in length. The animal, apparently in
good health, was frightened during a thunder-storm, had profuse
watery diarrhoea, and died the next day. As these animals are not
often inspected, I may mention that I examined the viscera of another
Asiatic elephant that died in Yorkshire from inflammation of the
lungs after exposure to severe cold. Of three tapirs (7'. americanus),
two died of peritonitis ; in one this was occasioned by a small oblong
smooth perforation of the stomach from simple ulceration, as exhi-
bited in the drawing; in the second the cause of the peritonitis ap-
peared to be doubtful ; the third had brain symptoms from diseased
kidneys. The death of two peccaries (Dicotyles torquatus) was oc-
casioned by inflamed lungs. An Indian sow (Sus indicus) died of
abscess of the brain. . A zebra, when apparently in good health and
in excellent condition, broke its neck by striking its head against the

182

palings of the paddock. It will scarcely be believed that the colon
and czecum of this animal weighed 224 lbs.; the liver, as shown in
the drawing, was covered with large cysts (Echinococci) ; one of them
contained 8 oz. of yellowish fluid; probably the fluid contents of all
the cysts amounted to about three pints; but, notwithstanding the
presence of these Entozoa, the animal appeared to be in perfect
health.

In the female African wart-hog (Phacocherus) that recently died
at the Gardens, the animal had suffered from peritonitis and perfo-
ration of the intestine.

Ruminantia.—The inspections of the members of this order have
been far more numerous than those of the preceding, including some
of the rarer spevies of deer and antelopes ; their diseases too are of a
more varied nature; the presence of Hchinococci in the liver, lungs,
and other viscera, is very frequent. My space will not allow of my
alluding so fully to some of the morbid conditions which I have found
in the ruminants as I could wish. Of two giraffes which I inspected,
one had diseased liver, and the paunch was enormously distended
with food ; it probably weighed more than a hundred weight, and
this distension was most likely the cause of death ; the liver and
spleen both contained acephalocysts the size of a hen’s egg, and the
buccal glands were filled with chalky concretions about the size of
peas; this was an old female that had borne six young ones. The
second was a younger animal, and appeared to die of inflammation of
the lungs. The alimentary canal of the old giraffe measured 254 feet
in length, that of the other 209 feet. I mention this, because, as
these measurements differ materially from those of many who have
examined other specimens of this animal, future inquirers must deter-
mine their accuracy. In three reindeer (Cervus tarandus), all in good
condition, the deaths appeared to arise from enormous distension of
the paunch, similar to that which sometimes occurs in sheep after
eating coleworts or other succulent food ; the lichen was probably

‘not sufficiently dried. In one of these animals the heat of the con-
tents of the paunch was so great that I could scarcely bear my hand
upon it.

"In a Harte Beeste (Antelope caama) I found false aneurism of the
spleen. Ina Sambur deer (Cervus hippelaphus), in excellent condi-
tion, nearly the whole of the lining membrane of the small intestines
was covered with flakes of lymph ; an appearance which I never wit-
nessed in any other animal. This deer had been lying upon the cold
ground, and probably the inflammation was thus occasioned.

Many of the deer and antelopes died from inflammation of the
lungs, especially those of immature age. Tubercles of the lungs are
also very common among them. In the old male leucoryx (Antelope
leucoryx) the lungs were studded with tubercles. A leucoryx a year
old, got by the above, had not only tubercles in the lungs, but the
whole length of the exterior of the intestinal tube was covered with
small, hard, semitransparent tubercles,—a disease in the human sub-
ject called tubercular peritonitis. This is another instance which
shows the hereditary nature of tubercle in the lower animals.

183

In a Bubaline antelope (Antelope bubalis), which died of extensive
tubercular disease of the lungs, I found a Bezoar in the paunch,—a
concretion that, some years ago in the East, would have realized
some thousands of pounds.

In an Addax (Antelope addazx), besides an extensive deposit of
tubercles in the lungs, there was a large accumulation of bony matter
around the air-cells, as shown in the preparation.

In the old female elk (Cervus alces), which died last year, portions
of the lungs were inflamed and in the first stage of consolidation ;
the blood too, as I have found in many animals, was dark, thick, and
treacle-like. The alimentary canal of this animal measured 129 feet.

Although I have endeavoured to compress the notes before me as
much as possible, I find the subject has extended to a greater length
than I expected ; I must therefore defer the remaining portion of my
paper until our next meeting.

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and
purchase, during the month of January, was read :—

1 Barbary Wild Boar
1 Bonnet Monkey
1 Macaque Monkey...

...|\Macacus radiatus ...

Sus scrofa, Var. ...++.

Macacus cynomolgus

Presented by

Captain Daubeny.
W. Houlder, Esq.
B. D. Gibbs, Esq.

1 Indian Jackal ..,...|Camis ...ssseceeeerees J. R. A. Douglas, Esq.

1 Macaque Monkey ...|Macacus cynomolgus H. Cooper, Esq.

1 Polecat .........0.0++ Putorius communis... H. W. R. W. Halsey, Esq.

BU BAUPED 2), wsecccsecens Meles taxus.....s..s00- \ Sir 8. Morton Peto, Bt., M.P.

1 Common Hare ......
1 Bonnet Monkey

...|Macacus radiatus ..

Lepus timidus

4 English Squirrels ...|Sciurus vulgaris ......

1 Barnacle Goose......|Bernicla leucopsis ..

2 Golden Pheasants...| Thaumalea picta......

3 Sand Grouse.........|Pterocles alchata .

1 Common Kite ...... Milwus regalis ........- Purchased.
1 Indian Civet ......... Viverricula indica ...

1 Capuchin Monkey...|Cebus apella ........-

1 Bohemian Chatterer| 4mpelis garrula

1 Spider Monkey
2 Touracos

Penn eerensee

Aleles pentadactylus
Corythaix buffoni. .

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and
purchase, during the month of February, was read :—

1 Entellus Monkey

1 Herring Gull ............ 'Larus argentatus ... S. Redman, Esq.
2 Virginian Opossums ...| Didelphys virginiana 2 | The Smithsonian Inst.
1 African Leopard ......... Felis leopardus ....+.| | | Her Majesty the Queen.
2 Barbary Deer ............ Cervus barbarus ...| | = 4 Viscount Hill.
1 Crowned Crane ......... Balearica pavonina 2 | Viscount Hill.

Presbytes entellus ...

Capt. Rayner Wallace. |
Cercopithecus pyg-

eeneeeeee \ Mrs. Sweetman.

1 Vervet Monkey

eceeteees

f erythrus.
2 Golden Pheasants (fem.)|Thaumalea picta ... | Purchased.
Seexnctnactelns teu Lama huanacos ......|

1 Guanaco

184

March 13th, 1860.
Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. F. Buckland exhibited an embalmed Egyptian Id7s, and made
some remarks upon the state of preservation of the animal as ascer-
tained by dissection, and on the causes of the veneration of this
species of bird by the ancient Egyptians.

Mr. Sclater exhibited specimens of Oreophasis derbianus, ob-
tained by Mr. Osbert Salvin, Corresponding Member, on the Volcan
de Fuego, Guatemala. Of the three examples, two were males and
one a female. The female, which was previously unknown, differed
from the male only in its slightly smaller size and the smaller develop-
ment of the vertical protuberance.

Mr. Sclater also announced the arrival of two important acquisitions
for the Society’s Menagerie. A fine specimen of the Gigantic Sala-
mander of Japan (Sieboldia maxima) had just been obtained from
Capt. Charles Taylor of the ship ‘Tung Yu,’ by whom it had been
brought to England from Japan. Capt. Taylor stated that he had
purchased the animal in the market at Nagasaki on the 10th April,
1859, and had since kept it on board his vessel in a wooden tub.
The second novelty was of a different class of Vertebrates. Mr. J.
Petherick, H.M. Vice-Consul at Chartoum, had deposited in the
Society’s Gardens that day two living examples of the singular bird
described by Mr. Gould before the Society in 1851* under the name
of Baleniceps rex. These two birds,with a young male Hippopotamus,
also at present placed under the care of the Society, were the sole
survivors out of a noble collection of three African Elephants, two
Rhinoceroses, four Hippopotami, a Monkey (Colobus guereza), and
eleven birds, which had been prepared by Mr. Petherick for trans-
mission to England.

Mr. P. L. Simmonds stated that he had received that day by the
West African Mail a letter from his brother-in-law at Gaboon, dated
January 14th last, and begged leave to communicate to the Members
some information extracted from it, relating to the habits and temper
of the Gorilla in a state of confinement. A fine specimen, which his
brother-in-law had obtained, had died, and the skeleton, with that of
a large adult female Chimpanzee, had been shipped for England. His
brother-in-law was now again in possession of a very healthy young
female Gorilla (the second, he believed, that had ever been captured
alive). It was tame, lively, sensible, and not near so noisy or dirty
as a Chimpanzee. It had grown an inch or two since he had pur-
chased it, and seemed to be thriving well. Many people came to

* See P. Z. §. 1851, p. 1. pl. xxxv.

185

the factory expressly to see it, and it was one of the “lions” of Ga-
boon; so little was known, even on the coast, of this animal by the
natives.

Dr. Crisp exhibited some specimens and drawings of the Cenurus
cerebralis from the brains of the Common Sheep. One cyst mea-
sured 4 inches in length, and 23 inches in its short diameter. It
contained about three ounces of fluid. The Hehinococct were all of
an oblong form; they varied in size in different cysts, some being
about -};th of an inch in length, others from #;th to 25th of an inch.
In some instances the parent-cyst was quite covered with them; in
other examples they were arranged in groups of two or three hun-
dred in each, and five or six of these masses were present in the
same cyst. For the most part, their size was tolerably uniform, but
a few were one-third or a half less than the others ; this diminution
of bulk appearing to depend upon an arrest of growth from the pres-
sure of the contiguous entozoa. The rostrum and hooks were seen
only in a few, and occasionally two heads existed. The body in many
was faintly marked with transverse lines, but no trace of generative
organs or of an alimentary canal was visible. On exposure to gentle
heat, they becameshard and granular. Dr. Crisp said he thought it
somewhat doubtful whether these Echinococci, as supposed by many,
were the young of a tape-worm ; the matter, he believed, yet required
much patient investigation.

The following extracts from the ‘ Bermuda Royal Gazette’ of
Jan. 31st, 1860, relating to the recent capture of a large species of
Gymnetrus in the Bermudas, were read to the Society :—

“To the Editor of the ‘ Royal Gazette.’

«My pear Srr,—As the Ichthyological specimen captured by
Mr. George Trimingham, at Hungary Bay, has attracted some public
attention, perhaps a short description of the creature in question
may prove interesting to your readers. I have therefore much plea-
sure in forwarding the following particulars.

“ Believe me, very truly yours,
“J, Marruew Jones, F.L.S.

“ The Hermitage, January 26th, 1860.”

“Order ACANTHOPTERYGII. Family CeroLapa.

“Genus Gymnetrus.
2? .

«“ Body attenuate, compressed, naked, tuberculate ; ‘cuticle a silvery
covering of metallic lustre; length from facial to caudal extremities
16 feet 7 inches ; depth, at 14 inches from facial extremity, 9 inches,
increasing gradually to near the ventral extremity of the stomach,
where it attained its greatest depth of 11 inches, and then decreased
by degrees to the caudal termination ; width, at the same distance

186

and through the spinal column, 2} to 3 inches. (These dimensions
are in the extreme.)

‘From the frontal extremity of the caput (excepting a slight de-
pression at the occiput) to the position at which the above dimen-
sions of depth and width were taken, a gradual elevation of the dorsal
ridge took place ; and from the capital portion of this ridge arose at
equal distances from each other a series of ten or eleven erect, quill-
like, flexile filaments from 2 to 3 feet in extent, gradually tapering
from base to apex, and possessing in the case of the three longest lan-
ceolate points. From this series of lengthened filaments, all along
the back, from head to tail, extended a series of intermittent fins so
closely situate to each other as to present the appearance of a single
fin, and having the spinose rays of each individual fin joined by the
connecting membrane. Filaments and dorsal fin bright crimson.
The ventral fins were entirely destroyed, save a portion of the right
ventral, which is sufficient to show that it was composed of two con-
sistent bony rays, which probably extended some distance from the
body and must have formed a powerful engine of direction. The
pectorals were also almost entirely destroyed, although the base of
the right pectoral was sufficiently complete to enable me to state
that it contained twelve spines. Anal and caudal fins absent.

“Head truncated, compressed ; facial outline of a dark colour.
Mouth so damaged as not to be positively determinable as regards
form and appearance, but from the portions of jaw still remaining I
should pronounce it malacostomous. Eyes, 14 lines in diameter,
slightly depressed ; irides, 3} lines in width, of a bright silver, encir-
cling pupils of a somewhat oval shape, and in colour a light trans-
parent blue. Stomach: intestinal chamber extending from beneath
the gills to the anal extremity, 5 feet ; unfortunately this chamber
had been opened and its contents partially injured before I saw the
specimen, but a large portion of milt, intestine, &c. has been pre-
served, including the major portion of the swimming bladder, which
for so large a fish may be considered small; its colour a bright
scarlet ; this swimming bladder contained a large amount of oily mat-
ter, and a piece thrown on the ruffled surface of the water imme-
diately stilled the agitation. Gill-rays eight in number, four to a side,
crimson, flabellate ; the anterior pairs furnished with double rows of
flabels, having the internals white, and armed on their inner side with
minute dart-like appendages. Gill-covers bony, radiate, not entirely
covering the gills. Teeth, no appearance of any.

«In concluding the above description, I must not omit to state that
it was a male fish, and from the extremely fragile nature of its various
parts I may yenture to express an opinion that it had by no means
attained maturity.

«<T may also remark that my measurements were taken twenty-two
hours after death, during which time the specimen had remained
exposed on the rocky shore.

“ Remarks.—This genus of Acanthopterygious fishes is of a form
so thin and flat in proportion to its length as to have obtained among
the ancient ichthyologists the name of Riband Fish. Although several

187

species are known to science, yet they are all of diminutive size in
comparison with the individual now obtained. Gymnetrus hawkenii,
G. banksii, and G. glesne are occasionally found in the British Seas.

‘So little appears to be known of this singular tribe of fishes, that,
even in the present advanced state of marine zoology, their habits,
haunts, &c. remain blanks in the book of nature, and will probably
long continue so, unless opportunities like the present should occur
to enable us to add new facts to the history of these remarkable
creatures.

“The most notable fact, however, in connexion with the capture of
the present specimen will doubtless be the interest and attraction it
will produce in the scientific world, for most assuredly we have in
the specimen now before us many of the peculiarities with which the
appearance of that hitherto apocryphal monster, the Great Sea Ser-
pent, as detailed by navigators, is invested. The lengthened fila-
ments crowning the caput, joined anteriorly by the connecting mem-
brane and extending to the shoulders, would, viewed from a vessel’s
deck, present to the spectator the mane so accurately described as a
singular feature in the gigantic specimen seen by Capt. M‘Quhae,
R.N., and officers of H.M.S. ‘ Deedalus.’ Then, again, the rapidity
with which that individual specimen moved through the water would
coincide with the capabilities of a member of this genus, for the mo-
tive power produced by such an extent of tail, coupled with the ex-
tremely compressed form of body from the head throughout, must
be immense.

‘‘Here, then, we have a partial elucidation of the various statements
which have at intervals appeared in the columns of the united presses
of England and America, emanating from the pens of travellers, and
usually headed ‘Occurrence of the Great Sea Serpent,’ criticised,
however, in an ungenerous manner, and always exposed to an un-
merited ridicule at the hands of the many, but nevertheless firmly
believed in by the few, who have patiently waited to see the day
when the mystic cloud which has hitherto veiled the existence of the
maned denizen of the deep should vanish with the suspicion of the
seeptic, and exhibit more clearly the truth of the assertions of those
ill-used men, who, endeavouring like useful members of society to
extend the cause of natural knowledge by publishing candid accounts
of what their eyes have seen, have always met with an amount of
contempt and reproach sufficient to silence for ever the pen of many
a truthful writer.

“T am sorry I have not the number of the ‘ Illustrated London
News’ at hand in which Capt. M‘Quhae’s graphic statement ap-
peared, as it would have afforded me an opportunity of particulari-
zing other features in connexion with his specimen and the present
one. The facts, however, regarding the mane-like appendage, and
the rapidity of motion to which I have alluded, are still fresh in my
memory. ,

** My best thanks are due to Mr. George Trimingham, the capturer,
for the generous manner in which he placed the fish at my disposal.”

188 ©
The following papers were read :—

1. DescrtrTion or A New Species or EsTHERIA FROM
Nacproor, Centra Inpia. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S.

(Annulosa, Pl. LX XI.)

Since my paper containing a description of a species of Estheria
(EL. hislopi) in the Proceedings of 1859, p. 231, was printed, I
have received a short communication from Mr. Hislop, enclosing
a second species of the same genus from the same locality. This
species is considerably larger than E. hislopi, and differs from it
entirely in shape and markings. The carapace is oval, flat, and
compressed, rounded in front, where it is most convex, and consi-
derably attenuated posteriorly. The umbo is situated near the an-
terior extremity ; the ventral margin of the shell is rounded, and
the dorsal margin, from the umbo to the posterior extremity, slopes
downwards and is nearly straight. The carapace is encircled with
prominent ribs, which are few in number (about seven or eight) and
of considerable size. The intervening spaces are smooth, rather
broad, generally convex in the centre, and do not present any of
that elaborate sculpture which the other species from India (de-
scribed and figured in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society,1849)
—Estheria polita, E. similis, and E. boysii—exhibit so distinctly ;
neither do they show the eacavated punctations of LF. hislopi. They
are merely very slightly punctate. The specimens sent being pre-
served dry, the animal has not been observed.

“The specimens now sent,” says Mr. Hislop in his letter to me,
“‘ were obtained in shallow pools at Nagpiir, Central India, about the
middle of July, 7. e. a month after the commencement of the rainy
season there. If the pools dry up, as they frequently do, about the
end of July, when there is a break in the Monsoon, the creatures
perish, not to reappear that season, however copious may be the
showers ; but they are found in abundance at the beginning of the
Monsoon in the following year. The orbicular species (2. hislopi)
is not obtained along with the one above referred to, but occurs
about the end of August in a stream which communicates with the
large tank on the west of the city of Nagpur.”

The name I propose for this new species, the specimens of which
unfortunately are not in a very good condition, is Hstheria compressa.

EstHeriA compressa. (Pl. LXXI. figs. 6, 6a, 6 6.)

Carapax compressus, ovalis, convex et rotundatus ad extremi-
tatem anteriorem, ad extremitatem posteriorem attenuatus.
Margo ventralis rotundatus, margo dorsalis obliquus, fere
rectus. Testa costata, superficie vix punctata.

Length about 5 lines, breadth 25.

Hab. Pools of fresh water at Nagpoor, Central Tndia.

Mus. Brit.

i il a i i, ee ae —_— ————e——————

Proc. Z.5. Anmulosa LAX!

W West ump

Fig 1, la-ld Cypridma albomaculata..2,2a-2c,C.Godehevr 3,3a;3b,C ovum
_4,40-4d,C Norvegica. 5,5a-5c,Philomedes langicamis. 6,6a-6b, Estheria compressa

189

‘9. DescripTions or THREE Spectres oF MARINE SHELLS FROM

THE Paciric Ocean. By W. Harrer PEAsE.

1. NEpPTUNEA FUSCO-LINEATA.

Shell fusiformly turreted, rather thin, shortly twisted at the base ;
epidermis thin, light, corneous ; spire rather slender. Whorls nine,
convexly angulated, ribbed longitudinally, and crossed by numerous
transverse raised lines; ribs close, swollen, and becoming gradually
obsolete on the back of the body-whorl; sutures well impressed ;
body-whorl convexly depressed above ; canal short, slightly twisted
to the left, and furnished with a slight umbilical fissure ; labrum
thin, simple ; aperture oblong-oval, half the length of the shell ;
columella arched, smooth, glossy, slightly callous above. Colour
whitish fawn, sparingly streaked longitudinally with brown, and
ornamented with subequidistant revolving dark-brown lines.

Hab. Corea Sea. Dredged from sandy bottom, in 70 fathoms
water.

2. TurcICA COREENSIS.

Shell conoidal, rather thin, subdiaphanous, of a light greyish fawn-
colour, cinereous at the base, and sparingly marked with oblique
stripes and small spots of a deep brown. Whorls flattened ; body-
whorl large, rounded at its periphery, all ornamented with transverse
rows of close, irregular-sized papille or granules, which become
almost obsolete near the base. Apex acute ; suture canaliculated ;
base convex, imperforate; outer lip sharp. Aperture large, breadth
and height equal, and pearly within. Columella oblique, with two
obtuse tubercles on its edge.

Hab. Corea Sea. Dredged in company with the preceding species.

This species is closely allied to T. monilifera (A. Adams). It
differs in the aperture being smooth within, and the whorls flat.
The figure of 7’. monilifera also represents the sutural canal as being
continued round the body-whorl. In the present species it terminates
with the suture. The columella is also quite different, descending
obliquely to the right.

There was dredged with the two preceding species a single right
valve of a Nucula, which may possibly prove to be the WN. divari-
cata, Hinds. It differs, however, from Mr. Hinds’s description in
being of an oval form, and in having the anterior teeth nine in num-
ber, posterior twenty-one. The epidermis is brown. Length 14,
height 10 lines. Should this prove to be distinct from N. divaricata,
we would propose for it the specific name of “ seulpta.”

3. CypR2A COMPTA.,

Shell oblongo-ovate, rather solid ; colour pale fawn-yellow, orna-
mented with somewhat remote, round, white spots of irregular size,
and a flexuous dorsal line of same colour ; sides and base white, the
former conspicuously dotted with dark brown ; extremities produced,
the posterior curving to the left ; umbilical region concave ; right
side margined ; aperture narrow, flexuose ; teeth small, even, twenty-

190

eight on the outer lip, not extending over the middle; columella
teeth twenty-three, not so stout as those on the outer lip, forming
an even line on the inner edge of the aperture; columella smooth,
sulcated longitudinally, gibbous above and dentated on the extreme
inner edge.

Hab. Jarvis Island.

The above species differs from C. esontropia in colour, being paler,
and the spots, though similar in shape, are much more remote, the
extremities more produced, and the flat depression on the middle
of the outer lip is wanting in C. esontropia. The character of the
teeth is quite dissimilar, as they are much smaller, greater in number,
and do not run over the face of the columella. The absence of brown
rings distinguishes it from C. cumingii and C. gaskoinii.

3. On THE Causes or DEATH oF THE ANIMALS IN THE So-
CIETY’S GARDENS, FROM 1851 TO THE PRESENT TIME, 1860.
By Epwarps Crisp, M.D.—(Part IL.)

In addition to the remarks I made in my last communication on
the diseases of the Mammalia, I may mention that biliary concre-
tions in the gall-bladder have not been met with, although they are
not uncommon in stall-fed oxen and in sheep fed upon much saccha-
rine matter. Derangements and alterations in the colour and con-
sistence of the bile, as shown by the specimens exhibited, are very
common : this fluid was often found thick and treacle-like, and in one
instance in an old Leucoryx (Antelope leucoryx) the gall-bladder was
much enlarged, and contained 4 oz. by measure of dark-coloured
bile. Caleuli in the urinary bladder I have not met with, although this
viscus has generally been examined. Eye-diseases are not uncommon,
—cataract is often present. Of diseases of the ear I believe nothing
is known in the lower animals; but it is probable that many cases
of deafness and of disorganization of the auditory apparatus would be
found, if the subject were inquired into.

Blood-diseases in mammals, birds, and reptiles, form one of the
most interesting and instructive part of the inquiry ; but my space
will not allow me to enter fully into this matter. The blood is often
found thick and treacle-like, the colour mottled, some of it often of
a pinky hue; large concretions of fibrine often form in the cavity of
the heart, and sometimes, I believe, are the means of prolonging life,
by accommodating the size of the cavity to the diminished power of
the circulating organ.

Since our last meeting, the death of the Red River-hog (Potamo-
cherus penicillatus) has afforded another example of the difficulty of
arriving at a correct inference respecting the cause of death. The
stomach of this animal was filled with a mass of short, tough straw,
which probably the organ was unable to get rid of; the blood *,

* Dr. Halford, who took the heart home for investigation, confirmed this
statement respecting the appearance of the blood; he found also some amount
of inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart.

191

however, presented the mottled, pinky appearance before described ;
under the microscope many of the corpuscles were irregular in shape,
and some apparently disintegrated.

Birps.

Of these I have dissected many hundreds, but I need not enter
minutely into the nature of their diseases. Affections of the liver
and of the alimentary canal are the most common, and those of a
tubercular character greatly preponderate. Tubercle in birds, I be-
lieve, is often very rapidly deposited, especially one form of it, viz.
the nodular or albuminous. The liver, spleen, and intestinal tube
often contain large masses of tubercular deposit, as shown in the
specimens and drawings. This deposit in the Jungs of birds is com-
paratively rare. In some of the Raptores I have found large
tumours in the chest closely adherent to the ribs, and of a hard,
fibro-tuberculous character. The viscera of some Wading birds
(Gralle), especially the Storks and Cranes, have offered the most
remarkable deviations from normal structure in the shape of tuber-
culous and inflammatory products. In some instances I have been
led to attribute the cause of death to the presence of a quantity of
tough grass in the gizzard, which so interfered with the grinding
process of the organ as to prevent a proper supply of chyle;
hence the diseased state of blood and other derangements that fol-
lowed. Nails, buttons, pieces of wood, and other extraneous bodies
in the gizzard, are very common, but I have not been able to dis-
cover any ill effects from them. In a Great Black-backed Gull
(Larus marinus) that had been some time in the Gardens, a large
fish-hook (by which probably the bird had been captured) was im-
bedded in the proventriculus.

Diseases of the kidneys are very common in birds, the weight of
these organs in proportion to the body being greater than in any
other class of animals,—a fact, I believe, never stated before ; but it
serves to explain, in some degree, the prevalence of morbid changes
in these viscera. The renal organs in birds in confinement are often
enlarged, softened, fatty, and granular; in some cases tubercular:
but one of the most remarkable changes in connexion with the kid-
neys of birds is obstruction of the ureters, and occasionally a block-
ing up of the cloaca with urate of ammonia in a hardened state.
This I have often met with, and I believe, combined with diseased
blood, it is a frequent cause of death. Pericarditis (inflammation
of the heart-bag) [ have observed more frequently in this class than
in any other; frequently complete adhesion of the pericardium to
the heart from old or recent inflammation is found crippling the action
of the circulating organ. The internal cavities of the heart, too, often
bear evidence of inflammation and its consequences.

Dropsy of the pericardium and of the thoracic air-cells, I have
several times seen ; and the legs and feet of the long-legged birds,
such as the Cranes, Storks, and Herons, are often cedematous.

Hydatids (Zchinococci) of the liver and other viscera are of fre-

192

quent occurrence, and sometimes are of large size. Thus in the
Crowned Pigeon (Goura coronata) one of these cysts in the liver
contained more than 3 oz. of serous fluid. Some of them were occa-
sionally filled with concrete biliary matter after the death of the .
hydatids. A good specimen of this was lately seen in the old Hon-
duras Turkey (Meleagris ocellata) which died at the Gardens. Dis-
eases of the feet, as in caged birds, are of frequent occurrence, espe-
cially among the perchers. The toes get stiff and contracted, the
nails are sometimes lost, and occasionally the feet are affected with a
kind of dry gangrene. Excrescences from the abnormal production
of cuticle are likewise very common. ,

Entozoa and Epizoa are very numerous, in diseased animals espe-
cially: but, as I intend to bring this matter before the Society in a
separate paper, I need only mention it here. Pediculi in birds are
often very abundant—these parasites, like some in human shape,
appearing to flourish best where corruption is-most rife; but in the
viscera of birds I have often found a lower form of life, existing I
believe long before death, viz. the presence of fungi. I have not only
met with the sporules of mould in the tubercular lungs (as others
have described before me), but I have seen them also upon deposits
of lymph in the abdomen.

REPTILES.

Inthe Chelonians it is often difficult to ascertain the cause of death,
many of them apparently being a long time dying, and frequently
death not being detected until some days after dissolution ; so that I
have not been able to arrive at any satisfactory evidence as to the
morbid changes. In a few instances I have seen small tubercles of
the liver.

Saurians.—The same remark respecting the morbid changes will
apply to Loricata ; in these, however, I have found more satis-
factory evidence of disease, the tubercular being the most frequent
lesion. As I stated some time since at the Society, in ten Alligators
and Crocodiles that I examined, the stomachs of all contained stones
and pieces of wood, and in two others since inspected I have found
the same substances.

In some of the Lizards I have seen the intestines obstructed with
hard feculent matter. In a large Iguana the intestinal tube was
blocked up with grape-stones. The death of one of the Lizards
(Uromastiz spinipes) arose partly from bleeding from the lungs. The
reptile in question, the lungs and liver of which were studded with
tubercles, was put into a warm bath—rather a strange mode of
treatment for a cold-blooded animal—and hzemorrhage was the result.
Let me make one observation about the temperature of the Reptile-
house. None of the reptiles here are cold-blooded, their bodies being
of a like temperature with that of the surrounding atmosphere ; and _
the same remark will apply to those living in hot climates. The
time some reptiles will go without food, and without any apparent
diminution of bulk, is also a circumstance worthy of note. I dis-
sected a Python (Python molurus) that had not fed for ten months ;

193

and even more extraordinary examples than this could be adduced.
To return to the diseases of the Lizards, I may add, that the tuber-
cular are the most common.

Ophidians.—In this division one of the most remarkable and pe-
culiar diseases is found. It will be remembered that a few years
since a great mortality occurred among the serpents ; nearly all of
them died, and I had an opportunity of examining a great many of
them. The disease, which I believe is highly contagious, consists of
ulceration of the lining membrane of the mouth, and the deposit of
masses of semitubercular matter in different parts of the intestinal
tube, but chiefly in the rectum, blocking up the canal, and producing
obstruction. With this form of disease there is also a peculiar
condition of the blood. Some of the reptiles dying of this affection
were very fat, especially the Puff Adders (Clotho arietans).

Tubercles in the liver, lungs, and other parts in the Ophidians, are
very frequently met with. In the Boa which some years ago was
said to have swallowed a blanket, it will be seen by the drawings
now exhibited that the lungs and liver were thickly studded with
small miliary tubercles; but the immediate cause of death was in-
flammation of the pericardium (heart-bag) : upon this, and hanging
from it, were large flakes of lymph partly organized.

Batrachians.—I have had but few opportunities of examining
specimens of this order soon after death, and therefore cannot speak
of their diseases,

I may make one observation respecting the reparative power in
the reptiles. In many of them it is very rapid. Ina Boa that had
its tail accidentally jammed off, the part was very quickly repaired ;
and I have seen many instances of the same kind in reptiles ; and,
if the accounts are to be believed, the large Salamander (Sieboldia
maxima) just obtained by the Society will reproduce its extremities
—bone, muscle, integument, and other parts.

In bringing this imperfect sketch to a conclusion, I may observe
that my time and space have been too limited to do justice to the
subject ; but I trust that the information conveyed will not prove
altogether unprofitable.

March 27, 1860.
Professor Busk, F.R.S., F.Z.S., &c., in the Chair.

Mr. John Petherick exhibited the head and horns of a rare Ante-
lope from Central Africa (Antilope leucotis, Licht., Mem. Acad. Berol.
1854, p. 99).

The Secretary exhibited an egg of the King Vulture (Gyparchus
No. 429.—ProceEeDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

194

papa), laid in the Society’s Gardens. This was believed to be the
first well-authenticated specimen known of the egg of this Vulture.
The shape was oblongo-ovate, considerably pomted towards the
smaller end ; the colour pure white ; length 3°7 inches, breadth 2°65.
As the egg was supposed to be impregnated, it was in contemplation
to attempt to hatch it under a hen of the domestic fowl.

The Secretary also exhibited a second egg laid by the female
Apteryx mantelli in the Society's Gardens in February last. It
differed but slightly from that previously produced by the same bird,
being merely somewhat larger.

The following papers were read :—

1. REMARKS ON THE STOMACH OF THE POTAMOCH@RUS PENI-
c1LLatus. By T. Howarp Stewart, F.Z.S.

The stomach of the Potamocherus has the usual type of structure,
such as exists in all the Artiodactyla. It is divided partially into
three compartments, viz. the cardiac sacculus, situated to the left
of the cardiac or cesophagal opening ; the cuticular portion around
the cardiac orifice ; and the digestive or pyloric division: these com-
municate freely with one another.

This stomach differs from that in the genus Sus in having the
cardiac sacculus larger, and in the cuticular layer around the ceso-
phagal opening being somewhat different in arrangement.

In Potamocherus the cuticular portion is well defined, and has
a raised crenulated margin, and its entire surface much wrinkled.
Microscopically, it shows an epithelial structure, which is raised on
the surface into conical papille, such as are seen on a larger scale
in the reticulum of Ruminants.

In Sus the cuticular portion is not so markedly distinct from the
mucous or digestive portion ; it has, however, a defined and slightly
raised non-crenulated margin ; the surface is quite smooth, and of a
white non-vascular colour.

It becomes a question of interest, in examining the arrangement
of the stomach in these Artiodactyles, as to what may be its function
in the digestive process. I believe that the food, first passing into
and being mixed with the secretion from the cardiac sacculus, goes
on to the cuticular portion of the stomach, and undergoes there a
kind of maceration, and is then forwarded to the pyloric or true
digestive portion of the viscus. May not this cuticular part of the
stomach be analogous to the reticulum or second cavity in the
stomach of the true Ruminants? This peculiar lining of a portion of
the stomach exists in all the Pachyderms, in the Horse, and in all
the Artiodactyles, and also in the Kangaroo, under various modifice-
tions. The Kangaroo has been known to ruminate when fed on
hard food; may not an occasional act of rumination take place in
this Potamocherus, and others of the same class? The cuticular

195

layer is more developed in the Potamocherus than in other animals
of the class I have been able to examine ; from this we may infer
that this animal is of a more vegetable-eating nature than our omni-
vorous Hog.

2. Nore on THE Fox or Japan. By Artuur Apams, F.L.S.

The Fox of Japan is quite a distinct species from that of China,
specimens of which I procured on the banks of the Wusung River,
near its junction with the Yang-tze-kiang. The Japanese species,
four skins of which were obtained by Mr. Bedwell from Niegata in
Nippon, has black ears lined with white, and a black spot on the
upper surface near the base of the tail. The colour of the fur on the
neck and back is ferruginous, and is much softer and longer than
that of the Foxes of Europe and China, and the brush is also longer
and thicker.

3. Memoranpa ON THE Hippopotamus AND BALANICEPS
RECENTLY IMPORTED TO ENGLAND, AND NOW IN THE
GARDENS or THE ZooLocicaL Society. By Joun PeE-
THERICK, F.R.G.S., H. M. Consux ror Tue Soupan.

Since 1853 I have devoted from six to seven months of each year
to the exploration of some of the unknown regions of Central Africa.

My starting-point, Khartoum, at the junction of the Blue and
White Niles, in lat. 152° N., a town of about 60,000 inhabitants, is
the capital of seven provinces dependent on Egypt, called the Sou-
dan, consisting of the whole of that, for the most part sandy, di-
strict between the second Nile cataract at Wadi Halfa and the terri-
tories inhabited by the naked negro in 13° N. lat. ; whilst its breadth
extends from the borders of Darfour on the west to the shores of
the Red Sea and Abyssinia on the east.

Leaving Khartoum, and navigating the White Nile to between .
9° and 10° of N. lat., a narrow channel, and for the most part over-
grown with reeds, which by former Nile navigators had been con-
sidered unnavigable, attracted my attention, and pursuing it, not
without difficulty finding my way through some narrow openings in
a forest of reeds, I found this to be the connexion between a large
lake and the Nile, of which it is one of the most important feeders
hitherto known.

This lake, according to the time it occupied me to sail in a well-
appointed boat with three large latteen sails, from one extremity of it
to the other, after making allowance for the windings of the open
passages through the dense vegetation with which it is for the most
part covered, I consider to be about 180 miles long, and perhaps
some 60 miles wide.

Its waters, ornamented with several promontories and islands,

196

more or less wooded with sycamores, acacias, and mimosas, and but
little frequented by man, literally swarm with Crocodiles and Hip-
popotami,

The latter in particular made many rude and uncouth attempts to
dispute the right of passage over their hitherto secluded home, by
attacking my boat, battering-ram fashion, both under and on the
surface of the water; and on one memorable occasion, to the surprise
and horror of all on board, a huge beast, suddenly raising half its
great carcass with an agility hardly to be expected out of the water,
close under the bows, carried off my unfortunate cook from the gun-
wale on which he was sitting, one bite of the animal’s powerful jaws
sufficing to sever his body in two at the waist.

It was here, whilst returning in the month of April in the year 1858
from the regions of the equator, where I founded an establishment of
twenty-five men (Arabs from the neighbourhood of Khartoum), for
the barter of elephants’ tusks with the aborigines, the Niam Niams,
that the ‘‘look-out’’ at the mast-head, almost frantic with excitement,
called out “A young Hippopotamus,” pointing to the reeds within
a few yards of which we were sailing. A dozen of my sailors leaped
into the water, and, disappearing amongst the thick herbage, soon
returned, one of them grasping in his arms a young animal about
the size of a spaniel, and kept afloat and propelled towards the boat
with shouts of delight by his companions.

Fortunately for the safety of the men, the old lady Hippopotamus
was not at home, and so distant from her charge as not to hear the
cries of her baby (similar to those of a young calf), or the affair
might not have terminated so favourably. A piece of the navel-
string, 15 inches long, was still dangling to its body, and did not
detach itself for several days afterwards; from which I inferred its
birth could not have extended over a day or two.

The unexpected but welcome guest was reared on milk, and in its
absence with meal and water, being treated with all the attention we
could bestow on it, and is now, judging from its thriving condition,
as grateful as its owner for the hospitality it is enjoying at your
splendid Gardens in the Regent’s Park.

So large a sheet of water as the “ Bahr il Gazal” will naturally
attract great numbers of the feather tribe, and it was in this lake
that I first made the acquaintance of a very handsome Stork (Myc-
teria senegalensis) and the Baleniceps.

Of both thése rare birds I was fortunate enough to procure living
specimens ; the former of which, with numerous rare animals, such
as the Elephant, Rhinoceros, two species of Ant-Bears, a rare Mon-
key, and I believe a new species of Antelope, unfortunately died
during the long and arduous journey from Central Africa through
Egypt to the Mediterranean.

The skin of the Stork, however, has been preserved, with a few
other skins of birds, a remnant of a large collection made between
the 5th and 15th degrees of N. latitude, but unfortunately lost in
the Upper Nile-cataracts of Nubia. The few skins alluded to as
having been saved have been eXamined by your obliging Secretary,

197

Mr. Sclater, to whom I am indebted for many acts of kindness since
my return to England*,

Two living specimens out of six Baleniceps shipped at Khartoum
(but perhaps out of a score partially reared, the first, as you are well
aware, imported into Europe) have, almost against hope, survived the
apparent insurmountable difficulties of the trying journey across
nearly one-half the continent of Africa, and are at length, I am proud
to say, safely housed in your commodious Gardens.

The Baleniceps, although found only in or near water, is but
rarely seen on the banks of the Nile, and then only during a short
period of the year, when the interior is dried up, in the summer,
during the short hot season preceding the rains.

It prefers the natural tanks and morasses of the interior, where
the shallowness of the water distributed over a large surface affords
it greater facilities for wading than the banks of the Nile. These
frequently shelve off into deep water more or less abruptly, and thus
furnish but comparatively few spots favourable to the support and
habits of the bird.

For this reason, at about 100 miles west of the Nile, in from 5° to
8° N. lat., at Gaba Shambyl, where I have a station of elephant-
hunters, these interesting birds exist in greater numbers than on the
Nile, or the comparatively deeper waters of the Bahr il Gazal, the
lake to which I have alluded, and of which I have the honour of being,
if not, strictly speaking, the discoverer, at least the first navigator.

At Gaba Shambyl, striking off directly west from the Nile, the
country for the first 30 miles rises with an almost imperceptible slope,
when it again decreases in elevation for a distance of 60 to 70 miles.
Here it becomes a large morass, with occasionally dry spots, which
form so many islands in a sheet of water after the annual rains, that
from north to south extends probably over 150 miles, having no outlet
directly to the Nile, but, when the water is at a certain height,
overflowing into a channel connecting it with the Bahr il Gazal.
This reservoir, which is more or less supplied with water all the
year round, abounds in reeds and thick bush, and is the favourite re-
treat and home of the Baleniceps.

* Mr. Petherick’s skins are in a condition which renders their specific deter-
mination rather difficult. The most noticeable are,—

Haliaétus vocifer, juv. Peocephalus meyeri, Rupp.
Halcyon semicerulea (Gm.) ? Lemodon vielloti.

Coracias abyssinica (Liun.). leucocephalus, De Fil.
Merops egyptius? Edicnemus affinis, Riipp. ?
Bucorax abyssinicus, Cursorius, sp. ?

Lanius macrocercus, De Fil. Falcinelius igneus.
Prionops cristatus, Rupp. Ardeola bubulcus.
Laniarius chrysogaster, Sw. Nycticorax europeus.

—— erythrogaster, Riipp.? Anastomus lamelligerus.
Lamprotornis purpuroptera, Riipp. Mycteria senegalensis.
Notauges superbus, Riipp. Parra africana.

Colius senegalensis ? Plectropterus riippellii, Sclater.
Schizorhis zonura, Riipp. Sterna (2 sp.).

(Bids 3)

198

The birds here are seen in clusters of from a pair to perhaps one
hundred together, mostly in the water, and when disturbed will fly
low over its surface, and settle at no great distance ; but if frightened
and fired at, they rise in flocks high in the air, and, after hovering
and wheeling around, will settle on the highest trees, and as long as
their disturbers are near will not return to the water. Their roosting-
place at night is, to the best of my belief, on the ground. Their
food principally is fish and water-snakes, which they have been seen
by my men to catch and devour. They will also feed on the intes-
tines of dead animals, the carcases of which they easily rip open
with the strong hook of the upper bill. The breeding-time of the
Baleniceps is in the rainy season, during the months of July and
August, and the spot chosen is in the reeds or high grass imme-
diately on the water’s edge, or on some small elevated and dry spots
entirely surrounded by water. The birds before laying scrape a hole
in the earth, in which, without any lining of grass or feathers, the
female deposits her eggs. As many as a dozen eggs have been found
in the same nest. Numbers of these nests have been robbed by my
men of both eggs and young, but the young birds so taken have in-
variably died. After repeated unsuccessful attempts to rear them
and more trouble than you can imagine, after two years’ perseverance
I at last succeeded in hatching some eggs under hens, which, at a con-
siderable distance from Gaba Shamby], I procured from the Raik ne-
groes. As soon as | got the hens to lay, and in due time to sit, by
replacing several of their eggs with half the number of those of the
Baleniceps, as fresh as possible from the nest, the locality of which
was previously known, I eventually succeeded in hatching several
birds. These ran about the premises of my camp, and, to the
great discomfort of the poor hens, would persist in performing all
sorts of unchicken-like manceuvres with their large beaks and ex-
tended wings in a small artificial pool constantly supplied with water
by several negresses retained in my service for their especial benefit.
Negro boys of the tribe (the Raik) were also employed to supply
their little pond with live fish, upon which, and occasionally the
intestines of animals killed for our use, chopped into small pieces,
they were reared.

As may be supposed, the birds became the pets of my “ Bizouks,”’
as 1 frequently called my Khartoumers ; and as they grew up, with
extended wings and a rattle-like noise produced by the snapping of
their bills, they would follow them round the large enclosure of my
camp.

Tips their journey to England, six months’ confinement in a cage
has greatly affected their health, and I dare say soured their tempers ;
at least, such to a certainty would be the effects on myself if placed
in a similar predicament. But, in common with, I venture to say,
every one connected with the Society, I trust that my attention and
trouble, to say nothing of the expense which I have been put to,
although perhaps a more important feature than most of you may
be aware of,—may be rewarded by their recovery and well-being ; and
I hope if, as there will be no difficulty on my part, they become the

199

property of the Society, they will long live to adorn, and perhaps
enhance, the merits of the rare collection amongst which they are at
present, with their countryman the Hippopotamus, so hospitably
received.

4. Nore upon THE Genus Cypripina, MitNg-EpDWARDS, WITH
a DescrIpTION oF soME New Species. By W. Barro,
M.D., F.L.S.

(Annulosa, Pl. LXXI.)

The genus Cypridina, belonging to the Ostracod Order of the
Entomostracous Crustacea, was founded by Milne-Edwards in 1838,
in Lamarck’s ‘ Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert.’ vol. v., in a note to the genus
Cypris. It was afterwards more fully detailed in his ‘ Hist. Nat.
Crustac.’ vol. iii. At the time of the publication of that work only
one species was known ; now there are about twenty, and in the
paper now before the Society I propose adding four more. The
species already described are—

1. CypripIna REYNAUDII, M.-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. ii.
409. t. 36. f. 5, 1540.

2. C. ELLIPTICA.
Asterope elliptica, Philippi, Archiv. f. Naturg. vi. 1. p. 186. t. 3.
f. 9-11, 1840.

3. C. MEDITERRANEA, Costa, Agli Scienz. d’Ital. 57. t. 1. Hodes
1845.

4. C. macanpRrewul, Baird, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. i.
21. t. 6B. f. 1-7, 1848.

5. C. apamst, Baird, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. J. c. t. 7, 1848.

6. C. BIMACULATA. .
Cypris bimaculata, Nic. Gay, Hist. Fisic. de Chile, ii. 294. t. 4.
f. 6, 1849.

7. C. CERULEA. é
Cypris cerulea, Nic. Gay, Hist. Fisic. de Chile, t. 4. f. 66, 1849.

8. ©. BrenDA, Baird, British Entomostraca, STs to 2acee
1850.

9. C. zEALANDICA, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, t. (Annulosa) 17.
f. 11-13.

10. C. iwrerpuncra, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc. l.c. t.17. f, 8-10.

11. C. marr, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc. J. ¢. t. 17. f, 5-7.

200

12. C. gtososa, Liljeborg, Cladoc. Ostrac. Copepod. in Scania
oceurr. 171. t. 17. f. 2-10, 1853.

13. C. Gipposa, Dana, Crustacea of U.S. Explor. Exped. xiv.
1295, t..91. f. 4, 1853:

14. C. ronmosa, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped. J. ¢. 1296.
t. 91. f. 5, 1853.

15. C. turroxa, Dana, Crust. U.S. Explor. Exped. /. ec. 1291,
tO ate), 85a.

16. C. punctata, Dana, Crust. U. 8. Explor. Exped. /. c. 1293,
Padi s, USda-

17. C. excisa, Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, Smithson.
Contrib. to Knowledge, t. 2. f. 28, 1854.
= C. brenda, Baird, 1851, fide specimens.

18. C. optonea, Grube, Archiv, f. Naturg. 1859, 335. t. 12.
£793, T8593

PuILoMeEDES, Liljeborg.

19. P. tonercornts, Liljeborg, Cladoc. Ostracod. Copepod, in
Scania, t. 26. f. 4, 5, 1853.

20. P. oLIVACEUS.

Cypridina olivacea, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. 7. ¢. 1294.
t. 91. f. 3, 1853.

Of the new species about to be described, one is a native of
Europe, two of the Indian Ocean, and one of Australia.

1. Cypripina Norvecica, Baird. (Pl. LXXI. figs. 4, 4 a—4 d.)

Carapace-valves oval, somewhat compressed, smooth and shining
The notch or sinus at the anterior extremity is not deep; the beaks
are small and somewhat thickened round the margins. The dorsal
margin is gently rounded ; the ventral is slightly arched, projecting
at its upper extremity immediately beneath the notch, and at its in-
ferior extremity is rather sharply gibbous or prominent, which, seen
from internal surface, shows a duplicature of the shell. The surface
is polished, not punctured, and is of a straw-colour. In shape it
appears to resemble very much the Cypridina luteola, of Dana* from
the Sooloo Sea. The shell, however, is ovate, not ovoid; and the
inferior extremity, instead of being rounded, is gibbous or projecting
anteriorly. sat

Length 1} line; breadth 1 line.

Hab. Coast of Norway (R. M‘Andrew, Esq.).

Mus. Brit.

2. CypRIDINA GODEHEVI, Baird. (Pl. LXXI. figs. 2, 2 a—-2c.)
Carapace-valves oval and ventricose, produced into a point at the

* United States’ Exploring Expedition, Crustacea, vol. xiv. p. 1291, pl. 91. f. 1.

201

posterior extremity. The anterior extremity is rather narrower than
the posterior ; the sinus or notch is rather deep, the beaks are sharp-
pointed and thickened along the margins. The surface is marked
with numerous, minute punctations, and is of a deep yellow or saf-
fron colour.

Length 3 lines; breadth 2 lines.

Hab. Madras, in 8 fathoms. From the Collection of Mr. Cuming.

Mus. Brit. ;

In the ‘ Mémoires pour les Savans Etrangers,’ vol. iii. p. 269, there
is an exceedingly interesting communication from M. le Comman-
deur Godeheu de Riville on the luminosity of the sea. In that
paper he describes and figures a little creature which he found was
the cause of this luminous appearance. The body of the animal, he
says, was contained in a small, transparent shell, resembling in form
that of an almond cleft down the side, and which was notched at its
upper part. This shell, though roughly figured, pretty accurately
represents this species of Cypridina, and I have little doubt our
species is the same as Riville there describes and figures. The part
of the ocean where he met with it was off the coast of Malabar.

3. Cypripina ovum, Baird. (Pl. LXXI. figs. 3, 3a, 3 4.)

Carapace-valves of a perfect ovoid shape, and very ventricose.
Anterior extremity slightly narrower than posterior. The surface of
the valves is marked with exceedingly minute punctations, with nu-
merous, round, quite smooth spots, of a browni8h-yellow colour, dis-
tributed over it, appearing as if they were excavated out of the sur-
face of the shell. The notch at the anterior extremity is rather
deep ; the beaks are somewhat pointed, slightly incurved and thick-
ened along the margins; and the posterior extremity is rounded
without any appearance of gibbosity.

Length 1} line; breadth 1+ line.

Hab. Chinese Seas. Collected by Sir E. Belcher, C.B. From
the Collection of Mr. Cuming. ;

Mus. Brit®

4. CyPRIDINA ALBO-MACULATA; Baird. (PI. LXXI. figs. 1, 1 a,
12, le, 1d.)

Carapace-valves of an ovate-ventricose form, rounded on the dorsal
and yentral margins, and slightly, but distinctly, produced into a
point in the centre of the inferior extremity. The surface is marked
with numerous, small, distinct punctations, and conspicuously blotched
with several large, bright white patches, which are slightly raised
and strongly punctured. There are only two large ones on the right
valve, and three on the left. The notch at the anterior extremity is
rather deep, and the edges of the beak are incurved, pointed, and
thickened along the margins. The anterior extremity is rather nar-
rower than the posterior.

Length 4 lines ; breadth 3 lines.

Hab. Swan River. From the Collection of Mr. Cuming.

Mus. Brit.

202

5. PHiLoMEDES LoNnGicoRNIs, Liljeborg. (Pl. LXXI. figs. 5,
5ia5'5 8; 5.e.)

Carapace-valves of a squarely-ovate shape, somewhat compressed,
and covered with numerous, very small punctations. The notch at
the upper extremity is wide and deep, and the beaks are obtuse and
fringed along the margin. The posterior extremity is square-shaped,
with a slight projection at the anterior corner. The superior an-
tenne are provided with two very long sete. When in fluid, there
is a small, roundish, black mark visible on each of the valves, near
the centre, but a little nearer the anterior extremity. This species
was taken in the towing-net, in Whale Sound, by Dr. Sutherland in
1852, who remarks in his notes of the voyage that the animals often
come springing up from the bottom to the surface of the vessel in
which they were placed after their capture; their motions then
ceased, and they again sank to the bottom. It was described by me
about the end of the same year under the name of Cypridina isabella,
after the ship in which Dr. Sutherland was, and which at the time
was engaged in the unsuccessful search after Sir John Franklin.
My description, however, remained in MS., and my attention was
some time afterwards called to the work of W. Liljeborg on the
‘ Entomostraca of Sweden,’ published in 1855. At page 176 he de-
scribes an animal which I consider identical with this, found by him
on the coast of Sweden, and which is figured in plate 26, figs. 4, 5.
From its possessing two very long setze on the superior autennee, and
wanting the appendage on the second pair of maxillz, he has formed
a distinct genus for it under the name of Philomedes.

Length 13 line; breadth 3 line.

Hab. Whale Sound, lat. 77° N., long. 71° 37! W. (Dr. Suther-
land).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXI.

Fig. 1. Cypridina albo-maculata. 1a. Ventral view. 1 4. One of the white spots,
magnified 15 diameters. 1c. Portion of the surface, magnified 75 dia-
meters. 1d. Dark portion of lucid spot.

Fig. 2. Cypridina godehevi. 2a, Ventral view. 24. Portion of surface, magni-
fied 75 diameters. 2c. Lucid spot, magnified 75 diameters.

Fig. 3. Cypridina ovum. 3a. Ventral view. 3. Portion of surface, magnified
75 diameters.

Fig. 4. Cypridina norvegica. 4a. Ventral view. 40. Interior of valve. 4e.
Lucid spot, magnified 75 diameters. 4d. Portion of surface, mag-
nified 75 diameters.

Fig. 5. Philomedes longicornis. 5a. Ventral view, 54. Portion of surface, mag-
nified 75 diameters. 5c. Lucid spot, magnified 75 diameters.

Fig. 6, Estheria compressa. 6a. Ventral view. 60, Portion of surface between
the ribs, magnified 75 diameters.

203

5. Description or A New Genus or FrResHwaTER BIVALVE
MOoLLuSsCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY CoRBULIDZ, FROM
THE CoLLEeEcTION oF HucH Cumine, Ese. By Henry
Apams, F.L.S.

. Genus Himetsya, H. Adams.

Testa tenuis, inequilateralis, inequivalvis, valva sinistra majore,
clausa, parva constrictione ab umbonibus ad marginem ventralem
extendente, epidermide vestita; umbonibus tumidis, obtusis.
Cardo in valva dextra dente obscuro, in valva sinistra fossa
congruente ; ligamento externo ; cartilagine interna, in carti-
laginis processu angusto, sub-horizontali in utraque valva re-
cepta. Linea pallialis vir sinuata.

Shell thin, inequilateral, inequivalve; the left valve the larger,
closed, with a slight constriction extending from the beaks to the
ventral margin, covered with an epidermis; beaks tumid, obtuse.
Hinge composed of an obscure tooth in the right valve, with a cor-
responding cavity in the left valve; ligament external ; cartilage in-
ternal, contained in a narrow, almost horizontal, cartilage-process in
each valve. Pallial line slightly sinuated.

HIMELLA FLUVIATILIS, H. Adams. .

HH, testa transverse oblonga, antice rotundata, postice truncata,
margine superiore sub-recto ; valvis externe rugosis, epidermide
pallido-fusca ; umbonibus sub-anterioribus, decorticatis.

Shell transversely oblong; rounded anteriorly, truncated posteriorly,
the superior margin nearly straight ; surface of valves rugose, covered
with a light-brown epidermis ; beaks subanterior, eroded.

Long. 10, lat. 6, cras. 4 lin. ~

Hab. River Maranon.

This interesting genus appears to have greater affinity with Azara,
D’Orbigny, than with any other member of the Corbulide; but
differs considerably from that genus in the form and texture of the
shell, the thinness of the valves, and the disposition of the cartilage-
processes of the hinge. In its habits also it is truly fluviatile, being
found in the River Maranon, whence Mr. Cuming’s specimens were
obtained by Mr. Bates.

6. Note oN THE BLOOD-CORPUSCLES OF THE JAPANESE GI-
GANTIC SALAMANDER (SIEBOLDIA MAXIMA). By Epwarps
Crisp, M.D., F.Z.8., erc.

The blood-corpuscles of this animal in their general aspect, irre-
spective of size, bear a great resemblance to those of the Water-newt
(Triton cristatus). They vary much in diameter, some being from
a third to a fifth smaller than the majority. They are of a bright
straw-colour, which colour they retain when dried on the glass; the
nucleus and nucleoli being of a lighter hue and more transparent.
The blood also contains innumerable transparent vesicles of an ellip-

204

tical shape, about one-third the size of the human blood-corpuscle; but,
as the skin of the reptile is abundantly covered with slimy mucus, it
is probable that in taking the blood (a very small quantity of which
was obtained) the mucus was mixed with it, and produced these
vesicles, which differ from any that I have seen in the blood of other
reptiles.

With the blood of the Salamander I examined that of the Water-
newt (7'. cristatus) and that of the Common Frog (R. temporaria),
both reptiles being alive. The drawings of the corpuscles which
I exhibit will give the relative sizes; they are all magnified 500
diameters. I have also added a drawing of the human blood-cor-
puscle, by way of comparison. In these illustrations the largest cor-
puscles, which are far more numerous than the others, have been
selected.

They measure as follows :—

Fractions of
inch in
——
Blood-corpuscle of Man ............. ees so:
Z ; — diameter. on i pers ai
Blood-corpuscle of Sieboldia ........ giv tOzdy =a tO st
1 2.
Nucleus of same s73e0 50 S202 a gg | eee
, , 1 1
Blood-corpuscle of Triton cristatus ........ stu. OTe 0°
Blood-corpuscle of Rana temporaria ...... rss) oo

The most interesting and important circumstance connected with
this examination, is that this Salamander, a non-perennibranchiate*
reptile (as I believe), probably has a blood-corpuscle as large, or
nearly as large, as the Proteus and Siren, reptiles which retain their
gills.

In the excellent and original papers by Mr. Gulliver in our ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ for 1845 and other years, ‘‘ On the size of the Red Cor-
puscles of the Blood in the Vertebrata,” that gentleman infers that,
* although there is no relation between the size of the corpuscle and
that of the animal in different orders, in the same order the largest
species have generally larger corpuscles than the smallest species.
Thus in the large Ruminants the corpuscles are distinctly larger
than in the smaller; and the same fact is observable in the Rodents.
In these examples the gradation in the size of the corpuscles may
not exactly follow that of the animals; but none of the very small
species have corpuscles so large as those of the largest species.”

The examination of the blood of this reptile is probably another
confirmation of the general correctness of Mr. Gulliver’s opinion ;
but in my examination of the blood-corpuscles of a great many species
of vertebrate animals I have found several deviations from this law,
more especially in the Ophidian reptiles and in the Osseous fishes ;
among the Ruminants too, many of the smaller Antelopes have larger
corpuscles than the Giraffe. In some of the Cervide the size of the
corpuscle does not correspond to that of the animal. In the Ophidia

* It has been shown by Van der Hoeven that the Sicholdia is a true Perenni-

branchiate, although there is no gill-aperture present, or rather it has early dis-
appeared. See his ‘ Zoology ’ (Clarke’s translatior), ii. 242.—P. L. S.

205

there are likewise several exceptions ; but the osseous fishes, I be-
lieve, afford numerous examples, especially among the Salmonide and
Scomberide. Thus I have recently examined the blood of the Com-"
mon Tunny (Thynnus vulgaris), weighing about 320 Ibs., and the
corpuscles were rather smaller than those of the Mackerel (Scomber
scomber). ;

I have also had an opportunity of examining some of the cast skin
of the Salamander, which has been thrown off since the arrival of the
reptile at the Gardens. The subjoined are drawings I have taken of
this and of the cast skin of the Triton cristatus : fig. 1 represents the
former and fig. 2 the latter, magnified 60 diameters.

Fig. 1.

It will be seen that the epidermoid cells in both are hexagonal,
and that those of the Salamander (fig. 1) are more than double the
size of those of the Triton (fig. 2); the former measuring about
4}pth of an inch in diameter, the latter about 5}yth. It will be
curious hereafter to observe the relative proportion of these cells to
the blood-globules in other reptiles.

I purpose placing before the Society at an early period a compa-
rative estimate of the size of the blood-corpuscles of this Gigantic
Salamander, and those of the Siren, Lepidosiren, Proteus, and other
reptiles.

April 24th, 1860.

Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Bartlett exhibited a series of the eggs of Struthions birds,
including those of the Northern and Southern Ostrich, the American
and Darwin’s Rhea, the Common and Spotted Emeus (Dromeus
nove hollandie and D. irroratus), the Common Cassowary, and the
Mooruk (Casuarius bennettii). The latter had been laid in the
Society’s Gardens on the 21st of April by the bird received from

206

Dr. Bennett in May 1858, which was thus proved to be a female.
This egg (see Aves, Pl. CLXII.) was of a pale grass-green colour,
closely freckled with paler colouring, and much smoother and more
finely granulated than that of the Common Cassowary. It measured
\ 6:0 by 3°45 inches, and weighed 223 oz. Its shape was more elon-
gated and pyriform than that of the Cassowary or Emeu.

Mr. Gould exhibited specimens of the Chough of the Himalayas,
which he proposed to call Fregilus himalayanus, and pointed out the
characters which distinguish it from the European bird (I. graculus).

Mr. F. H. Wilson exhibited four examples of a curiously-coloured
variety of the Common Mole (Talpa europea), and read the follow-
ing note on them :—

** Nine of these Albinos were caught in the same meadow within
a few days, on Mr. Gibbon’s farm, Beckenham, Kent. The Mole
in general has four or five young ones at abirth. It is possible that
all these were the offsprings of the same parent, but I should think
they must have bred amongst themselves. They were caught
February 20th, 1860.”

Mr. Sclater announced the arrival of some interesting animals from
British Honduras, presented by R. Temple, Esq., Chief Justice of
the Colony, to the Society’s Menagerie. These consisted of a pair
of Guans (Penelope purpurascens), a pair of Curassows (Crax glo-
bicera), a Collared Peccary (Dicotyles torquatus), and specimens of
a singular breed of the Domestic Fowl, remarkable for its bones
being black.

Mr. Sclater observed that the following letter received from Mr.
Temple seemed to indicate the presence in British Honduras of a
second species of Peccary, called the ‘ Warree,’ about which more in-
formation would be very desirable :—

“16 St. James’ Square,
Notting Hill, April 20th, 1860.

«‘Srr,—The Warree, about which you wish me to give you some
information, differs in some respects from the Peccary. The latter,
as I said before, is never seen, except in couples,—the former inva-
riably appears in large flocks. The head of the Peccary is very
large and clumsy in proportion to the body. That of the Warree is
less disproportionate. The coat or skin of the Peccary is covered
with long hairs, which are darkish at the roots, and lighter coloured
at the tips. The colour of the Warree is a dirty black, and the hair
is long and tangled. The legs of the Peccary are shorter than those
of the Warree. Both have the same orifice on the back, from which -
exudes a liquid having a very offensive odour. When either of these
animals is shot for the purpose of being eaten (and they are excellent
food), the orifice on the back must be instantly cut out, or the whole
of the flesh will become so much tainted, that, so far from being able
to eat it, you cannot tolerate its vicinity. But if the excisional knife
has been applied in time, the flesh is sweet, white, short, and tender.
The Warree is a far more ferocious animal than the Peccary; but

‘TiGaNNat

ISVO a0 09%

* SQAYU

ccnelby? Lise
", =
|

207

his courage perhaps may arise from a principle not quite a stranger
to the human breast—a consciousness of being well supported ; for,
as I have said, they are always seen in multitudes. If you meet a
flock of Warrees in the bush, and you take no notice of them, it is
probable that they will take no notice of you. But if your intentions
are hostile, and your design is to transfer one of them from his native
wilderness to your kitchen, you must. take care to place yourself in a
safe position before you carry your design into execution. A gen-
tleman, not long since, shot a Warree without having taken the ne-
cessary precautions; the remainder of the flock instantly pursued
him, and if he had not managed to climb into a tree, he would have
been torn in pieces. But he was kept a prisoner in that leafy asylum
for many hours, the surviving Warrees being bent on revenging the
death of their companion. Even when the flock went a little distance
to feed, they left two or three to stand guard at the foot of the tree.
The hunter has no difficulty in tracing the Peccary and the Warree,
by the strong odour which prevails wherever they have been.
“T am, Sir,
** Your obedient servant,
“R. Tempe.”

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE RuHeEAS IN THE Socrety’s MENAGERIE, wiTH Re-
MARKS ON THE KNOWN SPECIES OF STRUTHIOUS BirRDs.
By Pare Luriry ScLATER.

In November 1858 the late Mr. Thompson purchased for the So-
ciety in Liverpool a young Rhea, which now seems to have nearly
attained its adult growth. It proves to be so remarkably different
from the Common Rhea (Rhea americana) and the Darwin’s Rhea
(Rhea darwinii), examples of which are kept in the same inclosure
with it, that I have little hesitation in characterizing it as of a differ-
ent species; and in so doing I believe I have the concurrence of
Mr. Gould, Mr. Bartlett, and other naturalists, who have had an
opportunity of examining the bird.

The Long-billed Rhea (Rhea macrorhyncha, as I propose to call
it) is a much smaller bird than the Common Rhea. The example in
the Gardens, a male, stands about 6 inches lower than the two females
of the American Rhea, which are in its company, and we may rea-
sonably suppose that the female is proportionately smaller. The
bill is much longer than that of the Common Rhea, as may be seen
from the drawings (woodcut, figs. 1, 2, 3), which represent the heads
of the three species, and the head-feathers are longer and more closely
flattened down. On the other hand, the tarsi are much more slender
and the toes much shorter. The thighs are less thickly clothed than
in the Common Rhea ; but the scutellation of the tarsi seems to be
nearly the same in both these birds, and offers a marked contrast
to that of Rhea darwinii, in which the tarsi are for the greater part
covered with reticulated scales. The feathers of the body are longer
in the Long-billed Rhea, and curve round it, hiding the outline, in
a manner not obseryable in the Common Rhea. With regard to

208

colouring, the new species is also very different, being of a brownish-
grey mixed with black, and altogether much darker than Rhea ame-

BN a

Fig. 2.

ricana. The top of the head and streak at the back of the neck in
particular are of a deep black.

The accompanying drawings represent (fig. 1) the head of the new
Rhea (R. macrorhyncha) and the heads of the two other species,
Rhea americana (fig. 2) and Rhea darwinii (fig. 3), which are given
for the sake of comparison.

209

I am told that this Rhea is already known to some of the dealers
in living animals as a distinct species ; and I hope it will not be long
before we obtain further particulars concerning it, and discover what
part of South America it inhabits.

Ewe

aly

Fig. 3.

I take this opportunity of bringing before the Society a short re-
sumé of the present state of our knowledge of the species of Struthio-
nid@, which appear to be more numerous than was formerly sup-
posed,

I. Struruio.

The Athiopian type of the Struthionide (the most perfect of the
kind, as is its type of the Anthropoid Apes) requires our first atten-
tion. I have long suspected that the Ostrich of Southern Africa,
when closely compared with the bird of the Sahara, will turn out to
be a different species, and I know that many other naturalists share
my views. The eggs, as Mr. Bartlett has shown in exhibiting his
fine series of the eggs of Struthionide this evening, seem to present
well-marked differences. That attributed to the Southern bird is
smaller and very much smoother and less deeply pitted, the granula-
tions in some specimens being nearly evanescent. But I have reason
to believe that the Southern bird is the larger in size. Through the
unfortunate loss of both the young Ostriches presented to the So-
ciety by Sir George Grey last summer, we have missed the opportu-
nity which we should otherwise have had of comparing them with
the noble examples of the Northern bird which grace our Mena-
gerie. But, as Sir George Grey, who is now returning to the Cape
Colony, has promised to obtain for us other adult examples, there

No. 430.—ProceEepineés oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

210

is every reason to believe that we shall ere long be able to make the
desired comparisons*.

The Ostrich of the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, mentioned by
Col. Chesney (Journ. Euphr. Exp. i. p. 588), Dr. Layard (Nineveh,
i. p. 324), and other writers, and frequently referred to in the Holy
Scripturest, should also be carefully examined. It is not impro-
bable that it may turn out to be a third species or well-marked local
variety.

In the interior of Africa there is said by some of the older writers
to exist a diminutive Ostrich (L’ Autruchon). I have lately received
some information on this subject from Mr. J. Petherick, H.B.M.
Consul for Sudan, who tells me that his hunters have actually had
this bird alive, and I have requested him to endeavour to procure
further evidence on this point.

Il. Ruwa.

I have already pointed out above the characters which distinguish
Rhea macrorhyncha—the third species of the Neotropical type of the
Struthionide—trom the two previously known, R. americana and
R. darwinii.. There are examples of all three living in the Society’s
Gardens.

Il[. CAsuaARtIus.

The Indian Region, like the two Northern Geographical Regions—
the Palearctic and Nearctic{—has no Struthious birds—the genus
Casuarius being confined to the northern portion of the Australasian
Region, and represented in the main land of Australia by species of
the nearly allied genus Dromeus. Of Casuarius we have indications
of the existence of five species, 2s follows :—

1. Casuarius galeatus, the Common Cassowary. In the Leyden
Museum are specimens of this bird from Ceram, the only certain
locality I know for it. We have a very fine male example living in
our Gardens.

2. Casuarius bennettii (P. Z. S. 1857, p. 268, pl. 129; 1858,
p. 271; 1859, p. 32), the Mooruk of New Britain, of which we
have three examples in our Gardens.

3. Casuarius australis (P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 268), discovered by the
late Mr. Wall on Cape York, Northern Australia, and said to be
distinguished by a “ bright red helmet and blue and scarlet carun-
cles.” The only example yet obtained of this bird has been unfor-
tunately lost.

4, Casuarius , a species living in the menagerie of the Babu

* Prince Bonaparte speaks of a Struthio epoasticus, Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 785,
but I cannot make out that he refers to either the southern or northern species.

+ Isaiah, ch. xiii. v. 21: “ Habitabunt ibi. Struthiones,” translated in our ver-
sion ‘ doleful creatures !’ Also Lamentations, iv. 3; Job, xxxix. 13 ef seq., and other
passages. The Ostrich was unclean according to the Jewish law.

+ Confer Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 130 (1858).

211

Rajendra Mullick of Calcutta, and mentioned by Mr. Blyth* as
having “a yellow throat, a single yellow throat-wattle, and a long
stripe of naked yellow skin down each side of the neck.” I have
not yet received Mr. Blyth’s published description of this bird.

5. Casuarius bicarunculatus, a name I propose to apply to a Cas-
sowary of which I have recently obtained a young example for the
Society in exchange from the Zoological Gardens at Rotterdam. It
‘is easily distinguishable by the throat-caruncles being placed far
apart on the sides of the throat, lighter colouring, &c. As the bird
itself will shortly arrive in this country, I hope to be able to give full
particulars concerning this new species at the next Meeting of the
Society.

IV. Dromzvs.

At a Meeting of this Society in May last+, Mr. Bartlett gave us
some indications of the existence of a second species of Emeu in
South Australia, and proposed to call it Dromeus irroratus. Ihave
lately had the pleasure of examining two specimens of this Emeu in
Holland. One of these, now in the Gardens of the Zoological Society
of Amsterdam, was brought from Albany in Western Australia, and
thus renders it probable that the Spotted Emeu is the western repre-
sentative of the D. nove hollandie. The second, now in the Zoo-
logical Gardens at Rotterdam, I have obtained by exchange for this
Society ; and, as we may hope to see it in our own Gardens in a few
days alongside the Eastern species, I reserve further notice of it
until I have had a more satisfactory opportunity for its examination.

It thus appears that there are some grounds for supposing that
the species of Struthionide now in existence may amount to not less
than fourteen or fifteen in number.

2. Notes on a Seconp CoLLEecTION oF MAMMALIA MADE BY
Mr. FrAseR In THE REPUBLIC oF Ecuapor. By Ropert
F. Tomes.

Since my previous notes on the Mammals collected by Mr. Fraser
at Gualaquiza (P. Z. S. 1858, p. 546), a considerable number of
specimens have been received from him, many of them of great in-
terest. The following is a list of the species transmitted. The
greater portion of these are believed to have been collected at Palla-
tanga, on the western slope of the Cordillera; but the exact locality
is not certain, from the specimens having been unfortunately mixed
together.

1. VESPERTILIO NIGRICANS, Pr. Max.
V.. chiloénsis, Waterh.
The collection contains four specimens of this species. In my

* Ibis, 1860, p. 193. ft See P. Z. S. 1859, p. 205,

212

former list 1 included VY. chiloénsis, but find on closer examination
that the specimens there mentioned should have been referred to an
allied, but smaller species, the Vesp. isidori, which is probably iden-
tical with the V. albescens of M. Geoffroy. The Bat which I now
instance is certainly identical with the V’. chiloénsis of Mr. Water-
house, as I have in my collection numerous specimens from various
parts of South America, and from Mexico, with which it perfectly
agrees, and which have been carefully compared with the type spe-
cimen of V.. chiloénsis and found to be similar.

2, ARCTIBEUS LILIUM, Geoff. sp.

Phyllostoma lilium, Geoff.
Sturnira spectrum, Gray.

Six specimens have been sent home by Mr. Fraser. It is a very
common species, and appears throughout the greater part of South
America, and as far north as Mexico; but I have not seen specimens
from Jamaica or other West Indian Islands, although the larger
species of Arctibeus, common in South America, are also common
there.

3. Dresmopus ruFuws, Pr. Max.

As many as five specimens are contained in the collection, and
this, as well as the tolerable plenty in which it appears in other col-
lections from South America, would seem to show that it is by no
means a rare animal. I have also seen specimens collected in
Mexico by M. Sallé, which were in all respects similar to those from
South America.

4. DieHyLia ECAUDATA, Spix.

In the ‘ Voyage dans P Amerique Méridionale’ of M. D’Orbigny,
plate 9, two outline figures are given of the dentition of this animal,
from which, if we may believe in their authenticity, the Diphylla
must be closely affined to the frugivorous Phyllostomide. It is much
more probable, however, that these figures escaped that correction
of the plates which they had to undergo after being executed, by the
letter-press of the work, as the species is nowhere mentioned in the
latter. The figures in question appear to me to refer to the cranium
of the Phyllostoma (Arctibeus) lilium. Excepting these figures, I
have nowhere met with any original allusion to the Diphylla smce
the account given by the original describer, and it is probable that
no other specimens have been met with, until the appearance of the
present one from Mr. Fraser. The improbability of any near alliance
with the frugivorous Phyllostomide will be best explained by the
following note appended to this specimen by Mr. Fraser :— ;

“Rio Napo. Murcielago. This specimen was taken by the son
of Professor Jamieson in the act of drawing blood from a man.

Murcielago is the Spanish name for this Bat. In general form,
in the shape of the head and face, and in the strength of the claws,
it bears considerable resemblance to the Desmodus, and I venture to

213

predict that when its dentition has been examined it will be found
to differ in no important respects from the dentition of that genus.

5. Moxossus onscurvs, Geoff. (M. fumarius, Spix?)

This Bat is common over the greater part of South America, and
one differing only in being a little smaller occurs in the West Indian
Islands. Mr. Gosse mentions it as M. fumarius. Specimens from
St. Croix precisely resemble the Jamaican ones.

6. ?

A small animal about the size of the Water Shrew (Sorex fodiens),
with external characters and incisor teeth so much like those of the
Soricide as to have led in the first instance to the belief that it was
a placental Insectivore, perhaps in some degree resembling the Sole-
nodon of Cuba. However, the existence of a small and rudimentary
pouch sufficiently attests the implacental nature of the creature,
which but for this must certainly, as far as external appearances go,
be regarded as one of the Soricide. A more ample account of it
will be given on a future occasion.

7. ScCIURUS ZSTUANS.

The specimens contained in the present collection differ from those
in the former one in having all the under-parts, which in them were
but of a pale Trust-colour, of a deep bright ferruginous hue. The
males and females are similar. They are all from Pallatanga; and
the native name, Mr. Fraser tells us, is “ Ardillo.”

8. HErsPEROMYS RENGGERI, Waterh.

Of this species the collection contains a good number of specimens
which differ in no important respect from those obtained by Mr.
Bridges in Bolivia.

9. H. eLeGaAns, Waterh.

Only two specimens appear, and one of these differs very consider-
ably from the other in having longer and more pointed ears, and in
being itself somewhat larger ; but these differences I do not consider
sufficient to constitute a specific distinction. The crania of these
examples are similar, excepting a little difference in size, and are both
remarkable for the great length of the incisive foramina.

10. H. LATIMANUS, 0. 8.

The present species, of which the collection contains but a single
specimen, a male, accords with moderate accuracy with the dimen-
sions given of the Mus pyrrhorinus of Prince Maximillian, but differs
so remarkably from this and all other species with which I am ac-
quainted, or can meet with descriptions of, in several important par-
ticulars, that I regard it as new, and propose to describe it under the
above name.

The face is short, and the muzzle rather tumid ; the muffle very

214

small, and with two pointed, downward processes beneath the nostrils.
Fore feet short and broad, their palms with the two hinder tubercles
rather large, sparingly covered on their upper surface with short
hairs. Claws small and pale in colour. Hind feet rather short and
very broad, with the under surface perfectly destitute of hairs for the
whole of its breadth, with the exception of the caleaneum, which is
well covered. Their upper surfaces clothed with short hairs, which
are white on the toes, but nearly black on the middle of the foot ;
claws short, but rather strong. Tail long, not very thick at the root,
and tapering insensibly to a thickish point. It is finely annulated
with scales, and slightly suffused with short hairs, much as in the
common Rat, Mus decumanus, but at the tip there is a small but very
distinct tuft of hairs.

The fur is everywhere very thick and soft; that of the whole of
the upper parts is dark dusky at the roots, tipped with brown and
intermixed with darker hairs, towards the sides of the body tinged
with rufous. Beneath, pure white; on the abdomen and pubal re-
gion only the hairs are ash-coloured at their roots. The colours of
the upper and under parts are divided by a well-defined line along
the side of the body. A conspicuous spot of pure white marks the
root of the whiskers, which are numerous, strong, and black.

The specimen is a male, and the following are the dimensions :—

in. lin.

Length of the head and body............ v4 7

OE ENO EAN 73), ath is =. 2b) antic oes ce a ane

GEGHEVEAC 3-580 ios hed ouege acie Geer |e

EX OMEBEICAL, ie Lira Byes ko eee
from the end of the nose to the front

OP ENG CVE cs aks stone savin cers a eek Si
from the end of the nose to the front

DEMME CAP? Ar les elce coc hemes ok lace ene ete si

of the forefoot 5 eicaeotetaai 0 6%

of the hind foot).:.5 4. wie ee ee

Breadth of the fore feet, nearly ......... 0 3

of the hind feet, nearly.......... 0 33

The cranium has its nasal part short, scarcely longer than in H.
longicaudatus, which is a smaller species. The zygomas spring out
at once to nearly their full degree of prominence, and extend back-
wards in the same way as in other species of the genus ; but the frontal
region is rather more expanded than is usual, so that the space
between the orbits is rather broad, and this gives the zygomas the
appearance of extending further backward than they really do. The
incisive foramina are very long, occupying nearly the whole of the
space between the molar and incisor teeth.

: é in. lin.

Length from the anterior extremity of nasal
bones to octipiialetest::...0.. .. 1. oe tf imess: 1
Breadth across the zygomatic arches ........ 0 8

—— between) the-orbits;’ s.7.°..0. estas we ues

215

in. lin,

Length of the nasal bones. . SLAPS Pa BE:
SON DUG MMOIE TADOG oc ee emcee ose 0 22
—— — from anterior edge of first molar to Ee
of imeisor °o... . : 0 4
of lower jaw, from point of incisor to ex-
MGUMALY OL COMGVIE 25 i o's wae yinet siscen dries sfaiebis 0 9
— of molar range .... 0 25
Height from angular process to ‘top of coronoid
BIMBO a hi ania dalaciiae <2 Sterna ts ty) OL 4

Obs. This species may readily be distinguished by its short head,
broad feet, long and but slightly tapering tail with its terminal tuft
of hairs, and by the clear line of demarcation of the colours of the
upper and under parts. These peculiarities tend to give it less of a
rat-like appearance than its congeners, and induced me at first sight
to regard it as referable to some other genus,—an illusion that was
dispelled by an examination of the cranium.

11. H. minutws, n. s.

It is with some hesitation that I proceed to name and describe
this species, not from any doubt as to its being perfectly distinct, but
on account of the only specimen received being a young animal, so
that the description might not apply with exactness to one perfectly
adult. However, it is probable that it has attained nearly, if not
quite, its full size, as the teeth, although unworn, exhibit a propor-
tionate degree of prominence compared with those of other species ;
and its cranium, although rounded posteriorly as in young Muride,
is yet firmly united at its sutures. I find that very nearly full-
grown individuals of H. longicaudatus have more distinct indications
of immaturity than the specimen in question.

It is a rather remarkable species, scarcely larger than the smallest
of our British quadrupeds (the Harvest Mouse), but with a tail nearly
twice the length of its own body, and very long and soft fur, in
colour like that of the Water Vole, both above and below.

The ears are short, but rather broad, almost black, and a little
hairy near their margins. The*whiskers are long, fully as long as
those of H. renggeri, and the upper surfaces of the fore feet are
clothed with short white hairs; the nails rather small, and white.
The hind-feet, including the tarsus, are very long, much longer rela-
tively than the same parts in H. longicaudatus, or indeed than in
any other species with which it has been compared. They are spa-
ringly covered with short hairs of a silvery-white colour, tinged with
dusky on the middle of the foot, but near the claws very white.
The: tail tapers evenly to a very fine point, and is finely annulated
with small scales, and suffused with fine short hairs, much as in the
Common Mouse, Mus musculus. It is of a dark grey-brown colour,
a little paler beneath

On all parts the fur is very long, fine, and glossy, as long as or even
longer than that of H. longicaudatus or H. renggeri, and it almost
conceals the ears, giving the creature the appearance of an Arvicola.

216

In its general colour it greatly resembles some of the more rufous
examples of Arvicola amphibia, the fur being deep dusky at the root,
tipped with rufous-brown, and with a slight mixture of black hairs.
The under parts resemble the upper, except in being a little paler.

in. lin.
Length of the head and body .............. 2 0
CREME MMM tae teks ey at. eo oe oe Oe 3 0
OigtiemieAilat ssi. Ges ase va kale b eles Og
OF GHEFEARS yee vs. < lms oil aie oe 0 34
from the end of the nose to the anterior
margin of the eye .... 0 4
from the end of the nose to the front
CO aC) a | i ie Saar | Mant
— OL TRE MORE HOO ac sysoc alas Hele minke ane, ORs
OF, HOU 100k. os n5 faa ts eo aria eb 0 af
from the anterior extremity of the nasal
bones to the occiput ...... PURO cA eayer ee
Breadth across the zygomatic arches ........ 0 5
Length of lower jaw, from point of incisor to the
-condyloid process .......... 0 53
Depth from the point of the coronoid process ‘to
the posterior or angular process .......... oat

12. Dasyprocta FuLIGINosA, Wagler, Isis, 1832.

D. nigricans, Natt. Wagn. Archiv. Naturgesch. 1842,
D. nigra, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1842.

Of aspecimen apparently referable to this species, but a little
smaller than the one which furnished the dimensions given by Dr.
Wagner, Mr. Fraser speaks thus :—‘“‘ From Pallatanga ; 2 by dissec-
tion; native name Guatusa.”’

13. Dasyprocra caupata, Lund. Kongl. Danske Videnscab.
&c., 1841; Waterh. Mam. ii. p. 387.

In the various works on Mammals of South America to which I
have access, I do not find this species mentioned, and neither is it
included in the general work on Mammalia by Dr. Wagner, so that I
conclude that it must be rare. Mr. Waterhouse refers to the original
description, and to two specimens in the Leyden Museum, a description
of which he gives ; and as in this, as well as in other cases when pro-
vided with sufficient materials, he leaves little to be desired, I refrain
from further description, except to add, that the species may be at once
recognized by its colour, which bears some resemblance to that of the
common Badger. The following note accompanying the specimen
is of interest :—‘‘From Pallatanga, 2 by dissection. Native name
Guatusa. Irides greyish brown. Shot near the house in the day-
time: two young in the abdomen, one a male and the other a fe-
male, quite naked, about 3 inches in length.”

217

14. DipeLenys wATERHOUSII, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 58.

Another specimen of this species has appeared, like the other one,
a female, and resembling it also in all particulars except in having
the general hue of the fur more decidedly ferruginous, especially
on the side of the body and of the neck, and in having the short
hairs on the region of the pouch and pubes of a brownish-yellow
colour. The tail is uniform dark brown, without a trace of white or
flesh-colour. As this specimen is preserved entire in spirit, I am
enabled to give a very complete table of dimensions.

in. lin.
Length of the head and body ............ Dd
ETP PURRL Wo PE Ny ie wit = wise elon ese 6 9
aie nemesis Sikes weil = 1 6
from end of nose to front margin of
lle A Et Ae i mange arden 0 73
—— — from end of nose to front margin of
Gilt nen ogenioos sue are eNOS 1 3
——-— of the gape-line ................ hers
——— of the ears ........00.- ee eeeeee \ hale
— of the fore arm’ .......-.....-.- 0114
—— of the fore foot and claws.. ...... 0 7
——— of the free portion of the thumb .. 0 31
——— of the tibia . Mab natant is m3
——— of the tarsus and teed. th fay aul) 0 103
—— of the fore portion of the sean
toe of the hind foot. . 0 23%
—— of the hairy portion at the root of
[LSU SR AAPG R PR a Rene ed Se 3 0 7

Obs. This species appears to resemble somewhat the D. nocti-
vagans of Tschudi, but is obviously smaller, and has more black
around the eye.

15. DipetpHys —~?
Very young. Perhaps the young of the last species.

I take this opportunity of correcting an error in my former report,
and of adding the description of a species which I noticed, but did
not describe. —

The species of Hesperomys which I referred to H. longicaudatus
having been removed from spirit, the fur appeared when dried to be
so unlike that of the species just mentioned, as to stimulate a closer
examination, when other differences were found, quite sufficient to
justify the application of the following name and description.

HESPEROMYS BICOLOR, 0. Ss.

H. longicaudatus, Tomes, ‘ Notes an a Collection of Mammalia
from Gualaquiza,” P. Z. 8, 1858, p. 546.

218

General appearance somewhat like that of H. longicaudatus, but
rather larger; ears not so broad relatively as in that species, and
the fur much shorter, paler in colour, and more cottony in texture.
Tail relatively not so long.

The muzzle is rather short and obtuse, and the muffle, as in so
many other species of Hesperomys, has two little projections under
the nostrils, which point downwards. The ears are of the same length
as those of H. longicaudatus, but they are much narrower than those
of that species ; they are naked, with the exception of a portion of
their hinder surface at the root. The fore feet are rather broad, and
have their upper surface suffused with short, fine, pale brown hairs,
much as in H. darwinii ; the toes themselves are nearly naked to-
wards the claws, and are destitute of long hairs around the latter ;
the claws are short, and of a lightish brown colour. In H. longi-
caudatus they are white. Hind feet rather short and broad, and well
clothed with very fine short hairs of a cinnamon-brown colour,
which are whiter on the toes; claws light brown. ‘Tail annulated
with exceedingly small scales, much smaller than those of the tail
of any other species examined, and sparingly suffused with extremely
fine and short hairs, forming at the end a pencil of exceeding soft-
ness. It is everywhere of a uniform dark brown colour.

The fur of the body is on all parts short and thick, soft to the
touch, and perfectly devoid of lustre, and it has but a very trifling
number of the usual longer and darker hairs. On the head and face
it is no longer than that of the common Shrew (Sorex vulgaris,
Linn.), and it is nearly as fine as in that animal. All the upper
parts are darkish cinnamon-brown (the fur being ash-coloured at the
root), and the brown colour extends along the exposed or outer sur-
face of the limb. The fur of the whole of the under surface, from
the chin to the vent, and the inside of the limbs, uniform yellowish
white from root to tip. The line of division of the brown and white is
moderately distinct, very much as in adult specimens of Mus sylvaticus,
to which animal it bears in general appearance some resemblance.
A pure white spot marks the root of the whiskers, which are few in
number, very long, and black.

Length of the head and body, about ........
Ot CHE Parl Sab Otc Gs ayenarrcat the est eoiete terse

OL, the Neads..< cisis.ve oe Or acmateavararsituc tere 1

Ol CHETCAEST waite tno fe ane Sheeea cies eke 0
Breadth of Ghe ears. : W.,. ¥ 2 2acbsism creseine ee us 0
0

Length from the end of the nose to the eye .

from the end of the nose to the ear ....
of the fore foot and claws ............
of the hind foot and claws............

Cranium.—The skull of this species is a miniature of that of H.
latimanus, and bears but little resemblance to that of H. longicau-
datus. It is chiefly remarkable for the breadth of the frontal bones,
by which the space between the orbits is rendered much wider, and

219

its narrowest part reduced to a mere point in an antero-posterior
direction ; whereas in all the other species examined, with the excep-
of H. latimanus, the greater part of the space which lies between
the orbits is of equal breadth. In H. elegans this is remarkably the
case.

The lower jaws of this species and its fellow, H. latimanus, exhibit
a difference also from most other species in the comparative short-—
ness of the posterior angle or descending ramus, so that the hinder
margin of the jaw, from the condyle to the angle, forms but a very
slight curve. In most species, and especially in H. elegans, this
part of the jaw is deeply emarginate.

in. lin.
Length from the extremity of the nasal bone to
the prominence above the foramen magnum... | 1
Breadth across the zygomatic arch...... Bd | sali
— between the orbits..........0.----0- OQ 23
Length of the nasal bones .........-.-+++--- 0 4
of the molar range (upper jaw) ........ 0 2
from anterior edge of front molar to the
point of the incisor .......--.-6 eee eee eee 0 33
— of the lower jaw, from the point of the
incisor to the condyle ........--++--+-++05- 0 8
— of molar range (lower law)............ er
Height from the angular process to the summit of
the coronoid process ........-+-+--+eeeee O SG

H. AUREUS, 0. S.

The colour of this species is sufficient to distinguish it from all
others. It is of a golden-brown colour on all the upper parts, and
similar beneath, but paler and much duller.

The muffle has two very distinct points beneath the nostrils ; the
ears are of medium size, as broad as long, and somewhat hairy on
both their surfaces ; the whiskers are numerous, long and black. The
arms are well clothed with fur like that of the body, quite to the
wrists, and the feet have all their upper surface well covered by short
and shining hairs of a brownish yellow colour. The hinder feet are
similarly clothed with shining hairs, those which are above and
around the claws long and yellow; on the calcaneum is a distinct
tuft of curved bristly hairs. The tail is finely annulated, and suf-
fused with exceeedingly short hairs, which do not conceal the scales,
and is of a uniform darkish brown colour.

The fur is long and thick, but not very fine. Everywhere it is
dark dusky at the root, with its terminal fourth bright yellow brown.
On all the under parts similar, but paler and less bright ; and along
the dorsal line there is a sufficient mixture of longish black hairs to
conceal the bright colour of the fur. On the hind part of the back,
the rump, and back of the thighs, it is bright enough to be properly
styled a golden brown, somewhat like the colouring of the most vivid
examples of the Agouti (Dasyprocta).

220

in. lin.

Length of the head and body, about ...... 6 6
OfQUMeseHNl, 2.5) 6 aes, ore sratieovereuxtuamipae 9 0
GEALREMICAN cone che icice choise oteihys oa 1r"9
——————— Of PHEIERTS <2 eo: . 2c sce ccgoe oe se 0 8
of the fore foot and claws ........ 0O 9

Gite POVESATMN cc cies chins oes cs. Wile ol

AFIMG MAIS ee ss Piva aiavs vce oie hws 1 6

of the hind foot and claws........ 1-4

Obs.—The species whieh are here described under the names of
HI. latimanus and H. bicolor do not fall with facility under either of
the subgenera proposed by Mr. Waterhouse; and neither do they
agree with the species which are brought by Wagner and Burmeister
under the generic or sub-generic name of Holochilus. They consti-
tute rather a group of themselves, which I will here briefly charac-
terize.

But I may premise, before doing this, that it seems to me needless
to encumber science with another name ; for lam scarcely of opinion
that this or any other of the groups into which the genus Hesperomys
has been divided, should be regarded as more than divisions for
the convenience of description and identification. A group which is
characterized in as purely superficial a manner as are those now under
review, should, to hold a recognizable place in any system, have a
well-defined outline: although removed to but a little distance from
allied groups, the intervening space should be quite clear of outliers
from either side. There are perhaps but few such groups to be met
with, but there are some. It is probable that such occur in the Sori-
cide, and amongst the Bats I can cite two good instances. The genus
Nycticejus of Asia and Africa differs from the heavy-built Vesper-
tiliones (Scotophilus) in a trifling but constant manner, the charac-
teristic differences appearing to be but feeble in a generic signification ;
but immensely strengthened by their constancy. The genus contains
several well-marked species, all of which possess the same charac-
teristics in a nearly equal degree. Another and equally good instance
is the genus Lasiurus, confined to the New World.

I have in vain sought for anything like this amongst the subgenera
into which Hesperomys has been divided ; I even find sufficient va-
riation in different individuals of some of the species to endanger
these divisions. For instance, the difference in the length of the
tail in adult specimens of H. longicaudatus is very considerable, and
the ears in H. elegans vary in size in a remarkable manner, so much
so, as to give the idea of two distinct species. But the peculiarity

is wholly superficial, and is highly variable. By these variations the

subgenera Calomys and Phyllotis are, as it were, mixed up and
blended, and their value impaired. The genus itself—Hesperomys
—may more properly be likened to the genera of Vespertilionide of
which I have spoken, as it is distinct from the cosmopolitan genus
Mus in one only, but very constant pomt of dissimilarity — the
presence of a rather greater number of folds of enamel in the crowns
of the molar teeth. We do not know the exact degree of importance

221

to attach to this chararcter, existing as it does unsupported by other
associative characters. With the very close resemblance which in
other respects obtains between these Old and New World Muride,
ought we to consider this one point as indicative of more than sub-
generic difference ?

The following are the groups into which the genus has been divided
by Mr. Waterhouse, with the addition of one for the reception of
the two species here described—H. latimanus and H. bicolor.

A. Scapetromys, Waterh. Ex. Hesperomys tumidus, Waterh.
B. Oxymyctorus, Waterh. Ex. H. nasutus, Waterh.

C# Abrothriz, Waterh. Ex. H. longipilus, Waterh.

D. Calomys, Waterh. Ex. H. bimaculatus & H. elegans, Waterh.
E. Phyllotis, Waterh. Ex. H. darwinii, Waterh.

F. Characterized thus :—Muzzle short and tumid ; ears small and
naked, but not concealed by the fur ; feet short, broad and strong ;
claws short ; tail as long as or longer than the body, nearly naked,
but with more or less of a pencil of hairs at the tip, rather thin at
the root, and tapering but slightly toa blunt point ; fur short, thick,

soft, and without gloss. = Rips 1 Petit

3. On THE BLack-SHOULDERED Peacock or LatHam (Pavo
NIGRIPENNIS). By P. L. ScuaTer. i

The species of the genus Pavo generally recognized by naturalists
since the time of Linnzus have been two in number—the Common
Peacock (Pavo cristatus) and the Javanese or Green Peacock (Pavo
muticus). My present object is to call the attention of the Society
to what seems to be a ¢hird distinct species, in some respects inter-
mediate between these two, and which, though long since introduced
into Europe and often bred in our aviaries, appears in some myste-
rious manner to have almost escaped the notice of naturalists, and
to have been left unprovided with a specific name up to this time.

The bird I allude to is the Black-shouldered Peacock of Latham’s
‘General History’ (vol. viii. p.114), where its differences from the true
Pavo cristatus are accurately pointed out. They are, indeed, very
obvious on comparison of either sex of these two birds, as may be
seen by any one who will take the trouble to inspect the fine series
of Pea-fowl belonging to C. Clifton, Esq., now under the Society’s
care in the Regent’s Park Gardens.

In the Black-shouldered Peacock of Latham (a term which I pro-

ose to Latinize into Pavo nigripennis), the metallic green of the
back, which forms the centre of the train, when expanded, is of a
more golden hue than in P. cristatus, which it otherwise most gene-
rally resembles. The whole of the secondaries, scapulars, and
wing-coverts are black with outer narrow edgings of green, which
becomes bluish towards the carpal joint. In this particular it re-

222

sembles P. muticus, and is very different from P. cristatus, in which
all these feathers are cream-coloured crossed with black markings.
The thighs of P. nigripennis are black, as in P. muticus. In P.
cristatus they are always of a pale drab. The female of P. nigri-
pennis is of a much lighter colouring than that of P. cristatus, being
almost entirely of a pale cream-colour, mottled with dark colouring
above, and readily recognizable at first sight. In this respect, it may
be remarked that the Black-shouldered Peacock is not intermediate
between the two others ; since in Pavo muticus the female is much
more like the male.

Now the question arises, What is the Black-shouldered Peacock ?
Is it a domestic variety, a hybrid, or a feral species? I cannot con-
sider it a domestic variety, because the differences in both sexes
appear to be constant, and to descend to the progeny ; and, indeed,
are not of that sort that would be induced by domestication. M.
Temminck, in his ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Pigeons et des Gallinacés,* ’
considers the Black-shouldered Peacock as the true Wild Peacock,
and the Pavo cristatus to be a domestic variety of that. But
this we know is not the case; the Common Wild Pea-fowl of Hin-
dostan being the true Pavo ecristatus, and the Black-shouldered
Peacock being, as I believe, unknown in that countryt. That the
Pavo nigripennis is not a hybrid between P. cristatus and Pavo
muticus, is evident from the fact that we have now in our Gardens
birds produced by this cross, and that they bear different characters
altogether, as may be seen by the stuffed specimen which I now
exhibit. Besides, the fertility of the birds, and the permanency and
invariability of the differences which separate it from its two allies,
seem to be quite conclusive against this view. If, therefore, it is not
a domestic breed nor a hybrid, we must adopt the third alternative,
and consider Pavo nigripennis as a distinct feral species. And I have
little doubt that when the range of the Pavonide is more accurately
known, we shall find that Pavo nigripennis occupies a distinct geogra-
phical area, which will in all probability be intermediate in position,
as the bird is in characters, between Pavo cristatus and Pavo muticus.

Attention having been now called to this subject, I hope that no
opportunity will be lost of examining the eggs, the osteology, and
the anatomy of these birds, in order to ascertain whether the external
characters are supported by other grounds of differentiation.

* Vol. ii. p. 26, Paon Sauvage: Pavo cristatus primus.

+ Our Head Keeper, Mr. James Thompson, who was in Calcutta in 1857,
informs me that the Babu Rajendra Mullick, whois the owner of a very fine col-
lection of living animals, had never seen the Black-shouldered Peacock, though
he had specimens both of the Common and Javanese species in his Aviaries, and
had bred hybrids between these two.

