Life-histories of Indian insects : Microlepidoptera

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Vor. Vi, No, 1

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1% Jemeny (grt)
November, 1920 J ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES
614 MEMOIRS OF THE
“DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA
\ LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA /
I. PTEROPHORIDA

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N.,-F.LS., FLES., F.Z,S
Imperial Entomologist

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

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PREEAC E

Tur term “ Microlepidoptera”’ is commonly and_ loosely
applied to the (usually small) moths belonging to the groups Ptero-
phorina, Tortricina, Tineina and Micropterygina. Strictly speaking,
many comparatively large moths of the families Cossidee, Aigeriade,
Hepialide, ete., should be included amongst the “ Micros,” numerous
species of which, by the way, are considerably larger than many
Macros, but, as Mr. Meyrick has recently remarked, some families
of the true Microlepidoptera are commonly appropriated by the
collectors of the larger Lepidoptera without any justification.
For the purpose of these papers the term Microlepidoptera is taken
to include those families which are not included in the volumes
on Moths in the Fauna of British India series.

It is only within the last fifteen years that any serious attempt
has been made to acquire a knowledge of the Microlepidoptera of
the Indian Region. In 1889, at the time of the publication of
Cotes’ and Swinhoe’s Catalogue of the Moths of India, only 225
species of Microlepidoptera were enumerated and this number
included several synonyms and species which are not true “* Micros.”
At the present time 2,422 species, contained in about 458 genera,
have been recorded and we are still only beginning to learn what
forms actually exist within the Indian Empire, in which enormous
areas are still absolutely unknown so far as concerns their micro-
lepidopterous fauna.

Our knowledge of the early stages of these little moths is still
more incomplete, although numerous species are of considerable
importance as pests of crops or of household or stored products.
The Pink Bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella) and the Potato Moth
(Phthorimea_operculella), for example, do damage which totals

il PREFACE

many millions of rupees annually, whilst every houseliold in India
suffers loss on account of the Grain Moth (Sitotroga cerealella),
and what housewife, be she never so careful, but has found reason
to bewail the damage caused by Clothes Moths (Tinea pellionella,
Trichophaga abruptella, etc.) ?

The present and subsequent papers endeavour to indicate
our present state of knowledge (I might almost better say our
want of knowledge) of the life-histories of these small moths, so
far as they are at present known in India, and some indications
are given of the early stages of three hundred and ninety-six species,
the information given being based upon records already published
in various sources and on unpublished records derived from the
files of the Entomological Section of the Pusa Research Institute.
The scattered manner in which these records have been published
hitherto is indicated by the references given under each species
and it is hopeless to expect the ordinary worker in India, without
a veritable library specially gathered to this end, to be able to
consult all these references at first-hand. I have therefore consider-
ed it better to bring together all the published information, even
at the risk of a certain amount of repetition.

It is hoped that these papers will be of use, not only to the
Entomological Staffs of the Agricultural Department who are
interested primarily in crop-pests, but also to those collectors in
India who ordinarily occupy themselves only with the butterflies
and larger moths, mainly because of the scanty available informa-
tion regarding the smaller forms.

It should be emphasized that these papers deal only with
life-histories and not with control measures, in the case of pests
or with classification. Both of these aspects may perhaps be treated
of hereafter.

PuSsA: T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER,
25th June, 1919, Imperial Entomologist.

Epinions OF INDIAN INSEOTS
¢ MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

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LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

I, PTEROPHORIDA.

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., F.E.S., F.Z.S.,

Imperial Entomologist.

[Received for publication on 27th June, 1919.]

DIACROTRICHA FASCIOLA, ZELL.

Diacrotricha fasciola, Zeller, Linn. Ent., VI, 399 (1852) (1); Meyr., T. E. 8.

1907, 471 (1908) (2); Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan., VI, 31-32, t. A f. 6, t. F

ff. 5, 65.8.3);

Diacrotricha callimeres (Meyr., ined.), Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 528 (1909) (4).

ORIGINALLY described from Java (!), this species is known to occur in
India (2—4), Ceylon (% 3) and the Kei Islands (New Guinea) (7). We have it
from Galle (Ceylon), Gauhati and Pusa. It is probably widely distributed
in India but has been overlooked.

“Bred by Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy from pupz found on leaf of Averrhoa
bilimbi ?, a tree of cultivation, so that it may be artificially spread” (?).
These specimens were bred at Pusa from Averrhoa carambola.

“The short, stout, uniformly-coloured larva feeds on the flowers of the
‘bilimbi tree’ (Averrhoa bilimbi). The larve vary much in colour, hardly
two being alike. Uniform yellowish-grey, pale yellow, pale greenish-yellow,
pale green, pale pink, and red, are all common colours. (Plate F, figures
5 and 6)” (3). The young larva bores into flowers of A. carambola at Pusa,
the hole of entry being visible on the side of the unexpanded flower.

“The pupa is a very pretty object, being usually a bright light green
(sometimes with black markings) with numerous fasciculated tufts of yellow
spiny hairs. The sketch (Plate F, figure 8)... . gives a good idea of its general

ee,

o LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

appearance. It is generally attached to a flower-stalk, but sometimes to a
flower-petal or fruit, or more rarely a leaf, of the foodplant ” (*).

“The transformations of this species are unusually rapid, the larva
suspending itself and pupating in a few hours, the imago emerging after a
pupal period of only four or five days ”’ (8).

Tr dye ws
BUCKGERIA PALUDICOLA, FLETCHER.
Trichoptilus paludicola, Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan., V, 20-32, 7 figures (1907) (+)

Le. Vi, 31). At ToL) 2);

This species was originally described from Diyatalawa (Ceylon) (') and has
also been recorded from Madulsima (?) and the Khasi Hills (4). It is probably
widely distributed in India in Icealities where Drosera grows but is inconspicuous
and easily overlooked. We have it from Divatalawa and Kegalle in Ceylon,
and from Shiilong. :

.

At Diyatalawa the larva was found to feed on Drosera burmanni, which
is of common occurrence in India also.

“ Egg-laying. A female moth confined over plants of Drosera burmanni
laid several ova, most of which were deposited on the seed capsules and. un-
expanded flower-buds. One ovum was laid midway on a petiole on the edge
of a young leaf.

“Ovum. When first deposited the egg is of a pale shining green colour,
showing prismatic tints. There seems to be a system of rather coarse reti-
culation disposed regularly over the surface, but the enclosed depressions
are very shallow. It is oval in longitudinal, circular in transverse, section.
Its length is about 0°45 mm. and its diameter about 0°18 mm,

“ Larva. There are apparently four instars :—

“ First instar. The newly-hatched larva is about 1 mm. long. In colour
it is a pale transparent yellow which takes a reflected tint from the Drosera
leaves, thus making the young larva very difficult to see; the prothoractc
segment is a little darker, and the head is brown and comparatively very
large. Scattered over the body are short white hairs, but they are neither
conspicuous nor plentiful. No warts are visible.

“The larva crawls about without hesitation amongst the glandular hairs
of the Drosera leaf, the gummy tips of the petioles standing up above it, so
that it can walk about among their bases with impunity. In this stage it
seems to feed entirely on the petioles and gum.

“Before undergoing its first ecdysis the larva grows to about 15 mm.
in length, and the segmental interstices are more plainly marked in a lighter

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yellowish colour, whereas the segments themselves have become of a darker
ereenish-yellow.

“ Second instar. About 2 mm. long and rather stout. Colour a greenish-
yellow, paler below and on the sides on which the spiracles ‘stand out darkly ;
there are apparently small latero-dorsal tubercles which bear rather long white
clubbed hairs.

“Tf feeds on the glandular petioles, biting through the base and drawing
the stalk into its mouth by a series of movements and finishing by devouring
the drop of gum. It seems fairly voracious, but is evidently rather fastidious
in its selection of the glandular hairs.

“Third (2 antepenuliimate) instar. About 3 mm. long and fairly stout.
Colour a pale green with interrupted pinkish latero-dorsal, lateral and supra-
spiracular stripes. Tubercles green at base, brownish at points of emission
of the white hairs.......

“ Fourth (ultimate) instar. A fully-fed larva on the point of pupation is
just over 7 mm. long, moderately stout, stoutest about middle of body, tapering
rather more rapidly towards the head. Colour pale green, a dark rather reddish
narrow medio-dorsal stripe ; latero-dorsal tubercles red and surrounded with
dark red dashes, which assume a rather longitudinal direction, so that the larva
seems to have an interrupted rather broad latero-dorsal stripe. Head pale
green with dark ocellar marks on either side. Jaws and mouth-parts reddish.
Long palps on either side of jaws.

“The larve, however, vary much, but seem divisible into three types :—

(1) Pale green with a distinctly reddish tinge ; a narrow darker green
dorsal stripe bordered on either side by a pale yellowish longitudinal line ;
head pale green with dark reddish ocellar patches ; tubercles reddish-brown ;
hairs white, as long as diameter of segmental interstices, slightly and regularly
dilated towards apex ; prolegs pale green, almost transparent.

“ (2) Paler green, on which the tubercles show up conspicuously as a bright
dark red. |

(3) Very much suffused with red, so as to appear of almost as red a colour
as the Drosera itself. ?

“The intensity of the dorsal stripe is very variable ; in some specimens
it is very distinct, in others quite obsvlete.

“In its final instar the larva shows a decided preference for the buds and
seeds of the Drosera, eating a hole in the side of the seed capsule and devouring
the contents, but it:also eats the leaves.

“ General remarks on the larval state. In all its stages the larva is extremely
similar to the Drosera and difficult to distinguish. Even a full-grown larva

4 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

may easily be passed over as a glandular leaf seen edgewise, and vice
versa.

“Ordinarily the larva seems sluggish, but can move along fairly fast
when it likes. It has, indeed, little incentive to move from the foodplant.
When resting across the centre of the plant, with plenty of food within reach,
it seems to remain there for days, until a large pile of flaccid dark yellowish-
green frass accumulates. .

““In some cases the frass is jerked away by a rapid movement of the anal
extremity. In one instance which I noted it went about an inch up into the
air and fell on to the Drosera plant about half an inch away from the larva ;
but usually, I should imagine, it falls clear of the foodplant, or there would
be no object in flicking it away in this manner. However, as noted above,
the frass often does accumulate on the foodplant, so evidently this process
of removal is not an invariable habit, but is a peculiarity confined to certain
individuals. .

“When crawling onto a Drosera plant the larva seems very careful to keep
clear of the gummy detioles, and is assisted to do so by its long hairs, more
especially those situated upon the head, for these hairs are seen to have en-
larged basal attachments, which are evidently correlated with hypertrophied
tactile nerves.

“When crawling over the leaves the gum is often seen to adhere to the
legs of the larva, which then stops, bends down its head, and cleans them
by passing the gummy legs through its mouth. The whole process rather
reminds one of a cat licking itself clean.

“ Pupation. When searching for the larvee I must have examined severai
scores of Drosera plants, which either contained full-fed larve or showed
signs of having recently done so, but only in one case have I as yet found
the pupa in a natural position, and, judging by the restless behaviour of
larve in confinement just prior to pupation, I am constrained to believe
that the larva wanders away from the plant and fixes itself up for
pupation on some grass stem or similar object, where its discovery would be
rendered exceedingly difficult by its resemblance to a pendulous grass
seed.

“This pupa, which was found im situ in its natural position (on 27th
August) was on a medium-sized Drosera plant, which was growing under the
shade of a tuft of grass. The plant had evidently been badly eaten by the
larva, and there was no flower-stalk. The pupa was attached by its cremastral
hooks to a silken pad spun on the base of a leaf just below the central bud
and was lying, dorsal surface uppermost, across some leaves whose gummy

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petioles had been eaten away by the larva. This pupa was of a greenish-yellow-
brown colour, just the tint of the faded sundew leaves, and it looked rather
like a grass seed which had fallen on to the plant and stuck to the gum; it
may be added that ripe grass seeds are often so found.

“Tn confinement the larva exhibits a certain preference for suspension
from the flower-stalk of its foodplant, whose colour is of a reddish green.
Even when the stem is growing at an angle, its double set of cremastral hooks
enables the pupa to keep its ventral surface closely appressed to the lower
side of the stem, so that it is not suspended freely. It seems possible that
this pupa possesses a certain amount of colour adaptability, those pup
attached to the reddish flower-stems having usually an increased red suffusion
in comparison with those attached to glass or white paper.

“When on an approximately horizontal surface, the pupa is usually
found dorsum uppermost ; otherwise it invariably suspends itself head down-
wards and with the ventral surface appressed to its support.

“Tn the case of a pupa in a horizontal position the cast larval skin is
sometimes seen lying near it, but quite free and shrivelled up. The suspended
pupa always gets rid of the larval skin entirely. This habit is the exact
opposite of that found in Trichoptilus oxydactylus [Buckleria defectalis], whose
discarded larval skin is not shrivelled up, but is stretched out along the stem
just above the pupa.

“When first formed the pupa is of a light apple-green cclour, the wing-
covers and appendages of a darker green, and a narrow darker medio-dorsal
stripe. On either side of this last is a series of eight red tubercles, each bearing
two black spines, both pointing longitudinally in opposite directions ; on
about the eighth somite, however, the foremost of these two spines becomes
obsolescent and quite disappears before the anal extremity is reached. The
cremaster consists of two portions approximately equal to one another, one
in the centre of the ventral surface of the twelfth somite, the other at the
anal extremity.

‘In some cases the newly-formed pupa is wholly suffused with a delicate
pink flush, which almost becomes a dull red in some specimens.

“ After a couple of days the bright green begins to fade and ultimately
becomes a dull uniform pale yellowish-brown, by which time the eyes and
antenne are clearly marked in black.

“The pupa is formed about thirty hours after the larva has suspended
itself, and the moth emerges after about nine or ten days in the pupal state.

“The moth always emerges in the morning, usually at about
Sek mre Cee ats

6 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

A cy PEE
BUCKLERIA XERODES, MEYR.

Trichoptilus xerodes, Meyr., T. E. 8., 1886, 14 (4), Uc. 1885, 422 (2), Lc. 1887,

267 (3), B. J., XVII, 134 (1906) (4); Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan., VI, 30,

t. Af. 9, t. Ff. 45(1909)-(5) ; Meyr., Gen. Ins. Pteroph., p. 5, tab. £2

(1910) (°).

This species is widely distributed throughout Australia (—%) and has
also been recorded from New Guinea(’)/and Ceylon(*). We have it from
Nagpur, where it was reared by Ratiram Khamparia on 22nd November,
1912, from a larva found on pods of Cajanus indicus, from Khurda, Pollibetta
(Coorg), and from Trincomali and Haldummulla in Ceylon.

A larva found at Peradeniya on 26th December, 1907, on Gynandropsis
sp. (Capparidee) was described as “ about 12 mm. long, cylindrical, mode-
rately stout, Head yellowish with an orange tinge. Colour of other segments
a uniform pale yellow. A large brown latero-dorsal wait emits a long white
hair and about five short ones. Belew this is a small black supraspiracular
tubercle emitting a single short white hair and bearing a short secondary
hair. Spiracle small, black. A small black subspiracular tubercle emits
(1) a short white hair directed forwards and downwards, (2) a longer white hair
directed backwards and downwards. Below this and a little behind it is a
small black wart emitting a single hair. Towards the ventral surface are
two (2 three) small black warts emitting white hairs. There are numerous
small knobbed white secondary hairs. All warts are well raised above the
surface of the skin, and the divisions of the segments are well marked. (Plate
F, figure 4)."(°) This larva was not reared and at the time was only supposed
to be B. xerodes but later on Mr. Green informed me that he had bred this
species from similar larvee on this foodplant.

(at aye le
BUCKLERTA DEFECTALIS, WLK. (PLATE I, FIG. 1.)

Pterophorus defectalis, Wik., Cat. XXX, 943 (1864)(1 Matin eS an.
Pterophorus congrualis, Wlk., Cat. XXX, 943 ( coe ).
Pterophorus oxydactylus, Wik., Cat. XXX, 944 (1864)(°).
Trichoptilus ochrodactylus, Fish, Canad. Ent. XIII, 142 (1881)(*) ;

Fernald, Pteroph. N. Amer., 2nd edit., p. 15 (1898)(°).
Trichoptilus compsochares, Meyr., T. E. 8., 1886, 16 (1886)(°).
Trichoptilus centetes, Meyr., T. E. 8., 1886, 16-17 (1886)(‘), ad., Le. 1887,

266 (1887)(8) ; Wlsm., P. Z. 8., 1891, 494(), éd., Le. (1897), 5 6('°),
Trichoptilus ralumensis, Pag., Zoologica, XXIX, 239(1').
Aciptilia oxydactyla, Wlsm. P. Z. 8., 1885, 885('*), Moore, Lep. Ceylon, IIT,

529, t. 209, £. 16(').

Spy

: - 2 “Ban _*
/ ; Pig..1.. Buchteria de /setatie:—-2, Larva feediiie oo fruits of Noerlonvin comene -
(x10) 2.6, larva, abéwl bell-grown, vatoral size, sod: magne? ix, 1F),

:

a tess a

é. :

! it

Hs uate

5 ’
(13

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ay ees Lt ae a DA fou We, se iM : rane oT)

Seaway Mth eee eens e pace

PLATE lL.

Fig. 1. Buckleria defectalis:—a, Larva feeding on fruits of Boerhaavia repens
(x 10); 6, larva, about half-grown, natural size and magnified (x 13).

Fig. 2. Buckleria wahlbergi:—a, Larva; b, pupa; and c, moth, natural sizes
and magnified (x 11).

7. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 7

Trichoptilus congrualis, Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan., VI, 28-39, t. A £28) ¢. Wets2,
3 (1909)(4).

Trichoptilus defectalis, Fletcher, T. L. 8. (2) RUT, 312) (1809) (3°).

_ Buckleria defectalis, Fletcher, T. L. 8. (2) XIII, 398-399 (1910)("%).

Originally described from West Africa(!) and Ceylon (*) *), this is an
extremely widely distributed species, recorded from the Southern United
States, West Indies, Peru, West, South and East Africa, Mauritius, Farquhar
Island, Amirantes, Coetivy, Seychelles, Chagos Islands, Ceylon, India, Formosa,
China, New Guinea, North-East Australia and Hawaii('®).

In India and Ceylon this seems to be a Plains species, found abundantly
in all sandy areas where its foodplant, Boerhaavia, occurs. We have specimens
from Trincomali, Colombo, Coimbatore, Pusa, Chapra, Bassein Fort (Bon bay),
Lyallpur, Peshawar, and Hangu (Kurram Valley).

The following description was made from a larva found at Galle on 10th
May, 1907 :—‘‘ The larva has just cast its skin (which remains alongside it,
uneaten) and is probably just commencing its final instar. Length 5°5 mm,
Breadth in thickest part (about middle) 15 mm. Hairs about 1 mm. long.
In shape it is cylindrical, moderately stout, tapering at either extremity. When
crawling, the thoracic segments, especially the prothoracic, are greatly extended
and appear very slender and flattened. The head appears to be uniformly
jetty-black, but under a high-power lens the central portion and jaws are seen
to be yellowish with a few short yellowish hairs. The ground-colcur along
the side is a pale yellowish shade of duty grey with a tinge of red (this last
colour is more pronounced in some specimens). There is a narrow medio-dorsal
stripe of a shade rather darker than the ground-colour and a little redder. On
the metathoracic segment the two warts edging the medio-dorsal line are
faintly marked with dark reddish-fuscous ; the four succeeding segments have
these warts distinctly marked with the same dark reddish-fuscous, and
therefore show up like spots. (In other larvee all the dorsal warts are more or
less marked with dark fuscous, shading off at either extremity of the larva.)
A broad but indistinct fuscous subspiracular line. A rather brcad ventral
‘pale-greenish stripe. The prolegs are very long and slender and are of a pale
ereyish greenish-yellow, the hocks dark ; the legs are similarly coloured. The
long hairs appear dark but there are numerous minute white knobbed glan-
dular secondary hairs scattered over the segments, and these appear to secrete
a viscous fluid ’’(!*).

Two full-fed larvee found at Colombo on 18th October, 1907, were described
as “stout, stoutest about fourth segment, decreasing thence rapidly towards
the head, anally gradually. Colour a pale yellow with a faint tinge of fuscous

8 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

green. There is a broad dull reddish longitudinal spiracular stripe, on which
the spiracles stand out as pale longitudinal blotches. The medio-dorsal stripe
has a faint tinge of red in it, making it a little darker than the ground-colour.
On either side of this, bordering the darker brown latero-dorsal tubercles, is a
series of whitish longitudinal dashes, forming two interrupted dorsal lines—
these markings absent in one larva. Head dark brown. ‘The long hairs are
black and obviously sticky. A younger larva, about half-grown, is dark
brown without any obvicus markings, the hairs very distinctly clubbed at the
apex.”

“The larva is generally rather sluggish but can be quite active, e.g., if
searching for food. If it loses its foothold, it drops by a silken thread. It
feeds on the unripe seeds of Boerhaavia repens, commencing by eating the
viscid exudation on the outside of the perianth tube, through which it then
gnaws a hole and excavates the contents. Small insects, especially ants, are
often seen to be caught by this gummy secretion, but the gum does not seem
to incommode the larve at all; probably their extremely long prolegs are
specially modified to carry them over it without touching it as they walk, and
the long larval hairs prevent contact of the body with neighbouring drops
of gum ’’(!*).

“The larva seems to pupate almost invariably on the slender stem just
below a seed-head, although I have once found an empty pupa-case attached
to the mid-rib on the under-surface of a small leaf. The pupa hangs freely
suspended, the discarded larval skin not being shrivelled up but stretched
out at full length along the stem just above it. The rain soon destroys the
empty pupa-cases and one finds only the anal portion with the discarded
larval skin. The colour of the pupa is very variable ; sometimes it is a light
apple-green, sometimes a brownish-grey ”("*).

Tos Plo)
il

BUCKLERIA WAHLBERGI, ZELL. (PLATE I, FIG. 2.)

Pterophorus wahlbergi, Zell., Linn, Ent. VI, 346 (1852)(').
Pterophorus rutilalis, Wlk., Cat. XXX, 9438 (1864)(2); Xe TES Agu...
Trichoptilus pyrrhodes, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales (2) IV, 1113 (1889)(3).
Trichoptilus wahlbergi, Meyr., B. J.. XVII, 134 (1906)(*) ; Fletcher, Spolia
Zeylan, VI, 27-28, t. Af. 10 (1909)(°).

Buckleria wahlbergi, Fletcher, T. L. 8. (2) XIII, 399, f. 2 (1910)(6).

This is a widely distributed species recorded from South Africa, St. Helena,
Seychelles, India, Ceylon and Queensland(®). It is common throughout
India and Ceylon and we have it from Kandy, Haldummulla and Madulsima

“athe he A thds. haedioiiyg tre divicer hake: Jal

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Speed: thet Pan staat yale ig

Ray Say Lodkee, Beptoiy and,

ween, (hoch aang Gi a
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wtp, C1 mah Nady Drag tte iad dhaetiaa, peng rast real re
thom Se eet Re OMA, Tiged dae Bron.” tee x
tac ae Siiely Aten A younger terhe, atone halls

“ee aa i alien agen, a OE

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sour hing ee uleed TET Wace ine foothold, Te dtnps by» athe agen
sean cin 4 foals puoi: ok iol leis Weakecaeay aaa ann
vtlibecsallgtins ro Ces ouside eb ober fieianal mela, Oenaghywhhaly x leg
widen. hele aad ce aitne the ooieente Apeall inaters, eopentsllg: anti We
pera cae to be oaele et thie daamthe seeHObi anit ee gain Boeri
tq ticoren ile the: iatem alt srsbclle Hoe iene Ca ae
xpetinily woditied to catry theatover it winhene Miah at as ‘they: seme, BS
ski dems level liline prevent contact of She Satya tf
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PMS SE aay tae aah oe: ee tiga Sexl, rae ee

ACS GE Ri posh ths stare Pst abate, “The neneabens

3

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: wrens AB, a ce

Vinca itu suites tol. bcs te, VE, Sue

Fruitgeerce snutitolig,” Wipe) Cate 2OEX, > tea

rledbigitsinaytichorteg, Mee, Prog, Jinn, Se, AM

tWihigtigtil path her gis Mage 4 Bodh, ee
BAe TEAS BS OO

ahaa hte Pieter B b'8, ei
FRR © see aR Sorte

Pein nyse:
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alias: oe sod baer.

PLATE II

me. oe 5 nasi)
SW LL <=

SPHENARCHES CAFFER.

Pe Se BO

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL.

SPHENARCHES CAFFER.

Larva, natural size and magnified.

Pupa, natural size and magnified.

Moth, natural size and magnified.

Eggs and larva on leaf, showing colour variation in larva,
Larva attacked by a Hymenopterous parasite.

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T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 9

(Ceylon), Palni Hills, Shevaroys, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Mercara, Pollibetta,
Sidapur, Pusa, Shillong, Bhim Tal, Abbottahad, Peshawar and Parachinar.

The egg has been described as ‘“‘ of a smooth elongate-oval shape and of
a very pale shining greenish-white colour. In size it is about 0°47 mm. long
by about 0°32 mm. broad and 0°28 mm. high, a transverse section thus being
oval. The newly-hatched larva is whitish, with a black head and, long black
dorsal hairs ’’(°).

The full-grown larva is about 6°5 mm. long and about 1°25 mm. broad,
cylindrical, slightly tapering towards either extremity, segments distinct, pale
yellow slightly tinged with greenish ; head pale yellow with some faint pinkish
blotches and bearing longish hairs, these hairs especially evident on the front
and some of them being knobbed apically ; other segments with a distinct
pinkish-brown mid-dorsal stripe and with interrupted lateral stripes, ventral
area pale greenish-yellow ; tubercles rather protuberant, each bearing a tuft
of hairs of different lengths, the post-spiracular tubercle only having a single
hair ; short secondary hairs scattered over segments ; spiracles protuberant,
tubular ; five pairs of equally developed, rather long, pale yellow prolegs.
The larva feeds upon Oxalis sp., pupation taking place upona leaf of the
foodplant. The pupa is pale apple-green with whitish hairs as shown in
figure.

SPHENARCHES CAFFER, ZELL. (PLATE II.)

Ozxyptilus caffer, Zeller, Linn. Ent. VI, 348-349 (1852) (}).

Sphenarches caffer, Wism., Ind. Mus. Notes, II, 20 figs. (7) ; Cotes, l.c., p. 163 (8) ;
Meyr., Fauna Geogr. Maldives, I, i. 125(*); Lefroy, Ent. Mem., I, 220(°) ;
Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan., VI, 21-22, t. E ff. 8, 10, t.F f.11 (1909)(6) ; Lefroy,
Ind. Ins. Life, p. 528, £.343 (1909)(7) ; Fletcher, T. L. S. (2) XII, 399 (1910)(8),
South Ind. Ins., pp. 443-444, £.320 (1914)(°), Proc. Second Entl. Meeting,
pp. 44, 56, 306 (tab.) (1917)('°).

Oxyptilus anisodaetylus, Wlk., Cat. XXX, 934 (1864)(!) ; Moore, Lep. Ceylon
TEL, 528(12): Jena. UES Wee. - (ab)

Pterophorus diffusalis, Wik., Cat. XXX, 945 (1864)(!3); tai TES wor.

Oxyptilus walkeri, Wlsm., T. E. 8. 1881, 279-280 (1881)(!4).

Sphenarches synophrys, Meyr., T. E. 8. 1886, 17-18 (1886)('°).

This is a remarkably widely-distributed species ranging through the
whole of West, South and East Africa, the Seychelles and Maldive Islands,
Ceylon, throughout India, Burma, the Philippines, Japan, Sumatra, Java, “P. A a ee
throughout Australia, New Hebrides, Tonga Islands, and the West Indies.
This distribution has perhaps heen caused to some extent by human agency.

10 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

Infe-history. The egg is oval, cylindrical in section, and measures about
0'5 mm. in length. It appears smooth, though the outer surface is actually
reticulate ; the colour is an indefinite bluish-green, becoming yellow before
hatching. Eggs are laid in spots determined by the ability of the moth to
assume a position of rest ; they never rest on the upper surface of a horizontal
leaf but can rest on the lower surface of a leaf or place at any angle from the
perpendicular to the horizontal ; they appear always to hang from an object
rather than rest on it ; on the broad leaves of cucurbitaceous plants, eggs are
laid on the lower surface ; on the alternative foodplant, pigeon-pea, they are
laid on the flower-buds and young pods. Eggs are usually laid singly, often
only one on a pod or flower-bud, several on a young leaf. In the Insectary,
193 eggs were laid by two moths, all being laid at night. The eges hatch in
two days in warm weather up to six days in the colder weather of the North
Indian winter :—

Eggs laid Eggs hatched Duration
7th September 9th September 2 days.
8th aS 11th | As BY ap
9th “0 12th oe 3 Se

16th ¥ 19th + Be oar
9th February 15th February Cars;

t

The larva emerges from the egg by biting away a small portion and then
pushing through. The empty egg-shell is not eaten. On hatching the larva
is about a millimetre long ; the head is dark brown and shiny ; thereis a distinct
prothoracic shield; the segments are well marked and on each segment
there are five tubercles bearing from one to three hairs each ; these tubercles
are regularly arranged and form rows along the body; the round spiracle
lies between the second and third tubercles. There are three pairs of thoracic
legs and five pairs of prolegs. |

The larva is of a yellowish-green colour on hatching, becoming green as it
grows older and remaining of that colour ; on the pods of pigeon-pea, which are
coloured usually in green with brown stripes, the larva also has a lateral brown
stripe and assimilates very closely to the colour of the pod ; on green leaves
of pumpkin, etc., it is green and this assimilates it to the pure green of the leaf.
The larva alters little in appearance, during the various instars ; in the last
instar the dorsal three black tubercles are developed into more prominent
protuberances ; the first and third are yellow, the second black, each with

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white hairs. There are also capitate smaller hairs on the upper part of each
segment. _

The larva, about half-grown, was described as “‘Head yellow. Other
segments pale brownish-yellow. A ‘narrow dorsal, latero-dorsal, and spira-
cular reddish stripe. Legs pale yellow, prolegs and claspers dark. Hairs
white, except the short clubbed hairs which are black ”’°(°).

The full-grown larva “is about 7 mm. long, cylindrical, rather stout, the
segmental interstices well marked. Legs and prolegs long and slender ; pale
greenish-yellow. Head unicolorous, very pale, transparent greenish-yellow ;
mouth-parts darker. Other segments pale greenish-yellow ; a narrow darker
green dorsal line; each segment with a large but ill-defined, pinkish-red,
latero-dorsal spot, the series of these spots forming an interrupted longitudinal
line. Two conjoined latero-dorsal tubercles emit a very long white hair
directed upwards and a shorter white palmate hair directed upwards and
forwards ; a supraspiracular tubercle emits a brown palmate hair directed
upwards and forwards ; two conjoined subspiracular tubercles emit a short
white hair directed forward and a long white hair directed downward ; there
are also one or two latero-ventral tubercles emitting white hairs. The whole
surface of the segments is also closely studded with shoit white clubbed
secondary hairs ’’(6). .

The larve feed on the leaves of pumpkin, eating small holes in them
and not feeding in from the margin. In the case of pigeon-pea and other
pulses, the larva eats into the flower-buds and pods, but never goes fully
inside. The clothing of spines and hairs probably serves a protective
purpose, since this larva feeds on hairy leaves and pods and is both in
colouring and pilosity assimilated to the surface it is on; it is sluggish in
movement and clings tightly where it is openly exposed upon the leaf or
pod. ;

Pupa. Pupation takes place as follows:—The fullgrown larva spins
silk upon the leaf or pod over a surface about 10 mm. by 8 mm.
and then rests upon this, the anal prolegs firmly fixed in the end of it. The
skin splits in front, and slips backwards along the body ; on the underside
of the eighth abdominal segment is a distinct bunch of curved hooks (cremastral
pad), which engages in the silk as the larva wriggles ; the hind end is then
freed from the larval skin and the bunch of stiff recurved hairs on the eighth
segment acting as a fixed point, the anal end by wriggling fixes the terminal
bunch of hooks in the silk. The pupa is thus fastened by two points ; its
anterior half is free and can be raised till it is almost at right angles to the

fixed abdomen.

12 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDAE

“The pupa is about 7 mm. long and is attached to the undersurface of
the mid-rib of a leaf of the focdplant. The appendage sheaths and anal
portion are of a yellowish-green colour, the remainder of a very pale pinkish-
red.. The dorsal surface bears a system of highly specialized tubercles, the
nature of which will be best undertstocd by a reference to the figure (Plate F,
figure 11)’’(°).

The moth is shown in Plate II, figure 3. It measures 6-8 mm. and
has a wing expanse of 13-15mm. The wings are held out at right angles to
the body when at rest. The moths are to some extent diurnal and fly by
day ; coupling takes place by day or night and lasts about 12 hears.

Duration of life-cycle. The winter life-cycle is longer than that of the
hot weather or rains; it occupies nearly two months :

Egg .. 6 days,
Warviat noo seas
Pinas...

TOTAL ., “SHS. 25;

In February-March, it is :
Egg 6 days
Larva .. 20-21 ,,
Pipa 5-1 po :

TOTAL .. ~°30-86 5,

In September, it is :

Hee .. 2 days
Larva .. 17-20 ,,
Bupa; .. 158 2

TOran .: = 24-27 5, '

Occurrence. This insect may be found in active life throughout the year ;
there appears to be no definite stage in which it rests or hibernates, and the
broods succeed one another irregularly from month to month. In the cold
weather, as in the hot weather and rains, the larve are found on the different
foodplants ; these include the pigeon-pea (Cajanus indicus), kultht (Dolichos
lablab), the kaddu or bottle-gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris) ; the plant known as
calabash is also stated to be the foodplant im West Africa. They are most
noticeable on the flower-buds and pods of pigeon-pea in the early or late cold
weather, since they are then associated with damage to this crop, caused also
by Exelastis atomosa, Wism. It is uncertain how long the moth can live ; in

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Z| % ‘ " ‘
’ \ z 2 —s a, a ;
Bey ona i firs sins r 2 secon efi iealt erie ery i j
en :
. :
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hi Leh “eae oe taal

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4 ig ay
5 f

1g pena poherhEs ORT

* the yan dw wei tl seme hed
(he -wckbvilmat wi dito Wee toedplents | The? |
Fas tania tices one ie

wv

aly, Fk, Getcad nietines Dees eeatewitol iggy ‘Apectahine |

Bal soe tn su pete Ty tele ‘6 omemasiodt id
ee al The wiiiga dee halt el ea
Vin ey A We, PR Tie rent. og teon.e eee Rane gi
ber + “ataigeeeigh es hacgeptearo, Wey alg vananiggat: and a en
Pigouaite: of filmegele. Pie 0 Gitet, Diiregal Tn Lage tial aa
ae abe OR Pit >. Me OGpuynes Leeey awn wondhhe < ey 2h
Bag’ 5, be dap) LC a eae
Pips: Bo ete ee

; i eA Gt ait: 3 pe ae

4 ‘ qs * vt es % f

. Tork) eG SOMA ei:
ee ee ee vies , ah a

whe Peter Haws, ¢ be? ies ae aed
Beg Sd, Sage Pa ui

Larva) .. SOT yp i, hide fy Fe
Pipe ye Be nls ie

Wg pnae ply ie a tlaaae \ party <a

‘Tenai-<, 120) ee re

i elena pn! alt (i pene an
; ae A, Re a eee Cae

ee ee Mia
< ? 3, vas ey? Ti ee h) nen

Serpe .20 VEE

ba arpa, ee?

Ghoeineenen, : Thi isioectaniay Sa town coe ;
Saag sypecvta: ty be we delimte wenge ue wink -
pocadieaueted: vine Rnoltiec lenagulinly feon\aneg
seepaliet. an ity the het weathered sates nue iaiem 6 ai

) Seon ingiiese iz pion ped i i .. Terre a) ime
Nae toy. sos ale ba agenlaaea 2a
ates te nt he aa ie Scho, Te. nil
“oneness eae on) a Lab Ly

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 13

captivity they die in a week or less, but this is no guide since they are not in
normal conditions. Actually there are probably always available foodplants
in India ; cultivated or wild forms of this gourd are grown constantly and in
great profusion ; the pigeon-pea and lablab bean are extensively grown over
India. Besides Dolichos and Cajanus, the larva of S. caffer has been found
feeding on Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi tree), buds of Luffa sp., petals of Hibiscus
mutabilis, Biophytum sensitivum and Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant), so that
it is decidedly polyphagous and would apparently be able to hold its own in
the absence of cultivated crops. ae
Practically nothing is on record regarding its distribution in India, but —- au
it seems to occur practically throughout India, Ceyion and Burma. The Pusa~
collection contains specimens from Madulsima, Haldummulla, Peradeniya,
Coimbatore, Anamalais, Ootacamund, Pollibetta, Bababudins, Surat,
Allahabad, Pusa, Bhim Tal, Sarai Saleh (Hazara), Peshawar, Shillong ond OY
Maymyo. |

OXYPTILUS LACTUCA, n. Sp.

Expanse 19 mm. Palpi porrect, second joint triangularly dilated with
Jong scales, third joint long, slender ; ochreous, intermixed with white scales,
third joint whitish above. Head tawny-ochreous. Antenne blackish, white-
ringed. Thorax tawny-ochreous, tegule ochreous. Legs whitish : posterior
tibiee broadly banded and dilated with reddish-brown scales at origin of spurs
at 3/5 and apex; spurs white, blackish apically, internal proximal spur
longer than external and this latter longer than either of the equal distal pair ;
posterior tarsi whitish, lined and banded with brown. (Abdomen broken.)

Forewing cleft from slightly beyond 3: first segment parallel-sided,
narrow, rather falcate apically ; second segment broadening posteriorly, apex
produced, strongly falcate, anal angle well marked, termen concave : ochreous-
tawny, irrorated with whitish and black scales ; an ill-defined whitish patch at
base of cleft, tending to form a bar to costa ; first segment with narrow white bars
at 2/5 and 2 of length,.these bars continued on to second segment.
Cilia on costa broadly whitish opposite white bars, whitish before apex ; on
termen whitish with fine brown streaks from apex of either segment ; on peste~
rier margin of first segment pale ochreous to first white bar, from this to 5/6
brownish intermixed with scattered black scales, from 5/6 to apex ochreous
white ; on anterior margin of second segment ochreous-brown with a few
white and black scales and a strong row of black scales between } and 5/6 of
segment ; on dorsum ochreous- brown, at 4 a tuft of white scales, from about
% to slightly beyond first white bar on second segment whitish, beyond this

2

14 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

darker, with slight black scale-teeth at } and ? and wisps of blackish hairs at
5/6 and anal angle, this last followed by a white wisp.

Hindwing cleft from about 2/5 and 1/6: first segment narrow, parallel-
sided, rather blunt at apex; second segment narrower than first, gradually
narrowing to apéx? third segment almost linear, narrower than second, nar-
rowing to apie: tawny-brown, thickly irrorated with black. Cilia dark tawny —
brown, paler within cle!ts; posterior margin of second segment with an ill-defined
whitish wisp beyond 4, third segment with a strong triangular black scale-tooth
on dorsum at 2/3, between this and base dorsal area with a few scattered black
and white scales, beyond this dorsal cilia faintly whitish basally.

Dehra Dun, October t9t6 (Ollenbach). Bred from larve on lettuce.
Three specimens, of which two are in poor condition.

This species is superficially much like a large, dark, strong’y-marked
Sphenarches caffer, from,which it may easily be separated by the entire absence
of black scales on the (ee margin of the third segment of the hindwing.
It is possible that this species may be a Sphenarches, but 1 have been unable to
determine satisfactorily the origin of vein 10 of the forewing.

OXYPTILUS EPIDECTES, MEYR.

Oxyptilus epidectes, Meyr., T. KE. 8. 1907, 476-477 (1908)(') ; Fletcher, Spolia
Zeylan, VI, 26, t.-A f. 5 (1909) -(7). e

Originally described from Burma (Moy), Nilgiris, Coorg, Cevlon (Mas-
keliya) and Mauritius, this species is also known from Kandy and Madulsima
and we have specimens from Madulsima and Haldummulla in Ceylon and from
Pollibetta in South Coorg.

The moths have been bred from Biophytum sensitivum, which is evidently
the foodplant(?). :

OXYPTILUS CHORDITES, MEYR.
Oxyptilus chordites, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 106 (1918)(?).

Described from Colombo and Karwar(').
Larva on Calycopteris floribunda(').

OXYPTILUS PELECYNTES, MEYR.

Oxyptilus pelecyntes, Meyr., T. EK. 8. 1907, 477 (1908)(').
This species was described from the Khasi Hills('), where it is common,
the larva feeding on Scutellaria discolor. We have it from Shillong and from
Haldummula (Ceylon).

t : - D * . 4 re *

wh, feet ne ie tie eae if me 2 i

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af

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geen ne ft doy AT eed ee. oe sig : i araroe

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“E ee rat ap pore wg 4 ren, _ , atprs 4 rg i . 3

rr f a f a — a? ; ae *)} :
igemtent OF the tahereles. is shows inthe fice 7 ey ee

i? “) ‘ 7 -
Phan _ ted ye oo. Cae heb ; f = io ee
¥ t *-»% «as
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ath si anes 9} Aaah A ele aa a ee 2, ae
- taf 4 ~ me mote: i. a ain ie ote A, (Roi Kar, at
Cath, OF aud Se) wie vie ety,
ee Be ts SOM: Pi
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> 5

Qxgpiclen ganda Mer. ve) Camas hls

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nel is , Cour 7
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x je
oad a ee ee Tre dak a Tomo mn ( Erphrkrocea }s pt 57
Lets Sans aa iv ednsb q teah. (Geeta, E. av)
rack ow IX 5:

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 15

OXYPTILUS CAUSODES, MEYR.
Oxyptilus causodes, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 582 (1905)(') ; Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan.,

VI, 24-25, t. Af. 4, t. Ef. 9 (1909)(2).

Originally described from Peradeniya(' *), this species also occurs in
India and has been found at Pusa. The adult is, however, rarely seen, although
easily bred from the larva which, in Ceylon, feeds inside the fleshy fruits of
Dillenia retusa. In India it must have other foodplants, since, so far as I
am aware, no species of Dillenia occurs at Pusa in the immediate vicinity of
the locality where the adult moth has been taken.

“The full-grown larva (suspended for pupation) is about 13° mm. long
by about 1-2 mm. broad, cylindrical, slender, shining, and appearing quite
smooth and naked. There are two principal colour varieties, (1) wholly
pale green without any noticeable markings except a narrow darker medio-
dorsal stripe, and this is perhaps due to the vessels beneath showing through
the skin-rather than to any dermal pigmented area ; towards the anal ex-
tremity a pinkish suffusion is seen along the segmental interstices, (2) very
paie semi-transparent pinkish flesh-colour, interstices of segments very pale
semi-transparent green, as are also some patches along the sub-median area
of most of the segments, but the pale green and pink so merge into one another
that no definite areas can be described. Head very pale green. A pale red
medio-dorsal line. But some larvee have no green markings, being wholly pink.
The prolegs are very small and stumpy; hooks dark reddish. The hooks
on the fourth pair of prolegs are attached into the silken pupation-pad. The
arrangement of the tubercles is shown in the figure (Plate E, figure 9) ”’(?).

When full-fed the larva emerges from the fallen fruit “to suspend. itself
for pupation on any neighbouring object.” “ The larva pupates very rapidly 5
twelve hours is sufficient for it to emerge from the fruit, select a suitable place
for pupation, suspend itself, and complete its metamorphosis.’

“The newly-formed pupa is of a bright light green colour, the capital
extremity tinged with yellowish-brown about the base of the antenna-sheath ;
but it soon becomes of an almost uniform reddish grey-brown. The moth,
which usually seems to emerge early in the morning, appears after six days ’’(*).

XYROPTILA VAUGHANI, FLETCHER.
Oxyptilus vaughani, Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan., VI, 23-24 (1909)(').

This species was described from Ceylon (Madulsima, Alutnuwara, Trin-
comali and Haldummulla). The early stages are as yet unknown, but the larva
probably feeds inside the fruit of Dimorphocalyx glabellus('), and the moth
has been reared from a pupa found on a leaf of this shrub.

16 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDE

An egg, extruded by a captured female moth, was about 0°35 mm. long
by 0°20 mm. broad, the ends rounded, uniform salmon-pink, the surface
shining and covered with a series of large depressions.

-DEUTEROCOPUS ALOPECODES, MEYR.
Deuterocopus alopecodes, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 105-106 (1911)(?).
Described from Karwar where the moths were found in August “from
a single vine-plant on which the species was plentiful ’’('). The larva pre-
sumably feeds on this vine, but this species is unknown to me.

DEUTEROCOPUS SOCOTRANUS, REBEL.

Deuterocopus socotranus, Rebel, Denk. Math-Nat. Ak. Wiss., LX XII, pt. ui,

pp. 85-87, fig. (1907)(!) ; Fletcher, T. E. §., 1910, 124-180, ff. 3, 4, t-

44 f. 8, t. 45 f. 1(2).

Deuterocopus tengstremi (nec Zell.), Mevr., B. J., XVII, 134 (1906)(*).
Deuterocopus viticola, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 104-105 (1911)(*).

This species * is very widely distributed, its range extending from West
Africa, 8.E. and East Africa, Sokotra, through India, Ceylon, Sumba, Tambora
and Amboyna to New Guinea and Queensland. In India, Ceylon and Burma
it is common in most districts and we have it from Hambantota, Coimbatore,
Surat, Pusa, Moulmein and Minbu. At Pusa it has been reared from larve
on Vitis trifolia.

**The larva feeds in Ceylon on the flowers of the square-stemmed jungle
vine (Vitis quadrangularis)...... The following is a brief description from
a living larva found at Hambantota :—Length 7 mm., stout, stoutest at
about mid-length, decreasing rapidly anally ; head capable of retraction into
or under prothorax. Incisions between segments distinctly marked. Colour
a uviform pale green; head yellowish-brown and prothorax dark blackish-
purple. Prothoracic legs purple, other legs and prolegs pale green ; legs and
prolegs rather short and stout. To the naked eye no hairs are visible except
two pairs of short whitish curved hairs on the anal segment and a pair of short
submedian hairs, directed forward, on each thoracic segment. Spiracles
high-placed, about half-way up the side, fairly conspicuous from being out-
lined in a slightly lighter green tint than that composing the general colour

* Mr. Meyrick(*) considers that the form described by me as socotranus(?) consists of
heterogeneous material. The true socotranus is possibly truly distinct, as indicated in my
paper on this genus, but examination of over one hundred specimens ranging from West Africa
to New Guinea failed to provide me with any satisfactory method of separating these into true
species, and I adhere to my former expression of opinion on this point. An almost exactly
similar case is provided by Buckleria defectalis, Wik.

a mee ys + en a - <a e oe eo! ree mS, al a ae ee
ab bea a

! oe Ve

a a3 tf a Pare

7 we ese Parone sre on Bib atppionng » teh meres
ne en 3 Guster the aniiruscope theakin V8 Reet be eavered.
om i 2 pr Debanelete- 8:21 shogrecned @).

Paha pupae bidlched. to 3 Hows. Lower-ethlk of stem uf the iosdplaws,
} ae Re sal St fe te, sw uy eed 6 ve Puniey
+ pit chmpused of @ few silken. threads.) It is ‘possibleghowrvery. thet these
: mre By yarejmerely fortiiteas, having een spr by the larva ducing its rearch
ae Nop, & seuitable wpiipetion-place cx, whilst preparing’ de oremedtrw! pel) Tike
bis wbout’6. nun, long, stout, scicoty, rounded and bluxt ct she eagatal, ~;
» extremity. és shal coloer ie a pele Appic-grecaywurbed with dask or piphisbe
-zed on the’ Gntsal airleos, the iathings tenally consisting of (1) « sacmow
> tepdinn: thotacic giripe broadening por teriorly inte @ rare verse ber exinbding
obliquely: duwnwards to abet the edge of of tae, WA POV ERD, geek fey me getics
pe of mubmedian. pateBes Ot: thy eerond to Ath abdominal sejprests forming 6
9 mdri-or less intexcupted . longitudinal ig Baie pups, howese, Which
a kad Pupsted im my boxes, were wholly of a dayh-grey colour, The -v.cth
2) sepiaieges: ins thie early taorniby: "(°) | |

h.. Sargntoe? Matoame | 13

=
2 lt
am
- ae.

B32, | . BRUTEROCORUS SLANETA, MEXH. -
ay ie iplineta, eye. TE!) 1907; He-aee (1DOR):") 5 “Ehenetlt,

mS rE Ss, AGID, WHI-196, £5, ©, 444. we 4 E PSION) ;
eee) ee Zevlan.) Vi, SE oe
LTO)
aides tages trons Copia, Khasi Hite sed Basie: ta Neeeaw

Branca So We bave i fiom thy Bobubutin Bille

Poe hogt 020 «cpm. Eroad in rhepe a
| ee oe id ae mintupylox ahem td
bil: deprowed ; the tutiave'ts very. smooth snd sianing,-ol a very pale” © i
ree re 9 ot eet pole we
Ri Wiles eds “on. the. ivacce oF Lee samincind and: is “pele. given é
Baie matings except red euflusion. oh either. exirtuity. The> att “g:
PeREDER Into kraesite Knobs Cile shack akin) everywhere, bot cspecmlly
anim Se Ee ae

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7 ey |

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ms petet at % shia Peas hou. ct ot .
: Ths > aos openly, inky datbiu of, ont
eecar.taiion of Og oe heat epee eagiig
4 with aay eotiahwokery } dick. OF owicet
4 ; iver echrés as ae ais pola
+ My dhacitorio defectalea, WEMK or a oy a |
‘ y : t 4
‘ L ”
: 4

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER i

of the larva. Movements slow and deliberate, spinning a thread as it moves
along and when it drops. Under the microscope the skin is seen to be covered
with minute skin-points as if shagreened ’’(?).

“The pupa is attached to a flower, flower-stalk or stem of the foodplant,
or more rarely to a leaf of the same, and is usually enclosed in a very flimsy
cocoon composed of a few silken threads. It is possible, however, that these
threads are merely fortuitous, having been spun by the larva during its search
for a suitable pupation-place or whilst preparing its cremastral pad. The
pupa is about 6 mm. long, stout, smooth, rounded and blunt at the capital
extremity. Its usual colour is a pale apple-green, marked with dark or pinkish-
red on the dorsal surface, the markings usually consisting of (1) a narrow
median thoracic stripe broadening posteriorly into a transverse bar extending
obliquely downwards to about the edge of the wing-covers, and (2) a series
of submedian patches on the second to fifth abdominal segments forming a
more or less interrupted longitudinal stripe. Some pupe, however, which
had pupated in my boxes, were wholly of a dark-grey colour. The moth
emerges in the early morning ’’(”).

DEUTEROCOPUS PLANETA, MEYR.

Deuterocopus planeta, Meyr., T. E. 8., 1907, 473-474 (1908)(!); Fletcher,

T. E. S., 1910, 131-134, f. 5, t. 44 f. 10, t. 45 f. 2 (1910)(?).

Deuterocopus rubrodactylus (nec Pag.), Fletcher, Spolia Zeylan., VI, 20, t. E

fo 4 (1909)C):

This. species ranges from Ceylon, Khasi Hills and Burma to Portuguese
Timor, Tenimber and New Guinea(?). We have it from the Bababudin Hills
and Pollibetta (South Coorg).

“The egg is about 0°44 mm. long by about 0°20 mm. broad; in shape
it is* ovo-cylindrical, the ends rounded and subequal, the micropylar area
distinctly depressed ; the surface is very smooth and shining, of a very pale
orange colour, suffused with red at either pole ”(?).

The larva feeds on the flowers of Leea sambucina and is “pale green
without any markings except red suflusion at either extremity. The skin
is roughened into minute knobs (like shark skin) everywhere, but especially
on the ventral region. A distinct subsegment is formed on the posterior
ventral region of abdominal segments. The hairs, except (i), are very short
and, inconspicuous ; (i) is short, less than breadth of segment, The hairs are
transparent whitish (glassy) and the tubercles very indistinct. The hairs
are longest on thoracic and anal regions. The legs are extremely short and
inconspicuous. There are no secondary hairs, these seeming to he reduced

18 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

to skin-points or rather rugosites of the skin.” A sketch showing the arrange-
ment of the tubercles is given in Spolia Zeylanica, VI, t. KH. f. 7.

The pupa is “ brown with a broad lighter ochreous-uscous central band ;
very few hairs or projections. It was suspended anally to a flower-stalk
within a slight attem);t at a cocoon—a few silken threads spun around it to
form a spacious but flimsy enclosure, in which the pupa was fully visible.
The cast larval skin remained at the anal extremity of the pupa ”’(°).

DEUTEROCOPUS RITSEMA, WLSM. E
Deuterocopus ritsene, W\sm., Notes Leyden Mus., VI, 243 (1884)(') ; Fletcher, *

T. E. S., 1910, 134-138, f. 6, t. 44 ff. 11, 12 (1910)(2).
Deuteroscopus rubrodactylus, Pag., Abh. Ges. Zool., XXIX, 241(°).

This species occurs in Ceylon, Assam, Tenasserim, and from Borneo
to New Guinea(?). We have specimens from Kandy and Pollibetta.

The early stages are as yet practically unknown. The moth has been
bred by me in June 1908 at Galle from pupze,“ found suspended anally from
the upper surface of leaves of Leea sambucina, which is evidently the food-
plant. The different method of suspension, as compared with the pupa of
D. planeta, is noteworthy. On the same bush I found a larva feeding inside
an unopened flower-bud ; it appeared to be very similar to that of planeta
but wanted the terminal red suffugion ; unfortunately I failed to rear it ”(2).

PLATYPTILIA CITROPLEURA, ft tb, £59 bps)
Piatyptilia citropleura, Meyr., T. KB. 8., 1907, 482 (1908)(!) ; Fletcher, Spol.

Zeylan., VI, 15 (1909)(?) ; Meyrick, Entom. Mitteil., Suppl. No. TIT, p. 46

(Jan. 1914)().

This species has been recorded from Maskeliya (Ceylon)('), the Khasis(!)
and Formosa(*). I found it not uncommonly in the larval stage at Maskeliya
in March 1909 but have never seen any specimens in the Khasi Hills.

The larva feeds inside the seed-capsules of Begonia sp., both cultivated
and wild varieties. A full-grown larva found at Maskeliya on 7th March
1909 was described as 6 mm. long, stoutly built, thickest about mesothorax
and gradually tapering posteriorly ; head pale yellow without any markings
except the black ocelli and ferruginous jaws ; other segments creamy-yellow
with a narrow pale ferruginous median line ill-defined anteriorly ; a broader
pale ferruginous lateral line passes just above the spiracles, which are high-
placed ; each segment divided trarisversely by a vertical constriction of the
skin-surface into two sub-segments of which the anterior is one-and-a-half

to twice as large as the posterior ; legs and prolegs transparent pale yellow,

¢ ie

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= ing dare tends. : vohhiae the oreusat oo rasa of fiogy nia 7 bia: ome i.
ff a MW i a
A WAM Y OI ate bul prow ti larva fons’ ei is Nig: iy. om. “Fae Me
Rew Ans illwe 4 wists lore, aborts are 1 ilpeh es, siverai”
pi -praddaly tapering, poe rahi. heat pitas pave nitions Cae
except tm blodk’ nce aod Leaaets ‘ emereer ss, ene el ;
wit acnnyeo? pale 16 xsi ti f es

- pat end Tiehe eee naan of er
her

NP a daa 2

ag oe 7 as | ~~ : ial = -—e | —_

PLATE III.

= yr sits
Fig. 1. Platyptilia taprobanes:—
a, Larva;
b, Pupa;

c. Moth, natural sizes and magnified.

4

V apr artee =
Fig. 2. Platyptilia brachymorpha:-
Papa (x /6)-

PLATE IV.

PLATYPTILIA FPUSILEIDACT VER:

10.
1@

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

PLATYPTILIA PUSILLIDACTYLA.

Twig of Lantana camara, showing leaves, flowers (orange-yellow variety )
and fruits (natural size).

Egg, as laid on flower, magnified (x7).

Egg, more highly magnified (43).

Flower attacked by larva. Note sickly appearance in comparison with
healthy flower on left.

Flower attacked by larva, opened up, showing larva at base of flowers,
magnified.

Larva, magnified (7).

Fruit-cluster formed from flower-head in which a larva has fed and
pupated. Note scanty formation of fruits in comparison with
healthy cluster on left.

Enlarged view of attacked flower-head in which a larva has pupated.
The head of the pupa is seen projecting from the interior of cocoon
which has been partially opened.

Pupa, magnified (<7).

Moth, in resting position, natural size.

Moth, with wings expanded, magnified.

“a yd bodoatis sno
ttel ao rewolt ydal

betsquq esd sviel & doidw »
movv0s Jo torretar edt pxort gast

Hert pails ontitaot oi .sltoM 01
mam Ddebmeqze egaiw diiw dtoM IL ..+

*. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 19

hooks of latter black; the whole surface of the body thickly covered with
' minute black spiracles and more sparsely with short white secondary hairs ;
primary hairs rather short white, warts inconspicuous.

Another larva was of a pale greenish-yellow, the ferruginous markings
barely represented by a slight darkening of the sround-colour.

The pupa is attached to the outside of a seed-capsule of the foodplant.
It is about 7 mm. long, moderately stout, dull pale yellow, with an indistinct
dorsal ferruginous stripe and a broad ferruginous lateral stripe reaching to the
spiracles ; the sixth segment with a large flattened latero-dorsal tr:cuspidate
halberd-shaped projection ; seventh to eleventh segments with smaller pro-
jections directed anteriorly ; cremaster double.

A larva which suspended itself on 8th March pupated that night and
emerged on 17th March. SYT WOE EL , Suet . Ca |

PLATYPTILIA TAPROBANES-PELD, (PLATE III, FIG. 1.) te 9: q f-t~)
Platyptilia taprobanes, |Felder, Reise’ Novara’, t- 0-4. 54(4); Moore; hep.
Ceylon, TT,—527F) ; Meyrick, T. HE. 8., 1907, 482 (1908)(°) ; Fletcher,
Spol. Zeylan., VI, 14 (1909)(*).
Platyptilia sythoffi, Snell., Tijd. v, Ent., XLVI, 54, t. 5 fields toe):

This species is known from Ceylon (Hills)(#), Palnis(*), Khasis() and
West Java(®). We have specimens from Madulsina, the Shevaroys, Coim-
batore, Pusa and Shillong.

At Shillong the larva feeds commonly on Scutellaria discolor. ‘The figure
is taken from a spirit specimen.

. PLATYPTILIA PUSILLIDACTYLA, WLK. (PLATE IV.) fib cS) a )
Oxyptilus pusillidactylus, Wlk., Cat. XXX, 933 (1864)(!) tae VES Igatieeeee aoe
Platyptilia pusillidactyla, Wlsm., Pp, Z.S., 1891, 495(7), id.5.ke., 1897, 57(3) ;
Meyr., T. E. 8., 1907, 483 (1908)(4) ; Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., VI, ls;
t. Af. 2, t. Eff. 5, 6 (1909)(), T. L. S. (2) XII, 513 (1909)(°), Le, 399-400
(1910)(*), 8. Ind. Ins., p. 444, £. 321 (1914)(7A), Entl. Note 73 (1916)(),
Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 39 (1917) (2) Rena chandom Rao, b>: Bec EAP: Item. ee =
Platyptilia teenidion, Zell., Hor. 5. 1. Ross, XIII, 468-469, (t. 6 f. 162 (1877)(!"). ee a
Platyptilia hemimetra, Meyr., T. EH. 8., 1886, 18(1), B. J.,° XVII, 135 os
(1906)(!2). |
Platyptilia lantana, Busck, Insec. Inscit. Menstr. II, 103-104 (1914)(}).
} Originally described from Jamaica(') this species is very widely distri-
buted and has been recorded from the West Indies(?: *), Mexico(*), Reunion(!*),
India(7), Ceylon(?), Hongkong(’) and Hawaii(” 18). It was introduced
‘into Hawaii from Mexico to aid in reduction of Lantana infestation, but its

20 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

distribution in other regions appears to be natural. It is abundant in India,
Ceylon and Burma in every district which has been invaded by Lantana,
and we have specimens from Trincomali, Kandy, Haldummulla, Madulsima,
Peradeniya, Ootacamund, Sidapur, Pollibetta, Coimbatore, Bababudin Hills,
Pusa, Shillong and Maymyo, and also from Honolulu.

“The egg is about 0°4 mm. long by about 0°22 mm. broad, and is of a
very pale greenish-yellow colour (almost colourless); one end seems larger
than the other and this larger end is studded with little prominences, especially
noticeable in the micropylar area ’’(°).

The egg is 0°33 mm. long and 0°17 broad, pale yellow, opalescent, in
outline ellipsoid, somewhat flattened, translucent, the surface covered with
an irregular network of ridges. It is laid among the spines on the sepals of
the florets of Lantana camara, sometimes on the leaves or on the petals. (Y.
Ramachandra Rao’s Lantana Cage-slip 1.)

Eggs laid at Coimbatore on 8th-9th December hatched on 12th-13th
December.

The newly hatched larva is less than 1 mm. long, pale, translucent, head
shiny black, prothoracic shield pale brown.

“The larva is stout, pale yellow and naked—at least, no hairs are visible
to the unaided eye. The larva is usually found coiled round at the base of
the flower-tubes in the interior of a Lantana flower ’’(°).

The larva is about 6 mm. long and about 1 mm. broad, cylindrical, uni-
form chrome-yellow ; head light brown ; five pairs of small thin prolegs.

The larva is found boring the thickened rachis [of Lantana camara] in
which its tunnel may be found ; it also bores into the sessile fruits from inside
the tunnel only to eat the substance of the seed. It never comes out cf its
tunnel. Before pupating it forms a sort of cocoon by lining the tunnel with
white silk and covering the mouth of the tunnel by a silken arch on which
black pellets of excrement may remain attached. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip
815).

Besides Lantana camara, the larva feeds in the flowers of Lantana indica
and Lippia geminata.

“The pale yellow pupa is to be found in a sort of chamber gnawed into
the side of the fruit receptacle, a regular cocoon being formed of bits of vege-
table matter spun together with silk. The emerged pupe are usually found
projecting half-way out of the cocoon amongst the ripening fruit, such bunches
of fruit being far less productive than unattacked ones ’’(°).

The pupa is about 5 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering to a point posteriorly,
uniform chrome-yellow ; legs-cases free ventrally and produced nearly to

: | on } tb, ‘aw .
4 he po may ry my ey ees
I »

7) Fi
Bik Mh, ais we

| ae ; . vo i . 9h 1 Sa
7 z og 7 oes, -
’ Bon ' 7 ei, tie et if
—_ a a . YA i
4 a . Pee ae tad y ~ fe
+ ; { : Seale ; er es a
Pe , 7 . a Poa
fs od Ns siee Ds. eo a
& . Ske wlstyamisingt
‘ . 7 q 4 i
+ A. “_ Mm #
_ e s
*
;

a ony
Cia, sok Binbe ane done pak bse
2 aod ww bevespacunene rom: Bonvomehg eget,
Preadenive; Oocacanands Siapar,> Ponibetta; C ve
Toon, Shitame anal Sapiing; aAdl-ubeh fre Bani | 0. ne
srs gc shan AG a Gene a a fe: chs
vatyopals aheenicle-yelluw” coloye fatmoxt wolentleae) «omy ek rams ni
Ovdir Gy other aud thindavger end Jn stridded with 14h ; Pe:
pctieatic in the noloropylarsatea(). (8 yk AR Me an
| The .ege ix 0:33 10m. eng wad OFT broad, pale. alow a
outline sflipeoid, acnewhit Gattntd, fatudunedt, otha enztaeg, conn b>
om incegulhr nistwerk of -wilges, et ee :
the fidrata af Syintone comnny, ieee peta cents tos cickn
- Rernsohaaiies Haale Lestune Cogeatin Ly. ; ie iene
Wigs. Wold ap, Coltnbimnary, om Sthe-eh Denbre pais gn te |
Denar. wen ai
"Fh navy batched tea: & Jods hon mis onlay ree
ablts Bie, prolaraais- whieh path taieen, ee en
Ya Lapes is stent pels stttow oak cated page, wiispaiee asa In 29
heglie: tanaileel eyes Riybaceintrermbtg ie Tor oe a
tie Moweetitbes in the intemor tt 8 Lantone fee ey, a a) es Y
i The \srea ie abont ¢ nus ding antabout 1 2a, hoods ctl, nia
5 lg toutachrouié. yellety ; bbad light Rlawa Step oo ec a
. | ‘The. larta ts doomed, bering “Ba, dhiskiaed zerhin (af etine © ae
s. Whigh tte tauneheray! bb Cagnde Be Sin Se ee re
“the: tetas only to eat the eehiors wil he goad) A aera ate
arti,’ Baler peryatinig 1 Tone & aire cif wocogn ay. Tathy aie x

Pe

pices whigewith*ank coving thementh of abe telmnel By silken each on che
ne Epsltets 6! qantusnnit fay svoain asteebed: (Puss
Then ae a ” PS

eas Weak scab yale Sage <a a a }
heer dosara econ bee A

toble \natter ipin togetliey with ellis Saas =". .
prepattiant haltag Ae toat kaa pent

my Ts a Caan
Le t rr hE
z 4 by “in 4% n
ne, | ' S b
ie Se yi eh! at Ace :
VE! ay én ?
- el ey % 1h ee ae eo
wy si Wy >. oat
b ae A al
is = ~ 4
a =~ 7 ‘sits oF ena

ria Te!
why

6, FOR hedings:
| © Hesilirgsnt yl

>

PEATE.

Fig. 1. Platyptilia direptalis:—
a, Moth, natural view size and magnified (x 9) ;
d, Side view of head, more highly magnified.

Fig. 2. Platyptilia direptalis:—
a, Larva ;
b, Pupa, natural size and magnified.

a

uh

wt % ack

oe. ri

sc) task L Spite ohn: ois

a Ewe At 5.1900K"), Mad Foe a pe hpeitg om eel tees 2S oor
ag ‘atypeilia.soeholts, Hotes, m Ths, x as (f SOR’ (6), | e news hee 1

. ma ae & WidelyA sstetbuted, « BHC: ie. tomer ded irow Sprig; ir Aix. Coyloa, Lv <p, a
dh Adie: Masia : ne Beweh?) j } ; ‘

. Tae ott Chylen ht anh ta -:
‘ : + Pia cy We kh ae in a sail @: Sdapus ‘ Poiib. ite: Bese.
= bs fei * * a 7 a =
juried Lia tS series DA Aes sgt Lj ; © : c h fa

ae
=

»y

nah iat

ane lates - .
: : ae It yan tee Tis ai bed sy B a : AON Pe TE Lane ¢ anhel ras . Ate .
ti Fe , fe 4 be gt
“ph Tha zones ari y! 1H HG: ar i BUS PEO SB py DUG OF 4 ie «! d
i ; al #
= pay, : 4 ‘cs :
ua “ue en: en Aj t 5 t es cr), eee)
5 + Phe aie 4 Cee és 4 ave en ¢ we eh Peery isl etm mare P| i, 4 ree as > “aA
: Ae } + Wik jos ; . oy A ~ ae 38 <> :
anther... ié 3 my het) fail grown abalit Bion. tome. ards sether ord Chen de eee

a. f ut rm
] = " Set Ee ‘ ‘ 4 ; a St -
ae: nine Broa by cylin ST RGA! »: Vagpeps yy pee atiy towards Gihiier eRenoey, eecieente ie cea Wacky

J aisttior, Brirw, aie 5 ti & Peoeiad: vrat Wie rin Cee pts Ou? pigs "Soa ee

eee Bead Wate Silay, mite ei. edtonid bors wich lasek Aaa
a éperios bd. tee te a < Sas A rs : Tek. {A Hee rat : pnt i ¢ ie shh ahh ite fs; ive ihe ee

= Parr ae Pe 2 igi oe ‘ a a ee . oe oe :
r “OE Bear: mat seule SOC ERS apa iat age et Faiths dais Hogs a vi G
we roteee pie’ ye alow’: Rone MEET jth a | nee Diack spoks Tarts ¢ t keira ts Re ts 5

(Oe) inone? ier va 5 5 eaathee

“ i slip Aja o 2a
rake, ra tue agi aid, 28
nivien qabeeth, we ae thie see a Rs

s | ee % : ai
wt Seip Wh i Paseé erer Vent: rate

: oe o> . y - - <-
‘night days, (Puke Lriovetney Greely Mgrs ame
: \ : » \e- oe

2 fc _ , a aa ,
pe. . a f _s — - i 4 a
WEA: TREATS Vigne ee a bi

Babine ats,
alexis, |

{ Puz

~iie
s

6 ¢ i ~~ _ =
Les B Bit {7OGsu te Vigan Tat inne i. i ae a

"ee" eT aga “y9 a4 pig ony 4 - ;
oo FOR, A A, Be SS lemon, : pee

1 che 4 ye ‘=e: ood tho pet > eth. ne gpoiee hes ines — 7 ee:
“(Pattap sy: the>Talnis, Migihie anc Aim ay ae

«
Je a

i (8, GOS. eek s er Dinidtct, Pane sl Vinitece.

‘
r * ~ Ay 7
(
r . Vd
ae og! «
— e ‘. ¥
a (as p 7 a% a A
a. on orn
aa ap *

fey. -"« )

yee Teperransr ter, Rew Nw. Cleo fs [ (ors) ; Mo, bp Cole mW 52 ('61)

f. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER a

anal extremity ; each abdominal segment dorsally with two raised elongated
ridges ; anal segment with several thin curved-tipped hairs. (Pusa Insectary
Cage-slip 815.)

The pupal period is about four days in the hot weather and about a week
in the winter. at OBANES) Felden Cae r

~ __ PLATYPTILIA|BRACHYMORPHA, MEYR. (PLATE III, FIG.2.) ~ +0 recat a

|| Platyptilia brachymorpha, Meyr., T. E. S., 1888, 240 (1888)('), B. J., XVII,

135 (1906),(2) T. E. S., 1907, 483 (1908)(*) ; Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., VI,

12, t. Af. 3 (1909)(*), T. L. S. (2) XIII, 401 (1910)(°).

\\ Platyptilia seeboldi, Hofm., Iris, XI, 33 (1898)(°).

This is a widely distributed species recorded from Syria, India, Ceylon,
South Africa, Aldabra, and Hawaii(°). In India and Ceylon it seems to
occur in the Plains. We have it from Kegalle, Sidapur, Pollibcita, Pusa,
Chakradharpur and Pyinmana (Burma).

It has been reared at Pusa from larve collected on Celsia coromandeliana
on 7th February 1906 and Ist March 1913 and from a pupa found on an un-
identified yellow-flowered Solanaceous plant on 5th April 1918.

The larva bores into flower-buds of Celsia coromandeliana and eats the
anthers. It is, when full-grown, about 8 mm. long and rather more than
1 mm. broad, cylindrical, tapering slightly towards either extremity, segments
distinct, brownish-grey with a pinkish-grey dorsal line deeper in colour pos-
teriorly ; head bilobed, shiny, translucent pale yellowish-brown with black
specks and minute hairs ; thorax with minute black spots and dull-white tufts
of hairs; legs well developed; abdominal segments rather darker tinged ;
prolegs pale yellow ; anal segment with a large black spot ; tufts of small hairs
on segments. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 978.) Another larva was described
as yellowish-green, dorsal line deeper green. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 200A.)

Pupation takes place on the foodplant. The pupa is about 8 mm. long
and slightly more than 1 mm. broad, yellowish-green with a pale crimson
dorsal line posteriorly from thorax, abdominal segments with pale crimson
lines. The pupal period is seven or eight days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip
978.) ae

eS erin
PLATYPTILIA DIREPTALIS, WLK. (PLATE V.) ©?) >3'} (* t
Oxyptilus direptalis, Wik., Cat. XXX, 934 (1864)(1); Hwan TES yas. -. -
Platyptilia direptalis, Meyr., T. E. §., 1907, 485 (1908)(?); Fletcher, Spol.

Zeylan., VI, 12 (1909)(°).

Originally described from the Cape of Good Hope('), this species has since
been recorded from Ceylon (Pattipola), the Palnis, Nilgiris and Simla(’).
We have it from Dungagali (8,000 feet ; Hazara District), Pusa and Shillong.

D2; LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

-At Shillong the larva is found commonly on Teucrium quadrifariwm
and Seutellaria discolor. Figures la and 1b are made from spirit specimens
of the larva and pupa.

f
PLATYPTILIA MOLOPTAS, MEYR. | v-6 fs Pb )

Platyptilia molopias, Meyr., B. J., XVIT, 135 (1906)(') ; Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan.,
VI, 12-13, t..Af..1, t. EB £. 4 (1909)(2).

it This species 1s common in the Hill Districts of Ceylon but does not appear

to have been found in India hitherto. We have it from Maskeliya, Haldum-
mulla and Pattipola. .

“The egg is about 0°47 mm. long by about 0°3 mm. broad, the micropylar
end di-tinctly the larger and flattened ; in colour it is of a very pale green, the
surface reticulated with large but shallow rounded depressions.

‘“‘TLarvee were found on 18th May 1908 at Madulsima, feeding on the
flowers and unripe seeds of Teucriwm tomentosum. The larva is of a very
pale green colour and is very difficult to discern when 7m sitw on the foodplant.
Hali-grown examples often seem to have a narrow reddish medio-dorsal stripe,
lacking in adults, which latter have sometimes some lateral reddish markings
on the thoracic segments. Like all “ plume ” larvee, however, this one is very
variable in colour, and some examples might be described as reddish with a
greenish latero-dorsal suffusion on the abdominal segments. The head is
yellowish or pale green, the ocelli very distinctly marked in black. The
segmental divisions are sharply distinct. All primary hairs are white ; the
longest hairs are a little longer than the diameter of the segments on which
they arise. The legs are yellowish-green, extremities of claws yellowish.
Prolegs very transparent pale green, hooks reddish. Spiracles very incon-
spicuous. Secondary hairs short, black.

“The pupa is suspended freely by the tail from an empty flower-sheath
of the foodplant. It is rather short, the appendage sheaths very long and well
separated. Colour a pale flesh-pink, mottled longitudinally with brown ;
head and wing-sheaths pale greenish, the latter with longitudinal brown
shading. Dorsal prominences small, distinct, subequal, directed forward,
except the first, which is extremely large, directed backwards, blunt, but
tipped anteriorly with a sharp spine whose point is bent forward. This large
prominence is sharply outlined by a deep brown shading which reaches:
obliquely anteriorly half-way across the wing-cover. A second brown shade,
parallel to the first but less intense and narrower, occurs on the sixth segment,
but’ barely reaches on to the wing-sheath.

“The moth emerges from the pupa after about a week “(?).

“+m
-

a> at

at dpe, pork Gccighs ty the NOB abate ese i
Sip ba lafeve ies Five ie Leeda h thhetee. Nee ba ed ee
ot athe sed Pipteipnle.

¥ o oe

ree?

vad ai stowg thas tanger rill Ratt odd jn polbbrat 6-t a ogy palege
eda eee with legge bit Mallee eniabed dopepiicen

ssl, x8 8 ON i on Pasi Be
SE rye: bl, Tot aS Oy = |

"Pha agg, braiead 0's me. foeeay thie oa ly brow ‘ier

Biers word tou on: teh Riey Pate Madghsion, “ay ue Ge
Peter pany wcer of Perna See, ae eee es 7
pan clgeene tanto ania ery’ Aitieoatt ix’ citerit Whe de sitet dbthand ae
Pigal getter enn ditein: Ratan iy bite anieab metal
fapieriag ist waits, wy Dig Ne Lane etal sabe Label geddiale
“aff as “ghia is Sarena bans wi pee sr ea
wiciehie Dh meek, aot ont na OS ee ee “
gredrued Satero-dotial” sutton, ale the: abdomen, aegete ‘rhe juan ee
pellowinh ur pale yrese, thi Feel Yea dutisetly a Rs
, Bhapentad eeiakams, ee elas dystnict.; gat pemragy Hath are’
pJSaupst. ake eae Sitihe Nave: Beal he iam gar a Aes rhe 7
* "ihn: Tage. SAN PRES APY RENN ahs ae Ce mi eRe pi ea
Piaget aaa aCe 08 spree, iiaw ioe eRe cpt
ep ates, Socata lenin held; Bidaes 4 Pn ee
7h si mgm 1s

Of Hetiiplart! iets ratlint abort tia i: wheats PF
‘Sune “inbieey. Be yuble: esbuyai mae, mottled bu |
Lend igad. tol ghbktiak le ae bape |
« sheds,” Daget Pronto ire: sinciht, eee

ergot Ci fable, Wises, exeisely coe hw

pes eciteeondy “i's lar pine ih ic
> promninieues ts abarplyy napieed, tae a

“bing icky tiadaeineky leail way acrosy she! . oe J

paver) fo jie Cetsiat jew inns spd Sioa, oat

Bec eget. ving phat Fi
phe: maetdl Beak) 5, nets the rat

PLATE, Vi.

ae ee

Cacaliz.

brachymorpha : (rfryl,

ks

Ly puscllcdacty!a

f;
om

cifrobleuta

QJutlines of dorsal segmenis of pupze of various species of Platyptilia ( x 7).

| ta. oe a
rie b, : ris ee
are @ J

woe 7
7 ae oo
fa Re

i 7 “
a, 7)
7 ris o
LU y 0
| ‘ ‘ mts |
ne En
7 Bt -
» val
“! 4 ;
j
- }
—/ e *
7 ”y )
» r
a 3 -
ih rs , |
i
tg Mae
wf
i ay oi - -
at = 2 ais
A! ¥ nS e ‘
N ‘ cP,
$ " Li
t Ar
f ;
. at
i)
i
h
4
a bln
‘a 7 y :
: ae: ' fi
= 5 . i
4
>
J 4
i
7 »
) 7 =
- nt :
y 7
=s
Th ‘ fad
: AN : ,
-_ i ay — ‘ ¥
= z es
‘on . i anit
t 7
: »
7
t AY, _
i =f |
r A
ri ivi “h
7 i ;
POP sa ae 7
. { ~*~ Lé@ + -< aM Ts 1 "vl |
~ ' ' t oft . ; Ne
: oe :

i : of 7 ; ; : ae 4)
ian * ear es ws a rr a ee

ay dgaiics Anaad He ae 4th b2 ;
oo.” Kn i 7

‘) 1 f i - * ay v4

i + u a we ; , A yt ict
, gy Ol etm ( re any im

7
<

a An

ss oe gat sun
‘ 4 Ane ery

scene, aati a eRe Bale,
ve 7 by iti, :
* Mm > poate fs bhi’ fibis res RY aa

"a

ag ike ; wedelgrah, Rut 3s Bi nitty distect
. ; nee a
‘. Ae: bin aes e feere net = Sap penees tex ue.
a : 2 He :

preg
Ra
ea aes

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 23

+>

PLATYPTILIA CACALIA, n.sp.. 4-2, 9-4

Male and female. Expanse 16 mm. Palpi porrect, short, second joint
dilated with scales, third with short rough scales, short, acuminate ; greyish,
fuscous externally. Head greyish-fuscous. Antenne greyish, obscurely
ringed with fuscous. Thorax greyish-fuscous. Legs whitish, dilated with
brownish scale-tufts at apices of tarsi; posterior tibize greyish, irrorated with
fuscous and obscurely broadly banded at origins of spurs which are whitish,
bcownish at base and apex. Abdomen moderately long, greyish, irrorated
with fuscous which tends to form a patch in middle of back.

Forewing cleft from about ?: first segment broadening posteriorly, apex
falcate, posterior angle well marked ; second segment broadening posteriorly,
both angles well marked, termen sinuately convex : brownish-grey irrorated
with white and reddish-brown : costal area strongly irrorated with blackish ;
an elongate blackish dot in cell beyond 1/3; a large blackish costal triangle at
2/3, its apex running obliquely into basal half of second segment, its outer edge
irregular and not touching base of cleft; first segment with very ill-defined
whitish bars at + and 3, first only evident towards costa, second followed by
a clearly-defined terminal blackish suffusion narrowest at apex and broadening
regularly to posterior margin of segment ; second segment with clearly defined
blackish suffusion on posterior fourth, preceded by an ill-defined whitish
bar. Cilia on costa blackish with a few scattered whitish scales, beyond
costal triangle narrowly whitish, and mixed with whitish before apex ; on
termen ochreous-white, black at base ; within cleft ochreous-white with a few
scattered black scales, black opposite terminal black suffusion ; on dorsum
ochreous-white with scattered black scales tending to form a broad weak
scale-tooth at about 3/5. tre

Hindwing cleft from about 2/5 and 1/6: first segment dilated posteriorly 5
second segment dilated posteriorly, subtriangular, apéx very acute, termen
concave, himder angle distinct ; third segment sublinear, tornus almost ob-
solete : fuscous-grey, wrorated with fuscous-brown. Cilia brownish-grey ;
around apex and tip of second segment blackish ; on dorsum paler, with a
rather weak black scale-tooth at about 4, preceded by a few scattered black
scales and followed by a smaller number of weaker black scales.

Coimbatore ; 5th December 1917 (Fletcher). Adults flyimg over flowers
of Cacalia coccinea, in the flower-heads of which the larve and pup were
found. Twelve specimens.

This species is superficially very like P. molopias, but is evidently distinct
from the form of the pupa. At the time of capture it was supposed to be
P. molopias and no description of the larva was made.

24 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA!

PLATYPTILIA GONODACTYLA, SCHIFF,

Alucita gonoductyla, Schiff. and Den., Schmett. Wien., p. 320 (1775)(').
Platyptilia gonodactyla, Tutt, Brit. Lep., V, 201-219 (1906)(7) ; Meyr., Rec.

Ind. Mus., V, 217(°).

This is a widely-distributed European species which extends into the
Northern portion of the Indian Region. It has been recorded from Darjiling(*)
and Rawalpindi(?).

In Europe the larva feeds on Tussilago farfara. The early stages are
described at length by Tutt(*), but have not been found in India as yet.

STENOPTILIA ZOPHODACTYLA, DUP.

Pterophorus zophodactylus, Duponchel, Hist. Nat., XI, 668, t. 314 f. 4
(1838)(?).

Adkinia zophodactylus, Tutt, Brit. Lep., V, 319-334 (1906)(?).

Stenoptilia zophodactyla, Meyr., Ent. Mo. Mag., 1907, 146 (1907)(°), T. E. S.,
1907, 504 (1908)(*) ; Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., VI, 10-11, t. E f. 3 (1909(°).
This is a widely distributed species, known from Central and Southern

Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, India, Ceylon, Eastern Australia and Argentina.

We have specimens from Lunugala (Ceylon), Ootacamund, Bababudin Hills

(Mysore), Pusa, Peshawar, Abbottabad, Kashmir, Parachinar, Hangu (Kurram

Valley) and Cherrapunji.

Very detailed descriptions of the egg, larva and pupa, taken from English
specimens, are given by Tutt, pages 322-331(?). The following descriptions
of the larva and pupa were made from Sinhalese specimens :—“‘ The larva,
at rest and apparently about full-fed, is about 10 mm. long, stout, stoutest
about third segment and tapering thence gradually. Head pale yellow with
black ocelli. Colour a pale green, the spiracles narrowly ringed with black ;
they are situated about half-way up the segments but do not seem raised
above the skin-surface at all. There is a broad medio-dorsal stripe, purple
at the edges, but very dark internally. This is narrowly and obscurely edged
by a narrow whitish-green longitudinal stripe, of a tint slightly paler than the
ground-colour. Half-way between the lower edge of this stripe and the
spiracle is a second similar whitish-green stripe, and a third similar stripe
occurs on the latero-ventral surface at a distance below the spiracle equal
to that of the second stripe above it. The two latero-dorsal setigerous tubercles
are situated at a horizontal distance apart equal to about one-third of the
width of the segment ; the foremost one bears a short black hair, the aftermost
a similar white hair ; the tubercles themselves are very small and inconspicu-
ous. Just above the spiracle occurs a short white hair, directed outwards.

u ae ae Tees =e el

ke f Pre ee aa ay Paola : . ;
Aw : ‘) pd at IPF Carer et ie b e ag oe

th (= b>, | Boxes N, fhe, Arie petae e fin =
ae we maine Prva, U.S. fmenren cy

below on: peers fret 1 ®, very shined winés thar Aieex tt forwird, (2) 4
white hair droste), bechwaml.. The whely. bety, partiogtari son this

qd ark ‘and veltral regi. is thiekdy covered wilt spiminte ahwort hianke betty ;
ie hairs. The tox ure fatets lures andi are yellowith fa eolour; proliet rather
cat. Arosa villow, ‘The larvs fevds om. the Navgrs.amk seeds of Somina
; . Mie -the Gass of another jacva, the wicth oni deovwmnth: segments. hak &
Samind pale spot in the purple dorsal simtpe vn ilechy ates uf ite cuniral darker
Vine.

Pthe pape ie long ehd variow, of a pee } alowigh- grees colour with ® |
broad purplish-red docx) strip the uxiel White hans aro’so qhest that they ; ;
ere only qa geoptihir nader 4 jeu. “fis darvel skin is discarded apdirely ie
and id SPrune Up inte @ oNnute pellet, TReepaps ig capabie of rapid gia ;

. violent .motidns in thi ventro-qorsa! Piebe tiie herd being bent bac hevarcde «
i dorsally until ot touches the anal exmercity. Tha pupa is snepended head
me downwards, Vertical soriace againe: suppor " . ey

At Posa this RPec es has bean: reated from darve fonad on Auaraunda x

(Blmen Salscmifera) on sth February ioe ‘The jarve wore deeding on tk :
leaves: Eros witch thusy ronpett by a thread wher cbstasbed, ; fhe ¢ va ny

Ret eat the ¥ ge of the lent bet dubbles sexi: Roles im tte Lp Roane ‘ a

oo berastonally ju ifie tower mnand a we badad its movenonte and ;

Phe tary wee fee“ ae Sid & lom? ged D> wei hrosd, +¥ie |
;Pdxical, $apering Bosterenly, yellowah ee Road groan, tinged swith yullowil
. Se irownel. wittoriorly, covered with microsoopie white Bains > jaothorax ;
Mita) GWO SIGERVergorows Of hue spurts cas sand with oneller.dack sechngary
: Muaare-; legs. gretmixh-yaliow : ee omit) segments divtiuetiy segmented, weil y
ae Bd, eceglag mnterrugs<? eat h yepoOw ish itera] Strips anh & Bie frend dorsal i.
S “ steipe, Ab Pelee keiusd vith bi nches of white spines sac black hems papiresgiiy © Bo Pt
ng 2 round, biack. | ‘
ian ati , Pupstion takes plase om the surface of & leat, the pepe bere Very einoler % -
aaty : in_ colour ko the: latys. _Betor: pepaciom tie JArve appiies s lonir. niictow
=) network: ef Milken dhteads to the airiace af a leaf egal the pape "sitaches iteell
< ae igus by the Aduble set of cremastra hooits, The pry is about @ wan:
, Hong fam, 23 dank broad across thorax, hoad ieprcseed, Sharaole region: pror *
uA ps fnlaent,, tapering ahoogy ti u point anally. 6 few white: apiny bees semicrnd mya
3 bo awer caustace | ao heownish og ras! abripe wing-emaca neatly Pee hing, anal se
begun elie wmickeyide o!. ‘bioh pupeted on 20th February, emerged: on 2

Macel 1s, GPitge lnsectery Onge-cbipoiite) | i i

4

Ke ie tivant 5 groveenases
+

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rye nelnere
boa. hk RUS ie » SEE} ; , Ag

Side in on, peideigecisheibyted

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; betel the peceayi atrs adeve if, |) J hve winder dei ek setigera a whe
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thi tae b.pts Peinifta eas beares. ab lec le :

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pats » wroibacls ue ube a al apse ass tea a
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T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 25

Just below the spiracle are (1) a very short white hair directed forward, (2) a
short white hair directed backward. The whole body, particularly on the
dorsal and ventral regions, is thickly covered with minute short black bristly
hairs. The legs are fairly large and are yellowish in colour ; prolegs rather
small, greenish yellow. The larva feeds on the flowers and seeds of Sopubia
trifida.

“In the case of another larva, the sixth and eleventh segments had a
round pale spot in the purple dorsal stripe on each side of its central darker
line.

“The pupa is long and narrow, of a pale yellowish-green colour with a
broad purplish-red dorsal stripe ; the usual white hairs are so short that they
are only just perceptible under a lens. The larval skin is discarded entirely
and is shrunk up into a minute pellet. The pupa is capable of rapid and
violent motions in the ventro-dorsal plane, the head being bent backwards
dorsally until it touches the anal extremity. The pupa is suspended head
downwards, ventral surface against support ”’(°).

At Pusa this species has been reared from larve found on Kukraunda
(Blumea balsanufera) on 18th February 1908. The larve were feeding on the
green leaves from which they dropped by a thread when disturbed ; the larva
does not eat the edge of the leaf but nibbles small holes in the upper,
and occasionally in the lower, surface of the leaf. Its movements are
sluggish.

The larva was described as about 8 mm. long and 1:5 mm. broad, cylin-
drical, tapering posteriorly, yellowish-green ; head green, tinged with yellowish
or brownish anteriorly, covered with microscopic white hairs ; prothorax
with two transverse rows of white spinous hairs and with smaller dark secondary
hairs ; legs greenish-yellow ; abdominal segments distinctly segmented, with
an irregular interrupted dull yellowish lateral stripe and a deep green dorsal
stripe, tub-rcles armed with bunches of white spines and black hairs ; spiracles
small, round, black.

Pupation takes place on the surface of a leaf, the pupa being very similar
in colour to the larva. Before pupation the larva applies a long narrow
network of silken threads to the surface of a leaf and the pupa attaches itseli
to this by the double set of cremastral hooks. The pupa is about 8 mm.
long and 1°5 mm. broad across thorax, head depressed, thoracic region pro-
minent, tapering almost to a point anally ; a few white spiny hairs scattered
over surface; a brownish dorsal stripe; wing-cases nearly reaching anal
extremity. One individual, which pupated on 26th February, emerged on
7th March 1908, (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 652.)

‘i in)

26 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORIDA

toe fee (O13

eae is et ct :
Exe atk Capt ȴ- Marasmarcha hophanes, Meyr., TE. S., 1886, 19('). KK.
EN as +s ae Exelastis liophanes, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 136(2); Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., VI,
| ae 4 fe is yn) 33-34, t. Af. 12 (1909)(3), T. L. S. (2) XII, 403 (1910)(4).

| ree aS /
be S Kt eee
L ont™ * N ot Yate -

Rite

OY _—

Leioptilus griseodactylus, Hofm., Zoologica, XXIX, 240 (1900)(°).

Originally described from Reunion('), this species has been recorded: from’
Barbados, Natal, Seychelles, Ceylon, Formcsa, China (Fuchau) and the
Bismarck Archipelago. It is abundant throughout the Plains of India, Burn a
and Ceylon, and we have specjmens from Haldummulla, Peradeniya, Coim-
batore, Virajpet (S. Coorg), Cuttack, Hoshangabad, Pusa, Palamau, Lun ding
(Assam), Shillong, Lashio, Tatkon and Myitkyina.

-This species was bred at Pusa in July 1910 from pupze found on the upper
surfaces of leaflets of Oxalis sp. The larva has not been noted, but almost
certainly feeds on Ozalis, probably on the flowers.

EXELASTIS: PHLYCTANIAS, MEYR.
Marasmarcha phlyctenias, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 106 (1911).

Described from Trincomali and Puttalam and from Nerth Coorg. We
have specimens from Colombo, Kegalle and Haldummulla. The early stages
are unknown.

EXELASTIS ATOMOSA, WLSM. (PLATE VIL.)
Aciptilia atomosa, Wism., P. Z. S., 1885, 885(').
Exélastis atomosa, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 730(?) ; Lefroy, Ent. Mem., I, 210,
ff. 67, 687), Ind. Ins. Life, pp. 527-528, t. 53(4); Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins.,
pp. 444-445, t. 38 (1914)(°), Proe. Second Entl. Meeting, pp. 44, 56 (1917)(°).

Exelastis parasita (Meyr., ined.), Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Pests, p. 140, figs.
Pterophorus ebalensis, Rebel, Lep. Sokotra, p. 84 (1907)

nec
Exelastis atomosa, (nec Wlsm.), Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., VI, 33, t. Af. 11 (1909)

[ = phlyctenias, Meyr.].

Originally described from Bombay (3), this species is widely distributed
in the Plains of India, but does not appear to occur in Ceylon, where it is
replaced by E. phlycteenias, Meyr. It is an important pest of Cajanus indicus
and Dolichos lablab. We have it from Peshawar, Abbottabad, Pusa, Samasti-
pur, Bilaspur (C. P.), Hoshangabad, Bhopal, Baroda, Poona, Yemmiganur
(Bellary) and Coimbatore. wie

-Outside of India, . atomosu is known from Natal, Sekotra, and New
Guinea. It will probably be found to be widely distributed throughout the
tropical regions of the Old World,

= a PAE V5

iAtLar) Lo Vee

AAs

Fig. 1. Exelastis pumilio, Zell. (\l liophanes, Meyr.)

a, Larva (x 5); 5, Lateral and dorsal aspects of the pupa (x 5); e, Moth (x 5):
TheYsmaller figures show the natural sizes.

= ah Lint

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ot Va

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: «
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SITOAIaE C
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sistem oft wode esnil-tisd odT)

EXEL AST ARREARS

go bo op

aD OF OF

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

EXELASTIS ATOMOSA.
Eggs on pod of pigeon-pea (Cajanus indicus).
Eggs, magnified.
Larva, magnified.
Second and third abdominal segments of larva.
Pupa on pod of pigeon-pea (Cajanus indicus), magnified.
Moth, in normal resting position. .
Moth, with wings expanded.

(The hair-lines show the natural sizes.)

PLATE VIL.

EXELASTIS ATOMOSA.

pic! Pett if
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T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 27

Life-history. The egg is oval in outline, round in section, measuring
about half a millimetre in length. It is, when laid, light green or bluish, be-
coming yellower as it approaches hatching. Eggs are laid at night, each egg
singly, several being found on each young pod, flcwer-bud or young leaf.
They are difficult to find and escape notice unless one knows what they are
like and is looking specially for them. Eggs hatch in three and a half to four
days in warm weather, in five to six days in the winter in the Plains. The
larva simply bites a hole in the egg and crawls out, leaving the empty white

ego-shell which it does not eat. (Plate VII, figs. 1, 2.)

Larva. The newly-hatched insect is about one millimetre long, yellow,
the segments covered with short hairs. As it grows older the colour becomes
green, or green with brown markings, closely resembling the colouring of the / (
pod it is feeding on. The segments are clothed in hairs and capitate spines,
the latter in distinct rosettes. There are five pairs of green prolegs. (Plate |

VII, fig. 3.) The larva, on hatching, eats into the pod. and feeds upon.

the seeds ; or it bites into the unopened flower-bud and attacks the developing
anthers. It never actually goes completely into the pod: but stretches in from
outside. This caterpillar is much like that of Sphenarches caffer and is found
abundantly with it upon the buds and pods of pigeon-pea in the cold weather.
The larval life lasts for 16 to 21 days in warm weather, from 25 to 30 days in
the cold weather.

Pupa. Pupation takes place on the plant, openly. The manner of
pupation is the same as that of Sphenarches caffer, and the pupa is similarly
attached at two points to the silken pod by means of circinate spines forming

two cremastral pads, one at the anal extremity and the other on the lower

surface of the eighth abdominal segment. It is green, grey, or brown, and is,

like the larva, cryptically coloured. The pupal period is from three to five.

days in the hot weather, seven days in the cold weather. (Plate VII, fig. 5.)
Emergence from the pupa is effected by the rupture of the pupal integument
along the median line from the vertex to the end of the midventral line of the
thorax. .

The moth is shown in Plate VII, fig. 6; the wings are normally held
so that only the narrow forewing is visible. It is found flying in the dusk,
resting by day on the lower surface of a leaf or on any convenient
surface. Mating may take place soon after emergence, and oviposition
the next night; even in captivity without food the moths survive
for ten days. In the insectary one moth laid a total of 94 fertile eggs,
laying over thirty the first night, the remainder on four subsequent

nights.”

Basie. prevent 0

Yuta petites J

Jy AAR | ‘Rem

faye. P we, ct E

theucy fit 993
{Pec- ig

28

LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORID

The following tables give normal life-histories in March-April ; the periods

are longer in December-Janvary as stated above :—

Eggs laid Eggs hatched Larve pupated, Moths emerged Total
23-III 27-III 14 to 17-IV 19 to 22-IV 27—30
24-III 28-III 16-IV 21-IV 28
25-III 29-IIT 14-IV f . Tito 19=1V 23—25

Occurrence. In the life-history as detailed above, there is no stage in which

long periods of rest would appear to be undergone and hibernation or any such
resting stage would seem to be impossible. Yet such resting periods must
occur in actual fact; the normal foodplant of this insect is the pigeon-pea
(Cajanus indicus, known as arhar, tur or red gram) which is sown with the
monsoon, say in July, and which flowers and bears pods in December-January:
in some parts of India, in March-April in others. There is thus abundant
food for some months only, while this crop is coming into flower and pod,
and it is then that it is found in abundance in all stages. The pest has been
under fairly close observation in several places and there is a long gap between
the crops of pigeon-pea which is apparently bridged in one of several ways.
The leguminous plant kulthi or lablab bean (Dolichos lablab) is an alternative
foodplant found in the rains before the pigeon-pea is producing flower-buds,
and to a very small extent this insect has been found breeding on this plant.
This has not been recorded in Pusa and the only known way in which the
moth is known to live over in Pusa from April to December is as an imago in
shelter in thick grass. A considerable amount of attention has been paid
to the fauna of thick grass and this species has been found occasionally during
the months when it is known to breed. It has been found only in this way
during this time and only in small numbers in the moth stage.

We believe that normally it lives over from April to December as a moth
in hiding, emerging when the pigeon-pea is coming into bud to breed; in
localities where there is a constant supply of its alternative foodplant, it
emerges earlier and breeds in small numbers on this. That is, in some locali-
ties where kulthi is regularly grown, a summer brood is found on it ; in other
places it is not. We may contrast this with Sphenarches caffer which has
these two foodplants, but also breeds on Cucurbitacez, which are freely culti_
vated from April to December, so that the latter can find foodplants throughout
the year. It is possible that Hzelastis atomosa has wild alternative foodplants,
but there is as yet no evidence to support this and, had they occurred in Pusa,
we believe they would have been found.

ie Yaad 4, ie 2.3) Se 1907. 08 Ky 5Y ae "
5b eae oh S. Tad. ine, p,. 445, £325 i i

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re

Fo. Rutope tte larv’ i tins boon recnudatias ! ling om the tonninal lepyen a
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Parachinar: (Micra Valles
arivag spotise Of Cangeleutes, henopodees * vad
7 dnd hin ag ‘Ke on Laccsil ih by Porrtagr ws about 15 fat, in oe aryl
wittthed act sather small, Leaty ROPES es line

fe proportins he el

‘ i ; : ees ray as = : Dies ur =
Se hactte & * iele pe rw H ‘4 > tee “ae, TiVIsMigme 2 °C Sefoodiand tosis De Cook

a3 *. i + as ' 4 ba
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Ts BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 29
OU deem Wo Mirw,
PTEROPHORUS LIENIGIANUS, ZELL.

Pterophorus lenigianus, Zeller, Linn. Ent., VI, 380 (1852)(') ; South Entom.,
XV, 105, t. 2 f. 3(7); Meyr., Handb., p. 439(*), T. H. S., 1907, 497(1908) (4) ;
Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan., VI, 34-35 (1909)(°), S. Ind. Ins., p. 445, f. 322
(1914)(°), Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 288 (1917)(7).

Levoptilus serindibanus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, III, 527, t. 209 f. 14(8).
This speci iginally described from Central Europe('), occurs through-

out India, (Burma, Jand Ceylon. We have specimens from Anura-

dhapura, Coimbatore, Godavari District, Peshawar, Pusa, Shillong, and

Maymyo.

In Europe the larva has been recorded as feeding on the terminal leaves
of Artemisia vulgaris and has been described as “pale bluish-green ; dorsal
line broad, darker; sub-dorsal yellow-whitish; head brown, blackish-
marked ” (°).

In India the larva feeds on brinjal (Solanum melongena) and has been
described as “about 8 to 10 mm. long, moderately stout, hairy, very pale
yellowish, head brown’’(°). It has also been reared at Pusa from larvee found
on 26th March 1917 rolling and feeding on leaves of an unidentified weed
locally called khagra (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1538).

C (Aeen A? proms
PFEROPHORUS MONODACTYLUS, LINN

Alucita monodactyla, Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. X) I, 542 (1758)(').
Pterophorus pterodactylus, Buckler, Larve Brit. Butt. Moths, p. 365)

(1901)(?).

Titis species is very widely distributed throughout Europe and North
America, and occurs in the North-West Frontier Province and in Kashmir.
We have specimens from Parachinar (Kurram Valley).

The larva feeds on various species of Convolvulus, Chenopodium and
Atriplex and has been described by Porritt(2) as about 15 mm. in length and
stout in proportion, head polished and rather small, body uniform and cylin-
drical, tapering a little posteriorly, segmental divisions well defined and deeply
cut ventrally, each tubercle emitting a tuft of short but rather strong hairs ;
ground-colour bright yellowish-green, more decidedly green dorsally ; head
pale yellow, mandibles light brown ; dorsal stripe narrow but distinct, yellowish
white ; a much broader yellowish-white spiracular stripe, the space between
this and spiracles freckled with streaks and spots of the same colour ;
spiracles black, hairs greyish ; ventral surface, legs and prolegs uniformly pale
green,

3

30 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PTEROPHORID

PSELNOPHORUS ALBITARSELLUS, WLSM.

Alucita albitarsella, Wlsm., in Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxford Mus., II, 542

(1900).

This species was described from a single specimen from Ootacamund.
I have examined this (type) sp2cimen in the Oxford Museum and make it to
be a Pselnophorus and not an Alucita. We have a specimen from the Palni
Hills.

“Larva white, about half an inch long, with a few long hairs scattered
about its body. It burrows into the shoots of a common jungle plant. Pupa
suspended by tail from underside of a leaf (Minchin) ”’.

ALUCITA NIVEODACTYLA, PAG.

Alucita niveodactyla, Pag., Zoologica, XXIX, 240 (1900) (') ; Meyr., T. E. S.,
1907, 490 (1908)(7) ; Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan , VI, 36, t. F f. 9 (1909)(3) ;
Poulton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, p. 39(+*).

Aciptilia nivea, Snell., Tijds. voor Ent., XLVI, 56, t. 5 £. 17(°).

This species is widely distributed and is recorded from the Bismarck
Archipelago('), Java(®), Cochin China(*), the Philippines(?) and Ceylon(*).
In India and Ceylon it is apparently confined to the Hill districts. We have
it from Shillong and Cherrapunji.

“The larva feeds on the young leaves of an Ipomea, eating the leaves
from the outside and not entering within the unexpanded leaf in the manner
of Steganodactyla concursa. In colour it is of a uniform pale yellowish-green
thickly studded with long fasciculated tufts of whitish hairs, of which those
of the dorsal row are the longest and sometimes tipped with brown. These
hair-tufts are extremely complicated, and their appearance will be best under-
stood from the rough sketch of a larval segment (Plate F, fig. 9); under
the microscope these tufts of long hairs recall the armature of spines exhibited
by an Kchinid ’’(°).

“The pupa is green, thickly covered with pale green spinous hairs and
with an interrupted dorsal and sub-dorsal row of black spots. The moth
emerges after about a week ”’(*),

STEGANODACTYLA CONCURSA, WLSM.

Steganodactyla concursa, Wlsm., Ent. Mo. Mag. 1891, 241(!), Novit. Lepidopt.
t. 12 f. 37) ; Fletcher, Spol. Zeyl., VI, 9, t. E ff. 1-2 (1909)(°).
This species is widely distributed in Ceylon and has been found in India
at Belgaum and in Coorg. It has also been recorded from Sumatra by Hering
(Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1903, 96).

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aloe ton dete {Aacwatnded. Hates let «hikishi hte rE hich ¢ .
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GATS ’ % Wee, nae G5 SH Lifes fiat. We hie hrnagi,

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axe oie | hie cnet; Seay OTR larval BS? sites (Chik, iq A, Aig, i9he)
© tl. : Yt

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T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 31

“The larva feeds between the young unexpanded leaves of a common
climbing Argyreia and also of Ipomea populifolia, eating the upper cuticular
surface of the leaf into tell-tale patches.

“The full-grown larva may be described as stout, rather flattened ; head
pale yellow ; other segments a pale greyish-green, interstices of segments
(only visible when expanded) darker green ; dorsal surface pale ; warts with
a little orange-yellow about their bases, often forming a distinct orange-yellow
or reddish median stripe ; an ill-defined broad dark lateral shade appears to be
caused by the contents of the alimentary canal, as it disappears towards the
anal extremity when frass is voided ; hairs white, usually very conspicuous.

“Tn confinement the larva generally wanders off the foodplant to pupate
but occasionally attaches itself to the upper surface of the midrib of a leaf.
I have never found the pupa in nature.

“ The pupa is usually suspended horizontally to a vertical support, being
closely adpressed ventrally to the resting-surface by the double set of cremas-
tral hooks. Its colour, which is variable, is some shade of pale green, but it
always has a broad reddish medio-dorsal stripe. These colours fade into a
greenish-brown shortly before emergence, which takes place after about six
days, the moth generally appearing in the late evening, quite contrary to the
usual habits of plume-moths. The pupa is comparatively extremely small,
and it seems marvellous how such a large moth can emerge from a pupa-case
which does not seem sufficiently large to contain its abdomen alone ”’().

Mr. Senior-White has also reared this species at Matale from Lantana,
which is an unexpected foodplant.

AGDISTIS TAMARICIS, ZELL.

Adactyla tamaricis, Zeller, Isigy, 1847, 899('). | WS)

Agdistis tamaricis, Zeller, Linn. Ent., VI, 325(2) ; Milliere, Icon., III, 237,
t. 126 ff. 5-7(3); Hofmann, Deut. Pteroph., p. 56(*) ; Wlsm., Entom,
Rec., XIX, 54-55 (1907)().

Herbertia tamaricis, Tutt, Brit. Lep., V, 127-132 (1907) (6).

This is a widely-distributed species known from Europe(!), Cape de
Verdes Islands(5), West Africa(®), Algeria(®), Cape Colony(5), Egypt, Arabia(8), Fal-t ene,
and Karachi(®). We have a specimen, apparently of this species, from
Peshawar.

The larva is described by Chapman(®). It feeds on Tamarix, but has
not been found in India as yet.

This species may be looked for in all sandy areas where Tamarix grows
commonly,

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ie ae Br ee aye poe ees
— ales eae Pm ae

4 Mo as eke

re “menoins oF THE
ARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

bl
é } ae ,

“ mt:

LIFE. HISTORIES OF ENDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

a. PARPOSIN ID. &, SH ALONSADA, TORTREIDE AND
_ RUCOBMIDA

:

T BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, BN. PLS. TES, PAS

Imperial Butamolog:

nevis BESRAROH INSTITUTE, PUsA

-

rhintey Aw periane ron

mp pupatas DEPARTMENT OF SORIGOE TURE 1 bwpr

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November, 1920. ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES, Vor. VI, No. 2

MEMOIRS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA

WI. CARPOSINIDA, PHALONIADA, TORTRICIDA AND
EUCOSMIDA

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., F.E.S., F.Z.S

Imperial Entomologist

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2, Crsgp Lanz, LONDON

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PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. Carposina reprobata:—a, Larva; b. moth, natural sizes and magnified.

Fig. 2. Acroclita vigesccns:—Moth; vatural size and magnified. Below is seen a
mere cnlarged view of the head from the side.

; a ae
pare isto» OF INDIAN INSHCTS
Po) /MICROLEPIDOPTORA, .- |

ane (CARPORINID & PHALONLAL A, TORRID’ ARD
ie “ROCOEMI Dat

*

Be

i | . a
ah BAURBRIOGR VLETCORER, RM, PHS: RES OVS,
Teint wil, Bak wabebighct ;

Citeesivn’ for publiantion Ou 27th Tike, Ue, ) :
‘ ee | i -\. ite
CAR POSINIDAE. eee? =f }

MEAARCHH SCT RONEE, witen. iy
Meena Mejrick * Exet. Mlor, 1, Wet, WIG; Metebar,
et Hetetie, TPG) ; Poe Henan 00 Micratingg, py. Sean it).
a o » Noaed at (Spiritwitvie iy Pebreery fee deseo ving tp. trait af Lappe
@ (Rhatinacewy” (') Sint has alee been Bev toon Zysy inves jeg tein
aa ty March and proNn Alo rearet at Dagpat ae Popa:
t iasapangnee pees, MEV Mie Cnaiey Vici ae
Tne bar, “heen. résiradt ab Nivgpar, and Siew fron. Weegee ing Ponce

Wit have chan reared) Ap fri wlike Sraitaewett te Us aie

‘Keghmis by ise: Mitohull& Cas ip Qetober 1007, Tinea phodt a, Sa
Ome. jon ipa abt 19 1.0 wv ita WB wank, in Saber Pa ¥ 7
porary it “extremity iwhies the Lure te itt eat dle bite part Jat he ae
fra egry “vtolt~ ade Agere), > dons optic AMMAN paler) ae Le

Nrbrowhi, plivady, | ‘prothapriaeeil eA Taya labia alty . SN

picked. im tc pep dink ten head akin alibelby als glncry jee batelen' | —
tern ear’ earpiece Pas ieee

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LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS.
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

II. CARPOSINIDA, PHALONIADA, TORTRICIDA AND
EUCOSMID.

BY
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, RN., F.LS., FES, F.ZS.,

Imperial Entomologist.

[Received for publication on 27th June, 1919.]

(es & fue |
CARPOSINIDA. \ew** ~

MERIDARCHIS SCYRODES, MEYR.

Meridarchis scyrodes, Meyrick, Exot. Micr., I, 30 (Oct., 1916) (') ; Fletcher,
Entl. Note No. 74 (1916)(?) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 254 (1917)(*).
Reared at Coimbatore “ in February from larve living in fruits of Zizyphus

jujuba (Rhamnacee) ” (!) and has also been bred from Zizyphus jujuba fruit

at Pusa in March and April(?). Also reared at Nagpur and Surat from

Zizyphus fruits.

MERIDARCHIS REPROBATA, MEYR. MS. (PLATE VIII, FIG. 1.)

This species has been reared at Nagpur and Surat from larve in fruits
of Eugenia jambolana. We have also reared it from olive fruits sent to us
from Kashmir by Messrs. Mitchell & Co., in October 1917. The larva is about
10 mm. long and about 1:5 mm. across fifth abdominal segment, thence tapering
towards either extremity (when the larva is at rest the hinder part of the
abdomen appears very stout—-see figure), dorsally pink, ventrally pale
yellow ; head yellow-brown, glossy ; prothoracic shield large, longitudinally
divided in middle, slightly darker than head ; skin of bedy soft, glossy ; tubercles
brown chitinized spots bearing single rather long thin hairs; five pairs of
equally developed prolegs.. Moths emerged from these larve (at Pusa) between
19th November and 3rd December. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1724.)

olrlers -

34 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PHALONIADZ

PHALONIADA. |
CLYSIA AMBIGUELLA, (HB.

Tinea ambiguella, Hubner, Tin., 153 (1801)(').

Clysia ambiguella, Meyr., Handbk., pp. 556-557 (1895)(?) ; Wlsm., A. M. N.
H. (7) V, 488 (1900)(3) ; Kennel, Pal. Tortric, iii, 240, t. 11 f. 45 (1918)(4).
Larva “pale brownish-yellow ; head and plate of 2 black ’’(?). A well-

known and very injurious pest of the vine in Europe, the larva feeding in the

flower-buds. Not yet noted as a pest in India, though it is known to occur
in Assam (Cherrapunji ; Naga Hills), N. Manipur, and Pegu (Karen Hills).

PHALONIA HYBRIDELLA, HB.

Tinea hybridella, Hubner, Tin., 351(').

Phalonia hybridella, Meyr., Handbk., p. 553 (1895)(?) ; Wlsm., A. M. N. H.
(7) V, 486 (1900)(3) ; Kennel, Spuler’s Schmett. Eur., II, 258, t. 84 f.
30(4).

Larva “pale pink; head hght brown; plate of 2 yellowish, with four
black dots ; in seed heads of Picris hieraciordes ”’(?).

A palearctic species, recorded from Dharmsala(?). It is doubtful whether
it is really Indian.

¢

| pitanonta MANNIANA, F.R.
Cochylis manmiana, Fischer v. Rosl., Abbild., p. 134, t. 51 f. 2(1).
Phalonia manmana, Meyr., Handbk., p. 549 (1895)(?), Rec. Ind. Mus., V,
217(3), P. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., XXXVI, 297 (1911) (*) ; Spuler, Schmett.
Hur., 11, 258, t. 84 f. 32.(5).
Larva in Mentha and Lycopus(°) in Europe.
This species has been recorded from India and Ceylon, extending to

__N. Australia(*), but in a later note Mr. Meyrick (Ent. Mo. Mag., 1916, 277-278)

notes that the above record(*) is incorrect, the species in question being P.
mellita, Meyr., whose early stages are as yet unknown.]

e TORTRICIDA.
Ip 499S% AREA INVALIDANA, WLK.
Tortriz tnvalidana, Wlk., Cat., XXVIII, 327 (1863)('); Moore, Lep. Ceylon,
III, 498 (1887)(2) . 3
Epagoge wnvalidana, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 617 (1908) (3).
Capua mvalidana, Fletcher, Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 300 (1917)(*).
Originally described from Ceylon('), this species has since been recorded
from Coorg and the Khasi Hills(), and was reared at Nagpur in December
1915 from larvee feeding on betel-vine leaves.

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Abo weed vp sk Coan pde beri

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Fi bz ivetadsa ie. AG, BA VITE. Ria eri eee
~ . . ” »
Lh < ote Ly | tad | = : >
f ; ; ; rVAy
i ae 4 ‘f Gena. Metry. oh ats uk Viel. "37 £7508) fA). Cn y
Pal F' : rere 4
ts -

AT at ty beck Teor Ceylont'), tiie: eporivn has sinon &
4 rer ys a LN i A iT; a ‘ ~ 4 "
Wc yer) 2 LA the A Sass eva) ds tt r Waa seared ay - ef at | :

; ‘ : ;
TAG OLVF S Bede ie e ats Slay viae | ;

?, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 35

ADOXOPHYES PRIVATANA, WLK.

Dichelia privatana, Wlk., Cat., XXVIII, 320 (1863)(!).

Adoxophyes privatana, Wism., A. M. N. H. (7) V, 481-482 (1900) (?) ; Meyr.,
Gardiner’s Fauna Geogr. Maldives, I, 126 (1902)(3), Proce. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W., XXXV, 209 (1910)(4), Entom. Mitteil. Suppl., III, p. 47 (1914)(5).
Originally described from Moulmein, this species is very widely distributed

in India, Burma and Ceylon and from Korea to New Guinea.

We have it from Coimbatore, Kallar (Nilgiris), Sidapur (Coorg) and
Manantoddy (Wynaad).

This species has been bred at Coimbatore by Y. Ramachandra Rao from
larve found in Lantana flowers. No description of the larva was recorded,
but pupation took place in a folded leaf.

The pupa is 8 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, cylindrical, truncated ante-
riorly, anal segment conical, terminating in a flattened spatuloid chitinized
process bearing four pairs of recurved hooks ; light translucent yellow, surface
rather shiny. The wing-covers extend to the middle of the ventral surface of
fourth abdominal segment. Dorsal surface of abdominal segments with
three transverse ridges especially developed on fourth and succeeding segments,
first ridge close to anterlor margin and sharply excised, second ridge adjacent
to first and carrying a row of sharp, short but rather stout spines,
ranging from twelve to twenty in number, third ridge slightly behind
middle of segment, sharp but with its edge broken into numerous close-set
denticles.

A larva which pupated on 26th December 1916, emerged on 2nd February
1917, and a second larva which pupated on 26th-27th December 1916, emerged
on 3drd-4th February 1917. Y. Ramachandra Rao (Lantana Cage-slip 21).

HOMONA COFFEARIA, NIETN.

Tortriz coffearia, Nietn., Obs. Enemies Coffee Tree in ay lon, p. 24 (1861)(').

Homona fasciculana, Wik. XXVIII, 425(?).

Tortrix coffearia, Moore, 7 Ceylon, III, 494 (1887)(3).

Homona coffearia, Fletcher, S. I. I., p. 452, £. 330 ees Ue he dey Second,
Entl. Meeting, pp. 20, 28 (1917)(5); SamraraPern Rao, wh. pwc Furth. LID -183 dhe Te
“ Homona coffearia is widely distributed throughout the tea districts

of North-East India and has occasionally occurred in sufficient numbers

to be noted by planters and specimens have on one or two occasions been

received at the laboratory of the Indian Tea Association from managers of tea

gardens, generally in Assam. Speaking generally, however, this insect is of

comparatively little importance as a pest of tea in these parts.

36 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TORTRICIDA

“There are two periods of the year at which the caterpillars are most
conspicuous, viz., March to May and August to September. They attack
the topmost leaves of a [tea] shoot and the damage done in the early part
of the season, though seldom serious, is greater than that done later in the
season, for the following reason. The pest prefers succulent growth, and on
this account will attack indigenous varieties of tea, on which the young leaves
are soft and juicy, in preference to China or hybrid varieties, in which the
young leaves tend to be more dry. Similarly, the new growth on cut-back
tea is more succulent than that on tea which has been top-pruned, and hence
bushes pruned in the former manner are more lable to attack than top-pruned
bushes. Should a cut-back bush be backward in its growth in March it is
very liable to receive a very severe check if attacked by this pest, more es-
pecially so, as the rule at this time of year is to pluck such tea to a measure,
leaving all bushes untouched which have not yet grown up to that measure.
Should a shoot be attacked after reaching that measure, the damage done
is negligible, as the pest and the attacked leaves are removed by the pluckers,
and the main object, which was to allow the new shoots to attain a certain
growth, has been achieved. In August and September, however, such condi-
tions do not obtain. The main object then (for August and September
are the two months during which growth is most rapid as a rule) is to
get the leaf off. The caterpillars are removed by the pluckers almost
as soon as they become established and only a small proportion attain
maturity.

“Thus ordinary garden operations as a rule exercise a sufficient check
on the pest and, in cases where backward cut-back tea is affected in the early
part of the season, it is now made a practice of plucking the affected tops off
the shoots even if they have not attained the growth desired. The highest
axillary bud then develops, and the shoot is afterwards left until it attains
the desired measure.

“Specimens of the different pests of tea are continually being collected
in the field and reared in this laboratory in the hope of finding parasites, but
so far no parasites have been found to attack Homona coffearia.” (E. A.
Andrews, tn litt., 17th January 1917.)

Homona coffearia was recorded (+) as a tea-pest in the tea districts of
Southern India on the authority of Mr. R. D. Anstead, and I have no first-
hand knowledge of its occurrence on tea in Southern India at all. Probably
it does occur, together with Laspeyresia leucostoma and perhaps other species.
Specimens of Homona coffearia, taken at Pollibetta in South Coorg by myself,
had probably bred upon coffee, as there was no tea near by. It has

4
we WESICE a? 14
ee ree

44

a
Sou: We,

‘ne Ke ihe be ft ar 4 Warcachandra Rao éTon
ad Tades ean pd Aidapur Coorg) | |
7 ) a Shi a

Ww is ¢ s

Fis, Age ORAM NCwA ¥ oat aoe . Pp. . pA :
Ai, 9 wie i Cat.) RA VILL, STO (Lees) (4) Az rat
: x.
nh .) Let; : * 4 b. ie me a bh “s
1 eg PH re v den, ‘“ Hithg if "Bing J kop +4 ah ; ae
; 5

ae de ue

Capua. ones mn ri. 4 ;

= tae Gay ut 4 dhe ; ;
‘gpeke ne mac Ny REM, WOT aad Myce: Ee aya Tagek

f TP ents Cite a '
‘] ps . a ert
Patiened, brownish-proer | ets bai | -s
| = * ¢ o>

- Peeitshtall! wtlon a ;
nat LS : ; ; : . he
i . ee

Pesan

ae son ; : ‘ 2

{nau ya igke Lhiz ; 7
, ca

the Po en ra Arty
f tha enc wore my rie g
ik iis st the folic in

- oor phe ge

i}, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 37

also been reared in Southern India by Y. Ramachandra Rao irom larve
found feeding on Lantana at Kallar (Nilgiris) and Sidapur (Coorg).

HOMONA MENCIANA, WLK.

Pandemis menciana, Wlk., Cat., XXVIII, 310 (1863) (').
Godana simulana, sey Cat. XXXV, 1801 (1866) (?).
Z svoor_Ent., XLLV,-68-69;+--5-f, 3,34-(190b-4)4d5 (arc leanne f
Capua, menciana, Wan, 2 A. uM. _N. H. (7) QV, 482-483 (1900) (4). Fsfec
Demand peice, Mens TE sh 1910, 432 (5): Thratec Poot TL Gott, Mert s i b3)- ei sin a

a JE damn
Originally described from Shanghai, H. menciana has since been recorded Pel
Srid the: Soeestre ie ty
po. hoe ork en. 2

28L qo

from Japan, China, India, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Timur, Batian,
Moluccas. In India it has been found at Cherrapunji(+), in the Naga Hills(*)
and in Sikkim(‘), and we have it from Shillong and Darjiling and also from
Southern India.

Homona menciana has been bred in Southern India by Y. Ramachandra
Rao from larve folding tips. of branches of Lantana camara at Kallar
and webbing flowers and leaves on tip of a Lantana branch at Sidapur,
Coorg.

The Kallar larva, when about to pupate, was described as 12 mm. long,
cylindrical, rather stout, pale greenish to pale yellowish, posterior extremity
rather dark green ; head shiny black ; prothoracic shield rather lighter than
head with a conspicuous narrow pale anterior margin ; shields on body rather
large, circular, shiny, bearing rather long, slender hairs; legs and prolegs
normal. It pupated on 3rd January and a female moth emerged on 10th
January 1917.

The Sidapur larva was described as 19 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly
flattened, brownish-green, with sparse greyish-green hairs ; head small, flat-
tened, reddish yellow, prothoracic shield greenish brown with a dark brown
marginal line laterally and posteriorly but not anteriorly. It pupated on
18th May and the moth emerged on 25th May 1917.

Pupa (from Kallar larva) 12 mm. long and 3°5 mm. broad, reddish or
yellowish brown, cylindrical, rather stout, blunted anteriorly, wing-sheaths
barely reaching middle of dorsal surface of fowith abdominal segment, anal
segment produced into a long blunt chitinized projection. Abdominal seg-
ments with three transverse dorsal ridges, first plain and sharply excised
posteriorly, second composed of a row of strongly developed spines, third
composed of a row of numerous smaller spines (which, however, are not s0
small or so numerous as in Lobesia). (Y. Ramachandra Rao’s Lantana Cage-
slip 33 and un-numbered slip dated 13th May 1917.)

38 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TORTRICIDA

CACGECIA MICACEANA, WLK.
Cacecia micaceana, Wlk., XXVIII, 314 (1863)(!) ; Moore, Lep. Ceylon, III,
492, t. 208 f. 1 (1887)|?).
Occurs throughout India, Burma and Ceylon. The larva has been found
on guava and broad bean at Mandalay (K. D. Shroff coll.). We have also
moths from Minbu (Lower Burma) and from Peshawar.

CACGECIA EPICYRTA, MEYR.

(y ph

Raye nha Caceecia epicyria, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 589 (1905) (!), T. E. S., 1910, 482 (?).

md -Rpac. es Originally described from Ceylon, this species has since been found in

a y India and Java. In India it is widely distributed and we have it from Madul-
sima, Maskeliya, the Shevaroys, the Palnis, Coimbatore, Pusa, Solan and
Darjiling.

At Coimbatore it has been bred from a larva on Duranta fruits, and
at Pusa from a larva boring a guava fruit.

Cacecia epicyrta has been bred in Southern India on several occasions
by Y. Ramachandra Rao from larve found on Lantana camara. The larva
webs up adjacent flower-heads and feeds on the corollas, etc., as a rule, but
is sometimes found also on shoots or on ripe fruits, which latter it webs up
and feeds on their dried pulp and bores into the seeds but in most cases without
injuring the embryos. It has been found on Lantana camara at Coimbatore,
Kallar, Bangalore, Sidapur, Manantoddy and Yercaud.

A larva 8 mm. long is described as dark grey, slightly hairy, head shiny
yellowish-brown, prothoracic shield shiny dark-brown. This larva was
found on 2lst November 1916, and moulted on 24th-25th November, after
which it was 12 mm. long, dark grey, rather hairy, the hairs arising from
whitish wart-like shields, head shiny yellow-brown, prothoracic shield very
dark brown anteriorly edged with light brown. On 29th November it was
17°5 mm. long ; on 30th November it prepared a cocoon and pupated on Ist
December, the moth emerging on 9th December 1916.

The larva is occasionally greenish or brown, and the head may be reddish-
brown.

The pupa is about 10°5 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, reddish-brown dorsally,
yellowish ventrally, with the wing-sheaths reaching the fourth abdominal
segment. Third and succeeding abdominal segments with three transverse
dorsal ridges, first sharp and medially indented posteriorly to form a sharp
angle, second ridge composed of four to eight rather large short spines, third
ridge forming a posterior row of small, close-set, stout spines. The anterior

te he4 ~? We »
y is > ina cave
"ee ere so \
hath 7 ;
ari y. - a ‘a
P Fa t gi nu He n ‘

dial ere 1 i relate ie of the :
r, Teasl . Moe's Galiano Cag Td +S: el eae ee
i apecies or Bion ra at, riety fiom tne wens Lomo ama 5 By
a Ps 4 i s
7 is gh eaten erin toer 24.2 Pres -
ing kas rane wilh duprl’ of Puce on Fh. Janusxy TOIT id 6 rolled-ap > ais
ed ‘ofa lucerne plant, sort af the top eaves Leing,owt ond dajed nnd rofied

A ‘vagether, The wdth atnoned on 1th February. (Puss Laseotary Cage- Sr r

aly p 1814.) sete

+s ihe

in

. eee

ACROSS PRNAILAS, MEYR. es ee ee 14 han Der ‘ie aw,

eae spebinen was roarod, from 4 larva found boring meg al orange ”
the bate of the:stem : the fruit wae purchased it Macras Copy, bat wae athe
es Sa aeaty brought, from some uther locality in Southern india. ; a
. ats CACKECLA: COMPACTA, WETH a ao |
E Gabi eatnpucta, Moyr., Rxot, Mior., 20, 164-100 (1918)(*), . i rer
er Pred ov Pum in Februsry Murch 1920, from Incvw found ae Mang ap Ste: oa
Li oe *

Bali’ Snares and feeling Gader cover of the webling wm the enideunnis, aad i |
i tisere iy the leaves, T lic larvsy Wore collected a 29d February, -_ pet

ay an they were about half. grown aud paved ved Detiween 21st woah ite Mareh, ae eg: "14
a foots exert toni 26) March to (th April 1914. Pupatinn took plage he ei thie
a wy a folded leetes, ih a wight cocoon pormnen of white alien threads, Wey wd
The healf-grooway lorve te alent 0, nog and 1 ptr. brom!, oyhindyicul, 4 eth

Bat spree WN addered ‘short yale-greenish hairs, lend tiny “pollowiahie’ /
” prothorssie ahield Diack and sizongly chitinlzed. ar ie!

7 i ‘The, full-grown iaeva is about 20 rom, long and 2 won, brosd, heod pale.» | :

FP proweny Bthvevien os above 7 ee
My Se wept 1 fn vad 2 hroad segors the thorecie® : Wo yeaa
bh pylindrical, tapating pusboriorly, sna vegeient prokac od ond tyrant ee

ya pair of Moors Dobnalate Poocerses, brown, darkey dorsally ond dighter 2

eohepecamaial tinge oes ventesl thongaie eogion, (Tathi Rani‘s

p70). eh

a oe me - CAtteCTA OIBPrLARA, FRE

ia diipitana, We, KE. 988 (eat).

ene tar. Bog. Portrign,. p28 (VSS) i

pawwimieue, Won. wink, Cat. Bete Oak. Aes, Th WE (E00) @). : ie

nrg ) by Minchin, teams «cnevplee jonah of, Optayateund, 7
eat brown, j hairy. destqoller om haueptiggie. > Pupe Phe:

| ioc aS pean ge dwt hag io ed tans = 4 haley

> a “wre a. : Jo

a an
_ : / ; :
ee 4 ‘ ¥ , ~ "Tt, ~~ i ba
4 “tf Frat | rege. 4 , eo 4 J iT? 31
ae i

*).

leks sei bae. bt ei .% 5 iad : a
a Cue Dy A we Tha Se
wadceon xecda y fl

a)

eed Oi et 0 le

0 eel ei
fi
*

+
‘
Pot d 7
«
4 hu of
-") rte P
if , ee
ie i.
: : BPRAOR. »
capa?
¢ .
-

fi »
>> SS ae

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 39

spineless medially recurved ridge is rather characteristic of the pupa of this
species. (Y. Ramachandra Rao’s Lantana Cage-slip 5.)

This species has also been reared at Pusa from larvee sent from Solan
in January 1916, as.attacking orange leaves.

CACGICIA ISOCYRTA, MEYR, M& Exst- ta. 340 [Ow re
A single larva was found at Pusa on 7th January 1917, in a rolled-up
top of a lucerne plant, some of the top leaves being cut and dried and rolled

up together. The moth emerged on 15th February. (Pusa Insectary Cage-

slip 1914.) ae ee / |
CACGICIA PENSILIS, MEYR. MS. Exch. Ika. T 339-440 | Oor. \g2

A single specimen was reared from a larva found boring into an orange
fruit at the base of the stem ; the fruit was purchased in Madras City, but was
probably brought from some other locality in Southern India.

CACCECIA COMPACTA, MEYR.
Caceecia compacta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., Il, 164-165 (1918)(!).

Bred at Pusa in February-March 1916, from larve found webbing up ae an
Saliz leaves and feeding under cover of the webbing on the epidermis and ‘~=s '¢-VHi-%2
mesophyll tissue of the leaves. The larvee were collected on 29th February, Fo pope &
when they were about half-grown and pupated between 21st and 27th March, 2% 4 le. bo

the moths emerging from 26th March to 6th April 1916. Pupation took place C4... Toon-
within folded leaves, in a slight cocoon formed of white silken threads. :

The half-grown larva is about 10 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, cylindrical,
dull green with scattered short pale-greenish hairs, head shiny yellowish-
brown, prothoracic shield black and strongly chitinized.

The full-grown larva is about 20 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, head pale
brown, otherwise as above.

The pupa is about 10 mm. long and 2°5 mm. broad across the thoracic
region, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, anal segment produced and terminating
in a pair of short aciculate processes, brown, darker dorsally and lighter
ventrally with a slight green tinge over ventral thoracic region. (Tahl Ram’s
Cage-slip 170.)

CACCECIA DISPILANA, WLK.

Pandemis dispilana, Wlk., XXX, 983 (1864) (1).
Cacecia dispilana, Meyr., Cat. Tortric., p. 18 (1912) (?).
Archips mimicus, Wlsm., Swinh. Cat. Het. Oxf. Mus., II, 573 (1900) (3).

The larva is recorded(?) by Minchin, from examples found at Ootacamund,
as “green, head brown, slightly hairy. Leaf-roller on honey-suckle. Pupa
brown.”

Gececn dis prilana , Cote & Cte, Dep. Agee. Jnr Buu, 34, , b.9 (1926) [ Rear halo
ety: fron Lor ben ( Neplibium Co ppace um jase, leags .”)

40 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TORTRICIDA

The moth occurs throughout India (? except the North-West) from the
Nilgiris and Wynaad to Bhutan and Assam and in Burma to Mergui. We
have it from Shillong and Cherrapunji.

CACCGECIA PHILIPPA, MEYR.

Cacecia philippa, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 165 (1918)(').
“ Bred at Abbottabad from larva on Hedera, June (Fletcher) (!).”

ULODEMIS TRIGRAPHA, MEYR.
Ulodemis trigrapha, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 736 (1907)('), B. J., XXII, 771

(1914)(?).

This species was originally described from Bhutan(') and later recorded
from the Khasi Hills(?). We have it from Darjiling and Shillong. At Shillong
it was reared in October 1916, from a larva found feeding on the berries of an
unidentified jungle shrub (? Viburnum sp.).

PANDEMIS RIBEANA, HB.

Tortriz ribeana, Hb., Sammi. Eur. Schm., f. 114 (1800)(').

Pandemis ribeana, Meyr., Handbk., p. 533 (1895) (7); Wlsm., A. M. N. H.
(7), V, 386 (1900)(?) ; Kennel, Pal. Tortric., p. 157, t. 8 ff. 21, 22 (1910)(4).
This insect is a palearctic species which occurs in North and Central

Europe, Central Asia, the Himalayan Region, China, Korea, and Japan.
The larva feeds in more or less spun-up leaves of Crategus, Rosa, Prunus,

Pyrus, Quercus, Rhamnus, Fraxinus, Sorbus, Acer, Tilia, Betula, Ribes, Berberis,

Geum, etc. It is described by Meyrick as “light green ; dorsal line darker ;

head green, sometimes brown-spotted ; plate of 2 green (*).”

TORTRIX SEMIALBANA, GN.

Cacecut semialbana, Guenee, Ann. 8. E. Fr., 1845, p. 139(!); Kennel, Pal.

Tortric., pp. 142-143, t. 7 £. 45 (1910)(?).

Archips semialbanus, Wism., A. M. N. H. (7) V, 383-384 (1900)(°).

Larva on Lonicera, Rosa, Chelidonium, Labium, Urtica, etc.(*)

Another palearctic species, which occurs along the Himalayan region. -
from Kashmir to Sikkim. We have it from Dungagali (Hazara District ;
8,000 feet) and Kasauli, + Jn°Se-

‘ TORTRIX DUMETANA, TR.
Tortrix dumetana, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur., X (3), p. 160 (1835)(1) ; Meyr.,

Handbk., p. 538(?); Wlsm., A. M. N. H. (7) V, 451 (1900)(?) ; Kennel(?),

Pal, Tortric., pp. 193-194, t. 10 f. 12 (1910)(*).

Cacoecta Scltda, mh.
Bun. DX, & Cdrte Trem (eras (Ue OR (9. U. 7 ppt

)
ISK , ext, BK,

F Cacntic pe Li psi, Moy, Heef, ‘Mink yi WS cig
q ef .¥ 4 a Brel ni ; Abbottabad trex ie on. Hodeng Io

a

P ; - s " , 6 a | 7 7 { ait e
Beas ie ae’ CLODEMIS TRIGRAPRA, wa be
S ‘eer s he . = ; =. : : : a
rs = en's *, +) Getenites iy grey wi mh, eas ie ; wv d/2 os Vil; 780 TSO,” Td
2 {FH24402) é see.

ype a 5 Phis. sbecies waa otizinalty ila tied ifvan Shaves } ‘end infer
3? 472 ston the Reet Hite); We have’ it ftom Di rjiting arid Shlong, y Anh ou

’ se —: oe ee cyte ‘ Sar
ad i tee rowed ba Clotoper JEM: trie « isyva doniul feeding ‘a the fans
» « * a f 5
7 } 99 tad ashe ; .? re :
; igeriveed juncie shoul (f puritan et.}. ,
y ‘iy, riz j Sait rag 1i4 CORBA
es ot «ee *. > 4 wb ad - L- * it PF

Bs. Pentre Teena, Bisvt, lianiphe, o. 55S (1805) Fp. Wee = Mee

; és x . By ‘ « . oh, =~ ee *
- ide ¥ 5 RO (I S00 Roonnel: Piel. Var tile 3 S77, tee oe

\ } J RMA A ‘ b Ac. s

¢ - ae. Tae Inaes hie S DeAhwirctiasapanies: wingh “eoes Neath sot (Sa
; 7 : Morcoe, Cwitre!) Asta. the Hiren ye Regi , Spire, Kove, aay dhpon.
i: ; 44st larva deeds Th more ot lage spucrnp leaves aft vellctopee, Row, YMRS
ra a cris, Geter, Ragyinds Src aRWS, 361 ; s% ite; Be tell be, 2 rh "
are Geum, ote. Tt is deserted hy Mem tk as “lit opel desab Vite dat bt

- KOs Wie, session oe hited +s plate HF a) EtSek . ey a

a or
a ote 4

ru & » « a) = at ms
7 PORETRIX. SEMULALRANS. Ey,
7 * 2 r
j SS ‘
i
2 ky a! iz 38) na? “. A he RAG , a> at; -?
4 bd - F aa ‘ i? PP a) Awa py
> ry dod TU ' : , i} iy Jie * 4* :
a1) 3 a PS) Abort £0, 1, 1 wL2 IY) fh
STIGAIS Aeris aide, Witte AL MON. BolT) a 8a Ladonyey

To

Larrys o7 Ad OREE, AUAMG, (Tiel éel oor Hiren. we ‘sitet, Gri ay es .

4 ° ‘

aither pelwarotic. spavies, which: ocoial Salon the Hinualypeu “yg
; Bee Phe ae ty Speers 1, Wate be >
é AER Seen XO SMS RES EO Se train eee: Esaesn 3
BAvM toot) saul thaseali. bv. tan * Pia oa

. 7 LGneBT™ Daisey ie: ) ot
= Ties Grae rhs Teitaciha, 4 <a hraets Bar, ba a
=~ Raudee. p. HSS yee a, ‘+ ng ijt:

Pi. Foo pu | By- ted
1" y a ¥
4 : ‘ - 7 . , yN
, 7 bad nA
, cae, a. en,
‘ Rj ey . “es = 7 i sae

Ue eg

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 4]

Larva in leaves or spun-up shoots of Lonicera, Valeriana, Urtica, San-
quisorba, Origanum, Dictamnus, Hedera, Thalyctrum, Rubus, Umbellifera
and Quercus(*).

A palearctic species, recorded(* *) from Kashmir.

HARMOLOGA MISERANA, WLK.
Teras miserana, Wlk., XXVIII, 301 (1863)(').
Harmologa miserana, Meyr., P. Linn. Soc. N. 8S. W., XXXV, 270 (1910)(?),

Entom. Mitteil., Suppl. No. III, p. 48 (1914)(3).

“Larva rather slender, cylindrical, with scattered whitish hairs; grey-
whitish, posteriorly ochreous-tinged ; two brownish-ochreous spots placed —
longitudinally on back of each segment ; lateral line moderately broad, reddish-
fuscous ; head dark-fuscous ; segment 2 whitish, posteriorly tinged with
ochreous, posterior angles suflusedly blackish : feeds between joined leaves
of Ficus benjamina and another Ficus not identified, rolling up a corner for
shelter, in August (and doubtless most of the year) ; pupation in same posi-
tion(*).”

The abuve description is from Australian examples. The insect occurs
in Australia, Java, Formosa and Assam,

CNEPHASIA ARGENTANA, CL.
Phalena argentana, Clerck, Icones 11, 14(').
Tortrix argentana, Meyr., Handbk., p. 542(?) ; Kennel, Pal. Tortric., pp. 196-
197, t. 10 ff. 17, 18(3) ; Wlsm., A. M. N. H. (7) V, 460(4); Durrant, P.
Za 100; 4982), ;
Recorded to occur in N.-W. India(?), Kashmir (7,000-13,000 ft.)(® * 5)
and Sikkim (15,000 ft.)(°).
PLANOSTOCHA CUMULATA, MEYR.
Cacacia cumulata, Meyr., B. J.. XVII, 977 (1907)(').
Planostocha cumulata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 13 (1912)(?), Wytsm. Gen. Ins.
Miprtcic-- p. 00,b201. 45 (1913)(E):
This species, originally described(!) from Ceylon and Coorg, we have
from the Nilgiris, Sidapur (Coorg) and Yercaud (Shevaroy Hills).
At Sidapur it was reared from Lantana camara by Y. Ramachandra.
Rao, but nu description of the early stages seems to have been made.

EBODA OBSTINATA, MEYR.
Eboda obstinata, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 624 (1908)('), Exot. Micr., I, 20 (1912) (2).
The larva is described(*); trom Pusa records, as “slightly tapering
posteriorly, green, with a lateral row of whitish hats; subdorsal line

42 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TORTRICIDE

indistinct, whitish ; head yellow-green, in rolled leaves of Cardiospermum
(Sapindacee).”

The moth is recorded from India (Pusa), Ceylon (Puttalam), Mauritius,
the Comoro Islands, and 8. Africa. We have it from Pusa only.

The larva either rolls a single leaf of Cardiospermum sp. (Hindi Banchataal)
or spins together two or three leaves, inside which it hides and feeds on the
leaves. It is about 12 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly tapering posteriorly,
with two lateral rows of whitish hairs and an indistinct whitish subdorsal
line running from mesothorax to anal segment ; thoracic legs slender, pointed ;
prolegs short, the anal pair directed posteriorly. When about to pupate,
the subdorsal line becomes more distinct and changes in colour from white
to bay ; it extends from first to eighth abdominal segments ; the dorsal area
between these lines becomes a brighter bay colour; the eighth and ninth
abdominal segments with two bay-coloured lateral dots.

Pupation takes place within a rolled leaf. The pupa is 6 mm. long
tapering posteriorly, reddish-brown, wings green.

Larve were found at Pusa on 9th August,.1907. Pupation commenced
on 13th August and the moths emerged between 20th and 24th August 1907.
(A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 30.)

PERONEA SIDEROTA, MEYR.
Peronea siderota, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 171 (1918)(').

“Bred at Peradeniya in December from larva mining in twigs of Cinna-

momum camphora (Rutherford)(').”

PERONEA EPIDESMA, LOW. (PLATE IX.)
Polylopha epidesma, Lower, Tr. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr. (1901) 71(').
Oxygrapha porpacias, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 625 (1908)(2).
Peronea epidesma, Meyr.,; P. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., XXXV, 292-293 -(1910)(3).

Recorded from Australia(!,*), Siam(?) and Ceylon.(?>%). We have a
long series from Pusa.

The larvee have been found at Pusa on 29th October 1911, and 15th Sep-
tember 1917, rolling and binding together tender leaves of Polyalthia longifolia
(Hindi Asokh). On the latter date they were found in very large numbers
and were noted as doing considerable damage.

The larva is about 15 mm. long, rather flattened, tapering slightly towards
either extremity, brownish grey sometimes with a greenish or dark tinge.
Head shining pale yellow speckled with black. Prothoracic shield as head
with a black collar-like bar posteriorly. Hairs as shown in figure d, their

@
?
7
a .

sae, Leal of Pubvadiliig domes
d, female pupae; &

aay

ie VeReS

erithh i eee +
line ranhing tna presophore $0 siat icant bat “theracte in
prolegs alert, the andl pale Gineted poatcricrty’ When rabante
the aibdorsel line heowints avore: digtivigh wat Ghanyet In? ‘eben
he bay it ginny fri fest to ght kilominal stgcente; ‘thea
Z ieee uve lathe Wgse noes i a bs, gee a the “i

* Poecanegalt’ ‘froae ay amen a, een aid 0 snifte
ag sitet ior Pag. es

The bv bane ee iota te
tombvay L007, soll ae ape Binnie #ue Tbe serie (atin wl ZN bs
(indi Anghty),, “OR thie tater duke tla! weg line cy has ice
snd prore Bdted ae ddine ocd ares Sa va es

The Hints is sont 16 whe, Lng sche haar
cither ; sxtuentiay.: browanieh iyrey, spain creed |
Phed sccsing pale.’ yellow aypelsed lub Midas
rk B Ulnak oe oe Baie Ste

PLATE. IX

S

—=
S
SS

\ AWS"

Peronea epidesma:—a, Leaf of Polyalthia longifolia rolled by larva; 6, larva;
c, male pupa; d, female pupa; e, male moth: /. female moth; natural
sizes and magnified.

i
a
- : .
4 i ’
‘
=
1 - of ® ——
=H he
‘ W i ' :
= ' a eee oe
seat a See Oa Sg eee oe a
ae Pie hn Ley : 7 Re Co re Pia) he o> : .
RR at RR ee gy TE RN aaa Migs ss Oe
Pie, ’ ¢ i a a ¥ ABt: Vy ; »
: a oe He a be “aA fe
~ it: , 9. on qs
.
%
!
!
: 7
2 Pa VAS 1
i » : - . —s A 4 2
: q ee re ce : met £8 A
and ey & “ j . 7 _
J he Aen) Oe :

Da
& «

; Z at eat ti SN rtp tits ag? G1 Ges . , Tie ” A * po sigh Aras os Fal eit al
; pga OE: Meee SURES 4 NaN SoReal oe San Gea A Ps

; ; PRAISE SA ss, i

: atintites, bean aside

t '

ie

vie . ‘
i hee i

i ae oa macro ee ee i ga cas
ee Us. ie
bl habe sabi Batt ecb rovjbeisd, casual fired, with Bret, a /
o } Ss era vA so ten Five: pase

Wits boiklote itp ard tircle,

in 4 thin white hilbenineron halng x role’ leat.

ects 8 to 00 sun. long, wlighale cot fihecgid’ dons.-ventrally,
Uposteriotiy, yellow brows Kidweiia vegmenie. With twrhnayere

oe Pe cine: bordering antetior aergin mud ycetiting piherlor margin,

a . ale ue fy linger. Hho, that of: the temple, the cid and anbceeding S,
mab i segmenen being elehgated ‘to acocnanedate te whe apel claapert
on ey ol moth, Anal. segment without epeuial ,amspats Bie provid

: with few thin cizcinate hares.
Prom jagtie Gollpcted on tt Bepteniber 1017, muthy Seat Detwo .

| Bb ter tama Cth, Cctober 192h, adil’ beter Dd and Fach Novena eo

ae “ciate on sith Oisebur V9. (Para tzeertory Cs , te

en

. He. Lt eRRONA BOTLALARAIARA, TAN. oe ge

Rinse. kal biekain, hion., Faun Hace. No, 13h (v76) iY), ie Pr rite

) Bde pauper, Hb. Serize'!. Your. Sibir, VI1, t 40, 284 canbe SIRI ee

Ap eee ereageran i icin Che, Hvk Rocke aay te CONN a se es

Ritesh. Cat. Tortie; Se tI ‘ 1 Ae

a a na "9 fee Benen Aperies, PA: sorehed") Peete Neath oe) Demirel a cia b % ‘ Ue

ah ie’ Lind Waking hee Tenordedk He} Ero, Comey eae att Seay ;

Fi Paaiiarve iy etited by Be Very conimdn, salir up fase Tented © baleen tiene,”
ied perma lor exterisaric, Wik., and scheiller tomes shew la pe at pet

i: aici Parser, cvideewens }i :

Me: : ee ee: BUC OSMTA. as. | et
ion ae hl 2. ges oora RHOTRIA, METER. A
a thoibia, Meys.. ‘! B.S, 10, 868¢), Rxore Mier, ¢. oe Homes, ©
ply déseribet tron: Akancing, indie (Prise) dd Cagle Maal Hdl
ely digtr Lin Indi. « We have it (ar Thane ase payne Pome
> Seca wal £); Coimbatore and Kolgactl, by
saan Deseribed front Dian. sort OE
Baers bright sirange ; te ee ee
he. hie Sine white hais Pritam’

‘Gia i mi

~~ sinebgngi tie

aa

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 43

bases slightly tubercular. Spiracles rounded, narrowly ringed with brown.
Tracheal tube white, thread-like, visible along line of spiracles. Five pairs
of equally developed prolegs with hooklets disposed in a circle.

Pupation takes place in a thin white silken cocoon lining a rolled leaf.
Before emergence, the pupa wriggles out to some extent through one end
of the cocoon.

The pupa is from 8 to 10 mm. long, slightly compressed dorso-ventrally,
tapering posteriorly, yellow brown. Abdominal segments with transverse
rows of short spines bordering anterior margin and preceding posterior margin.
The male pupa is longer than that of the female, the eighth and succeeding
abdominal segments being elongated to acconmcdate the ‘ong anal claspers
of the male moth. Anal segment without special armature but provided
with a few thin circinate hairs.

From larve collected on 15th September 1917, moths emerged between
24th September and 5th October 1917, and between 22nd and 28th November
1911, from larve collected on 29th October 1911.. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips
920, 1703.)

[PERONEA SCHALLERIANA, LINN.

Tortrix schalleriana, Linn., Faun. Suec. No. 1339 (1761)(').

Tortrix comparana, Hb., Samm]. Eur. Schm., VII, t. 46, f. 284 (ante 1813)(?).
Oxygrapha comparana, Wlsm., Swinh. Cat. Het. Oxf. Mus., IJ, 572 (1900)(3).
Peronea schalleriana, Meyr., Cat. Tortric., p. 62 (1912)(4).

This is a European species, recorded(’) from Noth and Central Europe
and Maine. Lord Walsingham has recorded it(*) from Ootacamund, where
the larva is stated to be very common, rolling up rose leaves ; this is doubtless
an error, perhaps for extensana Wlk., and schalleriana should be removed from
the Indian list pending further evidence.]

EUCOSMID &.
SPILONOTA RHOTHIA, MEYR.
Spilonota rhothia, Meyr., T. E. S., 1910, 368('), Exot. Micr., I, 33 (1912)(?).
Originally described from Mauritius, India (Pusa) and Ceylon (Maskeliya)(').
Widely distributed in India. We have it (or I have seen specimens) from
Pusa, Nagpur, Balaghat (C. P.), Coimbatore and Koilpatti.

Larva on Psidium guava('). Described from Pusa records, it is cylindrical,
slightly tapering posteriorly, bright orange ; head flattened, yellow ; spots
yellow-whitish, with very fine white hairs ; segments constricted transversely
in middle; in rolled terminal portions of leaves of Eugenia jambolana
(Myrtacee)(?).

4

44 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCCSMIDZ

~~ ‘This species was reared at Pusa at the end of March 1916, from small
larvee found on tender leaves of Eugenia jambolana on 10th March. One
specimen of Polychrosis cellifera was also reared with these, but the larvee
were not distinguished. (Dwarka Prasad Singh’s Cage-slip dated 10th
March 1916.) | ;

At Nagpur this species was said to have been reared from “ balsam ”
and at Koilpatti it has been reared from a larva feeding on tender mango
leaves.

ACROCLITA CHERADOTA, MEYR.
Acroclita cheradota, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 856(!).
Strepsipleura. cheradota, Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 540 (1909)(2).

Larva feeding in rolled leaves of Ficus religiosa at Pusa(}»2). Also
recorded from Puttalam, in Ceylon('). We have specimens from Pusa and
Coimbatore, in both cases bred from larvee on leaves of Ficus religiosa, but
no description of the larva seers to have been wade. It has also been reared
at Pusa from a larva found on Fieus glomerata in a gall caused by Pauropsylla
depressa ; the larva was found on 25th December 1916, and emerged on 14th
January 1917. .

s

; ACROCLITA NAVANA, HB.

Tortrix nevana, Hubner, Tortric.; 261(').

Eudemis nevana, Meyr., Handbk., p. 477 (1895)(?),

Rhopobota nevana, Wism., A. M. N. H. (7), VI, 441 (1900)(3) ; Kennel, Spuler’s
Schmett. Eur., TI, 273, t. 85 f. 43(¢). :

Acroclita nevana, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 857 (1912)(5).

Larva light grey-brown, sides more yellowish ; head black or blackish-
brown ; plate of 2 black ; on blackthorn, holly, Vaccinium, ete.(?).

Occurs throughout India and Ceylon; also in Europe and Japan. We
have this from the Khasi Hills, where it is common, but it has not been
reared in India. Exe Inc D343 (per. 199)

ACROCLITA VIGESCENS, MEYR. M&/ (PLATE VIII,-FIG. 2.)

This species has been reared at Pusa from pupe found cn 9th Ma ch
1916, on leaves of Cordia myxa and frcm larve found on 15th April 1916,
joining together leaves of Cordia latifolia. The larva was described as pale
brownish slightly tinged with green; head brown with brown mouthparts.
The pup were found on either side of the leaf ; in some cases the cocoon
consisted of fine whitish silken threads only, in cthers blackish pellets of
excrement were attached to the silk. On emergence of the moth the
chestnut-brown pupa is prctruded out of the cocoon. The moths emerged in

:

Aasdzte canfowas, hoe
Co dks (mL) Oh xm be ae stone) -

Ava ett te micro rrhyncha yhap Exe. nce. TV. 15) ('9at) 6. art Tanachtnan NWFP ,
Che Kn bw 4 sae CMa TA = )

Coupe): 08
Awusla phyrako der | Ieye, VES I910. 360 - 369° Longe bdr, Gyn us)
eee Re ee ore bs 4 Banna s Portia [ bosy. te, ea 24) ee
Acacia phyobte hy Ves ERR 495 (rare DL (Parts) hye ):
er Ree FOI SU iiniee y=)

a Be a) em mae
"a aa KY “Wagper on ‘Baie vite Gi ty AY
ei i sacaiee i birt been roared, keom: a beg
Be: ee eee at aioe ise: st ost ~ fy 2 _ hac

of]

-— a

i : T,
& | aorentte eroduta:'| Mevr:, Feil) ESE, ie ee

‘A
a .. ay
= : .

precace i bili vhiwadoin: J Lefroy: hak. Ts, ‘tite; f sti ‘jouer ea

; 7. kaa Enea ihigs ip rolled Tha ves of Pigs’ redigiog Ce na
a one: pahonlel frac: Porcivad, in Ceylon). ee have ‘spec invade fret Pisa’a
a, Caisberate, we Toth tases bred from tury & om leaves of Pies hegre.

pepitecriptios si Gip-jgrta ete s te] ae hedn-nate. * Xt has aivy Wane

pee, Pree lene dye prate o”
on ay Pu) a $0. ‘ i #T, Cerf (es XE s: 4°% uO WF ig tn a Bra web on) 274 : 25

ne wees om Ae 14) va \ fohindt on eee eat Ss ja

ls ahi ity rey a . ¢ a.
: : ; ; e
ai 4 N
| ACVCCIITA NAVARA, TE Are
‘ ey wa
" 7 : ‘ik Hi a

? SRILA, Keira TAC. Se vy

a* - é or a = 81

f iG HS £ ‘ M a es Uae Vv ti] salons 4 \ Je

‘ ¥ 9] £ " \

a Riwt a Heaney, Wien iS 2By (Fe 9M ‘ S008) Reamel
: eh tie DE Se 6, 5 t. Sheth ,
7 ti fi yt a Rak 8H; (eee
om ; ; 4 o

Tis. ti atl Mm Ugh in pret rey mow b aM Patt) Fa qish ; haved AN. Be ee |

2 a ye) ae P aie * Ustdyaed oy. Yi; nega ie i the Ce

fs ute 2) pats a nfehanttid te, 4 ie i? OP SSL aetlant
cae Ee: Bee Ai ase id.) water oe coma DR
ih a oh eS) wl Sate ieee) Wh eel Bay ites
| / nee ee i un nn us
ee pn enn Fy axhed 7 iy
; ACROCKITS VICESUIGH, MEV Me, “SMe, CPRAS ae COS,
cA *, =| dik ; hla free . rae heh. (ears a at } Wen es y iv. pape feast ia i

oe s 7

a Jets és at ti prdad Vigne OR nl fren hak se fare teed a oy ere ‘
lolplagetogetios leaves ot Coram luit falig.. The farva’ Wis peers a
ys! <0) Lrowislak ite it a) hinged With Leen. aaa hewn weil Deewn seoatip
ee | The pups were founda either pide of tte chal ae ses he.
i of ~“ ° ‘ ae Yall e me © —
A : ‘enitetee, Al he avhiatind “eile treads ¢ by, Ck Sees Bi] stalk,
- R ean . ia +
wares ” ne ware attaghed i, fies ete ‘ ite as TPALCY « . :

aa 7" 4 chats meres jy 4 ta. Ho crude Aad of A ea

. » (In

th

he
i)
i F
am! - he
r :
47) hn oes A
- +9 i 7 ay ii ‘
» he > @ re :
’ o\ Aas. ue My ek w Uy as
. LT" : ihe h * . ae y= re

4 ; aT Pia) a) Peel 4, ; * :
ie ot ee Ce Le sie Ce CES (Re
~ eee | ee S| ace» ale Ys antl tae a we ie a rote mal less i)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 45

March and April. (C.S. Misra’s Cage-slip dated 9th March 1916, and Ram
Saran’s Cage-slip dated 15th April 1916.)

ANCYLIS GLYCYPHAGA, MEYR. Je. es
Ancylis glycyphaga, Mevr., Exot. Micr., I, 32 (1912)(').

The larva, described from Pusa records, is subcylindrical, yellow, head
flattened ; feeds on the sugary excretion of Phromnia marginella (Homoptera) ;
pupa in a white cocoon(').

In January 1910, a number of living nymphs of Phromnia marginella
was received and with them a few leaves which were covered with a thick,
hard, dry crust of their sugary excretion. All of these were placed on a living

ber (Zizyphus jujuba) plant and covered with a field-cage and later on these

caterpillars were found in a hibernating condition inside their cocoons ; as
all the caterpillars were found in the midst of the sugary excretion, which
bore marks of having been nibbled, it was supposed that they had fed upon it.
One of the caterpillars was parasitized by a dipterous grub which emerged
from its host’s pupa and then pupated inside the cocoon alongside this pupa.

The full-grown larva is about 15 mm. long, sub-cylindrical, segments
distinct, integument soft, yellow ; head shiny yellow, flattened ; prothoracic
shield large, yellow; mesothoracic and metathoracic regions dark; body
with sparse thin hairs ; prolegs equally developed.

Pupation takes place in a white silken cocoon formed either in cracks
in the crust of sugary Phromnia excretion on a leaf or on a leaf, preferably
in a corner.

Pupa about 8 mm. long, brown, with two transverse rows of minute
backwardly-directed spines’on dorsal region of abdominal segments ; anal
‘extremity rather blunt with several thin hairs with recurved tips around
apex. The pupa emerges from the cocoon to some extent before the exit
of the adult. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 821.)

We also have this from Abbottabad.

ANCYLIS CARPALIMA, MEYR,
Ancylis carpalima, Meyr., P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., XXXVI, 244 (1911)(),
Bad, wt, C6E4919)F)-—
Common-in India-and-Ceylon,alse occurring in Queensland(').
ANCYLIS LUTESCENS, MEYR. ©
Ancylis lutescens, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 32 (1912)(').
The larva, as described from Pusa records, is cylindrical, tapering pos-
teriorly, greenish, towards extremities yellowish, with short scattered whitish

>

a ee

46 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDA

hairs ; head rosy-yellowish ; second segment with shining yellow semicircular
lobes at anterior angles, not meeting dorsally ; in rolled leaves of Zizyphus
jujuba (Rhamnacez) ; pupa in cocoon in same position(').

Larve were found at Pusa on 26th September 1907, rolling up ber
(Zizyphus jujuba) leaves and feeding on the epidermis of the upper surface
of the rolled leaf, the lower surface of leaf (external surface of rolled portion)
not being eaten. Young green leaves may also be eaten from the edge or in
holes, but dry or partially dry leaves are not eaten.

Young larva about 9 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly ; light
ereen, rather transparent, the visceral contents visible through the skin,
anteriorly and posteriorly yellowish ; head shiny yellowish with a rosy tinge ;
prothorax with shining yellow semicircular protuberant lobes at anterior
‘angles, not meeting dorsally, with two lateral setigerous tubercles and
smaller hairs on dorsal area; abdominal segments distinct, with whitish
dorsal and lateral hairs, the latter projecting outwards ; prolegs dull white.
Full-grown larva about 30 mm. long, with irregular alternately brownish
and light-green stripes along the back and sides.

The larva rolls up the edge of a leaf by means of silken threads and lives
in the hollow thus formed within a thinly woven white silken network. It
pupates in this chamber.

Pupa about 8 mm. long, cylindrical, blunt anteriorly, brown, abdominal
segments dorsally with submarginal transverse rows of indented lines, first
row behind anterior margin, second row before posterior margin and com-
posed of finer indented lines than first row ; cremastral hooks six in number,
in two rows of three each. The anterior third of the pupa is protruded from
the cocoon for emergence of the moth, the posterior extremity being attached
to interior of cocoon by the cremastral hooks. The pupal period is seven’
days in October. Larvae found on 26th September, emerged from 7th to 23rd
October 1907. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 607.)

We have this from Pusa, Hoshangabad and Gauhati. It has also been
bred at Pusa from larve in galls on ber branches and from a larva boring in
Blumea.

ANCYLIS CYANOSTOMA, MEYR.
Ancylis cyanostoma, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 16-17 (Oct. 1916)(!).
“ Bred at Pusa in January from larve feeding in spun leaves of Lizyphus
gujuba ”’(+).
Larvee rolling up ber (Zizyphus jujuba) leaves and collected at Pusa on
26th December 1915, emerged between 27th January and 14th February
1916, one of the resultant moths being Ancylis lutescens and the rest

ant
| PY rr ;
ee, o [ie asdiekenckiviaiaes sd
en ce Sai smu hr on |
WR Bar's v wae 3 a
an a ‘eiidinrsacen.s thar sta Xe ary 7
“aye lar, Mees, Bat Whew, 0, OTE-276 CRT), | )
ies Reread spa con ses ot emmitonsyath :

7 ¢ BRUOPMA CUITICA, MLTR,

7 ;
a Be vel. B.2, MVE, O87. (oS) dato al, Bae? Beste,
pe 185. (1008), Maa Aino. Dept, Agric. Loria h, Bets tot. Tne,
a ee tk, a0, b.-O5 (1909)(*); Fictwher, 8. tad. fa, pa eo

RS Se th hath 4B UB h d a2 nntrobasen ose
el Masconole sales oki pudgy he efab

Saupeyrenin’ triohacrose:, Fistebur, ‘nth, Nate 76 reSI Guy
This pentane epeaies, originally descsibmk(!) fous spechowinn dead
Ee onl in pon abbots. of Cajenus iadinue ab Gost. det oye nf
= Syythe Lowdrat”) ole Piel") axel
“eects sfreoughont ee ts “4.10 Py de etl,
« Withesto 4 link only bexrs utlae
wpich it is w unt pest, fie larva tellin emt vepdeby fic tage thete wera top- 7
Ae a6 of ith foodplant wd wl esitg un fower-teeue onc toeiag Davopeide ey "hs
ch pene ri aged). At Pura rh at ux ih active [tom Mbarody. eo Otay

- do oat) te n abe vat cute, The Jetlew-
hi ‘petri ie il antl re at ee yu. Soa benkeent.
Wien laid it is of © “openers whee with « greettinhi simpy Bam

: er iid ermal) vedideh petcie. mally forcing Th intet- »'
J apilenaantl tani ingt appar. im de a En a laid, Z ;

es as d, tetiivty, - a
ne NG i tl au
| ps ile ay be ld y
; pe or lower Pitlacgs OF leery on patiobes of ater or ob Eke ntempre ial ore
te AMPtession is udsrays profrrndd ax a suitable place furovipnebtion ¢ oe
a ui Bis tixive pee duriacer of leavey niost oper will De townd Oh a mde of ims FA
ea while on lavier wuxhiecs «i leaves they will be Found poaced Bewble a | a
‘aie poarch ui petiokw or peduncles ate Mery, fuvourite ate yi
naces. Rapaech seengeel on, Bir Qoteles, eid an | _*

i

ag

by to 2. ceition. oog 2 ae

Eu coama hapraoAan ca bee , Ex. Iha'en. nw b> - be (Nw. \g v4 ) 69 Eitan Aas @@
defietiry Prbutas euphratvca Kineshia Sner, Millan) |

Eucotm o hopes : y aA eye, Exo ben Ww veer eel (hie gas’) Py U Desben (hetrate as WE

® = bith 1 Tesaa movinda.

eae a: phoenccretes bew, Exar pee Ww lat let (Qa gry) 9 [ Tawa nene ; ® nm Coren a
arborze

———

e TH iG ; a bataAra?
Cowmame Angocanpa, hoy, Exo. be ar Yan git) ® Lawn @ wm scons } Quortins dla

tt, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 47

A, cyanostoma. No description of the early stages seems to have been taken.
(Tah! Ram’s Cage-slip 130.)
DIPLONEARCHA INSINUANS, MEYR. iy
Diplonearcha insinuans, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 274-275 (1914)(').
Reared from Psyllid gall on Ficus at Peradeniya(!).

-EUCOSMA CRITICA, MEYR.

Eucelis critica, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 587 (1905)('); Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Pests,
p. 143 (1908)(?), Ent. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, I, 221(%), Ind. Ins,
Life, p. 530, t. 55 (1909)(*); Fletcher, S. Ind. Ins., p. 450, t. 39
(1914)(°), Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp. 12, 42 (1917)(°).

Eucosma ludicra, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 867 (1912)(").

Eucosma trichocrossa, Meyr., Exot. Micr., 1, 563-564 (1916)(8).

Laspeyresia trichocrossa, Fletcher, Entl. Note 76 (1916)(9).

This polynomial species, originally described('!) from specimens bred
from larve in spun-up shoots of Cajanus indicus at Surat, has since been
recorded* from North Coorg(7), Southern India(®) and Pusa(®) and it pro-
bably occurs throughout the Plains of India. We have it from Pusa, Surat
and Coimbatore. Hitherto it has only been noticed to attack Cajanus indicus,
of which it is a minor pest, the larva rolling and webbing together the top-
leaves of its foodplant and also eating into flower-buds and boring into pods
and devouring the seeds. At Pusa this species is active from March to May
and again from August to October, hibernating in the larval state. The folluw-
ing is a summary of the life-history as noted at Pusa :—

The egg is elongate with rounded ends, about 0°5 mm. long and 0°25 mm.
in diameter. When laid it is of a creamy white with a greenish tinge but
later on turns yellow and small reddish patches, usually forming two inter-
rupted reddish longitudinal markings, appear on its surface. Eggs are laid
at night and singly ; when several are laid close to one another they are usually
placed in a row. They may be laid on any part of the foodplant—on the
upper or lower surfaces of leaves, on petioles of leaves, or on the stem—but
a groove or depression is always preferred as a suitable place for oviposition ;
thus, on the upper surfaces of leaves most eggs will be found on a midrib or
vein whilst on lower surfaces of leaves they will be found placed beside a
midrib or vein, and the grooves of petioles or peduncles are very favourite
places. A female moth, which emerged on 5th October, laid in confinement

*Tt has also been recorded from other localities (e.y., Nagpur and Raipur) but it is doubtful
how far som® of these records really refer to Z. critica.

48 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDA

26 eggs on 7th, 34 on 8th, 29 on 9th, 13 on 10th, and died on 11th October,
having laid 102 eggs in all. Of these 102 eggs, 31 were laid on the stem, 21
on the grooves of petioles or peduncles of leaves, 26 on the upper and 24 on
the lower surfaces of leaves. The egg-stage lasts about three days, the larva
gnawing a hole at one end and bursting open the egg-shell longitudinally.
The empty egg-shell is not eaten.

The newly-hatched larva is about 1 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering slightly
posteriorly, uniformly yellow, with five pairs of fully developed. prolegs ;
head black, shiny, larger than following segments ; prothoracic shield small,
shining dark brown. The larva changes but little in colour as it grows.

The full-grown larva is about 10 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly tapering
towards either extremity, yellowish, with a few scattered hairs on each seg-
ment ; head smaller than prothorax, shiny yellow, somewhat compressed,
mouthparts brown, with two small black spots laterally and a third near
antenna, ovelli arranged in a crescent ; prothoracic shield shiny, brownish
yellow ; legs yellow ; spiracles rounded, rimmed with brown.

The Jarva on hatching usually comes to the tender top-leaves if it does
not happen te have emerged there. When these leaves are still in a folded
state, it burrows into one of them and feeds from within. Tf the leaves have
already unfolded, it begins to gnaw a midrib and the adjacent tissue on the
upper surface of a leaf and soon hides itself under a very thin transparent,
gummy stuff, to which dust-like gnawed particles of the leaf remain attached
and which stretches over the midrib and larva onto the two halves of the
leaf ; it works upwards until the two halves of the leaf become folded together.
During its whole life, the larva remains hidden, whether feeding on leaves,
flowers, or pods. As it grows it brings together almost all the top-leaves of
a shoot or of adjacent shoots and binds them together in a crumpled mass,
within which it feeds and lives. These spun top-shoots are fairly conspicuous
and their removal is indicated as a means of control. At Pusa hibernation
takes place in the larval state, as full-grown larve, collected from the fields
on 7th January, lived in spun-up leaves until 18th February, when the first
pupated and emerged as a moth on 6th March.

Pupation takes place in a thin, papery, whitish, silken cocoon which usually
lines a hollow space within a crumpled inass of spun leaves. It may, however,
be placed inside a flower-bud or within a few dried flower-petals rolled together
or, when the larva has fed in a seed-pod, inside the pod, in which case a hole
of exit is prepared for the moth, this hole being covered with silk and frass.
Before emergence, the pupa wriggles out of the eccoon for about half its length.
The pupal period is about four to six days.

Sod it oe nv y:
pe i. ‘i i : : : PALE x.

on es .
ape RZ Wee ee ha Lael

male aiotl ) f, Vemale moth:

an ry
, os Lig, le Bucosma melanie he, —-% Larva Lips, +
os Wrdealh yentupal sizes and wingntied.

F : lye sniderwly pee
; ev ‘head i mek, abitiy, Tseowe ‘wie
i .e shining dark brown.’ The ai ie
a he falar hekewle 6,
"* Aowapdhl either Wadden: 6)

. - . . 5 W eh me ma i H “ ie ; oy) ae a i Ae ae . ao ’ .
. sa ae head ” aN es et ivi, : ; tui as . fyi, “* nd ow ~ Sx
a, ; Meus hi PPX bis 4 wih, G sth, ‘Ga we oy ; ’ } oie . : anit *< ee

* : “S io UTS 4. ou #€ re Hr TONE esi Cs , i ' iy ee

hi walib’ oo alloy ) ap aati ee 3 ie POS to a a
. : : The at Aa Hin bate s ‘ ray gs ; i Sen
a re ’ : m ne ne
f . Cony Liss es . : " 20 are we his,
Mot ae 3s) ty 28 We eters st fe er ee us oe cy.
5 ctkte 7 see inti Gite Gi ae ee
" ot = Aw 4 trios < , apa cm: -. r
: : : RAS YP Ci th, ie Obey é 4
on t = ea ‘
= ; Pper: suytens. blo haat ah. ‘e aie
. ~ aa
, a 4 L a ‘.
OLE SES Pe xs hei ft OA tt aed an = toys
atk ’ z Bee ; reals iLe3 bs %; s is
hy? at Lb BOTKS POWs ks ' :
> LA s é a -
PGES Ms Whee 12 e
aoe erat nodes i Ag: it are ttn
0.5 aa a ehnid Gz: Bea last een ; Ly BS :
a ‘= io y cs : a ab Y =
|S os <= = aie VM; a whieh ha re = y ‘s
ed 7 eet 7
. eae 3h ete rer eH is pees RE es . Wis 3a
7 Bs oe he Sly, sb .
; rvrd ii ot y c ; dy ae 2
* = ; tek % nie x) ane “he lage a rs . a : ¥ a j aD : ; _ * Ww
Sa - m ‘ees am
oat Tth: oR watt v, : ae a ae
pra ya bd cake
Pi pation ¢ talent iii bik,
lint & hollow space O,WEGD a te & I
: 7 % 7s < .
be placed bide ’y # Hester bait a hinarsallt
ot, when ths las x hae ted
: PT aeons
st Of ois is tipetiared Tor thes /

a ehademany. +t, the pn ups wrigptes dh

The ’ pupa period 5 at abyut fous tay ae

Pig? > ay,

ys
” ¢ . - 1
= nl ra te
: ¢
e ia
' 25 hoe
oa Li

PLATE X.

Pe eer.)

se

Fis. 1. Eucosma melanaula:—a, Larva; b, pupa; ¢. male moth; d, female moth;
(S) b) b) | } b) ’ 5)

natural sizes and magnified.

Fig. 2. Eucosme conciliata :—a, Larva; b, pupa: c, moth, natural sizes and

magnified.

PLATE XI

Big aS
SI ep
Z

i £8

iy rane ae a Hi \
AN \ iN a6
aN ie \
. \

y z
\ “v
‘\\ .
\
\\
WW \
\

NY

ea i NaS

UN

pag ;
papa gy we
BH ;
4
Os

F£ucosma melanaula.— Three varieties of Moth (x 10) :—a, male; b, and c, females.
(Note black glandular patch on hind wing of male.)

- i _ all
te cam
£ : . ' j a Zz
; - a, 7 - ; P : ie or v > ; o ae
4 he me ‘ a5) x % , o@ ’ a ‘ ’ . ‘ ° y

(42 eee vise Si ;

5) \ na Uy , ( 7
7 ar Pa Lrmaphntiontocat: trae ctise Fa ie 4h

~ ts

iain i a a Se eat cha paetiy, bus aetior Winiik
nt Fgabromuit pyellae raven Pabderainat watuemts drcoally with.a rv :
aeall eribe Sm. ence: tts he clon! pesto - 4

) ay ‘a a ant i tM y ie _ thie dyer, y atrel bidet : : ‘
eye a leach : gdh bis fotrving whe ' : . & a " J
f a - emails ae seme mt + 28
“7 i 4 th ee =o Mine : or j ; ‘ ‘ 4

ah Ean ) :

j TA
ae ptpate "Mate ar j rs

b 7 hei
pam aimee las nap <—— -, > > | comic a ally ok cg leet mein : |
o) 2 Aeteake (pt Wigtmbne si} 4 ; an
glen WLP tA apternbee =e Siophonalet |) Belen ea
‘Bepeovnine PIM Raptnrsher |. | 2S Gepecohet n.), rent ‘Be
i ae ot | ‘ fj
vt Sopluiaibes © Hae Brvsnreer ae. WO Sophenaliet ge tg Satelbes od , fas

hay ; s | : '

*

A gee ate Rn amd ti ee ee eee : - e

‘ts Rona a, MEY. waa Sea Ey ash PLAIN * oi '
5 nelancind, Aleve; Roxas, Moc, ff. 1g Cth ek we); vs a

tel the, Khasi Hille, Pow sodCeliwbgaane,’ tye doe betuily “He ae
. Tava, Bred trom jarvie fouling iu fowles ot podpat Gajanus indicks . a % 7
aa Phaviile oe (Lequrans=e): ‘B). Ve - ant th trou Fina, ee < 4 i
a. ie h)
4 Dy : . ; “6 ‘i

. oul Mlelenels cwly. oxosatty Siitinaesilie’, iy ad COTA. | ow

renOe, Bi Piroughouy India. cq ces jognrtelparas orogplisite. et Sree
ries “ed enaay, tart SP und Paka i i!
pith WP. nevnstifolies) wy Hitt Pegeerveondy the Taryn. t
tbs fowvia, top sliodty, unit seed-geiig. » Tet Gite cnet ya
Siebata ant, when topekudty are atackuds the Theva Wixinehs|.
ee qaab-al Ligh seach, Bhat weet Daim: Killed back’
ps bes boing, webbed over and eaten, in the quae hcg
espn’ deg Gib: cil and abe Torun fivee conmnaled Stnaup’ €
| es Wie sivas dnd pont nok got ga a ay
cane ar Viet i gicatest atnhiers from Auguat 4,
Tbe incon bs slant 1d or Lop, maa ok
eet oa ae

; AAS ; , hw

ai Ce Se i

Encienad metinaniz.---Tivee varleted of Moied ’ in
inge ihope Bthok Alandul ap sce ow i Bits

_'). BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 49

The pupa is about 6 mm. long, tapering posteriorly, but rather blunt
at anal extremity, yellow brown; abdominal segments dorsally with a row
of small embossed points transversely across their anterior portion; anal
segment with six white cremastral hairs.

The life-cycle is shown in the following table :—

Eaas | |
:
Larvee pupated Moths emerged To
Laid Hatched duration

23 August . | 26 August . . | 8 September . | 14 September. | 22
11 September | 14 September . | 27 September 2 October | 21
12 September 15 September, | 28 September 3 October | 21
14 September 17 September. | 30 September 4 October eA 20

EUCOSMA MELANAULA, MEYR. (PLATE X, FIG. 1; anp PLATE XI.)

Eucosma melanaula, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 17-18 (Oct. 1916)(’).

Described from the Khasi Hills, Pusa and Coimbatore, and doubtfully
from Java. “ Bred from larve feeding in flowers or pods of Cajanus indicus
and Phaseolus mungo (Leguminose)’’('). We have it from Pusa, Chapra
and Coimbatore.

Eucosma melanaula, although only recently distinguished, is of common
occurrence, probably throughout India, on various leguminous crop-plants.
It has been found at Pusa on arhar (Cajanus indicus), wrid (Phaseolus radiatus),
mung (P. mungo), moth (P. aconitifolius) and Florida beggar-weed, the larva
boring into flower-buds, flowers, top-shoots and seed-pods. In the case of
pods, the seeds are eaten, and, when top-shoots are attacked, the larva tunnels
to some distance even in the case of thick stems, the stem being killed back
and the top leaves also being webbed over and eaten. In the case of flowers,
they are spun together with silk and the larva lives concealed amongst the
spun-up flowers. It is at times a decided pest and seems to occur at any suit-
able time of the year but in greatest numbers from August to October.

The full-grown larva is about 11 or 12 mm. long and 1°5 to 2 mm. broad,
moderately stout, somewhat compressed dorso-ventrally, sides of body nearly
parallel, uniformly yellow, occasionally greenish; head shiny yellow, yellow-
brown or occasionally blackish ; prothoracic shield unicolorous with head
or paler ; body segments distinct ; tubercles show as somewhat shiny spots
carrying thin hairs ; legs and prolegs normal, unicolorous with body, hooklets
on prolegs brown and arranged in a complete circle.

56 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDA

Pupation takes place within a white silken cocoon formed amongst spun-
up top-leaves or between super-imposed blades of an older leaf, amongst
spun-up flowers, or near the mouth of the tunnel in a bored pod. The pupal
period is from five to eight days at the end of September. Before emergence,
the pupa wriggles out through one end of the cocoon to some extent.

The pupa is about 6 to 75 mm. long and 1:5 to 2 mm. broad, cylindrical,
brown, anal extremity rather obtuse ; abdominal segments with a transverse
row of short black spines extending across dorsum from spiracle and another
similar but faintly-developed row across posterior portion of segments ; anal
segment dorsally armed with six upturned black spines. (Pusa Insectary
Cage-slips 517, 611, 1644, 1689, and 1694.)

The coloration of the imago is very variable, some of the more common
forms being shown in the figures.

EUCOSMA BALANOPTYCHA, MEYR.

Eucosma balanoptycha, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 218(!), Exot. Micr., II, 18(?).
Originally described from Maskeliya, Puri and Konkan(!). Since reared
at Coimbatore on leaves of Pongamia glabra (Leguminose)(?) in October
1914. We have it from Coimbatore (larva on Pongamia leaves) and from
Ahmedabad (reared from larva eating galls on Pongamia glabra leaf).

EUCOSMA CLEPSIDOMA, MEYR.

‘Eucosma clepsidoma, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 18 (Oct. 1916)(!).
“Bred at Coimbatore in April from galls on an unidentified plant
(Fletcher) (').

Rx mean 345 (sep. qe)
EUCOSMA CONCILIATA, MEYR. MS! (PLATE X, FIG. 2.)

Larve were found at Pusa on 20th March and 20th April 1917, feeding

on the flowers of palas (Butea frondosa). Some of the petals of the flowers,

va., the wings and the keel, are joined towards their bases and the larve

are usually found boring the thick conjoined parts, and they pupate in these

parts in a sort of silken cocoon. The larva, when full-grown, is about 11 mm.

long and 1°5 mm. broad across mid-body, slightly flattened, tapering towards

either extremity, uniform pale yellow, the dorsal vessel showing through the

skin and the primary tubercles looking like small brown points (under a lens) ;

head smaller than prothorax, rather dark brown, shiny ; prothoracic shield

medially divided, concolorous with head; five pairs of equally developed

prolegs. The pupal period in April is about six days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-
slip 1536.)

gated nas Y,

a Combatons: on leaves of Pangemiw glabra (Lepumalirsan ¥y) iat: Quake

hae | Phetedber"t'),

| long én8 ¥o-cu Sree sas bl, light a

onthe Howags of pales (Buton frommosa), Soma ofthe petals’ ol the fh owe :

spa cpap os oe ee pale pop
oe hoe eee pe |
tho: pypa waigiles ub thir citytly fine end Of the digonn tu 4 ho xt sf Mua
The pupa jeabout) 6 2,7°6 man lolg and SiS name be Hindeids
wait ast sally sel cy ogee ee ere na NBESs
tow of shoyt bidek spines exteydiug. arias dorsaitt Lfoany spinacl nat
Simatiee tat Latvilydevelpped now aerods posterior piriog of oe an 7
aegmcns donally aemod vith six upiumied black spine (Bie Th —
Cagealipie HIF, 611, TOL; 1680 and 1692.) os Li
; Php atin oh igs oy ee, wo a |
forma’ bet hoy by” the figtires, c
ae Be ne rh A, Zi “ga eae ;
inte. .
A btia eres
Ricosma bolanopiycha, Mays, Ree, Ind, Nas.; ¥; Tl), Weeks 1 Merah
Ovigivall): deseribad trae Maskeliva, Pedi iid’ K viloant) ‘Bince: a

1914." We have it inom Coimbatore (atve on. Hongevitia eaves} ‘ood ron,
Abovedabad (reared, from lata nating adie an ciolichstne iairke nat ee vida
“RUOUSMA SkRDRLDONA, MATE” a ee

Rricommut tepsiderm,- Mevr,, Brot, Mice. 11) 18 (ot, Tia | aye Be
“Bend at Cortnbatare Ja Apri fyins galls: oa mais

eer Caran {gr

cre codes eon Se B

Lexy ase found WY Posm os 2048) March and! MGbhe Apel TORR. & sata
pid. the wings and the Jeol, aco joined towed ‘tileie, Kundl mauk ibe Tie ay:
soar a eri a :
pactiin winyt of vilkenegtadiu. dha So ace ee

$ a i ie ig il a Re

ein eet "en te peau

head sitll thar protheren, sathiee vee Eb

feudintly. div led! “obmulorina! WADE iene pat

Nee nate Phe ie
pee a van : fi
a 3

Cad th *
»

PLATE. X1T.

rence of moth)

oO
ca)

ifter emer

«

b, pupa (

moth ( x Dy)

=>

pea

~
— ay
s on
Wy cam, <a
Wy yy, = CO
Why ta
Lh, yy Ri
MN My, —

i ey “is,

_—
yy ]
Yy :
BE =
i; ~~
J

3

Ss

Aes
\

ste

, t

tty A oe
"dae CZ

i

\

in| +777 ~® a ee <= - ¢ = wey ——

a5 ‘om ea Sree

y na “\~? Ny 4 : -- : Che ay ; i

< oP 4 av : - a - : . ; , ‘ae

: 7 : : ¢ oa
ny pt one : eee } ; ae 7 eee “
me! ad =e e ; . a;
eT peat eA “ i : i é i= : : . a
hs herent si si as eS \ oa a.
fi * .'* — « a i » 7 ; aS
* ih ‘ 5 «ops Tu

; ere, es ee fe Aes
haynes pn. Be = Keir _ See 3
a dee Bee Ab Ee 27°80 {. 26 PESTO ae ie

| Bhossen Joiclia, Wie. RMON. AE EO MOR, © * * a oy ae
vf ae ‘ppleatirs epectar. rabying tam Barepe & acanaiia,.§
| Be Teper wel sind fre: ‘Dhar mvataty) Br raiieie taal
TE iatye vellow-whities: brad dark tagesty aaa |
iiin ptyest. and monte a A tenibow advan. sh onc “wa irs a ae
Ba Gist aes yn | Sete
Bos a BUCOSMA.ZELOTA, MWh. (rik SIL) | eee
i: y tilata, Moser. Txt, Mick. DL 18 he. es ; Bes. leet: Ka ha
Bete) Merting, p. 204 1277))_. 1
Bee Diseritzed {rom Avhattabad, wher the Weve were yao Hinds tums sf, eae
a ecephaneig, together fives ox four soci hoe betes into Boneh. Tee ;
= ie (OP ac Peasy fwo'of them) ate folded lungiraditedy, upd tie" Ieee ipedts
seeapeaie {romybad te austher cheeh ce sata aS

eg phels, Snes ui Hi, fol ded leévesis wey —

. f
>>

Oe

5 Eiaieacsnin Jerva ix: neg } autre Aowy, ie ie be
r Rattencd, beowninh getla ye: Sr orem pene aA,
me ee pptegtion | hana siete vitthle Ghiongh ak

g Black: Brie ila daotinetty’ Givkinl, Seadiably al iat
Reach: an Goud to once
: habs avtsitig fron; wctiaks biwele ‘wath oe ;
Blbuar ir a vilken canons Sits od net

ts beet! ig ret

ee 1
pe
ate

63 i)

ee

10)
€, siuntle{

7]

celui a, Larva t 3
: /

4. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER - 51

EUCOSMA FQINELLA, LINN.
Tinea fenella, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. X, p. 536 (1758)(!).
Epiblema fenella, Meyr., Handbk., pp. 496-497 (1905)(?) ; Kennel, Spuler’s

Schmett. Eur., II, 283, t. 86 f. 26 (1910)(3).

Eucosma fenella, Wism., A. M. N. H. (7), VI, 340 (1900)(4).

A palearctic species, ranging from Europe to Armenia, China, Korea
and Japan, and recorded from Dharmsala(‘).

Larva yellow-whitish ; head dark-brown ; plate of 2 brownish ochreous ;
in stems and roots of Artemisia vulgaris. The larva is figured by Spuler(*)
(Nachir., Taf. X f. 29).

EUCOSMA ZELOTA, MEYR. (PLATE XII.)
Eucosma zelota, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 18 (Oct. 1916) (') ; Proce. Second Entl.

Meeting, p. 264 (1917)(?).

Described from Abbottabad, where the larvee were found on 10th June
1916, spinning together three or four young rose leaves into a bunch. The
leaves (or at least two of them) are folded longitudinally and the larva feeds
inside the leaves, passing from one to another through communication-pass-
ages. The whole interior part of the folded leaves is thickly lined with white
silk.

The full-grown larva is about 9 mm. long, moderately stout, cylindrical,
rather flattened, pale brownish yellow or orange-yellow or dirty greenish-
yellow, the contents of intestinal canal clearly visible through the skin ; head
shining black ; prothoracic shield distinctly divided medially, shining black ;
legs black ; prolegs yellowish ; lateral flange well defined ; body segments with
scattered short whitish hairs arising from minute black warts.

Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon formed inside the bunch of spun
leaves. Moths emerged between 16th and 25th June 1916.

EUCOSMA STEREOMA, MEYR.

Hucosma stereoma, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 33-34 (1912)(').

Larva, described from Pusa records, is cylindrical, greyish-yellow ; head
flattened, yellow ; plate of second segment large, yellow ; spots with longish
white hairs; in rolled terminal leaves of Acacia sp. (Leguminose) ; pupa
in a white cocoon(').

Eucosma stereoma was reared at Pusa in April 1911, from larve found
in rolled-up flowers of Pithecolobium dulce or Inga dulcis, and again on 2nd
and 4th August 1911, from larve found on 24th July rolling the top-leaves
of a species of Acacia, living hidden and feeding on the leaves from within its
tube. It pupates amongst the leaves in a white silken cocoon.

teenie Vin 249 — 1 “TK: U2 ee Nc) atl se

( 7 ial ee ae,
VL GAT, 4 Mca h CAL 2 thin.

52 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDAS

Larva about 8 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering very slightly posteriorly ;
head flattened, yellow ; prothoracic shield large, yellow ; body soft, uniformly
greyish-yellow, segments moderately distinct, with longish white hairs arising
from shiny chitinized plates concolorous with body ; prolegs equally developed,

Pupa about 5 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, anal segment
with yellowish cremastral hooks ; abdominal segments anteriorly with a
transverse row of small spinous processes across dorsal area. (Pusa Insectary
Cage-slips 880, 910.)

EUCOSMA MELANONEURA, MEYR. ee
Eucosma melanoneura, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 866 (1912)(').

Only known from the Khasi Hills(').

The larvee of this species are abundant at Shillong in September, spinning
up the flowers of Rhus semialata into little knots and feeding on the flowers
under cover of a silken tube covered with fragments of the flowers. The
attacked flower-heads are quite conspicuous and in many cases practically
every flower is destroyed. Pupation takes place within the larval galleries,
the moths emerging towards the end of September and in October.

CROCIDOSEMA PLEBEIANA, Z.
Crocidosema pleberana, Zeller, Isis, 1847, pp. 721-722(*),,
Crocidosema plebeiana, Wlsm., P. Z. 8., 1907, 1001-1003 [synonymy ](?) ;

Meyr., P. Z. 8., 1908, 720() ; Willcocks, Ins. Pests Egvpt, I, i., 320-321,

t. vil ff. 5, 6 (1916)(4).

Eucosma plebeiana, Meyr., Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) XIV, 268 (1911)(°), Entom.

Mitteil., Suppl. III, p. 48 (1914)(°).

This species is widely distributed around the Mediterranean Region(": * *),
St. Helena(2), West Indies(?), Central and South America(?), Australia(?)
and Hawaii(2), and has also been recorded from Pundaluoya in Ceylon(?)
and is doubtless of common occurrence throughout India.

Larva on Althea, Lavatera, Malva and allies(*).

Willcocks(*) gives the following description of the early stages :—

‘“‘ Egg. The eggs are laid singly on the seed capsules or fruits and flower-
buds of the ornamental! hollyhock (Althea sp.) ...... ihe eo Facer ce is
Me eae 0°6 mm. long by 0°36 mm. wide ; it is oval in form, convex, and the
shell is very rugose in appearance. The colour is pale at first and then a
horse-shoe-shaped irregular line of scarlet becomes visible and this may gradu-
ally spread until the whole egg becomes red or orange-red in colour. Before
hatching the egg again becomes pale with dark spot at one end formed by the
head of the young larva and a pinkish or reddish line along one side.

™

x j 7eit La _
' a
s
By Sa
Rhy j
‘end 14 greek | cv!
a 7 >) —_
r Pose ‘
we pea,
7 i
gapenies, Th ge
f Platyedr a ;
Aster gudayit
ar
' ; | :
ATi tl ¢
yt iz ifs 4 FAY

ties —_ Aerie @ | ae! ree. cet r oad ad ren sputueence. ,
ee, eo ee cee. Lhe i me Ae, a eee A
“le i heged ma) eos ears inn tno MA aids Ie mg?
ys F en ‘ R a eat Nacnard a ee ame

a a

eee 6 ae , 1 epee eres Ant Nee sade A 2ihadnsmded 30H

at zoe

: 7 gue’ E,wrG,
eh ny Beh. Re KC KO rire 4 begg Ay, lor GD.pd E yal
we ee aoe KK
, 1o® A- tee gery L Teves”, OVE bnedvasbum Mttiza , hisens

mane Knanrs, mn. a,
os |
ut ia f 4 he
7 hs f i a j ow _ . vet eh “? ~ we Ae b a
nm a j Grarn h. ne ~ _—— i beak 4 7
Prt Als DAs Dari ” 4) ’ =i % 4 wa Pele SR ait a -

Backa Share iveta tty Exo, Win, TT Stt- San (don yr) vole OL; wie eed
4 Co ned ion deutg len , Pye we Ate Weer prefer, Pee | pag ( Wie sexe, ) ;
Spe dent dee Fite me lng ee Hin nS Cmte ,
Wn Le metre » pram fey ot % 2 a

Back « Commensads ity Exér. hoes, wv Sur (dw. rn) - Veins : Laat: [® mney Hom>
Cywerdun deta lon . Rye Wirt Krak preps pape Ue (rd-cd € dc ) ) “pre a
Seqgmentoh ferti, VO, Het aD Memors ) Prtamak tor wemell, 4 rat pied

Beda Kacetents Chek, Rp dw BAC mete pp. no-127, 0. 03 tP tad (ee. get)

Oe dee eee, SES eB, “oie. Coe
a ere Oe Nata, Eyar. be fe sts (gr) Fl Pepe mk awash pepr'h oe pwr ~&
eee t bo oe) RAG mn eye GQ mnie Ss Com mtd ois) a
Macks. tavculs, A & , Freya, Go Halse esos, Wh IZ, Lo-2t! (tj) C Breath ao J per

om Boke 3 & bovis a Were + re (reo C Open vuln vs) -

PT .b0 |

A \wchnas cS aca nk vn Minyy, fee ¢ liso

bh: y ul \ = S
SA BP) AUN eee SS
Cc

Fig. 1.—Bactra truculenta ; a, tarva; b, pupa; c, d, moths, all natural sizes
and magnified (x8).

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 53

“Larva. The larve feed on the green unripe seeds or in the undeveloped
flower-buds. ~ When full-grown the larva measures about 12 mm. in length
and is green in colour with a brownish head.

* Pupa. The pupa (Plate VII, fig. 6) is found in the damaged seed
capsules. In general appearance it is not unlike the pupa of the pink bollworm
[Platyedra gossypiella], but with the aid of a magnifying glass it can be readily
distinguished from the latter by the dorsal row of thorn-like projections
on the basal margin of the abdominal segments and there is also a median row
of these spines, but the latter are much smaller and less conspicuous than
the others.”

Mr. Willcocks also states that he found on a green cottonboll an egg which
he believed to belong to C. plebeiana, but he failed to rear the larva.

[BACTRA LANCEOLANA, HB,

Toriria lanceolana, Hubner, Samm]. Eur. Schm., VII, t. 13 f. 80 (1797)(!).
Bactra lanceolana, Wlsm., A. M. N. H. (7), VI, 333-334 (1900)(?) ; Meyr., Pr.
Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., XXXVI, 253 (1911)().
This species, whose larva feeds on rushes (as probably do most of those
of the described Indian species), has been recorded from India(?) but doubtless
in error(?), and should be removed from the Indian list.]

BACTRA TRUCULENTA, MEYR.
Pe TN Eg. a old b-39F
Bactra truculenta, Meyr., B. J., XTX, 586 (1909)();Yuvins + Check Frac . thes) C. ~ Me
Originally described from North Coorg('), we have this from the Palni
Hills, Coimbatore, Pusa and Peshawar. At Pusa and Coimbatore it has been
reared from larvee feeding in stems of Cyperus rotundus.
LOBES\A oe ae
POLYCHROSIS FETIALIS, MEYR. rR Dek Y a
This species has been reared at Pusa from alarva found feeding in a

flower-head of Leucas sp.
ARENIRO PLOCE .
POLY¥CGHROSH! CELLIFERA, MEYR.
Polychrosis cellifera, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 869-870 (1912)(').
Originally recorded from Colombo(') and Pusa(!), this species has been
reared at Pusa at the end of March 1916, from larvee found on tender leaves
of Eugenia jambolana on 10th March. Only one specimen was reared, together
with three of Spilonota rhothia, and the larvee were not distinguished. (Dwarka
Prasad Singh’s Cage-slip dated 10th March 1916.) .
{| Ih piace Cebgnets hyn, Ex bie Ti 339 (97 ) op _ - MALAXA (Keele ~~
GS Epes rmakaccenes E, aquea |

a ry 7 -

hs proce in e! , 44 Exy_hee . VO ass ( 19% , {= Co OG me
aE hee. ; Sched oes fe

c

a) > Y
la n~ 6 henry

nd. Ape. ena an
Cy a
V 191-26t ats {
ars is ad
a (\ptax « C
2 n sy 4

( UA achant~

iG

Rao ,

; Wicaneed
Wi- eee ‘

)

|
~

Sh ee
yn RS

qr

54 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDAi
LOBESIA “HOLOPA, MEYR, (Seo? )0 51 44
Lobesia wolopa, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 976 (1907)(2), P. Z. S., 1908, 716(2), Exot.

Micr., I, 565 (1916)(3). vit

Originally described from Maskeliya and Peradeniya, in Ceylon, and
from Bombay('), this species has also been recorded from Cape Colony(2)
and Reunion(?). It seems to be widely distributed in India and Burma,
the Pusa collection containing examples from Pusa, Coimbatore, Pollibetta,
Mercara, Bangalore, Shillong and Moulmein.

In Ceylon it was bred by Rutherford from Cajanus indicus(3).

Lobesia colopa has been bred at Coimbatore and Mettupalayam by Y.
Ramachandra Rao from larvee webbing flowers and leaves and feeding on
fruits of Lantana camara. The pupal period in December and January is
from seven to ten days.

The full-grown larva is described by Ramachandra Rao as about 8 mm:
long, dark brown or clay brown with a t’nge cf green in some segments ; head
shiny dark brcwn tinged with yellow; prothoracic shield less shiny than
head over whose posterior part it fits like a hood, semi-circular, broader than
head, somewhat roughened ; body segments twice breadth of head, each
segment with several (usually about three pairs dorsally, four pairs laterally
and a few ventrally) prominent yellowish-white shields which carry short
sete ; legs normal, blackish brown ; prolegs normal.

It has also been reared at Pusa from larvee found in the flowers of Leucas
cephalotes on 14th December 1915, the moths emerging between 8th January
and 24th February 1916.

} LOBESIA GENIALIS, MEYR.
Lobesia genialis, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 869 (1912)(!).

This species was originally described from Peradeniya(') but seems to be
widely distributed in Southern India, and we have it from Coimbatore, the
Anamalai Hills, Bangalore and Sidapur (Coorg).

This species has also heen bred at Coimbatore by Y. Ramachandra Rao
from larve webbing flowers of Lantana camara. The larva is distinguishable
from that of LZ. wolopa by its greenish colour. The eggs, laid cn 28rd-24th
December 1916, hatched on 27th December, a larva pupated on 10th January,
and a moth emerged on 19th January 1917, so that the whole life-cycle occu-
pies about four weeks. The stages are described by Ramachandra Rao as
follows :—

The egg is about 0°5 mm. in diameter, opalescent yellowish, very much
flattened and very irregular in outline ; when laid it is probably semi-fluid
and adapts itself to the surface on which it is laid. Under a low magnification

oe So etchomn ie Wan Gi 2 Te one
ae oe i se * , ie Aah a

oe: A; po ae Mior., “I, OURELS EY Ce feos : Re aera

+ Originals described feos Mukai Saale “ei ;

poo > So reat Bombay (i, Wns: specie thayialed teem, Eeporded: frp

=. fae Baenioni. 16 seems: fo he witele ‘Alstriencil te 2

rol thu Pasa collet containing - examplet {Vorsi. ‘Pua, Colt,

Pee Pe Mera, Barhalore, Sullone and Moule.) 24 ary my se

3, fa Cehlon ah wae fred Wy Rivshertordroon Cafe site encleea(tie atic: Pee

Lyiesio aclops bas teen Yrid ab Coimbatore and Mettapalayam
Retiachaadra: Rag Granda webbing Rowées mid: leaves sant fe
frdite of Laktena-sdtiara ~The iripal pet in Pigott aah

eng ce fom sever to ton! Giga,

The fa}l- grow larval deans oy Ravwnebanten: Rae a seat
ling, dark brows deeclay brown With a © nga ed crpen in SORES aE, OF
abins deck Grown thiged with! yelaw- posthorscit, atoald. satel
Arent Oy ec Shope. peaterion part TH fits Tike a head,’ xomdnirnulas,

- LM Ready sds bet roughened, Bude eemreutsstyied, tread 6
Pe EO pogniéal Meith: severs. (snails abuse three pains dorsally, deus he
Biol lS.” ant “a. fe vententls) pecuriwventts sillowiehathite see stebis
ee notes tems nominal, blackieh. biewa : praleds gioeral™
ae Le, ae ( Ti His"aleo beettreused At Pusg iron daive fists ta itt ibe,
a ee Me ie) aby Sulotes-ox. bath Doodinter 1915, this cies oe ee
x And 2iee seig 116. 3 ee i.
ee es Beas akan eel re BT: ext Sensi’ ae
a! cp abe Phas Spades was originally desoribeth trim. Peden hit te a 7 be
aad aed hae PS inichol distedlaited in Southern bidia; anid, we fan Ae front ‘bator
a es Hagmaiay: Hats, Bangalore ald Sicabvar (Goong). . |
es. “ UPhie species, hadglea’ bern brod.ab Uo ay ¥ e
Teo ta tarvie webbing flowers of Layrann eaiaha peed =
= Stoke) thatof 2, wolops hy. tte erable gala 5 Rp estate tp |
a < istapber 19g. hotehed jn, 76h Dionober, page pnlae :
ie ae a ae aiha nah einengel Gr th Jaman TN, Paiste
Be es ae . Raadhanorae hintett 1 ac. ed oy ATE ae
fee A ies BAS Pen alecwont yellow

=a va .

- te imr) i
ih nee. yen oe poe
o a 5 fe a ek NE ee)
on. a » Fd te ras |
Je = eel : / oth
e os d i pi ee Soe Tol ox?
: ints es We Sty et uae, Fe
oe i Nd,) ee gies ~~
SA eee abe et ca pret «¢ ; Wass ye Fi
+ te t : re s ak Cade 2 Baw Ps: PA ee Ap Dar Lis ig at
VARS RA RMT RI 1D RNS Ee a Tee f

ea i

7 "a ms - :
y = x: :
~

Va sae aru

Fein RB
ai

ie = aS

an 2

ao :

PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1. Argyroploce illepida.

Fig. 2. Argyroploce leucaspis:—a, Litchi leaf rolled by larve ;
b, larva ; c, pupa ; d, moth (x5).

oa :
"carat sony
SS aeeaers

sy

‘ he (i
i mie ke a ee b -- if
ie, y f. Bat Mia r : .
Seer er ye ’ ;

eo hues 80 poate fe ane f

<4
: .*
"
he
i og

esas iy aishit ° we sae oad fs sllteds Enegreeihy, 3 ue b.
Feat? > head velicwitk: sits s black haven gieak 5 Tees es a aes
vel list braored w ith biaihe HE opt ‘gyite ri: ake. ee 2 alee _ ‘ 2 : —
; ape seem mit wits ies ; qn Formed within * folded ol eer =

alta: i:

i (igi
Te ve

aa porns Yous, ane rh Some, hedged Sere Bretinideteax, rabble leet <= ak,
i; a . ee i f : wt. ay J + Bons - os
ee Hal? taping posteriorly, creed’ byowh,. apai pacifimt sla Gee we oi ake oe ee
: “dx “hers with recurved aps Poste rior. arglg “et tat Shaina anges x: a see

re

Pa, Panty raised As have’. Bante yor “t) ise of tte Gove ea fees ogtiet t. archert ee aa), a
: ast orly nai pogiafiorhy.< J Avi q snore? wal bE w Stee ald ms AY ines Od = ati z K :

Th

pried anteriorly, of tathe ver hax ge SORE ae Bie, 4s i ome, eRe ty. pee ae ir ae a a.
| et ow rot neh anil, btit: fat nAarC itera med TUS <n Ae, MONE aes oe eee

a he ia: a , = aie

a oh rs Fa apa APLOCRATEN SE ALES, SER. ; ; ‘ae boo Os *

Bar + : : ' °- bs +. So

oe ; 7, Mb eke. 3°. 3e RIN: SOS APOROMS Bee hak Mi ieee
tec Bed, SEM, | 2 Le

Beh 80) 2 a een eee ne ee
ulin

ide ho rt

ad
4
ais baa if

Sen ects 8
Ni Lets co f-E BR 5) lend? “ald R of Ee ais
es ade fs : ad oS : ee ee

—*

ey ae iZ omnes ge ~ ene BP et
tic ; tg ny oD iia 74 | ; hi, t 3 #95 BE), _ + eae a eat '

\ oe: Then, Lect Mins ma. Vy SEBO) Pe bin. Soe: ¥ BY: = a rk hae ;
| aoe Lame San xy, ae Picts ee Nettie: Po% Be via a a
he 22 trai eaves Pres Recent oe esa "3 payee

ae ia ere

| = 4 tS dis: mat Ceyivn, ea ink Verandert 2 ce
mh a att) “a bear atone a, Soran ‘ a

Cy tpphlehs a cept de Sera, Pee Hanes: E.S.T 1q-tr (1900) (0,0,D dec. ©
ecu Tanai fe fermrians \ Von p>, Tas net.

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 55

the surface of the eggshell appears to be reticulated, but under a higher power
this reticulation is resolved into an exquisitely beautiful combination of many-
rayed stellar ridges. In nature the egg is laid on leaves, leaf-buds, tops of
flower-buds, or on fruits.

The newly-hatched larva is about 1 mm. long, cylindrical, creamy yellow:
covered with short hairs; head large, flattened, shiny black; prothoracic
shield flattened, light brown. A week after hatching it is 6°5 mm. Icne, head
with a lateral brown streak, prothoracic shield margined with black, brown
posteriorly.

The full-grown larva is about 9 mm. long, green, or yellowish-green,
with prominent stiff setz ; head yellowish with a black lateral streak ; pro-
thoracic shield vellowish bordered with black except anteriorly. /

Pupation takes place within a silken cocoon formed within a folded edge
of a leaf. Pupal period about eight days.

Pupa 6 mm. long and 1:5 mm. broad across metathorax, rather slender,
eradually tapering posteriorly, greenish brown, anal segment with five or
six hairs with recurved tips. Posterior margin of each abdominal segment
distinctly raised above anterior edge of its successor, each segment armed
anteriorly and posteriorly with a submarginal transverse row of spines, com-
posed anteriorly of rather large stout spines directed posteriorly, posterior
row of much smaller, but far more numerous and more closely-set, denticles.

ARGYROPLOCE CITHARISTIS, MEYR.
Argyroploce citharistis, Meyr.,; B. J., XIX, 595 (1909)('), Rec. Ind. Mus., V

219(2),

This species is known from Moulrein(!), the Khasi Hills(?), North Coorg(')
and Quilon (Travancore)(?). It is now recorded from Pusa where it was

’

reared from a larva feeding in flower-heads of Leucas sp.

ARGYROPLOCE ILLEPIDA, BUTL. (PLATE XIII, FIG. 1.)
Teras illepida, Butl., T.E.S., 1882, 42(').
Cryptophlebia carpophaga, Wlsm., I.M.N., IV, 106, t. 7 £. 1 (1899)() ; Lefroy,
Ind. Ins. Life, p. 531, t.28 ff. 11, 12 (1909)().
Cryptophlebia illepida, Wism., Fauna Hawaii, I. 681, t. 10 ff. 23-25(4).
Argyroploce illepida, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 218 (°), Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
XXXVI, 265 (1911) (6), Tr. Linn. Soc.(2) XIV, 269 (1911)(7) ; Fletcher,
South Ind. Ins., pp. 449-450, £. 327 (1914) (8), Proc. Second Entl. Meeting,
pp. 230, 234, 257. (1917)(9).
Widely distributed throughout India and Ceylon, having been recorded
from Calcutta(? *), Pusa(®), Gujarat(?) and Southern India(§). Also found

Cait. wr
Phevhorrd L°

56 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDA

se
in South Africa(5), the Seychelles("), Australia(’ °), and Hawaii (}) * 5). We
have it from Undugoda, Coimbatore, Surat, Pusa and Chapra.

Larva recorded in frujts of Cassia, Feronia, and Nephelium(*).

Lefroy(®) has given good figures of the larva and notes that it is found
commonly in Gujarat, boring in the pulp of fruits of wood-apple (Feronia
elephantum) and when full-fed preparing in the fruit a silken excrement-covered
cocoon, from which the moth emerges after a week.

A. illepida was originally described from India by Lord Walsingham()
under the name of Cryptophlebia carpophaga, from examples reared in Calcutta
from pods of Cassia fistula and C. occidentalis, the male and female moths,
larva and pupa-case being figured.

These figures of the larva and pupa-case were repreduced in South Indian
Insects(8), where a new figure of the moth was also given and tamarind (Zama-
rindus indica) added to the list of foodplants.

Litchi fruits, when available, seem to be a very favourite food of the
larva and it has been found in these fruits at Pusa im 1907, 1911, and
1914 and probably occurs every year, although im some years it is far
more abundant than in others. Thus, I. H. Burkill notes that nm May
1901, ninety-nine per cent. of the litchi fruits in the Calcutta market were
tenanted by these larvee which eat the funicle or stalk of the seed and
bore into the seed itself; the funicle, beg the way by which food passes
to the seed, is probably highly nutritious as long as growth is actively
going on and in it the larva tunnels until the fruit is perfectly ripe
when the larva leaves it and emerges by biting through the wall at the
base close to the stalk, and then spins its cocoon msome convenient
crevice. )

Besides the foregoing foodplants, A. illepida has also been reared at Pusa
from dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) pods and from bael (Afgle marmelos) fruits ;
at Coimbatore from pods of babul (Acacia arabica) and agathi (Sesbania
grandiflora); and at Sabour in April 1917, from pulp of a purchased
orange fruit. In the case of dhaincha a few pcds were found bored in
November 1917, the larvee being found wholly withm the pod, feeding on
the green seeds, the frass being extruded through a hole in the side
of the pod; only a few larve were found and the damage done was
negligible. In the case of bael several larvee were found on 29th November
1913, eating the pulp of a fruit which showed little sign of attack
from the outside except for a few small holes and a small crack in the
hard shell of the fruit. In the case of tamarind the larve bore into the
seeds.

» at
By _ Fie’ bese
Sheer ass tat

asl grey ;'

¥ rave
7
ot ot oa
7
ai
} rie i
° 4 ‘ |
‘
5 - |
; warts
i)
> a
Vistt
2 Alia
aia
I
:
th)
'
a
._ >
| e
: 7
‘
i ;
“4 |
Neate *
,
A fils
¥ Le |

> ederotiany Hen We high the noth: entnges “nfter® ‘a wee

a
Oo 7

* ‘ at Be nd ;
: Sete ib in Gujrat, aint in the Eis
ehepivan tara) and why tull-tot ‘proper rg a

A, Ulaphda view yelping yp” dalkeribe’ brows Dante
onder the game of Uripdonilebig < ” sphager, Ernie axcang in
[r-hi} pata of Cadena “fist ila ana f ch¢ cdentatis, the: paste” ie :
lerva ‘nn popasaie Deng tiga , ei Fe!

Thor fated of the larva tind gupa-cact wees repeeetuced in South dn nile

, iy

insrdte(” ) where Stee tivure ef the iho th wre ako givin and tan cs md (Lee

rindus tnased nildot bo. the Tiss Of food plants, i "
é cal a
Fata frutin, when »veilebls, neem oth. bes vory a Sou =
jarta antl vs has “beer found an these fritts At Pus ain rSoy, : " 1,
eS nal

dug ‘a4

10 Gnd piwbaldy docunl every Syears Bbheieh ie pie years, Zh: tae
fe abundant than’ dw? Gthars, rina a > Herbed: notes that: +e ay
96K, adhoty-niue her cot) af the -ltAhin traits aye Cake nits, sosrkot 9 4
epbartbed by 4) a lide vhink dat ihe? fmelay or “eeadle of Ue we ts
ewe inde’ the snarl. tal! yy the! ty ticle, bring i the war be whidh, food ‘pa
te y ateed in Drabably chiehte 4 Strit jm: as Tonge 4 rey perest i cle tg
Sine ant aur 4 i? tre” dives ténell ‘ints tha fruit ds. baler
lan the'larvn eaves it und -omerges by “hitieag through th wall
ihe cee 0). the alalk, enti: then npans ile Gohomn” om mores oon
s LA! re. ; 7 a:

Py S

wk Fishy ;
Bervdos the inmpoiny toodtnlanta, 4. aide _ sala heat vind hat Pit :
hin taoerhithe (Sesbenia venta) pods at. tecome Sia (alight ime: rmalomy fara >
a -Curgbatare from Petes <0: ie (Arregin urabiag) end gl (He
Grindeferas ; aul ok’ sybont in Anti 1927: fran pap ot i»
ormage Tit). Ty the. caw ut dhatnehe. afew pods, were. dq
Novenilvr 1917, che Inrwe being fomnd wholly witha ibe: ody: =
hi PreOn: nok the Peake letinut ts piston ae threvigde * ‘hole in, te bell
OW tHe Pod; iniy is few farvie Were] fen taba the: (ania Paps oy
negligible. In tho chen ofthuel rower joa Weed fiostndl iota” 29¢h “Nea mA
8; engine the. utp Of i frit “edie es ree “pf

trite tite ontiide pone dat hy few: sama:
bas GS of thre feust, > J the ‘on wt tam : -

ia We

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 57
It cannot be said, however, that A. illepida is much of a pest as a rule.
Even in the case of a high infestation of litchi fruits, comparatively little
damage is done to the fleshy edible portion of the fruit. part Any
The full-grown larva is about 15 to19 mm. long and 2 to 3 mm. road’ Kis cnnptoph die
across the thorax, cylindrical, tapering slightly posteriorly, segments distinct, ree ae
gts

skin soft and smooth, colour rather variab!'e, usually light yellow, darker cul
: : aay ’ rayon, Bot pate
dorsally, sometimes greyish with a yellow tinge, pinkish brown, reddish, or /Y% te
b. 364 , OH a

pale yellow with a greenish tinge ; head broad, shiny reddish-brown ; protho- |
racic shield large, shiny dark-brown, divided medially ; tubercles rather large,
rounded, brownish or yellowish, each bearing a single thin brown, hair ; ana!
plate large, dark brown, rather glossy ; spiracles oval with a black rim enclosing
a clear space ; a whitish tube connecting spiracles visible beneath the skin ;
legs and prolegs normal ; prolegs pale yellow, hcoklets brown, disposed in a
circle,

Pupation takes place either within the attacked fruit (dhaincha, bael) or out-
side of it (litcht) m a thin white silken cocoon which cither lines the intericr
of the larval gallery, one end of the cocoon being near anexit hole which is
covered with frass, or which is spun up in any convenient crevice. At emer- -
gence of the moth, which takes place seven to fourteen days after spinning up,
the pupa is almost wholly protruded from the cocoon.

The pupa is about 8 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, cylindrical, penta
posteriorly, both extremities rounded, yellow-brown; seccnd to seventh
abdominal segments dorsally with two transverse rows of spines, one on
anterior, the other on posterior, portions of segments ; eighth and ninth abdomi-
nai segments with only one transverse row of spines dorsally ; anal segment
with about eight cremastral hooks. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 537, 898,”

1019, 1064 and 1738.)
ARGYROPLOCE APROBOLA, MEYR, ~~
Kecopsis aprobola, Meyr., T.E.S., 1886, 275(!).
Platypeplus aprobola, Wlsm. in eee Lep. Ceylon, IIT, 495, t.208 fz (1887)(2).
Argyroploce aprobola, Meyr, Rec. Ind. Mus., a 218 (3), Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,

XXXVI, 275 (1911)(4), Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) XIV, 269 (1911)(), Entom.

Mitteil. Suppl. III, p. 49 ave Proc. eens Entl. Meeting, pp. 219,

230, 267 (1917)(2); Ramararvrin Reo he Apes Eer-them. L281 Mme ire

Occurs commonly throughout India and Ceylon, ranging to the Sey-
chelles(* >) and Amirante Islands(5), Chagos Islands (5), Formesa(®), New
Guinea(*), Queensland(*) to Tonga(! 5) and Tahiti). AnaA +n .

We have it from Pusa, Chapra, Palamau, Bassein Fort (Bombay), Suret.

Kallar, Coimbatore and Pollibetta (South Coorg). Rime , Baia MN: Hamat: tees )

Rammamg C Mettery ) Nagh. my

58 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDAS

At Coimbatore the larva has been found boring into rose buds and rolking
mango leaves, at Kallar (Nilgiris) on Lantana camara, at Bassem Fort on mango
and is said to have been reared at Nagpur on Dahlia flowers(7), whilst at Pusa
it has been reared from larvee found rolling young leaves of mango (Mangifera
indica), litchi (Nepheliwm litchi), rose, Cassia tora, and asokh (Polyalthia longi-
jolia). Sometimes the larvee occur in considerable numbers and may do a
little damage to the young leaves.

The full-grown larva is about 16 to 20 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, cylin-
drical, rather flattened, tapering slightly towards extremities, rather trans-
parent uniform green or pale yellow; head flattened, red-brown, brownish or
yellowish ; prothoracic shield large, darker than head ; spiracles small, re unded,
rimmed with brown; body segments with small dull white hairs ; first two
pairs of legs black, third pair green or yellow ; prolegs with very minute hook-
lets.

The larva rolls up tender leaves, feeding on them from under shelter.
Pupation takes place inside a rolled leaf which is lined by a thin layer of white
silk. Nearly the whole of the pupa is protruded from the cccoon on, emergence
. of the moth, which occurs after a pupal period of about ten days.

Pupa about 10 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, brown; dorsal
portion of abdominal segments with two transverse rows of posteriorly-directed
short spines ; anal segment with four cremastral hooks which are entangled
in the silken lining of the cocoon. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 600, 809, 932»
1302, 1448, 1691 and 1750.)

pe ceiee scp g ea ea os MEYR. -MS.
oT-Thin. Te ees

Larvee were found at Pusa ot 11th June 1 IT. in 1 eS of lashora (Cordia
myza), the attacked fruits showing no external symptom of attack. The
larvee seem to feed upon the kernel, gnawing a hole through the wall of the
stone. Four larve were found in about one hundred fruits examined. The
larva is about 10 mm. long, white ; head yellow or brownish yellow ; protho-
racic shield brownish ; five pairs of short, equally developed prolegs. Pupa-
tion occurred in, a silken cocoon spun on the bottom of the cage under a dry
fruit. One moth emerged on 28th June. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1595.)

ARGYROPLOCE EBENINA, MEYR.
Argyroploce ebenina, Meyr., Exot. Micr., H, 20 (October 1916)(').
Bred at Karwar, N. Kanara, “in July from larve feeding gregariously
between spun leaves of Diospyros (Ebenace) ; larva dark greenish-fuscous,
with whitish hairs, head brown, plate of 2 black ; pupa beneath folded edge
of leaf (Macwell)(').”

cu Lenn =
Ans yurfdace Codonecly

(ears 1; Eugene matxcce noes »

ale

j = ie tie E:
Nias oie Ex’. mo. fit 339
\ g

fos yuotace Monies bere hey \ BT. GE bos-boa (iyoy) Ty pms

ees Exmbee. bog (1930) [ @ hry leaner } Cennamomun Kin
Comprere (Nerbun VO a WF

pinay fuekes ; 4 tala | Date Gia mle: BE 40 - 341 (den nr.) Sy w. Dowdy +
Bau, te i eee ee) ee

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 59

ARGYROPLOCE EROTIAS, MEYR.

Platypeplus erotias, Meyr., B.J., XVI, 584-585 (1905)(*).
Argyroploce erotias, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., XXXVI, 269

(1911)(2) ; Fletcher, Entl. Note 75 (1916) (3), Proc. Second Kntl. Meeting,
p. 219(4): Cian Reo Apc. Er. hom. W280 Jone 1920 )

This species was originally described from Ceylon(') and has since been
recorded from New Guinea(?), Timor(?) and Indja(* 4). We have it from
Pusa, Bombay, Kallar, and Kandy. At Bombay the larva was found boring
into mango shoots.

Argyroploce erotias “has been reared at Pusa from larvee found feeding
on tender mango leaves’ in March 1912. The larva is about 16 mm. long by
2 mm. broad, slightly flattened, tapering towards the extremities, in colour
uniform green, the skin soft and segments distinct ; head flattened, greyish
yellow, smaller than prothorax which is entirely covered by a shield darker
than the head; all legs present and equally developed. The larva rolls up
the tender leaves of young mango shoots by means of white silk threads,
living in hiding and biting holes in the rolled leaves. When full-fed, it
pupates in a cocoon formed of rolled leaf lmed with white silk ; the pupa
is protruded to some extent before emergence of the moth. We also have
specimens reared in October 1905, from larve boring mango shoots im
Bombay ().”

This species has also been reared at Pusa in February 1915, from larvee
webbing tender leaves of Loranthus sp. and in December 1915, from leaves of
Cynoglossum sp.

Argyroploce erotias has also been reared by Y. Ramachandra Rao at
Kallar from a pupa found in a folded leaf of Lantana camara.

This pupa was described as follows :—8'5 mm. long and 2°5 mm. broad,
yellowish or reddish brown, rather shiny, rather slender, cylindrical, anteriorly
blunted ; frontal part of head with a prominent raised flat ridge bounded on
each side by depressions from which the antenn arise ; anal segment conical
terminating in a slightly flattened heavily chitinized red-brown apex bearing
six or eight strong recurved hooks ; abdominal segments anteriorly with a
submarginal sharply excised ridge, following close upon which is a row of
strongly developed posteriorly-directed spines (with a few smaller spines inter-
spersed in some cases), and posteriorly with an ante-marginal transverse

~ row of smaller but well-developed and more numerous spines ; second segment
of abdomen on, each side with a subdorsal prominently-marked shallow pit
guarded by strongly-developed chitinous red-brown lips ; wing-sheaths extend-
ing to middle of fourth abdominal segment.

60 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDZ

ARGYROPLOCE LEUCASPIS, MEYR. (PLATE XIII, FIG. 2.)

Eucosma leucaspis, Meyr., Gardiner’s Fauna Geogr. Maldives, I, 126 (1902)('),

B. J.;. KVEH, 136 (1906)C).

Argyroploce leucaspis, Meyr., B. J., XTX, 592(°), Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) XIV, 270

(1911) (4); Proc. Second Ent]. Meeting, p. 229 (1917)(°).

Recorded from Ceylon(?), the Maldive Islands('), and the Seychelles (4).
In Indja it is widely distributed and we have it from Pusa, Nagpur, the Khasi
Hills and Kandy.

A. leucaspis has been reared at Pusa in August 1917, from larvee found
rolling tender litchi (Nephelium litchi) leaves. A single leat may be rolled
longitudinally or two or three leaves may be rolled up together. From larve
collected on 14th August 1917, moths emerged from 23rd August to 8th Septem-
ber 1917.

The full-grown larva is about 14 mm. long and 15 mm. broad, elongated,
tapering slightly towards either extremity, skin soft, uniform green with a
yellowish tinge, the colour changing to coppery grey prior to pupation ; head
yellow ; primary hairs thin and short’; prolegs equally developed, short.
The larve are very sensitive and jump vigorously when disturbed, usually
taking several springs before coming to rest. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip
1652.)

ARGYROPLOCE PARAGRAMMA, MEYR. (PLATE XIV, FIG. 1.)

Argyroploce paragramma, Meyr., B. J., XIX, 598 (1909)('); Fletcher, Pusa

Ann. Rept. 1917-18, p. 102, t.17 £.1. (1918)(?).

Bred at Pusa in September, from stem of bamboo(').

This species was bred in September 1905, at Pusa from larve found
boring into young bamboos. On 28th July 1917, larve were again found at
Pusa boring into bamboos, the younger larve being usually found under
and at the base of the loose leaf-like top portions of the sheaths, and larger
larve boring the tender stem under cover of the sheaths. In August 1917,
the larvee were noted as being very common at Pusa; not only were they
found in young shoots but also in older shoots ten to twelve feet high, boring
in at the eyes under the sheaths, their presence being indicated by the frass.
On Ist September 1917, the larvee were again noted as being quite common.
In cases where several larve bore into a young shoot, this is killed off ; but in
older shoots the larve do comparatively little damage. This species, however,
must be considered as a distinct pest of bamboo.

The full-grown larva is about 15 to 17 mm. long, cylimdrical, tapering
slightly towards either extremity, brown ; head flattened, red-brown ; prothoracic

is
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T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 61

shield large, dark-brown, almost black; prolegs equally developed; the
tubercles on body segments forming distinct rounded, warts.

In confinement pupation took place in a thin silken cocoon lining folds
of paper or cloth or between fragments of bamboo-sheaths ; under natural
conditions the cocoon is probably placed beneath the leaf-sheaths. The
brown pupa protrudes to some extent through one end of the cocoon on emer-
gence of the moth. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 132, 1631.)

We have this from Pusa, Chapra and Geauhati. It is probably widely

distributed in the Plains. °

ARGYROPLOCE POETICA, MEYR.

Eucosma mosaica (nec Low.), Meyr., B. J., XVII, 138-139 (1907)(').
Argyroploce poetica, Meyr., B. J., XIX, 437 (1909)(7), Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W,,

XXXVI, 282-283 (1911) [Redescr.] (°).

This species was originally described from Maskeliya (Ceylon)(') and
the Palni Hills, and hag since been recorded from North Australia(?). It
has been reared at Pusa in October 1917, from larve found rolling leaves of
Polyalthia longifolia.

ARGYROPLOCE RHYNCHIAS, MEYR.

Platypeplus rhynchias, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 586 (1905)(').

Argyroploce rhynchias, Mevr., Exot. Mier., I, 275 (1914)(?)« ih, VES THVL. Aq

Origina'ly described(!) from Ceylon, this species has been bred from

\

f]

bh

cats eS ey ee ea) Wen ea ey ae ens 8
pods of Canavalia in Mauritius(?). A? = ™*s 1! sgha) Aneta gh pete :

ARGYROPLOCE SEMICULTA, MEYR.

Argyroploce semiculta, Meyr., B. J., XIX, 604 (1909)(').
Argyroploce semiculta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 20 (October 1916)(?).

“Larva feeding among very tightly-spun terminal leaves of Alseodaphne
semecarpifolia (Lauracee); pupa beneath folded edge of same leaf
(Maxwell)(?).”

Originally described from Hakgala, in Ceylon, and the Khasi Hills(’).
Maxwell’s record of the larva was presumably made in N. Kanara.

ARGYROPLOCE TONSORIA, MEYR.

Argyroploce tonsoria, Meyr., B. J., XIX, 592-593 (1909)(?).
Bred from larva in fruit of Barringtonia racemosa from Bentota, in
Ceylon!) Atco bed or Tar Bax 4 Men fir ¢

bork ns h, pa hans 2 ] BANA Sy ie an 2 LA Ce Merc

HA}

62 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMID

EVARMIUNIA CX¥DIA i

LASPEYRESTA ae ANA, FB. oR
Tyres Kotnige ana Jb. yr. EN, 65% WW) oe Se - iL a estar (Koens) J
Pyralis kenigana, Fabr., eae Syst. IIT, 1,279 @ 794)(! ).

Hemerosia aurantiana, Pryer, Cist. Ent. I, 235, t.4 £12 (?).
Laspeyresia aurantiana, Meyr., Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., XXXVI, 292-293,

(1911)@).

Las peyresia keenigana, Fletcher, 8S. Ind. Ins., pp. 450-451, f. 328 (1914)(4).

A very widely-distributed species in the Plains of India and Burma.
The Pusa collection contains specimens from Coimbatore, Siruguppa (Bellary),
Surat, Purulia, Chapra, Pusa, Minbu and Tatkon (Burma).

At Surat it is said to have bred from larvee on mogra (Jasminum ‘sambac)
and at Coimbatore it has been reared from larvee feeding on leaves of nim
(Melia azadirachta). The larvee have also been found on nim at Serampur
by Mrs. Drake.

Orta
LASPEYRESTA HEMIDOXA, MEYR.

Laspeyresia hemidoxa, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 145 (1907) (').

This lovely little moth was described from the Khasi Hills(').

We have it from the Khasi Hills (about 1,500 feet) and Taliparamba
(Malabar). At Taliparamba a single specimen was reared on 2nd August
1909, from a larva boring in shoots of pepper vine.

Coca bASPEFRESTA LEUCOSTOMA, MEYR. (PLATE XIV, FIG. 2.)

Laspeyresia leucostoma, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 876 (1912)('), Exot. Micr., IT, 23
(1916) (7); Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 20 (1917)(8).

Described originally from Ceylon (Maskeliya), the Palni and Khasi
Hills(1). |

“Larva feeding in rolled leaves of Thea sinensis (Fletcher)’’(?).

This species occurs also in the Nilgiris, having been reared at Coimbatore
from, larvee found rolling tea-leaves on Waterfall Estate in May 1915, and in the
Kanan Devan, Hills (Travancore) whence we received in April 1917, by kind
courtesy of Mr. A. G. Murray, of Munaar Estate, specimens of larve from
which a moth was reared at Pusa on 14th May 1917. I have also seen a
specimen from Assam.