223

4, On THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PRIONITURUS, AND ON THE
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION OF THE PsITTACIDE IN THE
Eastern ARCHIPELAGO. By Puintie Lutritey Scuater,
M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

Having lately examined specimens of all the known species of the
group of Parrots denominated Prioniturus by Wagler, I take the
opportunity of endeavouring to rectify some errors which have been
made with regard to their synonymy and geographical distribution.

Genus Prioniturus, Wagler.
a. Prioniturus.

1. PRIONITURUS FLAVICANS.

Psittacus platurus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxv. p. 314, et Enc. Méth.
p- 1367 (2).

Prioniturus flavicans, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Phil. vi. p. 373; Journ.
Ac. Phil. iii. p. 155(@ ).

*« Psittacus discosurus, Vieill.”’, Temm. in Mus. Lugd.

Diagn.— ¢ . Viridis, collo undique cum pectore toto flavicantibus :
macula verticali ruberrima undique ceruleo circumdata : alis
extus viridibus fere concoloribus : rectricibus intermediis valde
elongatis, denudatis, disco terminatis.

2. Pileo eyanescente: macula verticali nulla: collo undique
cum pectore flavicantibus : rectricibus intermediis paulo elon-
gatis, apicibus angustatis, et subdisciformibus.

Hab. Inins. Celebes, regione Boreali circa lacum Tondano (Forsten
et Wallace).

Mus. Lugdunensi ( det 2 ).

Examples of both sexes of this Parrot are in the Leyden Museum,
obtained by Forsten at Tondano in Northern Celebes, and marked
* Psittacus discosurus, Vieill.2 The bird is not Psittacus discurus
of Vieillot, but possibly, I think I may say probably, his Psittacus
platurus. However, as this is by no means certain from Vieillot’s
insufficient description, and as the next species is generally con-
sidered to be the P. platurus, it is better to adopt for the present
species the name flavicans, under which Mr. Cassin has accurately
described the female. Mr. Wallace has lately met with this bird in
the same locality as that in which Forsten found it. As he truly
says *, it is “very distinct in both sexes”’ from the P. setarius.

2. PRIONITURUS SETARIUS.

Psittacus setarius, Temm. Pl. Col. 15.

Prioniturus platurus, Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 523 (nec Vieill.) ; Bp.
Consp. Av. p. 6.

Psittacus spatuliger, mas, Bourj. Perr. t. 53.

Racket-tailed Parrot, Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. p. 167. pl. 24.

Prioniturus platurus et P. wallacii, G. R. Gray, List of Psitt. p.17.

* See ‘ Ibis,’ 1860, p. 141.

224

Diagn.— ¢. Viridis; torque angusto cervicali postico auran-
tiaco: macula verticali antice roseo-rubra, postice plaga
cinerea terminata: alis fascia lata grisea, secundarias occu-
pante, bipartitis, axillis cyanescentibus : rectricibus interme-
diis valde elongatis, denudatis, disco terminatis.

Q. Macula verticali nulla: rectricibus intermediis brevioribus.

Hab. In ins. Celebes, reg. Boreali et Merid. (Wallace).

Mus. Brit. (det 2); Lugd.(¢).

Mr. Wallace obtained specimens of both sexes of this Parrot near
Macassar in Southern Celebes, and has also lately met with it again
in Northern Celebes, near the Lake of Tondano, though more sparingly
than P. flavicans. I have examined Temminck’s type in the Leyden
Museum, and I can see no difference between that and Mr. Wallace’s
birds.

This species may be distinguished from the former at the first glance
(1) by its narrow and distinct hind neck-collar, that in P. flavicans
being broad and extending all round the neck and over the body
below ; (2) by its rosy head-spot, bordered behind by a broad greyish
blotch, the head-spot in P. favicans being rosy, and situated in the
middle of a bluish blotch ; (3) by the blue shoultlers and pale greyish
band formed by the secondaries, the wings in P. flavicans being
uniform green ; (4) by the elongated under tail-coverts, those of P.
flavicans being comparatively short.

3. Urodiseus.

3. PRIONITURUS DISCURUS.

Psittacus discurus, Vieill. Gal. des Ois. i. p. 7. pl. 36; Enc. Méth.
p- 1369; Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 524.

Psittacus spatuliger, foem., Bourj. St.- Hil. Perr. t. 53 a.

Prioniturus discurus, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 6,

Hab. In ins. Mindanao Philippinensium (Viezil.).

Mus. Parisiensi.

The British Museum contains specimens of two nearly allied, but
probably distinct species of this section of the genus Prioniturus, both
from the Philippines. They are distinguished in Mr. Gray’s Cata-
logue as P. discurus and P. spatuliger. But as the latter specific
appellation was used by Bourjot St.-Hilaire for a compound species
formed by the union of P. setarius and P. discurus, it is a useless
synonym. It follows, therefore, that whichever of the two Philippine
species is different from that in the Paris Museum, which is the type
of Vieillot’s and B. St.-Hilaire’s figures, will require a new name.

I take this opportunity also of exhibiting a Table illustrative of the
present condition of our knowledge of the distribution of the Psitta-
cide in the Eastern Archipelago, which I have drawn up at the re-
quest of Mr. A. R. Wallace. In the Indian Region, which includes
the great islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and extends over
the Philippines, the generic types of this family are few. Paleornis
and Loriculus are the most prominent. Psittinus consists of a single
species found in Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo: and Cyclopsitta,

with one or perhaps two species, is peculiar to the Philippines, where
also Urodiscus (a subgenus scarcely separable from Prioniturus)
occurs *. But on crossing the Straits of Macassar and Lombock,
which, as Mr. Wallace has well shown (Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 172),
form the boundary between the Indian and Australian regions, we
meet at once with a strange contrast. In theislands scattered between
this limit and the northern coast of Australia, not less than seventeen
different genera of Psittacide occur ; and among them are two very
peculiar types, the Cacatuine and Trichoglossine, which, as Mr.
Wallace has observed, “‘ extend up to the extreme limits of the region
without a solitary species passing over into the Indian islands of the
Archipelago.”

The distribution of the Psittacide in this region is further of great
interest as exhibiting numerous instances of that well-known prin-
ciple of geographical distribution according to which different hori-
zontal areas are tenanted by closely allied and corresponding, though
different species of the same generic type. The Psittacide, both in
the Old and New World, appear to be especially subject to the in-
fluence of this law +. Scarcely an instance is known of a bird of
this family having an extended geographical range, and experience
teaches us to be very suspicious of any supposed instance of the
occurrence of the same species of Parrot in two localities of any
distance apart. Mr. Wallace tells us that even between the Lorius
garrulus of Gilolo and that of Batchian “there is a constant differ-
ence in the size of the dorsal yellow patch ft.”

The accurate working-out of the range and localities of the whole
family would form a valuable contribution to our knowledge of
zoological geography. There are, however, many species of the true
habitats of which we are still ignorant. It is with the hope of
being of some use to Mr. Wallace in his endeavours to increase our
knowledge of this subject, that I have drawn up the Table I now
exhibit. It is an extension of a somewhat similar one given in the
zoological volume of the ‘ Verhandelingen.’ Many additional locali-
ties have been ascertained by examination of the marked specimens
in the Collection of Leyden, to which, through the courtesy of Pro-
fessor Schlegel, I have always had unrestricted access during my
visits to that city.

In the following lists of the species inhabiting the different islands,
I have given the Museums where the specimens are to be found, and

the names of the collectors, when ascertainable :-—
>

* With the exception of Loriculus, of which one species (L. stigmatus) has
straggled over into Ceiebes, all these types are confined to the Indian as distinct
from the Australian region. In the same way a single species of Cacatua—a
characteristic group of the Australian region—(C. philippinarum), is found in
the Philippines, and a Tanygnathus, or probably two of this group (7. lucionensis
and 7. sumatranus), the third species being peculiar to Celebes and Bouton.

+ [have made some remarks on the exemplification of this law in the distri-
bution of the Psittacide in the various West India Islands, in the ‘Annals and
Magazine of Natural History ’ (1859), vol. iv. p. 224.

t ‘ Ibis,’ 1860, p. 198.

No. 431.—PROcEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

NOOO ON

NOo se be

226

I. Lomsock.

. Cacatua equatorialis. Mus. Brit. Wallace.

II. SumsBawa.

. Trichoglossus forsteni. Mus. Lugd. Forsten.

III. Ce.eses.

. Prioniturus setarius. Mus. Brit. Wallace.

. P. flavicans. Mus. Lugd. Forsten. -

. Tanygnathus miilleri. Mus. Brit. Wallace.

. Loriculus stigmatus. Mus. Lugd. Forsten.

. Trichoglossus ornatus. Mus. Lugd. Forsten.

IV. Bourton.

. Tanygnathus miilleri. Mus. Lugd. Miller.
. Trichoglossus ornatus. Mus. Lugd. Miller.

V. Timor.

. Geoffroius jukesii. Mus. Brit. Jukes.
. Aprosmictus vulneratus. Mus. Lugd.
. Trichoglossus cyanogrammus. Mus. Lugd. Miller.

euteles. Mus. Lugd. Miller.
iris. Mus. Lugd. Miller.

. Cacatua citrinocristata. Mus. Par. Hombr. & Jacq.

VI. AMBoyNa.

. Eclectus grandis. Mus. Lugd.

. Geoffroius personatus. Mus. Lugd. Forsten.
. Lorius tricolor, Mus. Lugd. Miller.

. Eos rubra. Mus. Lugd.

reticulata. Mus. Lugd.
cyanostriata. Mus. Lugd.

. Trichoglossus hematodus. Mus. Lugd. Miller.

VII. Ceram.

. Tanygnathus megalorhynchus. Mus. Lugd.
. Eos squamata. Mus. Lugd.
. Trichoglossus hematodus. Mus. Lugd. Forsten.
. Cacatua moluccensis. Mus. Lugd. Forsten.
>

VIII. Batcuian.

. Tanygnathus megalorhynchus. Mus. Brit. Wallace.
. Polychlorus magnus.

. Geoffroius cyaneicollis.
. Lorius garrulus.

. Eos riciniata.

. Trichoglossus placens*
. Cacatua cristata.

MITT

> Or yo bo = moo bo

oO —

SOWDNAN Sw

tS —

—

227

IX, TERNATE.

. Polychlorus magnus. Mus. Lugd.
. Eos riciniata.
. Trichoglossus placens? ——
. Cacatua cristata. ——

X. GILOLo.

. Tanygnathus megalorhynchus. Mus. Lugd.
Geoffroius cyaneicollis.

. Aprosmictus hypophonius.
. Lorius garrulus.

. Eos riciniata.

coccinea.

XI. Warerov.

. Psittacodis stavorinit. Mus. Par. Lesson.
. Chalcopsitta rubiginosa.

XII. New Guinea.

. Eclectus cardinalis. Mus. Brit. Wallace.
. Geoffroius pucherant. ——
. Opopsitta diophthalma. ——
desmarestt. —-
. Aprosmictus dorsalis. _——
. Lorius tricolor. ——
. Eos fuscata.
. Chalcopsitta atra. Mus. Par. Lesson.

. Trichoglossus nigrigularis. Mus. Brit. Wallace.
placens. Mus. Brit. Wallace.
Charmosyna papuana. Mus. Par. Lesson.
pulchella. Mus. Brit. Wallace.

. Cacatua triton. Mus. Lugd. Miller.

. Microglossum aterrimum. Mus. Lugd. _Miiller.
. Dasyptilus pecquetii. Mus. Lugd.

. Nasiterna pygmea. Mus. Lugd. Miller.

XIII. Marors Istanps.-(in the Bay of Geelvink).

. Lorius cyanauchen. Mus. Brit. Wallace.
. Hos cyanogenia. Wallace.

XIV. Arv Isuanps.

. Eclectus cardinalis? Mus. Brit. Wallace.

. Polychlorus magnus. —-

. Geoffroius aruensis. — _—

. Opopsitta diophthalma. —— —

. Chalcopsitta scintillans. —— —

. Trichoglossus nigrigularis.— —
coccineifrons. — ——
placens. — —

. Cacatua triton.
. Microglossum alecto.

228

XV. Satomon IsLAnDs.

. Geoffroius heteroclitus. Mus. Par. Hombr. & Jacq.
. Lorius chlorocercus. Mus. Brit. Macgillivr.

Eos cardinalis. Mus. Par. H.&J.

. Trichoglossus massena. Mus. Brit. Macgillivr.

. Cacatua ducorpsii. Mus. Par. H.& J.

ok Wd

5. Nore ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PITHECIA, WITH THE
DescripTIon OF A New Species, P. aupicans. By Dr.
Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., perc.

(Mammalia, P]. LXXXI.)

Buffon, in his ‘ Histoire Naturelle,’ gives three figures of the
animals of this genus ; they are not easily recognized ; and, according
to M. I. Geoffroy, he is said to have figured one species and to have
taken his description from another (see Cat. Méthod. p. 55).

M. Geoffroy the elder, in his ‘ Tableau des Quadrumanes,’ pub-
lished in 1812, noticed four species, viz. P. leucocephala, P. miri-
quouina, P. rufiventer, and P. monachus. The specimens then in
the collection on which: they were established were imperfect or
young, and it has been found very difficult to assign these names
with certainty to the specimens which have been recently collected.

Dr. Kuhl, who took the trouble to examine the original specimens
in the Paris Museum, and to study the species existing at that time,
viz. 1820, after more carefully describing the specimens named by
Geoffroy, and those received between 1812 and 1820 by the Paris
Museum, and also those in the Prince Maximilian’s and Temminckian
Museum at Leyden, added two others to Geoffroy’s list, viz. P. rufi-
barbata, and P. ochrocephala (from a specimen in the Temminckian
collection). M.'Temminck, however, has considered (and Fischer has
followed his lead) that P. ochrocephala is the female or young of P.
leucocephala, and P. rufibarbata the same as P. rufiventer of Geof-
froy and Kuhl. _I think, from Dr. Kuhl’s description, that his ac-
count of the subannulated hair may probably be correct,—the peculiar
- pointed form of the tail, which Dr. Kuhl says distinguishes it from all
other Pithecie, being dependent on its having been kept in a mena-
gerie. But the description of P. ochrocephala does not agree with
any specimens of the genus I have seen. In the division of the hair
on the forehead it agrees with P. chrysocephala of Isidore Geoffroy ;
but then, that species, as far as I have seen, never has the upper side
of the tail and the outside of the limbs chestnut-brown. Can it be a
Callithrix?

I may here observe that the Pithecia miriquouina—which both
Geoffroy and Kuhl describe from one specimen, if not more, in the
Paris Museum, and which has been called Simia azara by Cuvier and
Humboldt, and is referred by Dr. Kuhl to P. adusta of Mliger with
doubt, and is evidently very distinct, according to these authors—has

229

somehow droppped out of the modern works. It is nowhere to be
found in M. Isidore Geoffroy’s Catalogue of the American Monkeys
now in the Paris Collection. What is, or was, it?

Spix, in his large work on the Monkeys and Bats of Brazil, figured
and described three species as new, viz. :—

1. P. hirsuta (p. 14. t. 9), which Fischer (Syn. Mamm.) arranged
with the subgenus Chiropotes; but it is evidently a true long-tailed
Pithecia, and very probably P. monachus.

2. P. inusta (p. 15. t. 109), which Fischer considers as di-
stinct, and I believe that it is most probably the P. chrysocephala ot
M. I. Geoffroy; but the line in the centre of the forehead has been
overlooked, if it exists; otherwise it agrees with that animal pretty
well.

3. P. capillamentosa (p. 16. t. 119). Fischer considered this
to be the same as P. rufiventer of Geoffroy and Kuhl, which appears
very probable. But they are all so indistinctly figured and de-
scribed, that it is very difficult to refer them with certainty to any
of the described species.

Some specimens of this genus having been obtained by the British
Museum, I was induced, in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S.
Sulphur,’ published in 1842, to describe and figure the three species
then in the Collection, and to give as correct an account of their
synonyms as the means at my disposal then allowed. This must
now be corrected by the additional information respecting the original
specimens given in the Catalogue of M. Isidore Geoffroy.

In the ‘ Catalogue Méthodique de la Collection des Mammiféres,’ in
the Paris Museum, published in 1851 by M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-
Hilaire, he indicates five species of the long-tailed Pithecia, adding
to the three species described by his father (viz. P. leucocephala,
P. rufiventer, and P. monachus), P. chrysocephala and P. albinasa.
The two latter he also describes at greater length in his paper on
‘New Primates,’ in the fifth volume of the ‘ Archives du Muséum,’
giving a good figure of P. chrysoeephala.

I may here observe, that two of the species which I regarded as new
in the ‘ Zoology of the Sulphur ’—viz. P. pogonias and P. irrorata
—appear, according to the account of M. Isidore Geoffroy, to have
been previously described by his father, though M. Isidore Geoffroy
does not refer to them in his synonyms. Again, that which I have
considered to be the P. Jeucocephala of his father is evidently the
species which M. Isidore Geoffroy has described and figured as new,
under the name of P. chrysocephala; and here also he neglects to
make the reference to the prior description and figure.

We have in the British Museum thirteen specimens of this genus.
They evidently belong to four very distinct species, of which three
are those I described in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sul-
phur,’ and the fourth the new one now first noticed, as far as I have
been able to discover.

The species may be divided into two sections :—

230 .
I. The head and sides of the face covered with abundance of ad-

pressed hair, which is longer on the sides of the chin in front

of the ears; the forehead with a bald central longitudinal
streak.

1. PirHECcIA CHRYSOCEPHALA.

Pithecia chrysocephala, I. Geoffroy, Compt. Rendus, xxxi. 1850,
p. 875; Cat. Mamm. p. 55; Arch.du Mus. v. p. 557. t. 29.

P. leucocephala, Gray, Zool. Sulphur, p. 12. t. 2 (head).

P. inusta, Spix, Bras. p. 15. t.10¢.

Hab. Brazil?

The character which Dr. Kuhl gives of the longitudinal line on the
forehead and the short yellow hair on the head of his P. ochroce-
phala, which he described from a species in the Temminckian Collec-
tion, makes me think that species must be very nearly allied to P.
chrysocephala; but it differs from it in the upper side of the tail
and outer side of the limbs being chestnut: could this have arisen
from the specimen having been in confinement ?

Il. The head covered with hair directed forwards ; the face with
distant hairs, rather divergent from the centre on the fore-
head, and more abundant, forming a kind of moustache on each
side of the nose in front of the eyes ; all more or less deciduous
on the older specimens, which often have a bald face ; fore-
head without any distinct naked central line.

2. P. MONACHUS.

P. monachus, Geoff. & Kuhl, Beitr. p. 45; from a very young
specimen in a bad state.

P. irrorata, Gray, Zool. Sulphur, p. 14. t. 3, adult.

P. hirsuta, Spix, Bras. p. 14. t. 9.

Black : hair elongate, with elongated white tips ; hair of the head
rather elongated.

Adult.—Face nearly bald, /. ¢. t. 3.

Young.—Face hairy, black, with white moustache in front of the
eyes and side of the chin.

Hab. Rio Negro.

3. P. RUFIVENTRIS.

P. rufiventer, Geoff. l. e.

P. pogonia, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1842, p. 256; Zool.
Sulphur, p. 13.t. .

P. capillamentosa, Spix, Bras. t. 11.

Saki, Buffon.

Black : the hair elongate, with a subterminal yellowish ring with
a very short slender blackish tip beyond it ; hair of the head mode-
rately elongated ; moustache bright yellow, very distinct, but formed
of short adpressed hair ; chest and belly reddish ; face blackish.
Hab. Brazil.

{
q

Proc ins Reptilia XXX

CH ord

W West i

Geoclemmys annulata

231

The four species in the Museum, of different ages, from young to
adult, scarcely vary from one another. |

4. P. ausicans. (Pl. LXXXI.)

Hair very long and loose; that of the head, neck, and upper part
of the thighs whitish ; that. of the shoulders, back, sides, tail, and
fore legs black, with short white tips ; on the hind legs, sides of the
neck, inside of limbs, chest and belly, reddish. The hair of the
head very long, covering a great part of the face.

Young.—Hair of the head, neck, and shoulders very long (longer
than in the adult), blackish near the roots, and on the under side of
the body rather more rufous; the moustaches more distinct.

Hab. Brazil; Upper Amazon (Mr. Bates).

The following species appear to be distinct from the above :—

1, Pithecia leucocephala, Geoffroy ; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 45, which
the latter says is well figured as the Yarqué by Audebert (Singes, 6.
sect. 1. f. 2), and which he describes thus :—‘“ Nigra ; capite albo;
omnibus pilis corporis unicoloribus longissimis, caudalibus preesertim,
capitis autem albis brevibus.”

The young male, adds M. I. Geoffroy, “ différe de l’adulte par le
ventre d’un brun roussiatre, le pélage tiqueté sur les parties latérales,
et surtout par la téte revétue de poil en partie noir. Chez les
adultes les poils de la téte sont entigrement d’un blanc lavé de jaune,
qui passe au jaune sur les joues.”

2. P. albinasa, Geoff. Cat. Mamm. p. 56; Arch. du Mus. v. 559.

*«Espéce distincte dés le premier aspect, par son nez couvert de
poil ras, dont la blancheur contraste avec le reste de la face et tout le
pélage, qui sont d’un noir profond.”’

Hab. Para, Brazil.

6. DescrirpTiION or A New Species or GEOCLEMMYS FROM
Ecuapor. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ere.

(Reptilia, Pl. XXIX.)

Mr. Cuming has lately sent to the Museum two shells of a species
of Freshwater Tortoise, and a younger specimen, in spirits, of the
same animal, obtained by Mr. Fraser at Esmeraldas, on the western
coast of Ecuador. (

GEOCLEMMYS ANNULATA. (Pl. XXIX.)

Shell oblong, subquadrangular, black, slightly and irregularly
varied with yellow; the vertebral plates square, almost as long as
broad, with a compressed flat-topped anterior keel, highest on the
fourth vertebral plate, which is narrower behind ; margin sub-entire,
with a triangular yellow spot on the under side of each plate ; nuchal

232

plate distinct; sternum flat, rounded on the sides, black, with a
broad yellow band, forming a.ring round the margin.

Hab. Esmeraldas, Ecuador.

The adult shell has much the external appearance of a Land
Tortoise of the genus Testudo, but it has the divided caudal plate of
the Emyde. The nuclei of the vertebral plates are posterior and
submarginal ; those of the costal plates are placed in the upper hinder
angle ; the horny shields of these plates are concentrically grooved.
The sternum is flat, rather suddenly bent up and truncated in front,
and slightly curved, and with a deep triangular notch behind: the
broad yellow ring on this part gives it a very distinct appearance.

The young specimen, with the animal preserved in spirits, is
black like the adult, but the back is much lower and rather concave
in the middle, with a very strong, yellow, rounded keel. The hinder
margin is slightly, and the front lateral margin is strongly, turned
up at the edge. The head is rather small and black, the crown, the
temple, and the neck being varied with broad white streaks or spots.
The limbs are black, with a few broad white streaks and some white
spots. The front of the fore legs is covered with cross rows of
large scales; the soles of the feet with larger scales ; the rest of the
legs is covered with small granular scales ; the hinder edge of the fore
feet with three or four acute shields ; the outer edge of the hind feet,
marking the rudimentary outer hind toe, is edged with larger shields.
Toes 5-4, short, thick, conical, only very slightly webbed at the
base, and covered above and on the sides with three series of rather
large shields. Tail short, conical, with rings of small black scales.

7. DESCRIPTION OF A New SPECIES oF EMYS LATELY LIVING IN
Troe GARDENS OF THE ZootocicaAL Society. By Dr. J.
E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., etc.

(Reptilia, Pl. XXX.)

The British Museum has lately received from the Zoological So-
ciety a specimen of an Emys which has recently died in the Gardens.
It is believed to have been one of five specimens brought from Egypt
by C. W. Domville, Esq., in 1852; but this is not certain. It is
quite distinct from any which have hitherto come under my obser-
vation.

Emys FuLiGinosus, (Pl. XXX.)

Depressed, flexible, black. Shields convex, rather irregular, with
deep, irregular, subeoncentric grooves of unequal depression. Under-
side black, with white blotches on the front margin of the sternum
and on the inner edge of the central marginal plates near the sterno-
costal suture, and a small irregular white blotch on the middle of the
under side of the front marginal plates. Head rather depressed ;
crown covered with a continuous, smooth, rather horny skin. Jaws
mottled with sinuous white lines or spots; sides of the neck with

POTHO

ail “ay = tet >: an )
Proc. Z. S. Pisces X ™

A. PIMELODUS CINERASCENS. Gar
enced Bip ee ee ELON GAYS. cnee

Gig ss 5 MODE STU Se. Gefen

jae Wet ty ; Ng aed. Bar pee a Oe

233

narrow white lines; the chin and throat mottled with broader white
streaks, often interrupted or coalescing, or short and sinuous ; the
temple with a distinct round white spot, with two or three small white
dots in front of it; the tympanum with a central white spot, and
edged with a white streak in front. Legs and feet black ; the front
of the fore legs varied with white irregular streaks or spots, espe-
cially on the inner side, and with a white streak down the centre of
the upper side of each toe. Toes distinctly webbed ; claws rather
elongate, curved, acute, black, with pale edges ; the toes with a single
central series of larger scales above. Fore legs with four large
conical scales on the outer part of the upper side, and with a cross
series of three square scales on the under side of the wrist. The
hind legs and feet covered with equal, small triangular scales. Tail
conical, black, with two transverse streaks before the vent.
Hab. North Africa ?

8. Tuirp List or CoLp-BLOODED VERTEBRATA COLLECTED BY
Mr. Fraser 1n Ecuapor. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

(Pisces, Pl. X.)

The third collection of Reptiles and Fishes sent by Mr. Fraser
contains specimens from Guayaquil and from Esmeraldas. Several of
the species are new; these are marked with an asterisk; others have
been described in the former accounts+. "

1, Species from Guayaquil.

. Anolis fraseri, Gthr.

. Cnemidophorus undulatus, Wiegm.

. *Typhlops, n. sp. (a single very young specimen).
. Dryophis (Coluber) acuminatus, Wied.

. *Eleotris, nu. sp.t

. *Pimelodus cinerascens, Gthr.

. Macrodon tareira, Cuv. & Val.

NOOh WD —

2. Species from Esmeraldas.

1. *Geoclemmys annulata, Gray.

2. Ameiva sex-scutata, Gthr.

3. Basiliscus seemanni, Gray.

4. Iguana tuberculata, Laur.

5. Anolis fraseri, Gthr.

6. Camilia jamaicensis, Gray.

7. Boa constrictor, L.

8. *Coryphodon rhombifer, Gthr.

9. Herpetodryas brunneus, Gthr.
10. Bufo agua, Latr.

+ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, pp. 89, 402.

{ The new species of the Gobioidei will be described in my ‘ Catalogue of Acan-
thopterygyian Fishes,’

234

11. Gobius, sp.

12. Lembus maculatus, Gthr.

13. Chromis rivulata, Gthr.

14. *Pimelodus cinerascens, Gthr.

15. *Pimelodus elongatus, Gthr.

16. *Pimelodus modestus, Gthr.

17. Lebiasina bimaculata, Cuv. & Val.
18. *Brycon dentex, Gthr.

19. Tetragonopterus rutilus, Jenyns.

3. Descriptions of the New Species, and additional Remarks on some
others.

AmEIva sex-scuTaTA, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 402.

Two very fine specimens, and larger than the former, are in the
collection. We see by them that the frontal, parietal, and occi-
pital shields lose their regular arrangement with age, and are replaced
by many small, irregular, keeled shields. The bands become more
indistinct, though they are visible. In every other respect, especially
in the number of the ventral plates, these specimens agree completely
with that described anted, page 402.

: inches. lines.

Lengtivot the Reid ).- ore jcc Dens pects ea 78

OQuithe (rane ee ese ee oa ace k= abhi Bey 90 |
ILE M1 i Mile fet) Sie ale genre Segal ekg |
"Total Jemet i gcis ie sis fue x's a aor sn es ores 8 Lf iets

BASILIsCcUS SEEMANNI (Craneosaura_ seemanni, Gray in Voy.
Herald, Zool. p. 148, pl. 25).

Diagnosis.—The basal portion of the crest of the head swollen,
its upper and posterior profiles rounded ; the crest along the back
and tail low. Scales of the breast slightly keeled. The upper parts
greenish or brownish ; the back with irregular brown or ferruginous
cross-bands ; side of the body without longitudinal band; two white
bands, the one from the angle of the mouth, the other from the chin,
to the posterior extremity of the mandibula ; a black band between.
Beneath uniform white; throat with a blackish streak on each side.

Hab. Esmeraldas.

Description.—I abstain from giving a detailed description of the
general form and of the scales of this species, as Dr. Gray has given
a very good figure of an old specimen, and as it is nearly allied to
Basiliscus (Corytheolus) vittatus, from which, however, it may be
readily distinguished by the occipital crest, which is rounded poste-
riorly, and not angular, and by its different coloration. This species
is herbivorous, as probably all the species of Basiliscus are.

The series of the different ages and sexes being very complete, I
will point out some remarkable changes which this species under-
goes :—

i. Ina very young specimen—head and trunk 2 inches, tail 4 inches
in length—the head is very short ; the occiput globular, without any

235

trace of a crest; the dorsal and caudal crests are visible ; the poste-
rior extremities are comparatively very long, extending far beyond
the end of the snout, if laid forwards ; the toes are distinctly fringed.
The bands on the back are blackish ; the streaks on the side of the
head very distinct.

2. A somewhat larger specimen—head and trunk 2} inches, tail
52 inches in length —agrees with the former in all the points men-
tioned; but the occiput is flatter, with a slight transverse swelling
posteriorly, in the middle of which a feeble and short ridge indicates
the development of the occipital crest.

3. In a specimen of 11 inches in length—head and trunk 3 inches,
tail 8 inches—the snout is more produced, and has the form of that
of an adult’; the occiput is flat, produced posteriorly in a small com-
pressed protuberance, which is not elevated above the level of the
crown; the head, in this state, resembles somewhat that of Chame-
leopsis.

4. In a mature female—head and body 6 inches, tail 15 inches in
length—the occiput is produced posteriorly into a flat protuberance
provided with a low crest, about a line high along its middle; the
protuberance and the crest are covered with very small scales. The
hinder extremities extend as far as the end of the snout. Dorsal and
caudal crests very low. The head and the neck are ferruginous,
with the lateral bands yellowish ; the ground-colour of the body and
of the extremities is of a beautiful grass-green. A series of short red-
dish-brown bands along the back ; the upper parts of the extremities
with cross-bands of the same colour ; tail with alternate brown and
green rings ; the lower parts yellowish. No pouch on the throat.

5. Ina mature male—head and trunk 6 inches, tail 17 inches in
length—the protuberance is swollen, elevated, and bears a thin, semi-
circular crest, half an inch high; the protuberance and crest are covered
with polygonal shields; the dorsal and caudal crests are rather low ;
the hinder extremities extend as far as the end of the snout, if laid
forwards. The ground-colour of the head and body is dark green ;
the brown bands on the back are indistinct, those of the tail and the
extremities clearly visible. A small pouch at the throat. The in-
testines contained seeds of various plants.

6. In an old male—head and body 7 inches, tail 21 inches—the
basal protuberance is very large, extending over the whole neck ; the
thin part of the crest is semielliptical, covered with polygonal shields ;
the scales, by which the dorsal crest is formed, are about 1 line high.
The ground-colour is greenish-brown, the markings being the same
as in the former specimen.

ANOLIS FRASERI, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 407.

The species is represented by several varieties with regard to the
coloration.

Var. a. Nearly uniform greyish- or brownish-olive ; tail with in-
distinct brown rings.

Var. 8. Body ferruginous, with broad, irregular brown bands
across the back ; anterior part of the head yellowish, with a brown
band round the snout and another between the eyes ; extremities

236

light brown, marbled with darker ; joints yellowish ; tail brownish-
ellow. -
; Var. y. A broad band along the back and the tail reddish-yellow;
snout, a band between the eyes, and symmetrical spots on the oc-
ciput brown; sides of the body and extremities light brown, marbled
with darker shining golden.
Hab. Ecuador; Guayaquil; Esmeraldas.

CoryPHODON RHOMBIFER, Ni. Sp.

Diagnosis.—Scales keeled, in seventeen rows ; nine upper labial
shields, the fourth, fifth, and sixth of which enter the orbit. Eye
large. Brownish-grey: a series of rhombic ferruginous spots along
the back, each spot having two of the four edges black ; belly whitish,
marbled with blackish on the sides.

Hab. Esmeraldas.

Description.—The maxillary teeth become gradually longer poste-
riorly. The head is of moderate size, broader behind; the eye is
large, its horizontal diameter being two-thirds of the length of the
snout. Rostral shield rounded ; the anterior frontals are rather more
than one-half the size of the posterior ; the vertical five-sided, taper-
ing behind, with the posterior sides very short ; the occipital shields
are of moderate size, and diverge posteriorly, forming a rectangular
notch. The nostril is wide, and situated almost entirely in the an-
terior nasal. The loreal and anteorbital are large, and the latter
does not extend on to the vertical ; two posterior orbitals. Three
temporals, the two anterior of which are in contact with the orbitals;
the posterior is rhombic, and equal in size to the two others together.
Nine upper labials, the fourth entering the angle of the orbit. The
scales are keeled, in seventeen rows, the outer series being smooth.
Ventral plates 165; anal bifid. (Tail mutilated.)

The upper parts are brownish-grey ; a series of thirty-four rhombic
ferruginous spots occupies the back of the trunk ; each spot has two
opposite edges black ; the spots become more distinct posteriorly, and
are continued on the tail. The sides of the belly are marbled with
blackish, as in C. pantherinus.

inches. lines.

Length..of the head 0 i... as.deet h tee le aa
DE EHC ETOTK yoy nj hsj0 are, njeleieaniel 9 * Shr 31 -0
of the tail (restored) ............ ll 0
Dar C1 a ee en Pape a AP 43 4

Lemsvus MAcutatus, Gthr. Catal. Acanthopt. i. p. 505.

Several beautifully preserved specimens are in the collection. The
fish has a prominent papilla near the vent, and is nearly allied to
Philypnus. The blackish bands appear after the fish has been pre-
served in spirits for some time. All the markings are beautifully red
during life: the streaks radiating from the eye, the dots on the body
and on the fins, those on the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal are inter-
mixed with yellow ones. A red spot and, above it, a black one on
the upper portion of the root of the pectoral. The caudal is convex.

Hab. Fresh waters of Ecuador ; Esmeraldas,

237

PIMELODUS CINERASCENS, n. sp. (PI. X. fig. A.)
Bias D. 6.) Ae oN. Ya. SP. 1/9.

The body is somewhat elongated, compressed posteriorly. Head
broad, truncated anteriorly, depressed, rather short; its length is
contained four times and three-fifths in the total length of the fish.
The snout is short, one-third the length of the head, truncated, with
the upper jaw slightly longer ; the distance between the angles of the
mouth is nearly one-half the length of the head. Six barbels: that
of the maxillary reaches nearly to, or somewhat beyond, the base of
the ventrals ; the exterior pair of the mandibulary barbels is not quite
twice as long as the interior, and extends beyond the base of the
pectorals; the interior pair are inserted somewhat before the outer
ones, and more remote from each other than from the outer ones.
The eye is distant from the snout two and a half of its diameters, and
four from the extremity of the operculum ; the width of the inter-
orbital space is contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the
head. The head is covered superiorly with a thin, smooth skin ;
the occipital process is rather short, hidden by the skin, and the
notches on its side are moderately deep and semicircular. The lower
margin of the operculum is straight, not notched. The depth of
the body, taken above the origin of the anal, is one-eighth of the
total length; that of the tail, before the caudal, one-thirteenth.
The pectoral extends somewhat beyond the vertical from the origin
of the dorsal ; its spine is stout, compressed, not much shorter than
the soft rays, and its sharp outer edge is armed with recurved spines.
The ventral, with a feeble spine, is inserted behind the dorsal, and
does not extend to the origin of the anal. The distance of the dorsal
from the head (concavity of the notch) equals the length of its base ;
its spine is feeble; the margin straight, rounded posteriorly. The
adipose fin is very long, its distance from the dorsal and caudal
being equal. Caudal deeply notched, with the lobes rounded. The
length of the base of the anal equals its distance from the caudal ;
the undivided rays are very feeble, and its margin is rounded.

Above uniform greenish-grey, beneath white; the outer parts of
the vertical fins are blackish, and there is a blackish spot between
the first and second dorsal rays.

Hab. Fresh waters of Guayaquil and Esmeraldas

inches. lines.

Gar Wea att oad Gal occa ie os a 98 6
Length of the head ...... See He be 9,
GE GUC MOIR. Be ose hint ets 4 Ol oy O
Distance between the eyes ............-. Maas
between the angles of the mouth.. 0 9

Diameter of the eye .......... a lc bra s I an
Height of the body above the anal........ 0 il
CNR ales om cle iece ony Sagal ert OL jas

This species is distinguished from P. seb@ by the position of the
eyes, shorter maxillary barbel, &c.; from P. pentlandii by a non-
emarginated operculum.

238

PIMELODUS ELON@ATUS, n. sp. (Pl. X. fig. B-)
B.6. D.1/6. A.1l. V. 1/5. P.1/9.

The body is elongated, compressed posteriorly ; head moderately
broad and long, depressed, truncated anteriorly ; its length is con-
tained six times and two-thirds in the total length of the fish. The
snout is rather produced, nearly one-half the length of the head,
truncated, with the upper jaw longest. The distance between the
angles of the mouth is nearly equal to the length of the snout. Six
barbels: that of the maxillary reaches nearly to the extremity of the
pectoral fin ; the exterior pair of the mandibulary barbels are two-
thirds the length of the interior, and extend to the base of the pec-
toral; the interior pair are inserted somewhat before the outer ones,
and rather more remote from each other than from the outer ones.
The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head,
and nearer to the extremity of the operculum than to that of the
snout. The width of the interorbital space is to the length of the
head as 2:7. The head is covered superiorly with a very thin and
smooth membrane ; the occipital process is long, and extends on toa
small bony plate in front of the dorsal; this plate is also covered
with skin, like the head. The lower edge of the operculum is straight ;
the spine of the humeral bone is very indistinctly striated. The
depth of the body, taken below the origin of the dorsal, is one-eighth
of the total length; that of the tail, before the caudal, one-sixteenth.
The pectoral extends to below the middle of the dorsal fin; its spine
is shorter than the first rays, stout, compressed, with the interior
edge spiny. The ventral has the first ray undivided, flexible ; it is
inserted immediately behind the vertical from the dorsal, and does not
extend on to the anal. The dorsal is higher than long ; the length
of its base equals its distance from the head; the spine is slender,
stiff, pungent, provided superiorly with a ray-like filament. The adi-
pose fin is very long, its distance from the dorsal and caudal fins
being nearly equal. Caudal deeply notched, with the lobes pointed ;
the upper lobe is longer than the inferior, and its length is one-
fifth of the total. The length of the base of the anal is 12 in its
distance from the caudal; its margin is convex. Above uniform
greyish, heneath whitish ; lateral line blackish ; dorsal and caudal
minutely dotted with black.

Hab. Fresh waters of Esmeraldas.

inches. lines.

EE peptic 7 sides preeene sn ney 8
Benpthvol thethesd Fi 656 9So on ve cna wa 9 1.0
= OLENETSNOULUS Wa, site 56.6 s. wiacais.c's, eis, 5 0 52
Distance between the eyes............-.---- 33
between the angles of the mouth .... 0 54
DimMeteriGh Ebel MYON... oso ces Mise cares ae
Pidight Gn teeiey ie Spo. Secas i ste asneaee, DERE
et A ee Se! fotuisistid 20 0 5
— of the first dorsal ray ............ aa yeroud
Length of the upper caudal lobe ............ 1 4

239

PIMELODUS MODESTUS, B. sp. (Pl. X. fig. C.)
B.6. D.1/6. A.4/8. V.1/5. P. 1/8.

The body is rather elongated, slightly compressed posteriorly ; head
moderately broad and long, depressed, truncated anteriorly ; its
length is contained five times and a half in the total length of the
fish. The snout is somewhat produced, broad, contained twice and
three-fifths in the length of the head, truncated, with the upper jaw
longest. The distance between the angles of the mouth is nearly
equal to the length of the snout. Six barbels: that of the maxillary
reaches to the origin of the anal; the exterior pair of the mandibu-
lary barbels are two-thirds the length of the interior, and extend to
the middle of the pectoral fin; the interior pair are inserted some-
what before the outer ones, and rather more remote from each other
than from the outer ones. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the length of the head, and equals the width of the interorbital
space; it is situated in the middle of the length of the head. The
head is covered superiorly with a very thin and smooth skin; the
occipital process is long, and extends on to a triangular plate in front
of the dorsal; this plate is also covered with skin, like the head.
The lower edge of the operculum is straight; the spine of the hu-
meral bone very indistinctly striated. The depth of the body, taken
below the origin of the dorsal, is one-seventh of the total length ;
that of the tail one-thirteenth. The pectoral extends on to below
the middle of the dorsal fin ; its spine is not much shorter than the
Tays, stout, compressed, with the interior edge spiny. The ventral
has the first ray undivided, flexible; it is inserted immediately be-
hind the vertical from the dorsal, and does not extend on to the
anal. The dorsal is somewhat higher than long, and has the upper
profile convex; the length of its base is nearly equal to its distance
from the head ; the spine is slender, stiff, pungent, rough superiorly,
and terminating in a ray-like filament. The adipose fin is very long,
its distance from the dorsal and caudal fins being nearly equal.
Caudal deeply notched, with the lobes pointed ; the upper lobe is
longer than the inferior, and its length is 4? in the total. The four
anterior rays of the anal are short, flexible, undivided ; the margin of
the fin is convex, and the length of its base is 12 in its distance
from the caudal. Above light greyish, beneath whitish.

Hab. Fresh waters of Esmeraldas.

inches. lines.

Wig WOE eee Sore eect 8 os ue le

Lenpth of thedibgiss o...5 5. 0c osgn es om 0 102

— of the snout......... Se seein tae od 0 4
Distance between the eyes .............. 0 =
Distance between the angles of the mouth.. 0 42
Diameter of the eye...........0.: Reitavespre yy 3aae

BICHON 0 CNG CRORE art ce ns cawcais's a oss 3 Oe
mem UNS Me os a oe vn ee os ose 0 43
of the second dorsal ray........ Rymededl | obieg > -

Length of the upper caudal lobe.......... aM OcN

240

LEBIASINA BIMACULATA, Cuv. & Val.

This species has, during life, a red spot on the third scale of the
fourth longitudinal series.

BRYCON DENTEX, 0. sp.
D.11. A.35. V.1/8, L.lat. 48. LL. transv. 9/7.

Intermaxillary with four, maxillary with a single series of teeth ;
a series of much stronger ones in the mandibula, and a pair of smaller
teeth behind. The mandibulary teeth correspond to the posterior
series in the upper jaw, the anterior series being free and not covered
by the lower jaw. The height of the body is contained three times
and three-fifths in the total length, the length of the head five times
and one-fifth. The interorbital space is slightly convex, and its
width is one-third of the length of the head. The pectoral extends
on to the posterior portion of the root of the ventral. The dorsal
is as remote from the occiput as from the root of the caudal. Sil-
very ; the lining membrane of the humeral arch and the margin of
the anal blackish ; the other fins reddish.

Hab. Fresh waters of Esmeraldas.

inches. lines.

PotalTensth ses Fo As Sie Si aie t's oie ags TAD ORO
Height of the body .......... pica tats 1 2 8
Length of the head ...... quien sst... woh tal Spee
Width of the space between the eyes...... 0 8

9. DrescripTION OF HoMALOCRANIUM LATICEPS, A NEW SNAKE
FROM CARTHAGENA. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

A Snake presented by Capt. Garth to the British Museum proves
to belong to a new species. It was procured at Carthagena.

HoMALOCRANIUM LATICEPS.

Diagnosis.—Scales in fifteen rows. Head broad, depressed as in
Elaps. Seven upper labial shields, the third and fourth of which
enter the orbit ; two posterior oculars. Above black, with about
twenty-three narrow brownish-yellow rings, the first forming a collar ;
belly brownish-yellow.

Description.—This Snake much resembles an Elaps in general
habit, but there is no fang anteriorly, and the last maxillary tooth is
longer than the others, and appears to be grooved. The rostral
shield is rather low, triangular, and somewhat bent backwards on
the upper surface of the head ; the anterior frontals are much broader
than long, and only one-fourth of the size of the posterior ; the ver-
tical is six-sided, not much longer than broad ; occipitals moderate.
The nostril is between two shields, the anterior of which is the
largest ; loreal none ; one anteorbital. Seven upper labial shields, -
the second of which is in immediate contact with the posterior frontal ;
the third and fourth form the lower part of the orbit; the fourth
and fifth touch the lower postorbital; the sixth and seventh are

te
~

241

equal in size. Two posterior oculars; two temporals, one behind
the other. The median lower labial is triangular ; six lower labials,
the first pair forming a suture behind the median shield; two pairs
of chin-shields, the anterior pair being twice the size of the posterior ;
there are four pairs of scales between the chin-shields and the first
ventral. The scales are smooth, rhombic, in fifteen series. Ventral
shields 172; anal bifid. The posterior quarter of the tail is muti-
lated. The ground-colour of the upper parts is shining black ; the
anterior part of the snout, a spot on the fifth upper labial, the rings
of the body, and all the lower parts, are brownish-yellow. The rings,
in this specimen, are one-fourth or one-fifth of the width of the
black interspaces, and occupy two or three transverse series of scales ;
they are sometimes irregular and interrupted ; all those on the tail
are interrupted, the halves of one side alternating with those of the
pen ; the first ring forms a collar, crossed by a narrow black
streak.

inches.

Lanatie ef the head... wicsietennnst ss. =
of thie tank ‘sy cyictet arent ic oo oe TRE

— of the tail (restored)............ 4

10. Description or a New GENUS AND Specirs or Mouuusk.
By H. Apams, F.L.S.

Genus Acritia, H. Adams.

Testa turrita, imperforata; anfractibus numerosis, longitudina-
liter costatis, ad basin prominente, spirali, ad suturas viz con-
spicua lira munitis. Apertura ovalis, antice vix producta; pert-
stomate imperfecto. Columella reflexa. Labrum simplew.

Shell turreted, imperforate, many-whorled ; whorls longitudinally
ribbed, the basal portion with a prominent spiral ridge, which is
slightly visible at the sutures. Aperture oval, a little produced in
front ; peristome incomplete. Columella reflexed. Outer lip simple.

This genus, the type of which is Aclis acuminata, H. and A.
Adams (Scalaria acuminata, Sowerby), appears to belong to the
family Scalariade. It has somewhat the form of Turbonilla, from
which, however, it differs in the nucleus not being sinistral. From
Aelis it may be distinguished by the whorls being longitudinally in-
stead of transversely ribbed, and from both genera still further by
the spiral ridge on the lower portion of the whorls. Chemnitzia
grandis, Ad. and Reeve, is a second species of Acrilla; and I pro-
ceed to describe a third, from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq.,
which is closely allied to 4. aewminata, but is a much smaller and
more slender shell, with the longitudinal ribs stronger and further
apart.

ACRILLA GRACILIS, H. Adams.
A, testa tenui, elongata, nitida, albida; anfractibus rotundatis,
No. 432.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

242

longitudinaliter valde costatis, interstitiis levibus, costis ultra
basalem liram extendentibus, anfractibus fasciis pallido-fuscis
ornatis ; apertura longiore quam lata ; columella vie reflexa ;

labro tenut.

Shell thin, elongated, shining, whitish ; whorls rounded, strongly
ribbed longitudinally, the interstices smooth, ribs continued beyond
the basal ridge, whorls ornamented with two pale-brown bands ;
aperture longer than wide; columella slightly reflexed ; outer lip

thin.
Long. 8, lat. 2 lin.

Hab. Mouth of the Indus.

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and
purchase, during the month of March, was read :—

\1 Entellus Monkey .........
1 Vervet Monkey

|1 Ursine Dasyure ............
1 Indian Jackal...............
2 Rhesus Monkeys
1 Piping Crow .......... niees
1 Butcher Bird........... Bis
1 Common Goat, fem. ......
2 Rhesus Monkeys ...... vee
'2 Grey-headed Love Birds

1 Japanese Bunting .........

{1 Bonnet Monkey......... ao

sete wees

Presbytes entellus poe
| Cercopithecus pygerythrus,
| Macacus radiatus
Dasyurus ursinus
| Canis D piinasanenee aie
Macacus rhesus

sewer ene

seen eeenneee

Gymnorhina tibicen ......
\Cracticus destructor ......
Capra hircus, var. ...s0100s
Macacus rhesus
AGApOrnis CANA ....ssseeeee
Emberiza fucata.......... -

Capt. Rayner Wallace.
Mrs. Sweetman. ;
Miss Potter. |
L. C. Stephenson, Esq.
Donor unknown.

Mr. Nelson.

John Dunn, Esq.
Ditto.

Presented by

1 Curlew. scaseses-- Sapatsaweed | Numenius arquata ......++.
1 Cornelia’s Eclectus ......|Eclectus cornelia........+...
\1 Brazilian Maccaw...,......) ANG SEDONA Nanna saaccastcnses
1 pair of Smews ............|Mergus albellus .......000+-
\1 pair of Tufted Ducks...... Fuligula cristata ........2.. Purchased.
1 Golden-eyed Duck.........|Clangula glaucion .........
}1 Peccary ..... ae voxyecduepe ss Dicotyles torquatus ......

Sieboldia maxima .........
Coccothraustes melanurus
Ateles beelzebub ......0..08.
Bernicla poliocephala
Ramphastos vitellinus......

1] Great Salamander ......
1 Japanese Hawfinch
1 Spider Monkey ............
1 Ashy-headed Goose ......
1 Lemon-breasted Toucan

Of these, Emberiza fucata, Sieboldia maxima, and Coccothraustes
melanurus were stated to be exhibited for the first time.

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and
purchase, during the month of April, was read :—

\1 Peccary ...... A Pangesiede Lee \Dicotyles torquatus ane \ Mr. Chief Justice Tem-
) = ple of Honduras.

2 CuraSSOWS ......00. Br saeee Crax globicerd ..s...iesee || &' | Ditto.

2 Guans ...+.0+02...+ seneeses ...|Penelope purpurascens ...| | % | Ditto.

6 Black-boned Fowls.........|Gallus bankiva, var. ...... = < Ditto.

1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet|Calopsitia nove hollandie| | 2 | M. T. Boswell, Esq.

1 Wanderoo Monkey......... Silenus veter ....++ etek a S. Pretor, Esq.

/1 South American Monkey | Cebus EP eeniepastameace S. Silva, Esq. .

'1 Bonnet Monkey ........+.+. Macacus radiatus ....+.... Joseph Chapman, Esq. |

243
4 Indigo Buntings............ WSpiza CYANCA ..reesvereeseee
2 Baleniceps .......+0.....0008 Baleniceps rex weecsess.00s
1 Stump-tailed Lizard ...... Trachydosaurus rugosus...
1 Common Agouti............| Dasyprocta eae
1 Coati-Mondi ...... w-|NWasud fused... .seseeeevees!
4 American Doves............ Chamepelia passerina......
2 Red-winged Starlings...... | Agelaus pheeniceus......+.-
2 Nonpareils ........ss0ssesees WSPIZ0 COTES 's <o05n-2~sasececse
1 Common Gnu....... pat ed |Catoblepas gnu ....00...002!
Setanta es | ¢ Purchased.
T Wryneck 4 A cvccowseccocecees Yune torquilla ....00.....,
1 Wanderoo Monkey......... Silenus veter ...+.. Poti
DP DGUG Wa; See. bend. cave cov eve|LOPIUS GAPTULUS .seseseeeses
2 Lesser Weaver Birds...... Hyphantornis ........+......

3 Virginian Nightingales ...
3 Turquoisine Parrakeets ...
1 Wheatear

weet ebeneseteseees

Cardinalis virginiana ......
Psephotus pulchellus
Saxicola enanthe

sen eeeees

1 Nuthatch..........sesc0..06 a Sitta COMER Se onccteeteaeke

Of these, Baleniceps rex was stated to be exhibited for the first
time.

May 8, 1860.

E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :— '

1. ON AN APPARENTLY New Species oF ParapisE-Birp.
: By Witxi1am Goopwin.

I beg permission to introduce to your notice a Bird of Paradise,
which I believe to be either altogether unknown, or at least hitherto
undescribed.

I have interested myself for many years in this branch of Orni-
thology, and possess in my own collection twenty-nine specimens, re-
presenting all the different species known up to the present time,
with the exception of Semioptera wallacii. I have had opportunities
of inspecting the fine collections of these birds sent to England by
that energetic and able naturalist Mr. Wallace, and have searched
in vain for any specimen similar to that which I have now the
honour of introducing to the meeting. I therefore conclude it to
be in all probability an entirely new and undescribed species.

The bird now before you, which I believe to be the female, came
into my possession about twenty years ago, together with another,
which I have no doubt is the male bird. This latter specimen is
now in the British Museum.

244

I received them both from Mr. Bartlett, and we then agreed in
considering them as a young male and female of the Paradisea
papuana ; but the numerous specimens which I have examined in
the collections of Mr. Wallace, consisting of males, females, and
young of the latter bird, have now convinced me that they belong
to an entirely distinct species.

The male (now in the British Museum) is smaller than the Para-
disea papuana, the length from head to end of tail being about
9 inches, bill 11 inch, wings from shoulder to tips barely 7} inches,
tail 5} inches. Feathers on the head and shoulders yellow; back,
tail, and wings dark chestnut-brown; the coverts of the wings
edged with yellow; the two central tail-feathers have naked shafts
15 inches in length, terminating with elongated webs 3 inches long ;
the throat has a small patch of golden green, which surrounds the
base of the bill ; the lower parts, with the exception of a small patch
of brown under the throat, white; side feathers somewhat elongated
and soft.

Female: length from head to end of tail about 9 inches, bill
14 inch. Forehead, throat, sides and top of the head dark chocolate-
brown, shading to a dingy yellow and cinnamon colour ; tail-coverts
tinged with yellowish-brown ; tail cinnamon-brown, 43 inches long,
the two middle feathers narrow, pointed and curved, 4} inches in
length ; the whole of the under parts from the throat white ; side
feathers soft ; legs and wings imperfect.

Mr. Bartlett informed me that these birds came to England with
other skins of Birds of Paradise, viz. the Clouded (P. magnifica),
Golden-breasted (P. aurea), and the Ptilorhis magnifica.

The locality was unknown to him, and is probably one which Mr.
Wallace has not yet visited. Should he continue his researches, he
may yet be fortunate enough to meet with this species.

In conclusion, I beg to propose that the bird now brought under
your notice be named Paradisea bartlettii, in recognition of the
valuable services rendered by Mr. Bartlett to the lovers of ornitho-
logical science by his very careful researches and numerous observa-
tions.

2. Description oF A New Species or DisticHorporaA FROM
New Cateponia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

(Radiata, Pl. XVII.)

The British Museum has lately received several very fine speci-
mens of a beautiful palmated Coral, belonging to the genus Dis¢i-
chopora, from the sea near New Caledonia.

DiIsTICHOPORA COCCINEA, sp. nov.

Coral bright crimson, much branched, compressed ; branches
rather fan-shaped, expanded, placed on each side of the stem; the
sides of the branches rather compressed ; the main branches with a

otn ite

WWest imp.

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F rrco, Z.S Radiata XVII.

eg a ae

245

subcentral series of small compressed tubercles, like the commence-
ment of new branches ; lateral pores narrow, cells small.

Var. The upper surface of the stem with many short furcate
branches.

Hab. Pacific Ocean, near New Caledonia, in deep water.

This species differs from the only other recent species of the genus
known, viz. D. violacea, not only in the beautiful bright crimson colour,
but also in the form of the stem and branches, which in this coral
is much more compressed, broader, and with shelving edges, giving
it arather sword-like appearance. The lateral grooves containing the
cells are much narrower, and the polypiferous cells much smaller. In
one specimen the small oblong compressed tubercles on the middle
of the upper side of the branches are produced into simple, forked,
or sometimes more subdivided short branches. The apices of the
branches, which have been broken and reproduced, are whitish.

The surface of many of the branchlets, as in D. violacea, is wore
or less covered with more or less crowded, convex, circular elevations
or slight tubercles, which appear to be hollow and blister-like, with
rather thick parietes.

3. List or MAMMALIA COLLECTED BY Mr. J. Monrerro 1N
Ancous. By Painie Lutrvey Scuster, M.A., SecreTARY
TO THE SOCIETY.

As so little is known of the Mammals of Angola, I have thought that
it might be worth while to record the names of a few species observed
or collected there by Mr. J. Monteiro during his recent residence at
Bembe. Most of the specimens are flat (furriers’) skins from the
interior. They were obtained from the caravans that brought down
ivory, and belong to animals which are natives of a district lying
about 300 miles from the coast.

1. CoLoBUS ANGOLENSIS, sp. nov.

Ater: humerorum utrinque pilis elongatis et caude apice albis.

Long. tota 24°0, caudze 24:0 poll.

This Colobus is readily distinguishable from other West- African
species by its lack tail having only a white termination. Colobus
guereza of Kastern Africa has a somewhat similar tail ; but the white
extends al] along the body, over the face, &c. The single skin setit is
very imperfect, wanting the feet and face, but still affords sufficient
indication of the distinctness of the species.

Wagner, in his ‘Supplement to Schreber’s Siugethiere’ (vol. v.
p- 36), Pel in the ‘Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde’ of Amsterdam (vol. i.
p- 7), and other writers have, I think, rather hastily reduced the
species of Black and White Colobi; of which there appear to be at
least five, recognizable as follows :—

(1.) CoLosus uRSINUs.

Colobus ursinus, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 98; Fraser, Zool. Typ.
pl. 1.

‘a ae

246

Ater: facie, mystacibus, et cauda tota albis.

Hab. In Aft. occident., Sierra Leone, é

Mr. Ogilby’s type-specimen of this species is now in the British
Museum. It is probably the same as Colobus polycomos (founded on
Pennant’s Full-bottom Monkey), but it appears decidedly distinct
from the next following.

(2.) CoLoBuS VELLEROSUS.

Semnopithecus vellerosus, Is. Geoffr. St. “Hil. Voy. de Bélanger,
Zool. (1830).

Semnopithecus bicolor, Wesmael, Bull. reel Brux. ii. p. 237.

Colobus leucomeros, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 69.

Colobus vellerosus, Is. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Cat.des Mamm. p. 17.

Ater: fascia frontali, facie, barba, mystacibus, natibus et cauda

longissima albis.

Hab. In Afr. occident., Gold-coast.

Mus. Brit.

Easily distinguishable from the former species by the distinct white
frontal band, and the white thighs and buttocks. Two fine and per-
fect examples are in the Gallery of the British Museum.

(3.) CoLoBus ANGOLENSIS.
Ater : humerorum utrinque pilis elongatis et caude apice albis,
Hab. In Angola.

(4.) CoLoBus GUEREZA.

Colobus guereza, Riipp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 1. pl. 1.

Ater: fascia circa faciem, gutture, prymne laterumque pilis
longissimis, caudaque apicem versus albis.

Hab. In Aft. orient., Abyssinia.

Mus. Brit.

(5.) CoLopus SATANAS.
Totus ater.

Hab. In ins. Fernando Po.
Mus. Brit.

2. CERCOPITHECUS MELANOGENYS, Gray, P. Z.S. 1849, p. 7.
ply O.t.1 hs

A flat skin of this species, which, as Mr. Monteiro informs us, is
very abundant at Encoge, two days’ journey to the south of Bembe
(see Mr. Monteiro’s note, antea, p. 112).

3. Fevis necuecta, Gray, Ann. N. H. i. p. 27.
A flat skin, agreeing with Dr. Gray’s type-specimen, which is also
a flat skin, in the British Museum.

4, Fevis SERVALINA, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 94.
A flat skin, agreeing with Mr. Ogilby’s type-specimen, which i is
also a flat skin, now in the British Museum,

247
5. NANDINIA BINOTATA (Reinw.).
A flat skin.

6. Genetra apyssinica, Riipp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 35. pl. 11.

An example of this species was obtained alive and brought to
England by Mr. Monteiro.

7. GENETTA

Flat skins of a second species, apparently a true Genetta, for which
I am unable to find a name.

8. Mus ratrtus, Linn.

The Common Black Rat of Europe is, as Mr. Monteiro informs
me, very abundant in the coast region of Angola,

9. Manis TRICUSPIS, Sund.
Manis multi-scutata, Gray ; Fraser, Zool. Typ. pl. 28.

Mr. Monteiro has furnished me with the following note on this
Manis :—

“Abundant around Bembe (130 miles inland, West Coast of
Africa, lat. 7' 22" S.). Said by the natives, to whom it is well known
there as well as on the coast, to cause considerable damage to the
plantations, by grubbing up the Mandioca roots, ground-nuts, &c.,
very likely when in search of the ants and larve said to constitute
its food. The roots would very easily be exposed by this animal in
the search for its food, as they are planted in hillocks of loose earth
thrown up on the surface of the ground.

‘The animal from which this skin was obtained was kept alive in
a tub, and fed on ants and larve, for a fortnight, when it died, and
the skin was sent to me.

“Its death was very probably due to its having been injured by
the negroes that captured it,—these having great fear of all animals
and reptiles, and their first impulse being to give everything alive
they may see a crack on the head with a’stick.

**T have often seen the skins in the negro huts, as also in Loanda
on the coast, the scales being esteemed by the natives as a ‘fetish’
or charm.”

4. Notes on Two Strrvutuious Birps NOW LIVING IN THE
Society’s Garpens. By Puiuip Lutuey Scuater, M.A.,
SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

At the last meeting of this Society I announced that we were ex-
pecting to receive two additional examples of Struthious birds for
the Menagerie, which I had reason to believe would prove to be
distinct from any of the seven then existing in it. I now have the
pleasure of infurming the meeting that these birds have arrived in

248

good health and condition, and that an accurate examination of them
has convinced me, as well, I believe, as every one who has paid them
a visit, that they really belong to independent species. We are now
therefore the fortunate possessors of no less than nine different species
of this important group, of which, until lately, but four were known
to exist in the whole world in a recent state.

The newly arrived birds I allude to are examples of the Emeu
of Western Australia (Dromeus irroratus, Bartlett), and the Casso-
wary with the throat-wattles divided and far apart, which I have
proposed to designate Casuarius bicarunculatus.

Fig. a.

The Emeu of Western Australia may, as was pointed out by Mr.
Bartlett, when he first described it at a meeting of this Society in
May 1859*, be easily distinguished from the well-known Eastern
bird by its spotted plumage. On comparing the feathers of the
two species together, the mode in which this spotting is produced is
clearly apparent. The feathers of D. irroratus are barred alternately
with silky white and darkish grey throughout their length, terminating
in a black tip margined posteriorly with rufous. Those of D. nove

* See P.Z.S. 1859, p. 205.

—-

249

hollandie are uniform blackish-grey from the base to the extre-
mity, which is black with a broad subterminal band of rufous.
On comparing the two living birds together, we find D. irroratus
generally of a much more slender habit. The tarsi are longer
and thinner, and the toes longer and much more slender. The
tarsal scutes are smaller. The irides are of a pale hazel, instead of
a reddish brown as in D. nove hollandia.

The example of D. irroratus in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of Amsterdam was brought by a Dutch vessel from Albany,
King George’s Sound. I have reason to believe that our specimen

I! TAT

Fig. d.

is from the same locality. .As Mr. Bartlett’s original skin of D.
irroratus was obtained in the interior of Southern Australia, the
range of this Emeu must be supposed to extend over the western
portion of Australia into the latter colony, where it probably inos-
culates with D. nove hollandie*.

With regard tothe Casuarius bicarunculatus, I am unable at pre-

* Two additional specimens of the Spotted Emeu (both immature) have since
been received by the Society from Swan River. In this stage of plumage the
bird is decidedly darker than its near ally, D. nove hollandie.

250

sent to give any particulars concerning its true haditat, though in
all probability it is the representative of the Common Cassowary of
Ceram (Casuarius galeatus) in one of the Molucca group or adjoin-
ing islands. The specimen which we possess is still quite young.
The casque is not developed. Except as regards the complete sepa-
ration of the two neck-wattles, as indicated in the drawings now ex-
hibited (woodcuts a and 4, p. 248-9), where fig. a represents the
front view of the fore-neck of the Common Cassowary, and fig. 4 the
corresponding part of the new species, this bird might well pass as a
rather bright-coloured variety of the Casuarius galeatus. But I have
little doubt that the bird, as it grows older, will develope further
differences, and that, when adult, it-will be readily distinguishable
by other characters from the common species.

5. Notes on A CoLLECTION or BrrDS FROM THE VICINITY OF
ORIZABA AND NEIGHBOURING PARTS OF SOUTHERN MExico.
By Puitie Lutriey Scuater, M.A., SecreTARY TO THE
Society.

(Aves, Pl. CLXIII.)

M. Aug. Sallé has kindly submitted to my examination a series of
birds collected by one of his correspondents principally in the vicinity
of Orizaba and the neighbouring parts of the State of Vera Cruz, con-
cerning which I beg leave to offer the following remarks to the So-
ciety, in continuation of my former papers on Mexican Ornithology.

1, Turpus PINIcoLA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 334.

One example; a male. Since I described this species from M. de
Oca’s specimens, I have seen an example in the Bremen Museum.

2. Mimus ?

A single skin of a true Mocking-bird seems to indicate the existence
of a second species nearly allied to M. polyglottus in Vera Cruz.
The size is smaller, the colouring above rather paler, and the external
rectrix has the outer web black towards the extremity. Before esta-
blishing the species, I should wish to see further specimens.

3. ReGuLus satrap, Licht.
In full plumage.

4. DenpRa@ca aupuBONI (Townsh.).
In complete plumage.

5, BasILEUTERUS DELATTRU, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 383;
Notes Orn. p. 63.
Nearly allied to B. rujfifrons (Sw.), which is common in Mexican

Warring lith

COCCOTHRAUSTES MACULIPENNIS

. *

251

collections, but easily distinguishable by the brighter yellow of the
under-parts being prolonged over the belly, and the back being
olive-green and not brown. The beak of the present bird is also
stouter and the tail longer; but the form otherwise agrees with that
of B. rufifrons.

The New-Granadian bird which I referred to B. delattrii in my
list of Bogotaun birds is clearly a distinct species again, distinguishable
by its longer wings and the fuller yellow of the body beneath, which
passes into olive on the sides. I now call this Basileuterus meso-
chrysus.

M. Sallé’s specimen of B. delattrii is labelled ‘ Uvero: iris brown,’
and is the only example I have yet seen of this bird.

6. Vireo FLAVIFRONS (Vieill.).

In fine plumage. Goes as far south as Guatemala. See ‘ Ibis,’
1859, p. 12.

7. PLECTROPHANES MELANOMUS, Baird, Rep. p. 436.

Two specimens, which, with another Mexican bird in my posses-
sion from M. de Saussure’s collection, seem to agree with Prof. Baird’s
characters of P. melanomus. This is the extreme southern point
that has yet been recorded for a species of this genus.

8. CoccOTHRAUSTES MACULIPENNIS, sp. nov. (Pl. CLXIII.
fig. 1, ¢; fig. 2, 2.)

6. Flavicanti-olivaceus ; pileo alis et cauda nigris, speculo alari
et rectricum lateralium macula terminali in pogonio interno
albis ; secundariis dorso proximis grisescenti-albis : subtus
pallide ochraceus, flavicante indutus, crisso albo.

Q . Brunnescenti-grisea, pileo brunneo, caude tectricibus superio-
ribus albo maculatis : subtus non flavescens.

Long. tota 6°5, ale 4:0, caudee 2°6.

Hab. In Mexico merid. orient.

Mus. P.L.S. et Brit.

This beautiful Grosbeak forms the third American species of the
group. It is easily distinguishable from C. vespertinus and C.
abeillii by its black cap, white wing-bar, and the white markings on
the outer tail-feathers. The general structure is that of C. vesper-
tinus ; the three first remiges are nearly of equal length. The bird
described by Prince Bonaparte (Consp. i. p. 505) as the young of
C. vespertinus was doubtless of this species, and there is a specimen
of it in immature plumage in the British Museum.

9. CoccoTHRAUSTES VESPERTINUS (Cooper): Baird, Rep. p. 409.

* I did not expect to find this Western bird ranging so far south-
wards.

10. Icrerus PARISORUM, Bp.

Three examples, all in immature plumage.

252

11. IcreRus aBEILLu, Less, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 101.
An excellent species, allied to Icterus bullockii, but quite distinct.

12. Motorurus pecoris (Gm.).
An undoubted specimen of this species.

13. CyaNociTTa DIADEMATA, Bp. Consp. p. 377.
Two examples agreeing with Bonaparte’s description.

14. Corvus carnivorvs, Bartram: Baird, Rep. p. 558.

A true Raven, very much resembling the European bird, which
must be referred to C. carnivorus as distinguished by Prof. Baird, if
that species is really distinct from C. coraz.

15. Prcouapres LingATICEPS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 277.

I have a second specimen of this bird in my own possession, also
from a collection made near Orizaba. M. de Lafresnaye was not
acquainted with the true locality of this species, which makes a third
Mexican bird of the genus, the others being P. afinis and P. leuco-—
gaster.

16. THAMNOPHILUS MELANOCRISSUS.

Thamnophilus melanurus, mihi, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 203.

A female. This Thamnophilus, as I have lately ascertained from
examination of Mr. Salvin’s Guatemalan specimens, differs from the
true T. melanurus of New-Granada in having the crissum black, and
I therefore propose to call it 7’. melanocrissus.

17. Cottnea AMABILIs, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 64. pl. 123.

One female example, which shows that this Cotinga ranges further
northwards than has hitherto been supposed.

18, CeryLe Autcyon (L.).
Several examples.

19. Momorvus MEXICANUS, Sw.

Two specimens of this species transmitted are of smaller size than
the third, but do not appear otherwise different.

20. Coccyzus AMERICANUS (Linn.).

21. Coccyzus ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Wils.).

The collection contains undoubted examples of both of these
northern species.

22. CENTURUS FLAVIVENTRIS, Sw.
A female of this species, as described by Baird (Report, p. 110).

253
23. CuRyYsoTIS GUATEMALA, Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 44.
A perfect example of this Parrot, as described J. c.

24, SprzAETUS TYRANNUS (Max.).

Good adult specimens of both sexes of this species—the first I have
seen from so far north.

25. BUTEOGALLUS NIGRICOLLIS (Lath.).

Already noticed as far north as Guatemala (Ibis, 1859, p. 216).

26. Bureo atsonoratus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p- 399.
Three examples of this bird in various states of plumage.

27. Bugso viretnianus (Gm.).

28. Crax GLoBICcERA, Linn.

The Mexican and Central American Curassow appears to be the
Crax globicera, and not, as I have hitherto considered it, Craz alector.
In the latter bird the sexes are nearly alike. In the Craz globicera,
as may be seen from M. Sallé’s specimens and from living examples
now in the Zoological Society’s Gardens, the female is brown.

29. TINAMUS ROBUSTUS, Sp. nov.

Tinamus major, Moore, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 63 ; Sclater & Salvin, Ibis,
1859, p. 226.

M. Sallé’s present series contains two excellent examples of this
large Tinamou of Mexico and Central America. As I had antici-
pated (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 63), it presents differences from 7. major of
Brazil, such as render a new specific name necessary, and I propose
shortly to describe it under the above title.

30. Heropras eGretra (Gm.).
Already noticed in Guatemala.

31. DemieGReETTA LuDovicrANA (Wils.): Baird, Rep. p. 663.
One immature specimen.

32. FLorIDA CHRULEA (Linn.).

33. TiGRISOMA TIGRINUM (Gm.).

34. Nycricorax vioLacevus (Gm.).

35. TANTALUS LOCULATOR, Linn.

36. TRINGA WILsontr, Nuttall.

37. SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA (Gm.): Baird, Rep. p. 729.
38. AcTITURUS BARTRAMIUS (Wils.).

39. GAMBETTA MELANOLEUCA (Gm.).

254

40. TrinGoipEs MACULARIvs (Linn.).
41. RuyacopuHiLus soLirarivs (Wils.).
42. ErisMaTuRA DoMINIcA (Linn.).

43. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS (Gm.).

44, QueRQUEDULA Discors (Linn.).

6. On THE SrructurRE, ReLativeE Size, AND UsE oF THE TAIL-
Guanps 1n Birps. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., erc.

It is strange that all (as far as I know) who have written upon
these glands speak of one gland only ; but, as I shall show hereafter,
there are two distinct glands, from each of which proceeds a duct or
canal for the conveyance of the matter secreted ; and it would not
be more incorrect to speak of the lungs or of the kidneys of a bird
in the singular number than to describe the oil-glands as one gland.

As the heading of my paper states, my first endeavour will be to
describe the structure of these glands, and then I shall pass on to
consider their use.

The only English writers that I am acquainted with who have
written generally upon the anatomy of birds are Professor Owen
(article “ Aves”’ in the ‘ Cyclopzedia of Anatomy and Physiology ’)
and Mr. Macgillivray in his ‘ History of British Birds, their Organi-
zation, Habits, &e.’

The first-named writer speaks of these glands, or rather of the
gland, as follows :— :

“The unctuous fluid with which birds lubricate their feathers is
secreted by a gland, which is situated above the coccyx or uropygium.
This gland consists of two lateral moieties conjoined; as might be
expected, it is largest in the birds which frequent the water. In the
Swan it is 1} inch in length, and has a central cavity which serves
as a receptacle for the accumulated secretion; but this cavity has
not been observed in other species. Each lateral portion is of a py-
riform shape, and they are conjoined at the apices, which are directed
backwards, and are perforated by numerous orifices. The longitu-
dinal central cavities also present internally numerous angular open-
ings in which there are still smaller orifices. The surrounding glan-
dular substance consists of close-set, almost parallel, straight tubes,
and is not irregularly cellular. The tubercles extend to the super-
ficies of the gland without ramifying or intercommunicating, and
preserve an equable diameter to their blind extremities. The tu-
bercles are longest at the thickest part of the gland, and become
shorter and shorter towards the apex.”

It will be seen presently that my description of these glands differs
materially from that given by Professor Owen.

Mr. Macgillivray, in the work alluded to (vol. i. p. 44), says,—
«These feathers have their basis supported by the last coccygeal

255

boné, and firmly bound together by a strong ligamentous band com-
posed of interlaced fibres. On its upper surface rests the uropygial
gland, celebrated by the field- and closet-naturalists, being one of the
few points of the structure of a bird accessible to them, and contain-
ing a quantity of oily matter mixed with an aqueous fluid, while on
its lower surface is a layer of cellular tissue containing a similar sub-
stance. Both are apparently destined for nourishing the feathers, or
at least are connected with their growth. I have observed that at
the period of moulting, and especially when the tail-quills are grow-
ing, they are very highly developed, and, as is well known, some-
times inflame and suppurate in domestic birds; whereas in birds in
which the moult has been completed, I have generally found them
greatly diminished, and frequently entirely shrunk. This fact, ana-
logous to that of the periodical enlargement of the testicles in birds,
affords a key to the knowledge of the nature and use of the uropy-
gial gland which has hitherto eluded the sagacity of physiologists ;
for the application of the oil contained in it by the bill is certainly
fanciful.”

I must express my surprise that such an accurate observer as the
late Mr. Macgillivray should have confounded these glands with the
cushion of fat in which the ends of the tail-feathers are imbedded:
there is no resemblance in the structure of these bodies, and the use
of the microscope would have decided the point at once.

I have not observed that the tail-glands are larger at the time of
moulting, although it is not unlikely, in consequence of a greater
quantity of blood being distributed to the roots of the tail-feathers,
that there may be a slight increase of bulk at this period, more espe-
cially on the fatty portion of the tail.

Montagu, Fleming, Bewick, Jenyns, Yarrell, and other writers on
British Birds, I believe, do not mention these glands. I have not
had time to consult foreign authors, but I assume that if any of these
had described two glands, the circumstance would have been men-
tioned by some English writers.

It may be well to speak of the caudal appendage, or rather of its
motor apparatus, before I proceed to the anatomical description of
these organs. The tail of most birds, as is well known, is very move-
able, and consequently requires powerful muscles to effect this mobi-
lity. In the Peacock, and other gallinaceous birds with large tails,
the rump-muscles are much developed, whilst in birds with small
tails they are generally much diminished in size. The tail of a bird
can be depressed, elevated, moved in a lateral direction, or the fea-
thers can be spread out or contracted at the will of the animal. I
need not describe minutely the origin and insertion of these muscles;
it will be sufficient to indicate their general bearing. The elevator
muscle (/evator coccygis)—a strong, powerful muscle in many birds
—arises from the sacrum, from the bodies and sides of the coccygeal
vertebrze, and is inserted into the spinous processes of these vertebree,
and into the base and spinous process of the last vertebra. These
muscles not only raise the tail, but when one acts, it moves it laterally.

The antagonist to this muscle is the depressor of the tail (depressor

256

coccygis), arising chiefly from the inferior and posterior part of the
pelvis, from the bodies of the coccygeal vertebra, and inserted
into their inferior spinous processes, and into the base of the last
vertebra. The action of this muscle, single and double, is the reverse
of the last-named. The quadratus coccygis arises from the lateral
portions of the coccygeal vertebrze, and passes in a somewhat curved
direction over the fatty prominence of the base of the tail, and is in-
serted into the fascia below the tail, and into that enveloping the base
of the tail-quills; it serves to spread and partly to raise the tail-
uills.

: The ischio-coccygeus arises from the ischium and lateral parts of
the anterior coccygeal vertebra, and is inserted into the last vertebra
and into the tail-fascia. It lowers the tail and moves it laterally.

The pubi-coccygeus, on the under surface of the tail, arises from
the posterior parts of the pubis and ischium, and is inserted into the
fascia of the quills. It acts by spreading the quills and by moving
the tail laterally.

I have followed nearly the description of these muscles as given
by Mr. Macgillivray, Professor Owen, and others. I could make
many variations in the account when speaking of them in different
birds, but this digression would be foreign to the object of my paper.
I must, however, allude to two omissions made by these authors,
which are important, I think, in relation to the function of the
organs. ;

In many birds a portion of the elevators of the tail is inserted into
the base of the glands, so that when these muscles contract, they
favour the escape of the secretion. But in other birds, the Moor
Hen for example, a distinct pair of muscles is spread upon the pos-
terior and inner portions of the glands, which they serve to compress,
and thus assist in the ejection of their contents ; they also help to
elevate the tail.

I refrain from naming these muscles at present, as a long series of
dissections will be required before the matter can be properly deter-
mined, and the variations of these muscles accurately described.

The above account may by some be thought unnecessarily prolix ;
but I believe these muscles have an important bearing upon the use
of the glands in question, serving by their action greatly to facilitate
the passage of the oleaginous secretion.

Form of the tail-glands.—These glands are of a rounded, oblong,
flask-like shape, and would be well represented by the junction of
two Florence flasks at their necks, their bases being somewhat widely
separated. Inall the figures now exhibited of the six orders of birds,
as will be seen, there is a general resemblance in their form. In
some of the smaller passerine birds, however, they are more rounded
than in the larger species.

Situation.—In the great majority of birds which I have dissected,
these glands have been found upon the levatores coccygis, having the
quadrato-coceygei and pubi-coceygei on the outer side, the posterior
part of the spine of the last caudal vertebra, and the same part of the
two or three anterior to this, between them. In some birds, in the

257

Palmipedes especially, where they are of larger size, they extend
more forwards ; and in many of the Accipitrine birds they are placed
more upon the fatty prominence which supports the quill-feathers.
In the Scolopacide and Columbide they are seated between the two .
central tail-feathers.

Structure.—Externally the gland is covered with a fibrous capsule,
which is extremely vascular. I have failed at present to inject the
interior of the glandular structure, nor have I succeeded in tracing
nerves into it. In many birds, however, when examined soon after
death, the blood-vessels may be seen running in parallel lines with
the tubules, and ramifying upon them. The glands are generally
thinly covered with short supple feathers of a downy character, and
their flask-like necks are usually surmounted by a tuft of short soft
feathers, varying greatly in number in the different orders, but more
abundant in the swimming birds. In the Pelicanide these tufts are
very large, and will hold a great quantity of oil. In other birds, as
in the Columbide, the ducts are quite bare of feathers.

In the centre of each nipple, which is generally encircled by fea-
thers, is a round, smooth, single orifice, through which a probe can
be readily introduced, and through which aperture the fluid contents
of the glands; especially in the living birds, can easily be squeezed
out. The two glands are closely united at their posterior part by
dense fibrous tissue. The internal portion of the gland consists of
elongated cylindrical glandules or tubules, as described by Prof.
Owen, which supply the secretion. They pass generally from before
backwards, taking an oblique longitudinal direction, and they termi-
nate im rounded extremities, having, I think, a small central aperture ;
but of this I speak with some amount of hesitation. These tubules
resemble somewhat the proventricular glandules. In some diseased
glands the contents of the tubules are readily seen under a low
power, and if immersed for some time in ether, and then dried, they
are more distinctly visible. They all terrinate in what may be called
the cavity of the gland, a small space varying in size in different
birds, and generally partly filled with the fatty or oleaginous secre-
tion, but sometimes found quite empty. In some birds this por-
tion of the gland is interlaced with a network of fibrous tissue, in
which the segretion is partly lodged.

In young birds; as shown by the Thrushes on the table, the glands
are small, semitransparent, gelatinous, and very vascular under a low
power, and an abundant network of vessels is seen to ramify on the
surface; the brush or tuft is indicated by a minute black speck, as
are also the duct-orifices. I think I have found the glands larger and
more perfect at birth in feathered birds, as in the Duck and Plover;
but my observations are not sufficiently numerous to enable me to
speak with certainty on this point.

Nature of the secretion.— It varies much in consistence, sometimes
being thick and pap-like, and at other times clear like pure oil. It
leaves a greasy stain upon blotting-paper, burns after a time with
a brisk flame, dissolves readily in ether, and forms an oily, soapy
compound with potash. Under the microscope it presents various

No. 433.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

258

appearances, depending much upon the consistence of the matter ;
when solid, cholesterine plates are often seen in it ; and when fluid, it
has much the appearance of animal oil.

Relative size.—I have in numerous instances weighed the bird
and the gland at the same time, but I will select only a few examples
from the tables. The birds were in tolerable condition, and many
of them in a wild state; the word about must be used to all, as I
have not included grains in weighing large birds for this purpose.
The relative proportion of the glands to the body was as follows in
the subjoined list :—

Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus .......... 1-2886
Keenttel, <I, Sanwa memygen 5.0. vici0ie ryinis Siac State’ 1-1980
Long-eared Owl. Strix otus ............+... 1-1840
Hooded Crow. Corvus corniz....... Fea = 1-788

Starling. Sturnus vulgaris.................. 1-700

Water-Ousel. Cinclus aquaticus ............- 1-560

Green Woodpecker. Picus viridis............ 1-1026
Grey Parrot. Psittacus erythacus............ 1-3420
Grey Partridge. Perdix cinerea ............ 1-1401
Red-legged Partridge. P. rufa.............. 1-1241
Common Pheasant. Phasianus colchicus ...... 1-2100
Sand Grouse. Pterocles arenarius............ 1-3080
Wood Pigeon. Columba palumbus............ 1-6040
Domestic Pigeon. C. livia............ ae aie ets 1-4850
Bronze-winged Pigeon. C. chalecoptera ...... 1-3066
Crested Pigeon (Australia). Ocyphaps lophotes. 1-5504
Land Rail. Gallinula crex....... 2p aealemtl-Oae

Oyster-catcher. Hematopus ostralegus. ovis tec. l2oae
Raff... Tringa ggnae os oe si o5 wis oes s se >see we LGD

Black-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica...... -- 1-2053
Whimbrel. Numenius pheopus ..........-244 1-1750
Raley. IV PPAR Fa nia's (Sn imc @ Bisie! be CRED 1-1608
Crested Crane. Grus pavonina .... 1... .e.0++ 1-2112
Black Swan. Cygnus atratus.. ...... 0.20005: 1-792
Tame Duck. Anas boschas...... wield aoe erajetts -- 1-311
Muscovy Duck. Catrina moschata .......... 1-296
Pin-tail Duck. dnas acuta................+. 1-526
Shoyeller. 4. clypedta ... .. 0 aihies edinens an ot AAO
WY RR I oo Se ne eye Se 1-555
Common Gull. Larus canus .............04 1-364
Herring Gull. Di. fuseus.... 2.0. 0s.00000---. 1-568

Young Birds.

Coot. Fulica atra (half-grown) .......-.... 1-245
Rook. Corvus frugilegus............2ee002-- 1-2346
Thrush. Turdus musicus (a few days old) .... 1-1320

Use.—I scarcely need tell the members of the Society, that, even
at the present time, much difference of opinion exists respecting the

259

use of these glands, probably the greater number of physiologists and
ornithologists believing that the organs, as the name implies, are
for the purpose of secreting an oleaginous fluid, with which the bird
lubricates its feathers. Many, on the contrary, are of opinion that
these glands do not serve for such a purpose, among the latter may
be included many practical ornithologists; I need only mention the
name of Mr. Waterton, and it was in consequence of reading the
following extract from his ‘ Essays on Natural History,’ 1844, p. 130,
that my attention was specially directed to the subject ; and during
the last few years I have weighed these glands, and taken drawings
of them in many birds, British and foreign, that I have dissected.

Mr. Waterton, among the reasons he gives for his belief that
the glands in question are not used for the purpose of lubricating the
feathers, says, in the work above referred to, “ Again the oil-gland
in most water-fowls is covered with a thick tuft of down, not move-
able at pleasure ; this tuft would prove an insurmountable obstacle
to the transfer of matter from the gland through the medium of the
bill. If for the purpose of lubricating the feathers, it would not
have been granted by the Creator to one bird, and denied to another.”
Mr. Waterton goes on to mention a Kestrel struck down by light-
ning, in which the orifice of the gland was covered with a tuft of
down, which had the exact appearance of a camel-hair brush, which
= effectually impede the transfer of oil from the gland to the

ill.

As I shall not have space to quote other authorities, I may as
well answer Mr. Waterton at once. As regards the absence of the
glands, I suspect it is of very rare occurrence. I have never failed
to find them, except on one occasion in a young Ostrich, and here
they may have escaped my notice. In others of the Struthionide
that I have examined I omitted to look for them, my attention not
having at that time been directed to the subject. If they are absent
in any bird, a ready explanation, I believe, will be afforded by its
peculiar habits or locality.

As for any impediment offered by the tuft of down to the egress
of the oil, it is the most beautiful contrivance to effect this very
object that can be imagined; as any one may determine by press-
ing these glands in any of our poultry, especially in the ducks, when
the tuft spoken’ of becomes saturated with oil, and serves as a kind
of sponge, from which the bird with its beak, sometimes with its
head, can obtain the fluid. To speak in a plain manner, every bird
carries not only a grease-pot in its tail, but most of them have also a
brush in addition to this appendage.

But let any visitor to the Society’s Gardens watch the Pelicans
when they have had their bath ; the birds, after soaking their fea-
thers, dry themselves by flapping their wings; during this process
the beak is frequently applied to the nipples of the glands, which, in
this bird, are so large that they can readily be seen at some distance;
the beak is then carried to various parts of the plumage, and the
feathers are well-smoothed and oiled. The crown of the head, too, is
often placed upon the nipples, and in this manner other parts are

260

lubricated to a greater extent. The same process may be witnessed
in the Ducks and in many other birds. As I have stated before, the
coccygeal muscles, I believe, greatly assist in propelling the oleagi-
nous fluid from the ducts. The secretion, judging from the vascu-
larity of the glands and from experiments I have made, is very abun-
dant. During last summer, for the purpose of ascertaining the daily
amount of secretion, I confined a duck and a hen in a coop, and for
some time every day I squeezed the glands and expressed a large
- quantity of thick yellow oil, the operation apparently tending to in-
crease the quantity of the secreted fluid.

L infer then that, looking especially to the structure of these glands,
the character and quantity of their secretion, their relative size in the
Palmipedes especially, they serve for the purpose usually assigned to
them, viz. that of supplying an oily fluid for lubricating the skin and
feathers.

I have not had time to speak of the morbid states of thése glands;
but those organs are not unfrequently enlarged in domesticated birds,
and the character of the secretion sometimes is much altered. On
the table are the tail-glands of the Common Goose, an old bird, in
which it will be seen that the cavities are filled with a hard waxy
material.

I hope at a future time to bring this matter before the Society,
and to compare the structure of these glands with that of the anal
glands of the Viverride.

May 22nd, 1860.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Sclater exhibited a specimen of a new form of Dormouse
(Platacanthomys lasiurus), lately described by Mr. Blyth* from the
Malabar Coast, and presented to him by the describer.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nores on A Tuirp CoLuEcTION OF MAMMALIA MADE BY
Mr. FRASER IN THE Repusiic or Ecuapor. By RosBert
F. Tomes.

1. ARCTIBEUS PERSPICILLATUS, Geoff. sp.

2. ARCTIBEUS PUSILLUS, Natt. sp.

Phyllostoma pusillum, Natt. Wagn. Weigm. Archiv. 1843, i. 366;
Tschud. Faun. Peru. i. 63 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreb. v. p. 634. pl. 43.

Several specimens of this species appear in the collection, and were,

* Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xxviii. p. 289.

261

I believe, collected on the coast of Ecuador, but no indication of
their exact locality accompanies them. They are probably the first
Specimens received in this country, and accord accurately with the
figure given by M. Wagner in the fifth volume of his Supplement to
Schreiber’s work on ‘ Mammalia.’

3. NocTiLio Leporinus, Linn. sp.

Of this species Mr. Fraser has forwarded several specimens, one
of which has the following highly interesting note attached :—
“«Esmeraldas, Nov. 1859; skimming the bank of the river, every
now and then making a dash along, and actually striking the water,
catching the minute shrimps as they pass uj stream. He hada
very offensive fishy smell.”

This is the first recorded instance which I have met with of
any species of Chiroptera being actually aquatic in its habits.
From the great resemblance which exists between the fur of the New
Zealand Mystacina, and that of the Water Shrews, and indeed that
of other mammalia with similar aquatic habits, I had long ago been
led to suspect that that Bat might be aquatic in its mode of life, but
I could never gather direct evidence on the subject. Certainly I
little suspected that this Noctilio took its food in the manner noticed
by Mr. Fraser.

4. EMBALONURA CANINA, Pr. Max. sp.
Three specimens only have come to hand.

5. VESPERTILIO ALBESCENS, Geoff.
V.. chiloénsis, Waterh.

The specimens which I refer to this species differ in a very trifling,
though constant manner, from the specimens from which the de-
scriptions of the V. albescens of M. Temminck and the V. chiloénsis
of Mr. Waterhouse have been taken. These are identical, as I have
recently ascertained by an examination of the originals.

The chief difference between them and Mr. Fraser’s examples
consists in the greater length and silkiness of the fur of the latter.
At present I do not feel justified in describing them as of a new
species.

6. Feuis 2

Resembles in size and proportions (including the shortness of its
tail) Felis tigrina; but its markings are very like those of Felis
macroura. The following note by Mr. Fraser informs us that it is
young, and this being the case renders its identification very difficult :
«Killed on the banks of the Zamora River in January 1858. Young
male.”

7, TAPIRUS AMERICANUS, Gmel.

T.. suillus, Wagn. Supp. Schreib. iv. 294.

A cranium which is obviously identical with several, labelled Ta-
pirus americanus, in the British Museum.

262

"8. Dicotyzes rorquatus, Cuy. Collared Peccary (?).

A skull, with the following note, has been received :—‘‘ Esmeral-
das, Nov. 1859. Tatabara. This is a species of Collared Peccary
(D. torquatus), baving the collar, but is a very different colour in
all other parts. It is more a solitary than gregarious animal; when
hard pressed, retreats to its den, which is constructed beneath masses
of dead vines. Feeds on palm-nuts, and grubs in the earth like a
pig.” Mr. Fraser then goes on to observe, that in consequence of a
strange idea of the natives, that if seasoning were added to the meat,
or the latter boiled in a pot with a lid to it, their dogs would become
for evermore useless for the hunt, they refused to allow him any
eye of one of these animals, excepting the skull, after they had done
with it.

Mr. Waterton, speaking of the Peccary of Demerara, says, —

“Three or four hundred of them herd together, and traverse the
wilds in all directions in quest of roots and fallen seeds.” Mr.
Fraser’s note would seem to refer to quite a different animal from
this.

9. DicoryLes ALBIROSTRIS, Ill. (?) ‘* White-lipped Peceary.”’
—Fraser, MS. Notes.

D. labiatus, Schomb. Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 402.

Of this species, obviously distinet from the last, a skull and ac-
companying note are the only indications. Mr. Fraser says, ‘‘ White-
lipped Peccary ; Xivarro name Und-paqui,—und meaning ‘ great,’
and paqui the name of the Collared Peccary, which is found in
Gualaquiza.”’

10. TAMANDUA TETRADACTYLA, Linn. sp.

Myrmecophaga tetradactyla, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii.

Tamandua tetradactyla, Less.

Myrmecophaga bivittata, Geoff.

The note which accompanies this beautiful specimen is as fol-
lows :— Esmeraldas, Nov. 1859. Aso milero. Said to subsist on
ants, bees, their honey, and other insects, and to live among the
branches of trees,—not on the ground. It is eaten by these people,
who are a very distinct race from any I have seen elsewhere.”

11. HesprerRomMys MACULIPES, Pictet ?

I am not able to determine this species with certainty, and prefer
to leave it undecided for the present, merely noting that it is closely
related to the H. maculipes of M. Pictet, but nevertheless differs
sufficiently from it to excite a suspicion that it may prove to be of a
distinct species.

12. HesprEROMYS ARVICOLOIDES, Pictet.

Although M. Pictet has himself referred this species to the H.
renggeri of Mr. Waterhouse, I find M. Wagner subsequently giving

263

the two as distinct ; and after the examination of a large number of
specimens undoubtedly referable to H. renggeri, and comparison of
these with M. Pictet’s figure and description, I have arrived at the
same conclusion. The species now under notice may be seen in col-
lections with the name of H. arvicoloides attached; and, as it accords
well with the figure and description of that species (and is certainly
distinct from H. renggeri), I shall for the present adopt that name.

13. HESPEROMYS CALIGINOSUS, 0. S.

The present remarkable looking species takes its place under the
division of the genus which I have in my former ‘ Notes’ proposed
for the reception of two new species forwarded by Mr. Fraser, and
which I have called H. latimanus and H. bicolor. Agreeing with
these species in the more essential points of structure, it yet differs
from them in the shortness of the tail, and in the kind of fur.

Head and face short, much as in the Arvicolide ; eyes small and
concealed in the fur; muffle very small, and without prominences
beneath the nostrils ; ears small, ovoid, and naked. Fore feet short
and moderately broad, with the toes naked, and the claws short and
rather stout ; hind feet short and moderately broad, with the claws
rather strong, and the toes nearly naked on their upper surface, the
tarsus even being only sparingly sprinkled with short hairs. Tail
about as long as the body, exclusive of the head, sparingly clothed
with very short and stout hairs. All the naked parts nearly black,
claws pale brown. Whiskers few and short.

The general colour of the fur may be described as black, thickly
powdered with darkish chestnut, with a greater mixture of the latter
colour beneath than above; on the abdomen slightly tinged with
greyish. Each hair is blackish grey at the root, and tipped with chest-
nut; but there is an unusual number of rather longer.black hairs
mixed with these, which gives the species the appearance of black,
finely dotted with rufous.

The skull of this species has the same conformation as those of
Hi, latimanus and H. bicolor.

=
=

Length of the head and body............ 0
Ol the tan ess oe cicheee «ails Hes steve 3 0
Of GWG PREAG fae nS. Srieeace adele le) 08 0.0 oe 1 3
of the ears, behind .............. 0 5
froma TOse GLEYE « : (2). wie ais ets a 0 6
from nose to ear......... is aa! She 1 0
of fore foot and claws............ 0 6
of hind foot and claws ...... Set seals 0

Breadth of carjmMeamly: 605. .ci2 ewe sss ss 0 5
across the middle of the tarsus.... 0 25

Diameter of theiepes. oF e806). ee es Bone

These dimensions, having been taken from a specimen preserved
in spirits, are pretty accurate.

264

14. HrsPEROMYS ALBIGULARIS, 0. Ss.

Of this well-marked and apparently new species the collection
contains two specimens, and one being adult, whilst the other is not
more than half-grown, I should be able to give a tolerably good ac-
count, but that, both specimens being in skin, the dimensions are
less likely to be exact.

The general form is very much like that of H. longicaudatus, and
it pertains strictly to the same division of the genus (Calomys), but
is a much larger species, and is differently coloured. The head is
moderately elongated, and the snout somewhat pointed. Muffle with
two very distinct prominences beneath the nostrils; ears small,
roundish, and clothed with short hair externally, and internally near
the margin. Fore feet of medium size and proportion, their claws
short and rather weak, the thumb furnished with a small but well-
developed claw of a rounded form; the upper surface of the toes
almost naked. Jind feet long, of moderate breadth; the upper
surface of the toes nearly naked, excepting at the root of the claws,
which are hidden by a tuft of curved white hairs ; upper surface of
the tarsus also but very slightly hairy, its under surface quite naked ;
the claws of medium proportion, and nearly white. The tail, which
is longer than the head and body, tapers evenly throughout, is naked,
or nearly so, and annulated with very fine scales.

The fur is rather long, soft, and somewhat glossy; on all the
upper parts it is dark dusky-grey at the root, tipped with yellowish-
brown, and thickly mixed with shining black hairs, which are very
numerous on the dorsal region. On the head the fur becomes
darker, and yet more so towards the snout, so that from the eyes to
the latter it is almost black. Cheeks and sides of the neck yellowish-
brown, with a distinct line of division where it meets the darker
colour of the head. The chin is ashy-grey. On the throat is a lon-
gitudinal well-defined space of pure white (the hairs being white from
root to tip), which commences anteriorly very narrow, but, expanding
as it passes backward, occupies the whole space between the fore legs,
and passes gradually into the colour of the belly, where the fur has
the tips only of a greyish-white, which is confined to the mesial line.
The hair on the ears is black ; a spot of yellowish-brown marks the
root of the whiskers ; the fur, which extends along the outer surface
of the arm to the wrist, is dark grey, and that on the upper surface of
the tarsus ashy-grey ; the tail is dark grey above, pale brown beneath.

The clear line of separation of the dark colour of the head, from
the paler colour of the cheeks, and the white wedge-shaped mark on
the throat, equally distinct from the colour of the cheeks, will at
once distinguish this species.

A young one half-grown resembles the adults, excepting that the
fur is shorter, and the white mark on the throat less pure and not so
well defined.