This caterpillar is commonly called “Tea Flush Worm” in Scuthern
India and its habits are apparently much the same as those of Homona coffearia.
No detailed description was made but the accompanying figures show an

attacked tea-shoot, larva, pupa and moth of this species. (Pusa Insectary
Cage-slip 1556.)

a

Las peynesi a amphtecka , Ie, Exor, bee. Wg cc wr) gee Pane 5 ® bans y
Shost 9 Gorda myxa’)

Lae fey hee TE 34a (Dediahy ee. Petacn
Las NA anlvca bana Pere 5 Ex. mx. We i a
nase 8 es Ayr i-— @ WrAtbn Hrrera 4 mane

mange fere* ) »

| Line peyrtete Chelios bm \ BS, Aim 14T— 146 (1409 | 5.

Lan peyren'e _thiltan bey, Exo, Wha. TT 347 \ de. 19-7) i. ee /onpoar bo aceara ae
feeding Arman$ leavte oN mewn ShesS 4 Ochne (Ochnaceat)) Pt>
ae bom par pale Vand wddsoh ( Maced) “) a Pika eeeene ate

©
Lapeer a dria perma y hte Exersin TY I+4> (19> J S. pe burkics aw (Kencay

@> aKOonns eeneiioae incense

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 63

Gea EASPEYRESEA CAPPARIDANA, Z ~¢x ~>

Grapholitha capparidana, Zeller, Isis, 1847, 734-735('); Rag., Ann. S.E. Fr.

1894, 218(?).

Originally described from, Sicily('), this species has been found in India
at Pusa and is doubtless widely distributed. Its specific name records the
fact that it was originally found associated with a species of Capparis.

The larva has been found at Pusa boring stems of bagnahi (Capparis
horrida), tunnelling right through the stem and filling the tunnels with pellets
of frass. Small holes are found here and there on the exterior of the affected
stem, their openings being covered with frass bound together with silk.

The larva is about 8 mm. long, cylindrical, yellow, with equally developed
prolegs ; head, prothoracic and anal shields yellow-brown.

The larva pupates inside the stem in a thin white silken cocoon formed
near a hole’ and with the head of the pupa turned towards the hole. At emer-
gence of the moth, the pupa protrudes from the cocoon to some extent and the
empty pupa-cases may be seen protruding from the attacked stems.

The pupa is about 5 mm. long, brown ; abdominal segments with minute
hooks arranged across dorsum; anal segment rather truncate with two small
upturned hooks dorsally and eight slender cremastral hooks arranged circularly.

From stems collected on 10th February 1910, moths emerged between
14th February and 20th March 1910. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 819.)

(,de4 LASPEYRESH\ MAMERTINA, MEYR. MS:
xe. Wail -393 (Dee, ae.
. This species has been reared at Pusa from larve found on 2lst January

1917, fastening together superimposed leaves of Loranthus and eating the tissues
of the leaves whilst remaining bidden. The moths emerged between Ist and
7th March. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1519.)

Cp d<a LASPEYRESTA PTYCHORA, MEYR.

Laspeyresva ptychora, Meyrick, B. J., XVIII, 147 (1967)(!), Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S.W., XXXVI, 288 (1911) [Redeser.](?), Exot. Micr., I, 565 (1916)(3).
Bred from larvee feeding in pods of Vigna sinensis, “ cowpea,” at Salisbury ,

Rhodesia ; also from Barberton, Transvaal. Doubtless spread artificially with

its foodplant(’).

Originally described from, Madulsima and North Coorg(!), this species
is also known from Queensland(?) and we have it from Coimbatore, where
it was bred on 21st February 1915, from alarva on pods of Cajanus indicus,
and from Cherrapunji. .

64 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMID

(Yea LASPEYRESIA PYCNOCHRA, MEYR. MS,
Exo. In a. a 3Sa | Dee. (qr

Oe
Bred at Coimbatore on 20th March 1916, Bean a larva found in pods of
agathy (Sesbania grandiflora).

ss Cve a ee , MA LESANS MEYR. MS.
lexot- rm aS! ber. \ 920 )

Bred at Coimbatore on 20th March 1916, on a larva in Parkinsonta
pede Ng reared at Coimbatore from Cassia corymbosa pods, a2 Aq

Arr as J] Cow ean nr PAC LiKe

de ya LASPEYRESIA DAZDALOTA, MEYR.

Laspeyresia dedalota, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 23 (October 1916)(').

Bred at Pusa “in July from flowers of Cassia fistula (Leguminose)(!).”
Larve were found on 27th June 1915, damaging unopened flowers of Cassia
fistula and moths emerged between 8th and 15th July. No description of the
early stages was made. (Tahl Ram’s Cage-slip 22.)

(,0c4 LASPEYRESIA JACULATRIX, MEYR.

Laspeyresia jaculatriz, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus. V, 219(!); Lefroy, Ind. Ins.
Life, pp. 530-531 (1909)(?).
Described from Calcutta and Pusa, where the larvee were found beneath
bark of Dalbergia sissu('!). The Pusa collection contains specimens from
Pusa, Palamau and the Shevaroys.
“The larvee are found in the bark of the sissu tree (Dalbergia sissu) and
Oe & tyro Ai occur there abundantly. Pupation takes place in a fine silken cocoon.
tH ‘pun? 5

BG foun rere cq) Apparently these larve are the hosts of a small Bombylid fly, which has been
a e — ae K “ reared, from a batch of larve in sissu bark ; the food of the ee is not known
Lue het pone but it probably is the bark of the tree.

see ean were “The caterpillars spend the winter in the bark of the tree and have a
~ a Dae Rom a- curious habit of coming out at night during a few days in March, crawling
| G@ I= 5 ae about on the bark and, soon after daylight, retreating into the bark again ;

immense numbers of them can be seen in the early morning on these days and
the phenomenon is apparently so regular that the crows know it, and we have
in four successive years (1906-1909) seen crows collected round trees on which
these caterpillars were walking and feeding on them. Apparently this proceed-
ing is preliminary to pupating and is probably the search for a good sheltered
nook in which pupation can be accomplished in such a way as to enable the
moth to emerge. The moths emerge at various dates during May and June
and there are probably two broods, before the hibernation brood referred to
above. The moths are found flying about gregariously and this species is quite
commonly captured where the sissu grows abundantly(?).”

ae “Memoirs: ot the:
[Bepartimen of Agriculture

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September 1926 Entomological Series Vol. IX, No. 9

Memoirs of the
Department of Agriculture
in India

Description of Laspeyresia stirpicola, n. sp.
(Lepidoptera)

BY

E. MEYRICK, F:R-S:

With a short note on the Life-history and Status
BY

RAl BAHADUR C. S. MISRG, B.A.

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

Calcutta: Government of India
Central Publication Branch
1926

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DESCRIPTION OF LASPEYRESIA STIRPICOLA, n. sp.
(LEPIDOPTERA)

BY
KE. MEYRICK, F.R.S.,
with a short note on the Life-history and Status
BY

RAI BAHADUR C. S. MISRA, B.A.,
(Received for publication on lst May 1926.)

LASPEYRESIA STIRPICOLA, 0. Sp.

3, 12-15mm. Head, thorax grey more or less speckled dark and pale. Palp
whitish partially suffused or speckled grey. Fore wings elongate, somewhat di-
lated, termen somewhat obliquely rounded, dark grey, more or less whitish-speckled;
costa blackish-tinged, with about eleven groups of 2-4 very fine whitish strigule ;
very oblique dark or blackish strigae from costa at about middle and two-thirds;
an oblique pale blotch from dorsum beyond middle very obscurely indicated, its
anterior edge limited by a suffused blackish streak, becoming obsolete towards
dorsum; some irregular very obscurely leaden-metallic strigea from costa posteriorly,
in g obscured by a patch of whitish suffusion towards costa beyond cell; ocellus
laterally edged leaden-metallic, containing three somewhat elongate black dots,
above these three others less marked forming with them a rather curved series ;
a small dark apical spot ; cilia grey with rows of white points. Hindwings dark
grey, cubital hair-pecten whitish ; cilia grey-whitish, suffused grey on outer half,
a dark grey basal shade.

4 examples. An obscure insect, allied to Jaculatriz. Locality : Daltonganj.

Infe-history. Eggs are laid in the axil of leaf-buds and larve tunnel into the
stem reaching the pith, on which they feed. The hole of entry of the larva into the
stem is quite conspicuous on account of scarlet coloured ces aaa of resin. The
full fed larva (fig. 2) is 11-12 mm. long, 2.30-2.50 mm. broad. It has a shining
dark, chocolate-brown, heavily chitinized head, with a triangular excavation in
front. The mandibles are very powerful. The prothoracic dorsal plate is well
chitinized and has a median longitudinal lighter streak and is armed with a few
whitish, porrect hairs. The rest of the body is creamy yellow, and armed with

( 259 )

260 DESCRIPTION OF LASPEYRESIA STIRPICOLA

hairs arising from brownish tubercles. When full fed the larva makes a silken
gallery and pupates in it. The pupa (figs. 6, 7) is hght brown in colour, with black
eyes and prominent thoracic segments. The abdominal segments have two rows
of short spines near each end, the anal segment has a few short hairs.

Parasites. In a caterpillar collected from Daltonganj three triangulinids of
Strepsiptera were discovered, two of them in the region of head and one in meso-
thorax. The caterpillar was cleaned in potassium hydroxide and stained with
eosin. So far this is the single instance of its kind, examination of adults has not
revealed any triangulinids or adult Str epsiptera.

Status. During a visit to Daltongan] in May 1925, the abnormal presence of
these lepidopterous larve, boring into the shoot of pollarded Butea frondosa (Palas),
was first noticed. Practically every Palas tree in the locality was more or less
affected and in some branches as many as seven borers were found. The growth
is stunted, galls are produced, bark becomes rough and hard and there is consi-
derable outflow of resinous matter and the tree becomes unfit for propagation of
lac. This insect may well be regarded as a serious pest of Butea frondosa, a tree
used extensively for lac cultivation.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

Laspeyresia stirpicola, Mey.

1 Borer. ‘ ° : ; . Dorsal view . s ; eG

2 Borer, immediately diets pupation . Lateral view . . ; 1 OSES

3 Mandible of the borer . 5 : : ante x 120
4-5 Spiracles of the borer . : 5 5 aenye x 300

6 Pupa . ‘ 3 : ; ; . Dorsal view . ‘ < », re 4eh6

i, Pupa : F ; : ; . Ventral view : : Sree

8 Adult moth . 3 ; ; Dorsal view . : : = oxle

9 Triangulinids within the nee a of the ae

(much enlarged).

10 Triangulinid . : . . . - Dorsal view . . . . «7300

PLATE XXiV.

ps EE
= CA

RSs

WS

SS

RS

RNS

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Y. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 65

The above statement that the larval food is probably the bark of the tree
is not correct ; the larva feeds on the leaves and apparently only hides under
the bark in the intervals of feeding. Pupation may take place under the
bark or between two rolled or superimposed leaves, the cocoon lining the
leaves being much larger than seems requisite to contain the enclosed pupa.
One individual which pupated amongst leaves on 23rd February 1914, emerged
as a moth on 7th March 1914; but the period of emergence is a prolonged
one and specimens have been bred out between 30th April and 2nd July from
larve collected at the end of March and between 29th May and 20th July from
larve collected in the latter half of May, so that it appears that the broods are
irregular and overlap one another.

As noted above the larve are attacked by a Bombylid fly whose maggots
consume the entire’ contents of their host after the latter has pupated and
pupate inside its empty pupa-case. These Bompbylid flies have been bred
out between 15th and 24th April 1916.

The larve are also attacked by a Hymenopterous parasite which was
reared between 24th March and 2nd April 1914. The parasitic grubs emerged
from the body of their larval host and formed cocoons within rolled leaves
but apart from the dead body of the host. |

The full-grown larva is about 10 mm. long, subcylindrical, pale yellow ;
head brown, flattened, small; legs and prolegs normal, unicolorous with
body.

The pupa is about 5 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards
either extremity, anal extremity blunted, reddish brown ; abdominal segments
dorsally with transverse rows of minute spines; anal segment with four
cremastral hooks. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 336, 1080, 1056, 1891; C.S.
Misra’s Cage-slip 32; A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 1.)

Nore
G O\A LASPEYRESHA TRICENTRA, MEYR.

Laspeyresia tricentra, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 734 (1907)(1), P. Z. 8., 1908, 721-
722(2) ; Lefroy, LI-L., p. 531, t.54 (1909)(?) ; Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., p.451,
t.40 (1914)(4) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 70 (1917)(°).

Dicrocrampha subsequana, Swinh., Cat. Mcths India, p. 699 (1889), [nec Haw.](6).
Larva in stems of Crotalaria(!). Widely distributed throughout India

and Ceylon. Also recorded from Transvaal(?).

“T,. tricentra, Meyr., is described from the Deccan, the larva tunnelling
in the shoots of Sann-hemp (Crotalaria juncea)(3).”

The Pusa collection contains specimens from Surat, Bassein Fort (Bombay)
and Yercaud, and from Coimbatore (reared from cowpea pods).

66 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDA

This species has been confused with L. pseudonectis and it is doubtful
whether the earlier Pusa records, ascribed to L. tricentra, are really referable
to this species.

Cj dso LASPEYRESMA PSEUDONECTIS, MEYR. (PLATE XV.)
Laspeyresia pseudonectis, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 146-147 (1907)() ; Lefroy,

Ind. Ins. Life, p. 531, t.54 [%] (1909) (2); Proc. Second Entl. Meeting,

pp. 69-70 (1917)(3).

Larva tunnels stems of Crotalaria juncea at. Surat in October(').

“L. pseudonectis, Meyr., has the same habit [as L. tricentra, Meyr.] and
was reared from Sann-hemp at Surat, and in Bihar. It is a common pest to
this crop, and with the proceeding [ preceding] is probably widespread in India.
[Plate LIV](?).” It may be added that the Plate LIV here referred to is a
very poor one and it is doubtful whether it really refers to L. pseudonectis or
L. tricentra.

“ Laspeyresia pseudonectis attacks Sann-hemp whilst the crop is. still
young, about five or six inches high. At that stage of growth the caterpillar
attacks the top-shoot which is formed imto a characteristic gall. The attack
does not stop altogether the growth of the plant; which grows im length. In
later stages of growth of the plant, the attack takes place at the axils of leaves,
where also a swelling is formed. In this latter case, the fibre 1s affected.
There may be more than one gall in the same plant. The caterpillar feeds
inside the gall and pupates there ; whilst young it is green but becomes a
bright red before pupation. The caterpillar hay been found to affect the
capsules also, boring the seeds, but this is unusual andthis habit has only
been observed hitherto during the winter months. The imsect hibernates as a
caterpillar from November to February and then aestivates from March to
June ; it may be in the stem if the plants remain in the field or, if the pods are
collected, the caterpillars form cocoons amongst the debris and remain there.

“As regards control, in the case of young plants the removal and de-
struction of the galled topshocts is necessary and this should reduce further
damage(3).”’

L. pseudonectis occurred in destructive numbers on Sann-hemp (Crotalaria
juncea) at Sabour in November 1909, and has also been reported as damaging
this crop in the Central Provinces and at Surat. The Pusa collection contains
examples from Pusa, Coimbatore, Samalkote, Bassein Fort (Bombay) and
Peshawar.

At Samalkote it was reared on larvee on Sann-hemp and at Coimbatore
from larvee on green gram (Phaseolus mungo) and on horse gram (Dolichos
biflorus)

is alata dolineane, Ltt .

Gaps ER Likintanny OM, Gr. XK 305-390 (1063 ) 9 ©

Papi Ra apricaTanea ; josta , Cr. Kx. 390 (1063 ) ie F

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

LASPEYRESIA PSEUDONECTIS.

Stem of Crotalaria juncea bored by larva, showing gall-like swelling.

Shoot of C. juncea distorted by larva.

Larva, natural size and magnified.

Larva, about to pupate, natural size and magnified.

Pupa, natural size and magnified.

Moth, resting attitude, natural size and magnified.

Male moth, natural size and magnified. (Note black suffusion on dorsal
area of hindwing.)

Female moth, hindwing, showing absence of black dorsal suffusion
characte istic of male.

PLATE XV.

ai ick 2 Pee sms -
SS IE NI ay rn

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————

LASPEYRESIA PSEUDONECTIS.

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rin is Tunis int five torodeltale Meyriy DF. SAI a t9IA)e }e
i Be wid ie, -p ah L329 (19E1)(%) ; Pr. Sound Bind, Miveting,.\
AMT). as
ve wpwanbs cit 10 exert fovtye, aidalae With, whoth hire abussarad over F
tos pale preens With & reddial Head, Is pores tito thee growin thr of | rg
on Kabler devourng the tisanes, if the gtera.2o fhat this drtinye Gi) lies, PP a 25
an larval burrow, Papal yaerodk Abowd 1 daywi*). ; a
Esha fron Coimbatore Aad Matwhas in Docensher amd Jonuary (47) . ale
ii Apecdes im GHIY Join faved fain onthe donih

atts - LASPRRESEA POMON ELLA, LIN,
eps. Taw, Syst, Nab, al, X, 1, SIR (TTI). 1 ee ae
nagar paler, Behanwth. Bx, 1-29, 8 Lad, fe area, |, aoe

aii Wi! AMM GY £5 (1BNICT BBS. sal wnat fine eee
Birpeypres ipoiopedt, Mey. Po Lint. Boe, NAW, RRL, BP Asis ; a |
o Pr Soccnkl Fisth.: Maccing, p49 (1917)
The notiriows “ending Moth, whinh Ye ® 1lovt iniSerbanh Geb t of applyg Riis
“tesa Amenk a, Australia) wml Now Aealauh jie Beew: toondad fron: | Wage
(Ores Lada, F000 Tout), bat lddoay nit appear. te ba Lous in heehee
¥ Of the, apple.grawing diheetin oud Lnghia. A aadentidiod Pr irhent Jarye * hi
B * WA boring itn npylé Trnits in Beannaton thy Angatel, HOUR, is eee noe 3
. 4 [Mo page 197, yoga. |
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BR BE Direcoc(), fen: dnt (Shiaen.pobushatiovend ig
PRT Sesinaky 92, thw imuth cradvyiog wm leith Mameb (8) strom tas i
a i aay. = mig des i Ha eee Rai PIE Ae SE ae
has In “Apr eomrnng, way LEA Binghe gpd he ta
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Taoist doe ay aes

1, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 67

The full-grown larva is about 12 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering slightly
towards either extremity, segments distinct, uniform orange yellow (turning
to brilliant red before pupation); head shiny black ; prothoracic shield shiny
black, divided medially ; prolegs equally developed. (Pusa Insectary Cage-
slips 397, 1194, 1422, 1422a.)

(5\ca LASPRYRESIA TORODELTA, MEYR.
Laspeyresia torodetta [mispunt for torodelta], Meyr., B. J., XX, 772 (1914)(') ;
Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., p. 451, £329 (1914)(?) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting,
p. 56 (1917)(3). eee
Larva upwards of 10 mm. long, slender, with short hairs scattered over
the body, pale green with a reddish head. It bores nto the growing tips of
Dolichos lablab, devouring the tissues of the stem so that this droops and dies.
Pupation, in larval burrow. Pupal period about 10 days(’).
Recorded from Coimbatore and Malabar m December and January(? *).
This species is only known hitherto from Southern India.

(0Ce LasPRYRESEA POMONELLA, LINN.
Tinea pomonella, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 538 (1758)(').
Carpocapsa pomonella, Spuler, Schmett. Eur. I, 289, t.86 £.54(?) [et auet.
num. |
Cydia pomonella, Wism., A.M.N.H. (7), VI, 435 (1900)(°), P.Z.S. 1907, 1006(4).
Laspeyresia pomonella, Meyr., P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., XXXVI, 287 (1911)(°)

Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 249 (1917)(8).

The notorious “ Codling Moth,” which is a most important pest of apples
in Kurope, America, Australia, and New Zealand, has been recorded from
Kashmir (Dras Ladak, 7,000 feet)(#), but does not appear to be known
in any of the apple-growing tracts in India. An unidentified Tortricid larva,
found boring into apple fruits in Kumaon in August 1918, is certainly not
this species. [See page 197, postea.|

dra LASPEYRESIA PULVERULA, MEYR.
Laspeyresia pulverula, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 876 (1912)(').

Originally described from the Khasi Hills(!), this species has been bred
at Dehra Dun by Mr. C. Beeson (!), from sal (Shorea robusta) collected at
Jhafra on 27th January 1916, the moth emerging on 14th March (2); from
sél log attacked by Spherotrypes and collected in the Jara Range, Pilit hit
Division, before 10th April 1916, the moth emerging on 2Ist May; and ()
from sal log attacked by Spherotrypes, collected at Jabbokhet on 9th September
1916, the one moth emerging on 18th October 1916.

?

68 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDA
| een eee

PAMMENE ISOCAMPTA, MEYR.

Pammene isocampta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 196-197 (1914) (').

Described from Peradeniya, where it was found “associated with
Lecanium sp(!).” Nes once Bi
PAMMENE THERISTIS, MEYR.
Pammene theristis, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 874 (1912)(!); V. 8. Iyer, Rept. Bd.

Sci. Adv. India, 1909-10, p. 151(?).

Described from Maskeliya and Kumaon(!). Bred from seedlings of
Shorea robusta(!). Larva attacking roots of one-year old sal-seedlings ; also
in sal piruit ; apparently two generations in the year(?).

CHLIDANOTID.

The Chlidanotide form a small group, with about half-a-dozen described
Indian species, of whose life-histories nothing whatever is known at present.
The Indian genera contained in this Family are Archimaga, Chlidanota, Ele-
tracma, Matrernis and Trymalitis. “ Ichthyura” argentea, Butl. (Il. Het.
VI, 24, .102 £12; Hmpsn., Moths Ind., I, 176), described from Darjiling,
also belongs to an undescribed genus of this group.

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»AREMENT OF. AGRICULTURE
wiley) “IN INDIA

FIFE HISTORIES UF INDIAN INSECTS
; MICROLEPIDOPTERA :

fi GRERdHIADs

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) BAINERIGUS FLETCHER, BN. P-L. PES, BH

P xomoviatns: RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

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_ bits b AMPRRPAt DEPART MENT OF ee ee IN INDIA

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Described trom Peradeniya, whetw, a ~ pect

"2 papas siiinsiee seus . a
Ponunane jheriutia, Megs. Bh, Si, ars Ynys v8. SS opt: Ba
Hed, Ody: Tada, 1909-10, p, BEG. a ci
Dewerdel from Maskebipg and’: Iciomaon(’}: Bred to ¢
Shores rohustn(\, Larva aituoking toda vl oneVear ald’ Se
ied a PERRY” FO RRO, TA Oe Te ae
CHLIDANOTIDE. on
: Whe Chlidanotidie lovet.» axel mroup, with sbout halt dain
Lidian species, of when bte-histories cs te a
The Tudtialy gence eontaiied ii this-Panily ap! drehmage, hhudentta
trapme, Mpirernis and Prymaluc: “ Tehthyarn |’ argeples,” Bae
VE, 24,- 6902 £12 > Hopon., Moths’ iad,, I, 176), described: tenant
sla belong tp mu undeacsibod Benue ot this: grows ;

November 1920. ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES. Vou. Vi, No. 3.

MEMOIRS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
' * MICROLEPIDOPTERA

Ill, GELECHIADA

BY
T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S

Imperial Entomologist

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2, Crzzp Lanz, LONDON

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PLATE XVI.

Fig. 1. Sitotroga cerealella:—1, Egg ; 2, larva ; 3, pupa inside grain ; 4 attacked
grain after emergence of moth ; 5, moth ; all natural sizes and magnified.

Fig. 2. Aristotelia ingravata:—a, Tamarix twig bored by larva, showing
two gails ; b, larva (x7) ; c, moth (x13) ; d, head of moth,
from side, more highly magnified.

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Seles. Unie; TLL. Keag of Fe. er, XU 97) -9%, Kyo. et. igis ) | NA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS.
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

III. GELECHIADA.

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS, F.ES., F.Z.S.,
Imperial Entomologist.

[Received for publication on 27th June 1919.]
SITOTROGA CEREALELLA, OLIV. (PLATE XVI, FIG. 1.)

Alucita cerealella, Oliv., Ene. Meth., IV (Ins. I.), 121 (1789)(2).
Sitotroga cerealella, Wism., P. Z. S., 1907, 928 (1908) [synonymy |(2) ; Fletcher,

S. Ind. Ins., p. 456, f. 331 (1914)(8), Entl. Note 79 (1916)(4), Pac. tad SAG Muay oe he

A cosmopolitan species, the larva found on grain of all kinds; known Cat he Bs he ie
from N. America, 8. Africa, Australia, Europe, India, Ceylon and Japan. fiiol ee A ee
It occurs commonly throughout India, Burma and Ceylon and we have it

from a number of localities fanging from Peshawar to Coimbatore and Manda-
lay. North Indian specimens are much larger than those from South India
but otherwise there seems to be no difference.

The larva feeds on stored grain (rice, maize, etc.), and is always a minor
and sporadically a major pest. Mr. Beeson has also reared this species from
bamboo seeds. The whole larval life is passed inside the grain, a single grain
sufficing for each larva. Breeding goes on throughout the year except when
the temperature is low, the life-cycle taking about four weeks asa rule, but
it may last for only three weeks or it may extend up to six weeks, the egg
stage lasting for about six days and the pupal for about eight days.

In the case of paddy grain, the egg is always placed inside the scale envel-
oping one end of the unhusked grain, and from one to five eggs may be packed
into this space. Rarely eggs are laid exposed on the grain. Sometimes also
many eggs are laid in a cluster hidden in the midst of the grains. Eggs may
be laid in the daytime as well as at night,

70 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIAD ©

The egg is about 0°5 mm. long and 0:26 mm. broad, cylindrical, rather
stout, translucent white with longitudinal ridges and furrows; the micropylar
area, at one end, is flattened and contains a slight circular concavity; the
other end of the egg is rounded or slightly tapering. Within a day of deposi-
tion the colour of the egg changes to yellowish and it continues to deepen
until it is almost brown. The larva emerges by eating through the concave
portion of the micropylar area ; some larve eat a little more of the egg-shell,
but only so much of the shell is eaten as is necessary for the emergence of the
larva. The empty egg-shell is white. As many as 117 eggs were laid by one
female moth between 25th July and 31st July, the moth dying on 3rd August.

The newly-hatched larva is less than 1 mm. long, cylindrical, pmkish-
yellow ; head brown ; five pairs of equally developed prolegs. It seldom
bores into the grain on which the egg was deposited but wanders about and
selects a grain into which it begins to bore by making a hole in the cavity left
by the breaking away of the stalk. After boring a little way into one grain
it may leave it and wander about again in search of another. When once it
has really entered into a grain, however, it does not leave it again but passes
the rest of its larval life in that grain. There is never more than one larva
in one grain, at least in the case of rice. Before it has finally settled down,
the larva is very quick in its movements, but when grown larger it can hardly
walk and seems to be helpless if removed from the grain, nor can it bore into
another grain. The larva makes its way directly into the starchy part of the
grain and the germ is left untouched. By the time that the larva is full-grown
the whole of the starchy portion (of a rice grain) has been consumed.

The full-grown larva is about 6 mm. long and about 1 mm. broad, body
very soft with the segments fairly distinct, pure white, with scattered minute
white hairs; head smaller than prothorax, into which it is at times retracted
pale yellow, mouthparts brown; prothoracic shield large, pale yellow;
spiracles round, rimmed with yellow ; five pairs of reduced prolegs.

Pupation takes place inside the grain in which the larva has fed. The
pellets of frass are pushed to one side and there is formed a white silken cocoon
lining almost the whole length of the cavity formed by the larva. The end of
the cocoon next the capital extremity of the pupa is left open and the hard
covering of the grain at this part is eaten just so much as to leave a thin membra-
nous cover for the open mouth of the cocoon. This cover is broken through
by the moth on its emergence.

The pupa is about 5 mm. long and about 1:25 mm. broad, yellow-brown
Thin hairs are present on the posterior abdominal segments and cremastral
hairs on the anal segment, The last larval skin is pushed to the posterior end

ZK, ee. ee | -S (\93t)
LO2 Kh AL Pry re

5 AU,

\
= )
~

A phanoWita aky: poll, : Pace,
: Res he Iv SF ('431 )
Lert same, + Keac'a Term J

“Vel phnoe tmpro’ = tq. TL %

Be pee ot oe ee
| bre h- reer dow [peers om Odinga Wa ( hoy ami'norad /
ee walfpry Op 9 (caver Hun fart loyeke tinsel
esd Kang x Me KR trike tak | ler
leaves (Maxon) ] rein ce.

(49 (ge), @ i (14.3) .

4 Turn. Bd fr @ why,
( Euphorbenuse) , -

Empdarta aabifions Mey Examen.

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER fa

of the cocoon and the cremastral hairs are not entangled in the fibres of the
cocoon. although the pupa-case is left inside the cocoon on emergence of the
moth.

Eggs laid on 21st hatched on 27th July 1909, and moths emerged from
these larvee between 18th August and 4th September. During cold weather
the emergence of the moths is suspended until warmer conditions return.
In the case of a quantity of affected paddy grains kept at Pusa, the number
of moths emerging became less and less as winter set in until the last moth
emerged on 22nd December ; no more appeared until 16th January, when one
moth emerged, followed by one moth on 10th February, and three on 14th
February ; after that, the weather became warmer and many moths began to
emerge. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 771.)

TELPHUSA MELANOZONA, MEYR.
Telphusa melanozona, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 65 (1913)(4).

Reared at Pusa in August from larve mining leaves of Euphorbia
vertifolia (').

Larve were collected at Pusa on 15th August 1910, mining leaves of
si) (Euphorbia nivulia). The larva mines the leaf, only a portion of which
is sufficient to supply food for its whole larval life. A portion near the apex
or about the middle of the leaf is attacked, the larva mining from the margin
inwards, the attacked portion withering and turning brown.

The larva is about 10 mm. long and about 1 mm. broad, cylindrical, yellow,
soft-bodied, with short scattered hairs ; head rather darker.

Pupation takes place usually inside the mine, the larva first preparing
for the exit of the moth by making a small hole whose opening is closed by a
thin membrane, and then lining the pupal chamber with a very thin layer of
silk. The pupa is yellow-brown, the anal segment with a few small cremastral
hairs which retain the pupa-case inside the cocoon on emergence of the moth.
Occasionally the larva pupates outside of the mine ona leaf, and in such cases
it forms a cocoon composed of silk and chewed-up pieces from the epidermis
of the leaf. The pupal period is about six days in August. (Pusa Insectary
Cage-slip 855.)

ARISTOTELIA INGRAVATA, MEYR. (PLATE XVI, FIG. 2.)
Aristotelia ingravata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 118-119 (1918)(}).

Bred at Pusa from larva forming galls in twigs of Tamarix gallica. Also
recorded from Peshawar.

The larva bores into a Tamarix stem, which swells up a little at the part
bored, forming a sort of a gall inside which the larva is found, The larva

72 : LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADAS

does not bore up and down inside the stem but lives in the gall, several of
which may be found on the same stem at quite short distances apart (Plate
XVI, figure 2a).

The larva is about 8 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards
either extremity, brownish-yellow, prothorax and anal segment tinged
with pinkish; head black, shiny; prothoracic shield large, black,
shiny; last two abdominal. segments with black plates ; five pairs of short
prolegs.

Pupation takes place inside the gall, through one end of which the larva
gnaws a round hole for emergence of the moth, this hole being stopped with a
thin layer of silk, which is burst by the moth. The larva may pass the summer
in a resting condition inside the gall. From larvee collected on 15th February
1915, one moth emerged on 23rd April and another moth on 22nd October
whilst larvee were still living in the galls on 29th September 1915. Moths
have also been reared out in May. The larve are extensively parasitized.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1202.)

CoLoBoDe 5 riety
LDIOPHANTIS CHIRIDOTA, MEYR.
Tdiophantis chiridota, Meyr., Exot. Mier., I, 201 (1914)(2).

Reared at Peradeniya in May from galls produced by a Psyllid on

Eugenia(}). .

ISTRIANIS CRAUROPA, MEYR.

Istrianis crauropa, Meyr., Exot. Micr., H, 130 (1918)(?).

‘“ Bred at Dharwar, N. Kanara, in June from a larva feeding externally
on lower surface of leaf of Butea frondosa (Leguminose) in May (Mazvwell) ;
pupa in spindle-shaped cocoon on leaf(!).”

EPHYSTERIS -CHERSAA, MEYR.

Ephysteris chersea, Meyr., P. Z. 8., 1908, 725(3), Exot. Mier., II, 131 (1918)(?).
Epithectis oschophora, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 219-220(3) ; Fletcher, Entl.

Note 80 (1916)(4).

First described from the Transvaal(!) and afterwards from Maskeliya,
Diyatalawa, Calcutta and Purneah(3), this species has since been recorded
from the Tenimber Islands, New Guinea(?). We have it from Purneah,
Coimbatore and Abbottabad.

The larva is stated to feed in dry vegetable refuse(?). The moth was
reared at Coimbatore in 1914, from cholam stubble(¢).

Fig. 2.—Ephysteris cherscea, Moth,
natural size and magnified (>< 11).

a han orn
ee
Ria ne

feat
J

| Seog
vy eo) i
ite gee *
tae

ai cor werd a F

ye +N - : ee ,
P Yel i 4
wars!
i eS
al - \« iy iv }
2 & ee
‘+
4 o

i.

‘or.

}

Lavo hawt hinds Ua _ Ono ¢ (OG , Deer Ay. Dum Se 3%, p-%

ag pata ma [a | Preeyne Exg@: Pen TV 4 (1926 a ee eae oor :
LL ha *5 law aw lraves A anda (hg Bre cese
es a aa = Bbsmiaens, tp} nee

ArotsGlia ay: a, beye. Exar hac W, g-Iro (191%) Q -- Cay bn

rth PRO ase po lave as lente 4 Wee bse tp. ( do Kaa cease),
(dome J “(eye Exerbee TE tes rie + 1g)

Senter Ry eerie eae oO '
Racers te ‘rare hey RKO, hee si. A one) & L bxereds, <7)

oy
Headuck« tems hy Exe, hie Wi 4c (ansy C Gta. badpg Pe ues
Une a.)

~

a nrg (2&4 LU .30-V- 19) mS Le bed 7 Deru De A ad hoes \gr© a re all
a neste, Rene excebre ote ted Ar end Hn May ag shld ai Niitink «hea

('926)- Ph Reads 4 Protea.)

Pew. f~ Peadineb: enr 6 ap ey By jam bos , Dwrwe UbeRnns (546) )-

Cdr ty aconRivpe, bey.

Ldic hewis AtexKRupe, hep Ex Wie Iv bq (931) Oe . Dilass gt
Lmd 2 TK Fe. Bsn [ents ) |
Ephyints chesra Aw , Rep. rm Be pene pitts fer ee yu) LO deo,

brid, Ny re a) peer SONY va nee Fant e ali ic py Pe)

| Chhyslenns cherscea , Janver, Quine Bun Sugar Exp. So. see Pout. 3 (22 aim n- 19,

Fa tyby ist ot ee ged Queen olnnd’)

Phithors mare belacbe Crbut + Co yey BM. 3%, > % (agr4) Reed 4 meby

Pee. fer Thacce -) ;
Phikow ete helichs) Bo dan her mer “
D wey 5 < fAscee tiem. ky 4

Bin. LE. Foype \gr6 , b6-~67,f-!- lary) [ Pabetm-
6 AA rust ).

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 73

EPITHECTIS STUDIOSA, MEYR.

Epithectis studiosa, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 591-592 (1905)(}).

Described from Peradeniya, where the larva was found feeding on dried
plants in the herbarium(!). The Peradeniya collection also contains specimens
under this name reared from rice received from Northern India.

PHTHORIMAA HELIOPA, LOWER.

Gelechia heliopa, Lower, P. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1900, 417(}).

Gnorimoschema heliopa, Meyr., P. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1904, 320-321(?), B. J.,
XVI, 592 (1905)(%); Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Pests, p. 156(4), Ent. Mem.
Agr. Dept. Ind., I, 224(5), Ind. Ins. Life, pp. 534-535(8), Agr. Jl. Ind.,
III, tab.(7) ; Fletcher, 8S. Ind. Ins., pp. 454-455, t. 43 (1914)(8).

Phthorimea heliopa, Fletcher, Entl. Note 81 (1916)(%), Proc. Second Entl.
Meeting, p. 272 (1917)(29), § eet ee Hbrerhirg L. i508) (Nv. (92)
Originally described from Australia(!) this species is widely distributed

in India and Ceylon, and probably occurs in Java also. It occurs throughout

the Plains of India, Burma and Ceylon, but we have no records from North-

Western India. Our records are from Hanguranketa (Ceylon), Coimbatore,

Shevaroy Hills, Hagari, Penukonda (Anantapur District), Tharsa, Gujarat,

Nadiad, Anand District, Pusa, Rangpur and Zigonkwin (Burma). In most

districts this seems to be a minor pest of tobacco, the larva boring into the

stem and causing a characteristic gall-like swelling, but it is sporadically
serious and in Western India it is a major pest of tobacco.

The egg is elongate-oval, about 0°5 mm. long, greenish at first, changing
later to orange-yellow. The eggs are laid at night indiscriminately anywhere
on the plant but especially on the lower surfaces of the leaves. In confinement
one female laid 58 eggs during one night, dying nextday. The egg hatches
after about 19 days in December or 11 days in March.

The newly-hatched larva is about 1 mm. long, cylindrical, translucent
yellowish-white ; head large, black; prothoracic shield small, black; a few
hairs scattered over segments ; five pairs of prolegs. It emerges from the egg
by gnawing a hole at one end but the egg-shell is more or less burst open longi-
tudinally. The empty egg-shell is not eaten by the young larva. As it grows
the yellow tinge is gradually lost and the full-grown larva is about 10 mm. long,
cylindrical, tapering slightly posteriorly, segments fairly distinct, translucent
whitish or greyish ; head smaller than prothorax, dark-brown ; prothoracic
shield large, black, divided medially ; fifth abdominal segment with a brownish
patch ; spiracles round, rimmed with black ; five pairs of prolegs.

; wis |
Lew A paren (> “e

-

(rp mde }

a bs

\

Chelansdba 3p

Rema Xnakew

~ Rat fv ett.
\

(Dec- 9 Ww j

74 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADE

The young larva bores into the tissue of a tobacco leaf, usually near the
place where it has emerged from the egg, in cases where the egg was laid on a
leaf, and mines into the leaf. If the egg was laid on a stem, the young larva
bores directly into the stem. The mine in the leaf is not large as the larva,
as soon as it comes across a vein, bores into that until it reaches the midrib
of the leaf, leaving a trail of black pellets of excrement behind it. The larva
may take about a week to reach the midrib, the time depending on the distance
it has to travel. In the case of young plants with hardly any stem the larva
may remain in the midrib and pupate there ; but, when there is a stem, the
larva bores into that through the midrib. In either case, whether in midrib.
or stem, the feeding of the larva produces a gall-like swelling which is a charac-
teristic sign of attack. This swelling is not immediately evident but appears
two or three weeks (in the cold weather) after the larva has reached the midrib.
More than one larva may be present in one stem and thus slitting of the stems,
as sometimes practised, does not ensure removal of all the larve.

Pupation takes place in the larval tunnel in the stem or midrib. Prior
to pupation the larva prepares a hole of exit for the moth, the mouth of the
hole being covered with a thin white silken webbing. The larva next prepares
a thin brownish silken cocoon lining the tunnel and pupates in this. The
pupa is about 6 to 7 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, brown, anal
segment with small grey cremastral hooks. The empty pupa-case remains
inside the cocoon.

The moth is active only at night and passes the day. resting motionless
on the plants or any suitable object. The moths live in confinement for six |
to twelve days.

The following table shows the life-cycle during the winter but in the warm
weather the period is much shortened :—

Eggs laid Eggs hatched Larve pupated Moth’s emergence ar
6—XII 20-XIT 9-II 9-IIT | 93
6—-XII 20-XII 4—IIT 31-1 115
8—XII 21-XII 3-II 5-III | 87

10-XII 23-XII 2-III 20-IIT 100
18-XII 6-I a 30-III 102
18-XII 6-I Se 2-IV j; 105
22—XII 10-I sve 26-11] 94
22-XII 10-1 oe 5-IV 104

ae
ra

PANE

45
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PLATE

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Phthorimaca blapsigona:—Moth,

natura!

maecnified.

and

size

Below

c

is seen a more highly maenified view

XVII.

of the head. as seen from the side.

a, Brinjal leaf with larval mine; b, larva;

5

ergasima:

Phthorimaea
c, pupa ; d. moth ;

2s

oi

Fig.

yonihed ( x

Oo).

c

natural sizes andmse

aie :.

ae he
Laat

it
mi
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a
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td

vi

PLATE XVIII.

PHT'HORIMEA OPERCULELLA.

ad

9.
10.
AE
12.

ae ee

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII,

PHTHORIMAEA OPERCULELLA.

A potato plant showing injury caused by the larve.

Moth resting on plant.

Potato tuber showing evidences of caterpillar attack in the masses of

excrement at the eyes. A cocoon on the tuber.

Potato tuber cut open to show damage caused by caterpillar.
Potato tuber showing the track of the caterpillar and the pupa.
Young larva.

Imago, male.
» female.

Pupa.

Adult larva.

Hggs deposited at the eye of a potato tuber, magnified

(The hair-lines show the natural sizes.

act de Cl edt yaiwoda rodut
PES y bVIB! Bano’

ee oe ee

Vite

a ul — <
ee
rove a eel

PHTHORIMEA QPERCUILELLA.

beh hy beg IR Te
peyey nga 8
‘ a ty 1, ah y

i {hr

rovin chy, "
wd ils oki

AS

eat + Oe

' The cM
; AlKo’ ei ul
vs Lean a
Wiienise, S.. 9
A
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a mit
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enti 4

ia. 2 =

,
a v< = a) art FL} fe “pal pee
° st
.. ‘ : :
mht i - 2 7 i weias
bu ¢
+ 7 uw
¥ * + >:
“a sat gue
i4
- a a
an eral?
a ES ~
4 Mi = 7 a
> : ) AjPSin
F } - : ; aA a]
a SP We ot eb) P=) Sheet. oP ees
oe oT <> None
‘ d Vim ASS we mah =k en at err.
= . ; Z

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.

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fete Soaps 2 See 2a latent

: ‘ : 7% ae

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 15

PHTHORIMAA BLAPSIGONA, MEYR. (PLATE XVII, FIG. 1.)

Phthorimea blapsigona, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 569 (May 1916) (1) ; Proc. Second
Entl. Meeting, p. 288 (1917)(?), Frac. Thar) EAP. treeMis Tis ‘Nos. i920
Described from specimens reed at Coimbatore in July and August from

larvee feeding on buds of brinjal (Solanum melongena)(?).

This species has been reared at Coimbatore, Saidapet and Nagpur from
larvee boring and feeding in flower-buds of brinjal. It is also reported to bore
into the fruits at Nagpur, and is stated to be a decided pest in Madras and the

Central Provinces. We have not been able to find this species uu Pusa and Be
My ovinacen +p. | f Retmontrahwe fhyyan est - AL EA A

Lan we parark (Cyr hy
have no details of its early stages. r heckcy TE 933 Dec. 1920

z B oe, aa OPERCULELLA, Z. (PLATE XVIII.)
ww ay
Gelechia { operculella, Zeller, Verh. ZB. Ges. Wien., XXIII, 262-263, t. 3,
nS 7 (1873)(2). Jy _ Vexas )
Phthorimea operculella, Wism., P. Z. 8., 1907, 942 [synonymy](?); Meyr.,
T.L. 8. (2) XIV, 273 (1911) (3) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins.Life, p. 535, t. 57 (1909)(4),

Agr. Jl. Ind., V, 19-28, t. 1 (Jan. 1910) (5) ; Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., p. 455, eter eee we
t. 44 (1914)(6) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp. 286, 288 (1917)(7); Varun ® oe ot y- ig)
This species, which has been carried to almost all parts of the World RS. Kase Tse.

with potato tubers, was brought into Bombay from Italy probably about 7.) f.tt. “Cy
twenty years ago, and has now spread into most of the potato-growing districts 7 753-770 (Nev. yr)
of India, where it is a very important pest of the stored tubers. It has also .
been found at Dharwar on one occasion mining brinjal leaves (Entomological
Note 77). Our records include Mirpurkhas (Sind), Poona, Dharwar, Nilgiris
to 6,500 feet, Coimbatore, Chindwara, Sitamarhi, Partabgarh, Bankipur,
Bettiah, Pusa and Purneah, but there is no doubt that this species is. still
spreading and will ultimately invade all the potato-growing districts in
India.
In America and South Africa this species is well-known as a destructive
miner in tobacco leaves, but it has not been noted to attack tobacco in India,
It has also been noted on tomato, Solanum torvum, S. verbascifolium, S. caro-
linense, S. nigrum, Physalis peruviana, Physalodes physalodes, and Datura
stramonium, but has not been recorded on these foodplants in India.
The early stages have been described by Morgan and Crumb (U. S. A.
Dept. Agric. Bull. 59; 1914) as follows :—
“Egg. The egg is pale, translucent, yellowish-grey, and strongly irides-
cent ; it is oval, 0°45 mm. long, 0°35 mm. broad at the middle, membranous,
and without apparent sculpture. The side upon which it is deposited is shghtly
flattened,

76 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADA

“ Tarva. The full-grown larva is 7 to 14 mm. long. The head shield
is 0°80 to 0°86 mm. broad and fuscous brown. The cervical shield is darker
brownish-fuscous, with a pale mid-dorsal line, shining, the posterior margin
medially straight. The anal shield is brown. The mesothorax and metatho-
rax are deep maroon. The body varies in colour through green and grey and
is overlaid dorsally with purplish as the larva nears pupation. It is slender,
tapering from the mesothorax posteriorly and set closely and uniformly with
minute granules each bearing a minute point, the granules of the thorax and the
last abdominal segment being the larger. The tubercles and their sete are
inconspicuous, brownish ; tubercle IT is slightly larger than I. The legs are
deep fuscous ; the prolegs, green.....The larva on potato is more greyish on
the body...and has the mesothorax and metathorax pinkish instead of deep
maroon.

“ Pupa. The pupa is yellowish-brown, 5°5 to 7 mm. long and 1°5 to 2
mm. broad; it is broadest through the metathorax, tapering both anteriorly
and posteriorly. The head is rather distinct and slightly nodding. The
abdomen, excepting the last three segments, is set with very mmute spinules ;
it bears at the tip mid-dorsally a short, curved, erect, pointed horn flanked by
about four pairs of long hooked spinules, and ventrally a pair of blunt, rounded
lobes beneath which are about four pairs of long hooked spinules. Each
abdominal segment is set with a transverse row of spinules near the anterior
margin.”

A good deal of work has been done in India to combat the attack of this
pest on stored potato tubers, and accounts will be found in the Agricultural
Journal of India and in the Bihar Agricultural Journal. Storage under sand
has been found successful in some districts, and in others fumigation with
petrol vapour and subsequent storage in moth-proof godowns is used.

PHTHORIMHA ERGASIMA, MEYR. (PLATE XVII, FIG. 2.)

Phthorimea ergasima, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 568-569 eee ); 1. ¢.
(1918)(2) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 288_(1917)(3), ‘Yarns, ,? Red BM
Described from Pusa(}). hate T. Dial Seis

“Larva green, head and plate of 2 purplish ; mines a blotch in leaves of
Solanum melongena (Fletcher)’’(?).

At Pusa the larve mine brinjal leaves in January to March and in July
and perhaps throughout the year, eating the tissues between the epidermal
layers. The larva is able to emerge from its mine and walk about and enter
a leaf again at another place. The mine is usually near the tip of a leaf. The

larva is about 7 mm. long and about 1:25 mm. broad across the metathorax

ae at ‘ 4
i ai es
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; ute on mosat lores aligitly avon ; ¢
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tion. inks es plu
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ured 0 own Ww ith ulin,

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aah $ a) Pu- £0 ae Apa). onl , paste’ pes het daterilasied Sip

part
Mg a uf be tid ine aVas, : eI . nop Prosal iY | MR the ONT araldincd | u
| , Coml ; abigetd sob -

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i | Anaca mp 2 nivatio , eyr .

| [ Rd ar lawn i dh. Um, Henph cncied du pe, inte 9
Bn Legmint [end wdoh | « AAdrenl deve of Wrefrd daw rdbur
Hee 5 dpe Wa jie Imp knyle bes the ; bed range; pete yg 1 map,
porn ay aru , bMisen dfn Lawes 4 Termrictia belerter ( Crmlet acer)
Lhecetm) ) Chey Extbee 1 vei: 1926 ) |

I Agsophere modrcuta va Mente ido. Ev. Xow 4-7, 0, f.rr8 (goa) Pe-
[D dee mw Sopa higede ; Jawa )
\\ Avwesma ped refer , mer. [1906 & (aKa: Ni Toakesd
a Sew r. (90 :) [henge L. 3
. (yt) f Rend + bets

) Samp for * Subaecrweha | Cour + Cote, ) Depr. Agaic. Shs Bm ENDER
| ‘eane ~ Guar ty Sry - bee Peeey) Gingwy J

Thin ey ma, Cntug db fats , Der Ay. Drs Det. 36 p-% (26) | Remo

oom Jolene cae 2a orev Si Yerbares fils we

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER Ti

whence it tapers prominently anteriorly and slightly posteriorly, rather flattened,
segments distinct, yellowish with reddish dorsal and lateral stripes ; head
flattened, smaller than prothorax, dark brown, shiny; prothorax smaller
than mesothorax, dark brown, with a shiny dark-brown medially-divided
plate ; mesothorax slightly smaller than metathorax, with reddish markings
dorsally ; metathorax entirely yellow ; five pairs of small, equally developed
prolegs. Pupation takes place either inside the mine or under the shelter of a
leaf fastened down with silk. The pupal period is about seven days in July
and eleven days in February. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 952, 1328 and
es Prasad Singh’s Cage-slip dated 18th February 1916.)
Mice Eo wnniy Wimfel Rawe, Mesilamsa

PHTHORIMAA OCELLATELLA, BOYD.

Gelechia ocellatella, Boyd., Entom. Weekly Intell., IV, 143 (1858) (4) ; Stainton,

Manual IT, 340 (1859)(?) ; Meyr., Handbk., p. 593 (1895)(°).

Phthorimea ocellatella, Meyr., Exot. ee II, 135 (1918)(4).

This is a European species recorded from Western and Southern Europe,
Madeira, Asia Minor and, within our limits, from Galle (Ceylon)(}).

The larva is described by Stainton (2) as “‘ pale greyish-white, with four
dull reddish interrupted lines along the back; head pale yellowish-brown.
On the flowers of Beta maritima.”

In Italy this species has recently been recorded by Del Guercio as
injurious to beet, feeding on the tender leaves and then tunnelling into the
root. (See Review Appl. Entom., Ser. A, Vol. VII, page 193; May 1919.)

supe BCAVELL AS Zien;
STOMOPTERYX NERTFERTA,-MEYR:

Anacampsis nerteria, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 139 (1906)(1), Ree. Ind. Mus., V, 220
(2), Ann. Transvaal Mus., I, 11 (1909)(3); Lefroy, Ent. Mem., I, 226 (4),
Ind. Ins. Life, p. 534(5).

Aproerema nerteria, Fletcher, South Ind. Ins., pp. 457-458, f. 333 (1914)(6),
Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp. 43, 47, 92 (1917)(7).

Stomopteryx nerteria, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 138 (1918)(8), Vf tn, ise Ths Butt. en nyt

Originally described from Maskeliya (Ceylon)(}), Sih species has since
been recorded from India (2) and Pretoria (South Africa)(’). In India it is
widely distributed in the Plains. Our records include moths reared at Coim-
batore on Cajanus indicus, mining and folding the leaves ; at Pusa and Nagpur
on soybean, on the young leaves and shoots; on groundnut at Peradeniya,
Coimbatore, Hagari, Dharwar and Fraserganj (Sundarbans) ; and on Psorulea
corylifolia at Pusa and Nagpur. We also have moths from Peshawar and

(Nov.

($2 -193

19 )

seks s
on & T eh 4
helene si Prt -

oe padre MH ts 4654
Reith,

Reet

78 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIAD

Mandalay. In Madras it is an important pest of groundnut and is well-known
under the name of surul puch.

The whole life-cycle is passed on the foodplant, the egg being laid on the
leaves or stems, the larva at first mining into the leaves and later on tying
them together, and pupating in the larval shelter so formed.

The egg is described by Green as “ pale green, irregularly elongate-oval,
surface coarsely pitted in irregular longitudinal series, under the microscope
remarkably similar both in form and sculpture to seed of Arachis.” It has
also been recorded by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar and Y. Ramachandra Rao as
‘about 0°35 mm. in length, longer than broad, somewhat flattened, with the
proximal face resting flatly on the leaf and the distal one convex. Its external
surface is ornamented with a system of ridges forming a kind of network,
while its inner face, by which it is attached, is, except for a few obsolete ridges,
more or less even. In colour it is creamy yellow when freshly laid ; it retains
this tinge to a greater or less extent until the third day, when a black dot (the
head of the larva) makes its appearance, and as it approaches the time of
hatching it gradually turns dark.”

The egg may be laid on any part of the upper portion of the foodplant ;
when laid on a leaf, it is usually placed on the lower surface ; as a rule the egg
is laid in some slight depression on the plant.

The eggs are laid singly by night, the maximum number laid by one
female being noted as 97, and hatch after three days.

The newly-hatched larva is slightly over 0°5 mm. long, dull grey, flattened
anteriorly, slender posteriorly ; head black ; prothoracic shield light brown.
It wanders about for a short time and then mines into a leaf, the mine after a
day or two showing up as a whitish-brown streak ; the terior of the mine
is lined with a layer of silk. After mining for about eight days, the larva bites
its way out of the mine and webs together two or more leaflets and lives under
shelter, forming a small oval silk-lined chamber about 8 mm. long in which
the larva lives and ultimately pupates. After another three or four days it
is full-grown and is then about 5°5 to 6 mm. long, rather stout, faint dirty
green ; head, prothoracic and anal shields dark brown ; each segment with
tubercles from which arise pale brown sete ; legs dark brown ; prolegs greenish.
Male larvee show, between the fourth and fifth abdominal segments, a pair of
asymmetrically-situated dark violet testes, which are clearly visible through
the skin. Pupation takes place in a closely-woven torpedo-shaped cocoon,
about 9 mm. long, and usually constructed in the larval chamber to whose
sides it is rather loosely attached. The pupa is about 4°5 mm. long, rather stout,
yellowish or reddish brown; cephalic and thoracic regions thickly covered

Ct ele sasparerantas 39.

-withi. i ienertade, by. whieh it 4a attached, is, extent for afew obsolete Fit

_ ateriody, slender paeteviody ; heya hlack.; prothoraaie shield ght ty |
be wana aboatter hy shor tine and ther cai’ ‘nta a leat, che mee aienes

_ theiter, tormiig a‘sinall’ oval elk-lined chamber 2 200th) tary, Jong in

“the gkin. Pupanian takes phice ty a Cligely omen, &

‘car at ee Sata panei

a
ne

Munslaiay. 1d Madroltit Ww encbnportane aera

andvr te iene of cunb/ paths, ais a a
The whole deepal cases Sr eae abl be 1
lenwes cm stein, ‘thy Teeva G4) Grek apinieig into ‘the Senet re

thai together and pa peting ii thé larval abeltér eo formed. ¢ ae 7
thin cage tn enattbed. y-Groen a4 ‘pale geecn, Snrepmlany¢ Yi
sulitew eoabsaly: pitted teinmeguiar lonpitdiinal : series, cuder thy
Themtkably “aotar both in-iore-qm! seulpeuse to seed of bvncke
als: heen reeprded by T..¥, famakrichng Ayyne aod Ys spate 0
about iM) ners. ii length, loser chan’ broad. sonsewhubtattqned,
proviteal face resting flatly ow the Jest aud che distal ane conve, Fee
oudaer TF onpamanscd with a system ol titers fonging-« kmdy oF

OoUr

aa '
ar) aoe
;

5 a
j aM |

Bettys

tycite ve lees Qyeq, La oGlourit ts axtemyp yellow when freshly tan, Pa Oe
this tings Lo 4 gteuter or lees exten! itil the third day, when a Uinees
bead- i the lave) maekes ity appearance, wud ag i ab ig a4
baicbink it -gemliidiy “terns dare,”

Ths are way be td ‘pa any port oF oe upper, portion: it wie
When tdid on a lpal, its wsnally’ pase. ou the tower surtnes > a4 3 rile ne
ikdan! ip come Eiht Heprisson on the, plant, : ah

‘The elas aro laid-siacly by tight, the maximum paien taht
fenuide here voted ‘aa W7; and hatch after thres days, sine

Tha nowly-hatched lnevatts ghightly over: OG mm, dong, dull peer

ah
an ar
i}

F Alva ;

Ln a
7

eas)

day nttwo show mg Ap an & whittch- brie ‘streaks : bho sre OF i
ig hed With-a ayer of silk. After mining for about.cight Maye / wip Ja:
ifs Wav gut at the tine aid wWehe fogether tWo-ae more leailets apd dp

the \wtya'lives and nliintatdy popates, After another hres Gri
is full-ceower aud w Uked abobt 85 to°6 nam. long, talker sbi: ds
green; bend, protherweie and -anal -vhiel’s dark heowing @agl’ sega
wiRerclas from which anpseyphie browt seta | Jege-dyrk-hyowe, ain ge
Mix Janta, snow, ote ie eet ee

bey orretntulig-sitimted dack-vidiet tata Rinipaiie er

ate

vont 9 ym, lonp/-and, usually constr in the Taeval
siden it- is eather iopsely altacited, | The pupa imabont 45 pe

- ng, eth Ni ‘

< if
Kae AT ole

So pe nh te Se ed dg

a ee

=

oe ea ema

PLATYEDRA

GOSSYPIELLA.

PLATE XIX.

SAB oP wr

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX,

PLATYEDRA GOSSYPIELLA.
Eggs, enlarged.
Young larva.
Adult larva.
Pupa.
Infested cotton-boll.
Larva inside cotton-seed.

Moth.

(The hair-lines show the natural sizes.)

uesrerets

AIIGITYe20p AdaayTard
-bogisiang oth

svisl yavoY ®

.svisl tiobA

equd

Jlod-aottoos botestal
b992-ctodtoo obient svisil

™ toM

PLATYEDRA GOSSYPIELLA.

re
5
B.S
Vo ig
Bo

ll i :
rn cnrrrrrr ne ene

i lesan atta

“h te samedi, 13 anwwetne
We i t
f ithe aith, Pp
he 1. abn ight, hi

5 ni

server prac
= F
he dile-oy ele {

Pi Bon ‘ Vig wile

a and is ty

f{. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 19

with minute velvety hairs ; abdominal segments with similar but longer hairs
which are, however, confined to a median transverse belt on each segment ;
anal segment with cremastral hooks which retain the pupa-case within the
cocoon on emergence of the moth. The pupal period is about four days.

The moth flies at night, hiding during the daytime in the soil, in crevices
or under clods. It is strongly attracted to light at night. The moth has been
found to live for sixteen days in confinement ; under natural conditions its
life is probably much longer. ;

The life-cycle is about three weeks, of which the egg stage lasts for twelve
to fourteen days, and the pupal stage for four days. Under colder conditions,
the cycle may be prolonged to six weeks. Under suitable conditions of tem-
perature and presence, of foodplants, this insect seems to breed throughout

the year and no regular broods can be distinguished.

PLATYEDRA GOSSYPIELLA, SAUNDERS. (PLATE XIX.)

Depressaria gossypiella, Saunders, T. E. 8. (1), HI, 285 (1842)(}).

Gelechia gossypiella, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 592, (1905)(?); Wlsm., Faun. Hawaii,
I, 731-733 (1907)() ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Pests, p. 93, ff. 104-106(*), Ent-
Mem., I, 223, f. 69(5), Ind. Ins. Life, p. 534, f. 344 (1909)(6) ; Durrant,
Bull. Ent. Res., II, 203-206, fig. (1912)(7) ; Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., p., 454,
t. 42 (1914)(8) ; Willcocks, Ins. Pests Egypt, Vol. I, pt. i, pp. 1-339, 17
figs., 10 tabs. (1916)(9) ; Gough, Egypt Agric. Ent. Bull. 4 (1916)(19) ;
Fletcher, Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp. 10, 111-114, 127, 129, 130,
(1917)(2),

Pectinophora gossypiella, Busck, Journ. Agri. Res., IX, 243-370, t. 7-12 (1917) (*) ;
Ballou, Journ. Ec. Ent., XI, 236-245 (1918)(}%). o

Platyedra gossyprella, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I. 136 (1918) (4); Sutinn Ge: hod

ins. T

44 5

known to occur in the Straits Settlements, Philippines, Japan (?), Hawai, ~

Zanzibar, East Africa, Sudan, Egypt, Brazil, Mexico and the Southern United \: (sn ‘=

States.

P. gossypiella occurs commonly throughout the Plains of India, Burma
and Ceylon and is everywhere a pest of cotton, serious in most localities, espe-
cially so in the United Provinces, North-West Frontier Province and Madras.
It is especially evident towards the end of the season when a large percentage
of the bolls and seeds is attacked. In all districts exotic varieties seem

aa)

(r

a l\K

-

ae)

> »
ar

|

J

Nay, | cst

4 -

k Sw Age
aA. Pree aaa

: : : ( Nov. \9% )
This species, the notorious ‘“‘ Pink Bollworm” of cotton, was_ first, pat ;

described from Western India(1) and there is little doubt but that India was its :
original home, whence it has been carried in recent years with cotton-seed +
to most parts of the world, so that it is now very widely distributed and is --3, ‘

3

4 ce
a «

_

80 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADA

most liable to attack. The larva bores into the bolls, feeding on the seeds and
spoiling the lint, and also does some damage to buds and flowers when bolls
are not available, but when bolls are formed these are much preferred. Many
of the attacked bolls drop off and there may be considerable loss of crop from
this, or the bolls open prematurely and the fibre is short, dirty and
comparatively useless. The oil content of the attacked seed is seriously
lessened also, and the germination is affected if the seeds are used for sowing.
The loss due to this insect in India alone runs to many millions of Rupees
annually.

As noted above, the larva is a serious pest of cotton, but has also been
found in India breeding on Hibiscus abelmoschus, Abutilon indicum and doubt-
fully on hollyhock. In Egypt and Hawaii it has been bred from Thespesia
populnea and in Hawaii also from fruits of Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis. In
Egypt it has been reared from hollyhock, Hibiscus esculentus and H. cannabinus
and it will probably be found to breed in these foodplants in India also.

Very detailed accounts of the life-history have been given by Willcocks(®)
and Busck(!) and reference should be made to their publications for full
details. Briefly, the life-history is as follows :—The egg is usually laid ona
cotton-boll but may be deposited on a flower or leaf. It hatches in about
six days (more or less according to season), and the small yellowish larva,
which is very active, either bores into a boll at once, or bores into a flower or
nibbles the leaves for a short time before entering a boll. Entered into a boll
(or seed-pod, in the case of foodplants other than cotton) it feeds on the seeds,
either completely eating out a single seed or nibbling several. It is full-fed
after two or three weeks, by which time it is salmon pink and about 12 mm.
long, and then emerges from the boll through a circular hole and pupates in a
flimsy cocoon usually formed under some shelter on the ground (e. g., under
a fallen leaf, flower, clod, etc.). If the lint is picked whilst the larva is still
feeding, it emerges when full-fed and may pupate in the lint or in any conve-
nient shelter in the store-room. Rarely pupation takes place inside the boll.
In some cases, however, usually towards the end of the season, the larva does
not pupate at once, but goes into a resting condition which may last for many
months. Im the case of larve feeding in stored cotton-seed, the larva usually
attaches a second seed to the seed in which it is feeding and the presence of
these double seeds is a sure sign of infection by this insect. After a variable,
but often considerable, interval of time these resting larvee pupate and emerge
as moths. Thus, from larve collected at Pusa on 10th November 1907, one
larva pupated on 12th March, and emerged on 28th March 1908, whilst another
larva of this lob pupated on 4th June and emerged on 13th June 1908. The

“The

7

"itd
x

fous

“oro not availabe, &
pt ake att tacked balls drop oF desl: tere i oar he

eh } sega m 12th sar, ened emer garter

és »
~ & a4
. by
* )
* ut, =.
{ P + ee ee
<a Lal - — a

‘ ; a om me ‘i
theta tales di
bat <<

this,,or the’ bolle épen ‘preinatarely and | aS >
comparatively tivolesa The oi onntenit, of ‘he’ ‘attacked i
renaesibe also,and + de yerntination’ is: affeoved it the sands: otal FE
chia theget in Tn ‘Lin alone ) Suns te weeny li
anally, <': . ba
Ao mote: anove, the larva 1.2 Berious.] past ol 1 chhenny ui es
:, Ahunlen indioums
igvpt and Hawaii it hasbeen Braddiroms
swank 9 fron: frnits of sibs ag

“ac lesa lve te)

\ bs 7 a sf / ¥ >
four in Indm breeding on Hilisces abelmorehus

’ A . = > %
fuily ey ho] 4 -

posieirunt wad ty

Kgs tat has heen Per item he hock Hid scus ot se lentics aad. ea
f3 :
anc 2h. ill prol biv Re found to. breed un Fee fond plants i iu Tada vi ot
, ; GrDuy : h Wrest ney he vies pew giv en n by Wille Re , yy
ail Ruse! fF end méteren onic Cpe mack it eit pulse at tidus, fog }
al Riveily. the lilea sas follows >=The’ eve ia san te Jaid on
efttien-holl but may , on a Howér.or Teal as hatches in: abo
ay a } we th shee iGo-t al yea

der i acty = % ACTS Y2 : wasy DO! into ‘ } mut Ss once: CF er as inte & ‘iloy He ~, :
f a. boll- Suited luton i

nie Yr f He pes0 mie
rapa pot F lant YT 2han, Coctan) ik feeds on ghe §
' ; lie a eiraiG. 5 ar wib bing Hey an mh ft is fudid
‘4

a f¢3 : CW ‘ ib Tae: A ee} rey we bic h Lime sf is awlOn pir and about 12

lang, and ther: emerge the boil throwgll # oiscular bole and pimpate vi :
flimsy cocoon wauaih don urine Kheiter a the grown (ae; 9%, a
a falien leat, ower, ¢ 5): 2f the unt ie Sched svhifet the larva it .
een ‘ ges: vo} (i-fed ar 1 BY papate 13 the 4 oy ast @ aye

sieht shelter inthe stormrocn: — Rarely gepation tele place Insiae: ‘tho,

Tn 807 1uwever, Usnally towards the end af theneagon, the larva

sO papate at onec, but goes inte arecting donditont which way last pe
wduiths. ko the onde of larvm feeding in. stored cotimi-neeh, the tava
aétatbes 2 second seéd {o the seed in: Which atts toediog: and) hei pres

Meese jlouble seads is a quite air'of iniotian ig dite imaect, oo

pe

bat often oansiderabla, interval af time ‘head resting: larvae

has, from Jaryn velleciod we Dien ‘on 1th i

as DMs

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 81

following table shows the variation exhibited by larve from eggs laid at the

same time.
Egg laid Egg hatched Larva pupated Moth emerged
1423-07 19-X-07 | 13-X1-07 1-XII-07
17-X-07 23-X-07 | 12-X1-07 29-XI-07
17-X-07 23-X-07 20-XI-05 9-XII-07
17-X-07 23-X-07 pa. 30-V-08
18—X-07 24—X-07 | 14—XI-07 4—XTI-07

Some larve may, however, enter into a resting stage which lasts for two
years or perhaps even longer.

The egg is elongate-oval with rounded ends, about 0°53 mm. long and
0:26 mm. broad, with minute longitudinal (but slightly zigzag) ridges ; at
first translucent white, looking green against the green background of a lcaf
or boll, but turning light yellow before hatching, the head of the enclosed
larva showing as a large black spot at one end. The young larva does not
eat the empty egg-shell.

The newly-hatched larva is about 1 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering poste-
riorly, yellow; head black, shiny ; prothoracic shield dark brown. When
about half-grown, it is yellowish-white with pinkish suffusion around the
spiracles and tubercles, head chestnut-brown, prothoracic shield brownish.
When full-grown it is about 12 mm. long, rather stout, about 2°5 mm. broad,
pinkish ; head brown ; prothorax broad, with a medially divided, light brown
shield ; all segments (except head and anal segment) with a broad salmon-
pink ring broken on each side by two delicate light-grey spots which form
an interrupted lateral stripe; anal segment with a small shield; hairs
moderate.

The pupa is about 6 to 7 mm. long and about 2°6 mm. broad, yellowish-
brown, with short brown hairs densely scattered over the surface ; anal segment
with a black cremastral spine and numerous shorter hair-like hooklets. These
cremastral hooks retain the pupa-case inside the cocoon on emergence of the
moth. .

The moth flies in the evening, after dusk, remaining during the daytime
hidden away under any convenient shelter ; when disturbed by day, it scuttles
along and seeks another shelter, rarely taking to wing. It is attracted to light
at night to some extent.

82 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADA

Little is known in India regarding any parasites or other natural enemies
of this insect. Mvcrobracon sp. and a Bethylid have been reared and at Surat
a Braconid was reared and is figured in Indian Insect Pests under the name of
Urogaster depressarie. In Egypt, Willcocks has given, on pages 233-269
of his monograph (8), a list of the parasites met with, and in Hawaii Swezey
has also listed the parasites of this species (Proc. Hawaii Ent. Soc., 111, 101-109 ;
1915). Buseck has also published notes on Parasierola emigrata, Rohwer
(Insec. Inscit. Menstr., V, 3-5; 1917) and Willcocks has recorded an Acarine
parasite (Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypt 1913, 68-72; 1914), and this last, or a very
similar species, also occurs in India.

GELECHIA TAMARICIELLA, Z.
Gelechia tamariciella, Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1850, 153 (4); Stainton, Tin.

S. Europe, pp. 80-81 (1869)(?) ; Rebel, Cat. Lep. Pal., 11, 151 (1901)(3).
Teleia tamariciella, Rebel, Iris, XX VI, 90 (1912) (4); Chretien, Ann. S. E.

France, 1916, pp. 473-474 (May 1917) (5).

Originally described from Tuscany (}), this species is also recorded from
Spain (?), Southern France (8), North Africa, Syria (*), and Egypt (5). In India it
appears to be widely distributed throughout the Plains and probably occurs
wherever Tamarix grows. We have it from Peshawar, Charra, Pusa and
Basra.

In Egypt the larva has been found on Tamarix(*) and has been described
by P. Chretien(5) and at Pusa it occurs commonly on Tamarix gallica and has
been collected in February, May and December. The larva feeds on the
dry twigs, binding three or four twigs together and residing in the case so formed.
It is about 10-11 mm. long and 1:5 mm. broad, tapering posteriorly, reddish-
brown ; head pale brown, posteriorly irrorated with darker dots, and covered
with scattered fine grey hairs; prothorax pale brown; mesothorax deep
brown ; legs black, brownish apically ; warts I and II black, emitting three
or four short black hairs; lateral tubercles similar but larger, an ill-defined
dark dorsal line bordered by minute white dots; five pairs of prolegs. In
another larva the head and thorax were described as green, other segments
dull brown, green ventrally.

The larva seldom emerges from its case which it sometimes carries about
with it, retreating inside when disturbed, It is therefore easily overlooked. |
In captivity pupation took place inside a flimsy cocoon formed by fastening
three or four twigs together and attaching them to the bottom of the cage.
The pupal period is about eight days in May and fifteen days in February.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 644, 1052, 1171.)

olf ane Alay ‘ oy nal a “ae

FIT, 140. Ap | ) + Ants "Toudlayn avne af Say

is) 4) Easiness: Mintoil LS +e i ih, p. 0 (
evil

iv

Oe nally aK: ribet “, , . 44 Mi ; :
Coylon. Bos Bia ) ane, Foxine te py has eprlles” is Wid: ¥ deed ip ted CMA” a
fn Ln a. and Ces - nll we. heave i! letinn Jered winilators. “‘Yhass a an
Se F (Barabay j}, H eM bad, Katal {Cy 'rowls 0), ole Cutie .

Pisa and Sin} 1 ty | ij
a re ane 28 an di

i
2
/

api). Tho be:

es ih the.

oxte ror

; fattened,

héaothorax, Wholly d ! i ty Usbanerd at
7 14 7 : ; 5 6 ; :
pee: piskssh tings ; us cK. ™ ee

; é
SHACwMNAAts )
“species

Puc a Oe

aro chi

Mt
i, uid B sgt

ws rs, be ay. ees Lae pet Ra 7
; . 4 6 STACY ae seared and i

4 Taira) = ra Sar <3 ‘
Tey ae Tn. Fe bey? not , Wi Rites i.
. ee yl ae

STegeXa Voriena , rot ¢ Se ee MTT-S (pasy L Read SMe

eee ~ grerrran”, Cason! a frolta Wives Gav), eo Mi mote ‘des

Tt. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 83
SoS oe ay P-bu £. |
STEGASTA VARIANA, MEYR. \“** whee p 202 )

Stegasta variana, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., see 314 (1904)(4), B. J.,
XVII, 140 (1906)(?), Ann. Transvaal Mus., IT, 12 (1909)(8), J. c., ILI, 65
(1911)(4), Entom. Mitteil. Suppl., III, p. 50 (1 nae Reenden
Originally described from Eastern Australia(!) and afterwards, fio

Ceylon (2), South Africa(*» 4) and Formosa (°), this species is widely distributed

in India and Ceylon, and we have it from Peradeniya, Coimbatore, Bassein

Fort (Bombay), Hoshangabad, Katni (Central Provinces), Palamau, Cuttack»

Pusa and Shillong. It has been reared at Pusa from larvee found webbing,

and sometimes rolling, leaves of chakwar (Cassia tora) and chameli (Jasminum

sp.). The larva usually binds together two leaves, one above another, and
lives in the shelter so formed, feeding on the epidermis and mesophyll substance,
and leaving a thin layer of one epidermis.

The full-grown larva is 8 to 9 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly tapering
posteriorly, segments distinct, green (becoming pink before pupation) ; head
flattened, black, shiny, smaller than prothorax ; prothorax smaller than
mesothorax, wholly covered above by a black, shiny shield, ventrally black
with a pinkish tinge ; mesothorax black with a pinkish tinge or (in other
specimens) reddish-brown ; legs black ; tubercles small, black, emitting short
grey hairs ; five pairs of equally developed prolegs.

Pupation takes place in a sort of cocoon formed by lining the larval shelter
with a thin layer of silk. The pupa is about 4 to 4°5 mm. long, brown, anal
segment with thin cremastral hooks which hold the pupa-case within the cocoon
on emergence of the moth. The pupal period is five or six days in October.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 608, 803.)

ONEBALA BLANDIELLA, WLK.

Onebala blandiella, Wlk., X XIX, 792 (1) ; Wlsm., in Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het.
Oxf. Mus., II, 545 (1900) (2) . Meye~T-E_S. 1894 464%), (LamfpesF rms)
“Larva greenish, naked, riot an inch long. Leaf-roller on a common

species of dead-nettle at Ootacamund. Imago emerges in February(?).”’

Also recorded from Ceylon(!) and-Burma-Mone}).
AYGROPLAS TA -PACHMS EIS SPOLIATELLA, WLK.

Crekech'a remorees aaiay eae:
Cr yptolechia Pe ee Ges we ace pas 519, t. 209, ee |
(1887)(2).
Pachnistis diluticornis, Meyr., B. J.. XX, 707 (1911)(?).
We have this from Surat (where it was reared from a larva on dry cotton-
stalks), Chapra, and Pusa.

84 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADA

This species has heen reared at Pusa from larve found on 25th January
1906 under gular (Ficus glomerata) bark, and from larve found on 27th January
1917 amongst dry fallen leaves. The larva feeds on dry leaves. It is about
15 mm. long, cylindrical, greyish, clothed with black hairs so densely that the
segments are not distinguishable and the larva looks like a mass of hairs ;
many hairs are longer and rise above the dense mass, these longer hairs being
greyish ; head black, shiny ; five pairs of equally developed greyish prolegs ;
legs black. Pupation takes place, within the cavity formed by dead dry leaves
which have rolled up to some extent, in a blackish cocoon in which all the
hairs from the body of the larva have been knitted. The moths emerge
in March after a pupal period of four or five weeks. (Pusa Insectary Cage-
slips 290, 1529.)

THYRSOSTOMA GLAUCITIS, MEYR.
Thyrsostoma glaucitis, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 736 (1907)(1), Exot. Micr., I], 120

(1918)(?).

Described from Peradeniya where it was reared “ from mango leaf ’’(}).

Besides Ceylon, received from Coorg, Kanara and Assam; attached

to mango, apparently common(?).

DACTYLETHRA CANDIDA, STT.

b gi ferolla © tnarsia candida, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n. s.) V, 114-115 (1859)(4).

KIN Sao-S! Dactylethra candida, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 167 (1913)().

th (3) [Gyler J Originally described from Calcutta(!). Doubtless widely distributed
in the Plains. We have it from Adoni, in the Bellary District, where it was
reared from a larva making galls in stems of Tephrosia purpurea in August
1912, from Koilpatti where the larva was found causing galls on tender shoots
of a wild indigo in August 1907, and from Manganallur, where it was bred in

September 1917 from wild indigo.

a

i ae. LECITHOCERA CRYPSILYCHNA, MEYR.
a . ee
pan “eh Brachmia crypsilychna, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 773-774 (1914)(2).
Lecithocera crypsilycha, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 103 (1918)(?).
Described from Bassein Fort, Bombay. The larva was found between
spun leaves of Ipomea arvensis(}).

whe - m
tw feck ’ si LECITHOCERA EFFERA, MEYR.

rea olen YA qp1-104, Lecithocera effera, Meyr:, Exot. Micr., II, 104 (1918)(}).
he i 3 ;
Se eee Bred at Coimbatore from larva feeding on leaves of sweet-potato (Jpomea
EN o Hilde fig . c D

| batatds) in September. Pupa-case clothed with scattered erect hairs, a curious

rcchancn effort in Bre Cat raoeg T Sa (Ne. 2)

neds

a

Wygmeft f Ade tL calgary WA's phi: yy Sal Ing- tesa £\-3 (vii.tgye) @
dihin . WA wt. Bere 4. ve). :

\ Cur pee yen aa R4wcry mA prernl, Owed Hyr$ rAewrA , Aeon 5 Can
badd we wR pea 4 V dmthy haem wh x Evangel, beams - pine
Speen deed AAC RAD ies teary te nec Kus death—bo~:
Het ert Nd eth, Na Ppl taterny , anys » betinee Jr lene, 7 j
[pamote eryenes (jima | WO

: a mr! oe a - e
“ 4
> a ak - 7
' ~ Pn eT LPR 5) ¥. Ca 4 We “4
34 ite om 5 a
+ roo. .
é

Thin! epacite tar Dorr ieated ag pete es
. Lm under gulae {ireus glonierada} both, wd Rest
e 1817 amonget Ory inlay leaves. De beck ania oa
ib aya, long, evfindeicnly greyish, slothed with: binge lieie 98 de
wexinenta Are not distinguislathle!and the’ Iasvagecks Uke wy reer ot Baits

mang Mmies dre loigor aud vise aivAve the dense. Stam, thes henge aie b oi
greyieh » hood htock, abiny 7 five pairs. of Gqually developed wroyaen am
lorblack, Papation teker place, withit the Gxdty forned by dead "

yiiclt Wave nelle! upto some axtent, in ao blackish enon Jnwhink a ir
baive from tue beady of the jarvs, have Teen kite, The othe” =
mm March after 4 ais perind of Tour or ftw weeke~ (Pape, see? re
slic 200.°1529 ~ .
TAYRSOSTOMA GLAVONS, MEYER: «ian oa
Thyrsnsoine guiviedis, Merr,, BOI., SVT 136 (1907S, Boe bi 1, 1a
(HSA. ars
( Daseaibed trom Peradeniya where it yas resect" beafa anges leak *
Hotides Ceylim, received? frenr Coorg, Kanara anel Agtam/:

%) sage, usparcehay gammi in(*), 5

yt = .
7 sane bi

NED bd: a

DACTYERTHRA CANDIDA, ST

ae on Max ieie Me dvaren condida, Stasuton, T. Be® (nS) V, 114-773 1859}).
a ae! ale Durtylalivn candida, Meyy,, Td, SH IGF (197 Si5),
Te . agit Originally” deseribe:l ‘ifon 4 alentta(4) Dowlhtlons widely

in the Plains, (We have tt Gwor. Adoni) in the Bellary District, whent i ite

feared. froyt-a Lure raking galls Of stdnw of) ophrone eae ieee
1979, fromi Woilpatti where the birvs was fob causa gall on Leader ab
of a, wild Fudige tn Antz ie abd: feces Munyouailur, eek it weak

sks faa es os aad Nek ccak vay ® ce a.

‘ act dona Pm» - ae

‘ } Tan
; maki ephsiited! the ee
heorthorvwt batho
Poewribed fron pki

~pup iraves of Fiona hind:

he -- Ghee treumodera sreiagsomme a ao
ae at Siighowts fera, Méye,, Vitor; Mien Tt, LS VLA: ix i ,
bie Bt See ee “0 topo
: > butatay) st re eouttented Se 7
aon late Sit ¢ as tea. ie aly oy ce
. Free sl ede oe i ; 4) aes adds
: ‘a La. . ee b . | Aa |

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 85

feature ; four segments free. Also recorded from Surat(!). It has also been
reared at Coimbatore on 9th June 1913 from a pupa found on horse-radish,

BRACHMIA ENGRAPTA, MEYR. : F
Brachmia engrapta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 114 (1918)(2).-ote0, Fre. Gort, reetiry 1.154 (Mu. 192 )
Bred at Lahore in July from larva on sweet-potato (1pomcaa batatas).
Also found at Coimbatore in October(?).

BRACHMIA AROTRAA, MEYR.

Cladodes arotrea, Meyr., T. E. §8., 1894, 15(2). ed Se
Brachmia arotrea, Meyr., B. J., XX, 723 (1911)(?), Voutine, Tose. head Burt. beotiny 1 193
This species was originally described from Koni (Burma)(!) and has
since been recorded from Ceylon(2), the Khasi Hills(?) and Southern India(?).

It seems to be widely distributed throughout India, Burma and Ceylon.

It ‘has been bred in small numbers from larvee on rice leaves at Pusa
and Katni (Central Provinces). We have it also from Cuttack and Palamau
and it occurs in Burma and Ceylon. It is therefore likely to be found on paddy
in most districts but is not a pest, so far as we know.” (Proc. Sec. EK. M., p.

164.) It has also been reared at Samalkota on paddy.

A larva was found at Pusa on 17th September 1907, rolling a rice leaf to
form a shelter inside which it lives, feeding on the leaf and filling the roll with
excrement. The full-grown larva is about 9 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering
posteriorly, light green ; head shiny black, labrum reddish-brown ; prothorax
with a shiny, black shield ; mesothorax with a black subdorsal dot ; metathorax
with a thick black shield; legs black, shiny ; abdominal segments with a
light green dorsal stripe and several more or less interrupted lateral stripes ;
primary hairs few, dark ; five pairs of dull white prolegs. Pupation takes place
within the larval shelter. The pupa is 5 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering poster-
riorly, brown. The pupal period is about six days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-
slip 602.)

BRACHMIA IDIASTIS, MEYR. /
Brachmia idiastis, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 577 (June 1916)() Han

Described from Pusa, where it was bred in June from larva feeding on
Panicum sp.(}).

Larve were found at Pusa on 5th April 1910 and 25th May 1914, rolling
leaves of Panicum sp. The larva rolls a leaf longitudinally by foldmg the
margins together, living inside the shelter so formed and eating the epidermis
and also the mesophyll substance of the leaf, leaving entire one epidermal
layer which turns yellow.

Cec the

) Gath beatles, T. 193 |

Nov. 192 )

a

se

ne

86 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADZE

The larva is about 10 mm. long when extended and about 1 mm. broad,
segments distinct, light yellow; head black, shiny ; prothorax with a shiny
black shield divided medially by a narrow white line; mesothorax dark
dorsally ; metathorax and first abdominal segment wholly blackish ; second
and following abdominal segments with a broad black submedian stripe, from
which on the anterior part of each segment arises a narrower black marking
which runs obliquely downwards to the posterior part of the segment ; hairs
short, black, scattered ; legs black, shiny ; five pairs of equally developed
yellow prolegs.

Pupation takes place in a cocoon formed by twisting a leaf around twice
to form a tube which is lined with a thin layer of silk. The pupal period ~
is about five days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 832, 1063.) .

BRACHMIA TS OS MEYR.* 7 .
Brachmia insulsa, Meyr., B. J., XX, 774 (1914) 1) tan Pact bat aie

Mv

This species was originally described from a and eae it from
Peshawar, Abbottabad, Pusa and Belgaum. It appears to be common through-
out the Plains of India. At Pusa the moths are abundant in May and June
and occur in smaller numbers in February and March.

It has been reared at Pusa from a larva found on Ist February 1910 on
potato. The larva rolls a leaf or binds two leaves together with silk threads,
living in the shelter so formed and nibbling small holes mm the leaf. When
full-grown the larva is about 14 mm. long, cylindrical, pmk with a dark tinge ;
head shiny, dark brown, posteriorly almost black ; prothoracic shield large,
prominent, black, shiny ; thoracic segments dark ; segments with scattered
hairs ; five pairs of equally developed prolegs. Pupation takes place m a
cocoon formed by lining the larval shelter with white silk. The pupa is about
6 mm. long, brown, the anal extremity prolonged into a flattened, pointed
process bearing two long thin stiff divergent hairs. (Pusa Insectary Cage-

slip 827.)
J
BRACHMIA XEROPHAGA, MEYR. (PLATE XX, FIG. 1.)

Brachmia xerophaga, Meyr., Ent. Mo. Mag. 1914, 219-220(}).

The larva, dark red in colour, occurs in nests of Stegodyphus sarasinorum;
and doubtless feeds on the fragments of the numerous insects caught in the
webs ; the pupa is also found in the nest, as is the moth itself. The latter may
be seen resting on the outside of the web-nest or running freely imto the galler-
ies leading to its interior(}).

-_—s.
a es : pricott sayy |
Jo Masetepes pagudarar. spyhety ai “(Ze R} payee Drie atiaty “iain yo: pisay-'o 2 opp) raat VEE
Aye oa ee . one poi pot “yt hep s ear) “Ps atoyd oneself S
boners.

a

Pye “payin |

aay papel Guia pai mepity

SS “Qe Poymmem
fale Goat wine you “2 > ednd_-y

‘pj 5 Prete a 3a tl 3 ig THE ~

Page a (ha, fae

-
‘<

ons pian payers:
Ep oliow 5 Nea bean ae

* hie y lasik

«>

“ede Penmments: with ® ‘s

3 Xitece esc oO dae Scnent ating *
Reins vb) Fag tees Fauern warns to il le, posiedtag parts ee
3 ; x *e ‘ aa ee ed tee oa
af Ft. i} ti ipes black. ‘shiny . ave. ‘ ba. as ve
ae 5 ; 3: ; ' Jee
is ? beara 38 SECEDE TALE
: Se ae ) with ‘A thie Js
4 “ al =) + ‘ tas, fe a7% itt)
= ig re. : sa ‘ir 7 ‘ -
es ‘ Ses Ie ; rif oy ; met peal me
Sy, i ee Bae i wes 5 CNT) 274.476 14 VE : ‘ a
a 8 whl (ir eked -Aisy?.- ; . j f ae SF is Pa us Ate Rated ee
Lig wt periin es
rn yonien oripinstiy. deseribed. from Pawan o have tf front
Loos tanh pa NT are it apres te he comm Jo thtoughes |
’ Lire! io? he anoths ate abih@aat m Mig and: hate
+ ‘ect s) ° rt \ ory - 2 —
¥ ‘ a“ < =. ‘ , ‘ rua
; it Vebr yar 1910, on!
: ie ; : « ee ve as so e5 “th, Siren ere -
} & : ree A Be ys): JG ier ae ae
. : ; ve a ara ‘ eo.
’ . ; - re ies i iy tig? SATE feta Se: 4% ahioy “] Sat. W hen’ : ‘
>; - * ‘ Thies
te i irs 0 ‘ ; H re * , V 4aitF Tsk ete Hs 36:E .?
2 Cabinet by dine the thdbvbl aicdbee wile akon oll a ann : ley
S tum. loney th tho: naal oxtiemity prolenged Intel a me ttened; gsm
ad, 4 : ¢ haiya f in i
£; ‘es FRAGHMTA SEROPHACA, MEVR. -(PLARE AS, ea ie. :
. oh aie ‘
‘ ; hs gs ; erophada iy fons 1 Mak irs isis 215-8 aii ;
7 on cuts ta nests of Hagod isgpleses sarcsine ett
: : "haa ; 3 its ef She, ptinudrous lusedts seatght in
— rit rt ~ Py is ane mota ui alles 8 .
vi
be " web-negtde ron Ammg-f saab. nie ¥
° awe
e _ Ash

F

eet tit pategs
Tr te

\\j
\
‘

a

yn

—

~

PLATE XX.

.

(ye

as

¢
Af

Anarsia ephippias:—a, Larva
b, pupa; c, moth, natural sizes and

magnified ( x

5)
Ais

LO

OF

Moth,

melanoplecta:

lnarsia

nmachn 4

'

.

|

=)
ei
—
5S)
> oO
=

-

f
nO
Ds
ce wn
=
ons
on ©
cet
Ae
==

=)
Ss
a
as
a a
SS ood
N oe
DIES

—

— ww
= =
= =]
ome <>)
= ee
— on
= 2 9
= = =
es
-— lcUTrS oo
==
re
D
S
“= .
ia

N
=—_™
eer
x
acs
= sn
=
.
=<

ae
oN) ie

X

Larva (

a.
c, head of moth, from side, ma

tl: ec)

Brachmia xerophaga:

maenilye
(o,

i Ti ta oer a it 5 ) ie The ~
t B, J., 5X) AM bin. oe

oa. bi e B18. 204) Perigat vad ang
agella: dlher, . Bek ss. Stl, SPi-S75, t. 5. 1, 490,”

“ah a:

ae

vith oe hash Witadk it foow go thin, hap at the

4 green, =
3 lie 2 (> on “1 hy, a, ¥ je jae
the i. distribintes hradgiont India stl Capen, We have, Jt howe5
ae ‘ “ea ee a “
Pie w § Polfibéres AU Wuerrgg) dined Shillong; ae a bch Sk cn
* Onsale af indisi Ht has bee yecorted fram Jae hy Snellen: asid t pte Vat

i iy from Guby "hy Zelter(®, thin latter pecond ining merbisps in enix

fo ’ birva wad fad ns Poe ot 2706 beaptenbes I L ry rode le wien. uf

MT chase ssruleniua., Tie larva wep ieccribed ah that, ivi, Vny, oylindgieal;

tapering posteriorly, yellowishyrets | erat gtany bleck, WHA sealtored

ais Warlish, tans, lalicum pesyvith wl, dove prominoet 5 protloracic

dae, shiny; ;. tantly erat emt VALS BEREC Wars wiawd,’ dari, hight s
ete ehitixt isi, Bve pains of prckeges

Parison takes Pack 1 «.c090n ‘ome Ammagst loose’ lewted he paren

Kien uyhindrical,.. btond.cpicaly;, taucring posteriorly, dermal apd lateral
aa iN ehoet lai Ahh seiinett, with tote cromaittal looke veldch, ate

Uh thie Slice threats af the Yooooh and witch tetuin the. pigpemaaer

be clays. (has Lancet Cagr-clap (101)
a Pai Sgtrtoscicna AUITLantd, with. 4

; Msliha: tee By XV Ve (Toa.
. a froma a all here bh bata, Fe pac cna, ewvie

te ; i a
BR eS hk i ah ph Raditaam es
Ae as
OFS ae ASUTOSYACH A CBRANDNIB, WHY”) Pap ate
My M8) Rieti J, SVE, tH (AOC), ces at a
Sey AV, ivy, ; =a ae
Where (the: Lavi ive tne galore gee gai ane
* sat : ee > : ; > a » May.
} a'6 wy, ms aes Lat J
‘ * i a i ate ‘ ‘a ia ye
- a , : ‘ ion ey 7 eg te ¥ 7 ’
he att ne i. 1: ip io a rl | ee

the pu shelter fh Suergence yf the math The papal ene bs he. .

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 87

Described from specimens from Guindy, Madras(!). Also found by
Dr. Gravely at Puri, Orissa.
ONE GALA ,
HELCYSTOGRAMMA HIBISCI, STT.
Gelechia ? hibisci, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n. s.) V, 117(4).
Gelechia ? hibisci, Snell., Tijd. voor Ent., XLVI, 43-44, t. 5, ff. 3, 4(?).
Strobisia hibisci, Meyr., B. J.. XX, 732 (1911)(8).

Lo (Dec. '9'2} J
Heleystogr hibisoi, Mey, T. Be 8., 1914, 270(4) Jere, Gre Gat buts ph-V9 0) EO
ystogramma hibisci, Meyr., T. E. S., , 270(4), foe Tk IN bake eee
Helcystogramma obseratella, Zeller, H. 8S. E. R., XIII, 371-373, t. 5, f. 127, ( Nw '7

(1 ,77)(°).

Larva small, green, with the head black; it feeds on the tops of the
yellow Hibiscus(?) ; on Hibiscus(}).

Widely distributed throughout India and Ceylon. We have it from
Pusa, Nagpur, Pollibetta (Coorg) and Shillong. ;

Outside of India it has been recorded from Java by Snellen(2), and ‘“ pro- (et
bably from Cuba ” by Zeller(®), this latter record being perhaps in error.

The larva was found at Pusa on 17th September 1907, rolling leaves of
Hibiscus esculentus. The larva was described as about 12 mm. long, cylindrical,
slightly tapering posteriorly, yellowish-green ; head shiny black, with scattered
minute whitish hairs, labrum greyish-red, antenne prominent ; prothoracic
shield black, shiny ; body segments distinct ; warts small, dark, emitting a
sho.t whitish hair, five pairs of prolegs.

Pupation takes place in a cocoon spun amongst loose leaves. The pupa
is brown, cylindrical, broad apically, tapering posteriorly, dorsal and lateral
areas with short hairs; anal segment with four cremastral hooks which are
entangled in the silken threads of the cocoon and which retain the pupa-case
inside the pupal shelter on emergence of the moth. The pupal period is five
or six days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 601.)

AUTOSTICHA AUTHAIMA, MEYR. ”
Epicenia authema, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 141 (1906)(?).
_ Described from Peradeniya, where the larva, in a heliciform case, teeds
on moss-covered rocks(}).
This is a Ceylonese species, not yet found in India.

AUTOSTICHA CHERNETIS, MEYR.’
Epicenia chernetis, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 141 (1906)(}).
Autosticha chernetis, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 459(?).
Recorded from Peradeniya, where the larva lives in galleries on moss-
covered rocks(}),

88 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADZ

AUTOSTICHA EXEMPLARIS, MEYR. ~

Autosticha exemplaris, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 586-587 (June 1916)(}).

Described from Coimbatore, where it was bred in October, together
with various other Lepidoptera, from refuse in the fork of a tamarind-tree.
It is doubtful whether the present species is a refuse-feeder, it may only have
entered for pupation or been carried in with leaves ; the known Ceylon larve
of this genus are lichen-feeders ; on the other hand, the Hawaiian species,
pelodes, is a refuse-feeder and it is therefore possible that exemplaris may be
one also.

One of the specimens reared at Coimbatore from this lot was a teratological
example, with two small duplicate hindwings on the right side. This specimen
has been placed in the British Museum (Natural History) Collection.

AUTOSTICHA PROTYPA, MEYR.
Autosticha protypa, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 457-458 (1908)(}).
Described from Ceylon (Maskeliya, Maturatta, and Peradeniya), where
the larva lives in galleries on lichen on rocks(?).

RACHY ACMA LATHONTSEENUS pARAGPISTRES PALPIGERA, WLSM. ’
Gelechia palpigera, Wism., T. E. 8. 1891, 94, t. 4, f. 31 (1891)(}).
vid OF Paraspistes toloncha, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 600 (1905)(?), Tr. Linn. Soe. (2) XIV,

Dunner 4 (0) 974 (1911)(3). Rie
het S- BON. Lipitia crotalariella, Buseck, Bull. Dept.\ Trini dad, IX, 243 (1910)(4).

Paraspistes pilpigera, Busck, Proc. U. S. ee Mus., XLVII, 10-11 (Apl.

1914), B) tine fm ls is, & puais , C AS4 (Nw.

Originally described from Delagoa Bay, East Africa(4), this species has
been reared at Coimbatore in August and September 1916, im some numbers
in indigo pods and also from larve in pods of Cassia corymbosa and Cassia
flora. At Manganallur it was also reared from wild indigo. We have this

- species from Puttalam (Ceylon), Pollibetta (Coorg), Coimbatore, Manganallur,
and Bhamo (Burma), and it has also been recorded from Peradeniya(?),
where it was reared in July from pods of Crotalaria(?), from the Seychelles(*),
from the British West Indies(**), where the larva was also found in pods
of Crotalaria(#), and from the Bahamas(®), and Panama(®).

HYPELICTIS ALBISCRIPTA, MEYR.
Hypelictis albiscripta, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 773 (1914)(?).
Reared in North Kanara from pupa found between closely-spun leaves of
Salix(?).

matey ach ALATA eHGt pynaairas pated, GERM.

Bere td

Wee

Pit m
sc Ligwtia crotalipielln, Bisok, Bull. Dept trialiaa, 1 Bas cio

Destin’ fred hii ae the wa Hed’ ath tober, togs

with curious bthor Sepidapters, fram, fetove’ tie tha dora! Be a = nt - c

>) ite. dohttul. whinthnt the present apoetea Ish tehape-loodety i 4 vo -

watered: § fo pwpation oe heen Carried i With leaves 7 the town O |

od: this gents ya Hobentecdite ion the other head: eae

pilodes, isa seltiseTeetier anal it thereioes poasible ‘hat ete lariat

one alsa, ‘
Out of the snecntions reared at fyhihaiee from this Tot iran. eta

scxopiply with Wo Sriall diplionte landwiiga on the sight ade “Phas op

“Shad Geen plnenl in the-Beitish Musenem (Natarad History) Calleetie, si

“
Pa

AUTOSTICNA PROTEPA, unyn:”
Futosiaha jrotypt, Meyr,, Bo 3) SUT, 467-58 (1903503),
Desctibed from Ceylen Maskebien, Matyratta, wad Povaslenlnah
the larva: tives im galleries on lichen: tr ageke(®) | ae ae WS 2

Galeria wilpgera, Wis T. ES. Wet of. 4. 4, 2. 32 (eens.
yt Paraspistes idloncha, Moyn., Bi, 3.1, 900 aia AR tt. Finn Soe
rf oF4. TBC}, 5 Aye

Fovasyrstes. plpigota, Bask, Booe. 0. & Net. Mus, XLVU,}
Wid) OH Metin Simei Sarthe ARH News Ge a
Cislatnalby desuribed, from Delagoa Bay Rast. Aiea, ar

been taane? al Conmbatore in August end Septesiber 1016, Pe

teiudign pod? and also ftor. larretin pode aac ale asst
flor, Ai Mavigawallac it wos ulso reared dom wild: indigg: bib be —

syeeies irom Puttalarn (Cevion), Roltibetta (Coons), Coumbatore; 2

end: Hhawne (Bvnsa), acd it hay aiso heen’ ‘reconled: from

where it was reated in July trond pods of Crobalamee(?), fom: the 8

fom. the Bratigh West Tndings*),. where the larta Wamelad @

gt Clhociiay eS): an from the bina aad siggat se

a —

ipa iaideahipes, Mer, Bod, Sxtbg7p (1001 ne |
chy, Meaved tn" North ceacama ra NR ci
Beli}:

+ vy
ae i eae
v3, re
en a 5
i ae ; 4 er
i ti
ee ay an eid
ae ge ob ihe ty J
oh Se & td ft
Sh eet: eee
Cee <i 1 ;
by , - . an ® ¥e
i 4 y { i] :
Es Me ne
bs LA ata!

TLAIE AAT,

DicHOMERIS IANTHES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

DICHOMERIS IANTHES.

i. An affected Java-Natal indigo plant.
2. Egg, enlarged.

3. Caterpillar, enlarged.

4. Pupa, enlarged.

4 | Moth in flying and resting attitudes.

(The hair-lines show the natural sizes.)

se

Istuseh odt wode e

Pe a a

SF eS

Sy

DicHOMERIS IANTHES.

a oarsy, +" mnisr8
Sear ‘‘e oe
fy Bid, Me

or, . a
i. mi pia 4 oan
feo Pewad siv mn My, ]
she a fe at ig in Pang art el of Themine’ nest (nwa) ee

bit a) , if e : * : ° , ie
yur Ric vA ap ‘ WY.
PRET IM cnt 4 ey ee Band “a

tf apict 183 wis

.

Hit» Ae ies tb catia). Tat this hetevies Mor dodanie
rows out 8 ium. hyn, paring : : a <4, St
” Bie SUS ai Pome nh ise thea Oe ,
| gellow iv’ dnresi J “Wh NRCP HI ne LM tA LPR i. erarTy
oy ae ett ay f + fess - a %,

“~< | s a : 7 ~ _s aciis = ‘
¥ Bacay! MOP 1b onal. 50) ig. " erage: cobbates dine:
; Be ge ak ee ay _ ee } fall
by a1 pars oonTD ae i rite . x 4 “<j ( yuo, J Bay ry : “
be 4 s es »

s “ge hed abdamina isi +:
‘ anvil

y's asolophus
be " '

Ro pry? 44
(Ay a i

Jit homeres masuties ,

:
a
J Hy
be
9 ‘
: at |
ait ae .

Noceny mpha — Vionrha » y-
Revi mn TW bb (APN a | ee > ae )

(Ba Kr [Lone a Ca a eae

mM Be ,
cthataphs (bell sfremes noth [tee f-r03 )
“Trcchafaphe pseRowelia, heyy, (ex p- r+)

Cymts sche an eAt Ae \ heyy Exon hia TH Susi lire). &. fiestas)
Q 2 hey Spr eR gepwr lave, A OD 4 sheet os
a openers, Tamer « (Cantina cease ) pens ec ae pron Cin en)

——————

—_—_—
.
~~

, “a > & .
Poca tile hae, Gee Oe Aapse twa Be 38, Pe CL os
Veale {nrdige “Le phrer + candida Tper panes) Mermadieee Gyre s A? 1 & DARL

JtnK Cra » Lebhrers« Vogels -)

yy

Wi cyanea le’ ARK yea Ntye \ Wy o- letns eee ore 169%, p-I31 |) dan. i926)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 89
VRICYANAULA 2
SFROBISIA AMETHYSTIAS, MEYR.

Zalithia amethystias, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 140 (1906)(}).

Strobisia amethystias, Meyr., B. J., XX. 726(?), Exot. Mier., II, 144 (1918)(3).
Originally described from Peradeniya(}). Sunt lava
“ Bred from a larva feeding in fungus-bed of Termites’ nest (Green) ”(3).

CYMOTRICHA }
FRICHOTAPHE GEOCHROTA, MEYR.
Trichotaphe geochrota, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 775 (1914)(!). &

This species was reared from a larva found on leaves of an unidentified
plant at Bassein Fort (Bombay) on Ist October 1909. The larva was described
as about 8 mm. long, tapering towards either extremity, creamy white ; head
yellowish ; prothorax with a minute reddish dot on side just below head,
a yellowish dorsal band, and below this band two yellowish dots on side,
mesothoracic and following segments with a light chocolate-coloured dorsal
ban1 nearly complete and straight on mesothorax and metathorax but slightly
curved on abdominal segments ; these bands on abdominal segments (except
on anal segment) are not complete, being interrupted dorsally, and bear two
black dots on their ends; legs pointed, creamy ; five pairs of prolegs, rather
blunt, anal prolegs directed slightly post2riorly. Pupation took place under
shelter of a leaf fastened to the bottom of the cage. The pupa was slightly
over 5 mm. long, yellowish-brown. The pupil period was six days. (A.

Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 63.)

DICHOMERIS IANTHES, MEYR. (PLATE XXI.) /

Hypsolophus vanthes, Meyr., T. E. 8., 1887, 273-274(}).

Ypsolophus ochrophanes, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 981 (1907) (#) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins.
Life, pp. 533-534 (1909)(3), Agricl. Jl. Ind., V, 161-162(32). (410

Ypsolophus ianthes, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 223(4), Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) XIV.
275 (1911)(5).

Dichomeris tanthes, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 172 (1913) (8), Entom. Mitteil. Suppl.,
III, p. 51 (1914)(7) ; Fletcher, S. Ind. Ins., pp. 456-457, f. 332 (1914)(8) ;
Rutherford, Tropl. Agric., XLII (Sept. 1914) (9) ; Proc. Second Entl.

=

Meeting, pp. 61, 80 (tab.), 207 (1917)(1); Tih. Proc. GA meee T.94 (Nw.

Widely distributed in India and Ceylon, extending to Reunion (} *) and
the Seychelles(5) and Formosa(7). Apparently not yet recorded from Burma.
We have specimens from Champaran, Gondra, Muhammadpur, Pusa,
Dalsing Serai, Bassein Fort, Palur and Mercara,

7

A

90 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIAD

Larva described by Lefroy(3) and Fletcher(§). Feeds on Medicago(),
Cyamopsis(*), and is a pest of indigo(*® * !°) and lucerne(® * 1°).

This species is quite of minor importance as a rule but in 1909 it appeared
in the Champaran District as a serious pest of Java indigo and did considerable
damage, as is instanced in the following report :—“‘ The caterpillars seem to
have made a pretty clean sweep of the field attacked ; there are very few
plants unattacked, practically all have their leaves reduced to a dirty brown
powder and many are merely bare sticks,’ young plants only a few inches
high being attacked in August, September and October, the caterpillars webbing
up the leaves at the top of the young shoot, feeding on them, and checking
the growth of the plant.

In confinement, a female moth laid 37 eggs between 8th and 10th October
1909. The egg is elongate-oval, cylindrical with rounded ends, about 0°5 mm.
long, light green when laid, gradually becoming yellowish, and pinkish just
before hatching. The eggs are usually laid in the groove of the petioles of the
leaves and nearly always on leaves near the top of the plant. On guar eggs
were deposited alongside the raised veins on the under-surface of the leaf.
The eggs may be deposited singly or as many as six in one place ; when several
are laid, they usually lie lengthwise in the groove, touching each other. The
larva hatches out after about four days, and does not eat the egg-shell.

The newly-hatched larva is about 0°75 mm. long, cylindrical, light yellow
with a greenish tinge; head larger than other segments, shiny, dark red
brown ; prothoracic shield shiny, reddish-brown ; primary hairs comparatively
long ; five pairs of equally developed prolegs.

The full-grown larva is about 7 mm. long and slightly more than 1 mm.
broad, green ; head shiny black ; prothorax black, with a large shiny black
shield ; prothoracic legs black, mesothoracic and metathoracic legs green ;
minute hairs scattered over segments ; five pairs of equally developed prolegs.

On hatching from the egg the larve usually crawl onto the tender top-
leaves, fold a leaf, live hidden inside it and so feed. They bite the leaf usually
from the edge and go on eating until little is left to afford a shelter, then they
leave the leaf and go to another. The leaf thus eaten withers and dries up.
As they grow larger they bind two or three, or more, leaves together, the
leaves retaining their flat shape. The larval life is about fifteen days.

Pupation takes place either between.two leaves fastened together or in a
rolled leaf or in the larval shelter of top-leaves bound together, the interior
of the shelter being lined with a thin layer of silken fibre. The pupa is about
5 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering to a point posteriorly, brown; the anal
extremity prolonged into a process from the apex as well as from the base of

ti

ay : mm oC . wide
-

nig a
sae! BGs
Sieh das Phe i a4 me fi 7 rm

ty
“elie eth ci i

<

nee 6) ort 4) hye loreredd ig : Y on ‘ fe ~_ us ; a
tal greor nis ' ‘ :

Rilttc
re aM ;

7 s
|
Aerip yr spy icien Yous rh) ; : . J ve: oy
tn 7 - ws
d tae ie © f {. : - ~~ r € One
0 Aerie 3 short yt if ei, of @ DA - a ra ae! So +6 fre i: J os
‘ a 4 wk ; ry S- ’ A nA.
mm, * ea \ : P ce} ‘ 7 — \ f = - : "a" Bea p> Leb ;
Oot jan tai’ itty f = ‘ M $i 4, easy Pere hr atl, Sets ra z ae ~—

“ery. ‘ : ee
eer a i pm J 3 ge cea , mt Pees Rawat : —_ rem <a as

Hees at the ecbon, insine. ft, eae @ sal at syne | ; | :
ab y ;
of th se gioth.
aah

R an

a : .

#5 > ee ij
s ’ P :

Anvtia aon ;
ons at ad c hao:
io) hid specie, or: bw “s

ai ei = ¢
hy, idapet, Mair Ri etol : ' . . ‘ aft!
nex tin, P
eet ts,

a
i

.
cn -.

Ai ead ne

‘4 Bred 4 a in. tuls ; “

is

} ae Uaidymoper M jase . :
w in. wits pom med: ail, ae se Tat : : . 32 ' :‘ ws
elon | ee sha itt tee Cb ate)

othe baek al a is | a
yy r «
se iver pi lege of} loaf , 4 ] ; 4 pees | ‘ | -
tea in ‘posteriurly, qoPuente dah: sitet Tide PT fa

v = « ‘

“is . “ye 3. we age afi, iy fe : a = . Fe
‘ i x a ; | :% y an J
- enn, nae s =

* ooot » eh ae ey ; worath 7

| Dihe men’s yur crcola hey | Exetel 433 (nary igri) > had fem Quercwe sr agen

ee han Wer bmn CAR

Bi versa danh- wr larq res Lr + Pa
Ee = — . ‘ mange) Catma vata

Lund eae Semusily , Peasant oR a t Lowe.

ete rape BT. KR wr Cyis) pr C Hemedeer 5 Khas!

- ha 4 Oye Ge L. f-< lus i0- 1os (1926) [ y<pr~:, Asters”
Che w tir. 9-Xo. uy eA

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 91

which arise many stiff brown circinate hairs which are entangled in the fibres
of the cocoon. The pupal period is about six days. The whole life-cycle
is thus about 25 days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 796.)

R

DICHOMERIS EPIDANTIS, MEYR.
J

Y psolophus epidantis, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 981 (1907)(}).
Dichomeris emdantis, Meyr., Bi J. SL, 172 (Ag13) eG:

Described from Pusa, in April and May. The larva rolls a green leaf of
Dalbergia sissu or more commonly fastens together two leaves, living inside
the shelter thus formed and nibbling the epidermis or gnawing holes in the
leaves. The larva is about 24 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, slightly flattened,
pale greenish yellow, the deep green dorsal vessel showing as a stripe ; head
flattened, yellow, speckled with brownish; prothoracic shield large, pale
yellow ; two faint interrupted submedian stripes and a similar subspiracular
stripe ; spiracles round, rimmed with black ; primary hairs rather long ; five
pairs of equally developed prolegs. Pupation takes place in a white silken

cocoon formed inside the larval shelter. Pupa brown, anal segment rather -

prolonged and armed with eight circinate hairs, which are entangled in the
fibres of the cocoon, inside which the empty pupa-case remains on emergence
of the moth. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 680, 896, 995.)

ANARSIA ACERATA, MEYR.

Anarsia acerata, Meyr., B. J., XXU, 169 (1913)(2 Je Hotinen * Cre. H Ett rete L
This species, originally ietibed from tee Coorg(!), was reared at
pepe Madras, on ee perks 1906, from a larva found on Cajanus indicus.

Che Seder ued S portefr uth A; gras Mle

ANARSIA ALTERCATA, MEYR.

Anarsia altercata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 148 (1918)(4).
“ Bred at Pusa in July from pupa in rolled leaf of Sesbania’(?).

ANARSIA DIDYMOPA, MEYR.

Anarsia didymopa Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 583 (1916)(}).

This was reared at Pusa on 23rd July 1908 from a pupa found on 18th
July attached to the back of a leaf of bagnahi (Capparis horrida) and covered
with another piece of leaf. The pupa was a little more than 4 mm. long,
slightly tapering posteriorly, segments distinct, reddish-brown, wings reddish-
yellow. (A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 46.)

Ao

Nyv- 1920

92 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADA
ANARSIA EPHIPPIAS, nee (PLATE XX, FIG. 2.)
Anarsia ephippias, Meyr., Ent. Mo. Mag., XLIV, 197 (1908)(4) ; Lefroy,

Ind. Ins. Life, p. 534, t. 56 (1909)(2) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp.

51, 53, 91 (1917)(3) ; Fletcher, Ann. Rept. Impl. Entom., 1917-18, pp.

103-104 (1918) (4), Yee I Cattery TSS (Nev. \q2 )

This species is widely distributed in the Plains of India. In Bihar it
has been found at Pusa, Chapra, Paddankaii and Gondra; at Paddankan
(Champaran) and Gondra the larva occurred on indigo and at Pusa it has
been found on groundnut, soybean, moth, urid and mung. In Southern India
it has been noted at Saidapet (larva on Cajanus indicus), and at Virajpet,
in South Coorg (larva on flowers of Acacia sp.). In the Punjab Madan Mohan
Lal has recorded it as a fairly bad pest of groundnut(), but I have seen no
specimens from the Punjab. At Mandalay also K. D. Shroff has found a small
larva, perhaps of this species, boring top-shoots of wrd(?). At Pusa it is
usually a minor pest of the crops mentioned above, the larva rolling the top-
shoots and boring into the flower-buds, flowers and pods and eating the seeds.

It may be noted that many closely-allied species of Anarsza occur in India
and that many of these are attached to leguminous crops, so that careful
discrimination of the species is necessary. .

The larva ties together with silk the top-leaves, flower-buds or flowers
on which it is feeding. When full-grown it is about 10 mm. long and about
1:75 mm. broad across mid-body, rather flattened, segments distinct, dark
red-brown, deep pinkish-brown, or dark purple ; head rather flattened, yellow-
brown, shiny ; prothoracic ‘shield large, yellow-brown ; primary hairs short,
arising from slightly raised tubercles ; legs black ; five pairs of equally deve-
loped_ prolegs.