Length of the head and body, about ...... ]
= GLAM MEMSSE As co. 2 US Le Soi
= OP NSA). Fah Se we eee he dete oe

“ “i

265
Length from nose to eye...... pra Oy
——w— from nose to ear................ yor
——-—.of the forefoot’ £223 6550.08. 0 8
of the hind foot ................ 1 33

The conformation of the skull is in perfect accordance with the
external characters, and resembles that of H. longicaudatus so
exactly, excepting in size, that its dimensions are all that need here
be given.

Total length from the front of the nasal bones to

the occipmt NP CI eee ‘] 3k
Length from the front of the nasal bones to the
anterior root of the zygoma........ ehaaere stl 0 54
ofthe nasal bones 5524-22 0 54
-—from the point of the upper incisor to
anterior molar ............ bias Neve IARTR eatete 4

=> OME WOGIAE TANGE::. 2565 2s ees ee wo 0 3

Breadth behind the posterior root of the zygoma 0 7
Length of the lower jaw from point of incisor to

condyle 0. 9

Depth from the coronoid process, vertically .... 0 4

Length from point of incisor to anterior molar .. 0

Mr. Fraser’s note of the adult specimen is, “Taken en camino on
my return from Pallatanga.”” Of the young one, it is added that
«many dead ones were lying about, but too much eaten by insects
to be of service.” The date of both notes is Dec. 1858.

15. Mus rattus, Linn.

Several specimens of this widely distributed species are included in
the present collection, and some of these have their extremities white,
i. e. the tip of the tail, and part of the toes of all the feet. They do
not differ essentially ‘from specimens collected by Mr. Bridges in
Chili, and others collected in Mexico by M. Salle.

16. Lrpus BRASILIENSIS, Linn.

One specimen, which Mr. Fraser says is a female, and was with
young when obtained, which was in March 1858.

17. EcHIMYS SEMISPINOSUS, 0. Ss.

In my first notes on Mammals, collected by Mr. Fraser, I included
the Echimys cayennensis, from the examination of a specimen which
had lost the tail, and was otherwise in an unsatisfactory condition.
Other and better specimens of Echimys having been received, I have
been able to make out clearly that they represent a new and well-
marked species, and that the former specimen was similar to them.

The general form of this species is robust, more so than either
that of L. cayennensis or EL. hispidus. The head is larger in relation
to the size of the animal, the ears are much smaller, and the tail not
above half the length of the head and body. The head is rather

266

broad, and the muzzle obtuse, and the muffle large; the ears small,
and with their lobular part much less developed than in LZ. cayen-
.nensis, and their ends are more evenly rounded than in that species.
The fore feet are strong, and have long and strong claws compared
with those of other species. The claw which arms the inner toe or
thumb is short and rounded. The hinder limbs are also rather long
and strong, with strong claws. All the members are clothed with
hair on their upper surfaces, but the fore feet rather scantily on the
toes. The spines are confined to the middle of the back, being ab-
sent over the shoulders and on the rump, or at any rate so little deve-
loped over those parts as not to merit the name of spines. They are
short and flexible, their expanded portion being short and near the
root, from which they taper regularly, and end in a longish and very
fine point, which is black, and resembles the black hairs on the backs
of so many of the smaller rodents. The tail tapers evenly to a fine

point ; the fur of the rump extends on to its base for a space of half
an inch, its remaining part being pretty evenly sprinkled with
shortish hairs, which are not on any part thick enough to hide the

267
seales. There is no indication of a tuft at its extremity, as in Z.
cayennensis.

The general colour of the upper parts is very dark brown, being a
mixture of reddish-brown and black, the latter predominating ; the
cheeks, sides of the neck, and sides of the body the same, but paler;
around the eyes a narrow circle of black ; fore- and hind-feet and
under surface of the tail ashy-brown, those on the upper surface of
the tail black. There is much less naked skin on the inside of the
thighs and on the pubal region in this species than in FZ. cayen-
nensis.

Besides its greater size, the skull of this species offers another
peculiarity worthy of note, as may be seen by the drawings (woodcuts
1, 2, 3, 4), which represent the skulls of Z. cayennensis and E. semi-
spinosus. Taking for comparison, as before, the commoner species,
E. cayennensis (figs. 1, 3), the nasal bones of its cranium are seen to
extend backward barely as far as to the anterior root of the zygoma,
and to retain their full breadth for the whole of their length, and
the intermaxillary bones each to end in a point about one line poste-
rior to this. In E. semispinosus (figs. 2, 4) these proportions are
reversed : the nasal bones, extending farther back, become narrower,
and end in a point on the frontal region, while the intermaxillary
bones do not reach so far back as the zygoma, and terminate abruptly
instead of being produced to a point. The orbit also in this species
is of greater relative size, which is further increased by the backward
position of the process of the superior margin of the zygoma.

“ “

Length of the head and body .......... 0
NEE oe pontiac nom As 'atop ty 27
2, BE ea aa Date 5 6
of the ears behind.............. 0 7%
Breadth of the ears, nearly ............ 0 7
« Length from nose to eye .......... Pea aad |
from nose to ear ........... 0. 1-92
of fore foot and claws .......... eee
6fthe middle’ claw +70 2220.55) °° O° 2B
of hind foot and claws .......... 1 10
of the middle claw ............ 0 3
Of aeeene OFM... ks. ss «621 6
at Ceti EAT ESD, ; 2 2
Total length of skull.................. 2 22
Breadth across the zygomatic arches...... 1 12
Length from point of upper incisors to an-
terior MOlAR igi es aw wares sha» diatige 179.0: | 62
of molar range ................ 0, Az
of nasal bones ...... Suewpets eaten O0 1OF
of lower jaw from point of incisors
.to condyloid process ................ 1 42
Depth from the condyle vertically ...... 0 7

Three specimens of this species have been received in spirits, all

268
of which were females ; one of them contained two young. I do not
find any evidence, excepting this, of the number of young produced
at a birth; but if this be the usual number, it would account for the
comparative scarcity of the species of Echimys, with the various
Muride, which are usually so abundant.

18. CHLoGENys FULVUS, F. Cuv.

C. fulvus, F. Cuy. Ann. du Mus. x. 206; Pr. Max. Beitr. i. 454.
C. paca of Waterhouse’s ‘ History of Mammalia.’

Although this is not admitted as a good species, distinct from C.
paca, I have chosen to insert it under the above name, the better to
identify it—whether a species or mere variety—with that part of
South America from which it was received, as I do not meet with
any notice of the occurrence of the commoner species, C. paca, in
Ecuador. It was taken at Zamora in January 1858, and was brought
to Mr. Fraser by the Indians, its Xivarro name being Cushshay.
Mr. Fraser remarks that it was a young male, and that its flesh
was white and delicate. :

19. DipELPHYS AZAR&, Temm. Mon. i. 30.
D. aurita, Pr. Max. Beitr. ii. 392.

One specimen. It was taken at Cuenca in October 1857. Mr.
Fraser states that it was killed in a nunnery, and proved to be a
female, that it is accused of destroying “ fowls, fruit, and grain,”’ lives
in the roofs of houses, and is nocturnal in its habits. ;

20. DipeLpHys cANcRIVORA, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1085
Temm. Mon. i. 32 (?).

But one specimen also of this Opossum has been received, and this
I refer with some doubt to the above species. It.resembles the spe-
cimens in the British Museum in all respects, save in being larger
and in having shorter fur. A skull of D. cancrivora, which formed
part of the Museum of the Zoological Society, and which, from the
worn condition of the teeth, obviously belonged to an adult animal,
is considerably smaller than that of the present specimen, but is
otherwise similar.

21. DipEeLpuys orNATA, Tschud. Faun. Peru. pl. 7. p. 146.

From the great similarity in. the colouring and quality of the fur,
Mr. Waterhouse regards this species as identical with his earlier
described D. derbyana, notwithstanding that they are considerably
unlike in point of size. The specimen collected by Mr. Fraser ac-
cords well with Dr. Tschudi’s description in this respect, saving that
the ears are evidently smaller. This general accordance with D.
ornata has induced me to regard the latter as distinct from D. der-
byana. It is probable that we have several species of these Woolly
Opossums, which are at present more or less confounded with each
other.

269

2. SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PENELOPE.
By G. R. Gray, F.Z.8., erc.

1. PeNELOPE CRISTATA.

Nigra aut ferrugineo-brunnea ; collo, pectore et corporis lateri-
bus albo-limbatis ; tectricibus alarum nitore virescentibus et
violaceis ; remigibus subpurpurascentibus ; dorso, uropygio,
femoribus et abdominis parte inferiore ferrugineo-nigris ; dorso
uropygioque eneo lavatis; cauda obscure nigra (ex. Kdw.).

Meleagris cristata, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 269 ; Edw. Birds, pl. 13.

Penelope purpurascens, Gray, Knowsl. Menag. pl. ?

Hab. West Indies (?) (Zdw.).

2. P. MARAIL. B.M.

Juv. Uropygio, notei parte reliqua, collo ac pectore eneo-nigris ;
plumis cervicis, dorsi supremi ac pectoris albo-limbatis ; abdo-
mine fusco et tectricibus rufescenti-fuscis nigro conspersis ;
plumis aurium cano-marginatis (Wagl.).

Penelope marail, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 734, juv.; Wagl. Isis, 1830,

. 1110; Pl. Enl. 338, juv.

Salpiza marail, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1226.
Penelope jacupema, Merr. Beytr. t. 11, adult?
Long. 24".

Adult. Nigrescenti-enea, viridi nitens; uropygio, femoribus, abdo-
mine tectricibusque subcaudalibus nigrescenti-eneis, viridi ni-
tentibus ; primaris pallide rufescenti-brunneis.

Hab, Guiana ; Cayenne.

3. P. pURPURASCENS. B.M.

Fuliginoso-olivacea, purpurino-splendens, gastrei plumis, dorsi
supremi, ac tectricibus minoribus albo-limbatis ; uropygio ac
erisso sericeo-purpurino-castaneis (Wagl.).

Penelope purpurascens, Wag]. Isis, 1830, p. 1110.
Salpiza purpurascens, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226.
Long. 314", cauda 15" 7!",

Hab. Mexico.

4, P. NIGRICAPILLA. B.M.

Virescenti-enea ; collo, pectore, dorsi supremi tectricibusque mi-
noribus albo-limbatis ; uropygio, abdomine tectricibusque sub-
caudalibus eneo-fuscis ; illis rufo-conspersis ; capite colloque
superiore nigrescentibus ; plumis pilet cano-limbatis.

Long. 28".

Hab. Brazil.

5. P. LICHTENSTEINII. B.M.
Nitide olivaceo-enea ; crista nuchaque brunneo-eneis, plumis

270

frontalibus albo-limbatis ; supercilis ad latera partis denu-
date juguli extendentibus, et plumis auricularibus ad basin
mandibuli inferioris, cinereo-albis ; jugulo, pectore, nucha, dorsi
parte superiore tectricibusque albo late marginatis ; dorsi parte
inferiore, uropygio et tectricibus supra-caudalibus brunneo-
eneis, nigro reticulatis; abdomine, femoribus tectricibusque sub-
caudalibus brunneo-eneis fusco irregulariter fasciatis ; cauda
brunneo-enea, plumis lateralibus purpurascenti-nigris, rufo-
brunneo terminatis.

Penelope montana, Licht.?, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 877.
Long. 25", caudz 11".
Hab. Venezuela.

6. P. sCLATERI. B.M.

Olivaceo-enea ; crista nigrescenti-enea, cinereo-albo late limbata ;
superciliis ad latera partis denudate juguli extendentibus et
tectricibus auricularibus cinereo-albo terminatis et late mar-
ginatis ; pectore, lateribus, dorsi parte superiore alarumque
tectricibus cinereo anguste limbatis; dorsi parte inferiore,
uropygio tectricibusque supra-caudalibus rufo-castaneo-eneis ;
abdomine lateribusque rufo-eneis ; abdominis parte inferiore
femoribus tectricibusque subcaudalibus rufo-castaneis ; cauda
viridi-enea.

Long. 241", caudee 10$".

Hab. Bolivia.

7. P. BRIDGESI. B.M.

Brunneo-enea ; plumis frontalibus albo-limbatis ; pectore, lateri-
bus, dorsi parte superiore alarumque tectricibus albo-limbatis ;
remigibus cinereo submarginatis; uropygio tectricibusque supra-
caudalibus purpureo-eneis ; corpore infra brunneo-eneo, rufo
nigroque reticulato; cauda purpureo-enea, brunneo-rufo margi-
nata nigroque delicatule reticulata.

Long. 29", caude 14",

Hab. Bolivia.

8. P. pILEATA. B.M.

Pilei plumis diffractis, albis, occipitis versus apicem isabellinis ;
pilet vitta laterali nigro-pilosa; collo ac gastreo castaneo-
rubris, ex parte albo-limbatis ; crista nigricante ; dorsi plumis
eneo-nigris albo-marginatis ; remigibus caudaque eneo-nigris ;
pedibus flavis (Wagl.).

Penelope pileata, Licht., Wagl. Isis, 1830, p. 1110.

Salpiza pileata, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226; Gray, Knowsl. Me-

nag. pl. ; Des Murs, Iconogr. Ornith. t. 23.

Long. 29", caude 133".

Hab. Para.

9. P. sacuaca. B.M.
Virescenti-enea, nitens; pilet plumis virescenti-fuscis ; nucha,

271

pectore, corporis lateribus alarumque tectricibus albo-limbatis ;
uropygio, tectricibus supra- et sub-caudalibus abdomineque fer-
rugineo-rufis; cauda supra rufo virescentique enea, subtus vio-
laceo-nigra.

Juv. Pectoris parte inferiore, abdomine femoribusque ferrugineo-
brunneis nigro-reticulatis ; pilei plumis griseo-limbatis ; uro-
pygio tectricibusque supracaudalibus ferrugineo-eneis.

Penelope cristata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 619; Wagl. Isis, 1830,

p. 1110.

Penelope jacuaca, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 68 (juv.).

Penelope brasiliensis, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 877.
Salpiza cristata, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1226.

Long. 30", caude 13".

Hab. Brazil.

10. P. opscura.

Pileo ac collo postico nigris ; tectricibus ac plumis dorsi supremi
nigricantibus necnon pectoris carmelitino-fuscis, albo-limbatis ;
tergo, ventre, tibtisque castaneis ; [cauda nigra] (Wagl.).

Penelope obscura, Vieill. N. Dict. 36. p. 343.

Salpiza obscura, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226.

Long. 28", caudz 11".

Hab. Paraguay.

11. P. BOLIVIANA. B.M.

Viridi-enea; plumis capitis, circa partem denudatam colli et
aures cinereo-albo-marginatis ; collo, dorsi parte superiori,
alarum tectricibus, pecture abdominisque parte superiore albo
limbatis ; alarum tectricibus majoribus remigibusque cinereo
submarginatis ; uropygio obscure castaneo-eneo; abdomine,
Semoribus tectricibusque subcaudalibus rufo-castaneis, nigro re-
ticulatis et rufo-albo-limbatis.

Penelope boliviana, Reichenb., Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 877.
Long. 31", caudee 15".
Had. Bolivia.

12. P. sacucaca. j B.M.

Fuliginoso-nigricans, eneo-nitens ; tectricibus, plumis sincipitis,
juguli, pectoris ac epigastrii albo-marginatis ; vitta superciliari
nivea, inferius atro-marginata ; aurium plumis nigris, albo-
variolosis (Wagl.).

Penelope jacucaca, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 69.

Penelope jacupeba, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 71, juv.

Penelope superciliosa, Cuv.

Penelope superciliaris, Gray, Knowsl. Menag. pl.

Salpiza jacucaca, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1226.

Long. 30".

Hab. Bahia.

272

13. P. SUPERCILIARIS. B.M.

Zneo-olivacea ; jugulo pectoreque incanum vergentibus, plumis
albo-cinctis ; pennis scapularibus, remigibus ultimis tectrici-
busque magnis rufo-marginatis ; vitta superciliart cano-albida ;
crisso et uropygio fusco-rufis (Wagl.).

Penelope superciliaris, Il. Wagl. Isis, 1839, p. 1110.

Penelope jacupemba, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 72.

Salpiza superciliaris, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226.

Av. juv. Vitta superciliari rufescente, limbo rufo pennarum sca-
pularium ac remigum latiore (Wagl.).

Long. 241", caude 114".

Hab. Brazil.

14, PENELOPE NIGRA. B.M.

3. Nigra, cyaneo- aut viridi-nitens ; rostro, jugulo, tarsis pedi-
busque rubris.

2. Fusea, viridi-variegata, plumis singulis fasciis plurimis trans-
versis ferrugineis; plumis subtus pallidioribus et indistinte
fasciatis.

Penelope niger, Fras. P. Z.S. 1850, p. 246. pl. 29.

Aburria carunculata, p.’?, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 877.

Long. 23", wings 9".

Hab. Guatemala.

3. List or Brrps COLLECTED BY Mr. Fraser aT BABAHOYO IN
Ecvuapor, wits Descriptions or New Species. By
Puitie Lurtey Scuater, M.A., SecRETARY TO THE So-

CIETY.
(Aves, Pl. CLXIV.)

Mr. Fraser arrived at Babahoyo from Quito on the 10th of July,
1859. This place is also called Bodegas, being the spot where salt
is deposited and pays duty. It is situate low on the banks of the
river of the same name, about 200 miles N.E. of Guayaquil, and not
above 200 or 250 feet above the sea-level. Mr. Fraser remained at
Babahoyo during the month of August and part of September, when
he left for Esmeraldas, higher up the Pacific Coast.

The number of birds obtained at Babahoyo was 395, belonging to
134 different species, of which’I give the names as follows, with
extracts from Mr. Fraser’s MS. notes which accompanied the col-
lection :—

é I. PasseREs.
1. TuRDUS ALBIVENTRIS, Spix.
Several ex. of both sexes. ‘‘ Consegero or Mirlo.”

2. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS ZONATOIDES (Lafr.)?, Rev. Zool. 1846,

p- 92.
Several ex. ‘“‘ Paxaro tigre: irides reddish-yellow ; bill brownish

273

above, flesh-colour beneath ; legs and feet yellowish. Very noisy,
but seldom seen, keeping up a kind of cackle. They appear to be
always in threes and fours.”

More like the New-Granadian bird, which is probably Lafresnaye’s

_ Campylorhynchus zonatoides, than any other described species ; but

not so decidedly spotted below as in my single specimen of the latter.

3. THRYOTHORUS ALBIPECTUS, Cab.: Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 673.

*‘Trides hazel; bill black above, flesh-colour beneath ; legs and
feet blue.”’

Nearly agrees with an example from Santa Martha, N. G.

4. TroGLopyTes Furvus (Gm.).
One ex., juv.

5. PoLiopriLa BILINEATA (Bp.), Consp. p. 316.

Twoex. ‘“d. Irides hazel; bill black ; legs and feet black. In
atreeinthebush. @Q. Bill black above, blue below; legs and feet
blue.”

6. ParuLa BRASILIANA (Licht.).
One ex. ‘Stomach contained insects.”

7. GEOTHLYPIS SEMIFLAVA, Sp. Nov.

3. Olivaceo-viridis : pileo antico et lateribus capitis totis nigris:
subtus flava: tectricibus subalaribus pallide flavis: rostro
' superiore plumbeo, inferiore corneo: pedibus pallide corylinis.

Q. Obscurior, pileo concolore olivaceo: orbitis et loris flavescen-

tibus.

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°4, caude 2:1.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

One ex. “Bill black ; legs and feet orange.”’

Nearly allied to the Mexican G. formosa, mihi, P. Z. S. 1858,
p- 447, but distinguishable by its paler green colouring above, and
brighter, purer yellow below.

I have described the female from a specimen since transmitted by
Mr. Fraser from Esmeraldas.

8. BasILEUTERUS CHRYSOGASTER (Tsch.): Tsch. Faun. Per.
p. 192.

One ex., d. ‘‘Irides hazel ; bill black; legs and feet yellow.”

9. VrrEosyLvia AaGiuis (Licht.): Bp. Consp. p. 329.

One ex., apparently not different from New-Granadian and Brazi-
lian specimens.

10. HyLorHitus 2
One ex., in bad condition.

No. 434.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

274

11. CycLoruis vVIRENTICEPS, sp. nov. (PI. CLXIV.)

Olivaceus, pileo concolore: fronte et superciliis saturate casta-
neis : subtus flavus, ventre medio et erisso sericeo-albis : rostro
brunneo, mandibula inferiore plumbea : pedibus carneis.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°9, caude 2:3.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Four ex. “Irides hazel: found in the large trees in the bush.”

Stomach contained “ insects,” ‘a caterpillar.’ Sexes alike.

A distinctly marked species of this little group, making the seventh
in my collection. It is immediately distinguishable by its green
head—the same colour as the back. I have given a list of the other
species of the genus in Proc. Z. 8. 1858, p. 448.

12. CoryLe rLavicastrRa (Vieill.).
Three ex. ‘‘ Very common.”

13. Dacnis EGREGIA, Sclater.
One ex. ‘“ Gizzard contained seeds.”

14, SatTator maGNus (Gm.).
Several ex.

15. SALTATOR FLAVIDICOLLIS, sp. nov.

Supra cinereus, nisi in uropygio et cauda olivaceo perfusus : super-
ciliis et corpore subtus albis: pectore et collo antico flavo
tinetis ; rostro nigro, apice flavo : pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tota 8:0, ale 3°8, caudee 3°5.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

A distinet species of Saltator, distinguished by the absence of all
markings below, and the yellow tinge which pervades the throat and
breast.

Three ex. ‘Irides hazel; bill black, tips and gape yellow. Com-
mon: very shy and active.”

16. ARREMON ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Sclater, P.Z.S8. 1855, p. 83.
pl. 89.
Three ex. ‘In stomach, seeds and insects.”

17. Tacuyruonus Luctuosvs, Lafr. et D’Orb.
Two ex. ‘Bill black ; legs and feet blue.”

18. RaMPHOCELUs IcTERONOTUS, Bp.
Several ex. ‘‘ By no means uncommon.”

19. Tanacra CANA, Sw.?

Several ex. of both sexes. ‘‘Irides hazel; bill black above, blue
beneath ; legs and feet dark lead-colour.”

pole

Proc.Z.S. Aves CLZLY.

CYCLORHIS VIRENTICEPS

W West. ioap

275

20. Evenonra crassrrostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 277.

One ex. ‘Bill black above, blue below; legs and feet blue.
Very shy and quick: found in moderate-sized trees in the deep
bush.” :

21. EvpHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund. (?).

A single specimen, differing from the usual coloration of this
species in having no white on the outer rectrices.

22. PROCNIAS OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater.

One ex. ‘“TIrides hazel; bill black. Three or four were together
on the top of a large tree in the deep bush. The stomach contained
insects.”

23. EMBERNAGRA CHRYSOMA, Sp. nov.

- Olivacea, axillis et tectricibus subalaribus flavissimis : capite
cinereo, pilei striis duabus et vitta utrinque per oculos trans-
eunte nigris: superciliis et corpore subtus albis, hoc latera-
liter cinerascente: crisso flavicante: rostro nigro: pedibus
clare brunneis. -

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3-3, caudee 2°9.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L-S.

Four ex. “TIrides hazel; legs and feet flesh-colour. Common in
the underwood of the deep bush : gizzard contained seeds.”

This Embernagra is nearly allied to Embernagra conirostris, Bp.,
but distinguished by its larger size, bright yellow axillaries, and
olive-green back. I am now acquainted with the following species,
which I refer to this group :—

(1) E. puarensts* (Gm.): Bp. Consp. p. 483; ex Brasil. Me-
rid. et Paraguay, &c. Mus. P.L.S.

(2) E. tonercauna, Strickl.: Bp. Consp. p. 483. Mus. H. E.S.

(3) E. conrrostris (Bp.).—Arremon conirostris, Bp. Consp.
p- 488 ; ex Nov. Granada int. et littorali. Mus. P. L.S.

(4) E. curysoma, supra.

(5) E. cotorvurs, Bp. Consp. p. 483.—Pipilo chlorurus, Baird,
Rep. p. 519 ; ex Mex. Bor. Mus. P.L.S.

(6) E. rurivireara, Lawrence: Baird, Rep. p. 487; ex Mex.
Bor. Mus. P. L.S.

24. VoOLATINIA SPLENDENS (Vieill.).

Two exaniples.

* I doubt the distinctness of E. olivascens (sp. 2 of P. Bp.’s Consp.) from this.

E. viridis (P. Bp.’s 3rd species), at least the example in the Paris Museum, seems
to be a bad specimen of the same bird.

276
25. SPERMOPHILA OPHTHALMICA, Sp. nov.

3. Supra coracino-nigra : macula suboculari parva, speculo alari,
uropygio et torque cervicali, postice evanescente, albis: subtus
alba, torque pectorali lata nigra: rostro nigro, subtus corneo :
pedibus nigris.

2. Pallide fusca, subtus fulvescenti-albida.

Long. tota 40, alze 2-2, caudze 1°8.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Three ex. ‘Common: sometimes in flocks.”

This Spermophila is allied to S. mysia and S. leucopterygia, but

has brighter and clearer colours. It may be recognized by the white
subocular spot.

26. Oryzogorus xTHIOPS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 88.

Examples of both sexes. 9. Obscure brunneus, subtus magis fer-
rugineus : tectricibus subalaribus albis.

27. ORYZOBORUS OCCIDENTALIS, sp. nov.

Nigerrimus : tectricibus subalaribus nigris: primariorum pogo-
niis internis et speculo alari exiguo albis : rostro albo : pedibus
corneis.

Long. tota 5°5, ale 3:0, caudz 2°4.

Hab. Jn rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

One example. “Irides hazel; bill pinkish flesh-colour ; legs and
feet brown ; gizzard contained seeds. In the bush in company with
others.””

This bird is a close ally of O. crassirostris of Guiana and Trinidad
and O. maximiliani of Brazil, but has the under wing-coverts black,
and the alar spot much smaller, almost obsolete. I have another
example of the same species, received in a collection from Bogota.

28. CorYPHOSPINGUS CRUENTUS (Less.).—Tiaris eruenta, Less.
—Lophospiza cruenta, Bp. Consp. p. 470.

Examples of both sexes. 2. Fuscus : alis nigricantibus rufescente
limbatis, subtus pallide fulvus. ‘In the deep bush: on one occa-
sion in a flock of 200: irides hazel.”

29, CasstcuLus Prevost! (Less.): Bp. Consp. p. 428.

Three examples, agreeing with New-Granadian and Guatemalan
specimeus. “‘Irides pale yellow; bill yellow; legs and feet blue:
found in the trees in the deep bush ; by no means shy.”

30. CassiICULUS FLAVICRISSUS, Sp. nov.

Nigerrimus : dorso postico, tectricibus alaribus dorso proximis,

277

erisso et rectricibus ad basin flavissimis : rostro plumbeo, apice
albicante : pedibus nigris.
Long. tota maris 10-0, alee 5°8, caude 4:0; foeminze 8°5, alee 4:4,
caudee 3°3.
Hab. In rep. Equator.
Mus. P.L.S.
Four examples. ‘‘Irides and bill blue: not shy; very noisy, in
flocks among large trees in the deep bush: stomach contained seeds
and insects.”’

31. Icr—ERUS MESOMELAS (Wagler).

Many examples. “ Irides hazel: in the deep forest, and by no
means shy.”

32. SruRNELLA BELLICOSA, De Filippi.

Two ex. ‘‘ Chirote: not uncommon in the plains, and apparently
the same species as was observed in the corn-fields of Guaranda :
stomach contained insects and seeds.”’

Rather smaller than the specimens noted (P. Z. S. 1858, p. 455)
from Cuenca, but not otherwise different.

33. SCOLECOPHAGUS

Two ex. of a species of this genus, said to be ‘common in com-
pany with the Garapateros (Crotophaga), and the greatest favourite
as a cage-bird in the country.”

34. Furnarrus CINNAMoMEUS (Less.).— Picolaptes cinnamo-
meus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 93.—Furnarius longirostris, v. Pel-
zeln, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xx. p. 158.

Four ex. ‘‘ Oyero: irides pale yellow; base of lower mandible
nearly white, remainder brown; legs and feet flesh-colour. Very
common on the plains in the smaller trees and on the tops of the
houses, and very noisy. They run, but do not hop. They are said
to breed in communities, and build in trees, with a roundabout en-
trance to the nest.”

35. XIPHORHYNCHUS THORACICUS, Sp. nov.

Brunneus: alis, uropygio, et cauda ferrugineo-rufis : gula sordide
alba : dorsi superi capitis undique et pectoris plumis medialiter
ochracescenti-albidis, hoc colore nigro anguste circumdato,
plumarum marginibus externis brunneis: rostro rubescente :
pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 10-0, ale 4:0, caudz 3:7, rostri a rictu ad apicem linea

directa 2°7.

Hab. In rep. Equat.

Mus. P.L.S.

One ex. “Trides hazel; bill brownish, paler at base of lower

mandible ; legs and feet green: stomach contained insects. Shot
running very actively up the trunk of a large tree in the deep forest.”

278

A distinctly marked species of this singular group of Dendroco-
laptine, easily recognizable by the clear elongated spots occupying
the centre of the feathers of the breast and back. These spots are
narrowly surrounded with black, and broadly margined outwardly
with the general brown ground-colour. Its size is nearly that of X.
procurvus, but the bill is rather shorter and more regularly curved.
I may add that I possess examples of all the five species described by
M. de Lafresnaye in his account of this group (Rev. de Zool. 1850,
p- 373 et seq.), and two additional, namely the present and another
which I consider new*.

36. PicoLarres souLEyeETI, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 276;
Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 69.

Several ex. ‘“ Irides hazel.’’

37. DenprRocoprs AaTrRirostrRis, Lafr. et D’Orb.
Two ex. “Irides hazel; bill black ; legs and feet lead-coloured.”

38. Srrrasomus ERITHACUS (Licht.).

Two ex. “Irides hazel.” This bird seems scarcely recognizable
from Eastern specimens, except by the slightly different tinge of
chestnut on the rump and tail.

39. SYNALLAXIS PUDICA, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 191.

Several ex., not in very good condition, but seemingly sufficiently
like Bogotan skins. “ Irides whitish.”

40. THAMNOPHILUS TRANSANDEANUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855,
p. 18.

Many ex. of both sexes. ‘“‘Irides red; bill black ; legs and feet
blue: found near the ground in the deep bush.”

41, THAMNOPHILUS N2&vIvS (Gm.).
Three ex. ‘Skulking about in the underwood.”

42. DysITHAMNUS SEMICINEREUS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 90,
pl. 97.—D. mentalis?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 67.

Three ex. Only differing from New-Granadian birds in having
the throat rather whiter: erroneously referred before to D. mentalis.

* XIPHORHYNCHUS PUSILLUS, mihi.

Brunneus : alis, cauda, et uropygio ferrugineo-rufis : capite nigricante et cum
dorso superiore fulvo longitudinaliter lineolato: gula fulva: subtus dorso
concolor, sed plumis omnibus linea lata et elongata fulva medialiter notatis :
ventre imo crissogue immaculatis: rostro albicanti-corneo, basi obscura:
pedibus virescenti-fuscis.

Long. tota 8:0, alz 3:8, caudz 3°5, rostri a rictu ad apicem lin. dir. 2°0.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Affinis X. procurvoidei ex Cayenna, sed minor, et lineis longitudinalibus

fulvis ventrem occupantibus prorsus nota bilis.

279
43. FoRMICIVORA CONSOBRINA, Sp. nov.

3. Atra: dorsi postici totius plumarum basibus, maculis tectri-
cum minorum parvis rotundis, et tectricum majorum et caude
rectricum apicibus albis.

Q. Supra mari similis, subtus saturate castanea.

Long. tota 4:2, ale 1°8, caude 1°8.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

One pair. “ Irides hazel.’

Allied closely to F. quivensis and F. boucardi, particularly to the
former, but differs in its smaller size and the uniform rich chestnut
colouring of the female below; in F. quivensis the female’s throat
being black, and in F’. bowcardi the female being wholly of a paler
red below.

44. CERCOMACRA MACULOSA, Sp. nov.

3. Cinerea: interscapulit macula celata, tectricum alarium ni-
grarum marginibus et rectricum apicibus albis : gutturis et
pectoris antici plumis medialiter albis nigro circumeinctis :
rostro corneo: pedibus fuscis.

2. Fuscescenti-olivascens, subtus ferruginea, lateraliter fus-
cescens.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°5, caudee 2°5.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Three examples in bad condition. ‘ Creeps about in the under-

wood ; often heard, but seldom seen.”

45. PyriGLena Picea, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 212.

Two ex. “TIrides red; bill, legs, and feet black : creeping about
in the underwood : stomach contained insects.”

Blacker than the Eastern P. atra, though otherwise very similar,
and perhaps referable to Cabanis’s species.

46. CHIROMACHERIS MANACUs (Linn.).

Two ex. “Bill black, base of lower mandible pale; legs and feet
blue, nearly black: stomach contained insects and fruit.’

47, PACHYRHAMPHUS HOMOCHROUS, Sclater.
Many ex. of both sexes.

48. PACHYRHAMPHUS SPODIURUS, Sp. nov.

3. Cinereus: loris albidis: capite toto cum dorso superiore
nigro : alis nigricantibus, albo extus limbatis : cauda nigricanti-
cinerea, rectricum marginibus pallidioribus et ipsis apicibus
albicantibus: subtus dilute cinereus, remigum pogoniis internis
partim albis.

280

Q. Castaneus, subtus dilutior, gutture albicantiore, remigum po-

gontis interne nigricantibus.

Long. tota 5-5, ale 3-0, caudze 2°3.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Four ex. No. 2270, “o¢. Irides hazel; bill blue; legs and feet
dark: in stomach, insects and vegetable matter: found in the top of
a tree in the thick bush.” No. 2152, “9 by diss. ; bill black above,
blue below; legs and feet blue.”

This Becard is distinct from any of those enumerated in my Syn-
opsis of these birds (P. Z.S. 1857, p. 67). It differs from all the
Bathmiduri (Sect. D) in wanting the broad white terminations to the
tail-feathers, and I am inclined to consider P. cinereus its nearest
ally. The second primary of the male is of the usual abnormal cha-
racter. It is shorter by 0°85 (inch) than the first, and slightly bifid
at the extremity.

49. ATTILA TORRIDUS, sp. Nov.

Ferrugineo-rufus : uropygio et corpore subtus dilutioribus et pre-
cipue in gutture et ventre imo magis citrinis : alis fusco-nigri-
cantibus rufo limbatis, secundariis dorso proximis omnino rufis :
cauda unicolore rufa: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 80, ale 4°0, caudze 3-5, rostri a rictu 1:2.

Hab. In rep. Equat.

Mus. P.L.S. ;

Three ex. “ Irides hazel; bill black ; legs and feet blue. Seen

high in the interior of a large tree.”

This Aétila is most nearly allied to 4. thamnophiloides (Spix), of
the species with which I am acquainted*, but distinguishable by it s
longer and rather stronger bill, the much lighter rufous colouring
above (which in 4. thamnophiloides is chestnut), and lemon-yellow
belly. The wings are also considerably longer.

50. FLUVICOLA ATRIPENNIS, sp. Nov.

Alba: striga per oculos, alis, et cauda nigris, secundariis alarum
anguste, rectricibus late albo terminatis : interscapulio pallide
cinereo: rostro et pedibus nigris : tectricibus subalaribus albis.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°0, caudze 2°5.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Affinis F. climacure, ex Brasilia, sed alis intense nigris,
secundariis albo limbatis, interscapulio dilutiore et tectricibus sub-
alaribus albis diversa.

Several ex. ‘‘ Irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black. Very com-
mon everywhere, particularly on the road, feeding on the ground
and perching on the fences. Very sprightly in action, carrying the
head erect, and constantly wagging the tail up and down like a Wag-
tail (Motacilla).”

* For a list of other species of 4¢/ila, see P. Z. S. 1859, p. 41.

281

51. MusciGRALLa BREVICAUDA, Lafr. et D’Orb.

One ex. ‘Irides hazel; bill black, base of lower mandible blue ;
legs and feet flesh-colour. Seen on some dead brushwood by the
road-side.”’

52. MEGARHYNCHUS CHRYSOGASTER, sp. nov.

Megarhyncho mexicano e¢ M. pitanguze affinis, sed ab utroque
colore abdominis letissime aureo diversus: quoad rostrum et
crassitiem his duabus intermedius.

One ex. A third climatal variety or species, whichever it may be,
of this genus of Tyrannide, distinguished by its full bright yellow
belly. The only specimen is not in very good plumage ; but Mr.
Fraser has since sent another from Esmeraldas. In accordance with
M. Heine’s views (Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1859, p. 337), I now employ
Megarhynchus as a generic name for these birds. But is not this
species the bird considered by him as Scaphorhynchus chrysocepha-
lus of Tschudi? Tschudi’s figure is certainly detestable; but his
species, of which I have specimens collected by Mr. Fraser at Palla-
tanga, is well marked, and can in no way be considered as a climatal
variety of M. pitangua. It is more closely allied, in my opinion, to
Myiodynastes, though, as I have remarked (P. Z. S. 1859, p- 43),
“leading off towards Scaphorhynchus,” i.e. Megarhynchus.

53. TyYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill.
Many ex.

54. TYRANNUS NIVEIGULARIS, sp. nov.

Supra cinereus, dorso olivaceo perfuso, capitis crista interne
flava: loris et regione auriculari nigricanti-cinereis : alis nigris,
primariis stricte, secundariis et tectricibus late albido limbatis:
cauda nigra unicolore, rectricum apicibus et harum externarum
marginibus externis viz albicantibus: caude tectricibus supe-
rioribus nigris, olivaceo terminatis: subtus pallide flavus, gut-
ture et collo antico pure albis, hujus lateribus et pectore sum-
mo cinereo vie lavatis: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 7-0, alee 4-1, caudex 3:1.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

One ex. “Trides hazel ; bill and legs black.”

A species of true Tyrannus, looking to its general structure and
acuminated primaries, distinguishable by its small size, pure white
throat and neck, and black tail. The primaries of the single speci-
men are not fully developed ; but the three first are somewhat ob-
tusely acuminated, quite as much as in 7’. melancholicus.

55. My1arRcHUS PHZOCEPHALUS, sp. nov.

Pallide olivaceus: capite cinereo, pileo summo obscuriore: alis
Suscescenti-nigris, primariis stricte, tectricibus et secundariis
latius ochracescente marginatis : subtus pallide flavus, gutture

282

toto pallide cinereo: cauda nigricanti-fusca, rectricum exti-
marum marginibus et omnium apicibus dilutioribus: rostro
nigricanti-corneo : pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°5, caudz 3:4, rostri a rictu 1-0.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Two examples, not in good condition, of this apparently unnoticed
species of Myiarchus ; of the size and general structure of M. feroa,
but recognizable by its pale, rather greyish, olive back and dusky-
grey head.

56, My1ropHosus 4

57. MytorHosus

Two species of this division of T'yrannide@ (as typified by M. vir-
gatus) are in the collection. These, with others of this very difficult
group, I must leave for future determination.

58. PyrocEPHALUS NANUS, Gould?

Numerous examples of a Pyrocephalus, which agree with the
description of P. nanus in having the outer margins of the external
rectrices and tips of all “light grevish-brown.”: It does not, how-
ever, seem to be inferior in size to the Eastern species, as far as I am
able to judge by the specimens in my possession.

59. Myrosrus BarBatus (Gm.).
Two ex., apparently not different from the Eastern bird.

60. CycLORHYNCHUS SUBBRUNNEUS, Sp. Nov.

Brunnescenti-oleagineus : alis nigricantibus, fulvescenti-brunneo
extus marginatis: cauda rufescenti-fusca unicolore: subtus
pallide cineraceus, olivaceo perfusus, gutture et ventre medio
dilutioribus :. tectricibus subalaribus fulvescentibus : rostro
superiore nigro, inferiore flavo : pedibus plumbe?s.

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3:4, caudz 3°2.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Two ex. “ Irides whitish.” This Tyrant may, I think, be well
placed in the genus Cyclorhynchus, although not a typical member
of the group. The bill is much more elongated than that of C. oli-
vaceus, and not so broad at the base, but does not differ in propor-
tions from that of C. faviventris. The third and fourth primaries
are nearly equal, and longest in the wing ; the fifth is slightly shorter;
the sixth nearly of the same length as the second.

61. MusctivoRA OCCIDENTALIS, sp. nov.

Mr. Fraser has sent three specimens of a Crowned-Tyrant from
Babahoyo, which will probably require a new name, as being distinct
from the species at present known. It differs from Muscivora regia

283

of Cayenne and Muscivora swainsoni of Brazil* in its much longer
bill, in which respect it approaches M. mexicana. Its crest is of a
brighter blood-red than that of M. regia ; the back is brown, without
any olive tinge; the rump is of a brighter ferruginous, and the tail
is longer. In a Synopsis of the Tyrannide which I am now pre-
paring, I hope to be able to give further details concerning this and
other groups of the same family.

62. TopIROsTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.).
Three ex.

63. TopIROSTRUM SQUAMICRISTATUM (Lafr.).

64. ToprRosTRUM
An imperfect skin of a third species of this genus.

65. My1ozETETES GUIANENSIs, Cab. & Hein., Mus. Hein. ii. p.61.

Several examples of a species which I am not at present able to
distinguish from this bird.

66. EraringEa ——?

67. ELAINEA ?

Examples of two species of this group of Tyrannide.

68. EupstLosToMa PUSILLUM, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 68.
Several ex.

69. TYRANNULUS CINEREICEPS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 69.
One ex.

70. MionecTEs OLEAGINEUS (Licht.).

One ex.

71. LerroroGon

One ex. of a species of this group, in an imperfect state. It seems
to be different from L. superciliaris, and is probably new.

72. AMAZILIA DUMERILII.

Many ex. “Bill red with black tip.”

73. AMAZILIA RIEFFERI.

Many ex. “ Noticed feeding from the bark of a large tree in the
forest.”

74. JULIAMYIA TYPICA.

Many ex. “Irides hazel ; upper mandible black, lower red with

* Confer y. Pelzeln in Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxi. p. 326.

284

black tip ; legs and feet nearly black. Not very common, and only
found in the deep bush, where they feed on the tops of largish trees.”

75. LAMPORNIS MANGO.

Two ex. “Bill, legs, and feet black. From a low tree on the
way-side.”

76. Nycripromvus 2

One ex., in very bad condition.

77. CERYLE TORQUATA (Linn.).

One ex. ‘“Irides hazel; bill black, with a whitish spot at the
base of the upper mandible, and the basal half of the lower mandible
of the same colour ; legs and feet nearly flesh-colour. Frequents the
larger trees; stomach contained fish-bones and scales.”

78. CERYLE AMERICANA (Gm.).

Three ex. ‘‘Irides hazel: very common on the branches of the
trees which overhang the river in retired places; flies swiftly, and
feeds on fish.”

79. Bucco LevucocRIssvs.

Similis Bucconi macrorhyncho ex Cayenna, sed rostro majore,
Sronte latiore albo, torque pectorali angustiore et ventre medio
crissoque pure albis distinguendus.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P. L.S.

If Bucco macrorhynchus of Cayenne, B. swainsoni of Brazil, B.
hyperrhynchus of the Upper Amazon, and B. dysoni of Central Ame-
rica are to be considered good species, then this must constitute a
fifth, and another, of which I have two examples from the Rio Napo,
a sixth species of the section. The alternative is to regard them all as
localized varieties of one widely distributed species ; but even in that
case they would require separate names and descriptions.

80. Momorus 2

Several examples of a species most nearly allied to M. microste-
phanus of New Granada, but perhaps ultimately separable.

81. TRoGON MELANURUS, Sw.: Gould, Mon. Trogon. pl. 18.

Several ex. ‘‘Chocota: irides white; upper mandible with a
large yellow spot at the base, lower mandible yellow; legs and feet
greenish ; soles yellow. Much more active than any other Trogon
which I have yet had an opportunity of observing, hopping from
branch to branch in the lower part of a large tree in the deep bush.
Solitary and silent. Stomach contained berries of two kinds, and a
caterpillar.”

82. Trocon caLicatus, Gould, Mon. Trogon. pl. 7.
~“YTrides red; cere yellow; legs and feet blue. Stomach of

285

ex. 2279 contained seeds, and grasshoppers and other insects ; of
2317, seeds and vegetable matter,”

II. Scansores.
83. PIAYA NIGRICRISSA.
Piaya mehleri, Sclater, P. Z. 8. passim, nec Bp.

Three examples. I have hitherto considered the New-Granadian
and Peruvian form of Piaya as referable to P. mehleri of Prince
Bonaparte. Having lately been able to examine his type in the
Leyden Museum, I find that the locality given to it must have been
wrong, for the bird in question is the species of the Mexican tierra
caliente and Guatemala, which I have lately named Piaya thermo-
phila (PB. Z. 8. 1859, p. 368). The species of Piaya allied to P.
eayana in my collection are the following :—

(1) Piaya macrura (Gambel, Journ. Acad. Philad. i. p- 215.—P.
circe, Bp. Consp. i. p- 110), ex Guiana.

(2) Piaya cayana, ex Cayenna et ins. S. Trinit.

(3) Piaya nigricrissa, mihi, ex Nov. Granada, rep. Equat. et
Peruy.

(4) Piaya mehleri, Bp. (Consp. p. 110, mexicana, olim, et ther-
mophila, nuper, Sclater), ex reipubl. Mexicane reg. calida et Guate-
mala.

(5) Piaya mexicana, Sw. (Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p- 368), ex rep.
Mexicana Oaxaca.

84. Praya ruta (Vieill.): Bp. Consp. p. 110.
Three examples.

85. DieLoprerus nxvius (L.).
Two ex., immature.

86. Croropuaca Ant, Linn.

One ex. ‘‘ Garapatero: irides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black.
This is the only species of bird I have seen in Ecuador in anything
like numbers: there must be thousands of them. They are ex-
tremely common round the town and on the plains, in fact near every
place where cattle feed. They are generally seen near the nose of
the beasts, and occasionally fly up to capture insects. They do not
perch on the cattle. When disturbed they fly (with three flaps of
the wings, then a sail, and then flaps repeated) off to the nearest
bush, where they sit huddled together in a heap.”’

87. CRoToPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw.

Three examples, agreeing with the Central American and Mexican
bird. ‘‘ Garapatero: from the deep bush among the underwood ;
the note sounded to me very different from that of those on the plains”
(probably C. ani). “ Stomachs contained insects and seeds.”

286

88. PrEROGLOSSUS ERYTHROPYGIUS.

Three ex. ‘These birds fly swiftly and heavily, in a straight
line, and drop suddenly on a branch like a Trogon.”

89. CeNTURUS PUCHERANII (Malh.).

Four ex. “ TIrides hazel.” Agrees with specimens in my collec-
tion from Mexico and Guatemala.

90. CHLORONERPES RUBIGINOSUS (Sw.).
‘Four ex. “ Flight quick, but heavy.”

91. CHLORONERPES CECILII (Malh.)?

Two ex., probably referable to this species, but in a bad state of
preservation.

92. CHLORONERPES CALLONOTUS (Waterh.).

Picus callonotus, Waterhouse, P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 182.—P. cardi-
nalis, Less., Echo d. M.S. 1845, p.9; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 59.
—Venilia callonota, Bp. Consp. p. 129.

Three ex. “rides hazel; bill bluish horn-colour ; legs and feet
bluish.”

Prince Bonaparte, mistaking the true locality of this species, placed
it in his genus Venilia. There are examples in the British Museum
procured in the island of Puna in the Gulf of Guayaquil by Mr. Bar-
clay, and Lesson’s type is said to have been from Guayaquil.

93. CeLeus unpatus (Linn.): Bp. Consp. p. 129.

One ex., 2. Probably of this species, of which I do not possess
other specimens.

94. Dryocopus scLaTert, Malh. (antea, p. 71).

One ex. I much suspect that this will turn out to be the Picus
guayaquilensis of Lesson, Echo d. M.S. 1845, p. 920.

95. DRyOCOPUS FUSCIPENNIS, Sp. nov.

Niger : linea capitis collique laterali, seapularibus dorso proximis
et tectricibus subalaribus flavido-albidis: remigibus rectrici-
busque precipue in marginibus externis fuscescentibus : abdo-
mine cinerascenti-fusco, nigro maculato: rostro et pedibus
nigris: & plaga malari et capite toto cristato coccineis :
Q fronte nigra.

Long. tota 13-0, alee 6°8, caude 5:2.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Four examples. This apparently undescribed Woodpecker is a
close ally of the Brazilian D. lineatus, but may be distinguished by
the brown colouring of the wings and tail and the absence of distinct
markings on the abdomen. The crissum is brownish cinereous,
edged with white, instead of being distinctly banded with black.

287

96. PrcumNnus GRANADENSIS (Lafr.).

Three ex. As in a former specimen from Nanegal*, the spots on
the head of the male are yellow instead of red, which is their colour
in my New-Granadian examples; but I do not detect other differ-
ences.

97. CONURUS ERYTHROGENYS (Less.).
Two ex. ‘‘ Catanica: stomach contained seeds.”’

98. BRoTOGERYS PYRRHOPTERUS (Lath.).—Psittacu s pyrrho-
pterus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxxii.

Many ex. “ Perico: irides hazel; bill, cere, and legs flesh-
colour. Common on the tops of the highest trees: not so shy as
most Parrots. - In Guayaquil I saw this species in hundreds in the
gardens of the town-houses.”’ Stomachs contained “ seeds.”

99. Pronus MENstRUUs (Linn.).
One ex. “ Loro: stomach contained seeds.”’

100. PstrracuLa cazLEstIs (Less.).

Many ex. ‘ Vivina: beak, cere, legs and feet pale flesh-colour.
Stomach contained seeds: very common everywhere, in small flocks
in the trees, and noisy.”

III. Accrritres.

101. CarHarTEs aura (Linn.).

One ex., 2. “Irides brown; beak white; legs and feet white ;
head and neck red ; corrugations in front of the eyes and three
transverse plates on the top of the head white. There were several
specimens about, but not zz the town. I have seen three together.”

102. CATHARTES ATRATUS.

Four ex. “ Gallinazo.” Spec. 2186, “3. Irides hazel; bill
greenish horn-colour; legs and feet black. Here in hundreds. I
am inclined to think this bird distinct from the mountain species.’
Spec. 2329, ** 9. Bill black, with a bluish culmen, and a blue spot
on the upper mandible near the cere; legs greenish ; feet black, with
a mouldy appearance between each scale; no corrugations about
head or neck; the feathers of the back of the neck stand reversed.
These birds are said to scratch away the sand and devour the eggs
laid by the Alligators, which are here by thousands.” Spec. 2384,
* Beak bluish horn-colour; head and neck black, with the corruga-
tions thickenirig as they get lower down ; legs and feet black, with a
mouldy appearance between the scales, which I imagine to be dirt.”
“*T noticed a Gallinazo in the river some yards from the bank; he

* P.Z.S. 1860, p. 95.

288

swam bravely and landed in safety. Others, collected on the bank,
drank and bathed.”

103. PotyBorus THARUS (Mol.).

** Curicinga.” ‘‘ Contents of stomach, insects and maggots. Very
common on the plains, and by no means shy ; sometimes found in
high trees.”

104. Urusitinea zonura (Shaw).

Three ex. Spec. 2394, “9. Irides hazel ; bill black, with a blue
spot at the base of the upper mandible and base of the lower man-
dible; cere, face, gape, legs and feet yellow. Killed at the top of a
tall tree; not shy; stomach contained fish and frogs.”’ Spec. 2422,
«3. Bill black, with a blue spot at the base of the upper and lower
mandible; cere greenish ; face bluish ; legs and feet yellow, with the
exception of some blackish scales down the front of the tarsi and
toes.”

105. BuTEOGALLUS MERIDIONALIS.

Six ex. Spec. 2177, “ Irides hazel ; bill black ; cere, legs and feet
yellow : stomach contained hair and small beetles.” Spec. 2261,
“3. Irides brownish-yellow ; upper mandible blue, with black tip,—
lower, base blue, then yellow, tip black ; cere and gape yellow; legs
and feet orange.’’ This bird is seen sitting on the fences, tops of
trees, &c., and uttersa shrill cry. It is very destructive to the poultry.
Stomach contained in one example ‘ grasshoppers and other insects,”
in another “ hair of mammals.”

106. SprziGERANUS UNICINCTUS (Temm.).

One ex., ¢. “Irides reddish-hazel; bill blue, with black tip ;
cere, face, legs and feet yellow: stomach contained grasshoppers.”

107. HeRPETOTHERES CACHINNANS.

One ex. “. Irides hazel; bill black; cere orange ; legs and feet
orange : stomach contained a snake.”

108. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS.
Several ex.

109. ASTURINA NITIDA.

Two ex. Spec. 2326, “dg. Irides yellow; beak black, with blue
base ; cere, gape, legs and feet yellow: stomach contained remains
of a snake and insects.”

110. GERANOSPIZA CHRULESCENS (Vieill.).

Two ex. Spec. 2159, “¢. Irides red ; upper mandible black, with
a blue spot at the base; under mandible blue; legs and feet red:
stomach contained grasshoppers: by no means shy ; seen feeding on
the plains.”

289

111. RostTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS.
One ex.

112. CymINDIS CAYANENSIS. :
One ex. ¢. Found in the deep bush ; a dull bird.

113. GLAUCIDIUM FERRUGINEUM.
One ex. “Irides yellow; bill greenish-yellow ; feet yellow.’

114, GLauciprum tnFuscatum (Temm. ).
Two ex.
IV. CoLtumsB2.

115. CotumsBa vinacEeaA, Temm.
One ex. ‘“ Paloma real.’

116. CotumBA RuFINA, Temm.

Three ex. “ Paloma cuculi: irides orange; bare space round the
eye red; bill black; legs and feet red. Common, but very shy;
found in the deep bush: feeds principally on the ground.”

117. LepropriLa VERREAUXII, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 73.

Two ex., agreeing with the Pallatanga bird: the inner webs of the
primaries in this species are wholly rufous. I am not sure as to its
distinctness from L. rufavilla of Cayenne ; but it appears different
from the Mexican form which bears the latter name.

118. Lepropriza ALBIrRons, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 74?

One ex. of a species belonging to this section of the division Lep-
toptila, perhaps more strictly referable to Prince Bonaparte’s L. du-
bust, having the lateral tail-feathers black.

119. CotumBuLa cruziaAna (D’Orb.) ?

One ex. “Irides white ; bill black, with base of lower mandible
flesh-colour ; legs and feet flesh-colour : very common everywhere.”

120. Tinamus ?
An imperfect skin of a small species allied to T. parvirostris.

121. OrraLipa RuFICcEPs (Wagler).— Penelope ruficeps, Wagler,
Isis, 1830, p. 1111.

Four ex., seemingly agreeing with Wagler’s description. “‘ Gua-
characa: irides hazel; bill blue ; face bluish ; throat reddish ; legs
and feet blue. Very shy, but noisy: always in small communities
in the high trees: stomachs contain seeds and leaves.” Its note is
said to be “ Trabaja—trabaja” (Work—work), to which the response
of the answering bird is said to be “; Para que? j Para que?”
(Wherefore ?).

No. 435.—Procerpin6és or THE ZgoLoGicaL Society.

290

122. ARAMUS SCOLOPACEUS (Gm.).

Agrees with S. American examples. “ TIrides hazel; bill yellow
and black ; legs and feet black: from a small lagoon in the deep
bush, sitting on the ground.”

123. NycTicorax VIOLACEvs (Gm.).

One ex., not adult.

124. TigRIsoMA TIGRINUM (Gm.).
One ex. in immature plumage.

125. EGRETTA LEUCE.

One ex. in bad condition, but apparently of this species. Stomach
contained “ fish and grasshoppers.”

126. TANTALUS LOCULATOR, Linn.
One ex. in bad condition.

127. Hopuorrerus cayanus (Lath.).
Several ex.

128. Hraticuna cotuarts (Vieill.).—Charadrius azare, Temm.
One ex. ‘“Irides hazel; bill black; legs and feet flesh-colour.”

129. HiMANTOPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Vieill.
One ex.

130. MicropALAMA HIMANTOPUS, Bp.

Two ex. of this species killed in September,—the first I have seen
from so far south.

131. GAMBETTA FLAVIPES (Gm.).

One ex. “ Irides hazel; bill black; legs and feet orange. Com-
mon about the ponds that are left on the plains in the dry season.
Noisy and shy.”

132. Parra sAcANA, Linn.

Three examples in different states of plumage. “ Irides hazel ;
bill and spurs orange; cere, wattles, and base of upper mandible
deep red or lake ; legs and feet bluish. Common about the lagoons,
but shy : dives well.”

133. Rayncuops NiGRA, Linn.

One ex. ‘Seen skimming over the surface of the lagoons, and
occasionally dipping its bill in the water.”

134. PHALACROCORAX
Two ex. of a species of Cormorant in bad condition.

291

4. List or Brrps coLitectep sy Mr. FRASER AT EsMERALDAS,
Ecvapor, wirn Descriptions or New Species. By P.L.
ScLATER.

Mr. Fraser passed part of October, November, and December 1859,
at Esmeraldas, on the coast of Ecuador, on his route from Guayaquil
to Panama by sea. During his stay he collected about 170 speci-
mens of birds, belonging to 93 species, of which I have subjoined the
names, as far as I have been able to determine them. Many of the
species obtained at Babahoyo occur again in the present series ; but
there are several new and of interest which were here met with for
the first time.

1. Potroprixa BrLinEATA (Bp.): Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 12.
Two ex. Stomach contained insects.”

2. CYPHORINUS PHHOCEPHALUS, sp. nov.

Supra saturate brunneus, pileo nigricante: alis et cauda extus
nigro obsolete transfasciolatis: subtus dilutior : gula, collo et
pectore toto antico intense ferrugineo-rufis: rostro nigricanti-
corneo: pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 4-8, alee 2°5, caudze 1:3.

Hab. In rep. Equator. Occ.

Mus. P.L.S.

Two ex. “Flying from bush to bush, singing: some four or five

others near the same spot.”

Nearly allied to C. modulator, D’Orb.; but distinguished by its

dusky head, larger bill, and the deeper brown colouring of the throat.

3. THRYOTHORUS NIGRICAPILLUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p- 84.

Three examples. The specimen previously described was not
quite mature. An adult bird has the whole throat and breast pure
white, the cross-markings having disappeared.

4. TRoGLopyTEs FURVUS (Gm.).

Two examples.

5. DenpR@ca auREoLA (Gould)?

Sylvicola aureola, Gould, Zool. Beagle, ii. p. 86. pl. 28.

One ex., probably a female of this species, which is doubtless the
representative of D. estiva in this region.

6. GEOTHLYPIS SEMIFLAVA, Sclater, antea, p. 273.
Examples of both sexes.

7. PARULA BRASILIANA (Licht.).
One ex.

8. BASILEUTERUS SEMICERVINUS, Sclater, antea, p. 84,
One ex. :

292

9. SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.).
Two ex.

10. ProGNE DomINIcENSIS (Gm.).
One ex.

11. Coryie rurico..is (Vieill.).—Hirundo ruficollis et H. fla-
vigastra, Vieill.

Two examples differing from Eastern specimens only in having the
rump whitish. .The same is the case in the young bird noted antea,
p- 274.

12. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA (Vieill.).

One ex. “From a lofty tree in a Cacao plantation.”

13. Dacnis EGREGIA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 251.

Q. Dilute olivacea, abdomine flavo.

Two ex. get 2. o, “irides bright orange ; in stomach vege-
table matter.” 9, “‘irides deep orange; bill black ; base of lower
mandible blue: killed in the top of a lofty tree: in stomach black
seeds.”

14. CERTHIOLA LUTEOLA, Cab.

One ex. 2. “In stomach insects.”

15. PRocNIAS OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater.
One ex. 2. “Killed in the top of a lofty tree when in company

with a male: stomach contained ants and a large green caterpillar.”
16. CaLLIsTE CYANEICOLLIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Two ex. “From high trees:” in stomachs “insects and vege-
table matter.” 7

17. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES (Lafr.).
Three ex. ‘“‘ From tall trees.”

18. TANAGRA MELANOPTERA, Hartl.
One ex. Stomach contained “a seed and vegetable matter.”

19. TANAGRA CANA, Sw. ?
«Found in companies of three or four in the lofty trees in the
Cacao plantations.”

20. TachypHonus Luctuosus (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Two ex. d et 2. “In the underwood near the ground.”

21. RAMPHOCELES ICTERONOTUS, Bp.
Many ex. ‘Common in small parties of from two to six.”

293

22. PyRANGA a&sTivaA (Linn.),
Three ex.

23. ARREMON ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Sclater.

24, SALTATOR MAGNUs (Gm.).
Three ex. In stomach “seeds.”

25. Prryius erossus (Linn.).

Three ex., agreeing with specimens from Cayenne. Stomachs
contained “ seeds and vegetable matter.”

26. HrpYMELES LUDOVICIANUS.
One ex.

27. GurrRaca 2

One ex., a female of a species allied to G. cyanea.

28. SPERMOPHILA OPHTHALMICA, Sclater, antea, p. 276.

Three ex. ‘‘ Killed on the Cacao plant (Theobroma): stomach
contained minute seeds.”

29. SPERMOPHILA GUTTURALIS (Licht.).
One ex.

30. EMBERNAGRA CHRYSOMA, Sclater, antea, p. 275.

‘Found in small parties amongst the fallen underwood in a Cacao
plantation :”’ stomachs of two contained “ insects.”

31. IcrERUS MESOMELAS, Wagler.

“* Very, shy ; often heard, but seldom seen.”

32. CassicuLus PREvosTI (Less.).
Two ex.

33. XIPHORHYNCHUS THORACICUS, Sclater, antea, p. 277.
34. PicoLaprEes SOULEYETH, Lafr.
35. DENDROCOPS ATRIROSTRIS, Lafr. et D’Orb.

36. Sirrasomus ERITHACUS (Licht.) ?
* Appears entirely red during its short but rapid flights.”

37. XENOPS GENIBARBIS, Temm. |
Three examples, hardly distinguishable from ordinary Eastern
specimens.

294

38. SYNALLAXIS PUDICA, Sclater.
One ex., agreeing with those from Babahoyo.

39. THAMNOPHILUS TRANSANDEANUS, Sclater.
One ex. Stomach contained “ insects.”

40. THAMNOPHILUS NZ&vIus (Gm.).

Several ex., agreeing sufficiently with specimens from Cayenne.
41. MyrmMorHEeRULA ——?

A female of a species allied to M. surinamensis.

42. MyRMOTHERULA 2

A single example of a species allied to M. gularis. “d. Irides
orange ; upper mandible black, lower blue ; legs and feet blue.”

43. ForRMICIVORA CONSOBRINA, Sclater, antea, p. 279.
Several examples, not in good preservation.

44, Pyriguena Picea, Cab. ?

One ex., agreeing with that mentioned in the previous collection
(p. 279).

45. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 90.

A single male example, agreeing with Bogotan skins.

46. CERCOMACRA MACULOSA, Sclater, antea, p. 279.
Examples of both sexes.

47. HyPpocNEMIS NZ&VIOIDES, Lafr.
Found “in the underwood.”

48, MyRMECIZA EXSUL, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 540.

Two examples of this bird differ from that described only in being
rather more ashy-black on the head and breast. “ Irides hazel ;
bill black; legs and feet blue; naked space round the eyes ultra-
marine-blue.”’

49. Formicarius ANALIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Two examples, differing from Trinidad skins only in having the
head of a darker and more blackish shade. ‘‘Irides hazel; bare

space round the eyes flesh-colour ; bill black ; legs and feet brownish:
killed on the ground near a cane-patch.”

50. Copurus LEeuconotvus, Lafr. — C. pecilonotus, Cab. in
Schomb. Guian. iil. p. 703.

Several ex. ‘‘Irides hazel: sitting on a lofty stump in a Cacao
plantation.”

295
51. MEGARHYNCHUS CHRYSOGASTER, Sclater, antea, p. 281.
One ex.

52. My1opyNAsTES NOBILIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 42.

“‘Stomach contained insects: irides hazel; bill black; base of
lower mandible flesh-colour ; legs and feet blue.”

53. My1arcuHus NIGRICEPS, Sclater, antea, p. 68.

54. ConTropus ?
One ex. of a small species allied in structure to C. virens.

55. Emprponax ?
Two ex. of a distinct species of this group, allied to HZ. acadicus.

56. Empriponax ——?
One ex.

57. PyROCEPHALUS NANUS, Gould.
** Not very common.”

58. CycLORHYNCHUS SUBBRUNNEUS, Sclater, antea, p. 282.
One ex.

59. Myiosius ERYTHRURUS, Cab. in Wiegm. Archiv. 1847, t. 5.
: ag

Three ex., apparently to this species.

60. Myrosius Barsatus (Gm.).
Two ex., agreeing with those from Babahoyo.

61. PLaryRHYNCHUS ALBIGULARIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 68.
One ex. ‘ Found in the dark underwood.”

62. ToDIROSTRUM SQUAMICRISTATUM, Lafr.
Two ex.

63. My1ozETeTEs coLuMBIANUS, Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. ii.
p- 62.

One ex., apparently agreeing with this species, if distinct from M.
cayennensis.

64. ELAINEA b
One ex. of a species allied to EZ. placens of Mexico and Central
America.

65. Trryra personata, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. i. pl. 24.

Two ex., agreeing with Mexican specimens. I have also received
the same bird from 8. Martha and Bogota.

296

66. PacuyRHAMPHUS spoDIURUS, Sclater, antea, p. 279.
One ex., agreeing with Babahoyo specimens.

67. CHITROMACHERIS MANACUS (Linn.).
Three ex.

NycTipromus ——?

Adult and young. ‘The note of this bird resembles ‘ Who are

you?” said very distinctly and quickly. On moonlight nights it may
be heard in all quarters.”

69. PHAETHORNIS MOORII, Lawrence.

One ex. ¢. ‘“ Feeding about some vines at the height of 5 feet
from the ground in the Cacao plantations.”

70. GLAUCIS RUCKERI.

Three ex. Spec. no. 2577, “‘irides hazel; upper mandible black,
lower yellow with a black tip; legs and feet flesh-colour. Found
on the edge of the virgin forest: always solitary, generally in dark
and lonely places, and very restless.” :

71. HeLioTHRIxX PURPUREICEPS, Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. 17.
pl. 9.

Three ex. ‘Seen flying low at the edges of the forest.”

72. AMAZILIA RIEFFERI (Boiss.).

Two ex. ‘When I arrived in October, this species was by no
means uncommon, feeding morning and evening round the eaves of
the house. In November it was very scarce, and in December not
to be seen.”

73. JULIAMYIA TyPIca, Bp.

Three ex. Spec. no. 2555, ‘ taken catching flies among the vines
in the Cacao plantations. In October very common everywhere ; in
December rare.”

74. JULIAMYIA AMABILIS.

Two ex. Stomach contained ‘‘ insects.”

75. CeRYLE AMERICANA (Gm.).
Two ex. Stomachs contained “ remains of fishes.’

76. MoMOTUS MICROSTEPHANUS, Sclater ?
Two ex. ‘A rare bird here.”

77. Bucco suBTECTUS, sp. nov.
Similis Bueconi tecto ew Cayenna, sed colore nigro intensiore,

297

tectricibus alarum superioribus immaculatis ; et vitta pectorali
dimidio angustiore.

Long. tota 5:8, alee 2°8, caudee 2°1.

Hab. In rep. Equator., regione littorali.

Mus. P.L.S8.

One ex. “TIrides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black.”

78. MavacopTiLa PANAMENSIS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 79 ;
Sclater, Mon. Buce. p. 18.

Several ex. of both sexes. ‘“Jrides red; legs and feet bluish
flesh-colour. Found in the dry underwood where no weeds grow,
flying from branch to branch.”

The females are paler, not rufous above, and hardly so on the tail ;
but of a greyish tinge, and with the breast below much paler.

II. ScANSORES.

79. Praya niertcrissa, Sclater, antea, p. 285.
** Found in the underwood.”

80. Praya ruTIxLA (Vieill.): Bp. Consp. p. 110.

One example, not differing materially from Eastern specimens.
“Three Guava-trees in front of the house were attacked by a num-
ber of caterpillars, which in twenty-four hours stripped off their
leaves. These insects attracted two specimens of this bird. They
were exceedingly active and elegant when hopping or running
through the branches ; but their flight was heavy and laboured, their .
short heavy wings being in strong contrast with their long light
tail.”

81. CRoTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw.

One ex.

82. Evsucco sourciert (Lafr.).
** Stomach contained vegetable matter.”

83. CENTURUS PUCHERANII, Malh.
One ex. ‘Stomach contained vegetable matter.”

$4, CHLORONERPES CECILII, Malh. ?
One ex. in bad condition, perhaps of this species.

85. CHLORONERPES CALLONOTUS (Waterh.).
Two ex. ‘From small trees near the house.”’

86. Dryocorus rusciPENNISs, Sclater, antea, p. 286.
Common.

298

87. HeRPETOTHERES CACHINNANS (Linn.).
One ex. 2 by diss. ‘Crop and stomach full of snakes.”

88. AcCIPITER PILEATUS (Max.).
One ex. ¢. ‘Stomach contained feathers.”

89. CoLtumBa spectosa (Gm.).
‘Stomach contained minute seeds and vegetable matter.”

90. PERISTERA ?

A young bird in bad state, of a species allied to P. cinerea.

91. ODONTOPHORUS ERYTHROPS, Gould.

One ex. ‘Stomach contained seeds and vegetable matter. This
bird is found in covies in the underwood, and has a ery, which it
utters just before daylight and after sunset.”

92. TINAMUS ?

‘* Killed when in company with some domestic chickens in the
bush near the house.” A small species, allied to 7. parvirostris :
the specimen in bad condition.

93. HIATICULA AZAR.

94, TRINGOIDES MACULARIUS (Linn.), juv.
“Not uncommon on the river’s bank.”

5. CHARACTERS OF ELEVEN New SPECIES OF BIRDS DISCOVERED
By Osspert SALVIN IN GUATEMALA. By Puixuie LurLey
SciaterR, M.A., SECRETARY TO THE SocIETY; AND OSBERT
Savin, M.A., F.Z.S.

1. PoLIOPpTILA ALBILORIS.

Cerulescenti-cinerea, pileo nigro, loris albis: remigibus alarum
nigricantibus ; primartis cinereo, secundariis albo latiore mar-
ginatis : caude rectricibus tribus utrinque lateralibus albo, gra-
datim decrescente, terminatis, ceteris nigris, quarta utrinque
extima albo terminata: subtus alba, cinerascente lavata:
rostro nigro: pedibus obscure plumbeis.

Long. tota 4°3, ale 1°9, caudze 2:0.

Hab. In rep. Guatimalensi in valle fl. Motagua.

Obs. Affinis P. leucogastre ex Brasilia, sed loris albis facile nota-

bilis.

2. DENDR@CA CHRYSOPARIA.

Supra nigra, dorsi plunis ad margines aurescentibus: superciliis
et capite toto laterali lete aureo-flavis, vitta angusta per oculos
transeunte nigra: alis nigricantibus, albo bifasciatis, secun-

299

dariis quoque albido limbatis: cauda nigra, rectricum trium
utrinque lateralium pogonio interno partim albo: subtus alba
gutture toto et maculis laterum utrinque nigris: rostro pedi-
busque obscure corneis.
Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 2°4.
Hab. In reip. Guatemalensis provincia Vere Pacis, inter montes.
Obs. Inter D. virentem et D. townsendi media, ab utraque dorso
nigro, abdomine pure albo et capite laterali fere omnino aureo distin-
guenda.

3. HyLOPHILUS CINEREICEPS.

Flavicanti-olivaceus : pileo toto et nucha cinereis: ciliis oculo-
rum et corpore medio subtus albis : lateribus et crisso pallide
flavicanti-viridibus, rostro corneo, mandibula inferiore albicante :
pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tota 4°1, ale 2°1, caude 1°8.

Hab. In prov. "Veree Pacis regione calida.

Obs. Affinis H. thoracico, Temminckii, ex Cayenna, sed fronte

pileo concolore et pectore albo distinguendus.

4, GLYPHORHYNCHUS PECTORALIS.

Brunneus, secundariis extus, uropygio et cauda rufis : superciliis,
lateribus capitis et gula pallide ochracescenti-rufis, plumarum
marginibus angustis brunneis: subtus dilutior, pectore maculis
elongatis, plumarum scapas cingentibus, notato: remigibus
nigris, macula magna quadrata in pogonio interiore pallide
ochracea occupatis : rostro nigricanti-plumbeo, pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°8, caudze 2°7.

Hab. In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida.

Obs. Assimilis G. cuneato ex Brasilia, sed statura majore et ma-

culis pectoralibus dignoscendus.

5. THAMNISTES ANABATINUS.

Thamnistes genus novum ex familia Formicariidarum, Thamno-
philo generi affinis: characteres generales Thamnophili habet, sed
rostro crassiore, basi latiore, et ptilosi anabatino differt.

Typus. T. anabatinus.

3. Vix olivascenti-brunneus subtus dilutior : cauda ferrugineo-
rubra unicolore : alis extus rufescentibus : macula magna inter-
scapulari plumarum basin occupante lete aurantiaco-rubra
margine subapicali nigra: superciliari striga indistincta et cor-
pore subtus pallide ochraceis, unicoloribus: rostri mandibula
superiore nigricante, inferiore pallide cornea, pedibus nigris.

9 . Mari similis, sed macula interscapulit nulla.

Long. tota 5°6, ale 2°7, caudee 2°3, tarsi 7°5.

Hab. In prov. Veree Pacis regione calida.

6. PLATYRHYNCHUS CANCROMINUS.

Platyrhynchus cancroma, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 295, et Ibis,
1859, p. 445.

300
Similis P. cancromee ex Brasilia, et ab illo vix satis diversus, sed
gula pure alba et cauda breviore distinguendus.
Hab. In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida, et in Mexico Merid.
statu Verze Crucis.

7. TYRANNULUS SEMIFLAVUS.

Olivaceus: pileo cinerascente: fronte et superciliis albis: alis
caudaque fuscis olivaceo limbatis: subtus pure flavus : rostro
et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 3-2, ale 1°8, caude 1-2.

Hab. In prov. Verz Pacis regione calida.

Obs. Affinis Tyrannulo elato et T. nigricapillo, et plerumque

eadem forma, sed corpore subtus flavo, maculis alaribus nullis et
cauda paulo breviore distinguendus.

8. HETEROPELMA VERZ-PACIS.

Olivaceum unicolor, supra infraque ad medium pectus rufo aut
ochraceo lavatum : alis caudaque fuscescentibus, extus rufescen-
tibus : rostro corneo pedibus plumbescentibus.

Long. tota 6°3, ale 3:5, caudze 2°5.

Hab. In prov. Verze Pacis regione calida.

Obs. Affine H. virescenti ex Brasilia et statura eadem; colore

H. turdino magis appropinquans ; attamen ab utroque sane diversum.

9. LipauGUS HOLERYTHRUS.

Rufescenti-brunneus unicolor, subtus clarior : remigum parte in-
terna et primariorum apicibus fuscescentibus: rostri pallide
cornet basi albicante: pedibus obscure corylinis.

Long. tota 8°3, alee 4°2, caude 3°8.

Hab. In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida.

Obs. Affinis L. unirufo ex eadem patria, et pictura eadem, sed

crassitie minore facile dignoscendus.

10. Pronus HZMATOTIS.

Viridis : pileo rubiginoso flavo : hujus plumarum marginibus an-
gustis et regione auriculari coccineis: gutture obscure plumbeo:
subtus viridis, pectore aureo lavato: lateribus sub alis late coc-
cineis: remigibus nigris, primariis supra fulvo anguste lim-
batis ; secundariis supra et alis omnino subtus cerulescentibus :
rectricum basibus intus coccineis, caude apice c@rulescente :
rostro flavescenti-albo, pedibus rubellis.

Long. tota 8°5, ale 5:8, caude 3°6.

Hab. In prov. Vere Pacis regione calida.

Obs. Species lateribus coccineis ab aliis hujusce generis speciebus

primo visu diversa.

11. CoRETHRURA RUBRA.

. Lete rufa, subtus medialiter dilutior : gula albicantiore : pileo
toto et lateribus capitis saturate cinereis : remigibus et rectri-

301

cibus cum uropygio obscure fusco-nigris : rostro nigro: pedibus
olivaceis.
Long. tota 9-0, alee 3:25, caude 1*7, rostri ab angulo oris 0°8,
tarsi 13.
Hab. In provincia Vere Pacis.

6. Nore on THE Skuut or THe Rep River-Hoe (Potamocue-
RUS PENICILLATUS). By Pirie Luriey Scuater, M.A.,
SECRETARY TO THE Socrety.

The present skull of the Red River-Hog (being that of the old
male animal, received by the Society from the Cameroons River in
1852, which died during the late severe winter) is of interest, as
affording the first opportunity that we have had in this country of
examining the dentition of this animal, and ascertaining how far this
part of its structure goes to corroborate its generic Separation from
the true Sues, which has been proposed by Dr. Gray, under the name
Potamocherus*. The following notes upon some of the more stri-
king characteristics of the skull of this animal, as observed on com-
paring it with the skull of an adult male Sus indicus, were drawn
up by myself and my friend Mr. W. K. Parker.

The dentition of Potamocherus is

6 I—1 3—3 3—3
Inc. =. _—- — =
c.g. Can. =. Prem. =5° ; Mol. —.

_ The first premolar is very small, and appears to be lost in early
life in the lower jaw. It will be observed that the dentition differs

* P.Z. S. 1852, p. 131.

302

from that of the typical Sus in the entire absence of the fourth pree-
molar from each jaw. The great contraction of the lower jaw at the
symphysis between the canines and the premolars is likewise re-
markable. The whole skull of Potamocherus is shorter in propor-
tion to its length than that of Sus, and more Hippopotamoid. The
premaxillary bones are more expanded. The basis cranii is altogether
shorter, so that the pterygoids (which are stronger) nearly reach the
tympanics, whereas in Sus indicus they are more than half an inch
apart. The most noticeable character, however, in the skull of Po-
tamocherus is the great width and strength of the zygomatic arch
which (as may be seen by the accompanying woodcuts), turns out
suddenly at its anterior part at right angles from the line of the
face, and attains its greatest breadth at once, anteriorly to orbits.
In Sus, on the other hand, it slopes gradually outwards, and reaches
its greatest width at the junction of the squamose with the malar.
The orbits are proportionately smaller in Potamocherus ; and the
malar bones are of remarkable size and strength. Looking at the
occiputs, the supra-occipital is wider than in Sus, and more strongly
ridged.

At the middle of the nasal bones in Potamocherus, a rough out-
standing ridge projects widely on each side to support the large
warty protuberances which adorn the face of the living animal.
This ridge is about 2 inches in length, gradually lessening towards
the snout, and projects so far as nearly to meet the rough termina-
tion of the posterior development of the tusk-process of maxillary,
and forms with it a channel for the passage of the orbital nerves and
vessels.

Such are some of the leading peculiarities in the skull of this
animal which seem fully to justify its separation as a generic or
subgeneric form from Sus. It is probable that the Southern River-
Hog (Potamocherus africanus) possesses the same differential
characters, and that the isolation of these two species in structural
characters will thus be found to correspond with their geographical
position as inhabitants of a distinct zoological region from that
tenanted by Sus.

June 12th, 1860.
Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. A. Giinther exhibited a dried specimen of a fish of the genus
Centrolophus, obtained by Mr. J. Couch at Polperro, Cornwall. It
had been named by Mr. Couch Centrolophus morio, but Dr. Gin-
ther regarded it as of a new and distinct species, and proposed to
call it C. britannicus.

303

Mr. Sclater exhibited a male example of the Bimaculated Duck of
Yarrell and other British authors, which was now generally believed
to be a hybrid between Anas boschas or Dafila acuta and Querque-
dula crecca. It was shot when in company with other ducks (Anas
boschas) on the Beauly Firth, Inverness-shire, in January 1860, by
Mr. W. Lautour.

Prof. Macdonald exhibited diagrams illustrative of, and made re-
marks upon, a new scheme of zoological classification.

The following papers were read :—

1. ApprT1IOoNAL Note on D1IDELPHYS WATERHOUSII.
By Rosert F. Tomes.

Since the publication, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, of the
description of this species, I have had occasion to study the descrip-
tions of several species of Opossums in the ‘ Fauna Brasiliens*’ of
Prof. Burmeister, and find that he has characterized, under the
name of Grymeomys scapulatus, an Opossum, which he considers
identical with the unnamed species described by Mr. Waterhouse at
page 505 of his work on Mammalia. Believing in the identity of the
specimen from Ecuador with the one from which Mr. Waterhouse’s
description was taken, and supposing it to be without a name, I called
it, in honour of its first describer, Didelphys waterhousii. The
question for solution is, whether Prof. Burmeister and myself have
referred the same species to this description by Mr. Waterhouse, or
whether two distinct species have not been thus confounded by us.
In the first instance, my name would have to give way, that of Prof.
Burmeister having the precedence by three years; in the latter case,

both names would remain. I submit the following as an explana-
tion:—The specimen from which Mr. Waterhouse described was a
male, and we have therefore no precise evidence of the nature of the
pouch, although it is placed by him in that section in which the

* ‘ Erlanterungen zur Fauna Brasiliens,’ &c., in folio, with plates, Berlin, 1856.

304

pouch is either rudimentary or wholly wanting. Prof. Burmeister
places his species in a new genus in which this part is imperfect or
absent. The specimen from Mr. Fraser, on the contrary, possesses
a complete pouch, in which, according to that gentleman’s note,
were several young ones. When it came into my hands, this part
contained cotton-wool, and was about the size of a large hazel-nut.
This, as it appears to me, is quite sufficient evidence of the distinct-
ness of the two species; but the specimen described by Mr. Water-
house remains doubtful, since we do not know to which to refer it.
The accompanying drawings (see woodcut, p. 303) of the skull of
Didelphys waterhousii will perhaps assist us in making out the rela-
tionship of these species.

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY-TWO New SPECIES oF HUMMING-
Birps. By Joun Govutp, F.R.S., etc.

As my work on the Trochilide is now fast drawing to a close, I have
examined with care and minute detail my entire collection of this
great and important family of birds, and I find therein more than twenty
species, which, I believe, have not yet received specific appellations.
Many of these I have had by me for years, while others have been
more recently acquired. Of the specific value of those described in the
following pages I am perfectly satisfied ; but in case any doubt should
be entertained on the subject, my collection is, and will be, at all times
accessible for their elucidation.

GrRyPus sprxi, Gould.

Crown of the head bronzy-brown; upper surface and all the tail-
feathers very rich reddish-bronze ; wings reddish purple-brown ; line
above the eye buff; ear-coverts dark-brown ; throat, chest and under
surface deep reddish-buff; under tail-coverts bronzy, each slightly
tipped with buffy-white ; upper mandible black ; under mandible
yellow, with a black tip ; feet yellow.

Total length 47 inches; bill 14; wing 22; tail 14.

Hab. Supposed to be Brazil.

Remark.—This bird is considerably smaller than G. nevius, and
has a less cuneate tail. It is possible that this may be one of the
sexes of Glaucis dohrni; many of its colours would induce such a
belief; and if such should prove to be the case, that bird must be re-
moved from the genus Glaucis to that of Grypus. I have named this
bird in honour of the celebrated traveller Spix, in whose work there
occurs a figure of a bird (G. ruficollis) which somewhat resembles
my specimen: not so, however, the accompanying description, which
appears to be that of the species so frequently sent from Rio de
Janeiro, and which is generally known as Grypus nevius.

GLaAvutIs MELANURA, Gould.

Centre of the throat, chest, and under surface buff; a streak of
dark brown passes downwards from the base of the lower mandible,

305

between which and the ear-coverts is a stripe of buff; there is also a
line of buff behind the eye; crown of the head brown; back of the
neck, upper surface, and two middle tail-feathers golden-green ; upper
tail-coverts narrowly edged with grey; basal portion of the inner
webs and the shafts of the four lateral tail-feathers rich reddish-buff
approaching to chestnut, the remainder of these feathers being black,
tipped with white ; bill black, except the base of the under mandible,
which is yellow.

Total length 44 inches; bill 13; wing 14; tail 2}.

Remark.—This species is much smaller than the G. hirsuta of
Trinidad and the eastern coast of America. It has also a much
greater amount of black colour in its tail; this organ, in fact, when
closed and viewed from beneath, appears to be entirely black, the
under coverts concealing the buff colouring at its base. I possess two
specimens of this bird, one of which, a very fine one, was received
from the upper Rio Negro; the other from the Napo.

PHAETHORNIS ZONURA, Gould.

Crown of the head brown ; back of the neck, back, and shoulders
bronzy-green ; rump and upper tail-coverts rich reddish-buff ; all the
under surface buff, palest on the throat ; three outer tail-feathers on
each side black at the base, with rich buffy tips; the fourth feather
the same except at the tip, where the outer half is buff and the inner
half white ; the two central prolonged feathers black at the base, largely
tipped with white ; bill black, except the basal half of the lower man-
dible, which is either yellow or flesh-colour ; feet yellow.

Total length 32 inches; bill 1; wing 13; tail 12.

Hab. Peru, where it was procured by M. Warszewicz.

Remark.—This is a fine and very distinct species; it is perhaps
most nearly allied to P. griseogularis ; it is, however, a much larger
bird, and has its tail much more strongly marked. In fact, the tail must
show very conspicuously when outspread, from the strong contrast
which the black basal portion offers to the buff tips and the rich
rufous colouring of the rump and upper tail-coverts. It belongs to
that section of the genus Phaéthornis to which Prince Bonaparte
has given the subgeneric name of Pygmornis.

AUGASMA SMARAGDINEUM, Gould.

Crown of the head and throat glittering greenish-blue, imper-
ceptibly passing into the glittering green at the breast ; back of the
neck and upper surface golden-green ; upper tail-coverts grass-green ;
under tail-coverts green inclining to purple on some of the feathers ;
thighs brown; tail bluish-black, the two outer feathers on each
side slightly tipped with white; bill black, with the exception of the
basal half of the under mandible, which is flesh-colour.

Total length 32 inches; bill 2; wing 21; tail 14.

Hab. Brazil.

Remark.—This bird is about the size of Thalurania furcata ; it is
therefore a rather large species ; it is also an elegantly formed bird.
Those who are acquainted with the 7. chlorocephala of M. Bourcier

No. 436.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

306

will find in this a very near ally; I have not the least doubt, how-
ever, of its being quite distinct. The only examples I have seen are
one in my own collection, and another in that of M. Verreaux of Paris.
In M. Verreaux’s specimen the white tippings of the outer tail-feathers
are nearly obsolete, while in mine they are conspicuous ; in my speci-
men, also, the two middle tail-feathers are marked with green on their
upper surface, while in M. Verreaux’s these feathers are uniform in
colour throughout. My bird was kindly sent to me by T. Reeves,
Esq., of Rio de Janeiro.

EvucEPHALA CZRULKO-LAVATA, Gould.

Crown of the head greenish-blue, not very brilliant, but having a
few conspicuous small bright-blue feathers intermingled ; throat and
chest bright greenish-blue, passing into purer green on the flanks ;
back of the neck, and back, deep grass-green ; wings purplish brown ;
upper tail-coverts bronzy-orange ; under tail-coverts bronzy purplish
brown ; two middle tail-feathers deep purplish bronze; the next on
each side is washed with bronze on its outer margin; the remain-
ing feathers purplish-black ; thighs greyish-white; the bill appears
to have been reddish flesh-colour at the base of both mandibles (this
colour also pervades nearly the whole of the under mandible); the
remainder of the bill black.

Total length 33 inches; bill ; wing 21; tail 1}.

Hab, St. Paulo in Southern Brazil.

Remark.—1I am indebted to T. Reeves, Esq., of Rio de Janeiro, for
a fine specimen of this new bird, which differs so widely from every
other known species, that I am unable to compare it with any one of
them. It is a stout and rather large bird, with a well-proportioned
bill and tail, the latter of which is considerably forked.

I am not quite satisfied that a place in the genus Hucephala is the
proper position for this bird among the Trochilide, and I feel that
I might, without overstepping the bounds of propriety, have con-
stituted it the type of a new genus.

EucrPHALA HYPOCYANEA, Gould.

Crown of the head, back of the neck, back and flanks somewhat
dull-green ; throat and chest brilliant blue, passing into glittering
green on the centre of the abdomen; wings purplish-brown ; upper
tail-coverts reddish-bronze ; under tail-coverts brownish-black, with
bronzy tips; tail steel-black ; thighs brown; upper mandible black ;
basal two-thirds of the under mandible flesh-colour, the apical third
black.

Total length 3} inches; bill 3; wing 2; tail 12.

Hab. Said to be Bahia in Brazil.

Remark.—This is a rather small, but distinctly marked species,
unallied to any other bird. Lesson’s Plate 49 of his ‘ Histoire Na-
turelle des Oiseaux Mouches,’ appears to have been taken from a
bird of this kind; but the term &icolor cannot for a moment be
entertained.

307

EryTHRONOTA? ELEGANS, Gould.

Crown and all the under surface of the body glittering light-green ;
back of the neck and back golden- or orange-green ; upper tail-coverts
purplish-red or puce-colour ; tail long, forked, and of a purplish
violet-hue with green reflexions on the tips of the two centre feathers ;
wings purplish brown; tarsi white; under tail-coverts grey with

ronzy-purple centres ; upper mandible flesh colour at the base, and
black for the remainder of its length ; under mandible flesh colour,
except at the tip, which is black.

Total length 32 inches; bill 12; wing 21; tail 2.

Hab. Unknown.

Remark.—It is easier to assign a specific name to a bird than to
determine to which generic form it is referable; and if there be any
bird which is a puzzle to the brain of the ornithologist, this is one.
It is a very elegant species, and quite distinct from every other known
Humming Bird ; in its glittering light-green crown, throat, and chest
it looks like a Chlorostilbon, but the form of its tail and some other
characters ally it to the Hrythronote, with which I have provisionally
placed it.

THAUMATIAS VIRIDICEPS, Gould.

Crown of the head, nape, and sides of the neck glittering light
green; back and shoulders bronzy-green ; throat and abdomen pure
white; flanks white, faintly spotted with yellowish-green ; under
tail-coverts white ; the rather short and narrow tail-feathers purplish-
grey, with an obscure band of purplish-brown near the tip of the
three outer ones on each side; upper mandible black; under man-
dible yellowish, except at the extreme tip, which is black.

Total length 4 inches ; bill 52 ; wing 22; tail 13.

Hab. Ecuador.

Remark.—Of this somewhat remarkable species I have two speci-
mens, which appear to be male and female. It is a robust bird, being
almost as stout in its bill, head, and body as the members of the
genus Cyanomyia, while its tail is short and the feathers narrow, as
in Thaumatias leucogaster and T. chionopectus.

THAUMATIAS CZRULEICEPs, Gould.

Crown of the head and back of the neck deep shining greenish-
blue ; back and shoulders green, passing into bronzy-green on the
rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail nearly uniform bronze, with a very
faint indication of a zone of brown across the outer feathers near the
tip ; wings purplish brown; sides of the neck glittering bluish-green,
the blue tint predominating on the ear and immediately under the
eye ; centre of the throat and chest broken glittering green and white ;
flanks bronzy-green ; under tail-coverts grey, with brown centres ;
upper mandible dark brown; under mandible appears to have been
yellow, except at the tip, which is dark brown.

Total length 34 inches; bill Te; Wing 21; tail 1.

Hab. Bogota.

308

Remark.—This species, which is somewhat allied to the 7’. milleri,
differs from that, as well as from every other known member of its
genus, by the blue colouring of its crown.

THAUMATIAS NITIDIFRONS, Gould.

Crown of the head, face, chest, and breast glittering green ; abdo-
men and flanks golden green; back, shoulders, and rump bronzy-
green ; tail pale bronzy greyish-green, with a zone of purplish-brown
crossing the four lateral feathers on each side near their tips; under
tail-coverts grey, with a patch of bronzy-green in the centre of each ;
tarsi greyish-brown ; upper mandible black ; under mandible yellow,
black at the tip.

Total length 34 inches; bill $; wing 14.

Hab. Unknown.

Remark.—Nearly allied to the 7. brevirostris and T. milleri, but
differing from both in the glittering green of the face and crown, and
in the centre of the breast being covered with the same shining
colour. The specimen described was presented to me by G. N. Law-
rence, Esq., when IJ visited New York in 1858.

CHLOROSTILBON MELANORHYNCHUS, Gould.

Bill black ; crown of the head and the entire under surface glit-
tering golden-green, the golden hue being most. conspicuous on the
crown ; the back of the neck and upper surface are also golden-green,
but less brilliant; wings purplish-brown; the short and slightly
forked tail is greenish or steel-blue ; thighs brown ; anal region, and
a small tuft springing from each side of the body, white.

Total length 33 inches ; bill ?; wing 2; tail 11.

Hab. The neighbourhood of Quito in Eeuador.

Remark.—Difiers from C. chrysogaster in its black bill, its
shorter and less forked tail, and in its being a stouter or more robust
bird,

CHLOROSTILBON ACUTICAUDUS, Gould.

Crown and all the under surface glittering green, the green as-
suming a golden hue on the crown; back, all the upper surface, and
tail rich golden-green ; wings purplish-brown ; bill black.

Total length 3 inches; bill 2; wing 12; tail 1.

Hab. Antioqua in Columbia.

Remark.—This very distinct species is allied both to Chlorostilbon
portmanni and C. alicie ; but it differs from the former in the greater
length of its bill, and from the latter in the greater length of its tail-
feathers. In the present species, the outer tail-feather on each side
is prolonged nearly an eighth of an inch beyond the next, which
again is a little prolonged beyond the centre feathers. When the
tail is closed, the two outer feathers join at the tip, and form a sharp
point ; in the two species with which I have compared it, the tail is
more truncate.

309

CHLOROSTILBON OsBERTI, Gould.

Crowm of the head glittering golden-green; throat and all the
under surface glittering grass-green ; wing purplish-black ; tail black,
the six centre feathers terminated with a mark of brown, which is
more conspicuous in some specimens than in others; in some also the
two central feathers are tipped with green ; bill coral-red at the base,
black at the tip.

Total length 24 inches ; bill 4; wing 14; tail 14.

Hab. Guatemala.

Remark.—This species, which I have named after Mr. Osbert
Salvin, and which is an inhabitant of the neighbourhood of Duefias
and some other parts of Guatemala, has been a great puzzle to me, as
it must be to every Trochilidist who studies the little green Hum-
ming Birds to which the generic name of Chlorostilbon has been ap-
plied. It is, in fact, a diminutive C. caniveti, but too diminutive to
be regarded in any other light than in that of a species.

In naming this bird after Mr. Osbert Salvin, I feel that a finer
species might have been more appropriately dedicated to him; for
there is no person of his youthful age who has exerted himself so
praiseworthily or so successfully in collecting facts and specimens of
ornithology. Mr. Salvin has already traversed a great part of the
country of Central America, and has also paid a hurried visit to
North Africa, and collected in both countries an immense mass of
materials in every department of zoology, which he has liberally
placed at the disposal of those who have devoted themselves to the
several departments to which they pertain.

CaLOTHORAX DECORATUS, Gould.

Male.—Crown of the head, all the upper surface and flanks deep
grass-green ; throat and sides of the neck very lovely shining lilac ;
chest grey ; wings and tail purplish-brown ; bill black.

Total length 3 inches ; bill 2; wing 13; tail 3.

Hab. Supposed to be Antioqua in Columbia.

Remark.—This species might easily be mistaken for Calothorax
heliodori; but although closely allied to that species, it differs
from it in several particulars,—in being much larger, in having the
frill in front of the throat not so prolonged at the sides (in which
respect it more nearly resembles C. mulsanti), the two centre tail-
feathers finer or more spiny, and the bill much longer. These com-
parisons have been made with fine specimens in my collection of all
three species.

AMAZILIA ALTICOLA, Gould.

Crown of the head and back of the neck dark brown, with very
slight reflexions of golden-green ; back of the neck, back, and rump
golden- or orange-green ; upper part of the throat, cheeks, and sides
of the neck light golden-green ; lower part of the throat, chest,
centre of the abdomen, thighs, and the thickly clothed tarsi pure
white ; flanks rich bright buff ; under tail-coverts white washed with
buff ; tail rich deep reddish-buff, the two centre feathers washed with

310

bronzy-grey, and the four outer ones, on each side, washed on their
outer edges with bronzy-green ; wings purplish-brown ; bill black at
the tip, the remainder white or flesh-colour.

Total length 4 inches; bill 13; wing 22; tail 12.

Hab. Said to be the Puna district of Peru.

Remark.—In its general style of colouring, this bird is very simi-
lar to Amazilia leucophea, but, compared with that species, is a
giant in size; it has also less of the glittering golden-green on the
cheeks and sides of the neck.

I am indebted to M. Bourcier for permission to describe this
species.

PHLOGOPHILUS HEMILEUCURUS, Gould.

Crown of the head brownish-green ; back of the neck, upper sur-
face, two middle tail-feathers, and the flanks grass-green ; sides of
the face and ear-coverts greenish-brown ; centre of the throat, chest,
middle of the abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; tail rounded ;
the four lateral feathers on each side white with an oblique band of
black or blackish-purple occupying the centre of each, this band of
black extending along the margin of the two outer feathers to the
tip, so that the inner web only is white ; not so on the next, which is
terminated with a large spot or tip of white ; upper mandible black ;
under mandible fiesh-colour ; feet yellow.

Total length 33 inches ; bill #; wing 24; tail 14.

Hab. The borders of the Rio Napo.

Remark.—I have no doubt that the bird from which the above
description was taken is immature; when the adult is discovered, it
will probably be found to be a very remarkable species ; in fact, the
specimen described exhibits characters differing from those of every
other known Humming-bird, among which its singularly-marked,
rounded tail is especially noticeable.

CALLIPHLOX ? IRIDESCENS, Gould.

The whole of the body, including the upper and under tail-coverts,
iridescent, pale green and light coppery-red, most brilliant on the
throat; the deeply forked tail steely dark-brown, each feather tipped
with a more bronzy or purplish hue, which is seen only in certain
lights; upper mandible and the tip of the lower one black, the
remainder of the latter apparently reddish flesh-colour.

Total length 3} inches; bill ? ; wing 1,%,; tail 13.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Remark.—If, as I believe, I am right in referring this little bird
to the genus Calliphloz, it is one of the most remarkable Humming-
birds that it has fallen to my lot to describe. In its size and form
it is very similar to C. amethystina, but in colouring it is like a
Chlorostiibon. The only specimen I have seen was sent to me by
T. Reeves, Esq., of Rio de Janeiro.