Pupation takes place amongst the flowers or inside a rolled leaf. The
pupa is about 5 mm. long, red-brown, anal extremity with a number of short
circinate hairs on ventral surface and a few much longer hairs on apex. The
pupal period is about five days in July and nine or ten days in November.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 72, 918, 1637.)

f
ANARSIA EPOTIAS, MEYR.

Anarsia epotias, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 583 (June 1916)(}).
Described from Pusa, where it has been reared from larvee found in Tamarix
twigs on 10th May 1914.
~ The larva webs several green twigs together lengthwise and lives hidden
and feeds from within. The larva is about 12 mm. long, cylindrical, pale.

ee

Cay iter Hg pane iw
Ms ? lod Sith etre ila) i, ae vt aa
Wiheiien oH omurmen ts nine Wact .

[i =! 2 x . ’
Aone aie pion if precke oe Vo pater Lakeb hae : -
ial tormed Layers Ag ibe Aievel Malton. Mote bi ve Par ;

4 he 4 * nt Pad
wu ‘May oe AP OMe (iiesetaryf gnllye (054. 1140.) ong.

ANARBIA RYALLACTA, MeYR. 3p tithes ass a ae ee

rt
4

; in dfs Ww a tr arect a
) top | ave ( ye ‘arhae (Clase tei acl 1. ;

‘ < ‘ r
i eee . 4 ANARSUA IDIOPTILA, ik! ;

7

ea, OFF. 2 tii AAT ee rif. int arvana ico ! ' , ’ ‘

He ‘ i Whiogk sla. ha & ot wcr.. | 4 ; aL 16}, ‘ *
las , moriben rom rina. 4 tern ) } ee y ‘osu AR hi ty
i _ a.* ‘ f : ’
’ a) ‘6 NpOLIes Wiese TEATS PCR. Wee'VeR ety uss On i trie Ul ae F ¥
Bn or Dine lj ug Cry ther 4ev ei i > (28) je ying tide 3) Pad at
‘ ding vi n the le Ps ad a repay} rh? : 4 [ie 7 ; ith 7) ; a " ,
ey
Stoned. light pias vi 1} hi«} 2} Ww Ww ’ ' rf vi 1D) : | - 41h,
Le ane, yell wi hh bh Own: thotmnh : 7 ?
7 A ; it : F : ,
T Aion tn kes pice: within the Mrve ; ww. iv. ry - Se
CMa ‘

; ky boing fautenmd ito a thi ' Bit his it ‘ ‘
0 yest # feos. dong and about ; ae .
BS tapering bo me pl Haliy, a 7? ee
re: days in anne (Puen in

ake aa J
ANALSIA MOP LACT,
7 *

a
ye rapits wehindplec:
Rote 78 {1916)(2) ; Vine, See | ce ab Pals We,
Larva | bonny i shoots wikne Ti ' ray tn Maw al

& This apedies ta probably widely dietributed, ) (MbiQn i yy beste
‘ Pasa, dd, Nagpur, A Th. du a Durvig 4 OU Gr 2
% am f ee lin oo Mant TAReNGenige s NACPUL If tue Poon car an ..

mango Lower Nook ae ; “s

Tp larva has? an deectijed shel vite mz DY 1 int, | he

woe ical, the Begin ta well Gchur ut bey oelk with pike hh thoye, ; ;
; eterna ar, . The head cod prothorns slightiy, sialer than: tw
Moras which i we th 5 bya acet D i ha ty i ' The vrat. iA aha ine (s
8 penthorsx dati grsy with. p Opie bieek siiny eel civic

a y iy % fine Une Hiviy pai ruathy devaloped prolgge ATC pedeani. ue :.
Mifotns wt ae oD 10 th: Wobruary 1012, boring the tqgmina) ie

.

y 7
Fl

— es f iran’ = Dae he eis RM de 927 x :
a sen aa are

eer murat. Slits Me pee cae N91
><. Ne lid, Tas. Life, 5s, Beer ic. Be il
- pS, 1? ox 36 ah OE (ATTN ; Mietcher,! ‘haith Pee. Traph Rai
|

% 3 =,
s
ee AD
~
nt
‘

Pee ee (HS), Kt se nahiy Meo al
7 Th i apucien i we niely: distibaterd: in the’ Pialine of Ini
enya has beet fragt at, Puss; Cha ome, Paddank resi: rere
oe | (Ghampiren) and ‘Goals: the larva Seenrred cat jadigo and

ot 8 B : i %

ior q 7 4
te a beph temp’ en gronaduot, soy leah. 10th, died and ming, ne rather

had i... us beer: noted. ant ere (iar » Craving pnilicnsy, yal ot
"gf mn Sunth Coorg darva un Mowers of Bestia apd Inte F Punjab Ma ¢

"ss "Fish thas recorded it aa, a ani bad! pest of proundante hy, Bald lava es
an spechyens from the Purgab, At Mandalay yK. BD. Slirafl bus fonud a

aa 4
“_ tT

ah iBLV a, : por ips ot th 6 species, i Ox lz t ij? on : rat u) ad(*), : Aer 8
= Suny B Qtr post o% i crops mentioned above, fie ieva rolling is
7 . shoots and boring inti the fower-bucde,alowers and ncHis auil eating the at
- ; fe was . yi : i; Mans P ne} ~abin j He Q ai A Varig te a
< t.° arn bi) Wie id, 0 Bre atta hed ee icy yHOt MAS. 3 ope, Bi
CPST : ib iS NECeSBuTs ¥
The tarva, ties te postiiar: rith adk fhe tonp-leaves, Gowers or:
on whiel jt i fesdme fhe fuiseroe@a tf a-aAbout 10 mo. ne sind
- ie ather flatdeneds’ semnente
LTtTW deep puninish-by rE dark py pie bead rather date <
DEO WIE, hin’ ; prot! ec shield large 9 low] Tow) 4 primary: haire §
. : ariaing fpon) slightiv rai nbercles } Jegs- blanc; (ive pairage nally d
2: biped jrekape. : . i
) ; Pupitton takes place anionget ihe flowers or insxie sp rolted’ iat
paps ts about) mm. long, red-brown; anal «x4 emity’ with) 4 nimber oF KDONBe
mrcmate hate on veolral aiuibce and-e few mick longer hairs on apex. .
.* = .

i Pups: pei Mk 36 Wont. Nve days: July a2 qe ning” drfen saa be i » owen

ifurn Insectary Uage-sbps 73,,915, 1637, }
; ’
a , i , = ;
NALSTA & ErOor SIAR, Hee. Su

AaAgerw t pe we. oy a Ext. Mier ae: 83 {, ae Hea A Bo ae M
. ; “hve ass
ae Desppibed ftom Musa, whhre it fas been regtedd: from larvae tong nd me

= : wien #4 Tits May Vaid, f 7
od ny

Thedatva webs! several green iwige togetdiae Yeni
M and. feeds . frote within, Tha larts ig abot 12

‘ : J en me i Ae
ne
Pie

a

2, BALNBRIGGE FLETCHER 95
greenish-yellow ; head dark brown, shiny ; prothorax with dorsal dark brown
shiny shield, ventrally dark brown; tubercles on segments minute black
points emitting short grey hairs ; five pairs of prolegs. Pupation takes place
in a white silken cocoon formed inside the larval shelter. Moths have been,
bred in March and May. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 1054, 1180.) pst Nar. i920
; 7 Nffirsr Pore 0 BAT mete“: ~
ANARSIA EXALLACTA, MEYR, MS. { | Yume x. omepls (a eye
This species was reared at Pusa on 7th October 1912 from at larva found ee
on top leaves of arhar (Cajanus indicus).

ANARSIA IDIOPTILA, MEYR

Aniarsia idioptila, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 582-583 (June 1916)(').

Described from Pusa, where it was taken from Cassia fistula in June(').

This species was reared from a larva found at Pusa on 8th June 1913,
folding or binding together several leaves of Casssia fistula, living hidden and
feeding on the leaves from within its shelter. The larva is about 7 mm. jong,
flattened, light greenish-yellow with a broad brown subdorsal stripe ; head
flattened, yellowish brown ; thoracic segments blackish; five pairs of prolegs.
Pupation takes place within the larval shelter, the cremastral hooks of the
pupa being fastened into a thin silken lining attached to one leaf. The pupa
is about 4°5 mm. long and about 1:5 mm. broad across thoracic region, ¢ylindri=
cal, tapering to a point anally, dark brown, shiny. The pupal period is about
five days in June. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 996.)

J
ANARSIA MELANOPLECTA, MEYR. (PLATE XX, FIG. 3.)

Anarsia melanoplecta, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 774 (1914)(') ; Fletcher, Ent. ,
Note 78 (1916)(2) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 221 (1917)(*), ts, Rar ft BM.
Larva boring in shoots of mango (Mangifera indica) in May at Pusa. :

lenis

This species is probably widely distributed, but overlooked. We have it
from Pusa and Nagpur. At Pusa it has been found boring mango buds and
twigs and feeding on mango inflorescence and at Nagpur it has been reared
from mango flowers. Te aE 2

The larva has been described as “ about 8 mm. long by | mm. in breadth ;
cylindrical, the segments well defined, in colour yellow with a pinkish tinge,
the anal segment darker. The head and prothorax slightly smaller than the
metathorax which is the broadest part of the body. The head is shining
black, the prothorax dark grey with a prominent black shiny shield divided
medially by a fine line. Five pairs of equally developed prolegs are present.”
‘The above larva was found at Pusa on 19th February 1912, boring the terminal
shoot of a tender twig of mango.

x alo epalladta

( @-93)

paned®

—

oA
Kaa

94 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIADZ

The foregoing description agrees substantially with a description of
another larva found at Pusa on 2nd May 1906, boring into a mango twig.
The larva bores into the twig from the tip until it reaches a limit of the new
year’s growth, and there it makes a silken lining to the chamber it has excavated
and also provides an opening for the emergence of the imago. (Y. Rama-

chandra Rao’s (! age-slip 27.)
f
of

ANARSIA OMOPTILA, MEYR. ao ee
. 1) Yo Ra (-At- ka
Anarsia omoptila, Meyr., Exot. Mier., I, 147 (1918)( an! Wee °F) Mav. 92
** Bred at Cainbatane in October from lJarvee ak between Folded
leaves of Cajanus indicus’’(4).

ANARSIA SAGITTARIA, MEYR,
So seb Gute hal:
Anarsia sugittaria, Meyr., B. J., XXU, 774-775 ( (1914)(),¢ (Ny . (420)
Described from Pusa(#), w ae it has been reared ee ne boring top-
shoots of ber (Zizyphus jujuba) in August 1907 and June 1908, but no deserip-

tion of the early stages seems to have been made.
:
ANARSIA SAGMATICA, MEYR.

Anarsia sagmatica, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 582 (1916)(4).

This species has been reared at Pusa from a larva found on 16th February
1914, rolling the apical part of a Loranthus leaf transversely and fastening it
into a cylindrical fold with white silk. The larva was living within this fold
and nibbling the leaf from within its shelter. The larva was about 8 mm.
long and a little more than 1 mm. broad across mid-body, slightly flattened,
slightly tapering towards either extremity, uniform coppery-brown, the
thoracic region darker, head shiny yellow-brown; segments not clearly
marked, skin soft and smooth, small scattered hairs arising from minute
papille ; legs dull black ; five pairs of equally developed prolegs. Pupation
took place in a cocoon formed by lining the larval shelter with white silk.
The larva pupated on 21st February, and the moth emerged on 7th March.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1029.)

ANARSIA VERUTA, MEYR: :2

Anarsia veruta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 148 (1918)(}).
‘ Bred at Pusa in February from pupa on Inga dulcis (Leguminose)” (?).

/

Hop cy& CHELARIA PHACELOTA, MEYR.
Chelaria phacelota, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 166 (1913)(4), Exot. Micr., I, 279 (1914)().
Recorded from Peradeniya(+ 2), where it was bred in July from Psyllid galls

on Mallotus philippinensis(?),

: oie 2 pase 4 i tn om so
- dae ilies vac g eg vith: “te Ohith ‘ing, : Fies
= age asks 7 ae met Eth eal, Le erm ee

SF Diotenengebut edn eeat 888 nes hovel
nd," ee a 1 ic “vi nt. ned, wget, aceite

A te

¥ ; A ‘
Pa _— « 1he9 a a ahs Kovstmnteh ae a ome? = rh iL

a TR -

Cle bae hebigrame sy bere , Ex. bec. TH LSi - 183 (1926) PSP. nea pelt: in

[ha fe lawe fy flee g mege (heeft) (R.Rae)

Nypatima Sfeocoara , Mey. 4 () ( : © < ‘gy ke
Cites Wihourma by. Exit W303 (Hr) $2 --- P <> :
I Onmrn Lave jhe, Ext-bic TL 3oq (yrey & © Tas amas

Chikara WitNowrmea jban , Ex tea Te 1 (1934) (=Lmre. ) 3

Bucolanche gee de, legs, Exe an bt SF Seay: 63 (Vans ) : )
: cats cater
rQuar “ .o = YA t— ® fess, see pw {= Ae

co)
te
. ee x » Koran
| Palen gars mae camnXs hen - Tar 6 + bah nega Y
Bethe Car, abe, © tt Exon hin Iv 16 (1931) rib i ae.

Crd hey or Dur | © = Wh Mm Yt yh canens

—— —————

t. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 95
Aup Cr i - A
CHELARIA RHICNOTA, MEYR.

Chelaria rhicnota, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 580-581 (June 1916)(}); Yeti Pre H Bat merN¢ L.! 6
Described from the Shevaroy Hills and from Chittur, Madras Presidency(})- eS ce
Bred in February from larva found feeding on flowers of Mangifera indica

at Chittur ; the pupa with five abdominal segments fixed(}).

Hyp» Rona J
SHELARIA SCOPULOSA, MEYR.

Chelaria scopulosa, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 165-166 (1913)(4), J. c., 774 (1914)(?).
Described from Karwar, where the larva was found burrowing in shoots

of Careya arborea, showing some excrement on opening of hole(?).
Hyt: K DA Va
CHELARIA SPATHOTA, MEYR,

Chelaria spathota, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 165 (1913)(1) ; Fletcher, Entl. Note 82
(1916)(2), Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 219 (1917)(3). Hee. MC UC rete 1.8 N asthe
Described from the Khasis and Konkan(!). It was reared at Pusa in

December 1909 from a larva found eating mango leaves. It has also been

reared from a larva found on tender mango leaves at Koilpatti, Madras Presi-

dency in November 1909(?). No description of the early stages seems to have
been made, We UA ~T Tran Dewi re fF. @ A lef 4 Odina Hdver.

Y
MACROC ERAS C&ACIA HCOPHILA, STDGR. !

Macroceras ecophila, Stdgr., Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1876, 150(}).
OF Reia maculata, Wlsm., P. Z. S., 1897, 11-112(?), Fauna Hawaii, pp. 649-650(°).
QE Keia wcophila, Meyr., T. E. S., 1915, 201(4).
Recorded from Sicily(4), West Indies(?), Brazil(?), Peru(*), Hawaii(’) and
India(*). We have specimens from Pusa and Coimbatore. The moth occurs on

the walls of houses and the larva is probably a domestic rubbish-feeder. We :
have it from Pusa (“on bee blanket ’’), Coimbatore (“on a wall’), and
Belgaum.

Pe ecg ila Gotu <b fee, Bye Agee. Sem Bed. PS fyb) [Ree sre
ee tee rs)
Oece seophite Meee \Durk. Soc. Fv. Eps pre VA) RW Img Tri (‘1-9
BOIS: @ try ree Hh beny 2 MGA LH Y Let
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anaeg OF. AGRICULTURE 2A
IN INDIA.-

VRIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
. MICROLEPIDOPTERA

Mick aa

i ay. COSMOPTERYG IDA. (BVrTORDA, PHYSOPTILIDA,
: MYLORYCTINA, STENOUGDA AND ORNEODIDA
BA oii a ,
ov ea?

™ BAINBIUGGE FLETCHER, BAN: BALA, PES) Fe ae
7 Imperial” Vavoneleaplot .

AS

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a
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PAGRICULTURAL RESEARC i ssid dokic PUSA

7
aie ns : ; sicirens> airs ORIN oe iy

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rm, rade AL DEPARTMENT Of $MORPET URN BH-ENDLA ge
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November, 1920. ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES. Vou. VI, No. 4.

MEMOIRS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA

1V. COSMOPTERYGIDA, E&COPHORIDA, PHYSOPTILIDA,
XYLORYCTIDA, STENOMIDA AND ORNEODIDA

BY
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., F.ES., F.Z:8

Imperial Entomologist

RERIGULEURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2 Creep Lanxr, LONDON

9?

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS.
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

IV. COSMOPTERYGIDA, GECOPHORIDA, PHYSOPTILIDZE,
XYLORYCTIDA, STENOMIDA AND ORNEODIDA.

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.8.,
Imperial Entomologist.

(Received for publication on 27th June 1919.) }

METACHANDID.

This family is typical of the Mascarene area, one species (Metachunda
crocozona, Meyr.) being recorded from Assam and a few others from South
Africa. Nothing seems to be known of the early stages of this group.

COSMOPTERYGIDA.

ANATRACHYNTIS SIMPLEX, WLSM,~ ;

Pyroderces simplex, Wlsm., T. E. S., 1891, 119-120, t. 6, f. 58 (1): Durrant,
Bull. Ent. Res., ITT, 206-207, f. 2 (1912) (9); Lambom, l.¢.; V, 201
(1914) (8); Willcocks, Ins. Pests Egypt, I, i, 317-320, t. 7, ff. 7-9 (1916(32).

Batrachedra corvacella, Snellen, Tijds. v. Ent., XLIV, 95, t. 6, f. 7 (1901)(4).

Stagmatophora gossyprella, Wism., A. M. N. H. (7), XVIII, 178-179 (1906(5) ;
Morstatt, Pflanzer, VIII, 253 (1912)().

Stagmatophora coriacella, Lefroy, Ind. Ins, Life, p. 536 (1909)(7); Meyr..
T. E. S., 1910, 372(8).

Pyroderces corvacella, Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., pp. 458-459, f. 334 (1914)(9) ;
Meyr., Entom. Mitteil. Suppl., HI, p. 52 (1914)(29).

Anatrachyntis coriacella, Meyr., Exot. Mier., I, 325 (1915)(4).

Anatrachyntis simplex, Fletcher, Proc, Second Entl. Meeting, p.» 114 (1917 )(?2),

Troe Wah GA aeherg Totay (May. 1920 )

=

98 LIFE-HISTORIES OF COSMOPTERYGIDA

Larva in cotton-seed (% % 3¢,4 5:6 % 8 %) in India (% 8), Burma( 7’),
Java(#), Formosa(!°), Mauritius(®), E. Africa(®), Egypt(? 8a, >), and West
Africa(} 8). Described by Lefroy(7) and Willcocks( 8a ).

* Stagmatophora coriacella, .. . . can be bred in abundance from dry
cotton seeds left too long on the plant. The caterpillar is red, not unlike
that of Gelechia gossypiella, only smaller and is not found in the green boll
or in unripe seed, as is the latter, and is nof destructive. We have reared
this from cotton-seed from many parts of India, and I. H. Burkill sent it in
from Amherst, Burma’’(?).

Willcocks gives( 3a) the following more complete description of the early
stages and figures the full-grown larva and pupa [erroneously referred to on
the plate as P. gossypiella] :—

“ Hag. Very minute, oval, convex, measuring about 0°36 mm. long by
0:22 mm. wide, the shell longitudinally striated. Laid on damaged ripe
cotton bolls and the exposed parts of the interior.

“Larva. The larvee feed on the injured seeds and fibre and general
debris to be found in bolls which have been attacked by bollworms. At
first the larve are white with a brownish head; later and whilst still quite
small, they may become pinkish or sometimes they will be found to be quite
dark-coloured owing to their having fed on dark coloured decayed matter,
which shows through the somewhat transparent skin ; or again, the
skin may be covered and thus discoloured by the spores of the black sooty
fungus frequently present in damaged cotton-bolls late in the year. When
full-grown the larva (Plate VII, fig. 9) measures some 7 to 8 mm. long by
15 mm. broad. The head is light yellowish-brown and the thoracic shield
is of the same colour but paler. The body is pale or slightly yellowish with
two conspicuous and very distinct reddish-pink transverse and narrow bars
on the back of each segment. The transverse barrings are so distinct that
this character alone serves to distinguish the Pyroderces larva from the pink
bollworm [Gelechia gossypiella], in which the reddish-pink colour is much
more generally suffused over the dorsum; and moreover, Gelechia larve of
the size of the Pyroderces larva are, generally speaking, still white or white
with faint pink suffusions around the hair tubercles.

« Pupa. The pupa (Plate VU, fig. 8) may be found in the damaged boll
enclosed in a light cocoon of silk. It is smaller and less robust than the pupa
of Gelechia, and is of a different form as will be seen if the illustrations of the
two species are compared. The pupa of the pink bollworm is hairy and
has several small hooklets near the tip of the abdomen. These are not present
on the Pyroderces pupa.”

Awol achy A Peraplex , Cohur & (ote | Depr. Aye. Tw BM 3G, p. & (lyr) C Renur —
Iamlorey Peart. A Ca Oct patn, ( EK laes quingtn fs ) pave Ex ‘ve dan

aw fr acMurooemn d

lie ‘hae vam “

i.e she Py saa TUS

ary hast ‘hh vate hat iM Syp vali ees Pe Aural ih nea nd net Neat

7 3 rape (oe). AB 18 SMe Et piter_ ari is t ‘a ‘ Loateict ve bah
* hia f ‘cotton-dead from mat of India, and. t iy. Boek he
ike a fy TS Ary ea b. $! ter ark i : 2 nee 7, -

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Reprinted from the Report of the Proceedings of the Fourth
Entomological Meeting held at Pusa, 1921.

32.— ANATRACHYNTIS FALCATELLA, STT. (PYRODERCES.
SPODOCTHA, MEYR.).

(Plate XLIV).
By C. S. Misra, B.A., First Assistant to the Imperial Entomologist.

Gracilaria falcatella, Stainton. T. E. 8. (n.s.) V, 121 (1859).
Pyroderces spodochtha, Meyr. Bombay Journal, XVI, 607

(1905).

Anatrachyntis falcatella. Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, 1917,
p- 114.

Anatrachyntis falcatella. Proc. Third Entl. Meeting, 1919,
p. 149.

Anatrachyntis falcatella, Meyr., Exotic Micro., I, 325, 1915.
Anatrachyntis falcatella. Fletcher, Ind. Agric. Ent. Mem., VI,
99 (Jan. 1921).

The moth has hitherto been recorded as a rubbish feeder and has
been recorded from :—

Pusa....1913, 1914, 1916. From cotton, cotton buds, in cage
containing Dactylopius sp., from Eublemma cage and on Lac.

Calcutta.

Shillong....October 1916.”

Gobichettipalayam (Coimbatore District) on a rotten pomegranate.

Kandy....Larva in resinous masses of lac coccid TYachardia
albizzia. .

Bangalore....January 1920. Larva in broodlac on Shorea talura.

Last year when I began the study of the parasites and the predators
of lac, my attention was drawn to a consignment of broodlac on Shorea
talura received from Dr. Gilbert Fowler of the Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore. The first moth emerged on the 22nd September 1920 and
a number of moths continued to emerge until the 24th October and
for some time thereafter. Two other consignments were received
subsequently and the number of moths that emerged from these was
also large. The fourth consignment has been received only recently
and from this too the moths have begun to come out. The large number
of moths that emerged from the four consignments made it highly
suspicious that the caterpillars were not altogether harmless, and from
the observations that I have been able to make hitherto, it appears
that the caterpillar feeds on the healthy lac females within resinous
cells. The caterpillars occur in healthy broodlac alung with Bublemma

1

250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING

amabilis, but the two predators could be distinguished readily from
their method of affecting the resinous cells containing gravid females.
In the four consignments of broodlac received from Bangalore the
number of Anatrachyntis falcatella was far in excess of Hublemma ama-
bilis and it is fortunate that it is so. Hublemma amabilis is a serious
pest in Northern India, and it will require patience and perseverence
to limit the ravages of this serious pest. In some places I have seen
it so bad, that the crop is extremely poor and the emergence of larvee
is late and poor. The pest has remained unchecked so long, that the
depredations committed by it have resulted in unsettling the market
and causing unwarranted fluctuations. The lac-growers and the manu-
facturers, who are not entomologists, cannot understand the situa-
tion. They generally ascribe the poorness of the crop to climatic and
such other conditions. No doubt these are important factors and
cannot be easily overlooked, but the state of affairs now warrants a
critical study of the parasites and predators which bring about such
a state of affairs. When such a study is undertaken it will be found
that the parasites and the predators of the lac insect are factors not
to be overlooked in any scheme of expansion of the industry. When
this stage will be reached, I think further steps will be taken to obtain
accurate data regarding distribution and damage brought about by
each predator. It will then, I think, be necessary to restrict the dis-
tribution of each predator within its own sphere of its activity. Hublemma
amabilis, so far as I have been able to consult the literature, and so far
as my own experience goes, is mostly destructive to Lac in Northern
India. By this I do not wish to create a false impression that it does
not occur in South India. From occasional consignments received
from Southern India, as well as those from Banganapalle, it is apparent
that Eublemma amabilis does occur there but not to such an extent
as it occurs in the North. Anatrachyntis falcatella has not been reported
damaging lac from Northern India. There is only one record and that
too from Pusa, on the 22nd July 1913. Thereafter no moth has been
either captured or reared from broodlac either on Ber or Palas at Pusa.
In the Pusa collection the majority of the specimens have been from
cotton either from buds, dry shoots affected either by the Bollworms,
Earias fabia, E. insulana, Alcides leopardus, Phycita infusella, Phena-
coccus hirsutus or Ph. corymbatus. It has been reared at Kandy (Ceylon)
trom larva in resinous masses of lac coccis, Tachardia albizzie. (Bombay
Journal, XVI, 607 ; 1905).

In the specimens of broodlac on Shorea talura from Bangalore hitherto
examined by me both the predators, Hublemma amabilis and Anatra-
chyntis fulcatella, have been found working side by side on the same

2

}
|
i
i

t-

PLATE XLiV

Anatrachyntis faleatella, Stainton.
a, larva; b, pupa; c, moth, natural sizes and magnified ; @, side-view of head of moth (magnified).

PROCTREDINGS OF THE FOURTH ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 251

broodlac sticks. The latter were far in excess of the former. Both
affect the gravid females and destroy them. Hublemma amabilis cater-
pillars work from the side as well as from the top side of the resinous
cells enclosing lac females on the branches. <Anatrachyntis falcatella
caterpillars prefer to work mostly from the sides of the resinous cells.
The caterpillar gnaws a hole at the side of a resinous cell and penetrates
into the resinous incrustation. The passage of Hublemma caterpillars
could be easily detected by following the tunnel filled with flat, oval,
discs of resin mixed with body juices of their victims. In some cases
the resinous cells are completely hollow and are filled with dark crimson,
flat, ovalish discs. The cocoon of the caterpillar consists of whitish
silken threads glued together with deep crimson, flat oval discs. Prior
to pupation the Hublemma caterpillar makes a hole of exit, closes it up
with whitish silken threads and pupates immediately below it.

The Anatrachyntis falcatella caterpillars also make their way inside
the resinous intrustation by gnawing bits of resin and then attacking
the females. The bits of frass left by these caterpillars in the tunnels
made by them are different from those of the Hublemma caterpillars.
In this case the granules of resin are small and round, quite unlike those
of Bublemma caterpillars. Both resinous and other granules consisting
of chitin, dye and other visceral portions from the body of the lac
females lie about the tunnels made by the caterpillars.

The full-fed caterpillar is light crimson of much the same colour
as the lac females, and as such is quite distinct from Eublemma cater-
pillars which are white or whitish crimson. It is 5-75 mm. long, and.
a little over 1 mm. broad. It is light to bright pinkish in colour on
account of its meal of the lac females. The head is jet black, with small
whitish porrect hairs. The mandibles are jet black in keeping with
‘the general colour of the head, and are powerful. There is a shiny black
thoracic shield with an obsolete indentation in the middle. The meso
and meta-thoracic segments are concolorous with the abdominal seg-
ments which are light pinkish with white sete on them. The anal
and the penultimate segments have a chitinous shield of a light fuscous
brown colour with whitish hair pointing caudad. There is a fine trans-
parent, longitudinal line from the first abdominal segment to the anal
end through which the pulsation of the heart could be seen under high
magnification. (Plate XLIV, fig. a).

From what I have been able to observe hitherto, it appears that
the caterpillar in its attempts to reach the dead and dry female Jac
cells bites its way through the living female cells as well and thereby
causes death. In one case, a caterpillar was seen to enter the resinous
incrustation on a Shorea talura stick from the side and within three

3

952 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING

days it had penetrated a length of 20 mm. when it began to pupate.
It had thus killed off seven healthy lac females. The caterpillar, when
full-fed, spins a thin, whitish cocoon. Prior to pupation it makes a
circular hole on the resinous incrustation which it lines with a thin,
silken webbing. Such holes of exit for the adult moth could be easily
seen under the binocular with a little practice. If disturbed, it moves
about and spins a fresh cocoon either within or between crevices of
coalescing resinous cells. In the majority of cases examined, the pupa
lies within the resinous incrustations, in a thin silken cocoon. The
pupa, when taken out of the cocoon, is brick brown in colour with
a slight bloom. It is 3 mm. long and a little over 1 mm. broad, the
two black spots on the head representing the eyes. The three pairs
of legs are folded on the sternum, the apices of the antenne reach the
apices cf the anterior wings which lie closely adpressed laterally.
Dorsally the head is pointed anteriorly and broad posteriorly. The
mesothoracic segment is the most prominent, nearly twice as long as
pro- and metathoraces together. Eleven abdominal segments are
distinct. There are a few short white hairs at the anal end. (Plate
XLIV, fig. 6).

The adult moth is pale brown. When resting on lac-covered sticks
it rests at an angle, the anterior part of the body being slightly raised.
The moths are not very brisk fliers. They have hitherto been observed
to be quiet during the greater part of the day. (Plate XLIV, fig. c).

The addition of this moth to the list of predators on the lac insect
increases the difficulties of cultivation. The lac insects have already
a host of predators and parasites to contend with. It is just possible
that this moth, in course of time, may divert its attention from cotton
to lac and it will then be time to adopt rigorous measures to combat
it; when the question of the establishment of nurseries for the distribu-
tion of broodlac is mooted it will be advisable to keep an eye on this,

as well as other, predators.

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 99

Our records have little to add to Mr. Willcocks’ description given above,
The larvae sometimes bore into young unopened cotton leaves when they
dry up under conditions of rearing. This moth has been reared at Pusa
from dry cotton-bolls, cotton buds, bhindi (Hibiscus esculentus), rotten peach
fruit, dry fallen gular (Ficus glomerata) fruit, rotten bamboo stalk, tur
(Cajanus indicus) stem, dry pods of Vigna catjang and from wheat flour in
company with Sitotroga cerealella ; at Coimbatore from cotton bolls and buds,
castor, maize cobs and cholam (Andropogon Sorghum) ear-heads ; at Hagari
from cholam ear-heads webbed up by larvee of Stenachroia elongella ; at Gobi-
chettipalayam (Coimbatore District) from a rotten pomegranate fruit ; and
at Chidambaram, Belgaum, Surat, Shibpore Farm (Calcutta), Ferozepur,
Rohtak, Sialkote and Myingyan (Burma) from cotton bolls. From the above
records it would appear that this insect is merely a rubbish-feeder on vegetable
refuse and not a pest.

ANATRACHYNTIS FALCATELLA, STT.
Gracilaria ? falcatella, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n.s.), V, 121 (1859)(}).
Pyroderces spodochtha, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 607 (1905)(?) ; Exot. Micr., I, 280
(1914)(3),
Anatrachyntis falcatella, Meyr., Exot. Micr., 1, 325 (1915)(4); Fletcher, Proc. pa

Vj vac J
Second Entl. Meeting, p. 114 (1917)(°), ea Ts d Eth meting Ling Nau lyse ps eae
EAT. Nets Ph %

Reared at Kandy from larva in resinous masses of Lac Coccid, Tachardia i te
~25%) a5 <

albizzie(2). The pupa is described as “unusually stout, entirely without _

spines; dehiscing by a longitudinal slit in head, not breaking up, antennal + lowe deootd)
{ = ae
cases fixed in pupal skin, abdominal segments apparently all fixed (7), wing- ™ nes
AS uk J

cases firmly attached and reaching to end of seventh segment ”’(8).

Originally described from Calcutta(!); also recorded from Kandy(?).
We have it from Shillong and Pusa. At Pusa it has been reared from larve
on cotton shoots “in Eublemma cage” and “on Dactylopius on cotton ”
The Pusa collection also contains a specimen, identified as falcatella by Mr.
Meyrick and reared from a rotten pomegranate at Gobichettipalayam (Coim-
batore District) ; but this specimen looks to me like A. simplex.

The larva seems to be predaceous on Coccide, but has not been described.

TRACHX DORA /
ANAPTARACTES PLUMIGERA, MEYR.

Anataractis plumigera, Meyr., Exot. Micr., 1, 565-566 (May 1916)(1) ; Fletcher,

Entl. Note, 83 (June 1916)(?) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 81 (1917)(%), Tas. Pe: he:
Described from specimens bred at Pusa and Coimbatore from bred out. hk rl
feeding in stems of Indigofera(}). Ba SRS Ee

100 LIFE-HISTORIES OF COSMOPTERYGIDZ

“ Anataractis plumigera, Meyr., reared from pupa in stem of Indigo at
Pusa, 4 May, 1912 (C. No. 945). The stem was swollen into a gall and evidently
the larva had fed inside the stem ”’(?).

“ Anataractis plumigera was reared from a gall in a stem of Indigofera
linifolia at Pusa, but we have not noticed it in any cultivated indigo “(°).

We have this from Pusa and Chapra.

f
4

PYRODERCES ALBILINEELLA, VAN DEVENTER.
46 pe Gore har ee Dieodareds albilineella, Dev., Tijds. voor Ent., 1904, 33-34, t. 2, f. 5(4);
juakes T-590\NT Meyrick, Exot. Micr., I, 310 (1915)2), Le. 1, 566 (1916)().
Originally described from Java(}). Since recorded from the Kei Islands
and Ceylon(2).
Bred in April at Coimbatore from larva boring in pods of Cassia corymbosa,
Pupa rather stout, all segments fixed except anal(°).
It has also been reared at Coimbatore from larvee in indigo pods and we
have it from Virajpet (South Coorg).
,
PYRODERCES SEMICOCCINEA, SsTT.
Cosmopteryx ¢ semicoccinea, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n.s.), V, 123 (1859)(?).
Pyroderces semicoccinea, Meyr., B. J., XIX, 411 (1909)(?), Exot. Mier., I, 310
(1915) (8); atm, Pac. B ae busts j \ Wo (we. \gu )
Originally described from Calcutta(!) ; also recorded from Queensland(8).
Reared at Pusa from stems of Cajanus indicus in company with P.
promacha, various Phycitids, ete. It appears to be a rubbish-feeder.
We have this from Pusa, the Shevaroys and Pollibetta (South Coorg).

f

PYRODERCES PROMACHA, MEYR.

Pyroderces promacha, Meyr., Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1897, 351(1),. Entom.
Mitteil. Suppl., IIL, p. 54 (1914)(2): Huma, Cac. © Cut. retry D150 (Nav. 1920}
Originally described from New South Wales(!), and since recorded from

Formosa(2) and India(?2). The Pusa collection contains specimens from

Pusa, Coimbatore and Peshawar.

It has been reared at Pusa from a tur (Cajanus indicus) stem and is also
said to have been reared from a larva found mining Phaseolus mungo leaves
at Pusa on 29th April 1907, the moth pupating on 5th May and emerging
on llth May 1907. This larva was described as “2 mm. long, tapering
posteriorly, orange-yellow ; head yellowish-brown, flattened ; thorax flattened :
a green median line running from prothorax to anal segment and two brown
spots on either side of this median line. When about to pupate it turned
red and prepared a cocoon of white threads. Pupa emerged half-way out

e | ha eye, Exit ta. HL go (igre) [ Pony @ fecduy
> Finadno, INS o ni ones 5 .

Armenp an fece ots hawhre )

va Paankeaole as ‘aces aed Klee oxtetihe

- Pia, has FOR ee ie te eee: ito 2 gah:
* tha kita oad Pdinete the stein Ah Fe Ca

* Watlartiett:-plinhagerd <n agora taut ull tn me

Lagohnt we Puce: iu we hare not notice tit, Ce aici

We have A from Poa suit Uhapta os a,

| PvisOTIRRORE ALLINERLLA, vaw Paves
Re ee ee ew moat aliiinsetie, Dev, ids, woot Baty LI: SESE ef

pee gee Steyr nek Ryok Meer TE 0 OIA ee ae ae ee
| Onis Ay leer miboe | Shag de tn ape ne
Away 9 BAT it. Leet yy ot ae ea ae} perso Fa

Pied don Agni of Cranes Foch ee ane ees ¢ ee boda

“Yana rather vou, alt shaments Leed-exeept, anal(*), met

fthas wiso bite Teared at Loiibatora, foun Taye m wiitp yet
have, it seam Vitai her one (Cosvugr) |

| benonieces Se ICOOCGRA, str, emai =
Qormorterux ? "pennamrined, Sirpan tots eS ee re pea. cat :
Pirciderees Se Micsnctana, Meyer, 0. a, Pe ed (thom) Bet ia oo
vate); ota Ree... BI. haat f
: Grginally desntihed frum Pahowt tar Be. gsi pba peg
Heated at’ Prise fron. stama Gf Caine: Gndifine he smi
jiemachi, vatiom Phyedtide, ete: Th appeals to bea ro fiina-fee
| ae have this fcoun A Wit, tine o Shsvardye, aad er iosk Sit ea

ee Feonacely men!
pues preinacha, Mey. ‘Pe Minn BpOeR oe W), 169%. sag
Mitteds Bappty Tig: Bet (i914) ae eon Fan patsy Be
. Originally desctibed frre New Sotith, Wales. ae sine ‘et 2 a at
—* Bommabent®) ahd Levin, The Pots: election pein ” cimens fron
Te Pies, Lotubatars ait Peshawar: m3 5 nae
ky base bees reared at Puss frown a fed iduseniae agua dale ua
kbet-to Taio eon wegsed from a ddtes found ining Plasontes Yoda
i Prin opt 20K April 1902, Mies taoth: Phpeting <x BA Mfay, heirs
ow. Lith May 190T<- This frye spas: decertlagl te ea ngs
Posterior orange-yellow Hheaulh Berateteg es saad, Utara Mis
pp agngey ae reds from, ahees ci al sogment

PLATE XXII.

Pyroderces callistrepta:—a, Larva ; b, pupa ; c, moth ; natural sizes and magnified.

bof ‘maitre Drthnce w.

‘ a “ae ' as ie a
ve at ay % Sh rea
N ie ; f i “) — ¢

ree, "pier rage is oe Peake a Rs i aa

ight i Phau baila oki ni benke {Peetenie greedy Th KAP * saa

WwW at — 4 iy Yeon’ Pris amt € hapen, pia ‘ . Neh ae oe Pai :

i tr a niines teak (7ectonn ay en, leave at Puss at us dein af | phi if a

abe nay) ey » dane burrows, onder the apid oni ati the anper-qariae eo ity,

aa lat dnd [peace barge bri tishern, bala are quits protiiment or cha peur: }

mileaye:! and vi Tas i are algovietble Seat: Wregiea tty Severe lerver food. ant Me:
ars and. ‘the: “atti re mairtace at “ uns tou aba shear henwt ahauectheien bane Ad
aod phic Holly all Gre leases 3 apg serie may, heiafected.. “Taren: +, .

a found ebrndpntty: diy BOte! Felapiae ye, 1a wie wich aparece batemone aie

by Kebruary anal. 7th. Apu, A: lange re porns vat Qe: laste are puraniitend Ye tag

pa) Chalajedid | fzvsin ane tab ot hire bie twelve mbtha and wiley i as

bee emerged: i A. leak rica op, the lave idavea i+ “and ape? wapable ol : a
| g fresh: Teens dnl forming hew foes blz oar, if)

BS the laevis is abort 5 Wirt. divnig, gather wlat, Fh itiened, Laperiog. poster: me a ie
tl disthaeg as witebe ytd Serica ghmower thaws rathwrex, rath yy | :

; BeAdie shield, Beige, ahiny brow; egy zi rte! batter pe sng
*

4 i aaah cond, eed dehetoadbglipited odudtias ae ea e) rye
ae arent she ok Doteon Biome gear
ry : beets Yubnoo ti a Cada ress lve y Hse ct ig ; 4
Si telialintess oF, Pee terat, A Shes plete, ahere at I mek ‘Sous .

ya ks
hee dels hard ‘to the sorith. (Tua, pees a a ‘8, cam
Bei: A ee 5%) | NE ACEP HA, ier ee se 20 Naa i

rg, Mayr) Patut,” Mice 7, AOR CLT) Loe j
Fro. Potudiontya in” Gepaber(t}”" Compan: firm, oem; white,
Ea ea placed beteintia’ aptite heavens hind the berva dee

| Ffagetencl winscmobing dare. |
Pogite Beaty, Mice... 1. 926, (190).
Sabiyhriaak aaa as harepn | mg *

Labd:- riphonanls, hea.) Exot hee Te Satyr) p
[ Debne Den bed Mey for Liles getyantts (hewnncene) ).

Doredoca chyyte maa che , betye .y Exor. te. D324 (gis) C Reon, CoAdaper )
“ treet, | Exar mee. Ut go (92a) [ Pon, O 4 Arid 5 pAavK

a Rurarane labels firmi ( Padmacerr) |

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 101

of cocoon on exit of moth.” (A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 22.) It appears to me
doubtful whether the above larva was really that of P. promacha. It is
possible that the description refers to a Gracillariad leaf-miner, perhaps

Cyphosticha coerulea.
4

PYRODERCES CALLISTREPTA, MEYR, (PLATE XXII.)
Pyroderces callistrepta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 38-39 (1917)().

‘ Bred at Pusa from larve mining in leaves of teak (T'ectona grandis) ’’(4).

We have this from Pusa and Chapra.

This species mines teak (Tectona grandis) leaves at Pusa at the end of
February. The larva burrows under the epidermis on the upper surface of
the leaf and produces large brown blisters, which are quite prominent on the
green leaves and which are also visible from.beneath. Several larvee feed in
one leaf and the entire surface of a leaf may show these brown blister-like
patches, and practically all the leaves of large trees may be affected. Larve
were found abundantly on 20th February 1915 and moths emerged between
25th February and 7th April. A large proportion of the larve are parasitized
by a Chalcidid; from one lot of larve collected twelve moths and sixty
parasites emerged. If a leaf dries up, the larve leave it and are capable of
- entering fresh leaves and forming new mines therein.

The larva is about 5 mm. long, rather stout, flattened, tapering posteriorly,
segments distinct, dirty white; head flattened, narrower than prothorax,
shiny brown ; prothoracic shield large, shiny brown ; legs dark brown ; prolegs
minute.

Pupation takes place within the larval mine, usually at one side of the
mine and alongside a leaf-vein, in a white silken cocoon which is covered with
a mass of pellets of frass. The cocoon may easily be located on inspection
of the under-surface of the leaf, as the place where it is situated swells up a
little and feels hard to the touch. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1161.)

rs

LIMNCCIA METACYPHA, MEYR.

Limnecia metacypha, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 203-204 (1914)(}).

Described from Peradeniya in October(}). “Cocoon firm, oval, white,
with attached excrement, placed between spun leaves where the larva has
apparently fed ’’(). /

LIMN@CIA PERONODES, MEYR.

Limnecia peronodes, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 318 (1915)(?).

Reared at Pusa in May from larve feeding in leaf-sheaths of bamboos(!). 9 ses ee

Our specimens are all from Pusa and have been bred from pupa found 4,>

‘

on bamboo, from larva on unnoted foodplant, and from larva “on Coccide

Cacia

\

Len

fw

-_

AI?

I
oli

(fina "at
(ie i)

(Nev.

102 LIFE-HISTORIES OF COSMOPTERYGID™®

on bamboo (T. N. Jhaveri, 13th July 1908) ’. The pool larval food seems

uncertain. FLAVo FASC IATA Wok . 1879
COSMOPTERYX

CoSmefery x love fariafe , Wott, , Ree (eon ae (1679) C3 SP. Welenn)

Cosmopteryx mimetis, Meyr., . Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1897, 339(1), B. J.

XIX, 417 5(4909)(7),2T. Ee s 1910, 372(%), Tr. Linn. Soc. (Z), XIV, 282

(VODA), oa es. 19a 205(5):

Common throughout India and Ceylon and widely distributed from
Australia(?), New Guinea(?) and Borneo(?) to Mauritius(® 4), the Seychelles(4)
and British Guiana(®).

Mr. Meyrick has suggested that the larva is “ probably attached to some
plant of ‘cultivation (3). It may be noted that Cosmopteryx pallifasciella,
Snell. (Tajds. v. Ent., XL, 138-139, t. 6, f. 1 (1897)), described from Java,
mines in sugarcane in its larval stage.

C. mimetis has been bred at Pusa from larvee found mining leaves of
motha grass (Cyperus rotundus). The larva mines the leaf either in its middle
or in its apical part, the mine running along and on either side of the mid-rib.
From larve collected on 15th September 1916, thirty-eight moths emerged
from 25th September to 8th December, and eight Hymenopterous parasites
were also reared.

The larva is about 3 mm. long, tapering posteriorly, uniform light yellow ;
head flattened, narrower than prothorax, the lobes much elongated posteriorly ;
prothorax broader than followmg segments ; legs and prolegs small. (Pusa
Insectary Cage-shps 1472, 1521.)

We have C. mimetis from Peshawar, Pusa and Bassein Fort. It is
probably widely distributed throughout the Plains of India.

at Ett. Sy 7, oy aa COSMOPTERYX BAMBUSA, MEYR. (PLATE XXIII, FIG. 1.)

oe

Cosmopteryx bambuse, Meyr., Ent. Mo. Mag., LIII, 258 (Nov. 1917)(?).

“ Pusa, bred in October from larvee mining blotches in leaves of bamboo
(Fletcher). ... - A pupa-case sent (very little discomposed by the emergence
of imago through a small slit) shows only two abdominal segments free, the
rest fixed, wing-cases reaching to end of penultimate segment ”’(}).

Larve were found at Pusa on 3rd January 1916 and 21st September
1916, mining blotches in bamboo leaves. The larva mines the leaf, forming
a sharply-defined yellowish-white patch in the middle of the leaf-blade and
usually on one side of the mid-rib. There may be two or even three larve
in one leaf, forming mines on either side of the mid-rib or at different places
on the same side of it, The mine commences as a narrow strip which gradually

PEATE VI

say
"

FESR A

) Fig. 2. Cosmopteryx mimetis.

la, Mined leaf of Cyperus rotundus, tip dried up; b, Larva (x 16); e, Pupa
(x 16); d, Moth (x 16). Smaller figures show natural sizes.

_ Cosmopteryx mimetis, Meyr. (Cosmopterygide) was
_ again bred from larve mining leaves of Cyperus rotundus

Mego g Ly. Ea sour-11, § SE

re

fo Gr = Camserctnueedls, Onita. ‘lage PEATE SKI
ae Aon. re R. UXKKYV 490 -FQ! (9:7) C Trot. ® 5)

————-——-——

' Men: ~ (Fa) J

‘
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f.
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C
tom ae
,
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= 2
som OS
=
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om
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: © math
5
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=
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a +
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7 Fah, ¥
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= saedia o = &
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aa
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4

paler?
be me & nae

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4 Ante) oe- 68 anal xt ae,
Carine aesctid ose

) XXII.

PLATE

Ppolluovul pur SdZIS [eaInyeu

e AIR] a9)
jvo][-UbeT

2)

- JsE

J

je

AIR

:DLISD3O

>

Bg
opyd

“(6X )

: yjou ‘a : vdnd “p
> wAaey, Aq pouru

wAsa]dOUlsO’) *Z

jv

“(OL X TT®)
you “p : vdnd ‘a ¢ BAIL] “G } OULUL [PAIR] YIM
3] ooquing ‘Dy — apsnquing vAsa]C0UsO') "|

2
oO

Bie inne,

bn chi erent, ba poriing. pee

i ' J w eardac othe pina
i mY, Peis. be Hattengat, rater ('* rine than pret berks Civitey

iio it is mies notre ile), bravery Pritts’ ie ‘alii | ile vations Pprenles
ih saritatite pritihernn Nabea, Five poie of (rae br ae

mal
*
Wi ‘
we

fi ite: “sve ‘bolle one aver Longtwidinatty MLW Ge end apo! ea die

a my fobeod. | |

ie Molar” rh extenaboly: pernticnd: ahd teu ian half the nwaber

1 te “belocted, enenged as mors lay’ © dotletiod am Fit: Sunienher

‘ :sahirebred Bataroen Tiib Oopiber’ andl 2a Navon heb Maid other
emenn jar atinary WIG eijergecd ber Vevueiey BH Mage amd teh Awe

; (Pum tittctary Cago-wltpme i843, 147 ) |

J He POOSMORT ERY SPR ASTRA, RY Mae RET, WS, 4)

‘ey or b pearageantr o, Move, Ft! By, Map.) RAT) ee aT iho. OREN Ay

fae "

ed Bite in Fur fre yn lane Fy syuiing ibis tahoe ay loaner at bean

BS fishes WERS oat ar es on Dind: Newsip tay LOM inic Ly nahi, See A So
abe Whose Opadrtaal layers, the harya Ao uae 3 ig Toda) URE Cunt
is AOA, Pata dougie s, iealovelny he seawe't) whom 14" auc,
gs aiid cl dbwards one tne Mid extnendest omits: Hin other and ieee
hae bhvan, Aadays OF St Leauh, (htreting it | entenor’ tooo iter amt
nade wu BE the ease apd wilhayy Dip deal, feeling only ont niet
pend GF the larval isd \y perl and tha bite acval’ Epeiew 58
Methroarh i Usnally vetucal form, up tm twank GP Lwah, gilte, awe
in onde Sent Matiet ‘oootininally two eien ate Perdue! tage tee aizhy iy Spb,
Biirs i, aiweat 6 Fun doug and about. tite, dread actreehio Hidaie
ination laste (0% (eavaely compapeitay, Hi Wie setae ney areas nan
ache dintiant, - anifoeaty pals. vatlow',. bani abr,

vig

te di

RH cupthi nec te

Hk vs lee: Lawn tee Har ayes. ’

ning ae Wat 1 win: biccrttes: tyes

Ht mete ptasberant lateegly,

bar fait eg rhwa), the i rvs: hye te tt veunkiry ¥ Sol Ailie as mht dhe 47 st oe

Beemwenes, Ann, Tepifinpl, Voter, MATE FOP (TOL A eee Baath ha

Fehr Tage inte whteh ih fe efgibehy er teaetile, Jobs

Lave vat

7 Ss

ee

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 103

widens and suddenly develops mto a large whitish blotch. Wherever the
mine may be started, the larva always works towards the apex of the leaf
and hence the expanded portion of the mine always lies towards the apex.
The narrowed portion of the blotch is filled with brown frass.

The full-grown larva is about 7 mm. long and about 1 mm. across the
prothorax and metathorax, which are the broadest segments, tapering pos-
teriorly, flattened, segments well-defined and somewhat protuberant laterally,
uniform pale yellow. Head flattened, much smaller than prothorax (into
which it is partly retractile), brown. Prothoracic shield pale yellow. Spiracles
form short minute protuberant tubes. Five pairs of short prolegs.

When full-grown, the larva severs the margins of the broadened portion
of its mine and rolls one layer longitudinally mwards and pupates inside
the roll so formed.

The larve are extensively parasitized, and less than half the number
of larve collected emerged as moths. Larve collected on 2bst September
-1916 emerged between 11th October and 2nd November 1916, and others
collected on 3rd January 1916 emerged between 5th March and 14th April
1916. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 1343, 1470.)

COSMOPTERYX PHAHOGASTRA, MEYR. (PLATE XXIII, FIG. 2.) C
Cosmopteryx phcogastra, Meyr., Ent. Mo. Mag., LILI, 257-258 (Nov. I917)() ; Pe.
Fletcher, Ann. Rept. Impl. Entom., 1917-18, p. 101 (1918)(2), ure. H Eu. treet Ben
“Pusa; bred in July from larve mining blotches in leaves of bean (Nw. ae
(Fletcher).”
Larvee were found at Pusa on 22nd November 1916 mining bean leaves,
between whose epidermal layers the larva forms a cylindrical silken case
which is always placed alongside a leaf-vein. The case is about 10 mm.
long, narrowed towards one end and expanded towards the other, and inside
it the larva lives, emerging or at least thrusting its anterior extremity out
from the broader end of the case and mining the leaf, feeding only at night.
The narrower end of the larval case is open and the black larval frass is
extruded through it. Usually several larve, up to twenty or even more, are
found on one leaf, and occasionally two cases are joined together side by side.
The larva is about 6 mm. long and about 1 mm. broad across the middle
of the body, rather stout, flattened, tapering slightly anteriorly and more pro-
minently posteriorly, segments distinct, uniform pale yellow; head shiny,
dark brown, narrower than prothorax into which it is slightly retractile, lobes
prominent posteriorly ; prothoracic shield yellow-brown, divided medially ;
anal segment with a brownish shield ; five pairs of small prolegs.

8

104 LIFE-HISTORIES OF COSMOPTERYGIDA

The larve hibernated and the moths emerged througheut the month
of July 1917. About one-third of the larve were parasitized, the parasite
emerging at the same time as the moths. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip
1602.)
We have this from Pusa and from Coimbatore ; the latter specimens are
labelled “on lablab creeper, 10th February, 1915,” but it is not evident
whether they were bred or not.

Aacoken are Jf
@HOLOTIS CRYPSILOGA, MEYR.
Cholotis crypsiloga, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 329-330 (1915)(}).
Reared at Coimbatore in November from larva on Acacia(!).
AScolon: a /
. CHOLOTIS PACHNODES, MEYR.
Cholotis pachnodes, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 44 (1917)(}).
Bred at Pusa in May from larva feeding on twigs of Tamarix gallica(?).

AGANOPTILA PHANARCHA, MEYR.

Aganoptila phanarcha, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 334 (1915)(}).

Bred at Pattipola, Ceylon (6,200 feet), in March from galls on undeter-
mined tree(!).
: MICROCOLONA CITROPLECTA, MEYR.

Microcolona citroplecta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 49-50 (1917)(2).

Described from Coorg and Pusa. The Pusa specimen, taken in July,
was found on a stem of Hugenia jambolana, which may perhaps be the food-
plant.

BATRACHEDRA ARENOSELLA, WLK.

Gracilaria arenosella, Walker, Cat., XXX, 857 (1864)(4).
Batrachedra arenosella, Meyr., Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1888, 181(2), Pr. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W., XXII, 302-303 (1897)(3), Exot. Micr., IT, 30-31 (1916)(4),
Batrachedra psilopa, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 982 (1907)(5).
Originally described from New Zealand(}), this widely-distributed species
is now known to occur also in Tasmania(3), Queensland(3), New South Wales(°),
South Australia(), and British Guiana(). Within our limits it has been
recorded(4) from Maskeliya, Coorg, Bangalore, Calcutta and the Khasi Hills.
We have it from Pusa.
“ Larva amongst seeds of Juncus, joining them together with a slight web,
Pupa very slender, in a cocoon amongst the seeds ”’(3).
BaRachrirw oanrtrvorks Inbul ¢ (aka, , baer. Ayie. Jr Bw. 39, p.% (1926) [Revd < feet
sea Taniat for Catgnut foes]
Caen & GG , het. Ayre SE, BIE WT

a P ©

HeKene tacts (n-5-) gincunesnhe , hey, Exar ite . Tt aoe Gq) 2 > rea.
Bd e topo f~ Loire bin Deny esnrty a Acacte Co%R hn p4y- nA 8 fan Cote

i he Oo)
Pisewecelana ier i hee, Exes, Il 39) A lgag)) : ic :
aiwan bath ae Si q

ROD = Ourdr, oom ee cS fre “4 | Sedsum _ { x - R 2 Rep)

=>

. @ @
4 a Technosrapha yheye Exch hte - Tit 391-392 ( 4*o) 6° SEY, Me
ha < Oosrn i Lene bnsns Conde thant} 4. dies guyiavs ,
Prins wR Re Ran U

Rtg Cntr ntta ree, Ext tee w .¥4 (13) fi ke : Buikeng ny (deve ) )
Le WN Coo mA foeke, | Rorren bring we hr yan Vong tay de enh &
Wis fe er KE UM Yew poe ceo, i Hake

has ened 7)

Q)

see
| | ' atte i. xe “til ra sted: ,
; eat ra ye 4 i ie Ter Ae so citi he

* Seti aginie lt 3 the. ma
Tg rae ' eaise
ma : By) « : ; s oe
Te j fe ive tan & Bhar
Oh m a de ee

> * ene ei
, i . as |
a Lee iA - ay
1 hoeket tat
‘ ne an ij “ a Bak ~ ai
eeper; 10th February,

’

rth tyes

ais 1 4 eu! Mr Pe a4 ee Re
ConA R-7 I a Aa
J . naan ‘ aay i

r ~~

; tee gen Pe Git}: (iE te gd! vn Soa KF, a,

iain a8s : a

+.
- ee 3 4958 an ey ahtntte AL
4. du ah ics. ied ‘. a p= “pened Oe a ates 7
~aS"Y a aad ea ele SS Ves ig Dose aU Bie’ 2 wot
weds of Juncus tonne the
} ‘ 7 : YEO) o ry
Neger, Pytc,. Pu, Tt
ge Diese?)
; bs ai? eee ' i
: 4
; as
- iy

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 105

v

BATRACHEDRA SILVATICA, MEYR,
Batrachedra silvatica, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 35 (1917)(}).

“Bred at Kumaon (6,000 feet) from twigs of Pinus longifolia (Beeson).
I think the larve probably fed on dry refuse, as usual in the genus ’’(!).

This species was bred in large numbers at Dehra Dun by Mr. C. Beeson
in September 1915 from chir pine twigs attacked by a Ripersia scale, and
collected before 20th August 1915 at Almora (6,000 feet). Mr. Beeson con-
siders that this insect is probably predaceous on the Rzpersva.

The larvee of Batrachedra seem to be feeders on dry refuse. The genus
is noteworthy as containing a species (B. stegodyphobius) whose larva inhabits
the nests of a social spider (Stegodyphus) in South Africa.

(ECOPHORIDAL.
ENDROSIS LACTEELLA, SCHIFF. é
Tinea lacteella, Schiff., Syst. Verz. Schm. Wien, p. 119 (1776)(}).
Endrosis_ lacteella, Meyr., Handbk., pp. 688-689 (1895)(7), Rec. Ind. Mus.,

V., 224(3); Wlsm., Fauna Hawaii, p. 649 (1907)(4).

Endrosis fenestrella, Staint., Buckler, Larvee, [X, 334-335, t. 162, f. 12 (1899)(°).

A cosmopolitan species, recorded from Kurseong(*) and Darjiling(*). We
have it from Darjiling and Ootacamund.

The larva feeds on seeds, flour dust and dry refuse generally. Buckler
describes the full-grown larva as “ about half an inch in length, slender, with
reddish-brown head and darker mouth; a plate of similar colour is on the
second segment, but divided dorsally by the creamy-white ground colour of
the body, and having a margin of this next the head ; the anal plate is faintly
tinged with yellowish-brown; the segmental folds at the divisions show
white” (®). The general colour is whitish or pale flesh-colour.

BORKHAUSENIA PSEUDOSPRETELLA, STT.
(Ecophora pseudospretella, Stainton, Syst. Cat. Brit. Tin., p. 14 (1849)(4) ;

Buckler, Larve, IX, t. 162, ff. 13, 13a, 136 (1899)(?).

Acompsia pseudospretella, Meyr., Handbk., p. 637, p. 634, fig. (1895)(°).
Borkhausenia pseudospretella, Meyr., B. J.. XX, 148 (1910)(4), Rec. Ind.

Mus., V, 224(5).

Recorded from Nuwara Eliya in Ceylon(‘), the Khasi Hills(*) and Darji-
ling(5). Probably originally American, it is now practically cosmopolitan, but
probably confined to the Hills within Indian limits, We have it from Qotaca-
mund and the Palni Hills,

106 LIFE-HISTORIES OF @COPHORIDA

The larva is figured by Buckler(?), but without description. Meyrick

c

describes it as “ yellowish-white ; head red-brown ; plate of 2 pale ochreous ;
on seeds, dried plants, skins, ete.’’(3).
At Ootacamund a moth was found inside a bee-hive and in the Palni

Hills this species has been found breeding on dry hides.

MACROBATHRA NOMA, MEYR.
\ VU? (914
Macrobathra nomea, Meyr., Exot. Micr.,/ II, 212 (1918)(2).

“Bred [at Coimbatore] from refuse lodged in fork of Tamarindus indica
(Leguminose) ; no doubt the larva fed on the leaves as usual in the genus,
which is wholly confined to the Leguminose ’’(!).

This species has been bred at Coimbatore from refuse found in the fork
of a tamarind tree.

TONICA BARROWI, BINGHAM.

Binsitta barrowi, Bingh., T. E. 8., 1907, 177-179, t. 13().

This species was described(!), from Maymyo, in Upper Burma, where
the recently-emerged moth was found seated on the empty shell of the pupa
which was fixed on to a twig of Bombax malabaricum. “‘In colour the pupa
is yellowish-brown, the head is blunt, and with the thorax and wing-cases
broad and flattened. On the ventral side the fourth segment has two closely
approximate tubercles placed transversely, between which is a longitudinal
short white streak; fifth to twelfth segments with transverse rows of small
conical projections, constrictions between the segments strongly marked ;
seventh segment with a large conspicuous rounded black tubercle on each
side, behind each of which is a larger pale yellow or white tubercle ; on the
broad flattened truncated head, dividing the ventral from the dorsal side,
is an impressed dark line. The pupa is fixed by its tail end ina semi-erect
position to the twig on which it was found, and bears...... a striking resem-
blance to the head of a snake and, strange to say, of a bird-eating tree-snake
(Lycodon aulicus, Linn.) which is far from uncommon in Burma.”

TONICA NIVIFERANA, WLK. (PLATE XXIV.)

Binsitta niviferana, Wik., Cat., XXIX, 832(!); Wlsm., P. Z. S., 1885, 884(2) ;
Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 535 (1909)(3).

Tonica nwiferana, Meyr., B. J., XX, 167 (1910)(4) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting,
p. 131, tab. (1917)(5); Hiner. Cae. 10 CAC. mung Lib Nw. (920 )
Widely distributed in India and Ceylon. Recorded from Andamans,

Solan, Sikkim(*), Calcutta(2 4), Bombay(4), Karwar(#) and Peradeniya(‘).

| Mend ci) Seen, rege Eni TO (Iyue sR chs
{deyall) Sv an. 4 Hewes etehe Te vetl) a

ice cd kins oprrodna Men. Bex | 204)

May op pGe mn Mas arial Exe. hoe ce 465 (oro) . ae C Geagrs bar, nem Pah Maon =
har Mrz - Tarn an: x FMT tha ne

Ar Norchs pry Asa shy, VES log. 23 lus#4 5% | Mow: a Wie Farera te

hye, Exayebie I ito bee mod 4 eo Dove (Bayt
Lae o ng er fee pee bel

TE XX@

“t

~—

>

wih AT har tb by

Se.

ANA.

£G
fx
fy

TONICA NIV

el

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

TONICA NIVIFERANA.

Fig. 1. Top of a young Bombax malabaricum tree showing damage.
. 2. Hgg, enlarged.

Figs.3 & 4. Larva, enlarged.

Fig. 5. Pupa, enlarged.

Figs. 6 & 7. Moth, enlarged.

(The hair-lines show the natural sizes.)

VIZZ ATAIT 10 “OITAUA
ea

Fee A01M0T
_ ay
b gaiwode sort suworre

>
\
‘

ADE 29
nad wali equd 8 pi
“Ge -bagrala iol .1 3 8 2g
(2oxi4 Isusdeg odd wode eonileated oT)

we

\

<

‘
‘
2

DONDLA NPVIEERANA,

een
ihe nia fmt pe a npinibaet from
re bare Fos na jive

take ingly. ek iy Wt eae’ hiv Wort lant on the bbitten
ane a lag nit On hii! piant mii ion. One. Termine lart.57 ie a A
be The ee | is Whowty TS ton, loa agul abont 35. mi, Heoad tytn ry
, tezeyolarly” tial, One dod: poanthed’ and the other. cng fintlenied, thie a ee ‘
r with “snl Popiiiny.all axciav! tw iy) the eeetel has peemineat pad +

on

hall

dinal ridyes, Which ute toothet Lewan VOniahy throup lant their length’ 7 , peri

a OLY, a. a

i hs complete lieayele dope nel sppear ty hive hen worked..ons iad . mine
j about $tios. long, were collected ‘al Piss gn Ind Jely 114, boring i
ating Gf Pombas venlaberitum. At thie stage the cole ie union’ . 7

ww es : bh vellinw, witlirt ae AT OF fhe ‘niaekiqge dhepebroed latew on ai the adalé F
by bt bead arid lange pit hc ace. slap ab fhifiy Gary hedwh or Ming k. seal it

+) dark. brown : primary tulisclies showing ue doll ‘dark brown rounded
Bs ve pairs af equaliy-davelopdl prokova.
Bric darn bores ints thin. axil of » - leabshiwth, Ve wanders sboiit w tattle
J trilocts A pubes where: it wees terbors tif The ke yoiekiy “applic “sume F
s ailic Over, this place po as to rdalle a edhe cpckeing dovlir the gheltie
whic it bores utr the plint anil the pollen af fowes ate attached to. this ,
3 mee. (BN Shay heroic lane yhey bee ita The siemng, eating ot he ;
hand recog the twign und hyeuehes to hollow: tutes whieh) ste Bud }
F th! black: larval “uxtrenuent. :
The Pullartown. Larva ix abort 2. orn. long anil s S 2m broad, ey hindrical |
E nightly Aubrcylindritsl, the sépments clearly defines y dread duck). shiny,
f thaw prothorax whioh is ita! sriatier than ponthoriex 5 a: heowed white
Vet ire head end protharax; prothoracio atuetd black, Why, powberiogky
S900) Aeymient Willi ite prokys blacls, whiny, cher soywoiits. crane
- darle-groy or black nhisy tower portiogsn of Adis and’ vnteienl anon?
Wy tubercleamehowine iy cireulite, black kpote, ira witieh ‘arue aid
in come tobewle cuntected thansvemely by dark giey marknye!
ci Rapval fith: blavk’ shiny: rie; five pairs of fully-develogwd prokege
ee a dint.’ (Plate SRLY, Grady 4
Pdwlbied the larva provrges, irony te stelen andl popaber dgwink om, s
“onul erirenity of: thie pupa. being bramdiy uitached by: the intmirgus
aetippet cremavtral bucky to a nebwork otk appliod to the P
nO the Teas The! papa ie pheest 2 vu. hen dod fare, broad eno :
ieanaion, Rony LaMecittate, hrownithmeyy (Pit EA ab.} 6.) |
period i ay wu pee ELE. ux Se¥Gn ae

s 1

5 p be th i ;
' i) Daf ms, 7
pee ?

A

Died

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 107

Common at Pusa and Chapra in Bihar. I have also seen a specimen from
Nagpur, and we have it from Tocklai (Assam).

The eggs are laid singly and in confinement they were laid on the bottom
of the cage and not on the plant supplied. One female laid 57 eggs in con-
finement. The egg is about: 0°75 mm. long and about 0°35 mm. broad, cylin-
drical, irregularly’ oval, one end rounded and the other end flattened, the
latter with small papille all around its rim; the egg-shell has prominent
longitudinal ridges, which are toothed transversely throughout their length.
(Plate XXIV, fig. 2.)

The complete life-cycle does not appear to have been worked out. Young
larve, about 6 mm. long, were collected at Pusa on 2nd July 1914, bormg
into stems of Bombax malabaricum. At this stage the colour is uniform
brownish-yellow, without any of the markings developed later on in the adult
larva; head and large prothoracic shield shining dark brown or black, anal
shield dark brown; primary tubercles showing as dull dark brown rounded
spots ; five pairs of equally-developed prolegs.

The larva bores into the-axil of a leaf-sheath. It wanders about a little
and selects a place where it means to bore in; then it quickly applies some
white silk over this place so as to make a net-like covering under the shelter
of which it bores into the plant, and the pellets of frass are attached to this
net-work. As they become larger they bore into the stems, eating out the
pith and reducing the twigs and branches to hollow tubes which are filled
with the blaek larval extrement.

The full-grown larva is about 25 mm. long and 3°5 mm. broad, cylindrical
or slightly sub-cylindrical, the segments clearly defined ; head black, shiny,
smaller than prothorax which is itself smaller than mesothorax ; a broad white
band between head and prothorax ; prothoracic shield black, shiny, posteriorly
yellow; anal segment with its prolegs black, shiny ; other segments orange-
yellow, dark-grey or black along lower portions of sides and ventral area ;
primary tubercles showing as circular black spots, from which arise short
hairs, the dorsal tubercles connected transversely by dark grey markings ;
spiracles oval with black shiny rims; five pairs of fully-developed prolegs
with crochets arranged in a circle. (Plate XXIV, figs. 3, 4.)

When full-fed the larva emerges from the stem and pupates openly on a
leaf, the anal extremity of the pupa being broadly attached by the numerous
small curved-tipped cremastral hooks to a net-work of silk applied to the
surface of the leaf. The pupa is about 12 mm. long and 6 mm. broad across
the thoracic region, roughly tuberculated, brownish-grey. (Plate XXIV, fig. 5.)
The pupal period in July is about six or seven days.

108 LIFE-HISTORIES OF @COPHORIDA

When at rest the moth sits with its wings closed over the body and bears
a very close resemblance to a bird’s dropping. (Plate XXIV, fig. 6.) (Pusa
Insectary Cage-slip 727 and unnumbered Cage-slip, dated 2nd July 1914.)

Adult moths have been taken at Pusa i March, April, July, August and
October. x
TONICA TERASELLA, WLK,
Tonica terasella, W\k., Cat., X XIX, 788(4).
Tonica teratella, Meyr., B. ic XX., 167 (1910)(?).
Originally described from Sarawak(!), this species has also been recorded
from Sikkim(?) and Karwar(?). We have it from Sikkim.

Pupa, erect on its tail, exposed ; found on a leaf of bamboo (Maawell)(?).

/

=“P ’
PsoROSTICHA ZI'2N0R' poniea-giZzvPHI, STT, (PLATE XXV, FIG. 1)

uli eg Cre:

Ee

a Gat.
Nw

J. (9 Ww

Depressaria zizyphi, Stamton, T. EH. 8. (ms.), V, 115-116 (1859)(4).
Depressaria angusta, Wlsm., in Moore, Lep. Ceylon, III, 508, t. 209, f. 5

(1887)(?).

Tonica zizyphi, Meyr., B. J., XX, 167 (1910)(3) ; Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., p. 459,
f. 335 (1914)(*) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 211 (1919)\().
Originally described from Calcutta(!), where it was bred from Zizyphus
jujuba(?), Since recorded from Ceylon(?), Puttalam, Kegalle and Maske-
liya(’), the Palni Hills(’) and Coimbatore(*). Common at Pusa and_pro-
bably throughout India. It seems to be widely distributed in the Plains
and we have it from Coimbatore (larva on orange), Chapra, Pusa (larva on
orange, lemon and Murraya), and Peshawar (larva on orange).

Larva described as “about 8 mm. long, slender, yellowish-green with a
black head. It folds orange leaves longitudinally feeding on young leaves
and the green matter of older ones. Pupa 6 mm. long, reddish-brown, in a
cocoon of transparent white silk spun in the folded leaf; pupal period about
four to five days ’(*). It feeds on Cvtrus of various species and may some-
times prove a pest by eating back the tender shoots of young plants(*).

The larva feeds on leaves of Citrus spp. and Murraya kenigit. “We have
not found it on Zizyphus. When young the larve mine the leaves but after
a short time they either tie up several apical leaflets together longitudmally
or roll up a single young leaf by turning over the edge on to the blade and
feed from within the roll; young tender leaves are always selected.

The full-grown larva is about 15 mm. long and. 1:25 mm. broad, cylin--
drical, slightly tapering posteriorly, green in colour; head dull brown ; pro-
thoracic shield large, black ; mesothoracic and metathoracic legs pale greenish.
yellow ; primary hairs on segments short, dark brown, placed on tubercles

3 p-% (196) i
Du .3¢, Lend
tc tw 7

Cabut + er oe tae te »

| ae ee ee cd Res thes

eS

i eg ee oe _ atone ees oaee er oni Kos

. Weide aut te Gon clvan tea ae
s 28 Were, ehoee sesern tins, Teh OR Tiipiw ene
Ne fnvectairp Oi alin 12 e,aant Sais! eh: ,
Avialt. natin have heen manent Phin. a,
ipoianer: i
JNtoe DRHABBUEAL Wh. |
Ponte. verge, Wik:, Guts, SUR TE oe, -
Dosa tetilla, Morr, Be, f “¢ WA TOT LPO iiinghi Ve
Oviginaly draeribed ted, Sarewekty, this species: aa’ Se
* fron wept) and Karwar?) > Wis hove if trove Ski” <a Hag ae ap
Pips, geben dts tall, expoasdl ; found one lent of ( hora Lee
Rane) a4 jae bag cncbinatagly-copll scab | BAHN as ee x
: » hora eee, adi ak Sn see, elas Ep press
esate metepetain, Velen, an” Moore, ope > Ceplon, ” HT ia 1% h8
o ESET Eres, rg tae eA
BeBe Wonca veages, age. Bd, XK, AGT O10 Sy Marcher. |
oe eo. tare oe 395 Es Food, Sectmd Seat] Meeting, “p. 211 a ee
male Ae 5 ae . Griciuly, sleseribed hom: Calcutta(t: whete it wad: ead: from fre et
pajyteat ) Blace ree: dnd) Troi’ Cevion@p) Hote lpia, eee Sap
ineal*); Siow Patel. Hilisi*y end Coimbatoustty. Pemzaon at ‘FRisw:
babhe chroughant «brag, TE eeomes £0 be Hwicely disurantedk: ied
dl wwe have 46° Tio Cinibeore. \derva on: ore e), Chapea, Pave
umute; deran and Nera), wid Peshawar Var on: oralgen”
‘Etre. deseribed us“ ahowk 8 ani Tong, elendor: slow igo
Yhick hes Te fulds . ockhge. heevies Tnngpandinally: teeaings on.
gud thie gree anattar. uli oder’ ghee. Prpen iin tae ¢
conden ol -anpapasent wiur alk apr ih thes folded teat 5 Jae
frur to: Weedaye Ye}. Wt feeds oo bstvnes: ‘ate Tatlows species ih
“eis pase & yest by Snuing hath che tondeg ahonte of yung
fue teres feeds. on isavet of C rus cap: aati Mazon ke Hs
Lute fan ion -Zeypanec> When young the: isivtee sate: the" wee
& aor Gye they either fie, up several npiewls paler, taganiie tur
Sek rullipe 9 ing!) young tdal by huning owen tee ee ont | ded
feed tates with, fie all, young winter, Feayeh ined abate cs oe
ae The fyihgrpes bieca iy wboet. Miomeak long el Tees eee
dite, ‘Sightly’ tapering posterenly, greene its ne ho
tidracie ‘Aiiele large, Biaeles sateothordelg and nietatlioracid }
ak ey gs bn segeietita med ane

5
x
aS

®

r

eine if
oa Z

aa

es

PLATE XXV

. NX S
\ AN

AAS
ANS

NYS
Wn
\ WSS

WWoros. Useh.a

“A

Fie. 1. Tontea zizyphi:—a, Larva ; 6, pupa ; c, moth ; all natural sizes
and magnified.

Fig. 2. Pseudodoxia palimpsesta:—a, Larva in case; b, larva removed from
case ; c, hooks on larval prolegs ; d, section of case, showing pupa,
cast larval skins and double cover to upper end of case.

All magnified.

repay a
Fur ata suite che Toile kp
aveealty lea coupe ipa.

ty

‘* ive Vi ica ie inet oO iad

7. vr, dong Yh is ois a f: ane
iy. pe tosinly Wenge apd pai pee
} og 4" wath: oe ge. tena ah. dive raat te big Sei ith saat ded i SUG
he ‘Won cea on th Nentenbern die ye meh tirert fue ery draped i ath ne
pe bes icmaias’ (aie Thekeor pw wind FAO and 1 (de “ ys: sia

ef ( Ag) “U8, ne rsd ae ae Sap
| PP ect pel “ao patha pls aan meh a oe,"
atenhee ig orvadis, Méye., Bi dR, 109. (ap! Ht, Bee) ve
Rec sevled from Karwardin North Konan and Bern diay h, a os | | E-

laa grevinh-gtedn, lewd hawk) toad’ between tO of “one frat at
a. anboress, Sp ol do we to adliere, Sietly . PALA 7 Batten pomibrers - + Si

»

Manan lacval stave; trvt yevor inet vith, on eine (Marae yy i 57S ee

ay

PORTAMOLOUS PAR ARHION wRIR ss iy my alk ff
uae 4 * te iy re Hivghion \
Dee bie Meyer, uy me i AY Pa ' en eta uh larry Jae as 2
iar ; ae

A iseted ivy Spmeti aud Faival He AN dali ty Ze Livni Wet
Hse. escament Go deerme 1 Re Ral wi saoliegt lye @ eer ae phite of

soars BY re - Pred Scolkieiy: elhina to va fies mand mmm ntl he Kdi

Be gee ee BOA PIN ka ta NEL #) iy WHEAT | senten
a Mi setigy rs yrcrpen rama
fea ? ce Ws we seahidllibnian <it ¥
nh A Danses brosin Matai wry Deradonyyal*).° AL fez ie had. i
Layw-in case sxaptly Hide PL pirainduiot? ih ON iE Dd Lek? a

a ROO DORTA LEM GLS, ae cs

| he Sin, Roget: Veni, is, bits, AORTA, pe, GO(7)

Seeman Linvuten, Javea’, fo Mat, 1508, 10109, fies (9 Shar, Oren,

‘aa Hiet., ips, tos TA, 431 ‘ieee

“gepamtette (nae Wak. 7, Mext., fF VT Ar Gots Rel RE,

ie atdye,

4 “ba wseciies ie agian frown Kandy and Pubddankahs:

em NR Teoh a Reihy pink colour, tharaper al the dived Slack, trahantn

re nie 4h, operas, tothe Guy : aynencia sexhip ante soul edighe phate
), Deliernieetg i tsaing ake The

’ == q
Ania oct ana ; 4 \¥e te RY

Pyrite ectana : th, Sy. Bw, p. bom (egeecon) cae ee Spain

Conan Ahamaterta Sa: WV. p. 13) (1176) N. ABRICA.
IN Geen tig ete, WL ane Ta En fee (1996) E. SIBERIA.

\l Li nee fignt fla, WH. Savon. Un, Text) -Y) € yt A ASE T

It Deprerrat. Eignorn, Hw., kp Gur. h- Sow (tory ‘ Yetons (\osve i“)

l Vepenmcs eM Aa, Mens Br mA TH 90, F104 f.16{1977)
D = Ente betty, Her lave a Six dtp .

Oy Mile « my.’ plronasr hey 1 Exo ee Wy (13) ee ee
LAe OWA. | @ pa, Renee Bans ng forte A irKuns fe (Lecyitgh-ceac)

Peete de x's AL, ure ¢ . mK.
ee ele he) ieee
; us (ee ee kel ee, f— re) eed — ~ peta, j ae
: Qr nn ~ Lene stele pew) 5 A WK Core ed)
nowy , mms (aD Fa aad

Ont oat

, Lr ran tak le~_fKo Ce ; - ;
oer i axen nd kas 9a Se Pact —

hie TT ANY Dec. Wyre).

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 109

which are slightly protuberant above the general surface of the skin ; spiracles
almost circular, rimmed with black enclosing a clear yellowish space ; five
pairs of equally-developed short prolegs. Prior to pupation the colour changes
to pink or to a dull brown with a slight pinkish tinge.

Pupation takes place in a thin silken cocoon formed inside the rolled-up
leaflet. or leaflets. The pupa is brown, dorso-ventrally compressed, about
~6or7 mm. long and about 2 mm. across the metathoracic region, tapering
sharply posteriorly ; wing-pads rather projecting over ventral surface of body ;
anal segment with a few longish circinate hairs which are entangled in the
cocoon. From larve collected on 4th September 1917, fourteen moths emerged
between 12th and 23rd September. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 789 and 1676.)

fal

CRYPTOLECHIA ARVALIS, MEYR. *t< ““<«o ? got ob 3
Cryptolechia arvalis, Meyr., B. J., XX, 163 (1910)(4), &J.pxu.927 ge) >
Recorded from Karwar in North Kanara and from Coorg(}). ~
Larva greyish-green, head black; feeds between two or more leaves of
Careya arborea, spun together so as to adhere flatly ; pupates in same position ;
abundant in larval stage, but never met with on wing (Maawell) ®. *

hb. Lot

PORTHMOLOGA PARACLINA, MEYR. S22 “=o | om
Porthmologa paraclina, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 261 (1914)( 1) tine Roser TH Guth necting, £.P©
Recorded from Surat(!) and Pusa(!). Attached to pes see jujuba(?).
Has been reared at Pusa from larvee rolling leaves and boring shoots of
ber (Zizyphus jujuba).
PSEUDODOXIA CRETATA, MEYR,
Pseudodoxia cretata, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 407-408 (1906)(?).
Described from Matale and Peradeniya(+).

Nw. 19°

Larva in case exactly like P. limulus(}).

PSEUDODOXIA LIMULUS, ROGENH,

Fumea ? limulus, Rogenhofer, Verh. ZB. Ges., XX XIX, p. 60(}).
Pseudodoxia limulus, Durrant, E. M. M., 1895, 107-109, figs.(2) ; Sharp, Cambr.
Nat. Hist., Ins., II, 431 (1899)(?).
Pseudodoxia sepositella (nec Wlk.), Meyr., B. J., XVII, 407 (1906)(*), Uc., XX,
153 (1910)(6). :
This species is known from Kandy and Pundaluoya(’).
The larva is of a fleshy-pink colour, the apex of the head black, truncate
concave, forming an operculum to the tube ; thoracic segments reddish-pink,
first six abdominal segments brownish, the remaining three yellowish. The

110 LIFE-HISTORIES OF G@COPHORIDA:

larva lives in a case composed of minute fragments of moss, sand and lichens.
The anterior end of the case is dilated into a shield-like hood, which hides
and protects the head of the larva when feeding. The materials worked into
the under-surface of the hood in one specimen are composed entirely of minute
fragments of mica. The larva, when disturbed, retires completely into the tube.
It feeds upon small mosses and lichens upon rocks and trees. Before pupating,
the larva folds down the edges of the hood over the mouth of the tube, like
an envelope, fastening them with silk. The case is fixed to the rock or other
support, and hangs there until the moth appears (Green)(2).

PSEUDODOXIA PALIMPSESTA, MEYR. (PLATE XXV, FIG. 2.)
Pseudodoxia palimpsesta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 308 (1915)(4).

Described from Hazaribagh.

This species was reared from larvee found feeding on bark of mango twigs
at Hazaribagh on 19th May 1911. In the Insectary they were placed on a
growing mango plant but were observed to feed very little. They were therefore
supplied with bare green twigs on which they were seen to feed a little, nibbling
only the epidermis.

The larva was described in May 1911 as about 8 mm. long, cylindrical,
tapering posteriorly ; head dirty dark brown, with a roughened or somewhat
pitted surface, provided with very thin longish hairs, perfectly flattened or
truncated in front, the flat surface somewhat depressed in the middle ; pro-
thorax entirely covered with a dirty dark brown shield, divided longitudinally
in the middle by a faint yellowish line ; rest of body soft, pale yellow, posteriorly
with a pinkish tinge; segments distinct and wrinkled into transverse folds ;
the thoracic legs dark brown or blackish, shiny ; five pairs of prolegs short,
crochets arranged in an incomplete circle and differing in size, crochets on
anal prolegs arranged in a line.

The larva lives in a cylindrical horn-shaped case, which is curved on
one side, about 16 to 18 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad across the anterior
extremity and tapering almost to a point posteriorly, the broad end being
truncated and open. The larva protrudes its head and legs through this
anterior end of the case and thus hangs to the twigs and feeds. The posterior
end of the case is also open but is blocked by the cast larval skins which are
packed into this end. The interior of the case is clean and contains nothing
but these cast skins, the pellets of frass being thrown out through the open
end of the case.

-Pupation takes place within the larval case, the open mouth of which
is closed by two layers of brown silk. In captivity the case was not attached

eam Pero ..!

Rpm a Mit
om ah ws thie’ botiowm of rte did. Phe
med, 6 iota ee Siete dives shen OF the tate 4

ey
,_

ret ét dims icin Sate Ripon larval tind ware joutid
. a ist the Tarvw bad, ddiepres at leost Jourteca nroulta, The
Mie Hrueial idk, io gprchtine the Tat part of th head opens like a LA, tettaite
opine ae inhy one plier fear fle het hparts, i ehe incenl nkin. o

hd of and shoved towidi the tapering and of vow levenl case | |
4 at “The dorval parint ; he arpaently prolonged, at lath. on wenasion, Fiori o
rats » ollacted ath bah May Dy) th ree nates eed on Jaeh ClAtobe ie

ok: 2) One more nomi oneth Oetobey (HI) two lar renimined féaling on )Rth

‘7 1918 ahd cee Of thoes Heed until Sto May F813. . iw

PIRUDOLAITIA PCROPIURA, MY),
Ha pmcropacer, Move, Bod, AN 1 (TRL, j

Deauribed dren Aadwata) in Oevion(), Sarva m portable case on lichens ‘
B treés and rocks('), :
LPEEUDOROXLAN REPOST Ey Wale Sta
alechia aeporiielle, Wik.) Cat WA, OOS Mier ep, Deylon ET tts 4
¥ i DURST"). ; | ne
ak Be powatel let May's, 15 DO, Ge EAL 2 8 c
PDescribe! frota Cowtgn() , Manivetisa(*) hod,
| sz lichens, .
ov PRoMan dc: SCOR ita: MEW
pe meve,. Bxok Woe, TRS dhe ere,
sie at Brac BAO) beer, in AtgW t tpere Fis lonpafalve (1 hark
ail) (Biceaon).”
Peearae species shine also bean Wend. ot Dehra Duk by SO. Boeseb on Gh
sal < y 1016 trans a chs (Pemux king tfalia) hong. catlected iy the Dathousin Manes
| nalts on icy Syainary (Sie,
o. :
PW MALA CES AAAS TR, YI _
b semantris, Moye Be I SVL, fos (rode
| if RernaTrs, Meyt.:, B. J. KVL) G61 008) (4),
Bei is et rir Das 1 a .
Pe Robodeay Nope ri®yined tri) (5) Clima Range, Godtpare yivisivn, sip
rt Semen esteos. iniow Ain acre uahersih ) ae .
: a | SRE ASeal fh

es th iiescade: eet a the. i oa
y S gr
i. oa god admits as entire

tlie at folie debi

am covelope, faakoving them with ail,

. support, and hangs there wut tha in atts appenes aps 7 care

~~

” PERULOOOXLA PATAMPSUST A, MEYR. (PLATS RXV, FIGE BYe- y
: : - @*e ‘UL ?
Preadodoria palinpsesta, Mevr. Exot. Mier, To 308 Detee 2
: Leecribe n Pasarihael ; ;
his <peviee "eas cored’ from larvey fouhd doeding an Sek of Imai
at Haestibact on (Sth Mae 1901. Tn ine Insecta they were plac
; winwing ulauge plant but ware obsorved.to feed very ttl They were’
supplied with bare green twi2e on whiek they were oan to Meee ‘ttle; t . biti .
derm vd : v= ay
Pre larva. wie desurifed in Mas 1 na abont é ; mn, lore eylindaiell
; at oPitaa
peruur poateririe@-: fh: clive char en. ‘with a roughenet? ane nie uh ‘
Wtt4 ‘ Ce, “PIOVIGE 1 Tae eri Thy) iniy dy Wars ee a ae mi:
. « : tater hé fe | tipi nw batt dar eset ay thes - it por
Hira entirely covered with a ditty dark brows shield, Giyeied Ione
De seh: a innit yellow le tine ¢ etroi body samt, pal i yellan a
vith 2 pik btu enients net oul? wrinkled neo trapawerse fe
i : \ i th “ay fF
erochst maneves i 2 Wier iis yiele al chp ies 220
2 d 1% yrre iF i d Li i ——— x
3 o ives ip a eh Ly drial horn juapext =e, -W Sich’ ia: airs
we side, aher if iS Bath. & ag abot 2 agi. broad. farey ia2 the a
of extrenuty and tapering almoat to point posterior ', thy broad ond
' triincated, an open-- The larva pistrades its head aul. eps tt Ber
wtericr ew OF the cave and thus bates totthe hwigt abd heats, The
: fid of ifie « (Ee a also ape int: $3° bbe bad bY the cest lartal a
; padi ind Shity dhis.end The interier af the “ose 6 clean and « wont is
hot shee. citst sions: thw ne late of [res beizig Shiovw .
. . ni at ht Cyst . — -
Pupstien takes lane Wwethin ais larval rane, es
44 Chaed by two dayers of brawn “ilk. fe Gopivity hire e
? ; > |
a Pia. *
i y ate Poles

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER Mt

to anything for pupation but was lymg on the bottom of the dish. The
moth emerged by detaching the brown layers from the mouth of the case
at one place, leaving the empty pupa-case inside.

On opening one of these cases carefully, fourteen larval skins were found
in it, showing that the larva had undergone at least fourteen moults. The
mode of moulting is peculiar ; the flat part of the head opens like a lid, remain-
ing attached at only one place near the mouthparts, and the larval skin is
slid off and shoved towards the tapering end of the larval case.

The larval period is apparently prolonged, at least on occasion. From
larvee collected on 19th May 1911, three moths emerged on 24th October
1911, one more moth on 8th October 1912, two larve remained feeding on 18th
April 1913 and one of these lived until 31st May 1913.

PSEUDODOXIiA PICROPH.HA, MEYR.
Pseudodoxia picrophea, Meyr., B. J., XX, 152-153 (1910)(}).
Described from Hakgala, in Ceylon(#). Larva in portable case on lichens

on trees and rocks(!),

'PSEUDODOXIA SEPOSITELLA, WLK.
Gelechia sepositella, Wlk., Cat., XXIX, 630(') ; Moore, Lep. Ceylon, III, 513
(1887)(?).
Pseudodoxia sepositella, Meyr., B. J., XX, 153 (1910)(3).
Described from Ceylon(! 2), Maskeliya(*).
Larva in case on lichens.

x ? PROMALACTIS{CORNIGERA, MEYR.
Promalactis cornigera, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 213 (1918)(}).

“ Bred at Almora, 6,000 feet, in August from Pinus longifolia (? bark
or wood) (Beeson) *’(4).

This species has also been bred at Dehra Dun by Mr. C. Beeson on 30th
March 1916 from a chir (Pinus longifolia) log collected in the Dalhousie Range,
Chamba State, on 26th January 1916.

PROMALACTIS SEMANTRIS, MEYR.
Epicallima semantris, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 408 (1906)(}).
Promalactis semantris, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 806 (1908)(2).
This species has been bred out at Dehra Dun by Mr. C. Beeson from
sal (Shorea robusta) logs obtained from (1) Guma Range, Goalpara Division,
Assam ; (2) East Range, Haltugaon Division, Assam ; (3) Kheri Division, U. P. :

112 LIFE-HISTORIES OF XYLORYCTIDE

(4) Lachiwala Range, Siwaliks, and also from a firewood log (of uncertain
origin) of Hugenia jambolana at Dehra Dun. Emergence took place 3} to 6
months after the logs had been placed in the breeding cages, ten moths
emerging between 15th March and Ist April and one moth on 24th October.

Sphasneli ct A —ARISTEIS THWAITESII, MO.

phacncls chro. Aprata thwaitesii, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, II, 107, t. 118, ff. 7, 74 (1883)() ;
ieee VS Hampson, Faun. Ind. Moths, I, 304 (1892)(?).
Trae Th. tod Apparently confined to Ceylon(! *). Larva in case on Eugenia (Syzygoum)
(\4r-* J caryophyllaeum(?).

Mr. Meyrick informs me (in ltt. 25th Feb. 1916) that this species is
perhaps really native in one of the islands further East and carried to the
Botanical Gardens at Peradeniya with its foodplant.

PHYSOPTILIDA.
PHYSOPTILA SCENICA, MEYR.

Physoptila scenica, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 777 (1914)(').

Described from Karwar, in North Kanara(!); in Pusa collection from
Bababudin Hills, Mysore (November 1912).

Larva in young (but not quite new) shoots of Careya arborea ; can be
detected by excrement protruded in a bunch from the original entrance-hole
in stem (Mazxvwell)(').

XYLORYCTIDA.
ey PTOCHORYCTIS SIMBLEUTA, MEYR.
(fin ie i at ye Ptochoryctis sumbleuta, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 150 (1907)(!) ; Antram, Bark-
(52, 0k a

_- eating Borers of Tea, pp. 14-16, f. 8 (1907)(?).
Metathrinca simbleuta, Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 535 (1909)(°).

Recorded from several parts of Sylhet, where the larva is a pest on tea-
bushes, eating away the bark.

Larva about 12 mm. long, dark red-brown, head black; smooth and
hairless. It builds on the bark a raised case made entirely of its own excreta
spun together with silk, the upper and lower ends of this case being extended
along the branch in the form of a loose web, under which covering the larva
feeds, eating right through the bark into the wood of the stem. Pupa im
silken cocoon attached to bark under the larval gallery ; light brown or
yellowish, about 8 mm. long; pupal stage occurs during the latter half of
February and March(?).

. on
Spry & fro a eas - gle

103 eg is C Korsnn +

Gee WSam~a, ware Q(B ¢- Loo”) aS f, On
® .

Biaane i: Asa eee aa edie ih Guts —, ie Oar eae ty: =
eee, ene Nal Fhonasy rf nent Aone a aa ee
ee tee! 2 ape nee i a one |
aS is a4 :
| ea} Taelnovls tanga. gar so ad no

atigin) of \Buganin yagbotnive at rican | si

e my
odder ding eae {Sth Mure and” bat peepee ‘
vd
Sain: a ot ARIAT YAWATEROI,, MO ae
coon’ A prada thapadlests, Moore, Lep, Corton, TE 407, t 148, 4
Be sotens aad ‘alle Hampseiz, Pans: tnd... Moths, 1, 304. (E0204, eae Se
Spee 4... WY Apparently confined ta Ceylant’ * Larva incase om Boge

og Lue 3 coryophy leaning), :

} Mi. Meyridle ‘indbenis wie Yin tl, 20th abe OI as
jevldps ‘really nage je one of the islands {brther Baar, and ¢ |
Botanical Goclans at Perwlentya with ite foodplant. |

PHYSOPTILUDE.
PHYBOPTILA SCRNICA, MITES”
Phijaistita stentod, Moye, B. I6 SAT TF OS
Dexatihed from’ Karwar, th Mirth: Bedara() 3 ae Pina
Tababidtin His, Mystere ‘Nowember 191 a. b
Lanrein voong (bat not quite new] aoote of Caveyer ctr
denocte: hy excrement ptotended ix. a bunghy fom, the ore ge
igy seo. LAF ll)( *)

~*~
en

| Shears xyiokyetipa. | ey st
eae eo he pigs oi at ae 4g

pes 2 A rt ia Pirohovapctss ee a da VI SSR ’
Rat tenting Boom of Vea: wp. 14-16; 1 SqwOrm.
x Metathrincy. sinkleuts, Trdtoy, Ind. tins, Life, sp, 655: Seo suen

Recundad, from eeveral pgete ot Sy thet where the laren 4 ise
Hisham, outing avey. the hatic,

Tarn about’ 12 “wine longs dark: rsd-browar, head sbleetegs
baits, Te dailds cathe lak a comed case, cade entinely of: oa
spun trecther with silk the apper-and lower ends’ af this gauss nig e
nung tho, brknah’ dn be orm: GE adoose ely tndler (eipch eaves ag
foads, eating. xyght thtonciy’ this, Dark! inti, tie me
“nilsen, cocoon aktaghsa to, Hark” eee ee Laatchl 2 igs
> allow iedi, “about, S tii hint Be x age odours. a Intent
ED mutt nor pea ae Tah eat

ae i
an

PLATE

= \y

Wie

hay
pian A Se cl

Pa coe
Ae ag

Z Sect
TY Ny) Wit iyi” I

LMT

Fic. 1. Odites spoliatrix:—Moth. natural size and magnified, with more highly
enlarged side-view of head.

Fig. 2. Procometis trochala:—a. posterior portion of pupa (x6) ; b, moth,
natural size and magnified (x4).

Par Shri), os
4,

j . sf? } x
ibe < 7 f ur ‘ é
autho re inate , a a) we ats S hel
uy ei

ae
a?

is

a i u ,. f
ee: a eu
tf P, 4 q

ried a
mice)

a"
cL

init ' * ° ‘ 2 i >
4 y F , os a ge
i Bi! “y . t } - ~ See edt oy
D, Usvtaiee: > Mie Od )/ Fa ie aa

i Sa ua ; %
rr tt, Ps f

* -%

ve : Pa
i q ie og ro ie ¢

9 Fie

aes ; rs a Sore

. r
A }
yj ; .
. 4
D b f ,
4 ¥ 4 ft ?
. ' e 4 -
’ +o ‘
: ee a jl re , =
u p
- 4 5 ’ “
. . *
4 sd ;
Cd eel a
\ 1
*
i
‘
il
siv* %

a aoe
-

: ; S + hy te

Ca >

i : D2 he

+ : |

os

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCBER 113

Mr. Andrews informs me (in litt. 7th March 1916) that he does not know
this outside of Sylhet. -
ANTITHYRA VINEATA, MEYR.

Antithyra vineata, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 404 (1906)(+).
Described from Peradeniya. Larva in a peculiar case on minute alge
and lichens(!).
ODITES ATMOPA, MEYR.

Odites atmopa, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 780 (1914)(}).
Originally described from Kandy('!), this species has been reared at Pusa
on 20th March 1913 from larva on nim (Melia azadirachia) leaves.

ODITES BAMBUSA, WLSM.

Odites bambuse, Wlsm., im Swinh. Cat. Het. Oxf. Mus., HU, 544 (1900)(+),
Described from Ootacamund. Larva a leaf-roller on bamboo ; pale green,
naked, smooth, rather more than an inch long(!),

ODITES HEDERA, WLSM.

Odites hedere, Wism., in Swinh. Cat. Het. Oxf. Mus., II, 544-545 (1900)(}).
Described from Ootacamund. Larva pale green, about an inch long,

head brown ; feeds on ivy, sometimes spinning two leaves together flat and

living between them, sometimes rolling up the leaves. Pupa brown(!).

ODITES MELITITIS, MEYR. MS.

Has been reared at Coimbatore from pupa in field-beans, 3rd February
1913, and from larva found on a road, 21st July 1913.

ODITES SPOLIATRIX, MEYR. (PLATE XXVI, FIG. 1.)
Odites spoliatrix, Meyr., Kxot. Micr., I, 509-510 (1916)(4).

Described from Coimbatore and the Konkan(').

Bred in August at Coimbatore “from larva forming gallery in nest of a
social spider. ..... The larva presumably feeds on insect-refuse in the web ;
this interesting habit is analogous to that of Brachmia xerophaga ”’(').

This has also been reared at Pusa, between Ist February and 21st April
1916, from a nest of Stegodyphus sarasinorum spun on Inga dulcis. One
specimen was also reared at Pusa on 28th September 1915 from a collection
of larve and pupe found in rolled-up mango leaves, but it is not definitely
known that the larva of this moth had fed on mango

| (cere Cae @ iw + (ek Sa Ley £ nn on Ak Dy nd) (ne arn
_- . ‘ : z
‘. larans 55> Ay cz ‘ Ke mg, er Wa 4 7A a
Oe le kK lke sh ft pw! ds Unt t Rs bee

Sasa — x ' 5

AN fe t heh ,
Cree Et ruticy

[e504 Nw. |g

114 LIFE-HISTORIES OF XYLORYCTIDR

PROCOMETIS TROCHALA, MEYR. (PLATE XXVI, FIG. 2.)

Procometis trochala, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 635 (1908)(3), P. Z. 8.5 1908; 7300)
Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 536 (1909)(8) Trae Cue. Crt. reeds yin.
Described from Pusa(+). Also in Pusa collection from Chapra in Bihar.
‘“ Larvee found feeding upon the dry fallen leaves of sugarcane. The

larva fixes two leaves together with silk and lives withm, moving gradually
along and placing cross threads as it goes, so that its excrement is caught
in the threads and the path of the larva can be traced for over a foot
between the leaves. It feeds on the dry leaf and pupates between the webbed
leaves ” (°),

This species has been reared at Pusa from larvee found webbing to-
gether dry sugarcane leaves (trash stripped from the canes) lying on the
ground.

A larva found at Pusa on 3rd September 1906 was described as nearly
31 mm. long, broad anteriorly, tapering slightly posteriorly, light dusky grey ;
head broad, chitinous, dark reddish-grey, with distinct clypeus, dull-grey
antenne thickened at scape, and strong, notched, dark-red mandibles ; pro-
thoracic shield dark grey faintly speckled with irregular yellowish-brown.
dots ; mesothorax and metathorax with a transverse dark grey line set with
small grey hairs; legs dull grey, greasy-looking, acuminate, penultimate
segment with shiny chitinous patch ; posterior portion of abdominal segments
whitish-grey with fine dark grey transverse lines across dorsum, and on these
lines fine dull-grey hairs projecting forward ; anal segment with a thin dark-
grey chitinous shield.

The pupa, obtained from the above larva, was described as 11 mm. in
length, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly ; head prominent with dark rounded
eye-caps ; wing-pads deep red; spiracles prominent, small, oval, eight abdo-
minal segments visible.

The larva pupated on 24th September and the moth emerged on 3rd
October 1906. :

The larva constructs a long tubular gallery of dead leaves lined with
silk which may be as long as 13} inches. It feeds on the epidermal layers
and the parenchyma of the leaf. The pupa lives between the folds of the
leaves and is never found on the ground.

Besides sugarcane leaves this species has been bred at Pusa from larvee
feeding on dried arhar (Cajanus indicus) stem and in dead castor branch,
and once from a larva found boring into living sugarcane. There are
apparently two broods annually, as we have moths taken in June and

October.

114
PLATE XVI?

Fig. 2.—Moth, resting position (magnified).
Procometis trochala, Meyr.

‘
‘
4
a?
‘ ‘
i
4!
ea ’ P
’
c ld
‘ ‘
i th i
i
in
7
iy
fl
(
:
”
i { i
t
i i
i) j
5
i
. s
_f
}
i
|
4
i
7 '
if ie
‘
4 ! t
. i
a |

Phe Fe

ae

7

‘|
f

A

dy
tine,
ee ihe
hatter

AM.
ti Jones

a

Sep

{
‘

At

NEPHANTIS SERINOPA.

a re

ets We x
| i 189 alt to ont gniwore toltsot 1
; ry ; ito s bas

ol) f ago &

™

ahh, Viet) oo Ky aslliqrets)
VA agit e's Be qu

(Bx) dtorn olserrs 1

mn wunureoemnw-r+

(Bx) dior olsM
($ x) squq bestties1s4
Ap <) towdo ST ,2ibstondesor assent

-boott bodostts aA

Ww

oO ND WW 4

Nephantis serinopa.

|

Leaflet showing galleries of the caterpillar, a 04
and a moth |

Eggs (x $0).
Caterpillar (x a
Pupa Cx a
Female moth (x 4)
Male moth (x 4).

Parasitized pupa (x 4).
Elasmus nebhantidis, Rohwer (x 4).

An attacked frond.

a cer ean sreinhe HATon Gy ln Lem, Agncc . BAA. S% ee. Ga) bh ter, U.A—.

) t / *
7 Venlo tl9 Sau

Berita Prutgin Colin’ Pefrr Mfr. Yemarberh ign ph 97-4,
Nef foie te ee Rao Ass. 26 ES: RK B91 -499, tas, fr. [Nv a WAS ots %
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 115 :
. K. Ih. tr: Aan Ag ; m wr: KIN 669 - b69
NEPHANTIS SERINOPA, MEYR. C- 7) %0 ie 7 19 afi f
Nephantis serinopa, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 603 (1905)(!) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life,
pp. 535-536 (1909)(2) ;- Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., pp. 460-461, f. 336 (1914)(3) ; Va

Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp. 259, 262 (1917)(4),° fin, fh. W Entl, bur. T.182 (Mov. i920

Originally described from Batticaloa, on the East coast of Ceylon(').
Also occurs commonly throughout the Plains of Southern India(? *), Bengal(*)
and Lower Burma(‘).

“ The eggs, which turn pinkish after deposition, are laid in small batches _
of a dozen or twenty together amongst the frass and debris of larval galleries |, [aaa prren 90) 7
on palm leaves. The caterpillar constructs a gallery of silk and excremen- IS Come Ka tenuhs
titious matter over the lower surface of palm leaves, eating away the green | Suleakescutellom Gu
matter and reducing the leaf to a thin membrane so that it dries up and dies.) |- rere, “Teeaitales
In cases of bad infestation, practically the whole leaf may be eaten away [4 * e.. mt Fuel
only the ribs remaining. The caterpillar is about 25 mm. long, in colour| Pe

: : 2 : : 7 hee, i 93+ dec fh
greenish with faint paler lines along the body, and a black head. Pupa~— —t
slender, dark red-brown, in a cocoon spun in the larval gallery. Foodplants :— = ae fern ie
; ee ae a bean ea Bia /E lasmus_ nephant vac,
Coconut and Palmyra palms ”’(°). [ea rho. (Ty Ramaknca bon

This species does not seem to occur at Pusa and has not been bred there.y.. Qe. Gxt ale
Our specimens are from Batticaloa (larva on coconut), Koilpatti and Coim pe See ae
batore (larva on palmyra), Tirumalai, S. Arcot (larva on coconut), Uttarpara © perme 9

oF Ven ie PR
: : : : Naor thee GanegarreS
(Hughh) (larva on coconut), and Quilon (larva on coconut). Loc tatan, Mt Ean, Men ge WS:

STENOMIDA..

SYNCHALARA RHOMBOTA, MEYR.
Agriophara rhombota, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 981-982 (1907)(').

7 3 Ot Ett. meen T, 159 / Mw. 9)
Synchalara rhombota, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 60 (1917)(?);SWiAn 4 EAC teen. L197 . wn
Described from the Khasi Hills and Silchar, in Assam(!). es
Larva damaging tea-bushes, feeding between spun leaves and attacking Aten | =e
bark when the foliage has been stripped oflf(*). ee PAP ne

“Very common in Assam and used to be a serious pest. The pupe are pps
found in large numbers, at this time of year, in the soil at the foot of the
bushes, and by systematic collection of these when the bushes are being hand-
forked in the cold weather the pest has been completely kept in check in this
district [Cimnamara]. It is still very bad in the Margherita district of North
Lakhimpur.” (EH. A. Andrews, in litt. 7th March 1916.)
NEOSPAS TIS
STENOMA ICHN@IA, MEYR./ See ©
Stenoma wchnea, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 118 (1914)(!)) Exce twe. T 59 hig!
Described from North Kanara(1). R:

2

tro p- Los - 200

116 LIFE-HISTORIES OF ORNEODIDZ

‘Larva feeding between spun leaves, or a broken portion spun on surface
of a whole leaf, of Symplocos spicata; pupa very obese, making a constant
clicking sound when disturbed (Mazwell)('). :

ORNEODID.

Twenty-two species of Orneodes and one of Trisccedecia are known from
the Indian region, but the life-histories of no species have been discovered in
India or Ceylon. The only Indian species of whose early stages anything
is known is O. hubneri, Wlgn., which is widely distributed in Europe, South
Africa and Canada and which has been recorded from Kashmir also. The
larva of O. hubneri, according to Hofmann (/7is, XI, 350-351 (1898) ), feeds
in Europe in the flowers and seeds of Centaurea jacea and Scabiosa (Knautia)
arvensis, forsaking the Scabiosa flowers when full-fed and pupating in little
cocoons made of petals of the dried flowers. In India the larve may be
looked for in flowers, and perhaps also in galls in stems, of Lonicera, Scabiosa,

Stachys and Colquhounia coccinea.

COPROMORPHID.

Four species have been described from Ceylon and Assam. The early
stages of no Indian species are known as yet.

Cepro rsp ryrme cian , hey E ca tna ie S90 Re iea P ne
Aud WE TE, , O being [ipbets ena bengetnies (Wer):
b pa Mir, drver® y Pe Or, ferme. |

—

Faaae

{ - le 7 ” For

4 ' Vi. Ke
a CAT: . ao

- ea es

a a,

MEMOIRS OF THI

gia (Dee p 206-107 0.63 fa)
IN INDIA —

LIFE-HISTGRIES OF INDIAN :NSECTS
MOLE PIDOPTERA ©

¥. BHELIOZSLIP®. VHRLA MNF “ye HPTERYoIDA

BLASTOR i=! #2 ASD UFPONOMERTIPA

x
TT; BAINBRIGGE FPLETCHEY, TY 2. ¢ea. ¥en
F ge qerra iA sagt ley hd ‘
4 . |

"3

PRIREED 4b PUSHES. Wi,

MIMPENIAL DEPARTMENT OT AGRICULIDES DY INDE

TRACKER SPINK & 00, CALCUTTA
Wi THAUKER & £O,, 3, Crsad Laxk LUNDON

iking: coud whan’: ee

Atriten nod Catiada: aie wich divs ive reeorded from. ¥

Ch inasghen 6 nage Sen heyy Fer on BE Fg {be Bes tone
ety wr & as ~ bynte4 meade Tien: ben gntnnns (Heme 7

of ai whobs tual.» at rngloton | : ‘a a ; 4

ae

y
=

Ni
- + aa)

ed dete tol a a)
thin Indlinay repiin.+ but the life-histories ind’s vee | cb
tndia-og Caylbn,. The only Thdjan species of: iehonw’ earls
uw known is Qo hubaeré, Wlen,, sehich ty with distrbigte in 3

larva. of Ci dethvert. gnecrcine: (6 Dlofoxanu (Leva, 5.8 Bs 500-380 (188
ne ie
in Hurope io the flavors and sats of Centauren jaced ands none (Ke
arvensis, foraatine the Scabion) flowers whan full-ted snd po ing by
eooudns nyvda of pctals of the dred fowers, in Tndia 4h é larva: yh
loviced fer in flower; and-perhaps also in alls io stamic; of “hae ee
Sachus ani t eiubus Oorhned

COPROMORFHIDAL "|, 7 a

Four wpeties Have bern dugtibed from Ceylon ‘and Assan, Ths “arly”
staves of io Ladian species are knows. as yet.

——

dmg RAT BR nA.

stg

~

November 192U. ENtTomoLoaicaL SERIES Vou. VI, No. 5.

MEMOIRS OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA

V. HELIOZELIDA, HELIODINIDA GLYPHIPTERYGIDA
BLASTOB \SIT AH AND HYPONOMEUTIDA

BY
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., F.E.8., F.Z.S

Imperial Entomologist

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FORK

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY :
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2, Creep Lanz, LONDON

—

Py
Mee ¥t

‘“: B

ee ae He

PLATE XXVII.

Antispila argostoma:—

a, mined leaf of Vitis trifolia showing two larval galleries, on right side
a portion of leaf cut ready to make cocoon, on left side a portion cut
and removed;

b; Varva. (sx 16)":

c, larva in leaf-case ready to make cocoon ;

d, completed cocoon ;

e, Cocoon opened, showing pupa ;

7; Pupa:

g, Moth. All maenified ( x 16).

BIRR HIStoRTaS OF IN DEAN: SF} iy 0 A on cee

By v | MMICROLEPIDOPFEIVA. onl Cant it ere
a | yet t | eee tee
ey a . ; ; . ce
be ae PEUNICELIE, REEAUDIN DA, ALY PHIYTH RR fess geile ka as

x BLASTOR, Me eT a oN OR De hs *) 7
are tf \iget ue Fidh nS aren Br) isthe nn aod wa
, Ohh : i ’ begs

nol Bry yrs? a (i .: QBn stn ane aah, Ub pe ae aie i any geen det » a
ne: PA ieee ants a eben Peasiparl peo Ag: = Aakly ete oe
ALw er TEL ie N ; ie svi rh Re ee ae “Ds Pe “4
, ‘ . ae J “ Sar»
Lute Mp C HA Meets bl jig f
‘. - «6
: A {Poeverred iar wirhle ees coe Dies rab toe, PREG

AE OCEISR A

i ) CAUVISPTES ARGO fia’ MEV TERA WORE). os

+ argodeonve, Moy, Wigiae Mics it, & (Oet: 19a

Dict at, Pasa * in Augast tren vay "4 radtitg Paka Oak Teh hee tl” tee
(Pletcher) ;. SOC mkt He 4 At) UY) hae tn ve NTE: Dea Tir eerlk Poe
ahh dort, aici Brey wit rachrecn): ely tecenes fiw uae j-}4 Halut se ait

ee

i rodanxen Ab tee aries, Che ate hpi Raptews hur}

ea errors larvae aniginyy rexwcen det Veta Hafele; Al vinngety 2
eee Ltin thene Bie atte. misent had teeny haedt noOhicne rn Ler r
et The Laryn, cae POT Ta i Phe nat, raving F) whl Lie .

sah S epjteirnua! Laces iy Cations tlie mine Fro any gibate
While the: err ic #4 AU TC AREAS a Peery Me LAg vel hywith-
: as Eb yuings end tm cles af Chis hii+ b sereulk ah Aleck ares
ig lott: ‘adoyr Me Whole longih, The ahiny Jyehories eraldally beouder
et ther abiwptly lias’ a. tange wy olinging white, botioly ard
ity Oh -macwithenNt iv a henge, Appearing likey largo, bine: patch
ene... ms GWOT JA Poll dawat, Frpieg Ad pad
ey thy a wilt ising isthe’ howl Gouverte Uh iriko a rans
» oa w*

ay

.

Avkis pil tLe tAomnh Rima hee, Exe bea. TH 260 ['906) SC .~ Kann.
| “ @ mints lef yo Vila ) KI dame bebiG as orslarche , &
GA moll etd den | 1 filaments edhe
> Th Ape s AAD ne OD by x Mitte wo tm
anrolantha . ( Max wet.) i

[A Ka prle pans edelWe, heey. Exer.brce in 5a [4b pies

= es —— eu 3

{© mAneS7 Lond + Od:wie pe rad (_ Arm earaiaceae ) 9 es ioe gla “
mite Roe ten We WAL Pye riny om me kde 9 ac a

finn Me}.

eT aad)

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS.
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

V. HELIOZELIDH, HELIODINIDH, GLYPHIPTERYGIDA,
BLASTOBASIDA AND HYPONOMEUTIDA.

BY
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.8.,

Imperial Entomologist.
(Received for publication on 27th June 1919.)

HELIOZELID.

ANTISPILA ARGOSTOMA, MEYR. (PLATE XXVIL.)

Antispila argostoma, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 8 (Oct. 1916)(‘).

Bred at Pusa “in August’ from larva mining blotch in leaf of Vitis
trifolia (Fletcher); cocoon sent is oval, similar in construction to preceding
[aristarcha] but larger, greyish-ochreous, spinous filaments only 1-14 length of
cocoon ”’(!).

This species is common at Pusa during the Rains (July-September),
and has been bred from larve mining leaves of Vitis trifolia, Although it
may be reared in numbers, the adult insect has never been noticed under
natural conditions. The larva mines a portion of the leaf, leaving intact the
two membranous epidermal layers. It commences the mine from any place
on the surface. While the larva is young it causes a narrow zigzag yellowish-
white line as it mines on and in the middle of this line a streak of black excre-
ment is left along its whole length. The mine becomes gradually broader
and then develops rather abruptly into a large yellowish-white blotch and
the quantity of excrement is also large, appearing like a large black patch
in the middle of the mine. When the larva is full-grown, it lines an oval
portion of the mine near the edge with brown silk and converts it into a flat

. 9

118 LIFE-HISTORIES OF HELIOZELIDZ

roughly oval case which is then cut off entirely from the leaf, leaving an oval
hole in its place. The case is composed of two thin slightly concave pieces
joined together on their concave faces. The margins are loosely fastened
with silk. After cutting out this case, the larva behaves exactly like a case-
bearer such as Macraeola inquisitrix and moves about, carrying the case and
thrusting its head out at either end indifferently. As the larva is devoid of
legs, it effects locomotion in a peculiar way by means of silk; the head is
thrust out of the case and silk is applied to the surface on which it moves, thus
securing the case ; next, silk is stretched from the margin of the case to some
point ahead and the case is drawn forward and fastened there ; thus the larva
moves about in its case even on vertical surfaces. After some time the case
is fastened to a suitable place, usually by two or more silken threads of which
one end is attached to the margin of the case and the other to the supporting
surface. In confinement the cases were attached to the leaves lying on the
bottom of the cage, or to the walls or top of the cage. After securing the case
to a suitable place, the larva spins a brown oval cocoon inside it and pupates
in that. The cocoon is formed in the central part of the case, its longer axis
lengthwise. When the cocoon is formed, the central portions of the two leaf
epiderms forming the case are drawn much closer together, with the result
that a longitudinal ridge appears at the middle of each.

In some of these cases, there are a few short brown processes radiating
from the margin (figure d); these are strands of silk which are applied
to the margins of the case to connect it to the leaf while it is being cut out
by the larva. .

The full-grown larva (figure b) is about 4 mm. long by about 0°75 mm.
broad across middle, flattened, tapering posteriorly, segments distinct and
rather protuberant laterally, pale yellow witha greenish tinge, somewhat
shiny and transparent ; head smaller than prothorax, red-brown ; prothorax
wholly dark brown ; thin hairs scattered on head and body ; legs and prolegs
absent.

The pupa (figure f) is about 2°25 to 2°5 mm. long, dorsally rather
convex, narrowed towards extremities, brown (darkening before emergence
of adult) ; a deep constriction behind head, differentiating this from thorax ;
tip of wing case reaching penultimate segment and posterior legs reaching
or even slightly exceeding anal extremity ; four abdominal spiracles on each
side are white tubular projections. Before emergence of the moth, the pupa
wriggles out to some extent through one end of the cocoon, the empty pupa-
case remaining protruding from the cocoon. The pupal period is about six
days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 1431, 1463.)

Arkiapila selaslis, boy, Examen TM 261 (196) Po. Karwar
c'é ty Arwen’ 1 Seg meal Unto Ums Shmg Toperwn'ny poten gtlush
Anak cornk Dore, ew; mens Ko peer a GO adiny Gallery cd Cong 4
Pry choiv'a dolrells ( Rubra cea) ) bat ulny Ngee , fle KE bersh
Cxtremenk j finely ears Or Mprtenl mek pat than Y- aL

Or CS fre pe pek Capertee Undle-wie4Q oor frm

tm Se Pe RN TR fee NIA WM meted, Wipe mr ( Maciel.)

Avkis pila mectrnan cha, Mew, Exirtaea Til 26I( 1916) Fg ..- anwar .
(~@ Imntn a getter Lea 4 Odinga WECeR ( Anncwd acer) Kins ;
U fret mines dan a ven Teds mdi CreeM ng am in fecLrol
nanrms area , Teh Tanne ack ended aes bacy AY |= nN is w ples
<a 2 A cn fe Led nga \ Win ber ing EE dng pf andy Macy AW An,
fr~ bend pour [xed 5 Om eahing name ben ble prt fy
Oigined ffarting. Mace Ub Uma and Mints < olee ai'prep tepeter
Lote, y) formes bacn ond fork ) Lie a Hors hme | rv
he fecd [area | Te frtin 4 Vein er Afeid ore dhe
a> dishes mt, leaviy ae ee ptm Ate + U- Can aan Nee! bee
Peer Ne ac nked 1). tency ee ee lyTeh,
tae Ck Otter | Ju pr cond, 5 fin wth, Ur CUearn kK. mak
Space deat TB man Use od Off wd US ede by
biking Tomy’ i dias md last, epr'dermer NM ermnMel, on thal LeKims
Tovey uve re, beds ly 5, dank LAT exh, ce 7 me end “
COporte > YP den he @ Pitthndes arbenin fs nese) Spiny =n
Blend tide Onponte levena He Ute capmle Mp od
dnsfys Rerecn b., a Haas * ene te
fe ae) Lx' n> usenf up » wy
a hang cng Sank , xDD
™m fe fue ot fimes ohsays
H wa fince Led Coeur ban fran
Verne Re HK Capeele need mit former

aN he,

) Acame fro ty bbe Bape Jumelims,
Mate ar

n we

wht hn Vega cd
a Keh m boR Lhe vent Paw pohen ys prfa m Drying ; bf.
Proikded in mir perce ( Maxuea.) ithe nret, aw Comper Procediong

m Te per a me 4 tact ko

Ardispcla anna heye. dap 207)

Ainbipls nelimathge ss mince Sit a
ie Po ohana : raglan , wrdencs p txts co bits, mR neg iter gL,
CX treme leted im riddle » Pnelly Ainrs an moh dpe jaan &

bitin, wd frome don aes, te, te Iritranche hin YWpe nh en
edge inte, , Fe Capek hoo be~ 7 & 10 Loy hlanahe Sump

ea od yw |g Legh 4 Cafeetes Sime Hime barred » Hie Cofporte
be aKadked mn ome theme nMAAD a bSK er { Maxaret

(Imiayt, Exer- bens UE abr rb.)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 119

ANTISPILA ARISTARCHA, MEYR. | Se< “4:0 @: 2°

Antispila aristarcha, Meyr., Exot. Micr., IT, 8 (Oct. 1916)(+).

Bred at Karwar, North Kanara, “in August from larve mining trans-
parent blotches in leaf of Vitis sp. (many larvee in a leaf) (Maxwell). Cocoons
sent by Mr. Maxwell are apparently formed of two rather irregular grey discs
of leaf-cuticle joined at the edges, with several projecting spinous filaments
at each end, which are probably natural projections of the leaf, about + length

of cocoon ’’(!).
HELIODINID.

STATHMOPODA HEMITORNA, MEYR.
Stathmopoda hemitorna, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 97 (1913)(') ; l.c., I, 62 (1917)(2).
Originally described from Siruguppa (Bellary), this species has since been
recorded from Dharwar and bred at Coimbatore ‘“‘ from refuse collected in
fork of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) (Fletcher); probably therefore the
larva feeds in the pods’’(?). It seems more probable that the larve were
feeding on the dead leaves collected in the fork of the tree.

&

VA
STATHMOPODA THEORIS, MEYR.

Moloscelis theoris, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 410-411 (1906)(*).

Stathmopoda theoris, Meyr., t. c. p. 983(?), T. L. 8. (2) XIV, 286 (1911)(°),
Entom. Mitteil. Suppl., III, p. 56 (1914)(*) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 537
(1909)(5) ; Imms and Chatterjee, Ind. For. Mem., III, 32, t. 7, f. 23 eS te
(1915)(6) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 96 (1917)(7)tissn , hire 1 EAT. rering be PO UN”
Common throughout India and Ceylon(') ; also recorded from Formosa(4).

Larva feeds in flower-heads of sunflower (Helianthus) (*:).

Larva slender, black, naked, with five pairs of prolegs, head and_pro-
thoracic shield black ; found feeding in sunflower heads, the seeds apparently
not eaten, but the dried remains of the flowers().

“We have reared ..... Strathmopoda theoris, Meyr., from lac received

from Bhandara and Jubbulpore..... we have not reared a sufficient number

of examples to definitely prove that it is an undoubted enemy of lac, and not

merely only accidentally associated with it ’’(8).

This species has been reared at Coimbatore on cholam ear-heads, from

refuse found in the fork of a tamarind tree, and from palm-fibre chewed by

Oryctes rhinoceros ; and at Pusa from sunflower heads, from a rotten peach-

fruit, from ripe fallen gular (Ficus glomerata) fruit, from drying balsam leaves,

from dry cotton and Acacia arabica leaves, and from cotton shoots badly

affected by a mealy-bug. We have it also from Surat and from Dinanagar

(Punjab). |

120 LIFE-HISTORIES OF HELIODINIDA

The larva seems to be a feeder on dead vegetable matter, spinning
together dead or drying leaves and nibbling irregular holes in them.

STATHMOPODA SYCOPHAGA, MEYR.,
Stathmopoda sycophaga, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 87-88 (1913)(*).

Reared at Pusa in May from larve in figs of Ficus glomerata('). —

Larve were found at Pusa on 14th April 1907 in figs of Ficus glomerata
and were described as about 15 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly tapering
towards either extremity ; head and prothoracic shield brown, shiny ; body-
segments distinct, pale yellow, segments with a brownish tinge and with
small scattered hairs; five pairs of prolegs. The larva bores into the figs
and eats the florets. Pupation takes place inside the fig in a white cocoon
in which the pupa-case remains on the emergence of the moth. The larvee
are parasitized by two Dipterous and three small Hymenopterous flies. The
moths from these larve emerged between 29th April and 11th May 1907.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 529.) Sy

STATHMOPODA BASIPLECTRA, MEYR,
Stathmopoda basiplectra, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 97 (1913)(') ; Imms and Chat-

terjee, Ind. For. Mem. (Zool.), HI, 32-33 (1915)().

Described from Ranipur, in the Hardwar District, where it was bred in
April from ‘larva burrowing in seeds of Albizzia lebbek (Legumimose) in
December, afterwards eating a hole through the wall of pod to emerge ”’(').

““‘We have reared..... S. basiplectra, Meyr., from lac obtained from
Ranipur in the Siwalik forests .... . There seems to be little doubt that its
larva devours the lac, but it does not appear in sufficient abundance to warrant
its being regarded as a serious enemy. We have bred out the insect from
April to July and there is a specimen in the Forest Research Institute Collection
that was obtained in November and bred out from lac by Mr. V. 8. Lyer ’’(?).

STATHMOPODA PRAJALBATA, MEYR.
Stathmopoda prealbata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 337 (1915)(?). -

This species has been bred at Pusa in February-March 1916 from fallen
banyan (Ficus bengalensis) fruits collected in November 1915. We also have
it from Chapra.

STATHMOPODA SYCASTIS, MEYR” (PUATE SeCV ILS LIG eal)
Stathmopoda sycastis, Meyr., Exot. Micr., IH, 62 (1917)() ; Proc. Second

Entl. Meeting, p. 251 (1917)(2); (ian Wee 1 FM, eu T 15% (Nov. 1920)

Bred in July at Tarnab, Peshawar District, from larva feeding in figs
of Ficus carica (Fletcher)(*» 2).

, St ig meAane chre , hey- MM bteves,, See. NLo.

FA ry-mr (1957) Fg © ee: ae
fre. Ibs, >: Wy Ci f. at mi Run) © 4

ae | TH. 19% P— law prdracer> — Lewnja
hwrthew Wer < Nal gute)

S$. Anoka gee
NS. Wee, ©
Wine» ©)
9 \AGG Aa
ae ee (Vy

pial bac ivared” a
- ‘antl pate 2 fin sein ee

elibels the a} siya ranyiaink nh the eniergmncs nt pre maou,”
re Pardatetzer ve two Diptarcns jand three ‘spelt oroenogi webs Hing:

4 pie “Vy Ppl, on
vpat iOs\ iplive pce. cite the tive r 4

es
at

* me aa faite Hirt) AUG wort CULT en, Ayal ut il “hth, May!
; (Cnaga . Bysecta ahs ay Dae} ; En Px
‘ “s + . : - ie . ms ia

niet, ada. ber pectrirs Me’ Wait. Mace nea via i 1}; Angi
th Fors Blow). (Zoul), TT 22a id). one

Dreaded dtu: dtanipor, fa’ Fat: Heater ian hea it
FATE) OPORD laYea TL ge m4 neds ee hl f Hhare. labels ‘(ag
DAcemvber, eiterwieis dele a aee thromehe th Wg. wal i ‘al pod ty

Wie hava rgared: 0. one ues Bares lott Meyra f

‘ayia Bh Daa Siwaith fasta t .. < 0 ey SiN: tw Fb ce-angbi

cK
'

: larva savanrs the lad, but. i doe aot appear in safheignt abundant to i Arts
7 ; har pe tarled “as a. HOUR BROMY, We tuve tivesl- outs the: ingeot fi Feit
apr 4 , Tay ane thore & -epecimen ithe Woeest Baas arch nati Oona od
: thet Waa OTA in wove wher an byrert Ct ruta dic “RY Mr, % i % ae

ety :
“art 2 res
TATA. ATE R. i,

CATHMOPODA PREAL TATA, SER
ir xt. Miteg 1.387 sib}. ae
porn eee Webra sey Marek pdf
Pj int Niven eee OTS. ay

.
<4

be fe

Sip ~ te . y ; cy , eer yy.)
Wo Ra. 8 eset, KY oF PLATE XV PL bait)

i ta = ‘ i Weed ve . IE DY mie’ ra

Stathinapad spouses Mees Sigat- ete 21, Bl. aut
alt et es re uy a. we re

Batty Mehr, Bey ‘aise io mca Ek, a To

BAIS

. a pb,
< big a ¥
cot ik Joly at Le mAb. Poh pa: ‘Operiet, ‘pone Toate te

. , ry Z hs
Al f(a Mahe tant ochumy ty % ; ‘ Lee: Pupatty Pi

oe ay \, - Bye : a ane Rh ue oy
Pie 3 ~ xe
: - > _ me Pus Sey 2
i ‘ ee) Ph. we wars
> alle *
x f
| 55
<9 <a"
) aoe, is e
i. oe dy Soe ; oe prin
y S ere
. A), | St ee ee nu

PLATE XXVIII,

Fig. 1. Stathmopoda sycastis:—a, Moth, natural size and magnified ; b, hind lee
of moth, magnified: c, side-view of head of moth, magnified.

Fig. 2. Stathmopoda ovigera:—a, Larva, natural size and magnified (x 12) ;

from a spirit specimen ; b, moth, magnified ( x 12).

i
‘

My Uf Yi

(EDEMATOPODA CLERODENDRONELLA.

oC me go bo

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

CEDEMATOPODA CLERODENDRON ELLA.

Top-shoot of plant of Clerodendran infortunatum spun up by larva.
Larva, natural size and magnified,

Pupa, ” 33 ”»

Moth, resting attitude, from above, natural size and magnified.

' Moth, wings expanded, natural size and magnified.

| at
“ZOITAVAIT

x2 Istutsn .9¥
fmoser bas osig

(EDEM ATOPODA CLERODENDRONELLA.

A}!

vot . a es?
e\ Ss ne
ae sa ae cea

} : ay ta | ; r
bo ee hy hy pi sind ‘a wa tet ‘Ben Wea) an fe prague { Se ie
tea On, oer cae

: - @ ce oe | Bint: Loans, Mey

CH oe “in Well ital 3 in thie Sadat, Maite ts tyne) eae ¥
at maple . A sound whary vl doling Bop 434 ST nh ka a Cp hence! lars i iy : |
is ee: ;- : ee et
raaonpnis GVIGERA MOV, Pha? SVE Riae 2) .
Bs Léiors Meyr, Bat Mieg. 1, 08 (THEI
x je bp He Was originally Herne) IN Pulte Meri i) Th he
we beer 1 rect Trine biawet arvw found th fiafly wiusere ot Lube audigier Wh ioe
Pie ‘ew eae ag Cotmbatorc by Drdeniber Wd. We have mothe frie
fs Foes i) saute He ig ay idently wilet? ie trilimted: in. tle-Platus.cl Ladi
a oe 2 : | SAT EAMURION ANDULALRIX, Moye 5
pY Me aidbnleetose, Move... Bxot: Mawr.) LY, eth a h a
i Carian WY Alycia (6,(0n) a Fieet Writs al Peace. 1 tusisothe ~ fo
MUEMATOPODA VENUSY A, jy Ld

oe os SProteMiot fs a8 oF RY ee | ame 21 ae < ae
Cat from ob Whiley a sa Bagh Hetsca i bac peel ae ae ¢
ie | Ok Vachardin nent (geal Wed +3
a ae Bbewarte rs OVERIS. SEV

Hh ayes, Mey, SVE gis (L9G

din Decernshuee ut Reiwely Fervrry. vephe Thy! wa, Lie Vath. Piadindga :

Bh PReatiroma Mesert er, | ?

if a pis, Ml ee oe.

Py

ROMA TOPODA VE AMIE RBA, yy: Pat Veet" akan, Weis eee
rnp Bayr., Viewt:” Mor, Le ae Tse im Git, Teh hee. wie Ae

fea tat Toe Cau? ) re ode eine

»
Proms Pusal*), where it. way cay iat Fyne 1908 Seon. larva ad bah peo

ae ia the. Unty siecnyivens KOWT ‘wD ae ey BE ets P < Ny
ve a oa pe a aioe | lone bei ‘ Plan alin, See “wer
RELEWODRN Wot. aT, (CLARE UESiK
Rtas, 'T, fe, By Get. Fae at) ae
OW herts TBR sab we 1 tet Hooley
| ve Forind. tombvionly we" Pe Mind
Poe ’

_ (Edematopoda flammifera, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 338 (1915)(')9 2% ~ Geetha: Hina te =

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 121

A larva was found boring in a ripe fig on 3rd June 1916. It pupated fits 9
before 14th June in a white silken cocoon spun in a corner of the box and
the moth emerged at Pusa on 19th July.

This caterpillar is well-known in the Peshawar District, so much so that
the local people are rather chary of eating figs on account of the caterpillars

in them. J

STATHMOPODA OVIGERA, MEYR. (PLATE XXVIII, FIG. 2.)
Stathmopoda ovigera, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 93 (1913)(+).

This species was originally described from Puttalam (Ceylon)('). It has
since been bred from blackish larvee found in fluffy masses of Puloinaria sp.
on Ficus glomerata at Coimbatore in December 1916. We have moths from
Peshawar also, so that it is evidently widely distributed inthe Plains of India
and Ceylon.

STATHMOPODA ADULATRIX, MEYR.
Stathmopoda adulatrix, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 61 (1917)(‘).

Bred in September in Almora (6,000 feet) from twigs of Pinus longifolia
(Beeson)(‘).

(GDEMATOPODA VENUSTA, MEYR.

(Hdematopoda venusta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 97 (1913)( ). Sp

Described from Jabalpur in the Central Provinces, where it was bred
from colonies of Tachardia lacca(').

CGEDEMATOPODA CYPRIS, MEYR.
(Edematopoda cypris, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 603 (1905)(}).
Reared in December at Kandy from colony of Lac Coceid, VYachardia
albizzie, on Theobroma cacao.

- os
Site Ar Quen V-vi, Re “~

(EDEMATOPODA FLAMMIFERA, MEYR. ‘Mn Mole + ® paler Pdacens om 4

ONE D Ne Wwewso- thet, hk

ofV
Described from Pusa(!), cee it was Rid in June 1907 from a larva |. cay
a) (
in a mango shoot. This is the only specimen known so far. Trine — Pout .

a Nene Yor 90 c= ean nee | een nod atin n SCAN CH pin, Tr So ene

_

-~

fom twee

va

(EDEMATOPODA CLERODENDRONELLA, STT. (PLATE X XIX.)

Atkinsoma clerodendronella, Staint., T. E. 8. (n.s.), V, 125 (1859)(').
(Edematopoda clerodendronella, Wism., T. E. 8., 1889, t. 6, f. 7(2); Lefroy,
Ind. Ins. Life, p. 537 (1909)(8).
Originally described from Calcutta('). Found commonly at Pusa and

. : ) ts ey Te
Chapra in Bihar. Be. te “conor

192 LIFE-HISTORIES OF HELIODINIDA

Larva brownish, with a few short hairs ; it webs up the top of a shoot
and pupates in a thin silk cocoon in the bunch of leaves, the moth emerging
inside the cocoon. Feeds on Clerodendrdy infortunatum and Anisomeles
ovata().

The larva is about 10 mm. long. It folds up a leaf or webs up the tender
top-leaves by means of white silken threads, living in shelter and eating holes
in the leaves from within. Pupation takes place in the folded leaves or
amongst the flower-heads, when these are available.

The adults occur at Pusa in March, June and July-August.

ERETMOCERA IMPACTELLA, WLK. (PLATE XXX.)

Gelechia ? wimpactella, Wik., Cat., XXIX, 637(+).

Eretmocera impactella, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, IL, 514, t. 209, f. 10 (1887)(?),
Wlsm., T. E. S., 1889, pp. 34-35, 39, t. 6, f. 18(3); Hmpsn., Faun. Ind.,
Moths, I, 208, f. 135(4) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 537 (1909)(5) ; Fletcher,
S. Ind. Ins., p. 461, f. 337 (1914)(8) ; Proc. Second. Entl. Meeting, p. 296
(1917) (7); Yon nat AM Coat . trerllicy Te Nw '9
Common throughout the Plains of India, Burma and Ceylon. Also

recorded from Singapore and Formosa.

The larva feeds on Amarantus(® 7) and is sometimes a minor pest, webbing
up the heads of the plants. It remains more or less hidden in the folds of the
leaves which are spun together with white silken threads. It walks very fast
and, when walking, a small hump is produced at the hind end of the body.
When disturbed it is able to make small springs.

The larva is about 10 mm. long, moderately stout, cylindrical, tapering
slightly towards either extremity, brownish-grey or brownish-yellow with a
broad submedian darkish stripe ; head bilobed, with an inverted Y-shaped
mark in front, posterior external part of each lobe black, rest of head speckled
with black, with long white hairs ; prothoracic shield dark, broadly divided
medially ; tubercles black, bearing several divergent longish white hairs,
which give the larva rather a hairy appearance ; prolegs fully developed with
crochets arranged in a circle.

Pupation takes place in a cocoon of white silk, very fine and cottony,
the cocoon being spun usually amongst the leaves. The larva rests for about
a day inside this cocoon and then casts off the last larval skin which remains
attached to the pupa, enclosing its anal segments.

_ The pupa is about 6 mm. long, uniform brown, and tapers prominently
posteriorly ; wings and legs folded ventrally, their tip about reaching the
eighth abdominal segment. There seem to be no cremastral hooks on the

Bei ‘
ma

Vibe th

and aaa in 4 Mees eli dena: ‘the t
riside. then taitoan. Reedy Ol hte

Sen

:
Ad Me

ouptat*), )
The larvae is abou 10 annalong. e folda, up a wat
toploavat bp wosns of rite silken, bhrsada,, ving } 18
in. the Jesver from within. Pupintion da leos paw Bg
monagat the. fowerdhecadi, when these are KG nilicble.! pia

‘si’

ae witulda oocur Ad Pause ui Mare i, June and iy i

.

ts PRUTMOGOERA PV ACUPLDA, wie.
chic 4 tympctedla, Wik, Cat AAD) BaTtH:
toreraC er a nictela, Moors, ) rt ie isk Lon, ae mL, '. 08, re z

Ai tg T tS Ruteyy ny Ra Sh ao Hat? hiesone a

t Ts, ine” S44 ’ a7 a ar Pana. Bee: oid. font nly & feet | Rt
( ' ra \\ an aah «dud Ms m4 pe:
mon throughout the Maina of iudta. Harwe and ‘Cay ae
het
The larva foods an “dynarantua(® 7) ond is sometyried @ INstee :
he howds af de plate, Tt yemaing nore or feud bade fon iss the.fo iy
leaves whieh are spau together vith white seen, thr AAR. dt walks 8s
when alking, # amall fi rap a prodined at the” hind enh of
ar’ Aimtaurhed tis able to mak sired springs
The layva-is aboot 10 fins, Tong, modenately afous ‘yt ;
fightly iowards .citheroxtyamity, browhiah-grey 4 + beownish-yellnyy
“ nbrriedia durkish stripe > head IWilebed, wath an ‘inverted 7
tnink iu front, posterior external partor cach lobe Back, test OF head
bleserde, fr. bevy wt hiire : OFO h, rae ih ristel "a dak, bvony ly 7
vac} we 9 cles: ‘Wi \ hen tie devwerral divergent Jenggialy iy wi
ii rt he larva hither ns haity Appearance} pening énitys en
Aro DA art go Sire: epretes i cht aes
Porras ti tak ino iy a covoon Sf white ‘alk, vory ne a
wok) OI, ST wagtisildy amengal the fou ver... Due larva ;
. day inside this cocden aid them. caste ofthe Tam larva
attaahod bo, the phyA. nclowizig ite panel pegnienta, 7
Ede papa. is about 6. iam tOnE, -uniforar atcha

Ny

susie y widget iv
1 a : : ‘
wghth «wntonnnar. 4 od yi vit
a! i
ALE
a a

eh St
Pa rt

X ATAIL FO YOITALAIIZS

AIIGTOAIMI AdaDOMTaal

‘ind

‘Svi6l Yd baabostis astwwwmwk jo tas! :

3

be SASS

viel yd qu ange toode-qo
bo fttn O61 bas oxie Ietwten 8VIs

:

,

biz srrort obutidds gaiteot to
Dbeitioget fF a #

-bottiagesm bas gsia Isiytso Byods mot »sbutitts enitesr sltoM

RP ee Lr Aes

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

KEREPMOCERA IMPACTELLA.

Plant of Amarantus attacked by larva.
Top-shoot spun up by larva.
Larva, natural size and magnified.
Cocoon.
Pupa, natural size and magnified.
Moth, x = nS
Moth, resting attitude, from side, natural size.
F ai ys magnified.
Moth, resting attitude, from above, natural size and magnified.

PLATE XXX.

)
|
}

}

ERETMOCERA IMPACTELLA.

he Ae
Tu a Le | ‘
Vid ‘2 wear)
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‘ 7 4?
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Vy f al i] ‘
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4 ¥ *
ae | 4
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ue
‘
‘
; , = as’ 2 , + hele Sok: i Aan
} ay. - #
f ony : eee v 2 » ee
‘ By wire Par
p
Lhe &
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4
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tina
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ea
fi
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h ’ r ae ’

: s Mee : : aN oTVhe ag Ce the nie, a ' Pitt
: Vey in PE ORs a a a Ly Lore a4 lis pe
. Tha | *) 7 ; Ay \ bay ie ct y a A

e i
’ a >
a ‘ . ae uN (
; A ; ]
Ps i} ; u :
ee i irae ve
i | ‘ t : 4 |
7 . ‘5 i

" abe Ore en
sa inp oi Ma Mie’ rw aeattared iit atts
ene ch b ac diate bs bres pt the: eae. | Om
Bae @ eninply” [hvonaweet: a8 vi withio the codnom.° (Taka:
1 Wea ve .

tn i hetwocht’ thes ant. tance wenks). A fetitheid - -jomniate
anes with, ang Ararintes punts on SOth Mae 391) diel on Sod Jane,
tt 2 agi oueies” whieh Wers rats, dteiievad Two you vg lars were found: on

r ntic af these one epun dp oh LT Sinead the moth ¢ tena gon “yn

ih Z
tae rid. hs

Leta

ie ‘ Aaa
se have tins from Cotibabonn: Manzawre, & bus Uraviquetmr, Duvet, 7 cons
P ny ay
| Basson Fort, Wajten, Pechawac, Abbottatiod, Puck, and Uy pnp ached ih tp |
The Toth Vanier considerably an marking) the yellow sips : Pets y
‘ }
the fovewitig Hehe skormetemas ohaoleyent and beth wipes acfused. saith oe
s : ig
GLYFRIPTER TOD MH. ee oe
HILAROGHAPHA CAMINODES, MEYR, eae
oi. comiunes, Muyr., TH. fi, XVI, 8DO.(VOOR CY: Green. Permiens’a ,’ ery,

Rarear tly, 245 con inotnaincd (*) ; Fleteher, 5. inde dns, P ‘et (T9L2}(*)3 |
gerne. Sevond Bail Moating, p. 37 (11%), © Mortis, Bee. eek Mies Pama, es FP A
2 Devoribed tram Oayloti Pct va, Garam lows fm Raoge Ua) ; herre .
; on cardanisn( ‘). We bave fe. ftom Gatenglly Wh '
4 p daevs boyres.in ‘the: root of oultivatad aivtatnornd ett ap ee Cragphgiaerous
«The egos wre laid on the le upper port ofthe bale *).

i sit! yaa AS NITY hae
Maye Y, i. “5. 1088 Yat a dgered ieee: Wire lo®h . ost is i
ey "Originally doses! & froma aylantih this’ apumeier hee} Hiren forall at Coin
. ro also. - - :
An ‘example reorived {row My, Hate! her said to have bee ited lpi oe
E pack." Puig with tour meogrtnv ean Set

a»

<p ae PuYCODER WARER, MO, | ‘sve
incr, Moore, P.%. 8: STS hy Lah Ate il Torre

ua ‘Swihhae, Cap: Hiv pa p 7) (lesomes Mayr. Bent 7 “5 ale
as, V, R26H Oo Broc. Second Mau. Meeting, p. Sah eis. Wha Vets te Cal onic» Hai
erat Neb: vase Bint: SLY, Th Be ee
Mere... Bo, XTX, dee ae {L000}

Ya

Tmme mylar, by, Boer bie UL 400 ear C Pw
ie

Van, Met)

{. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 123.

anal segment, but all over the body and head there are scattered small stiff
hairs with curved tips which are hooked into the fibres of the cocoon. On
emergence of the moth, the empty pupa-case is left within the cocoon. (Pusa
Insectary Cage-slip 702.)

The life-cycle is between three and four weeks. A fertilized female
confined with living Amaranius plants on 30th May 1911 died on 2nd June,
after laying eggs which were net observed. Two young larvee were found on
8th June and of these one spun up on 17th June and the moth emerged on
27th June 1911.

We have this from Coimbatore, Mangalore, Sidapur, Tranquebar, Surat,
Nadiad, Bassein Fort, Multan, Peshawar, Abbottabad, Pusa, and Upper and
Lower Burma. The moth varies considerably in markings, the yellow spots
on the forewing being sometimes obsolescent and both wings suffused with

blackish.
GLYPHIPTERYGID.

HILAROGRAPHA CAMINODES, MEYR.
Hilarographa caminodes, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 610 (1905)(") ; Green, Peradeniya
Cire., II, 17, p. 250 [not named |(?) ; Fletcher, S. Ind. Ins., p. 464 (1914)(3) ;

Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 37 (1917)(4);Tuiie. Pre Thrd Ete poy 1

Described from Ceylon (Pundaluoya, Gammaduwa and Rangella) ; larva
a pest on cardamom('). We have it from Gammaduwa.

Larva bores in the root of cultivated cardamoms and in wild Zingiberaceous
plants. The eggs are laid on the exposed upper part of the bulb(? 4).

IMMA MYLIAS, MEYR.
Imma mylias, Meyr., T. E. S., 1906, 173 (1906)(!); Exot. Micr., II, 191
(1918)(?).
Originally described from Ceylon(!), this species has been found at Coim-

batore also.
An example received from Mr. Fletcher, said to have been “ bred from

tamarind bark.’’ Pupa with four segments fixed(?).

PHYCODES MINOR, MO.
Phycodes minor, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, 378(), Lep. Atk., 1, 152 (1882)(%) ;
Cotes & Swinhoe, Cat. Moths Ind., p. 701 (1889(8); Meyr., Rec. Ind. _

0 Sa peal
Mus., V, 226() ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 251(5). Un ae WE, meng ~-

Phycodes lucasseni, Snell., Tijds. voor Ent., XLIV, 74, t. 5, f. 1 (1901)(®).
Phycodes cymineuta, Meyr., B. J., XIX, 424-425 (1909)(7).

109
4

N n/ 19 oe)

NV w.!

j24 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GLYPHIPTERYGID

Recorded from N. W. India(?), Kulu(’), Bengal (Rajmahal)(4) and Kara-
gola(?), from Haputale in Ceylon(®), and from Java(*). Common at Pusa
in Bihar and apparently throughout the Plains of India. We have it from
Peshawar, Hazara, Lahore, Poona, Pusa, Gauhati, Nowgong, and Minbu
(Lower Burma).

Larva on Ficus spp. The moth has been reared at Lahore from pupa
found in leaf of Ficus carica and at Pusa from larve rolling leaves of Ficus
heterophylla.

The larva is about 15 mm. long and 2 mm. broad. across the metathoracic
region, whence it tapers slightly in both directions, cylindrical, segments .
fairly distinct, light green ; head flattened, yellow, shiny, with a black lateral
longitudinal marking ; prothorax with a more or less shiny shield, a portion
between head and shield greenish-white ; mesothorax and metathorax dark
smoke-colour, this colour extending in a less dark form on the ventral side ;
legs black ; abdominal segments with dark smoky submedian patches forming
an interrupted stripe, and with a similar less distinct spiracular stripe, white
patches alternating with the smoky ones; a white lateral stripe ; primary
hairs white ; spiracles small, black, round ; five pairs of equally developed
prolegs which appear like slender rod-like protuberances from the abdominal
folds, crochets on prolegs arranged in a circle.

Pupation takes place im a white silken cocoon formed amongst rolled
leaves or on a single leaf which is rolled into a boat-shape. A large quantity
of silk ig used to make the cocoon which consists of several layers of thin
papery structure. Pupa brown, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, and with
a row of small posteriorly-directed spines on the anterior part of the dorsal
surface of the abdominal segments. Before emergence of the moth, the
pupa wriggles out through one end of the cocoon to some extent. A Tachinid
parasite has been reared. From larvae collected at Pusa on 25th September
the moths emerged between 8th and 12th October 1917. (Pusa Insectary
Cage-slip 1711.)

PHYCODES RADIATA, OCHS.

Chimera radiata, Ochs., Schmett. Europ., II, 5-6 (1808)().

Phycodes hirudinicornis, Guenee, Noct., IT, 389, 1249, t. 13, f. 5 (1852)(?).

Tegna hyblwella, Wik., Cat., XXXV, 1810 (1866)() ; Forsayeth, T. EK. S.,
188402379; 413, #014, i. 10):

Phycodes vadiata, Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 538, t. 52, ff. 7-10 (1909)(5) ;
Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., pp. 463-464, f. 339 (1914)(§) ; Proc. Second Entl.
Meeting, p. 251 (1917)(%);%otar, Cae. W Cat rawie 159 (Woy. (yv2)

en

my tho ; en ne Diiscsiavaksc hn. Sanihead not
MW, math een | von tv ape. rig Tetva un Semel Hager:
Gla tee of Rite nll Homa Ula pth Milage <t Biches Aetigivad’ gait
Pali feria), Rao, Bisisiuipin, <ivhodhwnkiy Monwjal Oar in an Mus odnen)
c 7; .. | Dediheat avin Ga. ue ead)

ae Pag ahioatt: 2D.oum.. oa. odaivdy otk vache flattared, wagertly |

dunk atwipe Gomes the sido,‘ hedd and \retheresote ohield red-benin i

The ooberyular fully leaves of Fucus. Pup ted-heown, 1) «fale
UKE OOOON, ocean ally YUGn, OF) v Twarf reih Iely Oeeent) © tb ee eradh
sh. bats Or itinoler sitiatrot ; pareal perio® shout. 1 daqul®)

e lurve roll temuler leawan wither foulinyy over the ate df a leaf or. tring
3 eee Over aother, and sot the quidermiy feom within the wal.
By A young latva. abort 10. tens. ling, ic rather Raitened : head Aawbened.
| ilow-brown, | AMaller thon protlincay : prothoray soley than mesdethors,
Pwtolly uty derk-brown or blackish, with « whiny block clad « yeesetiawiix
Ay stAller that wevatheorcx. diviw dark-brown, ety eo eed baneledk with
ep werloninn: peients vellovw: loge Tack. we, pales ol opyalege
“be futl- =e Ta Rh lari ve abant ear HiT, Mny, ro’ her. fatten! ; haad shiney
wn, Hattenin!, Maier vhen,.prothom: 7 peotheragite ‘shield Tague,
saa Grown + pivthirat Neivetally whitish, vondastiy Whaoloteh. ©” gseie-
Uh au ce inetithiras blyabeh dears ahr, lat itnutity ied herald: ateieh. *
Sune band betwwen wiemothorms anctmetaihouss ¢ ited weeeniiial seotannt
Pr with @ faint black smarking on lateral wangty of eulrendian gegioart
ReRMients proviso white; sulmedian, portiony of second. to abil
poe Seuowenta Glacic; npper purt ol Sevqarh obelomaial sqguinne Babli
dof eighth blglominal hegynent yellow with & pair of black pointeq aduth
Um temnent yollowiel adterorly sud Wackich posteriorly za few forge
Mateo iid degmert! npivecles. oval, rhumed sich: Sadk,
ee taken pane within a Hotesws!, upal, diweahuped) dive heirs

| Hameather sin yo. may oe forest within’ folded leven Dink th slabey
fornia op Ae bruh of (he tree. “Betimi maheneii af (hé taduls,
ee sult

ewe p

by r a (or ip J F % . Ms
: 7 if 4 Uae iy ss vs Js v ; : 1 : aye ‘
at be). fo, Ot ae et a
: h Me ‘om ay wee ails. y Rr PAA j . ‘a . Wan y
f “oy cf re fg Nel : - a " ; ‘ a } ly } / 4)

i fn ln a RR tart ash Ve
) "ie a ied ORE ei) ee ee

a.

iby Reattered) HORE aire, it cology ht ovllowge- while web ii anon abhor A
toad,

dark band trasveriely arrival han’ ie of o Rwat- and univ tt roa the sae ea iM e .

The Cag hes not bem) why eved bub is protaably wnesst dice bebeag tye Lemwasi.,,

RSF cathen Papery Water, shout 15 in. long xk ines Deon ie |

Sak tee

wih hip At,
et %, ‘

-

a,
ny

*

!

Al
>
\ rie
7

o

Ti
my

.
»

"Rese gd ina ‘. Ww. ine
tal?) eas . Ha piatale’ in Cayho: i
i ‘i Oia Valea ppabe: ity rth iboats Ni shay

| Pephiowar, ip lait whore, Ti Pha, tum,

i i nver a r x ube ‘ ny ir aly

Larva oo) Kins iy tt Tho iat Riehl cn ve
Ls

je sy. e's er a 9
faitnd aydeat ul uPious Cayies and at Pada iemline

a o ( :
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7 7 F ? Mi ¢ j MELLIN ‘ hi thy) apt
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7 s 7 ! = 0 a ed
*, : a vith onmate of mivetal livers of i
; i i : «Je =~ - a 2 :
ein ’ ‘ ryt t ivs ie beorlisety
ery ‘ l ee
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; my ens rar Oollepted at 1 ‘os Sel

- Ni J wy é. eo See a ‘ft au ‘ ae (Pain ‘ if

vay

-—_T--

i), BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 125

Common throughout India (from Nepal and Dharmsala to Bombay and
Madras) and Ceylon. We have it from Coimbatore (larva on Ficus), Hagari
(larva on leaves of Ficus tisela), Pusa (larva on leaves of Ficus religiosa and
F. glomerata), Kulu, Gurdaspur, Garhshankar (Punjab) (larva on Ficus carica)
and from Peshawar (larva on Ficus carica).

Larva about 20 mm. long, moderately stout, rather flattened, smooth ;
with scattered short hairs, in colour dull yellowish-white with a broad inter-
rupted dark stripe along the side, head and prothoracic shield red-brown, a
broad dark band transversely across the back of meso- and meta-thoracic
segments. The caterpillar rolls leaves of Ficus. Pupa red-brown, in a tough
paper-like cocoon, occasionally spun on a leaf but more usually in a crack
of the bark or similar situation ; pupal period about 15 days(§).

The egg has not been observed but is probably laid on tender fig leaves.
The larvee roll tender leaves, either folding over the edge of a leaf or tying
one leaf over another, and eat the epidermis from within the roll.

A young larva, about 10 mm. long, is rather flattened ; head flattened,
yellow-brown, smaller than prothorax ; prothorax smaller than mesothorax,
wholly dirty dark-brown or blackish, with a shiny black shield ; mesothorax
slightly smaller than metathorax, dirty dark-brown, anteriorly banded with
yellow; abdominal segments yellow: legs black; five pairs of prolegs
yellow.

The full-grown larva is about 22 mm. long, rather flattened ; head shiny
yellow-brown, flattened, smaller than prothorax ; prothoracic shield large,
shiny, dark brown; prothorax laterally whitish, ventrally blackish ; meso-
thorax and metathorax blackish dorsally, laterally and ventrally whitish ;
a whitish band between mesothorax and metathorax ; first abdominal segment
yellowish with a faint black marking on lateral margin of submedian region ;
remaining segments greyish-white ; submedian portions of second to sixth
abdominal segments black ; upper part of seventh abdominal segment black
and of eighth abdominal segment yellow with a pair of black points ; ninth
abdominal segment yellowish anteriorly and blackish posteriorly ; a few long
white hairs on each segment ; spiracles oval, rimmed with black.

Pupation takes place within a flattened, oval, disc-shaped, dirty brown
cocoon of rather papery texture, about 15 mm. long and 7 mm. broad. In
warm weather the cocoon may be formed within folded leaves but in winter
it is always formed on the trunk of the tree. Before emergence of the moth,
the pupa wriggles out of the cocoon for about half its length.

The moth is diurnal in habit and may be seen sucking nectar from flowers
during the daytime.

Lana poser (pe ee
Abenkiles phyorr
Deen. . (TW Rema Kaarhore
Ioysan Bae -IN Et, Meat
p-2b4 | Dee tart)

: an OAR?
rr (4 een

126 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GLYPHIPTERYGIDA

The larve occur at Pusa from April to November. Hibernation appa-
rently takes place in the pupal, and possibly also in the larval, state. From
cocoons collected during the winter moths emerged in March-May. (Pusa
Insectary Cage-slip 255.)

SIMAETHIS OPHIOSEMA, LOWER.

Simaethis ophiosema, Low., Trans. Royal Soc. 8. Austral., XX, 167 (1896)(4) ;

Meyr., Cat. Glyphipt., p. 35 (1913)(?).

? Simaethis reqularis, Pag., Jahrh. Nass. Verh. Naturk., XX XVII, 288 (1884)(3).

Originally described from Australia(4), S. ophiosema has also been recorded
from China(?), the Moluccas(2) and India(?).

This species has been bred at Pusa from a larva found on 6th October
1912, letting itself down by a silken thread from a bamboo overhanging the
road. The larva was about 13 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering slightly towards
either extremity, head brown, body uniformly light yellow spotted with black
like the larva of Antigastra catalaunalis. The larva formed an elongated
white cocoon of white silk lining a folded bamboo leaf on 7th October, pupated
on 8th and emerged on 13th October. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 968.)

We have this insect from Srinagar (Kashmir), Pusa, Coimbatore and
Pollibetta (South Coorg). At Pusa the moths occur from October to January.

SIMAETHIS ORTHOGONA, MEYR. S<z He 208, b+ ty

Simaethis orthogona, Meyr., T. E. S., 1886, 287-288(), Proc. Linn. Soe.

N.S. W., XXXII, 114 (1907)(?), Ree. Ind. Mus., V, 226(3), Cat. Glyphipt.,

p- 35 (1913)(*) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 538 (1909)(5).

Simaethis inscriptana, Snell., Tijds. voor Ent., XVIII, 76, t. 6, f. 6 [Q] (1875)

[nec o\().

Recorded from {ndia, Burma and Ceylon. Also in New Guinea and
Celebes. We have it from Pusa, Chapra, Nadiad and the Shevaroys.

Larva green with a brown head and a row of black tubercles on each
side of the body ; it feeds on the leaves of Psoralea corylifolia, pupating under
a slender white cocoon on the leaf(§).

There appears to be some error in the above description. The larve
have been bred on two occasions at Pusa by A. Mujtaba and the foodplant
is recorded as sahora or sahra (Streblus sp.), whilst the larvee were described
as 7 to 8 mm. long, tapering posteriorly, dark grey or honey yellow, head
reddish-yellow, segments with numerous black dots from which white hairs
arise. Pupa 5 mm. long, light-brown or lemon-yellow, wriggling half-way cut

‘ | ’ é A : ® —
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Scdapr med — Orimbat re . :

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; Meyz, Um, Oly Lp bit yh oe” ists
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. Onygiraliy leshriiih TP FE aie

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if a

ide of ths body 0}. dead’ on the leavegal Proraea rybifohin, papi bing a
lender whil4: cocoon on 2 te Taat{>),
There appeats. tae Aome drvor in thé whiveltenertaon, “rhe
ty oy ve been bret oo fwo pedals 4b Pome Dy A, 3 Tjtieba and the fond

ia fecunded aa eakoravc? ediifa (st wearad ep.) }. whilet the tars wen dh

i :: ak 7 16 © cry long, tapering pretiniodly, Hark: grey or honey, yal
aicwieellow: woe) ents wath: Herons blaek ote irom whith
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2

PLATE XXXI.

Brenthia coronigera:—a, Moth, natural size and magnified (x 16) ; b, side-view
of head of moth, magnified ; c, moth, resting attitude, magnified ( x 10).

Ser) ou 7 a be ath
Wi fi ne A er eT) J a : 7 sty .
4 7 Po : = bd '

wee ae io vo a ies ne :
me ‘) 2 v hs

PAL aaa : 4 a)

| rey fr A et

ae nk
“meet 4 a) Tae} {27
Noy tt ge b

i if ;

vet 29g wil) * Ages > take oe DAW Apt. VOUT
want pak eee ith» TARE Lig it! BOG, Hmerecd..on

“a
*

is ne
) ey: Nici. Fels Neaks

a Ste eh, Lai; NVA i65 (1aeTy, TBR
5 sian Mees ead. Gly ptitpe,,"'p MATT AY

ay eg Stidareh. dh SN Le ay: fies) (F5, i

a ‘Ths’ ‘syitibe aa ‘igitehity wBescpiet ” t ey Wy ue 3 AGE Yam! Sis

| b Lioen vebordadk sansa he Asai vols “teint Paid Saletan cc. it

a oy We haverat: prise Pitas, hpi er Biule- 34 ‘Fleet ty Bors ‘traved

have webbing Reid hake Ape Trove eh Pitas: glomageat

Skea

Sa Ee: yi leit s rier AS TANS: | if
rads /Rrscianty fanp.,.5 yah ha "3 ‘teh WOH): is fie See f Spe
PSiihuetivic friwictanes, Meet ‘sex: aed Nag, as me Se piphips.

By (191A}), Houdeksy 6. -767(4): eee fae ANS AA. sl ogee in
; Woodrded fran Burrs sie. ‘Aste io ris ig fe Basis eo ae mba
Within iat Tanite rope: Shei Sie Kasi: ba Ww es bave ce te grat
006 feet), Harta Uistric “kai wise eo : “ene ’

oo iy we slight we an ant réie pind Peete,

piocivneatA snRNA, MER. aL ek
; woromtiguntn, Mast = “Vioe: Mine. FR, te (LSA)

o

a F Bred at Puss in Peli iare freon t jurwa, feecdsnweents lévvne of OCurdin ripe

Betaoragmacee)(\) | 3

a ae » This peri bas leew bred at-Pusn fig tary feotihye on leaves of Cardia
wy Beleuary2t617 wand DVO nad tana 101902 he tarvn Lived on the

olin Wal prior: enyne ‘gh % : Albee Seldund ta whieh tuck the. thee

of fracas,” Lt gris ene he ‘eit Hate) at gharactiri¢tie piteles, tonviag

h webbing? eae

+ pk yellow; privory Bia: her. ethan: sian tabeor cles whiak Ayaan

ay spate; some Whadte. epGte mn tect eled cate Popatian bales ‘si
a, og at pio Witte sithen Mireads wind ahe-rnothe arid Wt. Peis
Ag’ Ale apovstl Wall of Pebruye. ( Gey’ Rnseotaine Oage-slip dO16.)

%

we de ey OY aa +) | Pees wears
mute ie pis badd itt P54 5 an oo Se tee
Awe, View ‘ We
ee a
6

i" a welndin ” Fripp 3 tae wl ba hivity evr Meh Jule ie An

herve Hchreous-whitish, Boils ele ipuerihs “how t wAG: ‘pte of 3 vale

‘ined egiderm:s entity Re — Chie pnnee ib Severed agi he thie

“Pe larva.is about Fine, Wind “ae alidiss [ sero. “Want aenowe ay Chron,
. thenes eighty ban fhe fig ‘pitwiiay, pale Med llow witha eis ae

?. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 127

of the cocoon on emergence of moth. From larve taken on 13th July 1906,
moths emerged on 21st and 23rd July, and a larva taken on 9th August 1907
formed its cocoon the next day, pupated on 11th August and emerged on
18th August. (A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slips 6 and 31.)

SIMAETHIS ASGYPTIACA, ZELLER.

Simaethis egyptiaca, Zell., Stett. Ent. Zeit, XXVIII, 366 (1867)(!), T. E.S.
(3), V, 461, t. 24, f. 1 (1868)(2) ; Meyr., Cat. Glyphipt., p. 36 (1913)(%) ;
Rebel, Lep. aus. Siidarab. und Sokotra, p. 89 (1907)(4).

This species was originally described from Egypt(! 3) and has since
been recorded from the Transvaal(%), India() and Sokotra(é).

We have it from Pusa, Chapra and Simla. At Pusa it has been reared
from larve webbing up tender leaves of Ficus glomerata.

SIMAETHIS FABRICIANA, LINN.
Tortrix fabriciana, Linn., Syst. Nat. (xu) 880(').
Simaethis fabriciana, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 226(?), Cat. Glyphipt., p. 36

(1913)(3), Handbk., p. 707(4).

Recorded from Europe, Asia Minor, Madeira, Canada and British Columbia.
Within our limits from Simla and Kashmir. We have it from Dungagali
(8,000 feet), Hazara District (May 1915).

‘Larva ochreous-whitish, spots pale fuscous ; head and plate of 2 pale
fuscous ; in a slight web on Urtica and Parietaria’ (4).

BRENTHIA CORONIGERA, MEYR. (PLATE XXXI.)
Brenthia coronigera, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 194 (1918)(*).

Bred at Pusa in February from a larva feeding on leaves of Cordia myxa
(Boraginacee)(!).

This species has been bred at Pusa from larvee feeding on leaves of Cordia
myxa in February 1917 and 1919 and January 1917. The larva lives on the
surface of a leaf under cover of a silken webbing to which stick the black
pellets of frass. It gnaws the leaf-tissue4m characteristic patches, leaving
the other epidermis entire. The portion thus gnawed is covered with the
silken webbing.

The larva is about 6 mm. long and about 1 mm. broad across the thoracic
region, thence slightly tapering posteriorly, pale yellow with a green tinge ;
head pale yellow ; primary hairs short, arising from tubercles which appear
as black spots; some black spots on the head also. Pupation takes place
within a cocoon of pure white silken threads and the moths emerge at Pusa
during the second half of February. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1516.)

128 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BLASTOBASIDA

The moths strut about jerkily with the hmdwings carried nearly at a
right angle with the forewings, so that the wings form a sort of cone when
seen from behind the insect. The eyes are pale green. This attitude is
characteristic of other species of this genus.

a AM sg rkyg 2-08 cba f-2)
CHOREUTIS BJERKANDRELLA, THNB. co | )

1, Sone Wat cS bjerkandrella, Thunb., Diss. Ent., 1, 36, t. 3, ff. 23-24 (1784)(‘).
Choreutis bjerkandrella, Meyr., Handbk., p. 706 (1895)(?) ; Spuler, Schmett.

Eur., II, 297-298(3) ; Meyr., Cat. Glyphipt., p. 39 (1913) [synonymy ](4).

A cosmopolitan species known from Kurope, North, Central and South
America, North and South Africa, Western Asia, India, Australia and New
Zealand.

Larva described by Spuler ; on leaves of Carlina, Inula, Carduus, ete.(?).

Larva green, yellower laterally ; spots black ; head brown ; on Carduus,
Inula, Eryngium, ete.(*).

Larvee were collected at Pusa on kukronda (¢ Blumea balsamifera) on 14th
January 1910, the moths emerging between 14th January and 5th February.
The larva was described as about 7 to 8 mm. long, cylindrical, shghtly tapering
towards extremities, uniform green ; head yellowish-green ; hairs arising from
small black points, making the larva look minutely spotted under a lens ;
five pairs of equally developed prolegs. The larva rolls a single leaf, or only
the apical portion, or binds one leaf over another or binds together the top
leaves ; it lives concealed and eats only the epidermis or the epidermis along
with the mesophyll substance of the leaf, leaving one epidermal layer entire,
so that when the leaf is unrolled the portion eaten appears as a transparent
brown spot. Pupation takes place in concealment also in a cocoon of pure
white silk lining a rolled-up leaf. The pupa is about 4 to 5 mm. long, cylin-
drical, tapering posteriorly, dark-coloured, the dorsal side of the anal segment
produced into a short thick recurved hook-like process. The pupa wriggles
out of the cocoon before the moth emerges. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 816.)

The moth is plentiful at Pusa in February and March and occurs less
commonly in April and June. We have it from Pusa, Parachinar and Simla.

BLASTOBASID.

BLASTOBASIS SPERMOLOGA, MEYR.
. lastobasis spermologa, Meyr., Exot, Micr., I, 597 (June 1916)(').
Described from Ceylon (Maskeliya, Madulsima and Undugoda), from the
‘amaad in S. India, and from S. China.

-)

Nee 2

ee At be “a "

‘é

sn ih tn
i a Of’ eon

‘wt eral Deel ip Daveawiry HIG. foo Wiewe

ite
1 BLAM namie PCR iy, MTT : .

Rae Mie: BFR VITE, 180-18). Dy ee. lor
Bb CVS) yey, )
aba Deseihied trim J’atiolana 9 Cey lem . Bred at Cndwihtre
i bciphet trea refine wt ferk of taniarind weer), and af Poae id Suly toe . :
£260 lary im nia fallen iler (Fes mlimeraial fruit

ai
: ny

e

r . LAST
7 - Vie"
aie Mf cvassifiea. Morr. Mxot, Mier, 1) PO he THT) Sig ae tan Fe,
adie vertrbe fou Modutends an! aval Oe waive 1 fon Pima aod a
Conmbatore. ‘

Pam wt Pum x Merch: diom ports of Crmtifgsee geneee(").- Larva wl, this
Hepyeer unnally to feed (on soos vn Are vefure onthe , matiedeimiontely ets
Berit bowt hbetiip robin ty PRI eaer pieueread

YEAST CHASSITICA, MIVA,

*
Al = BLAST OMASLS -“RANSCUUIAEL, eR. . ;

andi Mehaoipta, Movs. Exot. Mir (fie ER ¥
Pe ened at Alnor, 6.00 feet, fron. welge of Phe fungital ng 1 teepon'),

4 >
Dy «be

<a

q “rot the larva fowls on réhiae or in the ocopie ty, t
a This cpucies wer hiv wt Dehra Din by Me Goes hetdenn' Beh sat a
Beptenitier P15, deen bhte tae Ive -ottackal Wow & Heperitte oiatt onl ;

HA botore: Bek Aweurt JOIN at Mtencies ECMO toot): Mle, Bacnon, .

5. that i Insent: 1% prohebly erclsesote on fhe parneren : :

i‘ a LA anon Gatac unten, weve! |

- secalhiires Meyer, Bxoi, aficr,. £, 199 (Zane. 1916).
L_Deveribed Eom Geylas (Madulsias nud Kolwtagny and: toi tone mY Y
(ilgin, BDO Teee)(') ed
ae a ee mem Min tnt a.

ys car ras ann tome eae 5 a 2

& b
f ry
lg # ° ; vo pot
‘J d ‘if

cy) > A 4 >

Pier Aka ay ees bs

: é

- MAG? 5, Cone 5 a We Re
= iggy! aa, i a ie y %,

See ochre mo pha bay Exer. Wee. TX lay Uk. yue” C Verna Di» ae b—
Jeo " _Shaee aha )

PRatAan's mbinda bey Exot bin TH las 146 Lan. 1425) g C Dehra Duns, bred b—

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 129

Bred in the Wainaad from tea-seed and at Port Darwin, North Australia,
from dried smoked garlic imported from Hongkong(').
We have this from Pusa, where it was bred in January 1916 from larva

in fallen gular (Ficus glomerata) fruits.

BLASTOBASIS DECOLOR, MEYR.

Blastobasis decolor, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 150-151 (1907)(1), Exot. Micr.,
IT, 596 (1916)(2).

Originally described from Puttalam in Ceylon(!). Bred at Coimbatore
in October from refuse in fork of tamarind tree(?), and at Pusa in July 1914
from larva in ripe fallen gular (Ficus glomerata) fruit.

4

BLASTOBASIS CRASSIFICA, MEYR,

- _ \ ‘
Blastobasis crassifica, Meyr., Exot. Micr., 1, 595-596 (June 1916)(!)3 lWAn, Coe TH agi ate:
Described from. Madulsima and Pusa('). We have it from Pusa and Oe Oe
Coimbatore.
Bred at Pusa in March from pods of Crotalaria juncea('!). Larvee of this
genus appear usually to feed on seeds and dry refuse rather mdiscriminately

without bemg confined to particular plants(!).

7

BLASTOBASIS TRANSCRIPTA, MEYR.

Blastobasis transcripta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., Hf, 158 (1918)(').

“ Bred at Almora, 6,000 feet, from twigs of Pinus longifolia (Beeson).
Probably the larva feeds on refuse or in the cones’’(!).

This species was bred at Dehra Dun by Mr. C. Beeson between 8th and
19th September 1915, from chir pine twigs attacked by a Ripersia scale and
collected before 20th August 1915 at Almora (6,000 feet). Mr. Beeson
considers that this insect is probably predaceous on the Iipersia.

EXINOTIS CATACHLORA, MEYR.
Exinotis catachlora, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 599 (June 1916)(').
Described from Ceylon (Madulsima and Kalutara) and from Southern
India (Nilgiris, 3,500 feet)(‘).
This species has been bred at Pusa from larvee in flower-heads of guwmma,
which was determined in 1905 as Leonurus sibiricus (Labiate) and in
1916 as Leucas sp. It is not clear whether these foodplants are really

identical,

130 LIFE-HISTORIES OF BLASTOBASIDA

The larva remains hidden in the flower-heads, which show no external
signs of injury, and eats the bases of the calyx tubes. It was described in
1906 as about 10 mm. long, cylindrical, uniform yellowish-white, body regularly
corrugated ; head flat, reddish-black, shiny ; a prothoracic shield and five
pairs of prolegs. (Insectary Cage-slip 240.)

The larva pupates within a calyx tube in a thin silvery- Soiite silken
cocoon. The pupa is about 5 to 6 mm. long by 1:75 mm, broad, shining
brick-red ; head and prothorax bent downwards and thus not visible from
above ; mesothorax longest ; metathorax nearly a third length of mesothorax ;
eight abdominal segments very distinct ; wing-pad of anterior wing reaching
base of eighth abdominal segment ; spiracles very prominent ; a small hair
near spiracle on ninth abdominal (anal) segment. (C. S. Misra’s Cage-slip of
26th January 1916.)

From larve collected on 9th December 1905, and which commenced to
pupate on 11th December, moths emerged from 12th February to 10th April
1906, and from flower-heads collected on 26th January 1916 the moths
emerged from 28th January to 25th February.

PROSINTIS FLORIVORA, MEYR. La
tee Y tine, Tec. fi. tat Me
Prosintis florivora, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 598 (June 1916)(1); 0% a [Nwe.1920

Described from Madulsima and Pusa('). ;

Bred at Pusa in June from larva feeding in inflorescence of Mangifera
idica('), Also reared at Pusa in August from larva on mango.

HOLCOCERA PULVEREA, MEYR.

Blastobasis pulverea, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 151 (1907)(?).

Hypatima doleropa, Meyr., !.c.(?).

Hypatima jpulverea, Meyr., t.c., p. 638(3); Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 536
(1909)(*) ; Misra, Pusa Bull. 28, p. 24 (1912)(5); Imms and Chatterjee,
Ind. For. Mem. (Zool.), If, 31-32, t. 7, f. 24 (1915)(6).

Blastobasis thelymoipha, Imms and Chatterjee, I.c., p. 32 (1915)(7).
Originally described from “ India (without further locality). Bred from

larvee feeding on colonies of Tachardia lacca’’(') and from the Satpura Range,

Khandesh, where it was found “* parasitic in lac in company with the Noctuid

Eublemma amabilis ’’(?). The name doleropa is a synonym of pulverea, whilst

thelymorpha (thelymoipha [sic !], Imms & Chatt.) is a nomen nudum.

The larva feeds not only on the insect on the tree but in the dry shellac
on the cut stick(* °).

“ Hypatima pulverea is even more abundant than EHublemma amabilis
and, in spite of its smaller size, is almost equally destructive, It is common

tH

ah:

’

hei a4

Th ene

We have stan tay with Che voreeption vce

ahecone Tathat forghs ee tare ouly. bond eat aie. évaw oles oe

ie etantts efuiatirin ots atiear, tty mre i pred a cadrod we

ne Ne th ti we Takdrdin and thy lac Sicritation« und mer he found

ae during Si greater, part of tie wear, Dorine the oooltr monthw of

ar te Marth he Wieiths are scaris ancl not oft to he met with hut

= abritvdiaert durkany bhe whine wehars)) iy! ai rl te Nav ener Dat ww

Rens OFG0 HAL Troy jooobinine? fran yariotis formita in hoth the United ‘

nc ‘Deptral Province, onty 47 onretyved Vinita he mouths of Deoomiber¢ 7

; r The largest hamber "lst emote Our Any dnd Woninh wen 4972 oe
ring Beptons ter. . a

' ene rv Wi this inset are extroinely deatructiPe by atick! tay mk do “i
Hhaippesr to be depetniont. po living lie growims on the tree Ty i} yeigna rt

Mar ANY be found, and the mows teed ont three aronthe utter, the JBC Fie .

der reinoeved trom the trees. . amd 1 by yw deere follewa’ thee Pak ts

S.the lat ts gathered yt may nobehtanly midergea to lartner leannetion ny

ete, Guess Of coursed Tt is utilived vey phortly aiter cltaoveal trom’ the

ey, : :
Sere nave tha toon) Kusdaca (larvs op hrowl lac onlapher), Pade (Latwie
lye irisccts oniber teee Grid on stored lac), Pratepmadh Bated] Aatve on ej,

: i} G.'P, flarva ‘on fat? on uted /yondioen YaMaye fiavva On fae oh :
iywge), end Coitnbatore. (reared " [rong uadls aq ha
). The larva ia about 1) worn Wing amd 2 tp. oread, cylaied mead
ae avert ee
mverted Y-shaped here bros mnieriorty bute Pie RS sided pnd @.

w

on)

"

bo prothorase) aliield dark: with o-aereow pedal ‘dae iri pe: } thoraciz oi
ihaed with black; soireclen oval, brown, nnged with black > fee heirs i
: a.

exsloped prology, on which ihe cricnAis ard arrange mh torch

poe GUGM the larva: pupates in. a thin witite silken oneoon aewhieh
S mate for tern days or more befose prpating, “ftw avitnat arpa
ng ag ‘deen days. ipa sbons. % pina: nag ane 2 min. brand seth
tr he loe and with other hooks with’ Yecurved tive om abdloniinal’
Seve hobke entangled in tho alk of the cofloon (neectary Qaye-
605,) ci, -
eae Hypntions, Yib:, in which this =yecine bine bon: plawsed hidhlaete lee
Aiteratury,; bolans* to the ilechiucleds Halvocera,; Coren, widen. A" =F eae
oom oahate Wen W alsin clingy, Hens nfl. 2308,

>_’s

Ae hae Exo bie 14 to (Vs)

Chutolrert+ masts |
@ briny Dar ye hoxur. UWS oF Sane De (or are

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 131

in all the forests from which we have obtained lac, with the exception of
Hoshangabad. In the latter forests we have only bred out six examples
from eleven separate consignments of lac. Its larva... .. is predaceous,
devouring both the Zachardia and the lace incrustations and may be found
in the lac during the greater part of the year. During the cooler months of
December to March the moths are scarce and not often to be met with, but
they are abundant during the whole season of April to November. Out of
1,714 moths bred out from lac obtained from various forests in both the United
and Central Provinces, only 47 emerged during the months of December to
March. The largest number that emerged during any one month was 492
during September.

“The larve of this insect are extremely destructive to stick lac and do
not appear to be dependent upon living lac growing on the tree. The Hypatima
larve may be found, and the moths bred out, three months after the lac has
been removed from the trees.......... and it by no means follows that
once the lac is gathered it may necessarily undergo no further destruction by
insects, unless of course it is utilised very shortly after removal from the
trees *’(8).

We have this from Kumaon (larve on brood lace on arhar), Pusa (larvee
on lac-insects on ber tree and on stored lac), Pratapgan}, Bengal (larva on lac),
Berar, C. P. (larva on lac on Butea frondosa), Palamau (larve on lac on
Schleichera trijuga), and Coimbatore (reared “from galls ’’).

The larva is about 10 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, cylindrical, slightly
tapering posteriorly, dirty brown ; head bilobed, brown, with fairly long dark
hairs, labrum, and region immediately above it dark grey or black, frons with
an inverted Y-shaped figure brown interiorly but on edges black or dark-
grey ; prothoracic shield dark with a narrow medial brown stripe ; thoracic
legs ringed with black ; spiracles oval, brown, ringed with black ; five pairs
of well-developed prolegs, on which the crochets are arranged in circles.

When full-fed the larva pupates in a thin white silken cocoon in which
it sometimes rests for ten days or more before pupating. The actual pupal
period is about seven days. Pupa about 5 mm. long and 2 mm. broad with
six cremastral hooks and with other hooks with recurved tips on abdominal
segments, these hooks entangled in the silk of the cocoon. (Insectary Cage-
slip No. 665.)

The genus Hypatima, Hb., in which this species has been placed hitherto
in Indian literature, belongs to the Gelechiadw,; Holcocera, Clemens, is iden-
tical with Hypatima, H. 8. (nec Hb.) ; see Walsingham, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1909,
pp. 48-51,

132 LIFE-HISTORIES OF HYPONOMEUTID

SOYTHRIDIDA,

The early stages of no Indian species appear to have been observed:
The larvee of some of the European species are leaf-miners when young, some-
times gregariously, but when older spin leaves together and feed on the cuticle.
(See Stainton, Nat. Hist. Tin., XII, 70, t. 3.)

ELACHISTIDA.

Only a few Indian species of Elachistidee have been described and the
life-history of none is known. In Europe the larvee mine the leaves of
Graminee and Cyperacee chiefly. (See Stainton, Nat. Hist. Tineina, Vol. TI.)

H¥PONOMEDTIDS,, 7) (45)
PLU TELLIDAE {1 P°'10
ARGYRESTHIA IOPLEURA, MEY.
Argyresthia iopleura, Meyr., Exot. Micr., Il, 187 (1918)(#).
Bred at Almora (6,000 feet) from twigs of Pinus longifolia (Beeson)

probably feeding in the shoots(').
PoNOMEU TID AE |

NN geen
PRAYS CITRI, MILL. (PLATE XXXII, FIG. 1.)
Acrolepia citri, Milhere, Pet. Nouv. Ent., V. 310 (1873)(?).

Bt Gas ke mex. Prays citri, Mill., Icon., t. 150, ff. 17-20(?) ; Spuler, Schmett. Eurp., I, 442(°) ;

hreeting. 1. thoi Nev

»~) Grandi, Disp. Ent. Agr., pp. 287-288, f. 285(4) ; Essig, Calif. Mthly. Bull.,

Il, 722-723, £. 389 (1913)(5); Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 125 (1914)(°) ; Kletcher,

Entom. Note No. 89, f. 16 (1916)(7) ; Quayle, U. 8. A., Agr. Dept. Bull.

134, p. 22 (1914)(8) ; Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp. 17, 212 (1917)(9).
Prays nephelomima, Meyr., Pr. Linn. Soe. N. 8. W., 1907, 76(!9).

A widely-distributed species recorded from the South of France, Corsica (?*)
Sicily(? + 8), the Canary Islands, New South Wales(!°) and the Philippines(’ °).
Within our limits known to occur in Ceylon (Colombo, Maskeliya and Madul-
sima)(®), in North Coorg(®), and at Pusa(®) and will doubtless be found to

_be widely distributed in India. We have specimens from Maskeliya and Pusa.

The larva has been recorded as a serious pest of the orange and other
species of Citrus, feeding in the shoots and eating into all the flower organs,
whilst in the Philippines the larva has been found to make a gall in the rind
of orange fruits.

Eggs are deposited apparently upon the calices or peduncle of the flower,
usually just prior to opening, the young larve boring through into the interior
of the flower, which is destroyed ; pupation usually within the flower, but
also in protected places on the leaves or forks of the twigs and branches(§). - -

laa ae
Sey ies Paeat rs, yO Exar. hick; aia Ws (4 9). ws. 3 of ee dl
L fac MNT ; h— OK dat) vin Hans ce 4, tad sitlicn)

Babies hy i2Lew (se p.2'2)
‘Fuasr ennche ray md a Cen
en. a Rleohons plartiege nes.

Rex er mins Cprden sy 4,

wie Mata Sex Juan Ty Welty Amceatand SIE r-mat1-2 (Im gua) CE In
Proc. wR dan d Rp.) LAs tiny + do. & ou Chus ee cy Se Phiipte , lawa Late a?

(ne Or Bab taney pee

They atc Corbet &§ OE, dep Agee en THM 3B PH (yet) EI 2 Instn, Ponts.

= es pemebo ond tims)

Pray andre carps ) m.

Naa Pry sas hte + we Aly fal C
: tome = JE. Se a7

Oe caatlans @ fro goth, i Und 4

*

tare bring met jes ~ a ns 4 hewn (

= ss mS
a “ +
4 Re NES 4 } tt cs . Me ‘3 hy iy

cine! ee i are aan Bs Bei - ve so ara tabi a. 7 ily Suk hoki
tn lllealines cae paca Doak 4 Bae ieee So Rech
wend > m ‘pay Hg ~ D>. “Sse boxe SLAM

> 5 : . . 4 3) Baits fe 4 & ¢, aT : Cont ris 7 Rinne o ce

War phn Cn Moments, bee Extra WE ae or po
@ leaf{UG Acenea ey GAcessa t-te oO ,

a -
‘
be a
*
a
t = z= 7 -_ -
= « ~
. ; ;
ee fe
4
wh =
Ce tae as 3 }
1 ? .
Rm
\ wa “See
a ~! am He eI
. wi
e>
. . :
-
‘

PLATE XXXII.

Fig. 1. Prays citri. (The small outline figure shows the natural size.)

if

Na
I S
IN

Fig. 2. Comocritis pieria:—a, Larva; b, pupa: c. moth: all magnified (x9).

: ‘wit shanees
“ ni ae ‘Wh “js
4

Conv Vithtony ont . ey. Eis aed: (ae es
it y 7 x 7 45 eS ; ‘ 2 : F ee Re Je
Wire, isa a vv) i) poh alte Ab
¥ Ora iy ka , an : r ; > w j

‘i aa ei 75 a vr ’ f R gal Ure ut
<« a! nf as ; i » : ’ 7 ‘ 7 «
in vill’ Kr ines The: caterail " (4) 0, See

i : Rag 7 ' ‘

am in

“3 De py er th one al i why . ,
' a ‘

ee vie 0} — a (f] . yiin . ae hee para ya é y vad
alt te ae, oats Pptiine 18 . KRY iy hi
+ bay rm « : ” hai : : > ‘
en ih tern} si ere Tusyy' : ; ri Y Ver eh wry :
a » ae ig : a aT ‘ ec 5 ‘ ied
Neen i aney wi he panel ten pipe “Tie
a i be a's an a” * dd) ‘ °
"al
i V4 : is
, , ° iG." b ¢
‘ mM ‘
ha ican COT es a
> ; TAN anny "las Oe Pe > ;
4 i oe eae. ad j
‘ oe ‘ . mel os ae * i vee
“5 wav TU + ray. wag “ane *
“ SM can a me I.

Xfmementa mekanar le hen.

ieee Malncre a hy, Ex bce Tv ey ve C@ Pletreca weghi-

T. BANBRIGGE FLETCHER 133
Ae

HYPONONEUTA MALINELLA, Z.”
Hyponomeuta malinellus, Zeller, Iss 1844, 220; Wlsm., P. Z. 8., 1885, 883.
Recorded from Poona by Lorl Walsingham but probably in error. It
is not otherwise known to be Indiar, aithough quite likely to be (or to have
been) introduced with garden shrubs, Its distribution includes Central and
Southern Europe, Asia Minor and Japan.

HYPONOMEUTA LAPIDELLA, WLSM.
Hyponomeuta lapidellus, Wism., P. Z. 8., 1880, 86, t. 12, f. 1.

Described from Dharmsala(').

“Larva pale yellowish ochreous, with a double row of elongate black
spots just touching each other on the middle of each segment, and connected
by a slender black subdorsal line, except between the third and fourth segment,
where it is interrupted by a band of the pale ground-colour. Below the
subdorsal line is a row of reniform black spots on each segment after the
fourth. Head black; second segment with two brownish-fuscous plates
divided by a yellowish line. Anterior legs black ; prolegs yellowish ochreous ;
a few single scattered hairs on each segment. Larve found at an elevation
of about 4,500 feet near Dharmsala, 12th July, feeding on ‘* soongroo ”’ (wild
Salvia) ; moths emerged Ist August(').

ATTEVA FABRICIELLA, SWED.

Tinea fabriciella, Swederus, Kngl. Svensk. Vet. Ak. nya Handl., VIII, 277
(1787)(*).

Corinea niviguttella, Wlk., Cat., XXVIII, 542-543 (1863)(2).

Atteva fabriciella, Wlsm., in Swinh. Cat. Het. Oxf. Mus., I, 559 (1900)() ;
Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., pp. 461-463, f. 338 (1914)(4) tn Poe Guat . buat
Common throughout Southern India, from Bombay and Nagpur south-

wards. Also known from Borneo.

“The eggs are creamy-white, rounded, flattened, and beautifully sculp-
tured ; they are laid, usually on the lower surface of leaves, either singly or
in small groups. The caterpillars live gregariously in a common web of fine
silk spun over the leaves and shoots of the foodplant, which, in conjunction
with larvee of Eligma narcissus, they may sometimes completely defoliate.
The full-grown caterpillar is about 20 mm. long, moderately stout, smooth,
with scattered short hairs arising from small whitish warts, head blackish, body
greenish-grey with paler longitudinal stripes, one faint one down the back
edged on either side by a more distinct stripe, and a well-defined stripe along
each side. Pupa orange-brown, in a transparent boat-shaped cocoon spun

10

T

134 LIFE-HISTORIES OF HYPON)MEUTID

in the common web ; pupal period about ten days, Foodplants :—Ailanthus
excelsa *’(4).
We have this species from Coimbatore, Trimulgheri, Nagpur and Ahmeda-

bad, in all cases bred on A ilanthus.

ATTEVA NIVEIGUITA, WLK.
AY Irihen Cae iit. Alteva nivergutta, Wlk., Cat., II, 526-597 (1854)(!); Muore, P. Z. S., 1867
4 bo( Nw Ge) 669); Wlsm., in Swinh. Cat. Het. Oxf. Mus., II, 558 (1900)(3).
Recorded from Bengal(?}*) and Sylhet(?’). Lord Walsingham’s record(3)
of its occurrence in China is probably an error for A. brucea, Mo. We have
it from Sikkim and ? Bhutan.
Larva feeds on Ailanthus excelsus, residing in a common very fine web,

at times a perfect pest, denuding the tree of its leaves (Bonavia)(?).

TheMn J i

AITHERASTIS CIRCULATA, MEYR. ¥C:
“7 mM BH. 7 . . x M 3
Futian, or pee: therastis circulata, Meyr., Exot. Mier., I, 190 (1918)(').

hutxy 1.160 (Nw Bred at Trevandrum, Travancore, in May from larva on Hugenia
ambolana('). =
COMOCRITIS PIERIA, MEYR. (PLATE XXXII, FIG. 2.)
oe a (xe. Comocritis preria, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 4 16 (1906)(") Be Ant
ae gx .ret-s | Borers of Tea, pp. 16-17, f. 9 (1907)(2); Tin Nowe TI Tat. mall 1 Ibo | Uw. Ite)

4 Originally descrjbed from Neboda, in Ceylon('). Also recorded from
Assam(?), Duars(2), Cachar(2) and Sylhet(2). We have it from Matale (Ceylon).

Larva in galleries on bark of Hevea brasiliensis (Para Rubber)(!). Larva
pale yellow, much flattened, about 12 mm. long ; head brown, thoracic seg-
ments enlarged. It forms a thin silken web, exactly resembling the bark of
tea-bushes in colour ; this often covers a considerable portion of the stems,
chiefly, however, the thicker branches, low down portions of the bush, and
the under side of overhanging branches, this last being a very favourable site.
The larva only eats a thin layer of bark from the surface. Pupa under the
larval web. Adult emerges in April and May. Foodplant ; tea(?).

“In Cachar and Sylhet, where the old style of pruning is still kept up
-.... these insects are more plentiful”. Checked in Assam by removal at
pruning time of all twiggy growth, dead wood, ete. (Andrews, in litt., 7th
March 1916),

45 pee
Th .dye- >?! :

ETHMIA ASSAMENSIS, BUTL.

Hyponomeuta assamensis, Butl., T. E. 8., 1879, 6(').
Aumns assamensis, Cotes and Swinh., Cat. Moths Ind., p- 719 ( 1889)(?),

Petree cere) baw, —D ae i a MA gr KK wea bia
fas veh: Gaxthes tal KN _qio AWS VIL im 6 Adi cay EN wi Kar ae
Ts «& Ved fees CoG fy Un , whi fu, eo caw —— AN be) -
ban oe Ma, dare Mies cr Akg , beret ee as

zB

hes ya 3 Aw 3 his?
& add. rata! Veco orem tee Baas, dea) THEY, ae See, ap
Morpbs , F< Aap Pate KY ce PHD nN meta , Ye tar freetiw i
& Wes fel Smeal DAT 1 AP Wray Ie Cartte = and) he. Ray Prrenst
f\ ——
oe meth b. TK San Pre nee. CS a Wenmala: Bich ois
Hotton) bare bum SR gen Romgh Ray Tray he Thee = ho,
pete Der Re Wet “fps Ck Ne Auhte. gar
( ~mme ett hg adr Re eam alar a TG pe ae
So reese in a oe ! 3

ag idee x 2 CQ dann bg &
Se ag RL rece a me ili x 7 & ¢
he AM Wed onend Wo baw nH) ee Se ee ae aad
Unarr J n th acre es Wits ee ny rx darcy,
cr er fhe ee , te “H | pie math
hast mae Vow Po MIC Cb HIGYtN~ rate rg &
ee er On Ky ha he fee mn ERS Unt

ee oa Phe Faber, t

i
be
4
2
b

Cone Os Fs Ry anc back a Pree E xu. hee TOT. (lgrr) C Avan)
a tian Lia prang, bien; fed "al nde’ TRU 5 8 FERRE. ID Sen is
Ss DY bi wen TH Sh we tS , @ mp

| PRowoMEUTA SARCOPIS, Boe
| ere Sarvs Yreqe B. a: RAV boH( Iyer") CENhOoN - ene a's od Kendy <
eo bce
iy : Fie N. KANA RA C Kenater)
1 Prevents Sereles Meye, En hee ste (Iman) Cy

_ tele finny4 leone, +
Ny dno Carpuer Wnightvane (states i cear) | EF novlecs 1 Pream. Turcdenye )

: i G
Dosen tm Ka Tamil, Coleaphinsides Desear ad Ovum oA Sich, Stem Rec! KRRMT

cas a © ®
Macre coms byravtila yar, Exe tnn. TY 49 (431) 69 Teri iho St
nen ee LY wn) k— o@ mince Witness < Berta ¢ G4 % aN ts
(Acanbrrcene } ferret - me Got : pa kin Uetn, Rens “ tog
pase Cepete | Wir wornalley DS pe eA, 0a Fe inet” pedi t
aS ( Rep, trem")

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER tap

Ethmia assamensis, Durrant, P. Z. 8., 1906, 496(3) ; Meyr., Cat. Hyponomeuta,

p. 27 (1913)(4).

Psecadia hockingella, Wlsm., P. Z. 8., 1880, 90-91, t. 12, ff. 8, 9, 9a(5),

Occurs from Kashmir and Dharmsala along the Himalayas to Sikkim.
Cachar and the Naga Hills. We have it from Khatmandu (Nepal).

Larva on “ Poonah” (probably Ehretia serrata) in April and May at
Dharmsala. Described(®) as ‘* wonderfully active with a snake-like motion,
exceedingly swift, either backwards or forwards at pleasure ” (Hocking).

Description of preserved larva :—*“‘ pale yellow and black, with a tinge
of orange at the side of each segment. Head black with a pale yellowish
stripe across the face, second segment orange and black. Along the middle
of back is a row of conspicuous pale yellow spots, two on each segment after
the third, the anterior spot slightly indented at the sides and behind, sharply
indented in front with black, the second somewhat square, with a black spot
in its centre. On each side of the back is a reduplicated black stripe, contain-
ing about three pale yellowish spots on each segment. The sides of the
segments about the spiracles are pale yellowish with an orange tinge, spotted
with black ; and above the legs runs a narrow black festooned stripe. There
are several wart-like tufts of thinly growing hairs on each segment. Anterior
legs black, prolegs pale yellowish ”’(°).

ANTICRATES LUCIFERA, MEYR.
Anticrates lucifera, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 128-129 (1914)(').

Described from Karwar, in North Kanara; larva on Sideroxylon tomen-
tosum (Sapotacew) ; cocoon on leaf('). .
et hae ee ee

COLEOPHORID&. ee We fide)

The early stages of no Indian species seem to be known. |

Outside of India, the members of the genus Coleophora usually mine in
leaves or seeds as young larve, later on living in a portable case, composed
of cut fragments of leaf fastened together with silk, or of the empty husk of
a seed which they have eaten out. The larve have all legs present, but the
abdominal prolegs are little developed, as they are not used for walking ;
plate of 2 well-developed, usually dark and divided medially ; plates of 3 and 4
usually developed, divided medially and transversely ; plate of 13 developed.
Numerous life-histories in this group are described in Volumes 4 and 5 of
Stainton’s Natural History of the Tineina.

Rhadinastis contains an Australian species whose larva is a true

gall-producer on Acacia.

— ST

Ca, bore Rncherda hey, Ex, Ic. IN WW aig: : i 7 oe

these = ‘ ; Ea
Pees a A anintin + irktixs . Cane WAT SCY

td}

‘
‘
»
*
t
'
+
+
é
.
iM
i
~
‘
+

a e

*

cs,

eS

ial
‘

ah te
} S

We Ph
- -

a!

vw

ee Sale
mf ai

4

| |
PE-ISTORIES OF INDIAN Lett STS», ‘

se ~ . “MIGROLEPIDOPT BIKA

i Vi GHAR ATA .
ior os
a “ Fs
fl cr .

t, BAINGRIGHE YERTORIN. Kx. ROR bea, PER ta
Inepersas Tetketihygrad , | *
r - :

ch *
Ge ( SRICUUTURAT, RESEARCH tNSTITUTS, PUSA
oie | cir Phe pA see et etanton Ft
UE pions DEPARTMENT OF MORIOULTORE iw MDI
Bs a : oi ; | x eA
THACK MY, PLN. # col catgunta”: Be ae ms, oe
eed ae ae %

November, 1920. Enromotoaicat SERIES. Vor. VI, No. 6

MEMOIRS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
M{CROLEPIDOPTERA

VI. GRACILLARIADA

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.8., F.Z.S

Imperial Entomologist

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2, CrezEp Lanz, LONDON

a ©

— al 2)
" ‘s

ae ay Wi

ae ; . Bap p ‘tay (oe

7 a a ,

Meaty
“Bile

ee ae ye
ee nay a wi 4 ia iNT

: j Tf, ae Fi ;
, ‘Ss in ff ‘/ aes,
ty 7, ora, RAI /
ay Wii
i va!

é ie y
uy Hy ih) iy,
é ay Yi, Uf We
THLE

A e 1
a7 link Asti Teuton itok iy}
nt Ae Welretih ge mee thubrelethy lot
ve =, iia ena 9

_ &@

= te:
-

PLATE XXXIIft

Lithocolletis triarcha:—Moth, natural size and

magnified. Below is seen a side-view of the
head, considerably magnified.

Link oe ‘ aa ae
Me LF ' } Hf We, Sah a ih ‘
7 oy ‘a Poe: tas f ‘ ae My a: | fo Seay

eis OF INDIAN iNeEcrts, oa ae
MICH LEP! OPTRA. i ye ane y ete aan
Dae He ay | ist : | Hiv]
VIL. GRACIELA ibe. hie ree er eo.
oa, te ae n an e
) i: BAINBRIGG? Peron, Ri vis, 48%s W238.

me | oe Bi Anker bes atl
FA LD Ae oe

Bieadirt tor ia ‘uate ii.

ce oe See a

: yniicotiattis Tatabona’ sow ‘ela rae cae

“prveepede, yee ee a ru, rire “see aie As

OST he et Da ace Ea inyaatie? ie i

corte yard AEB Reda nA

O batwy (8) given thy or we enreicee fay ies ri

say tie attarkety o> ee ad

pa “Malton, bial # legs hcp te Te lige lens

pation in vine?)

rs mal 38 ace i com a Pita Levi hotten, aoe i ee

Cig qrobubly widely: iscribinied iy Go» Ulaiuae abthough Sot yo sist ae

gewhere, radines Fhe dower durtiyom Of Mp Tellin teint velhowteh (9%)
Gps on The lareg, js sbewk Ltind, Higinciie dimlaty '.”
I qwistarionty

head «mil, potnved iasteHlotty dre iktira Pablo ;
nope. Bith savor byiciriin spota separated Ry a at baginl
Nye ig yollote. with a, jiuatlele) we greculaly finger, seis ky Cbier fiemyplersict
il an abet te eiahth, abdominal wesnente” pat Shieh wreet, wliny 5
aes elke Acca Neti pivtage an shied ta fie | Ke

se py ”
"ee i Av, ae
ye “ho

‘ \ al
i =
\ aed |

has

canst |
Kanes Feces cag sen nae ee a

“

7 : ~~
i 4 As i A Ms

f ‘lone Van

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECT.
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

VI. GRACILLARIADA,

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., FES, F.Z58.,

Imperial Entomologist.

(Received for publication on 27th June 1919.)

LITHOCOLLETIS TRIARCHA, MEYR. (PLATE XXXIIL.)

Lithocolletis triarcha, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 811 (1908)(1) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins.
Life, p. 537 (1909)(2)s Murine Get Sece Eat. utis, plore (197) ,
Described from Pusa, where it was reared from larvee mining leaves of

cotton(!). Lefroy(?) gives the foodplant as tree-cotton, but most varieties

of cotton may be attacked.

Larva flattened, but all * legs present; mines lower surface of leaf ;
pupation in mine(2).

This species is common at Pusa on cotton, especially on American varle-
ties, and is probably widely distributed in the Plains, although not yet noted
elsewhere. The larva mines the lower surface of the leaf which turns yellowish
white with brown spots. The larva is about 4 mm. long, segments distinct,
tapering posteriorly ; head small, pointed anteriorly, greenish or yellow ;
prothorax broad with two brownish spots separated by a greenish band ;
other segments yellow with a pinkish or greenish tinge, skin rather transparent
especially on sixth to eighth abdominal segments ; anal shield green, shiny ;
primary hairs short ; legs short; yellow or green; prolegs on third to fifth

C x ss . . ry
* This statement is incorrect and based on an erroneous statement in Ac Mujtaba’s

Cagesslip 9.

Rec. Wl BAT met pele lo |

/ [ fay: 19 Evy

~

Sex Loo b-°9 |

138 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADA

abdominal segments, together with the anal claspers. Pupation takes place
inside the mine, in a white silken cocoon. Pupa about 2°5 mm. long, brown.
A large proportion of the larve are parasitized. (Umrao Bahadur’s Cage-
slip 20.)

LITHOCOLLETIS VIRGULATA, MEYR. (PLATE XXXIV.)

Inthocolletis virgulata, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 118-119 (1914)(!), Exot. Micr.,

II, 5-6 (1916)(?).

Originally described from Karwar, where it was bred from cocoons found
on Ficus(*). :

Reared at Pusa from “ larvee mining blotches on upper surface of leaves
of Butea frondosa, pupating within the mine. This is normal for the genus
and is doubtless correct, but does not accord with Mr. Maxwell’s account of
the original specimens, bred from cocoons ‘ unusually large for the size of the
moth’ found exposed on leaves of a tree at first stated to be a Ficus but
this identification was subsequently withdrawn ; it seems likely that there
must have been some error here, and that the moths did not really emerge
from these cocoons ”.

Mined leaves of Butea frondosa, containing larve and pupe, were found
at Pusa on 22nd February 1916 and 11th March 1916. The mines are situated
on the upper surface of the leaf. Pupation takes place within the mine in a
thin cocoon woven beneath the epidermis of the leaf. A large proportion of
the larve are parasitized by a small Hymenopteron, of which four to six
grubs are found in each larva, these grubs pupating inside the body of the
host which becomes twisted up like a rope (figure 2). (C. 8, Misra’s Cage-slip,
dated 22nd February 1916.)

LITHOCOLLETIS CONISTA, MEYR. (PLATE XXXV, FIG. 1.)

Lithocolletis conista, Meyr., E. M. M., XLVII, 212-213 (Sept. 1911)(!), Wytsm.
Gen. Ins. fasc., 128, p: 8, tab., f. 11 (1912)(?), Exot. Micr., I, 622 (1916)
[description amended |().

Described from Pusa, where it was reared from larve mining leaves of
Triumfetta neglecta (Tiliacez)(').

Larvee were found at Pusa on 3rd June 1910 mining under the epidermis
of the under surfaces of leaves of Triumfetta neglecta, Many larve feed in
one leaf, each mining an area of about one-seventh to one-fifth of a square
inch. The mines are of an irregular shape, usually bounded by the larger
leaf-veins, as the larvee never cross such veins. The larve eat very little
of the mesophyll substance and a newly-attacked leaf is hardly distinguishable

TS
yan ye 74)

Wan | = y , 5 4
ie bea | | meee
| fares rea hrs ; “ [ Oe
Vdt - ‘ ; ot ta
ty ae. 7) nee ly PAT -CENOPY fh
1 ; if 7 ,

x AT — 7
' “hh 11) \\\) : a
4 Valen! AY -
a ‘ \| ‘ANY AY \ A foi
’ tha \\ i" ' \! ¥ wee i PR
y VR La bag oe b i ce

oe eo a
ee dt * .
ie. ier |
iid ie * o
fe, my a 7 at
» ( ¢
2 ao Ae ah \
7 i 1p ;
i ; j ; Oy UNA, te ert | “
, 7 , ? ms Ts
a wi { eh) CY Mae-TrRAW oF head) of wis Friggh} y ' rrvinie
a s - ar | ‘ =? a

» ' ny?
io ahs EA eee oe ‘ve \ 4005 $f ‘

a eT eee

LiCoctlays Chafers phasay bee, Exe. Ti (gr) F
hid fw Win -wrge wm He bd 4. len 4 pnt dant’ [9 june Thur.

PLATE XXXIV.

Mined leaf of Butea frondosa with

empty pupa-cases protruding

ig. 2.

Fi

ad No Logg im ———
SSS ere
LG, =

a

parasitized — larv

and

Larva
(X 16).

Ee

£-

natural size and
enified.,

( x 26) ; c, side-view of head of moth, highly ma

natural size and magnified ( x 20) ; b, moth,

a. Pupa,

maenified

Fig. 3.

LITHOCOLLETIS VIRGULATA.

7%) ax

mi

of

ns

Serge abe

Ded

by

ee]
1

ar i it ibe
in? fi alia °

Rie? ms) ae 1
co

i A

iy Hire ee

ee ohare
¥

Aa
Ree Ap pees

f ;
t \
i * he wank iH

ae oe ;
1

rate
7 A A J ¢

4
j

| eon

—

baie Hi Ge ees Pies sy oy sae Leh i a Coat Sl SORE ae ia peeialte

(0 A | Mito i «Salad EC (he eta ates ba So 4 A a ee |

. aah Prey a? ‘a
| Pies 4 a veal Saiyan ‘ged a i;

fur, ,
n bay oahl @ iy

Nice: v4 A } O=sier - vil)

7

PLATE XXX¥

—

iN

=
iS

b.

Fig. 1. Lithocolletis conista:—a, Leaf of Triumfetta neglecta, mined by larve;
b, arrangement of setigerous tubercles on larval segments ; c, a single hair,

more highly magnified ; d, moth, natural size and magnified ( x 12).

Fig. 2. Epicephala chalybacma:—Moth, resting posture.

Mi ty |
a bine allo saga gD tnish asici, onunlies” A
ean tatineng inmlerieniy getwema iis coe ye! yrSbin <7 I
Absit oh aliniedtery « ciel ARM MEM ph bo tise jureait ollie A) nas
om ay op hint ‘i ANH whadomitndl sepaente irene) Wildl» Sng sett
ie lepes ~ ou ae ae StS a
© being (ongonehbarg, oe sine a aa

ie a pil c
bi Bie,
ie a ee

relia bsp linea hig pa exe ee eG atin
i E on wal tive eigah af ahh tha, ete ewe. ici
cen raven. ~ Fircviss Trait ‘eae viii

Svellow's hemd predenpei iia mete ween
pale teh a ee epee o fong Tide “eae haa 4 oa
‘i an Serasincts: mice te loge sep sont elghpally with we peter : tlie ‘ ;

cinema 1s Roca 5. ne wear

; OF the wwokky, . the peal, piealehew ak xt occ ial Cm RR
Semis that bis Te Tenet: ith) Oath piciaet SP ear ee bh Le ea
‘3 | oo “oreo one et Sahni Me nrg a

A
*)
on a
wy;

yi! Ae AUB a te pines pe?
nenOCUs ET ere ice. Le a a a ‘i 1 ara
ose CC. MEY. 7, 0 a a eA
ae in Match ee oie aoe tihowlaae ot, ee a, oe jada
i Ay ais ah es?
oi el i rs ae a el : yy

ao ee ah si te iy ft : Sn A Rr? ater ro my its.
; HH ei . ; ) y , Ks j ef
aye a Sake Peg pectle Sood Sma” (a Nhe

ie

Fig.l. Litoeuliats -conista: ~a; Lent of Trinmleua neglertm, mined ae
i, arrangement. af setigerows “tubercles: ow larval segments 50, 3
more hiyh'y suygaified 7d. nloth natural sie and magn ifind ix

]
.

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 139

from above, but when the larve pupate it is easily distinguished on account
of its crumpled appearance.

When full-grown the larva is about 3°5 mm. long, slightly flattened and
slightly tapering posteriorly, segments distinct, thoracic much broader thar
abdominal segments ; head pale yellow tinged with brownish, much smaller
than prothorax, flattened, tapering anteriorly ; general colour very pale yellow,
the green contents of alimentary canal showing through the transparent skin,
prolegs only on third to fifth abdominal segments together with the ana
claspers ; hairs on segments long and thickened a little above the base, there
being four such hairs on each segment. Before pupation the colour changes
to orange-yellow.

The larva pupates inside its mine. First the two opposite edges of the
mine are drawn closer by means of silken threads passed across ; then a white
silken cocoon is formed by lining this cavity with silk. The leaf becomes
crumpled on account of the edges of all the mines being drawn together in
this way.

The pupa is about 3 mm. long from head to anal extremity, cylindrical,
tapering posteriorly, yellow ; head prolonged into a pointed process, as is
also the dorsal portion of the anal extremity ; long hairs, bent posteriorly
scattered on the segments ; sixth abdominal segment ventrally with a paired
lateral stiff blunt process on its posterior portion.

Before emergence of the moth, the pupa wriggles out at one end of the
cocoon for more than half its length, its ventral surface held away from the
surface of the leaf. (Insectary Cage-slip 838.)

LITHOCOLLETIS ITEINA, MEYR.
Lithocolletis iteina, Meyr., Exot. Mier.; I, 173 (1918)(*):

“Bred at Pusa in March from larve mining blotches on underside of
leaves of Salix ”’(?).

This species was reared at Pusa from larve found mining leaves of Salix
sp. on 27th February 1916. The larva mines beneath the epidermis on the
under surface of the leaf, there being usually only one larva in the same leaf.
The epidermal layer, under which the larva works, becomes detached from
the leaf tissue and contracts to a certain extent longitudinally, so as to form
a sort of rib. The internal tissue of the leaf is not much eaten; hence the
mine is hardly visible from the upper surface in most cases. In some cases,
however, portions of the mesophyll tissue are nibbled and some scattered
yellow spots appear on the upper surface. The larva is about 3 mm. long
and 0°5 mm. broad across midbody, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, segments

140 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIAD &

distinct, transparent whitish, fourth to eighth abdominal segments tinged with
yellow ; head much smaller than prothorax, shiny, pale brownish, mouth-
parts brown ; tubercles on body bearimg long pale whitish hairs ; second to
eighth abdominal segments with a large black hemispherical dorsal spot ;
prolegs only on third to fifth abdominal segments, together with the anal
claspers.

Pupation takes place mside the mine.
4:5 mm. long and 0°75 mm. broad across the thoracic region, cylindrical,
tapering posteriorly ; head produced into a sort of short beak bent ventrally.
Before emergence of the moth the pupa wriggles out of the mine to a certain
extent and the empty pupa-case is left protruding from the mine. The moths
emerged between Ist and 15th March and several Hymenopterous parasites
were also bred. (Tahl Ram's Cage-slip 141.)

The pupa is dirty brown, about

LITHOCOLLETIS CLARISONA, MEYR.

Lithocolletis clarisona, Meyr., Exot. Micr., 1, 622 (1916)(*).
Bred at Peradeniya in July from mines in leaves of Urena lobata (Mal-

vacex) (Rutherford)(').
LITHOCOLLETIS BAUHINLA, STT. ; |

A yr 5e-"Tithocolletis bauhiniw, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n.s.), ILL, 303-304 (1856)(!).

5 yin ;

wG dre ee Described from Calcutta(').

PU {mea : A ‘ : ee :
Ce, Noa ‘Larva mines the upper cuticle of the leaves of Bauhinia purpurea in
herr * : : : ag
: irregular circular or oval patches, the leaf remaining uncontracted. Before

changing to pupa, the larva spins a slight silken cocoon, drawing together
the two cuticles of the leaf in the centre of the mined part, and forming almost

an exact circle (Atkinson)(‘).

LITHOCOLLETIS DORINDA, MEYR.

Inthocolletis dorinda, Meyr,, Exot. Micr., I, 21 (1912)(').

Described from Pusa, where it was reared from larve mining leaves of .
Desmodium (Leguminosee)('),

This species has been reared at Pusa from Desmodium leaves collected
on 31st July 1907. The larva apparently mines the leaf although it does
not seem to have been noted and our specimens were reared from pup found
inside the mines, three pups being found in one mine. The pupa was de-
scribed as 2 mm. long, tapering considerably posteriorly, yellowish-brown.

(A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 26.)

Lisle ester Cp hanes Mean, Exe. tiie TW 46 (431), Pa dattes buses
LRA hort, fi lawea oN Jute Saati 1 lanwa Mines }
of vv aan LeprRm— wrk Wir, in Dd trnide 1 aap Dd indy
a Stead Km beep or tery a> 4 bem,
Picsutsaeieute wnnem ate

O
Lemectur, dnrepansta ha, Ext. min W 40% [igro) TQ --- Bhi. Toe 5
D2 Dine Met FH lawee minty ER HR RU

beride midn'b Me acts he alee betne frrrers ee war He Pr Min 5 pyre tt

m MAA \ (etm to in A ne ( Max Wek y ©

Littectiehs Cpichares, bey, Exit, bea IT ob -40) (1926) Qo --: SLa,.
Bente Fo pe (Ee) oD ph pe 2 VS frperr,

‘
'*

@
‘.*#

<% .
at se sr he, bt]
. Rar wr by Jou

‘
*
‘
. >
gS (ergi) 3
” 1
7. =
-
P Y att Sn >
¥
‘
nth, Ie ,
> gh —” » —-
bs |
: +
me ‘ ’ oe oF é6 i>
tyr vet at .
o«

He l - v4 ft .
LetRocelleKes hapaloloxa Meme Exch. Pca. It 4\iy [Jom igri) P Shelling Died fiom ® apd beeae’

Le Rost tasecforem’s hep Exo bic, Sor -Sb3 (1930 ) 4 pA ALS 34
a

(Bd Vm many bf Tlyg remem slebw~ (Totygonaceae ) |

Fig. 2. Lithocolletis neodoxa, Meyr.

a, Mined leaf of Iehhaini, epidermis cut open to show the caterpillar (x 4); b, Lateral view
of larva (x 24); by, Dorsal view of larva (x 24); e¢, Pupa (x 24); d, Moth (x 24).
The smaller figures against b, ¢ and d show the natural sizes.

1, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 141

LITHOCOLLETIS GANODES, MEYR.
, = bs A CO ot Ed medice L.lolil Wiowltsa
Lithocolletis ganodes, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 172 (1918)(!)) Wn me MMaaecg EB Sel IY oie eae
“ Bred in October from larva mining leaf of Pyrus malus’’(') at Para-

ri!

chinar, Kurram Valley, N. W. F.

Province.

o p +. 209 }
LITHOCOLLETIS INCURVATA, MEYR. {~“*« **° ss

Lithocolletis incurvata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 622 (1916)(‘).
“ Bred at Karwar, North Kanara, in August from larvee mining blotches
in leaves of Strobilanthes callosus (Acanthacex) *’(').
= 0 CG ly, iy LU -2/
‘ 1 nV
an > Vp —7.y h mm iV V
LITHOCOLLETIS NEODOXA, MEYR. TT Mntn LOR come
Toke] oie ae Vor ict E
Lithocolletis neodoxa, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 621 (1916)(!). P47 (oe
Bred at Pusa in August from larvee mining in leaves of Cajanus wndicus. ate Twas

cf

han mann
This has also been reared at Pusa from larvee found mining leaves of

Rhynchosia sp. (¢ R. minima) (Leguminosee) on 31st August 1917. The mine

commences as a yellowish-white patch at about the centre of the upper surface

of the leaflet. By the time the larva is full-grown the mine extends over the

whole of the upper surface and looks like a yellowish-white thin membranous

covering. From the under surface in most cases hardly anything is perceptible

but in a few cases, when the mesophyll tissue has been nibbled, faint spots

are to be seen. The larva pupates inside the mine under cover of the mem-

branous pellicle. A silken cocoon is formed and the two halves of the blade

of the leaflet are partially drawn towards each other, the leaflet assuming the

shape of a boat. The pupa wriggles out through one end of the cocoon and

through the membranous pellicle before the moth bursts out of the pupa-

case and the empty pupa-case remains partly protruding through the pellicle. (oo ;

Moths emerged. between 3rd and 7th September. (Insectary Cage-slip 1668.4 -" . v1

eof: B h x Oa
PHRIXOSCELES PLEXIGRAPHA, MEYR. i 1s

Phrixosceles plexigrapha, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 623 (1916)()¢ Mi owe + EI trate 1.161 l
“ Reared at Pusa and Coimbatore from larve feeding in pods of Cajanus

indicus °’(*),
This species has been reared at Pusa from a larva found on 23rd March

1914, mining the surface of a green arhar (Cajanus indicus) pod on which broad
zigzag whitish markings had been produced. When full-fed the larva emerged
from the mine and pupated in a corner of the cage in a white membranous
cocoon covered with a number of small globules such as are found on the
cocoon of Epicephala chalybacma. Pupal period five days, the moth emerging
on 8th April. (Insectary Cage-slip 1038.)

142 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADA

EPICEPHALA CHALYBACMA, MEYR. (PLATE XXXVI) 1.39 f z)
Epicephala chalybacma, Meyr., B. J.; XVIII, 811 (1908)(4), Exot. Micr., -I

21-22 (1912)(?) ; Green, Pr. Ent. Soc., 1912, pp. evii-cix, figs. (1913)(8).

Originally described from Peradeniya(!), this species has been recorded
from Pusa(?) and also occurs at Calcutta, Nagpur, Serampore, Coimbatore
and at Minbu in Lower Burma, and probably wherever Cesalpinia (Poinciana)
pulcherrima is grown in the Plains of India.

Larva without prolegs on 10, pale greenish-yellow ; head yellow ; when
full-grown, with a red band on each of segments 2-12, a red spot on 13 ; feeds
inside unexpanded flowers of Poinciana pulcherrima (Leguminose), showing
no outward sign; when full-grown, it gnaws its way out and pupates in a
white cocoon covered with bubbles, usually on the upper surface of a leaf
(Fletcher) (2).

Foodplants :—Poinciana pulcherrima(?), Pithecolobium saman(3).

“Larva small, but robust, measuring—when extended—about 6 mm.
It is of a dull, pale, translucent green colour, with an irregular crimson band
completely encircling each segment ’’(3).

The egg, which is small, whitish, elliptical in outline and somewhat
flattened, is laid on the unopened flower-buds of the foodplant, which is usually
Cesalpinia (Poinciana) pulcherrima, a common ornamental shrub in Indian
gardens, although this species has been found also on gold mohur (Poinciana
regia) at Pusa and on the rain-tree (Pithecolobium saman) at Peradeniya.
The proximal face of the egg is flattened and the distal end rounded, with
several parallel longitudinal strie. The larva, on hatching, bores into the
bud and feeds mainly on the stamens and but rarely on the ovary. The
entrance hole is too small to be noticed and also is probably closed by growth
of the flower ; at any rate, no outward sign of damage is noticeable, although
the bud may contain a full-grown larva and be filled with its reddish-brown
pellets of excrement. The young larva is uniform pale greenish-yellow. When
full-grown it is about 6 mm. long and 1:3 mm. broad across mid-body, tapering
in both directions, body segments distinct, skin soft ; head yellow ; other
segments pale green with a crimson band which is continued, although inter-
rupted, around those segments which do not possess legs or prolegs; anal
segment with a dorsal crimson spot ; prolegs only on third to fifth abdominal!
segments, with the anal claspers.

When full-fed the larva gnaws its way out of de flower and usually drops
by a silken thread on to the upper surface of a leaflet, where it forms a most
curious cocoon, whose upper surface is ornamented with small bubbles.
Occasionally this cocoon is formed on the lower surface of a leaflet. The

Brey ae aN Tb ftr | % oy dre a sae! mie is) ry, ae
i A oer Uy, NE am pai

; para Oe leae.'s
age

PORT y \ J ; i + Mota C3? Tite F j

as

Pp EL si ny mm deal See is Che M ae *
; aaa Sun Milica Nia Raat va

i,

*

BY on a A ca agi? 2 : ners as
ee aa ee a pce
Me oh ne Pantone. +

29

22

mae)

pe ay gale if

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.

EPpicEPHALA CHALYBACMA.

Shoot of Cesalpinia pulcherrima, showing a full-fed larva dropping by
a thread from an attacked flower-bud and three cocoons on leaflets
(natural sizes).

Larva, natural size and magnified (x 18).

Pupa, natural size and magnified.

Cocoon, with empty pupa extruded, magnified.

Moth, resting position, natural size and magnified.

Moth, wings expanded, _,, tc oes -

PLATE XXXVI

EPICEPHALA CHALYBA CMA.

te aon ne en ae. Ma
BE ect eh cise PE heiihs Ve tary A ay aban
“are, Gureackits, fiat the A Nuh in berger and tna evtind

ea che Tipe Fina ies UE OR aguylles ». Lavoe at
Yor. the suslace 1 tho. Wed wet the Been then prvoubecneh, wl Then, i
FRR Greer Shell Bop Sorting tha reed ofp comes. Piiresparut savacinrl.
W prtrtiegiantly the Histheel of tangata? Hie tahoe, rey anstits
ib lesertbad he Me, Grovun's qonds :
is eminthabie tittle CObuUa a oa aie ethanias’ ter thw’ begins
Sholay Of nahi fren \ plats, ta poste’ dad, eiierae ov ta cay Habkerhel
wid hepper be hee ti ntigibusridad. «There wlitr “comme yen
nth & miédiat chen Gt Cp eat: Ox poet of oie etarktite hertaha
Fiore OF whick lia litherto Spiedind we 7D Gomi pee on. Bie ca tee
rat wei Ved panne hele for the phat tes oie wittientar Ppt, Tear
Peountintiy ordaienten with fhe erotion, Troe degen vniched div wor
fresome tine, f nataholly oxqeetinl 0 Ya) the atv tine Mmalteg
werent; The groan wt thet Trae wt Mar Seek Hon ed cri otelyy et
v0 MnnetOe. Caterilans werk te le. iyi’ Pt oally seemed. phat a they
id. eermneiy irda below, they native s wn Gowe foam dow, 4 De hain
o-ngysaanad my poaveh, 1 anotlactively yhuniced! ayarandy dnd (hetecpeee
Wire several minitte laevw, harming bo lope oTedn Chet dating thee
y beatclos of un Tide: Hanah tree UinondyFiniaeeaiagads "Blige
kN down, see nigh OF OG-Or fe Teel, ape wer. weit opt
maeeere TMs partel the mystery. was vow polved.. Tihag Tntag Aue
Semen the Wine ditre tun agains! soupething molly aah Butte they
y attnobied thadhiehees. Onl: SOTtEIys I els enti, The cony
se ths doen, is Sumimenoe? iidtaohbetoby, Whe savin iirhyceay
he position Bp ns to be a mmgter ee ine wenabigieaoe. — Tit work
Pele twe hires, whiol «coder fat toy fqitgrs, td hort mcareeml
vaya meatinern Nie: wilkeo covering: whe ercutire teats tae Ww few
ANE Baga yalsive risevoneiad, of Sur puntiinine anrrdenty in norictobls:
On. 0 obiular peilet:=upemiendiy caanpaaed at diet becbhleqeray, voll eel
} Seatwrpilar, then baru ‘rola jride Vie cocams, rngidiy serachéa
| Biaiibegrdi hn! thie cddous tre Actos sifken Sond, Wikex W Anal bie
rey Renae, and ivahes thy globule andicuk ug dhrough
eR natat by thew crite ly repiibeeed: | Tin an feibiniveind try. angie
eeaywaton fs wend pellet aud.a xupatithitl of he treeials
cholo (wy phived atthe opgeate extrutty ot ehe
WP eoretyAlhue having: rewpiioedh Me, mm the
Pah sant sound wns she een ove bese?

oF

sean
6 ile oy
va ary,
es

i -—s

es

hy

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 143

cocoon, which is pure white, measures about 5 to 6 mm. in length and about
2-5 to 3 mm. in breadth, but the ground-work is much larger and may extend
over the entire surface of a leaflet. The larva first of all applies a layer of
silk over the surface of the leaf and this forms the ground-work, and then it
begins to cover itself by forming the roof of the cocoon. Subsequent proceed-
ings, and particularly the method of formation of the bubbles, may perhaps
be best described in Mr. Green’s words :—

“The remarkable little cocoons ......... are attached to the leaves
and stems of many different plants, to posts and railings or to any material
that may happen to be in the neighbourhood. These white cocoons are
elongate, with a median ridge or crest composed of minute glistening globules,
the nature of which has hitherto puzzled me. I could never find the cater-
pillars that were responsible for the structures. One particular post, that
was constantly ornamented with the cocoons, has been watched day and
night for some time. I[ naturally expected to find the caterpillars making
the ascent. The ground at the base of the post was scanned minutely, but
no wandering caterpillars were to be found. It really seemed that, if they
did not come up from below, they must come down from above. One morning
after concluding my search, I instinctively glanced upwards, and there—sure
enough—were several minute larve, hanging by long silken threads from the
overspreading branches of an Inga-saman tree (Pithecolobium saman). They
had let themselves down from a height of 30 or 40 feet, and were swinging
in the breeze. This part of the mystery was now solved. They hung sus-
pended until the wind drove them against something solid, and there they
immediately attached themselves and constructed their cocoons. The con-
struction of the cocoon is commenced immediately the caterpillar obtains a
foothold. The position appears to be a matter of no consequence. The work
is completed within two hours, which accounts for my failure to find uncovered
larve. After weaving a thin silken covering, the creature rests for a few
moments, and a convulsive movement. of the posterior segments is noticeable.
Very soon a globular pellet—apparently composed of dried bubbles—is voided
whole. The caterpillar then turns round inside the cocoon, rapidly attaches
the globule to the roof of the cocoon by a stout silken cord, bites a small hole
close to the point of attachment, and pushes the globule and cord up through
this aperture. The rent is then quickly repaired. This is followed by another
short pause, the evacuation of a second pellet, and a repetition of the previous
performance, the second pellet being placed at the opposite extremity of the
cocoon, in consequence of the caterpillar having reversed its position in the
cocoon. The same movements are continued, until the complete crest of

144 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIAD®

globules is in position, when the labours of the little animal are over, and it
composes itself for pupation. ‘Phe number of pellets probably varies, but—
in one cocoon—I have counted more than forty of these little objects ”’(3).