APHANTOCHROA ? GuULARIS, Gould.
Crown shining grass-green ; back of the neck, shoulders, back,

311

upper tail-coverts, and two centre tail-feathers deep grass-green ;
under surface of the body grass-green, with the exception of a glit-
tering patch of lilac on the throat and the centre of the abdomen,
the thighs, and under tail-coverts, which are white; primaries pur-
lish-brown ; four outer tail-feathers, on each side, purplish-green ;

bill slightly curved and black, with the exception of the base of the
under mandible, which appears to have been flesh-colour,

Total length 43 inches; bill 14; wing 22; tail 13.

Hab. My specimens were procured on the banks of the Rio Napo.

Remark.—In the general style of its colouring, and in the short-
ness and similar colouring of its tail, this bird approaches more nearly
to Aphantochroa cirrhochloris than to any other species; but it
differs from that bird in having a much longer bill, and a bright
metallic deep lilac patch on the throat, simifar to that observed in
Phaiolaima rubinoides ; and in having white under tail-coverts. In
size it is somewhat smaller.

ERIOCNEMIS SQUAMATA, Gould.

Crown of the head, back of the neck, upper surface, sides of the
neck, and flanks coppery-bronze, inclining to green on the back and
to rust-colour on the upper tail-coverts; throat, chest, and centre of
the abdomen hoary-grey with green and coppery reflexions ; in cer-
tain lights the feathers of the throat and chest appear to be edged
with grey, giving those parts a scaled appearance—hence the specific
name ; under tail-coverts smoky-grey ; anterior portion of the fea-
thers clothing the tarsi white, the posterior portion buff; tail dull
steel-black ; wings purplish-brown ; bill black.

Total length 42 inches; bill £; wing 22; tail 14.

Hab. Ecuador.

Remark.—This bird is nearly allied to Erioenemis lugens ; but it
differs from that bird in its considerably larger size, and in the parti-
colouring of the tarsi-feathers, in which respect it assimilates to Z.
aurelie. The three species, indeed, viz. H. lugens, aurelia, and
squamata, constitute a minute section of the genus, and all, I be-
lieve, inhabit very high mountains.

ScHISTES PERSONATUS, Gould.

Forehead, face, and throat glittering brilliant green, in the form of
a mask, posterior to which is a patch of black, below this spring two
lengthened tufts of violet-blue feathers, below these tufts a cres-
centic mark of white; crown of the head, back of the neck, back
and shoulders golden-green ; tail green, each feather crossed near its
apex by a broad band of steel- or bluish-black ; abdomen green ;
wings purplish-brown ; bill black.

Total length 34 inches ; bill 2; wing 22; tail 12.

Hab. Ecuador.

Remark.—This species is nearly allied to Schistes geoffroyi; but
it is a much finer bird, the forehead and throat being covered by a
mask of glittering green ; its bill is also considerably longer.

312

THALURANIA TscHUDII, Gould.

Crown of the head and all the upper surface golden-green, in-
clining to bronzy-green on the tail-coverts; throat beautiful green ;
abdomen prussian-blue ; under tail-coverts steel-black, many of the
feathers slightly fringed with white ; thighs, tarsi, and anal region
white ; tail steel-black.

Total length 41 inches; bill 1 ; wing 24; tail 13.

Hab. The neighbourhood of the River Ucayali, and the countries
of Ecuador and Peru.

Remark.—The two species to which this bird is most nearly allied
are the 7. furcata and T’. nigrofasciata; but it differs from the
former in having a more robust body and broader tail-feathers, and
in haying the abdomen prussian-blue instead of ultramarine-blue ;
and from the latter in the form of the green mark on the throat,
which in this bird is truncate, while in T. nigrofasciata it descends
nearly to a point towards the centre of the abdomen. This is the
species mentioned by Tschudi in his ‘Fauna Peruana,’ under the
name of T'rochilus furcatus,—a fact of which I am certain, as I have
received a specimen from his collection direct from Neuchatel.

OrREopyYRA LEUCASPIS, Gould.

Crown of the head exceedingly beautiful glittering grass-green ;
back of the neck, and all the upper surface, deep grass-green, with
bronzy reflexions; throat pure white, contrasting conspicuously with
the glittering grass-green of the breast ; flanks and abdomen greyish-
green, with bronzy reflexions; wings purplish-brown; tail forked
and steel-black ; thighs thickly clothed with hoary or greyish-brown
feathers; behind the eye, and extending some distance down the
sides of the neck, is a stripe of pure white; bill straight, and both
mandibles of a uniform black.

Total length 41 inches ; bill 12; wing 2}; tail 13.

Hab. The Voleano of Chiriqui in Costa Rica, where it was
discovered by M. Warszewicz at an elevation of from 9000 to 10,000
feet.

Remark.—One solitary individual, and that badly shot about the
tail, is the only example I have ever seen of this remarkable and
beautiful bird—a bird which differs so much from every other mem-
ber of the Trochilide, that I have been necessitated to make it the
type of a new genus.

3. DescripTIon oF A New Species OF MANAKIN FROM NoRTH-
ERN Braziu. By Puriiie Lutuey Scuater, M.A., SecreE-
TARY TO THE SOCIETY.

Our Corresponding Member, M. Jules Verreaux, of Paris, has
kindly sent to me for examination a specimen of a Manakin lately
received by one of his correspondents from Para, which seems to be-
long to a different species from any heretofore described. Its nearest

313

ally is certainly Pipra filicauda of Spix ; butit is readily distinguish-
able from that and every other member of the group, with which I
am acquainted, by the form of the tail-feathers. The outer rectrices
are acuminated and produced; the second, third, and succeeding
pairs in a less degree than the first; the outer pair exceeding the
medial rectrices, which have nearly the ordinary normal form, by
nearly half an inch. In P. filicauda, as is well known, the rectrices
are nearly of equal length, and terminate in a long hair-like filament.
Further differences from Pipra filicauda are observable in the crim-
son colour descending lower down the back above, and pervading the
breast and upper part of the belly. In the latter respect this species
approaches to P. aureola and its scarcely separable ally, P. favicollis
of the Rio Negro, an example of which was in the same collection.
I propose to call this Manakin

PIPRA HETEROCERCA, Sp. nov.

Velutino-nigra: dorso superiore pileoque toto cum nucha coc-
cineis: fronte, ciliis oculorum et corpore subtus flavis, pectore
coccineo perfuso: tectricibus subalaribus et macula in pogonio
interiore remigum albis: caude rectricibus lateralibus elon-
gatis, acuminatis, medias valde excedentibus : rostro plumbeo,
pedibus obscure carneis.

Long. tota 4°25, alee 2°5, caudze rectricum lateralium 1:75, me-

diarum 1°3.

Hab. In ripis fl. Amazonum sup.

Obs. Affinis P. filicaude et P. aureole, sed caude forma primo

visu distinguenda.

4. DrescrIPTION oF A New TYRANT=BIRD OF THE GENUS ELAINEA
FROM THE ISLAND oF Saint Tuomas, West Inpiges. By
Painie Luttey Sciater, M.A., Secretary To THE So-
CIETY.

Mr. Osbert Salvin landed at St. Thomas for a few hours on his
way out to Guatemala in the spring of last year, and with charac-
teristic energy took out his gun fora ramble. The first shot fired
secured two examples of a bird not previously known as an inhabitant
of this island*, and, I believe, new to science,—a species of Tyrant-
bird of the genus Elaineat. Mr. Riise, so well known for his col-
lections in different branches of Natural History made in this island,
having had his attention drawn to the existence of this bird by Mr.
A. Newton, caused a search to be made, and obtained six other spe-
cimens, which I now exhibit. It is to this gentleman that I propose
to dedicate this species, in commemoration of his exertions in con-
firming Mr. Salvin’s discovery, by the name of

* See Messrs. A. and E. Newton’s articles on the Birds of St. Croix and St.
Thomas in the ‘ Ibis,’ 1859, pp. 59, 138, 252, 365.

+ This genus of Sundeval has been written in many different ways (sc. Elenia,
Elainia, &c.); but the proper orthography is certainly Elainea, from éAdivos or
éAatveos, oleagineus.

314
ELAINEA RIISII, sp. nov.

Fuscescenti-olivaceus : pileo cristato intus albo: loris albescen-
tibus, alis nigricantibus, primartis olivaceo stricte, secundariis
et tectricibus flavicanti-albo latius marginatis: cauda nigri-
canti-fusca, marginibus externis olivacescentibus ; subtus cine-
racescenti-albus, abdomine flavido lavato : rostro superiore ob-
scure corneo, inferiore rubello, pedibus nigris.

Long. tota. ale. caude.

Spec. a, 5, 5°4 3°0 2°7

b, 2, 50 2-7 2-2
tC 5 | 2°8

ey 6:0 2°9 2°7

—- @, Ory 2°8 Ana

— f, 5°8 3°0 2°8

ys 5°8 3°0 2°8

Hab. In ins. 8. Thome Antillensium.

Mus. P.L.S.

Oés. Affinis Elainee pagane et ejusdem forme, sed rostro lon-
giore, compressiore, et corpore subtus pallidiore distinguenda.

I have specimens of two species of this genus of Tyrannide in my
collection from Jamaica. One of them is Z#. cotte of Gosse; the
other, as far as I know, undescribed, but quite different from the
present. I have also an Elainea from Tobago, which I cannot refer
strictly to any known species.

5. On THE AFRICAN TRIONICES WITH HIDDEN FEET (EMyDA).
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

There have been five species of my genus HLmyda, which MM.
Duméril and Bibron afterwards most unnecessarily named Cryptopus,
described as found in Africa, viz.—

1. Cryptopus senegalensis, Dum. & Bib., from Senegal.

2. Cyclanosteus petersii, Gray, from the Gambia.

3. Cyclanosteus frenatus, Peters, MSS., from Mozambique.
4. Cryptopus aubryi, Duméril, from Gaboon.

5. Aspidochelys livingstonii, Gray, from Mozambique.

Now it is very doubtful if several of these names are not synony-
mous, not because there is any doubt as to the distinctness of
species, as some neophyte belonging to the Darwinian School might
suspect, but simply because the materials on which they are founded
do not afford us sufficient information or means of comparison.

Cryptopus senegalensis was described from a very young specimen
in the Paris Museum before it had any of the sternal callosities de-
veloped. The specimen of Trionyz, with flaps over its feet, which
we have received from the same locality, is unfortunately in the same
condition ; and though it affords very good evidence that it is desti-
tute of any bones on the margin of the shield, and therefore does not

315

belong to the same genus as the Asiatic animal with which M. Du-
méril associated it, yet it does not give us the means of knowing to
which, if to either, of the two African forms, viz. Cyclanosteus and
Aspidochelys, it should be referred.

The description of Duméril, and the colouring of the head, &c. of
the specimen in the Museum, show that it must be distinct from
Cyclanosteus frenatus and from Cryptopus aubryi (which may be
synonymous), as it has small white dots on its head ; while C. frena-
tus, as its name implies, and CO. aubryi, as its figure shows, are not
spotted, and have black lines on the side of the head and neck.

Cyclanosteus petersii and Aspidochelys livingstonii have been de-
scribed from shells of adult animals only, without any remains of the
bodies attached to them, so that it is not possible to know whether
either of them be the adult form of Emyda senegalensis, or what is
the colouring of their head, which is a very distinctive character in
the animals of this family.

Cyclanosteus frenatus is known only from a note which Dr. Peters ,
sent home in 1848, shortly after his return from Mozambique. iS

Cryptopus aubryi is well described and figured by M. Duméril in
the Rev. Zool. for 1856, p. 374. t. 20, and it appears to be very
nearly allied to the shield which I have lately described and figured
in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, under the name of Aspidochelys
livingstonii (antea, p. 6); but we cannot be certain that the animal
from Gaboon and that from Mozambique are identical, until we know
what are the peculiarities of the head of the Mozambique species. I
may state that Mr. Cope, in the ‘Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia’ for 1859 (p. 295), has formed M.
A. Duméril’s species into a genus, under the name of Heptathyra,
in which he evidently intended to include my genus dspidochelys.
As his paper was read in 1859 and mine in 1860, his name ought
to have priority, unless it may be found desirable, as there is a con-
siderable difference between them in the form of the sternal callosities,
to preserve both the names.

The African species known in their adult stage may be arranged
thus :—

A. Sternal callosities 9 ; hinder pair small.

1. Cycianostevus. The hinder pair of callosities very small, and
far apart.

CApetersii, Gray, Cat. Tortoises, B.M. 65. t. 29. Gambia.

B. Sternal callosities 7; hinder pair large.
2. Hepratuyra. The hinder pair of callosities rhombic, united o
* together by their whole inner edge. rae f? let )
H. aubryi, Dum. Rev. Zool. 1856, 364.t.20. ~~ ¢ ns
oo a y AAs

Neck with three black streaks, the lateral ones from the eye; =
ciput with two short black streaks. Gaboon. d é $9 Los %
thd wh -

RaprAome

316

3. Asprpocue ys. The hinder pair of callosities oblong, united
by their hinder edge only.
A, livingstonii, Gray, P. Z.S. 1860, 6. t. 22. River Zambesi.
The only specimen of the Senegal species yet known to me is very
young; it does not show the sternal callosities, and has still remains
of the umbilical slit. It may be described as follows :—

EMYDA SENEGALENSIS, Gray.
Cryptopus senegalensis, Dum. & Bibr.

In spirits. Grey; beneath, white. Head above with many sym-
metrical roundish white spots, and a short white streak in the centre

‘ of the crown; upper part of the neck with symmetrical white mar-

bling. Upper shell grey, with small round scattered black spots,
with a distinct central keel, which is rather broad and smooth in
front, becomes suddenly narrow, and is converted into a series of close
tubercles at the middle of the back. Back with rather irregular,
often interrupted, somewhat concentric lines of small tubercles, which
converge towards the central keel behind, and with a number of
larger isolated, but rather crowded, tubercles on the middle of the
front edge; sternum blackish, white on the margin.

Hab. Senegal. ; )
tin Aapabeus Lp Fe

6. On New Reptizes AND FisuHEs From MEXxIco.
iS By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

A collection of Reptiles and Fishes made by one of the correspond-

* ents of M. Sallé in Mexico, and purchased for the British Museum,

contains, besides many other scarce species—as Cubina grandis, Gray,
Gerrhonotus imbricatus and tessellatus, Wiegm., Geophis (Cato-
stoma) chalybea, Wagl. (scales keeled), Conopsis nasus, Gthr., Za-
menis mexicanus, D. & B., Atropus undulatus, Jan., &c.,—the fol-
lowing new species.

SAURIA.

MABOUIA BREVIROSTRIS.

Diagnosis. —The snout (from the anterior margin of the eye) is a
little shorter than the width between the orbits. Twenty-four lon-
gitudinal series of scales round the middle of the trunk, two entire
and two half series along the back between the white streaks. Two
large anal shields in front of the vent, with a small additional one on
each side. A series of large shields along the lower part of the tail.
Back brown, separated from the sides, which are black, by a white
streak, running from the snout, above the eye, to the origin of the
tail, where it is gradually lost. Another streak, less distinct, borders
the lower lip, and the black coloration of the side. Belly whitish,
the centre of each scale being minutely dotted with greyish.

Hab. Oaxaca (Mexico).

317

The general arrangement of the shields of the head being the same
as in Mabouia agilis, it does not appear necessary to give a detailed
description of them. The present species is very similar to the latter,
but distinguished by a considerably shorter snout. The large scales
on the back and the large anal shields are sufficient characters to
distinguish it from M. lacepedii, &c.

OPHIDIA.
LEPTODEIRA DISCOLOR.

Diagnosis.—Anal bifid ; scales in nineteen rows. Posterior maxil-
lary tooth longest and strongest, in a continuous series with the other
teeth, not grooved. Dirty-white, with numerous black cross-bands
extending on to the ventral plates ; belly uniform whitish.

Hab. Oaxaca (Mexico).

Description.—The head is rather broad and depressed, the snout
rounded ; the eye is of moderate size, its vertical diameter being
about one-third the width between the eyes ; the trunk is rounded,
and, like the tail, somewhat slender. The rostral shield reaches
just to the upper surface of the snout ; the frontals are nearly square :
the anterior pair are one-third the size of the posterior, which are
slightly bent downwards to the side of the head ; the vertical is pen-
tagonal, longer than broad ; the occipitals rounded posteriorly.
Nostril situated between two nasals; loreal quadrangular; one an-
terior and two posterior oculars ; seven or eight upper labial shields,
the third and fourth or the fourth and fifth entering the orbit. There
is one elongate temporal shield in contact with both the oculars ; the
other temporals, five in number, are scale-like. The medial lower
labial is triangular and rather small; nine lower labials, the first of
which is in contact with its fellow behind the median shield. There
are two pairs of chin-shields, of nearly equal size. The scales are in
nineteen rows, smooth, rhombic, those of the sides similar to those
on the back. The number of the ventral plates varies between 182
and 179, that of the caudal between 88 and 87.

The ground-colour of the upper parts is dirty-white: the upper
part of the head is brown ; there is a whitish collar behind the occi-
pitals. Fifty-one or fifty-four black bands cross the trunk and ex-
tend on to the edge of the belly ; they are broader than the inter-
spaces between, and become interrupted and spot-like on the tail.
All the lower parts are uniform whitish.

in. lin
Sa UMC rN i a Al «Al
Length, of the Heady cp. 0. «sie eins w «das sR 4
Greatest width of the head........ si O,. be
Length. of te tape oa << 2j<;0, Seem s,« ns 14 6
ME Bao ha hia a 5 aes, 0"s 6 0

This species might be easily taken for a variety of Leptodeira an-
nulata or Leptodeira torquata*, exhibiting nearly the same phy-
siognomy, and externally differing only in its more slender body,

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. March 1860, p.169, pl. x. fig. A.

318

fewer scales, and somewhat modified coloration. Nevertheless, we
should be obliged to refer these snakes to different genera, if we were
to adopt the dentition as the chief systematic principle: namely,
L. annulata to Dipsas, L. torquata to Liophis, and L. discolor to
Coronella.

PISCES.

CHROMIS NEBULIFERA, Sp. Nov.
p.2. A.3. V.1/5. L. lat. 35. LL. transv. 6/13.

Mouth narrow, protractile ; teeth of the jaws cardiform, in a short
band, those of the outer series larger, somewhat compressed, brown
at the tip; palate smooth. Opercles scaly; przeopercular margin
entire. Nostril simple.

The height of the body is contained three times and one-half in
the total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds.
The interorbital space is convex, and its width rather more than the
diameter of the eye, which is one-half the length of the snout. There
are six series of small scales between the preeorbital and the angle of
the preeoperculum. The dorsal fin and the lateral line commence on
the same vertical; caudal truncated; the commencement of the anal
falls vertically below the sixteenth dorsal spine ; the ventral is inserted
behind the pectoral, and extends on to the vent. Greenish, the
middle of the body clouded with blackish, in form of indistinct ver-
tical bands; a round black spot at the root of the caudal; the outer
parts of the fins blackish.

This species would be placed in the genus Heros of Heckel.

Hab. Fresh waters of Mexico.

in. lin
Rata tempt iia a ciF2 ee. oes os we See on hes.
Eistbht of tim body) e900) Os. Sede is 28
Length of the head ......... ; Lag
Diameter of the eye. 0 35

CHROMIS FENESTRATA, 0. sp.

DY. ALS. Vi 1/5. L, lat. 33. L. transy. 6/13.

Mouth narrow, protractile ; teeth of the jaws cardiform, in a short
band ; those of the outer series larger, somewhat compressed, brown
at the tip; palate smooth. Opercles scaly; preeopercular margin
entire. Nostril simple.

The height of the body is contained two and three-fifth times in
the total length ; the length of the head four times. The interorbital
space is convex, and its width more than the diameter of the eye,
which is one-half the length of the snout. There are five series of
scales between the preorbital and the angle of the preoperculum.
The dorsal fin and the lateral line commence on the same vertical ;
caudal truncated; the commencement of the anal falls vertically
below the fifteenth dorsal spine ; the ventral is inserted behind the

319

pectoral and extends on to the anal. Blackish-green, with six black
vertical bands, crossing a deep black longitudinal band, which runs
from above the pectoral to the root of the caudal. Vertical and ven-
tral fins blackish, darkest at the base and margins.
This species would be placed in the genus Heros of Heckel.
Hab, Rio de la Lana (Mexico).

in. lin
MotallonpGbc oat 55. cwicwwoerars ateuniang (5
Length of the head 4 os. 5 ieee veal. 0 11
Height of the body, .... ...6...02.. vstorali Wbin'S
Diameter of the eye...... P apiate ES Jee « 0°23

TETRAGONOPTERUS ENEUS.
D.11. A. 26. V.8. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 7/6.

The height of the body is contained three times or three and a half
times in the total length, and the length of the head four and four-
fifths times. The interorbital space is convex, and its width more
than the diameter of the eye, which equals nearly the extent of the
snout. Uniform bronze-coloured, with a brownish spot at the root of
the caudal.

Hab. Fresh waters of Oaxaca (Mexico).

in. lin.
ESM REN UNL Asc odio lara 0, dillon cous eaiese ioe Eick aya
Picimbt af the Hody:....is.5,3chenct ons sa eleewey . Loo
edeth ofthe nead ic: cai. ened oon p.. Bt
Dismeter of the'eye.. 2. 5... os. ons wie, Dig

7. Descriptions or New SHELLS FROM THE COLLECTION OF
Huexu Cumine, Ese. By Tempre Prime, or New York.

1. BaTissA UNIONIFORMIS, Prime. B. festa ovato-orbiculari,
subequilaterali, elongata, fortis, intus violacea, epidermide
brunnea vestita, sulcis remotis, umbonibus depressis, erosis, an-
tice inclinatis ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis; lateralibus an-
gustis, regulariter serrulatis.

Long. 43, lat. 3, diam. 1,5, poll.

Hab. 2

2. Barissa GRaciuis, Prime. B. testa ovato-subrhomboidea,
depressa, levi, inequilaterali, epidermide virescente vestita,
transversim irregulariter sulcata ; umbonibus tumidis, erosis ;
valvis intus ad margines violaceis ; cardine angusto ; dentibus
cardinalibus inequalibus ; lateralibus elongatis.

Long. 3, lat. 24, diam. 24, poll.

Hab. 2

3. Barissa ruscata, Prime. B. testa ovato-trigona, oblonga,
inequilaterali, in medio tumida, transversim regulariter striata,

320

epidermide polita, nigro-virescente vestita ; umbonibus tumidis;
intus cerulea ; cardine angusto, obliquo, inequaliter tridentato;
dentibus cardinalibus simplicibus ; lateralibus angustis.

Long. 3, lat. 22, diam. 14, poll.

Hab. 4

4. BarissA comprREsSSA, Prime. B. testa ovato-orbiculari, tu-
mida, compressa, subequilaterali, intus violacea, epidermide
polita, atro-virescente vestita ; umbonibus erosis, dentibus car-
dinalibus subequalibus, lateralibus elongatis, serrulatis.

Long. 22, lat. 23, diam. 1,4, poll.

Hab. Borneo.

5. BarissA INFLATA, Prime. B. testa magna, orbiculari, ine-
quilaterali, crassa, solida, obtusa, epidermide rugosa, fusco-
nigrescente vestita; umbonibus productis, erosis, obliquis; valvis
intus albis et violaceis ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, subequa-
libus ; lateralibus angustis.

Long. 34, lat. 34, diam. 21, poll.

Hab. Nicobar.

6. BattssA Minor, Prime. B. testa parva, tenui, suborbiculari,
valde obliqua, subequilaterali, depressiuscula, transversim re-
gulariter striata, epidermide polita, virescente vestita, intus
violacea ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, inequalibus, brevibus
subcanaliculatis ; lateralibus elongatis, regulariter et tenuiter
serrulatis.

Long. 1,4, lat. 2;2,, diam. 4, poll.

Hab. Feejee Islands.

7. Batissa Fortis, Prime. B. testa orbiculari, oblique inequi-
laterali, tumida, crassa, intus violacea, epidermide nigro-vires-
cente vestita, umbonibus prominentibus, erosis, antice inclinatis,
dentibus cardinalibus crassis, subequilateralibus ; lateralibus
angustis, brevibus.

Long. 2,8, lat. 24, diam. 14, poll.

Hab. New Caledonia.

8. BarissA ELONGATA, Prime. B. testa orbiculato-trigona, in-
fiata, subcordiformi, inequilaterali ; epidermide fusca vestita ;
umbonibus tumidis, erosis ; valvis solidis, intus albis ; dentibus
cardinalibus inequalibus, prominentibus, duobus bifidis ; denti-
bus lateralibus brevibus.

Long. 34, lat. 23, diam. 14, poll.

Hab. New Caledonia.

9. Cyrena FLAVA, Prime. C. testa orbiculato-trigona, depres-
siuscula, transversim inequaliter striata, inequilaterali, epi-
dermide luteo-flavescente vestita, valvis crassis, solidis, intus
candidissimis ; umbonibus parvis, obliquis, erosis ; cardine an-

321

gusto, inequaliter tridentato ; dente laterali postico compresso,
antico breviore acuto.

soi 14; ee 14, diam. -%;, poll.
ab, ——?

10. CyRENA BRUNNEA, Prime. C. testa orbiculato-subtrigona,
subinflata, subequilaterali, transversim tenuiter et regulariter
striata, epidermide fuscescente vestita, valvis crassis, solidis ;
intus candidissima ; latere antico producto, latere postico trun-
cato; cardine angusto; dentibus cardinalibus subequalibus ;
lateralibus subequalibus, antico paulo crassiore.

Long. 1,4, lat. 14, diam. 1, poll.

11. CyrENA opscuRA, Prime. C. testa trigona, inflata, cordi-
formi, solidissima, alta, tumida, inequilaterali, transversim
striata, epidermide fuscata vestita, intus alba; umbonibus pro-
minentibus, erosis ; cardine angusto ; dentibus cardinalibus tri-
bus ela yay ; lateralibus magnis, antico majore, acuto.

Long. 1,%,, lat. 1;5;, diam. 15%), poll.

Hab. New Granada.

12. CorBIcULA MAXIMA, Prime. (C. testa maxima, orbiculato-
trigona, solida, tumida, inequilaterali, compressa, transversim
tenuissime et regulariter striata ; epidermide flavescente, niti-
dissima, intus alba; umbonibus parvis, acutis ; dentibus car-
dinalibus inequalibus, divaricatis ; lateralibus elongatis, an-
gustis, subaqualsbes, arcuatis, tenuissime serrulatis.

Long. at det 13, diam. 1, poll.

Hab.

\4 13. CorBICULA OVALIS, Prime. (C. testa equilaterali, tumidula,
(re epidermide fuscescente vestita, transversim regulariter striata ;
intus violacea ; umbonibus prominentibus, violaceo subradiatis ;
cardine incrassato, inequaliter tridentato ; dentibus laterali-
bus crassis, prelongis, tenuissime striatis.
Long. 1, lat. =8, diam. 55, poll.
Hab. 2

14. CorBICULA CYRENIFORMIS, Prime. OC. testa trigona,
equilaterali, subcordiformi, inflata, tumida, crassa, fortissima,
intus violacea, epidermide fuscescente vestita, transversim regu-
lariter striata, rugosa; umbonibus tumidis, erosis, obliquis,
dentibus cardinalibus fortibus inequalibus, lateralibus subequa-
libus, striatis.

Long. Io» | _ 1,3,, diam. 75, poll.

Hab.

15. CoRBICULA REGULARIS, Prime. C. testa ovato-transversa,
equilaterali, intus violacea, epidermide viridi-flavescente ; um-

No. 437.—Procrrpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

322

bonibus disparibus ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, in equalibus,
lateralibus prelongis, striatis.

Long. =, lat. 74, diam. 35, poll.

Hab. Deccan, India.

16. CorBICULA TENUISTRIATA, Prime. OC. testa trigona, equi-
laterali, alta, tumidula, levissima ; epidermide flavescente ni-
tidissima, transversim regulariter striata; intus alba ; umbo-
nibus prominentibus erosis ; cardine angusto, tridentato ; den-
tibus lateralibus angustissimis, elongatis, tenuissime serrulatis.

Long. {5 lat. 38, diam. 345, poll.

Hab. ?

17. SpH#RIUM INCONSPICUUM, Prime. S. testa ovato-subrhom-
boidea, compressa, levi, fragili, subinequilaterali, epidermide
nitida lutescente vestita, transversim tenuiter et levissime
striata; umbonibus parvis, tumidis ; dentibus cardinalibus mi-
nimis, lateralibus elongatis.

Long. 74, lat. ;3,, diam. +), poll.

Hab. Lycia.

18. SPHH% RIUM SUBTRANSVERSUM, Prime. S. testa ovato-ob-
longa, equilaterali, tenui, fragili, parva, compressa, epidermide
flavescente vestita, umbonibus magnis haud tumidis.

Long. ;3,, lat. +25, diam. 45, poll.

Hab, Tobasco.

19. Pistprum RETUSUM, Prime. P. testa minuta, ovato-sub-
rhomboidea, complanata, inequilaterali, tumida, postice rotun-
data, tenuiter striata, epidermide corneo-flavescente vestita ;
umbonibus tumidis.

Hab. Honduras.

20. Pistp1um ANGULATUM, Prime. P. testa minuta, elongata,
ovato-orbiculari, inequilaterali postice subtruncata, epidermide
corneo-flavescente vestita, tenuissime striata, umbonibus parvis,
tumidis.

Hab. Valparaiso.

June 26th, 1860.
Mr. E. W. H. Holdsworth, in the Chair.

Mr. Leadbeater exhibited some heads of the American Wapiti Stag
(Cervus canadensis) of which the antlers were of remarkable size and
strength—one of the heads weighing over 32 lbs., and three speci-
mens of Buffon’s Skua (Lestris cepphus), in fine plumage, lately ob-
tained on the coast of Ireland.

323

Mr. Sclater exhibited a drawing of a species of Rock-Kangaroo,
just received by the Society from South Australia. It was obtained
by Mr. J. R. Bennett, the importer, from Mount Searle, about 400
miles north of Adelaide. It appeared to be referable to Petrogale
wvanthopus of Dr. Gray (P. Z. S. 1854, p. 249. pl. xxxix.), but did not
quite agree with Mr. Gould’s figure of the same animal given in the
‘Mammals of Australia,’ being more distinctly banded on the tail,
and the white markings not reaching the neck as there represented,
besides minor differences.

Mr. Sclater remarked that the Society had eleven species of Ma-
eropodide now living in the Gardens, namely :—

1. Macropus giganteus. 7. Halmaturus billardieri.
2. Suliginosus. 8. Petrogale penicillata.
3. Osphranter-rufus. 9. wanthopus.

4. Halmaturus ruficollis. 10. Bettongia cuniculus.

5. bennettit. 11. penicillata.

6. thetidis.

Of these, M. bennettit, ruficollis, and thetidis had during these
last three years bred abundantly under the Society’s care.

The following papers were read :— _

1. Notes on THE Hasits oF THE Brown Coat (Nasu FUSCA,
Desm.). By Grorce Bennett, M.D., F.Z.S8., etc.

A full-grown living specimen of this interesting Plantigrade animal,
a native of Tropical South America, was presented to me in Sydney,
N.S. Wales, by the commander of a ship, who had procured it from
the coast of South America, and had had it in captivity for eleven
months. It was the size of a very large cat, with hair of greyish-brown
colour over the back and sides, the tail long, bushy, and of a dark
brown colour, and the ears round. The colour seems to vary accord-
to age. There are two species at present known, the Nasua rufa
and the one under notice, which I consider the largest. This animal
bears some affinity to the Racoon, but is distinguished by having
an elongated, truncated, and moveable snout, with which it roots up
the earth in search of worms and grubs. The jaws are armed with
sharp teeth, and the under jaw is shorter than the upper. It preys
upon small quadrupeds and birds. It climbs trees in search of prey,
and also as frequently seeks its food upon the ground.

The possession of this living specimen enabled me to observe its
habits, and, as it was permitted to roam about at liberty, its natural
actions could be better observed than when the animal is kept in
confinement. It would come when called, like a dog, evincing much
attachment, and always seemed gratified when patted or otherwise
caressed, more especially when rubbed behind the ears, displaying
during the operation as much delight as a cat under similar treatment,
crouching down, placing the head with the nose close to the ground,
uttering at the same time a subdued sharp, whistling cry. If placed
in confinement, it would run round the cage, rapidly biting at its

324

tail during its circular movements ; and on any person approaching the
cage, would spit, growl, and utter loud, sharp, and discordant cries.
The instant, however, it was set at liberty it permitted itself to be
fondled even by strangers. One of its habits was very peculiar: it
would take glue or any adhesive substance, if in its way, and rub
some over its tail, and soon after amuse itself by licking it off, or
endeavouring to remove it by washing its tail in water. It was very
fond of sucking the blood of animals, and, when these were placed
before it dead, always selected the part in which the blood had been
retained in the greatest quantity before any other portion of its prey.
I have also frequently seen it eat the fruit of the Moreton Bay fig-
tree, running about under the tree, and, after selecting the ripest that
had fallen, opening them and sucking out the pulp. One morning
I observed it commence a meal upon a rat which had just been killed
and given to it. The first process on receiving the prey was, as usual,
to suck all the blood from those parts in which it found any had been
retained ; it then began rolling the rat upon the ground with its fore
paws, but for what purpose this operation was performed I could
not ascertain. After the prey had been treated in this manner for
some time, it pulled out the intestines and devoured some portion
of them before eating any other of the fleshy part. On approaching
the animal at this time, it would dart away with the prey, uttering
shrill cries, and was exceedingly savage if any attempt was made to
take it away. When running about in the garden, it would insert
its long, flexible snout into the earth, root it up, and seemed to be
eagerly devouring worms or any similar food it found there. It evi-
dently possessed an acute sense of smell, for after smelling about for
some time it would insert the snout to some depth into the earth
in the selected place, and secure the worm or grub which it had
been seeking.

2. Asstract oF NoTEs ON THE OsTEOLOGY OF BALZNICEPS
REX. By W. K. Parker, Memes. Micr. Soc.*

The first view of the living Baleniceps at once suggests the idea
of the Boatbill (Cancroma), the Heron (Ardea), and the Adjutant
(Leptoptilus). Other large-headed birds occur to the mind on a
longer observation, for one instinctively thinks of the Pelican (Pele-
canus), the Toucan (Ramphastos), the Hornbill (Buceros), and the
Podargus, although these birds belong to distinct and very remotely
related groups. Nor does the internal structure of this noble, but
strange and weird-looking bird, contradict the first external impres-
sions ; for the very unusual size of the head, and its great strength,
require certain modifications of a teleological character, such as
occur in the large-jawed species of other widely separated groups.
The difference in the structure of the skeleton between the Baleni-
ceps and its small New World relative, the Cancroma cochlearia, is

* This paper will be printed entire in the ‘ Transactions,’ accompanied by illus-
trative plates.

325

greatly exaggerated by the necessary modification of the bones in
the giant species, by their thickness, and by the size of the ridges
and out-standing processes for muscular attachment; but the two
birds are, nevertheless, near allies. In the skull, especially, is this
difference exhibited; and any large bird may differ osteologically
from its small relations from this cause, much more than from any
necessary specific or generic distinction of character.

Again, any peculiarity of habit in an aberrant species, or genus,
will make, as it were, large demands upon the structure of those parts
or organs which are subservient to this (as it regards the group or
family) eccentric mode of life. The Secretary-bird (Serpentarius)
amongst the Vultures, the Spoonbill (Platalea) and the Oyster-
catcher (Hematopus), the Pelican and the Scissors-bill (Rhynchops),
each form so different from its relations, are familiar instances of
this law.

Perhaps we ought to expect the skull of a bird to be the seat of
more extensive teleological modifications than any other part of the
skeleton, seeing that it must perform such varied duties, learn so
many trades, and be the servant and caterer to the whole body;
whilst the hands, which in some of the higher mammals minister to
the necessities of the creature, are here necessarily restricted to one
or two functions. Ifa rule like this could be clearly made out, it
would go far towards settling many a disputed point of relationship ;
the Hornbills and the Kingfishers would not then startle the student
of the Insessores; and the Flamingo (Phenicopterus), notwithstand-
ing its lamellirostral character, might be allowed to stalk amongst
the Herons.

The broad expanded occiput of the Baleniceps differs but little
from that of the Adjutant ; but the upper surface of the skull, instead
of being generally rough and convex, as in the latter bird, is smooth,
flat, and even concave at its anterior half. In the Baleniceps, as in
the Heron and Boatbill, the large eye-ball has elevated the upper or-
bital margin above the level of the mesial part of the skull, whilst in
the Adjutant that margin is some distance below. Moreover, the
skull of the Baleniceps is very short as compared with that of the Ad-
jutant, and in density and polish of the bone is more like that of the
great Maccaws (Ara) ; its transverse hinge too, with the upper jaw-
bone, is more like that of these birds than that of its own congeners.
There is no bony bridge over the temporal fossee in this bird, in which
respect it agrees with the Heron and Boatbill, and differs from the
Adjutant. The eye-ball being very large and the skull very short,
the anterior orbital margin is one-third of an inch in front of the
great transverse hinge; whilst in the Adjutant, and even in the
Heron, it is half an inch behind that hinge. This modification has
caused a displacement of the lacrymal bones, which, although they
form the anterior boundary of the orbit, as in other birds, are in
front of the great hinge, instead of behind it. The nostrils are high
up on the jaws, two-thirds of an inch in front of the hinge, and more
than one inch apart ; at their anterior end they are continuous with
the deep submesial grooves that mark out the strong bony ridge

326

of the upper jaw, and pass forwards to mark the boundary of the
great terminal beak. On the mid-line, a little behind the nasal fossze
and in front of the hinge, the upper jaw-bone rises into a rough boss.

Now in most birds the highest part of the upper jaw is between
the nasal fossee, and not behind, as in the Baleniceps. This cha-
racter, with the backward extension of the jaw, the shortness of the
frontals, and the very forward position of the enormous well-margined
orbits, helps to give a solemn, wise, but somewhat sinister aspect to
the bird. Looking at him in his paddock, the first impression is
that we have before us some strangely ancient form with “ the breath
of life’’ in it, and ‘ standing upon its feet,’’ concerning which geo-
logy had taught us that ‘its bones were dried up, and its hope lost.”

‘Fhe marginal outline of the great upper jaw of the Baleniceps
much resembles that of the leaf of Magnolia grandiflora. Its length
is more than twice its breadth; whilst in the Boatbill the breadth
is more than half the length, the upper jaw of the latter being more
outspread. The degree of arching of the upper jaw is intermediate
between that of the Boatbill and that of the Stork (Ciconia). The
gradual rise of the mesial ridge to form the great terminal hook, the
erescentic notch forming the inferior margin of that beak, and then
the graceful outward curve of nearly the entire mandibular margin,
give great elegance to the lateral aspect of the upper jaw. At the
end of that margin we have the commencement of the great cheek-
bone, which is nearly two inches long, half an inch broad, and one-
quarter of an inch thick.

Such a magnitude of the zygomatic arch as this is perfectly unique
in the class of Birds, being more like the development of the same
part in most Mammalia, in the Crocodiles, and in the Turtles. In
the enormous heads of the larger Hornbills, the cheek-bones are not
half the size they attain in the Baleniceps.

The os quadratum, or tympanic bone, which forms so beautiful an
articular medium between the cranium and lower jaw in birds, is
strong and well-developed. This bone and the little pterygoid, which
intervenes between it and the palatines, have very much the character
of the same bones in the Heron and the Adjutant; but the palatine
bones themselves, coalescing at the mid-line, and sending downwards
a strong keel at that part, are exactly intermediate in structure be-
tween those of the Adjutant and Pelican. These bones and the
pterygoid at their point of junction are beautifully scooped out to
receive and glide under the strong beam of bone which forms the base
of the interorbital septum.

The great strength of all the bones forming the upper maxillary
apparatus is in perfect harmony with what is known of the habits of
the creature. In this respect it has no peer amongst its congeners, and
no superior except amongst some of the larger Parrots. But the latter
birds, although they possess the most. perfect fronto-maxillary hinge,
have nothing in their tympanics, or malar bones, at all comparable
to those of the Baleniceps. Perhaps the most elegant part of this
bird’s structure is the hard palate, formed for the most part by the
coalesced premaxillary bones ; the maxillaries in birds, as in typical

327

fish, having avery backward position and often inferior development.
The mid-line of this highly arched hard palate is occupied by a par-
tially open canal for a large venous sinus, which receives on either
side numerous vein-grooves at right angles. This gives a beautiful
leaf-like appearance to this structure.

Just inside the margin of the posterior angle on the under surface
of this great upper jaw the bone is cut away, as it were, to receive
the coronoid portion of the lower jaw. This excavated part is conti-
nuous anteriorly with a deep groove, margined internally by a sharp
ridge, which gradually rises inside the palate to pass forwards in a
sigmoid manner to the base of the great terminal beak, where it
meets the submesial groove on the upper surface of the jaws. In the
Common Heron these palatine submarginal lines exist, being covered
in the horny sheath by sharp ridges. These ridges have their
fullest development in the Green Turtle. The occipital condyle is
hemispherical and large ; and the base of the skull has a very ex-
quisite structure, which deserves full description, as it exceeds any-
thing we have seen in birds, the Heron making the nearest approach
to the Baleniceps in this particular. Many other birds, however,
show traces of this peculiar structure. The lower jaw is exceed-
ingly strong and thick, as compared with that of the Adjutant.
Less elliptical and more triangular than that of the Boatbill, it
has, nevertheless, many of the characters of the latter. Its tip is
curiously emarginate, as is also the tip of the upper jaw—the bony
basis of the great hooked beak. The traces of suture between the
dentary and other elements of the mandible, which are persistent in
the Boatbill, Adjutant, and most other birds, are all filled up with
bony matter, as is the case in the Parrot tribe, in the Hornbills, and
in the Toucans. The anterior part of the mandible passes within the
maxilla, the edge of its horny sheath fitting between the marginal and
submarginal ridges of the latter. Where the upper jaw begins to
narrow towards its angle, there the mandible rises high (its height
or depth here being 14 inch), and it is rounded, rough, and strong.
It then lowers again, and becomes rapidly broader, to form the deep
and wide articular cavities for the tympanic bone above, and the
broad flat angular processes behind and below.

Each ramus of this great inelastic mandible is united to its fellow
at the symphysis by complete bony union to the extent of 13 inch.
In the extremely elastic mandible of the Pelican this line of bony
union is one-eighth of an inch in length, in the Boatbill one-fourth
of an inch, in the Adjutant 43 inches, and in the Hornbill, Buceros
bicornis, more than 7 inches.

In the Boatbill and Grey Heron there are twenty-three separate
vertebree between the head and the pelvis; in Baleniceps rea and
the Adjutant twenty-one, and in the White Stork twenty.

In the Boatbill there are nine pairs of free ribs. The last, or pelvic,
does not reach the sternum, nor do the first four, so that there are
four true dorsal ribs. In the Heron there are eight pairs; the an-
terior three and the last (which is pelvic) do not reach the sternum,—
here there are only four true dorsals. The Baleniceps, the White

328

Stork, and the Adjutant have each seven pairs of free ribs, the last
five reaching the sternum; in Baleniceps and the Adjutant the last
pair are pelvic; in the White Stork the last two pairs. Until the
birds are adult, the anterior vertebree of the pelvis are but partly
united. In the Storks, Herons, Boatbill, and Baleniceps the dorsal
vertebree continue distinct throughout life ; but in many of the Cranes
the tendons of the dorsal muscles are ossified, and fasten the bones
more or less together, and two or three contiguous centra coalesce.
Among the cervical vertebree of the true Herons and their nearest
allies, e. g. Ardea, Botaurus, Cancroma, and Baleniceps, there are
several which have elegant bridges under their upper or cranial end
for the carotid arteries, which bony bridges are not true hemal
arches, but are formed by enogenous processes*. In these ver-
tebree there are four canals,—the one under consideration, one for
the spinal chord, and a pair for the vertebral arteries. In the Ba-
leniceps, the vertebree, from the seventh to the thirteenth inclusive,
are thus constructed. The only Stork in which we have seen this
structure is the Australian Jabiru, Mycteria australis ; for a know-
ledge of which fact we are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Edward
Gerrard. These pairs of inferior processes meet together in but few
birds; nevertheless, this is the case in the White Pelican (Pelecanus
onocrotalus) and in the Gannet (Sula bassana). In the former bird
also there is no cup-and-ball articulation of the dorsal vertebree, which
reptilian character occurs in the Gannets, Cormorants, and Penguins.
Notwithstanding their great size, the vertebrze of Baleniceps agree
better with those of the Heron than with those of the Stork; but in
their shortness, better with those of the Boatbill than with those of
the longer-necked Heron: for the Heron, like the Giraffe, gains its
great length of neck by elongation of the individual vertebrz rather
than by an increase in their number. The ribs of the Baleniceps
are lighter, weaker, and more cellular than those of its congeners.
The oblong, narrow, neat pelvis of this bird is more like that of the
Boatbill than that of the Stork, or even of the Heron. It differs,
however, from that of either of these in not being expanded in a broad
foliaceous manner over the top of the posterior ribs. This part again
agrees with the pelvis of the Heron, inasmuch as the ischium passes
much further backwards than the posterior part of the ileum. In
Ciconia alba these two pelvic bones terminate in the same vertical
line, whilst in the Adjutant and Boatbill the ileum projects back-
wards and farthest. The pubic bones are unusually broad. There
are seventeen sacral vertebree, the first of which has a pair of ribs.
The caudal vertebree are six in number, the last being composed of
eight or ten embryonic vertebre.

The sternal apparatus of this bird is very interesting. In shape
the sternum is intermediate between that of the White Stork and
that of the Cormoraut, the keel, as in the latter bird, projecting evenly
forwards anterior to the articulations with the coracoids, for a greater

* See Prof. Owen’s article in Orr’s ‘ Circle of the Sciences,’ entitled ‘ Structure
of the Skeleton and Teeth,” p. 182, fig. 10. iv.

329

distance than in the Stork and Heron. Moreover, the keel is not
quite so deep as it is in the congeners of this bird. It passes, how-
ever, to the end of the sternum, asin them ; whereas in the Pelicans,
Gannets, and Cormorants it scarcely continues beyond the middle of
that bone. The episternal process is obsolete in this bird; it exists
in the Pelecanide, Herons, and Boatbill, and is nearly obsolete in the
Storks. The hyposternal processes are unusually long and arcuate ;
and there is on each side of the end of the keel another rather smaller
emargination which is obsolete in the Storks, Herons, and Boatbill,
but is well shown in the Spoonbill and the probing waders, Nume-
nius, Himantopus, Limosa, &c. The tips of the furculum are sub-
triangular and rather flat; the bone then becomes very thick and
triedral, having at the top of the thick part a large oval facet, which
is adapted to the under part of the head of the coracoid. This thick
part is very short, for the bone suddenly lessens, bends backwards,
and passes on, rounded below and angular above, to thicken again at
the angle, where it makes a most complete anchylosis with the tip of
the sternal keel. This structure of the furculum is similar to what
is found in Pelecanus, Phalacrocorax, and Sula; but we have seen
no such ‘ merry-thought’ bone in any Ardeine bird. In these, as in
Baleniceps, the rami of the bone are not only flat as they pass in
between the heads of the coracoids, but this thin condition of the
bone is continued throughout one half of their extent. They have
no such sudden bend at the upper third, the arch being gentle, and
the lessening size of the bone gradual. Nevertheless, in the Boatbill
there is a slight tendency to this state of things. The blending of
the furculum with the sternal keel seldom takes place in the true
Herons and Storks; there continues even in old birds a synovial
gliding joint, and in the Boatbill and some of the smaller Herons the
furculum does not quite reach the sternum. This articulated con-
dition is generally found in Gannets and Cormorants ; but in old Pe-
licans anchylosis of the joints takes place. This occurs too in the
Secretary bird, which is unique among the birds of prey, in having
a joint there at all, so that this last-mentioned bird is a raptorial
isomorph of the Cranes. In the latter birds (the Gruide) there is
great difference in the structure of these parts; for whilst in such
species as Grus antigone and G. americana we have in the adult
bird complete coalescence, in the Balearic Crane, G. pavonina, and
in the Trumpeter, Psophia (a Crane becoming slightly gallinaceous),
the furculum does not reach the sternum at all.

Any lengthy remarks upon the bones of the limbs need not be
made at present. They are about three-fourths the size of those of
the Adjutant ; but as the limbs had not enjoyed much liberty of
exercise, they have not that robustness which is seen in the skeleton
of old wild birds. The humerus is longer relatively, and the fore
arm shorter in proportion than in the Adjutant; the thigh-bone is
longer in proportion to the tibia and tarso-metatarsus in the Baleni-
ceps than in its larger relation. The toes are very long, reminding
one of those of the Jacanas (Parra); and the most ridiculous care
this stilted, stalking bird takes, both in taking up and setting down

330

its feet, makes it worth while to compare the length of the bones
of its toes with that of the bones of the toes of the Great Adjutant.

Haliux. Inner toe. Middle toe. Outer toe.

in. if. in. in.
AGUCANG, oo. ees 4°15 5°7 4°7
Baleniceps ...... 3°3 3°8 6°5 6°4

To conclude, I may remark, that upon a careful examination of the
osteology of the Baleniceps, after eliminating the teleological from
the relational characters, I am decidedly of opinion that it is strictly
an Ardeine bird, and more nearly related to Cancroma than to any
other known type.

Note I.—Amongst the bones of the limbs, the humerus alone is
pneumatic ; the cavity of the os femoris being filled with medulla,
as are all the more distal bones.

Note 11.—The tongue is extremely small, an important Pelecanine
character.

3. ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE GIZZARD OF THE NICOBAR
PIGEON, AND OTHER GRANIVoROUS Birps. By W. H.
Fiower, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., AssistaNT-SURGEON TO THE Mip-
DLESEX HOSPITAL.

(Aves, Pls. CLXV., CLXVI.)

' At the meeting of the Zoological Society on the 14th of February
last, Mr. Bartlett exhibited the gizzard of a Nicobar Pigeon, espe-
cially directing attention to two circular hard plates in connexion
with the lining membrane of the organ*. Having had, through
Mr. Bartlett’s kindness, an opportunity of examining these micro-
scopically, I beg to lay the following account of them before the So-
ciety, prefixing it with some observations upon the structure of the
inner coats of the gizzard in other granivorous birds. The latter
were made quite independently of the researches of Dr. R. Molint,
and tend in a great measure to confirm the accuracy of that author’s
conclusions.

On examining the muscular stomach or gizzard of a granivorous
bird, we find its interior lined by a distinct membrane, of leathery or
sometimes horny consistence, and which can be stripped off from the
softer coat below with the greatest facility, especially if the organ is
not perfectly fresh. This membrane is thicker and harder at the
middle portion of the gizzard than at the upper and lower parts, and
especially at the two sides ; where in many birds are tolerably defined,
more or less circular, flat or somewhat concave titurating disks or
bosses. In the other parts of the organ it becomes thinner and
softer, and towards the proventricular orifice is of almost gelatinous

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 99.

+ Sugli stomachi degli uccelli. Denkschriften d. Kais. Acad. d. Wissenschaften,
zu Wien, 3° Band, 1852.

tal

Proc ZS Aves CLAV

Wo.
nes. Lap

Badnat del. Miss Wins hit

oo a

as We Le )
. ee ie eee

331

character. It is to the structure of the denser and thicker parts
that the following remarks chiefly apply. The free surface is hard,
generally rough, and always stained of a deep yellow colour. It is
marked by sulci, usually deep, parallel, and disposed longitudinally
on the disks, and finer, intersecting, or irregular in the other por-
tions ; these correspond with depressions in the membrane below,
but,there are also linear grooves, not extending through the entire
thickness, variously disposed in different birds, which add to the
roughness of the surface. On carefully raising this layer, very nu-
merous minute, delicate, white threads, attached to its under sur-
face, are seen to be drawn out of the membrane below: these give
to this surface, when detached, a soft, villous appearance.

The membrane upon which this epithelial stratum rests is thick,
tough, and white, and is in contact externally with the muscular sub-
stance of the gizzard. When examined microscopically, it is found
to consist of two portions—the deeper one composed of fibrous tissue,
to the outer surface of which the muscular fibres are attached; the
other superficial, comprising about three-fourths of the thickness of
the entire membrane, composed of numerous tubular glands, or fol-
licles, placed side by side, simple (in all the birds that I have exa-
mined *), and terminating below in rounded closed extremities ; their
general shape much resembling that of a chemist’s test tube
(Pl. CLXV. fig. 3). A fibrous stroma, continuous with the deeper
layer of tissue, extends between, and supports the tubes. A hori-
zontal section through this stratum shows very well the mode in which
the follicles are arranged. In some birds they appear closely packed
together without any definite plan. In others they are disposed in
lines or linear groups; this is the prevailing arrangement in the
passerine birds. In a third series, comprising the fowls, duck, &c.,
they are collected into definite groups, oval, or polygonal in outline,
and each containing from twelve to twenty-four tubes (Pl. CLXV.
fig. 1). In these cases a fine fibrous stroma passes between the
individual tubes, while a coarser intermediate substance separates
the groups. Each tube is composed of an outer wall, lined by a single
layer of nucleated cells, and contains within it a cylindrical, nearly
transparent, solid body, which, being attached by its upper end to
the cuticular layer, is readily drawn out of the tube, and is, in fact,
one of the fine filaments mentioned above as visible to the naked
eye. A closer examination of these cylinders, when pulled out from
their follicles, shows that they have a fibrous structure, with a cen-
tral axis of a different nature, rather darker, and sometimes distinetly
granular ; and that their surface is covered by numerous polygonal
scales, giving it an imbricated appearance, like that of a young hair.
On the addition of caustic potash they swell out, become more trans-
parent, and their structure is rendered distinct (Pl. CLXV. fig. 4).

The horny layer itself presents in all granivorous birds that I have
examined this common character : it is composed of numerous pa-
rallel, rod-like, solid bodies, placed side by side, extending from the

* Molin describes them as compound in the Parrot.

332

attached to the free surface, imbedded in an intermediate substance
or matrix, which is of a homogeneous nature, or contains more or
less dark granular matter. These rods are prolongations of the
cylinders contained within the tubes of the follicular coat. In the
deeper portions of the tissue, the matrix is softer, and the granules
more numerous, darker, and more distinct, often resembling cell-
nuclei. The whole structure becomes less defined, and more blended
together as it approaches the free-surface.

The further arrangement of this tissue varies in different birds,
the variations being dependent upon those in the follicular layer.
The cylinders are sometimes irregularly scattered, sometimes disposed
in lines or linear groups, and in other cases collected into small
triangular or polygonal groups. In the latter, the dark granules of
the matrix are arranged in distinct intersecting lines, partitioning off
the more transparent spaces, which contain the bundle of rods, and
so definitely disposed as to give a beautifully reticulated appearance
to a fine horizontal section.

The follicles bear so much resemblance in their appearance and
situation to the gastric glands of other animals, that for some time
I believed that their object must be the secretion of a fluid to assist
in digestion, and that the cylinders of the epithelial coat were the
ducts which conveyed this secretion to the free surface ; but having
failed in repeated attempts, by every method with which I am ac-
quainted, to demonstrate their tubularity, I am obliged to revert to
the idea that the office of the gizzard in the digestive process is
purely mechanical. The function of these numerous follicles appears
to be nothing more than the secretion of the horny membrane which
lies over them, a rod being formed in the bottom of each, and gra-
dually pushed up, very much in the manner in which a hair is de-
veloped; while either the upper part of the tube or the interme-
diate surface pours out the substance which fills up the space between
the rods, and consolidates the whole tissue. As in ordinary epithe-
lial tissues, this process must be constantly going on ; as new forma-
tion takes place below, the'surface is worn off by continual friction
with the hard substances taken into the cavity of the gizzard.

I will next describe the peculiarities of these structures in a few
particular examples :—

Thrush, Blackbird, Nightingale (Turdus, Sylvia). —In_ these
birds the epithelial lining of the gizzard is comparatively thin, and
not very hard; but yet it presents the characteristic structure de-
scribed above. A transverse section shows the cylinders arranged
more or less regularly in lines, but the intermediate substance is uni-
formly granular, and does not present distinct dark lines partitioning
off groups of rods, as in the following birds.

Sparrow, Bullfinch, Yellowhammer (Passer, Pyrrhula, Emberiza).
—Here the cylinders are more distinctly arranged in groups, each
consisting of a long single row, generally of as many as six or eight.

Fowl, Guinea-fowl, Quail (Gallus, Numida, Coturnix).—In the
true gallinaceous birds the follicles are collected into very definite
oval or polygonal groups. The epithelial layer is thick and horny,

333

and in it each little bundle of rods is distinctly circumscribed by
septa formed of dark granules (Pl. CLXV. fig. 1). In the first named,
this layer at its thickest part measures = inch, and the follicular
stratum is =), inch deep.

Duck (Anas boschas).—Although so different in its general cha-
racters and habits, in the structure of the gizzard the duck closely
resembles the fowl. A transverse section of either the follicular coat
or the epithelial stratum of the two birds would be almost undistin-
guishable from each other under the microscope.

Pigeon (Columba livia).—The triturating disks are well-marked
in this bird, three-quarters of an inch in diameter, but rather longer
from above downwards than from side to side. The epithelial coat
is well developed, being 1, inch in thickness. Its transverse section
shows long dark lines, nearly parallel, with occasional cross lines,
marking off the cylinders into groups, not quite so regular and elon-
gated as in the passerine birds, but presenting a greater affinity to
these in this respect than to the true Gallinacee. The tubes of the
follicular membrane have a similar arrangement when seen in cross
section (Pl. CLXVI. figs. 1 & 2). In Hetopistes migratorius and
Goura victorie the structure is precisely similar. In the last the
epithelial coat is very hard, and measures as much as ;}, inch in
thickness.

Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica).—On each side of the in-
terior of the gizzard (corresponding in position to the triturating
disks in other birds) is a hard horny body, perfectly circular in out-
line, inch in diameter, detaching itself when dry (in which state
only I have seen it) from the remainder of the epithelial lining,
as distinctly as if struck out by a punch. It is concave, rough, and
yellow on the free surface, quite smooth and very convex (almost
pyramidal, the sides sloping up to an apex in the centre) on the
attached side, where it is imbedded in a corresponding hollow in the
mucous membrane. When dried it is of almost stony hardness, and
in section opaque and white. Its average thickness is } inch. The
other parts of the gizzard are lined by a membrane presenting the
usual characters of that found in pigeons. On examining the fol-
licular layer microscopically, it was found to be similar in structure to
the same tissue in other members of the family ; but in that part over
which the disks lie, the follicles appear more evenly distributed, and
not so distinctly collected in linear groups as in other portions of the
organ. In the thin part of the epithelial lining of the gizzard the
cylinders are collected into irregular groups, most of them having
a somewhat oval or linear form in transverse section ; the interme-
diate granular lines being dark and well-marked. On moistening the
attached surface of the disk, it was seen to be covered with the usual
little filamentous bodies drawn out from the follicles. Vertical sec-
tions showed parallel rod-like bodies with little intermediate or gra-
nular substance. Horizontal sections confirmed this view. The rods
are either round, oval, or of somewhat polygonal form, mostly of
nearly uniform size, and showing a darker central portion, and closely
packed together, with little intervening substance, and not collected

334

into groups. These characters are most distinct in the centre of the
disk, and towards the sides gradually merge into those presented by
the thin portion of the linmg membrane (Pl. CLXVI. figs. 3 & 4).

Thus these millstone-like bodies are formed of the same elements
as the epithelial lining in other granivorous birds, merely modified
so as to give them additional hardness. Perhaps naturalists who
have an opportunity of observing the Nicobar Pigeon in a wild state,
may be able to inform us whether any circumstances connected with
its food or habits throw light upon the purpose of this peculiarity in
its structure. I am not aware of a similar condition existing in any
other bird; but in connexion with the subject it may be mentioned
that Carus * has described and figured the lining membrane of the
gizzard of the Fulmar Petrel (Procellaria glacialis) as studded with
numerous horny tubercles, or teeth ; no account is given of their
microscopical structure.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PuaTEe CLXV.

Fig. 1. Horizontal section of epithelial stratum of gizzard of Guinea-fowl (Nu-
mida meleagris).

. Similar section of follicular stratum of the same bird.

. Vertical section of the lining membrane of the gizzard of the Common
Fowl.

=
3 09
wr

A. Epithelial stratum.
B. Follicular stratum.
C. Fibrous stratum.
D. Muscular coat.
Fig. 4. Three of the cylinders drawn out from their follicles: treated with liquor
potasse. From the Yellow-hammer (Eméeriza citrinella).

Piate CLXVI.

Fig. 1. Horizontal section of epithelial stratum of gizzard of the Common Pigeon
(Columba livia),

Fig. 2. Similar section of the follicular stratum of the same bird.

Fig. 3. Horizontal section of the thin portion of the epithelial lining of the gizzard
of the Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica).

Fig. 4. A similar section taken from near the centre of the disk.

These sections are all represented as seen with a 4-inch object-glass, and me-
dium eye-piece; with the exception of Fig. 3, Pl. CLXV., which is seen with a
1-inch object-glass.

4, On a New Form or GRALLATORIAL BIRD NEARLY ALLIED
To THE CariAMa (DicHoLopHus cristaTus). By Dr. G.
Hartiavus, ForergN MEMBER.

Professor H. Burmeister of Halle, who has lately returned to
Europe after an absence of about three years in the southern portion
of South America, has communicated to me the following notice of
a new species of Grallatorial Bird, very nearly allied to the Cariama,

* Tab. Anat. Comp. Illust. fol. pars iv. 1835, tab. vi.

335

which he met with in the woody parts of the Argentine Republic,
and which I have the pleasure to name after him Dicholophus bur-
meisteri.

This discovery is the more important and interesting, inasmuch
as the Cariama has, until now, remained rather an isolated type,
widely separated from even its nearest relatives.

The Chunga, as this bird is called by the Spanish inhabitants of
the Republic, seems to differ subgenerically from Dicholophus in the
following points :—The lores are equally and thickly plumose ; there
is no conspicuous frontal crest ; the tail is comparatively longer, and
the tarsus comparatively shorter; the nails are nearly uniform on all
the toes, and are stronger, larger, and more curved than in the Cariama.
A very important difference, perhaps the most important, consists in
the totally different habits of the more northern representative. Pro-
fessor Burmeister proposes for it a subgeneric division, under the name
of Chunga.

The Chunga is a large bird, of about 29 inches in length ; it is
found in the wooded districts of the province of Tucuman and
Catamarca; it nests on the ground. Its eggs are white, slightly
spotted with rufous. It feeds upon insects, and more especially upon
locusts. The young have a rufous dress, thickly undulated with
black : they very soon begin to take care of themselves. The Chunga
is easily domesticated, and seems, even after a few days of captivity,
attached to its master. Professor Burmeister saw two of them on a
farm, which were of the size of an Gidicnemus, and still bore their
downy plumage. They were fed upon little morsels of beef, but
rejected larger pieces, as well as the entrails of fowls. They delighted
in collecting bones, which they were in the habit of striking upon a
stone and breaking to pieces. During the day they stalked gravely
about, visited the house, jumped upon the tables and chairs, always
collecting food, and slept at night at certain elevated stations, for in-
stance on the projecting roof of the verandah. Professor Burmeister
obtained a living bird at Catamarca, and observed it for some length
of time. He saw it for the first time at the foot of the Sierra de
Aronguiga, where it ran very quickly and shyly over the road and
disappeared in the forest. In its wild state it is very difficult to kill ;
therefore it is preferable to search for the nest, and bring up the
young birds by hand. The cry of this bird is heard very frequently
in the district where it is found; it resembles that of the Dicho-
lophus cristatus, and sounds like the bark of a young dog, but not
quite so loud. The internal structure is quite the same as that of
Dicholophus.

DICHOLOPHUS BURMEISTERI, Hartlaub.

Statura et ptilosi ut in D. eristato formatis ; crista frontali vix
ulla. Totus pure cinereus, singulis plumis annulis alternan-
tibus albidis et nigrescentibus tenuissime notatis ; striga supra-
oculart a loris inde ad aures usque producta alba; epigastrio
pallidiore ; abdomine imo crisso et cruribus flavescenti-albidis ;
remigibus nigro-fuscescentibus pogonio interno ferrugineo-ful-

336

vescente fasciatis ; cauda dorso concolore, distinctius transver-

sim lineolata ; rectricibus duabus intermediis unicoloribus ;

reliquis fasciis duabus latis nigris, ante apicem notatis, omnibus

subtus pallidioribus ; rostro et pedibus nigris ; wide obscure
grisea.

Long. tot. circa, 28; rost. a nar. 13!"; al. 12’; caud. 10";

tars. 5!" 2!"; dig. med. 2"; dig. int. 13"; dig. ext. 1" 5'"; pollic. 7.

5. On some Hysrip Ducks. By ALFrrep Newron, M.A.,
F.Z.S.

5 (Aves, Pl. CLXVII., CLXVIII.)

The phznomena of Hybridism are in themselves so interesting,
and at present so little understood, that I venture to call attention
to some examples illustrating the subject, which I now have the
honour of exhibiting to the Society, and to make some observations
thereon.

The proverbial fidelity of Pigeons, when once mated, has been
found a matter of much convenience to at least one gentleman who
has studied the great question of the “Origin of Species,” by en-
abling him to experimentalize, comparatively without difficulty, on
the different races, breeds, or varieties which can be produced from
one common stock *. I would remark, on the other hand, that the
tendency, under certain circumstances, to polygamy which obtains
among many of the Ducks, combined with their natural salacity, is
such as to render that family, perhaps, the one of all others in which
experiments on hybridism can be the most easily tried.

The frequent occurrence of hybrids among the Anatide has already
attracted the notice of ornithologists, and among them of one of the
most distinguished European naturalists, M. de Selys-Longchamps,
who in 1845 enumerated no less than twenty-five different crosses
produced between various members of this family, and who eleven
years later was enabled to raise the number to forty-four +. Others
have also been recorded.

Although by far the greater proportion of these crosses take place
in a state of partial domestication, there can be, I think, no doubt
that some occur among birds in a wild state. As an instance I may
mention one, the offspring of which has been described, it is true, as
a distinct and good species under the various names of Anas mer-
goides, Mergus anatarius, or Clangula angustirostris, which I can-
not but join such high authorities as Naumann, Hartlaub, Baldamus,
Von Homeyer, Blasius, and De Selys in considering to be the pro-
duce of Anas clangula and Mergus albellus, though Kjerbodlling,
Cabanis, Reichenbach and Hennecke are of a contrary opinion.

* C. Darwin, ‘On the Origin of Species,’ London, 1859, p. 42.

+ Edm. de Selys-Longchamps, “ Récapitulation des Hybrides observés dans
la Famille des Anatidées,” Bulletins del'Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles, tom. xii. no. 10
(1845) ; and“ Additions 4 la Récapitulation,” &c., Bull. de l’Acad. Roy. de Bel-
gique, tom. xxiii. no. 7 (1856). °

'
J
i) i ‘

—

337

The specimens which I beg leave first to submit to your notice
were most kindly sent for my use by Mr. Daniel G. Elliot of New
York, one of our Corresponding Members. They have been already
exhibited at a former meeting (November 22, 1859), but I do not
hesitate again to call your attention to them, because on that occa-
sion the origin of two of them was, in my opinion, erroneously ac-
counted for. They were then considered to have been respectively
produced by crosses between (1) the Wild Duck (Anas boschas) and
Pintail (Dafila acuta), (2) the Wild Duck and Muscovy Duck (Cai-
rina moschata), and (3) the American Scaup (fuligula affnis) and
the Canvas-back (F’. valisneria) or the American Pochard (/’. ame-
ricana) *. Now, the first of these betrays, to my eye, no sign of
descent from the Pintail. Indeed it differs in one respect only from
the ordinary appearance of the common hybrid between the Wild
Duck and the Dusky Duck (4. obscura); and in this one respect—
the rufous colouring of the vent—it differs equally from the Pintail.
But of this, more presently. The pedigree of the second bird I am
disposed to think has been correctly suggested ; but it may be re-
marked that it is not unlike that curious domesticated variety of the
Wild Duck which is known to dealers as the “ Labrador,”’ the
«« Buenos Ayres,” the “ Black,”’ or the “ Velvet’’ Duck. The origin
of the third (Pl. CLXVII.) I believe to be due to a cross between
the Collared Duck (Fuligula collaris) on one side, and on the other,
one of the before-mentioned species, but probably the American Po-
chard. A resemblance to the Collared Duck is observable in the
white spot under the chin, and the grey speculum,—characters which
are not possessed by either of the Scaup Ducks found in the New
World. This last specimen is a particularly interesting one. It
will no doubt be fresh in the recollection of the ornithologists whom
I have the honour of addressing, that in April 1847, Mr. Bartlett
exhibited, at a meeting of this Society, three ducks, which he con-
sidered to form a new species, and accordingly described them by
the name of Fuligula ferinoides +; one of them having been pre-
viously, but erroneously, figured by the late Mr. Yarrell in his
‘British Birds’ as an example of the American Scaup (Fuligula
affinis). At the time, I believe that some doubts were expressed as
to the validity of this species, and these doubts appear to me to be
well-grounded. In the ‘ Naumannia’ for 1851 (pp. 12-15), Herr
Badeker described some birds killed near Rotterdam as forming
a new species under the name of Fuligula homeyeri, and in that
Journal for the next year two of these examples were figured, which
were subsequently exhibited by Mr. Gould at the meeting of this
Society, March 28, 1854, and by him identified with Mr. Bartlett’s
F. ferinoides f.

In the ‘ Revue et Magazin de Zoologie’ for March 1853 (p. 117),
M. Jaubert, under the name of Anas intermedia, gave an account
and description of four male hybrids, as he considered them, between
Fuligula ferina and F. nyroca.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 437. + Ibid. 1847, p. 48.
t Ibid. 1854, p. 95. *
No. 438.—ProceEpDinGs oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society,

338

Now, both F. ferinoides and F. homeyeri I believe to have been
produced from the cross which M. Jaubert has suggested; and my
belief is strengthened by the perfect analogy shown by the present
hybrid from the New World. The subject has been much discussed
upon the Continent ; and those who support the view of the validity
of the supposed species have relied principally on the assertion that
birds in a state of nature do not hybridize,—an assertion which I
venture to believe is not according to facts.

The specimens which I next have the honour to exhibit to you
are, in my opinion, of no common interest. The statement has been
again and again reiterated, with some slight variation of language,
but always to the same effect, that hybrids between two distinct spe-
cies are znter se infertile. I presume that no naturalist, whatever
may be the views he takes of species, will have any hesitation in de-
claring that the Wild Duck (Anas boschas), with all its domesticated
varieties, and the Pintail (Dajfila acuta), are perfectly distinct spe-
cies. It is well known that they will readily, in a state of confine-
ment, breed together. In the winter of 1855-6 I received from a
friend a pair of birds (male and female) which were bred by him from
a Pintail Drake and a farm-yard Duck. These I turned down on
my pond. It is fair to say that on this pond were also examples of
both species. 1 watched them very closely ; the male hybrid—as
hybrids constantly do—at once reigned supreme over its denizens.
As spring approached he became a most devoted and at the same
time jealous husband : not a drake of any description would he allow
to come near his mate; and in the battles in which he engaged in de-
fence of his prerogative, he invariably came off victorious. I was never
fortunate enough to obtain ocular proof of the consummation of his
nuptials, but I most firmly believe that the male of no other species
on the water ever had access to his wife. My brother, who was as
constant in his observations as myself, entirely coincided in this opi-
nion. In the month of April the female hybrid made her nest, and
sat upon her eggs, in due time hatching four ducklings, which proved
to be two females and two males. The skins of the latter I now ex-
hibit (Pl. CLXVIII.), and I have no scruple whatever in regarding
them as actually the produce inter se of a pair of hybrids between
totally distinct species. In the breeding seasons of 1857 and 1858
I was away from home. Last year I was anxious to ascertain if
these hybrids of the second generation would produce again inter se ;
and I watched them narrowly. The result of my observations was,
that they were probably infertile ; and after their death my suspicions
were strengthened by the dissection I made. I may add, that in
the present season the old hybrid female, the mother of the subjects
of these remarks, has brought out two broods of young ones, which
I cannot but regard as also the offspring of their putative father,
but, through other occupations, I have not been able to afford the
necessary time to watch them. I forbear, therefore, to adduce them
in support of my argument. It, however, appears to me that the
common assertion to which I have alluded requires considerable mo-
dification, and that all that can be said is, that though the hybrid

339

offspring of two animals clearly distinct may of themselves be per-
fectly fertile, it is not proved that this fertility extends to a second
generation.

There is one other point which I must be allowed to mention
before quitting the subject. It will be seen that the two birds ex-
hibited differ remarkably in plumage, although of the same parentage,
sex, and age; for they were born and killed within a day or two of
each other. The larger specimen almost exactly resembles his
father, but perhaps his colours are not so warm or brilliant. The
smaller bird is of an appearance altogether distinct, and the almost
uniform mottled grey of his breast and belly would make it perhaps
difficult to guess his parentage. I can account for the divergence
only in this way, that the Domestic Duck from which these birds
are descended was of that almost whole-coloured variety which is
not unfrequently seen in farm-yards, and that, while one of her
grand-children shows nearly the typical plumage of the hybrid be
tween the Wild Duck and the Pintail, the other takes after some
progenitor of the variety I have mentioned. Whether this will serve
to illustrate the peculiarity I have above mentioned, and also a curious
fact alluded to by our Secretary in a late communication on some
Hybrid Ducks bred in the Society’s Gardens, wherein it is stated
that the produce of a cross between Tadorna vulpanser and Casarca
cana present a character “ scarcely deducible from either,* ”’ I do
not say. It is not, however, difficult to see what use may be made of
this singular cireumstance by those who advocate the views of Mr.
Darwin ; but into any consideration of the question I forbear to enter,
contenting myself merely by noticing the fact.

6. Remarks on THE Anas (ANSER) ERYTHROPUS OF LINN&EUs.
By Autrrep Newron, M.A., F.Z.S.

The determination of the species established by Linnzus has
always been held by naturalists a matter of so great importance,
that I have no scruple in occupying a portion of your time this
evening with a few remarks respecting the bird which, in the 12th
edition of his ‘Systema Nature’ is designated by the name of
“* Anas erythropus ;”’ especially also as one of his editors (the late
learned Professor Retzius), though noticing the “mira circa hance
avem confusio,”’ has, in my opinion, failed to give a satisfactory
solution of the difficulty. It will be, I think, universally admitted
that the names employed by Linnzus, when, as in the present in-
stance, they are drawn from any physical character, are remarkably
apposite. This consideration of itself should have served as a warn-
ing to ornithologists against their imagining, as many have done,
that he could possibly mean to apply the name ‘“‘ erythropus” to a
species like the Bernicle Goose, with which he was sufficiently
familiar, and to which it was in no degree suitable.

* Proc. Zool. Soe. 1859, p. 442, Aves, Pl, CLVIII.

ia A Lin a a ACRE ea. Sa ee ee
340

It will, perhaps, be convenient to examine first on what founda-
tion ** Anus erythropus’’ was established.

In the 12th edition of the ‘Systema Naturz ’ (Holmiz, 1766) we
find (vol. i. pars 1. pp. 197-8) the species as the eleventh in order
of the genus Anas, and the account given is :—

‘*A. cinerea, fronte alba. Faun. Svec. 116.” [I omit all the syn-
onyms borrowed from other authors.| ‘Rostrum rudrum. Pedes
rubri.”

Now these latter characters clearly can have no reference to the
Bernicle Goose, even if that species were not elsewhere included as
Anas bernicla, var. [3.

Turning then to the edition of the ‘ Fauna Suecica’ cited (Stock-
holmie, 1761), we have (p. 41) as follows :—

116. Anas erythropus cinerea ; fronte alba. Fn. 92.......
Anser cinereus ferus, torque inter oculos et rostrum albo, erythropus.
W. Botniensibus Fjell-gas. Habitat in Helsingia, Lapponiz alpi-
bus.”

To this succeeds a description of the male, which I admit is open
to objection ; but the matter, in my opinion, is rendered conclusive
by the description of the female, which, in the edition of the ‘ Fauna
Suecica’ here referred to, and published fifteen years previously
(Lugd. Bat. 1746), is alone given. It is this :—

«Rostrum sordide carneum, frons alba. Caput, collum, dorsum,
cauda cinerea; pectus et abdomen candida: macule in sterno ni-
grescentes: Pedes sanguinei.”

It is, therefore, plain, that by Anas erythropus Linneus did not
intend to designate the Bernicle Goose, but a bird known in his
time to the Swedes of Westro-Bothnia by the name of Fjzll-gas—
i.e. “Fell” or ‘ Mountain Goose.” It accordingly remains to be
seen what that species is.

It appears by the note-books of the late Mr. John Wolley, which
are now in my possession, that in all his researches he was able to find
only two species of Wild Goose inhabiting the extensive district in
Lapland which he so carefully explored, and of which part was com-
prehended in the ancient province of Westro-Bothnia. These species
are known to the Finns, who form the great bulk of the population,
respectively as the “ Iso-hanhi” and “ Killio-hanhi,” the former
signifying “ Great Goose,” the latter “‘ Mountain Goose.” The Iso-
hanhi he had several opportunities of identifying as the well-known
Bean Goose (Anser segetum) ; the other he found, somewhat to his
surprise, to be, not, as he had been told by Swedish ornithologists,
the Bernicle Goose, but a bird of about that size, and at the same
time closely resembling, in plumage and other physical characters, the
White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons). Not to extend the present
remarks, I may state briefly that he was not able to discover that
the Bernicle Goose was known to any of the inhabitants of the
interior of the country: a statement which is singularly corroborated
by Mr. Dann’s note communicated to Mr. Yarrell (B. B. iii. p. 73)
in reference to the last-named species :—‘‘A skin of this Goose was
shown me by some Laps near Gillivara, who were ignorant of the

oe.) - ~~ - — >= _— »
S

EY | Proc Z.S.Aves CL

a Wolf del

aodennens,lith .& N.Hanhaee

AQUILA GURNEYI a

aie

Proc.Z.S. Aves’

Proc Z.S. Aves, CLES

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M.& N. Hanhartdag

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J.Wolf.del.

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Proc Z.5.Aves, CLXME

M.& N. Hanharey
i

bird, never having seen it before. It was’shot at Killingsuvanda.”’
Accordingly, in the Catalogue of his Eggs sold by Mr. Stevens in
1856, he stated, under the head of “ d4nas albifrons,” that “ this
interesting bird is the proper Fjell-gas of the Swedes, which name
has, however, been applied to the Bernicle in their works on Natural
History. The Lapland specimens seem to be of the small-sized race,
which has been named Anser minutus by Naumann.” I must here
take exception to part ‘of Mr. Wolley’s statement, some Swedish
writers being quite aware that the “ Fyell-Gas ” was not Anser leu-
copsis, as, for instance, Professor Zetterstedt, in the account of his
travels in Lapland * (vol. ii. p. 161).

In the Catalogue of his Eggs sold in the following year (1857),
Mr. Wolley further identified the only White-fronted Geese which
breed in Lapland,” with the Anser finmarchicus of Bishop Gunner,
described in one of the notes (pp. 264-5) of Professor Leem’s great
work +, “‘ as distinct from the larger White-fronted Goose.”

I can only say that I entirely coincide with the views thus ex-
pressed by Mr. Wolley, while I also identify the “ Killio-hanhit” or
“ Fjell Gas,” with the Anas erythropus of Linnzeus ; and I here
subjoin a concise summary of the principal synonyms of this bird.

ANSER ERYTHROPUS (Linn.).

Anas (Anser) erythropus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), vol. i.
pars 1. p. 197 (non Auct.). ;

Anser finmarchicus, Gunner, in Leemii de Lappon. Comm. notis
(1767), p. 264.

Anser temminchii, Boié, Isis, 1822, p. 882.

Anser minutus, Naum. Naturgesch. der Vég. Deutschl. (1842)
- vol. xi. p. 365, tab. 290.

7. List oF Brrps couuectrep py Mr. Wauuace at tHe Mo-
Lucca IsLanps, witH DescripTions oF New Speciss, etc.
By Grorce Rosert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., erc.

(Aves, Pls. CLXIX.-CLXXII.)

The present list contains an enumeration of the Birds lately sent
to this country by that indefatigable collector Mr. Wallace, from
Batchian or Bakian Island, including a few from Kaisa or Kiou
Island ; to these are added those that he had forwarded on a pre-
vious occasion from Amboyna and Ternate ; thus embracing a hun-
dred species found on four of the Molucca Islands. I am therefore
induced to refer to the names of those species that have been recorded

* ‘Resa genom Sweriges och Norriges Lappmarker, af Joh. Wilh. Zetterstedt.’
Two vols. 8vo. Lund, 1822. ;

tT ‘Canuti Leemii de Lapponibus Finmarchize Commentatio, una cum J. EB.
Gunneri notis, &c. &c.’ Kjobenhayn, 1767.

¢ In Europzus’ “ Svenskt-Finskt Handlexikon ” (Helsingfors, 1853), the word
is spelled “ Kallio” (vide page 42, sub voce ‘ Berg.’). ;

342

by other ornithologists as coming from the Molucca group, and also
from the large neighbouring islands of Gilolo or Halmaheira, Ceram,
Bouro or Bourou, &e., which, if taken collectively with the Moluccan
species, will form the nucleus of an Ornithological Fauna (of upwards
of 200 species) of what would be more properly designated the Spice
Islands.

I have been enabled by a very recent arrival from Gilolo and Ter-
nate, to add to this list some twenty-seven additional species ; they
are distinguished by an asterisk.

FALCONID.

Aaquita (HETEROPUs 2) GURNEYI. (Pl. CLXIX.)
Immature.—Male. Hair brown, varied with buffy-white in the

form of bars and streaks ; the head, neck, beneath the body, and tail- —

coverts rufous-white, except on the breast and sides, which are ru-
fous ; this latter colour is also sparingly displayed in patches on the
head and neck; the lesser wing-coverts and scapulars irregularly
banded with white; the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, tertials,
and tail deep brown, banded irregularly with grey ; the primaries
deep black.

Mature bird probably brownish black, with indications of irre-
gular greyish bands.

Length 35" 6', wings 22" 3!", tail 16" 3'", bill from gape 2" 3!",

Batchian Island (Wail. Coll.).

This fine bird partakes of the form of Aquila malayensis, but it is
larger and of a totally different colour. I have named this remark-
able bird after J. H. Gurney, Esq., who is paying particular atten-
tion to the group to which it belongs, and who possesses one of the
finest series of them.

*HartaEtus (CUNCUMA) LEUCOGASTER.
Falco leucogaster, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 257.

Halietus leucogaster, Gould.
Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

HALIASTUR LEUCOSTERNUS, var. B.M.

Haliaétus leucosternus, Gould, B. of Austr. i. pl. .
Haliastur leucosternus, G. R. Gray, List of B. B.M. i. p. 13.
Haliaétus (Ictinoaétus) leucosternon, Kaup.

Batchian, Amboyna, and Ternate.
Rather smaller in all its proportions to the Australian and Loui-
siade specimens.

BaZzA REINWARDTII. B.M.

Falco (Lophotes) reinwardtii, Mill. & Schleg. Verh. Nederl. t. 5.
Lophastur jerdoni, Bl. Journ. A. 8, B. xi. p. 464.

Baza jerdoni, Bl. Cat. of B. p. 18.

Baza reinwardtii, Bl. Cat. p. 317.

343

Aviceda reinwardtii, Pr. B.
Aviceda sumatrensis, Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1848, p- 210?
Batchian.

TINNUNCULUS MOLUCCENSIS. B.M.

Cresserelle des Moluques, Temm. & Schl. Fauna Jap. p- 3.

Tinnunculus moluccensis, Homb. & Jacq. Voy. au Péle Sud, Ois.
.. 1..£, 2.

Falco tinnunculus, Mill. Verh. Ethn. p- 87?

Batchian ; Kaisa Island ; Amboyna; Ternate; Dijilolo.

Hierax cerulescens, Vig. Molucca Islands.

ASTUR IOGASTER.

Falco hiogaster, Mill. & Schleg. Verh. Nederl. p. 110.
Epervier océanien, 3, Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 2. f. 1.
Accipiter hyogaster, Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p. 33.
Amboyna and Gilolo (Wail. Coil.).

ASTUR GRISEOGULARIS. B.M.

Adult. Greyish-slate colour; more decidedly grey on head and
mentum; nape and between the shoulders tinged with rufous vina-
ceous ; beneath the body rufous vinaceous, narrowly banded with
greyish-white.

Young male? Head and throat slaty-grey, paler on the latter ;
nape castaneous ; back and wings brown and greyish-black mixed ;
tail brown, and some feathers greyish-black, banded with darker ;
breast, sides of abdomen, and thighs rufous, barred with white,
which is margined with black ; abdomen white, broadly barred with
fuscous; beneath the tail, old feathers rufous-white barred with
black, new feathers grey barred with black.

Female. Head, occiput, and ear-coverts black, varied with black
and slightly with rufous ; back and wings brown, each feather spotted
with white and margined with pale rufous; upper surface of tail
brown, banded with black, paler brown between the bands near the
shaft ; beneath the body white, marked with streaks on the breast,
and crescent-shaped bands of black on the abdomen.

Length 18" 6!", tarsi 2" 5".

Batchian, Djilolo, and Ternate.

This bird approaches Astur approximans (Vig. & Horsf.), but the
bill is larger ; the head and throat are decidedly grey ; the tarsi are
much shorter, though the toes are about the same length.

*ASTUR HENICOGRAMMUS.

Juv.? Head and back of neck black, varied with white, and
slightly with rufous; back, wing-coverts, and tertials black, spotted
with white, the former colour narrowly margined with rufous ; quills
and tail-feathers black and rufous banded; under surface white
banded with rufous, the rufous colour on breast varied with black ;

344

under surface of wings and tail rufous white, spotted or banded with
black.

Length 16", wings 8" 9".

East Gilolo.

Probably a very young stage of Astur griseogularis.

* ACCIPITER ERYTHRAUCHEN.

Slaty-black ; lore, cheeks, mentum, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts slaty-white ; side of neck and nape castaneous rufous ; breast,
sides of abdomen, and thighs whitish-rufous ; under wing-coverts
rufous-white, varied with slaty-white ; quills beneath banded with
rufous or slaty-white and slaty-black.

Length 11” 9'", wings 8! 9!"

East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

MICRONISUS SOLOENSIS.

Falco soloensis, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 137.

Falco cuculoides, Temm. Pl. Col. 110. 129.

Tachyspiza soloensis, Kaup. Classif. der Saug. und Vég. p. 116.
Micronisus soloensis, G. R. Gray.

Batchian (Wall. Ooll.).

STRIGIDZ.
* ATHENE RUFOSTRIGATA.

This bird approaches the Athene connivens in general appearance,
but it is of a blackish-slate colour on the upper surface; the bands
on the quills and tail-feathers are less prominent, and the white spots
on the wings are less numerous ; while the longitudinal streaks on the
white under surfaces are of a rufous colour, slightly varied with slaty-
black.

Length 17" 9!", wings 11" 6".

East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

ATHENE HYPOGRAMMA. B.M.

Upper surface uniform deep rufous-brown, more obscure on the
head ; scapulars and some of the wing-coverts banded with white ;
front and throat white ; under surface entirely white, broadly banded
with brownish-rufous ; tail banded with paler colour; tarsi plumed
and rufous-white ; toes covered only with strong scattered hairs.

Length 15" 3, wings 8" 9!".

Batchian and Gilolo.

This bird bears a great similarity to the dthene variegata(Q. & G.),
but it does not exhibit the marks visible on the upper surface of that
bird and it also differs in having the barring of the under surface
extending on the tail-coverts. It is also larger in all its proportions.

Athene squamipila, Pr. B. Ceram.

EPHIALTES LEUCOSPILA. B.M.
Upper surface rufous, speckled and irregularly striated longitu-

EEE a,

345

dinally with black ; the marks on the head are broader and more
defined ; under surface varied with rufous and white, with black
irregular marks down the shaft of each feather; scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer margins of quills, and of the outer tail-feather spotted
with white ; tarsi plumed; toes entirely naked.

Length 11", wings 6! 6”.

Batchian and Eastern Gilolo.

In general appearance this bird is very like Ephialtes manadensis
(Q. & G.), but it is larger in all its proportions, and is more promi-
nently marked with white on the wing-coverts.

Ephialtes magicus, Mull. Amboyna; Banda Islands.

CAPRIMULGID&.

BATRACHOSTOMUS PSILOPTERUS.

Rufous-cinnamon ; front, middle of throat, breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts varied with rufous and white—the latter colour
margined with black ; wing-coverts, scapulars, and some of the ter-
tials spotted with white, surrounded with black ; a spot behind each
eye and at the base of mandibles white; tail irregularly banded
with black ; quills black, with the outer web cinnamon colour ;
bristles lengthened and deep black.

Length 12", wings 7".

Batchian and Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

HIRvUNDINID4.

MACROPTERYX MYSTACEUS. B.M.

Cypselus mystaceus, Less. Voy. de la Coqu. Zool. i. t. 22.
Macropteryx mystaceus, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 340.
Dendrochelidon mystaceus, Boié, Isis, 1844, p. 166.
Batchian and Eastern Gilolo ; Amboina.

CoLLOCALIA HYPOLEUCA. B.M.

Collocalia hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. S. 1858, p. 170.
Batchian.

Collocalia esculenta (?). Amboyna.

HiruNpDO GUTTURALIS. : B.M.

Hirundo gutturalis, Scop.

Hirundo panayensis, Gmel. S. N.i. p. 1018.
Hirundo javanica, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. t. 100.
Batchian and Gilolo.

CoraciaDz&.

EuRYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS.

Coracias orientalis, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 159.
Eurystomus orientalis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 99.
Colaris orientalis, Cuv. Rég. Anim. 1817, i. p. 401.
Batchian and Ternate (Wail. Coll.).

346

EURYSTOMUS AZUREUS. | B.M.

Bronzy-black, tinged with green on the back ; the feathers of the
wings, rump, and beneath the body broadly margined with deep blue,
but the latter varying, in certain lights, to bright cobalt-blue, espe-
cially on the quills, tail-feathers, and beneath the body ; the throat
blue, with the shaft of each feather more bright ; the quills near the
middle with a pale verditer spot.

Bill and feet red.

Length 13" 6'", wings 8", bill from gape 1" 9!"".

Batchian.

Eurystomus pileatus, Reinw. Molucca.

ALCEDINID.

*HALCYON FUNEBRIS. B.M.
Halcyon funebris, Forst., Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p. 157.

Cyanaleyon funebris, Pr. B.
Djilolo.

Haxcyon couzaris (var.). B.M.

Alcedo collaris, Scop. Del. Flor. & Faun. Insubr. p. 90.

Halcyon collaris, Swains. Zool. Ilustr. pl. 27.

Batchian and Gilolo.

The bill appears to be of a smaller size than those of the Indian
continent.

HALCYON LAZULI. B.M.

Alcedo lazuli, Temm. Pl. Col. 508.
Halcyon lazuli, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 79.

Todiramphus lazuli, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 157.
Amboyna.

HAucyon DIOPS. B.M.
Alcedo diops, Temm. Pl. Col. 272.

Halcyon diops, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 79.

Todiramphus diops, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 157.

Amboyna, Ternate, Batchian, and Gilolo.

*HALCYON SANCTUS.

Halcyon sancta, Vig. & Horsf. Linn. Trans.
Ternate. (Wail. Coll.)

TANYSIPTERA NAIs.

Alcedo dea, Linn.?

Upper surface black, with the feathers broadly margined with in-
digo, those of the cheeks, nape, and wing-coverts brighter blue ; top
of the head margined with silvery-blue; eyebrows, round the occi-
put, shoulder of wings, and the narrow central portion of the two
middle tail-feathers verditer-blue; beneath the body, rump, and

347

lengthened spatular ends of the two middle tail-feathers white ; the
outer tail-feathers white, broadly margined with blue-black.

Length 12", wings 4", bill from gape 1! 11".

Amboyna (Wail. Coll.).

This bird, it is supposed, will eventually be found to possess some
characters distinguishing it from that described by Linnzeus, as from
Ternate, and therefore the above name has been given to it provi-
sionally.

TANYSIPTERA istst. B.M.

Upper surface dull black, with the feathers of the nape margined
with deep blue; cheeks and some of the wing-coverts margined with
bright blue; top of head silvery-blue; eyebrows, round occiput,
and margins of shoulders verditer-blue ; beneath the body and rump
white; tail-coverts deep blue; two middle tail-feathers verditer-
blue, margined with bright blue, the inner margin near the base and
the short spatular ends white; lateral feathers deep blue, with the
ends and inner webs more or less white.

Length 11" 9", wing 3" 8", bill from gape 1" 8!"

Batchian and Gilolo.

This species is nearest to the remains of an example of this genus
which I described under the name of Tanysiptera nympha ; but the
middle tail-feathers are of a bright indigo-blue, and not so narrow
near the ends, which are also not so spatula-shaped; the outer
feathers are entirely of a bluish-black ; the crown of the head is also
of a bright indigo-blue.

TANYSIPTERA SABRINA. (Pl. CLXX.) B.M.

Upper surface black ; cheeks, nape, and upper part of back deep
blue ; top of head bright blue ; eyebrows, round the occiput, and
shoulders of wings, silvery-blue ; spot in the middle of back, beneath
the body, and lateral tail-feathers, white ; the two middle tail-feathers
with the basal part and the lengthened spatular ends white; the
narrow part silvery-blue.

Length 12" 9!"', wings 4!' 3!, bill from gape 1" 8!".

Kaisa or Kiou Island.

This species is like Mr. Gould’s Tanysiptera sylvia, in having the
white spot on the middle of the back ; otherwise it is most like
Tanysiptera nais, though the blue is of a different hue.

The genus Tunysiptera now consists of the following species :—
T. dea, Linn. 'Ternate.

(?) T. nais, G. R. Gray. Amboyna.

T. galatea, G. R. Gray (4. dea, Less.). _New Guinea.

T. hydrocharis, G.R. Gray. Aru Islands.

T. nympha, G. R. Gray. Philippine Islands?

T. isis, G. R. Gray. Batchian and Gilolo.

T. sabrina, G. R. Gray. Kaisa Island.

T. sylvia, Gould. Cape York.

+ This seems to be the bird described by Herr F. Heine in Cabanis’ ‘ Journal
fiir Ornithologie,’ 1859, p. 406, as Tanysiptera margarethe.—P. L. S.

i” er

348

CrYX LEPIDA. B.M.
Ceyx lepida, Temm. Pl. Col. 591. f. 1.
Amboyna and Batchian.

CrEYX UROPYGIALIS. B.M.

Black, with the feathers of the head and wing-coverts bordered
with prussian blue ; cheeks streaked with the same colour ; the back
and tail-coverts streaked with bright ultramarine blue; the rump
verditer, narrowly banded with white ; the throat, and spot on the
side of neck, yellowish-white ; frontlet and beneath the body ru-
fescent, tinged with yellow.

Length 5" 1!", wings 2" 4'", bill from gape 1!" 7!',

Batchian and Ternate.

Alcedo ispida, var. des Moluques. Bourou or Bouro; Banda.

ALCYONE AFFINIS. B.M.

The form of the bill agrees with that of Alcyone lessoni of New
Guinea, but is rather shorter; the blue of the upper surface is of a
paler hue, while the breast and abdomen are of a more uniform dark
rufous colour. In these latter respects it agrees best with Aleyone
pulchra of Mr. Gould.

Batchian.

*MEROPS ORNATUS.

Merops ornatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxxv.
Ternate (Wail. Coll.).

PROMEROPIDZ.
NECTARINIA ASPASIOIDES.
Nectarinia aspasia, pt., Mill.
This bird seems to agree with the figure given by Lesson in Voy.
Coqu. t. 30. f. 2, in its general coloration, but the bill is much s

longer.
Amboyna (Wall. Coil.).

NECTARINIA AURICEPS. B.M.

This bird is closely allied to the last, but the top of the head is
rich golden green; and the throat, lower part of back, and wing-
coverts are of a rich glossy steel-blue.

Batchian and Ternate.

NECTARINIA FRENATA. B.M.
Nectarinia frenata, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 61.

Cyrtostomus frenatus, Reichenb.

Batchian and Ternate.

Nectarinia solaris, Temm. Amboyna. _

Nectarinia zenobia, Less. Amboyna; Gilolo.

349

DICZUM SCHISTACEICEPS. B.M.

Head, neck, and breast greyish-slate ; the latter with a large spot
of vermilion ; back, sides, and under tail-coverts olive-green ; upper
tail-coverts yellowish green ; wings and tail zeneous.

Length 3" 5!", wings 2".

Batchian and E. Gilolo.

Diceum erythrothorax, Less. Bourou; Amboyna.

Diceum rubrocanum, Temm. Banda.

MELIPHAGIDZ.
MyzomELA SIMPLEX. B.M.

Rufous greyish-brown ; paler beneath; quills and tail obscure
brown, margined with brownish-crimson ; bill black ; feet pale brown.

Length 5" 2", wings 2" 3!"’,

Batchian.

Myzomela boiei, Mill. Banda.

ANTHOCHAERA SENEX. B.M.

Tropidorhynchus gilolensis, Temm. Pr. Consp. Av. p. 390?

Fuscous-black, with the shafts pure white, especially on the throat
and breast ; wings grey, with the tips and shafts of the feathers pure
white ; orbits of the eyes naked ; bill and feet black.

Length 9", wings 4" 3!’, bill from gape.

Batchian and Gilolo.

Tropidorhynchus subcornutus, Temm. Ceram.

Tropidorhynchus bouroensis, Less. Bourou.

Tropidorhynchus ? moluecensis (Gm.). Molucca.

LuscIniIDz&.
ACROCEPHALUS ORIENTALIS. B.M.

Calamoherpe orientalis, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 285.
Batchian. ;

ACROCEPHALUS FASCIOLATUS.

Deep olivaceous-brown, with the shafts of the feathers on the
head and upper part of neck of a pale colour; the lores and cheeks
yellowish-white ; the throat and breast yellowish-white, banded with
dusky ; the abdomen yellowish-white, darker on the sides; the
under tail-coverts pale rufous-white.

Length 7", wings 3".

Batchian (Wail. Coll.).

SYLVIA FLAVESCENS.

Greyish olivaceous-green, with a narrow band from nostrils over
the eyes and ear-coverts yellowish-white ; beneath the body white,
tinged with greyish on the throat ; breast and sides with dashes of
pale yellow; the abdomen and under tail-coverts tinged with pale

350

yellow ; upper mandible black, lower yellowish-white ; feet pale horn-
colour.

Length 4" 10!", wings 2" 6!”

Batchian (Wail. Coll.).

ZOSTEROPS CHLORIS. ; B.M.
Zosterops chloris, Mill. Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 398.
Ternate.

ZosTEROPs (?) ATRICEPS.