These observations have been corroborated by Y. Ramachandra Rao and
by Mrs. Drake, of Serampore. The former, in a note dated July 1916, wrote :—
«These cocoons are remarkable owing to the fact that they are ornamented
on the upper surface by a collection of numerous bubble-like balloonets. These
are prepared at the hind end of the alimentary canal of the caterpillar and
ejected, whereupon the larva makes a slit on the top of the cocoon, attaches
a thread to the bubble, pushes it out, and then patches up the roof. Each
balloonet, when examined carefully, is found to be made up of several cham-
bers’. Mrs. Drake, in a letter dated 5th May 1914, wrote :—‘ The cocoons
are generally made on the leaflets, and it is the making of the cocoon that is
so exceedingly interesting. The caterpillar, after enclosing itself in so thin
a covering that its red bands are still quite conspicuous, makes a little globule
and, parting the threads at one end of its cover, thrusts out the globule. For
five minutes it spins again, then turns completely round and thrusts another
globule out at the other end. This it continues to do till its cocoon is covered
with the glistening globules, taking five minutes for each globule and thrusting
them out from alternate ends till they join im the middle of the cocoon. The
way the globules come out is more like soap-bubbles than anything I can
think of—indeed, I wrote my little daughter that I had found a caterpillar
blowing soap-bubbles. The cocoons I have had under observation have been
made in the morning and the moth has emerged in the evening of the seventh
day”. As the bubbles are thrust out, the cuts are closed with more silk applied
from within. In this manner nearly the whole of the cocoon may be covered
with these stalked bubbles. In a completed cocoon no openings can be seen
and the stalks of the bubbles appear to arise from the surface of the cocoon.
As regards the object of these bubbles, it has been suggested that enemies
may be deluded into supposing that they are empty cocoons of parasites and
that the cocoon is therefore untenanted. The larva is, however, subject to
attack by Chaleidid, and Braconid parasites. It may be noted that in the
allied North American genus Marmara the exterior of the cocoon of M.
salictella is described as “ covered with little froth-like globules, which
resemble minute pearls’’. (Clemens, Tinea of North America, p. 212
(1872).)

The larva pupates inside this cocoon and the moth emerges after six or
seven days. The pupa is about 4 mm. long, cylindrical, and rather less than
1 mm, broad, light yellow with a greenish tinge, the eyes black and prominent

‘ aie or ‘

ah r ae re ‘af sine deck ehadeveiiienac) sorgivenorit,
nimighe sane thie geal enbev wy dual armee Lattin, longed
‘ade e grtnare, Mie “peal Prikeied af OL alia bw seein ld “aor entent

ance ev theidbapty pups diane ia Soft. protein Sega the eoowine 4S)

cin the covncnm are eee Rhtiwas) the an de bea woned: Cenaee] paged net poten y" . ;
ele — iy. be found: deruradaty in bee Howerdaade.. the math io ae ie

on ate . y! matn.” Th wutk-in the charnchermtiie Cracllaciad pwsttron wrth

seieastaliiia a hides extremity verting on (he vurface (Plate MARY, ro

U

4
in

{

Bevery ALA ALOE RONS, eifar’ «9
ito. Saini, 1, HS. (n.8,) V, ee 1188)

“ } eg, hha Meyr,,’ Bd XVM, sac osy yy Ree, Fae Mus
a 27%.

f Originally hades mbrdt front Calentta, £: «/bifyvone Nes ainee’ been veterced

b fran Purndal(), North ‘ writ? inl “Travantoret")
x pe This Apevies. has Oomn hired Poca fro larva found ‘em icaite of perce
i HLA 168 Niruyt), and we have it's wi from Kee hey, and Raaeein Fort :
bay). | ae
f bare wee tTountiat Pde ca, bn: November TL) io (rote pk. Paling
f, teod ing Un the coutenta ofthe fruits, The wing larva whe desorbed ‘a

© fam, long, evlindde al pany pee Phy posterior err viet , cistinel, e
mi sirtaller than protons, pale yellow, all other engine, wath i cheep F

Ke broad fing) rinning sl! wrod ee the inieraeyeony tink portioad ale wa
asinine Hit Diie prior to-ynpation), Urojnak ei avectnNp ted dorsally z i

lores we the ringd on metarchdiax acu fret whehaig lind eemnenh bog aT)

1 a; pooleygs curly We thd bo fitth bebop nit ougeieriel Netntes koe amie é q
. Mi has real the tarva. ts ra her veradvicaping, Wire full-weown the 4 .

the trait ans =p ay oe) Eoce fale ciate igP ced Q : ob asad ’

Sehter bie Sp ye: Ps es Uh taper Meat ay ; ii
¢} “ai vmot ivi Mi Gedr BM psral ured ies pas all ray. oe an} on

a Obadived to be stil resting in ‘iin conan on) 5gh sfensantic 112 and
Been ih this copdition ini il 2nd duis 1h 5 on. Tee Augnet, i) wae noted
wy larva, Which had been green with root, hed termed yellow wail ; ol
dl Ko. be: going tx. pupaté and by the pert day if had itpabed, nt moth r

AS Sth, August TOI. Whoa eur re lisevanh ith 4
| i by audn 34 efi) Sel al Sy wesley Pa

ee ee nee #3 +a. e Priintohietenbimatmahnan hea Ti i Pe rid
8 of the moth. Roan Laneetary Cisge-stiph, 924) 0

Bbraphte fey Traps ya, Bea bee. Sad (lqs0) 8 o--

ie 1) a 83 ee ee
Regs bad _eridopa jhe, Exar bke WM 407 (lg) SE ee ae q

Bud Ae , Dhow fs @ ininntg higibas ve Gua yume fomentersa (Seine

Ehitethals nieateliandn (ter uknta)

May myo .
“ALA W fan yellr m Phgterttne ( Eupledincene ER 0) )

| Epvephaka Spheat er y Maye to EX Ini TE Vow (191) 3gV
Yao Tus, wa qr y a aan bmi nd tedo 4 fib + Satasie, Thamnor Ae de, Sen tp)

|

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 145

in advanced stages; the wing-cases reach to the sixth abdominal segment,
the antenna-cases almost exceed the anal extremity and are a little longer
than the hindleg-cases. The pupa wriggles out of the cocoon to some extent
before emergence and the empty pupa-case is left protruding from the cocoon,

Although the cocoons are seen abundantly on leaves of Casalpinia pulcher-
rima and the larvae may be found commonly in the flower-buds, the moth 1s
less commonly seen, It sits in the characteristic Gracillariad position, with
the head raised and the hinder extremity resting on the surface (Plate XXXV;,

fig, 2).

EPICEPHALA ALBIFRONS, STT.
Ornizx ? albifrons, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n.s.), V, 122 (1859)(").
Epicephala albifrons, Meyr., B. J.. XVI, 815 (1908)(2) ; Ree. Ind. Mus.,

V; 227(8).( tg!

Originally described from Calcutta, EB. albifrons has since been recorded
also from Purneah(3), North Coorg(?) and Travancore(?).

This species has been bred at Pusa from larve found in fruits of jar-amla
(Phyllanthus Niruri), and we have it also from Katihar and Bassein Fort
(Bombay).

Larve were found at Pusa on 19th November 1911 in fruits of Phyllanthus
Niruri, feeding on the contents of the fruits. The young larva was described
as 3 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly tapering posteriorly, segments distinct,
head smaller than prothorax, pale yellow ; all other segments with a deep
pink broad ring running all around them, the intersegmental portions pale
yellow (turning light blue prior to pupation), the pink ring interrupted dorsally
on prothorax and the rings on metathorax and first abdominal segment con-
joined ; prolegs only on third to fifth abdominal segments, besides the anal
claspers. The gait of the larva is rather semi-looping. When full-grown the
larva emerges from the fruit and pupates in any convenient nook in a cocoon
formed under the shelter of a covering. From larve collected on 19th Novem-
ber three moths emerged between 13th and 23rd December 1911, but one
larva was observed to be still resting in its cocoon on 15th January 1912 and
remained in this condition until 2nd July 1912; on Ist August it was noted
that the larva, which had been green until then, had turned yellow and
appeared to be going to pupate and by the next day it had pupated, the moth
emerging on 8th August 1912. The occurrence of this larval resting condition
is noteworthy and may be compared with the long-cycle larve of Platyedra
gossyprella. The pupa wriggles out of one end of the cocoon to some extent
before emergence of the moth. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 921.)

146 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADE

¥.
ACROCERCOPS PENTALOCHA, MEYR.
Acrocercops pentalocha, Meyr., Gen. Ins. fase., 128, p. 15 (1912)(4), Bu Js
Ng XXIII, #2 (1914)(2).

Bred at Karwar, in North Kanara, in August from larva mining blotches
in leaves of mango (Mangifera indica); pupa in external white flat oval
cocoon (Mazwell)(?).

ACROCERCOPS ORDINATELLA, MEYR, *2< oL+o qp- 20g - 2/2)

——

Gracilaria ordinatella, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., V, 145 (1880)(‘).
____ Conopomorpha ordinatella, Meyr., l.c., XX XI, 54 (1907)(?).
es 6.44 er ocercops ordinatella, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 816 (1908)(?), Exot. Micr., I, 285

A Kunin
(19\]) \ Poe & ,. (1914)(4) ; Fletcher, Pusa Bull. 59, Note 85 (1916)(°) ; Meyr., Exot. Micr.,
- 0d te) oe (Ne 9? ) i
cat takey £10 . I, 624-625 (1916) [redescr. |(6).
¢ 5 a Originally described from New South Wales('), this species also occurs
“a oe a wr id 2 : : :
Jwee in Queensland(?), Ceylon(* +), Coorg(®), Mysore(®), Kanara(6) and apparently

in Burma(®). We have it from Mysore and Virajpet (South Coorg).

It has been reared in July at Peradeniya from larva mining leaves of
Litsea and is also a pest of camphor, mining in the leaves().

‘ Larva cylindrical, segments rather strongly marked, wholly orange, with
tinge of crimson ; mining blotch in upper side of leaf of Alseodaphne semecar-
pifolia (Lauracee) and an unidentified shrub (also recorded from Lztsea, there-
fore probably feeds on several Laurace) ; cocoon oval, orange, external, but
occasionally within blotch, with two or three bubbles attached (Maawell)’’(8).

Meyrick(®) says that the “ brilliant amber-yellow ” larve described by
Stainton under the name quadrifasciata |q. v.| “* are presumably ordinatella.”

ACROCERCOPS SUPPLEX, MEYR.

a et, atet pet ne Ve fag, Can th, bakery
Acrocercops supplex, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 175 (1918)(1);Wae | iG \ (Nov. (92)
“ Bred at Pusa in August from larve mining blotches in leaves of Termi-
‘nalia catappa (Combretacee), in company with A. erioplaca and undistin-
guished from them ’’(').

ACROCERCOPS QUADRIFASCIATA, STT.
Gracilaria quadrifasciata, Stt., T. HE. $. (3), 1, pt. ili, pp. 295-296, t. 10, 1. 5
(1862)(1).
Acrocercops quadrifasciata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 624-625 (1916)(?).
Described from Calcutta where the larvee were found by Atkinson mining
the under side of the leaves of Urena lobata and the upper side of the leaves
of an unknown plant. Atkinson’s description of these larvae was :—
“ Larva mining leaves of Urena lobata, 25th May 1856.—Very pale whitish-
green, dorsal vessel deep green; head small; jaws light chestnut; legs

Arwen espe Rryloder » hin, Exerc I Soo (ys) de. BO!
© btweny raster fAdr edge 5 lea. + Cantona Con nndDao HA itt
CAgoryneacens ) ( hexinsh )
AS Banca 256) Ww =r 1930) @D minwz eed Cron Carer.

Ae an a lg ea
aaa ExYr

he, Exorsmice WN Seo-Yel (1930) 6Q Cdeed ---- Kinachtns (0. pa— )
[Bur TH fe minty bam fear. (Pane pommuns),

Wine oer iting land- mine 4m heteacieds papain

HYEYR” mine : ee, .. Cruden tte Yanze may Crete ( Hanvkende y)
Henatenta ee a R Ren Ohms heer, lantw ew. Te 47-94,

5 Ge. \'9%0 ) ( ivdit, iy Yapan , Kn On, bear , Jafawcee Vai Byes
by Mes ) | Kyte , Plum EMS Renee, a

Atwuicspo ae (xo Res; Ex, hie Th Sut [ees so. fe
[Quad VI, wp mince af Tebyatitrs lems e fla ( Aromncere ) )

gee els nena cea oes
Cnecclee defuse, Ver Rew. yb. As KEV 1y-20 1 ft -6,6% = (6a) g O- 6
A tounusn i Picigien ean. vo he, ply (yr)

U Rides, 5 @ dee yt Lewy Weprinitio NAb ©

@ imtnnty Uwe “Terminakin, janginay 7 dcbengany DU Iga

J trace. ofp devin Toma, hey, for Exar. hoe. | Ww lke (| (93) ©

aoe bod we -TE 1430, ®O we~/ Leaf. ‘noua mytees Ls ide co asieA)”

Un - 7
a) Coleen i
aa
peat 2a ¢ 01,
ay ab

tt pe _

a ' ’
ir :
.T = ‘ 7
*
Bab TA tilts
1
*
= !
4
at
hee i
we Aa
ey aa
‘ rie * A v
° ap mY a,
ve "Ty id
{ i rl
Ge fi ee =
% 01; rat Py
F >|
MJ i 7 |
Lae Eee SANS. ais ~
J tied} Me. + 4
._
Al
e 1
u
iv i} -
i A) :
o an,
ae, .
y |
: -
A re PL @

os

ak

PLATE XXXVI.

Acrocerccps phaeospora:—a, Leaf of Eugenia jambolana, showing larval galleries
and cocoons ; b, larva (x 10) ; c, pupa (x 10) ; d, moth (x 10).

| Acre tn spn tehr adoke ere Exm Inca. TH 292-293 (1916) Po ... Cor.
C Bd bpfenke Orsi D Regering perternh y epnemG WE ty Bhrw wd
bates jp ming g WT te Mp one 4 yery Wd leaves

Ixonra
Coccinen ( Rerbracece); Cocom exer | GMs bh Ose) ae

Acro ceresp> att nicl a, eye., Exgr cn. TH 143 (1926) Pe LY. INGinawa...

C ha Jepte—br.- © WMroh - (Len, Drona’ CmnA Varin Gros , head uy nme ,
1~4 Orla gr efper ath a3 be Cmts prenes h - Mar prio” SM ay % Cat
Hymne xd finly Dimer g ar frigh bint, o— rr ptr pottery aly
Ves ude Cable 4 leaves Maltetin philippnne (Evplerbiacene) ,
CX remer [kr ; freety a frre Unc Gotag Fine, Ltn miners
ude , ver Hun wo fpe Safer veins, Cating um OR Ade
Vern Mrongh fund CU OT leavry Ke iw) Wd gle
Chance, 2Vvc s he (24 wet thes. mea ris S pects alla FI ans parser
mrar NP ae JoLA Jur pa alin cAge s Wang gp Cocrm Cxleret,
eer, week , Bienen, < Chie de inlo cane Co Cm Lhinsiny aL rok , Hn me
foo Lago biti im tnfaa, marking 2080 Yo Cane cocom | Ianront ) ).

Atwoceresps Cals ophilalma jhe, Exer tein. TH 193-29¢(Iqrb) Op --. men -
[ ira a ee QD xk een rene meet Dt Ca Rect p mand (le fo-ge ) pred j
thes 1 a HAE ute, np ONVAR A loawe, 4 “Termen alia belirrs co
(trarwren ). ) :

. pata : 3 (er¢t) ces. i at hx coed st r .
, atm Aas Sax J . mary nl Durr ferns’ iy deeds g @ oak ay ye

wae A yt AM 4 Ai ANd Adenine | eopaed < C ay ag89 | Baypaatiag,

(pataabeud ) senendicling: TON 6
eave 7s) : Po SD
gow ABS A

phucosporara; Leaf of Eugenie jaiabolona alidwing it
pabaia = Sarat b, larva (x 10) 5% pupa kw 10).} di aanth |

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 147

concolorous with the body. The larva first detaches the lower cuticle for the
full extent of the mine, and then proceeds to devour the parenchyma.

ee IE ArT (og cogs cae ka ?, 4th June 1856.—Of a uniform brilliant amber-
yellow, transparent, smooth, with slight depressions on the sides of each
segment ; jaws reddish ; the alimentary canal, when full, gives the appearance
of a deep green band down the back. The larva at first mines a very irre-
gularly-contorted gallery under the upper cuticle, and whilst engaged in this
operation it only consumes the juices which unite the cuticle with the paren-
chyma. Gradually the greater part or the whole of the surface occupied by
this gallery is mined, so as to form one chamber. The upper cuticle becomes
wrinkled, and slightly contorts the leaf, so as to form a spacious apartment
and the larva proceeds to devour the parenchyma. The leaf is not discoloured
but appears blotched with white, from the colourless upper cuticle. When
full-grown the larva quits the mine, and forms a compact orange or vermilion
coloured cocoon in a depression of a leaf, or any other convenient place. After
a few days the pupa thrusts one end through the cocoon, and the moth
escapes ”’(!),

“ The name [quadrifasciata, Stt.] must be restricted to the specimens bred
from pale green larve mining blotches in under side of leaves of Urena lobata
(Malvacez) ’’(?).

ACROCERCOPS PROSACTA, MEYR,

Acrocercops prosacta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 175 (1918)(1) tae are. EA. meeMoag } 16) Oi 3
“Bred at Pusa in August from larva mining blotch in leaf of Zpomea

batatas (Convolvulacez) ”’(!
Larve were collected at Pusa on 26th July 1916 mining leaves of sweet-

potato and the moths emerged between 4th and 6th August. No description

of the early stages was made. (Ram Saran’s Cage-slip, dated 26th July 1916.)

ACROCERCOPS PHASOSPORA, MEYR. (PLATE XXxviL) wes rly p-LI0

Acrocercops pheospora, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 627 (1916)(): Stan Peri BAL meeting L. ti (lov.t
* Bred in August at Belgaum from larva mining a large elongate opaque ;

much swollen blotch in leaf of Hugenia jambolana (Myrtacee) ; cocoon orange,

external. (Mazxwell) ’’(').
Also reared at Pusa from larvee found on 16th April 1917 mining green

leaves of Hugenia jambolana, causing large blister-like swellings on the upper

surface. There may be a single blister on either blade or two blisters on the

two blades, each blister being of course caused by a single larva. The larva

is small and delicate, about 3:5 mm. long, uniform pale yellow, head slightly

148 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADZ

brownish. When full-grown the larva leaves the mine and forms a circular
flat cocoon on a depressed corner (e.g., by the side of a raised leaf-vein or on
the upper side of the midrib) and pupates in it. The larve are heavily
parasitized by a small black Hymenopterous fly. The moths are on the wing
at Pusa throughout May. (Insectary Cage-slip 1572.)

ACROCERCOPS TERMINALLA, STT.
Gracilaria terminalie, Stainton, T. E. 8. (3), I, 298-299, t. 10, f. 8 (1862)(4).
Yuta. Owe Gq Fate. — Acrocercops terminalie, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 817 (1908)(?).
At. VW

\9 YW

T. lb (Ne Described from Calcutta from larvee mining the under side of the leaves

hat of Terminalia Catappa. The larva was described by Atkinson as “ small,
but very active. It detaches the lower cuticle over a wide extent of surface ;
it devours both layers of parenchyma, not continuously, but in very small
oblong patches, so that the upper surface of the mined portion of the leaf
which is blotched with purple, appears thickly sprinkled over with white dots.
The lower cuticle, which is detached, is very thin and transparent, and, by
shghtly contracting, it curves the upper portion of the leaf, so as to form a
very spacious vaulted chamber for the little resident. On attaining its full
growth, the larva leaves the mine and spins in some convenient corner a
compact white cocoon ”’('),

ACROCERCOPS CATHEDRAA, MEYR.
Acrocercops cathedrewa, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 817 (1908)(!), te-—3=¢H4, HS

(49+4(2) ; Fletcher, Kntl. Note 84 (1916)(3) Tian Pree. Eat Mert - HactNeri920)
Acrocercops phalarotis [nomen nudum], Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 538 ( 1909)(4).

Recorded from the Khasi Hills('), Pusa(* 4), Kenarat®), Rajshahi(3) and
Coimbatore().

Larva~miningeaves-of Achyranthes—aspera(® +).

Larva mining inconspicuous galleries in leaves of “* Kungina’’creeperf?).

Larva mining leaves of mango at Pusa in August 1908. Also recorded
from Rajshahi in March 1911 and Coimbatore (31st May 1913).

Larve were found at Pusa mining leaves of chichira (Achyranthes aspera)
on 11th September 1915, as many as nine or ten larve in one leaf. The
epidermal tissue of both surfaces is attacked and mined into large irregular
patches measuring as much as 31 mm. in diameter (average about 22 mm.) ;
the upper surface, where attacked, turns yellow and then brown and the
lower surface to brownish-green.

The larva is about 3-5 mm. long and 0°75 mm. broad, yellow, segments
distinct ; head short with brown cheeks, clypeus and mandibles ; hairs on

Rivoterwjn hemiotaota , hey, Exer. bre. IL 6 (na) .f Ran, @ mnly +
Titan 2 lead 9 Aetyren i ropera | Lhe ufme t &
Bmp Res (af eine nde. CMadvee wo SWS # )

Bow eneips coledvren ) Moye , Exar hin WE 8S (ia). PO 7 ae or
S baw 2 Unena leboma |

ae:

on) th

A pluivery active, te detaches the tiwer onticle otter a wide een

O rcavthy the Hews leaves. the muiut and apis In some Gone

| - aan ® path 2 (eat) esos, sa ae a

bower ssitiaes '

oo Vann) pe . 7 a Ye Pi em! _ he
‘ Fut . a ¥s un panel) ba ch Sa &
Peel, ot ; - JA
’ y As , aN a » rave -
Pe ; af 7 7
. » = feat Ps - oll
ra pet 2
. - 7 ans a) a, er

Fait, im aie wr i>
oe bite hiowoiatee A Oso AREA Day oe

ee ee
bevel. | When fulligrcien the lade 1agsqte Si a
Bet coconk on & doprossel cahinet (e.y,) by ahd sila ink a dalnaled Eran’
the: opper- side, of the ondsb) und oMjetes ii in ‘Thy, taetind
qucneitized by op crit lack Mymendpisrone Ay, he moths are ¢ te
at Pum thecughout May. (lowetary Gagetip WI8} . ay ¢
as (1 ype
AUROGKKOOVS TERMIN ALES, BT'h, ; . on
Gravilana terminate, Stainton, 7. i 8.3) 1, Wee, A ee :
Aeudroups ivmnilia, Meyr, BOT, SVU Si (OR AR
Doseribed trom. Caleutts fram lunes mining thander nile of
Jet Termin Citappa, The vrei wak desonbed by At hinaan’'n

“i

th devours. both lapits af parenelyria, nub contitOnaly,: tae a
oblong pitehes, mo thar the wppet surtiden’ of Qae inunied paitrlam ¢ of th
which is bigteled with purple, appears thickly sprinkled over wae
The lower cuticle, which is detached, is very thin and undp
ilghily rontricting, it oticves. the upper bortion Gf the lank ao aa
very ayurcions vaulted chamber tor the little vesitent On:

ponmgats white deroge “(!}.

a ALG ay
eat?

Ss pel ae y
‘ {¢ ‘ :
d &

ip ia Ring sy ae 9, Don ie
ae c a tee
Se Me nck sunio ee ee
foc Rojshehi-in: Wacok 191} ‘and Cubnbotore’ (ob ris iy: ate
"Oo Taarvee tore fault et Pure mining loavis: we Het
on Lith: September 2005, ds nawng aa hits eta in’ one
apidosinal tissag of bith surfauos is attnileed” and si 7 Se
potehes wieaknring x¢ fiych’ an 83 Hein dieters eae Oe
wleuciorermmiee? Bier

_~ a.

, The larva Abwdh 46 ines: long: ano?

"9 “OTA

a | ro) A |

——r UC

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 149

segments very short, arising from small! shiny yellow tubercles ; legs short,
yellow.

When full-grown the larva quits the mine through a small hole torn in
the upper epidermal layer and pupates on the green part of the upper surface
of the same leaf in an oval white cocoon about 4 by 2 mm., constructed inside
an outer fine irregular brownish covering, measuring about 5 by 2°> mm. and
usually placed in a slightly curved portion of the leaf. (Umrao Bahadur’s
Cage-slip 66.)

Larve were also found at Pusa on 12th September 1916, mining leaves of
Achyranthes aspera and from these a moth emerged on 22nd September.
(Insectary Cage-slip 1492.)

ACROCERCOPS ORTHOSTACTA, MEYR,
Acrocercops orthostacta, Meyr., Exot. Mier., I, 174 (1918)(‘).

“ Bred at Pusa in August from larve mining blotches in leaves of Sida
cordifolia (Malvacez) *’(').

Larve were collected mining bariar leaves at Pusa on 28th July 1916
and the moths emerged between 4th and 10th August. No description of the
early stages was made. (Ram Saran’s Cage-slip, dated 28th July 1916.)

Also reared in April 1918 from larvee mining leaves of Szda ee

ERICEPHALA ORIEN TALIS a Bt heyes Exe tree Si 579 {

= ACROCERCOPS AUSTEROPA, MEYR.

. Cte hae
Acrocercops austeropa, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 121-122 (1914)(4. Corre ¢ w he

Described from North Kanara(‘). Hut. 3, pa- ere) &

Larva on “ Akri” ; cocoon very flat, attached to surface of leaf, whitish -
ochreous, with four scattered bubbles on its surface, apparently similar to {
those on the cocoon of Epicephala chalybacma(').

This species has been reared at Pusa from larvee mining leaves of Bauhinia’
purpurea and B. variegata.

ACROCERCOPS RESPLENDENS, STT. !wet- (hod 24. Mel

Gracilaria resplendens, Stamton, T. KE. 8. (3), I, 294-295, t. 10, f. 4 (1862)(4).
Acrocercops resplendens, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 818 (1908)(?), Wytsm. Gen.

Ins;, fase. 128; p.. 16, tab., ff. 20 ac (1912)().

Originally described from Caleutta(!) and since recorded from the Khasi
Hills(?). Common at Pusa, perhaps attached to Fieus religiosa, but not
yet bred. We have specimens from Pusa, Chapra, Puri and the Khasi Hil’s,

ACROCERCOPS TRICYMA, MEYR,
Acrocercops tricyma, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 819-820 (1908)(').
Described from the Khasi Hills(!) and Pusa('). Egy”

150 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIAD&

Bred at Pusa in April from larvee mining leaves of Blumea lacera(').

Larvee were found at Pusa on 22nd April 1907 mining leaves of kukraunda *
(Blumea lacera), four or five larvee sometimes found in a single mine. The
larva was described as 3 mm. long, rather flattened anteriorly, tapering poste-
riorly, yellowish-green, head flattened, yellow. Pupation occurred within the
mine in a cocoon of very white silk. Pupa 3-5 mm. long, yellow, slender.
Moths emerged between 28th April and 5th May. (A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 21.)

ACROCERCOPS ASMULA, MEYR.
Acrocercops emula, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 628 (1916)(').
Bred at Pusa in February from larve mining leaves of Cynoglosswm
(Boraginacea) (Fletcher)(!). We have it also from Virajpet (South Coorg)

., and Abbottabad (larva mining Cynoglossum leaves).

Larvee were found at Pusa on 6th February 1914 and 16th December
1915, mining in leaves of kukraunda (Cynoglossum sp.). As many as four or
five larvee may be present in a single leaf mining in the epidermal layers of
the_upper surface and feeding on the chlorophyll, the tunnels being situated
in the middle of the leaves and not necessarily on the edges only. The larval
excrement is deposited in one place within the mine and not in a line, and
the mine is not linear but long and broad, although irregular in shape. If the
upper epidermis is removed the larva is able to spin another thin webbing
over it. The larva is yellow and about 6 mm. long by 0°7 mm. broad ; the
head is the most highly chitinized portion and is dark brown, mandibles black,
antenne three-jointed, third joint rather pointed and longer than the other
two together ; legs blackish ; three pairs of prolegs and anal claspers ; each
segment with a single small lateral hair situated near the spiracle ; dorsal
area smooth, without hairs ; nine spiracles, each slightly protruded above the
body-surface and tinged with brown.

When full-fed the larva pupates in a silken web spun below the part
mined and immediately below the upper whitened epidermis. The moulted
skin is attached to the anal end of the pupa within the flattish cocoon. The
pupa is about 5 mm. long, yellowish-white, ventral surface flattened, dorsal
surface smooth and cylindrical, head portion broadest and abruptly terminated
in a point, each segment with very minute single dorsal hairs, segments distinct.
From larve collected on 6th February 1914 the moths emerged between 16th
and 20th February, and from mined leaves collected on 16th December 1915

* Under A. @mula the name of kukraunda is given as Cynoglossum sp. In the case
of some of these old records it is impossible to check these identifications, but 4,
@mula has also been reared from Blumea balsamifera.

ro ae ig, ane
mar So een caren ec? |

7 i = an ee gs ae

pine: OUR ES ae babweln sed Meceinber ive ord January 116; The
ve i pare sitized by ‘a volar’ Brhoninid. (Dwarky . Pradad’ Ringh"s Oayo-
D No. i nnd Ja 8. Siena a Ogee Mp of 10th Desimber 1975.)

‘eho

a epuctes bas nla bein renend at Pasa fron farve oollented ov’ Ota
3 a 1916 and found inining just sanvier the epidermal laser on tha opner
rt Oe ¢ of leave a Bhimen baleen Fora The mate wae ia the form of w Winter
-ataae ing on both aing Of the mica: Thine larva pupatad in eccoens
med within the mine bad the inothn omerged hetwoon Bnd and 1th Jemuary

od 7 . ae
* 17, {Puna Liiseotary ( Abeta ao Lbo0G.)
ov’ - , f

ACROGERUGTS KONOMA, METR
} a wis (sOKomeZ, Mb f Mi sect Vie “25 (ik i") ; rie (Mut, Rinth
" EBUdbe BA (OLE) (S eM Soe VE LK tntetag
» Brad at Y usa bt TO hey 4 ite, iN laf j a ia i pnetcy ng "
AGROCRHUOM ISIDELTA, MYER.
caeroonr isoilia, Meyr,, 1, J Viti lO. (POR Be FEXTIE o 198
{1914 \(%).
fa ° ‘ -
mencoraed trom Maskeliva, in Ceylon(*}, wat’ trom Karwar, in ONeeeh
Bares Manin Glotches iy leaves of Ouiehrinakos) pe titehia (Labistal( Se"
MUROCERCOPS GEMCIIELLA, wt
ta gemonvelia, peiniow, V5. 8 (0, O02, ty) Me ee
room gemonieo, Mev. fh. 3., XXTIS, 180 (ela, Beot, Mier. 7, 628

RIGOR Porhan, At Te Bh je) Po Cat pete Tha eae
Originally dloseribed fron) Ua usrhat hy; iw “pete lee been bred at
. th, North Kanarn, fron. Jarve roluing bhitehes tu leanne: ol sugarcane
Ofeiiarnm); pune in external arel Lrowaishoyrdlow edeoon. in
ee ion. oiesurtace. of loaf (Ma ook?) ®)

: bY Bred from gracn larvae ‘toirung, large bhetahes ty teat af Semacaryiss
Pewee CApkCaNtiaces), xevcrs) larve in one. Meteby. Qacoon oxiernal,
bared, {dfarunl!!) VT) same apevien wos pieviousty sda iby Me,
ona Peel ores iron aueareans, lt it would eoers probabie. thal Chere mtust

Deen some eroe it that record "(8

oy aperen wae. heed oy (ed in Sanueary LOL teem ae fares ening a

‘abl

‘ieee cant. fomr of. five laxvie.« omecime nil
"larva, woe, deseaibred ee)3 iin: Jong, rathe fuittoned. a:
"ory; vellowiah=g: een, bead flattened fallow: 3 —
tsine ih x nocodn of very white “ilk, Prips 4-5 F a.
Motta: Snitegad between 241) y Aynit. anid Sth May. ot

‘ ACROGERCOPS: £MULA, wun a

Aoracertrpe weve tls, Moyr., Wixel, Mice, I, 628 LISTE). a A

Brod at Pum in. Fel iriure from . labver mining’ leave ot.

( Boraginncent) eee sila’ ). We have yt alan fron ee
et Abbottabad Garve ming Cy) ae leaves),

Larve were tated it Paka on Gh Febrar ary | O14 aya vith BD
$15. minin® in leaves Of (chrannda (€ “purpose iy 80D, J As kore
ive lave op he present ine Single iva muni in che cphietay caval. ta }
the upper mirtace and’ feeding on the chlorophyll the turned: Wee sé
ri -the maddie of the leaves and not peace sarily ow the edges ony : ve a
é¥crament 3 depnarted iyi one pines within the wine aad. Dot in a
the mina i “ob iinear bul yg and broad, albhouh ire gular ii RIK,
apper op leridis is temoved the larva i able | vo span another phin’ we

° cy
~aver & The lative @ wallow anc about @ wim long by OF min, brow wie:

YF ang ») *
Lis the most jughlv chitimized portion and’i4 deck brows; raandibles bl
One LAee-j)Omted, Murda, joe rathet monnrted | antl longer Than ie vhigl '
wo Bocetner, loos Dackish | three Pulte Of | hears fried Anat claspets 6 ut ‘<
eoment avith singte small lateral haty srimted neds the spirgela | dots
fen wiqpoth, without hats; nime spwacles; ¢ack slightly protided aim ve
tp-antiace aml tinged! with hrown, - .
y hen Titied the larva puputes in a pitken wib. span ‘pele
mined aotl cmmentataly belbw the upper whitened, épitermis: The w
je anal cad of the pipa within the Gatrish: *
nM F you? GF vim, fong yellowish whith, ventral #arfhes fini
urface ameoth and oyiuid rina, head portion hroadest ie a rupily
mo Boin prsehy segment w ith COTY ida single dotaal “fairs, sea
Mrom larvin Collected on Sth Febri: ary (9l4 the nots. anierged 2
ene onl Pebruary, and frourrinéed leaves collanted on i6th T hee 1 ie

- ) ® f ha Cate _
kes en

* Worler 4. @riea the name of hubeannde in give ae Greaney 9 Bod
of qame of thes, old tecurdy Ib la Smpeetible dq cheele | —. 2
pric law alae been tugmnd ftom Dinmen bideusnifora. ieee "I BS)

a ea

evar jane

®, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 151

the moths emerged between 23rd December and 3rd January 1916. The
larva is parasitized by a yellow Braconid. (Dwarka Prasad Singh’s Cage-
slip No. 1 and C. 8. Misra’s Cage-slip of 16th December 1915.)

This species has also been reared at Pusa from larvae collected on 21st
December 1916 and found mining just under the epidermal layer on the upper
surface of leaves of Blumea balsamifera. The mine was in the form of a blister
extending on both sides of the midrib. These larvee pupated in cocoons
formed within the mine and the moths emerged between 2nd and 11th January
1917. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1506.)

ACROCERCOPS ISONOMA, MEYR.

Acrocercops isonoma, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 625 (1916)(!); Fletcher, Entl.
Note 84 (1916)(2); War Coe 10 Eve meting TG (Mav. igr0
Bred at Pusa in May from larva mining in leaf of Mangifera indica (» *).

ACROCERCOPS ISODELTA, MEYR,

Acrocercops isodelta, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 820 (1908)(4), lc., XXIII, 119
(1914)(2).
Recorded from Maskeliya, in Ceylon('), and from Karwar, in North
Kanara(2).
Larva mining blotches in leaves of Colebrookea oppositifolia (Labiate)(?).

ACROCERCOPS GEMONIELLA, STT,

Gracilaria gemoniella, Stainton, T. E. S. (3) I, 297, t. 10, f. 6 (1862)(1).
Acrocercops gemoniella, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 120 (1914)(2), Exot. Micr., I, 628

(1916)(8), Horiba Eat Ny Bb (i916) \ Proc 1 EAC meting T. ibr| Nev. (gr

Originally described from Calcutta(!), this species has been bred at
Karwar, in North Kanara, from larve mining blotches in leaves of sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum) ; pupa in external oval brownish-yellow cocoon in
depression on surface of leaf (Maxvwell)(?).

“Bred from green larvee mining large blotches in leaf of Semecarpus
Anacardium (Anacardiace), several larve in one blotch ; cocoon external,
cream-coloured, (J/azwell.) The same species was previously sent by Mr.
Maxwell as bred from sugarcane, but it would seem probable that there must
have been some error in that record ’’(8).

This species was bred at Pusa in January 1915 irom a larva mining a
leaf of Achras sapota.

152 LIFE*HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADA

/
ACROCERCOPS BARRINGTONIELLA, DEV.

Gracilaria barringtomella, van Deventer, Tijds. voor Ent., XLVII, 14-17, t.1,
ff. 5, 5¢, 56 (1908)(!).
Acrocercops barringtoniella, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 121 (1914)(?).
Originally described from Jaya('!). Within our limits recorded from
North Kanara(?).
Larva mines in young leaves of Barringtonia spicata(!) and also mines
blotches im leaves of Careya arborea (Lecythidacee)(2).

/
ACROCERCOPS LYSIBATHRA, MEYR, [See oL1» 4. 210 }
Acrocercops lysibathra, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 626-627 (1916)(').

Originally described from Pusa, this species has been bred at Pusa from
a larva mining “ bhagandhra”™ leaf. (A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 24.)

It has also been reared from larvee collected at Pusa on 17th March 1916
mining leaves of lasora (Cordia latifolia). The larva eats the upper epidermal
tissue, the veins of the leaf being left untouched, and forms an irregular blister-
like mine white around the margins and brown in the centre, as many as
four larvee being present in a single leaf. The larva was described as 5 mm.
long and about | mm. broad, slightly flattened, segments distinct, yellow with
a greenish middorsal stripe on abdomimal segments; head small, flattened,
brown ; thoracic segments broadest, prothorax brownish ; legs short, yellow ;
only four pairs of prolegs, concolorous with the body. Pupation takes place
outside of the mine. The moth is on the wing from March to May. (Ram
Saran’s Cage-slip, dated 17th March 1916.)

ACROCERCOPS PHRACTOPA, MEYR.
Acrocercops phractopa, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 177 (1918)(4).
“ Bred at Pusa in April from larvee mining blotches in leaves of Ficus
infectoria ”’(').
ACROCERCOPS GEOMETRA, MEYR.
Acrocercops geometra, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 626 (1916)(*).
Described from Pusa and Coimbatore(!),
~~ Larva mining blotch in leaf of Cordia myxa (Boraginacew) (Fletcher)(!).
This species was also bred at Coimbatore from larvee mining Cordia leaves.
Larvee were found at Pusa on 11th July 1908, and were described as
about 5 mm. long, flattened, tapering posteriorly, red, head very small and
armed with a flat yellow cap, prothorax yellowish-red, legs creamy, prolegs
red, The larva mines in the leaves of the foodplant and pupates externally

pit | 1)
A Troeredpe’ ee te Exe tne. 1 rvai-ase, (inn) 2. Bhn a

pene re eg Jen 7 Shing:
CRs er tilkmg, 4.VI- i dco @ minny ls f Fears overt ' fle Aden. tA 1) )).
Airwocnrospe Prato morphea, hey aS AL 231 (1919) 2° C. Kate OK
Ex. ae W ino (49312 “Fe Es

Td Tra, WD gso, QO mary lef Barra len fer 24-76 )

yo , aes ae
iy Acro ce. pa preectin« shen, BI. KKM. Ivo (\914) rere tetas N es LAD

| Acar pr semontatia (mee JH) hun B,J. ZIM dro (Wgow) & » Ps ’
Rims bodies “lage eho Wee Wilby pia se 4 ? usa

7.
Ra Teen TE G1) D miners lenf. dri 0)! ta (ce naa Se

PLATE XXXVIIL.

Moth. natural size

is

Kiss

ISS PORTIS TTL o

Sa

rz
Acrocercops auricilla:

and magnified.

=

Below is seen a side-view of head of moth.

more highly magnified.

tte

\ N
% ;
\), of
x ——
“ bale
om
Sy Aa
Sy)
== a
Se
a OH,
o .S)
co
“=
Sue ss
om
S— ©
= —
on x
eS
Sex —
Boe
a Oo g =>
S459
Qa ES
eee
ee oe Lae,
= 0
~~ n
SiS
Mm —
2s
ou: &
Sl GS
o & Ons
Sao.
~ Stowe
= o—=
ee
oo
SoS
ee

Fig. 1.

Wy a5

it D7 J ‘yay
pues Perth, forrth 4)
= Whs en full ®,

= Hat bay aan 6 vith ‘leat

Ri

obit thc bafnemnet +

ha the i"

i aad tre h on

pial

em

ve 7) Pia!

ais f oe

yD ens
LR
it "
af
'
‘ a
m.
# p
}
a
“ay
>
x “
vp
. 1
Tid

. an .. :

Ae iain > en
Ac ccuctin haan sta, bong eeeber: LS (mie) 2- 5 Ener nse. 409 (ae) Pell:
~) — i)
pee sae (ry-iK-28 5 ¢.1x- 23) fn Uiseina mini ey 4.
it atx Toone (Melxecese ) Aa Ate bed 5 EL. ry f— Qa mintng
a9 Gorm rm lent 4 Cedackn Gone (2 ra $9 ).

~, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 153

in a double-walled cocoon. Pupa rather less than 4 mm. long, brown, wings
dark-brown ; pupal period five days. (A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 43.)

ACROCERCOPS HYPHANTICA, MEYR.
Acrocercops hyphantica, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 25 (1912)(').

Described from specimens reared at Pusa(! ;

Larva flattened, slightly tapering posteriorly, yellowish-green, head
whitish-yellow ; mining leaves of Cesalpinia bonducella (Leguminosae) ; pupa
in a cocoon outside the mine(!).

Pupa about 4 mm. long, head and anal segment yellow, wings yellowish-
green, remainder green. Pupal period four or five days. Pupa emerges half
way out of the cocoon. (A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 56.)

. CRAMERELLA, Snell.

ACROCERCOPS HFEROCOSMA, MEYR. (PLATE XXXVIII, FIG. 1.)
Acrocercops hierocosma, Meyr., Wytsm. Gen. Ins., fasc, 128, p. 18 (1912)(*) ;
Fletcher, Entl. Note 86 (1916)(?), Ann. Rept. Impl. Entom., 1917-18,
p- 104 (1918)(3 8) TOM nen Cee Exe, MmeeMns 5 T. (bu | Now. i910

Originally ee from North Australia, this species has been reared ,

at Pusa from a larva mining leaves of Nepheliwm litchi(?). In August 1917
quite appreciable damage was done at Pusa to the tender leaves of entillnien oh
litcht hy the mining of this larva(?).

The larva first of all bores into the midrib which develops a dusky red
colour ; it begins somewhere near the base of the leaf and works towards the
apex. As it goes forward it mines the blade of the leaf on both sides of the
midrib, along the veins, producing a characteristic palmate dusky-red mine,
as the entire mined portion develops a dusky-red colour. In bad cases of
attack the whole leaf dries up.

The full-grown larva is about 5 mm. long and about 0°75 mm. across the
anterior part of the body which tapers slightly posteriorly, segments distinct,
uniform green, fourth pair of prolegs absent.

When full-fed, the larva leaves the mine and forms a round scale-like
flat cocoon on the leaf or stem wherever a suitable cover or concavity is avail-
able. In confinement cocoons were formed in the corners of the cage or by
the side of the protuberant midrib of the leaf. The cocoon is almost trans-
parent, so that the contained pupa is partly visible.

The pupa is slender, cylindrical, about 4:3 mm, from head to anal extre-
mity, beyond which the extremity of the leg-case extends for another 15 mm.
and about 0°75 mm. broad, frons with a curved spine with which the pupa
pierces the cocoon ; colour green at first, afterwards turning yellow-brown.

154 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIAD

On emergence, the pupa protrudes from the cocoon to some extent. Pupal
period about seven days. (Insectary Cage-slips 1299, 1653.)
The moths are found at Pusa from August to October.

ACROCERCOPS AURICILLA, STAINT. (PLATE XXXVIII, FIG. 2.)

Gracilaria ? auricilla, Stt., T. EK. 8. (2), V, 120-121 (1859)(%).
Acrocercops cramerella (nec Snell.), Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 4 (1916)(?).

Described originally from “ near Calcutta ’’(!). “‘ Reared at Belgachia,
Bengal, in September from larvee mining in leaves of mahogany, Swietenia
(Meliacez) *(?). We have it also from Pusa.

Specimens of affected mahogany leaves were received in the beginning
of September 1915 from the Principal of the Veterinary College, Belgachia,
who stated that the leaves were mined and that the trees looked in bad
condition as a consequence. ‘The leaves were tunnelled on both surfaces by
mines which at first are long and narrow (not exceeding 0°5 mm.) and irregular
but which expand into oval whitish blotches, averaging about 11 by 7 mm.
When the leaf is mined at its edges the mined portion becomes papery, turns
deep brick-red, and withers. The edges of the outer cover are thickened
until there is made an elongate space sufficient to contain the pupa. In some
cases the whitish blotches containing the pupe touch or coalesce with one
another.

The pupa is about 7 mm. long and 1 mm. broad; head brown with a
ventral triangular structure with dentate sides, eye-cap large, antenna-case
brownish-yellow, reaching to first abdominal segment and spotted irregularly
with black ; first pair of legs short, reaching to end of thoracic region ; second
pair of legs reaching to anal extremity ; third pair of legs projecting 1:5 mm.
beyond anal extremity; thoracic region dorsally with short brown hairs
arising from small rounded raised tubercles ; thoracic segments yellowish-
brown ; abdominal segments pale, tinged with green and with short brown
hairs on small rounded raised tubercles, spiracles distinct and appear like
rounded brown holes at the anterior end of each segment.

ACROCERCOPS TELESTIS, MEYR.
Acrocercops telestis, Meyr., E. M. M., XLVII, 213 (Sept. 1911)('); Lefroy,

Ind. Ins. Life, p. 538 (1909)(?) ; Fletcher, Entl. Note 87 (1916)(8). :
Described from specimens reared at Pusa from larve mining leaves of
Trewia nudiflora (Kuphorbiacee)(:*), Also reared at Coimbatore in February

1913 from larvee on Trewia, and at Pusa in August 1907 from Gmelina arborea
iP) = . ’
Ke Ree « Visa ~ Kus ’ [9x5 gas GS miu
4+ 2 ;
(on i A Matle 1A Ne pert us.

a7. ee

a : - im | i gt
Cea
ye agi al ie of pee

i a ‘ v hint ¥ ras .
rc 9 Ph Nig \a ay)

co

ie
v 7

af er

Pane

aty, it

| ein a a
x mir bis ant ie =

Succinate ee ee oe nti

perc) aboot sevtu doyt “Clasnetary Cage-alips: 1200, Tag:
‘he soho lt Pose. Sm ANON 0 Oo te

ae ns ie) v4
Cie, M avian 4 ;
ACROORRMOTS scpacrtt, sioner, cot RE, i

Grocitarse Vdeey ceils, Sake’ Bem Cy, We veel (renBMe a :
Aororercaps Crvnérella (any Spel, Megs. Wexos, Mig TM ‘sine
DeseribAl, originally from! “near Caloutta “()” “Reggae
Bengal, in September. from, iatve wiibing. Ti leaves at ina
(Melineeay "3. We havnt alse front Pasa. od
Spevimena of affeeted mahogan’ leavel- wore tecerely it me
of Sepimatier 1915 from the Principal af 'tha Veterinary College, B
Wins stated Uhat the! leaves weer onned ‘and Mint the: freer jookodlin
condition te a‘condeghance. “Che leavin wate Hihpelled om Boths
ariine which ob Aretare long aid nareaw (ihe exoeotinig 1h mam.) and i
but which expend inte ovat whitish Wotelina, averaging ehoub LY ‘wy
When the tai is mined Ab ite edued the mined portion ig a
deep ‘togk-red, anal withers. ‘The cdpes oF the cnbter cover are. t
wali tere is made: an elimigute spade aufhielane to contain, the papa, Than
oases the Whitinh blatches Spataniing the pipe toneh ot oalestin’y : ee
another. oe a ‘ae
The pupa. is\dbout 7 vis bie and: 1g. Vronds tned “peowiltye
weritral ttangulat abrichare with: dentate, sides, ope-eap large,
Growhish-yollow, reaching wi Gist. abdootnadl evament and spotved jet
With Winek } first pele of lage hort, reaching te end of. tharseig re ow
pait of belts penc hing fo: aval extremity ; whied preirol, iegs sng ;
arr afl extresity,, thortcie region Potaylly- ity hore
aren fain small rouhded: mised tuberdiuts thorane eegumits ye
brown; abdominet wiments. pale, tlaged ‘with gromnoung Mit
hains “on eargll: rouvderd, raised snbetolés, apiracléa distinct, id
rounded brown: haley eh tha witevion ond of cach segment.

eel A
/ me ae
tt :

x:
its ay
lll
axes"

=,

eb i
E - al
: kh
t=
Pod. he

Prevcorco pe teleatia. Move. oR Mo Me Or, 215 (Beit 1) Ds
lod, Sn. Lila, : GAB {1S0OMH) ? Whetehes, Kini, Note! 97, 114 i;
Dotrcrihert Ione spetitrens, crated a Puke trom ane 2 ape

Tregoie windy Hore (Eupherblugandy’', hyena f, Sl ie

eH fowte Sieve ve Trine, ape sit Pa i Ay hy ee: _

Nae Ma. ts “et

Aven Antipas ee, ra be tee lon 7 aie Ar em ;

S|

Rs = * eae A navi ‘aa ite

PLATE XXXIX.

Leaves of Ficus glomerata mined by Acrocercops desiccata.

a rt ify ed oF

a Maal nil, ; ‘ : * ; A ; : ive
were. | are ” dvs, of paar.)

uy af 7 am The » te i | » i 7 ; ‘ Ten a “ ' ad is
fa i 1 oe sh | ie thant thin ratte we Ft

aaferionly, y Ve , A x ) av hp P ;
- ey ] gn a verte oe

te Ay - ae aoPh 0) : me oP , v
eae J ae ets 4 ¥ ‘ { Se f i s é 7 7
ve, es watt ia win ial “ae mints. yellows PuUpar cg
ae yee et! y inh: aS
‘ , T 7 y . - @ >
dat 1 tear rs POP wink eimarnenins {- moth . Hanel’ a
AL, Me 7 iba” Op aiyp’ 2, ee, 0 1 Cin

RerowiAnt. Wh ne nb memoved fry mi the nine the lava is nied!
sk tht Te binkee fe ¢] burnt is fo] Marhie yh ert ALLY,

Bing» 4 G seni dat af) t & iter ; ity rg oi) ' ‘2 - .

j | i
al i he pies

Li a ot ar ad banp sir i ige i Pan, | 7
~ cowry eA P N ‘iene «
AGRO BRODY >I F Uy a 2 ate Lp SE yor A. bob :

PD ae! int a barge : i a as ie , . 5
oo va moves ‘Tee are . Ou » A wai sia nite jy é eae 4 se, hi t ee

Pe, : ie aah ta et 2} ; k
to aaa ‘i 1) i ry Furth, SAO EM ig x . e.4)

leave = hye pipet dlaewhere. rs (| oan Cucoon Mi a
en ville ai .

'

FaAvis

ue

‘ ran Lk
- J rl F

Wee ee Bane *
i eens 2 ee

Hed

; oy

Cu

7,
ai j
: 1

tT. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 155

and in September 1913 from leaves of Eugenia jambolana(?). We also have
this species from Moulmein.

Larvee were found at Pusa on 24th July 1907 mining leaves of pitha
(Trewia nudiflora). The larva was described as 3 mm. long, rather flattened,
tapering posteriorly, yellow, head pale; afterwards 4°5 mm. long, green ;
only four pairs of prolegs. Pupated externally on upper or underside of
leaves or in corners of the cage, cocoon of very fine white silken threads.
Pupa 4 mm. long, green, last two abdominal segments yellowish. Pupa
protrudes about half its length from cocoon on emergence of moth ; pupal
period about five days. (A. Majtaba’s Cage-slip 25.)

Larve were also collected at Pusa mining leaves of Hugenia jambolana
on Ist September 1913 and from these leaves moths emerged from 6th to 9th
September. The larval mine forms a prominent blister-like blotch, inside
which the larva moves freely about between the epidermal layers, filling the
space with excrement. When removed from the mine the larva is unable to
enter another leaf unless the epidermis is opened up artificially. (Dwarka
Prasad Singh’s Cage-slip, dated Ist September 1913.)

ACROCERCOPS DESICCATA, MEYR. (PLATE XXXIX.)
Acrocercops desiccata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 4 (1916)(').

Described from Peradeniya and Pusa. At Pusa it was bred from larve
mining blotches in leaves of Ficus glomerata(').

The larva mines just below the epidermis on the upper surface of the
leaf. The mine commences as a zigzag white line, quite prominent on the
green leaf, and develops suddenly into a blotch. The full-grown larva is
about 3°5 mm. long, flattened, gradually tapering posteriorly, segments
distinct, three pairs of thoracic legs and five [?] pairs of prolegs functional
although small; colour light green when young, changing to golden-yellow
and ultimately to reddish before pupation. When full-fed the larva almost
always leaves the mine and pupates elsewhere in a flattish cocoon formed of
well-woven silk and having a very thin almost transparent parchment-like
appearance. Hach cocoon is double, there being a small inner case inside a
larger outer case. The cocoon is usually constructed in a corner or small
concavity. Before emergence of the moth, the pupa wriggles out of the
cocoon for about half its length, the empty pupa-case heing left protruding
from the cocoon. Larve were collected in Ficus glorverata leaves on 23rd
December 1914; one formed a cocoon on 24th December and emerged on
20th January and another pupated on 5th January and emerged on 24th
January 1915. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1148.)

156 LIFS-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADA:
1 wha bp- bio 2l\
ACROCERCOPS USTULATELLA, STT. O° "tt fous )
Gracilaria * ustulatella, Stainton, T. E. S. (n.s.), V, 121-122 (1859)(?).
Conopomorpha isochorda, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 746 (1907)(?).
Acrocercops ustulatella, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 825 (1908)(3).
Originally described from Caleutta(!). Also recorded from Peradeniya(?).
Larva mines in young leaves of ebony(?).

/

ACROCERCOPS SYNGRAMMA, MEYR. (PLATE XL, FIG. 1.)

Acrocercops syngramma, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 120 (ore ; Fletcher, Entl.

Note 84 (1916)(2); tina, Tee. Gat bneckiny Tlor Nev. ue

Described from eee in North Kanara(!), where it was bred in July
from larva mining a compact blotch in leaves of mango (Mangifera indica) ;
pupa in a detached oval brownish-yellow cocoon on surface of leaf (Mazxwell)(*).

Reared at Pusa in September 1907 and again in August 1908 from larve
mining mango leaves. Also taken at Bankipur in October 1911(?). We have
it also from Pusa in September to November 1916, from Saidapet in January
1907 and from Coimbatore in December 1914 and March 1915, in all cases

_reared from larvee mining mango leaves.

The larva mines under the epidermis on the upper surface of tender mango
leaves, causing large round or roundish blisters which are greyish-white in
colour. The larva is about 5 mm. long and about 0°7 mm. across the thoracic
region, cylindrical (or almost so), tapering posteriorly, segments well-defined
and rather proniment laterally, pale greenish-yellow, the dark contents of
alimentary canal partially visible through the body ; head brownish-yellow,
shiny, smaller than prothorax, which has a faint shiny yellowish shield ; a
faint whitish tracheal line along the spiracular region ; primary hairs short 3
legs and prolegs concolorous with body ; prolegs on third, fourth, fifth abdo-
minal and on anal segment. From leaves collected on 25th September moths
emerged from 4th October to 1st December 1916, and from leaves collected
on 2nd November 1916 moths emerged on 15th and 16th November. (Insec-
tary Cage-slip 1478 and Ram Saran’s Cage-slip, dated 2nd November 1916.)

ACROCERCOPS LABYRINTHICA, MEYR,

Acrocercops labyrinthica, Meyr., Exot. Micr., Il, 177-178 (1918)(4).

“ Bred at Pusa in March and April from larvee mining blotches in leaves
of Trema sp. (Urticacee) **(!),

Larvee were collected at Pusa on 16th March 1916 mining the upper
surface of leaves of Trema sp. The larva was described as 5 mm. long by

At pe ars eke ‘Px ¢ cg f. Q Win“ loaf va
Int,

Lema rae e~

f « Ay a
ha iv

9%

* Bracitaria™ cinta Haken " a we a tis

“leta and prateys uieetorents: with body. roles tit thie Seale Fe i

Gatco © CavCAMuLLA,

ov panicapee Sa: ) nding Meier Be te MVR

heroreraaps qaryhatelln, Ware By ke RVI, 664
Un giniily ddacrsbhiet from Opietiat’), Aiea x
Larva minetin young feny mga aes

wonockRoors oPonaaaus> sipeR aLate ares

derhcereapa syngranenn, st Bre, ros
Shots BA CPD PASA), Thaw. Ft. EM ech Tl et ats bey
mesenibed from Karwer im North Kanaraf!), what it wil ei
frohi lyeve Hiialras &Momipaet blotch ti leaves of quaago GAA
pripe.to 9 ddlached pval Nroiwnish-vallov eocgon of antface’ of ke
Rearveti ot Buea. to moptamber 1907 and apdin a August 1% a8 ;
mijving wadige leiveg, Also faken at: Mis kiniiedn Geter: ae bic
jt uke itom Piss Ww Se pti miber fo Novamber ku, Foams a relacgons
MOT ahd trom Cotinbatere in “Deeimber oad or Wd a
tyiedsfrons darte: miswi¢ HMw teaves. .
Ss "Bhie Har vanmines ances the epotarmtson, ie upper pie wth i.
jadeg:~ citing large -veriad’ ai roundish (blisters WEigh Bt, ghee
thlowr.- ihe loeve is chat S hia: loay sod aboot oF rene
ragans pytindtiod fo; whois: sok taperng posteriorly, & FS
esd rather prdnil nest Jaasaliy, palo fereonisht-véllnw, Chet ale, cane
einen tary seasit pareialty’ viaj bbe throwwh the Dodie Y heats wy we
thiny; dni Her than ‘prithorax: Which hasta font shiny ——o
hand. whitieh trathen! litte slong the spikaedtad ‘region: peipeky: rs ake
woiant Awd oe anet @guient,.. Frain eaves college om Beh amit
wineries frome ath. Brtolror 18-344. December 1916; aad frites \eeteel
on Zid Nevamhor 3016. maths emerged on! ink ata-pth- iebrssan
tary Vage-stip 1178 and Ram Hacin's Cage-alin, fated gt . 7a.

a.” Mi
LP

. oi 7 y an me i
ACTRACERCORS LAS BIN TAA, MEY a 8

pista Lobisrsuath wd, Mein, xot. Mia, Ly ¥i- 1B
M Pred at Puan iy Masel vee Fee hee cin

ol Trema.ap, (Ucticneca) Uaae Fea Sheen Veet

Larves” were Colleetted at Puna EL Mastiots satis u
surface of Jedves of Treme i) The on : feviton fre ad vo
—

Aloe “quae or. Tne ar a a

sf Bi % aly Ti
Luk nok 0 erties i 1h) i ull ON ae a

ne x PLATE VIt.

Acrocercops syngramma, Meyr.

a, Mineu mango leaf, natural size; b,, Lateral view of larva (x 12); bs, Dorsal view of larva (x 12);
90n, the irregular outline is the upper epidermis which sticks to the cocoon (x 13); d, Pupa (x 12);
(x 12).

The smaller figures against b, d and e are 13 times the natural sizes,

Fig.

\
\)

~
AWW

AW

Acrocercops syngramma:—Moth, magnified (x 16). Below
is seen a side-view ofhead of moth, more highly magnified.

2. Liocrobyla parachista:—Moth, magnified ( x 30). Below is seen
side-view of the head, more highly magnified.

PLATE XL.

a

A tre Ur cS pSaliodes, pew Exsr. Ima. TT Mas (44h) O- ».". Ginsee Seo

LRA teptembe . hare freem, become; Wine. prow betas poprtin , Papert;
Potent, y menas ~ hepa a Teer bheed getliry onde, pp WK cle 4
leat 4 Brrdelia ( Euphorbiacece } , CRremanr gathered aluny birt oles

Grllang 4 lawet ped Lite me 3 Yayo 7 Cocom expr , fer, mel,
Roh) wk Ft pln bbb rn magne af Be ponS 4's uprerr
thombus 4 tmayo KG Let { Prepare per record), orfinnee PLO
Onn bem (berate) ° Chey, Exar. key. DL 244.195. 1926)

A ro tnesps anMradime hye, Exerc. We 195° (1926). 6? .. Poona.
a a ee ee

Porngamia glare ( leyumcnorac).- (bern) )

Bb DAA aghe atu callag pic bre ee
oh Ta aed pan? Reread AY pega eh ae on pe
vane ee peo | yn £ nom a oul pe

My aie pees ((Rovene Rey rcltsad Fee oa att ade”

CAFR ope tee TD eA tl net) ( Manned Jo aed al

Pt) ae Agee)” “eget A aA td, aed Bod
i el iy GO ae ie of 2g 4 |
( (seed) Cancowencupal ) ianhalp 2!

tie cercrpa bein aka bercnn ate i Exar Inca 416-417 nee bans ign) « Paadentyns
‘hase ie Engen motaccans\'S . } - a

-
ee é
; é La
.
<u —
- . ina i
Pos a” *
* ; < . ah oh fae. ; .
Acsurcop trea, Maye (ee pis sv oe a . ae .
: 2: Ceah Ss ai .

peg re

oe ie e
hae 7 ey hwo |
Sie |

aN ne oe ;
a a ss F ‘ity

ae aes » Ay) he
: 7 | i 1 si ’ We Aas % my Ey: ria 7
| PUPS 23 Ae aa py

-

= ' 5 que PS
; 7 . i 5 4 i
i= =. Tr 2 ot) A a ea

——— — =

?. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 157

1 mm. broad, flattened» dark green, yellowish laterally, segments distinct ;
head small, brown ; thoracic segments broadest ; prothoracic shield represented
by two blackish dots; only four pairs of prolegs. Pupation occurs outside
of the mine, in a white cocoon usually on the upper surface of the leaf near
the midrib. The moth is on the wing in March and April and probably later.
(Dwarka Prasad Singh’s Cage-slip, dated 16th March 1916, and Ram Saran’s
Cage-slip, dated: 3rd April 1916.)

ACROCERCOPS ALLACTOPA, MEYR.
Acrocercops allactopa, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 627 (1916)(').
Bred at Karwar, in North Kanara, in July and August from larvee mining
swollen blotches in leaves of Eugenia jambolana (Myrtaceae), several larvee in
one blotch ; cocoon external (Maawell)(').

ACROCERCOPS BIFRENIS, MEyR, |S “2 $2!)
Acrocercops bifrenis, Meyr., Exot. Micr., IH, 176 (1918)(').

“ Bred at Khanapur, Belgaum, from larve mining numerous blotches in
leaves of two unidentified plants, January, February. Larva when young
light red, tapering posteriorly, when full-grown bright crimson and cylindrical ;
blotch irregular, often confluent, each with an irregular roundish rent in the
cuticle whilst still occupied by the larva ; pupa outside the mine, in an oval
orange cocoon; imago quivers on its legs like vanula (Maxwell). Closely
allied to vanula ; as that species feeds on Terminalia (Combretacese), it is not
improbable that the foodplants of this are of the same order ”’(?).

ACROCERCOPS BROCHOGRAMMA, MEYR,
Acrocercops brochogramma, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 285 (1914)(+).
‘Described from Peradeniya, where it was bred in June from leaves of

Hibiscus sp. containing galls of a Phytoptid(').

fe
ACROCERCOPS CRYSTALLOPA, MEYR, (See alto ¢- 21+
e (
Acrocercops crystallopa, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 627-628 (1916)().
Bred at Karwar, in North Kanara, in July and August from larvee mining
somewhat circular blotches in leaves of Memecylon amplexicaule (Melasto-

‘macee), larva cylindrical with lateral prominences, emitting single rather lon»

hairs ; pupa internal in blotch, without cocoon (Maawell)('),,

ACROCERCOPS CYLICOTA, MEYR,
Acrocercops cylicota, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 119 (1914)(').
Described from Karwar in North Kanara(').

aN Gmcieeg~ 5 inne =< (btTee uml pat Cele V

lr |

ee

Berea

Aca lbets | bexy Leper lA (prener A) - Lawe (afer vy nea { Gaver

aeves . ) ( Brras Vnoacere ) ) Hot exlerdery 1 prerg i'n SSD pm cletring te
om yerg mech 3 Crt Cx pre?) fear ovek , Nake, rane. C4, | ae
fer tmnt erttting Pasinewt bred fn Clebroker ht hs “arr

Kes ta Cm pmaN im yaa ot rhe exe pe Les maby, Wik ne 4

A. 20 detha

Sone in evr. Exar. hea. TA 194 : 1926 .

158 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADA

Larva mining blotches in leaves of Colebrookea oppositifolia (Labiate) :
pupa in cocoon in folded edge of leaf (Mazwell)(').

ACROCERCOPS DIATONICA, MEYR, (ce Lo pp. 2/)-2/2).
Acrocercops diatonica, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 625-626 (1916)(!).
“ Bred at Shirve, in North Kanara. in December from larve mining light
blister-like blotches on upper side of leaves of an unidentified plant, oceupying
whole leaf; cocoon yellowish, within mine (Mazwell) ”(}).

ACROCERCOPS ELAPHOPA, MEYR.. an
Acrocercops elaphopa, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 121 -(1914)(}).
Reared at Karwar, in North Kanara, in July from external cocoon on
depressed vein of surface of leaf of “‘ Total’ creeper(').

ACROCERCOPS ERIOPLACA, MEYR.
Acrocercops erioplaca, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 175 (1918)(').
‘“ Bred at Pusa in August from larvee mining blotches in leaves of Termi-

nalia catappa (Combretacee) *’(').

ACROCERCOPS EXTENUATA, MEYR, See wLeo p- +2)
Acrocercops extenuata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 624 (1916)(‘).
“ Bred at Karwar, in North Kanara, in July from larve mining blotches
on under surface of leaves of unidentified shrub, several blotches in a leaf

a8

separated by main veins (J/acwell) ”(').

ACROCERCOPS HEMIGLYPTA, MEYR.
Acrocercops hemiglypta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., H, 1 (1916)(').
Described from Karwar, in North Kanara, where it was “ bred in August
from larve mining round blotches in leaves of an unidentified plant, cocoon

external, white (Maxwell) *’(').

ACROCERCOPS LOXIAS, MEYR,

Acrocercops loxias, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 174 (1918)(').

“Bred at Jodhpur, Rajputana, in June from Eugenia jambolana
(Myrtacez), (Beeson) ’’(').

ACROCERCOPS MACROCLINA, MEYR.

Acrocercops macroclina, Meyr., Exot. Micr., IT, 2 (1916)(').

Described from Karwar, in North Kanara, where it was ‘‘ bred in August
from larvee mining blotches on upper side of leaves of Wagatea spicata (Legumi-
nose), occupying whole leaf ; cocoon external, white (Maxwell) ”(}).

: Gta |
a Aascncthe durian boy.) Exar tee, TL 503 CID. Fw 4A: Thins = |
[md key AIT finn lewne neti derpetne ming, 4 lerve,
Rha fetta pen Cn ML er 6 + fA

. !
Cage 4 AA, t ah

A. ela phe pa mere. hdc pliner , ba crmes Ten OY, bepne Pepin | Tan Lee
wr VWleTed 5 mines a trek Wreprlan prtlery Cray Aan etn beneek
Ube OANhe 9 Loaf He hha, a pernima , acon Oxf oK far, ove |
ylnsah , Sunfece nerd Uni minate ben briietts ) wk dmr x
dyer bc Kong, ben kas moth sinpod werd Mt Age ord
Ben UL Ita bb Mes” pete axvatly ( Marwsert ) “(hey Exc IT 19¢ : 1726)

oS Cc
‘ F ape. er We 1g3/ d aa eth CA Row
Anon cps eee Exw. Inte lt Se: 2 (Breton |
Ruih ‘ae PADS a [rey Nin en oA a FORMOSA |
Ranaun ©

5 5)

Kerwtmtépe maliorla, Moye { Jeertp: ¥8)

A-scankaAste, hewn - Lawe (peewin!s - Un, 1-4 alte kena nape Pe |

kml Trimon betne puperim j mtne Ayer Yorn [oreret lawa + oe)
rere pp male 2 Levis W Mallofiics phil ppeno> ( Euplortrecene) 5
(A Corn ox Veen | FON Ee <ataloge = dre buble rm 295% 5
cman Lefian «| Maco) (hiye Exar han TE age = 19%6)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 159

ACROCERCOPS PHAROPEDA, MEYR. (<x “440 ¢-*'>)
Acrocercops pharopeda, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 626 (1916)(').
“ Bred at Karwar, in North Kanara, in July from larva mining small
semi-transparent blotch in leaf of unidentified creeper ; cocoon brownish-
yellow, detached (Maxwell) *’(').

= ‘ ACROCERCOPS SCANDALOTA, MEYR.
Acrocercops scandalota, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 120 (1914)("), Exot. Mier., I, 628
(1916)(2).
Described from North Coorg(').
* Bred in North Kanara from larva mining blotch in leaf of Helicieres
isora (Sterculiacese) (Maxwell) ”’(?).

ACROCERCOPS_SCENIAS, MEYR,
Acrocercops scemas, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 122 (1914)(‘).
Described from Karwar, in North Kanara('), where it was bred in June
from a bright green larva mining galleries in leaves of ‘“* Changana”’ bush,
many larve in each leaf ; pupa long, green, in oval white transparent cocoon

“o> os

on depressed vein of leaf (Mazrwell)’(').

ACROCERCOPS SCRIPTULATA, MEYR, | ~& Len p-2i2j
Acrocercops scriptulata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 2-3 (1916)(!).

Described from Karwar in North Kanara, where it was “ bred in July
from unusually large irregularly elongate oval semi-transparent white cocoons,
with three or four small attached bubbles, found on surface of leaf, each on
a vein, scattered about on various sorts of bushes in neighbourhood of Termi-
nalia paniculata (Combretacez), which is probably the foodplant ; at consider-
able distances apart, indicating a wandering habit before pupating
(Mazwell)’’(').

ACROCERCOPS TENERA, MEYR,

Acrocercops tenera, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 284-285 (1914)(')., Exe WV eh ieee,

: herd 1 3

Bred at Peradeniya from larva mining leaves of Schleichera trijuga’’(').-~

- , =
nh rt Be

ACROCERCOPS TRISCALMA, MEYR.
Acrocercops triscalma, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 1 .(1916)(’).

Described from Karwar, in North Kanara, where it was “ bred in August
and September from larvae mining blotches on upper side of leaves of Wagatea
spicata (Leguminose), occupying whole leaf ; cocoon external, white (Mag-
well) ”?(!),

160 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIAD«&

v
ACROCERCOPS VANULA, MEYR,
Acrocercops vanula, Meyr., Wytsm. Gen. Ins. fase., 128, p. 17 (1912)(4), B. J.,

XXIII, 121 (1914)(2). ;

Described:-from Karwar, in North Kanara('),

“Larva mining large blotches in leaves of Terminalia tomentosa (Com-
bretacez) ; pupa yellowish, in large oval cream-coloured cocoon spun usually
on vein inside the mine, the cuticle subsequently peeling off and leaving the
cocoon exposed ; this seems the normal arrangement, but in captivity the
larva sometimes makes an external cocoon in a recess on surface of leaf
(Maxwell) ’’(?). Mr. Maxwell (én hit.) gives the name of the foodplant as
T. paniculata.

LIOCROBYLA PARASCHISTA, MEYR. (PLATE XL, FIG. 2.) C-4
Tiocrobyla paraschista, Meyr., Exot. Mier., I, 5 (Oct. 1916)(!); The ae DD
Parectopa labrodes, Meyr. MS. (cned.) GrC muds, 1. 165 ( Nav. igre)

Reared at Manchikeri, North Kanara, “in May from larvee mining in
leaves of Butea frondosa (Leguminosee) (Maxwell), and at Pusa in February
from larve mining in leaves of Cajanus indicus (Fletcher) ; it may therefore
probably feed in some other Leguminose. Larva mines a blotch beneath
upper cuticle of leaf, building up two heaps of excrement, between which the
larva rests in a covered passage leading obliquely to under side of leaf, where
a small open door exists in a dry opaque patch; cocoon external, oval
(Maxwell) ’’(*).

This species has been reared at Pusa on several occasions from larve
mining leaves of Cajanus indicus in April, September, October and December,
and from leaves of Desmodium gangeticum in January and July.

. The larva mines just under the epidermal layer of either surface, but in the
case of Cajanus usually the upper surface of the leaf, producing an extremely
irregular brown patch measuring about one square inch in total area.
(Plate XLL) In the case of mines in Desmodium leaves the greater portion of
the mine is not visible from the opposite side of the leaf; a small portion
only, where the mesophyll tissue also has been eaten, is visible from the
opposite surface as a dry brown patch. The larva thrusts its anal extre-
mity throuzh a hole in the lower surface of the mine to eject its frass and
the gallery is therefore kept clean. The larva is green, broadest across the
thoracic portion, tapering posteriorly, segments distinct ; head long, brown ;
only four pairs of prolegs. The larva leaves the mine before pupation and
forms a white cocoon, about 6 mm. long, on the surface of the leaf in any
convenient corner, often alongside a midrib on the upper surface of a leaf,

lod -
ae Acces
Fecha eal Sa blac a
>ophen
ndr
a andra , trey te Earke Ww |
Wilby ("43") og

io —_—_ =
< bod | — © saa | pbb
\
; i Te, eS One TK leaf.
: RK gu

4 hows 40 : oH

Ups eae J. eee poma lomento> :
4 7

PLATE XLI.

pisiyonind npAqosoory Aq pour snoipur snuniyy Jo sarvory

ne ee ae
oo. oe
2 &
——
= 4 >
= ’
:
t
-_
f 2
a

;

oe
A Pig:
’
=
> mm,

=e
é
-~
i

ver
nae |
1 ba
9
J
a
Pa
‘
A
a)
=
i
eo

PLATE XG.

"Daynsaod pyousoydcy Aq peurut qvjqn] soyoijog jo saavary

Ch a ae cael ame}: oe ie ee
ie Nie a eae bi gh
1c ae ee
whet hee its ae

Son vol Ghai ir dea priate atthe! noyh,

asians pet ah 142) oh

EAA MARISA. Deut ityd pho 0%, sone ulaae

‘SMI Ee Helene
meee pe! Fig teak 148 )p. ta) La, fh gS |
iu . all a hr ae Behind. n> Noor Le ak Ran

“Mebane eee. alee Miitaboaeba kins 9
Abc Wu RANE ftom Mawkidh gis kad Auraniti (sine
i,

Te

eT
ul A
, '

tol a

ae P

: aa Geers ay teres uf Schima Chitanole {Ravohottiiaces *
bi i eae Gin white cCanaiy iit dejweanite on. Sap ot teat, Bikcbe ngs
etre tap Aa cntintt NR Me, Btwewnt cud bit) Bo-atBes thy acen a
t pontioriogly §, Anal endl, Fuwenuds, bode women,
Ries dew Beta rico thon ervae toednt: Bad rasa 16a) Yay
‘tining Jeavce Ob Putrdjiler: geateyiifokoie {Winherbae Swi )y Gaye av ay ear |
haa Hari ony fad, and at hued Tawi larwe wiioing 2 Bihypagesshety
it a BPOGH IA (allow. Hinkel, rere. nek peislogy <n nw ity abdidvenivel
hope fulhgeawiy’ 1 leavee Vhs unite endbohrmyie a Mtmetowis eh

paar. He ee epi setan on the eat-or ial ayy italia cocact
thee! of the Tet) OY a eae, of Uh Tats, -{inww ‘taty

| : pps a re * felsy whet cater ewres” pit.
¥ Mya CLOG ue f Mine Sa : S. y ?
“ieee. « a ie ‘>
sme Tas bie : se one Faeroe Pax, at} fae ). see sta Ady os ms
* - om a. He VRAwIZE LS LOAN KS PLS itelin's ihe Bs | Gilind
| a ic. Suh, ity Eloy Cnet. Mua. it, ms Ie.

”

eid naire

| Th Oa Kyi, SRT OBE, ee
Pe ie 5 Meyir, j
7 — dtitiad From’ Ootarariind tiore the <a aie a ‘
ee i, al rerer | mace Ben. i

ia cnt Fer, Wore Witt
a lgting?y, pecans Ne, ee sisi yt re Sra
pi Pew), bat probally, widely rrr eee aca
a, 0 ( Caita haaderyy Wine. 2 ee tetas ain on a rs are iad
esi (Gittensdy. sivkdy. tapering. poalerurty ae
yal Fila onl ici eo AO car ae
ae of = ¥; Wwhaliy bleed: red +m | Me A aL enate iat : 1

-

S Tom pha a ss Coo X eee Ver. Agaic. Sma Dun. 3%, p-2 (tyr)
L er — trator, tram. Mm opha cantor )

Ci Rendda, Maye Wes Vertand rane bears 4 Acaca pp = Creo

PoneNispa |
Cootady witc bntble, the Epeaphate (Watt b-0-2 for Kem 407-413, fy, O1- igib }
Cy phone Cruden, Weyer cA
(hn-'pe) CBr ); Exe Ince. 1.40 {4a} cov Ara)

i C. Contromelia , Meryl Bret bce D196 49) 5

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 161

The dark-brown pupa protrudes from the cocoon on emergence of the moth,
(Insectary Cage-slip 1430 and Umrao Bahadur’s Cage-slip 112.)
NT HRAUST ICA (Meye \ Tec. bo). Pine N 39% | 1908 [x AA CLA re
STOMPHASTIS PhHReHtHCA,MEYR.

Stomphastis plectica, Meyr., Wytsm. Gen. Ins. fasc., 128, p. 19, tab., ff. 1, 26

(1912)(1), B. J., XXII, 122 (1914)(?).

Originally described from Karwar, in North Kanara('), Also recorded
from South Africa(?). We have it from Bankura, Pusa and Surandi (Tinne-
velly District).

“ Larva mining blotches in leaves of Sebastiana chamelea (Kuphorbiacee) ;
pupa in detached oval white cocoon in depression on top of leaf, preferring
the extreme tip (Maxwell) ’(?). Mr. Maxwell (tv litt.) describes the larva as
stout, tapering posteriorly ; head small, fuscous, body green.

This species has been reared from larve found at Bankura on 16th July
1917, mining leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia (Kuphorbiacee), one or several

ee

larvee being found in one leaf, and at Pusa from larvee mining “ bhagendra”’
leaf. Larva pale greenish-yellow, head brown, no prolegs on sixth abdominal
segment. When full-grown it leaves the mine and forms a flattened whitish
papery silken cocoon on any depression on the leaf or in any suitable corner.
The pupa wriggles out of the cocoon on emergence of the moth. (Insectary
Cage-slip 1609.)

The Tinnevelly specimens are labelled * from wild castor leaves ” ; pre-
sumably Jatropha is intended.

PARECTOPA COCCINEA, WLSM.

Gracilaria coccinea, Wism., in Swinh. Cat. Het. Oxf. Mus., II, 576 (1900)().
Macarostola coccinea, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 827 (1908)(?).

Described from Ootacamund where the larva is a leaf-roller on myrtle('),

ACROCERCOTS fe 4+
C¥PHOSTICHA CERULEA, MEYR. \ ‘ize

Cyphosticha cerulea, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 26 (1912)(') ; Proe. Second Entl.

Meeting, pp. 42, 56 (1917)( 2)> Toke , Gore TC metosy T ibs (Nw. 1920)

Described from Pusa(!), but probably widely distributed in the Plains ,
as we have it from Coimbatore also. Abe eur, ¢ Rp . eae x

4 JSeimt- utins :

“Larva somewhat flattened, slightly tapering ae ee greenish, ~ ¢
laterally pale yellow, with subdorsal reddish dot on each segment, head flat ;
when full-grown, becomes wholly blood-red : mining a whitish elongate blotch
in leaves of Crotalaria juncea (Leguminose) or a brownish blotch in leaves
of Vigna sinensis (Leguminose) ”’(!).

Eulop mde

aoe 78
c (AS Shes Lee
E nyse)

on rens iS
Te ae

162 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADE

Occurs commonly at Pusa and Coimbatore, mining in leaves of Cajanus
indicus(?) and Dolichos lablab(?).

Reh This species has been found at Pusa on numerous occasions, mining the

leaves of Dolichos lablab, Vicia faba, Phaseolus mungo, and Vigna catjang from

below the epidermal layer which turns brown or brownish-white. The mine
starts as a narrow irregular line but later on widens into a broad blotch which

i Shows up prominently on the leaf. (Plate XLII.) The larva is about 4 or

5 mm. long, rather flattened, segments sharply defined and slightly protrud-
ing laterally, tapering posteriorly from thoracic region, uniform reddish-
brown, the green contents of the alimentary canal visible along the length
of .the body, and with a red submedian stripe ; head flattened, smaller than
prothorax, light brown ; legs and prolegs well developed, reddish-brown ;
prolegs only on third to fifth abdominal segments, together with the
anal claspers. When full-fed, the larva emerges from the mine and
pupates in a white silken cocoon afforded by the folding of any portion or
by the side of a protruding leaf-vein. The pupa wriggles out through one
end of the cocoon before the moth emerges and the empty pupa-case is
left protruding from the cocoon. The pupa is about 3°5 mm. long, pale
yellow, eyes red, wings and last two abdominal segments whitish-yellow.
(Insectary Cage-slip 903, Dwarka Prasad Singh’s Cage-slips, dated 9th May
1914 and 16th April 1916, and Ram Saran’s Cage slips, dated 17th and
25th April 1916.)

GRACILLARIA ACIDULA, MEYR, (PLATE XLIII.) U5
Acrocercops acidula, Meyr., E. M. M., XLVII, 213 (Sept. 1911)(?).
Gracilaria acidula, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 26 (1912)(7), «., Le, I,

178 (1912)(°).

Described from Pusa(!). Larva on Albizzia stipulata (Leguminose)(').

‘““Mr. Fletcher informs me that the larva mines leaves of Phyllanthus
emblica (Euphorbiacee), not of Albizzia as originally stated through a mistaken
identification of a native name ’’(’).

This species is abundant at Pusa, the larvae mining in the leaflets of
compound leaves of amlak (Phyllanthus emblica). The larva mines a part or
a whole of a leaflet, usually on the under surface but also on the upper surface
of the leaf, which turns pale brown or deep brown where mined. The mine
usually commences near the apex of a leaflet as a narrow sinuous line which
expands into an elongate blotch towards the base of the leaflet. (Plate XLII,
fig. 7.) The upper epidermis is completely separated from the lower,
the intervening space being filled with blackish pellets of excrement. The

aa es

—

=

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII.

GRACILLARIA ACIDULA.

Moth, resting attitude, from side, natural size and magnified (x 16),

Pupa, natural size and magnified (x 16).

Twig of Phyllanthus emblica showing larval mines in leaflets and how
the leaflets are twisted up to form cocoons (natural size).

A twisted leaflet forming a cocoon, magnified (x 10).

Full-fed larva, natural size and magnified (x 16).

Moth, wings expanded, natural size and magnified (x 13).

GRACILLARIA ACIDULA.

\\ AN \ \

PLATE XLIII.

a

\i
}

eects tr.
cea

PLATE XLIV.

eS

OW
Fig. 1. Details of larva of Gracillaria acidula:—a, Head, from above, magnified
(x67) ; b. head, from below, magnified ( x 67) : c, antenna, highly magnified
333) : d, mesothoracic leg, right side, magnified ( x 67).

( SoD

Fig. 2. Gracillaria zachrysa:—a, Larva, natural size and magnified ( x 11)
(from a spirit specimen) ; b, pupa: c. moth, natural size and
magnified ( x 11).

Pan
~~ ta ¥ 5 «
ps « A
(

chia! foal es 4

meee Syaoneets gmegsaieel3 am nel nes
" pn we, Rane) sly ILS «er Thr eb >
“ad RRUD) “RERAHORE DP ns a
: a Pin = ow ‘ibe ‘eo ag Yet Mt ahG er i, eat
Bet diiete ce at UA, Aswe thy 85 Nee tinea : Crt k
Beirne ids og ‘ol ‘us leaflet rear the at | -

wip WDE, ei a fe hae e holes ‘) bout cn ‘nailer. neater, adi: ‘insg. nad ro
wa ue Al thy tahoe hoe twist the heat suntit tie “ nile “if i is Pad: ; .
i a Talos Cone. (Dhue 301: ae Bey Maree at tbh + eoges wien Ke

Capea ub ites teary rat yar ‘eadl Leek Hea ‘eo row of aunt fing WH hnnginng trea the
opi Niki, Ms “athe ALLE, Fit, Soe eto, Eel ebne a tit wi mM, sited cocedth

"ceelie And THWicle Las Aad! fee fanat ‘
Caner Bupa about eS: co S swnis, tory, woltoctrigal, bien 0 labia ARLE
y ae 2} In aha eg LAG fase pejerks byyind, the. vast
> Sxtromity, in WERK i, Maret yeas rt ety Vitae uae. of tha s Nas a

* ko’ Sonic echent be ree iia Miothe cotargs

‘ Be Ths moth rattan. the wstigi- { wactlarion “omonorandy® ey hal 6 eet
nea}, Sales a le iy H . » ’

a abort ‘brickly: Pinte Adial Pig be eh Cae es 0 ‘tnd. ans Marah
prod athe: and probably thromghoul the Fier, ear ae

-
ay

| | pied OT MUA BOCOPTNG TARA, TORN, :
. Gncibiria tr ig Pre thoy, Bet, Sy aeietiatieey: 1b94, w ay Mert, ae ro
r i Saks ie peg: Ft 25 GO > - ee ;
Doreen st apols a ef me
as Pads, ag Ev a ave sed Libis 7 5) ERE 4S
L, LAtriy,. Tam Tak. » BBE ls rity et nat at BE erin
j + = cap deer: Saitedi si ene 1 pavcher}e 228 9
teil Weare lon hoa sa poy > ib Kerinajtes ts uggs iy
wn out. Vinita *. nT hide Lt Ta TOP:
oO ae nO aes | ta pres hay
= f Haas Fat mY ~ eet. ia
} se Nirea | Coble te: muball. jeg viet ol Dale
| .) Jone | nh whi @it ie : AE pupils,” . a
white | eo aaa ite 6n & pe: | rey ae, ee? ane f -

Ue cea ae 4 “3 badinalo: ond
a Flas i 5g), jf .
a ae ne / ate past “ad

f+ :
» cu
‘

ih Piteed - 1 7
vO / ate te “ale >

Poca PLM worm) Kees y6. Ce, \Y %, p-30 (gee) vd oO kK e)

y
tye, Ex. min , a Le 3 De leds [eye od )
AnrenWya
bey Ex@ bee WwW Sou 1930) Li w/P TER. ,
leave Litton be Wi [Pasdenton 2) fs 0 A

gl Kroon Chenmecens ) [HuitSen ) 4 :

(ractlentn UGrchanrn hey xh i Sen (930) 2.) Raa.
C &d WW TE) he ee Kia bom m brfeu 4 Lesate

Tulkanjeva ‘Loxburght.’ (Euphever-ceee ) (Wurm) ) .

seats ofopuncfalta Maye Exo. wis, Wl 96 (914). [Bea they ie a
t Petey 6 enum 5 lob : io pus ims und ~ Dok bergn’s lied

CAA ort MLE he a eee
mee eae qj ented ins | WAT: 0 COA) Sec Comet HN
Oo &. CrnloowlaAs My hy OB Dak bargts seinem: Oe igus)
VK. \ Y= Sebs fervum fh eae (Exe. he. BT 410: Wye)
Tera lp , 4 GC mw Septum | wr dem
tape . ao Rm Cag a ee
I es Boga ts un $e Dw Paty gre f ot moe 4 |

(Exe hoe (L Aw-4i . 19-6)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 162

larvee are able to leave their mines freely and, if a branch is disturbed, almost
all the larvee leave their mines and walk about.

The larva is about 3 mm. long, cylindrical, very slightly tapering poste-
riorly, segments distinct, yellow, with thin scattered hairs ; head rounded,
yellow ; prolegs only on third to fifth abdominal segments, together with the
anal claspers. (Plate XLIII, fig. 5.)

When full-fed the larva leaves the mine through a round hole bitten
through the upper epidermis and twists another green leaflet into a cone to
form a pupal chamber. It first of all turns up the tip of the leaflet and fixes
its apex to one side of the upper surface of the leaf with silken threads ; it
then bites three or four small holes near the edge of the leaflet near the rolled-
up apex and a few more holes about one millimeter nearer the base and
proceeds gradually to bend and twist the leaflet until the whole of it is rolled-
up into a cone. (Plate XLIII, fig. 4.) Many of these cones may be
formed close together and look like a row of small fruits hanging from the
rachis. (Plate XLIII, fig. 3.) Inside the cone a thin white silken cocoon
is formed and inside this the larva pupates,

The pupa is about 2°5 to 3 mm. long, cylindrical, yellow. (Plate XLIII.
fig. 2.) In some examples the antenna-case projects beyond the anal
extremity, in others it barely projects. The pupa wriggles out of the cocoon
to some extent before the moth emerges.

The moth rests in the usual Gracillariad manner and waves its antenne
about briskly. (Plate XLIII, fig. 1.) It occurs at Pusa from March to
June and probably throughout the year.

n2c
GRACILLARIA OCTOPUNCTATA, (TURN ER.

Gracilaria octopunctata, Turner, Tr. Roy. Soc. 8. Austral., 1894, 123(1) ; Meyr.,
Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1907, 65(2), B. J., XVIII, 828 (1908)(3), Rec.
Ind. Mus., V, 227(4), Tr. N. Z. Inst., 1909, 73(°), U.c., XLVIT, 228 (1915)() ;x
Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 538 (1909)(7).

Originally described from Australia, where it is recorded from Queens-
land(® °). Also known to occur in the Kermadec Islands(* *) and in Africa(®).
Within our limits it has been recorded from Pusa(*), the Khasi Hills(3),
Darjiling(*), and North Coorg(’)._ We have it from Pusa, Lebong (Darjiling),
and Bassein Fort (Bombay).

The larva rolls the small leaves of Dalbergia sissu, forming a small mass
of often dry leaves in which it lives and pupates. The pupa is sometimes in
a web of very white glistening silk on a leaflet(7).
12

164 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADZ

At Pusa it has been reared from a pupa found on Polygonum [? accidental
pupation-place] and from larve found on 14th August 1906 rolling leaves of
Dalbergia sissu (Leguminose). Sometimes several leaves are joined together
and these masses of leaves are found to be dry and rotten. The larva was
described as 6 mm. long, flattened, very slightly tapering posteriorly, yellowish-
green ; head pale, prothorax with many small black spots. Pupation takes
place in a rolled leaf, the pupa being 5°5 mm. long, brown. The pupal period
is about six days. (A. Mujtaba’s Cage-slip 8.)

;
GRACILLARIA ZACHRYSA, MEYR. (PLATE XLIV, FIG. 2.) v.49
Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 983 (1907)(), l.c., XVIII, 829 (1908)(?),

Wytsm., Gen. Ins. fasc., 128, p. 29, tab., f. 4 (1912)(3) ; Meyr., Exot. Micr.,

II, 179 (1918)(4) ; [nec Busck, Insec. Inscit. Menstr., III, 42-43 (1915)=

azaleella, Brants]. > Tian Cree. Earl (meting T. 163 | Noy. (920 |

Originally described from Maskeliya in Ceylon(!). “‘ Recently bred in
India from larvee making cones on leaves of apple (Pyrus malus) (Fletcher).
Hence I was led to discover that azaleella, Brants (—azalew, Busck), bred
from Azalea indica imported from Japan into Europe and North America,
and probably a native of Japan, is really quite distinct from zachrysa, and
I was mistaken in asserting the contrary (4).

This species probably occurs throughout the apple-growing districts of
Northern India, the larva feeding on young leaves of apple and being at times
a considerable pest. We have it from Parachinar, Peshawar and Abbottabad
and from Shillong, and I have seen attacked apple-leaves at Ramgarh
(Kumaon).

In its early stages the larva mines the leaf, but later on it leaves the
mine and folds, or more rarely rolls, a young leaf. The attack is first noticeable
as a rusty-yellow irregular blotch on the under side of a leaf. The enclosed
larva is not visible on holding the leaf up to the light but on opening up the
blotch it is found as a pale greenish-yellow or greenish-white larva with very
strongly-defined segments, tapering anally. The larva mines on the lower
surface of the leaf, often several in one leaf, sometimes as many as four or
five. The gallery proceeds along and parallel with the interior (7.e., nearest
to the midrib) side of a vein, apparently starting at the inner end and working
outwards. When fresh, the mine is green and inconspicuous, slightly shiny
like a snail-track ; it is filled with leaf-hairs and usually contains frass at the
outer end. Later on, the larva bites a hole through the upper surface of the
mine and leaves it. Apparently after the larva has left (? due to growth of
the leaf) the mine usually forms a puckered fold in the leaf-surface, At one

ees. Rg mophenes hep ExW hee an (192%) Fe

P oO)
PO Waren ke nw Pe es ae “
“Wao aw ne mining U wit:
HAN ( IrnwcaD Ve cane ) © “St 4. Odynn
tM D ©)
ee Pee Ant betra , hey, Exer- bec. Wh | an (192%) op ee | ooo

| 8
hea ¢ inncong f— enti feerens a CLA ee has “8 fr Tenetum (Verbenncene )

Buataaty icles Mie Rowri ie Tee dotay (Gs) B biog Ieplhadte Leawe.
CA deny f—~ —~ Cnyate wel WE Cote wh Ave

tec (tabble, me wv, fee ~ Crepe, low o
may dase ce ed A hy

Sug Wes fred SS Rim bracwen |}

oe eae mad ps : ek. Exa, Pen if Ng ('g16) S. ee . ees puny’ o
Moan Exam mie. Tw 4g (931) © We ete ne
Us “3 a? a en Lae! ee Arr Ko an" (hanna cent ) SS wel ate nann

Cn VW es Te. tA i
Un wn bo © Pere Rice etapa tT ES ES, Cee Cotneke ,

é z | (ts = ditin + a crm wy aL, ~
0» [enh 1 Men SS) Angie es tae i _ 2
iy v7 f nas + frdveur (ranreun ) )

Le pes nouns, deve
a ind sed he “ee

‘ ; &. 28 «i a “ 34 i. oSpevs.. (ik jiahg's nde — owe
. pee =~ gers Lacey i iE ah WS hed,

j ' 4 ‘ey % A is few we ‘> os .
dane a oV Lt ore Ke Se nig Meas ical kg: er —s

Nilen, SR ste,

oe I ¥ 1 nye 45 ry ALA ar arey *
—, ry +( Hy -
whe s' nt th oh be oo

; = j aoe “ a a yas hd ni me
2 : faces canoe re i eTiack | aFeG, TT fects. Akensh
‘ ; ? i eee ip ee Saf "a
= OAne tte, Vo a! Se ee
= 1 adhe ‘2 & ee Fie nah MY Cie rte
or ieee’ * thle oe Spar aha a
3 Bd aes “aint Sa a

ies aa ok - te asa! ae | : a4
; aa Ti i, aa wr 'Ugia i SOR

a x ta x , y ‘ re WG
A 7 <) '
te “ 4 ;

“ . i ti aa
** i ‘ @ Wt? yt f : ea |
org Aas Re ath bs wate Sas eft mu ootatl xd mgs Seat 4 Then ot

are ee Thi a ti ary Tn bey \ -
AN oa ‘ ee a ae ee . “Yi id, me Lk:

la ont ~ ghar i { pegged _ swe Pe Re | st gohibe: ae S ‘ “erent a

ae

resets ; 4
ee) 53S) es ~~ ere shinee) yr vaeree amr me Cae eS irre J8. aa |
wv, Sr i - 4 € i rs, “vary
Paes. *. fe aud? Sexyiie’ Rie > peed + = ,= Oe Ped “st ow oth
~s, ’ d es : % 2
( ' : - tt Pe Veen ae} R } ae Sai iti. pel ' oat *
sae 7 : d 7 ’ he ey
.
; ao'F? |
P = n e : 2 > '
. « a :
. sy
me ; ~~ « 4 bere Bw
y | A « ;
vies Te
7 - aan | (Se YA
s yea Wale

£

PLATE XLV.

fy
: mie

Ls {brown )

. cocoon

fold cn
leat;
= old
mene
along
yen

irregular

brown patch;

leaf-suxface
eaten away.

epvdermes of upper leaf

Set face (orange - gellew).

Apple leaves showing damage by larva of Gracillaria zachrysa:—a, leaf showing
mines, fold, and patch eaten. 6, Lower surface of leaf showing cocoon. c,
older leaf with young larva. Leaf opened out. The portion sewn together (upper
surface) marked with dotted line. Portions of epidermis of leaf nibbled by
larva (whitish), marked in black. d, Young leaf. Edges sewn together longi-
tudinally. e, Half-grown leaf containing larva, completely folded along edges,
opened up, showing method of feeding of larva.

| “gt i ae
| ‘ . é {
ie ?
th 7

rT
\ , e

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 165

end of the mine the upper surface of the leaf turns rusty-yellow ; otherwise
the mine is only. visible from above by the fold in the leaf. Sometimes, when
near the edge of a leaf, the edge is folded over to form a sort of trough in
which the mine lies ; it is not possible to say whether this is done deliberately
by the larva or whether it is caused by the natural growth of the leaf. After
leaving the mine, the larva ties up a young leaf longitudinally, the edges of
the leaf being joined together over the upper surface on which the larva feeds
in its bag-like shelter, nibbling patches out of the epidermis of the leaf, the
attacked portions turning rust-coloured. The leaf-hairs are detached and
piled im a mass which is often mingled with frass to form a long roll and this
is characteristic of the attack even when the leaf contains no larva, which is
apparently often eaten by spiders and birds. More rarely, the larva makes
a shelter by turning over a portion of the edge of a leaf. The adult larva is
unicolorous, pale green or yellowish-green, segments less distinct than in the
younger (mining) stage and it does not taper anally so perceptibly.

The larva leaves the leaf to pupate in an elongate-oval cocoon of white °*
silk in which the pupa is dimly visible. In captivity the cocoon is spun in
any convenient angle and under natural conditions it has been found on the
lower surface of a leaf, where it was placed in a slight fold formed by drawing
the leaf together to form a trough, the edges of the trough being kept in place
by white cross-threads.

GRACILLARIA THEIVORA, WLSM.

Gracilaria theivora, Wism., Ind. Mus. Notes, II, 49 (1891)(') ; Watt and Mann,
Tea Pests, pp. 228-232, ff. 23-25 (1903)(?); Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 829
(1908)(2) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 538 (1909)(4): Murine Pre. EAC trent 1163 (Nov. 92
Described from Pundaluoya in Ceylon('), where it has also been found

at Madulsima(3) and Maskeliya(). Lefroy(*) states that it occurs in India

also. Watt and Mann also record it from Assam, Darjiling and the Kangra

Valley(?) and we have it from Lebong and Margherita.

~The larva feeds upon tea (Camellia theifera).

“ The egg is deposited near the midrib and on the under surface of the
leaf. On hatching, the minute caterpillar is at first a leaf-miner. It eats
along, in a somewhat tortuous course, towards the margin. It then escapes
and then becomes a leaf-roller, and subsequently causes the margin of the
leaf, for half an inch to an inch in length and perhaps less than one-eighth
of an inch in breadth, to turn over itself. Within that enclosure it commences
to eat the epidermis of the enclosed portion. Shortly after, however, it
m‘grates to a fresh leaf and now commences its more vigorous action. The

166 IFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADA

overturned margin dies, and gives to the leaf a withered, discoloured and

torn appearance...... The insect im fact, during its larval existence, repeatedly
changes its house and thus destroys a large number of leaves” ...... Larva

minute, yellowish-white, about 13 mm. long, with prolegs only on third to
fifth abdominal segments, with the anal claspers. The larva carefully sews
“up the leaf as it rolls it round and when the conch-shell-like structure, thus
formed, has been completely wound up and firmly bound together at both
ends, the caterpillar proceeds to eat the leaf from the tip downwards. As
it progresses, the excretory matter is carefully packed on one side, and parti.
tioned off by a fold of the margin of the leaf brought down for that purpose.
When the contained portions of the leaf have been devoured, the operation
of winding up the leaf still further is renewed. Coil after coil is made, but
usually not more than half the leaf is eaten. The insect then migrates and
commences once more to roll a leaf around itself’. ‘‘ When mature, the
caterpillar spins a small silken cocoon about one-quarter of an inch long and
little more than one-sixteenth in breadth. This will be found within depres-
sions of the leaf or under the lee of a midrib. It opens by a circular mouth
to allow of the escape of the perfect insect ’’(?). [This last pomt would seem
to require verification. |

GRACILLARIA SOYELLA, DEV.
Gracilaria soyella, van Deventer, Tijds. voor Ent., XLVI, 22-25, t. 2 fi allen

(1904)(1).

Gracilaria acrotherma, Meyr., B. J., XVIII, 830 (1908)(?).
Gracilaria soyella, Fletcher, Entl. Note 88 (1916)(%); Proc. Second Entl.

Meeting, p. 42 (1917)(4)3Yuran ae Fok thai 1165 (Nev. igzo)

Originally described from Java(!), this species has also been recorded
from Colombo(?) and Hakgala(?), in Ceylon. It is probably common through-
out the Plains of India, as it occurs freely at Pusa(?) and Coimbatore() on
Cajanus indicus(*) and has also been reared at Pusa from Phaseolus mungo.

Larva in leaves of Soya hispida in Java(!), on Cajanus indicus and Atylosia
candoller in Ceylon(?). It is said to mine the leaves of Cajanus imdicus in
Ceylon(?), but this is probably an error, as in India the larva has been noted
on this plant both at Pusa and Coimbatore and found to roll up the tip of
the leaf, each end of the chamber so formed being fastened down with silk.
The larva turns over the apex of the leaf, usually on to the under surface, and
fastens it down with silk and doubles and redoubles the fold until it has made
a shelter within which it lives and feeds on the epidermis of the leaf, the
interior of the cone being filled with excrement, The larva is about 6 mm,

Co

: stata eee iroch “te ce
legis Me eid positions’ fF Wyma bolic ‘Phpation

ita

fy within bs plioseh hee ken qalieant bis whieh iho pay fe aufindet
pn ed vives eid endl Of thi pape) Pape: abet > am. Loy eet
) Ledeen Lhotacic region, cal wegterient: Sneniehesl sarealiy
ns a brows, in puitertoe ase pokbertor martina, Of apinetia hater,
teylengtow thicker and moon dintiness Gitar rows af helnt vine
fom. Hin: veaprut anatace but ate ph tnialer The pupal period

oot

ps
oe
G
al
a

a

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. ‘ee

wis tight days ib Febenary and ie or sowed dapyw in tas. This peeme

=
ices:

4 ner rt ou hout the yaar at Puss on ( lajwins whic dae Micomesit ee prin rage,
‘ a GAG dete 1409;)

bs ws is bbe
, _ pty
Pas 7 GHACILLALA tata, evn.
Soe jee

dali, Meyr,, Exot. Mice 1, 26-17 914i,")
mpedk fram Pérodeniy uw, Where it- waa ured in Apel. from darviy on

is Ren )

Ay Sake, vey,
GRACIA LA ? POPPE IROLIEELA, NLETRS

Ae br
>

n'y be <.
| | vine he eoveajfolieths, Nietoor, Obs. on Entisinw of Catien-tree 1 Caves, th aq
“py | al ney ye I CISBONS) > Movie, Leg. feyhae, TO, GUS (1ReTe)s
» Med. Phan. Java, XLAY) 3 CR Mev.
be RIN, se (i0°)°,
i Orig My described fron favion(') : alm corded Poot Javalty,
ae! ey MOM OO beccomendn ax x jeafwiwer in cdtlon,: Bab the WMeaitity of
i Spo | Somnceriwd iy very Goubttni(?),
| BM: tne. PMatnonly forind in coffee Leuied in' oft thé codiod- prowing
str: ‘een Inia, but 1 fers never heen, alice ty breed any gothd
end gpiwt of, phos ccanoucl heave contuined Digterone Inever

ia

dae htt rie
w the r¢ PRG NE ay wit Sephoarn

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’ ny cuattey w cacelytby psi teod is Sule, Ane
ririty « nm & leaf brungist chai fa hap
Jouve te n dees apes
| ae sahsiadiah i. after. cata heme
t . m The insect: then 4 yi ‘igrab
feat. aqpund Stack SOWRae aaaae
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' | é found ae thin dent
y em A A cizoulive il
(2 This 1 A jabs i ai
a iz? 5 7
By Rohit
KLEE, 22-5 tees
Vit 1WIS}(4) ee) _
WS (OIG. 7 roe,’ Second fy
ai * tthe in hye} eae
a ‘i mies has ak seh record
a is probably cévanetl sali
& TTOOR To LT r(*) ond. Coirabab of
rom Ph meclthe § ning urge
rninien wo eee
i sn
. i formed ma : fal tened: dan nee
nf maser we thie ‘et
md redoubias ‘the ¢ fold untih)

. : ' vy ' nat

aie ‘on the gp ic nt
ts ona
ur" fait eres 1h, ee tncyn bs
: ; 2 i. ae , ae = is
Ap ya
* ; L) rf i) % ‘ ie. Xs

a Vie

=
ae

1. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER Gry ly

long, slender, cylindrical, uniformly pale yellow in colour, with only four : neg tl tale
pairs of prolegs. Many larvee are parasitized by a small Chalcidid. Pupation Sankt Irygen
may take place within the cone or outside of it in any suitable depression Ga a Fave, uss
on a leaf, within a yellowish-white silken cocoon to which the pupa is attached bom. a
by four processes on the anal end of the pupa. Pupa about 5 mm. long and 5 7 _ >y- bp

: . . . oho t
about 1 mm. broad across thoracic region, each segment furnished dorsally aaa es
f 5 bo) do Ape tr vy °

those of anterior row thicker and more distinct ; similar rows of hairs are fp. 287°

present also on the ventral surface but are much fainter. The pupal period

is about eight days in February and six or seven days in June. This seems
to occur throughout the year at Pusa on Cajanus indicus and Phaseolus mungo.

(Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 646 and 1409.)

va
GRACILLARIA ISELAA, MEYR.

Gracilaria iselea, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 286 (1914)(').

Described from Peradeniya, where it was bred in April from larvee on

Spondias mangifere(').

hina he tany \8V5 ;
GRACILLARIA ? ? COFFEIFOLIELLA, NHEETN,

Gracilaria coffecfoliella, Nietner, Obs. on Enemies of Coffee-tree in Ceylon, p. 24
(1861)(1) ; Z.c., p. 16 (1880)(2) ; Moore, Lep. Ceylon, III, 525 (1887)(*) ;
Koningsberger, Med. Plant. Java, XLIV, 2 (1901)(*); Meyr., B. J.,
XVIII, 832 (1908)(°).

Originally described from Ceylon(') ; also recorded from Java(‘).

Larva said to be common as a leaf-miner in coffee, but the identity of
the species concerned is very doubtful(*).

Mines are commonly found in coffee leaves in all the coffee-growing
districts in Southern India, but I have never been able to breed any moths
out of them, and most of those examined have contained Dipterous larvee.

‘ ; 7 ; ‘ 7 5 a
atl rea oie tal i 2 Des
a iH it } yd 7k : aie ; we ne ae «
A; ih i f\ ois ¢ la if ” Wario: ‘ A

Jan i

ee MEMOIRS © OF THE:
EF BPARTHENT OF "AGRICULTURE

ae
A wy

an IN INDIA — |

a a
' wn 7 ny

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a ce

a ie
aie vires “
_ at a a ‘ it
uy ¢

Brat é P

a “ay
* ure HISTORIES OF INDIAN TNenets ba
| MICROLEPIDOPTERA

=v EPERMENIAD2, VLUERLLIDA ANT LYONPEADAL
Sa

. BE

OF. BAINGRIGGH PLINER, KN, LS, PRS, BLS

bmporial Dutomoliarsd

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2o

November 1920. ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES. Vou. VI, No. 7.

MEMOIRS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA

VII. EPERMENIADA, PLUTELLIDA AND LYONETIADA

LY
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S

Imperial Entomologist

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY

THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2, CrezEp Lanz, LONDON

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PLATE XLVI.

Idioglossa triacma:—a, Leat of Commelina bengalensis showing larval mine ; 6, leaf
of Commelina bengalensis showing tunnei through which larva moves from
one side of the leaf to the other ; c. larva, natural size and magnified ( x 13) ;
d, pupa, natural size and magnified ( x 13) ; e, moth, natural size and magnified
(20-53).

SON Mare! Via ae Pk bs
a Pe thay
pide nes i \ My Ry,
aw De wi : sell ad i ' - f- ;,
ae. | el : : he #
*, aes wan a 4
a L ne
i rn | 2
iy Pad
» Na
_*.

Pies sasrontus OR IN DYAN INSECTS
fo MICROLKPIDOPTERA.

© BAINBAIGOE FL ANS, FES, ZS,
‘4 wiper Parigipohugic’. :

nmnans fur See ca DOR sie raj8

¥

fe bch): eo ng B w Bite. ea guldiah oP ite ee
Meine or ‘Twthwdasot the lead, ‘kept of the nn ieee
ene elccnscit the webs oy ‘Sithgs iclaud of :thetest pre ee
te the lex! twit and: the larva une, these lkerantine
be ot ese ie tek pa :

eae

Hy Moyi., Woot, Mice, 1, ses SEs eS |
‘Weeeribed from the Khasi TORS. Wnts cpetion bas Bal rentad
| ire re aE panel aa.
oe gee) ibn cr fal 5 Soe ed i
a0 hed tha Vite! it fis acobee to both Talvet a? te Rige > *
Tents “Se fs ‘a whit tisaeld of thie Te keaving etre gphge

Mpatiee sot, ov i ot ere

pron

wor

» 2)
: >
Ve ae -
wer s
a es 7

TCs

‘*

idioetivwe tance t—a, Lent ol“ Coinstrcebine hengulensis showing 1

“eh onemetine. henge liedisie sho win) fannie through which:

_ ae ntdr of ie foal tothe other s/c, Iara natorhh sie ind:
7d Pere, Sangre Began eRe aN mens .

tbat, ‘ : “dh

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

VII. EPERMENIADA, PLUTELLID/ AND LYONETIADA.

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.ZS.,
Imperial Entomologist.

[Received for publication on 29th June 1919.!

EPERMENIADAL

~

EPIMARPTIS PHILOCOMA, MEYR. |<< “420 ¢-4!5 )
Epimarptis philocoma, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 776 (1914)(!), Exot. Micr., II, 69

(1917)(2).

Described from Karwar, North Kanara, from a single specimen reared
in September(!). Since recorded from the Khasi Hills(?).

“ Larva reddish (including head) ; lives in a white web on midrib of an
unknown plant, the web ‘being on both sides of the leaf, kept off the surface
by little pillars of excrement ; the webs on either surface of the leaf are con-
nected by holes through the leaf itself, and the larva uses these alternative
abodes as-a means of escaping observation, dodging through the holes with
much agility ; cocoon separate, close to midrib, oval, resembling a_ bird-
dropping *(").

IDIOGLOSSA TRIACMA, MEYR. (PLATE XLVI.)
Idioglossa triacma, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 77-78 (1913)(!).

Originally described from the Khasi Hills, this species has been reared
at Pusa from larvae: found on 14th November 1916 nibbling leaves of Commelina
bengalensis (Commelinaceze). The larva forms a tunnel across the midrib
of the leaf and through this tunnel it has access to both halves of the blade
of the leaf. It feeds on one epidermis and tissue of the leaf, leaving the other
epidermis entire and, over the part it feeds on, it spins a white silken webbirg.

170 LIFE-HISTORIES OF PLUTELLIDZ

~ so that it can live and feed hidden under this webbing. (Figs. a, b.) The larva
is about 4 mm. long and about 0°75 mm. broad, cylindrical, creamy white ;
head yellow, shiny, somewhat retractile into prothorax ; prothorax with an
indistinctly chitimized integument ; prolegs minute, five pairs present. The
moths emerged between 24th November 1916 and 15th February 1917.

AMPHITHERIDA.

This family has been established by Mr. Meyrick (Exotic Micr., 1, 154 ;
Dec. 1913), to contain a small group of species developed from the Plutellide.
The only Indian genera are Agriothera and Telethera, whose early stages are
unknown.

PLUTELLIDZ.

ACROLEPIA MANGANEUTIS, MEYR. (PLATE XLVII, FIG. 1.)

Acrolempa manganeutis, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 149(1913)(1) ; Fletcher, Entl.
Note 90, f. 17 (1916)(?), Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 297 (1917)(?).
Described from Calcutta, the Khasi Hills, and Ceylon (Maskeliya)(‘).

Also from Ootacamund(?).

Larva on stored yams (Dioscorea) in Caleutta(! ?). Pupa in net-work
cocoon.
PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS, CURT.