Yellowish-green ; the head, tail, and quills brownish-black, the
two latter bordered narrowly with yellowish green ; beneath the body
and under wing-coverts white ; the under tail-coverts pale king-yel-
low ; the circle round the eyes white ; bill black, with base of lower
mandible yellowish ; feet horn-colour.

Length 4” 10!, wings 2" 41",

Batchian (Wail. Coll.).

MoracILLA FLAVESCENS.

Timor Wagtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iv. p. 104.
Motacilla flava, var. 3, Lath. Ind. Orn, ii. p. 504.
Motacilla flavescens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. x. p. 559.
Amboyna and Gilolo (Wall, Coll.).

ANTHUS ARBOREUS, var.
Alauda trivialis, Linn.?
Anthus arboreus, Bechst.
Pipastes arboreus, Kaup.
Batchian (Wall. Coll.).

TURDIDZ.

*Turpus (MonTICcOLA) ERYTHROPTERUS.

Blue grey, each feather margined with black and then white or -
dusky white; wings and tail black, margined externally with blue
grey and tipped with pure white ; some of the under wing-coverts and
under tail-coverts castaneous rufous, marked with bluish-black and
margined with white.

Length 10", wings 5! 3!",

Djilolo (Wail. Coll.).

PitTa INORNATAF. B.M.

The appearance of this bird is very similar to Pitta mackloti and
P. celebensis, but it is without any sign of the pale blue vertical
band, and without the prominent black mark above and below the
broad blue pectoral band ; the bill is larger, and the tarsus a trifle
longer, than in either of the above-mentioned species. The blue on
the lower part of the back and on the wings is less apparent. In size
it is very similar to the other allied species.

Batchian and Gilolo.

+ Described by Herr F. Heine (Journ. f. Orn. 1859, p. 406) as Coloburis ruji-
ventris.—P. L. S.

351

*PITTA MAXIMA. B.M.

Pitta maxima, Forsten, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. p. 14.
Brachyurus maximus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p. 253.
Gigantipitta maxima, Pr. B.

Gilolo.

*PITTA CYANONOTA. B.M.

Very similar to the former species, but the back and wings are
entirely of a whitish-blue colour.

Ternate.

Pitta cyanoptera, Temm. Molucca.
Pitta brachyura, Linn. Molucca.

CRINIGER FLAVICAUDUS. B.M.

Trichophorus flavicaudus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 262.
Trichophorus sulphureus, Temm.
Batchian and Djilolo.

*ORIOLUS PHXZOCHROMUS.

Obscure olivaceous-brown ; beneath the body greyish-olivaceous,
especially on the throat ; wings and tail pale olivaceous-brown, with
the shafts of the quills and tail rufous-white ; the feathers are also
slightly margined with pale olivaceous white. Bill and tarsi black.

Length 10", wings 5" 3!"

East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

Muscicarip&.
RHIPIDURA TRICOLOR.

Rhipidura mimoides, Mill. MSS.

Mussieapa tricolor, Vieill. N. Dict. H. Nat. xxi. p. 490.

Muscipeta melaleuca, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de 1’Astrol. Zool. i.
p. 180.

Rhipidura melanoleuca, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B.i. p. 259.
Sauloprocta melanoleuca, Cab. Mus. Orn. Hein. p. 57.
Rhipidura atripennis, G. R. Gr.

Batchian ; Ternate; Djilolo; Amboyna.

The specimens from these localities are so similar to those from
New Ireland, New Guinea, and Aru Island, that it is not possible
to define characters to distinguish them from one another. I was
induced to separate those of the last-mentioned place, from their wings
and tails being of a deeper black colour, which may be owing to the
age of the bird. In Australia this species is represented by R. mo-
tacilloides, which is altogether smaller.

Rhipidura squamata, Mill. Banda.

*MONARCHA CINERASCENS.

Drymophila cinerascens, Temm. Pl. Col. 430.
Monarcha cinerascens, G. R. Gray.
Ternate (Wall. Coll.).

352

MonARCHA BIMACULATA.

Like M. trivirgata, Temm. (ex Timor), but the bill is very small,
and entirely black ; the tail has the white only on the end of the
two outer feathers.

Length 6", wings 3", bill from 7!"’.

Batchian and Djilolo (Wail. Coll.).

MonARCHA NIGRIMENTUM. B.M.

Like M. trivirgata (ex Timor), but the bill is rather longer and
more compressed; the black on the throat only occupies a small
space beneath the bill ; the tail also differs in not having any white
on the ends of the four middle feathers, but only on the three outer
feathers, decreasing in quantity inwardly ; bill blue lead; feet lead-
colour.

Length 6! 10", wings 3", bill from gape 9!".

Amboyna.

It may be concluded that each locality has its own peculiar spe-
cies, as we find that the Timor examples are different from the others,
in having a greater quantity of white on the ends of the outer tail-
feathers, and that this colour is even found on the inner web of the
fourth feather ; while in the Australian examples, the white colour
is only found on the three outer feathers, and does not extend so far
up the feather as in the former species ; the bill is also a trifle smaller.
This latter may be considered as Monarcha gouldii, G. R. Gr. An
allied species has been described in the New Guinean list as Monarcha
griseogularis., G. R. Gr.

Myi1AGRA NITENS. B.M.

$. Black, with the feathers broadly margined with glossy deep
green ; quills and tail black, both narrowly margined with glossy
green.

Q. Upper part of head black, with broad margins of glossy deep
green ; nape rufous-grey, slightly mottled with black; back, wings,
and tail rufous; beneath the body pure white.

Length 6" 6", wings 3" 4!"

Batchian (Wall. Coll.) and Ternate. ‘

This bird is very like the M. lucida, G. R. Gr., in its general
appearances and colour ; but it is less in all its proportions.

MyIAGRA GALEATA. B.M.

Head glossy greenish-black ; back, wings, and tail grey, tinged
with glossy green; beneath the body pure white.

Length 5" 6!", wings 2" 6!’, bill from gape 8!”’.

Batchian.

Myiagra manadensis (Q. & G.). Amboyna.

OE EE a ae

atta =

353

AMPELID.
PacHyCrErPHALA XANTHOCNEMIS.

Olivaceous brown, obscure on the head; wings fuscous black,
margined with rufous brown; tail*rufous brown; ear-coverts pale
rufous; beneath the body rufous white, tinged with yellow on the
abdomen ; thighs and under tail-coverts yellow, slightly tinged with
rufous ; under wing-coverts white, tinged with rufous, and the bent
of the wings beneath yellow ; bill black ; feet fuscous.

Length 6" 9'", wings 3! 4'".

Amboyna (Wall. Coil.).

PacHYCEPHALA MELANURA. B.M.

Pachycephala melanura, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 66.
Turdus armillaris, Temm.

Lanius cucullatus, Licht.

Batchian and Ternate.

Myjiolestes phaionotus, Mill. Banda.
NXenogenys azureus (Temm.). Banda.

CAMPEPHAGA MAGNIROSTRIS. B.M.
Graucalus magnirostris, Forsten? ; Pr. B. Consp. Av. i. p. 354?
Gilolo.

CAMPEPHAGA MELANOLORA. B.M.

Very like C. mentalis, Vig. & Horsf. ; but the bill is much larger,
being 1" 32! from gape; quills and tail feathers margined, and the
latter tipped with grey.

Length 11! 11!"; wings 5" 11'".

Batchian and Ternate.

CAMPEPHAGA MELANOTIS.

Blue-grey ; lores, ear-coverts, wings, and tail black; with the
margins of the greater wing-coverts and quills and the two middle
tail-feathers blue-grey, but the latter have black ends.

This bird is very like Campephaga tenuirostris (Jard. & Selby),
but the bill is rather shorter and broader at its base ; the bird itself
is also less in all its proportions.

_ Length 9" 6!", wings 4" 9!".
‘Batchian and E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

CaMPEPHAGA (LALAGE) AUREA. B.M.

Ceblephyris aureus, Temm. Pl. Col. 382. f. 2; Voy. au Pole Sud,
Ois. t. 10. f. 3.

Campephaga aurea, G. R. Gray.

Lalage aurea, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 355.

Batchian and Ternate.

Campephaga atriceps, Mill. Ceram.

Campephaga nove guinee (Lath.). ~Molucca.
No. 439.—ProceEpines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

354

Campephaga papuensis (Gmel.). Banda.
Campephaga bicolor, Temm. Banda.
Campephaga fimbriata,Temm. Banda.
Campephaga ceramensis, Pr. B. Ceram.
Pericronotus flammeus (Forst.). Banda.

ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNCHUS. B.M.

Artamus leucorhynchus (Gm.), Pr. B.
Batchian and Gilolo.

Artamus fuscus, Vieill. Molucca.

DiIcRURUS ATROCERULEUS.

Deep blue-black ; the wings and tail and spots on the head and
breast rich glossy green.

Length 13", wings 8" 9'', bill from gape 1!" 5!"’,

Batchian and E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

This species approaches most to the New Guinean bird in the
form of its bill, but is larger in all its proportions, and is without
the chalybeous spots on the back and abdomen.

DICRURUS AMBOINENSIS.

Very like the D. forficatus ; but the steel spots on the head and
throat have a purplish hue, and the back and abdomen are less
glossy.

Length 11! 9", wings 5" 8'", bill from gape 1" 5!".

Irides red.

Amboyna (Wail. Coil.).

This bird is most like the Javanese and Celebes examples in the

form of its bill, though they all differ in their relative proportions
from each other.

LaNnripDz.
Tephrodornis gularis (Raffl.). Banda.

Corvipz.

CorvVUS VALIDISSIMUS. B.M.

Corvus validissimus, Schleg. Not. sur Cory. p. 12.
Batchian ; Djilolo and Gilolo.

CorvUS ENCA. B.M.

Corvus enca, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 164.
Kaisa Island and Ternate.

Corvus violaceus, Temm. Ceram. —
Corvus validus, Temm. Ceram.
Crypsirina varians (Lath.). Banda.

355

PARADISIAD.

SEMIOPTERA WALLACII. B.M.

Paradisea (Semioptera) wallacii, G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. 8S. 1859,
p- 130.

Semioptera wallacei, G. R. Gray; Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl.
pt. 3; Sclat. Ibis, 1860, p. 26. pl. 2.

Batchian and E. Gilolo.

The Gilolo examples have the lateral pectoral plumes longer than
those procured in the first instance from Batchian ; yet they cannot
be considered as more than a local variety.

STURNID2.

Lycocorax PYRRHOPTERUS. B.M.
Corvus pyrrhopterus, Temm. Mus. Lugd.; Pr. B. Consp. Av. i.
p: 384.
Lycocorax pyrrhopterus, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1854.
Pica pyrrhoptera, Schl. Bijd. tot de Dierk. ii.
Batchian and Dijilolo.
This species, in the form of its bill, agrees with those birds that
compose the genus Manucodia, rather than with the Corvide, among
which it is placed by Temminck and Schlegel.

CALORNIS AMBOINENSIS. B.M.

Calornis amboinensis, G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. S. 1858, p- 182,

Calornis metallicus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 417; Voy. au Pole Sud,
Ois. t. 16. f. 2.

Amboyna and Ternate.

CaLoRNIS OBSCURA. B.M.

Lamprotornis obscura, Forsten; Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 417.
Batchian ; E. Gilolo.

STURNIA PYRRHOPOGON.

Lamprotornis pyrrhopogon, Schleg. & Temm. Fauna Jap. p. 86.
t. 46.

Heterornis pyrrhogenys, Miill.; Pr. B. Consp. Av. p- 418.
Batchian (Wall. Coil.).

FRINGILLIDZ.

AMADINA MOLUCCA. B.M.

Loxia molucea, L.

Amadina molucca, G. R. Gray.
* Munia molucca, Bl.

Batchian and Ternate.

356
BuceRorip#,

BUCEROS RUFICOLLIS.

Buceros ruficollis, Vieill.; Temm. Pl. Col. 557.
Buceros plicatus, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 445.
Batchian (Wall. Coll.).

Buceros lunatus,Temm. Banda,
Buceros hydrocorax, Linn. Molucea.
Buceros exaratus, Reinw. Molucca.
Buceros payanensis (Scop.). Molucca.

PsITTACID.

*PLATYCERCUS HYPOPHONIUS. B.M.

Psittacus (Platycercus) hypophonius, Mill. & Schl. Verh. Nat.
Gesch. Nederl. p. 181.

Platycercus hypdphonicus, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 408.

Aprosmictus hypophonicus, Pr. B. Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1854,
p- 153.

East Gilolo.

Palaeornis cyanocephalus (Linn.). Ternate.

LorIvUs GARRULUS, var. B.M.

Psittacus garrulus, Linn, 8. N. i. p. 145.

Psittacus garrulus, var. moluccensis y, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 334; Pl.
Enl. 216.

Domicella garrula, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 570.

Lorius garrulus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 132.

Batchian and Djilolo.

The examples from Batchian are uniform in having a large sub-
triangular spot of yellow between the shoulders; while those of
Djilolo have the yellow spots on the back smaller, and the ends of
the tail-feathers of a greenish-purple.

Lorius domicella (Linn.). Molucea.
Lorius tricolor, Steph. Molucca.

Eos COCHINSINENSIS. B.M.

Psittacus cochinsinensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 116.
Psittacus riciniatus, Bechst.

Psittacus cucullatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 461.
Lorius cucullatus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 132.

Lorius isidorii, Swains.: Zool. Ilustr. pl.

Eos cochinsinensis, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 560.

Los riciniata, Pr. B. Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 156.
Fos isidorii, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 417.

Batchian and Gilolo.

Eos RUBRA, B.M.
Psittacus borneus, Linn, S. N. i. p. 141.

357

Psittacus ruber, Gmel. S. N.1. p. 335.

Psittacus moluccensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 116.
Psittacus ceruleatus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. p. 937.

Psittacus cyanonotus, Vieill. N. Dict. dH. N. xxv. p. 334.
Eos rubra, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 558.

Lorius borneus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 132.

Amboyna.

Eos indica (Gmel.). Molucca.
Eos cyanogenia, Pr. B. Molucca.
Eos semilarvata, Pr. B. Moluccea.
Eos squamata (Bodd.). Bourou.
Eos unicolor (Shaw). Molucca.
Eos ater (Scop.). Amboyna.

CoRIPHILUS PLACENTIS. B.M.

Psittacus placentis, Temm. Pl. Col. 553.

Conurus placens, Bourj. Perr. t. 46.

Psittacus (Trichoglossus) placentis, Mill. & Schl. Verh. Nat.
Gesc. Nederl. Ind. p. 209.

Coriphilus placentis, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 417.

Psitteuteles placens, Pr. B. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 157.

Batchian and Djilolo.

These examples appear to be of a larger size than those obtained
in New Guinea.

Coriphilus solitarius (Lath.). Molucca (ex Voy. Coqu.).

' TRICHOGLOSSUS CYANOGRAMMUS.

Psittacus hematodus, Bodd. Tabl. des Pl. Enl. d’Aubent. p. 4.

Psittacus hematotus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 316; Pl. Enl. 61.

Trichoglossus cyanogrammus, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 554.

Amboyna.

The New-Guinean examples are smaller than those of Amboyna,
but otherwise they are similar.

Trichoglossus hematodus (Linn.). Molucca.
Trichoglossus ornatus (Linn.). Molucca.

ECLECTUS GRANDIS. B.M.

' Psittacus ceylonensis, Bodd. Tabl. des Pl. Enl. d’Aubent. p. 3;
Pl. Enl. 683 (var.).
i puniceus, pt., Gmel. S. N. i. p. 335; Brown, Illustr.
Pa.
Psittacus grandis, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 683.
Eclectus grandis, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 572.
_ Eclectus ceylonensis, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 418.
Psittacus (Psittacula) grandis, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch.
Nederl. Ind. pp. 107, 108.
Kaisa Island and Gilolo.

Eclectus cornelia, Pr. B. Ceram.
Eclectus cardinalis (Bodd.). Amboyna; Ceram.

358

ECLECTUS POLYCHLORUS, var.
Psittacus polychlorus, Scop. Del. Fl. et Fauna Insubr. p. 87; Sonn.

Voy. t. 108.

Psittacus magnus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 344.

Psittacus sinensis, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 337; Edw. Birds, pl. 231.
Batchian and Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

Eclectus intermedius (Pr. B.). Molucca.

Liclectus westermani (Pr. B.). Molucca,

TANYGNATHUS MEGALORHYNCHUS. B.M.

Psittacus megalorhynchus, Bodd. Tabl. des Pl. Enl. d’Aubent.
-45; Pl. Enl. 713.

Psittacus macrorhynchus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 338.

Psittacus nasutus, Lath. Ind, Orn. i. p. 118.

Tanygnathus macrorhynchus, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 677.
Batchian and Gilolo.

Tanygnathus gramineus (Gmel.). Amboyna.

Psirracus (GEOFFROIUS) PERSONATUS. B.M.
Psittacus personatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 544 ; Levaill. Perr.

t. 112, 113.

Psittacus geoffroyanus, Vieill. N. Dict. ?H. N. xxv. p. 311.
Psittacus geoffroyi, (Vaill.) Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 85.
Amboyna; Molucca.

Psirracus (GEOFFROIUS) CYANEICOLLIS. B.M.
Psittacus cyanicollis, Mill. & Schl. Verhandl. Nat. Gesch. Nederl.
Ind. p. 108.

Psittacus (Psittacula) cyanicollis, Mill. & Schl,
Geoffroyus cyanicollis, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 6.
Batchian and Gilolo.

Psittacus fuscicapillus, Vieill. Bourou.

CACATUA CRISTATA.

Psittacus cristatus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 143.

Cacatua cristata, Vieill. N. Dict. d’H. N. xvii. p. 10.
Cacatua leucolopha, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 182.
Kakadoe cristata vel albocristata, Bourg. Perr. t. 82.
Batchian and Ternate (Wall. Coll.).

Cacatua moluccensis (Gmel.). Molucca.
Cacatua sulphurata (Gmel.). Bourou.

Picip#.

Megalaima australis (Horsf.). Banda.
Megalaima philippensis (Gmel.). Molucca.
Picus (Hemicireus) concretus, Reinw. Banda.

359

CucuLip2.
CENTROPUS GOLIATH. B.M.
Centropus goliath, Forsten; Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 108.
Batchian and Gilolo.

Centropus medius, Mill. Amboyna.
Centropus bicolor, Less. (ex Bl.). Gilolo.

ScyTHROPS NOV HOLLANDIA. B.M,

Scythrops nove hollandia, Lath.
Cuculus presagus, Reinw.
Batchian.

CucULUS CANOROIDES. B.M.

Cuculus canoroides, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 235.
Batchian.

Cucutus (CACOMANTIS) SEPULCRALIS. B.M.

Cuculus sepulcralis, Mull. ?
Cacomantis sepulcralis, Pr. B.?
Batchian.

*Cucu.ius (CACOMANTIS) TYMBONOTUS.

Cuculus tymbonotus, Mull. ?
Cacomantis tymbonotus, Pr. B.?
Ternate (Wall. Coll.).

Cuculus poliogaster, Mill. Ternate.
Chrysococeyx lucidus (Gmel.). Amboyna.
Eudynamys ransomi, Pr. B. Ceram.
Eudynamys punctatus. Amboyna.

*EUDYNAMIS PICATUS.

Eudynamis picatus, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. p. 167.
Ternate (Wall. Coll.) ; Amboyna.

CoLuMBIDZ.

Pritonorus (loTRERON) IOGASTER. B.M.

Columba hyogastra, Reinw. Pl. Col. 252.

Columba iogaster, Wagl.

Ptilonopus hyogaster, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 466
Treron ionogaster, Reichenb.

Totreron iogastra, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 25.
Batchian and Gilolo (Celebes, Reinw.).

Pritonorus (CYANOTRERON ) MONACHUS. B.M.
Columba monacha, Reinw. Pl. Col. 253; Knip. Pig. t. 53.
Ptilonopus monachus, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 466.
Cyanotreron monachus, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 24.

Kaisa Island and Ternate.

360

Pritonopus (LAMPROTRERON) SUPERBUS.

Columba superba, Temm. Pig. t. 33.

Ptilonopus superbus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 279.
Lamprotreron superba, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 18.
Batchian and E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.) ; Amboyna; Ternate.

The bird from Batchian appears to be a trifle larger than that
from Amboyna, and the band on the breast is also broader ; while
that from the Aru Islands is similar, but altogether smaller. P#tzlo-
nopus cyanovirens § (?), Less., is probably the 92 of this variety,
Knip. & Prey. Pig. t. 8. The Australian specimens are very similar
in size to the Amboyna examples; but the band on the breast has a
distinct mixture of green within it.

The Celebes specimens are those of a decidedly distinct species,
and are at once distinguished by the purplish-grey breast and the
deep green band on the lower part of the latter ; the female has, ac-
cording to Mr. Wallace’s specimens of that sex, the top of the head
of a deep purple, with deep bluish-green intermixed ; while on the
head of the true P. superbus it is of the same colour as the spot on
the shoulder of the wings. I have named the Celebes bird Pézilo-
nopus formosus ; the 9 is represented as Columba superba, Knip. &
Prev. Pig. t. 42.

Ptilonopus porphyreus, Temm. Molucca.
Ptilonopus diadematus, Temm. Banda.
Ptilonopus viridis (Linn). Amboyna.
Treron aromatica, Temm. Amboyna.
Treron vernans, Temm. Banda.

*CARPOPHAGA (MEGALOPREPIA) FORMOSA. B.M.

¢o. Emerald green, each feather of the body margined with golden
and washed with white on the nape and breast ; head greenish-white,
varied with yellow; lower part of breast with a rich carmine spot ;
abdomen orange-yellow ; lower tail-coverts rufous orange-yellow.

Q. Similar to the male; but without the carmine spot on the
breast.

Length 11” 3!’, wings 5" 9'".

East Gilolo.

CarporHaGa (Ducuta) BASALIS. B.M.

Columba basalis, Temm.

Carpophaga basalica, Sundev.

Ducula basalis, Pr. Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 35.
Batchian and Gilolo.

CARPOPHAGA PERSPICILLATA. B.M.

Columba perspicillata, Temm. Pl. Col. 246.
Carpophaga perspicillata, G. R. Gray, List of Gall. B.M. p. 6.
Batchian, Kaisa Island, and Gilolo.

The Amboyna specimen differs in having the head, neck, and

361

breast greyish-white, but is a little darker on the back of the neck ;
the back is of a more golden-green, while the wings are of a more de-
cided grey.

CarropuaGa (MyrisTIcIvoRA) MELANURA ?

. Differs from Carpophaga luctuosa, as described and figured
by Temminck, Pl. Col. 247, in having the tail of a more uniform
black colour, with the inner webs of each feather only white ; this
latter colour decreases in depth to the middle feathers, and the quills
are of a uniform black. It is of a much smaller size, but is other-
wise like C. luctuosa.

Batchian and Djilolo (Wail. Coil.).

Carpophaga alba (Gmel.). Molucca.

Carpophaga enea, Temm. Molucca.

*CARPOPHAGA ALBOGULARIS. B.M.

Carpophaga albogularis, Temm.

Janthenas albogularis, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 44.
Janthenas halmaheira, Pr. B.

East Gilolo.

MACROPYGIA AMBOINENSIS.

Columba amboinensis, Linn.
Macropygia amboinensis, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. 1840,
58

Amboyna (Wall. Coll.).

MACROPYGIA ALBICAPILLA, var. B.M.
Columba albicapilla, Temm. MSS.

Macropygia albicapilla, Pr. Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 57.

Batchian and Ternate.

Macropyeia (REINWARDTZENA) REINWARDTII. B.M.

Columba reinwardti. Temm. Pl. Col. 248.

Macropygia reinwardtii, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 349.
Reinwardtena typica, Pr. Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 59.
Batchian and Djilolo (Celebes, ‘Temm.).

_ Macropygia leptogrammica, Temm. Amboyna.
Turtur bitorquatus, Temm. Molucca.
TURTUR SURATENSIS.

Columba suratensis, Lath.
Turtur tigrina, Temm.
Ternate and Amboyna (Wall. Coil.).

CHALCOPHAPS MOLUCCENSIS. B.M.
Chalcophaps javanica, Auct.
Front white; top of head bronzy-brown ; occiput grey ; streak

362

over eye greyish-white; cheeks, neck, and breast, and beneath the
wings cinnamomeous-red ; scapulars and wings rich emerald-green,
varied in places with golden colour; back rich bronzy-black, with
two bands of grey; rump, tail-coverts, and tail bronzy-black ; the
lateral feathers of latter grey, with black ends and grey margins ;
under tail-coverts deep black ; vent greyish ; abdomen rufous-brown.

Length 11", wings 5" 10!, bill from gape 11!".

Amboyna and Batchian.

CALZNAS NICOBARICA. B.M.

Columba nicobarica, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 288.

Columba gallus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Col. sp. 113.

Calenas nicobarica, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. 1840, p. 59.
Batchian and E. Gilolo (Wail. Coll.).

Goura coronata (Linn.). Banda.

MEGAPODID.
MEGAPODIUS FREYCINETI. B.M.
Megapodius freycineti, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, ii. p. 125.
BPE

Megapodius freycineti, Pl. Col. 220.
Juv. Alecthelia urvillii, Less. Voy. de la Coqu. i. p. 703. t. 37.
Kaisa Island, Batchian, and Gilolo.

MEGAPODIUS FORSTENI. B.M.

Megapodius forsteni, Temm. MSS.; G. R. Gray & Mitch. Gen.
of B. iii. pl. 124.
Amboyna.

*MEGAPODIUS WALLACEI. (Pl. CLXXI.) B.M.

Front of head and throat greyish olivaceous-brown ; hind part of
head castaneous-brown ; nape and upper part of back olivaceous,
slightly vermiculated with black; middle of back, greater wing-coverts
and external web of some of the tertials, deep castaneous, with most
of the feathers margined with slate-colour ; rump, upper tail-coverts,
breast, and abdomen slate-colour ; lesser wing-coverts, tertials, and
tail pale olivaceous-brown ; middle of abdomen pure white; prima-
ries brownish-black, spotted or partly margined on the outer webs
with buff-white. Bill yellow; feet horn-colour or black.

Length 13", wings 7" 6!".

East Gilolo.

This bird differs from all its congeners in the variability of its
coloration, a peculiarity which imparts much interest to this new
discovery of Mr. Wallace.

STRUTHIONID.

Casuarius emeu, Lath. Ceram; Banda.

363

CHARADRIAD&.

*SQUATAROLA HELVETICA, var.

Tringa helvetica, Linn.
Vanellus melanogaster, Bechst.
East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

CHARADRIUS GEOFFROYI.

Charadrius geoffroyi, Wag].
Hiaticula inornata, Gould ?
East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

CHARADRIUS CIRRHIPEDESMUS.

Charadrius cirrhipedesmus, Wagl.
East Gilolo (Wail. Coll.).

CHARADRIUS LONGIPES. B.M.
Charadrius fluvialis orientalis, Temm. & Schl. Fauna Jap. p. 105.
. 62?

Batchian (Wall. Coll.).

Cdicnemus magnirostris, Geoffr. Molucca.

Glareola grallaria, Temm. Molucca.

*CINCLUS INTERPRES,
Tringa interpres, Linn.
Strepsilas interpres, Leach.
Strepsilas collaris, Temm.

East Gilolo (Wail. Coll.).

ARDEID.

ARDEA TYPHON.

Ardea typhon, Temm. ?
Ardea robusta, Mill.

Typhon temminckii, Reichenb.
Typhon robusta, Pr. B.
Batchian (Wail. Coll.).

*ARDEA (EGRETTA) ALBA?

Ardea alba, Linn.

» Ardea sysmatophorus, Gould. :
Ternate (Wall. Coll.).

ARDEA (ARDEOLA) RUSSATA.

Ardea russata, Temm.

* Ardea coromandelica, Licht.

Ardea coromandelensis, Steph.
Bubulcus coromandelensis, Pr. B. Consp. Av. ii. p. 125.
Batchian (Wall. Coll.).

364

ARDEA (ARDETTA) FLAVICOLLIS,

Ardea flavicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 701.
Ardea nigra, Vieill.

Ardetta flavicollis, Bl.

Herodias flavicollis, Cab.

Batchian (Wail. Coll.).

Ardea nove hollandie, Lath. Molucca.

*ARDEA (BUTORIDES) VIRIDICEPS.

Ardea javanica, Bl.
Ardea scapularis, Schl.
Ardea chloriceps, Hodgs.
East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

Argala javanica (Horsf.). Molucca.
Ibis peregrinus. Molucca.

*NycTICORAX CALEDONICUS.

Ardea caledonica, Lath.
Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

ScoLoPACctp&.

*N UMENIUS AUSTRALASIANUS ?
Numenius australasianus, Gould.

East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

NuMENIUS MINOR.

Numenius minor, Mill. & Schl. ?
Batchian (Wall. Coll.) ; Amboyna.

*LIMOSA LAPPONICA, Var.
East Gilolo (Wail. Coll.).

*Toranus (GLOTTIS) HORSFIELD! ?

Totanus horsfieldi, Sykes.
East Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

ToTANUS GRISEOPYGIUS.

Totanus griseopygius, Gould, B. of Austr.

Totanus pulverulentus, Temm. & Schl. Fauna Jap. p. 109. t. 65.
Actitis brevipes (Vieill.), Bl.

Gambetta griseopygia, Pr. B.

Batchian (Wall. Coll.).

Toranus (TRINGOIDES) HYPOLEUCUS ? B.M.

Tringa hypoleuca, Linn. S. N. i. p. 250.
Totanus hypoleucus, Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1815, p. 424.
Actitis hypoleucus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 649. —

att.

365

Tringoides hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. 1841, p. 88.
Actitis schlegeli, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 2%

Batchian.

Tringa subarquata, Gmel. Molucca.

ScoLoPpax UNICLAVATUS.

Scolopax burka, Lath. MSS.

Scolopax uniclavatus, Hodgs. Journ. A. 8. B. 1837, p. 492.
Gallinago burka, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1855, p. .
Gallinago scolopacinus (Pr. B.), Bl. Cat. of B. p. 272.
Gallinago media, Hodgs., Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 86.
Batchian (Wall. Coll.).

PALAMEDEID&.
Parra gallinacea, 'Temm. Banda; Molucca.

RaLuip2&.
Porphyrio smaragdinus, Temm. Banda.

HABROPTILA.

Bill longer than the head, strong, with the culmen at the base
elevated, broad, rounded posteriorly, and gradually descending to-
wards the tip, which is suddenly curved ; the sides compressed to
the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the gonys moderate, slightly
angulated and advancing upwards ; nostrils placed in a membranous
groove, which extends beyond the middle of the bill, with the opening
linear and near the base of the groove. Wings very short, lax, with
the fourth to the seventh quills equal and longest. Tail very short
and lax. Tarsi robust, as long as the middle toe, and covered with
transverse scales. Toes rather robust and long ; the lateral toes equal,
the hind toe moderate and strong. Claws moderate and compressed.
Plumage in general very lax. The wings armed at the bend of the
shoulder with a small spine.

Hasroprita wauracii. (PI. CLXXII.)

Slate-colour, with a mixture of olivaceous-brown on the body,
wings and upper tail-coverts ; tail and quills black ; bill and feet
red.
Length 16", wings 7" 6'", bill 3", tarsi 3!" 2!"

East Gilolo (Wail. Coll.).

This curious bird approaches the Ocydromi in the shortness and
softness of its wings; the feet are those of a Porphyrio. Yet its
general appearance might cause it to be taken, at first sight, for a
species of Hematopus.

ANATIDZ.

TaDORNA RADJAH. B.M.

Anas leucomelas, Garn.

Anas radjah, Garn. Voy. de la Coqu. Zool. i. p. 602. t. 49.

Radja eytoni, Reichenb. ;

Batchian, E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.), and Bourou.

366

The Australian specimens differ from these in being more rufous on
the upper part of the back.
Dendrocygna badia. Molucca.

CoLyMBID2.
*Popicrers (SYLBEOCYCLUS) TRICOLOR. B.M.
Like P. minor, but with a very slight appearance of the black on
the mentum ; the bill is longer ; upper surface of a deep zneous
black ; cheeks and front of throat deep rufous ; under surface zeneous
black mottled with rufous white.

Ternate.
LARIDZ.
STERNA VELOX? B.M.
Batchian ; Amboyna.
PELECANID.

*SULA FIBER.

Pelecanus fiber, Linn.

Sula fiber, G. R. Gray.

N. E. Gilolo (Wall. Coll.).

GRACULUS MELANOLEUCUS. B.M.
Phalacrocorax melanoleucus, Vieill. N. Dict. H. N. viii. p. 88.
Phalacrocorax flavirostris, Gould.

Pelecanus dimidiatus, Cuv.

Batchian.

GRACULUS SULCIROSTRIS.

Carbo sulcirostris, Temm.
Batchian (Wall. Coll.) ; Amboyna.

8. Description oF New Species or MiTRA FROM THE COL-
LECTION oF Hucu Cuminec, Ese. By H. Dourn.

Mirra pia. Testa fusiformis, costis crebris, spiralibus, subregu-
lariter distantibus, flavis, nitidis, elatis ; interstitia liris mi-
noribus intercostariis et longitudinalibus angustissimis reticu-
lata; alba; sutura distincta ; anfr. 7-8 parum convexi, lente
accrescentes, ultimus magnus, subtus attenuatus, vix recurvus.
Apertura fusiformis, intus alba ; columella 4-plicata.

Long. 58, lat. 18; ap. long. 34, lat. 8 mill.

Hab. Australia.

Mirra praset. Testa subulato-fusiformis, hyalino-albida, spi-
raliter obsolete crebricostata, subtilissime longitudinaliter
striata ; sutura simplex; anfr. 8 planiusculi, ultimus paulo
ventrosior, subrecurvus ; apertura fusiformis ; columella 5-
plicata. -

Long. 37, lat. 11; ap. long. 20, lat. 5 mill.

Hab. Australia.

367

Mirra autuMnayis, Testa turrita, parum nitida, longitudina-
liter acute et anguste costata, spiraliter subremote lirata,
albina, maculis fuscis nebulosa, supra medium anfractuum
albizonata ; anfr. 8 subplani, ultimus basi rude plicatus ;
apertura elongata; columella 4-plicata.

Long. 18, lat. 9 ; ap. long. 54, lat. 33 mill.

Hab. Nova Caledonia.

MiTRA ANTONELLII. Testa oblongo-fusiformis, fusca, costis
spiralibus,apicem versus evanescentibus, longitudinalibus validis,
griseis, fenestrata, fascia albasupra medium cingulata, nitens ;
sutura distincta ; anfr. 8-9 vix convexiusculi, ultimus 4 longi-
tudinis equans, subrecurvus ; labrum callo dentiformi junctum,
intus crenatum; apertura fusca, dentibus 5 columellaribus
armata.

Long. 27, lat. 9; ap. long. 133, lat. 4 miil.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

Allied to M. obdeliscus, Reeve.

Mirra astyacis. Testa conoidea, levigata, nitida, sub epider-
mide cinereo-viridi cerulescens, apice fuscescente, prope suturam
subacute carinata, carina interrupte fusco cingulata ; spira
acuminata; anfr. 7-8 convexiusculi, ultimus latus, 3 longitu-
dinis equans, ad basin pauci-liratus; apertura linealis, callosa,
intus fusco-ferruginea, labro albo; columella 4-plicata.

Long. 26, lat. 10; ap. long. 18, lat. 3 mill.

Hab. New Caledonia.

Readily distinguished from M. bacillum.

Mirra cyri. Testa fusiformis, spiraliter late striata, nitida,
alba, seriatim maculis quadratis fuscis picta ; sutura simplex ;
spira mucronata ; anfr. 8-9 lente accrescentes, convexiuscult,
ultimus 3 longitudinis equans, ad suturam subangulatus ; aper-
tura alba, elongata, angusta; columella 4-plicata.

Long. 18, lat. 455; ap. long. 10, lat. 1} mill.

Hab. New Caledonia.

Agrees in some respects with M. fulgetrum ; distinguished by the

smooth spiral lines, colouring, &c,

VY Mirra wisemant. Testa ovato-turrita, longitudinaliter arcuato-
costata, spiraliter sulcata, interstitis granosis, alba, fulvo
medio interrupte unifasciata ; sutura distincta ; anfr. 7-8
planiusculi, supra medium subangulati, lente accrescentes, ulti-

mus basi contractus; apertura alba, oblonga ; columella 4-
plicata.

Long. 25, lat. 10; ap. long. 12, lat. 54 mill.
- Hab. Sandwich Islands. 5
Nearly allied to M. arenosa, Lam.

Mitra supzoruM. Testa elongato-ovata, plicis longitudina-
libus, sulcis spiralibus ornata, parum nitida, aurantiaco-fulva,

368

plicis et basi columellari albis, varie albo et fusco fasciata vel
punctata; sutura distincta ; spira acuminata ; anfr. 8 convexi,
lente accrescentes, ultimus basi viz recurvus ; apertura angusta,
cerulescens, intus fusca, crenata ; labrum callo crasso junctum ;
columella plicis 4 validis armata.

Long. 22, lat. 8; ap. long. 10, lat. 3 mill.

Hab. Red Sea.

This fine species approaches M. ecruentata, Chem., in general

aspect.

Mirra SAMUELIS. Testa oblongo-ovata, solida, fulvo-viridis,
spiraliter remote fusco lirata, subtilissime decussata ; sutura
marginata ; anfr. 7-8 plani, ultimus antice ascendens ; aper-
tura angusta, intus cerulescens ; labrum incrassatum, album,
denticulatum; columella 4-plicata.

Long. 28, lat. 10; ap. long. 15, lat. 5 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Mirra PLEBEIA. Testa elongato-oblonga, apice acuto, subremote
spiraliter striata, albescens, maculis fulvis vel fuscis nebulosa ;
sutura simplex ; anfr. 7-8 subplani, lente accrescentes, ultimus
basi attenuatus ; apertura albida ; columella 5-plicata.

Long. 23, lat. 8 ; ap. long. 12, lat. 33 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Mitra ANTONI. Testa acuminato-cvata, nitida, spiraliter an-
guste sulcata, unicolor flavida, apice albescente ; sutura mar-
ginata ; anfr. 6-7 planiusculi, ultimus ventrosior, medio sub-
angulatus ; apertura albescens, ovato-rhombea, labro crenato ;
columella 4-plicata.

Long. 20, lat. 8; ap. long. 10, lat. 3 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Mirra cippa. Testa acuminato-ovata, solida, levis, sub epi-
dermide cornea unicolor fusca, obsoletissime raro lirata ; sutura
crenata; anfr. 6 planiusculi, ultimus antice descendens, pone
aperturam gibbus, basi distinctius liratus ; apertura intus
cerulescenti-albida ; labrum callosum, crenulatum; columella
4-plicata,

Long. 27, lat. 12; ap. long. 144, lat. 4 mill.

Hab. New Caledonia.

MiTRA NUX-AVELLANA. Testa ovata, solida, albina, fusco ma-
culata, spiraliter suleata, longitudinaliter striata ; sutura in-
distincta ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, apice obtuso, ultimus magnus,
ventrosus, basi minime recurvus; apertura pyriformis; colu-
mella 4-plicata.

Long. 15, lat.83; ap. long. 103, lat. 3 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Allied to M. texturata.

—_—— en EEE

369

8. On two New Genera or ACEPHALOtsS MOLLUSKS.
By Henry Apams, F.L.S.

My attention having been lately directed to the genera Cultellus
and Macoma, the former belonging to the Solenide, aud the latter
to the Tellinide, both families of Acephalous Mollusca, it may, I
think, be interesting to point out two species hitherto included in
those genera, viz. Cultellus cultellus and Macoma bruguieri, which
are so aberrant in their characters as to render it desirable that they
should be constituted the types of distinct groups. The former may
be considered a genus, for which I would propose the name Ensz-
eulus, and the latter a subgenus of Macoma, and be distinguished
under the name Macalia.

Genus Ensicutvus, H. Adams.

Testa tenuis, transverse elongata, arcuata, utraque extremitate
votundata et hiante ; umbonibus subanterioribus, interne costa
brevi curvataque jirmatis. Cardo in dextra valva duobus den-
tibus, in sinistra valva tribus dentibus instructus. Anterior
impressio muscularis subtrigonalis ; sinus pallialis brevis et
latus.

E. cu.retuvs, Linn.

Shell thin, transversely elongated, arcuated, rounded and gaping
at each end ; beaks sub-anterior, strengthened internally by a short
curved rib. Hinge composed of two teeth in the right, and three
in the left valve. Anterior muscular impression subtrigonal ; pallial
sinus short, wide.

This genus is most nearly allied to Cultellus, but differs from it in its
arcuated and more elongated and parallel form, and in the strength-
ening callus of the umbo being short and curved.

The genus Macoma, I would observe, will probably, when an op-
portunity of examining the animal of Gastrana shall occur, be found,
as pointed out by Mr. Clark in his ‘ British Mollusca,’ to have closer
relations with Gastrana than with Tellina; and the chief peculiarity
of Macalia, as distinguishing it from Macoma proper,—viz. the large
size and strength of the hinge-teeth, which are strikingly similar to
those of Gastrana,—tends to confirm this opinion. The general form
of Macalia, however, which is subrotundate and compressed, toge-
ther with the solidity of the shell, prevents its being included in that
genus. The entire absence of lateral teeth serves to distinguish the
species of Macoma and Gastrana from the Telline.

I may take this opportunity of referring to a paper by Mr. Pease
lately read before the Society, in which he describes a new Vevilla
from the Sandwich Islands under the name of V. nigro-fusca ; and,
as the species hitherto recorded of the genus are few in number,
this addition is interesting. The shell in question, however, differs
from the typical species, in the spire being acuminate, and in the
aperture being somewhat contracted or narrowed, and should, I
think, be regarded as the type of a subgenus, which might be named
Usilla.

No. 440.—Proceepines or THE Zoouoeicat Socrety.

370

9. On some New Species or NUCULACEZ IN THE COLLECTION
or Hucu Cumine, Ese. By Sytvanus Haney.

Lepa taytori. Testa elongata, antice aliquantum brevior et
rotundato-lanceolata, postice attenuata et subrostrata ; sub-
tenuis, compressa, nivea, densius longitudinaliter striata ; strie
antice concentrice et elevate, mox acclinate et (certissime in
valvula sinistra, ubi inferne prope plicam umbonalem planulatam
demumque sublevigatam prorsus desunt) magis minusve oblique.
Margo dorsalis uterque vir declivis ; anticus convexiusculus,
posticus subretusus. Margo ventralis multum arcuatus, utrin-
que subequaliter acclivis. Nates vix eminentes. Area dorsalis
postica angusta, planulata, margine plice umbonalis depresse
crenulato et valde prominente perspicue circumscripta; area
dorsalis antica concentrice striata, subinconspicua.

Long. 1,5, lat. 4 poll.

Hab. Guatemala.

Of the only three examples known to me, one belongs to Mr. Tay-

lor and two to Mr. Cuming. The species approaches L. crenifera
and L. electa.

Lepa metcauFil. Testa elongata, valde inequilateralis, postice
rostrata, compressa, albida, plice umbonalis elevate expers, lon-
gitudinaliter striata (vel corrugata) : strie dense et argute
ante radium anticum impressum remotiores et lamellose, postice
autem elevate et valde oblique. LExtremitas lateris antici
brevioris subangulata, superne eminentior, inferne oblique ro-
tundata, lateris postici, sensim sed valde attenuati, angusta,
obliqua, subtruncata, recurvata. Margines dorsales paululum
declives: anticus convexiusculus ; posticus subrectus, denique
autem incurvatus. Margo ventralis utrinque valde acclivis,
antice oblique arcuatus, postice converus. Nates acute, satis
prominentes. Aree dorsales sicut in L. crenifera.

Long. 3, lat. 4 poll.

Hab. ?

Mus. Cuming, Hauley.

This graceful shell, of which only two, and scarcely full-grown, in-
dividuals are known to me, reminds one of L. erenifera and the young
of L. electa. In the larger only of the specimens do the oblique strize
extend to the crenated ridge.

Youp1a woopwarpi. Testa subelliptica, valde inequilateralis,
multum compressa, pertenuis, utrinque (presertim antice) hians,
epidermide tecta valida, nitida, flavescente-olivacea, plice um-
bonalis et radii impressi antici expers, sublevigata, rugis in-
crementi tantum notata. LExtremitas lateris antici, producti,
inconcinne rotundata ; lateris postici brevis rotundato-acumi-
nata, et supra, potius quam infra medium sita. Margo dorsalis
anticus vix declivis, principio subrectus, demum converus ; pos-
ticus declivis, subrectus ; ventralis antice arcuatus et multum
acclivis, in medio late converus, postice subarcuatim acclivis.

EEE

371

Nates parve, acutissime, tamen haud prominentes. Aree dor-
sales haud circumseripte ; antica planulata ; postica labia cari.
nato-protrusa.

Long. 14, poll., lat. ;4, poll.

Hab. Apud insulas Falklandicas.

Mus. Cuming, Taylor, Hanley.

There are only from eight to ten teeth on one side of the cartilage-
pit, and from ten to twelve on the other. I have named the species
in honour of Mr. Woodward, who has delineated the animal (as
Yoldia, n. sp.) in his admirable ‘ Manual of the Mollusca’ (p. 270).

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and
purchase, during the month of May, was read :—

1 pair of Doves.........seeeeee+e Turtur risOrius .s..csccereeeee Mrs. Low.

PURDUE ECRS ic eccs3's'eccnoess<pe ses Homarus vulgaris.........10++++ | A. Arcedeckne, Esq., F.Z.S.
9 Australian Serpents ......... Sea a igen cape Ae Edward Wilson, Esq.

1 Madagascar Tortoise......... Testudo radiata ....+4...s0000 H. E. Dresser, Esq.

2 Kingfishers...........ssescesee Wael GUGAB i si5 cave de eide dane Edward Wilson, Esq.

1 Yellow-bellied Snake ...... Hoplocephalus superbus ...... Edward Wilson, Esq.

2 Mona Monkeys .........s0s008 Cercopithecus Mond ....+...5+ A. P. French, Esq.

1 South American Lizard

...|Sceloporus chloralepidotis

Mr. Jamrach.

BPMEONALG..<5.scerceceseesesneses Felis leopardus ....0-..c.ceseeees
> de Oporto.
4 Chestnut-breasted Finches ..| Donacola castaneothoraz...... = Alf. Denison, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Portuguese Foxes ............ Vulpes vulgaris ...c00.ss0000 | | S j C. Pringle, Esq.
1 Wanderoo Monkey ......... Silenus vetus ...... | J. Pittman, Esq,

| H.R.H. the Infanta Duke

1 Gannett Sula bassana ... © | J. H. Hunt, Esq.

1 Common Adder............... PCS OCFUS <0. vacucesesestunen a2 As | James Murton, Esq.

1 Cat (from Carthagena)...... OR Oona a, cowusaanpouaps A. F. Hurt, Esq.

1 Common Badger ............ Meles taxus .....ccecccecesscees J. T. Sharp, Esq.

1 Australian Goshawk ......... Astur nove hollandie ......... P. Frazer, Esq., Corr. Mem.

1 Kangaroo Rat .........eee00 Bettongia cuniculus ....++....++ P. Frazer, Esq., Corr. Mem.

1 Herring Gull....... masibnauea Larus argentatus .....ccccseves. Lady Hill.

G Kingfishers.........isseeeserees Alcedo ispida .0....00.seeeeee E. Lukyn, Esq.

IURVCT DD consuvensssacccatsccsres Castor americanus Earl of Southesk, F.Z.S.

2 Philantomba Antelopes...... Cephalophus maxrwellii......... Vise. Powerscourt, F.Z.S.

1 Australian Wild Duck ...... Anas superciliosa .........+0+++- Edward Wilson, Esq.

1 Australian Water-hen ...... Porphyrio melanotus ......... \ Edward Wilson, Esq.
Yellow Wagtails ............ Budytes rayi......ceecceceecseees

1 Ring Ouzel...........ceeceeeees Turdus torquatus ....++......0++

3 Red-tailed Finches............ Estrelda ruficauda ............

4 Many-coloured Parrakeet...|Psephotus multicolor .........

3 Adelaide Parrakeets ......... Platycercus adelaide .........

1 Red-fronted Parrakeets ..... Trichoglossus concinnus ......

1 Golden Eagle.................. Aquila chrysaétos .....+.....000

1 Rufous-bellied Wallaby...... Halmaturus thetidis........-...

2 Spotted Emeus ............... Dromeus irroratus ........+...

VACUA vnc tseeesacsdscsonsees LAMA ViCUNA «22. ...ee verses eevee Purchased.

1 Triton Cockatoo ............ Cacatua triton ........sceceee ees

Mysevere Aga...) fesscscsccsasves APG SEVETA .....ccncerscnsecees

1 Cuban Capromys ....... +s«..| Capromys prehensilis .........

3 Red Birds ..........+.. soeeeeee|PYPANGA B8LIVA..6. ce. ceccecveees }

2 White-winged Doves.........|Zenaida leucoptera .........++

1 Red-bellied Wallaby ......... Halmaturus billardieri.........

1 Red-necked Wallaby......... Halmaturus thetidis............

1 White-crested Tiger-Bittern| Tigrisoma leucolophum.........
2 Australian Rails...... FE

.-|Rallus australis........cse0.ss00e

372

Of these, the following species were stated to have been exhibited
for the first time:—Hoplocephalus superbus, Pseudechis porphyriaca,
Sceloporus chlorolepidotis, Donacola castaneothorax, Anas superct-
liosa, Estrelda ruficauda, Dromeus irroratus, Cacatua triton, Py-

ranga estiva, and Tigrisoma leucolophum.

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift and
purchase, during the month of June, was read :—

1 Boa Constrictor.......++...++. Boa constrictor....++... reer
1 West Indian Turtle ......... ‘Chelonia Midas ........0..0e00e0s
1 Monkey from the Mozam- Cercopithecus rufo- viridis ome
bique.
2 Harlequin Beetles ............ Acrocinus longimanus ......+--
2 Common Herons ......+++... Ardea Cinered ......c0cecercsers
MeddeWal esc cocepsccteossencscee Canis (from India) .........++-
1 South American Boa......... Boa constrictor......sceeseceveee
Ports PA ARE snc. ccncssecner ews. Lepus hibernicus ......0.0+00++
1 Spider Monkey ....... seeeeeee| Ateles pentadactylus....+.......
1 Ringed Parrakeet ............ Paleornis torquata ........+...
2 Carolina Water Tortoises ...|Emys Pen ite on uaeateesat eos
| Young Brown Bear ......... Ur gUt ON ClOReasessesssceessectsee
2 Baboons.......0s....sscccee ....|Cynocephalus hamadryas ......
2 Weaver Birds........-+2+..0+0+ Ploceus sanguinirostris.........
4 Little Bitterms .............. Ardetta minutd.........seeces0ee
2 Passerine Owls .........++0+++ Athene noctud ...cccsescceseeees
1 Red Kangaroo ..........+.++- Macropus rufus
LE SSMCU),.0cesscecses'voceouentusars Dromeus nove hollandie......
2 Kangaroo Rats ............++ Bettongia penicillata? .........
4 Spotted Woodpeckers ...... PiCUS*THAJOT ..0.05.-.0eccee-. a0
6 Green Frogs ....0+..sseceeseee Ayla arborea .....seeeeeseseees
2 Blue-mountain Lories ...... Trichoglossus swainsoni ......
1 Macaque Monkey ............|Macacus cynomolgus .........
1 Australian Water-hen ...... Porphyrio melanotus .........
1 South Australian Lizard ...|Monitor gouldi ..........+....++
1 Yellow-footed Rock Kan-|Petrogale xanthopus............
garoo.
2 Shieldrakes ...........s0.002- Tadorna vulpanser ........+...
4 Kentish Plovers............... Hiaticula cantiana .......+....
. = C HNTAUS, O oceceincses:
2 Leporines (hybrids) ......... jet ee ae sah
2 Palm Squirrels ............... Sciurus palmarum ....++..+++.
6 Black Salamanders .........|Salamandra nigra.........+++...
1 Vulpine Phalanger......... ...|Phalangista vulpina ........-...
2 Armadillos..,.........+ se seeass Dasypus encoubert ....++....4.
1 Indian Starling ............... Acridotheres ginginianus......
1 African Lizard ............... Regenia ocellata ...... soncsases
1 Blue Macaw .........000+ sovss| ALGIMUACH esnascve se. cosec esse
1 Military Macaw............... ATA IELAT IS: wavccccnsenchcoss:

Of these, Cercopithecus rufo-viridis, Acridotheres ginginianus, Ara
glauca, Monitor gouldi, Regenia ocellata, and Petrogale xanthopus
were stated to have been exhibited for the first time.

\ Capt.
Sparks Moline, Esq.
G. Billing, Esq.

| G. Bond, Esq.

Donor unknown. :
E. Percy Thompson, Esq. |
J. Fforde, Esq.

R. J. Montgomery, Esq. |
Col. Charles Ford, R.E.
Richard Tress, Esq., F.Z.S. .
A.Russell,Esq.,M.P.,F.Z.S.

J. T. Hamilton, Esq. .
Gordon Sandiman, Esq.

Presented by
—

t Purchased.

373

November 13th, 1860.
Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. Hamilton exhibited some hen Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)
which had partially adopted the male plumage, and pointed out that
they were all affected with disease in the ovarium, and that those in
which the disease had made greatest progress had advanced farthest
towards the male in external appearance.

Mr. Gould called the attention of the meeting to a Kangaroo
living in the Society’s Gardens, generally believed to be Macropus
rufus, but which he was inclined to consider distinct, and for which
he proposed the temporary appellation of Macropus (Osphranter)
pictus.

The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed
to him by the Rev. G. Beardsworth, of Selling, Kent, giving an
account of two Cetaceans, mother and young (probably Hyperoodon
rostratus), killed on the North Kentish coast, near Whitstable,
October 29, 1860 :-—

“Dam: extreme length 26 feet; greatest girth nearly 20 feet ;
snout or beak 17 inches long by 7 wide; pectoral fins 29 inches
long, dorsal one rather shorter. Tail set transversely, and very
slightly bifurcated, in fact very nearly straight, 7 feet across. The
blow-hole set transversely on the crown of the head, a single
straight line, about 6 inches long, and slightly behind the eyes.
Eyes of human shape, about twice the size, and furnished with
eyelids. The pectoral fins set very low, so much so that a straight
stick would touch the roots of both without bending. Not the
slightest traces of baleen or of teeth. Tongue entirely detached be-
neath, and fringed with a kind of papille in a double row, about
3 of an inch deep. Forehead rising abruptly to the height of
13 inches from the snout, and very slight traces of any ridge between
them. ‘Two diverging grooves beneath the throat, about 18 inches
long. The dorsal and pectoral fins divide the whole length into three
portions, of which the two end ones are about equal, the middle one
rather longer. Colour, a brownish-black ; quite black on the back
and tail, shading to a dirty white below and on the cheeks.”

‘Young one about 14 feet long, differing only from the old one in
being slighter and of a lighter colour.”

‘One circumstance I think deserves recording. One of the coast-
guardmen who killed these animals told me that the animal ‘sobbed’
very much, but that its only efforts were to smother itself by push-
ing its snout into the sand. May not this give some clue to the use
of the beak? May it not be to procure food by suction from the
sand? This might show some reason for the papillz-like fringe to
the tongue, which was alike in both specimens.”

374

* As showing the nature of the animal, it should also be stated
that the cub could easily have escaped, and, in fact, went away three
times, but each time returned from hearing the cries of her dam; on
the last return, the water had become too low to permit its further
escape.”

Mr. O. Salvin stated that he had lately received from Mr. Robert
Owen, Corresponding Member of the Society, specimens of the eggs
of twenty-three species of Guatemalan birds. Amongst these were
two eggs of the Quezal, or Long-tailed Trogon (Pharomacrus para-
diseus), which he exhibited, as he believed, for the first time. Mr.
Owen’s note relating to their capture was as follows :—“ In an ex-
pedition to the mountains of Santa Cruz, one of our hunters told me
that he knew of a Quezal’s nest about a league from Chilasco, in the
same range, and offered to procure me the eggs and one of the birds
if I would send my servant with his gun to help him. This I ac-
cordingly did, and my man returned with two eggs and the hen
bird, which he said that he shot as she left her nest. He described
the nest as being placed in the main stem of a decayed forest tree,
about 26 feet from the ground. The hollow or nest had but one
entrance, not more than large enough to allow the bird to pass,—the
interior cavity being of barely sufficient capacity to allow of the
female bird turning round. Inside there were no signs of a nest,
beyond a layer of small particles of decayed wood, upon which the
eggs were deposited.

“The mountaineers all say that the Quezal avails itself of the de-
serted holes of the Woodpecker, probably founding their statement
upon the unfitness of the bird’s beak for boring into the trunks of
trees.”

The following papers were then read :—

1. Nore on THE FEMALE OF CUSCUS ORNATUS.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.

On the 11th of January of this year* I described a new species of
Cuscus, under the name of Cuscus ornatus, from a male specimen
sent by Mr. Wallace from the Island of Batchian.

Mr. Wallace has now sent three female Cusci (two adults and one
younger specimen) from Ternate, which appear to be the females of
the species above-described.

The older female only differs from the male from Batchian in
being darker. One specimen has many more spots on it than the
other ; the spots are small, irregular in size, and not disposed sym-
metrically. The younger specimen is yellower than the others, but,
still, darker and browner than the male, and only indistinctly spotted.
The dorsal streak is distinct and well-marked in the whole of the
three, and disposed exactly as in the male.

* See anted, p. 1.

375

2. Ow A New Species oF KANGAROO, OF THE GENUS HaLMa-
turus. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S., &c.

HALMATURUS STIGMATICUS.

Face, sides of the body, outer side of the fore limbs, and the flanks
rufous, more or less interspersed with whitish-tipped hairs ; outer
side of the hinder limbs rich rusty-red ; occiput dark brown, inter-
spersed with silvery-tipped hairs ; ears externally clothed with long
black hairs, and narrowly fringed on the front edge with white ;
upper surface of the body blackish-brown, interspersed with nume-
rous whitish-tipped hairs, and gradually blending with the rufous
hue of the flanks ; down the back of the neck an indistinct line of a
darker or blackish hue ; across each haunch a broad and conspicuous
mark of buff; upper lip, chin, and all the under surface of the body
and the inner side of the limbs dirty white ; hands and feet dark
brown ; upper surface of the tail dark brown ; on its sides the hairs
are less numerous, and the scaly character of the skin becomes con-
spicuous.

ft. in.
Length from the tip of the nose to the extremity
LT SS 2 SER ERS Se a Cea Pee ge d
GER ANEEM aah cna Licecea PhS a class cute malin gh race
——— of the tarsus and toes, including the nail 0 52
— of the arm and hand, including the nails 0 63
——— of the face from the tip of the nose to the
ane OF ENE CATA, 6 - 9.5.42 vic -k mele ats 0 42
BOM CA aot gx oa aid nigel ied oariota. i A 0

Hab. Point Cooper, on the north-eastern coast of Australia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to H. thetidis, but differing from that
species in being of a somewhat larger size, in the more rufous
colouring of the fur, particularly of that clothing the hind limbs, and
in having a broad brand-like mark of buff on each haunch.

For the discovery of this new species we are indebted to the re-
searches of Mr. John Macgillivray. The typical specimen is now in
the British Museum.

3. Nore ON THE JAPANESE DEER LIVING IN THE SOCIETY’S
Menacerisz. By Paruie Lurvey Scxuater, M.A., SECRE-
TARY TO THE SOCIETY.

I venture to call particular attention to one out of several im- |
portant additions made to the Menagerie since the last meeting for
scientific business.

A pair of a very beautiful small species of Deer, quite new to the
collection, were presented to the Society in July last by J. Wilks,
Esq. They were obtained at Kanegawa, in Japan, and brought
to this country by Captain D. Rees, of the ship ‘Sir F. Williams.’

376

Dr. Gray has described these animals, believing them to be new,
in a recent number of the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ as Rusa
javanica (Ann. N. H. ser. iii. vol. vi. p. 218, Sept. 1860). But on
reference to the figure of Cervus pseudaris of MM. Eydoux and
Souleyet in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Bonite’ (Atlas, pl. 3.
Zool. p. 64), and to the further details concerning the same animal
given by Dr. Pucheran in the ‘Archives du Muséum d’ Hist. Nat.’
(vi. pp. 416, 489), it seems probable that our new acquisition may
belong to the same species. The locality of the example figured in
the ‘ Voyage of the Bonite’ was not ascertained ; but a second speci-
men, brought home by the expedition of the ‘ Astrolabe and Zelée,’
was said to have come from the Soolvo Islands. This discrepancy
of localities is a fact which would lead me to believe that our
animals are different from Cervus pseudazis ; but in the structure of
the horns, in the general colouring of the body, in the elongation of
the hairs of the mane and throat, and in the disappearance of the
white spots in winter, our specimens seem to me to agree well with
the peculiarities indicated by the French authorities ; and the male
possesses partially developed canines, which are likewise spoken of
in the case of Cervus pseudazis.

Mr. Blyth has also recently described a Deer from the island of
Formosa, under the name Cervus taiouanus (Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
xxx. p. 90), which is probably likewise referable to this same species.
At the time of writing this description, Mr. Blyth was inclined to
consider the Formosan animal different from a pair of the small Deer
of Japan, which he had living with him in Calcutta at the same
date. This opinion, however, he has subsequently modified, stating,
ina letter, addressed to me, dated July 4th of the present year, with
reference to the Formosan and Japanese Deer, which he had then
turned out together in his garden at Calcutta, that he was “ satisfied
that they were of one and the same species.”

My opinion therefore is—though I do not state it without hesita-
tion, against so high an authority on the subject of the Cervide as
Dr. Gray—that Rusa javanica is probably a synonym of Cervus pseud-
axis, Eydoux and Souleyet, and Cervus tatouanus, Blyth. But there
is, perhaps, a still older appellation for this little Deer. The figure
of Temminck and Siebold’s Cervus sika, in the ‘ Fauna Japonica,’
certainly looks very little like the male of this species. The uniform
colouring and the third branch to the horns are very noticeable
points in which it differs from our male Deer. To the description
given in the same work I have unfortunately had no access, the
sheets containing it being deficient in the only copy I have been able
to consult. But Mr. Bartlett, who has lately returned from Hol-
land, informs me that a female Deer living in the Gardens at Am-
sterdam, and there considered as Cervus sika, is undoubtedly the
same as ours; and as the Dutch naturalists have consulted the type
in the Leyden Museum, there appears to be little doubt of the fact.
I am therefore induced to believe that the following may prove to be
the correct synonymy of this species of Deer :-—

i tl 6

377

CERVUS SIKA.

Cervus sika, Temm. & Sieb. Fauna Japonica, Mamm. pl... (fig
mala).

Cervus pseudaxis, Eyd. & Soul. Voy. Bonite, Zool. p. 64. pl. 3,
Buch. Arch. Mus. Par. vi. pp. 416, 489; Wagn. Suppl. Schreber’s
Saiig. v. p. 364 (?).

Cervus axis, ec China, Cantor, Ann. N. H. ix. p. 274.

Cervus taiouanus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix. p. 90.

Rusa javanica, J.B. Gray, Ann. N. H. ser. 3. vi. p. 218.

Mr. Blyth, it may be remarked, is of opinion (J. A. S. B. xxix.
p- 90) that this Deer “ belongs strictly to the Hlaphine, and not to
the Avine group,” and states that its skull “has the same large
round infra-orbital foramina as C. elaphus, and its immediate con-
geners.

4. On THE AFFINITIES OF BALZNICEPS. By Proressor J.
REINHARDT, For. M. Z.S.

The majority of ornithologists seem to look upon the Baleniceps
as approaching nearest to Cancroma, and to consider it the African re-
presentative of this South American type. Now it shall be freely con-
ceded that it indeed appears more nearly allied to the Boatbill than to
the Pelicans, to which Mr. Gould was inclined to refer this, perhaps
the most extraordinary of the numerous highly interesting new forms
introduced by him in ornithology. The Baleniceps seems, further,
better placed in the neighbourhood of the Cancroma than between
the Spoonbills and the Flamingos, as proposed by M. Des Murs,—
a position admissible, I think, only when the texture of the egg is
made the ruling principle of classification. But it may be question-
able whether the large Storks (Leptoptilos) do not make a nearer
approach to it than the Boatbill; and I do not hesitate to advance,
that at all events this last-mentioned bird is not its next of kin.

When several years ago I became first acquainted with the de-
scription and the admirable figures of the bird in question in the
‘Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society of London, I was struck
with some features in the gigantic new form, recalling to my mind
another curious bird, and I wondered why it had not been compared
with this as well as with the Pelicans, Cranes, Herons, and the Boat-
bill ; but having no opportunity to examine the Baleniceps itself, I
could not arrive at any settled opinion.

The Museum at Copenhagen having last year obtained a female
specimen of this rare bird from the Imperial Museum at Vienna
through the generous interference of Prof. Steenstrup, I have at
length been able to substantiate, through immediate comparison, that
(indeed as I presumed) the equally African Scopus is the nearest
relation of the Baleniceps. I may be permitted shortly to state my
reasons for this rapprochement.

The Cancroma does not, in my opinion, represent a peculiar sub-

378

family ; it is in every respect a Night Heron gifted with a very sin-
gular beak. The plumage, the feet and their serrated middle claws,
and further the colour, manifest the affinity. Even in the bill, ano-
malous as at first sight it may appear, a minute examination will
enable us to recognise the beak of a stout-billed Night Heron (A. vio-
lacea, for instance), strongly modified, it is true, in shape, but still
exhibiting many of the essential characters. To the beak of the Bale-
niceps, on the contrary, it seems to afford only an analogy (and not even
a very strong one), but no true affinity. Its flattened form, and the
slender and pliable branches of the lower jaw, prove, in my opinion,
that the beak of the Boatbill is calculated to be rather a very capa-
cious than a very strong one ; whilst the bill of the Baleniceps, being
higher than broad, evinces an extraordinary strength in almost every
feature, but especially in the powerful hook, in which the culmen
terminates. In the Boatbill there is no such hook, but the upper
mandible is provided with the usual notched tip of the Night Herons,
not separated from the sides of the bill by a well-marked groove, as
is the hook of its presumed kindred; and if we carry on the com-
parison further, we shall find that the lower jaw does not offer the
truncated apex, characterizing this part in the Baleniceps, and being
indeed the consequence of the shape of the hook. The different
form of the nostrils and the different size and extent of the nasal
groove afford other notable points of diversity between the two
birds ; and though the skin of the throat may be dilatable in a certain
degree in the living Baleniceps, I should not think that this bird
possesses a true pouch like that of the Cancroma. At all events the
fact of the mentum being very thick-feathered throughout two-thirds
of its length induces me to doubt it; and the stout and apparently
little pliable under-jaw seems also to make it not very probable.

It must be conceded, that the Baleniceps approaches much to the
Cancroma in the general structure of the feet; but it has not, like
this bird, a pectinated middle claw ; and this circumstance affords,
in my opinion, a strong warning not to class it with the Boatbill, as
this peculiar serrature never fails in any member of the Heron tribe.

As to what relates to the nature of the plumage, the Baleniceps
differs also in not unimportant points from the Cancroma, the downy
part of each feather being proportionally larger, and genuine down
being intermixed in considerable quantity among the feathers, as in
Leptoptilos, while in the Cancroma and the Herons there is hardly
any down at all amongst them: moreover the hyporhachis is well
developed in the last, but very small in the Baleniceps, which also
in this point seems to adhere to the Storks, in certain species of which
itis even entirely wanting. The distribution of the feathers on the
body (the pterylose) cannot be accurately studied on a stuffed skin ;
therefore 1 am not able to give any sufficient account of it in the
Baleniceps; but even now I think I may say, that the pterylose
of this bird, when minutely examined, will probably show notable
differences from that of the Boatbill. It especially appears that the
neck is feathered nearly all over, while in the Boatbill and the
whole Heron-tribe there are large apteria on this part. <A point of

379

some consequence to be cleared up, but about which I can say nothing
myself, is whether the Baleniceps is gifted or not with those curious
limited spots, clothed only with a peculiar sort of down (the “ Puder-
dunenfluren”’ of Nitzsch), which characterize the Cancroma as well
as the Herons, but are wanting in the Scopus and the Storks.

If, on the other hand, we now compare the beak of the Baleniceps
with that of the Scopus, we shall find a very remarkable accordance
in nearly all material points. In both of them the nostrils are shaped
exactly in the same way, being narrow, just perceptible slits. In Scopus
as well as in Baleniceps the culmen is separated throughout its whole
length from the sides of the bill by a deep narrow groove or furrow,
and terminates in a powerful hook, though it is conceded that the
hooked tip is proportionally not quite so large in the former. The
very sharp carina into which the culmen is compressed in the Scopus,
is indicated by a ridge along the broad culmen of the Baleniceps ;
the apex of the lower jaw is truncated in the same way in both birds ;
and notwithstanding the nearly perpendicular position of the sides of
the bill in the Scopus, the tomia are convex and bend inwards, as in
the Baleniceps. In a word, the minute detail of the bills of these
two remarkable birds is, as far as I can see, very much the same ;
and, indeed, if we fancy the beak of the Baleniceps so much com-
pressed that the ridge along the culmen becomes converted into a
sharp cutting edge, and the branches of the lower maxilla touch each
other in the anterior half of their length, it will assume most exactly
the shape of that of a gigantic, but somewhat short-billed Scopus.

With regard to the feet, it is true that the toes are connected by
a short interdigital membrane in the Scopus, while there is no ves-
tige of it in the Baleniceps. The importance of this difference may
perhaps be differently appreciated by zoologists, but I need not enter
into a discussion as to its value; for, should the disappearance of
the interdigital membrane be considered a serious obstacle against
classing this bird with the Scopus, it must likewise divorce it from
Cancroma, where such a membrane also exists, being only somewhat
smaller than in the Scopus. For the rest, there is no material dif-
ference in the structure of the feet of the two birds, the hind-toe
even in the Scopus being inserted at the level of the other toes. It
must, however, be confessed, that in this oft-mentioned bird also
the middle nail is pectinated, though indeed not quite so regularly as
in the Boatbill. This is certainly a remarkable deviation from the
Baleniceps ; but it is obvious that this fact, at all events, cannot be
adduced as an argument in favour of a nearer relationship to the
Cancroma.

In the ptilose of the Scopus seem to prevail nearly the same pecu-
liarities which have been mentioned as distinguishing the plumage
of the Baleniceps from that of the Boatbill ; and even in this respect
it certainly proves a nearer relation than the last-mentioned American
bird. With regard to the pterylose, the Scopus is known in a certain
point to deviate from, I believe, all the other waders, the feathers
on the neck being arranged in a manner quite peculiar ; should,
therefore, the neck of the Baleniceps really prove to be feathered all

380

round, there will so far be a difference: but it must be remembered
that a neck feathered throughout might possibly approximate the Ba-
leniceps to the Storks, but never to the Boatbill.

I believe that a minute consideration of the external characters of
the Baleniceps will sufficiently enable us to recognise in this gigantic
wader a near relative of Scopus; but, no doubt, new and important
proofs are to be derived from the skeleton when compared with
that of the last-mentioned bird. I have, however, not the means of
making such a comparison, never having seen any part of the skeleton
of the Baleniceps. Even of the skeletons of the Scopus and the
Cancroma I have only more or less imperfect skulls and some few
bones at hand. I should, therefore, only wish to mention here, that
the interorbital septum is entire in the Scopus (as it is in Lepto-
ptilos and Tantalus), but perforated (as far as I can see, in the muti-
lated skull now before me) by a large opening in the Cancroma as
well as in the Herons ; and that the zygomatic arch, formed by the
malar bones, is longer in the Boatbill than in the Scopus,—so much
so indeed, that in the shorter skull of the first it is nearly twice as long
as it is in the longer skull of the Scopus—this bird approaching
even in this respect to the Storks, while the Heron type prevails in
the Cancroma even in this point. It would be very interesting to
know how the Baleniceps is shaped in these respects *.

And now, to put an end to my cursory remarks, I shall beg only
to advance, as the final conclusion to which I have been led by my
examination of the Baleniceps, that this most curious bird should
be removed from the neighbourhood of the Cancroma, to constitute,
together with the Scopus, a small, exclusively African subfamily in
the great circle of the Ardeide of Leach, appoaching nearer to the
Storks than to the Herons.

5. DescripTion or A New Species or HornsBILL rRoM WEstT-
ERN Arrica. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S., erc.

Toccus HARTLAUBI, Gould.

All the upper surface, back, wings, and tail uniform dark brownish-
black, glossed with green; three outer tail-feathers on each side
tipped with white, the inner one of the three less so than the others ;
under surface sooty-black, each feather fringed with grey, giving
these parts, particularly the abdomen, a mottled appearance ; under
surface of the shoulder greyish-white ; basal portion of the inner webs
of the primaries silvery-grey ; bill rather stout and deep at the base,
with a small sharp keel or ridge near the base of the culmen ; basal
three-fourths of the bill black, apical fourth obscure blood-red.

Total length, 14 inches; bill, 23; wing, 6; tail, 62; tarsi, 1.

At first sight, the specimen from which the above description was

* My friend Mr. A. Newton, to whom I had communicated my opinion with
regard to the Baleniceps during his visit to Copenhagen last year, has lately in-
formed me that the malar bones are enormously large and strong in this bird; the
same cannot be said of them in Scopus.

381

taken, and which is the only one I have seen, would appear to be
immature; but when the tail-feathers are closely examined, they
will be found to comprise both old and new feathers of precisely the
same character, proving that such cannot be the case. In the size
of its body this new Hornbill does not exceed the common Black-
bird (Merula vulgaris) ; it must therefore be regarded as one of
the smallest members of its group.

I have named this bird hartlaudi, in honour of my friend Dr.
Hartlaub of Bremen, a gentleman who has paid great attention to
general ornithology, but especially to that of Western Africa, where
this bird is believed to have been procured, but from what precise
locality is unknown.

6. Descriprion or a New Species or THE Genus Mono, or
Lesson. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S., etc.

Mono aricatts, Gould.

Opposite page 357 of Dixon’s ‘ Voyage round the World,’ pub-
lished as long back as 1798, will be found the figure of a bird under
the name of the “ Yellow Tufted Bee-eater,”’ which appears never
to haye received a specific appellation : this has probably arisen from
the circumstance of no examples having yet found their way into
our museums. The description given by Captain Dixon, copied
from Latham’s ‘ Synopsis,’ doubtless has reference to the bird which
my late friend M. Temminck called Moho fasciculatus.

Two examples of this curious bird, male and female, which will
hereafter be deposited in the National Collection, having lately come
into my possession, I avail myself of the opportunity of characterizing
the species, and have assigned to it the name of apicalis, from the
circumstance of all but the two middle tail-feathers being tipped
with white; in which respect Capt. Dixon remarked that the bird
he had figured differed from Latham’s description of the Yellow-
tufted Bee-eater.

Dixon’s bird was obtained at Owhyhee, and I believe that my two
specimens were brought from the same island.

This bird may be described as having the general plumage sooty-
black ; tail brown, all but the two middle feathers largely tipped
with white ; the two central feathers somewhat narrower than the
others, and gradually diminishing in the apical third of their length
into fine hair-like or filamentous upturned points ; axille or under
surface of the shoulder white; flanks and under tail-coverts bright
yellow ; bill and legs black.

Total length, 12 inches; bill, 12; wing, 43; tail, 63; tarsi, oe

The plumage of the female is in every respect similar to that of
the male ; but, as in the Honeyeaters of Australia generally, particu-
larly amongst the members of the genus Ptilotis, the body is fully a
fourth less in size.

382

7. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ODONTOPHORUS.
By Joun Goutp, F.R.S., etc.

OpONTOPHORUS MELANONOTUS, Gould.

Throat, fore part of the neck, and chest rich chestnut-brown ; ab-
domen deep blackish-brown, very finely but obscurely freckled with
chestnut ; lower part of the abdomen, thighs, under tail-coverts, tail,
back of the neck, wings, and rump uniform velvety brownish-black ;
legs apparently horn-colour in front, with a wash of orange between
the scales; bill black.

Total length, 10 inches; bill, 2; wing, 6; tail, 21; tarsi, 21.

Hab. Ecuador.

There do not appear to be any markings about the face, as is usual
with the other members of this genus ; but as my specimen is some-
what injured in that part, Iam unable to speak positively on this
point : the orange colouring, too, between the scales of the legs may
or may not be natural; it is probably due to some extraneous cause.

This new species, which I have received direct from Ecuador, is
in every respect a typical Odontophorus, and is very nearly allied to
O. nigrogularis, O. erythrops, and O. hyperythrus ; but when the
four species are seen together, their specific distinctness is very
readily apparent.

When shall we acquire a knowledge of the whole of this group of
birds ?

8. CaTALOGUE OF THE BirDs OF THE FALKLAND IsLANpDs. By
Painie Lurtey Scuater, M.A., SecRETARY TO THE So-

CIETY.
(Aves, Pl. CLXXIII.)

Mr. Leadbeater having kindly invited me to examine a very fine
series of skins collected in the Falkland Islands by Capt. Pack—
a gentleman who has been for several years resident there—I have
embraced the opportunity of drawing up a more complete list of the
birds of the Falklands than any that has hitherto appeared, chiefly
with the hope of inducing Capt. Abbott, Capt. Pack, and other gen-
tlemen who have turned their attention to the ornithology of these
islands, to continue their researches, by showing them that we en-
deavour at home to make some use of the “raw material” with
which they provide us. :

The Falkland Islands were visited by many of the earlier navi-
gators ; and several species of birds belonging to its fauna, discovered
by them, either on the islands, themselves, or on the neighbouring
coast of South America, are included in the Systems of Linneus,
Gmelin, and Latham. The French Exploring Expedition of the
‘ Uranie,’ which was wrecked on these islands in 1819, collected many
specimens of birds there, and MM. Quoy and Gaimard, who wrote
the ‘Zoology’ of the voyage, described several new species which were
the results of their investigations. But it is to Mr. Darwin, who

383

passed some time in the Falklands, when Naturalist on board H.M.S.
Beagle, that we are indebted for the first detailed account of the
birds of this group. In the second volume of the ‘ Zoology’ of the
Voyage of the Beagle, which is devoted to Ornithology, upwards of
20 species are recorded as having been obtained in the Falklands on
this occasion, and many very interesting details are given of their
habits and localities. Many specimens of birds were also collected
at the Falkland Islands by the officers of H.M. Ships Erebts and
Terror during the Antarctic Expedition ; and though the < Zoology ’
of that voyage has, unfortunately, never been completed, the localities
of many of the specimens have been recorded in the Lists of the
British Museum, in which they were deposited.

In the First Part of our < Proceedings’ for the past year *, Mr.
Gould has described the eggs of some of the birds of the Falklands,
“from specimens collected principally by Captain C. C. Abbott.”
Mr. Gould’s list notices 38 species as occurring in the group. Re-
ference to some other authorities, together with Capt. Pack’s series,
has enabled me to raise the number of birds now well ascertained to
be met with in these islands to 57.

It may be remarked that the fauna of the Falklands is purely
South American in character, the whole of these 57 species, with
four or five exceptions only (Milvago australis, Phrygilus melano-
derus, P. xanthogrammus, Cinclodes antareticus, and Muscisaxicola
macloviana), as far as is hitherto known, being also found on the
neighbouring mainland, and these excepted species belonging to South
American genera. Out of the 57 species, 16 only are what are
generally termed Land-birds (Accipitres and Passeres), the remainder
being Gralle and Anseres.

I, Accrpirres.

1. CaTHARTES AURA (Linn.): Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, p. 8;
Gould, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 93.

**Tolerably common ”’ (Darwin). Specimens sent by Capt. Pack
and Capt. Abbott. The egg figured in ‘The Ibis,’ vol. ii. pl. 1. fig. 2,
as that of a rare variety of Milvago australis, belongs to this bird
(see Capt. Abbott in * Ibis,’ 1860, p- 432), so that it breeds in the
Falklands. Mr. Gurney informs me’ that the skins sent by Capt.
Abbott are not, in his opinion, different from North American spe-
cimens.

2. Mitvaco ausrratis( Gm.).—Falco leucurus, Forster, MS. —
Milvago leucurus, Darw. Zool. p- 15; Gould, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 93 ;
Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 24 (cum fig. ovi).

“ Exceedingly numerous, and very bold and rapacious ” (Darwin).
Specimens sent by Capt. Pack. The egg of this bird is figured
in ‘The Ibis,’ as above referred to, from examples transmitted by
Capt. Abbott.

* Proc. Zool. Soe. 1859, p- 93.

384

3*. Burro ERYTHRONOTUS (King).—Haliaétus erythronotus,
King, Zool. Journ. iii. 424.—B. tricolor, Lafr. et d’Orb.; Darw.
Zool. p. 26; Gould, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 93; Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 25
(cum fig. ovi).

«« Preys chiefly on rabbits’? (Darwin). Specimens sent by Capt.
Pack and Capt. Abbott, and eggs also by the latter, as described by
Mr. Gould, and figured in ‘ The Ibis.’ There is an extraordinary
degree of variation in the plumage of this bird, and its phases of
change are not yet well understood.

4. Bureo varius, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 10 ; Cassin, Rep. U.S.
Expl. Exp. viii. p. 92. pl. 3. f.1; Gould, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 94.

Examples transmitted by Capt. Abbott, as also of the egg, as de-
scribed by Mr. Gould. Mr. Gurney, who has placed some of these
specimens in the Norwich Museum, considers this to be a good
species.

5. Crrcus cINEREUvS, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iv. 454; Darw. Zool.
p- 30.—Falco histrionicus, Q. et G. Voy. Uranie, p. 95.

«Very tame, and preys on small quadrupeds, molluscous animals,
and even insects (Darwin).” Specimens transmitted by Capt. Pack.

6. Orus BrRAcuyotus (Gm.).—Otus palustris, Darwin, Voy.
p- 33; Gould, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 94.
‘«« Amongst low bushes ” (Darwin).

II. PAssEREs.

Fam. TurDIDz.

7. TuURDUS FALKLANDICUS, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 104 ;
Darwin, Zool. p. 59.—Turdus magellanicus, King: Gould, P. Z. 8.
1859, p. 94.

Falkland Islands (Abé0¢t and Pack).

Eggs described by Mr. Gould, /.c. The skins from the Falkland
Islands seem to me to be rather larger and more rufescent below
than those which I have examined from the mainland.

Fam. TROGLODYTID.

8. CisrorHoRUS PLATENSIS (Gm.): Pl. Enl. 432: Sylvia pla-
tensis, Gm. et Lath. ; Darwin, Voy. p. 75.
Not uncommon, living close to the ground in the coarse grass
(Darwin).
Falklands (Pack).
Fam. MorTaciLuip&.

9, ANTHUS CORRENDERA, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxvi. p. 491; Enc.

* 3. Burgo poLiosoma (Q. et G.).—Falco poliosoma, Q. et G. Voy. Uranie,

p- 92. pl. 14.
Falkland Islands (Q. e¢ G.). A distinct species, unless it be referable to one

of the stages of B. erythronotus or B. varius.

385

Méth. p. 325; d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 225; Darw. Zool. p. 85 ; Gould,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 99.

‘Very common,”’ and “resembles a true Alauda in most of its
habits” (Darwin).

Falklands (Pack). Egg described by Mr. Gould.

Fam. STURNIDZ.

10. SruRNELLA miLiTARIS (Gm.), Pl. Enl. 113: Sturnus mili-
taris, Gm. ; Darw. Zool. p. 110; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 94.

Falklands (Pack). Nest and eggs sent by Capt. Abbott and de-
scribed by Mr. Gould.

Fam. FRINGILLIDZ.

11. PuryGiLus MELANODERUS (Quoy et Gaim.).—Emberiza
melanodera, Q. et G. Voy. Uranie, Zool. i. p. 109. — Chlorospiza
melanodera, G. R. Gray, in Darw. Zool. Beagle, p. 95. pl. 32.—Me-
lanodera typica, Bp. Consp. p. 470; Gould, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 95.

Falkland Islands, ‘‘ abundant in large scattered flocks” (Darw.) ;
Capt. Pack has sent examples of both sexes. Nest and eggs, for-
warded by Capt. Abbott, are described by Mr. Gould.

12. PHryGiLus XANTHOGRAMMUS (G. " Sern) <-Caloramnien
zanthogramma, G. R. Gray, in Darw. Voy. p. 96. pl. 33.

Falkland Islands (Darwin). Distinguished from the preceding
by the yellow superciliaries and white markings of the tail-feathers.
More examples are wanted to confirm this species.

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID2.

13. CincLopes vuearis (Lafr. et d’Orb.): Voy. Am. Mér. Ois.
pl. 57. f. 1; Bp. Consp. p. 214.—Opetiorhynchus vulgaris, Darw.
Voy. Zool. p. 66.

Common in the Falkland Islands (Darwin).

14. CrncLopres antTarcticus (Garn.); Bp. Consp. p. 214.—
Furnarius fuliginosus, Less.—Opetiorhynchus antarcticus, Darwin,
Voy. Zool. p. 67.

Falkland Islands (Darwin and Pack).

Probably peculiar to the Falklands, being replaced on the con-
tinent by C. patachonicus.

Fam. PreroprocHiD2.

15. ScyTraLopus MAGELLANICUwS (Lath.).—Sylvia magellanica,
Lath.—Scytalopus fuscus,Gould ; Jard. and Selb. [ll.Orn. n. s. pl.19.
Falkland Islands (Darwin).

Fam. TyRANNIDZ.

16. MuscisaxicoLa MacLoviANA (Garn.); Bp. Consp. p. 197 ;
Darwin, Voy. Zool. p. 83.

No. 441.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

386

Falkland Islands (Lesson and Darwin). Peculiar to the Falklands,
if distinct from the continental M. mentalis.

III. Graz.

Fam. CHIONIDID&.

17. Curtonis auBa, Forst.; Lath. G. H. ix. pl. 161; Darwin,
Zoo}\.p. 118; Q. et G. Voy. Uranie, p. 131. pl. 30.

Berkeley Sound, E. F. (Ant. Exp.) ; Falkland Islands (Q. e¢ G.).

M. de Blainville has given an elaborate account of the osteology
and anatomy of this bird in the ‘Zoology’ of the Voyage of the
Bonite (p. 107 e¢ seg.). Its nearest ally appears to be Hematopus.

Fam. CHARADRIIDZ.

18. EupRoMIAS URVILLII (Garn.).—Tringa urvilliit, Garnot.—
Vanellus cinctus, Less.—Charadrius rubecola, Vig. — Squatarola
eincta, Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. 110; Darwin, Zool. p.126; Gould,
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 95.

Falkland Islands, frequenting the upland marshes (Darwin) ;
Falklands (Pack) ; Berkeley Sound (Ant. Ezp.).

The female is like the male, but with less rufous on the breast.
Called ‘ Dottrel.’ The eggs transmitted by Capt. Abbott are de-
scribed by Mr. Gould, /. c.

19. ASGIALITES FALKLANDICUS (Lath.).—Charadrius falklandi-
cus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 747.—Hiaticula falklandica, G. R. Gray,
List of Spec. ui. p. 71.—Charadrius annuligerus, Wagl.

Mus. Brit., ex ins. Falkland.

St. Louis, East Falkland, and Uranie Bay (Ant. Ezp.). Specimens
sent by Capt. Pack.

20. HamatTorpus LEucopus, Garnot.—H. luctuosus, Cuv.
East Falkland (Pack). Egg in Mr. O. Salvin’s collection, from
Capt. Abbott.

21. Hamaropus ater, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. pl. 230 (part.).—H.
niger, Q. et G. Voy. Uranie, p. 129. pl. 34, et Cuv. (part.), nec Pallas.
—H. ater, Cassin, Report B. N. America, p. 200.—H. townsendii,
Aud.— HZ. unicolor, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 96.

Falklands (Abbott and Pack). Egg described by Mr. Gould.

There appear to be several nearly allied species of Black Oyster-
eatchers inhabiting different regions :—

1. H. niger, Pallas (H. bachmanni, Aud.), Rep. B. N. Am. p.700 :
from the north-western coast of America and Kurile Islands.

2. H. ater, Vieill. (as identified by Mr. Cassin): from Southern
America and Falklands.
3. H. fuliginosus, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pl. 8: from Australia.

387 =

4. H. unicolor, Forster; G. R. Gray, Voy. Erebus and Terror,
p- 12. pl. 10: from New Zealand. Perhaps hardly different from
the Australian bird.

5. H. niger, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. pl. 146 (nec Pallas) : from the
Cape.

Fam. SCOLOPACIDZ.

22. Limosa uupsonica (Lath.).—Scolopax hudsonica, Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. 720; Darw. Voy. Zool. p. 129.
Falkland Islands (Darwin and Pack).

23. NuMENIUs BREviRostTRIS, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 75.
Falklands (Pack).

24. GALLINAGO MAGELLANICUS (King).—Scolopaz magellanica,
King, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 93; Darw. Zool. p. 131.

Falkland Islands (Darwin and Pack); Berkeley Sound, E. F.
(Ant. Exp.).

25. TRINGA BONAPARTII, Schlegel, Rep. N. Am. Birds, p. 722.
—Tringa schinzii, Bp.
Falklands (Pack).

Fam. ARDEIDZ&. -

26. NycTicoRAx GARDENI (Jard.).—N. americana, Bp. ; Gould,
P. Z.S. 1859, p. 96.
Berkeley Sound, E. F. (Ant. Exp.) ; Falklands (Pack).

IV. ANSERES.

Fam. ANATIDZ.

27. CHLOEPHAGA MAGELLANICA (Gm.).— Anas magellanica,
Gm. ex Pl. Enl. 1006 ; Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 32.—Anas picta, Gm.
et Forst.—Bernicla magellanica, Gay, Fauna Chilena, et Cassin in
Gilliss’s Exp. ii. p. 201. pl. 24 (¢ et 2); Darwin, Voy. Zool. iii.
p- 134; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 128, et 1858, p. 289.

Falkland Islands (Darwin, Gov. Moore, Pack).

The “ Upland Goose” was first received by this Society from the
Falkland Islands in 1857, through the liberality of H. E. Captain
Moore, R.N., then the Governor. Other examples have since been
obtained, and we now possess three males and five females of this
beautiful species. One of the females laid this spring, but did not
succeed in hatching her eggs.

28. CHLOEPHAGA RUBIDICEPS, sp. nov. (P]. CLXXIII.)—B.
inornata, G. R. Gray, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, Birds, pl. 24,
and Sclater, Guide to Gardens of the Zoological Society, ed. 5 & 6,

p: 16: nec King.

Ochracescenti-rubida, dorso superiore, collo undique cum pectore

388

et ventris lateribus lineis nigris transversim fasciolatis : uro-
pygio cum cauda eneo-nigricante : alis albis, primariis obscure
fusco-nigris, tectricibus majoribus et scapularibus cinerascenti-
Suscis, illarum pogoniis externis extus lete eneo-viridibus :
rostro nigro, pedibus nigris, extus sordide aurantiacis.

Long. tota 17:0, alee 13, caudze 4°75, tarsi 2°4, rostri a rictu 1°3.

Hab. In ins. Falklandicis (Pack).

Mus. Brit., ex expeditione Antarctica.

This Goose, of which the Society now possesses living specimens
of both sexes, is most nearly allied to the Ashy-headed Goose (Chloé-
phaga poliocephala), which has likewise been called Bernicla inornata
by Mr. G. R. Gray, and is figured under that name in his ‘ Genera of
Birds,’ pl. 165. As in the Ashy-headed Goose, the male and female
of the Ruddy-headed Goose (as I propose to term this bird) are co-
loured alike. The bird described as “ Anas inornatus, mas,” by
Capt. King (Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 15), which is now in the
British Museum, is decidedly different, in my opinion, from both
Chloéphaga poliocephala and C. rubidiceps, most nearly resembling
the male of C. magellanica, but being much smaller. The bird
described as ‘‘ Anas inornatus, feem.,” by Capt. King, is probably
C. poliocephala. Specimens of this latter bird in the British Museum
are from the island of Chiloe, and it appears to be the western re-
presentative of the present species.

Chloéphaga rubidiceps may be easily distinguished from C. polio-
cephala by the following characters :—The whole head and neck,
which are ash-coloured in the latter, are, in the former, of a uniform
buffy rufous: the transverse lineations on the body are much
coarser and more numerous in C. rubidiceps, and the ground-colour
is pale ochraceous rufous instead of deep chestnut. In C. polio-
cephala the belly is pure white, in C. rubidiceps it is deep rufous,
and the sides of the belly are barred with pale rufous and black in-
stead of white and black. The wings are coloured alike in the two
species, and the rump and tail in both is of a uniform black, with
dull greenish reflections. The under tail-coverts in both are reddish-
brown, rather darker in C. rubidiceps. In both species the bill is
black, and the legs black, with the outside of the tarsus and outer
edge of the toes orange, giving them a singular parti-coloured ap-
pearance in the living bird. The size, dimensions, and general
characters are, as nearly as possible, the same in both species.

29. BERNICLA ANTARCTICA (Gm.).— Anas antarctica, Gm. ;
Darwin, Zool. Beagle, ili. p. 134 ; Cassin in Gilliss’s Exp. ii. p. 200.
pl. 23 (det? ).

Falkland Islands (Darwin, Ant. Exp., Pack).

30. Cyenus NIGRICOLLIS (Gm.).—Anas nigricollis, Gm.
Falkland Islands (Pack).

31. Cyenus coscorosa (Mol.).— Anas coscoroba, Mol.— Cygnus
anatoides, King.
Falkland Islands (Pack).

389

32. Mareca cuiLoensis (King).—Anas chiloensis, King, P.Z.S.
1831, p. 15; Eyton, Mon. Anat. pl. 21.
Falkland Islands (Ant. Ezp.).

33. Daria uropnasiANnus (Vig.).— Anas urophasianus, Vig.
Zool. Journ. iv. 357 ; Eyton, Mon. Anat. pl. 20 (7).

A pair of Pintails in Capt. Pack’s collection are possibly of this
species in winter dress ; but they do not agree with the figure of
Mr. Eyton, being nearly white below, and having the sides of the
head under the eyes closely freckled.

34. Pa@cILoNETTA BAHAMENSIS (Linn.).
One example, sent by Capt. Pack ; but the bird is said to be rarely
met with in the Falklands.

35. Anas cristata, Gm.S. N. i. 540.—Anas pyrogaster, Meyen.
Berkeley Sound, E. F. (Ant. Exp.) ; Falkland Islands (Ant. Exp.
and Pack).

36. QuERQUEDULA cRECCOipEs (King).— Anas creccoides,
King, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 99; Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 128.
S. Salvador Bay, E. F. (Ant. Exp.) ; Falkland Islands (Pack).

37. QUERQUEDULA VERSICOLOR (Vieill.).— Anas versicolor,
Vieill. Nouv. Dict —A. maculirostris, Licht.—A. Sretensis, King ;
Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. 29.

Falklands (Pack).

38. QUERQUEDULA CyANOPTERA (Vieill.).—Anas cyanopterus,
Vieill. Nouv. Dict.—4. ceruleata, Licht.—A. rafflesi, King, Zool.
Journ. iv. 97; Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn. n. s. pl. 23.

Falklands (Pack).

39. Mrcroprerus cINEREUS (Gm.).—Anas cinereus, Gm. S. N.
i. 506.—A. brachyptera, Lath. ; Q. et G. Voy. Uranie, pl. 39. p.-139.
—Micropterus brachypterus, Darwin, Zool. Beagle, iii. 156.

Falkland Islands (Ant. Exp. and Pack).

“Loggerhead Duck: male with the bill orange, irides dark brown,
feet olive; female the same, but the bill olive.” (Pack.)

Fam. CotyMBID&.

40. Popicers catipareus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 727, Ois.
pl. 45; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 136.

S. Salvador Bay, E. F (Ant. Exp.) ; Falkland Islands (Pack).

‘White Grebe: eye bright crimson” (Pack).

41. Popicers roLLann1, Q. et G. Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 133.
pl. 36; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 137.

Berkeley Sound, E. F. (Ant. Exp.) ; Falklands (Pack).

“Common Grebe or Black Grebe: eye bright crimson ” (Pack).

390

Fam. APTENODYTIDZ.

42. APTENODYTES PENNANTU, G. R. Gray, Ann. N. H. xiii.
p- 315 (1844).—A. patachonica, Shaw ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98.
Falkland Islands (Aééott and Pack).

43. SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS (Forst.).— Aptenodytes ma-
gellanicus, Forst.—A. demersa, Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336 (err.).
Falkland Islands (4dbott and Pack).

44. EupypTres curysoLopnuus, Brandt: Abbott in Ibis, 1860,
p- 338.
Falkland Islands (4ébo0tt and Pack). ;

45. Evupypres cHrysocomeE (Forst.).—Aptenodytes chrysocome,
Forst. : Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337.
Falkland Islands (Ant. Exp., Pack).

46. PyGosceLes waGLeRi1.—Pygosceles papua, Wagl.—Apteno-
dytes papua, Forst.; Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336; Gould, P. Z.S.
1859, p. 98.

Falkland Islands (Mus. Brit., Abbott, Pack).

The name papua generally applied to this bird requires alteration,
as the bird is not found in New Guinea!

Fam. PRocELLARIID.

47. PELECANOIDES BERARDI (Q. et G.).—Procellaria berardi,
Q. et G. Voy. Uranie, p. 135. pl. 37; Gould, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 98.
Falkland Islands (Q. and G., and Abbott).

48. THALASSIDROMA NEREIs, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 64, et
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98.

Falkland Islands (4dbo¢t). One specimen, picked up dead in
March 1858.

49. PRocELLARIA 2

Capt. Abbott has forwarded eggs of a large species of Petrel from
the Falklands, belonging, as Mr. Gould believes, either to P. gigantea
or P. conspicillata.

50. DioMEDEA ?, Gould, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 98.

Mr. Gould has described the egg of an Albatros sent by Capt.
Abbott, which he believes to be either of D. fuliginosa or D. mela-

nophrys.

Fam. LArIpDz.

51. Lesrris anTArRcTICcA (Less.).—L. catarractes, Q. et G. Voy.
Uranie, Ois. pl. 38.— Megalestris antarctica, Gould, P. Z.8. 1859,
p- 98; Abbott, Ibis, 1860.

Falkland Islands (4dbott and Pack).

52. Larus pominicanvs, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 82; Gould,
P. Z.S. 1859, p. 97.
Falkland Islands (déé0tt and Pack).

PISA

a5"
dp} ee ai

‘TX S998] S$ 7 904g

391

53. Larus scoressu, Trail, Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 514 (cum
fig.) 1823.—L. hematorhynchus, King ; Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn.
pl. 106.

Falkland Islands (Pach).

54, Larus ROSEIVENTRIS (Gould).—L. glaucotes, Meyen, Nov.
Act.1834, p.115 (?).-—Larus maculipennis, Licht. (?).—Gavia rosei-
ventris, Gould, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 97.

Falkland Islands (Abbott and Pack).

_ There is no doubt, I think, that Mr. Gould’s type-specimen, now
in the British Museum, is in immature (or winter) plumage. The
adult bird in full breeding-dress, of which Capt. Pack has forwarded
some splendid specimens, has a full dark-brown cap, and the whole
of the white plumage deeply tinged with a most beautiful rose-colour.
The egg is described by Mr. Gould, /. c.

55. Srerna cassinit, Sclater.—Sterna meridionalis, Cassin, Zool.
U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 385, nec Brehm.—Sterna antarctica, Peale, nec
Lesson, nec Forster.—‘‘Sterna wilsoni et S. hirundo, ex Arm. Merid.,”
auct.

Falkland Islands (Pack, Abbott).

This Tern is stated by Mr. Cassin and Mr. Peale to be different
from S. wilsoni of the United States. “The voice, size, and general
habits are so like those of its northern prototypes, S. arctica and S.
hirundo, that it requires comparison to be convinced of the specific
difference. But the intensely scarlet bill, which has not a black
point like that of the northern bird, the lighter-coloured mantle, and
the length of the tarsus destroy their identity.’’

Unfortunately both Mr. Cassin and Mr. Peale have proposed
names for this bird which have been previously used in’ the same
group.

Fam. PELECANIDE.

56. PHALACROCORAX CARUNCULATUS (Gm.); Bp. Consp. ii.
p. 176.—P. imperialis, King.—P. cirrhatus, G. R. Gray.

Falkland Islands (Pack, Abbott).

57. PHALACROCORAX MAGELLANICUS (Gm.); Bp. Consp. ii.

p- 177.—P. erythrops, King. __
Falkland Islands (Pack, Abdot¢).

9. On a New Species or FisH BELONGING TO THE GENUS
Paecrus. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

(Pisces, Pl. XI.)
Pacrus socacu, Lowe. (PI. XI.)
D. =. Ast. L. lat.\65. «L. transv. 7/17.

Ma)
The greatest depth of the body is below the fourth dorsal spine,
where it is one-third of the total length ; the length of the head is

392

one-fourth of it. The diameter of the eye equals the width of the
interorbital space, is one-fourth of the length of the head, and two-
thirds of that of the snout. The preorbital is longer than high, and
higher than the orbit. There are six series of rather narrow scales
between the preorbital and the angle of the preeoperculum. Molar
teeth in two series,—those of the outer series being conical, pointed,
and much larger than those of the inner series. The third, fourth,
and fifth dorsal spines are produced, flexible (in immature specimens) ;
the second and third anal spines of nearly equal length and strength,
one-third of the length of the head. The pectoral extends on to the
vertical from the first soft anal ray, and its length is contained three
and a half times in the total; the ventral reaches to the anal fin.
Silvery, with red, shining golden stripes along the series of scales ;
a dark-claret spot on the back beneath the fifth, sixth, seventh, and
eighth dorsal rays, extending on the membrane of the fin ; a smaller
spot on the upper part of the axil ; the spinous dorsal, caudal, anal,
and ventral fins with the margin blackish.

Length 9} inches.

Hab, Sea of Lisbon,

This fish forms a new addition to the European fauna. It has
been sent to the British Museum by the Rey. R. T. Lowe in a fine
collection of fishes made at Lisbon. He proposes to call it after
Dr. Bocage, of the Lisbon Museum, in case it should prove to be a
new form, and writes:—‘ It grows very large; I saw one which
was 2 feet 10 inches long, and was said to weigh more than 16 lbs.
Its head was bright red or vermilion. The elongate dorsal spines are
only a conspicuous character in young examples.”

10. Description or A New Entomostracous CRUSTACEAN,
BELONGING TO THE ORDER PHYLLOPODA, FROM SoutTH Av-
STRALIA. By Dr. Barrp, F.L.S., erc.

(Annulosa, Pl. LX XII.)

EsTHerRiA BiRcHII. (Pl. LXXII. fig. 1.)

The animal appears in all respects to resemble that of the Estheria
gigas, except that the eye is placed on a more prominent pedicle.
The specimen examined was a female, and full of ova. These were
disposed all along the body of the parent, were very numerous, and
presented a very pretty appearance when seen under the microscope.
They are small, round, and grooved, the grooves running in a cir-
cular manner like those of a rifle.

The shell or carapace is of a greenish colour, of an oval shape,
and flattened. The umbo is anterior, situated about 2 lines from
the margin. The dorsal margin slopes slightly downwards, and is
dentated on the edge, in consequence of the ridges, with which its
surface is strongly marked, terminating at the external edge in a
prolongation or tooth. The ventral margin of the carapace is rounded

Proc.Z.S. Annulosa. LXXI[.

Fle Estheria birchii, 2-2a. Streptocephalus dichotomus. 3-3cDaphnia newportii.

WWest imp.

Proc.Z.5 Radaeee VIE.

Coralliuum j ohnsoni.

393

anteriorly, and terminates posteriorly in one of the strong tooth-like
prolongations mentioned above.

The surface of the shell is marked with 13 ribs or ridges, which
near the umbo are slight, but become stronger, well-marked, and
prominent as they descend. The surface between the ridges is dif-
ferent from any previously described ; it is rather opake, not polished,
and presents somewhat the appearance of ground glass.

This species is the giant of the family to which it belongs. Of the
three specimens in the Collection, the largest measures rather more
than a full inch in length, and about three-fourths of au inch in
breadth, the other two being slightly smaller. They were sent to the
British Museum by Sir W. Denison, Governor of Australia, who in
a letter to Dr. Gray informs him that they were taken ‘in water-
holes or lagoons on the plains, on the banks of the Wamoi, a river
which discharges itself into the Darling, and ultimately by the
Murray into the sea in South Australia.” They were collected by
Mr. W. Birch, who in a note to the Governor says :—‘‘ My attention
was first drawn to the Bivalves by observing them in motion, appa-
rently in search of food; and until a specimen was obtained, I
was under an impression, from the rapidity of their movements,
that they were small fishes. Undeceived in this respect, I deter-
mined to ascertain, if possible, the means by which the mollusk
progressed. I observed that the serrated part of the shell was down-
ward and the valves were in constant motion, and that four antennze
were protruded from the shell, evidently for grasping food. The
anatomical structure of the animal appeared so much at variance
with other mollusks, that I preserved the specimens intact. I found
by experience that if the shells are immersed in tepid water for about
ten minutes, the animals will be sufficiently developed for minute ob-
servation.”

In compliance with Sir W. Denison’s request that the name of
the collector “should be commemorated in connexion with the spe-
cies,” I have named it Estheria birchii.

Magnitude, 1 inch in length, ? of an inch in breadth.

Hab. Pools of fresh water on the banks of Wamoi River, Au-
stralia.

Mus. Brit.

11. Description or a New Corat (Coratiium JOHNSONI)
rroM Mapeira. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.,
ETC,

(Radiata, Pl. XVIII.)

Mr. James Yate Johnson, the author of an admirable ‘ Guide to the
Island of Madeira,’ and who has for years been studying the natural
productions of that beautiful island for the purpose of preparing a
Fauna of it, having kindly given me some specimens of Corals from
thence, T am induced to send the following description of a very in-

394

teresting specimen of this hitherto very limited genus to the So-
ciety.

Coratuium sounsoni. (Pl. XVIII.)

Coral branched, subflabelliform. Branches nearly simple, sub-
parallel, flexuose, with a few very short ascending branchlets scat-
tered on the side of the upper surface. Bark yellow, granular, with
three or four rows of rather convex polype-cells on the upper surface
of the branches, and with the under side smooth and rounded. The
axis white, striated.

Hab. Madeira.

This coral differs from the Red Coral of the Mediteranean and
of commerce in several important particulars. That coral, which
generally grows from the under-surface of ledges of rocks in a pen-
dent position, has the polypes equally scattered on all sides of its
branches, and thus the animal can obtain food with equal facility on
all sides of the coral.

The Madeiran coral, on the contrary, seems to grow in a fan-like
mannet, spreading out horizontally from the rock or other marine
body to which it is attached ; and it has the animal placed on each
side of the upper surface of the stem and branches, as though the
animal could only obtain nourishment on that part of the coral which
is exposed to the light, or at least is parallel with the surface of the
sea.

This is the case with many, indeed I may say with all the corals
which grow in this expanded, fan-like manner.

There is a species of coral which grows, and has the animal like-
wise distributed in the same manner, which is found in the seas near
the Sandwich Islands, and has hence been called Corallium secun-
dum by Mr. Dana, but it is very different from the species here de-
scribed. The Madeiran coral is easily distinguished from that de-
scribed by Mr. Dana by the colour of its bark and axes, and the thick,
elongated, subsimple, subparallel branches.

Secondly, this Madeiran coral appears to be normally of a white
colour, while the Mediterranean coral is of a bright crimson-red, and
has hence been called Corallium rubrum. ‘The latter is sometimes
bleached white, or becomes so from some defect or malady in the
animal: it is rarely found naturally white, or more generally with
some portion of the coral white. I have never seen it naturally of
this colour, but I have seen some specimens with white portions ; and
I have been informed that these portions have been bleached by the
sudden application of heat or some other process. The Madeiran
coral, on the contrary, seems to be always white.

The ‘‘ White Coral” of commerce is a species of Caryophyllia
of Lamarck.

If this coral could be obtained in any quantity from Madeira, it
would be a beautiful object for jewellers, and I have no doubt fetch
a good price.

easy

——_ als . : “BOsSng BlINOUe IL

meee Ope om >

attri,

IXYY erndey $7 o0sg

395

12. On THE Genus MANovuRIA AND ITS AFFINITIES.
By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc.

(Reptilia, Pl. XXXI.)

In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1852, p. 133, I described,
and in the quarto Catalogue of the ‘Shield Reptiles in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum’ I described at greater length and figured,
the imperfect shield of a Tortoise which had long been in the posses-
sion of the Society, under the name of Manouria fusca.

Dr. Cantor, in his ‘Catalogue of the Reptiles of the Malayan
Peninsula,’ describes a specimen of the same Tortoise under the name
of Geoemyda spinosa, considering it as the adult of that curious and
interesting species, and most unjustifiably copies my description of
the animal of that Tortoise as that of the animal belonging to the
shell which he was describing.

Dr. Cantor sent the specimen here referred to, to the East India
Company, and it has passed from them into the Collection of the
British Museum, so that there can be no doubt about the identity
of the two animals.

Mr. Le Conte, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia’ for October 1859, vol. vii. p. 187, describes
a Tortoise from Java under the name of Teleopus luxatus, which
evidently belongs to the same genus, and is probably the same spe-
cies which I had previously described and figured under the name
of Manouria fusca.

When I first described the genus from a shell in a very imperfect
condition, I referred it to the family Hmydide, on account of its
«depressed form and the divided caudal plate.”

Dr. Cantor, in the Catalogue above quoted, not only refers it to
that family, but considers it a species of the genus Geoemyda, and
describes the animal as having the feet of that genus, which are
provided with strong, separate toes. .

Mr. Le Conte seems to have had a perfect animal, for he de-
scribes the feet thus:—‘Toes and claws 5:5; fore-claw long and
rather sharp: hind-feet clavate ; claws nearly globular, the inner
one wide and flat, the edge sharp-edged:” yet he places the genus
Teleopus, in his arrangement published in the same volume of the
‘ Philadelphia Proceedings,’ between Platysternon and Lutremys with
the true Emydes, observing that “it possesses a strong mixture of
the characters of this family with those of the next.”

The British Museum has just acquired from Mr. Gould a very
fine and perfect specimen of the genus, which he received with a
series of skins of Kangaroos and other Australian mammalia and
reptiles from Australia, thus enabling me to lay before the Society a
- completion of the character of the genus before established from the
examination of an imperfect specimen of the shell alone, to correct
the position of the genus in the order, and to show the geographical
arrangement of the single species on which it is founded.

The genus Manourta is a typical Land Tortoise (Testudinide),
which verifies the fact stated by Dr. Cantor, that it is “found on

396

the great hill at Pinang at a distance from water.’ Like the other
genera of that family, it has very short toes on both the hind and
fore feet, which are all united together into a club-like foot, with only
the claws separate,—very unlike the distinct, more or less webbed
toes of the Freshwater Tortoises or Hmydide, with which it has been
hitherto united. Its fore-feet are covered with very large, thick,
triangular scales, like the feet of the genus Kinizys; and it has the
spur-like conical scale, situated between the hinder thigh and the
base of the tail, which is found in several genera of this family.

It is easily known from all the other genera of the Emydide, and
from the more terrestrial genera of the family, by the small size and
position of the pectoral plates and the divided caudal plate.

The pectoral plates in some genera of the Freshwater Tortoises, as
in Kinosternon and Sternotherus, are smaller than the other plates,
and narrowed on the inner edge; but I do not know of any genus
where they are reduced to such a small size and removed so far towards
the outer edge of the sternum as in the one under consideration.

The separation of the caudal plates, which is universal in all the
Freshwater Tortoises and Marine Turtles which have come under my
examination, is not found in any other genus of Land Tortoises that
I am aware of: but in several species of the true Testudines there is
a more or less distinct groove, showing where the plates are united ;
and in Manouria they are quite separate.

The head is covered with symmetrical small shields. The jaws are
crenulated on the edge, without any distinct sharp hook at the top
of the upper one. The neck is covered with small granular scales.
The fore-feet are depressed, club-shaped, covered with large, thick,
triangular, sharp-tipped shields, forming five rather irregular rows
on the front or upper surface. The outer side of the under surface
and the soles of the fore-feet are covered with large flattened plates.
The fore-claws are five in number, large, thick, conical, acute, and
nearly of an equal size, the outer one being rather the smallest. The
hind-feet are large, with four very large, strong, conical, acute claws,
the outer one on each foot being rather smaller than the others,
which are all of equal size. The soles of the hind-feet are covered
with large unequal-sized scales—those on the hinder edge being
largest, thick, conical, trihedral, and prominent.

On each side of the hinder part of the body, near the tail, is a group
of large triangular scales,—the hindermost, nearest the base of the
tail, being very large, conical, and prominent, forming a large spur.

Tail short, conical, with three rows of flat shields above, and three
or four rows of squarer, smaller ones beneath.

The Manouria fusca appears to inhabit Pinang, where Dr. Cantor
says it is ‘‘ found on the great hill at Pinang at a distance from water ;”
also Java, as I cannot discover from Mr. Le Conte’s description that
there is any specific difference between his Teleopus luxatus and my
species from Pinang ; and likewise Australia, for the specimen which
we have received from Mr. Gould is marked the “ Murray River
Tortoise,’ and it came with a collection of the skins of mammalia
and reptiles which are all Australian, There is very little difference

397

between the three specimens of this Tortoise which we have in the
British Museum Collection, two of them from Pinang and the other
from Australia. They vary a little in the size and form of the pec-
toral plates, and in the size of the axillary and inguinal plates, but
not more than is the case with other Tortoises of the same species.

13. Descriptions or SrveNTEEN New Species or MARINE
SHELLS, FROM THE SANDWICH IsLANDs, IN THE COLLEC-
TION OF HuGuH Cumine. By W. H. Pease.

1. ViruLARIA SANDWICENSIS, Pease.

Shell fusiformly ovate, rather thin, white, with about three trans-
verse rows of brown spots on varices ; whorls five, sharply angulated,
body-whorl angulated just below the suture; varices six, slightly
oblique, wrinkled; aperture white, oblong-ovate, outer lip denticu-
lated within ; columella slightly arched ; canal short.

_. 2. RANELLA PRopDUCTA, Pease.

Shell solid, small, depressly pyramidal, sublanceolate, ribbed lon-
gitudinally, ribs overlapping at the sutures, and cancellated by trans-
verse granulose ridges, lateral varices compressed, arranged like the
ribs by overlapping ; aperture small, oval, coarsely lyrate within ;
canal short, recurved ; colour chalky-white.

3. RANELLA LUTEOSTOMA, Pease.

Shell ponderous, solid, ovately turreted, varices prominent, nodu-
lous and canaliculated ; spire consisting of about six angulated whorls,
girdled with a close series of granular belts, the upper and lower
generally the most prominent, and the angle traversed by a row of
bipartite nodules, which latter are continued on the upper third of
the body-whorl ; body-whorl angulated above, beaded like the spire,
and beneath the bipartite nodules are alternate series of granular
belts and obsolete raised lines, four rows of the former and five of the
latter ; columella arched, closely wrinkled, wrinkles more distant and
larger at the extremities ; outer lip much thickened, flat and coarsely
denticulated within ; aperture oval, canaliculated at both extremities ;
colour pale-yellow, variegated with more or less distinct transverse
articulated brown lines, lips yellow passing into white within the
throat, denticulations and the upper and lower wrinkles on the colu-
mella white.

4. Disrorsio pusiLua, Pease.

Shell solid, oblong ovate, gibbous, somewhat distorted, four or five
varices ; whorls beatifully latticed, with rather coarse granular raised
ridges and fine microscopic spiral strie; aperture small, narrow;
outer lip thick, strongly dentated on inner edge and sinuated above ;
columella deeply excavated and plicately toothed ; canal short.

Only a single specimen has been found, too much faded to deter-
mine its colour. It is pale yellow, with faint traces of brown,

iF be

398

5. Conus NEGLECTUS, Pease.

Shell solid, slightly swollen above, orange-brown, girdled with a
white belt on the middle and an obsolete one at the superior angle,
base purple-black ; surface faintly decussately striated, lower half
with small spiral ridges; spire depressed, its profile very slightly
convex ; aperture narrow and straight, interior white, tinged with
orange on the edge, and two large deep-purple spots within ; epi-
dermis thick, opake, velvety, dusky or fulvous brown.

6. Conus FUSIFORMIS, Pease.

Shell small, fusiform, attenuated at both ends, closely and regu-
larly grooved spirally, and reticulated by fine irregular longitudina.
striz ; spire acuminate, sharp; whorls encircled by two granulose
ridges, sutures marginated ; aperture narrow, rather more than half
the length of the shell; colour dark chocolate-brown, with a row of
irregular white spots on upper edge, margin of the sutures light
yellowish-brown. ~

7. FossAR MULTICOSTATUS, Pease.

Shell small, thin, globose, of a chalky-white colour, spire small,
acute, consisting of three or four moderately convex whorls separated
by a linear impressed suture; surface ornamented with a nearly
uniform series of small, rdther sharp spiral ridges, and the interstices
decussately striated with fine raised lines, of which the spiral are
most developed, periphery of the last whorl rounded and narrowly
umbilicated ; columella slightly oblique, scarcely arched, covered with
a thin callous deposit and slightly sinuous at the base ; aperture large,
subcircular, lip thin, crenulated by the external spiral ridges.

8. TuRRIS MONILIFERA, Pease.

Shell fusiform, turreted, light brown; whorls numerous, encircled
with a row of semitransparent slightly oblong tubercles, disposed in
a somewhat imbricated manner, with a prominent keel between and
a lighter one just below the rows of tubercles, interstices concave,
ornamented with raised striew, and crossed by oblique lines, last
whorl encircled by raised strize, which are most prominent on upper
part ; aperture ovate ; canal rather long, slightly recurved.

9. STROMBUS CANCELLATUS, Pease.

Shell solid, abbreviate, somewhat fusiformly ovate; spire short,
acute ; whorls seven or eight, subangulated above, latticed with lon-
gitudinal ribs (or ridges) and spiral lines, margined next the sutures,
about three varices to each whorl ; sutures well impressed, last whorl
irregularly verrucose on the back at the upper part, and latticed
like the spire; outer lip thin, slightly thickened behind ; columella
strongly callused and closely wrinkled throughout ; aperture narrow,
contracted, lyrate and granulose within.

All the specimens found of this species have had the outer lip
fractured and repaired. The nearest allied species is 8S. hemastoma
(Sow.).

399

10. AMATHINA BICARINATA, Pease.

Shell thin, subpellucid, triangularly ovate, contracted posteriorly ;
colour vitreous-white ; traversed by longitudinal, diverging, irregular-
sized ribs, two of which are more prominent than the others, giving
the shell a somewhat bicarmated appearance, and crossed by fine, close,
concentric lines of growth ; spire consisting of one evolution, recurved
laterally and projecting beyond the posterior margin of the shell ;
aperture oval, edges smooth; epidermis thin, membranaceous, covering
the entire shell.

11. CoRALLIOBIA CANCELLATA, Pease.

Shell small, rather solid, depressly ovate, white ; spire concealed by
the upper termination of the outer lip ; surface coarsely latticed with
longitudinal and transverse ridges, the former disposed so as to give
the surface an imbricated appearance; columella smooth, very slightly
arched, and attenuated below; outer lip widely dilated; aperture large,
extending the whole length of the shell.

A singular species, resembling somewhat a minute Concholepas, and
allied to R. madreporarum (Sow.). Only a single dead specimen
found.

12. RuIzoCHILUS EXARATUS, Pease.

Shell abbreviately ovate, deeply umbilicated; spire short, acute,
less than one-half the length of the shell; whorls about six, convex,
subangulated, the last large and gibbous, encircled with small, close,
irregular, minutely scaled ridges and longitudinal ribs, ribs slightly
oblique and becoming obsolete or altogether wanting on body-whorl ;
aperture wide, semicircular, finely and closely lyrate within; outer
lip thin ; inner lip produced so as to form an even surface with the
outer lip, smooth and slightly arched ; canal very short and slightly
recurved ; colour dirty-white.

13. CoLUMBELLA PELLUCIDA, Pease.

Shell elongate-oval, turreted, thin, pellucid, smooth, shining ; spire
prominent, consisting of six or seven volutions ; apex obtuse ; whorls
smooth, plano-convex, last whorl but slightly swollen, and furnished
with close obliquely transverse impressed striz on the basal half; su-
ture impressed, and margined below with a fine spiral impressed line ;
aperture about one-half the length of the shell, oblong oval, slightly
effuse above; outer lip simple; columella smooth, slightly arched ;
whitish horn-colour; last whorl ornamented with one or two rows
of oblong brown spots and an opake white spot, intermediate rows
extending to and encircling the lower part of the upper whorls near
the suture.

14. CoLUMBELLA LINEATA, Pease.

Shell small, solid, fusiform, turreted, whitish or variously marked
with reddish brown; spire acute ; whorls plano-convex, smooth, the
last somewhat ventricose, and spirally striated at the base; canal
produced ; sutures faintly impressed ; outer lip thickened by a stout

7h Rr

(9 bi

400

outer varix, and dentated within ; columella smooth, strongly arched ;
aperture small, tortuous.

15. SCALARIA MILLECOSTATA, Pease.

Shell small, pyramidal, white, thin; whorls nine, contiguous,
rapidly enlarging, rounded, the last one ventricose and perforated at
the base; varices numerous, crowded, appearing like raised lines ;
sutures deeply impressed ; aperture rounded.

16. ScaLarta FUCATA, Pease.

Shell elongate, imperforate, white, with a spiral brown band on
the periphery of the whorls; whorls 8-9, rounded, separated and
closely decussately striated with fine raised lines ; varices 7-8, distant,
compressed, rather large, continuous and toothed above ; aperture ab-
breviately oval.

17. CrirsoTREMA ATTENUATUM, Pease.

Shell small, elongate, solid, imperforate, slightly distorted; spire
obtuse; whorls plano-convex, nodulous at the suture, encircled with
fine, close spiral lines, upper whorls longitudinally ribbed ; varices
few, irregular, suture faintly impressed; outer lip thickened by an
external varix ; aperture oval.

14. Review or THE Genus TENAGODUS, GUETTARD. ,
By Orro A. L. Mércu or CopENHAGEN.

Worm-tubes, with a branchial slit, were figured by Aldrovandus,
Buonanni, Rumphius, and Argenville; but this character, either
overlooked or regarded as accidental, was first described by the ac-
curate Lister in his ‘ Historia Conchyliorum,’ pl. 548. fig. 2: ‘* Ver-
miculus fissura quadam secundum volutas insignitus.”” A porous slit
was first described by Linnzus, although Rumphius first figured
the same species. Guettard, 1776*, in his, for the time, admirable
treatise on ‘ Worm-tubes,’ first recognized the generic value of the
slit—a view adopted by Bruguiére, Lamarck, and most subsequent
authors, under the new name Siliqguaria, preoccupied by Forskal for
a genus of plants.

Lamarck supposed Tenagodus to belong to the Annelides. Blain-
ville brought it first, guided by conchological reasons, to the Mollusca,
close to Vermetus; but erroneously imagined, from the median posi-
tion of the branchial slit, that it had affinities with the animal of
Fissurella.

In the year 1829 Audouin+ set the question respecting the mol-
luscous nature of the genus at rest ; but it was first im 1836 that Phi-
lippi, in his ‘ Enumeratio,’ gave a clear description and figure of the
animal and its operculum.

Montfort, too, has given some account of the animal ; but one part

* Guettard arranged the Tenagodus, figured by Davila, pl. 21. f. L, in the genus
Tulaxodes, because he regarded the septa more important than the pores.

+ Audouin, Société Philomatique, 1829 ; Annales des Sciences, 1829 ; et Rang,
Manuel, p. 188.

401

of his description is taken from an Annelide, and the other part is
founded on a fragment of a shell found on the deck after a storm in
the Bornean sea—very likely the Ianthina exigua, which, like Sili-
quarius, has a deep notch in the lip, and is of about the same dia-
meter as the specimen figured: “II flotte et nage dans la mer et il
enfle son manteau en forme de voile.”

Dr. Gray has formed for the genus a section Siliquarina in the
family Vermetide. It seems to me to have the same relation to
Vermetus as Haliotis to Stomax and Delphinula. Tenagodus differs
principally from Vermetus in the operculum, which is spiral like that
of Torinia, composed of a spiral band ciliated at the margin, forming
a cylinder or cone the axis of which is filled up by a series of spiral
radiating cells, and which in the last whorl looks like a Robulina or
Semen medicaginis (subgenus Siliquarius). In Siliquaria lactea,
Lam., the axis is filled up with transverse parallel septa without
radiating cells (subgenus Pywipoma, Mérch). The marginal spiral
band appears composed of radiating bristles, united at their base by
corneous matter, only leaving the points free. Dr. Chenu has figured
(in his ‘Manual,’ p. 321, f. 2308*) an operculum quite different
from those I have seen, and which, if correct, must belong to a distinct
genus, perhaps to the typical Tenagodi. The foetal shell is wanting
in all the specimens I have seen, except in Siliguaria lactea, where it
has the form of Ampullaria, the under part of the outer lip being
produced, and of a brown colour. Chemnitz has described the
young shell as Helix incisa, and Brocchi as Serpula ammonoides.
Sowerby, in his ‘Genera,’ first showed the real nature of the former,
and Bronn of the latter. In the subgenus Siliquarius the surface
of the shell is curiously fissured transversely in a manner I do not re-
collect to have seen in any other shell. I am very much inclined to
regard this outer layer as a calcareous epidermis, like that of Lucina
pennsylvanica, L. tivela, and Margaritifera. In Siliquarius lacteus
this layer is very little developed. The aperture is round and simple
in all the specimens Ihave seen. Martini has figured (pl. 2. fig. 13 B)
a species with the outer lip strongly dentated. Perhaps it is Sipho-
nium nebulosum, Dillwyn, with rubbed spines, The slit is wanting in
some species in the first whorls ; in all it becomes closed more or less
with age. In the subgenus Pyzipoma it is closed by a lamella, but
not filled up outside.

In the fossil species Siliquaria dubia, Defr., and S. lima, Lam..,
the slit is very short like that of Pleurotoma ; in the fossil genus
Agathirses it appears to be different.

The typical Tenagodi seem, according to Rumphius, to live on
tocks and corals. The subgenus Siliquarius lives always in sponges
like Vulsella. The only affixed species is the fossil S. forina,
Defr., figured by Dr. Chenu on Cerithium giganteum ; perhaps it
must form a new genus, if not the young of dgathirses, Montfort.

Tenagodus is only found in tropical seas (East and West Indies) ;
Siliquarius is subtropical. Pyzxipoma is found in Australia, the
West Indies, and perhaps at the Cape of Good Hope.

* Perhaps copied from Adams’s ‘ Genera.’
No, 442.—Proceepinés or tHE Zootocicat Soctety.

402

The longest species is found in the Mediterranean ; the most pon-
derous at Port Essington (Australia).

DESCRIPTIONES SPECIERUM.
TENAGODUS, Guettard, Mém. 1774, p. 128.

T. in gyris obliquis contorta, substantia dura leviuscula nitida,
plerumque sqamifera, striis incrementi simplicibus ; apertura
postice elongata. Animal et operculum ignota.

If the figure of the animal of Audouin (Chenu, Ill. et Legons) is
represented of the natural size, it belongs probably to this genus, as
Rang asserts the specimen was brought from the East Indies by Dr.
Busseuil of the frigate ‘Thetis.’ The known species of the follow-
ing section, Stliquarius, from the East Indies, are all of a compara-
tively small size. Perhaps it may be the Tenagodus gigas, Lesson,
brought from the Moluccas by ‘la Coquille’ about the same year. I
suppose that Rumphius describes the operculum in the following
passage: ‘‘Solen anguinus van binnen met diergeylk een slymerig
Deer, en een getand Mytertye voor in den mond.” I suppose that
the cilia of the operculum are meant by “getand ;”” but we cannot de-
pend much on the text of Rumphius, it having been written originally
in Latin, and translated after the death of the author into the Dutch
language.

1, TeENAGODUS ANGUINUS, (Serpula) Linn. 1758.

a. Testa semiadulta, typica.

Solen anguinus, Rumph. t. 41. 7. H.

Serpula anguina, Linn. 8. N. ed. 10. p. 700, excl. var. 6.

Serpula anguina, var. 3, L. Mus. Lud. Ulr. 701. no. 431; Linn,
Syst. Nat. ed. 12.-p-147>n0- 804; A» /247 ~2 fry

Tubulus testaceus solitarius, anguinus, p.p., Mart. Conch. Cab.
f. 14 (copy).

La Chenille, Favanne, p. 653, t. 6. f. M (copy).

Serpula volvoz, Dillw.p.1079. no. 26 (founded on Favanne) ; Wood,
Index, Serpula, f. 25 (copy).

B. Testa adulta. S. muricata, Born.

T. alhescens pallidissime aurantio tincta ; liris 10 parum promi-
nentibus, squamis sparsis ornatis ; interstitia lirarum levigata,
rugis transversis distantibus, unde obsolete foveolata, interstitio
magno subventrali lirula abrupta; apertura elongato-trigona.

Long. 54 cm., alt. aperturze 10 mm. (Mérch)*.

Serpula muricata, Born, Testacea, p. 446. t. 18. f. 16.

Serpula anguina, (3, Born, Index.

Serpula anguina, Shaw, Miscell. xiv. 575 (from Born).

Hab. Moluccas (coll. Cuming). Specimen unicum.

* The length is measured with a string; as the first whorl is always wanting,
it is not very exact.

403

It is evident that Linneus, in the tenth edition, regarded the spined
form as the type, figured by Rumphius, from whom the specific name
was borrowed. This is still more evident by the synonyms of the
variety /3, which all belong to the subgenus Siliquarius. Rumphius
says his shell is white, which proves it must be S. muricata, Born,
and not the following. In the Linnean collection, according to Mr.
Hanley, several species of Tenagodus are to be found.

2. TENAGODUS RUBER, (Anguinaria) Schum. 1817.

Differt a precedente. T. gracilior solidior et tamen liris 6 validio-
ribus interstitia fere equantibus. Squame parve, in liris in-
ternis approximate ; lire externe rudes, obsoletissime nodu-
lose ; interstitia costarum foveis quadratis obsoletis. Sculptura
aperturam versus obsoleta. Color saturate purpureus.

Long. 24-25 em., alt. ap. 6-7 mm.

: Anguinaria rubra, Schum. Essai, 1817, p. 262 (excl. syn. Mart.
. 13, 14).

Siliquaria muricata, B, Lam. Hist. v. 338?; Chenu, Illustrations,
p. 2. pl. 2. £14?

Siliquaria suleata, Gray, List of Genera, Proceed. 1847, no. 261.

Hab. Moluccas.—One specimen in the collection of Mr. Cuming ;
gent ten specimens are found in the different collections of Copen-

agen.

3. TeNnaGopus Potyeonus, (Siliquaria) Blv.
Var. Dunkeri.

T. annulatim convoluta, liris prominentibus et regularibus 10-11,
externis validioribus, internis approximatis parvis, syuamis mi-
nutissimis (detritis) ornatis. Interstitia lirarum plana trans-
versim rugulosa unde irregulariter foveolata. Rima regula-
riter pertusa, aperturam versus utrinque denticulata, poris
elongatis approximatis, dissepimentis angustis arcuatis. Color
eretaceus pallidissime roseo-tinctus.

Long. 221 decim., alt. aperture circ. 6 mm.

Specimen dealbatum extat in coll. cl. Dunkeri.

Perhaps this variety might prove a distinct species ; but as I have

not seen the 7’. polygonus, I cannot yet decide the question.

Subgenus Srirquarius, Montfort.

T. spiraliter (plus vel minus) contorta, substantia calcarea molli,
cortice peculiariter transversim fissurata. Operculum spirale,
centro cellulis radiantibus.

Sect. A. Rima porosa.

4. Tenacopvus (SiL1quarius) cumriner, Morch.

T. anfr. 5 primis scalariformibus, postice angulatis, angulo in anfr.
ultimis evanescente ; inferne granuloso-lirata, liris distantibus,
interstitiis hue illue lirula intercalante; transversim leviter

404

Surcato-fissurata, fissuris in anfr. ultimis evanescentibus. Regio

umbilicalis longitudinaliter undulato-striata, sulcis radiantibus
distantibus sigmoideis decussata. Rima poris oblongis irregu-
laribus plerumque geminatim confluentibus, in anfr. 8 primis
clausis; rima in anfr. ultimo aperta utrinque denticulata.
Color albus, nebulis ferruginets.

Long. 221 em., diam. circ. 6 mm.

Operculum alveariforme (farinosum) pallide flavum, gyris 11,
margine pulcherrime ciliato; area centralis parva saturate
castanea nitida, obsoletissime impresso-punctata, late umbili-
cata; segmentis radiantibus bullatis leviter flexis circiter 11,
sulco profundo peripherico circumscriptis; lamina marginali
latissima pallide flava.

Diam. 4 mm., alt. 3 mm.

Siliquaria anguina. Blainv. Man. t. 1. f.11?

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (coll. Cumingii). Specimen unicum.

Among the whorls are the remains of a sponge, with spiculz subu-
late at both ends.

Var. a. RUDIS.

T. trochlearis, crassa, anfr. inferne planatis, umbilico pervio,
liris granulis validis approximatis asperis.

Long. 15 em., alt. aperturee 4 mm.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. legit H. Cuming (coll. Dunkeri).

Rumph. t. 41. no. 2?

Var. 8. CONIFER.
S. anguina, Chenu, Man. p. 321?

T. valida, poris rotundis geminis rarius confluentibus.

Diam. 5 mm.

Operculum concavo-conicum, apice (casu?) truncato, gyris 13 ;
area centralis lata, centro profunde et anguste umbilicato ; seg-
mentis radiantibus 15 planatis, canali peripherico excavato
circumscriptis ; lamina marginali angusta bipartita, annulo
inferno castaneo, externo flavo.

Diam. 33 mm., alt. 44 mm.

This operculum differs from that of the type by its deep and rather
narrow umbilicus, by its much larger central area, and by its nar-
row marginal ring, which in the specimen appears damaged. The
sides are concave, not convex, and the height is greater. The inter-
stices of the whorls are in many places filled up with a chalky white
matter.

Whether these differences are of specific value, or depend on age
or on long desiccation, I cannot judge, having seen only a single
operculum of this variety ; I cannot discover important differences
between the shells.

Hab. Ins. Philippin., H. Cuming legit (coll. Dunkeri, specimen
fractum).

‘

a) ae oo

405

Var. y. PLATYOMPHALA.

YT’. leviuscula, liris distantibus obsoletissime granulatis.

Diam. 5 mm., long. 18 em.

Operculum cylindricum, apice late (casu?) truncato, gyris 10;
area centralis lata planiuscula, umbilico fundo plano et obliquo,
segmentis radiantibus, sulcis intermediis rectis, canali periphe-
rico profunde impresso; lamina marginali angusta bipartita
annulo interno castaneo, margine externo flavescente.

Diam. 32mm., alt. 3 mm.

Hab. Ins. Philippin., legit H. Cuming.

The operculum most like that of var. 3; but the umbilicus is not
deep, and has a flat bottom. The sculpture of the shell appears very
different, but the size of the granulation varies much in the same in-
dividual. In case the difference of the operculum (as in Serpula)
should prove specific, I have named the variety with reference to the
umbilicus of the lid.

Var. 0. LUMBRICALIS, Rumph. t. 41. f. N1?

T. crassa, lirulis compressiusculis, granulis obliteratis.

Long. 22 cm., diam. 5 m.

‘Hab. Ins. Philippin. (coll. H. Cumingii). Specimina 3.

One of the specimens has a spiral impression under the porous
slit.

Var. €. LEVI-LIRATA.

YT. gracilis, liris angustissimis levigatis, ports rotundis distanti-
bus rarius confluentibus, rima aperturam versus simplice. Color
albus sordide flavescens.

Long. 17 cm., diam. aperturee 5 mm.

Hab. Singapuhra (coll. Cumingii). Specimen unicum.

This variety seems a good species if the smooth lire prove con-

stant; but the preceding is exceedingly like it.

Var. . JAPONICA.

T. gracilis, crassa, liris angustis leviusculis approximatis, in
anfr. primis divaricatis (an morbo?). Rima in anfr. ultimis
simplici ; poris approximatis rotundis fere confluentibus. Color
albus inferne fascia ferruginea lata irregulari.

Long. 18 em., ap. diam. 43 mm.

Hab. Japan (coll. Cumingii). Not unlike Rumph. t. 41. f. N 1.

5. Trnaconvs (Siz1euartus) Tostus, n.sp., Mérch.

T. tenuiuscula, spira turbiniformis, liris disjunctis angustis le-
viusculis obsoletissime undulato-granulatis, granulis distantibus.
Rima utrinque linea undulata marginata, poris immersis ellip-
ticis subregulariter distantibus. Color albus ; anfr. ultimi
inferne pallide ferruginei, anfr. 4 et 5 saturate castanei.

Long. cire. 12 cm., apert. diam. 5 mm.

Siliquaria anguina, Chenu, pl. 1. f. Y, non absimilis.
Hab. Ins. Ceylon (£. L. Layard), specimen unicum.

406

This species differs chiefly from the last in the elliptical distant
pores, the slit being bordered by a narrow elevated undulated line
on both sides. Except in the last whorl, the slit seems situated on
the top of a feeble carina. Although the shell is smaller, the aper-
ture is larger than in the preceding.

6. Tenaconus (SiL1QUARIUS) AUSTRALIS, Quoy & Gaimard.
Var. a. SCALARIFORMIS.

T. anfractibus 6 subregulariter spiraliter contortis, tenuiusculis,
postice angulatis, inferne liratis, oblique obsolete sulcatis, trans-
versim conferte laminato-fissuratis ; apertura dilatata. Rima
utrinque undulato-dentata, dentibus in anfr. primis tangentibus
unde poris rotundis approximatis. Color candidus, inferne
Serrugineus ad basin teste.

Long. 213 cm., diam. ap. 11 mm., alt. 14 mm. (circiter).

Operculum subcylindricum medio paululum contractum, gyris cir-
citer 13, truncatum (casu?); area planiuscula, centro impresso
sed non umbilicata ; segmentis radiantibus angustis circiter 15
interdum obsolete bifidis, arcuatis vel leviter sigmoideis sulco
peripherico profundo circumscriptis ; lamina marginali angusta
dilute castanea, margine radiatim dense lirato, lirts in cilia
brevissima euntibus.

Diam. 6 mm., alt. 8 mm.

Australia (coll. Cuming. ), specimen unicum.

The specimen looks somewhat like Scala scalaris, and is not un-
like the top of the figure 1 7. pl. 1 in Chenu’s ‘ Illustrations.” I am
not quite sure that this is not specifically different from S. australis
in Chenu’s ‘ Illustrations.’

Var. 3. MULTILIRATA.

T.. spiralis irregulariter contorta, longitudinaliter liris angustis-
simis perspicuis, interstitiis lirula intercalante. Rima aper-
turam versus clausa; poris rotundis plerumque fissura con-
junctis in anfr. primis 3 clausis ; apex decollatus, dissepimento
conoideo clausus.

Long. 213 cm., diam. ap. circiter 10 mm.

Australia, specimen detritum in coll. Dunkeri.

Var. y. ran1aTA, Adams, Genera, t. 39. f. 5 d.

T. lave spiralis, longitudinaliter liris angustis parum prominen-
tibus ; rima aperturam versus simplex, utrinque acuta, in anfr.
superioribus utrinque undulato-dentata, dentibus sepe tangenti-
bus unde poris ovalibus, in anfr. 5-6 primis clausis. Color
teste albus, strati externi ferrugineus ; rima utringue lineis
castaneis marginata.

Long. 30 cm., diam. ap. 12 mm.

Siliquarius anguilus, Montfort, fig. p. 39, simillima.

Operculum cy.indricum late truncatum (casu?) gyris 6 ; area in-
flata, centro profunde immerso, segmentis radiantibus angustis

407

circiter 22 convexiusculis, sulco peripherico impresso cireum-
seriptis ; lamina marginalis bipartita, annulo interno angusto
saturate castaneo nitido, externo radiatim dense lirato, liris
in cilia minuta triangularia euntibus.

Diam. 9 mm., alt. 7 mm.

This operculum differs chiefly from that of var. a by its great con-
vexity round the centre.

The specimen in the collection of Mr. Cuming is marked ‘“ Medi-
terranean ;” but in the interior were found rudiments of an Elenchus,
a genus only found in Australia. It is so closely allied to the pre-
ceding variety, that I do not doubt it is the same species, although
the Mediterranean often affords species closely allied to Australian.

Var. 0. FERRUGINEA, linea castanea infra rimali.

T. gracilis, obsolete longitudinaliter lirulata ; saturate ferruginea

aperturam versus albescens.

Long. 104 cm., diam. apert. 14 mm.

This and the following must be regarded as young specimens, al-
though the diameter of the whorls is less than that of the pre-
ceding.

Hab, Australia (coll. Cuming.).

Var. 6*. Precedenti simillima sed spira turbinata.
South Australia (coll. Cumingii), specimen unicum.

Sect. B. Rima simplex ; apex plerumque haliotoideus ; primus
Jfissuram nullam habet.

7. TENaGopus (S1L1quaRius) oBTusus, Schum. 1817.

Stliquaria anguina, Philippi, Enumeratio, i. p. 173, t. 9.f. 24; M.
Gray, Figures, i. pl. 58. f. 1 (copy).

Tenagodus anguinus;Adams, Genera (copy).

Serpula anguina, Born, Index, p. 457; Born, Testacea, p. 440,
t.18.f.15; Shaw, Miscel. (copy from Born).

Anguinaria obtusa, Schum. Essai, p. 262.

§. Serpula annularis, Dillwyn, 1817, p. 1081. no. 29; Wood,
Index, f. 28 (copy); Buonanni, i. 20. no. C; Scilla, de Corporibus,
t. 12. f. 3, p. 55 (copy) ; Mart. Conch. Cab. i. t. 2. f. 16 (copy).

y. Siliquaria anguina, Sow. Genera (cum juvenili) ; Chenu, Illustr.
pl. 1. f. 1 2, 9, v, 7, 6.

I have not seen any authentic specimen from the Mediterranean of
this species. I do not know which name has priority. Schumacher’s
« Essai’ is dated March 1, 1817, and the first volume of Dillwyn
Jan. 1, 1817, but the second volume has no date. I have not referred
Montfort’s Siliquarius angustus to this species, which has a simple
slit, while Montfort indicates the following characters :—‘‘ Une
fente étroite, plus ou moins dentelée, peut-étre méme dans quelques
espéces indiquée par une file sériale de trous. Amboine, d’ot viennent
ceux que !’on voit dans nos collections.”

408

8. Tenacopus (SiL1quaRivs) TROCHLEARIS, n. sp., Morch.

T. trochlearis, tenuiuscula, umbilico angusto pervio; anfr. 6,
primis conjunctis, ceteris tangentibus, inferne et superne pla-
natis, transversim dense rugoso-fissuratis, longitudinaliter ob-
soletissime striatis et sulcatis, lineis pallide-lavis spiralibus
ornatis ; apex turbiniformis, fissura nulla. Rima utrinque
undulato-dentata, dentibus acutiusculis sepe tangentibus.

Long. 23 cm., diam. ap. 6-7 mm.

Tirrebourres, Davila, Cat.i. p. 99, t. 4. f. E, non absimilis.

Siliquaria anguina, Chenu, Ill. pl. 1. f. 15 (quoad formam spire) ;

Legons, p. 189, f. 604 (copy).

T. philippii, coll. Cumingii, specimen unicum.

The specimen described has not the straight last whorl of the

figure above-mentioned.

9. TenaGopus (SiL1quaRivus) ENcAusticus, Morch.

T. crassa, rudis, irregulariter contorta ; anfr. apicis subdisjunctis,
compressis, medio angulatis (casu?), aperturam versus teretibus,
transversim profundissime fissis et striatis,“regio umbilicalis
callo encaustico obtecta. Rima nulla in anfr. primis 3-4,
deinde utrinque denticulata, unde poris oblongis et rotundis
sepe confluentibus, aperturam versus simplex.

Long. ]2cm., diam. ap. 32 m.

Hab. Ins. Ceylon (£. L. Layard). Specimen unicum in coll.

Cumingii.

The pores perhaps more like those of the preceding group, but the

closed spiral slit shows more affinity to this section.

10. Tenacopus (Sitiquarivs) rncisus, (Helix) Chemn. 1786.

Var. a. Spira superne spiraliter excavata.

Helix incisa, Chemn. Conch. Cab. ix. p. 5, t. 129. f. 1166 ; Gmel.
3630. no. 238; Dillwyn, 924, p. 85; Wood, Index, t. 34. f. 85 (copy);
Pfr. Monogr. Helic. 1. p. 426.

Var. B. Spira superne plana vel convexiuscula.

Siliquaria senegalensis, Recluz.
Siliquaria anguina, Chenu, Mlustr. pl. 1. f. 1 1, non absimilis.

T. crassa, spira trochleari ; anfr. primi conjuncti padolliformes,
pallide carnei, umbilico angustissimo, anfr. superne conferte
radiatim unduloso-sulcati, transversim profunde et conferte
fissi et striati, spiraliter confertissime et obsoletissime striatt.
Rima aperta utrinque leviter undulato-dentata.

Long. 123 cm., diam. apert. 4-5 mm.

Hab. Senegal (coll. cl. Dunkeri).

Var. y. LINEATA.

T. candicans ; anfr. inferne lineis spiralibus confertis pallide
aurantiis ; apice spire prominente, albo.

Hab. Senegal (Bernardi).

409

Var. 5. ROSEA.

Color saturate roseus, apice teste albescente, umbilico pervio.

Long. 15 cm., diam. apert. 6 mm.

Hab. Zauzibar (coll. Cuming. ).

A specimen in the collection of Chr. VIII., which I suppose is the
original specimen of Chemnitz, although it is somewhat smaller than
the figure (Diam. maj. 11 mm., min. 10 mm., diam. apert. 4 mm.),
offers no important difference from the specimens of S. senegalensis,
Récluz. The var. é is of a bright rose-colour; but I cannot regard
this circumstance as of specific value, although the locality indicated
is very different. Var. 6, with a pale yellow-red apex, shows a trans-
ition in colour.

11. Tenaconus (Siz1quaRius) PONDEROsUuS, Morch.

T. crassa ponderosa candida trochleatim contorta, umbilico pervio
latiusculo ; anfr. 3} (primi desunt) compressiusculi, obtuse an-
gulati, superne planati, radiatim leviter sulcati, spiraliter le-
viter undulato-striati unde decussati, transversim profunde et
conferte fissurati et striati; anfractus ultimus longus rectus
subdeclivis, inferne grosse liratus, stratis crassis irregularibus
circiter 8 compositus. Rima canaliculata simplex, margine
superiore leviter undulato, aperturam versus angulata, in anfr.
primis clausa vel omnino obliterata.

Long. 44 cm., diam. anfr. ult. 20 m., diam. ap. 10 m.

Operculum ut id 8. australis, var. 3, sed ciliis longioribus, anfr.
num. 7-8. Diam. 8 mm., alt. 5 mm.

Hab. Port Essington, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (Jukes) ; col.

Cuming. A single specimen, attacked by a burrowing Annelide.

This is one of the newest and largest Univalves.

Subgenus Pyxreoma, Morch. (véis et ropa.)

Rima hians marginibus utringue acutis, postice lamina interna
clausa sed non repleta. Operculum spirale, margine ciliato,
axis dissepimentis simplicibus.

12. Tenacopus (Pyxrpoma) Lacteus, Lam.

T. gracilis nitidiuscula, pellucens, alba, obsolete fuscescens, longitu-
dinaliter limbata, liris inferne prominentioribus, spiram versus
evanescentibus ; striis incrementi expressis et reflexis, juxta
rimam obsoletissime fissuratis. Testa infantilis castanea am-
pullariformis. Rima hians utrinque acutissima.

Long. 13 cm., diam. ap. 3 mm.

Operculum subcylindricum, gyris circiter 18 confertissimis, ciliis
marginalibus validis ; axis polythalamius superne mammillatim
prominens; area levigata profunde immersa, peripheria exca-
vata; lamina marginalis convexa, nitida flavescens, linea im-
pressa peripherica notata.

Diam. 2 mm., alt. 21 mm.

410

a. erassiuscula, opaca, alba (coll. Cuming.).
fb. pallidissime rosea.
y- fuscescens, rima utringue violacea, apice alba (coll. Dunker.).

Jun. Siliquaria lactea, Lam. Hist. v. p.338.no.5; Dh. v. p. 585 ;
Blainv. Dict. xlix. p. 213 ; Chenu, Ill. pl. 2.f. 1.

Hab. Mer des Indes, Voy. de Péron (Lam.) ; les mers australes,
Pér. et Less. (Blainv.) ; Kangaroo Islands (coll. Cuming, a nume-
rous group, quite filling a sponge). War. y. Adelaide.

13. Tenacopus (PyxrpomA) TauHiTENs1s, Morch.

T. crasiuscula albescens, ferrugineo-tincta, longitudinaliter ex-
presse lirulata, striis incrementijucta rimam refleais regularibus
expressis unde interstitis lirarum cancellatis, aperturam versus
juata rimam obsoletissime fissurata ; rima coarctata, margine
dextro incrassato.

Long. rime apertee 45 mm., diam. anfr. ult. 5 mm.

Tahiti, coll. Cuming., specimen fractum, long. 6 cm.

Differt a precedente T. multo majore, liris fortioribus, interstitiis

cancellatis, rima coarctata.

14. Tenacopus (Pyx1PpoMA) ANGUILL&, Morch.

T. gracillima, tenuis, candida, hic illic pallide carnea tincta, lon-
gitudinaliter subtilissime lirulata, unde obsoletissime multiangu-
lata ; rima regularis margine sinistro acuto suberecto, in anfr.
primis clausa, lamina interna; striis incrementi validis, juata
rimam reflexis.

Long. 43 mm., diam. 2 mm.

Differt a S. actea, T. graciliore crassiore opaca, rima angustiore.

Hab. Oc. Atlant. ad ins. Anguillam Antillarum (Dr. Hornbeck).

15. Tenacopvs (Pyx1pomMa) CyLINDRELLA, Morch.

T.. elongato-cylindrica, trochlearis ; anfr. leves, teretes, medio ob-
tuse angulati, ferruginei et pallidiores, transversim dense fis-
surati, striis incrementi flecuosis inferne valde reductis ; rima
angusta in anfr. primis lamina interna clausa; apertura ovalis
inferne oblique labiata.

Long. 74.cm., axis 18 mm., diam. testee 7 mm., alt. ap. 4 mm.

Hab. Caput Bone Spei?

Var. ? Vermiculus fissura quadam secundum volutas insig-
nitus, Lister, Hist. Conch. sect. 3, pl. 548. f. 2=Tudbulus testa-
ceus solitarius, §c., Mart. Conch. Cab. i. f. 13 A.

Cylindrella seminuda, Adams, gives in miniature an idea of this
shell. From some fragments of a Mytilus (Aulacomya), probably
erenatus, Lam., being among the whorls, I suppose this species
is from the Cape of Good Hope. The figure of Martini shows
the colour, but the form is too broad.

411
SYNOPSIS SPECIERUM.

TrenaGopus, Guettard.

Subgenus 1. AGaruirses, Montfort.
Sect. a. Testa affixa.
1. T. florina, Defr. Dict. Se. xlix. p. 216 ; Chenu, pl. 2. f. 9, fossil.

Sect. 8. Apertura rotunda ; testa libera.

. T. furcellus, Mont. 8. squamosa, Lam., fossil.
. T. striatus, Defr. Dict. Sc. xlix. p. 214, fossil.

. T. sulcatus, Defr.l.c.; Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f. 8.

. T. multistriatus, Defr. ; Chenu, t. 2. f. 2.

. T. occlusus, Chenu, t. 2. f. 7.

Ooh ob

Sect. y. Rima brevi, aperta.

. T. dubius, Defr. ; Chenu, t. 2. f. 4 a-d.
. Lima, Lam. ; Chenu, t. 2. f. 3.

Cony

| Subgenus 2. Tenacopus, Guettard.

a. Rima porosa.
9. T. anguinus, L.=T. muricatus, Born. Ind. orient.
10. T. ruber, Schum. Ind. orient.
11. 7. gigas, Lesson, Voy. de la Cog. Moluccas.
12. 7’. roseus, Blainv. 1827 ; Chenu, pl. 2. f. 13?
13. 7. polygona, Blainv.
14. 7. levigata, Lam. ; Chenu, pl. 2. f. 11.
15. T. porosa, Bolt.; Mart.i.f.13C. Var. precedentis?
T. papillosa, Rees ?

8. Rima simplice.

16. 7. squamata, Blainv. Martinique, Chenu, t. 2. f. 12.

Subgenus 3. Srt1qauarrus, Montf.

A. Rima porosa.
17. T. cumingit, Morch. Ins. Philippin. ; Japan ; Ceylon.
18. J. tostus, Mérch. Ceylon.
19. 7. australis, Q. et G. Australia.

B. Rima simplice, apice haliotoideo.

20. T. obtusus, Schum. M. medit.
21. 7. trochlearis, Mérch. Ins. Philippin.
22. T. encausticus, Mérch. Ceylon.
23. 7. incisus, Chemn. Africa occid.

Var. S. senegalensis, Récluz.
24. T’. ponderosus, Mérch. Port Essington.
25. Tenagodus, sp. n. (coll. Bernardi).

412

Subgenus 4. Pyxrpoma, Morch.

26. JT. lacteus, Lam. Australia.

27. T. tahitensis, Morch. Ins. Tahiti.

28. T. anguille, Morch. Ins. Anguilla Antill,
29. T. cylindrella, Mérch. Cape of Good Hope?

I am much inclined to regard the subgenera as of generic value.

Alphabetical List of the Species of the Genus Tenagodus.

AMMONOIDEs (Serpula), Brocchi, Conch. Subapp. 1815, ii. p. 629.
t. 15. f. 24. 7. teres polythalamica in spiram planam convo-
luta. Fossile nel Racentino. The figure in Bourguell, t. 49.
f. 309 sinistr., quoted by Brocchi, is very likely a Planorbis.
Bronn (Lethzea) has shown that this shell is the young of Sili-

quaria anguina. .
ANGUILL2, Morch, n. sp.

ANGUILUS (Siliquarius), Montf. Conch. Syst. 1810, ii. p. 39.
f. 38. Is perhaps S. australis, Q. & G.

ANGUINA (Serpula), Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, no. 700. T’. tere-
tiuscula, fissura longitudinali subarticulata. Founded on
Rumph, t.41.f.H. The figure of Argenville, t. 29 H, repre-
senting Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw., is, in the twelfth edition,
made to refer to Serpula arenaria.

ANGUINARIUS (Serpula), Born. Miswriting in Schum. Essai,
p- 262, for Serpula anguina.

ANNULARIS, Dillw. Cat. 1817, ii. p. 1081, no. 29. Serpula sub-
cylindric, with annular contractions, and an obsolete longitudinal
fissure. This name is founded on Le tire-bourre annulaire of
Fayanne, i. p. 662. t. 8. f. G 2, copied from Buonanni, Recr. pl.1.
f. 20 C (=Seilla, xii. f. 3; Mart. t. .f. 16; Karch. pl. 4. f. D;
Wood, Index, f. 28). It is not quite evident if Favanne’s de-
scription is made after the figure alone, or after specimens. It
is not unlike S. anguilus, Montf.

ARCHIMEDIS (Serpula), Konig, Descr. des Animaux Foss. de Bel-
gique, pl. 9. f. 6-=S. anguina, according to Chenu.

AUSTRALIS, Q. & G. Voy. de l’Astrol. ii. p. 302, 1833. TT. recta
regulariter spirali, subcylindrica, transversim rugosa, longitu-
dinaliter tenuissime sulcata, alba postice rubente. Long. 4 pouc.
2 lig., diam. 8 lig. Port Western. This species is, according to
Dr. Chenu, unique in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes ;
but the figure in Illustr. Conch. pl. 1. f. 3 (copied from Chenu,
Man. p. 322. f. 2310) differs in several respects from the descrip-
tion. It can scarcely be called “‘ réguliérement roulée en hélice,
dont les deux avant-derniers tours sont trés-rapprochés, sans se
toucher cependant, et presque horizontaux ;” and p. 303: “ Il
parait que c’est avec la partie postérieure du manteau que le Si-
Kquaire oblitére sa fissure, toujours ouverte et non ponctue a

413

Pendroit o& sort constamment la branchie.’’ Although this
latter assertion seems to be of a general character, without re-
ference to the species, it must be observed that the figure of
Chenu shows a porous slit. The measure given seems to me to
correspond well with the figure.

CLAIRBONENSIS, Lea, Contrib. to Geology, 1833, pl. 1. f. 1;
Chenu, 2. f. 15. Very like S. vitis, Morton.

cost, Cantr. Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 1836, no. 3.p.21. A-small
species from the Mediterranean, not described, in the collection
of M. O. Costa at Naples.

cristata, Kénighaus, Bronn’s Jahrbuch f. Mineralog. 1831,
p- 139. A fossil species from Touraine without description.

cumini, Morch., ex ins. Philippin.

CYLINDRELLA, Morch, n. sp.

busi, Defr., Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 4a. Fossil from Grignon.
EcuHrINaATA, Anton, Verz. 1838. Fossil from Paris.

ENcausticus, Morch, n. sp.

FLORINA, Defr. Dict. Sc. 1827, t. 49. p. 216; Chenzu, Ill. t. 2.
f. 9 a—c, original specimens. Is the only affixed species of the
genus, perhaps the type of a new genus.

FURCELLUS (Agathirses), Montf. Conch. Syst. 1808, p. 398.
Fossil from Grignon.

eicas, Lesson, 1830, Voyage de la Coquille, p. 409. Moluccas.
According to the expression “‘ caréne garnie de lamelles spines-
centes,”” must be a Tenagodus.

GLABRA, Risso, 1826, Hist. iv. p. 115. T. tenuissima, glaber-
rima, pellucida, fragilis, sulcis et lineis longitudinalibus equa-
libus exiguissimis sculpta; epidermide succinea. Lg. 0-086.
Régions coralligénes profondes.=S. coste, Cantr. ?

GRANTII, Sow. Geol. Trans. v. p. 327. t. 25. f. 2¢. Fossil.

tncisa (Helix), Chem. 1786, ix. p. 129. f. 1116. T. depressa
umbilicata alba, margine inciso et quasi dissecto, apertura ro-
tunda (Wood, Index, copied)=S. senegalensis, Récluz, young.

LaCTEA, Lam. Hist. 1818, p. 338. no. 5; Chenu, Ill. (Pyxipoma).

LzvicaTa, Lam. ib. p. 338, T. tereti obsolete costata, laxe con-
voluta; rima articulata. T. blanchétre, Mont. f. 13 C?;
Blainv. Dict. t. 79. p. 213; Chenu, Ill. 2. f. 11; Coll. Mus.
f. 11 6, from the coll. Delessert, is perhaps S. rosea, Blainv.
It is doubtful to me if it is a Tenagodus or Siliquarius.

Lzvis (Vermetus), Bellardi, Foss. Num. de Nice, 1852, p. 228.
t. 15. f.4. TT. laze contorta, cylindrica, levis. This species
belongs perhaps to Siliquaria.

ta, Lam. Hist. v. 1818, p. 338. no. 6. T. tereti, per longitu-
dinem multistriata, laxe contorta ; striis squamulis asperatis,

414

Grignon. Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f.3,; Dh. Traitéd, pl. 71. f. 5-7
(Agathirses).

MULTISTRIATA, Defr. Chenu, Ill. p. 3. pl. 2. f. 2 (coll. Defr.).
Fossile de Marquemont.

MuRIcAaTA (Serpula), Born, Test. 1780, p. 440. t. 18. f. 16 (Te-
nagodus). Is very likely the full-grown 7. anguinus, L., Rumph.
41H.

ostusa (Anguinaria), Schum. Essai, 1817, p. 262. Founded on
Serpula anguina, Born, p. 440. t. 18. f. 15.

occiusa, Anton, Verz. 1838, p.55. no. 1980. Fossil from Paris.

ornatA, Mus. Univ. Hafn. 24° Versammlung deutscher Natur-
forscher, p. 118. no. 15, 1847. Fossil from the chalk of Taxoe.

PAPILLOSA, Rees, Encycl., gen. Serpula, teste Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f.16
(copied from Humphrey’s Conchology, pl. 11. f. 3). Very
likely S. porosa, Bolten.

POLYGONA, Blainv. Dict. 1827, xlix. p. 213. From the coll. of
the Prince of Essling! according to Blainville, contrary to the
assertion of Dr. Chenu. III. Conch. pl. 2. f. 6 is a copy of
Humphrey, pl. 11. f. 2.

PONDEROSUvs, Morch, nu. sp.

porosus, Bolten (Serpula), Verz. 1795, pp. 49, 892; Martini, i.
f. 13 c, p. 50, is the type ; perhaps a Stliquarius.

ne Blainv. 1827, Dict. Sc. Nat. t. 49. p. 214; Chenu, pl. 2.
See

ROSEA, Gray, Fig. of Moll. iv. p. 83; Guide, p. 128, is a Verme-
tus. Stephopoma rosea, Quoy & Gaim.

RUBRA (Anguinaria), Schum. Essai, 1817, p. 262: ‘Cette co- .
quille est sillonnée trés-profondement dans sa longueur, et la cou-
leur en est rouge tirant sur le violet.” Mart. f. 13, 14 (13 4,a
species unknown to me; 13 ¢, S. porosa, Bolt.).

SENEGALENSIS, Récluz (ubi?) ; coll. Dunker et Bernardi.

spinosa, Lam. v. 1818, p. 338; Faujas, Géol. t. 3. f. 6. Grignon.
= Agathirses furcellus, Montt.

SPIRALIS, Risso, 1826, Hist. p.115. no. 277. T'. rugosa, crassa,
transverse striata, anfractibus inferioribus approximatis, spiram
orem efformans, epidermide griseo-fusca.=S. anguinus, Phi-
ippi?

sauamara, Blainv. Dict. Se. t. 49. p. 213 ; Chenu, IIl. p. 3. pl. 2.
f. 12; Id. Manuel, p. 322. f.2309 (copy). Rima inarticulata.

striata, Defr. Dict. Sc. t. 49. p. 214; Chenu, pl. 2. f. 10. Fossil.

sutcata, Defr., Chenu, Ill. p. 4. pl. 2. f.8 a, 6. Fossil.

sutcata, Gray, 1847, List of Genera, P. Z. 8. 1847, no. 261.=
Anguinaria, B, Schum.=S. rubra, Schum.

TAHITENSIS, Morch, n. sp.

———

TEREBELLA, Lam. vy. 1818, p. 338. no. 4.

ment de la Placis.

415

Fossil from St. Clé-
S. anguina, var., Chenu, pl. 1. f. 1 g-l.

tostus, Mérch, n. sp.

TUBERCULATA, Anton, 1838, Verz. p. 55.

Fossil from Paris.

VARIEGATA (Serpula), Perry, 1811, Conchology, pl. 53. f. 14.

West Indies.

Very likely a bad imitation of a Siliquarius.

vitis, Conrad, 1832, Fossil Shells of the Tertiary formation of
N. America, i. t. 17. f. 2=S. clairbonensis, Lea, teste Conrad.

votvox (Serpula), Dillwyn, 1817, p. 1079. no. 26.

Rumph. pl. 41. f.

Founded on
H. Tenagodus anguinus, L.

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie by gift,
purchase, and exchange, during the months of July, August, Sep-
tember, and October, was read :—

JULY.
|
Presented by
A pair of Zebus..........++++- Bos zebu, Var. .........4.. Baron Jackman.
1 Vulpine Opossum ......... Phalangista vulpina ..... R. Nunn, Esq.
1 Common Tortoise ......... Testudo gr@cd......00+... Mrs. Robinson.
1 Thick-tailed Opossum ...| Didelphis crassicaudata His Exc. W. D. Christie.
2 Egyptian Foxes ............ Canis niloticus ? ......... J. A. Olding, Esq.
PZ LEOUPIAIS, "6250 .an0 cn cevasese Ieterus jamacait .......+. F. Bernal, Esq., H.B.M.
| Consul at Carthagena.
1 Great Sulphur-crested |Cacatua galerita ......... Richard Tress, Esq., F.Z.S.
Cockatoo.
SS LOFtOISeS — .....scc.seecsec- Testudo ——? ......++- A. Kelly, Esq.
1 Common Weazel .........| Mustela vulgaris ........- E. D. Hewkes, Esq.
1 Antiguan Iguana ......... Iguana nudicollis......... Capt. Abbott.
2 Japanese Deer ............ Cervus Sth? ... 2.2.0.0 I. Wilks, Esq.
2 Chinese Pheasants......... Phasianus torquatus ... Capt. Rees.
2 Turkey Buzzards ......... Cathartes atratus ...... 'Dr. Holbeck, Charleston,
U.S.A.
1 Diana Monkey ............ \Cercopithecus diana ... 1. Mann, Esq.
1 Billardier’s Wallaby ......|Halmaturus Lillardieri.. John Salmon, Esq.
2 Peregrine Falcons ......... Falco peregrinus ......... /H. Footner, Esq.
2 Nightjars ........scsecesees Caprimulgus europeus ...R. W. Archibald, Esq., 58th
Regiment.
5 Water Tortoises............ |EimysS ——? .........000 Dr. Holbeck, Charleston,
4 Land Tortoises ............ Cistudo clausa.........+++ U.S.A.
Clotho arietans .........
p neepenss scm. Natal -.. Causus rhombeatus...... |
5 Faikland Island Geese ...|Chloéphaga rubidiceps, |
sp. nov.
MOH VTA OBE | Jccocoucoreersaccs IPEUSICUINE 0 o0s2cnecs sso:
aWe TMB ELS. clonscecensceets Numenius pheopus......
2 Kentish Plovers............ Abgialites cantianus ...|
4 Sonnerat’s Jungle Fowls..| Gallus sonneratii.........| Banchased:
1 Doreas Gazelle ............ |Gazella dorcas........+.4.
1 Spotted Dasyure ......... Dasyurus maculatus ...
1 Amazonian Parrot......... Chrysotis S hpectea
1 Tawny Eagle ........... .---| Aquila nevioides.........|
6 Ruffs ....... aw cpses Censuses Machetes pugnar ......
1 Necklaced Pigeon ......... Columba speciosa ...... | J

Of these, Didelphis crassicaudata, Causus rhombeatus, and Chloé-
phaga rubidiceps were stated to be exhibited for the first time.

416
Aveust.

1 Bonelli’s Eagle ............ Aquila bonellii...... read
2 Imperial Eagles .........../ Aquila imperialis ......
1 Common Kite ............ |Miluus regalis ........+06
6 Barbary Mice......... soeeee| Mus Darbarus vre.cseeeeee
3 Slow Worms ...............|Anguis fragilis ......06+
1 Ocelot (from Carthagena), Felis pardalis (?)...+++...
1 Ring Parrakeet ............ Pal@ornis- So pevane
1 Common Buzzard ......... Buteo vulgaris........0..+
2 Sparrow Hawks ........... Accipiter nisus ...+.- aa
1 Ichneumon ....... Jeenrodens Herpestes griseus ...+0.
1 Chameleon............s000.. Chameleo africanus ...
2 White Guinea Fowls...... |Numida meleagris ......
1 Toco Toucan .............6. Ramphastos toco........
1 Capuchin Monkey.........|Cebus apella......c.00+000.
3 Indigo Birds ...... awepeewes Spizd CYANEA ..ceevseeeee
1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus .........
1 Passenger Pigeon ..... ....|Hetopistes migratoria...
2 Indian Ichneumons ...... Herpestes nepalensis ...
4 Black-tailed Godwits......|Limosa melanura ......
DO RIUTS! advo save cas says savedde Machetes pugnar ......
3 Magellanic Geese ....... -.| Chloéphaga magellanica.
1 Capuchin Monkey......... [Cebus apella...ses.rs+00e eel |
1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus ......+0-
1 Red Ground Dove........,| Geotrygon montana

2 Mountain-witch Doves ...|Geotrygon sylvatica

2 Stinging Weavers .........|Zrachinus vipera ...+..
2 Seals ..... POO CCE Basse soe Phoca vitulina.........++
1 Moor Macaque ............ Macacus maurus......-+-
1 Long-tailed Flying Opos- Belideus flaviventris ...

sum.

Presented by

His Majesty the King o
Portugal.

M. H. Pierre Pichot.

R. H. Holman, Esq.

D. A. C. Festing, Esq.

Mr. Strutt.

J. Gurney Barclay, Esq.

R. W. Archibald, Esq.

Percy Dodgson, Esq., 14th
Light Dragoons.

A. Crosbie, Esq.

Right Hon. The Speaker,
F.Z.S.

The Viscount Powerscourt.

‘Archibald Weir, Esq.

'G. Johnson, Esq., F.Z.S.

‘Mr. Morris.

\ Purchased.

Of these, Herpestes nepalensis and Macacus maurus were stated to
be exhibited for the first time,

SEPTEMBER.

1 Bonelli’s Eagle
1 Musquash..............000+
1 Indian Paradoxure ......
4 Chameleons ...........++-
UBGSi Retecescostacccss ereeea:
2 Moscow Rabbits .........
2 Green Parrots .........++
1 Paradoxure
2 Black Swans ....... eae
1 Rhesus Monkey
1 Water Tortoise............
2 Honey Buzzards .........
1 Wood-Pigeon .......... :
1 Entellus Monkey.........
1 White-nosed Monkey ..

eet ereee

Aquila bonellii.........+6
Fiber zibethicus
Paradoxurus typus ...
Chameleo vulgaris ......
Boa constrictor
Lepus cuniculus, var.
Chrysotis

aenteeene

...|\Paradoxurus aureus ae

Cygnus atratus
Macacus erythreus......
Emys, sp. (?)
Pernis apivorus
Columba palumbus ......
Cercopithecus entellus..

a eeeeeeee

1 Wanderoo Monkey ......

Macacus silenus .....++++

‘| Cercopithecus petaurista B. Durrant, Esq.

Presented by

.|Baron I. I. de Forester.

‘Lieut. T. H. Archer.
E. Lowry, Esq.

iH. Longman, jun., Esq.
Capt. Selby.

ao) Darwin, Esq., ¥.Z.S.
.. Miss Robinson.

. 8. G. Rawlins, Esq.

Dr. Mueller of Melbourne.
Burnet Tabrum, Esq.

Mrs. Luihmenant.

C. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.

. G. Gray, Esq.

‘Capt. Reader, 12th Lancers !

———

417

SEPTEMBER (continued),

UN OCCarY sasstsaetered scons
1 White-headed Pigeon ...
10 St. Thomas Lizards......
3 Passerine Ground Doves
1 South American Rat
Snake.
1 Green Snake ............
12 Water Tortoises
1 Nilotic Monitor
4 Mocking Birds............
1 Black African Kite
1 Lory

errr

Ce eee ree rere

Dieotyles torquatus
Columba leucocephala...
Anolis r
Chamepelia passerina...
Spilotes variabilis

Philodryas viridissimus.
Emys ?
Monitor niloticus

Mimus polyglottus
Milvus parasiticus ......
Trichoglossus ornatus...

ee eees eens

seeeee

2 Quaker Parrakeets

Conurus murinus

fee eee

.. JA. Arcedeckne, Esq., F.Z.S.

T. O’Connor Morris, Esq.
Capt. Sawyer.
Sir Charles C. Smith, Bart.

)

Dr. Wucherer of Bahia.

Purchased.

|
|
|
|

Of these, Spilotes variabilis was stated to be exhibited for the

first time.

A Spotted Hyzena......
An African Civet ...,.... =
An African Goat .
A Marabou
A Philantomba Antilope ...
A Duyker Bok ............
A Crested Eagle
An American Black Bear...
An American Eagle
2 Fisher Martins
A Red Tinamou
MBEUZZATASsc.s.15s+.4et eae
A Snowy Owl .............
2 Javan Paradoxures
A Stanley Crane
2 Indian Geckos
An Alexandrine Parrakeet..
A Brahmin Bull
A Tawny Eagle........ ‘
An African Buzzard
2 Indian Green Snakes......
A Glaucous Gull
1 Kangaroo Rat ............
2 Wagtails............ ane sao
2 Rock Pippits
3 Tree Sparrows
I Jungle Fowl ............ wes

see

rrr er i

eee

Per eeeeesaes

see receccres

seeeee

seeneee

tees

ee neenee

sereee eeeeee

.| Buteo vulgaris
.|Nyctea nivea

OcrToBErR.

Hyena crocuta
Viverra civetta
Capra hircus, var.
Leptoptilus crumeniferus
Cephalophus monticola ?
Cephalophus burchellii ..
Spizaétus occipitalis .
Ursus americanus

seeeeenes

Mustela canadensis......
Tinamus ——? .........

Paradoxurus musanga ..
Grus paradisea ...
Gecco verus
Paleornis alexandri
Bos zebu, var.
Aquila nevioides..
Buteo tachardus .........
Dryophis prasina ......
Larus glaucus’......+.
Bettongia ogilbii?
Motacilla yarrellii ......
Anthus aquaticus
Passer montanus

Gallus furcatus ..

eee ee eweeee

et eeees

Presented by

E. Gabriel, Esq., H. B. M.

Commissioner at Lo-

anda, Angola.

Capt. Herd.
Capt. Herd.
Mrs. Christie.

..|Mrs. Belgrave.

George Clive, Esq.
Charles Martin, Esq.

... (Capt. Taylor.

E. Blyth, Esq,

...|Robert Scott, Esq.

— Fitz Gerald, Esq.
E. L. Layard, Esq.,
E. L, Layard, Esq.,

Z.8.
ZS.

-Purchased.

Received in exchange.

first time.

No. 443.—ProcreEepiInecs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctety.

vseees{f. Maleolm Wingfield, Esq.

Of these, Spizattus occipitalis was stated to be exhibited for the

418

November 27th, 1860.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Sclater exhibited some bird-skins, procured by Capt. Herd at
Port Churchill, Hudson’s Bay. Amongst them was a Crane, similar
to Grus canadensis, but much smaller in dimensions, and probably
referable to the species described by Mr. Cassin as Grus fraterculus
(Birds of N. Am. p. 656) from an immature example obtained in
New Mexico. It was of interest as being the second specimen ob-
tained, and the first in adult plumage, of this species. Another skin
was probably that of Bernicla hutchinsii, though rather larger in di-
mensions than the described individuals of this species. Capt. Herd
had likewise presented a living pair of this dwarf variety of the Canada
Goose ( Bernicla canadensis) to the Society’s Menagerie—which was
the first occasion of their having been exhibited alive in this country.

Mr. Gould brought under the notice of the meeting several Crested
Penguins, and remarked that there appeared to be some species of
this truly oceanic group which had not yet been characterized. Upon
the present occasion, however, he only referred to those forming the
genus Ludyptes, and, after a few cursory observations upon the de-
scribed species of that form, proceeded to characterize two others from
his own collection under the names of Hudyptes nigrivestis and E.
diadematus.

Mr. Gould remarked that the species of this well-defined crested
group now known were :—

Eudyptes chrysolophus. Eudyptes nigrivestis.
chrysocome. —— diadematus.
pachyrhynchus.

The following were the descriptions given of the two new spe-
cies :—

EuDYPTES NIGRIVESTIS, Gould.

Face, chin, upper part of the throat, and sides of the neck black ;
feathers of the forehead and crown long, narrow, and silky-black ;
those on the sides of the head considerably prolonged ; a stripe of pale
straw-yellow commences at the nostrils, continues over the eye, and
extends in lengthened narrow filamentous feathers behind that organ;
upper surface black, each feather with a narrow line of greyish-blue
at the tip; outer side of the wing shining black, edged posteriorly
with white ; tail black with grey reflexions; all the under surface of
the body and the under surface of the wing, except at the base and
tip, silky-white, the base and tip being sooty-black ; bill chestnut-
brown; eye pinkish-chocolate ; feet livid.

Total length 211 inches, bill 2, wing 53, tail 4, tarsi Z.

Habitat. The Falkland Islands, where it is known by the name of
«* Rock-hopper.””

—s

5 tee tts

Proc. 4. 8.Mammatlia LXXXI.

DU vury bith

MACACUS OCRBATUS.

419

' Remark. The species to which this bird is most nearly allied

‘appears to be ZL. chrysocome; but it differs in being of a smaller

size, in its much darker colouring, particularly of the throat, sides of
the face, and wings; the superciliary stripe and the filamentous feathers
into which it is prolonged are also much less developed.

EupyrtTes DIADEMATUS, Gould.

Face, chin, upper part of the throat, and sides of the neck sooty-
black ; feathers of the forehead and crown long, narrow, and silky-
yellow at the base, and silky-black for the remainder of their length,
those on the sides of the head considerably prolonged ; a stripe of »
ehrome-yellow commences at the nostrils, continues over the eye,
and extends in lengthened narrow filamentous feathers behind that
organ; upper surface black, each feather with a narrow line of greyish-
blue at the tip; outer side of the wing dark-grey, edged posteriorly
with white ; tail black with grey reflexions ; under surface of the body
and the under side of the wing, except at the base and tip, silky-
white, the base and tip being sooty-black ; bill chestnut-brown ; eye
pinkish-chocolate ; feet livid.

Total length 25 inches, bill 23, wing 6, tail 43, tarsi 1}.

Habitat. The Falkland Islands.

Remark. This is a somewhat large species, and bears the same
relationship to #. chrysolophus, that EL. nigrivestis does to E. chry-
socome ; it differs, however, from L. chrysolophus in the darker
colouring of its chin and the presence of the rich chrome-yellow stripe
which passes over theeye. It differs also from FE. pachyrhynchus in
the more lengthened and less robust form of the bill.

For both these new species, science is indebted to Captain Abbott.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notice oF soME Rare Species OF QUADRUMANA, NOW
LIVING IN THE SocretTy’s Menacerie. By Puiiie LUTLEY
Scuater, M.A., SrcretTary TO THE SOCIETY.

(Mammalia, P}. LX XXII.)

The Society’s collection of living Quadrumana, though not large
at the present moment (embracing about sixty individuals, belonging
to twenty-six species), contains examples of several rare and little-
known animals of this order, concerning which I beg leave to be
allowed to make a few remarks. ‘The difficulty of accurately descri-
bing living animals, particularly of this kind, is so well known, that
I shall make no apology for confining my observations to the general
characters by which I hope to make the species more easily recog-
nizable, trusting that, as when dead they will be offered to the Bri-
tish Museum, there will be better opportunity of examining them
more fully hereafter.

420

1. Macacus ocreatus. (The Ashy-black Macaque.) (Pl.
LXXXiII.)

Papio ocreatus, Ogilby, P. Z.S. 1840, p. 56; Ann. N. H. vi. 517.
Macacus fusco-ater, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. p. 58; Wagn. Saug. v.
p- 99.

We havea male Macaque, obtained by exchange out of a travelling
menagerie in the summer of 1858. It was somewhat paralysed in
the hind-quarters when received, and does not promise to be very
long-lived. The species seems certainly the same as that described
by Mr. Ogilby before the Society in 1840 from a specimen observed
living in a menagerie, and is probably identical with Macacus fusco-
ater of Schinz, in which case, however, Mr. Ogilby’s name has pre-
cedence. It belongs strictly to the division of Macacus in which
the tail is very short, sometimes reduced almost to a tubercle as in
M. arctoides* and M. maurus. There is no example of this species
in the British or French National Collections ; but the Leyden Mu-
seum contains two specimens (labelled, if I recollect right, maurus),
which, I believe, belong to it. The example in the Frankfort col-
lection (Schinz’s type) is said to have been brought from Celebes.
Wagner’s diagnosis, slightly altered, “ Niger, artubus intus ante
brachiis tibiisque cinereis, cauda brevissima,” suits our specimen
very well, and is quite sufficient to distinguish the present species
from its allies.

2. Macacus maurus. (The Moor Macaque.)

A young male Macaque, lately purchased from a dealer, seems to
belong to this species as figured by F. Cuvier}. It belongs strictly
to the same group of Macacus as the last species, having the tail re-
duced to a mere naked tubercle, hardly an inch in length. The hair
is of a uniform brown without annellations, and the naked face black.
Two examples of the same animal, rather lighter in colouring, are in
the British Museum, lately acquired at the sale of Lidth de Jeude’s
collection. The locality of this Macaque is not accurately known ;
but the occurrence of this example is interesting as tending to con-
firm the species, which the French authorities themselves have cha-
racterized as “une esptce trés-douteuse§.’’ It appears to be de-
cidedly different from Macacus arctoides of Cochin China.

3. CercoriTHEcus RUFO-viRIDIS. (The Rufous-backed Mon-
key.)

* Tt may be remarked that Papio melanotis, Ogilby (of which the type is now
in the British Museum), is certainly not Macacus speciosus, as attempted to be
shown by Wagner, but more nearly resembles M. aretoides, having a very short
tubercle for a tail. In M speciosus of Japan the tail is considerably longer and
covered with hair.

+ F. Cuvier and St. Hil. Mamm. livr. 4.

+ Mr. Bartlett informs me that there are two Monkeys of the same species,
only rather larger, and darker in colouring, alive in the Zoological Gardens at Am-
sterdam.

§ I. G. St. Hilaire in Cat. Mamm. Mus. Paris, p. 31.

421

Cercopithecus rufo-viridis, 1. Geoffr. St. Hilaire, Compt. Rend.
xv. p. 1038; Arch. Mus. ii. p. 564. pl. 4.

In June 1859 we received a Monkey, obtained, living, by Com-
mander Bedingfield, R.N., in the mouth of the Zambesi River when
in company with Dr. Livingstone’s expedition. It agrees so nearly
with the description and figure of M. St. Hilaire’s Cercopithecus
rufo-viridis, that I have no doubt of its belonging to that species.
The feet of our specimen are rather darker-grey in colouring, which
is really almost the only difference I can make out. As the typical
example of this species at Paris was the only one previously known,
it is of much interest to possess a second, coming from a determinate
locality. Referring to Dr. Peters’s ‘Zoology of the Mozambique,’
we find no species indicated as likely to be intended for the present,
though the true C. pygerythrus (a species generally confounded
with the South African C. delalandit) is said to occur in that coun-
try. The nearest ally of C. rufo-viridis is the Grivet (C. griseo-
viridis, Desm.) of Eastern Africa.

4. CynocepHatus anusis, F. Cuv. & St. Hil.

The Society have lately purchased of Mr. W. C. Finlason a fine
young male example of a Cynocephalus, which that gentleman brought
home with him from Lagos in the Bight of Benin, on the west coast
of Africa. It was captured when quite young, about midway be-
tween Lagos and Abbeokuta.

Mr. Finlason informs me that it is very seldom that these animals
can be obtained, the natives having a fearful horror of their strength
and ferocity when attacked.

This Cynocephalus seems to be the Anubis, as figured in F, Cu-
vier and G. St. Hilaire’s ‘ Mammiféres ’ (livr. 50), a species not ge-
nerally recognized by systematists. It agrees perfectly with the
example lately in the Society’s collection, but now in the British
Museum, which was named Cynocephalus anubis by Mr. Water-
house*, and with other similar specimens, which all bear the same
name, in our National Collection. It is very different from Cynoce-
phalus babuin of Eastern Africa, of which Wagner+ has made the
C. anubis a variety, and is more like C. sphinz of Senegal. The Cyno-
cephalus olivaceus of Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s Catalogue of the French
National Collections is undoubtedly of this same species, our speci-
men agreeing perfectly with the characters there given, and being
from the same locality. The most noticeable points in this Cyno-
cephalus are the very elongated black face, and the uniform dark
olive-green fur, traversed below the surface with annellations of
yellow and black.

I may take this opportunity of remarking that Mr. Ogilby’s Cy-
nocephalus thotht, of which the type specimen is now also in the

* See ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia preserved in the Museum of the Zoological
Society of London,’ ed. 2, 1838, p- 8, sp. 51 A.

T Schreber’s Siiug. Suppl. v. p. 63.
¢ P.Z.S. 1843, p. 11; Fraser’s Zool. Typ. pl. d.

422

British Museum, has nothing to do with C. hamadryas, as supposed
by Wagner in the work above referred to*, but is most closely allied
to C. babuin.

It may be of interest to add a complete list of the species at the
present moment in the Menagerie, although in this group of animals
deaths and fresh accessions are so frequent that the names are liable
to perpetual change.

1. Presbytes entellus, India.

. Cercopithecus petaurista, W. Africa.
- mona, W. Africa.

diana, W. Africa.

delalandii, 8. Africa.

sabeus, W. Africa.

rufo-viridis, Zambesi.
griseo-viridis, E. Africa.

9. Cercocebus fuliginosus, W. Africa.
10. Macacus radiatus, Continental India.

rr; pileatus, Ceylon.

12. —— cynomolgus, Malay countries.
13. —— szlenus, Malabar Coast.

14. —— rhesus, India.

15. —— nemestrinus, Malay countries.
16. —— ocreatus, Celebes (7).

Wir MaUrUs.

18. Cynocephalus hamadryas, Aden.

anubis, W. Africa.

20. Cebus apella, 8. America.

cirrifer, S. America.

capucinus, 8. America.

23. Ateles pentadactylus, 8. America ft.

24. Lemur nigrifrons, Madagascar.

albimanus, Madagascar.

hybridus, ex L. nigrifronte, 3, et L. albifronte, 9.

26.

The following species have within the last few years bred in our
menagerie :—Macacus pileatus, M. rhesus, Cercocebus fuliginosus,
and hybrids between M. pileatus and M. radiatus, between M. eyno-
molgus and M. nemestrinus, and between Lemur nigrifrons aud L.
albifrons.

2. On THE Genus HyPeROODON: THE TWO BRITISH KINDS, AND
THEIR Foop. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc.

At the preceding meeting of the Society, a letter was read from
the Rev. G. Beardsworth, the Vicar of Selling, on a female Whale and

* Schreber’s Saiug. Suppl. v. p. 63.
+ Our Aleles has one hand with the thumb, and one without it, and is thus
intermediate between 4. pentadactylus and A. paniscus. But the face is black.

423

3 young, which had been caught on the coast near Whitstable,
ent*,

Through the kind agency of Mr. Beardsworth, the complete ske-
leton of the older, and part of the skeleton of the younger specimen
have been secured for the British Museum. The species is Hypero-
odon rostratum. It is well figured, from a drawing by Mr. Beards-
worth, in the ‘ Illustrated News’ for the 18th of November, 1860.

There has been some discussion about the form of the blow-hole
in this genus,—some, as Voigt and Wesmael, describing the ends of
the opening as pointed forwards, as in other Dolphins, while Dale,
Boussard and Doumel describe them as pointed backwards. Mr.
Beardsworth, in his description, calls the blow-hole straight ; but his
figure represents it as slightly crescent-shaped, with the ends pointing
towards the nose; and Mr. Crotch, who has sent me a note on a
specimen of a female Hyperoodon which was shot near Weston-super-
Mare, as exactly agreeing with the specimen obtained at Kiel in 1801,
only that the cusps of the blow-hole are directed forwards 3 and he
inquires, ‘‘ Does the cusp of the lunate spiracle turned forward mean
anything?” At any rate it appears to be the normal direction in
this species.

Mr. Beardsworth observes in his note :—* I enclose you a portion
of thé food found in the stomach. There was more than half a
bushel of this (which I am told is the claws of the Cuttle-fish), and
nothing else.”

It is not a new fact that Cetaceans, at least the Whales with
teeth, feed on these animals; for the beaks of some Cephalopods
are found interspersed in the substance of ambergris, which is a con-
cretion found in the intestines or stomach of the Spermaceti Whale.
Tn this substance they are in general few in number; but their pre-
sence is so universal that the druggists do not consider the amber-
gris true if they are not found in it, and they thus distinguish the
artificial substitute from the real article in the market.

The Black Fish (Globiocephalus macrorhynchus) is said to have
the remains of Cuttle-fish in the stomach; and Bennett, in his
‘Whaling Voyage,’ states, “the ordinary food of the Sperm Whale
is the Cuttle-fish or Squad, Sepia” (p. 176). I suspect that Cuttle-
fish or Squad, or even Sepia, is intended to represent the Linnean
genus Sepia, not the genus as now restricted, and is synonymous
with the class Cephalopoda: at least that must be the case in the
whale now under consideration ; for if the beaks belonged to Deca-
podous Cephalopods either of the genus Loligo or Sepia, there
would no doubt be some remains of the dorsal shell of the Sepia, or
of the dorsal glade of the Loligo and its allied genera, found inter-
mixed with the beaks.

The articles sent were certainly the horny beaks of a Cephalopod,
and appear to be those of the common Ocfopus, or Sea Spider.

* The person who procured the Whale is Mr. Smith. As his card shows a
trade in an article that is new to me, I give it entire :—‘ Henry Smith, Horse
Bridge, Whitstable, Fish Agent for Five-fingers, Mussels, and Sprats.” sup-
pose the first are Star-fishes.

424

It is very curious that these beaks should form such a mass, as
this indicates that they must be very abundant in some parts of the
sea, and proves that they must form at least a large portion of the
food of this animal. I have never seen the Octopus in large numbers
either at sea, in the nets of the fishermen, or thrown up on the coast ;
yet ar they are abundant somewhere these beaks are a sufficient
proof.

_ The beaks sent me by Mr. Beardsworth all appear to belong to a
single species; but he informs me there were some of a larger size
intermixed with them when they were first taken out of the stomach,
but they were selected and taken away by the bystanders. As there
are only an upper and a lower beak to each fish, and they are of a
small size, it would require many thousand animals to make up a
half-bushel of them.

The measurement of the younger Cetacean, as given by Mr.
Beardsworth’s account, is interesting as showing its large size while
yet in company with its mother, and proving that Dr. Knox’s ob-
servation, that the foetus of the Porpoise is half the length (that is
one-fourth of the size) of the parent before it is born, and that the
young appear to attain their full size very rapidly, is probably equally
true in the genus Hyperoodon.

It is to be observed that both the female from Whitstable and
the female from Weston-super-Mare have the dorsal fin on the hinder
part of the back, about two-thirds the distance from the head, as in
Hunter’s figure of the Bottle-nose (Phil. Trans. vol. Ixxvii. t. 19),
and not in the middle of the back, as in the Bottle-head or Flounder’s-
head described and figured by Dale in his History of Harwich, p. 411.
t. 149.

In my Monograph on Whales, published in the ‘ Zoology of the
Erebus and Terror,’ I described and figured a species of Hyperoodon
from the skull of an animal which had been caught at the Orkneys,
under the name of Hyperoodon latifrons, on account of the great
height and very great thickness of the reflexed part of the maxillary
bones, which form the crest in front of the blowers.

Professor Eschricht considers that this species is founded on the
skull of an adult male of the common species (which he calls Hyper-
oodon butzkopf), because the specimen of the animal with this kind
of skull which he received from Faroe was of that sex.

The following facts I think will dispel such an idea :—first, I think
I can prove that males and females have been seen and preserved of
both species; and secondly, the structure and form of the two skulls
is so different, that it is much more likely that they should be refer-
able to two very distinct genera than to species of the same genus.

I may state that I have examined four skulls of the H. latifrons,
and Professor Eschricht has another.

There is a skeleton with the skull of an adult animal of this species
in the College Museum at Edinburgh, which was obtained from the
Frith of Forth on the 29th of October, 1839. Mr. William Thomp-
son (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, vol. xvii. p.153) informs us that
this specimen was a female 28} feet long, accompanied by a young

425

male. So there can be little doubt that there are females of Hy-
peroodon latifrons as well as males.

It appears to be a northern species. As I have seen specimens from
Greenland, the Orkneys, and the Coast of Lanarkshire, this is the
most southern example that has yet occurred to me. It is also pro-
bably a much larger species than Hyperoodon rostratum, as the skull
from Greenland in the Newcastle Museum is 92 inches long, while
the largest skull of H. rostratum that has come under my observa-
tion does not exceed 60 or 65 inches.

It is only necessary to examine the figure of the two skulls of
Hyperoodon rostratum and H. latifrons in the Plate to the ‘ Voyage
of the Erebus and Terror,’ to see how exceedingly different they are
from each other, not only in the form of the skull, but also in the
form of the lower jaw. The skull of H. Jatifrons not only differs
from that of H. rostratum in the thickness and solidity of the frontal
crest of the maxillary bones, but in the crest being much higher than
the hinder part of the skull; while in all the skulls of H. rostratum
I have seen, the crest is of the same height with the frontal ridge.

As regards Hyperoodon rostratum, Mr. Beardsworth states his
specimens to be a female and a young female. The specimen which
was shot at Weston-super- Mare, Mr. Crotch informs me, is a female.
I may also observe that the specimen of this species described by
Mr. William Thompson in the Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1846,
vol. xvii. p. 150, is said to be a male: its skeleton is now in the
Belfast Museum. So there are certainly male and female of this
species also known.

Mr. Crotch has furnished me with the following measurements of
the female specimen taken at Weston-super-Mare, which was exhi-
bited at Bristol :—

o
®
ial
St
5

sah, Lema sap 21, ie WEE Reeee aloxs% B ~)n- 26
From posterior origin of dorsal fin to insertion
CACY re) en eo ane

—"

— in height sapiens ee g sil
Hailanvigehatert 5 308K so sxee, Aina ted cies - 7
aC HO Siglo: tists »a/sleverbicd an ae Hes 2
Cloaca to insertion of tail................ 5
Length of elogeal fold o...5.. 2 scj00<ais o's 0 2
From anterior of cloaca to pectoral ........ 8
enpth of nectar... sire ee hy ese 2
Hezht of pectoral qin. 2d) 2 > tienda cna. -)..0
of body at anterior end of dorsal.... 4

of body at origin of tail .......... 1

Brom gape to muggle)... 2% 2... ee ene 2
Vertical height of forehead from gape ...... 1
from insertion of upper jaw.. 0
Bromieye ti papi ss oe ike sae sa bwin 2
From eye to spiracle . Lepaeaiaist- ait apiece
Girth at, the doraals . of: ..52..5..-03...

SomokhowoancowooureS of

coco

426

feet. in
From cloaca middle to navel middle..... Avert Da
From pectoral to pectoral, beneath ........ 18

The latter measurement shows a character that the figures gene-
rally misrepresent, the closeness and lowness of the pectoral fins : they
are generally represented as if they were about one-third up the sides
of the body, and consequently far apart; but Mr. Beardsworth par-
ticularly says that they are so low on the sides, that a stick placed
across the body, under the fins, would touch the base of each.

3. Notes oN THE REPRODUCTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN WATTLE-
BIRD (TALEGALLA LATHAMI) IN THE Society’ s GARDENS.
By A. D. BartLett.

The pair of Talegallas kept in the Gardens of the Society, during
the spring and summer of the present year formed a large mound
composed of leaves, grass, earth, and other materials. Within
this mound the female deposited twenty eggs. The time of laying,
the interval of time between each egg, and the period of incubation
are at present unknown to me.

But on the morning of the 26th of August a young Talegalla
crept out of the mound, and, quite regardless of its parent, ran about
searching for worms and other insects, upon which it fed with as
much adroitness and apparent knowledge as the chick of a common
fowl would exhibit at a month old.

Towards night this young bird flew about among the branches of
the trees and shrubs in search of a safe roosting-place, and, having
selected one about 6 feet from the ground, settled down and appeared
as comfortable and unconcerned as an adult bird,—the female taking
no notice whatever of her offspring.

Upon carefully looking into the mound two days afterwards (on the
28th), I observed a second young bird moving about and busily
engaged cleaning its feathers with its bill, the wing-feathers at this
time being encased in quill-sheaths. This young bird remained in the
mound about twenty-four hoursafter ithad escaped from the shell; and
during this time the wing and other feathers were freed from their
covering, so that the bird was enabled to fly immediately upon quit-
ting the mound, which it did on the morning of the 29th. This second
young bird conducted himself in the same manner as his predecessor.
The two young birds took no notice whatever of each other, or of
the old female, the three birds appearing perfectly independent of
each other, eating, drinking, and roosting separately ; and although
an occasional small voice was heard from the young birds, it did not
appear to indicate or excite any notice among them. These young
birds grow amazingly—so rapidly, that at the age of three months
they can scarcely be distinguished from the adult birds.

The foregoing observations lead me to believe that two or three

ed
-

427

days may elapse between the laying of each egg. The young birds will
consequently come out of the mound in the order in which the eggs
were laid, as it is evident that incubation must commence imme-
diately the egg is laid. If, therefore, twenty eggs are laid in forty or
sixty days, there must be this number of days difference in the age
between the first and the last of the brood, and no two of the young
birds could possibly be of the same age.

Perhaps the most remarkable feature connected with this bird is
the very perfect development of the young, reminding us strongly
of the next division of the vertebrate animals (the Reptiles),—not
that I can see any connecting links between the great divisions of
the Vertebrata.

But although it is only in the Mammalia that the young are fed by
the fluid secreted in the mammary glands, yet in the highest order
of the class Aves (the Parrots) the young are fed partly by the
fluid secreted in the cesophagus, mixed with the softened and par-
tially digested food from the crop of the parent birds.

Now in the Talegalla we seem to approach the reptilian character
not only in the form and general appearance of the eggs, but in the
manner in which they are deposited and the absence of care be-
stowed upon the young.

I believe I am correct in saying that, with this exception, all birds
feed or provide food for their young, while, on the other hand, I am
not aware that any reptile is known to do so, and that all the reptiles
that lay eggs leave them to hatch, and the young to provide for them-
selves,—their young, as in the Talegalla, coming forth in a very perfect
and well-developed condition, and being enabled to seek and obtain
their food without the aid of the parents. I therefore cannot avoid
considering the Talegalla and its allies as exhibiting in this respect
the lowest form in birds.