Cerostoma macwipennis, Curtis, Brit. Entom., EX, t. 420, expl., p. 2 (1832)(!).

Plutella cruciferarum, Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1V, 281-283 (1843)(?) ; Quanjer,
Tijds. voor Ent., 1906, pp. 11-17, t. 1-2(°).

Plutella maculipennis, Wism., Fauna Hawa, I, 652-653 (1907)(4) ; Lefroy,
Ind. Ins. Pests, p. 152, ff. 170-171(5), Ent. Mem. Agri. Dept. India,
I, 225, £. 69(°), Ind. Ins. Life, p. 538, f. 345(7) ; Meyrick, Ree. Ind. Mus.,
V, 229(8), Catal. Plutell, p. 59 (1914)(9); Fletcher, S. Ind. Ins., p. 464,
f, 340 (1914)(!°), Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp, 276, 277, 280, 282,
283 (1917)(11), Mae. 0 Gard hate, 1. the (Bhov. \yr0)

This cosmopolitan species occurs throughout the world everywhere that
man plants cabbages. Jt is abundant throughout our limits.
The eggs are laid singly on leaves. The full-grown caterpillar is about

8 mm. long, moderately stout, attenuated at each extremity, smooth, with

short scattered bristly hairs; in colour pale-green with a pale-brown head

and prothoracic shield. Pupa in a slight silken cocoon of open net-like
texture; pupal period about ten days. On cabbage, cauliflower, radish,
mustard and other eruciferous plants, the larva eating holes im the leaf(!®).

>

x

Aras to (tee p. R21, --e@ )
Arstepia gremlin nel.

C.tS. Faas NN Afvtca >
“Enea Sun: Cha ie iiss Eu. 3 et - UosrenhG (\o33 )

~ Rinna.
ge (Neting ; lowre fv, )
@ kee ek Canta, mimep leno Tints dyaeNevien ,
T hetensum » BuphiOrteum

Ceo fun .
ea (Se

eee a eee pawn Fee: N, )i 5 TS ce lL, Ans Ave phar ed Vcen i
Ady Ra niin

ntwrle, mae S ee ee 4 es Wg
a Ge | 4. tor = 16d)

Timac ts fans RE yak. vey Cop oem Po as
Anna ) cae CW Cyr

—

<a _ CaSp<. Lhe, | ma Aha,
(| dberns ooernte ) ;

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ie ahodt :£ tigh, Mis ak obo, 70 le ae ‘

sett pollay, bing, samnken bat tetractile: Situe ttt ;
o ‘seaetine ly) Ghitiegiredds Gorwawinens., pralede ost tn
. ne ee. ne Nuvuhnbiee ch cans Oe

os oe o of be - . -

This teas Pies bec ee infor side ;
Te 2 TOA te Pov aie ‘anil grOUp OF Syn wd

ph dhe, at na uaply Sag inst. gener dune geeathieres i

: natal AMPA: (ecet) Jdtetadlr. Se mi (ie ey eo ee er
Senet jyite) nai DLE TERED A,” Ge gee ee

jonenttinte’, cast sare art onadan

Arvnlepie VAMP ict NARS x. i “ Bi: Bilston ance eaten)
Nite LST VSG IS) Pei Racin Watt, “Waarina, pT A ane ae
Boseriiiid: frond Calcutta, “thik Ciba EM, hala Usylon (Mag

Alnor fis Cmtagadiindc(*)
Vaarts ay) Bertie fe Didaennait) 3 balenttac't 5 Pape! a,

COLOR. =: ae

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ae . 25. woe, Mey Fatih Vacs 42:

Le ae Lieb tect) Lae thee iyeanoee
ce. vour Has,, si! em n Eternia “hy

Lain, Ketoprse Bin peed gee

ie We cng ‘eceedd Fo egeaene f

t Asi 4 ‘hes Tudistas. bife! po O88) 6 MGC) f abieRCh eT

HY, Boy, Vat al Tee, poe ae e ve laagte peng

rset £ SLAG a Pune, _Secand, Bald. Movshig. tipy 26, a a8
K 5 a3 Seat ee at a etal + ag Bad ua). ae he | ae, ms
A tits cusitigpititen Spewe asears theo albu She vorld «cry a hed)

hia Rotts ca bbagea. ” ele: airman’: ‘Mipohghomt: olit fabian on ae
The se xo laid Sangh lanier)” ive falbgroain: oe |

Beas. toni," nindernbels Gout. atteiupted ate cai ecationrt

t ‘hort <dtrersd-Aniathe Hats ¢ in: culotr pelea, with» stl Meee >
“wc pegehirranhe <tielll Bape fee a -elighh SMME oe sea ea:

tuxtucs sympa’ pened -gbaut : ten ive Op. vein | Capaatlcwery'y

. vhastan® on othe, apne

PLATE XLVI.

j ()

Fig. 1. Acrolepia manganeutis:—(The outline figures show the natural sizes.)

— Hi \ NI =

or

Fig. 2. Leucoptera sphenograpta:—a, Twig of Dalbergia sissu showing larval
mines in leaves and cocoon on terminal leaf ; b. larva : c, pupa: d, moth,
natural size and magnified ( x 15).

Snr a, a ite ‘a 4
: vo

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=
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e. Ft
am -. F ‘
ee ae : fe
Mees bi
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= _ cal y : Pr > ro ‘ a gee ee? a7 a
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PLATE XL

= Ties ieee aca a

eae

PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII.

PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA.

Twig of Citrus with leaves mined by larvx, natural size.

Leaf of Citrus, mined by larve. On right-hand side the larva is seen in
the mine. On left-hand side, near tip of leaf, the edge is bent over
to form a cocoon for pupation of the larva which has quitted the
mine (natural size).

Larva, natural size and magnified ( 17).

Pupa, natural size and magnified ( 17), from side. A dorsal view of
posterior extremity of pupa is also shown.

Moth, position at rest, natural size and magnified (x 17).

Moth, wings expanded, natural size and magnified (x 17).

“Ste a

en rien

~

to waiv Isatoh A

(TL x) boi

ATE x) boiticn

acting eovsol ddiw assts’
~osvisl yd boats eset

. Bt

PRYEROCNISTIS. CITRELEAS

D hatloceversgt, santos Sita” mantis me

te OS, gail taf Th") Shisteasee a

J
| tach Pumas ares os Comittee ors
a aah, eg ei, evi oe te iy (Samat)

Tevever Lath nA coke | Lathe grt ‘ sac amg
Eg. A anides. mretod nt Tits id; oct
Tare wit! bar BY Clade ows) =i wn Sent) coli aa Paretd
to Fepag plana, “Moth Ratha in Shectedd pation whet Ube. Tepe asl
ete ears tall iateinit Vobratey’ at Misa) when tyew lewyen Wire! jie Tete, eae
ae lay Unie egy. 4 ningde pal ede Gweach Walle '(?)
- Thy hapa lo Re » hgdad wig
Sepa 1 Many hy sg A Ue m3 rg ody (ape Ne eager neal
a brit BSUS % am -. ha ) i ek. akon 2 noe
“4s ot tee

: yhay ¥ k
oy, the y, Me ; ae ee
Circa aia Regn paug “4 inns ; LY i Bertie nc dat

” iy dears hisva: Waew yet rth Apel soi Sg weed Bb ne Be
aie ak

PITAL ES GH SCC A RN, NYT ea a eee _
| Digi. Cr Pyhianinn, Meye,, Toot. Wier, d, S4T-e Ta gent nih i
s a paneeivel, Tron Nari’ Kania", -Leva ising Reet, Brak ei an

ne) — seyla nein);
Pay Leas oman ANKE, WEP», Sea a on

Oe dcr Movt,, Mot) Maw, 7, #48 TOL), r me
oan a Rearend. fa North Kisdara, Slay brow Larter pis hiotednea ty a hie hen -
7 ;. Aeadriiphive were inital (Taupureay’y A ay.
MaE oe o ; * ma
er PUN OCR ATOLL A, CFO. AA NEP, Rt ee role saath
igeretie) Statnlon, Th Boi dm ey WE WAAR \2e0aWs; 7 Maye,
hops SB Rie Muy, Hi, Sdortys Hinedher me, neh, Sie. p.m. $00.06, See oe
Be EVAN; Racherlord, Trop, Agro, KELL aes Gil ITN ean
Peabo Sotond nth Mooring, jy 20, MRO, 26 (LOLA H MC Mahan Meg 2, Se Ne
ee nee, eee ee
Ma, Caplan, fant vices 1), ard tow, abiertiews ey eA

padov tien Mrvdnecd wit jee fgodphant,

ve ¥

{
Ne Ba } ! BI c af aA iE = BSR
On ina Mes Se , une, ) Ty feuas o Bex } Bk, a” oe Re. KIV {3% x. 1S, a fre ;
1) <a » i ——~ Ya) ste (9Ud
LK, | x be - Se . An Le mg = : nv Maw cs ‘ Sod 5s 0Cen, < 52 rinctien

Wemyss GCG & |
\ thirn one he MWeDatan car Rumi dams Wen, } hse cca Apvce _)

Lencop Gre bitro cama, Meye |
L Ba ar Kees Kor.” QD neath ttlewrtern, dort Enel dt reers
priate hh a pelle WO ee cots yg lent 4g Mnowasnta! ieee
| Reba ceae ) ) [Unsing Metin Vilas pm der, vii « dm Line 4 xctemensg
Dm OKA bide 9 WON) oD met, too Imeselr bras here.
Verne 5 pps a UROE AeaZD Cocwmm = onavde TE 5 by
bene ule Ls, (Maxvet) huge, Exetrathee, TT 26s 1926

hence pra Cro by alia , mewe.. Exsr- Irie. TH Lbs (1926) CS... Kawa. .
LD. ets pnt a Mtn, ue. Ae veins aes TY ana
‘eat 4 Tata Sndcea ( Ribveceae } \ EK Meme JTree ato
pet. Bde SGotsm 2a A picocerme . Ex Rem Kitten £ pros cwrs ,

br Ywotiner by ke pence 9 Eo ocerpired fgr.)

T. BAINBRIGGE PLETCHER 171

LYONETIAD.
LEUCOPTERA SPHENOGRAPTA, MEYR. (PLATE XLVII, FIG. 2.)

Leucoptera sphenograpta, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 108-109 (1911)('); Lefroy, Ind.

Ins. Life, p. 539 (1909)(?).

Described from Multan(!) and Pusa('). We have it from Pusa, Peshawar,
Lyallpur and Asanso! ; doubtless it occurs throughout the Plains of Northern
India wherever eee sissu QLOws.

Larva mining blotches in leaves of Dalbergia sissu(').

Larva mining leaves of Dalbergia sissu, at times extremely destructive
to young plants. Moths abundant in the cold weather when the leaves of
the sissu fall [about February at Pusa]; when new leaves are put forth, they
lay their eggs, a single small egg on each leaflet(?).

The larva mines a blotch near the edge of a leaf of Dalbergia sissu, prac-
tically all the new leaves being affected in some years. When fresh, the
mine is not very evident but later on it turns brown and is then conspicuous.
The moths are common at Pusa throughout the winter and often occur in

: countless thousands about the end of April, two months after the new Dalbergia
leaves have been put forth.

‘ 7T { ‘ aN 2S py j Wy 2, Se So ~rI14 |
i the Cotbed dar. PHYLLOCNISTIS CHRYSOPHTHALMA, MEYR. eg P a
(4 gah ) Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma, Meyv., Exot. Micr., I, 347-248 (1915)(‘). K on - AU |)

Described from North Kanara('). Larva mining blotches m leaves of
Cinnamomum zeylanicum(?),

PHYLLOCNISTIS CIRRHOPHANES, MEYR. {| Seg 420 - *!4

Phyllocnistis cirrhophanes, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 348 (1915)(*).
Reared in North Kanara in May from larvee mining blotches in leaves

17
iad

of Alseodaphne semecarpifolia (Lauracew)(').

PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA, STT. (PLATES XLVIII, XLIX.) /See odie p. rit

Phyllocnistis citrella, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n. s.), III, 302-303 (1856)(!) ; Meyr.,
Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 1909, 360(?); Fletcher, S. Ind. Ins., pp. 465-466,
f. 341 (1914)(?): Rutherford, Trop. Agric., XLII, 49- pe (July 1914)(° Ne

Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, pp. 209, 210, 216 (1917)( 5) Mtns F Pure. 1 Gut, he ~
Nov . 1920

T. 16+

Originally described from Calcutta('), this species occurs ditsushaut
F India, Ceylon (and Burma ?), and has also been recorded from Cape Colony(2),
whither it was doubtless introduced with its foodplant.

Phy locn als alexa, Cru © Cote Depr Aon Dm Du 30, >. (rt) [ums A

Inteoya a Ped Cece. | : )

172 LIFE-HISTORIES OF LYONETIADA

The larva feeds on Citrus spp., bael (gle marmelos) (Plate XLIX),
Murraya koengu, and bela (Jasminum sambac). In the case of orange, this
insect is often a bad pest, especially of young plants, as practically every
new leaf may be mined by one or more larvee. The larve also mine under the
epidermis of the green stems. The mines are usually found on the upper
surface of the leaf and are winding and irregular in shape. The larva works
just under the epidermis and feeds on the chlorophyll cells. The larva is
about 2°5 mm. long, head and thoracic segments somewhat flattened, abdo-
minal segments cylindrical, segments distinct, stoutest at mesothorax, tapering
posteriorly almost to a point, uniform pale-yellow or pale-green, naked ; head
smaller than prothorax, brownish pale green, with prominent antenne, mandi-
bles and labrum tinged with light brown, ocelli four, black ; two lateral black
specks on prothorax and mesothorax ; legs and five pairs of prolegs very
minute and only visible under a lens. The larva moves more by contracting
and expanding the body than with the help of the legs and prolegs.

When full-grown, the larva leaves the mine and pupates in a white cocoon,
formed on the leaf in any corner afforded by the folding of any part of the
leaf (often under a small up-folded portion of the edge of the leaf) or by the
side of a raised vein. Before emergence of the moth the pupa is protruded
to some extent through one end of the cocoon. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 900.)

PHYLLOCNISTIS HABROCHROA, MEYR, | Sec «Loo (p-2it - Lis

Phyllocnistis habrochroa, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 349 (1915)(').
Described from N. Kanara, where.the larva was found mining leaves of

s 4 oa a S| tS
chee). tie em 5 aa

PHYLLOCNISTIS HELICODES, MEYR. (PLATE L, FIG. 1.)

Phyllocnistis helicodes, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 618 (1916)(!).

Reared at Pusa in November from larve mining leaves of Polyalthia
longifolia (Anonaceze)(").

Larvee were collected at Pusa on 10th September 1917, mining leaves of
asoka (Polyalthia longifolia). The mine is made just below the epidermis on
the upper surface of the tender leaves. An old mine appears as a broad
continuous convoluted brown streak with a whitish space on each side, running
up and down the length of the leaf or across its breadth over the midrib.
The brown white-edged streak constitutes the mine, the brown streak being
the dried liquid excrement of the larva which feeds on either side as it proceeds,
the whitish space being the dried mined epidermis of the leaf. When the

i Sane Se — eae a ir nf - aie Piccigg oe pein * a8 i
oy be ts oe ons Wat wd (searenerrdtinns lM)
eee oH page Ants Rcext. a

,
* ‘ ; ,
; nati mor mel(oai joeves ne ny. latva ol Piyiler a Di darrell i -
7 -
_— x
* .
: | is ad .
x plete, ee rts
¥ 54? or oo ; a : io =, '%
iat x ' ~ 7 Et - Gut Pr a
e a ad |
par * i “ob obe <i pana im +.

Phy lec rials clrongm pha , hor, Exar tein. I 262-263 (1416) Py -..

pew mio utr a 4 4
use aie (Arona cite gg a

eae Cnsrar — beNiser midrcl ~> edges ed finely -
Winks odimg ol, dye | OK roms AK frmss | x dat line 5 prfa w ss
edge g lef or OD 4 sally T Merwe)” 5

Phy Wocrwalia endoxa bye, Exar bee. I 26a (1916) Pg -. Karwer-

Dv elena , eel prterind , Leg ments Jangly Ones Rama past”
ee damit gitic eneeriir oe it Innes Lan elec
Unde, pte care 1 yewny Leaf a A po _teNiens en renenAg

‘Kn
yee we ) Any nz Fo a (nlinurs ftain pf. Pista Wr
mine. ( Max tlh oe )

Phylloencatis echinedss hey, Exar bie. HC 263 (\grb) 2
er: minis ( neg he grllry tw leaf 2 Anaminla Cocca laA
( Menrsbrrmacese) ; pps iw Prguat re merer pot wr er A mire,
Grenth reer Qe ” leaf. ( Maxiret ) od

aie 2 Karwan -

Nears ©

PLATE XLIX.

Bael (Agle marmelos) leaves mined by larve of Phyllocnistis citrella.

PLATE L,

natural

Moth,

toparcha:

Phyllocnistis

size and magnified.
Below is seen a side-view of the head of moth, more

highly magnified.

ue

a, Leaf of Poly-

natural size and maenifie |

d. moth.

Phyllocnistis helicodes:
althia longifolia mined by larve; b, larva

c, pupa ;
(x 11)

Pha Worm ls _Symphaner, bey Exar bva TIL 164 (19.6) Sp. ae Griese

Bt a) mindy o ipa a~ rary tank Yarrdiving srl, UD % fpen |

© XK Hemend gard , fire x6 a Ra Mec Une i, wmddle } getters ; |
Comm Ky 2nd 4 selery, Pachter ns hk lead pre mak . (Mater). )

x

hyllocnas hs pryxopa sete, Exdr. mse. Tn 264 (1926) ep Ge eo oe
ee eed, dling: betincnl, | heme poner green’ h, head Frat Ron
‘re brnresl 5 mMures a | aera. inneg hark Wanden'ns Grllery Urn
Uppe athe 4 pry load A Casearia eStulents ( Wacowty'a ce 2 |
Perak in Jeme [eed ; Oxtrement ligavd , Unvenible ; Cocwm ot 34

Bellin yp prebening [ood C mavwen)

Pitts aks Prana elke. 139
Open Jetignn )2ths, Ind KKM U4 ( 1439) [Kernens)
(i OS see Tae (C4, 2742) fp dpe - nnd LW Sitex ape ee

_ 228 ©
Phylecrals Spokolera hay, Exerdin. TE 408 (Ine) Tp --- Shy,
ae Jtwnenry = Gadas ances lemars 4 dindene Caudata tak.2 eM

Phy ecnvates TAspbeca Mey Exe Meo Th 406 (9) - Bre ace eae,

Verio ce Jamey — lanier Praca vou A Loans

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER Wa

larva is full-fed, if it happens to be near the edge of the leaf, it turns over the
edge of the leaf and forms a cocoon in which to pupate. If, however, it happens
at that time to be somewhere near the middle of the blade, the cocoon is
formed there in a sort of depression formed by drawing the contiguous portions
of the blade together with silk.

The larva is about 5 mm. long, flattened, segments distinct, uniform pale
yellow; head flat, tapering anteriorly, somewhat conical in outline and
with two longitudinal furrows ; the first eight abdominal segments with a
lateral protuberant spine, that on eighth abdominal segment the longest ;
ninth and tenth abdominal segments tubular, the tenth elongated a
bifurcated posteriorly into two long fleshy spines ; no legs or prolegs visible
(Fig. 6).

The pupa is about 3 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering slightly posteriorly,
light yellow, the dorsal abdominal region blackish ; head tapering anteriorly
and armed with a narrow black spine bent dorsally ; abdominal segments
with a dorsal row of black posteriorly-directed short pointed spines ; anal
extremity rounded and armed on either side with a tubular round-headed
process (Fig. c).

The moths emerged on 17th September. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1684.)

PHYLLOCNISTIS SELENOPA, MEYER. |

Phyllocnistis selenopa, Meyr., Hxot. Micr. I, 348-349 (1915)(').
Bred at Peradeniya from larve mining leaves of Melia azedarach Cy
This is a very minute species, only expanding three millimetres,

PHYLLOCNISTIS SYNGLYPTA, MEYR, {| See oleo >. 20

Phyllocnistis synglypta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 183 (1918)(').
“Bred at Dharwar, N. Kanara, in February from light green larvee
mining galleries in leaves of a small unidentified shrub, pupa internal in folded

edge of leaf (Mazwell) ”’('). Ds dink orem Yeemdh y maning on eres Aan~ Jrllery
m eh td 4 Kare, f). Levis indie Cmewtina Cominefa cane | exe ntynintA (Ke J, frming x

Mocw Kane Alraety ae ent ED Cree hegre p. Lend (maxurelt) 5 bud A ere ee

Porns + > “Spry ELOONISTIS TOPARCHA, have ae L, FIG. 2.)

Phyllocnistis toparcha, Meyr., Exot. Micr., LL 182 (1918)(!); Proc. Second
Entl. Meeting, p. 235 (1917)(?); Jin VYore Fort. thee L. 16q (Nov. igr0
“ Bred at Coimbatore in February from larve mining leaves of grape-

vine (Vitis vinifera) ’('). Common on vine at Coimbatore mining the leaves
much in the same way as P, citrella mines in Citrus(?),

| Lesh Q

Bedell:

nw

dew,

CN

hae *
sient La et Lyenetia somnulentella, Zeller, Isis 1847, 894-895(').

~\

ibe 1 MSPs
eee TRANS

te

! ; ~ Be j
aamulisore phy bt, @D mint Lg 4 avetvl, awed 5

entianpts by 4 BG minty ep 4 Prana pantatety

174 LIFE-HISTORIES OF LYONETIADZE

{
v

Spe ee BEDELLIA SOMNULENTELLA, Z.

Bedellia somnulentella, Wism., Fauna Hawaii, I, 723-724, t. 25, f. 28 (1907)(?).
This species is found practiéally all over the world, having been recorded
from Europe, North America, Peru, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand and the
Transvaal. In India yf is known from North Coorg anj1 may be expected
to be found to be widely distributed. We have specimens from Peshawarlann’gera)
ce The larva mines in Convolvulus and I[pomea and may be expected to cecur
oA". on sweet potato. <n EMAS, Wren A Ss bee
le_-c4Ai24 CROBYLOPHORA DARICELLA, MEYR~((_ 66 , 6;
+ Crobylophora daricella, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., V, 178 (1880)(4),
T. KE. 8., 1894, 29(7), Ann. Transvaal Mus., VI, 41 (1918)(°).
Crobylophora staterias, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 613 (1905)(4).
f.< Crobylophora onychotis, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 345-346 (1915)(5).
| Originally described from Queensland (!) and since recorded from South

b) )

Africa(®), Ceylon(*), Burma(?) and India(5), this species is probably originally
a native of South Africa and has been distributed artificially with its foodplant,
the garden Plumbago capensis, in whose leaves the larva forms blister-like

patches, several larvee feeding in one mine. (See Appendix also.)

BUCCULATRIX CRATERACMA, MEYR.
Bucculatrix crateracma,.Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 184 (1918)(').

“ Bred at Pusa in October and November from larvee mining leaves of
Bombazx |malabaricum] (Bombacacez). Pupa with five abdominal segments
free, in ribbed rosy-whitish cocoon attached to leaf. If the mining habit of
larva is really persistent, it is exceptional in the genus *’(!).

Larvee were found at Pusa on 25th September 1916 on leaves of Bombax
malabaricum. The larva feeds on the green substance of the upper surface
of the leaf, leaving the lower tissue untouched, and usually commencing to
feed im the middle portion of the leaf. The larva is 6 mm. long and 0°75 mm.
broad, tapering towards either extremity, segments distinct, dark green,
rather transparent ; head smaller than prothorax, transparent, shiny, bilobed,
brownish yellow ; thoracic segments yellowish-green, transparent ; abdominal
segments transparent so that the internal organs are visible and the contents
of the alimentary canal make the body look dark green; primary hairs black,
situated on minute white seta ; legs shiny transparent yellow ; five pairs of
equally developed prolegs.: Pupation takes place in a cocoon about 8 mm.
long and 15 mm, broad, of which a cross-section is a half-circle, the general

B.somnnderAea rowa pte reer, Rn ped a =p grape | Ww a AAnaek rs
SS) howd forte Mem be lame 4p Grek vrtinn (Hittin, Pamenk 395)

TEs | Whar fn Unnvat ninety aves g Prang pontatata (Cawturtacene )™

© a)

16
mon

© 0

| o @
Bedellra annulisera fey Exe se, TH 397 (‘92 ) Ce sie c, Wiseetbn 5 Tes Rntionak ; Di bed: ©
Wd oe BS By nny fr ewe minty loner 7 Conunlintes nator ©

(AOA a ee ee
P G <
ao dew Fad 3 set oe .
tweets op.) ek oR Li dunvitetae: sn iy
se ES tape adiocinoonelrih alld, Zoller, Dah ERE. HRI chee
Bedelia sanituteutele, Witnuc¥aroe Hayat ome
<sord eh cy thoi
: amcanaet Reco N Ap An NAO FO ce gta
~ Sineirnn, i lanebeaean. apes, pacha: pers e:
to. he Moan 44° be miele fy iabavtent. Wetave Spochrens Coons “TNS:
Whe lneva mies In C vnrebaliwand Pree ant may se mec

2 0"—y we aaa pwaly, x Te
oe aoe i $TATES +n See wha why oe .

mi

“Sh - Te eft COMBAT OPG TA DARE. LA, MEE: TAS bia
Onl oni ote irkeelba: Magy, Provo Litn. Ber, NN. SOW, .Y, “95: (ae

, ox tH At, Anes ae ~aal Mun, VEO ul (191).
robiiithone attri, Meye. B23: SVT RI HOE 8 ae a 4

fem Bropylopubers' on yotants, Boye, Uket. Mic, Ly AA-3OCTST Eye esa
Odzinalle debed from. (uoowikiart () aed eniebokegedad from Se
Maat), Povinnt®, Bivens?) aie inlay, itis Apmicies & Probably.
a mative of Soath Alricga aathbar been oi wtriinrstet artaheaally-whth iy Ag
the uation Ffinibegt capensis, in a loge) lenyar Bie larva’ foFo ott Aik ;
jateles eryergl iden foodie Tu gfe taine.- “(See A jypend) ~ ataa,)

=

Lan BUCOULATRIS CRATRRACSLA, METI, of
Heruidates maseracme, Mess); Babe, Mier: TE; I CBC). Us
** Vedat Tus Ww Ootoher end. Novenbortroa Jarcas doting: J
Burden lnalaiierszin) (Rombncatem)., “Pisa, wiih Ave shdoininalg
free ty. Whitest, cowyordbiteh cooudn, alae to leah” Bite euttiilg
lary it deste ty Warietent, Its meptioiat in the get “PL iat
facta Wee fisidsat Posen hele: Septem bey 8 an leu of
inaldher cin, The ris foods lon: Lhd pital dubstanee wi the Sg
of 2h6 Jeol, leaviig he lod tieuel altenrhed) and: uals
fred ip therwiddle fertiet al the isle ‘The jac vids Gn Mbhd Ret
beau: ienwiring towenle mtber oatcunity, siptienty cbatinet’ tes
mtber treasparcnn) head pm let than prothorax; ‘tyqpapaneat, me
tivowninty votluw ; tharacie. dagments Tell wish grees, pees area
seemeite Coniepaot so. tht thy jntenialeyecans are. wuRbIs and
iif the afunontary canal make the bedy Jaq darkareet's prlinary: be
Stunted Gaiinitnste white aetay,; lege shiny troospanttip Pat ior
ngusdiy developed proleys:: Tapation tikes plage in @ cia as BS
Hog 8 30 Any be oe Oe eet ee

rs et Ta Fa con ae Bc owes

ae ; ee

i ae
*

a Ce

el

#7 7 ‘es Be Ls ;
on Lo) . 4 =e F,
eat \ Rt! ive
- ; | ss - VT > r. as
rid > : a]
a 0.» Wt Bias a ae ity ~~)
ae oe POISE @ xt

PLATE oh

Fig. 1. Bucculatrix loxoptila:—Moth, natural size and magnified. Below is seen
a side-view of the head of moth, more highly magnified.

yo? et Rte,

. ~T)
Mi) P22 Del

¥

a.

ShpkuA wane

Fig. 2. Pyloetés mimosae. (From Indian Museum Notes.)

;
;

r :
; ne

hes.
a i oe, om

ae

y Pee en.

; al iv ‘ ge wd Mf
* ett hae. os ay

r nlt the oar —n

re Lit 8h
CA aaa NENA Beak’ ‘oe Kind th Ceara. au ¥ , ca "i
Beit hs bse hen Praga ibn, a Fane, 1 sivas uh SE ah a a

} ze dsl Fewer we pike | ty: ee

Pate: ai Ra at : re
A ' Weehave ‘Species frou, rma ig oe qi yen), ‘ i a 7 .

ia es ied oe

ek , r aa ae
OT Nt at arnt hy ge via ay ee

ree FS Pot Le ington)
“Brcitar Firing pbidis; Mov el reeks Shs: i cs nye Ne ar, wat fe Ti Md Vth he a

o@y Sead
Originally decesped from Aang eve, , hire it was heed fven” ware ti:

iy \ ee

7h
oe (Pompniviny (This at peomnenatly ho leatanines ot cotiing x fered st
dj bet Agere (2ienmdaer’ fe nhecl agile, Raritan Zdnlagiy Rapiit ioe bee a her oe
qrder the ani Field Heh. ASoepeavy > "Phang hint thesen meals coped ey)
hi aot eation, Wiss soak a BLOGs ba De lenves ine aary: hist eee bee gone ce ty Oe *
Ba: 7 Senpgaatcio - tuniidte: 2 be “yoink Tare, 59 ae tina s brown hirer c ;

Siriag, Ths ay 7 rar it "Badin | Y f Wy cla nh a diet opi hag Cher}
Pan “the mdash ¢ VRC Te enArerd Binet V3 Gy r ie ut
es fd © bl: the chseant sre we 2 . i‘ an a val sic kind apnt i cng

ms ze days.” | ;
ae he Tnilie thik epdciey “ie leqgowe' to onene af Atte, Midian
BS it. wae ike an dune 1007 fro jpttves “ eating Ajmill Pale in a a ‘

fea, staan,” (Ys Beary wus bngtactrat Kaa f Oy oNey, cg

i
d . ¢ 7 ’
2 "

Py ge). Boccrnreie MERVAR EIN eee

hice tag. fe Bice Fh 1a. ae

é

Buctademix Toxoptitas-Medh, sotewal giae sind pags
a ¢ideyview vt the head ol) math, more heey nragnified.

a

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER

175

appearance boat-shaped, bulging in the middle, the surface ribbed longitudi-

nally. The cocoon is fixed on a leaf, twig or wall of the cage.

The pupa wriggles

out of the cocoon before emergence of the moth and the empty pupa-case

remains protruded from the cocoon.
18th November.

Bucculatrix exedra, Meyr.,
Originally described from the Khasi Hills(') and North Coorg(')

BUCCULATRIX EXEDRA,
Exot. Micr.,

a

MEYR.

I, 354-355 (1915)(1).

Moths emerged from 4th October to
(Pusa Insectary Cage-shp 147

, this

species has been bred at Pusa on 5th June 1911 from a pupa enclosed in a slight

silken hammock-shaped cocoon, but no cage-slip or record of foodplant is

traceable.

We have specimens from Pusa, Shillong and Pollibetta eee

BUCCULATRIX LOXOPTILA, MEYR. Pipmg LI, FIG. 1

Bucculatrix loxoptila, Meyr.,

Originally described from Zanzibar,
cotton (Gossypium) ’’(1).

Exot. Micr., I, 209 (July pee)

where it was

sate eee! larvee on

Ext per
«owe “Fa eH a ha

This is presumably the leaf-miner of cotton referred

to by Aders (Zanzibar Protectorate, Economic Zoology Report for 1913, p. 86)

under the name Grelechia sp.

mental cotton was much infested.

with concentric tunnels.
shield measuring 1} mm.
beneath the epidermis ;
place on the dorsal side of leaf in an oval silken case.
five days.”

; Aders says :—‘ Throughout the season all experi-

The leaves in many instances being covered

average measurement =

5 to 4 mm.

The young larva is white with a brown thoracie
; later it becomes ie being a conspicuous object

Pupation takes

Pupal stage averages

In India this species is known to occur at Attur, Madras Presidency,

where it was reared in June 1907 from larve

Caravonica cotton.”’

Bucculatric mendax, Meyr.,

(Y. Ramachandra Rao ;

“

7

BUCCULATRIX MENDAX, MEYR.

Exot. Micr.,

II, 185 (1918)(!).

‘eating small holes in leaf of
Co No. E03)

“ Bred at Pusa in March from pupa in white ribbed elongate cocoon on

leaf of Dalbergia sissu (Leguminose) ’’(').

Bucculatrix verax, Meyr.,

BUCCULATRIX VERAX,
Exot. Micr.,

MEYR

II, 184 (1918)(?).

“ Bred at Pusa in March from larva feeding externally on leaf of Trewia

nudiflora (Kuphorbiacez) *’(?).

Ge

oe bot: n4

|
ira we,

}

Ate~ Be, 5 ae ae. “

,
VLEsnrm &

Weds) bo" aS
Nuri lt

a

34

pepe tag s25 22 cul,

b. vor (19'2) ’

Diba (New. 192

at?

176 LIFE-HISTORIES OF LYONETIADA

Larve were found at Pusa on 12th March 1916 eating holes in leaves of
Trewia nudiflora, feeding on one side of the epidermal and mesophyll tissue.
The larva is about 4 mm. long and 0°75 mm. broad, cylindrical, tapering
slightly towards either extremity, segments distinct, pale greyish green ; head
much smaller than prothorax, pale yellowish with a slight green tinge ; pro-
thorax with a horny plate ; short scattered pale greenish hairs on segments ;
five pairs of prolegs. Pupation takes place in a thin white silken cocoon
attached to leaves or the sides of the cage. The pupal period is five or six
days in March. (Tahl Ram’s Cage-slip 156.)

PETASOBATHRA SIRINA, MEYR.

Petasobathra sirina, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, B55 (1915)(*) ; Fletcher, Entl, Note

91 (1916)(2)s Hrinn, Gee. Catt. breetig LIBS (Nov. (920 |

Described from Gorakhpur and Dalsing Serai in Bihar(} *),

Larva on top-shoots of indigo. ‘ The larva is about 4°5 mm. long and
about 0°75 mm. across the middle of the body which tapers towards each
extremity ; the segments are distinctly separated by deep constrictions ;
shape flattened; head flat, yellow, somewhat elongate, smaller than pro-
thorax ; colour uniform dirty white; thoracic legs and five pairs of prolegs
greyish.

“The larva covers the top-shoots with a profuse web of fine white silk
under cover of which it lives and nibbles small portions of the leaf-surface.
It is often seen to walk over the webbing. When full-fed it spins a pufe-white
somewhat elongated cocoon in any suitable situation which provides some
corner, ¢.g., along the midrib on the upper surface of a leaf or in a rolled or
folded leaflet. The moth emerges after about a week and rests with the
anterior half of the body well raised and the antenne held extended at right

angles to the body ”’(?).

OPOGONA CHALINOTA, MEYR.

Opogona chalinota, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 230 (1910)(*) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins.
Life, p. 540 (1909)(?).

Described from Colombo, Puri in Orissa, and Pusa(!).

Bred at Pusa in March from larve feeding in dry stems of Polypodium
quercifolium(!). Larve found in January, reducing the stems to a mass of
frass and dust amongst which the full-grown larve pupate in white silken
cocoons, covered with frass and dust. Moths emerged from Ist January to
11th March(?).

Obegona thalina , Gra + Cats _ Ugr Ay.- Im BAM 30, b7 (19 26) CA f— Mes

el ~ fol «© baakey®)

Bicock Ani x Zip plea , dniten , Bau .S.£.dh + '7°)) bh S057 106 (9710

[ @ den., mn 2xgnpher Lefinn bh. 5 Brkre (Myrrej Abe coon ~
nas ee ae ie
bane -

Opogeme i parepis, ie, Exer bin. Tse (Ine) [Reon hes fe toy Jphoctenaibon.)

. *

() minis
Oberon acne beg Exar tre Tl 400 ee ee Pur Blan .

va | . © Aes!
Opogona Sucerle Aa yor, Ex, het cw IW Mh ay op eects
Ch OG PESTS ‘

“AD re . ay ae f— Un teem Lice =

Q)
sparc rik Hanenrn ( hmyenc)

Opogona By gedora shen, Eur bre. TW iba (4) g
Reads fr Eaphorbee op.”

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER LY A

Larvee were found at Pusa on 23rd January 1907 in a dry gurur (Poly-
podium quercifolium) stem, almost the whole interior of the stem having been
reduced to dust in which the larve lived and pupated. The larva was
described as about 10 mm. long, slender, cylindrical, dirty white with small
scattered hairs; head red-brown, bilobed; prothoracic shield brownish,
skin rather transparent, the blackish imternal organs visible through ; five
pairs of prolegs. Pupation in a white silken cocoon covered with dust and
excrement. Pupa rather over 4 mm. long, brown, posterior portion of leg-
cases separate and extending to anal extremity. The pupa wriggles out of the
cocoon to some extent on emergence of the moth. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip
501.)

This species has also been bred at Coimbatore from a larva found in
bark of Papaya carica.

OPOGONA FLAVOFASCIATA, STT.

Lozostoma flavofasciata, Stainton, T. EH. 8. (n. s.) V, 124 (1859)(').
Opogona flavofasciata, Petch, Ann. R. B. G. Peradeniya, IIT, 229 (1906)(?) ;

Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 230 (1910)(°).

Originally described from Calcutta(!3), this species has been recorded
from Peradeniya(?) and is found abundantly at Coimbatore. We have it
from the Anamalais (3,600 feet), Coimbatore, Rangoon and Mandalay.

Larva in fungus-combs of termites’ nests, which they reduce to a mass
of excrementitious matter in a few days when cultures of combs are attempted,
the cultures being resolved into a mass of black pellets. Though the moths
are apparently confined to this habitat, it is remarkable that no trace of the
larve or their work has been observed in the termites’ nest under natural
conditions(7).

OPOGONA PRACINCTA, MEYR.

Opogona precincta, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 620 (1916)(').

“Found at Coimbatore under a log associated with the termite Odonto-
termes fee (Fletcher) ’’(!). A single specimen was found on 25th July 19)2.
It is probable that the larva feeds in the nests of O. few.

OPOGONA LACHANITIS, MEYR.

Opogona lachanitis, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 416-417 (1906)(?).
Opogona chalanitis, Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 540 (1909)(?).
Described from Puttalam and Peradeniya, in Ceylon(?;.
Larva in fungus-beds of termites(! *),
13

ob

a
ver

—_
Bit Mea.D

Aer -

Lf~

\g) -

Lanne -
nny i=
CS —

~ Darbar
Pit

ee

178 ’ LIFE-HISTORIES OF LYONETIAD.® a

Also occurs in India at Hoshangabad, where I found the moths ae
attracted to fungus-combs newly dug out of termitaria. We have it also
from Chitorgarh (Rajputana), Nagpur, Bangalore and Coimbatore.

OPOGONA FUMICEPS, F. & R.
Opogona fumiceps, Felder, Lep. Novara, t. 139, f. 8 (1875)(); Moore, Lep.
Ceylon, III, 526 (1887)(?) ; van Deventer, Tijds. voor Ent., XLVI, 83,
t. 10, ff. 1a, 15 (1904)(3); Meyr., B. J., XVII, 986 (1907)(4).
Recorded from Ceylon(?) * 4) and Java(* 4),
Larva on Cocos nucifera(?). The larva and pupa are described and figured
by van Deventer(*).
[The species described by Swezey (Hawaii. Sugar Planters’ Assocn., Entl.
Bull. 6, p. 19; 1909) as O. fumiceps, the larva feeding in sugarcane in New
Guinea, is probably O. autophyta, Meyr., which is not Indian. |

ERECHTHIAS ZEBRINA, BUTL..
Argyresthia zebrina, Butl., A. M. N. H. (5) VII, 403 (1881)(').
Ereunetis lanceolana, Wlsm., P. Z. 8., 1897, 158(?).
Ereunetis xenica, Meyr., Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) XIV, 301 (1911)(3), Rec. Ind. Mus.,
V, 230(4)£19 (0)
Decadarchis xenica, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 367 (1915)(§).
Erechtias zebrina, Meyr., T. E. 8., 1915, 253(§). :
Ereunetis zebrina, Wism., Fauna Hawaii, I, 715-716, t. 25, f. 16 (1907)(7).
This species has been recorded from the West Indies(* °), Brazil(’),
British Guiana(®), Hawaii(# ®7), Borneo(* ®) and the Seychelles(* °).
Within our limits it appears to be plentifulin Ceylon, where ithas been recorded
from Puttalam, Kandy and Maskeliya(*), and is known in India from Cal-
cutta(5), the Khasi Hills(?) and North Coorg(*). We have it from Shillong.
The larva ‘is doubtless a refuse-feeder and artificially spread *(°).

=m (Cc a PYLQHTIS MIMOSA, STT. (PLATE LI, FIG. 2)

Laverna 2? mimose, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n.s.), V, 126 (1859)(1) ; Lefroy, Ind.
Ins. Life, p. 536 (1909)(2).

Ereunetis ? seminivora, Wlsm., Ind. Mus. Notes, IV, 107, t. 7, £. 2 (1898)(3) :
Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 540 (1909)(*).

Pyletis ophionota, Meyr., B. J.. XVII, 752 (1907)(°).

Pyletis mimose, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 231 (1910)(°).
Originally described from Caleutta(!) ; also recorded from Hooghly(*)

and from Puttalam and Matale in Ceylon(*). Ihave also seen it from

; buhert ¥ ei ey om ra 3
a ie aaa
eat pay fi o @ 7 a

pe.

_ "4
a 1, ve Mey ¥ ty apch A

‘

tabbed ae

* “dst moe TT mates di mM ! if shine af 3

aes sate Apne’ : 4 th }
zm

af Coit ov A

.
]

(a ike Pris “> / One) plot

~ *, ’ id ate t Trou i c ; U Sluts PN ps : Sina T
We hove it .
ao)! ee * i ;
He hme : . *
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tuber)? Bea fat
- { . q
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- i
J
7
Ta
Rs ‘ watt ;
Latent ; 4 lal oie UE
....{4pe L
ty 7 a

-athral tig el Vhs
“oeeritred Lin wren

ineella, va Vote Tijd Br KENT 1-40 ply (goa)
Seppe, be haley , 6,8y de. 5 OD 2 br a lecatna glance) Sesbaaxta,

Wie aly Agi: Tietietre

or} an ewnish colons : . | vi
ake y white 4 ith, ve peoullt | wa
ese 4 aye : 7 4° i : > } -

7

}
"i

i. ny AEN oe

| Mian ate iat Tani gt ae whet
Af Hae. ho Teenage ts nbs siahici eae ot” tersict

crs at

“4
uital, Nogpar, Bang

) | ‘ s* ‘OVERS, i iw),

i4)

Ye ,
phn Ree OP ey vev) | 8 uae . mle .

Vescheria hestvas , (se é 26 ) : | 7
ia oy) yen

Ani : Hy,

ois ar,” or

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 179

Coimbatore and have taken it in March at Rajshahi, Bengal, so that it is
doubtless widely distributed in the Plains of India and Ceylon.
Larva in seeds of Acacia arabica('), in pods of Cassia fistula(?), in pods of

Cassia corymbosa at Coimbatore.

DECADARCHIS MINUSCULA, WLSM.
Ereunetis minuscula, Wlsm., P. Z. S., 1897, 155-156("), Fauna Hawaii Micro-
lep., p. 716, t. 15, £. 17 (1907)(2).
Decadarchis minuscula, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 367 (1915)(?), Ann. Transvaal

Mus., VI, 43 (1918)(4).
A very widely-distributed species recorded from the West Indies('), “<< ,

South Africa(+), Hawaii(2) and Ceylon(3), lave, Ay’, Mernes E,Prttia Semec. ,
, _ hw ,>
The larva feeds in dry vegetable refuse(*). oes a
hh. if asy Jev- '9* laf)
£ bin n totornt
DECADARCHIS DISSIMULANS, MEYR. | Bg the

Decadarchis dissimulans, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 368 (1915)(‘).
Ereunetis melanastra, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 617 (1905) [nec Meyr., T. E. 8., 1886,
291=simulans, Butl.](?).
Described from Ceylon (Udagama, Peradeniya, Kega!le, and Kalutara)(').
We have it from Udagama.
Larva feeding on decaying bark of dead Hevea brasiliensis (Para
rubber)(?), in dead bark and woed(').

TISCHERIA PTARMICA, MEYR.

Tischeria ptarmica, Meyr., Rec. Ind. Mus., II, 399 (1908)(1); Lefroy, Ind.
Ins. Life, p. 540 (1909)(?); Imms and Chatterjee, Ind. Forest Mem.
(Zool.), IIT, 32 (1915)(3); Stic, Coe. Crt breetce T. 165 (Nw. 1970)
Described from Puri, in Orissa, where the larve were found “ mining

small elongate blotches in leaves of Zizyphus jujubain January. The species

occurred in great profusion, leaves an inch in diameter containing twenty
or more larve and the moths are described as ‘ swarming like a cloud of midges
round the tree.’ The mine, larval habits, and pupa are similar to those of

European species ’’(!).

Stainton (Nat. Hist. Tin., III, 228) says of the larval habits of the Euro-
pean species :—‘‘ These mine the interior of leaves, and as far as is yet known,
always the upper side, making large irregularly formed blotches of whitish
or brownish colour; the interior of the mine is always beautifully carpeted
with white silk, but the peculiarity of these mines is, that they are kept perfectly
clean, not a single grain of excrement being ever to be found within”.,...,.

180 LIFE-HISTORIES OF LYONETIADZ®

‘The larva never quits the mine, and changes therein to a pupa, not spinning
any cocoon.”

“ Stebbing [4 Note on the Lac Insect (Ind. For. Mem.) (Zool.), I, 21 (1910)]
mentions that Dr. N. Annandale has bred out specimens of this small moth
from lac obtained from Orissa ”’(*). It is more probable that the moths
emerged from leaves on ber branches on which the lac was collected.

OPOSTEGA MYXODES, MEYR. (PLATE LII.)
Opostega myxodes, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 619 (1916)(?).

Bred at Pusa in September and October 1915 from larvae mining in leaves
of Cordia myxa (Boraginaceze)(').

Larve were found at Pusa on 24th September 1915 mining leaves of
Cordia myxa. The larva pupates outside of the mine on any convenient
surface in a dull-white cocoon of uniform texture, pupation occurring in an
inner cocoon spun inside the outer one. The moths emerged on Ist and 2nd
October.

PLATE tH,

” } 3 hey
=r, ai ' mie

ti} in?

Dpatage mesa Moth, nafare] size and magnifed (x 27b> &. hind Jax :
Sead ok: moth, sen fram below, more highly magnifies),

4

.

FSi ORE OS ee PS ee se te a

feat
“ The ivory quits pene, on slg we
hes? caliente " a

“ Stabbing {4 Ji om he deme Pander ti, Fone ae
hetitoun thRe Ly We ananitalet hes treat? ‘ouk bpaoimeta OF x
from lar obiabied from “Oras "Tela octe preheat
efnts.o. fren a wu Dey gern en whieh iain om a

CE aeRGA oo aes (PAGAL).
er yd, yncels Megs Eat, Mick. T, ir (Mera y: ;
Ye od Mb Fetion i) Sypfamhet aad Getobia” (OSS Bieaye lurve:
ok Conaia micas (Be rngiga ean) ale
1 miacsmame Jour! ati Puen dw 2ith - Bopeedlies ies mae

Cp ee Aad Aged Yee Cmcigemnt of vi. wit Oh. ackg
Bae ih eae vn Hie bam

cn

PLATE LIT.

Opostega myxodes:—a, Moth, natural size and magnified ( x 27) ; b, hind leg ;
c, head of moth, seen from below, more highly magnified.

—

5 —

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“MEMOIRS ‘OF THE eae ey

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EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

a 0

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hs si Ne e ; 7 ; «
; : | s :
fone. TAPE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN {NSECt
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AGRICUL TU RAL RLSHARCH-ANSTITULIER, PUSA
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¥ ; “ .
Wy
TRACKER, SPERK & CO, CALA TTA
vy TEACKIRS. & 60.2 Casno- dese, 1 OR GOR

November, 1920. ENTOMOLoGICAL SERtEs, Vou. VI, No. 8.

MEMOIRS “OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA

VII. TINEIDA AND NEPTICULIDA

BY
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., F.ES., F.Z,

Imperial Entomologist

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2 Creep Lane, LONDON

LIKE-HISTORIRS AY INDIAN TRSHOTS.
: MICHOLMPIDOPTERA:

Vs. TINROA AND Niro Tt a

i}

, WAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, 2.5, PLS, FS, ZA,

leper re fy Noort rela si et
i Reve: yer fee yubllienind of Widt

Stirs FOLD. J

TIN Ei al

MEVASINA ENERA
[ Meldeuia Piorga, Meyr., B. J.,
ee Aw-408, 2. BY, ff, 1-44°).

a" : Deweribed fra; Ceyian-

; pe we have from Peradenys.
pari” PPhe larva has bean deserihed by o* follows +." The vad in ovate
bs 4p shape amd is ao Ailarnet Ve-ty tree wernient that 0
i dpnriane Vs ditent os hpwatvl,-bthuyuie the daauth toewaad < an polotr-it. is dark

a brown With ‘the surface fiyely The tirst tharacio acgmenh i
Pw dnd in frou? is slightly breeder than the heed lint behind ja trarkdelly
Peomercred ; its surface ix chitiious, brown ln colow pad finely s wei,
pa he feature boing wes event than im the case of iw hand. Phe rh
ainahader of ti holy & ovlinirioal. lagging sightly-postederlyt ty- solave
o “iis Gremeh-prey, lighter veittrally , baie ae present lint they ara gpitraghy
Vpeattoren aud are very minnte. The logsare brown in colode, gather lon,
od directed Nrdard, The prilegs are very short aod até; eral onah 6
| Of broad hooks; the snckers Being kardiy fanctianal, Des. apdtn, few
Raw, Shine on the ponuliirate eqgmedt being lakye will eomaiienony

i, REYR

AVY, SLG-H17 (1900) Fever, 7, BoB. pers,

Peradenival Citigalhay jend Yativentotat'),

ry or

hist the anterior

an egy evn

SC cocgeed ink eam worm-tubis, . These tubeaj when’ the lafva's fali-
on emer Pe Nat Puyth;, ee

Lor

ip) a 1° y ladies
mk ; uae
a ~ | (ig)

pe embate NM." The igrem live in ontthy tabeds phajeoting boi abe

nae

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS.
-MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

VIII. TINEIDA AND NEPTICULIDA.

BY
T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.ZS.,
Imperial Entomologist.
[Received for publication on 27th June 1919.]
TINEIDA.

MELASINA ENERGA, MEYR.
Melasina energa, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 616-617 (1905)(!) ; Fryer, T. E. S., 1913>

420-422, t. 21, ff. 1-4().

Described from Ceylon—Peradeniya(! *), Tangalla(!) and Yatiyantota('),
We have it from Peradeniya.

The larva has been described by Fryer as follows :—“ The head is ovate
in shape and is so attached to the first thoraci¢ segment that the anterior
‘surface is directed upwards, bringing the mouth forward ; in colour it is dark
brown with the surface finely shagreened. The first thoracic segment is
elongated and in front is slightly broader than the head but behind is markedly
constricted ; its surface is chitinous, brown in colour and finely shagreened,
this latter feature being less evident than in the case of the head. The re-
mainder of the body is cylindrical, tapering slightly posteriorly ; in colour
it is greenish-grey, lighter ventrally ; hairs are present but they are sparsely
scattered and are very minute. The legs are brown in colour, rather long,
and directed forward. The prolegs are very short and are armed with a
series of broad hooks, the suckers being hardly functional. The spiracles
are brown, those on the penultimate segment being large and conspicuous.
Length 23 mm.”(?). The larve live in earthy tubes, projecting above the
surface of the ground like worm-tubes. These tubes, when the larva is full-
grown, measure 100 to 150 mm. in length, two-thirds of the tube descending

182 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TINEIDA

vertically into the ground, whilst the remaining one-third lies horizontally
on the surface or winds its way into a mass of dead leaves. The tube is cylin-
drical in shape and measures from 6 to 8 mm. in diameter throughout its
median portion ; towards the free-end it is funnel-shaped, widening out until
at its termination it may measure 12 mm. in diameter. The subterranean
end of the tube, when the larva is young, appears to open freely into the earth ;
in the case of full-grown larve it widens considerably, thus forming a pupal
cell. In composition the tube is built of a strong, closely woven silk, to the
outside of which grains of earth, pieces of dead leaf and broken twigs are
attached, the earth covering the subterranean portion, while the dead leaves
and twigs encrust that above ground. The pupal cellis formed by the terminal
20 mm. at the bottom of the tube and differs from the remainder in its greater
width and in the increased thickness of its silken walls. Inside the pupal
cell lies a thin cocoon which is cylindrical in shape and flat at each end ; it is
peculiar in that it is composed of fine silk matted together by some dark-
coloured secretion. This cocoon fits fairly closely into the pupal cell, but
for the greater portion of its length is only loosely attached to it by a few
strands of silk ; at the extreme lower end, however, it is firmly woven to the
lower lips of the cell so that the flat end of the cocoon entirely blocks the
subterranean entrance. This arrangement seems peculiar for, while the walls
of the pupal cell are very thick, the end is guarded solely by the thin flat
silken disc which forms the bottom of the cocoon. The similar disc, which
_ forms the upper end of the cocoon, is easily detached and on the emergence
of the moth is pushed up like the lid of a box. In the few cases examined
the empty pupa skin was found in the cocoon.

The food of the larva consists of dead leaves and often decaying vegetable.
matter, feeding being accomplished only at night. (Fryer)

MELASINA GRANULARIS, MEYR.
Melasina granularis, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 609 (1916)(!).

Bred at Peradeniya in March. “‘ Larva in a long nearly cylindrical
case of silk covered with refuse (length 12mm., breadth 2mm.), mostly whitish
sometimes banded with grey, feeding on lichens beneath ledges of rocks and
on trunks of trees (Green) ’’(!).

MELASINA CAMPESTRIS, MEYR. ? (PLATE LITI.)

Melasina campestris, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 611 (1916)(1).
This species is abundant at Pusa about June and has been bred from
larve found living in silken tubes lying on the surface of the soil but it is not

.

6

i eer one ca ae
yo : - = oa , - ‘

Wr; ‘ *

‘ eel poyrasen jue aan [ernie WAsee SS iN) peunava
. pure ozte pean ‘edad "9 > (zx ).aqe) pease) “2 (z) Weeted wns muienpepy

a

each Shee jet est? alla sae ae
oe a, crs. Hon tot

5 aol titestinn bition. ¢ towards: baw trove #8 is hy yanerd

iiss et a em ke uyjristion Jt may» mcaaure 13 min |

“bie : (tha tube; when the lage is, yoongy art Ys) -

2 7a" the wand os fufh kcal Torte | it wEhins. ech

Ps cert: Bite sie cig ion tio biby is, builtofe a. strong, Apt.
+ ORlakda of whieh graite: al arity, pieces ‘of ead teal 61. Geok

: sttoghed, Sawin oovi nit the” sul Werraneth gortion, whilart

Ae

7 one TW 12% ran) ri at wiser 2) Cas) ie nicl, ob he as. eh pot i 60)

20 sate ACh tytiom ordi ie Lobe gust nite 8 YR ‘the
et) tao and: ti he merensed thiciaess . af iis ‘Withen: wily the

golh Kena Alnin mtn Which js eylendrical tn vlhiahe ai hat at oa tay
epecoling ii 0 hat ab.is" doiioceed of inc, sill. raat ted? togather Br

=e

>=, eeoleur COR sien, ee ay cocoon’ ta fairly ¢ mel oats, Phe ie
for’ ireater ee toys elite le «i h is Opty | resto ig Reese
aor hs iy s yf i ea Late tn be jint ¢ Ait a es = aie ede ‘hie aa

%

aes
~all

ad eee an Bit Bice. This BIcAeeRen eons pyesttiny fon, a

; ee ie otral welt ‘ate yeryv O)iGr, Cne@ ei) (S seuan iedegolely “by she th
° . “4 5 4 Vint : ih as) 63 i) 0 bd wiki i) inf Wis f wou % Thy iene’ iter ap
: - ee aes ee he ey hak nencAnite
’ ht eps KE st MMAR th easily autac be ae anh ant the: ba by Saat oe
b "4 , ‘ os « ‘' : ‘' eo ‘ ee
3 S we te WOO a wiiiegredt. 17) dint, Pee at Ol OUR: Ly The 5 Sar i Cae eg agi
- i i z ‘ ape!
ie yr as » , _) ar ss he Pog ag &
| Ca Pt SA W2s TOU, UA Oe. POOa, ; ne
’ ‘ fo ¥ .¥
OLTOY MTya @OIeRs G7 TAC ea Ven
’
fuwrol? ty > Fa OCLs ah Lie a

z ‘ 4
< } WEAARINA GEA NULARAR, ueyT i

© my iy “a ag
= -

irs. re a, ane ; f. a rie ¥ 7, aswiek S 7
2 PPT , fe \ ) rhe” s aaa" wai si (49 a a0 ts < )
oe 7 Ab Deradenayn. ob Merely Oo keaievar ot a sang Beary: ‘eye yn
* ' ° 7 ss
; if Ur COV erer Wit!) peak mw en ue bee ae bread ai 9 2 ain.) ary
er ag ee P fut Vets oe ‘ 4 3) aa
‘ine banded with Cory, SOCID wl lichens he cape feels it- of TOCKS Bz 7
ine f é L&e tyrye ”) "| r) P.. re .
3 7 *

MELASINA CAMULSTIN, MEYER (PLALE ey
f MMelaz AG cate pe sss, Sy, ‘Sroh Shee E 14 US LA AL,

y*?

; beak ppadice is a0unGan? ul Pasa’ aby ah Tune oa be
: rte in mas. |i ving ia alleen Pees 4 5 yisy oy Cuontenion vf
i Lu

“o ; ‘ 7 ey ae
‘ 5) ee hy nece ity wo Viet:
: as ra ae an | Ne eT made
att
i ae
i f
5 _ gy
Ps hce,\ ALL wea.

PLATE LItl

; b, pupa, natural size and

natural size and magnified ( x 2).

larva,

Cc,

Melasina campestris (?) :—a, Larval tube ( x 2)
magnified (x2) ;

aay tr
q *

aces et

. aoa ab kr ; ;
“s v1 Vg) Baek « & a! :
ey 4 ; ; iy ; =r
] -oa;

J ty s j
’ : ’ 7
an i

~ ‘ I i , - _
1 ask SUN vie ose 74 § ,
‘ c i
7 ‘
= . —
3 ‘
‘
7
~
‘
. .

7 :

PLATE LIV.

ie)

=}

ioe}

a

oO

as

Nn

—

oo

5

=

oS

=:

es

—_

Ss

=

e

3 —

Qu

=x

a

Ooo

or o
Ge

Se

& oO

Ss

SE

S

Myrmecozela leontina

in pana Ts, 77 RAPNBRICG PLE eS 18,
ee .
Sy

ne ae thie folksoiie Tekdriotion: Moptiae ty M4; Vow jabred wm ie
Y demas, Meyr., ov MM. weraferc, Muvr., an et) these three asiecian isl Goto inne
oe Pray nod tire larver have vot decor detingihiwl, Phe Wecst trom oiled
i ‘Tuhige which gu cays practipally yeciicalhy sete (he aol) ted death nl weve
MmCIee. Ehoutinemunt thin larrid howe hodh obser oA Bo EAE Ae, fe bhe
‘Senin taney mugh abouts inckstleeeth. Tha wbakars enemas
paemnek in drysand pather dasty places! The Mires fosde’ appnranily aadesd
brates qed (frasése ave Oy an the gronhd, Dat oh ‘eintivinient oconauinel |:
"bas frosh Hea pase ind hag bast -obacr rit-to LE & COR Pha leeva. iets
ie nit, long, Pyne, ake wcll, sof, ae Pare on, lade? ee
and appec surface at prota Lie 7 chitin’ gah elite aw lias a
wy diatk’; hme Buitiace «i lie bead aod prot husdaiade ae ee, m Aitadans
“vind viddupis itp’ Bras: fi ts Bit chine SP TM aeRS 48 weer? bul «ves: while
~ anigpié Bites ae 5 fs : amt ol Dab ‘ip. hank ainda wheblor thie
vagiatlor. 1 lisdeal. u glia riirthepbit sh pst coxific differayioat. hist! they. iar
1 taeringan sre fa abeatvalile:) Pipetnn tagoks Gillice cn ae Cotati Do RS
wealth battens Ob-the tubs helow the eirisce sof traaity ots hc ianber ap aa

40 news. heiaw the Mite Of. tie sot antl that dew h had Hears Seo,

i Tatliae Sia, OO foun rendneed. “@ 5" the: ty idbihe Gh« Rass ot at ses Ss
g ingpainang poeta «) tho inte gaott Lathe . bas SS ith Wi! ch thy lettotane tiv
iti tbe peer Bib id ‘prolonged slighty mii te oat lovelowte ODMR? Sadi:
7° yatta. ke ard fi the pupa is-tarhen thitanty Ge mouth af thé tulle aud the
Lo muppet esl it the Bm we higced cnt) Hierthiek silken tierahrehe wWhadh
‘however, iS easiig heres it OW anjeriee joe Pf the wath, vhe Crile suigales td Ghai
@nrfaee und ties Biiin-oes> o5 left peniroded featy the end of Tip tape os cmea¥
Bo eptiraly Sigky of the tals techies, Tebiidaimone an. ealeiaia patea ou,
F tiee' ieee Seed hath hes: hi ry BAe PRPS Eyze, Oty frvan iret ule,
Were, faut TO -qitistey, gummed to one another aithe wil Of ginct eriialer.
ee oy tA edgy itt), Coucate oral oF cry Mirai with wHrmded itt, ohawt
Lee mon, tong vor! 05. vin:. Dread paniooth, Aatdly shies aay Nad, - (Puy

ey pein 120), 1M)

i MY RMCOvILA LEONTINA, MET, PLATE LIT) ,
fapatindg Méeyr oh, dy AAS, 1260)

Py Unmmaily Uescrived friny Kulyl*) ago: his apecioa de abypedent
Bethe Bavit state a4 Puasa in Fine. aod Joly amas fends HAY Tia

iS

Pe a Waco eL Dor AL this jaeer.cwl . chiy parti ee ete vod et tig abeg

ik pages foanidd on 27th Mag JOU the talin tn ehob eae fied totes erg aE ;

ee

*

1, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 183

certain whether the following description applies to M. campestris or to M.
devincta, Meyr., or M. ramifera, Meyr., as all these three species are common
at Pusa and the larve have not been distinguished. The larvee form silken
tubes which go down practically vertically into the soil to a depth of several
inches. In confinement the larvae have been observed to go right down to the
bottom of a glass jar through about sixinchesofearth. The tubesare generally
formed in dry and rather dusty places. The larva feeds apparently on dead
leaves and grasses available on the ground, but in confinement occasionally
eats fresh leaves and has been observed to gnaw a cork. The larva is about
25 mm. long, cylindrical, pale yellow, soft, with five pairs of prolegs ; head
and upper surface of prothorax thickly chitinized and shiny, reddish-brown
to black ; the surface of the head and prothoracic shield varies in different
individuals from smooth to slightly corrugated transversely, but even when
smooth there is a faint trace of corrugations. (It is not known whether this
variation is individual or characteristic of specific differences, but no other
differences were observable.) Pupation takes place in a stiff cocoon formed
near the bottom of the tube below the surface of the soil. In the case of three
pupe found on 27th May 1915 the tube in each case had been carried about
40 mm. below the surface of the soil and at that depth had been closed entirely
anda cocoon formed at this lower end ; this portion of the end of the tube is
rather stiff, no doubt rendered so by the addition of a good deal of silk ; the
remaining portion of the tube is soft like the tubes in which the larve are found
and the upper end is prolonged slightly above ground-level, its mouth being
open ; the head of the pupa is turned towards the mouth of the tube and the
upper end of the cocoon is closed with a rather thick silken membrane which,
however, is easily burst. On emergence of the moth, the pupa wriggles to the
surface and the pupa-case is left protruded from the end of the tube or may
lie entirely clear of the tube. Tachinid, Ichneumonid and Chalcidid parasites
have been bred from these larvee and pups. Eggs, obtained from bred moths,
were laid in a cluster, gummed to one another on the wall of a glass cylinder.
The egg is slightly elongate-oval or cylindrical with rounded ends, about
0-7 mm. long and 0°5 mm. broad, smooth, hardly shiny, creamy white. (Pusa
Insectary Cage-slips 1229, 1387.)

MYRMECOZELA LEONTINA, MEYR. (PLATE LIV.)
Myrmecozela leontina, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 126(').

Originally described from Kulu(!) emd=Pasat4, this species is abundant
in the adult state at Pusa in June and July and we have italso from

Chapra (Bihar).

184 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TINEID

It has been bred at Pusa from larve collected on 5th to 25th June 1916
in silken tubes amongst dabhi grass. On 30th June 1916 no more larve
could be found although pupz and empty pupa-cases were then found in the
tubes. The larve are found in silken tubes which extend almost vertically
downwards for several inches into the soil. At the mouth of the tube bits
of dry grass and other rubbish are knitted together and these lie on the ground
and completely hide the presence of the tube. The larva is very like that of
Melasina but is apparently distinguishable by its smooth head—transversely
corrugated in Melasina. The full-grown larva is about 18 to 20 mm. long,
cylindrical, pale yellow ; head smooth, red-brown ; prothoracic shield large,
lighter brown than head and divided by a narrow yellow medial line ; hairs
on segments long, not arising from tubercles ; five pairs of equally developed,
short prolegs.

Pupation takes place within the larval tube, no special cocoon being formed.
The pupa is about 12 to 14 mm. long and about 2°5 to 3 broad, cylindrical,
slightiy bent ventrally ; on the dorsal region of the anal segment there is a
pair of pointed processes arising from a common transversely-flattened base
and with their tips directed anteriorly. By wriggling movements and with
the help of these processes, the pupa can move freely up and down the silken
tube. Before emergence of the moth the pupa wriggles up to the mouth
of the tube and partly issues out of it before the mothescapes. (Pusa Insectary
Cage-slip 1404.)

MYRMECOZELA TINEOIDES, WLSM.

Setomorpha tineoides, Wism., P. Z. 8., 1886, 465, t. 41, f. 8(') ; van Deventer,
Tijds. voor Entom., XLVI, 81-82, t. 9, f. 3 (1904)(?); Pagenstecher,
Lep. Bismarck Archip., II, 232 (1900)(3) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 540,
t. 28, f. 10 (1909)(4).

Amydria tineoides, Wism., P. Z. 8., 1907, 1018-1019 (1908)(°).

Originally described from Mhow(!). ‘Not uncommon in India (4)
and probably widely distributed.

Larva figured by Lefroy(*) and van Deventer(?) ; the latter is probably
more accurate and shows the larva as 5 to 6mm. long, whitish, head shining
brown with lighter intersutural lines, plate of two large, narrowly divided
medially, brownish, plates of 3 and 4 smaller, broadly divided, brownish ; it
livesin a case about 6 to 8 mm. long by some 2 mm. broad, broadest and slightly
flattened in the middle, slightly expanded at either end.

Food :—Dried tobacco leaves (#).

Note. Jt is possible that Lefroy’s figure, ascribed to this species, really represents the
larva of Selomorphu insectella.]

= .
-
.
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Manly

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4
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s
:

;

tour

2 eign ‘ Ou ATC ‘Dig bby o3 sonny); Las iy, ah

e) v¢
hi
<
é .
Vila

tind vee al

ty ’
d aichong 4 Ps i

taj iy i iT, O13 oad a yr mathe it pes, ae uk 7 hw

ne etc
sve intinignids af

1h fale rivi

and ce cll,

he ie

Ad di i Wit atl t ¥ . nA! hat. aa

Mom tutmerded ) Hive | eat

4

Tan & 3
; py ae eM eh eee
4°) THEE Lats Mtoe; noe ¥
“i ta JA-niten, Tong eid oho
fi 1 a Tr i
tially’? on Uh donee sagiooeal
prtcrsees prising utois. B comiOD

‘ ys i i Pah, st Pr) ey :

ips, Hirictedt ater jurly.. ty
ihr, Deen's &

micesees, the:pape cin pos

j eta =) 7

7 es

nee 7. 6: po, oe,
Ink rs OF 8 Waa” De,

d Bish; 465), 4%, it, Zp wy a vile a ;
a, sn oe eer

eae r

ie Cae mi
i } Si s
Wh Ebeicak) awh Ally ie eI
LOTS ny OF eal at
nl ‘bhgsre tle lane a) teh ‘ mn. ach vs ef uli ee.
7 hea i} a va Me Hy ‘
ny : ay TR he “uae -
Iti: PCRS, : il 1 Su a Lee ee! ily ati ve 7
5 f ae An oe ir I *

wah Hd DAE OD Oy BO yee That br

. 7) ; Spt wees 7 Tat. Fe
IM, Sitae OVA suite 4% en;
; a - ms am seat

PLATE LV.

‘poytuseur AyySry or0uL *MOTA-apIs
‘your JO prey ‘a = (7x ) poyruseur pure (oury]
"No UL) 9ZzIs [BAnyeu ‘you “p (447 x) pua
wio.ty aos ‘ednd popnayxo YM ‘asro [PAdR] ‘0
: (Y;ZX ) Opis woody usos ‘ednd popn.yxo (EM

ae ) poyttrorut ‘esro PAIR] “gq { oZIS [RANVeU oY] SMOYs oANTy
Q op > “ on .
pur (ouryyno ) ozs yeanqeu aseo [Parry] “q aurpino out, “(542% ) ednd popnyxe ym
> (€[ X ) peyiucrur pue ozis [einjeu oseo WOT] faseo prarery ‘p——:xujdaou syoydod<y *[ “BIq

+.

peperxa Paley ‘n—:'ds syorydod fy sala

(|

I) if WY / WY :
Wie, JP?

Uh

ty Vy,

|

My ALM LO, WY
tg get eZ,
BESO ar UZ

FF a et ae) PENANG, MD
ae ey

Uns gt xa ae aed

mA at ¢ ~y ore i ee 7 .

a » % D af A - » i = 65 a ¥;

va ~ vei PF sh ees We « a

: Os oo bi ; +1

a Xe ee or lage. a

> ia bs are . ‘ —

heen ran y 0 on

nee wares

¥ : 4 P

LA re Ny Ne

ag

pours ab Dyes vith Afra: ayn (eK: ic se a : Hoeuud- ; z phar
aan ob banpan (PF iiue hidpsligedice Meguiars. Whe laren i. # a
Uae deneribedl ae Sender vuln « black headland prativorscis hick! and, five: “cole es
ie , b soy praleis, pnt, aKa aperimaD cif Laaty plot Mbafiadile Wak whic Leased jib | a
che tgwhich-latva ~ Aare sipliens eu jain Ug

.

: SACL AROPT BRIS GAs erEMeTm Mrs Ry | pal <5

fl if sscin yo sib oto pec raet (Msaansniatl pod “aindganee. | {era ant
: Rie, Genie rohit pba Foy tdnbely da Medea}: dap op apt a tad Saar?

1 Biba ted et onin vienba arty dfeidpelhgelloaph CRU CARS, gaia) | KS | peat
BP arya hav ohongs (oC, wow ty Bans pamgilotandl te pase EDD ate AA) hd ome ot
ends hdended adipose! ui silk and grins of fuse, bat entirely derail ‘with |
a Rilke autizided') Nae

et ie list been Mared st Pie , from larvie fond in tuber Wes ps
' i iy ee, "as
Ds Sie . BAPOPIICTIS cuprhs, MENT, ota LY, po 5, Seis iat
-_ “Hy pophaietis beaires: May? Exot. Mice oa G03 (Trume LSDRIGH. ied, he, “ty. ae
‘on ps: AUTH? arr | | Sede
" © Digacitbed Ron Coyfon tHapotaie): aod Reece iu’ North. Ranare(4, 2A
A ‘were aldo taku at ys im, Septenibe: 0S and Usetober 2Ut7 aah

ta . Lares Brandl in. oats of Croriuarageaater (Porn at ee Avababansg A,

ayteas Bye naaae beet an De ccs fer wh Pause doce, Rie sire tise, Chae

‘ Puente Gapipatentt)).of twe dark yroy sections at stent silk ipimed figether: «

ci tamel the cas. Shapes somes hat between iit eAtipae atl an Bowe Aas, or: :
» ood erga dinclos, Teaugtlh 15) msc, pPeneRss widtit. & trina. on

tagile to Geran. ; Dope, prone wd froin) sass in baarhee mesy: |

‘
or ps ee "i . a

. “averages” ¥ PLAN cy ME,

° thio Me hee pe)

Sigs Leen pata at Pasa frowi a lurve Sound wee tagger
mo The laryaryias déscribed os ality, jong, flat,

awagd cither exttonity bebop, Ao -postwriethyy (fies rien tqy wall

al, pate gellawiste white; hued fal, Wau, shiny, aration thats, gente;

rand -wesotlionay wholly covbred, by « bite Heh, savecpages so

t eiprole nt lives foe fat 8 shaped, case commie of twa thin

to pines attached to each othe permahamlyehy DRARe i

fF,

oe of a. +
. : 4 . : ‘ F oO ’ - > ‘ a 6 Se =: “ah J
. | ; if, wea
a ie ® uae
=) i ae :
‘ , -. be
, : or is’ ta a ear, i
Te ee “-
Pee ea
7 << oa PAN ae, 0 i % 7 “" Py

oe ep ee

tT. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 185

MYRMECOZELA ? CORTICINA, MEYR.

Amydria ? corticina, Meyr., M.S.

This species was reared at Pusa on 19th March 1914 from a larva found
horing into bark of banyan (Ficus bengalensis) on 26th January. The larva
was described as slender with a black head and prothoracic shield and five
pairs of prolegs, but, as a specimen of Latypica albofusciella was also reared, it
is uncertain to which larva this description applies. (Pusa Insectary Cage-
slip 1035.) :

MACHAEROPTERIS HALISTREPTA, MEYR. :

Macheropteris halistrepta, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 128-129 (1911)(').

Described from Puttalam in Ceylon, Gooty in Madras, and the Konkan(?).
We have it from Coimbatore, Hospet (Bellary) and Pusa.

Larva in elongate, nearly flat, parallel-sided case (12x4 mm.), both
ends rounded, composed of silk and grains of refuse, but entirely coated with
silk outside('),

It has been reared at Pusa from larve found in tubes.

HYPOPHRICTIS INCEPTRIX, MEYR, (PLATE LV, FIG. i):

Hypophrictis inceptrix, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 605 (June 1916)(1), ¢d., L.c., IL

"85 (1917)(2).

Described from Ceylon (Haputale) and Karwar in North Kanara(!).
Moths were also taken at Pusa in September 1908 and October 1911.

“Larva found in nests of Cremastogaster (Formicidee) at Ambalangoda,
Ceylon, and imago bred in December at Pusa; in a singular nearly Auiieace
composed (apparently) of two dark grey sections of stout silk joined together
round the edges, shaped somewhat between an ellipse and an hour-glass, or
like two coalescing circles, length 15 mm., greatest width 8 mm., contracted
in middle to 6 mm. ; pupa protruded from end in emergence ”’(2),

HYPOPHPICTIS(?) PLANA, MEYR, HS
.. Brot. Ma. TT 35 (Dee. igw)

This species has been reared at Pusa from alarva found ona mango-trunk
on 28th June 1906. The larva was described as about 12 mm. long, flat,
tapering towards either extremity but more so posteriorly, segments well
defined, pale yellowish-white ; head flat, black, shiny, smaller than prothorax ;
prothorax and mesothorax wholly covered by a black shield ; five pairs of
minute prolegs. The larva lives in a flat 8-shaped case consisting of two thin
8-shaped parchment-like pieces attached to each other permanently by means
of silk at the constrictions and coinciding along their margins. On the outside

186 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TINEIDA

these side-pieces are dry-earth colour and whitish inside. The larva extrudes
itself from one of the ends up to about the metathorax, whilst it walks and
feeds, the remainder of the body being protected by the case. When disturbed
it withdraws its head inside the case. Pupation takes place within the case,
the pupa wriggling out to some extent to one end of the case on emergence
of the moth, which appears in November. There seems to be only one brood
annually. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 380.)

HYPOPHRICTIS SP. (PLATE LV, FIG. 2.)

A Tineid larva, apparently belonging to a species of Hy pophrictis, was
found at Pusa in January 1916 underground in the nest of an ant, Polyrhachis
sp. It was enclosed in a flat silken case as shown in figure b. Unfortunately
the larva died and no more have been found, so that the moth has not
yet been reared. It may possibly belong to H. solliciia, Meyr. (Exot. Mier.,
II, 85) which was also described from Pusa.

SCARDIA SISTRATA, MEYR.
Scardia sistrata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 618 (1916)(').

Described from Puttalam, Wellawaya and Peradeniya in Ceylon and
from Pusa(!). We have it from Pusa, Chakradharpur and Coimbatore.

Larva feeding in decayed fungus (Polyporus)('). At Coimbatore this
species was reared from larvee in fungus and at Pusa from larve in fungus
(Fomes sp.).

Larve were found at Pusa on 22nd August 1908, boring into the thick
tissue of Fomes sp. and producing tunnels filled with pellets of frass. HExtern-
ally the presence of the larvee in the fungus is indicated by dry pellets of frass
webbed together into small masses. The larva was described as about 20
mm. long and 2°5 mm. broad, cylindrical, pale yellow, skin soft and trans-
parent ; head and prothoracic shield brown, shiny ; five pairs of fully developed
prolegs. Pupation takes place inside the tunnels in the fungus, the pupe
being found near the mouths of the tunnels which open externally, the opening
being closed with silk and excrement. The pupa is about 12 to 13 mm. long,
cylindrical, brown ; third and following abdominal segments with two. trans-
verse ridges across dorsum, the ridges surmounted by fine raised points ;
anal segment with a pair of curved hooks on ventral side. On emergence of
the moth, the pupa wriggles out of the tunnel to some extent and, when the
moths have emerged, many empty pupa cases are found projecting out of the
body of the fungus, (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 741.)

Cophnnniin phepy Ext bra. T 616 lyse) Dhelant

Pej catoxenn ;
CREF ea ae Re. £ hu. KO gu (ys? ; hee Akl. harm
Netterksr her Ween KEIV 266 or & Mntabign
\\ Mero pLinnes eR play hey x bere Wh ee oo % © z pe
erat \ngaatin S + hats We , Mey Ree
0 Sie Pa Tes ance vlc

SA ud - bnew: Wr eens fp a ot > Ruchenanta Lorin

vy an) vi a Cr~ parry wil BR aM term Shed nwt AU matte
Gan Wey Uke Tne ii by mex ghd 5” derek
PRepad md uw —dey ; + fen De. cRur oS
kK atts Na cane | ) ign iy pup on nly rv Gm Lark

ORE uk tery 4 Lsfe ney ubs pou XG annned . > (Bresen 2 GG a .31., 7,31)

CEYLON a

Geren Te Cop ota Lxtu , Cw Kx1K JOU eet! 7 Kady 2 Pen :
Mo. me Su 0) , AS | b.r4, Ne. 4090 brertAs'g a Kinledre 3
| bap, Ceafon ( 4, 7h Nete

\NDIA

JAVA
SUmATRA

N Aus TRAMIA

Tuareg ln acrma pad ) mere ) Exe bee Tr 474 (yuye ..- Toe Men,

as i Tati: SAS POEL

CO fH @ bery pee Lad 22 bemier Sarghe, |
Csiten DOR. Menbey LO. | 1992 A).

tylodaula permiciora sy, Exe. Wie UW 38b (1920 ) gis oe pi

C&S i Hens Ve eve frente).

en ae

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 187

EUCROTALA NUCLEATA, MEYR.

Eucrotala nucleata, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 96 (1917)(*).
Bred in June from (bark or wood, probably, of) Shorea robusta from
Gumna Range, Goalpara District, Assam (Beeson)(!).

HAPSIFERA RUGOSELLA, STT.

Cerostoma rugosella, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n. s.), V, 113-114 (1859)(') ; Wlsm.,
P. Z. S., 1885, 883(2).

Dasyses rugosellus, Durrant, Ind. Mus. Notes, V, 104, t. 15, f. 3 (1903)(*) ;
Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 540 (1909)(4).

Dasyses rugosella, Meyr., Ann. Transv. Mus., III, 335 (1913)(5).

Psoricoptera ? hirsutella, Wism., T. HK. 8., 1881, 261, t. 12, f. 29(6).

Scalidomia hirsutella, Wism., T. E. 8., 1897, 65(7).

Dasyses rugosellus, Proc. Second Entl. Meeting, p. 257 (1917 )(8)> ToMinen Proc. (it EAT. atin s

Originally described from Calcutta(!), but widely distributed in and
outside of India, being known from Natal(® ), Gambia(“) and French Congo(?) ;
also recorded from Barrackpur(*)*, Poona(?) and Peradeniya(*). We have
it from Pusa, Dharwar and Coimbatore.

Larva in galleries in fibrous stem of dead Cycas circinalis(*), in dead
wood(®), in mango and gular bark and in frass of a Cerambycid borer in
mango(t). Larva found in dead papaya tree at Pusa. Also bred from
papaya stem at Coimbatore.

The larva is about 25 mm. long, cylindrical, slightly tapering posteriorly,
very soft, dirty pale yellow, skin almost transparent showing dark contents
of alimentary canal ; head and prothoracic shield shiny dark-brown ; scattered
grey hairs on segments ; five pairs of prolegs. Pupation in a white cocoon
found in the wood-dust or in any small corner of the bark. The pupa wriggles
out of the cocoon to some extent on emergence of the moth. The larva lives
in (probably dead) bark of mango, Ficus glomerata and papaya.

MNRETE =<rR

HAPSHFERA SECLUSELLA, WLK.

Cimitra seclusella, Wik., Cat., XXIX, 780(!).

Hapsifera seclusella, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, III, 499, t. 208, ff. 12, 13 (1887)(2) ;
Warren, P. Z. 8., 1888, 338(3).

Amydria seclusella, Meyr., Entom. Mitteil. Suppl., III, p. 61 (1914)(4).

* Note. Durrant’s record from‘ Bekpur ” is obviously based on a misreading of a contrace
‘ion for Barrackpur. The same error cecurs in Swinhoe’s Catal. Het. Oxf. Mus. in connection
with other species,

N\y wv , \9 w

188 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TINEIDH

Originally described from Ceylon('), this species is widely distributed
in India, where it has been recorded from Campbellpur(?), and has also been
found in Formosa(*). We have it from Peradeniya, Chapra and Pusa.

At Pusa it has been reared from farmyard manure (cowdung) collected
on 25th June 1916. The larva was boring the lumps of cowdung and living
inside a silken tube around which pieces of cowdung and pellets of frass were
fastened. Pupation took place in elongate-oval silken cocoons with stout
walls and the pupa wriggled out to some extent through one end of the cocoon
just before emergence of the moths, which took place from 13th to 23rd July.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1416.)

rAd UWA-
SETOMORPHA INSECTELLA, FB.

Tinea insectella, Fabr., Ent. Syst., 1H, ii, 303 -(1794)(*)-

Setomorpha rutella, Zeller, Micr. Caffr., pp. 94-95 (1852)(?) ; Wlsm., T. E. S..
1891, 81-82, t: 7, £. 73(°); Cotes, Ind. Mus. Notes, IT, 9-10 (1891)(4).
t.c., p. 164 (1893)(°) ; de Nicev., 1. ¢., V, 201-202 (1903)(°) ; Wlsm., Fauna
Hawaii, I, 754 (1907)(7) ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 540 (1909)(8) ; Meyr.,
Tr. Linn. Soe. (2), XIV, 302 (1911)(°).

Setomorpha insectella, Wlsm., P. Z. 8., 1907, 1016-1019 (1908)("°).

A cosmopolitan species described, under at least eight other names, from
North and South America, Hawaii, West -Indies, West and South Africa,
Seychelles, India, Ceylon, Celebes, Makassar, and Queensland. |For more
complete synonymy and distribution, see('°).| We have it from Pusa,
Rangpur, Coimbatore, Darjiling, Mercara, Pollibetta and Nagpur.

Larva on dead animal and vegetable matter—on muscular fibre attached
to skull of a hippopotamus(!®), destructive to bales of country -blankets in
Caleutta(* *), destructive to insect collections(”), on various dried vege-
table substances(’).

This species has been bred at Pusa on several occasions from larvee found
feeding on dry tobacco leaves, also from larve on stored coriander seeds, on
Setaria italica grain in store, on wheat flour, and on Dolichos biflorus (seeds *),
and at Nagpur it has been reared on bean (in store 2).

The egg is about 0°25 mm. long by 0°17 mm. broad, pearly white, changing
to very light-brown before hatching. The eggs are laid singly. Before
depositing an egg the female extrudes her ovipositor for about 2mm. and moves
it from side to side, then raises it upwards between the wings and then with
a jerk deposits an egg at the utmost reach of the ovipositor, and then moves
to another place to lay another egg. The eggs hatch in about eight days, the
young larva being about 1:25 mm. long, with a light-brown head.

r ie a : ny ge ft
7 " : i om . “a a 7
kes ci ee
ee ot
br Giese ca about 17 ain iohia ot a clety white). ain ~ ae
tr Napa e, ea tod brows, pao ehakioie- whigld preyist: Veown ¢) spiracios "
la 4 with niindte watiernd brown, hatte) five paity <f grote gy, “a

y bheel
Ns aa Pupatiun takes clace Auge She latval food fee) dcied tobacww inuvea) 7
4 at white -nylindvical eounog, - Pipa abont 5 iam long, cyisulrical,

|
‘ ae pevbeterioly. aninriyly ( Beet) Cee peu ord «sith eine Apgtid al des
Sia aera ghee Mire aati

' By | - CAPTIGA ALBOPAMCES A, Fade

ar e | Albi fiacrela, ptamtes, T, BE. Bin oe Fi Yi itt (T Aya)
A alorfisimnviie, Megr,, ‘Kew Minn, 7 SUG (hal By

ae: agukty eoaonbed, (rep, Cnleuttal®) aod suicaivardcled fain 2 *gngi™}

re BNL (Coorg )(?), Wo have this eperien from ¢ hapre and the Shesaroy

ny Hills, end. trom Puta in Apnd, dine, September and Novendtinn {mostly ig Sumal.

ar

.. 7
i

A specimen waa reared on Lath A Wu ive trom « larvae found Ray ming ‘mts “fea rly
9

OF arya (Figue bengulensixs) on 26th Jandary 1914 and desortedous slendes

st ® Dlatkk head anc ahs ratio shieh! and five pairs of ppoltgs : bebe ap

d +P apeciniien OL Miyrinecosly carticina wus also reared under thee date. Wie ae
By Vmattali to Which larva this des ription. really poet ( Paty Invictioey Care
ship, at an dih
A ‘i \

APSRARIA BUCEPITALA, MERLE

Fe fi bs Eneilen, ‘Tide voor Hinton, MAVil 148 4.4. ff 4, jo
outs MeMSROCY: Mayr. Ann, Tranay, Mya. TU Hay)
Originally’ G@escribed fram Kustern Siberia: chs Spies: 6 ne dis-
~~. ‘taibuted Aud. bad been conurded trow oot”) ‘awl’ Netalt) 4 Th tadia
= file known frown Chapra, Pasa, the Shevarox and hyaat Miller
=e The. jarva ha@ not been deecyrb ed bu) the ayo) aan hred fram Sortagge
; Anal Aefungus Rowe; on atree at Yercaud, Shevaror< in May 1014;

cls
J “4
a i>, SLR St NICUUABSS, MBYK.

le ce, Mey. 'A. 2. XS P28.
~ 2 Described trom Maskeliyss gad, Peradaniya. id ldo cts

7 A inc mart ooh ss aaa

ix

SA gg WPLSCIA ae a ane
Me aobipert, Mave, B. J, KEI," }24-1 : see 4 men oe
oh ted fom. Haynitale in Ceylon, the Jaren . |
abWk coveted with grains of refuse, tg on nb ag.
oe aie 27.9). ne lige
> ae ’ psi 6's + alain
iearst med

Emmoch wate chenfrrmis, hen, Exmbie Wb (M1) 0g oN ADeme TD,

Ld hey far Merecarpur deleery inde (per) fedivs
m— Ber w bamu ).)

Tracks la ty phase, haya, Ex. hanes aN: lo) (193!) 6 eeseon or B

Ee ie ee eee 4)

Asyndekanta Nagrta hye. (va P21)

Ox ana Cursing Jone stray Exar. tne hk Wo” (ig Je st A Sundeubers
as GS fon Weattne home)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 189

The full-grown larva is about 17 mm. long, cylindrical, dirty-white, skin
transparent, head red-brown, prothoracic shield greyish-brown ; spiracles
black ; segments with minute scattered brown hairs ; five pairs of prolegs.

Pupation takes place amongst the larval food (e.g., dried tobacco leaves)
in a tough white cylindrical cocoon. Pupa about 5 mm. long, cylindrical,
tapering posteriorly, anteriorly light brown, posteriorly whitish. Pupal
period about nine days in August. (P. G. Patel’s Cage-slip 23.)

LATYPICA ALBOFASCIELLA, STT. M
Cerostoma albofasciella, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n. s.), V, 114 (1859)(!).
Latypica albofasciella, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 606 (1916)(?).

Originally described from Calcutta(') and since recorded from Pusa(?)
and Dibidi (Coorg)(”), we have this species from Chapra and the Shevaroy
Hills, and from Pusa in April, June, September and November (mostly in June).
A specimen was reared on 14th April 1914 from a larva found boring into bark
of banyan (Ficus bengalensis) on 26th January 1914 and described as slender
with a black head and prothoracic shield and five pairs of prolegs ; but, as a
specimen of Myrmecozela corticina was also reared under these data, it is un-
certain to which larva this description really applies. (Pusa Insectary Cage-
slip 1035.)

a

PAR DIA

ATABYRIA BUCEPHALA, SNELL.
Atabyria bucephala, Snellen, Tijds. voor Entom., XXVII, 166, t. 9, ff 1, 14,

14 (1884)(!) ; Meyr., Ann. Transv. Mus., III, 82(?).

Originally described from Hastern Siberia(!), this species is widely dis-
tributed and has been recorded from Borneo(?) and Natal(?). In India
it is known from Chapra, Pusa, the Shevaroy and Khasi Hills.

The larva has not been described but the moth was bred from cocoons
about a fungus growth on a tree at Yercaud, Shevaroys, in May 1913.

ELEGISTIS CUNICULARIS, MEYR.
Elegistis cunicularis, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 125-126.
Described from Maskeliya and Peradeniya, in Ceylon, the larva tunnelling
dead wood, making long external tubes of silk and refuse('),

LEPIDOSCIA GLOBIGERA, MEYR.
Lepidoscia globigera, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 124-125(').
Described from Haputale in Ceylon, the larva in a sub-globose, egg-

shaped case of silk covered with grains of refuse, feeding on lichens ; length of
case 8-10 mm., width 5-7 mm,/(#),

Tcentales Es

mente oats
Fimm 7 Se

L-

| Songapre )

190 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TINEIDA
TINEA OPSIGONA, eA,

Tinea opsigona, Meyr., B. J.. XXI, 123(').

Occurs throughout India and Ceylon. ‘We have it from Coimbatore,
Pusa, Chapra, Rajshahi and Gurdaspur. .

The larva does not seem to be known definitely, but in Ent. Mo. Mag.,
1898, p. 245, Lord Walsingham says that he knows “at least five Indian
species [of Tvnea] closely allied to vastella, one of which (orzentalis, Stt.) is

9

also a horn-feeding species.” I do not know of any Indian Tinea described
by Stainton as orientalis, which is probably a manuscript (unpublished) name
equivalent with opsigona, Meyr., which has frequently been mis-identified
with the African horn-feeding vastella, Z. Frequent inquiries from sportsmen
in India have so far failed to reveal any knowledge of the presence of a horn-

feeding Tinea in India.*

f TINEA FRUGIVORA, MEYR. (PLATE LVI, FIG. 1.)
Tinea frugivora, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 77 (1917)(}).

Described from one specimen taken at Coimbatore in July and from a
series bred in November and December from fruits of Trichosanthes (containing
larvee of a Chetodacus (Trypaneide)) collected at Lashio, 3,000 feet, Northern
Shan States, in August, but probably the dried remains of the fruit were
attacked later on the journey or at Pusa. The moths emerged between 14th
October and 4th December 1914.

TINEA PELLIONELLA, LINN. (PLATE LVI, FIG. 2.)
Tinea pellionella, Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. X), I, 536 (1758)(!) ; Meyrick, Hand-
book, p. 791 (1895)(2) ; Wlsm., P. Z. 8., 1907, 1025 (1908)(°).

Cae) yp. a0b- FP) ‘A cosmopolitan household pest, recorded from Europe, North America,

North and South Africa, West-Central Asia, Ceylon, Japan, Australia and
New Zealand: We have it from Rawalpindi, Madras, Pusa and Coimbatore

and it is doubtless common throughout our limits.
Larva whitish ; head brown; plate of 2 dark brown ; in a case on cloth,

feathers, hair, etc.(?).
A common household “ clothes-moth,” the larva feeding on furs, feathers,

bird’s nests, stuffed birds, woollens, clothes, carpets, ete. At Coimbatore

* Note. Since the above was sent to press, I have come across two cases at Sadiya, in
North-East Assam, in which dead buffalo horns had been attacked by a horn-feeding larva,
the empty pupa-cases remaining protruding from galleries eaten through the surface of the
horn. As no moths were obtained, the species concerned cannot be identified. I should be
glad to hear of any similar cases in India or to receive specimens of horns attacked by
larva, [T. B. F.)

—_

Linem Prey x phegn.*) Ew, bith. Sy TH 5 (\4'+ J = S 4 ai

hey Exar. we. 1 9b Chae. a Gf...
M2 fr. @ feding QO CKAerRenr 4 bus)

—— ae YO ©)
rn mtyo placa Mey, Envr. hic . Ne 1a 6 (1919) eae aes ese)
hoy, Ex. hWwe. Ww 9S (ey & ant KE me
C they [-— bj DS - WE rex we

- (VIA)

[ Jd @

2 y Seas po ey bat | Sy | Sime ne cree
<8 aaa Eb ad Mil tales ch Mand rs Aes pe RS UA Vi

1a ‘ida Sag cae ;
; a. ee

$e eg nl ey be pe ERR Meer Be
2 iene oy tee © =p &
ie oe aL phic oe ?
“Dib aang. eves RF, RR ALY a ea
“7 ctacelate tha teatiowp, fiulin” ont (levisin. nd fui, Col hath
a ln ‘hetay Rephahh qnt Guslanpateedl. wah ian te 4
° | "sly t= a in 0:
pO TGo cp, tha Fit) Walia ghatm-asaie. that daaalemaiete =the
| spin i oh Foie} elo saty: Aldi ae Sarellg Oine ot yhagh’ (orig at
leo a Boe atin: gia. Ps nee dapat ay Tivtinn ted 6
Rah Serer ety upline whol te: prin bie ble oy nate pany ‘pi
deni a ere Pan er Nines phat Apel cidiied
with t.> Aen bets iilog Te Sar raat | sea

eae 216 : oir
, mii Bx x qavena fey ey Bos tnd ae
, i sages Tr, Lasdhia “4

Depelingn Pes

: ee Seka BATONS, RUB. Whee Le ee. a)
Picci Peajoer, Maye reat. Mira, ERE ebeyty,

Lsiesrtibd. fiir due ayouiden Laka Gomnbutont’ ‘a Sty core
weties Ured ats omanboroi! December fer trahta of Dv echusanekee fe
laevis, of Xi Chiteddctis (Tip phase jdw}) cttdeted at Tashio: 3,50 hate es
Shia Stahecsiv Abana. bol irébably Sisadbled remnany of Mie. pet:

Bei tt aloes) fatow on, be Jonge Oral Piss, Tht nsoths en sabe
Ccksber ant ish Mesennber 2 Pa

= 4 4 . . ruthn PRULIONMELA, LIne. "eee hss ‘v. nie

Oey 7 a tae 2 Praes Yabo Kittin. Myet. Row (ed AGE 535. (ESS
a Sagar | heok, 199 (este) WI Wien, PZ Se Ts Foes (i

nds it & seercopolitin Enisokattl peat, records Duan Kuraye,. Sonal

et: Siete: Boke ation, Wesi-Cetitec| -Acks, Suylong dapex, Aw lie

caeeaie iNew Voalagdic We haverit, from Bigg alpink, ‘Midis, Raina oak ; a ob J

ee ex se one comtronn Cheiiaghtran why lirete, am a ae ; estas. 4
Pauea white *- gear beat 5 Pete vd 4 an, a ia (alo

feathers: tei, ste (5). ‘Oe oun

Anemos botecheld nian the A

bivd’s “tite ‘peut bile, seein Sti 5 &

nde a ee

—

“i

= us Feet 2 ee per
Ne thh Rah Cees he wakes anager Mgrs sg ‘
the city Bdamgsoen Ferichamn a. pot Alig toss
tigte Ea aa MS
oageng" erae! a

es ,
oye ~ yl ~ ‘o
= Weal»
opts oe i “ Aa
atte et 7 4 ie Aer)
Ve , eet a mW a » te yiasae
ry | rar 7 ty Monee
Vere
ht y ' 7 oS ;
; [SME eT
A oer en
{*; ’
; Se Boy
ae ee va
; ) ‘deh
Y - aga Cia eG. on: fl |
. 0 hee Ae

Fig.

,

PLATE LVL.

Tinea frugivora:—a, Larva, natural size and magnified (x11) ; b, pupa,
natural size and magnified (x 11); c, pupa, extracted from cocoon;
natural sizes and magnified.

Tinea pellionella:—a, Larva in case ; b, larva extracted from case ;
c, pupa; d, moth ; natural sizes and magnified (x5).

’
* igh
‘
_
t .
{
« \
r
4 7
> ‘et
s
a
, {
Ay
j
.
, ag = i ®. ye re ae i

: ie? 'o i a: — ;

i : ‘ ok fom

= ole P f Y | il ) a =~

Sa ee Se wee : ; ae Pe ad a

Pa) Pisa Nea gage aig? ete -2..”° =
— i

PLATE LVII.

- @
Vin ne G
Fig. 1. Macraeola inquisitrix:—a, Larva in case ; b, larva extracted from case :
c. pupa; d, moth ; natural sizes and magnified ( x 5).

Iie. Crypsithyris longicornis:—a, Larva, natural size, side view, and magnified
5) : 6, larva. dorsal view, magnified ( x 8) ; c, cocoon suspended from
thread, with extended pupa, natural size, and magnified ( x 4) ; d, moth,

natural size and magnified.

ee
(es

é ft rota

a
| dipish we it ¥ Wig
; eA. SIME ya cap 4 a Phew 0 che os “a
Foot AD bon wo en si te | ayn fo ridin 7 brary |
i aA *
Le ti ’ letting ston red ew ays py ‘ iota rth, Madnec, 43
er. sin ees, Sea | Gy ripe
108 m, pitta . 4 pean “~~ ‘ody - ”“ the ¥ mM
Pe Teh Os Noeey ret dtl
9, Z i mw < ny
: , ot ‘ in gad 0 i, "
4 5 ‘ LA: 4 a, O78: bra: iave ea ‘

thy

es
pels cas ins thasavele Pm y the 1a7¥ a ‘ a mth ‘ rige
Riiaick MBNA Polore erumegenes wl + ie ge tian nig pve
ee omar. 4 .
Fits iw oe cleat tr? Te ate: -it eadingl ini
ESE alee PIT Ec la a i
; . oq. AY Ata toile
ak Shad

* [eee gran, , dian.
Rend fe brie ny Peyton (Ru. Wat. pe Oty re) Bom Crm -sraine.

“Tense Ana aKa, ene)

Reo ded — Kantner by i (Re. Hatt . b. 629 & 190 ) a fey aon dren wo.

ee

T\NEA ALLUTE REA, per hun lope Loven Vie Wo- VN, Tit £3 (49 Tote) [| Gray ws)

ST wea. UTTER ELLA, Lytom. '%97- = pect: Klos by ‘ree 2 cy
UW nes alenha \ ut ~ , use \%q?)- ibs” pyar 6 ¢ Rie WwW. be } Yr. So

iy (GN. ~ nin
Fens migbece sag pe 8 > Me, Heth

pg ET

iss Ahr. )
»

(® Coat
pee yp de,
Len ieee nt U oo Ar
Wie | he 8 Wi ime
Theoa Mera , Susey ey, Cue Hawes ee TWH 14) (‘446 )
(Traendd “Prtafectle hemsartewnns as aay a oD

|

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 191

it has been bred from larve feeding on cloth lining of pith helmet, on woollen
cloth, on Balaclava cap and on deer-skin, and at Pusa on clothes, on fur, on
wool and on woollen cloth. It has also been sent in to us in February 1918
as infesting stored brushes in the Army Clothing Depét, Madras, and in March
1918 as attacking Kashmir nuwmdahs in the Army Divisional Supply Depét
at Rawalpindi.

The larva Jives in a flattened silken case or bag covered with portions
of the larval food. The larva is about 6 mm. long and 0°75 broad, cylindrical,
dirty-white ; head and large prothoracic shield dark-brown, shiny ; five pairs
of prolegs. Pupation takes place in the larval case, the pupa wriggling out
through one end before emergence of the moth and remaining protruded from
the empty case.

This is a destructive species to clothes, etc., of animal origin, breeding
throughout the year. It is best kept at bay by frequent and regular sunning

of clothes or by storing them with ample supplies of powdered naphthaléne.

ALLUT ELLA Ht = YUTERELLA LG. =
ceed Ce esc gees MEYR.

Tinea pachyspila, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 619 (1905)('), Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 231
(1910)(2), Tr. Linn. Soc. (2), XIV, 305 (1911)() ; Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life,
p. 540 (1909)(4) ; Fleteher -S—IndIns., pp-466-467;4 342-4 914)(7).—
Common throughout Ceylon(!s *) ; also recorded from Trivandrum(?) and

the Seychelles(?). 4s are aaah (Ne Afices, Vege tte ae

Larva living in a case on flannel, fur, etc.(*).

TINEA FUSCIPUNCTELLA, HAW. ~
Tinea fuscipunctella, Haworth, Lep. Brit., p. 562(!); Meyr.; Handbk., p.

791(2), Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 231 (1910)(?); Wlsm., E. M. M., 1907, 267(*).

A cosmopolitan household pest, known to occur practically all over the
world. In India recorded from Kurseong(*) and the Simla Hills). We
have it from Calcutta and Simla.

Larva in spun tube ; a refuse-feeder found on dried fruit, dried peas, ete.
on all kinds of waste substances, on offal, in bird’s nests, on meal-worm
workings, etc.(*),

TENAGA
MACRAOTA INQUISITRIX, MEYR. (PLATE LVIT, FIG. 1.)
Macrceola inquisitrix, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 602 (June 1916)(*).

Described from Pusa, where it was bred from a larva feeding on a dead
wasp(!), .

This species is abundant at Pusa in the larval stage, the larve being
seen creeping over walls inside houses, dragging about their small cases

14

192 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TINEIDA

During the cold weather the larvee are not much in evidence and seem to
hibernate, but from about the end of February onwards they are sufficient-
ly common. The larva seems to feed on dead organic matter of animal
origin, such as dead insects or insect excreta. The larva is about 5 mm.
long and about 0°8 mm. across prothorax, the mesothorax and meta-
thorax rather narrower, the abdomen broadening to about 1 mm. towards
anal extremity, convex dorsally, flattened ventrally, whitish-yellow ; head
dark chestnut-brown or black, shiny, with comparatively large antenne ;
prothorax with a black shiny dorsal plate narrowly divided medially and
also a similar ventral plate ; mesothorax with a black shiny medially-divided
dorsal plate and ventrally with a smaller ventral plate ; metathorax with a
less strongly chitinized medially divided dorsal plate ; legs very developed,
the second pair longer than the first, and the third pair longer than the second
and about twice as long as. the first ; scattered whitish hairs on body ; five
pairs of minute prolegs. The larva lives inside a flattened grey silken case
which may measure 10 mm. long by 2°5 mm. broad across the middle, tapering
towards both extremities which are open and similar. The larva is not fixed
inside the case but can project its head from either end at will. The exact
length of life-cycle has not been noted.

TINEOLA BISSELLIELLA, HUMM.

Tineola bisselliella, Hummel, Essais Ent., II, 6-12, 13-14 (1823) (!) ; Wlsm.,

P. Z. S., 1907, 1026 [references](?).

This is an almost world-wide species, doubtless spread artificially, and
known to occur in Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia and New
Zealand. It has not been recorded from India before, but we have it from
Peshawar and it is probably widely distributed within our limits.

The larva is described by Meyrick (Handbook, p. 782) as “ whitish ; head
brown ; on hair, wool, etc.” Frohawk (Entom., XX, 233) records a larva
which lived for three yeats, feeding on bird’s feathers.

TRICHOPHAGA ABRUPTELLA, WOLL,

Tinea abruptella, Wollaston, A. M. N. H. (3) I, 120 (1858)().

Tinea bipartella, Rag., Bull. 8. E. Fr., 1892, 93(°).

Trichophaga abruptella, Wlsm., P. Z. 8., 1907, 1020-1021 (1908)(3) ; Fletcher,
Entl. Note 92 (1916)(4).

Trichophagatapetzella, [nec Linn.], Fletcher, 8. Ind. Ins., p. 467, f. 343 (1914)(°),

Pat = i‘ * 7 i
P= ae Siar fae ae -
st it + od tate
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T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 193

Recorded from Madeira, the Canary Islands, Tunis, Egypt, Somaliland
and Aden. Common throughout India. We have it from Pusa, Coimbatore
and Bhutan.

This species has been reared at Pusa from larve found attacking the
fur of a deer’s hide. The larvee live next to the skin, hidden amongst the
hairs, which they eat. The attacked hairs do not fall off at once, as their
cut bases are hound up in a greyish silken webbing which the larve exude
and in which they live, their frass sticking to this webbing. At the slightest
pull the hairs come off in large tufts along with the silken webbing, leaving
the skin quite bare,

The full-grown larva is about 10 mm. long and about 1:25 mm. broad,
eylindrical, yellowish dirty white, skin soft and transparent ; head yellow
brown ; segments with thin white scattered hairs ; five pairs of equally deve-
loped prolegs.

Pupation takes place inside the silken webbing in a white silken cocoon.
The pupa is about 6 to 7mm. long, yellow brown ; anterior portion of dorsum
of abdominal segments with a transverse row of small spines which increase
in size on the successive segments towards anal extremity ; anal segment
dorsally with hook-like spines with their tips bent anteriorly. The pupa
wriggles out of the cocoon for about half its length before emergence of the
moth ; in some cases the empty pupa case is entirely pulled out by the emerging
moth.

In spite of their concealed mode of life, the larvae are lable to be parasi-
tized by a Tachinid fly. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 824.)

CRYPSITHYRIS HYPNOTA, MEYR.

Crypsithyris hypnota, Meyr, B. J., XVI, 753-754 (1907)(").
Described from Peradeniya, where the larva occurs in a case on lichens
under rock-ledges(').

CRYPSITHYRIS LONGICORNIS, STT. (PLATE LVII, FIG. 2.)

Tinea longicornis, Stainton, T. E. 8. (n. s.), V, 113 (1859)(?).
Crypsithyris longicornis, Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life, p. 539 (1909)(?).

Originally described from Calcutta('). Also occurs at Pusa.

The “larva lives in the little oval case found commonly on plastered
walls in Indian houses ; the case is of fragments and apparently spiders’ webb-
ing woven up with silk and the larva moves slowly along the wall. Its nourish-
ment is apparently the size in the whitewash or some similar organic material,

194 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TINEID

The pupa is in the case which is then hung from the ceiling by a thread, the
pupa emerging at the upper end for the moth to escape ”’(?).*

. Larve have been found at Pusa from November to March, walking on
whitewashed walls. They rest motionless during the daytime and appear
to move and feed only at night. The larva lives ina clumsy case which appears
to be very large in comparison with its own size. It probably feeds on lichens.

CRYPSITHYRIS MESODYAS, MEYR.
Crypsithyris mesodyas, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 753 (1907)(').
Described from Peradeniya where it was bred from a larva feeding on
lichens on rocks and trees(').

MONOPIS DICYCLA, MEYR.
Monopis dicycla, Meyr., B. J., XVI, 618 (1905)('), Rec. Ind. Mus., V, 231
(1910)(2).
Recorded from Maskeliya in Ceylon(!), and from Calcutta(?).
Larva destroying woollen cloth(?).

MONOPIS HEMICITRA,* MEYR.
Monopis hemicitra, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 417 (1906)(}).
Originally described from Puttalam (Ceylon)(!), this species was bred
at Coimbatore in June 1916 from larve in a Mantid egg-mass.

MONOPIS MONACHELLA, HB.
Tinea monachella, Hubner, Tin., f. 143(').
Tinea longella, Wlk., Cat., XXVIII, 479 (1863)(?).
Blabophanes longella, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ITI, 503, t. 209, f. 1 (1887)(3).
Blabophanes monachella, Meyr., T. E.8., 1894, 27(+), Handbk., p. 785 (1895)(°).
Monopis monachella, W\sm., Fauna Hawaii, I, 727-728(*); Meyr., Entom.

Mitteil. Suppl., III, p. 59 (1914)(”).

A very widely distributed species, originally described from Europe(!),
also recorded from Labrador, West and South Africa(®), Hawaii(®) and For-
mosa(7). Within our limits it occurs throughout India, Burma and Ceylon.
We have it from Madulsima, Maskeliya, Nilgiris (4,300 feet), Palnis, Belgaum,
Chapra, Pusa and Masuri.

Larva among rubbish—in bird’s nests—in skins(*).

* Note. I am uncertain whether this account really applies to this species. It almost
certainly includes Macreola inquisitrix (g. v.) whose larva lives on dead organic matter
and is seen commonly in a little case as described. The case is of course suspended by the
larva prior to pupation. [T. B. F.]

(a0 Ry 4 AmandaN ela , We . | Co pisse lla, Wm, ny bs i> nd ae
ferns Pie tanker! mA ae her, rey probally ke Shee ge
Whe genes E hedecn, BE, ere tt")

Epvenaptss x Xy loph Mra bye, Ex, Mike, By. 9 6 (dec. lyrr ) L ne i es ee
Lost 4 AWAY Am Vans )

Monaprs Kimacn Me Se. | nde XKVEL 1-0 To% f=? (885) [Makeroan .)
Bid wr Gr batre by Grtlend fry rai. Sour $P Ulgrvletme Arm f
o Arend > y nr Lesh «Hie, - Aken me Pecrmen (ior ols foot
mre. Tek: B'S lc pity ahi Ra ase

‘

M15 trnw -Petha, Lenn:

Remndtd fa Leena te heyrren ( Cn. Naa Xt p83 + gre) 5 Om dee Wortlern
, ie brett me dead exam,

. = \ <a <)
Ira, Araneta oles 4 Voplcoba aw i feral f bane My. 3 i Leakerr ; Wa h®

ot Taw 19g eye A WA qu.

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 195

INCURVARIADA,

The only species of this family recorded as Indian is Eriocottis fuscanella,
Z., an inhabitant of South Europe and Asia Minor, recorded from Karachi
by Cotes and Swinhoe (Cat. Moths India, p. 704) and whose larval habits do
not seem to be known. In the Kuropean genus Incurvaria “‘ the larve either
begin life as leaf-miners, afterwards living in flat cases formed of two pieces
of leaf, or they are shoot-borers.” (Stainton, Nat. Hist. Tin., XIII, 56.)

ADELIDA.

Some twenty-five species of the genus Nemotois have been recorded as
occurring within our limits, mostly in the Hills, the moths being easily recog-
nisable by their immensely long antenne and usually brilliant metallic markings,
but the early stages of no Indian species appear to be known. In Europe
the larve ‘‘ feed on seeds in their earliest youth, and afterwards construct
flat, bivalve cases and feed on the lower leaves of their foodplant or on other
leaves.’ (Stainton, Nat. Hist. Tin., XIII, 194.)

NEPTICULIDA.

The known larve of Nepticula mine galleries or blotches in leaves, and
are without developed legs or prolegs, but with paired rudimentary ventral
processes on segments 3, 4 and 6-11, or occasionally quite apodous. Pupa
in a firm cocoon, usually outside the mine. A full account of the group is
given by Tutt (Bri. Lep., I, 162-360).

NEPTICULA ARGYRODOXA, MEYR.
Nepticula argyrodova, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 181-182 (1918)(°).

“ Bred at Pusa in November from larva’ mining leaves of Desmodium
sp. (Leguminose) *’(').

Larve were found at Pusa on 13th November 1916 mining under the
epidermal layer on the upper surface of the leaves of Desmodium sp. The
mine is narrow and zigzag and may spread all over the surface of the leaf.
Inside the mine there is a thin streak of excrement. When the larva is full-fed
it leaves the mine and forms a roundish, flattened, scale-like, brown, silken
cocoon either on the surface of the same leaf or on its stalk orstemor on another
leaf. The pupa emerges partially through one end of the cocoon before the
moth emerges, and the empty pupa-case is left protruding from the cocoon.
Moths were reared between 21st November and 3rd December 1916. Several
parasites were also bred out. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1496.)

196 LIFE-HISTORIES OF NEPTICULIDZ
NEPTICULA ISOCHALCA, aes
Nepticula isochalca, Meyr., Exot. Micr., II, 6 (Oct. 1916)(').

“ Bred at Pusa in June from Phyllanthus emblica (Kuphorbiacez) ; cocoon
whitish ’’(').

On 27th May 1910, several flattened, white, silken cocoons were collected
at Pusa on the upper surfaces of leaflets of Phyllanthus emblica, only one
cocoon being found on each leaflet. The contained pupa was flattened dorso-
ventrally and the leg and antenna cases projected beyond the anal extremity.
Before emergence of the moth, the pupa wriggled out of one end of the cocoon
to some extent. The moths emerged between 3rd and 6th June. (Pusa
Insectary Cage-slip 836.)