4, On a West-Arrican Genus oF Snakes (Merzopon).
By Dr. ALsrert GUNTHER,

Fischer has described a Colubrine Snake from West Africa with
the name of Meizodon regularis*. Finding its dentition similar to
that of Coryphodon, from which it considerably differs in general
habit, he thought himself justified in separating it generically as Mei-
zodon. I have had the opportunity of examining not only Meizodon
regularis, but also two other Snakes which, in their dentition and
in general habit, are the species nearest allied to it, and from which
it becomes evident that all three are to be removed from the family
of Colubride to that of Coronellide. In order to fix their position
in the latter family, and to see whether it were possible to keep up
a West-African Coronelline form of Snakes with the maxillary teeth
gradually increasing in strength, for which the name of Meizodon

* Hamburg. Abhandl. Gebiet Naturw. 1856, p, 112.

428

might be retained, I was induced to re-examine all the other African
Coronellide. But I could not convince myself that such a genus
would form a naturally defined group. Coronella cucullata, with
its posterior maxillary tooth grooved ; Adlabes rufulus, with all the
teeth equal in length; Coronella olivacea, C. fuliginoides, and pro-
bably C. semiornata, with the posterior tooth longest; and finally,
the three species of Meizodon, with the teeth gradually increasing
in strength,—are so similar to each other in the proportions of the
single parts, in the arrangement of the shields of the head, in their
physiognomy, in the structure and number of the scales, in the dark-
ness of the colours, that the other character, that of dentition, must
give way for generic distinction—the more so as it is very difficult
in many specimens, even in some species *, to say which of the dif-
ferent categories of dentition is prevalent.

I add, for completeness’ sake, the diagnosis of Metzodon regularis :

CoroNELLA (MEIzODON) REGULARIS.

Syn. Meizodon regularis, Fischer, Hamb. Abhandl. Gebiet Na-
turwiss. 1856, p. 112; Gthr. Catal. Col. Snakes, pp. 109, 250.

Scales smooth, in nineteen rows ; anal bifid; two posterior oculars.
Eight upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the

orbit. Entirely blackish-olive ; each scale with a black centre aud
a pearl-coloured speck at the upper edge ; posterior part of the neck
with a broad, darker, lighter-edged collar.

Hab. West Africa.

The typical specimen is in the Hamburg Museum ; another in the
Collection of the British Museum.

Coronetia (MErzopon) BiToRQUATA, n. sp.

Scales smooth, in nineteen rows ; anal bifid ; two posterior oculars,
Eight upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit.
Brownish-olive above; a black band across the occipitals, a second
across the neck, and a black spot behind the latter on each side of

* In many specimens of Adlabes rufulus the teeth are, strictly speaking, not
equal, but increase in strength posteriorly, In Liophis<cobella the character of
the longer posterior tooth is little marked ; and there are specimens in which all
the teeth are of equal size.

429

the neck, extending on to the ventral shields ; the lower parts dirty
yellowish.

Hab. Sene gal.

The typical specimen is in the British Museum.

Description.—Habit like that of Coronella austriaca; number
and form of the shields of the head normal; the posterior frontals
are rather longer than, and nearly twice as large as, the anterior
ones ; vertical five-sided, slender, with the posterior angle acute ;

occipitals of moderate size, obtusely rounded behind. Nostril be-
tween two shields; loreal square; anteorbital high, extending on to
the vertical ; two posterior oculars in contact with an oblong tem-
poral shield ; three other temporals are behind the latter, the upper
of which is elongate, forming a suture with the occipital. Eight
upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit.
Scales short, rhombic, smooth, in nineteen rows. Ventral shields
205; anal 1/1; caudal 75. The colours have been described in the
diagnosis ; the ground-colour changes into lead-grey after the epi-
dermis has been rubbed off. The maxillary teeth form one con-
tinuous series ; anteriorly small, they gradually become longer and
stouter posterior ly ; none of them are grooved.
inches. lines.

Eeneith pepe Head ee on oS | OD 4
Ofeurtes true Ora, 2 ss ee shine oe 8 0
fap NeT HANNE ead ch cee a ick aves tis niece, Duma

CoroneLia (MEIzopON) DUMERILII, n. sp.

Scales smooth, in nineteen rows ; anal bifid ; three posterior oculars.
Eight upper labial shields, the fourth and fifth coming into the orbit.
Greyish-brown above, with a darker, white-edged longitudinal band
occupying the five medial dorsal series of scales and extending from
the neck to the tail, where it gradually disappears; another rather
indistinct whitish line running along the fourth outer series of scales.
Belly whitish.

Hab. Sierra Leone.

The typical specimen is in the British Museum.

Description.—Habit like that of Coronella austriaca ; number
and form of the shields of the head normal; the posterior frontals

430

are as long as, and not much larger than, the anterior ones ; vertical
five-sided, slender, with the posterior angle very acute ; occipitals
of moderate size, tapering behind, but with the extremity rounded.
The shield which is pierced by the nostril is very indistinctly divided

into two ; loreal square; anteorbital high, not extending on to the
vertical ; three posterior orbital shields ; an oblong temporal shield
is in contact with the two inferior oculars ; three or four scale-like
temporals behind the anterior one. Eight upper labials, the fourth
and fifth coming into the orbit. Scales short, rhombic, smooth, in
nineteen rows. Ventral shields 143; anal 1/1; caudal 85. The
colours have been described in the diagnosis; the ground-colour
changes into lead-grey, after the epidermis has been rubbed off. The
maxillary teeth form one continuous series ; anteriorly small, they
gradually become longer and stouter posteriorly, and none of them

are grooved.
inches. lines.

Length of the head ...... SOE OER ia ee ae, =
== Of the thunk. seals sore eee ee 8 0
ofthe tall tees ee eatin d crete, See ae

This species is dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. A. M. C,
Dumeril.

5. Nore on ASPIDOCHELYS LIVINGSTONII. By Dr. Jonn
Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc.

In the ‘ Proceedings’ for this year, p. 5, I described and figured
a Soft Freshwater Turtle from the Zambesi under the name of Aspi-
dochelys livingstonii; at p. 314 are printed some further observa-
tions on the African Trionyches with hidden feet (Hmyda) ; and in
both these papers I state that I had not been able to find any pub-
lished description of a Tortoise from Zanzibar that Dr. Peters had
indicated to me in a letter to myself in 1840 under the name of
Cyclanosteus frenatus.

Dr. Peters, through Mr. Sclater, has kindly referred me to a
paper by him on the Tortoises found during his travels, in the

431

‘ Bericht der Konigl. Akad. zu Berlin,’ for 1854, p. 276, where the
Tortoise from Zanzibar is very briefly described, but under the
name of Cycloderma frenatum ; and has stated that he believes it is
the same as the one I described from the Zambesi. Mr. Sclater says
that he has seen two or three fine perfect specimens of this Tor-
toise in the Berlin Museum. Under these circumstances, there can
be no doubt that my name must give way to that used by my friend
Dr. Peters.

I may at the same time observe that the genus Cycloderma is so
characterized by Dr. Peters that it will include all the. African
Emyda, all of which have the dorsal disk flexible on the margin and
without any marginal bones. On the contrary, my genus Cyelan-
osteus, to which I had provisionally referred Dr. Peters’s species, is
by its character confined to those species of the African Emyde
which have nine sternal callosities.

As Dr. Peters, before he published the characters of the genus,
considered it desirable to change the name of the genus which I had
adopted from his MS. communication; and founded his genus Cy-
cloderma on a species that has only seven sternal callosities (though
he only mentions the number of the callosities in the specific cha-
racter, and probably would have considered my animal with nine
callosities as the second species of his genus), I think, if the two
animals are to be kept in different genera, as I am of opinion they
ought to be, we ought in justice to retain his name for the restricted
genus, in preference to my name of Aspidochelys, or Mr. Cope’s
genus Heptothyra, which are founded on this peculiarity.

The synonyma of the Zambesi and Zanzibar Tortoise will then
stand thus :—

CycCLODERMA FRENATUM, Peters, Bericht. 1859, p. 216.

Cyclanosteus frenatus, Peters, MS. 1848; Gray, Cat. Tortoises
Brit. Mus. p. 64.1855 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 314.

? Aspidochelys livingstonii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 5.
t. 22, and p. 316.

As the head of the Aspidochelys is not known, and the colour of
the head forms one of the best characters for the separation of the
species of Trionychide, we cannot refer the Zambesi species to the
Zanzibar animal with certainty until an entire specimen of the former
animal has been examined ; but, at any rate, it appears to bea species
of the genus Cyclanosteus of Dr. Peters, restricted as I propose.

6. Descrivtions oF Forty-SEVEN New Species oF SHELLS
FROM THE SANDWICH ISLANDS, IN THE COLLECTION OF
Hucu Cumine. By W. Harper Pease, Ese.

BuLLA MARMOREA.
Shell ovately oblong, light, thin, perforate, outer lip straight ;

432

longitudinally finely striated and marked with fine microscopic spiral
strie. Colour chocolate-brown, mottled with darker, and freckled
and blotched with white.

HAMINEA GALBA.

Shell oval, light, shining, yellowish; marked with longitudinal
lines of growth, and finely microscopically spirally striated ; outer lip
nearly straight, and very slightly produced posteriorly ; inner lip
thickened somewhat at the base, and slightly reflected ; columella
strongly arched at lower part.

The shell of this species can hardly be distinguished from that of
H. crocata (nob.); but the animal differs widely ; its description was
given, by mistake, as that of H. crocata, and may be found on page
20 of ¢ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ for 1860.

The description of the animal of H. crocata we give below :—

HamINeEA Crocata (nob.).

Animal.—Cephalic disk square, oblong, in advance of the shell,
slightly notched at the centre of the front side, at the posterior side
provided with a pair of flat, rather broad, recumbent lobes, which are
rounded at their extremities; lateral lobes reflected on the sides of
the shell two-thirds of its length; foot extending beyond the shell
posteriorly, and rounded at its termination. Colour cinereous;
pellucid.

CERITHIUM GRACILE.

Shell light, thin, turreted, slender; whorls convexly rounded,
ribbed longitudinally and varicose, ribs rounded and becoming obso-
lete on the last whorl, ornamented with spiral raised strize or ribs which
are somewhat flexuous and alternately smaller ; aperture oval ; outer
lip somewhat expanded ; columella arcuate and callous, callosity join-
ing the outer lip posteriorly ; canal short, slightly recurved. Colour
white or light-fawn, irregularly marked with brown.

CERITHIUM UNILINEATUM.

Shell small, subulate, turreted; whorls longitudinally ribbed,
varicose, spirally finely ribbed ; aperture ovate. Coiour white, spotted
with brown, spots arranged spirally ; a band of dark purple encircling
the whorls, at their upper margin.

CERITHIUM FUCATUM.

Shell light, thin, vitreous, pyramidal ; whorls seven or eight, slightly
convex, ornamented with three equal rows of granules, and the in-
terstices with a single ridge and fine microscopic strice, granules be-
coming obsolete on Jast whorl; last whorl ribbed and longitudinally
striated, striee fine, microscopic; aperture oval; outer lip slightly
expanded ; canal short, nearly closed. Colour yellowish-fawn, irre-
gularly spotted with brown.

‘dy
Th

rf.

433
CERITHIUM ASPERUM. |
Shell pyramidal ; whorls slightly convex, encircled in the middle
with a row of nodules, and on either side a row of granules ; interstices
spirally striated, striz raised and unequal in size; aperture ovate ;

columella arcuate, a slight callosity posteriorly ; canal short. Colour
whitish or light-fawn ; nodules and strie reddish brown.

CERITHIUM PAXILLUM.

2 Shell somewhat ovate, turreted ; whorls seven, slightly convex and

varicose, ornamented with four rows of granules, and interstices with
fine raised strize, longitudinally rudely ribbed, ribs and granules be-
coming obsolete at the periphery of the last whorl ; columella arcuate,
and callous within ; aperture ovate, canal very short. Colour light
brown, granules black.

CERITHIUM BETICUM.

Shell turreted; whorls seven or eight, slightly convex, spirally
ribbed; ribs regular, depressed, alternately smaller, obsoletely varicose ;
aperture ovate; canal very short, abruptly truncate. Colour light-
fawn, ribs black, or black with a yellowish band at the margins of
the whorls, or spotted and marbled with different shades of brown,
fawn-colour, and white.

VERTAGUS GRANIFERUS.

Shell subulate ; whorls about twelve, flat, bordered by prominent
and slightly elongate granules on both sides, intermediate space
ornamented with two rows of granules of smaller size, interstices
filled by a ridge, somewhat flexuous ; aperture small, oblique, elon-
gate-oval ; columella slightly arched, callous, and furnished with a
single fold. Colour white or dusky, spotted irregularly with brown,
spots at the margins of the whorls darker and more regular.

BItTiuM TRICARINATUM.

Shell light, thin, shining, turreted ; whorls eight, carinated by three
spiral ribs, interstices finely spirally striated and ornamented by lon-
gitudinal ribs which are somewhat curved, rather distant, and become
granulose at the crossing of the transverse ribs, giving the shell a cla-
thrated appearance ; aperture oval ; columella arcuate, and twisted at
lower part ; base subplanulate and ornamented with diverging raised
striz. Colour brown.

mv. RIPHORIS TRITICEA.

hell minute, fusiformly ovate, ornamented throughout by spiral
rows of regular-sized granules; aperture oval and in a line with the
axis of the shell, lip slightly recurved and thickened (plicate on the
inner side?) ; canal posterior, enclosed, tubular. Colour dark pur-
plish-red, granules dusky white.

TRIPHORIS FUCATA.

Shell elongate subulate ; whorls sixteen to eighteen, with three
No. 444. — ProcreepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

9 br

434

granulose ribs and one much smaller at the suture; base subplanulate ;
canal short and recurved. Colour white, spotted irregularly with
brown.

TRIPHORIS AFFINTS.

Shell elongately turreted, shining; whorls composed of three
regular-sized rows of granules ; canal short, tubular. Colour red-
dish brown.

TRIPHORIS CINGULIFERA.

Shell subulate ; whorls about ten, ornamented by a row of granules
at both margins, interstices concavely rounded, with a raised stria at
the upper side, last whorl with three granulose ribs ; canal short and
tubular. Colour waxy-yellow, lower row of granules and ribs on last
whorl purplish-red.

TRIPHORIS FLAMMULATA.

Shell elongately pyramidal; whorls twelve to fourteen, spirally
carinately ribbed, ribs three, central one much the smallest, a rib of
same size at the sutures; canal tubular, enclosed. Colour white,
marked with spots and longitudinal flammules of light yellowish-
brown.

TRIPHORIS CLAVATA.

Shell elongate subulate; whorls fifteen to eighteen, bordered on
each side by a row of granules, interstices concavely rounded, finely
striated spirally, and bordered against the upper row of granules by a
light ridge, obsoletely granulose ; canal slightly recurved. Colour
white or yellowish, interstices between the granules of a purplish or
reddish brown, and spotted irregularly with the same.

TRIPHORIS ALTERNATA.

Shell turreted ; whorls composed of three regular-sized rows of
granules, the middle one of dark reddish brown, the remaining two
of a waxy-yellow colour; base longitudinally striated ; canal closed,
tubular.

TRIPHORIS INCISA.

Shell subulate ; whorls encircled by three prominent smooth and
regular ribs, interstices deep and very finely striated longitudinally,
irregularly spotted and marbled with yellowish-white, brown, and
purple of various shades.

TRITON PUSILLA.

Shell small, fusiform; whorls six, non-varicose, plicately ribbed
longitudinally and spirally striated ; aperture oblong oval, less than
one-half the length of the shell ; columella arcuate posteriorly, callous,
smooth ; outer lip denticulate ; canal short, slightly recurved. Colour
white, with irregular brown spots or flammules longitudinally disposed,

Lan,

Pas!
Tb>

r?
Bt

435

interrupted in the centre of each whorl by a narrow transverse white
line.

NERITINA NEGLECTA.

Shell obliquely ovate ; spire very small, consisting of one whorl,
depressed ; finely striated spirally, and longitudinally engraved with
irregular strize ; columellar-area smooth, slightly curved, toothed in
the centre; teeth seven or eight, covering rather more than half of
ae area; aperture expanded. Colour black, spotted irregularly with
white.

VANIKORO SEMIPLICATA.

Shell ovately globose, white, ornamented with spiral raised striz,
interstices very finely striated ; spire longitudinally ribbed, ribs be-
coming obsolete on the last whorl ; umbilical aperture finely grooved,
edges rounded.

VANIKORO IMBRICATA.

Shell obliquely ovately globose, light, thin, fragile, white, obliquely
and longitudinally finely ribbed, crossed by spiral raised striz ;
umbilical aperture coarsely ribbed.

EUCHELUs CORRUGATUS.

Shell globosely conic, turbinate, spirally ribbed and obliquely lon-
gitudinally striated ; aperture nearly circular, umbilicated ; outer lip
thickened internally and ribbed. Colour light green, spotted with
darker, spots arranged longitudinally and obliquely.

EUCHELUS FIMBRIATUS.

(72> Shell globose conic, white, carinately ribbed ; ribs spiral, prominent

and fimbriated at their edges ; interstices ribbed longitudinally and
obliquely and deeply punctured ; aperture oval, brilliantly irides-
cent within ; outer lip ridged internally, indented at the umbilical
region.

MARGARITA MARMOREA. "

Shell somewhat depressly turbinate ; spire short, spirally striated ;
aperture circular, umbilicate ; inner lip reflected over the umbilical
region. Colour light green, clouded with white and green of different
shades, and marked with occasional longitudinal and oblique zigzag
lines of dark green.

W957 Turso SEMICOSTATUS.

Shell depressly ovate, finely striated obliquely and longitudinally ;
spire and upper part of last whorl ridged, lower half smooth, ridges
irregular in size, somewhat angulated at the centre ; aperture circular,
lip slightly effuse at base, imperforate. Colour light brownish red,
marbled and variegated with darker, and ornamented with a broad
yellowish spiral band below the periphery of the last whorl.

436

TuRBO SANDWICENSIS.

Shell ovately turbinated, slightly perforated, somewhat tubulous,
spirally ridged ; ridges smooth, alternately rather smaller, squamose ;
scales most prominent on the last whorl, becoming obsolete near the
base and on the upper whorls, interstices between the ridges finely
imbricately laminated ; last whorl somewhat angulated at the upper
part. Colour green, marbled and variegated with dark brownish red.

CoiitoniA? CANDIDA.

Shell minute, thin, perforate, orbicular, ornamented with raised
spiral striz (margins of upper whorls granulose at the sutures?) ;
inner lip callous ; aperture circular.

CoLLONIA VARIABILIS.

Shell small, thin, ovate, shining ; whorls three or four, convexly
rounded, marked with very fine obliquely longitudinal striz ; inner
lip callous, slightly expanded at the base ; indented at the umbilical
region, and with a groove behind the immer lip ; aperture ovate. Co-
lour white, variously painted with pink lines and blotches; the lines
fine, oblique, extending over a portion of the whorls, sometimes
flexuous and covering the whole surface ; blotches of a longitudinal
shape ; the periphery of the last whorl usually ornamented with a
row of pink spots.

- ALCYNA RUBRA.

Shell small, ovate, smooth, polished; whorls four, convexly
rounded ; aperture ovate; indented at the umbilical region, and
grooved ; columella with a prominent tooth near the base. Colour
red, of different shades, or painted in a variety of patterns with blotches
and spots of white and red, or marked with oblique longitudinal red
lines.

ALCYNA SUBANGULATA.
Shell minute, rather solid, turbinate, ovate, ornamented with

~ raised spiral strize ; whorls four, depressed somewhat in the centre ;

outer lip thickened externally ; aperture circular ; columella ending
in a prominent tooth. Colour deep red, with oblique light-red lines.

CAssIS UMBILICATA.

Shell ovately globose; spire somewhat acuminate, acute, uni-
varicose ; whorls transversely ribbed, granulose towards the apex, ribs
on last whorl strong, somewhat angular at their margins and slightly
depressed, interstices deeply grooved ; outer lip reflected and much
thickened, dentately ridged, middle and upper ridges superficially
bisected, and interstices between the centre ridges nodulous; the
upper half of inner lip ribbed, the transverse ribs of the last whorl
extending over it regularly and passing within ; the ribs at the lower
half of the inner lip (which are interrupted by a plait that extends
over the columella) are close, much smaller, and somewhat wrinkled ;

bi!

437

columella twisted and rolled, being produced in a tubular form,
perforate. Colour cinereous, marked with irregular brown spots and
blotches ; apex reddish or purplish brown.

TUGALIA OBLONGA.
Shell oblong oval, depressly conical, radiately ribbed; ribs granulose,

_ interstices decussated by concentric raised striz ; apex near posterior

margin white.

SCUTELLINA CANCELLATA.

Shell oval, somewhat conical ; surface cancellated by fine radiating » a, -o

ribs and concentric raised strize ; apex extending to the posterior
margin. Colour white.

MUCRONALIA ROSEA.

Shell elongate ovate, smooth, polished ; whorls six, convexly
rounded ; aperture oval. Colour rose-pink.
Found on Echini.

MucronaLia NITIDULA.

Shell small, subulate, thin, polished, vitreous; whorls convexly
rounded, five in number, nucleus of three whorls slightly distorted ;
aperture small, ovate ; inner lip slightly thickened and reflected at
its junction with the columella. Colour white or light fawn-colour.

Lives on Holothurie.

MucrRonaALIA OVATA.

Shell elongately ovate, light, dull shining ; whorls five, slightly
convex ; inner lip thickened at the base and extending by a callosity
over the columella to the junction of the outer lip. Colour dull
white.

Lives on Echini.

STYLIFER ROBUSTUS.
Shell globosely ovate, light, polished; finely striated longitudinally ;

whorls convex and marginated, last whorl swollen, sutures well im-
pressed ; inner lip slightly reflected at its Junction with the columella
and around the base, disappearing at about the centre of the outer
lip. Colour white.

Lives on Echini.

PATELLA SANDWICENSIS.

Shell ovate, raised ; apex slightly anterior, radiately ribbed ; ribs
irregular, crenate, alternately smaller. Colour fulvous ; ribs black ;
interior iridescent, silvery-biue.

TECTURA RADIATA.

Shell conical, oval, smooth, radiately ribbed ; ribs few in number,
wide, and becoming obsolete on the upper half of the shell ; apex in

a lok

438

a line with posterior margin of the shell. Colour brownish red,
ornamented with white or reddish-white diverging lines.

EuLIMA ACICULATA.

Shell slender, acicular, smooth, shining, polished; whorls about
twelve, flattened ; sutures faintly defined ; apex slightly distorted ;
aperture small, oval; lip plain, simple. Colour white.

LEIOSTRACA DISTORTA.

Shell small, subulate, light, thin, smooth, transparent, curved and
distorted ; whorls about eight, flattened, the last about half the
length of the shell; aperture oblong oval, rather more than half the
length of last whorl; inner lip continued by a callosity over the
columella to its junction with the outer lip. Colour white.

TURBONILLA DECUSSATA.

Shell subulate, light, thin, white, longitudinally ribbed and decus-
sately spirally striated; ribs about twenty in number, becoming ob-
solete at the periphery of the last whorl, spiral striz continuing to
the base; whorls ten, convexly rounded, the first few shouldered
posteriorly, irregularly varicose ; varices four or five in number, about
twice the width of the ribs and with their surface transversely striated ;
outline of the spire slightly curved ; sutures well impressed ; aper-
ture oval; columella indentedly curved; inner lip straight, very
slightly recurved at base.

RIssOINA TRITICEA.

Shell somewhat fusiformly ovate ; whorls five, convexly rounded,
the last more than half the length of the shell, longitudinally ribbed ;
ribs nine, prominent, smooth, continuous over the sutures; aperture
ovate ; outer lip thickened externally ; suture at base slight. Colour
white.

RIssOINA TURRICULA.

Shell turreted; whorls six, slightly angulated at the upper part,
finely striated transversely, ribbed longitudinally ; ribs ten, prominent;
the last whorl encircled by a groove near its base ; aperture ovate ;
suture at the base broad. Colour white.

RIssoA GRACILIS.

Shell slender, elongate, shining, ribbed longitudinally, ribs some-
what flexuous; whorls convexly rounded; aperture oval. Colour
reddish-brown,

439

7. Descriptions or Srx New Srecies or LAND SHELLS, FROM
THE IsLAND oF Epon, MarsHatu’s Group, IN THE CoL-
LECTION oF H. Cuming. By W. Harper Pease,

Genus LAMELLINA, Pease.

Shell imperforate ; whorls smooth ; columella twisted, and furnished
with a lamelliform anterior plait and a spiral lamella on the colu-
mellar lip ; last whorl with internal longitudinal lamelle ; outer lip
simple, acute.

LAMELLINA SERRATA.

Shell minute, thin, lucid, fragile ; conically ovate; whorls five,
convex ; aperture small, ovate, less than one-half the length of the
shell ; a spiral lamella on the centre of the columellar lip and one at
the base ; last whorl furnished with three longitudinal lamelle, ex-
tending its whole length and disposed at equal distances from the
outer lip, at about one-sixth of the circumference of the whorl apart ;
edges of the lamellz serrated.

TORNATELLINA NITIDA.

Shell small, ovately turreted, thin, fragile, of a light horn-colour ;
whorls six, rounded, last whorl flattened and slightly depressed
around the middle; aperture small, ovate, less than one-half the

_ length of shell; outer lip simple, acute, slightly contracted at the

middle ; plait on inner lip prominent ; base of the columella slightly
reflected over the umbilical region and furnished with one or two
plaits or tooth-like projections.

HypDROCENA FRAGILIS.

Shell ovately conical, thin, light, turreted, perforate, of a light
horn-colour, encircled by narrow reddish-brown bands which are
sometimes interrupted, or ornamented with longitudinal flammules
or blotches of the same colour ; whorls six or seven, convex, last
whorl slightly angulated at the middle ; aperture oval ; outer lip thin,
simple ; umbilicus entering by a grooved channel, over which the
inner lip is slightly reflected.

HELIX STRIOLATA. .

Shell small, orbicular, thin, fragile, imperforate ; spire slightly ele-
vated, convex beneath, and ornamented with minute revolving striz ;
whorls five, rounded, slightly angulated at the periphery ; aperture
lunate ; light horn-colour.

VERTIGO NITENS.

Shell cylindrically oval, thin, pellucid, imperforate, apex obtuse;
minutely striated, striz longitudinal and slightly oblique ; whorls
five, rounded ; sutures impressed ; aperture subquadrate, rounded at
the corners ; lip slightly expanded and reflexed, furnished internally
with three teeth, about equal distances apart, one of larger size, and
bipartite on centre of columella, and one at the base, Colour white.

440

REGISTOMA COMPLANATUM.

Shell elongately circular, light, thin, pellucid, vitreous, straight ;
whorls six, last slightly oblique, surface smooth, enamelled [sutures
marginated (?) but covered with enamel, rendering the entire surface
smooth]; apex obtuse; aperture nearly circular (semilunar) ; outer
lip slightly thickened externally ; inner lip notched at base. Colour
light brownish yellow.

8. Description or New Nucuiipz2. By Sytvanus HANLEY.

Leva conrapbi. T. subovato-acuta, postice longior et acutissime
acuminata, valde inequilateralis, radii impressi expers, cute sub-
olivaceo-flava induta, costis crassis concentricis (ad marginem
plice umbonalis angularem pluribus) et sulcis superne latis, inferne
angustis, undique sculpta. Margo dorsalis antice subdeclivis ;
postice rectiusculus, declivis. Area magna, angulatim definita,
inferne plicato-corrugata. Lunula nulla.

Long. 3, lat. 2 poll.

Hab. 2

Mus. Taylor.

The form reminds one of Conrad’s L. eborea, but the sculpture

differs. The ribs on the posterior ridge form obtuse angles with the
concentric ones.

Leva Brookit. T. minuta, subequilateralis, late ovato-conica,
postice repente acuminata, virque recurvata, ventricosa, eburnea,
radii impressi expers, undique concentrice costata; interstitia
costarum angustarum e@qualiter lata, in medio levia, utrinque
creno-lirata. Margo dorsalis antice brevis, satisque declivis ;
postice rectiusculus, declivis ; ventralis conspicue arcuatus, postice
rectior multumque acclivis. Area magna, plica umbonali depressa
creno-costata definita. Lunula sublevigata, sulco circumscripta.

Long. =; poll.

Hab. Insula Borneo.

Mus. Cuming.

In the larger of the only two examples known to me, the front

dorsal area is traversed by a kind of interrupted continuation of the
ribs.

Lepa uinpsi. T. parva, subequilateralis, anguste ovato-acuta,
antice plica sulcoque lato radiata, postice costa umbonali carinata,
superficiem levigatam superiorem sequente, munita, alibi concen-
trice costellata ; interstitia lyris minutis undique decussata. Ex-
tremitas postica acuminata, vix recurvata. Area magna, concava,
arcte longitudinaliter costellato-striata ; interstitia impressa, punc-
tulata. Lunula parva, transversim tuberculata,

Long. 2 poll.

Hab. Nicoye fretum?

Mus. Cuming, Hanley, Metcalfe.

441

Mr. Hinds referred this shell to his Nucula crispa; it is very di-
stinct, however, from the delineated type.

SoLeNnELLA cuminelI. T. S. norrisiz simillima, sed antice mul-
tum longior, et tantum rotundato-attenuata; radii impressi obso-
leti. Extremitas postica latiuscula, obsolete biangulata, vel ro-
tundato-subrhomboidalis. Margo dorsalis anticus convexus, satis-
que declivis; posticus brevis, virque declivis. Dentes postici
permulti.

Long. 12 poll.

Hab. Insule Falklandice.

Mus. Cuming.

The most striking peculiarity is that the anterior side, which is

the shorter in S. zorrisia, is in this species the longer.

Nucvuta mauasarica. T. minuta, trigona, haud elongata, satis
obliqua, tantum ad umbones angustos et elevatos ventricosa, superne
rectungulata, nitida, undique concentrice costellata: sulci intersti-
tiales lyris radiantibus exilibus ornati. Latus posticum (pro
genere ejus) haud breve, ad extremitatem subangulatam prominens.
Margo dorsalis uterque declivis et rectus: ventralis regulariter
arcuatus, haud sinuatus, intus crenatus ; cardinalis latus. Dentes
pauci: fossa cartilaginis perparva, haud obliqua.

Long. + poll.

Hab. Cochin.

Mus. Hanley.

Found in the mouths of dead Solariform Margarite.

Nucuta antipopum. T. valde obliqua, elliptica, postice recte
truncata, antice rotundato-attenuata, mazime inequilateralis,
valida, subventricosa, levis, cute nitida pallide olivaceo-lutescente
vel cinerascente induta, intus argentea. Margo dorsalis antice
convezus, declivis ; ventralis arcuatus, integer, postice haud sinu-
atus et ibi conspicue acclivis, cum margine postico rectiusculo an-
gulum valde obtusum formans. Nates parve, acute, haud promi-
nentes. Lunula magna, concentrice subrugosa, planulata, angulo
definita. Area inconspicua.

Var. Extremitas antica tantum rotundata ; postica aliquantum pro-
minens, magisque angulata.

Long. 2 poll.

Hab. Australia.

Mus. Hanley.

This may possibly be the N. obliqua of the ‘ Voyage de la Vénus’;

it is not, however, the species so termed by Lamarck.

Nucvuia M‘ANDREWII. T. anguste subovata, in medio latior, per-
tenuis, semipellucida, valde compressa (nisi ad umbones), cute
nitidissima cinerea induta, undique levis. Extremitas antica
superne rotundato-obtusangularis ; postica minime brevis (pro
genere ejus), fere in medio rotundato-acutangularis. Margo dor-
salis antice rectiusculus, haudque declivis ; ventralis integer, mul-

442

tum arcuatus, postice multum acclivis.

tamen valde eminentes.

Nates peracute, haud

Aree dorsales subimpresse, haud cir-

cumscripte ; lunule labiis carinato-protrusis.

Long. 2 poll.

Hab. Tunis (M‘Andrew).

Mus. Cuming.

Allied to NV. tenuis and N. inflata.

The following list of additions to the Menagerie, by gift, purchase,
and exchange, during the month of November, was read :—

1 Capuchin Monkey
2 Wydah Birds
2 Wax-bills

eee ee ee eee eeeeeneeteaee

il Agouti. . hag atthe Sade:
\7 Young Salmon
WWApOntivcs: cecateren Cevaye
1 Syrian Chameleon
2 Peregrine Falcons
2 Porcupines
1 Ichneumon

Pewee eee nae

see enenee
wee e ewan
tee eee eee ewes

1 Bonnet Monkey............
- {1 Rhesus Monkey .........++.
1 Spanish Chameleon
D BaDinneaa ve ccacareres'sas cee
1 White-lipped Peccary ...
1 Javan Wild Boar .........

2 Java Cocks (hybrid) ... {
2 Hybrid Ducks

2 Hybrid Ducks

l Barnacle Goose
3 Skylarks
3 German Loach ..... keenees
1 Velvet\Duckiic: se.,ca03-
1 Ring Ouzel............ Sevees
1 Common Coot
MUAY. vnnasacceaceon vse Oenansdere
1 Short-eared Owl .........
2 Red-headed Pochards

weeeee

tenet eee eeeeeteerans

..|Fulica atra

Cebus E Speba sshian’s ae
Vidua paradisea .........
Estrelda ——? ....45...

Xenodon rhabdocephalus
Spherops anomalus
Dasyprocta aguti

Salmo salar
Dasyproctus aguti ......
Chameleo africanus
Falco peregrinus
Hystrix cristata
Herpestes griseus

anne ee eet enenee

ee eeeeee
sete ee eee,

Macacus pileatus ......|
Macacus rhesus .+.......
Chameleo africanus
Babirussa alfurus
Dicotyles albirostris ...
Sus vittatus
Gallus furcatus, 3 ...++|
Gallus bankiva 2
AEE SNONS, GO cetca.ccscse
Nyroca leucophthalma ?
Aix sponsa, &

Fuligula ferina 2
Bernicla leucopsis
Alauda arvensis
Cobitis fossilis.........00+
Edemia fusca, 9
Turdus torquatus

en eneeweeeneee

seeeee

eee

ener

Garrulus glandarius ...

Presented by
E. Kessor, Esq.
A Lady from Mozam-
bique.

} Dr. 0. Wucherer of Bahia.

John Bayliss, Esq.
Alfred Smee, Esq.
— Hampton, Esq.

...|1. Warner, Esq.

Major Magenis.

|H. R. H. Prince Alfred.
Lieut. C. J. Burgess, 46th

Regiment.
Walter Blackmore, Esq.
Mrs. Gaskell.

...{F. T, Streeton, Esq.

cin exchange.

Purchased.

Otus brachyotus

wee eeneee

Fuligula ferina ....00.+. :

; Of these, Xenodon rhabdocephalus, Spherops anomalus, Babirussa
alfurus, Sus vittatus, and Cobitis fossilis, were stated to be exhibited

for the first time.

TIXXKT SyeuMey, Gg 7 904g

443

December 11th, 1860.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Sclater called the attention of the meeting to an important
addition tothe Society’s Menagerie made by the recent accession of
a fine young male Babirussa (Badirussa alfurus) (Mammalia, Pl.
LXXXIII.), received in exchange from the Zoological Society of
Rotterdam. The species of the Suide now living in the Society’s
Gardens were thus increased to nine in number, being undoubtedly
the finest series of the group ever yet brought together ; namely :—

. Sus scrofa, ex Europa.
, var. barbarus, ex Afr. bor.
-—. vittatus, ex Java.
. Potamocherus africanus, ex Afr, merid,
penicillatus, ex Afr. occ.
. Babirussa alfurus, ex ins. Celebes.
. Dicotyles torquatus, ex Am. centr. et merid.
3 albirostris, ex Am. merid.
9. Phacocherus ethiopicus, ex Afr. merid.
One of. the female Peccaries (D. torquatus) had lately produced
a young one,—the first occasion (so it was believed) that this animal
had bred in confinement in England,

DONA oR Oh

Mr. A. Newton informed the meeting of the important fact, that
a recent discovery of bones, supposed to be those of a Dodo (Didus),
had been made in the Mauritius by Dr. Ayres, which would be trans-
mitted to the British Museum.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nore on Ovis pou oF Biyts. By P. L. ScuaTer, M.A.,
SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

I beg leave to call the attention of the Society to a very fine pair
of the horns of the Wild Sheep of Pamir, Ovis polii, Blyth (P. Z.S.
1840, p. 62, and Ann. N. H. vii. p. 196), belonging to Major W. E.
Hay, F.Z.S. This is one of the several pairs brought back by
Lieut. Wood in 1838 on his return from his journey to the sources
of the Oxus, when detached from Sir Alexander Burnes’s mission to
Cabool. Having been unaccountably neglected and thrown out into
the open air at Loodianeh * to perish, they were rescued by Col.
Stedman in 1843, and presented to Major Hay, who brought them
home on his return from India in 1858.
~ There being, I believe, only two pairs of the horns of this magni-

* “A skeleton of this animal and several complete crania were deposited, I

believe, at Loodianeh, with other specimens obtained by Sir A. Burnes’s mission.”
—Wood’s Journey to the Source of the River Oxus, p. 193 (note). :

ae
. B _

444

ficent Sheep known to exist in this country, the acquisition of a third
is of much interest. The following are the dimensions of this pair,
aati seem to be about the same size as those described by Mr.
Blyth :—

inches.
Distance between the horns, from point to point.... 49

2. Report ON THE INDIAN PHEASANTS BRED IN THE SOCIETY'S
MENAGERIE DURING THE YEARS 1858, 1859, anp 1860*. By
Puitie Luttey Scuater, M.A., Secrerary To THE So-
CIETY.

At the commencement of the present year, our breeding stock of
the five species of Himalayan Pheasants consisted of three pairs of
the Black-backed, two pairs of the White-crested, and one pair of
the Purple Kaleege, one pair of Cheers, and three of Impeyans.
These ten females produced altogether 141 eggs, being 27 less than
the same number produced in the previous year. The number of
young birds hatched, however, was greater, being 82 instead of 62.
But the number reared, owing to the bad weather, for which the pre-
sent summer has been notorious beyond all precedent, has been
slightly less—being only 45 instead of 50. The whole of the young
birds have been disposed of without difficulty among the members
and correspondents of the Society, except the four young Impeyan

* For a previous Report on this subject, see P. Z. S. 1858, p. 544.

445

Pheasants; for which, however, there are numerous applicants as
soon as the sex of the birds shall be ascertainable.

The following lists give the results of the breeding-seasons of 1858,
1859, and 1860, compared together in a tabular form :-—

2 RE GUS ad ak Le oh alee a a ra
No, of | E Mi -

,» |mpeyan Pheasant .......-----+-- 2 10 5 3

1860, | Black-backed Kaleege 3
White-crested Kaleege 2
Purple Kaleege ........-. =e) i 17 11 8
Cheer Pheasant.........- A | pea!
Impeyan Pheasant .......+.++++-- 3

10 | 141 82 45

3. Description oF Two New SPECIES OF ENTOMOSTRACOUS
CRUSTACEANS FROM INDIA. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S.

(Annulosa, Pl. LXXII.)

Order PHYLLOPODA.

1. SrREPTOCEPHALUS DIcHOTOMUS (male). (Pl. LXXII. fig. 2.)

The body of this little Phyllopod is elongate and of a dark brown
colour (in spirits). In general form it resembles a good deal the
Branchipus torvicornis of Waga, found in the neighbourhood of
Warsaw. The peculiar twisted and elongated antennz (character-
istic of the male) are furnished with several filaments, and are divided
at the extremity into two forks, one of the divisions of which (the
longer) is again bifurcate at the extremity. This larger division of
the fork is armed with several teeth on the outer edge. The tail is
bifureate, the divisions being, each of them, densely and strongly
ciliated on the inner edges.

Length of body about three-fourths of an inch; length of an-

ennze about half an inch.

446

This curious creature was said to have been found alive in a pail
of milk.
Hab. India.

Order CLADOCERA.

2. DapHNIA NEwporTi. (Pl. LXXII. fig. 3.)

Carapace-valves oval, terminating posteriorly in a rather long
sharp spine directed a little backwards, and furnished on both sides
with spines. The surface of the shell is reticulated and hirsute, being
roughened all over with short spines. The margins of the carapace
are beset with short spines also, the dorsal margin from the extremity
to the base of the head, the ventral margin for nearly half its length.
The head is very obtuse and rounded, terminating anteriorly in a
short, sharp beak. The rami or inferior antenne are of considerable
size, and the sete or filaments are finely plumose. The sixth seg-
ment of the body of the animal has five or six projections from it,
two or three of which are small and rough, with very minute spines.
The first is the longest, being prolonged and curved upwards ; the se-
cond is large and well-marked ; and between the last and the hooks
in which this segment terminates, the edge is beset with numerous
small spines, the inferior six or seven being much the largest.

I have named this Daphnia after my late friend Mr. George New-
port, to whom I am indebted for the specimens sent to me several

years ago.
Hab, India.

4, DEScRIPTION OF SOME New Species or INTESTINAL WORMS
(EnTozOA) IN THE COLLECTION OF THE British Museum.
By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S.

Order NEMATOIDEA.

1. ASCARIS SALVINI.

Head naked; the valves of the mouth very prominent. Body
cylindrical, unequally attenuated at the two extremities, the tail being
considerably more slender than the anterior extremity, which is ob-
tuse. The body is of a ferruginous colour, and surrounded with very
distinct strize ; strize strong, about half a line apart from each other.

Length about 23 inches. The only specimen found is a female.

This species differs from Ascaris infleza, to which it is nearly
allied, by the head being more obtuse, and the anterior extremity
altogether less attenuated; the striz are very much stronger and
more distant from each other; the valves of the mouth are much
more strongly developed and prominent.

Hab. Found on the outside of the intestines of the Oreophasis
derbianus of Guatemala.

This rare bird formed part of the collection made in Guatemala by
Mr. Salvin. I have, accordingly, dedicated this species of Ascaris
to him.

447

2. ASCARIS OBCONICA.

Head naked; valves of the mouth small but projecting. Body
of male slender for three-fourths of its length, then rapidly beco-
ming thicker till within a line or two of the extremity, which is
blunt, straight, or only slightly inflexed, and terminating in a little
papilla. The skin is strongly striated. Male spicula within half a
line of posterior extremity. Colour of body slightly yellow, or light
straw.

Length (male, largest specimen) 2 inches.

Hab. Intestines of a Freshwater Snake, Uranops angulatus, from
Brazil. For this species I am indebted to Mr. Edward Gerrard of
the British Museum.

3. ASCARIS BODDAERTII.

Head naked ; valves of mouth distinct, large, somewhat triangular
in shape. Body narrower at the anterior extremity, thicker towards
the centre, and becoming narrower again at posterior extremity.
Skin slightly striated ; striz rather distant. Lines on the two sides
of the body very distinct. Anus nearly terminal. Colour yellowish,
or a deep straw-colour.

Length of body (a female) 4 inches.

Hab. Intestines of Herpetodryas boddaértii, a snake from the
West Indies. For this species I am indebted to Dr. A, Giinther.

4, GORDIUS FULGUR.

Among the various objects brought to this country and collected
by Mr. R. Wallace, was a species of Gordius, of which he gives the
following account :—“ This curious dnnelid is found on the ground
in the forests of Batchian, twisted among dead leaves or twigs. It
glides slowly, has no perceptible head or mouth, but resembles
exactly a smooth circular thread of india-rubber, the thickness of a
very fine violin-string. It is called by the natives ‘ Ular langit,’
(lightning-snake).”

One of the specimens measured 41} inches in length ; a second
5424 inches. After being immersed for some time in spirits (the
specimens arrived dry and twisted round a piece of stick), they pre-
sent the appearance of a twisted piece of copper wire, indistinctly
striated across, and with a dark streak running down the centre
throughout its whole length. This Gordius feels to the touch ex-
ceedingly slippery, like a piece of recent sea-weed. It is slightly
more attenuated at the anterior than the posterior extremity. In all
probability it is of a cylindrical form like other Gordii; but, owing
to the way in which it was sent to this country, it is at present of a
rather flattened form.

I have named it Gordius fulgur from its native name of Lightning
Snake.

Hab. Forests of Batchian ; probably a native, in its immature state,
of some large insect.

448

Order CresTo1pEa.

5. TETRABOTHRIUM GERRARDII.

The genus Tetrabothrium was indicated by Rudolphi in his
‘Synopsis Entozoorum,’ for containing those species of Bothrioce-
phalus which possess four bothria. It was afterwards fully adopted
and characterized as a distinct genus by Diesing ; and nine species are
described by him. These were discovered all inhabiting the intestines
of certain Mammalia, Birds, and marine Fishes ; but none of them
have been, till now, recorded as living in Reptiles.

The species now to be described, however, was found, by Mr.
Edward Gerrard of the British Museum (to whom I am indebted for
an opportunity of describing several new species of Entozoa), in the
intestines of a Boa constrictor from South America.

The head is large, tetragonal; the four bothria disposed cross-
wise, joined by the margins; each of them large, round, and having
on one side a strong ridge. Body depressed, narrow, articulated.
No distinct neck. Anterior extremity of body very narrow, and the
articulations there are extremely small, becoming larger as they de-
scend, the inferior being quadrangular and rather large. The margins
of the articulations somewhat annulated, but having no appearance of
genital apertures. The head is about three-fourths of a line broad ;
but I could not discover any mouth. Apparently only fragments of

_ these worms were obtained ; but some of these detached pieces were
about 18 inches in length.

Hab. Intestines of Boa constrictor.

5. A CoMMENTARY ON M. Desuayes’s REviIsION or THE GENUS
TEREBRA. By Loveuu Reeve, F.L.S., erc.

In the ‘ Proceedings ’ of the Society for last year, pp. 270-321, is
a paper by M. Deshayes, entitled “A general Revision of the genus
Terebra.” Though most carefully elaborated, M. Deshayes was
induced to undertake the revision of this genus of pectinibranchiate
mollusks under circumstances hardly favourable to the correct dis-
crimination of the species. Specimens of apparently new forms
of shells were transmitted to him in Paris from the Cumingian col-
lection, and they were described in the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie’
as new, without having been submitted to the test of a comparison
with the types of previously described species, most of which were
known only in this country.

Many of M. Deshayes’s new species of Terebra have been described
already; and many have been described by him as new, which a more
extended series of specimens would have shown him to be merely
varieties.

Out of 221 species of Terebra cited by M. Deshayes in his “ Ge-
neral Revision,” I have been so fortunate as to collect undoubted
types of 214. M. Deshayes has himself generously sent me the
types in his own very interesting collection. The remainder are

449

from the collections of Mr. Cuming, Dr. Gray, Mr. Taylor, Mr.
Metcalfe, M. Crosse, and M. Lorois, and two are in the British Mu-
seum. ‘The seven alleged species of which I have not obtained the
types are three described by Mr. Hinds, which appear either to be
lost or transferred to other species, and four described by Philippi in
the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir Malacologie.’ These 214 species I reduce (in my
monograph of the genus in ‘Conchologia Iconica,’ where all the speci-
mens are figured) by rejecting 65 as synonyms ; and the number, thus
reduced to 149, I bring up to 155 by describing six species which
appear to me to be really new.

M. Deshayes, in his paper, described 93 species as new ; of these
I reject 41. The following is a list of the whole 69 which, I submit,
are merely varieties, or duplicates, of species already described. The
numbers which follow are those of M. Deshayes’s list.

3. T. nodoso-plicata, Dunker, variety of 7’. cosentini, Philippi.
6. T. fimbriata, Deshayes, variety of T. crenulata, Lamarck.
9. 7. patagonica, D’Orbigny, the same as 7’. gemmulata, Kiener.
12. 7. reevei, Deshayes, variety of 7’. duplicata, Linnzeus.

16. T. fatua, Hinds, a bleached state of 7’. cingula, Kiener.
17. T. festiva, Deshayes, young of 7’. senegalensis, Lamarck.
18. 7. speciosa, Deshayes, young of 7’. senegalensis, Lamarck.
23. T. eburnea, Hinds, variety of 7. affinis, Gray.

31. T. splendens, Deshayes, variety of T. dimidiata, Lamarck.
33. T. glabra, Deshayes, a bleached 7’. consors, Hinds.

37. T. crassula, Deshayes, variety of T. hastata, Gmelin.

43. T. albula, Menke, variety of T. hastata, Gmelin.

44. T. incolor, Deshayes, a bleached T. hastata, Gmelin.

45. T. casta, Hinds, variety of T. hastata, Gmelin.

47. T. bipartita, Deshayes, variety of T'. hastata, Gmelin.
52. T. lactea, Deshayes, a bleached 7. bacillus, Deshayes.
54. T'. mera, Hinds, variety of T. hastata, Gmelin.

55. T’. verreauai, variety of T. strigilata, Linnzus.

56. T. argenvillii, Deshayes, variety of T. strigilata, Linneus.
58. T. acumen, Deshayes, variety of T. strigilata, Linneeus.
59. T'’. concinna, Deshayes, variety of 7. strigilata, Linneeus.
60. 7. matheroniana, Deshayes, variety of T. aciculina.

64. T. modesta, Deshayes, variety of 7’. strigilata, Linneeus.

66. T. bourguignati, the same as T. plumbea, Quoy.

67. T. crossei, Deshayes, variety of T. venosa, Hinds.

73. T.jamaicensis, Adams, the same as T’. cinerea, Born.

74. T. stylata, Hinds, variety of 7. cinerea, Born.

75. T. luctuosa, Hinds, variety of T. cinerea, Born.

76. T. laurina, Hinds, variety of T. cinerea, Born.

77. T. castanea, Kiener, variety of 7’. cinerea, Born.

79. T. adansoni, Deshayes, variety of 7’. micans, Hinds.

80. T'. inconstans, Hinds, variety of T, aciculina, Lamarck.
81. T. anomala, Gray, variety of T. aciculina, Lamarck.

86. 7’. lamarckii, Kiener, variety of T. duplicata, Linnzus.

93. T. plicatella, Deshayes, variety of T. nitida, Hinds.

No. 445.—PRocreEepDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
108.
109.
115.
125.
129.
130.
133.
141.
142.
144.
148.
158.
159.
177.
181.
183.
186.
189.
192.
195.
197.
201.
209.
211.
214.
216.
218.
219.

450

T. subnodosa, Carpenter, variety of T'. variegata, Gray.

T. hindsi, Carpenter, variety of T. variegata, Gray.

T. rufocinerea, Carpenter, variety of 7’. rudis, Gray.

T. albocincta, Carpenter, variety of T. variegata, Gray.

T. chilensis, Deshayes, variety of T. gemmulata, Kiener.
T. geminata, Deshayes, variety of T. spectabilis, Hinds.

T. marginata, Deshayes, variety of T. variegata, Gray.

T. crenifera, Deshayes, variety of T. cingulifera, Lamarck.
T. approximata, Deshayes, variety of T. undulata, Gray.
T. undatella, Deshayes, variety of T. cancellata, Quoy.

T. bermonti, Lorois, the same as 7. pertusa, Born.
albicostata, Reeve, variety of T. armillata, Hinds.
petiveriana, Deshayes, variety of 7’. aspera, Hinds.
glauca, Hinds, variety of T. aspera, Hinds.

peasti, Deshayes, variety of T. puncticulata, Deshayes.
intertincta, Hinds, variety of 7’. variegata, Gray.
cinctella, Deshayes, variety of 7’. picta, Hinds.

areolata, Reeve, variety of T’. columellaris, Hinds.
incomparabilis, Deshayes, variety of 7. flammea, Lamarck.
insignis, Deshayes, variety of T. lingualis, Hinds.
hupei, Lorois, the same as T. variegata, Gray.
scabrella, Lamarck, variety of 7’. myuros, Lamarck.
chinensis, Deshayes, variety of 7’. cingulifera, Lamarck.
virginea, Deshayes, a bleached 7. consors, Hinds.
columnaris, Deshayes, variety of 7’. cingulifera, Lamarck.
pallida, Deshayes, variety of T. cingulifera, Lamarck.
regina, Deshayes, variety of 7. corrugata, Lamarck.
bitorquata, Deshayes, variety of T. corrugata, Lamarck.
loroisi, Deshayes, young of 7’. oculata, Lamarck.
decorata, Deshayes, the same as T. tessellata, Gray.
archimedis, Deshayes, variety of 7. funiculata, Hinds.
T. circinata, Deshayes, variety of T. straminea, Gray.

T. acuta, Deshayes, variety of 7’. straminea, Gray.

T. loroisi, Guérin-Méneville, the same as 7’. robusta, Hinds.

This addition to the list of synonyms of Terebra results partly
from a want of acquaintance with the types of established species,
partly from the want of a consideration of the difference between
characters truly specific and characters which are modifications arising
out of correlation of growth.

6. Description oF A New GEnvs AND Species oF Motuvsk.

By Henry Apams, F.L.S.

Genus Autcira, H. Adams.

Testa fusiformis, tenuis, spira elevata ; anfractibus transversim
striatis. Apertura ovalis, longior quam lata: columella antice
truncata et plica obliqua instructa; labro tenui, intus levi,
postice expanso, antice ad marginem crenulato.

Proc.Z.S. Reptilia XB

uh 6 Sih

| Thamnocenchris aurifer

. Z.Hyla holochlora

451

Shell fusiform, thin, spire produced; whorls transversely striated.
Aperture ovate, longer than wide; columella truncate, and with a
single oblique fold anteriorly ; outer lip thin, smooth internally, ex-
panded at the hind part, and with the anterior margin crenulated.

ALCIRA ELEGANS, H. Adams.

A. testa elongata, rufo-fusca; anfractibus 6, conveaiusculis, trans-
versim striatis (striis ad basin ultimi anfractus pluribus et pro-
Sundioribus), maculis nigrioribus, at prope suturam pallidiori-
bus ; apertura et spira pari longitudine.

Shell elongate, reddish-brown ; whorls six, slightly convex, trans-
versely striated (the strie stronger and more numerous on the basal
portion of the last whorl), variegated with darker markings, and with
some lighter spots next the suture ; aperture equalling the spire in
length.

Long. 73 lin.

Hab. Natal.

This genus appears to belong to the Columbelline, in some of
which a similar fold exists upon the columella; but the absence of
any thickening or dentition of the outer lip, and its being expanded,
distinguish Alcira from all the groups at present included in that
subfamily. The shell has been recently obtained from Natal by
Hugh Cuming, Esq., of whose extensive collection it now forms a
part.

7. On tHe Reptites or Guatemata. By Ossert SALVIN,
M.A., F.Z.S.

(Reptilia, Pl. XXXII.)

There is perhaps no portion of the two continents of America
where an accurate record of the localities in which collections have
been made is of such importance as in that long isthmus of varying
width which joins the mainlands in the northern and southern hemi.
spheres. It is neutral territory, on which the faunze and flore of the
north and south contend for superiority in the forms of animal
and vegetable life which give character to the respective regions.
_ That portion of this isthmus to which I now particularly refer is the
Republic of Guatemala, which, with British Honduras and Yucatan,
includes within the definite limits of the isthmus of Tehuantepec and
the comparatively narrow neck of land lying between the bottom of
the Bay of Honduras and the Pacific Ocean a very considerable por-
tion of the whole. Though the forms of life inhabiting the district
thug defined lean decidedly to Neotropical types, yet there are just
sufficient genera and species of Nearctic forms to render the consi-
_ deration of the localities of observed species a matter of great moment
in accurately defining the boundary between the two great zoological

452

provinces of the New World. Though this boundary must be sought
for further to the northward, we yet find in Guatemala a Sorex
among mammals, the great mass of the Mniotiltide among birds,
Tropidonotus and Ischnognathus among snakes, and Rana among
frogs.

It must not be supposed that a definite boundary line, beyond
which the species of ezther region do not pass, can ever be drawn be-
tween these two or any two zoological provinces. The real division
will probably prove in this case to extend over a wide tract of coun-
try, and to occupy a position within certain limits, which include a
district inhabited by forms to be considered as typical of each ; the
true boundary being that portion of such a district where the typical
forms of each are found in equal numbers.

In making such a comparison, it is evident that forms that are
common to the two regions, as well as such as inhabit exclusively
the district in question, need not be taken into consideration. Thus
viewing the list I give below, we find the southern genera considerably
predominating over the northern. Taking the genera of snakes
peculiar to the south, we have Homalocranion, Tomodon, Spilotes,
Dromicus, Ahetulla, Leptodeira, and Dipsas; while the only genera
peculiar to the north are Ischnognathus and Tropidonotus. Those
common to the two continents are Herpetodryas, represented by the
northern H. flavogularis, and by the southern H. rappii, H. bod-
daertii, and H. brunneus; and Elaps, represented by L. corallinus
and Z. fulvius. Of these, Hlaps is hardly to be called a typical
northern form, as it does not range far into the United States. The
genera found in Guatemala, and not elsewhere in the Americas, are
Streptophorus (S. sebe) and Dipsadomorphus (D. biscutatus).

Of Batrachians, the North American genus Rana occurs, but no
Tailed Batrachians: Bufo nebulifer is found at Duefias, Bufo agua
in Vera Paz, Engystoma carolinense at Coban, and Rana halecina
everywhere. Of Lizards, Basiliscus and Corythophanes occur at
Lanquin, the former in abundance; they are also both found spa-
ringly at Duefias. Tropidolepis and Cnemidophorus occur both at
Duefnas and Coban.

Again, referring to the division between the Nearctic and Neotro-
pical regions, it appears certain that the northern forms extend far
further to the southward along the table lands than along the hot
districts of either seaboard ; and again, the southern forms range
further to the northward along the coasts than along the table lands.
In Guatemala the “tierra caliente’ seems, with very few exceptions,
to embrace purely Neotropical types; whereas on the table lands
and the more elevated and temperate districts only, all the North
American genera and species that are to be found in the country
occur.

Besides the Snakes enumerated below, there is a Rattlesnake
(Crotalus) found in many parts, specimens of which I did not ob-
tain. There is alsoa Cenchris, probably C. piscivorus, a fine example
of which was one day brought to me by an Indian ; but being too

453

large to be put into my bottle, I hung it up and left it till the follow-

ing morning, intending to skin it. When I went to look for it at
daylight, it was nowhere to be seen. The Indians said a dog had
probably eaten it.

The principal places in the neighbourhood of which I collected
during my stay in Guatemala last year and the early part of the pre-
sent were Duetias, Coban, and Lanquin. The former village is situ-
ated between the volcanos of Agua and Fuego, on an offshoot of the
table lands. It is elevated about 4700 feet above the level of the
sea. Coban, in Vera Paz, stands at an elevation of 4500 feet, on
some broken and undulating ground, shut in on three sides by moun-
tains. Its position is somewhat peculiar, being isolated in its tem-
perate climate from the table lands by having on all sides a “tierra
caliente,” its only connexion with the back bone of the Cordillera
being a tortuous and narrow ridge of mountains. Lanquin, though
only about thirty-five miles to the eastward of Coban, is quite in the
hot district. It lies in a hollow surrounded by high mountains.
Here it was that most of the Tropical species were collected.

In collecting I received great assistance from Mr. Robert Owen of
San Gerénimo, who secured for me many specimens at Coban while
i was absent in the mountains, and also made several additions at
San Gerdnimo before forwarding my last collection to England.

The synonymy of each species I take from Dr. Gray’s and Dr. A.

- Ginther’s Catalogues of the Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. I must add, that I have had the full benefit of Dr. Giin-
ther’s great knowledge of this subject. Both in determining the
species and in the remarks upon them, I have largely availed myself
of his suggestions.

BAsILISCUS AMERICANUS, Laur.

This Basilisk is very common at Lanquin, where I had no diffi-
culty in obtaining plenty of specimens of both sexes and all ages, by
offering the Indians a small reward for all they brought. They may
frequently be seen on the low branches of a bush, and are particu-
larly fond of basking on the boughs ofa felled tree in a clearing near
a stream. When running fast, they carry the tail slightly elevated.
At Duejias this species is more rare; I saw but three or four spe-
cimens, and only succeeded in securing one. In some specimens of
the males, the tail is much more compressed than in others. In the
series of young the crest is shown in all stages of development.

CoryYTHOPHANES CRISTATA, Boie.
Agama cristata, Merrem.

Is not nearly so numerous as the Basilisk. I obtained but one
specimen, which was brought to me at Lanquin.

ANOLIS SALLI, Giinther, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 421.
I obtained two specimens of this Anolis at Duenas.

454

ANOLIS FRASERI, Giinther, P. Z.S, 1859, p. 407.

Coban ; several specimens. All the examples of both these species
of Anolis are immature.

TROPIDOLEPIS TORQUATUS, Gray.

Agama torquata, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 49. pl. 7.

By far the commonest Lizard in the country, and very generally
distributed. The colouring appears to vary considerably in different
individuals, as has been stated by Wiegmann. In some the blue of
the under parts is barely traceable, nor is the black collar round the
neck shown. In others these are very decidedly defined, while some
have in addition a reddish-yellow crescent-shaped mark on the lower
part of the chin. They are found usually about walls and hedge-
rows.

CNEMIDOPHORUS UNDULATUS, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 27.

This is also a common species, but not so abundant as 7’. torquatus.
I found it at Duefias, Coban, and Lanquin. This Lizard also ex-
hibits a great diversity of colouring on the flanks. The shields of
the head become very irregular in some of the older examples, and
assume a tubercular appearance.

GERRHONOTUS WIEGMANNI, Gray, Cat. of Lizards, p. 54.

Not at all common. A single specimen obtained at Lanquin was
the only one that came under my notice : this I caught on the con-
vent wall. It was shown me by the priest, who said that he had
noticed it on the same spot several nights in succession.

TYPHLOPS TENUIS.

Eyes imperceptible ; tail exceedingly short, obtusely conical,
scarcely bent downwards. Middle of the trunk surrounded by seven-
teen series of scales. Nasal shields reaching as far backwards as the
rostral shield; two more shields behind the nasal. The length of
the body 64 times the diameter of the girth. Each scale on the
back brown, with lighter margin; belly dirty whitish.

Length 12 inches; length of the tail 1? line.

Hab. Coban in Guatemala.

One specimen of this apparently new Typhlops was brought to
me at Coban by an Indian boy.

STREPTOPHORUS SEB#, Dum. et Bibr.

Very abundant at Coban, being found in the grass growing on
each side of the streets.
One specimen is variegated, black and dirty white beneath.

HoMALOCRANION ATROCINCTUM, Dum. et Bibr.
Calamaria atrocincta, Schleg.
One specimen was killed at Duefas among some logs of wood.

455

This example was very brilliantly painted, the white rings of the
specimen in spirits were in life deep flesh-colour.

CoroNELLA DECORATA, Giinther, Cat. of Col. Snakes, p. 55.

One specimen was brought to me from the Volcan de Fuego. The
under surface of this when fresh was ochreous yellow. It differs,
moreover, from Dr. Giinther’s description in not having the yellow
spots on the side of the head and the yellow band on the anterior
part of the trunk.

TOMODON LINEATUS.
Tomodon lineatus, Dum. et Bibr. vii. p. 936. pl. 73.

A single specimen of this rare snake was taken at Duehas by an
Indian. There are probably but two other specimens known in col-
lections.

The genus Tomodon appears to belong chiefly to Central America,
T. lineatus, being found in Mexico and Guatemala, T. strigatus,
Ginther, on the island of Laguna, whilst 7. dorsatus, the species
nearest allied to Nenodon, extends southwards as far as Rio Janeiro.
Dr. Giinther has referred this species to the genus Psammophis ; but
its natural affinities point rather to Dromicus lineatus. It seems to
be an intermediate form between those genera.

TROPIDONOTUS ORDINATUS, Linn.

The specimens collected by myself at Duefias either have the stripes
not very conspicuous, with the intervals unspotted, and without occi-
pital spots, or the stripes are very conspicuous, with intervals spotted
with black on the anterior part of the trunk, and occiput without
spots. They are to be referred to T. ordinatus, Linn., and 7. si7-
talis, Linn. A single specimen was brought to me at San Gerénimo,
which does not quite agree with any of the numerous varieties of this
Snake described by the North American Herpetologists as so many
species. The scales are in nineteen rows ; and there is one anterior,
and on one side three and the other four posterior oculars. The scales
are brown, except those forming the vertebral series and those of the
three outer series, which with the ventral plates are yellowish olive.
There are two alternate series of square black spots, in the intervals
between the dorsal and lateral stripes, more strongly defined on the
anterior part of the body, whilst they are more irregular and inter-
mixed with yellowish olive spots on the posterior parts. The black
spots, as well as the olive ones, are on the skin rather than on the
scales. A series of black dots accompany the lateral stripe. There
is a well-defined black collar on the neck. The scales on the tail
are very strongly keeled.

At Duefias this species is exceedingly common about the rushy
margin of a small lake. Numbers may be seer on a sunny day
basking among the reeds on the edge of the water, into which they
dart on being alarmed.

456

TIscHNOGNATHUS DEKAY!I, Dum. et Bibr.
Tropidonotus dekayi, Holbr.

Two specimens of this small Snake were brought to me at Coban
by the Indians. The other species of this limited genus, I. oceipito-
maculatus, I never met with. It seems to have a more northern
range.

SPILOTES CORAIS.

Coluber corais, Cuv.
Spilotes corais, Dum. et Bibr. p. 222.

Duefias and Lanquin, not uncommon. The specimens which I
collected belong to the Mexican variety described by Duméril as
Spilotes melanurus.

HeERPETODRYAS BODDAERTII.

Coluber boddaertii, Seetzen in Meyer’s Archiv, ii. p. 59.
Herpetodryas boddaertii, Schleg.

Two specimens from Duefias were brought to me by the Indians.
These examples have a dark streak down the centre of the back, and
two paler lateral streaks, constituting a very marked variety. They
do not, however, differ in other respects.

HERPETODRYAS BRUNNEUS, Giinther, Cat. Col. Snakes, p. 116.

I picked up a specimen of this Snake on the road between Coban
and Lanquin. It had been killed by some Indians passing. Another
was sent to me by Mr. Owen from San Gerdnimo. In life the upper
parts are grass-green, not brown as in the description. This colour
disappeared almost immediately after the specimen was put into spirits.
I believe it is known as a fact, that the green snakes become blue in
spirits. This appears an exceptional case ; for the skin is blue, while
the epidermis has become brown.

HeERPeETODRYAS RApPiI, Giinther.

One specimen, a young one, was caught under the wall of a house
in Duenas.

HeErRPETODRYAS FLAVIGULARIS.

Psammophis flavigularis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad. 1852,
p: 178.

Herpetodryas flavigularis, Ginther.

One specimen, a very large one, but a good deal injured, was sent
to me by Mr. Owen from San Gerénimo. I took a rat from the
stomach.

DROMICUS MARGARITIFERUS.

Herpetodryas margaritiferus, Schleg, Ess.ii. p. 184.
Dromicus margaritiferus, Gimther.

The scales of this species are in life decidedly bluish with a black

457

margin. It is common at Dueias,where several specimens were brought
to me by the Indians. I also obtained two examples at Lanquin.
It seems to be generally distributed. If at some future period more
stress is laid on the character of coloration, this species will form the
type of a separate genus, as the other species constituting the genus
Dromicus exhibit a very decided tendency to longitudinal bands.

AHZTULLA MEXICANA.

Leptophis mexicana, Dum. et Bibr. vii. p. 53.
Ahetulla mexicana, Ginther.

One specimen from Lanquin. This is a very beautiful species
wheu fresh, the upper part being deep bluish-green.

LEPTODEIRA ANNULATA.
Coluber annulatus, Linn.
Leptodeira annulata, Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 27.

One specimen (scales in twenty-three rows), killed in the thatch
of a rancho near Dueiias.

Dipsas CeNcuHOA, Linn.

Coluber cenchoa, Linn.
Dipsas cenchoa, Neuwied.

One specimen, a small one, from Coban, brought by an Indian
boy.

DIpsADOMORPHUS BISCUTATUS.

Dipsas biscutata, Dum. et Bibr. p. 1153.

Dipsadomorphus biscutatus, Ginther.

I picked up a dead example (a very large one) of this snake on
the road between Coban and Langnin. It had probably been killed
and thrown there by an Indian. There were previously only three
specimens known, one having been brought lately by M. Sallé from
Oaxaca, which is now in the collection of the British Museum. The
present specimen measures at least 33 feet.

ELAPS CORALLINUS.

I obtained from the Indians two specimens of Zaps from Dueiias,
one of which seems to agree most nearly with 2. fetzingeri, Jan., the
other with EZ. nigrocinctus, Girard. The former of these has twenty-
seven rings on the trunk and six on the tail. The number of ven-
tral plates is 224, of the caudal 37. The black rings are placed at
regular intervals. Each ring is narrowly edged with yellow, and the
intervals between the rings filled in on the upper surface with dull
red, which is darkest on the vertebrae, and gradually becomes lighter
towards the flanks. The first ring on the neck commences anteriorly
just within the occipital shields. Each black ring occupies a series
of six scales. The spaces between the black rings occupy nine series
of scales.

458

The latter has twenty-two rings on the trunk and five on the tail.
The number of ventral plates is 221, of the caudal 39. The black
rings are equidistant. Each ring is narrowly edged with yellow, the
ground colour is dark blood-red, browner on the upper surface, which
grows darker towards the centre of the back. The first ring com-
mences anteriorly within the posterior angles of the occipital shields.
Each black ring includes a series of six scales, and each interval be-
tween the rings mostly includes fourteen scales.

ELAPS FULVIUS.

_ At Lanquin I obtained three specimens of a snake of this genus,
which appears to be the Z. agl@ope, Cope. The ground colour of
all these is red, darkest on the centre of the back, and the character
of the markings is the same. They, however, differ in some respects ;
and I therefore describe each fully, though without the slightest
doubt they belong to the same variety.

No. 1 has forty-one black rings on the trunk and ten on the tail.
Between each ring on the trunk is a series of black spots, more or
less run together or isolated, and arranged so as to form an irregular
line on the upper surface parallel to the rings. On the tail these
intermediate markings do not exist. The ring on the neck passes over
the head across the posterior margin of the occipital shields in an
irregular line, converging anteriorly. A band of black crosses the
head, and passing over the posterior frontal and vertical shields con-
verges posteriorly. The rostral and anterior frontal shields are dark
reddish-brown. The rings are interrupted in several cases on the
belly. The rings include a series of four scales, and the intervals
between the bands a series of six. The number of ventral plates is
207, of caudal 51.

No. 2 is coloured exactly as the preceding; but the rings are less fre-
quently interrupted, and the intermediate markings assume more deci-
dedly the form of a ring. The black rings are forty-five in number on
the trunk, and nine on the tail. The ring round the neck passes be-
hind the occipital shield, but has a square marking extending partially
over those shields ; a marking passes over the frontal superciliary and
vertical shields, but not quite to the lower margin of the labials.
The black rings include a series of three scales, and the intermediate
spaces six. The number of ventral plates is 224, of candal 40.

No. 3. The rings of this specimen are very much interrupted, and
the intermediate markings very irregular. The number of rings is
forty-three on the trunk, and on the tail twelve. _The ring round
the neck is the same as in the other specimens, having its anterior
edge passing over the occipital shields in an irregular line. The
marking on the anterior part of the head extends to the lower labials.
The rings include three scales, and the intervals between the rings
five ; these, however, vary much. The number of ventral plates is
212, of caudal 55.

It certainly appears somewhat remarkable that I should have found
the northern form £. fulvius in the hot district of Lanquin, and the
southern £. corallinus at Duenas, in the temperate region of the

459

Table lands. The reverse might certainly have been expected. But
then the question arises, Are these two, H. fulvius and LE. corallinus,
really distinct species? The basis of the distinction seems to be laid
entirely on the coloration, as no structural differences are traceable.
It is true that the two, as I have given them above, represent great di-
versity in the number of the rings; but this inequality, being so notice-
able in specimens that are certainly of the same species, seems to re-
solve itself into merely one of amount. The manner of arrangement is
precisely the same in both, the series of rings being equidistant in both
the species under consideration. If, then, we reject the number of
rings as an insufficient ground for specific distinction, the other dif-
ferences, such as the yellow bands and the intermediate black mark-
ings, can hardly be considered as such when no two specimens are
exactly alike. The inequality existing in the number of the ventral
plates and the proportion they bear to the caudal is such, that, if
any one of the five specimens I have described be entitled to bear a
specific appellation, so are they all.

Besides the great variation shown by my specimens, an examina-
tion of the series in the British Museum at once indicates that the
great difference between extreme varieties can be filled in by an almost
consecutive series of minor distinctions. Nor can these varieties be
classed under the head of local varieties, and thus substantiate a title
to specific distinction. In the present instance we find three, all of
which bear separate names, inhabiting the same country. The de-
duction that Hlaps corallinus and E. Sulvius, and all the varieties
which have been collected under each of these heads, belong in
reality to one highly variable species, seems inevitable.

THAMNOCENCHRIS, n. g. (CROTALIDZ.)

A pit on each side of the face. Posterior part of the body and
tail much compressed, the latter ending in a horny spine. Sub-
caudals one-rowed. Tail prehensile. Head angular, anteriorly
covered with irregular shields, and having small keeled scales poste-
riorly. No small scales between the superciliary and the orbit. The
second upper labial forms the anterior part of the facial pit.

THAMNOCENCHRIS AURIFER, sp.n. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 1.)

Scales keeled in nineteen rows. Nine upper labial shields. Small
shields between the fourth labial and the orbit. Green, with a dorsal
series of orange spots edged with black. A pines band from the
orbit to the side of the occiput.

Hab. Coban, Vera Paz.

This new form is distinguished from Teleuraspis (Cope) by its
peculiarly compressed body and tail, the latter being coiled as in
some of the Boide, clearly indicating a habit of living in trees. It
also differs from Botriechis*, Peters, in having very large shields
instead of very small scale-like ones on the upper surface of the
snout. Nor does Prof. Peters mention in his description the pecu-

* Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, p. 278.

460

liarly compressed tail, the most striking character of the present
genus. The general form of the head is similar to that of Cenchris,
which it moreover resembles in having the anterior portion of the
upper surface of the head covered with irregular shields of moderate
size. Nostril in the middle of a single plate. Upper labials nine,
the third, fourth, and fifth of which are the largest. There are about
seven small shields between the orbit and the fourth and fifth. From
the superciliary backwards the head is covered with keeled scales.
Scales of the body keeled in very oblique series. 154 ventral shields ;
anal entire ; 53 caudal shields. Posterior ventral shields extend very
far up the sides. Colour green, paler and yellower below. A series
of about thirty-five small golden-yellow spots runs along the back to
the tail, where they become more irregular; each spot has a black
edge posteriorly. The upper surface of the head is uniform dull
green, bordered on each side by a black stripe proceeding from the
eye to the side of the occiput. Length of the head | inch 4 lines ;
of the trunk 2 feet 3 inches ; of the tail 6 inches.

A single specimen only of this new species was preserved for me
at Coban by Mr. Owen while I was away in the mountains of Lan-
quin. It had been brought to him by an Indian.

RANA HALECINA, Kalm.

Common throughout Guatemala. It was the only species of Rana
I met with. At Dueiias the Indians catch them to eat, spearing the
larger ones and netting the larve.

ENGYSTOMA CAROLINENSE, Holbr.

Exceedingly common at Coban. In the day time they hide under
stones and pieces of wood. About half the specimens I obtained
have a fold in the skin across the occiput ; the rest are without it.
This character therefore cannot be considered of specific value.

Buro aqua, Latr.

Very abundant at Lanquin and also at Coban, but the specimens
from the latter place seem to be smaller. Though numbers were
brought to me, there was not a single large one among them. ‘This
species reaches its maximum development in the hottest parts of
Brazil. It seems to diminish in size in more temperate regions.

Buro NEBULIFER.

Bufo granulosus, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1852, p. 173.

Bufo nebulifer, Girard, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1854, p. 87.

Very abundant at Dueiias, where they are to be found under stones
and logs of wood. After dark they come out of their hiding places
and may be seen hopping about im all directions. It is a species
peculiar to Central America and Mexico.

Hyxa HoLocuxora, sp.n. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 2.)
Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series, beginning from the

461

anterior edge of the nostrils and converging posteriorly, more or less
interrupted in the middle. Width of the tympanum two-thirds of
that of the eye. Skin smooth. Disks of the toes very broad, as
large as the tympanum; the three outer fingers almost entirely
webbed. Uniform grass-green above, yellow below.

Hab. Coban in Guatemala.

Habit that of H. arborea. Head broad, with flat crown, rather
short muzzle, and rounded canthus rostralis. Eye of moderate size,
rather prominent. Tympanum two-thirds the width of the eye, with
a small fold behind it. The legs of moderate size, with very large
discs, and with the tubercles on the lower part of the feet very well
developed. Toes entirely, and the three outer fingers almost entirely,
webbed. No fold across the chest. Skin without any appendages.
Tongue with a conspicuous notch posteriorly. Male with a single
subgular sac. Sacral vertebra considerably dilated. Upper parts
uniform grass-green, except the upper arms and thighs, which are
colourless. Lower parts yellow. Length of the body of an adult
female 3 inches ; length of the fore leg 2 inches ; length of the hind
lex 44 inches.

Of this Tree Frog I obtained three examples at Coban, all of which
were caught by the Indians. It was the only species I met with.

8. Nore on THE BaLanicers REX. By A. D. Barrurrtr.

The question of the affinities of the Baleniceps having been dis-
cussed by so many able ornithologists, it may be interesting to know
that this bird does not possess the remarkable patches of down found
on each side of the breast in all the Herons and Bitterns.

Having had the opportunity of ascertaining this fact by an exami-
nation of the living bird, now in the Society’s Gardens, I am en-
abled to say that these patches (which are of a singular dense and
close structure, and are found beneath the feathers on each side of
the front and fore part of the pectoral muscles) do not exist in the
Baleniceps. The absence of this structure may, I think, assist in
indicating the true affinities of this bird, as pointed out by Dr. Rein-
hardt in his communication to the Society on this subject *.

9. CuaractTerRs or Ten New Species or AMERICAN Birps. By
Paruie Lutriey Scuater, SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.
1, CaMPYLORHYNCHUS NIGRICEPS.

Supra fulvo-rufescens nigro transfasciatus: pileo toto nigro:
superciliis elongatis rufescenti-albidis, striga post-oculari nigra
subtus limbatis: alis nigris, harum tectricibus fulvo extus lim-

* See antea, p. 377.

462

batis, remigibus autem in pogonio externo maculis ovalibus
JSulvis quater transfasciatis: cauda nigricante, rectricum po-
goniis externis et harum extimarum pogoniis internis obsoletius
Sulvo transvittatis : subtus albidus, abdomine rufescente : rostro
pedibusque corneis, illius culmine nigricante.

Long, tota 6°5, alee 3-1, caudze 3-2, rostri a rictu 1-0, tarsi 1-0.

Hab. In prov. Verze Crucis Mexicana.

I possess two examples of this species of Campylorhynchus, one
obtained by one of M. Sallé’s correspondents at Orizaba, and the
other from Seftor de Oca’s series collected at Jalapa. The latter is
manifestly in immature plumage. I have until recently considered
that they might perhaps be referable to an immature dress of C. ca-
pistratus, but such cannot be the case. The black head is distinetly
marked in both of my examples; but there is no trace of the cha-
racteristic deep rufous nape and upper back of C. capistrutus, or of
the white termination to the black rectrices. The body is quite un-
spotted below, traces of blackish edgings to the feathers being appa-
rent only in the younger specimen; while in C. capistratus, junior,
there are decided round black spots. Though I should wish to exa-
mine further examples of C. nigriceps, I can entertain no doubt of
its distinctness from other known Mexican species of the genus.

2. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS GULARIS, sp. nov.

Supra brunneus, plumis omnibus nigro ocellatis, et medialiter albo
striatis : pileo toto et nucha brunnescenti-rufis unicoloribus :
superciliis latis et elongatis albis, striga post-oculari et altera
rictali utrinque nigricantibus : alis pallide nigricantibus, harum
tectricibus sicut in dorso maculatis, remigibus autem solum in
pogonio externo maculis pallide brunneis regulariter trans-
vittatis: cauda nigricante, margine lato apicali albo: rectri-
cibus quatuor intermediis pallido brunneo et nigricante omnino
tessellatis, proximis duabus in pogonio exteriore albido macu-
latis, duabus utrinque extimis in utroque pogonio maculis mag-
nis albis notatis: subtus lactescenti-albus, ventre rufescente :
gula immaculata ; ventre precipue laterali maculis rotundis
nigris asperso: rostro brevi plumbeo : pedibus pallide corneis.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 2°8, caude 2°8, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0°8.

Hab. In Mexico.

Mus. P.L.S.

I have a single specimen only of this Campylorhynchus, received
from Mr. Gould. It belongs to the group with rufous and black
heads, containing C. brunneicapillus, C. affinis, C. capistratus, C.
Jjocosus, and C. nigriceps ; but differs from all in its pure wood-brown
head, unspotted throat, and very short beak and tarsi. Its nearest
ally is C. yocosus, but its short bill will at once distinguish it from
that species.

3. VIREO MODESTUS>~
~—_— of
Vireo noveboracensis, Gosse, B. of Jamaica, p. 192.

463

Supra olivaceus ; alis caudaque nigricanti-fuscis, illis albo bifas-
ciatis : fronte et supercilits favicante vix tinctis: subtus pal-
lide flavicanti-albus : tectricibus subalaribus albis: rostro
superiore pallide corneo, inferiore albescente : pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tota 4°5, ale 2°3, caudze 2°0.

Hab. In ins. Jamaica.

Obs. Similis Vireoni modesto,.sed fronte aureo caret.

This Greenlet appears to have been taken by Gosse for the Vireo
noveboracensis of the United States and Mexico, from which it may
be immediately distinguished by the absence of the golden-yellow
colour of the front and lores. It is also not so brightly coloured on
the sides of the belly. Mr. Gosse informs us that it is resident all
the year round in the island. One example of this bird in my pos-
session is from Mr. Gosse’s original collection. A second has been
recently presented to me by J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., who received
it from Jamaica; and I have lately obtained a third.

I was at first suspicious that this bird might be identical with
Cabanis’s Vireo gundlachii of the island of Cuba; but having for-
warded one of my specimens to Dr. Hartlaub for comparison with
examples of the Cuban species in the Museum at Bremen, I have
ascertained through his kindness that such is not the case. In the
size of the first spurious primary and the general conformation of the
wings, Vireo modestus resembles Vireo noveboracensis.

4, VIREOSYLVIA COBANENSIS.

Vireosylvia philadelphica, Sclat. Ibis, 1859, p. 12 (nec America-
norum).

Supra olivaceus, pileo vix cinerascente induto: fronte, superciliis,
et regione oculart albicantibus, alis et cauda nigricantibus, oli-
vaceo extus anguste limbatis ; tectricum majorum apicibus
albescentioribus: subtus pallide flavus, unicolor, mento albi-
cante ; hypochondriis olivacescentibus ; tectricibus subalaribus
pallide flavis : rostro plumbeo, pedibus nigro-schistaceis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudee 1°75, rostri a rictu ‘55, tarsi ‘7.

Hab. In Guatemala (Salvin).

This Vireosylvia belongs to the section of the genus in which the
first primary is altogether absent. ‘The second and third quills are
equal in length and longest, the fourth is very little shorter, and the
fifth nearly equals the first. The bill is smaller than in Vireo gilvus,
and somewhat like that of V. modestus and V. noveboracensis, though
more slender and more compressed.

This Vireosylvia is quite distinct from any species of the genus
with which I am acquainted. I have hitherto referred it to V. phi-
ladelphica of North America—a bird which appeared to approach it
in the absence of the first primary, and in the yellow colour of the
under-body—but Professor Baird, to whom I have sent examples,
informs me that I have been wrong in so doing.

Mr. O. Salvin obtained many specimens of this bird at Coban and
Tactic, in the province of Vera Paz, Guatemala, and I therefore pro-
pose to call it Vireosylvia cobanensis.

464

5. Myiosius FLAVICANS.

Flavicanti-olivaceus, pilei semi-cristati plumis infra rufescenti-
aurantiacis; ciliis oeulorum pallide flavidis: alis et cauda
nigricanti-fuscis, remigum et tectricum alarium marginibus,
harum latioribus, extus ochracescenti-rufis : subtus valde dilu-
tior, gula albicantiore, ventre crisso et tectricibus alarum infe-
rioribus pallide flavis : remigum marginibus interioribus subtus
pallide rufescenti-ochraceis : rostro nigro, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 4°3, alee 2°6, caudee 1-9, tarsi 0°7.

Hah. In rep. Equatoriali et Nov. Grenad.

Mus. P.L.S.

This Tyrant-bird belongs to the crested section of the group which
contains M. ornatus (Lafr.) and M. phenicurus, though its bill is
slightly more compressed and less well provided with rictal bristles
than in those species. My collection contains two specimens of this
bird, one from Pallatanga in Ecuador, collected by Mr. Fraser
(no. 1088), and a second received from M. Verreaux, apparently a
Bogotan skin. The latter is either a female or young bird, and wants
the orange crest.

The wings of this Myiobius are rather long, reaching beyond half
the length of the tail. The third, fourth, and fifth quills are nearly
equal and longest, the second and sixth are of the same length, the
first being equal to the eighth and ninth.

6. My1osius PULCHER.

Olivaceus, pilei semicristati plumis intus aurantiacis; loris albi-
dis ; alis nigris albo bifasciatis, tectricum majorum et minorum
apicibus necnon secundariorum marginibus externis conspicue
albis aut flavicanti-albis : cauda fusca, extus olivaceo limbata:
subtus flavus, gutture magis aurantio: tectricibus alarum infe-
rioribus pallide sulphureis : rostro et pedibus nigris, illius man-
dibula inferiore carnea.

Long. tota 3-5, alee 1°9, caudze 1°6, tarsi 0°55.

Hab. In rep. Equatoriali.

Mus. P.L.S.

This pretty and well-marked species is allied in structure to the
last, but is immediately distinguishable by its diminutive size and
doubie-banded wings. I have two examples of it, both out of a col-
lection received by Mr. Gould from Ecuador, as it is believed, from
the eastern slope of the watershed. The third, fourth, and fifth
quills are equal and longest, slightly exceeding the second and sixth ;
the first is rather shorter than the longest secondaries.

7. My1opius CRYPTERYTHRUS.

Fuliginoso-fuscus, uropygio brunnescentiore ; pilei plumis interne
rubris ; loris albis; alis nigricantibus albo bifasciatis, tectri-
cum majorum et minorum necnon secundariorum marginibus ex-
ternis fulvescenti-albis : cauda fusca, marginibus pallidioribus :
subtus albus lateraliter cinerascens, pectore nigricanti-cinereo

465

flammulato, tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis : rostro et pe-
dibus nigris, mandibula inferiore carnea.

Long. tota 5:0, alz 2°5, caudze 2°3, tarsi 0°7.

Hab. In republ. Equator. reg. occidentalibus.

Mus. P.L.S.

This Myiobius is nearly allied to M. nevius (Bodd.) (Pl. Enl. 574,
fig. 3) of Brazil, and of the same form and distribution of colours ;
but it is easily distinguishable by its larger size, sooty colouring
above, and red crest. It appears to be common on the western side
of Ecuador, examples having been procured by Mr. Fraser at Palla-
tanga, Babahoyo, and Esmeraldas.

8. My1opius CRYPTOXANTHUS.

Fuliginosus, uropygio magis olivaceo ; pilei plumis interne flavis :
loris albis: alis nigris albo bifasciatis, tectricum majorum et
minorum apicibus necnon secundariorum marginibus externis sor-
dide albis : cauda fusco-nigricante, rectricum marginibus ex-
ternis dilutioribus et harum ipsis apicibus anguste albis : sub-
tus sordide cinereus, gutture albicantiore, abdomine flavido
perfuso ; rostro et pedibus nigris illius mandibula inferiore
carnea.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°3, caudze 2°1, tarsi 0°6.

Hab. In rep. Equator.

Mus. P. L.S.

This species is closely allied to the preceding, but may be distin-
guished by its smaller size, shorter bill, yellow hidden crest, and yel-
lowish belly. Its discovery is also due to Mr. Fraser’s researches,
the only examples of it I have seen having been obtained by him at
Gualaquiza and Zamora, in Ecuador. It is included in my list of
Mr. Fraser’s birds collected in those localities given in our ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ for 1859*, but not named, as I was not then able to deter-
mine it satisfactorily.

The Tyrannide allied to Muscicapa barbata of the old authors
—the type of Swainson’s genus Tyrannula (a name which we
must replace by Mr. Gray’s term Myiobius in consequence of its ap-
proaching too near to T'yrannulus)—appear to me to form a group
distinguished by their short flat bills, gay colouring, and hidden
bright crests. I possess examples of the following species, which I
am inclined to arrange together under one generic name :—

a. Myiobius.

1. barbatus (Gm.): Pl. Enl. 830, fig. 1, ex Cayenna, Nov. Grenada
et rep. Equat.

2. xanthopygius (Spix): Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 67, ex Brasil.

3. sulphureipygius, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 269.—M. citrinopy-
gius, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 67, ex Mexico et Guate-
mala.

4. villosus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 93, ex rep. Equat.

* See P.Z. S. 1859, p. 458, sp. 59*.
No. 446.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

466

8. Pyrrhomyias, Cab. et Hein.

5. cinnamomeus (Lafr. et d’Orb.): Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii.
p- 66, ex Noy. Grenad. et rep. Equat.

6. vieillotides (!), Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 174.—Pyrrhomyias heinet,
Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 66, ex Venezuela.

7. erythrurus, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 249, pl. 5. fig. 1;
Sclater, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 295, ex rep. Equat.

8. ornatus, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 517; Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1854, p. 113, pl. 66. fig. 2, ex Nov. Grenada.

9. phenicurus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 70.—Tyrannula phenicura,
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 113, pl. 66. fig. 1, ex fl. Napo.

10. flavicans, Sclater, ex Nov. Grenada et rep. Equat.
11. pulcher, Sclater, ex rep. Equat.

y: Myiophobus.

12. nevius (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 574. fig. 3. — Muse. viryata, Gm.—
Myiophobus nevius, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 69, ex
Brasil.

13. eryptoxanthus, Sclater, ex rep. Equat.

14. erypterythrus, Sclater, ex rep. Equat.

9. HETEROPELMA AMAZONUM, §p. nov.

Saturate olivaceo-brunneum, subtus dilutius, ventre precipue
* cinerascentiore, alarum remigibus extus rufescente limbatis :

rostro nigro, basi mancibule inferioris albida: pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 6°75, ale 3°4, caudz 2°6.

Hab. In ripis fl. Huallaga, loco Chamicuros dicto (Hauaxwell).

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Assimilis H. turdine sed statura minore, et vix major quam
H. virescens.

This Heteropelma, of which I possess a single example, collected
by Mr. Hauxwell on the Huallaga, is closely allied to H. turdinum ;
but is of a much brighter tinge above, and in size scarcely exceeds
H. virescens. Its structure is strictly typical.

10. HeTEROPELMA FLAVICAPILLUM.

Cinerascenti-olivaceum, pilei medii semicristati plumis, nisi in api-
cibus, flavis: alis caudaque fuscis olivaceo limbatis: subtus
pallide cinereum, gula et ventre medio albicantioribus : tectri-
cibus alarum inferioribus pallide sulphureis : rostro et pedibus
nigris.

Lone, tota 60, alee 3:1, caudze 2°5, tarsi 0°6, rostri a rictu 0°65.

Hab. In Brasilia Mer. Or.

Mus. P.L.S.

I have long had Brazilian specimens of this bird in my collection,

but have never been able to find a name for it. Though small in

467

size, and somewhat abnormal in coloration, it appears to agree in
every essential particular of structure with the typical Heteropelmata;
the outer toe being united to the middle toe up to the commencement
of the third phalange, the scales of the tarsi being similar, and the
bill of the same formation. In colour this species very nearly re-
sembles the Muscicapa aurifrons of P. Max. (M. luteocephala, Lafr.)
—a bird referred by Cabanis to Elainea and by Burmeister to Eu-
scarthmus ; but which, I think, from the structure of the feet ought
rather to be placed near to, if not in the genus Heteropelma.

The species of Heteropelma, as far as I am acquainted with them,
may be arranged as follows :—

a. Heteropelma, Bp. (ex MS. Schiff).

Pedibus majoribus, fortioribus ; rostro compresso, elongato, hujus
apice uncinato.

Sect. 2. Pileo unicolore.

1. HETEROPELMA TURDINUM. — Muscicapa turdina, P. Max.
Beitr. iii. p. 817.—Ptilochloris rufo-olivaceus, Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1838,
p- 238, et 1847, p. 155. — H. rufo-olivaceum, Cab. et Hein. Mus.
Hein. ii. p. 100, ex Brasil. Mer. Or.

2. HETEROPELMA VER#-PACTIS, Scl. et Saly. P.Z.S. 1860, p- 300,
ex Guatemala.

3. HeTEROPELMA AMAZONUM, Scl., ex fl. Amazonum sup.

4, HETEROPELMA VIRESCENS (Lafr.).—Muse. virescens, P. Max.
Beitr. iii. p. 802. — Péilochloris virescens, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1838,
p- 238.—H. unicolor, Bp. Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 100.—
Pipra unicolor, Langsd. MS. — Pipra inornata, Mus. Vindob., ex
Brasil. Mer. Or.

Sect. b. Pzleo subcristato, aureo.
5. HETEROPELMA FLAVICAPILLUM, Sclater, ex Brasil. Mer. Or.

f. Neopelma, nob.
Pedibus debilibus, rostro breviore, latiore, apice non uncinato.

6. HETEROPELMA AURIFRONS.—Musc. aurifrons, P. Max. Beitr.
ili. p. 829.—M. luteocephala, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1833, pl. 13.—
Elainea aurifrons, Cab. in Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 701.—Zuscarthmus
aurifrons, Burm. Thiere Bras. ii. p. 489, ex Brasil. et Guiana.

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INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in
Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, in Italics: those of Species
respecting which Anatomical Observations are made, in Carrrats.

Ablabes collaris, Gray, 161, 168, 170

lgsonit, 16

— owenii, Gthr., n.sp., 155, 161, 172

—— rappii, Gthr., n.sp., 154, 161, 168,
171

rufulus, 428

Abrothrizx, Waterh., 221

Aburria carunculata, Bp., 272

Accipiter erythrauchen, G. R. Gray,
n.sp., 344

erythrocnemius, Kaup, 96

hyogaster, Bp., 343

— nisus, 416

pileatus, Max., 72, 298

Achatina grevillei, Pfr., n.sp., 138

Aclesia areola, Pease, n. sp.,

Aclis acuminata, H. & A. Adams, 241

Acridotheres ginginianus, 372

Acrilla, H. Adams, n. g., 241

— acuminata, H. Adams, 241

gracilis, H. Adams, n.sp., 241

Acrocephalus fasciolatus, G. R. Gray,
n. sp., 349

orientalis, Bp., 349

Acrocinus longimanus, 372

Actitis brevipes, Vieill., 364

wpoleucus, Boie, 364

schlegeli, Bp., 365

Actiturus bartramius, Wils., 253

Adelomyia melanogenys, Fraser, 63, 70,
94

Aigialites cantianus, 415

— falklandicus, Lath., 386
Aigosceros argali, Pallas, 129
Afolis parvula, Pease, n.sp., 35
semidecora, Pease, n.sp., 36
Agama cristata, Merr., 453
torquata, Wiegm., 454
Agamide, 172

Agapornis cana, 242
Agathirses, Montf., 401, 411
— dubius, Defr., 411

Agathirses florina, Defr., 411

—— furcellus, Montf., 411, 413, 414
— lima, Lamk., 411, 413

—. multistriatus, Defr., 411
occlusus, Chenu, 411

striatus, Defr., 411

sulcatus, Defr., 411

Ageleus pheniceus, 243

Agleactis cupreipennis, 68, 70, 81
Agriornis andicola, Se/., n.sp., 78, 92
—— solitaria, Se/., n. sp., 78, 92
Ahetulla, 452

mexicana, Gthr., 457

Aix sponsa, 442

Alauda arvensis, 442

— trivialis, Linn., 350

Alcedo collaris, Scop., 346

dea, Linn., 346

—— diops, Temm., 346

—— ispida, 348, 371

lazuli, Temm., 346

Alcira, H. Adams, n. g., 450
elegans, H. Adams, un. sp., 451
Alcyna rubra, Pease, n.sp., 436
—— subangulata, Pease, n.sp., 436
Alcyone affinis, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 348
Alecthelia urvillii, Less., 362
Alyceus distortus, Haines, 10
Amadina molucca, Gray, 355
Amathina bicarinata, Pease, n.sp., 399
Amazilia alticola, Gould, n.sp., 309
—— dumerilii, 283

rieferi, Boiss., 94, 283, 296
Ameiva sex-scutata, Gthr., 233, 234
Ampelion arcuatus, Lafr., 89

— cinctus, Tsch., 67, 89
rubrocristatus, Lafr., 78, 89
Ampelis cincta, Tsch., 67

— garrula, 183

Ampullaria celebensis, Q. et G., 12
corrugata, Sw., 12

—— globosa, Sw., 12

470

Ampullaria polita, Desh., 12

Ampullariacea, 12

Anas acuta, 258

antarctica, Gm., 388

——— BOSCHAS,

—— boschas, 303, 337, 338

—— brachyptera, Lath., 389

— ceruleata, Licht., 389

chiloensis, King, 389

cinereus, Gin., 389

clangula, 336

clypeata, 258

—— erecea, 258

creccoides, King, 389

cristata, Gm., 389

cyanopterus, Vieill., 389

erythropus, Linn., 339

fretensis, King, 389

gambensis, Linn., 41

inornatus, King, 388

—— intermedia, 337

—— leucomelas, Garn., 365

—— maculirostris, Licht., 389

—— magellanica, Gr., 387

—— mergoides, 336

nigricollis, Grn., 338

obscura, 117, 337

—— picta, Gm., 387

— pyrogaster, Meyen, 389

radjah, Garn., 365

rafflesi, King, 389

—— spinosa, Vieill., 41

—— superciliosa, 371

urophasianus, Vig., 389

—— versicolor, Vieill., 389

Anastomus lamelligerus, 197

Anatide, 336

Andigena laminirostris, Gould, 95

Anguinaria obtusa, Schum., 407, 414

rubra, Schum., 403, 414

Anguis fragilis, 174, 416

Anodonta callifera, Martens, n. sp., 15

(Lamproseapha) schomburgki,
Martens, u.sp., 15

Anolis, 417 ;

fraseri, Gthr., 233, 234, 454

—— sallei, Gthr., 453

Anser albifrons, 340

—— finmarchicus, 341

—— gambensis, Benn., 41

— leucopsis, 341

—— minutus, Naum., 341

—— segetum, 340

—— temminckii, Boie, 341

sag senex, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,
34

Anthus aquaticus, 417

arboreus, Bechst., 350

correndera, Vieill., 384

gouldit, Fraser, 110

Antilope addax, 183

INDEX.

Antilope bubalina, 183

caama, 182

—— leucoryx, 182, 190

—— leucotis, Licht., 193

Aphantochroa gularis, Gould, n.sp., 310

Aprosmictus dorsalis, 227

—— hypophonius, Bp., 227, 356

vulneratus,

Aptenodytes chrysocome, Forst., 390

magellanicus, Forst., 390

papua, Forst., 390

patachonica, Shaw, 390

—— pennantii, G. R. Gray, 390

Apteryx mantelli, 194

Aquila bonellii, 416

—— canadensis, 417

—— chrysaétos, 371

—— imperialis, 416

—— nevioides, 415, 417

—— (Heteropus) gumeyi, G. R. Gray,
n. sp., 342

Ara glauca, 372

militaris, 372

severa, 242, 371

Aramus scolopaceus, Gm.,

Arca granosd, Lam., 17

nodifera, Martens, n.sp., 17

Arctibeus lilium, Geoffr., 212

—— perspicillatus, Geoffr., 260

pusillus, Natt., 260

Ardea, 324,328

alba, Linn., 363

—— caledonica, Lath., 364
chloriceps, Hodgs., 364
cinerea, 372
coromandelica, Licht., 363
—— flavicollis, Lath., 364
—— javanica, Bl, 364

—— nigra, Vieill., 364
robusta, Miull., 363

—— russata, Temm., 363

—— scapularis, Schl., 364
syrmatophorus, Gould, 363
—— typhon, Temm., 363

| ~— (Ardeola) russata, G. R. Gray, 363

—— (Ardetta) flavicollis, G. R. Gray,
364

—— (Butorides) viridiceps, G. R. Gray,
| 364

(Egretta) alba, G. R. Gray, 363.
Ardeola bubulcus, 197

Ardetta flavicollis, Blyth, 364

minuta, 372

Areopagia siamensis, Martens, n. sp., 18
Argala javanica, Horsf., 364
Argyrophis horsfieldii, Gray, 160
Arremon conirostris, Bp., 275
erythrorhynchus, Sel., 85, 274, 293
Artamus fuscus, Vieill., 354
leucorhynchus, Gm., 354

Ascaris boddaértii, Baird, n. sp., 447

INDEX.

Ascaris obconica, Baird, n.sp., 447

salvini, Baird, n. sp., 446

Aspidochelys, Gray, n. g., 5

™ livingstonii, Gray, n. sp., 314, 316,
1

Assiminea francisci, Wood, 11
Astur griseogularis, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,
343

—— henicogrammus, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,
343

—— togaster, Miill., 343

nove-hollandie, 371

Asturina magnirostris, 288

—— nitida,

Ateles beelzebub, 242

paniscus, 422

pentadactylus, 183, 372, 422

Athene hypogramma, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,
344

noctua, 372
—— rufostrigata, G. R. Gray, u.sp.,
344

—— squamipila, Bp., 344

Atropus undulatus, Jan, 316

Attagis chimborazensis, Sc/., n.sp., 82
Attila torridus, Se/., n. sp., 280

Atys debilis, Pease, n.sp., 20
elongata, Adams, 19

—— semistriata, Pease, n.sp., 20 :
Augasma smaragdineum, Gould, n. sp.;
305

Aviceda reinwardtit, Bp., 343

sumatrensis, Lafr., 343

Babirussa alfurus, 442, 443

BawenIceps REX, 324

—— rex, 195, 243, 377, 461

Balearica pavonina, 183

Barycephalus, Gthr., n. g., 149
sykesii, Gthr.,n.sp., 150, 161, 167,

170, 171, 172, 173

Basileuterus chrysogaster, Tsch., 273

—— delattrii, Bp., 250

—— mesochrysus, Scl., 251

—— nigricapillus, Lafr., 74

—— semicervinus, Se/., n. sp., 84, 291

Basiliscus, 452

—— americanus, Lawr., 453

—— bivittatus, Lafr., 85

—— seemanni, Gray, 233

Batissa compressa, Prime, n.sp., 320

—— elongata, Prime, n. sp., 320

— fortis, Prime, n.sp., 320

sp., 319

Batrachostomus psilopterus, G. R. Gray,
n.sp., 345

Baza jerdoni, Blyth, 342

—— reinwardtii, Miull., 342

471

Belideus ariel, 5

flaviventris, 416

Bernicla antarctica, Gm., 388
canadensis, 418

—— hutchinsii, 418

inornata, G. R. Gray, 387
—— leucopsis, 183, 442

—— ellanica, Gay, 387
pee ator a) 249,

| Bettongia cuniculus, 323, 371

ogilbii, 417

penicillata, 323, 372

Biancia nigra, Gray, 160, 167, 173

Bithynia truncata, Hyd. et Souwl., 13

Bittium tricarinatum, Pease, n. sp., 433

Blauneria gracilis, Pease, n. sp., 145

Boa constrictor, Linn., 233, 372, 416

Bombinator sikkimmensis, Blyth, 165

Borsonia bifasciata, Pease, n. sp., 143

crassicostata, Pease, n.sp., 143

—— lutea, Pease, n.sp., 143

nebulosa, Pease, n.sp., 143

Bos zebu, 415, 417

Botaurus, 328

Bourcieria fulgidigula, Gould, 81

Brachyorrhos tenuiceps, Blyth, 161, 167
171

Brotogerys pyrrhopterus, Lath., 287

Brycon dentex, Gthr., n. sp., 234, 240

Buarremon assimilis, Boiss., 76

castaneiceps, Scl., 86

latinuchus, Du Bus, 76, 85

Bubo maximus, 99

virginianus, Gm., 253

Bubuleus coromandelensis, Bp., 363

Bucco leucocrissus, Sce/., n. sp., 284

subtectus, Se/., n.sp., 296

Buceros, 324

exaratus, Shaw, 356

—— hydrocorax, Linn., 356

—— lunatus, Temm., 356

—— payanensis, Scop., 356

—— plicatus, Less., 356

ruficollis, Vieill., 356

Bicorax abyssinicus, 197

Budytes rayi, 371

Bufo agua, Latr., 233, 452, 460

gargarizans, Cant., 173

granulosus, B. et G., 460

—— melanostictus, Schn., 116, 165, 168,
169, 170, 171, 172

—— nebulifer, Girard, 452, 460

—— vulgaris, Laur., 165, 167, 168, 169,
170, 171, 172, 174

Bulimus colubrinus, Pfr., n. sp., 138

fraseri, Pfr., n.sp., 137

—— perversus, Linn., 9

—— pyrostomus, Pfr., n.sp., 137

reversalis, Bietz., 9

——— saturanus, Pfr., n. sp., 136

schomburgki, Pfr., n.sp., 137

472

Bulimus siamensis, Redf., 9

stutchburyi, Pfr., n. sp., 137

turneri, Pfr., n. sp., 138

Bulla marmorea, Pease, n.sp., 431

Bullina lauta, Pease, n. sp., 19

—— undata, Brug., 19

—— vitrea, Pease, n.sp., 19

Butalis lugens, Har?l., n.sp., 110

Buteo albonotatus, Riipp., 253

—— erythronotus, King, 384

pennsylvanicus, Wils., 71

poliosoma, Q. et G., 884

— tachardus, 417

—— tricolor, Lafr., 384

varius, Gould, 384

—— vulgaris, 416, 417

Buteogallus meridionalis, 288

—— nigricollis, Lath., 253

Cacatua equatorialis, 226

citrinocristata, 226

—— cristata, Vieill., 226, 227, 358

—— ducorpsii, 228

—— galerita, 415

— leucolopha, Less., 358

—— moluecensis, Gm., 226, 358

—— philippinarum, 225

—— sulphurata, Gm., 358

triton, 227, 371

Cacatuine, 225

Cacomantis sepulcralis, Bp., 359

tymbonotus, Bp., 359

Celogenys fulvus, F. Cuy., 268

paca, 268

Cairina moschata, 258, 337

CALENAS NICOBARICA, 330

nicobarica, Linn., 362

Calamaria atrocincta, Schleg., 454

—— fusca, Blyth, 161

obscurostriata, Blyth, 161

— quadrimaculata, D. et B., 114

tenuiceps, Blyth, 161

Calamoherpe orientalis, Bp., 349

Calliphlox iridescens, Gowld, n. sp.,
310

Calliste aurulenta, Lafr., 86, 87

cyaneicollis, Lafr., 292

—— gyroloides, Lafr., 87, 292

acterocephala, Bp., 87

— lunigera, Scl., 87

— rufigularis, Bp., 86

—— vitriolina, Cab., 86

Callithrix, 228

Calomys, 220, 221

Calopsitta nove-hollandie, 242

Calornis amboinensis, G. R. Gray, 355

metallicus, Bp., 355

obscura, G. R. Gray, 355

Calotes marie, Gray, 160, 166, 167, 170

minor, Gray, 160, 166, 167, 173,

174

tricarinatus, Blyth, 160, 167, 174

ee EEEEEEEE EEE eR

INDEX.

Calotes versicolor, Daud., 114, 160, 167,
169, 170

Calothorax decoratus, Gould, n. sp., 309

— mulsanti, Bourc.,

CAMELOPARDALIS GIRAFFA, 99

Camilia jamaicensis, Gray, 233

Campephaga atriceps, Miull., 353

—— aurea, G. R. Gray, 353

— bicolor, Temm., 354

ceramensis, Bp., 354

— fimbriata, Temm., 354

—— magnirostris, Forst., 353

—— melanolora, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 353

—— melanotis, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 353

—— nove-guinee, Lath., 353

papuensis, Gin., 354

—— (Lalage) aurea, G. R. Gray, 353

eee gularis, Sc/., n.sp.,

nigriceps, Sc/., n. sp., 461

zonatoides, Lafr., 272

Cancroma cochlearia, 324, 328

Canis, 183, 242

niloticus, 415

Capra hircus, 242, 417

Caprimulgus europeus, 415

fulviventris, Hardl., n. sp., 109

Capromys prehensilis, 371

Capsella violacea, Reeve, 18

Carbo sulcirostris, Temm., 366

Cardinalis virginiana, 243

Cariama, 334

Carpophaga enea, Temm., 361

alba, Gmel., 361

albogularis, Temm., 361

—— basalica, Sund., 360

—— perspicillata, G. R. Gray, 360

—— (Ducula) basalis, G. R. Gray, 360

—— (Megaloprepia) formosa, G. R.
Gray, n.sp., 360

—— (Mpristicivora) melanura, G. R.
Gray, n.sp., 361

Caryophyllia, 394

Casarca cana, 339

Cassiculus flavicrissus, Sc/., n. sp., 276

prevostit, Less., 276, 293

Cassis umbilicata, Pease, n. sp., 436
| Castor americanus, 371

fiber, 181

Casuarius australis, 210
bennettii, Gould, 205, 210
— bicarunculatus, Sc/.,n.sp., 211, 248
— emeu, Lath., 362

— galeatus, 210, 250
Catamenia homochroa, Scl., 88
Cathartes atratus, 96, 287, 415
aura, Linn., 96, 287, 383
Catharus maculatus, Scl., 64
Catoblepas gnu, 243

Causus rhombeatus, 415
Ceblephyris aureus, Temm., 355

INDEX.

Cebus, 242, 442

apella, 183, 416, 422

— capucinus, 422

— cer 422

Celeus undatus, Linn., 286

Cenchris piscivorus, 452

Centrolophus britannicus, Giinther,
n. sp., 302

morio, 302

Centropus bicolor, Less., 359

goliath, Forst., 359

— medius, Miill., 359

Centurus flaviventris, Sw., 252

—— pucheranii, Malh., 286, 297

Cephalophus burchellii, 417

— mazxwellii, 371

— monticola, 417

Cephalopoda, 423

Cephalopterus penduliger, Scl., 67, 92

Cercocebus fuliginosus, 422

Cercomacra maculosa, Scl., n.sp., 279,
294

tyrannina, Scl., 294
Cercopithecus delalandii, 421
diana, 415, 422
— griseoviridis, Desm., 421
—— melanogenys, Gray, 112, 246
— mona, 371, 422
—— petaurista, 416, 422
— pygerythrus, 183, 242, 421
—— ruber, 179
-— rufoviridis, Is. Geoffr., 372, 420
—— sabeus, 422
Cerithium asperum, Pease, n. sp., 433
— beeticum, Pease, n. sp., 433
—— fucatum, Pease, n. sp., 432
— gigantewm, 401
— gracile, Pease, n.sp., 432
— obtusum, Lam., 17
—— paxillum, Pease, n. sp., 433
— unilineatum, Pease, n. sp., 432
Certhiola luteola, Cab., 85, 292
Cervus alces, 183
barbarus, 183
canadensis, 322
—— hippelaphus, 182
—— pseudaxis, Kyd. et Soul., 376
— sika, Temm., 376, 415
— taiouanus, Blyth, 376
“Sand a

le aleyon, Linn., 252
eins oe Gm., 284, 296
—— torquata, Linn., 284
Ceyx lepida, Temm., 348
—— uropygialis, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 348
Chaleites smaragdineus, Sw., 112
Chaleophaps javanica, 361
— moluccensis, G. R. Gray, 361
Chalcopsitta atra, 227
— rubiginosa, 227
— scintillans, 227

473

Chameleo, 117
— africanus, 416, 442
Chamepelia passerina, 243, 417
Charadrius annuligerus, Wagl., 386
azare, Temm., 290
—— cirrhipedesmus, Wagl., 363
— falklandicus, Lath., 386
—— flwialis orientalis, Temm., 363
— geoffroyi, Wagl., 363
rubecola, Vig., 386
virginicus, 108
Charmosyna papuana, 227
pulchella, 227
Chelonia midas, 372
Chemnitzia grandis, Adams, 241
Chionis alba, Forst., 386
Chiromacheris manacus, Linn., 89, 279,
296
Chiropotes, 229
hitra,
Chloéphaga magellanica, Gm., 387,416
rubidiceps, Sc/., n. sp., 387, 415
Chlorochrysa phenicotis, Bp., 87
Chloronerpes callonotus, Waterh., 286,
297

— cecilii, Malh., 286, 297

— rubiginosus, Sw., 286

Chlorophanes atricapilla, Vieill., 292

Chlorospingus atripileus, Lafr., 76, 86

—— flavigularis, Scl., 86

superciliaris, Lafr., 63, 65, 86

Chlorospiza melanodera, G. R. Gray, 385

xanthogramma, G. R. Gray, 385

Chlorostilbon acuticaudus, Gould, n. sp.,
308

— atala, Less., 94

melanorhynchus, Gould, n. sp., 308
osberti, Gould, n.sp., 309
Chromis fenestrata, Gthr., n.sp., 318
—— nebulifera, Gthr., n. sp., 318

— rivulata, Gthr., 234

Chrysenis, Gray, n.g., 132

| —— batesii, Gray, n.sp., 182

Chrysococcyx lucidus, Gm., 359
-Chrysomitris icterica, Licht., 66
Chrysopelea ornata, Shaw, 115
Chrysotis, 416

guatemale, Scl., 253

Ciconia, 326

Cinclodes albidiventris, Sc/., n. sp., 77
— antarcticus, Garn., 385

—— excelsior, Se/., n.sp., 77
vulgaris, Lafr., 385

Cinclus aquaticus, 258

interpres, Linn., 363
Cinnicerthia unibrunnea, Lafr., 74
Circus cinereus, Vieill., 384
Cirsotrema attenuatum, Pease, n.sp., 400 ~
Cistothorus platensis, Gm., 384

Cistudo clausa, 415
Clangula angustirostris, 336

474

Clangula glaucion, 242

Clathurella balteata, Pease, n.sp., 143

brunnea, Pease, n.sp., 143

— buccinoides, Pease, n.sp., 144

cylindrica, Pease, n.sp., 143

elegans, Pease, n.sp., 144

exilis, Pease, n.sp., 144

—— fuscomaculata, Pease, n.sp., 144

—— harpa, Pease, n.sp., 144

paucicostata, Pease, n.sp., 144

producta, Pease, n.sp., 143

pulchella, Pease, n.sp., 144

Clausilia adamsiana, Pfr., n.sp., 140

tristrami, Pfr., n.sp., 140

Clotho arietans, 193, 415

Clothonia johnii, Gray, 164, 167, 169,
170, 171, 172

Cnemidophorus, 452

undulatus, Wiegm., 233, 454

Cobitis fossilis, 442

Coccothraustes maculipennis, Sc/., n. sp.,
251

melanurus, 242

vespertinus, Cooper, 251

Coccyzus americanus, Linn., 252

erythrophthalmus, Wils., 252

Celigena wilson, Del., 94

Cenurus cerebralis, 184

Colaptes elegans, Fraser, 81, 95

Colaris orientalis, Cuv., 845

Colius senegalensis, 197

Collocalia esculenta, 345

hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, 345

Collonia candida, Pease, n.sp., 436

variabilis, Pease, n. sp.,

Coloburis rufiventris, Heine, 350

Colobus angolensis, Se/., n.sp., 245

guereza, Fiipp., 184, 246

—— leucomeros, Ogilby, 246

satanas, 246

—— wrinus, Ogilby, 245

vellerosus, Js. Geoff, 246

Coluber annulatus, Linn., 457

boddaértii, Seetz., 456

callicephalus, Gray, 162

— cenchoa, Linn., 457

corais, Cuy., 456

—— dhumnades, Cant., 163

naja, 117

nigromarginatus, Blyth, 163

Columba albicapilla, Temm., 361

albilinea, Bp., 63, 72

— amboinensis, Linn., 361

—— basalis, Temm., 360

—— chalcoptera, 258

gallus, Wagl., 362

— hyogastra, Reinw., 359

—— leucocephala, 417

—— LIviA, 333

livia, 258

—— monacha, Reinw., 359

INDEX.

Columba nicobarica, Linn., 362

—— palumbus, 258, 416

—— perspicillata, Temm., 360

reinwardtii, Temm., 361

rufa, Temm., 97, 289

speciosa, Gm., 298, 415

superba, Temm., 360

suratensis, Lath., 361

vinacea, Temm., 289

Columbella lineata, Pease, n.sp., 399

pellucida, Pease, n.sp., 399

Columbide, 257

Columbula cruziana, WV Orb., 289

Compsocoma sumptuosa, Less., 86

Conirostrum frasert, Scl., 63, 65

Conopsis nasus, Gthr., 316

Contopus, 295

ardesiacus, Lafr., 92

Conurus erythrogenys, Less., 71, 287

murinus, 417

— placens, Bouyj., 357

Conus fusiformis, Pease, n.sp., 398

—— neglectus, Pease, n. sp., 398

siamensis, Brug., 17

Copurus leuconotus, Lafr., 294

pecilonotus, Cab., 294

Coracias abyssinica, 197

caudata, Linn., 109

orientalis, Linn., 345

Coralliobia cancellata, Pease, n. sp., 399

Corallium johnsoni, Gray, n. sp., 393

rubrum, 3

secundum, 394

Corbicula cyreniformis, Prime, n. sp.,
321

maxima, Prime, n. sp., 321

orientalis, Lam., 16

ovalis, Prime, un. sp., 321

regularis, Prime, n. sp., 321

tenuistriata, Prime, n. sp., 322

Corethrura rubra, Se/., n. sp., 300

Coriphilus placentis, G. R. Gray, 357

solitarius, Lath., 357

Coronella callicephala, Gray, 162

cucullata, 428

decorata, Gthr., 455

— fuliginoides, 428

— olivacea, 428

— puneticulata, Gray, 161

semiornata, 428

—— (Meizodon) bitorquata, Gthr.,n.sp.,
428

—— (——) dumerilii, Gthr., n. sp., 429
(——-) regularis, Fischer, 428
Coronellide, 427

Corvus carnivorus, Bart., 252

cornix, 258

| enca, Horsf., 354

| —— frugilegus, 258

pyrrhopterus, Temm., 395

—— validissimus, Schleg., 354

INDEX.

Corvus validus, Temm., 354

violaceus, Temm., 354

Coryphodon blumenbachii, Merr., 115,
163, 168, 170, 171

carinatus, Gthr., 163, 167, 171

— fasciolatus, Shaw, 163

korros, Reinw., 115, 163

rhombifer, Gthr., n. sp., 233, 236

Coryphospingus, 88

cruentus, Less., 276

Corythaix buffoni, 183

Corythophanes, 452

cristata, Boie, 453

Cossypha natalensis, Smith, 110

Cotinga amabilis, Gould, 252

Coturnix, 332

Cotyle flavigastra, Vieill., 274.

ruficollis, Vieill., 292

Cracticus destructor, 242

Craneosaura seemanni, Gray, 234

Crax alector, 253

globicera, 242, 258

globosa, 206

Criniger flavicaudus, Bp., 351

Crocodilus galeatus, Cuy., 116

Crotalus, 452

Crotophaga ani, Linn., 285

suletrostris, Sw., 285, 297

Crypsirina varians, Lath., 354-

Cryptopus aubryi, Dum., 314

—— senegalensis, D. et B., 314, 816

Cubina grandis, Gray, 316

Cuculus canoroides, Miill., 359

—— poliogaster, Mill., 359

—— presagus, Reinw., 359

—— sepulcralis, Mill., 359

—— tymbonotus, Miill., 359

Pigs a Cacomantis) sepulcralis, G. R. G.,

—— (——) tymbonotus, G. R. G., 359
Cultellus cultellus, Linn., 369
Cursorius, 197

Cuscus celebensis, 2

orientalis, 2, 3

—— ornatus, Gray, n.sp., 1,374

—— quoyit, 2

Cyanaleyon funebris, Bp., 846
Cyanocephalus hamadryas, 372
Cyanocitta diademata, Bp., 252

—— turcosa, Bp., 88

Cyanoptera discors, 83

Cyanotreron monachus, Bp., 859
Cyclanorbis, Gray, 5

ee frenatus, Peters, 5, 6, 314,
; 1

—— petersii, Gray, 5, 314,315
Cyclina bombycina, Rémer, n. sp., 124
—— pectunculus, Rémer, n. sp., 125
—— splendida, Rémer, n. sp., 124
Cycloderma frenatum, Peers, 431
Cyclophorus confluens, Pfr., n. sp., 140

475

Cyclophorus flavidus, 11

—— floridus, Pfr., 10

—— tnvolvulus, Miill., 11

—— punctatus, Gratel., 11
siamensis, Sow., 10
Cyclopsitta, 224

Cyclorhis virenticeps, Sc/., n. sp., 274
Cyclorhynchus fulvipectus, Sc/.,n.sp.,92
—— subbrunneus, Sce/.,n. sp., 282, 295
Cyclotus conicus, Martens, n. sp., 10
Genus atratus, 258, 416

coscoroba, Mol., 388

—— gumbensis, Ripp., 42
nigricollis, Gxn., 388
Cylindrella arctospira, Pfr., n. sp., 139
cretacea, Pfr., n. sp., 140

—— perandis, Pfr., n. sp., 139

—— mexicana, Cuming, un. sp., 139
—— seminula, Adams, 410
splendida, Pfr., n. sp., 139
Cymindis cayenensis, 289
Cynanthus cyanurus, '70
Cynocephalus anubis, F. Cuy., 421
babuin, 421

hamadryas, 422

olivaceus, 421 ~

—— sphinx, 421

thoth, Ogilby, 421
Cynopithecus nigrescens, Gray, 4
Cyphorinus griseicollis, Lafr., 64
—— pheocephalus, Sc/., n.sp., 291
Cyprea compta, Pease, n. sp., 189
Cypridina adamsi, Baird, 199
albomaculata, Baird, n. sp., 201
— bimaculata, Gay, 199

—— brenda, Baird, 199

—— cerulea, Gay, 199

elliptica, Phil., 199

—— excisa, Stimps., 200

formosa, Dana, 200

—— gibbosa, Dana, 200

— globosa, Lilj., 200

—— godehevi, Baird, n. sp., 200
interpunctata, Baird, 199
luteola, Dana, 200

—— macandrewii, Baird, 199

—— marie, Baird, 199

—— mediterranea, Costa, 199

—— norvegica, Baird, n. sp., 200
oblonga, Grube, 200

olivaceus, Dana, 200

—— ovum, Baird, n. sp., 201

—— punctata, Dana, 200

—— reynaudii, M.-Edw., 199
zealandica, Baird, 199
Cypselus mystaceus, Less., 345
Cyrena brunnea, Prime, n. sp., 321
flava, Prime, n. sp., 320

—— obscura, Prime, n. sp., 321
(Corbicula) orientalis, Zam., 16
Cyrtostomus frenatus, Reich., 348

476

Cythara garrettii, Pease, n.sp., 147
—— pusilla, Pease, n.sp.; 147

—— varia, Pease, n.sp., 147
Cytherea (Meretrix) impudica, Lam., 17
(Meretrix) zonaria, Lam., 17
Daboia elegans, Daud., 164, 168, 170
Dacelo gigas, 371

Dacnis egregia, Scl., 65, 85, 274, 292
Dafila, 83

acuta, 303, 337, 338
urophasianus, King,
Daphnella bella, Pease, n. sp., 147
interrupta, Pease, n.sp., 147
—— maculosa, Pease, n.sp., 148
sandwicensis, Pease, n. sp., 148
Daphnia newportii, Baird, n. sp., 446
Dasyprocta, 245

—— aguti, 442

caudata, Lund, 216
fuliginosa, Wagl., 216

—— nigra, Gray, 216

—— nigricans, Natt., 216
Dasyptilus pecquetii, 227

Dasypus encoubert, 372

peba, \77

Dasyurus maculatus, 415

ursinus, 242

Demiegretta ludoviciana, Wils., 253
Dendrochelidon mystaceus, Boie, 345
Dendrocops albirostris, Lafr., 88
atrirostris, Lafr., 66, 278, 293
Dendrocygna badia, 366

Dendreca auduboni, Townsh., 250
—— aureola, Gould, 291
chrysoparia, Scl., n.sp., 298
Dendroica blackburnie, Gun., 64, 84
Dendrolagus inustus, 181
Dendrophis picta, Gm., 163
Desmodus rufus, Pr. Max., 212
Diceum erythrothorax, Less., 349
rubrocanum, Temm., 349
schistaceiceps, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,

349
Dicholophus burmeisteri, Hart/., n. sp.,

cristatus, 334

Dicotyles albirostris, 262, 442, 443
labiatus, Schomb., 262

Sov id facie 181, 206, 242, 262, 417,

Dicroglossus, Gthr., n. g., 158

adolfi, Gtkr., n.sp., 158, 164, 168,
170

Dicrurus amboinensis, G. 2. Gray, n. sp.
35

atroceruleus, G. R. Gray, 0. sp.,
354

aurita, Max., 268

Didelphys azare, Temm., 268
cancrivora, Gm.,

—— cinerea, 60

INDEX.

Didelphys crassicaudata, 415

noctivaga, Tsch., 60

—— ornata, Tsch., 268

—— virginiana, 183

waterhousii, Tomes, n. sp., 58, 217,
303

Didus, 443

Diglossa albilateralis, Lafr., 85

aterrima, Lafr.,'76,85

indigotica, Scl., 85

—— personata, Fraser, 76, 85

Diomedea fuliginosa, 390

—— melanophrys, 390

Diphylla ecaudata, Spix, 212

Diplopterus nevius, Linn., 285

be es mage biscutatus, Gthr., 452,

— trigonatus, Schn., 164

Dipsas, 452

biscutata, D. et B., 457

cenchoa, Linn., 457

ferruginea, Cant., 163

trigonata, 167, 170, 171

Distichopora coccinea, Gray, n.sp., 244

Distorsio pusilla, Pease, n.sp., 397

Diva vassori, Scl., 87

Docimastes ensifer, Boiss., 81

Dolabella variegata, Pease, n. sp., 22

Dolabrifera olivacea, Pease, n. sp., 22

Domicella garrula, Wagl., 356

Donacola castaneothorax, 371

Dopasia gracilis, Gray, 160, 172

Dorifera ludovicie, Boure., 95

Doriopsis, Pease, n.g., 32

granulosa, Pease, n. 8p., 32

Doris albopustulosa, Pease, n. sp., 30

decora, Pease, n. sp., 29

echinata, Pease, n. sp., 27

excavata, Pease, n.sp., 26

—__— feetida, Pease, n.sp., 31

— grandiflora, Pease, n. sp., 30

marginata, Pease, n.sp., 30

—— nucleola, Pease, n.sp., 29

papillosa, Pease, n. sp., 30

picta, Pease, n. sp., 29

—— pilosa, Pease, n.sp., 27

prismatica, var. imperialis, Pease, 32

—— prismatica, var. lineata, Pease, 32

—— propinquata, Pease, n. sp., 28

reticulata, Pease, n.sp., 26

rugosa, Pease, n. p.; 3l

__— scabriuscula, Pease, n.sp., 27

setosa, Pease, n.sp., 26

vibrata, Pease, n. sp., 28

Dosinia amethystina, Romer, n.sp., 118

derupta, Rdmer, n. sp., 123

—— eburnea, Rémer, n. sp., 120

erythreea, Romer, n. sp. 117

_—— ovalis, Rémer, n.sp., 119

___— yustica, Rémer, n. sp., 121

___— salebrosa, Rémer, n. sp., 122

INDEX.

Dosinia specularis, Romer, n. sp., 121

tenella, Rémer, n. sp., 118

tripla, Rémer, n.sp., 122

Draco, 117

Drillia nodifera, Pease, n.sp., 145

Dromeus irroratus, 205, 211, 248, 371

—— nove-hollandie, 205, 211, 248, 372

Dromicus, 452

—— margaritiferus, Gthr., 456

Drymophila cinerascens, Temm., 351

Dryocopus albirostris, Scl., '71

—— fuscipennis, Sc/., n.sp., 286, 297

— sclateri, Malh., 71, 286

Dryophis prasina, 417

—— (Coluber) acuminatus, Wied, 233

a oe angolensis, Harti., n. sp.,
111

Ducula basalis, Bp., 360
Dysithamnus mentalis, Temm., 67, 278
olivaceus, 89

—— semicinereus, Scl., 278

—— unicolor, Scl., 89

Echimys cayennensis, 265
semispinosus, Tomes, n.sp., 264
Echinococci, 182, 185 ;
Eclectus cardinalis, Bodd., 227, 357
—— ceylonensis, G. R. Gray, 357
— cornelia, Bp., 242, 357
—— grandis, Wagl., 226, 357
—— intermedius, Bp., 358

—— polychlorus, Scop., 358
westermannt, Bp., 358
Ectopistes migratoria, 416
Egretta leuce, 290

Elainea, 283, 295

—— awrifrons, Cab., 467

—— riisii, Se/., n.sp., 314
Elainia, 63, 68

—— stictoptera, Scl., 68, 79
Elaps, 452

— corallinus, 452, 457

—— fetzingeri, Jan, 457

—— fulvius, 452, 458

—— nigrocinctus, Girard, 457
— univirgatus, Gthr., 164
Eleotris,

. Elysia ocellata, Pease, n.sp., 35
Embalonura canina, Max., 261
Emperiza, 332

—— aureola, 108

—— fucata, 242

—— melanodera, Q. et G., 385
—— ila, 108

—— heroes 108

Embernagra chlorura, Bp., 275
—— chrysoma, Scl., n. SP 275, 293
—— conirostris, Bp., 27

— longicauda, Strickl., 275
olivascens, Bp., 275
platensis, Gm., 275
rufwirgata, Lawr., 275

477

Embernagra viridis, Bp., 275

Empagusia flavescens, Gray, 159

Empidonax, 295

Emyda, 5

—— punctata, Lacép., 159, 168, 170

senegalensis, Gray, 316

Emys, 372, 415

fuliginosus, Gray, n. sp., 232

—— siamensis, Gray, 114

Ena, Leach, 9

Engina albocincta, Pease, n.sp., 142

—— costata, Pease, n.sp., 142

—— monilifera, Pease, n.sp., 142

Engystoma carolinense, Holbr., 452, 460

Ensiculus, H. Addams, n. g., 369

cultellus, Linn., 369

Entozoa, 192

Eos ater, Scop., 357

— cardinalis, 228

— coccinea, 227

— cochinsinensis, Wagl., 356

—— cyanogenia, Bp., 227, 357

— cyanostriata, 226

— fuscata, 227

— indica, Gm., 357

— isidorii, G. R. Gr., 356

—- reticulata, 226

— riciniata, Bp., 226, 227, 356

—- rubra, Wag]l., 226, 356

— semilarvata, Bp., 357

— squamata, Bodd., 226, 357

—— unicolor, Shaw, 357

Ephialtes leucospila, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
344

magicus, Mill., 345
Epizoa, 192

Epomophorus, Bennett, 44
erypturus, Peters, 52

—— franqueti, Tomes, n.sp., 54
gambianus, Ogilby, 52
—— labiatus, Temm., 55

—— macrocephalus, Ogilby, 50
—— schoénsis, Riipp., 56
whitei, Benn., 42, 50

-Erato sandwicensis, Pease, n.sp., 146

Erethizon dorsatum, 181

Eriocnemis luciani, 81, 94

squamata, Gould, n. sp., 311

Erismatura dominica, Linn., 254

Erythronota elegans, Gould, n. sp., 307

Estheria birchii, Baird, n.sp., 392

—— boysii, 188

—— compressa, Baird, n.sp., 188

—— hislopi, 188

—— polita, 188

—— similis, 188

Estrelda, 442

— ruficauda, 371

Eubucco bourciert, Lafr., 95, 297

Eucephala ceruleolavata, Gould, n. sp.,
3

478
Eucephala hypocyanea, Gould, n. sp.,
306

Euchelus corrugatus, Pease, n. sp., 435
fimbriatus, Pease, n. sp., 485
Eudromias urvillii, Garn., 386
Eudynamys picatus, Miill., 359

—— punctatus, 359

ransomt, Bp., 359

Eudyptes chrysocome, Forst., 390, 418
chrysolophus, Brandt, 390, 418
—— diadematus, Gould, n.sp., 419
—— nigrivestis, Gould, n.sp., 418
—— pachyrhynchus, 418

Eulima aciculata, Pease, n.sp., 438
Euphonia erassirostris, Scl., 275

—— nigricollis, Vieill., 65, 87

—— sxanthogastra, Sund., 87, 275
Euplectes flammiceps, Sw., 111
Eupsilostoma, Sc/., 69, 93

—— eximium, Temm., 69

—— pusillum, Sc/., n. sp., 68, 283
ep horne hypoleucus, Gou/d, n. sp.,

Eurypyga helias, Pall., 73
Eurystomus azureus, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
346

orientalis, Linn., 345
pileatus, Reinw., 346
Euscarthmus aurifrons, Burm., 467
Falcinellus igneus, 197

Falco cuculoides, Temm., 344
hiogaster, Miill., 343
histrionicus, Q. et G., 384
—— leucurus, Forster, 383

—— peregrinus, 258, 442
poliosoma, Q. et G., 384

— soloensis, Horsf., 344
tinnunculus, 258, 343

hotes) reinwardtiz, Mill., 342

(
Felis, 261
eyra, 415
leo, 243

ypardus, 183, 371

—— neglecta, Gray, 246

—— pardalis, 416

servalina, Ogilby, 246

viverrina, 117

Fiber zibethicus, 416

Florida cerulea, Linn., 253

Florisuga mellivora, Linn., 95
Fluvicola atripennis, Sc/., n.sp., 280
Formicarius analis, Lafr., 29
Formicivora boucardi, 279

— consobrina, Sc/., n.sp., 279, 294
—— quixensis, 279

Fossar multicostatus, Pease, n.sp., 398
i himalayanus, Gould, u.sp.,

Fringilla passer, 179
Fulica atra, 258, 442
chilensis, DesMurs, 82

INDEX.

Fuligula affinis, 337

americana, 337

collaris, 337

cristata, 242

ferina, 337, 442

ferinoides, Bartl., 337, 338

—— homeyeri, 337, 338

—— nyroca, 337

valisneria, 337

Furnarius cinnamomeus, Less., 277

longirostris, Pelz., 277

Gallinago, 82

burka, Bp., 365

—— magellanicus, King, 387

media, Hodgs., 365

scolopacinus, Bp., 365

Gallinula crex, 258

Gaus, 332

bankiva, 242, 442

furcatus, 417, 442

sonneratit, 415

Gambetta flavipes, Gm., 290

griseopygia, Bp., 364

melanoleuca, Gm., 253

Garrulus glandarius, 442

Gavia roseiventris, Gould, 391

Gazella dorcas, 415

Gecko verus, Merr., 114, 167, 170, 417

Genetta abyssinica, Riipp., 247

Geoclemmys annulata, Gray, n. sp., 231,
233, 234

Geoemyda spinosa, Cantor, 395

Geoffroius aruensis, 227

cyaneicollis, 226, 227

—— heteroclitus, 228

—— jukesii, 226

—— personatus, 226

pucheranti, 227

Geoffroyius cyanicollis, 358

Sel res (Catostoma) chalybea, Wagl.,
316

Geothlypissemiflava, Sc/., n. sp., 273,291

Geotrygon bourciert, Bp., 72

—— montana, 416

—— sylvatica, 416

Geranospiza cerulescens, Vieill., 288

Gerrhonotus imbricatus, Wiegm., 316

—— tessellatus, Wiegm., 316

—— wiegmanni, Gray, 454

Glareola grallaria, Temm., 363

Glaucidium ferrugineum, 289

infuscatum, 289

Glaucis melanura, Gould, n. sp., 304

ruckeri, 296

Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, 423

Glottis horsfieldi, G. R. Gray, 364

Glyphorhynchus pectoralis, Se/., n. sp.,
299

Gobius, 234
Gongylophis conicus, 164, 168, 170, 171
Gonyosoma frenatum, Gray, 165, 166

INDEX. 479

Gordius fulgur, Baird, n. sp., 447
Goura coronata, 192, 362

Graculus melanoleucus, G. R, Gray, 366
—— sulcirostris, G. R. Gray, 366
Grallaria monticola, Lafr., 78
regulus, Se/., n. sp., 66
ruficapilla, Lafr., 63, 66

—— squamigera, Prey., 89
Graucalus magnirostris, Forst., 353
Gruide, 329

Grus americana, 329

—— antigone, 329

— fraterculus, Cass., 418
paradisea, 417

—— pavonina, 258, 329

virgo, 108

Grymeomys scapulatus, Burm., 303
Grypus spixi, Gould, n. sp., 304
Guiraca, 293

Gymnetrus, 185

banksti, 187

—— glesne, 187

—— hawkenii, 187

Gymnorhina tibicen, 242
Gyparchus papa, 193

Habroptila, G. R. Gray, n. g., 365
—— wallacii, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 365
Hematopus, 325

— ater, Vieill., 386

— bachmanni, Aud., 386

— fuliginosus, Gould, 386

— leucopus, Garn., 386

— luctuosus, Cuy., 386

—— niger, Q. et G., 386

— ostralegus, 258

— townsendii, Aud., 386

— wnicolor, Forster, 387
Haleyon cinereifrons, Vieill., 110
collaris, Scop., 346

—— diops, Temm., 346

—— funebris, Forst., 346

— lazuli, Temm., 346

—— sancta, Vig. et Horsf., 346
semicerulea, 197 ;
Haliaétus erythronotus, King, 384
leucosternus, Gould, 342

—— rocifer, 197

—— (Cuncuma) leucogaster, Gm., 342
Haliastur leucosternus, G. R, Gray, 342
Halmaturus bennettii, 323

— billardieri, 323, 371

— ruficollis, 323

—— stigmaticus, Gould, n. sp., 375
thetidis, 323, 371

Haminea crocata, Pease, n. sp., 19, 432
galba, Pease, n. sp., 432
pusilla, Pease, n. sp., 20
Hedymeles ludovicianus, 293
Hehangelus strophianus, Gould, 95
Helianthea lutetie, 81

Heliodoxa jamesoni, 94

Heliothrix purpureiceps, Gould, 296
Heliotrypha viola, 63

Helix acmella, Pfr., n.sp., 135
—— autimargo, Pfr.,

—— equatorialis, Pfr., n. sp., 133
—— albicostis, Pfr. n. sp., 134
—— apollo, Pfr., n. sp., 133

—— batesii, Pfr., n. s 4 135

—— bougainvillei, Pfr., n. sp., 133
—— caseus, Pfr., n. sp., 134

— hetera, Pfr., n. sp., 134
incisa, Chemn.., 401, 408, 413
isis, Pfr., n. sp., 133

— lratula, Pfr, n. sp., 135
—— livesayi, Pfr., n. sp., 134
—— mendicaria, Pfr, n. sp., 136
—— hagporensis, Pfr., n. sp., 135
—— planorbis, Less., 8

—— Ptychostyla, Martens, n, sp., 8
—— similaris, Pfr., 8

—— striolata, Pease, n. sp., 439
—— tapeina, Bens., 9

—— tourannensis, Hyd. et Soul., 8
—— trstrami, Pfr., n. sp., 136
—— turnerii, Pfr., n. sp., 135
—— undulata, Fér., 7

BP ciated ) dohrniana, Pfr., n. sp.,

(Nanina) mouhoti, Pfr, n. sp., 136

Heptathyra, Dum., 315

aubryt, Dum., 315

Herodias egretta, Gm., 253

Alavicollis, Cab., 364.

Herpestes griseus, 416, 442

—— nepalensis, 416

Herpetodryas, 452

biserialis, Gthr., n. sp., 97

boddaértii, Schi., 452, 456

—— brunneus, Gthr., 233, 452, 456

—— flavigularis, Hallow., 452, 456

Srenatus, Gray, 163

margaritiferus, Schl., 456

rappit, Gthr., 452, 456

Herpeton tentaculatum, Lacép., 114.

Herpetoreas, Gthr., n. g., 156

—— sieboldii, Gthr., n. sp., 156, 163,
167, 171

Seon cachinnans, Linn., 288,

oe albigularis, Tomes, n. sp.,
264

arvicoloides, Pictet, 262

—— aureus, Zomes, n, sp., 219

— bicolor, Tomes, n. sp., 217, 263
— bimaculatus, Waterh., 221

—— caliginosus, Tomes, n. sp., 263
—— darwini, Waterh., 221

—— elegans, Waterh., 213, 221
—— latimanus, Tomes, n. sp., 213, 263
—— longicaudatus, 217

— lgipilus, Waterh., 221

480 INDEX.

Hesperomys maculipes, Pictet, 262

—— minutus, Tomes, n. sp., 215

—— nasutus, Waterh., 221

renggeri, Waterh., 213, 262

—— tumidus, Waterh., 221

Hesta splendens, Pfr., 8

vallicola, Pfr., 8

ee amazonum, Scl., n. sp., 466,
7

— aurifrons, Max., 467

—— flavicapillum, Sc/., n. sp., 466, 467

rufo-olivaceum, Cab.,

—— turdinum, Sc/., 467

—— unicolor, Bp., 467

vere-pacis, Sc/., n. sp., 300, 467

Heterornis pyrrhogenys, Mill., 355

Hexabranchus nebulosus, Pease, n. sp., 33

pulchellus, Pease, n. sp., 33

Hiaticula azare, 298

cantiana, 372

collaris, Vieill., 290

— falklandica, Gray, 386

inornata, Gould, 363

Hierax cerulescens, Vig., 343

Himantopus, 329

—— nigricollis, Vieill., 290

Himella, H. Adams, n. g., 203

— fluviatilis, H. Adams, n.sp., 203

Hindsia angicostata, Pease, n.sp., 142

Hinulia indica, Gray, 159, 167, 171,
172, 173

Hippopotamus, 195

Hipposideros, 4

Hirundinide, 106

Hirundo bicolor, Vieill., 131

flavigastra, Vieill., 292

—— gutturalis, Scop., 345

—— javanica, Sparrm., 345

panayensis, Gin., 345

ruficollis, Vieill., 292

Histiophorus, Pease, n. g., 36

maculatus, Pease, n.sp., 36

Homalocranion, 452

atrocinctum, D. et B., 454

Homalocranium laticeps, Gthr., n.sp.,
240

Homarus vulgaris, 371
Hoplocephalus superbus, 371
Hoplopterus cayanus, Lath., 290
Hyena crocuta, 417

Hydrocena, Pfr., 11

cattaroénsis, Pfr., 11
fragilis, Pease, n.sp., 439
Hydrocherus, 179

Hyla arborea, 372

— holochlora, Salvin, n. sp., 460
Hylarana erythrea, Schleg., 116
Hylophilus, 273

—— cinereiceps, Se/., n.sp., 299
Hyperoodon butzkopf, Eschr., 424
—— latifrons, Gray, 424

Hyperoodon rostratum, 373, 422, 426

Hyphantornis, 243

Hypocnemis nevioides, Lafr., 294

Hypothyra, Cope, 431

Hypsirhina aér, Wagl., 114

Hystrix cristata,

Lanthenas albogularis, Bp., 361

halmaheira, Bp., 361

Ibis, 184

peregrinus, 364

Ichthyophis glutinosus, Gray, 166

Icterus abeillii, Less., 252

jamacait, 415

mesomelas, Wagl., 277, 293

parisorum, Bp., 251 :

Iguana nudicollis, 415

tuberculata, Gray, 233

Totreron iogastra, Bp., 359

Ipalura variegata, Gray, 160

Ischnognathus, 452

— dekayi, D. et B., 456

occipitomaculatus, 456

Juliamyia amabilis, 296

typica, Bp., 283, 296

Kakadoe albocristata, Bourg., 358

cristata, Bourg., 358

Kaloula pulchra, Gray, 116

Kinosternon, 396

Lafresnaya gayt, 81, 94

Lalage aurea, Bp., 353

Lama huanacos, 183

Lamellina, Pease, n. g., 439

serrata, Pease, n.sp., 439

Lampornis mango, 284

Lamprocolius splendidus, Vieill., 112

Lamproscapha, Sw., 15

schomburgki, Martens, n.sp., 15

Lamprotornis obscura, Forst., 355
urpuroptera, Ripp., 197

Sonal Schl: 355

Lamprotreron superba, Bp., 360

Laniarius chrysogaster, Sw., 197

erythrogaster, Riipp., 197

Lanius cucullatus, Licht., 353

—— macrocercus, De Fil., 197

phenicurus, 108

Larus argentatus, 183, 371

canus, 258

— dominicanus, Licht., 390

—— fuscus, 258

—— glaucotes, Meyen, 391

—— glaucus, 417

—— hematorhynchus, King, 391

—— maculipennis, Licht., 391

—— marinus, 191

roseiventris, Gould, 391

rossit, 108

— sabinii, 108

scoresbii, Trail, 391

Lebiasina bimaculata, Cuy., 234, 240

Leda brookii, Hanley, n. sp., 440

Leda conradi, Hanley, n. sp., 440
—— hindsii, Hanley, n.sp., 440

—— metealfii, Hanley, n. sp., 370

—— taylori, Hanley, n.sp., 370
Legatus albicollis, Vieill., 68

Leiostraca distorta, Pease, n. sp., 438

Leiuperus viridis, 174

Lembus maculatus, Gthr., 234, 236

Lemur albifrons, 422

—— albimanus, 422

— hybridus, 422

— nigrifrons, 422
Leptodeira, 452

—— annulata, Fitz., 457

—— discolor, Gthr., n. sp., 317

Leptophis mexicana, D. et B., 457

Leptopogon, 283

— superciliaris, Tsch., 69

Leptoptila albifrons, Bp., 289

— dubusi, Bp., 289

Pac neg ty: Bp., 289

toptilus, 324.

Tos tranioans Lise 264
asiliensis, Linn.,

— cuniculus, 372, 416

—— hibernicus, 372

—— timidus, 183, 372

Lesbia amaryllis, Gould, 81, 94

—— cyanura, Gould, 95

gracilis, 63, '70, 94

Lestris antarctica, Less., 390

—— catarractes, Q. et G., 390

—— cepphus, 322

Ligula, \77

Tnimneacea, 12

Limosa, 329

— hudsonica, Lath., 387

— lapponica, 258, 364

— melanura, 416

Lipaugus holerythrus, Sc/., n. sp., 300

Llama vicuna, 371

Lemodon leucocephalus, De Fil., 197

—— vielloti, 197

Loligo, 423

7 eae Jerdoni, Blyth, 342
Lophospiza cruenta, Bp., 276
Loriculus, 224, 225

—— stigmatus, 225, 226
Lorius borneus, Steph., 357
—— chlorocercus, 228

— cucullatus, Steph., 356

—— tricolor, 226, 227, 356
Loxia molucca, Linn., 355
Iycaon pictus, 180

INDEX. 481

Macacus arctoides, 420

—— cynomolgus, 183, 372, 422

—— erythreus, 416

—— fusco-ater, Schinz, 420

maurus, 416, 420

—— nemestrinus, 422

ocreatus, Ogilby, 420

—— pileatus, 422, 442

radiatus, 183, 242, 422

rhesus, 242, 416, 422, 442

—— silenus, 416, 422

speciosus, 420

Macalia, H. Adams, n. g., 369

Machetes pugnax, 415, 416

Macoma bruguieri, 369

Macrodon tareira, Cuv. et Val., 233

Macropodide, 323

Macropteryx mystaceus, Less., 345

Macropus fuliginosus, 323

giganteus, 323

—— major, 181

rufus, 872

(Osphranter) pictus, Gould, 373

Macropygia albicapilla, Bp., 361

amboinensis, G. R. Gray, 361

—— leptogrammica, Temm., 361

reinwardtit, Sw., 861

—— (Reinwardiena) reinwardtii, G.
R. Gray, 361

Malacoptila panamensis, Lafr., 297

Manis multiscutata, Gray, 247

— tricuspis, Sund., 247

Manouria, Gray, 395

fusca, Gray, 395

Mareca chiloénsis, King, 389

Margarita marmorea, Pease, n.sp., 435

Margarornis brunnescens, Scl., 88

— squamigera, Lafr., 63, 66, 88

Margine!la oryza, Pease, n.sp., 147

sandwicensis, Pease, n. sp., 147

Masius coronulatus, Se/., n. sp., 91

Megalaima australis, Horsf., 358

—— philippensis, Gm., 358

Megalestris antarctica, Gould, 390

Megalomastoma myersii, Haines, 11

Megalophrys gigas, Blyth, 165

Megaloprepia formosa, G. 2. Gray,n.sp.,
360

Megapicus sclateri, Mahh., 71

Megapodius forstent, Temm., 362

Sreycineti, Q. et G., 362

—— wallacei, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 362

Megarhynchus chrysogaster, Sc/., n.sp.,
281, 395

Meizodon bitorquata, Gthr., n. sp., 428
dumerilii, Grhr., n. sp., 429
regularis, Fischer, 427, 428
Melampus (Tralia) semiplicata, Pease,

cocorax pyrrhopterus, Bp., 355 n. sp., 146
Pun aulicus, Linn., 164, 168, 170 Melania, 14
Mabouia brevirostris, Gzhr., n.sp., 316 Melanodera typica, Bp., 385

No. 447.—Procrepines or THE ZooLocicaL Society,

482 INDEX.

Melanopsis helena, Mouss., 14

Meleagris cristata, Linn., 269

ocellata, 192

Meles taxus, 183, 371

Melibe pilosa, Pease, n. sp., 34

Menetrix impudica, Lam., 17

zonaria, Lam., 17

Menura alberti, 113

superba, 61

Merdigero, Held, 9

Mergus albellus, 242, 336

anatarius, 336

Merops egyptius, 197

ornatus, Lath., 348

Merulacis griseicollis, Lafr., 64

Metallura tyrianthina, 63, 95

Micrastur concentricus, 96

gilvicollis, Vieill., 96

Microglosswm alecto, 227

aterrimum, 227

a monogrammicus, Temz.,
1

soloensis, Horsf., 344

Micropalama himantopus, Bp., 290

Microphractus, 174

Micropterus brachypterus, Darw., 389

cinereus, Gm., 389

Milvago australis, Gm., 383

carunculatus, Des Murs, 81

—— leucurus, Darw., 383

—— megalopterus, 82

Milvus parasiticus, 417

regalis, 183, 416

Mimus polyglottus, 250, 417

rufus, 108

Miniopteris australis, 4

Mionectes oleagineus, Licht., 283

striaticollis, Lafr., 93

Mitra antonellii, Dohrn, n.sp., 367

antoni, Dohrn, n.sp., 3

—— astyagis, Dohrn, n. sp., 367

——— autumnalis, Dohrn, n.sp., 367

eyri, Dohrn, n.sp., 367

—— ericea, Pease, n.sp., 146

—— gibba, Dohrn, n. sp.; 368

—— judeorum, Dohrn, n. sp., 367

___‘nux-avellana, Dohrn, n. sp., 368

pallida, Pease, n. sp., 146

peasei, Dohrn, n. sp., 366

pia, Dohrn, n. sp., 366

—— plebeia, Dohrn, n.sp., 368

—— pudica, Pease, n.sp., 146

samuelis, Dohrn, n. sp., 368

wisemani, Dohrn, n. sp., 367

Mniotiltide, 452

Mocoa sikkimensis, Blyth, 160

Moho apicalis, Gowld, n.sp., 380

Molossus fumarius, Spix, 213

obscurus, Geoffr., 213

Molothrus pecoris, Gm., 252

Momotus, 284

Momotus mexicanus, Sw., 252

microstephanus, Scl., 296

gia bimaculata, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,
52

cinerascens, Temm., 351

gouldii, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 352

griseigularis, G. R. Gray, 352

—— nigrimentum, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,

352
Monitor gouldi, 372
niloticus, 417
Motacilla flavescens, Shaw, 350
yarrellii, 417
Mucronalia nitidula, Pease, n. sp., 457
ovata, Pease, n. sp., 437
rosea, Pease, n.sp., 437
Munia molucca, Blyth, 355
Mus barbarus, 416
rattus, Linn., 247, 264
Musecicapa eximia, Temm., 69
tricolor, Vieill., 351
turdina, Max., 467
Muscigralla brevicauda, Lafr., 281
Muscipeta melaleuca, Q. et G., 351
Muscisaxicola albifrons, Tsch., 78
alpina, Jard., 92
— macloviana, Garn., 385
—— maculirostris, Lafr., 92
Muscivora occidentalis, Sc/.,n.sp., 282
Mustela canadensis, 417
vulgaris, 415
Mycteria australis, 328
senegalensis, 196
Myiadestes griseiventris, Tsch., 64
venezuelensis, Scl., S
Myiagra galeata, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 352
—— manadensis, Q. et G., 352
nitens, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 352
Myiarchus nigriceps, Se/., n. sp., 68, 295
phxocephalus, Se/., n. sp., 281
Myiobius barbatus, Gm., 282, 295, 465
cinnamomeus, Lafr., 466
— crypterythrus, Sc/.,n. sp., 464, 466
cryptoxanthus, Sc/., n.sp., 465, 466
erythrurus, Cab., 295, 466
flavicans, Sc/.,n.sp., 464, 466
nevius, Bodd., 46'
ornatus, Lafr., 93, 466
—— phenicurus, Scl., 466
—— pulcher, Se/., n.sp., 464, 466
sulphureipygius, Scl., 465
vieillotides, Lafr., 466
—— villosus, Sel., n. sp., 93, 465
xanthopygius, Spix, 465
we chrysocephalus, Tsch., 63,

dal

nobilis, Scl., 295

Myiolestes phaionotus, Miull., 353
Myiophobus, 68, 282

Myiotheretes erythropygius, Scl., 78
striaticollis, Scl., 92

(et
“

INDEX.

Myjiozetetes columbianus, Cab., 295

—— guianensis, Cab., 283

he melanura, G.R. Gray, n.sp.,
61

Myrmeciza exsul, Scl., 294

Myrmecophaga bivitiata, Geoffr., 262

— jubata, 181

—— tetradactyla, Linn., 262

Myrmotherula, 294

— menetriesi, D’ Orb., 67, 89

Mytilus smaragdinus, Chemn., 17

Myzomela boiei, Mill., 349

—— simplex, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 349

Naiacea, 14

Naja tripudians, Merr., 117, 164, 167,
169, 170, 171

Nandinia binotata, Reinw., 247

Nanina birmana, Pfr., 7

distincta, Pfr., 7

— dohrniana, P/r., n.sp., 136

—— hainesi, Pfr.,

— mouhoti, Pfr., n.sp., 136

—— siamensis, Pfr., 7

— (Hesta) splendens, Hutt., 8

— ( ) vallicola, Pfr., 8

(Zrochomorpha), sp.?, 8

Napeus, Alb., 9

Nasiterna pygmea, 227

Nassa microstoma, Pease, n.sp., 145

Nasua fusca, Desm., 243, 323

Natica collaria, Lam., 17

— lineata, Lam., 16

maculosa, Lam., 17

Nectarinia angolensis, Less., 110

aspasioides, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 348

— auriceps, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 348

— chlorolema, Jard., 110

—— cyanocephala, Sh., 110

— cyanolema, Jard., 110

—— erythrothoraz, Vieill., 110

frenata, Miull., 348

—— perreinii, Vieill., 110

—— rubescens, Vieill., 110

—— solaris, Temm., 348

—— zenobia, Less., 348

Neptunea fuscolineata, Pease, n. sp., 189

Neritina crepidularia, Lam., 14

—— melanostoma, Trosch., 14

neglecta, Pease, n. sp., 435

Noctilio leporinus, Linn., 261

Notauges superbus, Riipp., 197

Nucula antipodum, Hanley, n.sp., 441

divaricata, Hinds, 189

—— m‘andrewii, Hanley, n. sp., 441

— malabarica, Hanley, n.sp., 441

— obliqua, 441

— sculpta, Pease, n. sp., 189

Numenius, 329

arquata, 242, 258

—— australasianus, Gould, 364

—— brevirostris, Licht., 387

483

Numenius minor, Mill., 364

pheopus, 258, 415

Numipa, 332

—— meleagris, 416

Nyctea nivea, 417

Nyctibius pectoralis, Gould, 79

Nycticorax americana, Bp., 387

caledonicus, G. R. Gray, 364

—— europeus, 197

— gardeni, Jard., 387

—— violaceus, Gm., 253, 290

Nyctidromus, 70,79, 284, 296

Octhoéca fumicolor, Scl., 79

Sumigata, 63, 67

lessoni, 63, 68, 92

Octopus, 423

Ocyphaps lophotes, 258

Odontophorus erythrops, Gould, 72, 298

melanonotus, Gould, n. sp., 382

(Edemia fusca, 442

Cdicnemus affinis, Ripp., 197

magnirostris, Gedttr, 363

Oleacina indusiata, Pfr., n.sp., 138

Oliva sandwicensis, Pease, n.sp., 145

Omphalotropis maculatus, Martens,
n.sp., 11

Opettotheriics antarcticus, Darw., 385

—— vulgaris, Darw., 385

Ophisurus, 172

Opisthoporus siamensis, Martens, n. sp.,
10

Opopsitta desmarestit, 227

diophthalma, 227

Oreomanes, n. g., Sel., 75

fraseri, Sc/., n.sp., 75

Oreophasis derbianus, 184

Oreopyra leucaspis, Gould, n. sp., 312

Oreotrochilus chimborazo, 79

pichincha, 79

Oriolus phxochromus, G. R. Gray,
n.sp., 351

Ortalida arcuata, G. R. Gray, 72

montagnii, 63, 72, 97

ruficeps, Wagl., 289

Orthalicus boucardi, Pfr., n. sp., 138

Oryzoborus zethiops, Se/., n. sp., 88, 276

occidentalis, Sc/., n. sp., 27!

Osphranter rufus, 323

Ostinops atrovirens, Lafr., 88

Otus brachyotus, Gm., 384, 442

—— palustris, Darwin, 384

Ovis ammon, Linn., 129

ammonoides, Hodgs., 129

— burrhel, Blyth, 129

— cycloceros, Hutton, 128

—— hodgsoni, Blyth, 129

nahoor, Hodgs., 129

polit, Blyth, 130, 443

—— vignii, Blyth, 127

Oxyglossus lima, Tsch., 116

Oxymyctorus, Waterh., 221

484

Pachycephala melanura, Gould, 353
—— xanthocnemis, G. R. Gray, un. sp.,

353
Pachyrhamphus, 67
—— dorsocinereus. 67
— homochrous, Scl., 279
spodiurus, Sel., n. sp., 279, 296
Pachysoma, Temm., 44
—— egyptiacum, 44
—— duvaucellii, 44
— gambianus, Temm., 52
—_ labiatus, Temm., 55
—— macrocephala, Temm., 50
straminewm, 44
—_ whitei, Temm., 50
Pagrus bocagii, Lowe, n. sp., 391
Paleornis, 224, 416
— alexandri, 417
— cyanocephalus, Linn., 356
— malaccensis, 71
— torquata, 372
Palmipedes, 257
Paludina angularis, Mill., 13
—— cingulata, Martens, n.sp., 13
— fasciata, Mill., 13
japonica, Martens, 13
— oaytropis, Bens., 13
—— polygramma, Martens, n.sp., 13
tricarinata, Anton, 13
trochoides, Martens, n.sp., 12
Papio ocreatus, Ogilby, 420
Paradisea bartlettii, Goodwin, n. sp., 244
he (Semioptera) wallacei, G. R. Gray,

Paradoxurus aureus, 416

musanga, 417

—— typus, 416

Parias maculata, Gray, 164

Parra, 329

africana, 197

—— gallinacea, Temm., 365

— jacana, Linn., 290

Partula turneri, Pfr., n.sp., 140
Parula brasiliana, Licht., 84, 273, 291
Passer, 332

—— montanus, 417

Patagona gigas, Boiss., 81

Patella sandwicensis, Pease, n. sp., 497
Pavo cristatus, Linn., 221

— muticus, 221

—— nigripennis, Sc/., n.sp., 221
Peasia, Gray, n. g., 37

inconspicua, Gray, n. sp., 37
—— irrorata, Gray, n. sp.,

—— maculata, Gray, n.sp., 38

—— reticulata, Gray, n.sp., 37

—— tentaculata, Gray, n. sp., 37
Pedipes sandwicensis, Pease, n.sp., 146
Pelecanide, 257, 329

Pelecanoides berardi, Q. et G., 390
Pelecanus, 324, 329

INDEX.

Pelecanus dimidiatus, Cuv., 366

fiber, Linn., 366

onocrotalus, 328

Pelias berus, 371

Penelope boliviana, Reich., 271

—— brasiliensis, Bp., 271

—— bridgesi, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 270
— cristata, Linn., 269

—— jacucaca, Spix, 72, 270, 271
—— jacupeba, Spix, 271

—— jacupema, Merr., 269

—— jacupemba, Spix, 272
es G. R. Gray, un. sp.,
—— marail, Gmel., 269

— montana, Licht., 270

—— nigra, Fraser, 272

— nigricapilla, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 269
— obscura, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 271
—— pileata, Licht., 270

— purpurascens, Wagl., 206, 242, 269
— ruficeps, Wagl., 289

— sclateri, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 270
—— superciliosa, Cuv., 271, 272
Perdix cinerea, 25

— rufa, 258

Pericrocotus flammeus, Forst., 354
Peristera, 298

— melanoptera, Mol., 82
Peristomacea, 12

Pernis apivorus, 416

Petasophora iolata, Gould, 81, 94
Petrochelidon cyanoleuca, Vieill., 75, 85
murina, Cassin, 74

Petrogale penicillata, 323

xanthopus, 323, 372
Phacocherus, 182

ethiopicus, 443

Pheolema equatorialis, Gould, 70
rubinoides, 70

Phaéthornis moorii, Lawr., 296

—— yaraqui, Gould, 94

| —— zonura, Gould, n. sp., 305

Phalacrocorax, 290, 329

— carunculatus, Gm., 391
— cirrhatus, G. R. Gray, 391
—— erythrops, King, 39

| —— flavirostris, Gould, 366

—— imperialis, King, 391

— magellanicus, Gm., 391
melanoleucus, Vieill., 366
Phalangista vulpina, 372, 415
Phalcobenus carunculatus, Des Murs, 81
Pharomacrus antisianus, Lafr., 70
auriceps, Gould, 93
paradiseus, 374

Phasianus colchicus, 1, 258, 373
torquatus, 415

Pheucticus chrysogaster, Less., 87
Philinopsis, Pease, n. g., 21

—— nigra, Pease, n.sp., 22

INDEX. 485

Philinopsis speciosa, Pease, n.sp., 21

Philodryas viridissimus, 417

Philomedes, Lilj., 200

— longicornis, Lilj., 200, 203

olivaceus, Baird,

Phlogophilus hemileucurus, Gould,
n.sp., 310

Phoca vitulina, 416

Phenicopterus, 325

Pholeoptynx cunicularia, Mol., 96

Phrygilus alaudinus,. Kittl., 87

—— melanoderus, Q. et G., 385

— ocularis, Scl., 87

—— unicolor, Lafr., 76

— wanthogrammus, Gray, 385

Phrynocephalus tickellii, Gray, 161, 167,
173

Phyllostoma, 99

lilium, Geoffr., 212

pusillum, Natt., 260

—— (Aretibeus) liliwm, 212

Phyllotis, 220, 221

Piaya cayana, 285

circe, Bp., 285

—— macrura, Gambel, 285

— mehleri, Bp., 95, 285

—— nigricrissa, Sel., n.sp., 285, 297

— rutila, Vieill., chic ote

—— thermophila, Scl., 285

Pica pyrrhoptera, Sel., 355

Picolaptes cinnamomeus, Less., 277

— lacrymiger, Lafr., 88

lineaticeps, Lafr., 252

souleyetit, Lafr., 278, 293

Picumnus granadensis, Lafr., 95, 287

Picus callonotus, Waterh., 286

—— guayaquilensis, Less., 286

—— major, 37.

= ee concretus, Reinw.,

Pimelodus cinerascens, Gthr., n. sp.,
234, 237

— elongatus, Gthr., n. sp., 234, 238

modestus, Gthr., n. sp., 234, 239

Pionus hematotis, Sc/., n. sp., 300

menstruus, Linn., 287

Pipilo chlorurus, Baird, 275

Pipra deliciosa, Sc/., n. sp., 90

— filicauda, Spix, 313

—— heterocerca, Scl., n. sp., 313

—— inornata, 467

Pipreola jucunda, Sc/., n. sp., 89

— melanolema, Scl., 63, 67

Pipridea venezuelensis, Scl., 65

Pisidium angulatum, Prime, n. sp., 322

retusum, Prime, n. sp., 322

Pithecia albicans, Gray, n. sp., 231

—— albinasa, Geoffr., 229, 231

— capillamentosa, Spix, 229, 230

chrysocephala, Is. Geoffr., 228, 229,

230

Pithecia hirsuta, Spix, 229, 230

inusta, Spix, 229, 230

—— ?rrorata, Gray, 230

— leucocephala, 228, 229, 230, 231

—— miriquouina, 228

— monachus, Geoffr., 228, 229, 230

ochrocephala, 228

pogonia, Gray, 230

— rufibarbata, 228

—— rufiventer, Geoffr., 228, 229, 230

Pitta brachyura, Linn., 351

cyanonota, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 351

—— cyanoptera, Temm., 351

—— inornata, G.R.Gray,n. sp., 350

maxima, Forsten, 351

Pitylus grossus, Linn., 293

Planorbis coromandelicus, Beck, 12

—— trivolvis, Say, 12

Platacanthomys lasiurus, Blyth, 260

Platalea, 325

Platycercus adelaide, 371

hypophonius, Miull., 356

ae ae cancrominus, Sc/., n. sp.,
9

—— albogularis, Sc/., n. sp., 68, 92, 295

Plectrophanes melanomus, Baird, 251

Plectropterus gambensis, Linn., 38, 41

— melanonotus, Shaw, 42

—— riippellii, Sc/., 38, 42, 197

Plestiodon sikkimensis, Gray, 160, 172

Plethodon persimilis, Gray, 116

ys tenia marginatus, Pease, n.sp.,
D

— pellucidus, Pease, n.sp., 24

reticulatus, Pease, n.sp., 25

— rufus, Pease, n. sp., 25

varians, Pease, n.sp., 25

Ploceus sanguinirostris, 372

Podiceps calipareus, Less., 389

rollandi, Q. et G., 389

—— (Sylbeocyclus) tricolor, G. R. Gray,
n.sp., 366

Pecilonetta bahamensis, Linn., 389

Pecilothraupis lunulata, DuBus, 76, 86

Peocephalus meyeri, Riipp., 197

Polioptila albiloris, Sc/., n. sp., 298

— bilineata, Bp., 273, 291

Polyborus tharus, Mol., 288

Polybranchia pellucida, Pease, n. sp., 141

Polychlorus magnus, 226, 227

Polypedates maculatus, Gray, 116, 165,
168, 170

Porphyrio alleni, Sadist 112

—— melanotus, 371, 372

—— smaragdinus, Temm., 365

Potamocherus africanus, 443

—— PENICILLATUS, 194

—— penicillatus, 190, 301, 443

Presbytes entellus, 183, 242, 422

Prioniturus, Wagl., 223

discurus, Vieill., 224

486

Prioniturus flavicans, Cass., 223, 226

—— platurus, Vieill., 223

—— setarius, Temm., 223, 226

wallacit, Gray, 223

Procellaria berardi, Q. et G., 390

conspicillata, 390

—— gigantea, 390

—— glacialis, 334.

Procnias occidentalis, Scl., 275, 292

Progne dominicensis, Linn., 292

Psammodynastes pulverulentus, 163, 166,
167, 170, 171

Psammophis collaris, Gray, 161

flavigularis, Hallow., 456

—— temminckii, 97

Psephotus multicolor, 371

—— pulchellus, 243

Pseudechis porphyriaca, 371

Pseudocolaptes boissoneauti, Lafr., 88

Pseudopus, 172

Psittacara erythrogenys, Less., 71

Psittacide, 225

Psittacodis stavorinii, 227

Psittacula celestis, Less., 287

Psittacus borneus, Linn., 356

— ceruleatus, Shaw, 357

ceylonensis, Bodd., 357

cochinsinensis, Lath., 356

—— cristatus, Linn., 358

— cucullatus, Shaw, 356

—— cyanicollis, Mill., 358

—— cyanonotus, Vieill., 357

—— discosurus, Vieill., 223

—— erythacus, 258

-—— fuscicapillus, Vieill., 358

— garrulus, Gmn., 356

— geoffroyanus, Vieill., 358

grandis, Gm., 357

—— hematodus, Bodd., 357

-—— macrorhynchus, Gmn., 358

—— magnus, Gm., 358

—— megalorhynchus, Bodd., 358

—— moluccensis, Gm., 356, 357

— nasutus, Lath., 358

—— personatus, Shaw, 358

—— placentis, Temm., 357

—— platurus, Vieill., 223

—— polychlorus, Scop., 358

—— puniceus, Gm., 357

pyrrhopterus, Lath., 287

—— riciniatus, Bechst., 356

ruber, Gm., 357

—— setarius, Temm., 223

—— sinensis, Gm., 358

spatuliger, Bourj., 223, 224

— (Geoffroius) cyaneicollis, G. R. Gr.,
358

—— (——) personatus, G. R. Gray,
308

——— (Platycercus) hypophonius, Miull.,
356

INDEX.

Psittacus (Psittacula) eyanicollis, Mull.,
358

— ( grandis, Miull., 357

—— ( Trichoglossus) placentis, Mill.,357

Psitteuteles placens, Bp., 357

Psittinus, 224

Psittospiza riefferi, Boiss., 76

Psophia, 329

Pterocles alchata, 183

arenarius, 258

Pterocyclos (Spiraculum) housei, Haines,
10

Pterogasteron, Pease, n.g., 35

bellum, Pease, n.sp., 36

ornatum, Pease, n.sp., 36

Pteroglossus erythropygius, Gould, 71, ,
286 %

Pteropus, 4

—— dasymallus, 44

—-— edulis, 44

—— edwardsii, 44

—— epomophorus, Benn., 42, 50

gambianus, Ogilby, 52

—— hypomelanus, 44

— labiatus, Temm., 55

—— macrocephalus, Ogilby, 43, 50

—— megacephalus, Sw., 43, 50

poliocephalus, 44

rubricollis, 44

schoénsis, Riipp., 46, 56

Ptilochloris rufo-olivaceus, Lafr., 467

virescens, Lafr., 467

Ptilonopus cyanovirens, Less., 360

diadematus, Temm., 360

— formosus, G. R. Gray, 360

—— hyogaster, G. R. Gray, 359

— monachus, G. R. Gray, 359

—— porphyreus, Temm., 360

—— superbus, Steph., 360

— viridis, Linn., 360

—— (Cyanotreron) monachus, G. R.
Gray, 359

(Lotreron) iogaster, G. R. Gr., 359

(Lamprotreron) superbus, G. R.
Gray, 360

Ptyonura albifrons, Tsch., 78

Putorius communis, 183

Pygosceles papua, Wagl., 390

wagleri, Scl., 390

Pyranga estiva, Linn., 65, 293, 371

Pyriglena picea, Cab., 279, 294

Pyrocephalus nanus, Gould, 282, 295

PyRRHULA, 332

rosea, 108

Pytelia monteiri, Hart, n.sp., 111

Python molurus, 192

Pyxipoma, Mérch, 401, 409, 412

anguille, Mérch, 410, 412

—— cylindrella, Mérch, 410, 412

lacteus, Lamk., 409, 412, 413

—— tahitensis, Mérch, 410, 412

INDEX.

‘ Querquedula carolinensis, Gm., 254.

—— crecca, 303

—— creccoides, King, 389

cyanoptera, Vieill., 389

— discors, Linn., 254

versicolor, Vieill., 389

Radja eytoni, Reichb., 365

Rallus australis, 371

Ramphastos, 324.

toco, 416

— vitellinus, 242

Ramphocelus icteronotus, Bp., 65, 86,
274, 202

Rana halecina, Kalm., 460
liebigii, Gthr., n. sp., 157, 165, 168,

170

—— temporaria, 174, 204

—— tigrina, Daud., 164, 168, 170

—— vittigera, Wiegm., 116, 164, 168,
170, 171

Ranella luteostoma, Pease, n. sp., 397

producta, Pease, n. sp., 397

Regenia ocellata, 372

Registoma complanatum, Pease, n. sp.,
440

Regulus satrapa, Licht., 250

Retnwardtena typica, Bp., 361

Rhacophorus maximus, Gthr., 165, 168,
171

Rhamphastos ambiguus, Sw., 95

tocard, Vieill., 70

Rhamphomicron stanleti, 81

Rhea, 210

—— americana, 207

—— darwinii, 207

—— macrorhyncha, Sci. n. sp., 207

Rhesus, 178 :

Rhinolophus, 4

Rhipidura atripennis, G. R. Gray, 351

—— melanoleuca, G. R. Gray, 351

—_— mimoides, Miill., 351

—— sguamata, Miill., 351

tricolor, Vieill., 351

Rhizochilus exaratus, Pease, n. sp., 399

Rhyacophilus solitarius, Wils., 254.

Rhynchops, 325

—— nigra, Linn., 290

Rhynchotis perdix, Mol., 97

Rissoa gracilis, Pease, n. sp., 438

Rissoina triticea, Pease, n. sp., 438

—— turricula, Pease, n. sp., 438

Rostrhamus sociabilis, 289

Rupicola crocea, 98

—— sanguinolenta, Gould, 91

_ Rusa javanica, Gray, 376

Salamandra atra, 174

nigra, 372

Salmo salar, 442 Wasa

Salpiza cristata, Wagl.,

—— jacucaca, Wagl., 271

—— marail, Wagl., 269

487

Salpiza obscura, Wagl., 271
pileata, Wagl., 270

—— purpurascens, Wagl., 269
—— superciliaris, Wagl., 272
Saltator atripennis, Scl., 85

—— flavidicollis, Sc7., n. sp., 274
—— magnus, Gmel., 65, 274, 293
Sarcidiornis africana, Byton, 42
Sauloprocta melanoleuca, Cab., 351
Saxicola endnthe, 243

Sayornis cineracea, Lafr., 68
Scalaria fucata, Pease, n. sp., 400
millecostata, Pease, n. sp., 400
Scapetromys, Waterh., 221
Scaphorhynchus chrysocephalus, 281
Sceloporus chlorolepidotis, 371
Schistes albogularis, 70

geoffroyi, 70

personatus, Gould, n. sp., 311
Schizorhis zonura, Riipp., 197
Sciurus estuans, 213

—— maximus, 181

palmarum, 372

vulgaris, 183

Scolecophagus, 277

Scolopacide, 257

Scolopax burka, Lath., 365

grisea, 108

hudsonica, Lath., 387

— magellanica, King, 387

—— unielavatus, Hodgs., 365
Scomber scomber, 205

Scutellina cancellata, Pease, n. sp., 437
Scytalopus fuscus, Gould, 385
magellanicus, Lath., 385
Scythrops nove hollandie, Lath., 359
Semioptera wallacii, Gray, 61, 355
Semnopithecus bicolor, Wesm., 246
—— vellerosus, Geoffr., 246

Sepia, 423

Serpentarius, 325

Serpula ammonoides, Brocchi, 401, 412
— anguina, Linn., 402, 412
—— anguinarius, Born, 412

—— annularis, Dillw., 407
archimedis, Konig, 412
arenaria, 412

— clairbonensis, Lea, 415

—— muricata, Born, 402, 414
—— porosa, Bolt., 414

—— variegata, Perry, 415

volvox, Dillw., 402, 415
Setophaga ruficoronata, Kaup, 74
ruticilla, Linn., 84, 292
verticalis, Lafr., 84

Steboldia maxima, 184, 193, 203, 242
Silenus veter, 242, 243, 371
Siliquaria, 400

—— anguille, Montf., 412

—— australis, Q. et G., 411, 412
—— cumingit, Morch, 411

488

Siliquaria dubia, Defr., 401

— encaustica, Morch, 411

—— florina, Defr., 401

—— incisa, Chenu, 411

— lactea, Lamk., 401

— lima, Lamk., 401

—— muricata, Lamk., 403

obtusa, Schum., 411

—— ponderosus, Morch, 411

—— senegalensis, Recl., 408, 411

—— sulcata, Gray, 403

tostus, Morch, 411

trochlearis, Morch, 411

Siliquarius, Mon#f., 403, 411

Simia satyrus, 178

troglodytes, 178

Simotes purpurascens, Schleg., 161, 166,
167, 170, 171

—— russellii, Daud., 161, 168, 169, 170

trinotatus, D. et B., 114

Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw., 401, 412

Sitta cesia, 243

Sittasomus erithacus, Licht., 278, 293

Solen anguinus, Rumph., 402

Solenella cumingii, Hanley, n.sp., 441

Soletellina truncata, Gmel., 18

Sorex, 452

Spatha compressa, Martens, n. sp., 16

rostrata, 15

—— rubens, 16

wahibergi, 16

Spathura melananthera, Jard., 95

Spermestes poénsis, Fraser, 111

Spermophila gutturalis, Licht., 88

ophthalmica, Sc/., n. sp., 276, 293

Bo ges inconspicuum, Prime, n. sp.
32

——— subtransversum, Prime, n. sp., 322

Spherops anomalus, 442

Spherotheca strigata, Gthr., 165

Spheniscus magellanicus, Forst., 390

Spilotes, 452

— corais, D. et B., 456

—— hodgsonii, Gthr., n.sp., 156, 163,
167, 173, 174

—— melanurus, Schleg., 163, 174

radiatus, Shaw, 115, 162

reticularis, Cant., 163, 166, 167,

171, 174

variabilis, 417

Spiraculum housei, Haines, 10

Spiza, 66

ciris,

— cyanea, 243, 416

Spizaétus occipitalis, 417

tyrannus, Max., 253

Spizigeranus unicinctus, Temm., 288

Squatarola cincta, Jard., 386

— helvetica, G. R. Gray, 363

Stenogyra erecta, Bens., 9

turricula, Martens, n.sp., 9

INDEX.

Stephanopoma rosea, Q. et G., 414

Sterna, 197

antarctica, Peale, 391

—— cassinii, Scl., 391

—— meridionalis, Cass., 391

— velox, 366

Sternotherus, 396

Strepsilas collaris, Temm., 363

interpres, Leach, 363

Streptocephalus dichotomus, Baird,
n. sp., 445

Streptophorus sebe, D. et B., 452, 454

Strigatella fuscescens, Pease, n.sp., 146

picea, Pease, n.sp., 146

Strix flammea, 180

otus, 258

punctatissima, G. R. Gray, 82, 96

Strombus cancellatus, Pease, n. sp., 398

Struthio, 209

epoasticus, 210

Struthionide, 207

Sturnella bellicosa, De Fil., 277

militaris, Gm.,

Sturnia pyrrhopogon, G. R. Gray, 355

Sturnira spectrum, Gray, 212

Sturnus militaris, Gm., 385

vulgaris, 258

Stylifer robustus, Pease, n. sp., 437

Succinea, 9

Sula bassana, 328, 371

capensis, Licht., 112

—— fiber, Linn., 366

Sus barbarus, 443

— indicus, 181

— scrofa, 183, 443

— vittatus, 442, 443

Syiv14, 332

— cerulecula, Pallas, 107

— caligata, 108

—— certhiola, 108

—— flavescens, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 349

javanica, 108

— magellanica, Lath., 385

—— platensis, Gm., 384

Sylvicola aureola, Gould, 291

virens, 108

Symphemia semipalmata, Gm., 253

Synallaxis erythrops, Sc/., n. sp., 66

flammulata, Sard., 76

— gularis, Lafr., 89

—— pudica, Scel., 88, 278, 294

Syphonota bipes, Pease, n. sp., 23

elongata, Pease, n. sp., 24

grandis, Pease, n.sp., 23

Syrnium albogulare, Cass., 96

Tachyphonus luctuosus, Lafr., 274, 292

Tachyspiza soloensis, Kaup, 344

Tadorna radjah, G. R. Gray, 365

vulpanser, 339, 372

Tenioptera alpina, Jard., 78

—— erythropygia, Sel., 78

INDEX.

Tenioptera striaticollis, Scl., 92

Talegalla lathami, 426

Talpa europea, 206

Tamandua tetradactyla, Linn., 262

Tanagra cana, Sw., 274, 292

—— cyanocephala, 63

—— darwini, Bp., 86

— melanoptera, Hartl., 292

Tantalus loculator, Linn., 259, 290

Tanygnathus gramineus, Gmn., 358

lucionensis, 225

are megalorhynchus, Wagl., 226, 227,
58

—— miilleri, 226

—— sumatranus, 225

Tanysiptera dea, Linn., 347

— galatea, G. R. Gray, 347

—— hydrocharis, G. R. Gray, 347

—— isis, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 347

margarethe, Heine,

—— nais, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 347

—— nympha, G.R. Gray, 347

—— sabrina, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 347

— sylvia, Gould, 347

Tapirus americanus, Gm., 181, 261

suillus, Wagn., 261

Tchitrea melampyra, Verr., 111

Tectura radiata, Pease, n.sp., 437

Teleopus luxatus, Le Conte, 395

Tellina (Areopagia) siamensis, Martens,
n.sp., 18

eraporiue, Guett., 400, 402

—— ammonotdes, Brocchi, 412

—— anguilus, Montf., 412

anguinarius, Born, 412

—— anguinus, Linn., 402, 411, 412

— annularis, Dillw., 412

archimedis, Konig, 412

—— clairbonensis, Lea, 413

—— coste, Cantr., 413

—— cristata, Konig, 413

—— dubius, Defr., 411, 413

—— echinata, Anton, 413

—— florina, Defr., 411, 413

— furceilus, Montf., 411, 413

—— gigas, Less., 402, 411, 413

—— glabra, Risso, 413

— grantit, Sow., 413

— levigata, Lamk., 411, 413

— levis, Bellardi, 413

—— lima, Lamk., 411, 413

—— muiltistriatus, Defr., 411, 414

—— muricata, Born, 414

— occlusus, Chenu, 411, 414

— ornata, 414

— papillosa, Rees, 411, 414

—— polygonus, Blv., 403, 411, 414

—— porosus, Bolt., 411, 414

—— roseus, Blainv., 411, 414

— ruber, Schum., 403, 411, 414

—— senegalensis, Recl., 414

489

Tenagodus spinosa, Lamk., 414
— spiralis, Risso, 414
sguamata, Blainy., 411, 414
— striatus, Defr., 411, 414
— sulcatus, Defr., 411, 414
terebella, Lamk., 415
— tuberculata, Anton, 415
— variegata, Perry, 415
—— vitis, Conr., 415
volvox, Dillw., 415
ys Agar anguilla, Mérch, 410,
1

) eylindrella, Mérch, 410,413

—— (——) lacteus, Lamk., 409, 413

) tahitensis, Mérch, 410, 414

Be eae aes australis, Q. e¢ G., 406,
4

—

—— (——) conifer, Mérch, 404

—— (——) cumingii, Mérch, 403

) encausticus, Mérch, 408, 413

—— (——-) ferruginea, Mérch, 407

—— (——) incisus, Chemn., 408, 413

— ( ; japonica, Mérch, 405

—— (——) levi-lirata, Mérch, 405

—— (—— lineata, Mérch, 408

—— (——-) lumbricalis, Rumph., 405

— (—— multilirata, Mérch, 406

— ( obtusus, Schwm., 407, 414

—— (——-) platyomphala, Mérch, 405

—— (——) ponderosus, Mérch,409, 414

—— (—— rosea, Mérch, 409

) rudis, Mérch, 404

—— (——) sealariformis, Mérch, 406

—— (——-) teniata, Adams, 406

—— (——) tostus, Mérch, n. sp., 405,
415

—— (——) trochlearis, Mérch, n. sp.,
408, 413

Tephrodornis gularis, Raffles, 354

Terebra, 448 ;

aciculina, Lamk., 449

acumen, Desh., 449

—— acuta, Desh., 450

—— adansoni, Desh., 449

—— affinis, Gray, 449

—— albicostata, Reeve, 450

—— albocincta, Carp., 450

— albula, Menke, 449

—— anomala, Gray, 449

—— approximata, Desh., 450

archimedis, Desh., 450

areolata, Reeve, 450

argenvillit, Desh., 449

armillata, Hinds, 450

—— aspera, Hinds, 450

—— bacillus, Desh., 449

—— bermonti, Lor., 450

—— bipartita, Desh., 449

—— bitorquata, Desh., 450

bourguignati, 449

— cancellata, Quoy, 450

ses

No. 448.—ProcrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

490

Terebra casta, Hinds, 449
castanea, Kien., 449
chilensis, Desh., 450
—— chinensis, Desh., 450
——- cinctella, Desh., 450
cinerea, Born, 449

—— cingula, Kien., 449
cingulifera, Lamk., 450
circinata, Desh., 450
—— columellaris, Hinds, 450
columnaris, Desh., 450
— concinna, Desh., 449
—— consors, Hinds, 449, 450
—— corrugata, Lamk., 450
—— cosentini, Phil., 449
crassula, Desh., 449
—— crenifera, Desh., 450
crenulata, Lamk., 449
crosset, Desh., 449

—— decorata, Desh., 450
—— dimidiata, Lamk., 449
—— duplicata, Linn., 449
—— eburnea, Hinds, 449
——— fatua, Hinds, 449
festiva, Desh., 449

—— fimbriata, Desh., 449
_—— flammea, Lamk., 450
_—_— funiculata, Hinds, 450
— geminata, Desh., 450
—— gemmulata, Kien., 449, 450
glabra, Desh., 449

—— glauca, Hinds, 450
———hastata, Gmel., 449
hinds, Carp., 450

—— hupei, Lor., 450
incolor, Desh., 449
—— incomparabilis, Desh., 450
_— inconstans, Hinds, 449
—— insignis, Desh., 450
___— intertincta, Hinds, 450
—— jamaicensis, Adams, 449
—— lactea, Desh., 449

—__— lamarckii, Kien., 449
—— laurina, Hinds, 449
—— lingualis, Hinds, 450
loroisi, Desh., 450

—— luctuosa, Hinds, 449
_——— marginata, Desh., 450
matheroniana, Desh., 449
mera, Hinds, 449

—— micans, Hinds, 449
—_— modesta, Desh., 449
—— myuros, Lamk., 450
__— nitida, Hinds, 449
nodosoplicata, Dunk., 449
__— oculata, Lamk., 450
—— pallida, Desh., 450
—— patagonica, D’Orb., 449
peasit, Desh., 450

—— pertusa, Born, 450
—— petiveriana, Desh., 450

INDEX.

Terebra picta, Hinds, 450
plicatella, Desh., 449
—— plumbea, Quoy, 449
—— puncticulata, Desh., 450
reevet, Desh., 449
regina, Desh., 450
robusta, Hinds, 450
rudis, Gray, 450
—— rufocinerea, Carp., 450
scabrella, Lamk., 450
senegalensis, Lamk., 449
speciosa, Desh., 449
spectabilis, Hinds, 450
splendens, Desh., 449
straminea, Gray, 450
strigilata, Linn., 449
—— stylata, Hinds, 449
—— subnodosa, Carp., 450
tessellata, Gray, 450
—— undatella, Desh., 450
—— undulata, Gray, 450
variegata, Gray, 450
—— yenosa, Hinds, 449
verreauxi, 449
virginea, Desh., 450
Testudo, 415
greca, 415
radiata, 371
Tetrabothrium gerrardii, Bazrd, u.sp.,
448 ‘

Tetragonopterus seneus, Gthr., n. sp., 319

rutilus, Jenyns, 234

Thalassidroma nereis, Gould, 390

Thalurania tschudii, Gould, n. sp., 312

verticeps, Gould, 95

Thamnistes anabatinus, Se/., n. sp., 299

Thamnocenchris, Salvin, n. g.,459

aurifer, Salvin, n. sp., 409

Thamnophilus immaculatus, Lafr., 89

—— melanocrissus, Scl., n. sp., 252

—— melanurus, Scl., 252

— nevius, Gm., 278, 294

transandeanus, Scl., 278, 294

Thaumalea picta, 183

cee ty ceruleiceps, Gould, n. sp.,

—— nitidifrons, Gould, n. sp., 308

viridiceps, Gould, n. sp., 307

Thryothorus albipectus, Cab., 273

euophrys, Sc/., n.sp.; 74

—— mystacalis, Se/.,n.sp., 64, 74

— nigricapillus, Sc/., n. sp., 84, 291

Thynnus vulgaris, 205

Tiaris cruenta, Less., 276

elliotti, Gthr., n.sp., 151, 160, 167,
172

Tigrisoma brasiliense, Gm., 72

leucolophum, 371

tigrinum, Gmel., 253, 290

Tiliqua rufescens, Shaw, 114, 160, 167,
169, 170, 171, 172

INDEX.

Tiliqua schlegelii, Ghr., n. sp., 153, 160
Tinamus, 289, 298, 417

major, Moore, 253

parvirostris, 289

—— robustus, Sec/.,n. sp., 253
Tinnunculus moluccensis, Homb., 343
sparverius, Linn., 96

Tityra personata, Jard., 295

Toccus hartlaubi, Govw/d, n. sp., 380
Todiramphus diops, Bp., 346

lazuli, Bp. 346

Todirostrum, 93

cinereum, Linn., 283

—— squamicristatum, Lafr., 283, 295
Tomodon, 452

dorsatus, 455

—— lineatus, D. et B., 455

—— strigatus, Gthr., 455

Tomopterna delalandii, Smith, 165
strigata, Gthr., 165, 168, 170
Tornatellina nitida, Pease, n. sp., 439
Tornatina gracilis, Adams, 19
.sandwicensis, Pease, n. sp., 19
Totanus griseopygius, Gould, 364
—— hypoleucus, Temm., 364

— pulverulentus, Temm., 364

—— (Glottis) horsfieldi, Sykes, 364
= hy Tringoides) hypoleucus, G.R.Gray,

Trachinus vipera, 416

Trachischium fuscum, Blyth, 161, 167,
171, 172

oS taped Blyth, 161, 167,

rugosum, Gthr., 161
Trachydosaurus rugosus, 243
Treron aromatica, Temm., 860
—— tonogaster, Reichb., 359
—— nudirostris, Sw., 112

— vernans, Temm., 360

Trichas nigricristatus, Lafr.,'74
Trichoglossine, 225
Trichoglossus coccineifrons, 227
—— concinnus, 371 eee
—— cyanogrammus, Wagl., 226, 35
Seiten, 26.2 in
— forsteni, 226
—— hematodus, Linn., 227, 357
tris, 226
—— massena, 228
— nigrigularis, 227
—— ornatus, Linn., 226, 357, 417
—— placens, 226, 227
—— placentis, Miull., 357
—— swainsoni, 372

Trichophorus flavicaudus, Bp., 351
—— sulphureus, Temm., 351
dame affinis, Gray, 164, 167,

—— blomhoffii, 173
— halys, 172

491

Trimesurus albolabris, Gray, 115

bicolor, Gray, 164, 166

elegans, Gray, 164, 166

maculatus, 164

Tringa bonapartit, Schleg., 387

helvetica, Linn., 36

—— hypoleuca, Linn., 364

interpres, Linn., 363

—— pugnax, 258

rufescens, 108

schinzii, Bp., 387

— subarquata, Gmel., 365

urvilliz, Garn., 386

wilsont, Nutt., 253

Tringotdes hypoleuca, G. R. Gray, 365

macularius, Linn., 254,298

Trionyx, 6, 314

Triphoris affinis, Pease, n. sp., 434

alternata, Pease, n. sp., 434

cingulifera, Pease, n. sp., 434

—— clavata, Pease, n. sp., 434

flammulata, Pease, n.sp., 434

fucata, Pease, n. sp., 433

incisa, Pease, u. sp., 434

triticea, Pease, n.sp., 433

Triton, 174

-——— cristatus, 204

pusilla, Pease, n. sp., 434

Tritonia hawaiiensis, Pease, n. sp., 33

Trochilus furcatus, Tsch., 312

Troglodytes furvus, Gm., 273, 291

solstitialis, Scl., 84

Trogon caligatus, Gould, 284

collaris, Sw., 69

melanurus, Sw., 284

personatus, Gould, 93

Tropidolepis, 452

torquatus, Gray, 454

Tropidonotus, 452

cerasogaster, Cant., 162

chrysargus, Boie, 162

dekayt, Holbr., 456

dipsas, Blyth, 162

natrix, 174

ordinatus, Linn., 455

—— platyceps, Blyth, 162, 166, 167, 171,
172

—— quincunciatus, Schl., 114, 162, 168,
170

sirtalis, Linn., 455

stolatus, Linn., 162, 168, 170

—— subminiatus, Reinw., 162, 167, 170,
171

umbratus, 162

Tropidorhynchus bouroensis, Less., 349

— gilolensis, Temm., 349

moluccensis, Gm., 349

subcornutus, Temm., 349

Tugalia oblonga, Pease, n. sp., 437

Turbo argyrostomus, Linn., 16

— sandwicensis, Pease, n. sp., 436

492

Turbo semicostatus, Pease, n. sp., 435

Turbonilla decussata, Pease, n. sp., 438

Turcica coreensis, Pease, n. sp., 189

Turvvs, 332

—— albiventris, Spix, 272

—— armillaris, Temm., 3:

atrosericeus, Lafr., 83

— falklandicus, Q. et G., 384

—— gigas, Fraser, 63,

—— magellanicus, King, 384

—— musicus, 258

— pinicola, Scl., 250

—— ruficollis, 108

— swainsont, Cab., 84

—— torquatus, 371, 442

—— varius, 108

—— (Monticola) erythropterus, G. R.
Gray, 0. sp., 390

Turricula approximata, Pease, n. sp., 146

— bella, Pease, n. sp., 145

Turris monilifera, Pease, n. sp., 398

Turtur bitorquatus, Temm., 361

risorius, 371

suratensis, G. R. Gray, 361

tigrina, Temm., 361

Typhlops, 233

—— diardii, 114

—— tenuis, Salvin, n. sp., 454

Typhon robusta, Bp., 363

temminckii, — “ed

Tyrannulus chrysops, Scl.,

Z Siaiacopn, Sel., n. sp., 69, 283

—— flavidifrons, Sc/., n. sp., 69

—— nigricapillus, Lafr., 93

miflavus, Sc/., n. sp., 300

—— se

Tyrannus erythr ius, Lafr., 92
sr le Mag Fieal, 92, 281

niveigularis, Sc/.,n. sp., 281

Unio eximius, Lea, 15

gravidus, Lea, 14

—— hainesianus, Lea, 15

—— housei, Lea, 14

—— humilis, Lea, 15

—— inornatus, Lea, 15

—— myersianus, Lea, 14

—— rusticus, Zea, 14

sagittarius, Lea, 15

scobinatus, Lea, 15

tumidulus, Lea, 15

Urochroa bougieri, 95

Urodiseus, 225

Uromastix griseus, Cuv., 161, 167, 170

spinipes, 192

Urosticte benjamin, Boure., 95

Ursus americanus, 130, 180,417

arctos, 130, 372

Urubitinga zonura, Shaw, 288

INDEX.

Usilla, H. Adams, n. g., 369
Vanellus cinctus, Less., 386
melanogaster, Bechst., 363
resplendens, Tsch., 82
Vanikoro imbricata, Pease, n. sp., 405
semiplicata, Pease, n. sp., 435
Varanus heraldicus, Gray, 160
Venilia callonota, Bp., 286
Vermetus levis, Bell, 413
Vertagus graniferus, Pease, n. sp., 433
Vertigo nitens, Pease, n. sp., 439
Vespertilio albescens, Geotfr., 261
— chiloénsis, Waterh., 211, 261
—— nigricans, Pr. Max., 211
Vexilla fusconigra, Pease, n. sp., 14
nigrofusca, Pease, 369 :
Vidua paradisea, 442
Vipera berus, 174
Vireo flavifrons, Vieill., 251

josephe, Scl., 63, 85
—— modestus, Scel., n. sp., 462
noveboracensis, Gosse, 462
Vireosylvia agilis, Licht., 64,273
cobanensis, Sc/., n. sp., 463
—— philadelphica, Scl., 463
virescens, Baird, 64
Vitrina siamensis, Haines, 7
Vitularia sandwicensis, Pease, n. sp., 397
Viverra civetta, 417
zebetha, Linn., 5
Viverricula indica, 183
Viverride, 260
Volatinia splendens, Vieill., 275
Volvatella, Pease, n. g., 20
fragilis, Pease, n. sp., 20
Vulpes vulgaris, 371
Xenodon macrophthalmus, Gthr., 161,

166, 167,171
rhabdocephalus, 442
Xenogenys azureus, Temm., 353
Xenopeltis unicolor, Reinw., 114
Xenops genibarbis, Temmm., 293
Xiphorhynchus thoracicus, Sc/., n. sp.,
277, 293

— pusillus, Sel., n.sp., 278
Yoldia woodwardi, Hanley, n. sp., 870
Yune torquilla, 243
Zamenis mexicanus, D. et B., 316
Zanclostomus eneus, Vieill., 112
Zenaida hypoleuca, Bp., 97
leucoptera, 371
Zonotrichia pileata, Bodd., 63, 76
Zootoca vivipara, 174
oe atriceps, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,

chloris, Miull., 350

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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