NEPTICULA LIOCHALCA, MEYR.
Neptieula liochalca, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 6 (October 1916)(').

Bred at Pusa in July from larve mining in leaves of Cyperus rotundus
(Cyperacex)(!). Mr. Meyrick further remarks that a sedge is a new and un-
expected foodplant for this genus.

The original description includes the following note on the larva from
particulars supplied from Pusa :—‘“‘ Larva yellow, transparent, shiny, head
brown, somewhat bilobed ; the mine is commenced either from the top or
middle of the leaf, the larva mines down for some length and then takes a turn
and mines up, the second portion being exactly parallel to the first, excreta
deposited in a streak all along the mine ; the larve left the leaves and pupated
in flat, oval cocoons of golden-yellow silk ; two examples were bred.”

MICROPTERYGIDA.

Only a single Indian species (Neopseustis calliglauca, Meyr.), from the
Khasi Hills, is recorded, and nothing is known regarding its larval habits.

A good recent account of the group is given by Tutt (Brit. Lep.,
I, 129-162).

New poems ; nA pina my, Exer bee The 404-405 (iq ) e° wes Kans bans ( U.Burera).

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-

IN INDIA ee:
moOLIPER-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS.
MICROLEPIDOPTERA ‘
xX. APPENDS. am
t, RAINDEICOR PLETCHER, HN, V.L.8,, PRS. #28

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Paonovtay URAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUGA
a PRINTS AND FOURIER POE
ine [MP RRI AL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ix ios
wt
{BACK BA, SEINE & 00, CALCUTTA
FW. FRAC GK 8 00, 3, Crum Line, LOOM: ae
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Nepttnte aconlancha , hey. Cxa. bea. WE 198-156 (1926), pe - Kanne.
L Bud Ayer. dowe bar per, RS & In 1 aw [ene wg Va
puge Upclo a Or ager ne tom « mamh (nlinuerns hand ulbynate,
CEperr iy de oo f Leave mh x derek pur Cre Ne fu. fd ke
bevfe arte med LghR jf ming A DG st parr an misita ples
Wo (Awl ne Gat \ Row K Vtry Uy hen erect Dg ak Jpriak |
AMG wk OXterent and erm wo SLs AG ww (dan err, leat
1 Hgmenodiclyon obovatum ( Rbrecear) ; me leaf day wh elbres
bis, | Coco, wat, flatts ) Ud ahd) mn Avfea g Lop. Quite
a petra He eisx |

November, 1920. ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES. Vou. VI, No. 9.

MEMOIRS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS
MICROLEPIDOPTERA

IX. APPENDIX.

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S

Imperial Entomologist

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2, Creep Lanz, LONDON

#) i : . .
a _ PREPAC

’

ae ie sending {0 pres parte 1-8 of Vn voluma a few | ee

Milena) life-historice lave been worked oub-ab Pure. ee a;
a Pidewell. 0.8." has also kindly sent-me some nol oy
ae haat by jum in Bombay, and Mrs, Denke haa ‘ieadel
ae ed Ona Dew speries of dntiepila from Sersonpore. "The apporiiie - »
ite add these supplemeéutary notes to The present ~ @ =

; @ order to have al our information uniler one cover.

+

ey B Aprit 1020. | ?. BAINRRIGGE FLETCHER, |

PREFACE

SINCE sending to press parts 1-8 of this volume a few addi-
tional life-histories have been worked out at Pusa. Mr. y. M.
Maxwell, I.C.8., has also kindly sent me some notes on various
species reared by him in Bombay, and Mrs. Drake has forwarded
notes on a new species of Antispila from Serampore. The opportu-
nity is taken to add these supplementary notes to the present
volume in order to have all our information under one cover.

Pusa, 5th April 1920. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER.

=o

ee
Ww Aon CF Pee
Wr ALL) Jt KLUM yn te ge”.

76

i

A AN \\ LW WO

Hiss
Fig. 1. Cacoecia pomivora:—a, Larva, oe
nes (x4) ; 6, pupa, lateral view (x4);

female moth ( x4) ; d. male moth ’ x 4).
The smaller figures show the natural sizes.

PLATE LVIIL.

Fig. 2. Ulodemis trigrapha:
b, pupa, lateral view (
The smaller figures show the

view (x4)

e, moth (x 4
natural sizes.

——a@,

Larva, lateral
x4) 5

. ‘
s
‘

lLoep.nistonres OF INDIAN. INSREPS..
, > * MAGROLDPIDOPTERA.

Sun IX. “aprentine.

ve

Le
| oe Hes BAINGRIGGE FLITE RN. ue. PES, vas
Le b *~ Yeapontal Batomelogios

TRoraived for putliesiton tal Dede vagon Gnd
j Pics a ‘ TORTRICIDAL,

Po, CAnoxcriners wonmedrama. wre 77 | BS.
Bison: Wik, Cut XS VIL, 18-388 (LS, . y
lmoderalass, Meyr 5-Tat. Tortriviy pe le CEMENS,
Giker Originally dewribs? this spcciet Ieee Barawaly(?) bat pekhipe /-

bt, Be Bey dick) only cecerta it from India, Wee nae on nee

apni
Gon fed January 18 aca fo a i aa a <@

1 aie (Bhicrwetl) ee
fond hall voi nlp , oka

Seen
Genes at = Loriing into tim teats toons. His pond Gael nnd
eomgeyeh this galley: detig widames ategaTie:

Fig. t Gecdecio péniioora:—s. Larva, hateral
yiew i x4) :. b, pupa, lateral view (x $b) 4
c. famale moth (x4) sa male moth (adi.
The snatler baures haw dine-natundl er

ig

LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN INSECTS.
MICROLEPIDOPTERA.

Ix. APPENDIX.

BY

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., F.E.S., F.Z.8.,

Imperial Entomologist.
[Received for publication on 24th April 1920.]

TORTRICIDA.

ADOXOPHYES MODERATANA, WLK.
Tortrix moderatana, Wlk., Cat., XXVIII, 328-329 (1863)(*).
Adoxophyes moderatana, Meyr., Cat. Tortric., p. 14 (1912)(?).

Walker originally described this species from Sarawak,(!) but perhaps
in error, as Meyrick(2) only records it from India. We have it from Pollibetta
in South Coorg.

Bred on 3rd January 1912 [at Karwar] from larva found in spun leaves
of Symplocos spicata. (Mazxwell.)

Cx cy eer W 340-341 (OM 920
CACGCIA POMIVORA, MEYR. MS. (PLATE LVIil,, FIG. 1.)

This species seems to be a local pest of apple at Ramgarh, Kumaon Dis-
trict, the larva generally boring into the fruit from the apical end and driving
a gallery right through the core, this gallery being widened laterally into the
fruit itself which ultimately begins to rot. The external end of the gallery
is closed with silken threads intermixed with frass. Only one larva is found
in each affected fruit. Examples of affected apples were received on 15th
September 1919, through the kindness of Mr. Johnson, of Apple Garth Orchard,
Ramgarh, and from the material sent moths were reared out at Pusa, between
20th September and 13th October.

198 LIFE-HISTORIES OF TORTRICIDA®

The full-grown larva (Plate LVIII, fig. la) is about 18 mm. long and
2 mm. broad across mid-body, tapering slightly towards either extremity,
yellowish-green or pale-yellow ; head black, glossy, flattened ; prothoracic
shield large, black, medially divided ; other segments with a couple of elongated
black spots and a round, white-centred, black spot on each side ; first two
pairs of legs black, the metathoracic leg yellowish-brown, black apically ;
five pairs of slender, equally-developed prolegs concolorous with the body.

When full-fed, the larva leaves the fruit and pupates ina very thin cocoon
built in any convenient crevice. The pupa (Plate LVIII, fig. 1b) is abovt
10 mm. long, tapering prominently posteriorly, brown ; the second and third
abdominal segments with a deep dorsal groove on their anterior margins ;
the succeeding segments up to the eighth have each a dark ridge in the same
situation ; the second to eighth abdominal segments with a double, dorsal,
transverse row of posteriorly-directed spines ; dorsal margin of anal segment
protruded into a long cremaster provided with four recurved spines apically
and two similar spines on each side, these circinate spines being entangled in
the silken fibres of the cocoon. The pupal period was about eight days at
Pusa. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1918.)

ULODEMIS TRIGRAPHA, MEYR. (ante, page 40.) (PLATE LVI, FIG. 2.)

This species was reared from a larva found boring into an apple fruit at
Shillong in September 1919. The larva eats in at the flower-scar and bores
a tunnel into the centre of the fruit and feeds on it. In the single case noted
the larva did not penetrate into the pulp of the fruit. When full-fed, the
larva emerges from the fruit and pupates in any convenient crevice. Although
only a single specimen was noted, this larva is stated to be not uncommon
as a borer in apple fruits at Shillong. Apparently the same species was also
reared at Shillong from a larva found feeding in spun-up flowers of Colquhounia
coccinea, webbing up the bunches of buds and flowers and eating into the sides
of the flower-tubes. The larva was described as about 14 mm, long, elongated,
moderately slender, whitish-green ; head yellowish, with yellowish-brown
markings laterally; prothoracic shield large, pale greenish-yellow edged
laterally with black ; legs black, rather large; prolegs (four pairs and anal
claspers) rather short, whitish-green ; each segment with two dorso-lateral
black tubercles, on same level, conspicuous, and large perpendicular black
tubercle and others (less conspicuous) below this; the tubercles emit
longish white hairs, The moth from this larva emerged on 2nd October
1919,

2 amg rane nakriiee. daid-bocke ‘saperigs nightly
yallowicl-yrom: ae pale-yollod ; head baal, peice |
planta tangy, Bhuck, nuesialiy «iitided other eagrtlutn wits set i

black shots. sud 2, read, white-oemtned, “Ibinak’ poe an oueh’
paren’ Gl gn Hack. Whe ancathoracte tog vdlowishbeowa, mare
oat pate of levies; agptinthy- devalpad proleds canonveoas Wat the }
‘When Adbyied, Che larws havnethe falkgun pupetae tis Biche pc
bitte any conveniehs epetiek” The pupa hte LVI, fg, cee =
id tom. long, laperiag prombtently portteriorly, browas tie Room and #)
old ginal aegivente vith m deep dorsal groove on thele antenoR: ae
the Swcseedin}? segments xj. to fhe ebtligh hayes adh 4 dark -idgia she
_ situation ;the xecorid sy eightls abdeaninad avgnicots wit oe tony oe
trun yew Tow df poustererlyadirested’ spines ; dork) tanta Of endl ¢
_ pritemted inte a long dremaciec provided. with: Toup harntavenl: bed “picid

ei a’
ri

i ,

and two-sinilwe apbvoe on anit kde. thess sicoiiace Spied bulsig amkets Maan
thiailkyn’ Mlires' Of the doccan.. Why’ japal. parted: was bOdp ght oa Ee
Buss. (Puan tnnctiasy Cape calle 8) 2 os ee

f
a

UuaraMis TRAMMARA, wees. Kune. igo Hh) (PLATE Lv via. oa . va
Tha spaciea. waa tence fron: ® jarvetond hottie jevtea wh apple fe UR te nF
Shillong in’ Beptorstier 10, ‘The Inewa fas in, Ab. the oversee ani
w tute; inte:-the contre Of the Trust gine feos on it, - Tay: the single x
Bit; darvan cid) pet: pysetrate: mito he pulp vl fie Toa. “When full-to np
lures uengeaétotn the Pritt and panpa tre: fh any caweienre crevidey, fh, ough ay
waly. & siogle spacimioa wae nbted, thie lacva ty shkted tobe Detain On
As’ 4s Korer in jpole teuite ab-Shiiong, Ap pavontty the"sanue OCH Ww.
reece. at Siiteng from » lartafownl ediagin spiny flowers yt Col
eovctnec;, sreblung 19) 'the bineled of bade dnd Rowers aud cut at the OO
é! the Jlower-pibes. The larva wasidentetied an abceit 14 pas ies ss Las
“jusdorately” slunier. - whilish-(reod ; bted yeilovashy,: hy Leybahi- bevy
ttuanietidy ngipalty 5° prathornta abiatd Jang’, plang
. Meshocaityy sestha bial lee Diack, sagen donee 's proteins ene
Chitpers) rather shit. Whitish-gredt each ongment with al
, Mack tahercies, on sayid lvl, soleimaous, Gad lnrge perp
babestle ina Okey tea CORE PARIS, ith Ce 3 ee

Goa ol

| Lia

4 t ; @
* vi qe 7
hy ’ : 2o 4
‘- ioe
4 aed
7 ng :
ae a Das
ij pa at A wk ee >

PLATE LIX.

Ancylis lutescens:—
a, Top-shoot of Zizyphus. showing leaves rolled and twisted by larve.
b. Larva, natural size and magnified ( x 31%).
c Pupa, do. do. do. do.
d, Moth, do. do, do, do.

‘isan i

Js a
LP,

*

¥
. aN Pas
whines
“ait
‘oh Ge ye: ‘mire,

o

fai wbrdtici + aids ne so ba aS bel
‘+

y r

ag oT eee, ; ar a - =
c . « pitti ot, Li sl mt ’ _ 3,

te
zt L. te rs a ‘
¥ ? a - = s | : = ™ r ; 1 «
ra ria 4 lita‘ Dally thee ahi MP m Ay } ey
c r

ut equi) ©. chi \ Pl

i el dap Ba ‘
Sas are writ, =

y 4 ae = : 5 ? . 4 sity + ‘ .
™ an «nh v
he da’ a Bupeisn. Ta nia wes f : a, x
ae ijuay cig Ths d Te _
, ho a : fen ce or wii . ‘
. ry ‘ the tt: pel Pa an - paar at
a "<a ~
1
aef
+m |
*
i
Fad
”
“aa «> ae
x pabetithy seliei yous ig it
i) EI . ee .
3 - ee ed a : s
a ADF AAAS ate Make: a.
“ er = 7 5 ‘ 4
} q ab Fe H a te
a e 7 «
2h ake! 7
ve a
i T-taine | _—
- as 7 cal i )
— hh es titel 8! -%
yeu aLOXR AL 2 Uae HTT
i - i
<< ‘, a 3 awe! Pe.
7 2 * i
y m1 via 6 ehh OGY L! :
at ae a” in a -
4 ) ~~ = ? ’
z wits = re wh +
eS. ely i a ‘ >
7 y - 7 =
“ aie Eglsbaj a
i La an me 2 a «
a J 4 a “ ~
cligores . Afi STi oe a
& iy pay? 7. vd

leas fll. ne wy a.
‘a , 7
do.

sities Sig
nd smiagrifird (x
de.. > | ae
to, da.

phivs,

y
oral: size ay
do

*
+

bh. jarval nat

Anesite Litestenso—
a, Topehoot af
«, Bupa,

d, Seth; = do,

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 199

PERONEA AGRIOMA, MEYR. M&: [2xc/ er. [342

Reared at Shillong in July 1918 from larva on apple. Also feeds com-
monly on rose at Shillong.

EUCOSMIDAi.

ACROCLITA VIGESCENS, MEYR. (anle, page 44.)

This species has again been reared at Pusa from larve found on 2nd
December 1919, on Cordia myxa, tying the leaves one above another, living
inside, and nibbling the green tissue from the surface of the leaves.

The larva is about 10 mm. long and about 1°5 mm. across the thoracic
region, rather flattened and tapering posteriorly, skin soft and rather trans-
parent pale-yellow tinged with greenish due to abdominal contents ; head
rather flattened, brownish-yellow, glossy ; prothorax covered with a large,
glossy, brown to dark-brown shield; hairs rather short, white ; spiracles
minute, yellow; legs and five pairs of equally-developed prolegs pale-
yellow.

Pupation takes place between the leaves in a white silken cocoon covered
with black pellets of frass. The pupa is about 45 mm. long and 1:25 mm.
across thoracic region, tapering in either direction, brown-yellow ; second and
following abdominal segments with an anterior dorsal transverse row of small
posteriorly-directed spines ; anal segment rounded posteriorly and with the
transverse row of spines on its dorsal margin. The pupa wriggles out of the
cocoon to some extent before the moth emerges. Moths emerged between
Sth January and 3rd February 1920, (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1973.)

ANCYLIS GLYCYPHAGA, MEYR. (ante, page 45.)

Bred/in J anuary 1915 from larvee found amongst spun leaves of Zizyphus
rotundifolia, feeding on the lower surface ot the leaf, apparently when young
mining under the cuticle. Larva with head small, pale-brownish, much
porrected and shiny ; body with segments strongly marked, pale greenish-
ochreous, with scattered short bristles. (Maazwell.)

The above record renders it probable that the larvee reared at Pusa were
actually feeding on Zizyphus leaves and not on the sugary excretion of
Phromnia. y

ANCYLIS LUTESCENS, MEYR. (ante, page 45.) (PLATE LIX.)

This has again been reared at Pusa from larve collected on 27th September
1919, rolling and eating top-shoots of Zizyphus jujuba, and the opportunity
has been taken to add figures of the various stages which have been already
described. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1947.)

200 LIFE-HISTORIES OF EUCOSMIDE
7 Cxot- bin L349 Our 9%,
POLYCHROSIS ACANTHIS, MEYR. MS. (PLATE LX

Larvee were found at Pusa on 26th November 1919, boring in stems of
Justicia gendarussa. The larva bores at the top of the stem, which it usually
enters at the axils of the leaves or branches, causing the top-shoot to wither.
(Plate LX, fig. a.) The bored shoot breaks very easily at the place where |
the larva enters it. The larval tunnel usually runs along the axis of the stem,
but may extend across it. Pupation takes place inside the bored stem in
which the larva prepares a hole of exit for the future moth, the pupa
wriggling out of the stem to some extent before the moth emerges,

The full-grown larva (Plate LX, fig. 6) is about 8 to 10 mm. long.
sub-cylindrical, moderately stout, tapering very slightly posteriorly, pale-
yellow slightly tinged with green ; head large, shiny, dark-brown, almost b!ack ;
prothoracic shield concolorous with head ; legs pale-yellow tinged with grey ;
five pairs of equally-developed short prolegs concolorous with body.

The pupa (Plate LX, fig. c) is about 4:5 mm. long, yellow ; head
with a small anterior snout-like process ; abdominal segments anteriorly with a
transverse dorsal row of posteriorly-directed spines and posteriorly with a
similar but rather indistinct row of much smaller spines ; anal extremity rather
rounded and provided with a few circinate hairs.

Moths (Plate LX, fig. d) emerged on 8th and 15th December 1919.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1965.)

OA ts hey eo
LOBESIA “ABOLOPA, MEYR. (ante, page 5%) (PLATE LXI, FIG. 1.)

This has also been reared at Pusa from larve collected on 11th September
1919 living and feeding in the calyces of flowers of gumma (Leucas carata).
The larva (Plate LXI, fig. 1 a) is about 8 mm. long and 1 mm. across the
middle, tapering slightly posteriorly, green with a yellowish tinge ; head shiny
black ; prothoracic shield black, divided medially ; prothoracic legs black,

others greenish-yellow.

Pupation takes place within a thinly-built cocoon hidden amongst the
ealyx of the flower or sometimes placed inside a tubular floret. The pupa
(Plate LXI, fig. 16) is about 4:5 mm. long and 1:5 across mid-body, dark

rown with a greenish tinge. The moth (Plate LXI, fig. lc) emerges
after a pupal period of about seven days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1916.)

ARGYROPLOCE APROBOLA, MEYR. (anie, page 57.)
This has since been reared at Pusa from larve found on 16th October
1919, hiding among rose-petals and feeding on them ; as the larve spin silk
the petals do not fall off although they are cut basally. The larve are sensitive

4 pats) taht vase eae ak Hes Oi Wh
Tusticns goytariean, * Tiwary bores ih Sars ee
ehhial the axile’ of thie learert br *pranchat_caneing the’ “
(Pinta WX tye-o) The lems hort breaks weeyeasily at*the jh
the lncva enters 1 Cae: lagual ina! waaay rae niéog ths abet ;

bee mayiaruind dene oh Pupeciin takes placer aside ths hated at
Shieh: The hater Pospaces ‘nbd of ayait for sth pated’ note ur
wthyling buy ot the. shin te komnd-dtont tuefore the roth kyehgdi Me
The, falqpeowe larvh Pint LR Ge. 0) is dba Bs 1 a

Siboyiadria 7: a Agorately MOUh tapering very Nigtsye paaterion
yells eighthy taget watts proed : ret Jatge, chiny: dat Sawn san
piothoradie aaah R eonerarsas iA aie qtar de Geilow Ried. rey
foe. pulicteat miatby Oe abit, pigtogs qunealoous with Body; 2. ‘ =

oo ae pea (Pte Ls ta, 8): Ha bint ao 14. hing
Seip 3 ‘staal ayitetior gyn like pines = soos ental
= ~ Iaabasiane dinaal: rie sot qiantee, ep hidivected Apptied. ini
ine esac bick tether iovdhin bank wow af nadh aniniler bp ives j “wa ahd
an “at ‘5 mary and provided vith a lew caragih te Baits, iat atte

ee ans , Mache (Place EX, figs ig) seoerged: Ot Be andl sve alye

a 2 Oe ene Cuge stip TPNB4: 3 ee | 3 eae

pee eee aye : ade is ey ae e) oe oa
es ene ae Sask Lae. orapyern.” del = cane ie ale

See ae oo hag ive dren egies. at Pula ‘hom Lasrat collected a ue

fens “ ene Bride wed Towl.oj bi’ the cake aeMaers oP gears

z Sie Ripe We 1, ae 1) Aa ME long en a iy

pitddle, taperhiy slightly postorio dys geedhs Raw rin
vote; pretharacic:’hisia Baek di tee mneinles
othiard, firephtahe Mallow... : oe aes:
Pupation~ takes pince vent lea ” dawuamenlies eochon hidde:

coly x of the figwer oF adalat mes, planed amie we tritidae h
(Piaita EXT fy Pade about es yum long made 5 aan
porn stjt) enednsh fag Ther mages (Plata: LX |
attes «pup poston oF sharks Sayed: se (Pade Tavectary

al

Coa

wit
og

ino eoruouk APROROLA,: a

This fio thre “beds, wMeped hte Pasa eon taneN te Hg
1819, wig wong dose pital, and tending mee eeia i
Ue points do ‘untill eee slur

Vy se i

PLATE LX.

eae a

Polychrosis acanthis:—
a. stem of Justicia gendarussa bored by larva, showing withered top-shoot.
6, Larva, natural size and magnified (x7).
c, Pupa, do. do. do. do.
d, Moth, do. do. do. do,

ta ABO Rs —
oy = .

| 7 4,

«Shrew » Pra) q! oT WAS rag

age a.

Ast

- ws fr ™ Pw = - 71 ae
a Ed —_ a - . 4 -

Fi

iy

PLATE LXIi.

hp A

Fig. lL. Lobesta ‘aeolopa:—a, Larva; b, pupa; c., moth (female) ; natural sizes
and magnified (x8).

Fig. 2. Laspeyresia perfricta:—a, Larva; b. pupa; c, moth, natural sizes
and magnified (x 8).

j A diame
noon Ea ak
‘ WPS i) i Ge tae dibneye, 7, 7 ag ety
, Lm in ‘
ol é Saint “Roma bine seh Barry } Ind vm peter if
: iiirie = tip pairs i 20 “ga ln; th byw jas Poe Gol \witheq
cvs ripest prGlngs ec Acaieabe ACE ee ee oe A peed:
4 ‘ iF tom takes ane within votled patalaw bird ‘tmy «Lovers Hated! aie mit,
bth bape | Ze tro 7 i ®. 18, via. 5 ing, FShndstial, taper te piace sal her oxhre-

y iN Lae
e Saal teres Wh enried: its abe arker atidainins ou Sia pen we — +f Menai aes ee
ae Phe Bini Ls sito 5 wnat Leja vith @ mind Eas lien ste “ae Ee '
eos ; hy |

Sermon. adtanjeod’h iy ha “Altes. Ce a ae vy s
b tarte wn aort Fest wiseri otek eine ite iged i a he

Ong gia WHMIS oh eucy Wire ae ee
Hye 4 Lave REIEA cary ARI APuA? 2. Pasi,” » tl - ‘
hed ber ate ered pi Dosa ine race OMlarted tif, ry Seis ee kutk: é
tw di in’ 2 shoots of “ aha: ACeppary bps Ti coe. ers Ric ay a a
iw “ AUP Heed at por ry ic Sept eviser, aunt. snotha, eu role i Be ih Loch en -
yea ian jot Boptambe: Ps Mea douse tary hate aig ‘Agen | . righ:
% ; x othe. eyectrnaix, se ated team “head fare ave ovary’ amet aud) Gack; *
ite vei oe Me prick romiar 8s tri bag, Prhat he ppt a Bin te wary cakes atieaily oF : .
; ieee Sean anally povhape « alan by fybing fs “iftwene, | but ies af ¢ nye iat .
ep - : Jak ee € ‘wan, Ase 14S ies

ae } ae et ws i : 5 :
- 06 ie LABIAL PURY IOLA; HITCR Ney SAE rad, Fa

: fe . LAivar Wire adhlackan at Tot am Oed whe Sit Aa + hy bor perting "s)

7); @hocts: nm Pat genie ike: “Tht wva, at Dig ee ta) incre ns

| , Over © | mine jong f nil 25 broad pale Pel hin ott Brewin | purrs Leer n 3

Z PinglL: ALLA. | light: Forel, Siodis' ly ttt telant a vit eeroraily take: jysdnane a re
rit aE ang Srglt ecgoes ae bherdle. tig. Mela on Tae lavva! tinived “Ths ier

Ny : ve?!
may, pis oe i tbe fo KI hes. Ae Yather jeey iiwu Df, wise Leiigy fayrel thie noe
Thom! | b react, \ Devbeabes AL. oe iit lagvit, whic hy srr “A toe. Dele
5 Beptn inbér, Pacis f ‘Pig & > <8 « fig 3) v enge ed on Ve “nd (ath? Reyten is
ri have. ntsc, DEeH ‘TOLL; 2 ttt! Ht een hen, ae by sci

aT ae

ee

ond ' “7

: y K : of an
| SPAM CBRULVORAS MEXR hath 3 Eph ece AS Re, ni?
Bian Reed daiv 118 ny Y caghiew bong Ras tron taxyst! ne
mes. of Scena ade + £6 ete Rt Pi ib
a * a Nipper tae toads

« 2 7) :
\ “ > he ih A af 5 » '
5 Py ai - = 7 A .
: vf : cli : ¥ st a .

Fix.

«a

Par &

wig Raw Zt

Lohesia neolopn ‘

-4, Larva? 6, poyas. ¢ moth) female) ;
and magnified ( xB),

Las pevresiz perfricta: ta Cseew ; b. oak % ovoth, datutal

ay

b

—

‘

ny

oft pee x

: | oe
my Wi,

* Pay \ “i
-_ - _ :

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 201

and jump when touched. The full-grown larva is about 20 mm, long and 2°5
mm. across the middle, tapering towards either end, flattened, pale-yellow of
different shades in individual larve according to size and amount of food
ingested, but the dorsal vessel is clearly visible in all ; head flattened, glossy
brown (very dark in young larve); prothoracic shield large, dark-brown,
rather dull, and with a faint dorsal line (in young larvee concolorous with
head) ; first two pairs of legs dark, the third pair and five pairs of short equally-
developed prolegs concolorous with the body.

Pupation takes place within rolled petals which have been lined with silk.
The pupa is from 7 to 10 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering towards either extre-
-mity, brown varied with darker; abdominal segments with double dorsal
rows of posteriorly-directed spines ; anal segment with a number of circinate
hairs which remain entangled in the fibres of the cocoon.

From these larvee moths emerged between 29th October and 3rd
November. (Pusa Insectary Cage-ship 1936.)

(dca LASPEYRESHA CAPPARIDANA, Z. (ante, page 63.)

This has also been reared at Pusa from larvee collected on 4th September
1919 feeding in top-shoots of bagnahi (Capparis sp.). These larve
commenced to pupate on 7th September, and moths emerged between 13th
and 19th September. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1924.)

The specimens reared from these larve are very small and dark;
Mr. Meyrick remarks (in litt.) that the species appears to vary climatically or
seasonally, perhaps also by feeding on different species of Capparis.

Ch Ext Ms SSE
; )0-% LASPEYRESHA PERFRICTA, MEYR. 8. (PLATE LXI, FIG. 2.)

Larvee were collected at Pusa on 3rd and 31st August 1919, boring into
shoots of Pongamia glabra. The larva (Plate LXI, fig. 2a) is rather
over 8 mm. long and 1:25 broad, pale-yellow ; head brown ; prothoracic
shield small, light-brown, medially divided. Pupation generally takes place
ina thinly built cocoon formed inside the stem within the larval tunnel. The
pupa (Plate LXI, fig. 2b) is rather less than 5 mm. long and rather more
than 1 mm. broad, yellowish-brown. From larve which pupated on 9th
September, moths (Plate LXI, fig. 2c) emerged on 17th and 18th Septem-
ber. Moths have also been reared out in December. (Pusa Insectary Cage-
slip 1914.)

39% (or. 19

PAMMENE QUERCIVORA, MEYR. M8. Ex@thnc. Ue 351

Bred at Shillong on 8rd July 1918 by Y. Ramachandra Rao from larve
feeding on leaves of Quercus griffithii.

202 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GELECHIAD-£
GELECHIADA.

STEGASTA VARIANA, MEYR. (ante, page 83.) (PLATE LXII, FIG. 1.

This species has been reared again at Pusa from larve found on 26th
November 1919 feeding between spun leaves of chakaur (Cassia sp.). The
larva binds one leaf over another (Plate LXII, fig. 1a), lives between them and
nibbles the green tissue.

The full-grown larva (Plate LXII, fig. 1b) is about 8 mm. long and
1:25 mm. broad, subcylindrical, tapering at either extremity ; head smaller
than prothorax, shiny black ; prothorax scarlet with a glossy black or dark-
brown shield ; mesothorax scarlet; other segments pale greenish-yellow
tinged with pink ; hairs pale-yellow, arising from small black points ; spiracles
small, round, with a black rim enclosing a clear space; legs black, shiny ;
five pairs of equally-developed pale-yellow prolegs.

Pupation takes place between the spun leaves in a small white silken
covoon, the empty pupa-ease being left in the cocoon on emergence of the
moth.

The pupa (Plate LXII, fig. 1c) is about 4 mm. long and 1:3 mm.
broad across thoracic region, tapering prominently posteriorly, brownish-
yellow, the hinder end rounded and provided with a few radiating fine hairs.
From larve which pupated about 1st-2nd December, moths emerged between
92nd December 1919 and 10th January 1920. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip
1969.)

LECITHOCERA EFFERA, MEYR. (PLATE LXII, FIG. 2.)

Two larve were found at Pusa, on 5th November 1919, rolling and eating
the leaves of Ipomeea reptans. Of these one was parasitized but the other
pupated on 20th November, and emerged as a moth on 28th November. A
few more larvee were obtained on 26th November, and emerged between 18th
December and 14th January 1920.

The larva (Plate LXII, figs. 25, c) is about 12 mm. long and 1:5 mm.
across the middle of the body which is slightly flattened and tapers towards
either extremity ; head red-brown, glossy, flattened ; prothorax covered with
a large blackish-brown shield ; the intersegmental region between prothorax
and mesothorax with a white collar-like band interrupted mid-dorsally ;
between mesothorax and metathorax there is a white band ; mesothorax, meta-
thorax and first two abdominal segments velvety black; other segments yellow-
ish-white marked on third, fourth, sixth and seventh abdominal segments
with a velvety black band which passes over the anterior part of the segment
and goes down obliquely posteriorly on each side, and on the posterior part

* Puaee Paar

a

‘ee Vig. Be DICHONG vuriuna:—a, Logxe, ape votes Gy Jerea > fo date: 2) RS
ay d, woth; wectugel ee dod aati. ( 4 12).
_

efferiaa-— :
jah by lorva;
Be natural size and magnified’ ( x7) ¥ .
growin, mmpnified. tx 7). ve Nala
‘size Had yoagatiiod (dorsal and laters! viewed yf aFs
pict und nagnthet ( = 7}. a eee

: f. 7 »

Phe: fiiL-rowhs Terra. (Palo: ’ i
+3 Dy cnen: “head, inboylindeisal, tape

tharr proghebuc,: ema f blade 5p

e rap aid ay —
‘alia She, eur athes 2

irawn

4

=i

d

Stil,

ive

natebon Leh Ma rs hin enepeed: “as a Toes -on Bath. Noventhy

uwhite nwurked obsthird, fometh: ait aia seventh wbsdi

rwritte <i ETUDE as Medi wed pels vy ip pro! OS. i

~

» Potation er place Detwoon. the spuit loaves inv * we wit

ni (area hy BS noted ; about: Tet are | ‘Dens paige teams
i ecewiier IST) nad’ 1LObb Jounetry,, 1%, Pte, rene S

mbér exd ie Poe) Tbh ayy 190, / — . ae ad
is Uirvs UAiate. 2% ff vs at, 4 ¢)i we At patit ~ ‘jn. Terig ‘at's
the suidide of ties 7 ghich i: wlighphy int tant atid tapein te rf

(Gtk IO Pa pod inetathorg x thig 71% o sehr “bend = atest

Dod oe ie P gr ) 7. ws 7
eo ibe ie ware final at-Pisa, on | A seecucr ra 1B

ona

me:

bhicht “mindor hor, woarlet 12

ath sink = bates RR igh tity ae in i Pac pe a
compe, with! a Wai pea enclodinie o elkad: npaees Tee

eMnply wipn-cahe Of Tet iM The wieutth » tui the’
“ 5" <
Piite - TSH ,

a . i - allan is cs Sova on = ;
Apevnpg: alma “ peatexin ee one

i had |

ner © ut i rou led it Sih i OP wi doth wih’ %. fon’ aidan »

+ EGA NRA ESTER? RE 9 Naot Os

a Od ©) Or» i : " rf

a of Boome ee “yentns, = i dis soazt yeas ae nite sai

Ove larvae Word obta! eal oi sei: Ne Venter, and tenn gett het wee

° i* *
—— P - A

etromiby hasat i | Lease ri, at Omay' Taxtened 7 prothorax cain P 7
o thelish brown abi “ata -.. the iy bardies gitién tal nein, betweai

Vest hort. With ae lin ido lamctike I bared: ‘iterduplod. rit

CA

nt firk’ Leo abd eainalsegm inks! velvaty “diac; other Seg

rclyutge byack bene which phenes ‘avert the austere or

coven, OWN yp pions et tal Ride, antha |

ete “?*
ty U ar
fi >
ry :
‘ fy
@ 4 «
ca J ." 7
7 7
‘ : + ©
y =a 5 — “ys
rl liad awe tae

PLATE, LXIT.

Fig. 1. Stegasta variana:—a, Leaves spun together by larva ; b. larva ; c, pupa ;
d, moth ; natural sizes and magnified (x 12).

Fig. 2. Lecithocera effera:—
a, Leaf rolled and eaten by larva;
6. Larva, about 34 grown, natural size and magnified ( x7) ;
c. Larva, full-grown, magnified (x7) ;
d, Pupa, natural size and magnified (dorsal and lateral views) (x7) :
e. Moth. natural size and magnified ( x 7).

iy 2 PS
(i Se geht.
AZ § An | ) ; ap 7 i ’ 4
; Vassancsi eects . 06h.2 7 eae
ie a “i ae a as
ae, 4

i esadicikk 5 boomin iba Le hse fevorhanily thay "7S Sees
de dt oe tos The Hh ation) Kegway! leh cms mddt bead A

FGamally Stew hcconidt by 0 Tange velvety. blgels pwerbiy of eighty Gnd wipt= 94 RE
Riel dnymienie siukt ss alate dlank'anuends lesa partly, thut i aight” 5) ae he
f teing ta. Tara ah aebeh Fef te hiedel, Raict poeturiory thar “he ule aay ; :

fast: lorial pafch, touh’ Didainins pagosenn wile minal Dige®
pare, taps thick, aking: diva joe nf eqantly-dyveleyeal nese?

thin takes place he 2 eal rotlacd ongit eo inely, “fom adie

» 1HSze)

; , owt a |

iy HEtVETOCRABS LANDTVINTO MAY Bid. re

, a. Calle Ata PY weet 25 a; BRAKE comel new oie

om wae Witt. T. 2. %) EaaT) SERS te ie of auto

5 dinyirosiwin, Sten. ae OT See maBatitty Bago. ae

ape, Gls. ‘Pai , thi, Re. SRIS- OOKOHS Saal, “taderoen

Peet. BOY, Bs (19019); Spr ler Reyiacd ea 1, S75. Sto.

Bee Mayes B, 9. XE TS A ;

Sig dally Peer mcd! Rear Fi ht be ZalkerhS; this ea ink hoe wige Droit: “ld

x Root, Spain Ae Siw o*, Gaxdial}, Nott *), aad beads, REP

ewitdin purifimitx, fron (neliai) and Yaleote Routh Rast Oaiegtin: Ley

Se heew) vebded at Distiin Novesber 1g" Mina a Serve sell, § A fee: sa
ft 2pemar 2 planelsod 18 Desenher 1915 from & layss rolling bed ves-of er ie

a :
: ae
V ae

tex

bay ae “i Phy a i RJ)
uri all : Hi y cnr i" pe ‘ Kite, er =
ame ee TRECHOTAPAS PLGTEA EY ORNS Owais ee e Hixss

ie una
zn Moyitara, ghiutel lesan va, canals ts aa yore Baty UV; gt.4 *. eS

Dem nychu ‘detelifoimt, Wdyi., Bosh, RA 189 LES) a
- Faia Aecoriest (oss Taya *) chi sputide: tor pinge bein Hoboken me.
We Austpalin(?}, Mayon (Puttalam)(*), ate) NartiCoage) | “
Seen Erouiy, havvik visdibea cat Sek nk We Bho
Say ) ieee ae a ee eee

a the Jo ftigether, fastening Thema jae wate dil, “Bity 7 oy, : :
av" band writes prile- Yellow 5 iii baile ‘tpeien- blight paint A oa
a he teeta), Vayht-haoyen, with w iteemnay. eis + bat arge: Witte,
my enetsels cutvelket by? a blwoke gliawy ahead; Rasy i e
hy aiecele peed iprolugy aonchloroaa. with he” body, ‘Popaliaay:

» rolled teal, Medici atin eae AE ae

:

-, vo aaa ee - rea ? ' _ a. _ Fee, | ae ; ; A. $9 y=
Tee 4 7 < ys at ite 7 : - 7 ~~ 2» 4 aff ] oa Ane a
~~ y ed : - ee 2 ° -. 2 Pre @ > vee
ae A See ons ptr it Sat ae
ag, a = Di =, i = y = Pe ; ary 7 ~ v
ei as Se Pe iy Ser ar a ne ey" <a

Lam prorWom 4
\\ Anecan pre SokaXa (hy, VES 1094: 14. (ar ADBma , Verne)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 203

of these segments there is also a transverse black bar almost touching the
arms of the band ; on the fifth abdominal segment also there is a similar band
but dorsally it is obscured by a large velvety black patch ; on eighth and ninth
abdominal segments there is a large black anterior dorsal patch, that on eighth
segment tending to form an oblique band, and posteriorly there is also
asmall black dorsal patch; tenth abdominal segment with a small black
dorsal patch ; legs black, shiny ; five pairs of equally-developed pale-yellow
prolegs.

Pupation takes place inside a leaf rolled longitudinally. (Pusa Insectary
Cage-slip 1962.)

ONE BALA
HELCYSTOGRAMMA LAMPROSTOMA, ZELL.

C'elech.a lamprostoma, Zell., tsis, 1847, 851-852('). P
Gelechia zulu, Wism., T. EK. 8. 1881, 261-262, t. 12, f. 30 (1881)(?).
Anacampsis lamprostom1, Wlism., T. E. 8. 1891, 94-95 (1891)(); Stdgr.—

Rebel, Cat. Lep. Pal. II, 154, No. 2848 (1901)(*); Snell., Tijds. voor

Ent. 1901, 88 (1901)(°) ; Spuler, Schmett. Europ. II, 374 (1910)().
Strobisia lamprostoma, Meyr., B. J.. XX, 732 (1911)(*).

Originally described from Sicily by Zeller('), this species has since been
recorded from Spain(*), Asia Minor(*), Gimbia(?), Natal(?» *), and Java(*),
and, within our limits, from India(?) and Yala, in South-East Ceylon(’).

It has been reared at Pusa in November 1919 from a larva rolling a A(ca, 4 1, A.)

leaf of Ipomea re plans{ and in December 1919 from a larva rolling leaves of
L199 (CA, 1901 AD

MY CONIA” .

TRICHOTAPHE PLUTELLIFORMIS, SNELL. LS ey,

sweet-potato.

Ceratophora plutelliformis, Snell., Tijds. voor Ent., XLIV, 84, t. 6, f. 4(4).
Trichotaphe plutelliformis, Meyr., B. J., XXII, 180 (1913)(?).

Originally described from Java(' ?) this species has since been recorded
from Australia(?), Ceylon (Puttalam)(?), and North Coorg. (?)

This species was reared at Pusa from larve collected on 3rd and 14th Ate =
November 1919, on leaves of Ipomaa reptans. The larva folds the two blades pate
of the leaf together, fastening the margins with silk. It is about 7 mm. long,
skin soft and uniform pale-vellow ; hairs black, arising from black points ;
spiracles small, round, light-brown with a narrow dark rim; head large, black,
glossy ; prothorax entirely covered by a black, glossy shield; legs and five
pairs of equally-developed prolegs concolorous with the body. Pupation
takes place within a rolled leaf. Moths emerged between 19th November 1919
and 13th January 1920. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1955.)

. 15

yas hoy Ex. hin.

bree

)
j

PY, &

( June 1g%d
.

Yc

ja ee

Wl

Steales P

=

eae ee
at Paes)

204 LIFE-HISTORIES OF G@COPHORIDZ
CYMoTRICHA oi
TRICHOTAPHE pecan es, MEYR
Trichotaphe pseudometra, Meyr., B. J., XXII mM 179 (1913)( 8 Jog
Bred [at Karwar? ] on 31st August 1913 from larva found between spun
leaves, and which pupated on 24th August. (Maavwell.)
Originally described from North Coorg(').

(HCOPHORIDA. rn

PICROTECHNA OPHIODORA, MEYR.
Picrotechna ophiodora, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 260 (1914)(}).

Described from the Khasi Hills(*).

Bred [at Karwar ?] from numerous larve. each living separately but
so crowded as to be almost gregarious, on an unidentified shrub which was
described as an erect woody jungle plant with deeply 5-palmate reticulately
veined leaves with acuminate lobes, 7-nerved, alternately whorled on stem
with long petioles. Hach larva lives under a white web situated on one of the
main nerves on either the upper surface or the under-side of the leaf. - The
central portion of the web is so tightly spun as to be opaque, concealing the
larva. Under each web there is a round hole of escape to the other side of the
leaf, and the larva emerges and feeds on both sides of the leaf, moving actively.
The larva is opaque creamy to greenish, dorsal area often darker, body tapering
considerably posteriorly, segments strongly marked, with rather long whitish
hairs distributed as usual; head large, greenish, with red-fuscous cheeks ;
prothoracic plate centrally greenish, laterally red-fuscous ; anal claspers pros-
trate. The pupa is altogether external, attached by the tail only, and les
prostrate on the under-side of the leaf; im shape it is very like that of Tonica ;
in colour pale-brown with darker-brown points and markings. Larve collected
at Christmas 1914, emerged on 14th January 1915. (Macvell.)

PORTHMOLOGA PARACLINA, MEYR. (ante, page 109.)

Bred in February 1916 from a pupa found on Zizyphus rotundifolia. The
pupa was similar to that of Picrotechna ophiodora. (Mazvwell.)

CRYPTOLECHIA ARVALIS, MEYR. (ante, page 109.)

Bred from larva found between spun leaves of Careya arborea. The
larva has the head and prothoracic shield black and shiny, the body green,
long and tapering, with a few bristles, subdorsal and spiracular lines fuscous,
former rather, faint, latter strongly marked in the middle of each segment
and heavily marked towards the head. Pupa between same spun leaves,
attached by tail only. Imago very sluggish. (Maawell.)

Bred ‘av Karine? fox Pst pintite 19% feony de
ieiex, sari which pupated.cn2ith Agpaats). pitccne,
bd ) Gaginede desezdud froin “Mort vam n et

iron Rea NA OYRIODORS, inggee ate ee ae oe
Picrxtechen ophiodora, Mevr: Lakivt. Mirr., t 200 COUP
art Ye Besorihed from the Ki Bie), | _ ;

N aN Bie, fot Roewar 1] Pin: pimhetous tory, tacky Living ipurtadelyt
+ 0ép erowded as to: Be Simiand dtegtirlois, om py unidentified whe Whe
ae hace _ deqeitiell. as tn. exodt wabdy jangle Slept wath: despty Biogas tee ia
ae Ta at veltucd Jeayes with Aetiginahy inhes. -T-nutved, nltempl oly Whirl ar
wil, log patinion, |. Heoh larva tigen under a/white web vital teed di « ,
harm Newel on dither fe upoue suxtate or phe Werdere sis af pk
cMytya): portion nt the wel it so tightly He RH Lay Pur opie,
Lave, Lider ¥acki: web thord 4 Pirin hokey snd: SCR De, LG rhe Ob ane
Yaa, oud Pho ltiva emere ‘As’ sad feads on Lath: sities of the Leal BRENT
The lores epajne.creamy to wrochish, Corsa) aro ohiag Baewen, Bod
combiddably Poaterivrly, gegqente utrengly merked, with! rozhee Jon
Beas distributed ws. wired; Jinnd tat Syeeeniah wittt’ sod *
provitani’ plate centrally greowish, lateaalin. eoushiatont’s dnal arene
water The pie ie utltogetier’ estebval attached by he ail Ponty, ae a
peostinte os chheriadercide of the leat? imaduipeibas Fidsateertse
in lourpelebrown with darker brews Pointe and mprtingne ! ve sete
ak Christipar [614- emerged en. 14th samary Tih het Wf te

POTTS CLOG - VARMA: RCE fanbig ae i
Bend th, Feburary 1916.fingt a ptpe fond ou “Piawyphiue
pupa. was winiar tos ‘that of PRidchenting haa Alani)

CRNPTOL NCHA ARVALIS, MEV aah yay jut:

Bred Jrom Jaria found benween apathy: telres: of voeaha

farce hos tho Niead’ dad prothoracia Abia aianke and shiny. tie Jb

long aud apr rin, with afew bemiles, gabdereal une a ip
furingx rather, duint, letiers(rongly amaveadh Ske avid of ap

dntheavily marked towatde: 6ha Sakae [Papa |

ogee by {ai bia ia: Pi 0

a

be ys

iy

tm ee
-

ee

ape

ah. i) :
‘| ey re : re
. h
» As c; . a

4
7

io

-
a = if) _ ;
AC ‘a re MA, 29

euaty vA a 6. a.

IS 0 Poe
ae Pee. ey

' Eo
Mee | wie eShs

a &-)

ie, ayy

PLATE LXIiT.

ih Mi
yp)

seis I,
h my { LINN ~
Ne) \ \ WH
Wy

1. Ptochoryctis rosaria:—

Apple-twig bored by larva, showing (below) tunnel covered with silken tube,
and (above) silken tube removed, showing bark eaten away:

Larva, magnified (x7) ;

Larva. full-grown, natural size and magnified (x5) ;

Pupa. natural size and magnified (x5) ;

Moth. natural size and magnified (x5).

i)

oo

® &

Fig. 2. Orneodes magadis:—a, Larva, lateral view (x13) ; b, pupa, lateral
view (x13) .;. ¢ moth (x13).

Ye te
ws ah ss
oem Pe
v ee
4 Seen Se ae
a pe A
) Tame, eek etek
‘ ; po 425 Er iia rae
) ’ \ - 52 .. re aan a
“pte inves Rita No ie A) es dee xi} Reve
ie = mn

i. - seh adil aia Morr K FSEM, Pan eH! wan 3 pe ae
me SURES ithiewte Wits hi WR a Gary Wen aiene Stross ingge Oh
a PREM Weld ow aM ptts wad: loeb, Male mew AR Ba
CWisgertincer odeed ett siantoey: yaihoew + fala a Aig vide
¢ f ; eerie Sitar ony agg {tigen fayany A ga» 24 AP
1 Fad ee Beaerigrer avin’: bee Mek fl ie patel Met ol
Mpsexew th, Loa! o-wenp et lente a, Ailang We skin waaay +4 aie
a Sie ba Here: > apple is-_elbae atin oe le Sead ieee Me Ede
Silom min Piae fea gp ko Wie end we “Better: 2 O2!-) 4y see cole yrysted
ee 1 SAN March. 22! seamed Sel Mora
. ir he Shs fatwa then: LNG, Hin has a ‘ sa i ast about
i a aan Hrd aonnss the head pad nl je caly Tepe. spina naa: av pring yes cigtly
| Mee aby sly and couhtelly, Urck Ped eek, there carl, oe dbreal unig,
mr haa fark-boown de alitedt hlocw.- mae it oe te inhiy écyenred by: =
ao © Anat, seers ony Plates hit and dante ob damian unaeity Piri |
oe waa Tater Willi oat rvecdarksbhewih-asmanrd my phete< Letapbes ace
* Ri iiany, ir Li) ete OFT tke whe Bigs trai wit la “io Tae: “Tome hre.
. ia, Budi Y? the larvajoot isaortad : spire imal PaLhey: peal: Tyelteden,
aes Breas the: uncdle £ lee aah: whine 5 sine geiko ee ae
Etpeier short, pate yciiow ‘ahi “ight ;
a Papageutook: phase are ker peice ig Cdl uae twik, Fleet ace
Ment dcours in the Trea! eillbey: Phere Pte LE Pe 1 ght S
en am SSe rh, sores he. Chetac ia) meget, dv ivhewas,: Mey: ane

iat ess wiht a Hato nat! whag-falle preset: wal
aera ey oauterin sulegtets of ee and

bis Maperin pheteriorty, chart bivirnees Ait) degedeae Wee RAS 4 tale aa -

iy

rip } Pics fst weeds) emalivint: 1A
a: Anplo-rwir bored by larva, showing (below) toymel cis i witht silken
aud abowe).siiken tube removed, showing hark cation aways —

L. Larts, magaihed (2.7),
« arve, foll-érewn, datural “sine ang mA mified (a5)
d, Puya, natural ste and tagaihed 1% 8); }

¢, Moth, aatursl sive and magnified (i 5)-

‘ l ie
cet aati in Lary a

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 25

XYLORYCTIDA.

PTOCHORYCTIS ROSARIA, MEYR. (PLATE LXIII FIG, 1.)

Ptochoryctis rosaria, Meyr., B. J., XVII, 740 (1907)(').

This insect, which has hitherto only been kaown from Bhutan('),
is a serious pest of apple at Shillong, the red larva eating into the bark
of young twigs under cover of a silken gallery (Plate LXIII, fig. la). The
angles formed between outgrowing twigs form a favourite place for attack
by this larva, and considerable damage may be done by the stunting back of
young growth. Larve were collected at Shillong in October 1919 and brought
to Pusa, where no apple is available, and they were supplied with twigs of pear
on which they fed up to the end of February 1920. One was found pupated
on 5th March and emerged on 9th March.

The larva (Plate LXIII, figs. 16, c) is about 12 mm. long and about
2 mm. broad across the head and thoracic region, cylindrical, tapering posteriorly
very slightly and gradually, brick-red, with chequered whitish dorsal markings ;
head dark-brown or almost black, shiny ; prothorax wholly covered by a
brown, somewhat glossy plate ; ninth and tenth abdominal segments darker,
the latter with a large dark-brown somewhat glossy plate; tubercles dark-
brown, shiny, with rather long white hairs ; trapezoidal tubercles large and
round, making the larva look spotted ; spiracles small, rather oval, dark-brown,
with a slit in the middle ; legs black, shiny ; five pairs of equally-developed
rather short, pale yellow prolegs.

Pupation took place under webbed-up frass on a twig. In nature it pro-
bably occurs in the larval gallery. The pupa (Plate LXIII, fig. 1d) is about 9
mm. long and 2°5 mm. across the thoracic region, cylindrical, slightly and
gradually tapering posteriorly, dark brown ; anal segment blunt, with a pair of
short spines on the dorsal surface and with a flattened wing-like projection on
dorsal margin of anal extremity; anterior extremity of pupa rounded and
with a roughened surface ; the dorsal side of thoracic region and anterior part
of abdominal area has also a roughened surface.

The moth (Plate LXIII, fig. le) is pure white, with a few antemarginal
black dots on forewing. (Pusa. Insectary Cage-slip 1988.)

STENOMIDA.
NEOSPASTIS o
SPENOMA ICHNADA, MEYR. (ante, page 115.)
Bred in North Kanara in January 1912 and 1914 from larve found between
spun leaves of Symplocos spicata, generally laying one leaf (alive or dead or

206 LIFE-HISTORIES OF ORNEODIDE

even fallen from another tree) on the face of another, back to face in natural
position, very inconspicuous, the larva usually retiring into a cecoon-like cell
spun between the two leaves with an admixture of excrement. The full-
grown larva is about 14 mm. long, tapering in either direction, especially
posteriorly, segments strongly marked, green tinged dorsally with reddish-
fuscous, alimentary canal visible, darker green ; head reddish-fuscous ; pro-
thoracic plate darker ; a supra-spiracular series of black dots anteriorly on
each segment, each dot emitting a longish pale bristle; a series of smaller
black dots, each emitting a shorter pale bristle, situated posteriorly on each
of the first four abdominal segments, on each of which segments there are thus
two dots obliquely situated, the anterior dot being higher than the posterior ;
on last five abdominal segments traces of a third subdorsal row, more marked
posteriorly, situated anteriorly on the segments; anal flap rounded, with
black edges. Pupa dark, red brown, short and stout, attached by tail in the
web between leaves, emitting a frequent sharp clicking sound when disturbed.
The moth is very sluggish by day. Larve collected on 28th December 1911,
emerged on 16th February 1912, and others collected at Christmas 1913,
emerged on 17th January 1914. (Mazwell.)

ORNEODID.

”
ORNEODES MAGADIS, MEYR. (PLATE LXIII, FIG. 2.)

Orneodes magadis, Meyr., T.E.S. 1907, 510 (1908)(').

Originally described from Shillong(').

The larva (Plate LXIII, fig. 2a) feeds in Shillong within the flower-buds
of Colyuhounia coccinea, but is very difficult to find as a rule within the flower-
buds. If the flowers are collected, however, the larvee sometimes emerge to
pupate externally and the moths may be bred fairly readily.

The full-grown larva is about 5 mm. long, rather flattened and decidedly
stout for its length, dirty yellowish-white, sometimes suffused with pink over
dorsal areas except head and prothorax ; head pale-yellow or yellowish-brown,
mouthparts reddish or reddish-brown, sharply divided ; the abdominal seg-
ments each divided into a larger anterior and a smaller posterior subsegment
and also with a sort of flange along the side above level of spiracles so that the
dorsal portion stands out as a ridge ; the dorsal vessels (? silk glands) show asa
dark green through skin of thoracic and anterior abdominal segments ; protho-
racic shield not conspicuous ; short white hairs (only notable through a lens)
on body-segments. The larva drops by a thread when disturbed, when
wandering externally.

i R v¥ }

5 Sts

‘2

oven saeek ses wane aire esi ae to ta
poaltion, ears indonapactions, ad sully eth ig Att ry ”

. ” a eo al
spim between the ‘oxo lentes with an fiat a: ecru ab:
‘grown’. Tava. 18 shout 12. nan, long, tapering ‘ig sith Been’ By i
posturiony, ragmnen tis strongly marked) green Naas ie ery F dd ie

Ze leo r
dot

fussomi, atenentary. conal vidihle, datker grean Shend. rede ht ts

thomar plate darker = 4 scpta-spttae lar series af dlavk: dota ey: ! om
Gach nogroent, eqely; dot: exsigeing. 2 lomgiale pate. brintle ce pete iM
black dnote, each omitting 4 anise on briatle, situated? ar chs ly oa
Of the first feontr Abadoutnal eeumenis, ofeach of whivh spc’ hero an

two «ita obliquely nitanetd, rite an terit dot being higher than: he

(i Inat five abdominal Begments traces nf nthird subdonatl rows n bi sat wat
posteriorly, eitheted anteariody on 'the Pegmentes abel fap Four ed, a *t
black clyes, -Pupadark, xed brown, short and ‘¢tout, abwolied hy tenia
Wal between leawos, oniitting & frequent sharp olin soutnd whe ¢
The noth id very ahsguiahi by dav. Larva eitiseted on 25th Diets
emerged on lth February is snd others omleotes| at Oliti

*“fusereed on ith Janusry 1914. (Maaicdlhy-

ie

dixie

eRe :

i

poe a. ei
ORNEOCBIDZ,

ORRLOVES MACOS, MENR “(PLATE 100, Bees, fet he
Crncades rites Mevr,, Eas 1907, 510 (1.908)(4),

(Yr ginal! cleseribed: rote Shillong?”),

The larva (ate LAV, fig. Ba} foodie: ra) Shillong ‘ein theft
ott ‘alguhenmia mocciied, Lut ta ywery diffientt to firebas altel
hidd,. Tithe towers are'collected, however, the large ose
pppate externally and tire moths inay he bred tammy iwdslity.. my .

The fwl-arewn IArvs iW abont’S ini Tohg, sather fatiuned and,
etuut for ite lengths dirty yellowish white, sqquetines siitage with: pe
diineal afuas axtopt hel and prothorar ; “heed paleayeliow ake
mouthparta reddish or cadllich brown, sharply divided ¢ ths
ments wank. divided. int s lergee antector adda smaller poeta
and aiso With a'sart of flange alone the pide above lewel-of social
dersal portion stands att a4 wridge's the dorsabvenssls (ok glands) aie
dire grewo through skin of Ghoracie and anterior abdombtal: —e
mele abiek} Bob canspiewous ; sherk white Lai fonky pene
ot body-eogmonis. The laren drops by a thread owhen)
en ten? externally

ee

>
J

Antispila anna (C. S. 1993).

a, Cocoons on leaf.
b, A single cocoon enlarged ( x 16).

ce, Moth, natural size and enlarged ( « 16).

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 207

Pupation takes place within a thin white silken cocoon which is normally
spun amongst the flowers of the food-plant. Pupa pale yellowish-brown.
(Plate LXIIT, fig. 2b.) The moth (Plate LXIII, fig, 2c) may be beaten from
bushes of Colquhounia coccinea.

HELIOZELID 2.

ANTISPILA ARISTARCHA, MEYR. (ante, page 119.)

Bred in August 1913, at Karwar, from larvee found on Vitis sp. in numerous
transparent blotches formed between both cuticles. Numerous larvee were
found in each leaf and the blotches were occasionally confluent. The excrement
forms a wavy line in the deserted portion of the blotch. (Mazvwell.)

4

wp ee,
ANTISPILA ANNA, MEYR. 468. Exot. Px. i. 405 Jenn. “ie,

This species has been found at Serampore by Mrs. Annie Drake who, in ae Sex. Ren. cs
her letter dated 24th November 1919, wrote :—“ About the middle of July, Leal ae ) P sh,
I noticed a curious wee thing like a fragment of leaf on a leaf of Hugenia see atte
jyambolana, and on holding it up to the light could see the movements of the larva
inside it. After a little over a week the mothemerged. I only found two more
cocoons at that time and they had evidently been parasitized, each having
aminute round hole at one side whereas the one from which the moth came
had the pupal shell protruding from the top of the cocoon..........

Yesterday I found more of these interesting cocoons, five of them on
leaves and three on the trunk of the tree.’ Some of these cocoons were
sent to Pusa and from them we were able to rear out the moths. In
sending a further consignment of cocoons, in her fetter of 20th March
1920, Mrs. Drake wrote: “‘The moth appears to deposit its eggs singly at
the apex of the leaves of Eugenia jambolana, Lam., and to select the
leaves on the highest branches. On holding the leaf up to the light one
can see the larva between the epidermal layers. It seems to confine itself
to one side of the mid-rib and keeps to the upper end of the leaf. When
ready to pupate it cuts the leaf through around itself and lowers itself
by a silken thread and is borne hither and thither by the breeze till at last
it alights on a leaf or a branch lower down in the tree to which it at once
fastens its cocoon. The moth emerges about a week later in the day time. The
pupa is protruded from the apex of the cocoon. Those that are parasitized
have a minute hole in the side of the cocoon from which the Hymenopteron

has emerged.”

208 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GLYPHIPTERYGIDA

» c GLYPHIPTERYGIDA.

, euch ~, oa P

( eubbeles ship a] Ts toss .

SIMAETHIS/ORTHOGONAJ MEYR. (ante, page 126.) (PLATE LXIV, FIG. 1.)
[s

This has been reared again at Pusa from larve found on 21st August
1919, feeding on leaves and top-shoots of sinhora (Streblus asper ?). The larva
(Plate LXIV, fig. 1a) is very active, jumping at the least touch ; it is about
10mm. long and 1 mm. across the middle, tapering slightly posteriorly ; general
colour whitish-blue with numerous black spots ; head rather flattened, yellowish-
brown.

Pupation takes place in a double cocoon which is usually spun on a leaf,
the outer cocoon being of thin texture whilst the inner one, in which the pupa
rests, is stiff. Pupation occurs about two days after commencing to spin up
and the moth emerges after another six days. The pupa (Plate LXIV, fig. 1b)
is about 5°5 mm. long and 1:75 mm. across the thorax, brown-yellow. The
moths (Plate LXIV, fig. 1c) from these larvee emerged between 3rd and 6th
September. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1915.)

CHOREUTIS BJERKANDRELLA, THNB. (ante, page 128.) (PLATE LXIV, FIG. 2.)

This has also been reared at Pusa from larvee found on 22nd October 1919,
webbing the top-leaves of mundi (Spheranthus indicus), living hidden inside
the webbed-up leaves and nibbling their surfaces.

The full-grown larva (Plate LXIV, fig. 2a) was described as about 7 mm.
long and slightly more than 1 mm. broad across the middle of the body which
tapers slightly towards either end, skin glossy, soft and transparent, pale
yellow, showing a slight green tinge when food is taken ; head rather glossy ;
dorsal vessel faintly visible ; short, yellow hairs arising from black points ;
spiracles small, round, with a brown rim; five pairs of equally-developed,
slender, rod-like prolegs.

Pupation takes place on the plant im thin white silken cocoons formed
amongst the leaves. The pupa (Plate LXIV, fig. 2b) is about 45 mm.
‘long and 1:3 mm. across the thoracic region, yellow-brown ; -capital
extremity blunt; anal extremity tapering; anal segment dorsally with
an anteriorly-curved horn-like spine. When disturbed, the pupa does not
wriggle but moves the anal extremity rapidly up and down. The pupal
period is about five days. Moths (Plate LXIV, fig. 2c) emerged from these
larve between 28th October and 19th November. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip
1938.)

Pwr 7 > | * oe b
foe | ~e ee '
Cains , Saas Sag é
ia f 7 rT * a °
cere tat | ‘PLA ty
a? —@ ata,
a ie

4
, a? .
? ,
- t
’
°
s *./ 2
; r
- ad
ie a
Te.)

«_s

? a "Fu, 2
Wee Stitt erthageiit~1, Lows: 5, pals e,
“wugnifed (9 77 }

=? :
tie ,
. pee : 7. ‘
- —
_ yaa ye :
> he.

a . 7 ~ : ~ : 4

: a Fy — i Bie J mt
; on « a — i A :
ow ee ae

Pe yay a hee a Se ies
ay a i Ke
- v
? he no ee a i;
é yy as -
408 ri a

GLA PYG /ORSOGON nibs

‘hts ae fewer. restindl’ aginin «Pos ca a
Lal, teed gig aur bakers and Sap ahunts af ahora aetna
(Pinte BMAV, fig. toy in very’ active, japoig We tke inet Laie
10 ui lopwand | pitiowonva the middle, tipergyaaighely
colour whisiaashlvew ith trsiicrone Wiser henenraas inne
brown aie! <a
Pupaticin, trbes) flade wa doguie téeoon whieks is same ats 0 ah
hse Chee Boctouberir af: lity, tote whit (he Page one, in waioh 't
Melis, iy ott! Palpition occurs sboehtwedayt. alter comihencing bers
onde ju h worded ater aiqnother Bix Hays, . “Ths pup (Plate LIV, ‘ie |
abit o> san longo §TD iam! ierges” the Phirax biownpglton, if
pote, (Plife LAY, fi de) tebe thesé larvia enurgad haga ht Bae
Septciober” (Pia Bony! Cage eh ? 1915.

ian ¥

ore

mORRUS BRK ANDRELLS. TAND, (ile, pan LR) (PLN Lxty, Ay j
Tid« lie alee Deon Heuret at: Tati Tho fervie desis on S2adt CHT
wobbing Ho topdeayen of rvncids (Spherant hh éudicns), iiein'g hin
the Webbeit- up ieaves and wibbiing thet: #eUTiAgeR.
Pha tun deowy, larva (Viate LST, fgg, 30) woe ew rAd as eset
feng and sightis siory thon tude. broad aeciss fhe nade BE ke eae
tapers iagebthy tanita citdter Suths (wii glousty, sot abd. t aii
gellvwishiwing a sight promt tinge Wiehe fous 36. taken ; hua war
domplapapeh fein tly...istile 2 Mbork, “yellow Hairs asin from bla
opirnles anal, Suis With( ue Den ri; eh cn ae
donter, rod Ake. peta. | | ,
ae ee ee
awingat ‘the leaivgian The pia (Pus LXTY, fig: “OM. ie ghont! 4
fomg and}: nites Aare, the, Porters Fexita,” Paieiert! a

be

>

exhromity Nant aneletemily” tapering) anal s
ar anterorty-ctpvad how like, Apine, Whew uae,
wrigcle| Wik amiver. the, anal, Eebpeeieeawpdly: op, aa
perieit in abone’ five days, Botha” (Phe aRCEY,- a
ee Ne ee eae as alae ; a

ee

1954. » < P . Le 6 ; ? ay "
} ; mae pects a ' od
i Pia sl é 9 Py Be a ~ [o,f
oy, rah a ‘nal et
2 4 on ee ee
ns

PLATE LXIV.

tee
ae ° euch A, Lovet °
Fig. 1. Simaethis orthogona:—a, Larva ; b, pupa ; c. moth, natural sizes and
magnified (x7).

Fig. 2. Choreutis bjerkandrella:—a, Larva ; b, pupa; c, moth ; natural
sizes and magnified ( x8).

~~

“

& ere ea
ie are josteh ToS Ve
a ; i re
Repent 4 parapeieiiees tobe Re ia |

> if , x: 4 a =

ye blots band any tlie ye of lee f epee ite dhe wie ls to le, Hal of } se ie
ete f i ar on ee ee we ‘i .
meee tho finw © )0e ata A bape a9 ‘eee iy Peeples Cm * 4 - ber
tat Rev. 3 mae it see Ts. bei "pent aang i _ Poe gaye, © ftom ba Ce Fs
, i Lon Pre ene wlohe, fi >| ttm @ ute Mie od Aya o ethey. > ney
senail ae

: be ¥ ri ¢ &
rf yh DAs pol * 4 id Pe weet ? . at , ibe é=- i ie pag ro) enlergemtt = * ie » .
vi iy tee Pe 4
ae vith, tink xceene e; ivan Aue en Sa ee 3 abou 15 i’ pe Te, pode oa ae oe 4:
ae © ; a, A a
AIS nh the howd. < Cp ee, ‘subi, EPR ted bona = riot, a etoile she . Ge.
Err. ; ie eng Sheeryed in every qealeicaryeet “? uf . sce : 4 # Rs : ss
: yf om ad - : — ; x ne Py : " .- rah
m 4s Lever were collected at Tyan th ane Ae a Ee wee | a “eRe
: yon ; Pe. Hiriece ol faves. of: Pes Wier; i; uinru beet i aa! ‘ ne b 6 Tig " e J “

Boat looapelieg sizes, on) Tag ehist axel and MHepsaiig Wy) Fea, seers a
- 4 f ; i ~*~
4 , ane telus iio orl Bix nOREOTss shar ihe fh) ao Pipi tet Users ine ater bP ©

ay ‘oupt pAb niin *j aun (Lee mene rel Pia Pa TIW GY refi} rye Gy S)°-? 7496 7s
eee oe A t ‘
* oa. * iagtigs Tier; ri Vis ST ALT aes ae he a ee Leave, la = Abe, &. note. ~
j= _ r
: < { i 7 s a4 . _ ‘ ‘
apices beivg Wit stokdee tah el the inine algae epemeed ek bitte deat) *
ms AP Tae , “qr AD ; t ag 9 :
- ad sf Pee twit aa —¥ ea” ‘ b : : -
LITHMUCGALT 1S Tat EATS ae ‘oil Vaud 3 T]hs) yee
: ‘ : al
: - 7. . : “ ¥ * 4 7 ¢
eS: Pipes i ah ik Te : ‘rt ; ee oyun (rst 4 f hi af iT * Derabis, ’. > *

Meath, Ti rr a Yael! bFoteh Whig tie ec 6 tate eg § divs ot the bea, ae
ag sepa ly betirset Settee aiicles “The Roane ; aren CoM es Lg iva ‘7a x Ws
“dababitant i yee mae: Dice inteetally, wt Pec ae nae a hi stih. Ss aa
P' iS ee jos Htiags som ily ita tee. down 2d ee die ters Misi Tee Maa cs : .

~ 7 any ~ wt & Lo ad *\ 4 ~— .*
y i. 7» s

ere Conia Or) ORDINROIAA, WAN. Longs sie i tee ane
zt “Beek ie Rin afi un Juleand drug <p AD Ie i ize inv Vga Ce ‘Baer a Titre
jualin dnd. pavbality ptt, epetes -of Gaiktheals, Tie tag tag’ wrayer Z a a
aby vuriahly fare vicar Una mad ft) hot the inf iA 7 Le yang ape pinged $4 ke - ‘:
ee tthe lilt thy wink “ inh uhh De: iKit the prong iia © plas, Stole Mowe as oh
pier enueilag imahap, below theupner gate i “a hie” which J Hight om Ne)

ed dec: ctyaaing bain: gait

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 209

GRACILLARIADA.

LITHOCOLLETIS VIRGULATA, MEYR. (ante, page 138.)

Bred [at Karwar] in January and May 1916 from larvee found in a more .
or less regular oval or roundish blotch, measuring about 15 by 10 mm., formed
on the upper surface of a leaf of Butea frondosa. The cuticle over the blotch
becomes tightly stretched and white, often puckering the leaf below it; a
small discoloured oval patch is often visible on the white stretched cuticle,
probably representing the early location of the larva. Pupation takes within
the blotch and in the case of one specimen the pupa was observed to be tightly
enclosed in a fine white spindle-shaped cocoon resting on the leaf-surface,
but in other cases it seemed to be in a fine, light-spun web. The pupa is pro-
truded on emergence, puncturing the cuticle of the blotch by means of a sharp
diamond-shaped rostrum on its head ; the position of the pupa on emergence
is supine. One specimen was noticed to emerge at about 10 a.m. The moth
sits with the head depressed, touching the resting surface, and the tail elevated ;
this was observed in every specimen bred. (Mawell.)

Larve were collected at Pusa on 9th June 1919, mining blotches in the
upper surface of leaves of Pongamia glabra. The mines were of various
shapes and sizes, one being almost oval and measuring 10 by 9 mm., another
being elongated and measuring 19 by 11 mm. Pupation took place inside the
larval mines and the pupe pierced through the membranous covering of the mine
and wriggled out to some extent before emergence of the moths, the empty
pupa-cases being left sticking out of the mines. Moths emerged on 16th June.
(Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1907.)

LITHOCOLLETIS INCURVATA, MEYR. (ante, page 141.)

Bred at Karwar in August 1913 from larva mining leaf of “ karvd” (Strobi-
lanthes), forming a small blotch fillmg the space between two veins of the leaf,
apparently between the two cuticles. The blotch is dilated, concealing its
inhabitant. Pupation takes place internally, at one end of the larval blotch.
The imago rests with its head down and tail elevated. (Maavwell.)

ACROCERCOPS ORDINATELLA, MEYR. (ante, page 146.)

Bred in North Kanara in July and August 1913 from larve on Alseodaphne
semecarpifolia and probably other species of Lauracew. The egg is almost
invariably laid near the mid-rib of the leaf and the young larva proceeds by a
fine gallery to the blotch which it inhabits for the rest of its life. The blotch
is rather regular in shape, below the upper cuticle of the leaf which has a tightly
stretched appearance, the excrement being gathered at the sides of the blotch.

20 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADA

Several blotches are found on one leaf and these are usually occupied singly
but sometimes coalesce. The larva is cylindrical with the segments rather
strongly marked, orange with a tinge of crimson, the alimentary canal visible,
red. When disturbed in its blotch, the larva sometimes oscillates its head and
anterior segments rapidly. The cocoon is orange-coloured and is occasionally
formed within the blotch. The pupal period is six to eight days, The imago
is very sluggish in the day time. (Maavwell.)

ACROCERCOPS PHASOSPORA, MEYR. (ante, page 147.)

Bred in August 1914 and May 1916 at Belgaum from larve found im large
eiongate, opaque galleries in leaves of Hugenia jambolana, both sides of the
leaves appearing swollen. The egg is laid at one side of the mid-rib on the
under-surface of the leaf. The young larva mines in a single gallery along the
mid-rib towards the base tor about the length of the final blotch, then returns
along the mid-rib for a short distance before striking across the leaf in a_ single
gallery to the side of its blotch, and then proceeds back along the leaf parallel
to the original gallery. The orange-coloured cocoon is found exposed.
(Mazwell.)

ACROCERCOPS LYSIBATHRA, MEYR. (ante, page 152),

Bred [at Dharwar ?] between 31st December 1915, and 4th January 1916,
from reddish larvae mining a rather small! irregular blotch on leaves of Cordia,
the excrement following a line close to the margin of the blotch. The cocoon
rather large, huff-coloured. (Mazxvwell.)

ACROCERCOPS USTULATELLA, STT. (ante, page 156).

Bred [? in North Kanara] from larvee found in large numbers on leaves of
Diospyros embryopteris, the larvee occupying isolated blotches on both surfaces
of the leaf, the blotches becoming confluent in some cases. The appearance
of the blotch is shown in the text-figure, where A represents the discoloured

ii . )
Hymn \
\
° Mihi
AML

Mi Il

Larval mine of Acrocercops ustulatella.
{From a sketch by Mr. Maxwell.)

eae, a : shal
wn nein ¥ Ji rT oh [A hie 7 Py I }

wn 7 oe To theres, a aut chad |

My : ih |
mn is ie
Rey as

e
WAR 4 7

vernon,

i
7
Y he
7 , 7 r. yi ’@e
_
i

So : > ior : : :
V4 wie at ; 7A rer. ‘ noe . J. & Wie:
De md wy res tar eS is ’ vit ANNs MITE, he, rae 4, > Dae 7

>

aren “fac iis ue ae ee 3 i | re (aataTh “ona amide sifted “|
7 } % ; ? ae 7 : ‘

alwast oneal ‘ red i , iF t wie <a ] vat; Ar ee ali arnate, ; ap
: i ‘ " \« \ a - s .
STA j re ? \ } j _ Ba i hak! biate) be :

j ' ’ 4 fe ‘ * +) ale

y 3 “ : P Par
zey vharly - pnt ’ mong eoniitent inh cig it Ay Chie ab the: Ct a
¥ ; ae : ta
p« * Ae! ret 1 ; tefl VOLO ¥ i pale pineal ' s icke only, ey
. “4 2 ¥

Kegs

: a : . ; . ? at.6 of
i egenh fuges (3 | * “ive tei) i Wale, Vira ies
—" ¢ : : . 4 "a A : a re

> ‘ ae. i's

ddl ol VTAL AS at Cal mr

oe Bae a:

BOee ot seal Wolk sie tual nc
ae. bat east firey ehalesve,” APRA a
strange aay ad. or a w ith -. Hinge.nf sri
. : pet.” Whenk din ptiehieed in 4 ite binteby, thi Tsiewis me of in BS
anlar seTments rayudiy, . Vea ection is wk el
iérined within tre blonch. “The pupal 3 niriod ig ix" ho vip

te very elite a tie day tine, © ape ee r a 7
.

; ACROCRCOPS PIB HARA, write, ‘Coan, tee dal

Ried ia Auguer 1914 and May 1916 at & sgaum from lari, fo
- GUngah opuNnee pallerios ie ladview of: Heri genia entokiina! deat ee
lentes -anpearies swollen, Fhe is laid dt one ede of the.’ Pies a Fh
undersurface’ of the leaf! ‘Phe revenge seve ingen Via niagle gallery al — “ th

midivis Sowatele {het base ‘hor aboetit, the lengths wi lw final dloteh, then, fet

ipa
along ihe micah for a short distanda h WOT att uLing ie ea") Lue teat rake
sary to tie ate ofits blotel:, and then prineaie Dank along the Xe ad ‘pa
ve et : 3
i OL diet 1 Oe Ctiige-oolouted CHOCLAaTL W toni

AURUCERCOVS. LYSIBATHRA, 2HEVR | (ante, pagn 15%)

Brediat, Ohaewa befweas 3ist December 1915, aml 4h damiary 191 7 ; *
fron) reddish lervas munving a tather.scnall iprepolar BMotech on doaves of Cop mn ya.
(lia-excrement tAllowhae a declode ta the rmaren of the bloteh. The peti

» Mitre ’ t i j er it ih } t nary ii : ‘
.
ALTO © USIVLATELLA, SiS, (onk, page 16
, iret itm North Kenaml from tarve found in large tx been ty tenes
A icie Horio, the larva ofciteing jouleted Wlotuhes an both: suit

ok the eal, ¢h foes lesen contuent in sone: cises, Tin avin nce
¢ Bight! i, Siig “7 ‘rie a xT Lpeeasy . W Sie ry) mt rv hresquits the disect

as j dl
: Ge 2g22 We id Pa We
: ‘ woe OL: ?
" 16, pi al :
| ein ial
\ iy it ; : 5 aa -
wil th 4 IEA i_- . 1 oF
. ; - o a]
Lariat ntina of Aerceercope uwsehilatela, > Sin
(from a skein by Mir, Mux walle
' ;
ar te
.- 7 7 :
F a)

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 211

patch where the egg was laid, Bthe slender gallery, filled with the excrement
of the young larva, leading to the main blotch, Cthe main blotch, irregular,
balloon-shaped, with the larval excrement gathered in scattered heaps, D the
remainder of the blotch, void of excrement, transparent, and KE the larva
feeding. (Mazwell.)

_ ACROCERCOPS BIFRENIS, MEYR. (ante, page 157.)

Bred at Khanapur, Belgaum, between 21st and 25th February 1915,
from larve found very plentifully in leaves of more than one unidentified
food-plant ; one of these food-plants was described as having the leaves alternate,
simple, smooth, acuminate, with opposite veins 4 to 6or8. The larval blotches
were irregularly shaped, becoming confluent with other blotches in the same
leaf, the whole of which is eventually left covered with the silvery cuticle only,
the leaf underneath being discoloured with dry excrement, which is chiefly
gathered around the edge of the blotches. Each blotch has an irregularly
roundish tear in the cuticle covering it whilst still imhabited by the larva.
The young larva is bright red, much tapering towards the tail ; when full-fed
it is bright crimson, cylindrical. The orange-coloured pupa is found in an orange
cocoon formed on the surface of the leaf. The pupal period is about seven to
eleven days in February. The imago quivers on its legs like A. vanula.

(AMaxwell.)
ACROCERCOPS CRYSTALLOPA, MEYR. (ante, page 157.)

Bred in July 1913 and also in 1915 at Karwar from larve found on Meme-
cylon edule and M. amplexicaule in regular oval or sub-circular blister-like
blotches formed under the upper cuticle of the leaf by continuously mining
around the edge of the blotch. The larva has a very large dilated head, the
body cylindrical with lateral prominences from which protrude single rather
long hairs. The pupa is found inside the larval blotch and protrudes through
the leaf-cuticle on emergence. The moth sits almost erect on its tail with the
long antenne held outwards and (relatively to the body) downwards, vibrating
so rapidly as to be nearly invisible except towards the base. (Mazwell.)

ACROCERCOPS DIATONICA, MEYR. (ante, page 158.)

Bred in North Kanara from larve, sometimes found singly but often in
numbers, under the upper cuticle of an unidentified herbaceous plant. The
cuticle forms a tight blister over the whole surface of the leaf, and inside this
blister the larva lives and feeds on the leaf which it ultimately clears, leaving
only the tip and the cuticle. Pupation takes place in an oval cocoon which

212 LIFE-HISTORIES OF GRACILLARIADE

turns yellowish after construction and which is formed under the blister, 7.e.
on the under-surface of the leaf-cuticle, but is apparently sometimes
attached to the leaf also, especially to the mid-rib. (Maavwell.)

/
ACROCERCOPS EXTENUATA, MEYR. (ante, page 158.)

Bred at Karwar on 29th July 1913 from larve found on 16th July in
blotches on underside of leaf of “‘ taosin”’ creeper. The blotches were bounded
by the main veins of the leaf, several larvee being thus contained in one
leaf in separate compartments. (Mazwell.)

ACROCERCOPS PHAROPEDA, MEYR. (ante, page 159.)

Bred at Karwar on 25th July 1913, from a larva in a rather small regular
semi-transparent blotch resembling that of A. ordinatella except that the
excrement is gathered in a heap in the middle of the blotch. The larva when
disturbed oscillates anteriorly like that of A. ordinatella. Pupation took place
on 16th July,-in a brownish-yellow cocoon formed on the surface of the leaf.
(Mawell.) y
ACROCERCOPS SCRIPTULATA, MEYR. (ante, page 159.)

Bred at Karwar on 28th July 1913 from cocoons found scattered about
on the surfaces of a variety of leaves in the neighbourhood of Terminalia
paniculata, which may be the food-plant. The cocoons, which are unusually
large, irregularly elongate-ova!, semi-transparent, white, were found at consi-
derable distances from one another, indicating a wandering habit on the part
of the larva prior to pupation. (Mazwell.)

ACROCERCOPS CIVICA, MEYR..
Acrocercops civica, Meyr., B. J., XXIII, 119 (1914)().

Described from Karwar('). :

Bred in 1911 and in July 1913 [at Karwar] from pink or bright-red larve,
mining blotches in leaf of cinnamon. Many larvee were found in each leaf,
apparently exceeding the capacity of the leaf for food. In another case larver
were found in small, distinct, roundish blotches on both surfaces of the leaf,
but especially on the upper side. The larval excrement is gathered into
heaps in the middle of the blotches. The orange pupa is found in an orange-
coloured or creamy cocoon. (Mazwell.)

Exdr.tnin. 1 4b Jen 1921)
ACROCERCOPS ZYGONOMA, MEYR, MS.{ (PLATE LXV.)
Acrocercops sp., Annual Rept. Impl. Entom. 1918-19, p. 87, t. 7 (1919)(').

The larva of this species was found at Pusa on 12th September 1918,

mining under the epidermal layer of the bark of a young cotton plant.

is Pe HM ame ee I hy
. - » ‘ nae <a ue. aie: a
’ “a “ mas: on eae tp *) i

a oe
Scipelubntes Saeedaea mane alae afte:
pit: Allg’ “iendersntaface. oF (Aker iaf-cutictle, than ie te poarenth ce
“patel ou the-tent als expocistiy co tha’ woiltibi 8 city ae ie
hes athe LAN
21 APReRNCO RS wET IN RATA, NY (onte, Tage ie
Reed 9b Karim anv cb Soky 101%: front les fone ‘a i ,
torolne a aridemide ofieal of * fevists-emeper) PN accra
hy the Inve yan of The doaf, utracnd latvm butog: Meee Z e-
leat Sn giparate acti ai (Mapes a

nate all
~" a
tne BAS

AOROCER CMs PRAIOLEDA, ion that, page LAY

breg.ot Karwar on 2b. Jidy 10085 Brom’ Theva ie o rathet an t
agroi-treaapareat blotch iesambliin iat Ob) ovdduedtelle, exoupt a i.
neTenuenie ig, gtthered ina Gedy i thy middle of the bidteb, ThG Iitval ,

Aistuvbed dotitin tes asiterindy lixe that of A. ordinatel’s, Prrpithonitoos: pha plate
on thth fig ma a beowiniah-y alle 2ocodn foraiad ou the sco 9M
(da abenrelt)

; ACROCRROGLE SORINIULATA, MYR (ani, ne a

Bred, at Ranyat op? 28th July 1015 frben socaine fond at
ron, Ee gugcanae, aba vonaty of fea ves Ta the qeuhiouriqosd, ne
$ prinioitatss wigah.duayhe she idod plant, The eocoorm, wicsh ae
litgs, bregulaily clodgxte-svul, seuii-ieamepareht, whitey wardelodad:at (4
Morabie disthoors froma oie another, mediontacg a! nie a: oe ee

aaa

apes BHiet te pupsiion. (Migr . i
4 ieee oo

| ACKOCERGORS OLVIGA, mur. ; er a Ae
Acrican cps citer) Meyz., B:'J,, XX, Lo Olden. Agee Way Me eee

Deatrlbad. irony, Rarwarlh). okt, - ae .
Fired ‘in FHL and in Hdy 1998 fal Katine Soon ines Hight

" miuioy Mofohes in teat of clananiva. Mupy Taeww vere found iy uch tea
dpporcrt)y excceding-tha capacity of the leaf. (ak food. in. ‘aot ve y
win) fostod tn sinall, diktisar; éouriditie Bhadhad on bath “saineet ot 6 Ie a
hub oxpdeidliv on the upper shley’ TheHevel exdrement "ie igaiieredeat
heap in Wye wid dle ut He, blatohes, The prehge pape pee

colvured. ox creatayeotoon.? (Maaoak)
,, aint ak 8

Ap incHRoond AEROMOMA, MEER WAL PLATS 3
| Seruverngen §9. Krmsl Rei Arp Mineo TOBA, p. 1c
‘The Thrvit of this apidetie Sead foond at Pasa tin Bile
raining, under Xb min Nae vf aoe ee
pe si ; ; ae ee a

p 7 ae J Cr ea ik r ’ Rs Vig
A 7 = ° s) 7" - 7 j : 7 : > ( yO

oe

PLATE LXV.

Acrocercops zygonoma:—
a, Cotton branch attacked by larva; b, Larva, dorsal view, natural size andl
magnified ;
c, Pupa, natural size and maznified; J. Moth, natural size and magnified.

yas <
an ea ‘nbiar Wasi aoe ms
iy y le anys

bins - hien . ahan: reogieoannt a a Sa Puen sara re savas ; ro +.
ies Esthd ve: y ork, ele waiforg 5 ethow.* arse
«\ = oe ie ‘fub- jeg ioe bay’ MOMDs ihe wie sib Gated ; ie : are: ne
asd sh a Sother om > ped ah OM ye ‘writen 7) pepeler-ip thikte ogint, 1. if

Fwach erve fori: Ligh aon tee, bees for ieel4y Bo Ta Plate" l,. KY ts 5d} Fr
< xn ue Od," SAdy aid?) 7 Seaabo S ‘i nig hal Sailer} ' aye sig TRGS) : y

i

yi ar) i . , : ’ 7 °.0 : ’ f 5 ‘= ;
‘*, 2a ie 4 s . nal ee re
Phe S00 Wipioedts Mairi WEPU, wah Rit hon Ea Paes init 2a
ivy me _* -. os : : te " ‘s o~ A . ~—] mt
La las Bred at Sh ong me! dan DORR hy, To Ragwieientea Bee fea ieee <- ;
i a ‘ - LF a v4 , 4
y ety accuse +4 a hare 5 app A. h ¢ MY

= ‘a ENRMIENLAD Z. ir 3 y ee) -/ ; kd a i"

7 his PHL, SOP fala re 2) is aed eee
Bre fat-Wwats ay Lirvas gus i jas tit fully i) jceved of Byes froa— ~~ © ;
wing und J yin des wise. ~The latva 44's xt Abelisins aw _poathoran: plate. 47
A Wate. farer, ti Rhee ta lt mats etal Cyark opera, ¢91 as he re tack cus .
Tilwied by why LT 1D iPavicn : dite. look! og We bith end eK fink 7
rah wo the inpnr curiae ; t nS, Dee wen sinless alii otie a im seis i’ ,
Sate) is Hope of She sarians of the (ot ley on ee shes enh ve wpe: ‘, ee
ort nevi mit otk. ocoploras tha jereh iAvietl tits The eponatineay - is i : :
pewuibe OM OURe ey r m4 th Web, givin if, oUt. njsreurikinge, Fhe: ae, |
Piistness (ite pore inate ia hi CARS F yale on witeob Jieucts’ WF, Kit Pie he bs

Siihines, Ihaipedi stely ap) . Ve Cle ata” Hone hive ix % siannbarly >
. ied web of much amaller sige on ye agtler ah ute of Fh hisd. conti’ tnt
; Perth tibatipes wel tv" a <mell Gute of Ke 16 ainsi ata. he force’ (eure -
a with give Wg tats when divtirhed is alt he + alts, Papracal red, pine M4 J ha
. co syenbty ar Sata: s} ad eh Ma abo if 5 vith, long. ae _pothind: sy hot: qe ‘ a
pften apr webwert +e loaves, Pritt doetumned eked an isa MES Miles (Ti
Bae {2k apeviosn was bred Loma eoxinon-W iach war appa tele, , bose bo midlet, - 7 =
aoe Yoval, ~eageh biti: te: ‘biade-! i “ ae Wevaa hich payated in Teceudpen. Oy!
7 is the fe itch otiqeanstay:: 4 Apel (9162 ans dar after the Tet “vate as hs
— TY), tee * at stag by ore haa! ae to ba din; nal; . Edna) é: :

ip Vee ¢
° os -, = :
_ 7 : a ? oad : : ey ae 1 4 j a)
, a a | oe xf ; rye t + ne “sf ‘ «
a D> bus e vp ae ‘

ea ee ice Pane, Sgt ln

pe
cz
aa

ag

«

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 213

Extensive mines are formed, covering the greater portion of the stem and some
of the petioles of the leaves. As a result a thin somewhat transparent whitish
paper-like membrane is formed, under the shelter of which the larva is visible.
(Plate LXV, fig. a.)

The larva (Plate LXV, fig. 6) is about 5 mm. long, rather flattened,
about 0°7 mm. across the thoracic region, thence tapering slightly posteriorly,
last two segments much narrower, segments clearly marked, uniform yellow ;
head flattened, smaller than prothorax into which it is partially retractile ;
legs and very short prolegs uniform yellow.

When full-fed the larva leaves its mine and forms a circular paper-like
cover in a corner or depression on a stem or leaf and pupates in this cocoon,
each larva forming a separate cocoon for itself. Moths (Plate LXV, fig.d )
emerged on 20th and 21st September 1918. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1852.)

v - /
ACROCERCOPS MALICOLA, MEYR. Mf Exot Puc © 4ib |... 192! )

Bred at Shillong in June 1918 by Y. Ramachandra Rao from larve
feeding on bark of apple.

EPERMENIADA.

EPIMARPTIS PHILOCOMA, MEYR. (ante, page 169.)

Bred [at Karwar ?] from larve found plentifully on leaves of Butea fron-
dosa and Xylia dolabriformis. The larva is reddish-brown, prothoracic plate
rather darker, the body-segments with dark spots, emitting hairs, each sur-
rounded by a lighter ring. ‘It leaves in a dirty-looking whitish and roundish
web on the upper surface of the leaf. The web always adjoins a main vein
and is kept off the surface of the leaf by five or six slender columns of excre-
ment spun with silk, rendering the larva invisible. The excrement is also
scattered on the outer surface of the web, giving it a rusty appearance, the
rustiness being more marked in the case of webs formed on leaves of Xylva
dolabriformis. Immediately opposite the upper web there is a similarly con-
structed web of much smaller size on the under-surface of the leaf, connected
with the upper web by a small hole of escape through which the larva dodges
with great agility when disturbed in either abode. Pupation takes place in a
creamy spindle-shaped cocoon about 6 mm. long and pointed at both ends,
often spun between two leaves, but sometimes exposed on leaf surface. In
1911 a specimen was bred from a cocoon which was separate, close to mid-rib,
oval, resembling a birds-dropping. From larve which pupated in December
1915 the first moth emerged on Sth April 1916, one day after the first rain.
The moth is very sluggish at night and appears to be diurnal. (Mazrwell.)

214 LIFE-HISTORIES OF LYONETIADA k

LYONETIAD.

PHYLLOCNISTIS CHRYSOPHTHALMA, MEYR. (ante, page 171.)

Bred in July and August 1913, in North Kanara, from larva mining an
elongate wandering blotch in the underside of a leaf of cinnamon, the course
of the larva being marked by the excrement which forms a wavy, continuous,
fine dark line. Pupation takes place inside the larval mine at the extremity
of the blotch, the leaf being puckered here sharply. The pupal period is
about eight days. (Mazxwell.)

PHYLLOCNISTIS CIRRHOPHANES, MEYR. (ante, page 171.)

Bred in July 1913, in North Kanara, from larva found mining beneath
upper cuticle of leaf of Alseodaphne semecarpifolia. The egg is laid near the
edge of the leaf, from which the young larva proceeds at first in a spiral and
afterwards in an undulating gallery, always confined to the extreme edge
of the leaf, producing a blackish discoloration. When full-fed, the larva
mines around the extreme edge of the leaf in a single gallery, finally pupating
below the cuticle under a drawn-in edge of the leaf. The larva is flattened,
shiny, tapering posteriorly, segments strongly marked, yellowish-green, last
three segments more transparent; head small, black; prothoracic shield
narrowed anteriorly, semi-transparent ; first seven abdominal segments with
a spiracular prominence ending in a bristle ; anal claspers long, transparent,
prostrate, divergent. The larva of this species is frequently noticed associated
with that of Acrocercops civica in the same leaf, although the food-plant is

common ; in fact, the two are usually bred together. (Mazwell.)

PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA, STT. (ante, page 171.)

Larva mining blotches in cinnamon and Alseodaphne semecarprfolia,
When ready to pupate the larva works around in a gallery by the edge of the
leaf and pupates internally under the turned-over edge. The larva is often
found in conjunction with that of Acrocercops civica, sharing the same leaf.
(Maxrwell.)

The pupal cell is often found occupied by a Mite which apparently attacks
and destroys the full-fed larva and newly-formed pupa.

PHYLLOCNISTIS HABROCHROA, MEYR. (ante, page 172.)

Bred in North Kanara in August 1913 and January 1915 from larva
mining an irregularly wandering gallery in leaves of an unidentified plant
locally called “ cheli’’; also found in a segond unidentified leaf, which is

nid iY on a : 103, 4 a Nor

Py pain te TH fhe jandendiel
eantied et the #xaren
Pecyastsicns tulips ‘place bai ae eet
Int Liptaagy puckered i —

t
cane

‘Pigte-y m

pa ; i 2) teas a
ee, Eu rsie LASER UAB V AMARA NE LE poe (7
re Sal Bi Hali30)5, 5), North, Kaitione, “Bei lari fo ini
- PBR ithe ter! of Aides Lenk ma -scusiienes anprtokig,” The. vr
re eh whe Shambara yproneede at fra
- nel ating vat Ser We sng eonfined " tig
hog “i De bb i disectdratian \WWhee fal a
oun 6 oe at Age nt jee ivagle gisdbene
plese v fhe eich. arawn Sit citi of the. dak o? Phe
: miny, bop Ts pe F oral irongiy Tagthogy werowy
“LEGG “eal | tipibyavane , howl awh Bladks pharebehs ‘ied ae net
; Aree SAY ee

PRTOR OG An ber LES. SOU Ho ay ar al Hrs. seve Delomnat Sarat “te wilh

: . - % liv a ae aoe Pe ce
seri! aciths ie prorat ~ Wiel 1 eS 1 dePecy wii si Aerece a 1A SR ha

7 \ di eee he anes | eg ; * * Ma al, ,
WiOMraA Cc, crear Dine iP yao! tabi arses ‘Sis Loge pee’ 1¥ Whe wg ae noted?
ve: Matt crane » eve do the antes le: auf, riot athe ti ok pia in
s aM ar >, a)
ot Tes Lay AWO RPS ROR! uy Brel logethey. *
2 Ng “ , +
TE Lal i
. 4 ae y a
? bedias tres pty {

7 ae io6> LAE ied ee A RPE A
+2 hy af > f

< Repos aT antl : ;
Ban ig tere at jnpetee isterny nae Ble

; 83 ro is Sore Acmaaht yl »s
—-. ' Found 4 Th “aa uth 1 with thant oe .

ee

ie)

By ieilleia bond ne ula mths hate

de ell hy gat Pa wed Wetosnviel pr
ied

*
a
te +

. me Ay :
Beth tie

Le * .

if a

é bat uGoeNtnts xsiiO etc Gay WER.” Conley poae 19a) 1. ip te
| : : ao

Bock in Noith ee, itt Auparé isis aod Fox unry “198. “fron mie

int lise ar \eregulas ty winning poll a ay eaves ot a Pkg
Locsliy galled" ehabe,”” yo fsa. tis wid it:

PLATE LXVI

—_

:

rs a
So
Ay ay
rial ne

Ny

Fig. 1. Full-grown larva. dorsal view. Fig. 2. Pupa of male ( x 44) ; also more
(x26) enlarged view of anal portion ( x 133).

WW
a WZ Q
ee e y

ZY yi
YY,
MMI

/ /

y

}
/

STA eH om \

Fig. 3. Crobylophora daricelia. Moth (x30).

7 me ee 2 oe ; = . : 2
eae) Unitalenes get baal A DU eA

7 >

u
>
ar 2 a at

‘ x : aa . RS bau) , L's ray
qt ren ; 5 . ; : i i -
Aus 1 é it ie we?
“~ ° “a ¥ P ; i)! " 4 Awa br an
Le. ve : pe yr) ees ao ‘ ATWO ara iy, ee
: 7 ; ; s a WA ee eee

von:

; : . Ss ‘ =

PLATE LXVIL.

2)
=|
(=)
i=)
o
2
Sy
ned
SS a
a
cL
Sy SSI
Ss 5
>
8
~~
aa)
es
a
=
Ry

ined by larve of Crobylophora dari

seen on exterior of leaves.

are also

Leaves of Plumbogo capensis m

: e wiidie ee Ela ath é ax AE
: hes 1+ Bie en fesse ed 4

=| tet

Pheveus a 2 Wait iy ; ar % vi - fase ‘< spac dcdat bf Blue s
BA Fyo.0 A lee mbit hire fy am ae h ay paid ad hie be 8 ihe Hay. auth
paral. dirk ge cM ; “Ts ¥ th, ‘ Pe ae ake te agen rete pores neat # cy “2 ay

erat ipa pais. Ye enh Me:

x ns cok ia yesnguan s
t Sateerees fevi wie ae an palit
¢ ~ : “el

(Tie aes ee ak Rates Soe ‘Lich “Geter Wis:
e jared Wars hat ‘sla (1 pines Pohl’) (Maw dA iti, at. a); Ake
= Janae 0K wear, e-brye emibretst beat bei fides i ion a fort

< 7 a 1.
: Wat
> e)
j ae
~~ :
-
|
=

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER 215

glandular and has a red petiole and mid-rib. Pupation takes place in a cocoon
connected with gallery and formed in a tightly puckered fold in the leaf or
under a tightly bent-over edge of the leat. (Macwell.)

PHYLLOCNISTIS SYNGLYPTA, MEYR. (ante, page 173.)

Bred [at Dharwar] in January and August 1916 from regular Phylloc-
nistis type of galleries on upper surface of leaves of a small shrub, probably
a species of Capparis, which was described as having leaves whorled with a
pair of thorns in axils, thorns straight when young but recurved when older,
stems and leaves pubescent, leaves bluntly ovate, margin entire, reticulately
veined, pedicel + inch long. The larva, which is light-green, can be seen
distinctly at the end of its gallery, its course being shown by a thin dark
line of excrement which runs down the middle of the gallery, leaving a white
margin on either side. Pupation takes place within a folded-over edge of the
leaf at the end of the gallery, the pupa being protruded on emergence of the
moth. ((Jazwell.)

This species was reared at Coimbatore in July 1917 from larve mining
in leaves of Ailanthus excelsa. The mine is figured in South Indian Insects
(figure 338 (1) on page 462).

2 ej ;
iy, nA Art 47) v

CROBYLOPHORA DARICELLA, MEYR. (ante, page 174.) (PLATES LXVI, LXVIL.)

This species was found abundantly at Pusa in June, July and December
1919 by Mr. C. 8. Misra, from whose notes the following account is taken.
The egg is laid irregularly on the upper surface of the apex of a leaf of Plum-
bago, the largest number found on one leaf being ten, The egg is flattened,
oval, dirty-white. The larva at first makes an elongate gallery which is after-
wards developed into a rounded blotch, the frass being scattered irregularly
within the mine. Several larve may mine in one leaf. The larva is about
3°5 mm. long, pale yellow, head rather elongated, pale-brown, body-segments
broad, flattened, distinct. When full-fed it emerges from the mine and pupates
on the surface of a leaf under cover of a silken cocoon, two cocoons being
united together at times. )

BUCCULATRIX UNIVOCA, wey (onan LXVIII.)
Buceulatriz wnivoca, Meyr., Exot. Micr., H, 185 (1918)('), £0 WE 359 | Bec. yu
Described from Pusa('). i
This has been reared at Pusa from larve found on I4th October 1919,
mining leaves of kalmi (Ipoma@a reptans) (Plate LXVIII, fig. a). After
some time, however, the larvee emerged from their mines and formed a sort

e s ae re |
PHYLLOCNISTIS HAGNOPA, MEYR. M8. Exct.tuic 1 399 | Dec. (920 )

216 LIFE-HISTORIES OF LYONETIADAS

of transparent flat yellowish silken cocoon-like covering on the surface of
leaf or stem and rested in a coiled posture inside this cell (Plate LXVITI, fig. 5)
for about two days, after which they underwent a moult and emerged again.
This resting stage larva (Plate LXVIII, fig. ¢) is about 4:25 mm. long and
about 0°5 mm. broad, cylindrical, with distinct segments, uniform yellow,
smooth, with five pairs of equally developed prolegs. After moulting on
completion of the resting-stage, however, the appearance and colour are quite
changed, nor does it mine the leaf any longer but feeds openly on the leaf,
nibbling the tissue. At this stage the larva (Plate LXVIII, fig. d) has a
pale yellow head which is smaller than the prothorax and partly retractile
into it ; the general colour is light vellowish-brown, the dorso-lateral regions
dark-grey ; on all segments the tubercles are rounded protuberances each
surmounted by a short yellowish hair ; legs and five pairs of equally-developed
prolegs pale yellow. In this stage the larva grows to its full length of about
6 mm., and when full-fed it forms anywhere on the leaf or stem an elongated
brown longitudinally-ribbed cocoon (Plate LX VIII, figs. e, f) which is fixed
to the resting surface throughout its length. Pupation takes place inside
this cocoon, the pupa (Plate LX VIII, fig.g) being about 3-5 mm. long by
0°75 mm. broad across the thoracic region, yellowish-grey ; the head end
with a short pointed process ; the spiracles slightly protuberant ; the anal
extremity blunt, with a short outwardly-directed pointed lateral process on
each side. The pupa wriggles out through one end of the cocoon before emer-
gence of the moth (Plate LXVIII, fig. h), which takes place about twelve
days after spinning up. From these larve, moths emerged between 28th
October and lith December. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slip 1952.)

OPOGONA XANTHOCRITA, MEYR.

Opogona xanthocrita, Meyr., B. J., XXI, 111 (Oct. 1911)(1), Exel-Wnec- AV360 | Ye

Described from the Nilgiris (3,500 feet) and North Coorg('). It has been
reared in April 1918 by Mr. K. Kunhi Kannan from imported sugarcane in
Mysore State. It has also been bred from dead wood by Mr. Beeson.

TISCHERIA HESTIAS,EMEYR.

Tischeria hestias, Meyr., Exot. Micr., I, 354 (1915)(').

Described from Karwar‘(!).

Bred [in North Kanara] in August 1913 from a larva mining squarish
blotch occupying space between two veins of a leaf of “ Kewan ” (Helicteres
isora), no excrement being visible in the mine. Pupation takes place within
the blotch, the pupa being protruded on emergence of the moth, (Mazvwell.)

fo |

os => -

Born oc enae

—

teat antacid ne in ey soaps
fot aponl owo faye, after WER they an aa ride
De iaciog ine pie Eat ae eee et i higaind
elent Ooh; Broad, oviinsteh eal, with etinnk-Ke th | oe =a
srpeath, with fwo apnita, of oally davelaped: proleg. “Alte ca li
commetios of fin renting’eFage, however the. ws “ opr ae iat
hated, ‘ote dines Jb:ming the land any Latighr Tout sthaghcaigalie of te
“bilan the chika’: Atl is tage ke’ teeta, (Plata Lae Pia Ruel) Bae
pale yellow (vad whieh i suiglher Gon: the prothdris aad partly:
Syite ih , he ponarat geloar iy Hat vallowieh-btown, the baat rs
duckegroy jh, 0) gyno tuld tha tebetches are rounded:
sxrmonntad by’ Mhent llth tale tele cnthive prit Mi Relea:
peidegs pal: yollow.. Te rhin alage wie Teagert gros to its frill tt of
_€ nega When fltedl Beton’ any wheteson Ulin’ ligt cr sah 6m ale iG
bye Tongett aattacanlle ribbed wobote. (Pinte TESVUT, figs. ede
trem un Abby budfate Wnaaghor,t ats Agora, Pupetipn”
this cucrion, tis poy {Plate LVL tig. oF: ‘being abut Pe
O75. qs...Arond potoes ithe Pigrdoe terions “ yalliiwinh yecdyes eh
HER x ghor) ported prose the spiraelew alightly protilori at sad |
extremity Hhié with shoub cic. ward healinetteir poipted eo r x oa
rast Pheonpe \rizglee out through one brid of the fears ees
wie. Bh the, inal {Plate ER OT, lig, Wk whinhs, Helena, poles bone Nigive’?
lava aiter apymeg wh Phom thease peril, motes eonenged of pe 2 ait
itkobee and Fh ee ig (Pita peistary Snate~altp sens) rd one a
se eee WO aA
* oration Rapriociios, ae orga on f u
Gpiihia senbiowrlin | Moye... FSET, LAOH sca aa ei ned
ee Doup rind tramthe Nigiri (8,500 font) wna Sole, Const. « oe ia bremisy' +
ziared it Apel 9S by Mis K: Kudhi’ Kayman, foamy ations ae
Moyne. ath Lb Kowalay bem) bet tras Sey ee

at TIMER beak META, Ly ie dae : a

a | ener an:
Tivihebiri ‘Wesllaay Mev, iy Hee, 17 isin )
Pitts an tii Ree ne

Bead lite Noes Kain bi abeiek 13 frestey sy i
blend i ei. 2 a bole twit veins obs Sore epi

haa
y Wits
| a Ph ee
if j so
» Pe, woke ae
‘" : At pe A
s ( oh " ved

PLATE LXVIIL

Bucculatrix univoca:—

a. Leaf of Kalmi (Ipomoea reptans) mined by young larva :
b. Young larva resting for moult in a silken covering after coming out of the

mine;
c. Larva (b) shown separately. natural size and magnified (x8) :
d. Full-grown larva, natural size and magnified (x 8);
e. |. Cocoon. Dorsal (e) and side (/) views, magnified (x 8);
¢. Pupa. natural size and magnified (x 8): :

5

h. Moth. natural size and magnified (x8).

ee T= rin a. * eu
apse ee is Son

ax a oS

- orhameii

'?> » - _
ae a s c » 7
¥, . ae {s 008 BE Pity tet,
~/8 ~» - 7 '
i ae eee <i ee % > Me
4” D, =p A, t is ss . - - ;
\! eee, aie ¥
ne <8
<
. 2 - ,
4 ©
¥ ;
a E
ds: 3 *
7 =
= 4a. ~*~ x
= ew, j
= -_
7 é ‘ a
2 : ine
_ = < a
Af ves car 2 F- ;

7 + 7 J
€
” a - * ce _ ; 2
ve 8 . a a"k eo ame os.” - : & ne,
> ia x. ae) “ ”
J » _e | 7 - P. i
ot ‘ : - ~
= ¢ 5 Vass a
7 , 7 A
é aml } :
7 = ~ grt 2 5
= * =~
5 . Poa ‘
al i]
- , a. Se
. >
¢
- i! A

|

T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER > eee

TINEIDA.

S
Vv

ASYNDETAULA VAGULA, MEYR.
Asyndetaula vaqula, Meyr., Exot. Micr., If, 262 (November 1919)(').
“Assam, Shillong, September (Fletcher). Taken flying commonly by
day over a mossy bank, apparently attached to the moss, on which the larva

probably feeds ”’(*). .
INCERTZ SEDIS.

[=\ hin ich&

CRYPTOLOGA NYSTALEA, rh)
Bred in September 1913 [at Karwar] from larvee mining blotches beneath
upper cuticle of leaf of ‘‘ Karanj,” giving the leaf a silvery appearance on the
upperside. Pupa generally in turned-over edge of leaf, or puckering the leaf
elsewhere. (Jazvwell.)
This species is unknown to me and the names quoted by Mr. Maxwell
are presumably manuscript ones given by Mr. Meyrick but as yet unpublished.

Note.—The following species, referred to in this Memoir under manuscript names, have
recently been described by Mr. Meyrick in Part 11 of Volume II of Exotic Microlepidoptera
(October 1920).

Page 43. Meridarchis reprobata, Exot. Micr., II, p. 388.
4, 39. Cacecia pensilis (l.c., pp. 339-340) and C. isocyrta (l.é., p. 340).
+ 44, Acroclita vigescens, l.c., p. 343,

» 50, Eucosma conciliata, l.c., p. 345.

» 53. Polychrosis fetialis, l.c., p. 346.

» 58. Argyroploce cenchropis, l.c., p. 349.
» 64. Laspeyresia malesana, l.c., p. 352.
4, 197. Cacecia pomivora, l.c., pp. 340-341.
», 199. Peronea agrioma, l.c., p. 342.

5, 200. Polychrosis acanthis, | c., p. 348.

» 201. Pammene quercivora, l.c., p. Bi) 3

» 201. Laspeyresia perfricta, l.c., ps 352.

OFCoPItOR| DAL

“a

Anchenoina Kerawka heyy, BIKA i44 (gio) L W-Churn Mheoe )

\\ Santnsae Kywank Merman | Mor ES. Weak, XA 43-So (Morr. 1920 ) [ Inge, @D Stray yon, )

\ . [tenaccr hax: ES. Wah , AKIN 13% Dee. Phe [ sgn. an A. xx La |

Oe :
a :
ie 2 ‘m ’ ‘ = wy ©
if wo fier, ee a? FAN “uy 7 an ae ae a »
P “ re an a5 4, at ah f —- ten.
> 3 Pg eh ase ree aoe Bi he ate |
. “~ .
- 7 , =
-
2 ; eo
= %
ip
a
‘
«@
-_*
a
fs
Au
#
*
a. .
i
«
«
\
i" =
5

MEMOIRS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN INDIA

ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES

Volume VI

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE,EPUSA

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR

THE IMPERIAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

BY

THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
W. THACKER & CO., 2, CREED Lang, LONDON

PRINTED BY
THACKER, SPINK AND CO.
CALCUTTA

No.

No,

No.

CONTENTS
Vol. VI

Fretcuer, T. Batnsriags. Life-histories of Indian Insects,
Microlepidoptera. I, Pterophoridze (with seven plates of which
three coloured) : ve ine sige

FuietcuHer, T. Bainsriaar., II. Carposinidwe, Phaloniadz,
Tortricidee and Eucosmide (with eight plates of which one
coloured) ae Se oe Be

Frercuer, T. Bainsrieck. III, Gelechiade (with six plates of
which three coloured) oe sa is

Fiercuer, T. Bainsriace. IV. Cosmopterygidz, Gicophoride,
Physoptilide, Xyloryctide, Stenumide and Orneodide (with
five plates of which one coloured) : se

Fiercuer, T. Barnpriaak, V. Heliozelidee, Heliodinide,
Glyphipterygid, Blastobaside and Hyponomeutide (with six
plates of which two coloured) ee ae

Fiercuer, T. Bainsricer. VI. Gracillariadz (with 13 plates
of which two coloured) =e AS =

FietcHer, T. Bainpriace, VII. Epermeniade, Plutellidie
and Lyonetiad (with seven plates of which one coloured)

Fuercuer, T, Bainsriags. VIII. Tineide and Nepticulide
(with five plates) a 38 eee wae

Frercuer, T, Bainpricce. IX, Appendix (with 11 plates and
one text-figure)

PAGE

33

69

97

117

137

169

181

197

‘=.

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INDEX.

All species are indexed under both their generic and specifis names, but page refer-

ences are only given under the former.

All names in italics are treated as synonyms and page references, are given under tho
corresponding generic or specific names in roman type.

a

A

abruptella, Trichophaga.
acanthis, Polychrosis.
acerata, Anarsia.

acidula,

Gracillaria.

Acrocercops 2mula, 159.

allactopa, 157.
auricilla, 154.
austeropa, 149.
barringtoniella, 152.
bifrenis, 157, 211.
brochogramma, 167.
cathedra, 148.
civica, 212.
crystallopa, 157, 211.
cylicota, 157.
desiccata, 155.
diatonica, 158, 211.
elaphopa, 158.

erioplaca, 158. be

extenuata, 158, 212.
gemoniella, 151.
geometra, 152.
hemiglypta, 158.
hierocosma, 153.
hyphantica, 153.
isodelta, 151.
isonoma, 151.
labytirthica, 156.
loxias, 158.
lysibathra, 152, 210.
macroclina, 158.
malicola, 213.
ordinatella, 146, 209.
orthostacta, 149.
pentalocha, 146.
pheospora, 147, 210.
pharopeda, 159, 212.
phractopa, 152.
prosacta, 147.
quadrifasciata, 146.
resplendens, 149.
scandalota, 159.

A—contd,

Acrocercops scenias, 159.
scriptulata, 159, 212.
supplex, 146.

op syngramma, 156.
telestis, 154.

tenera, 159.
terminaliz, 148.
tricyma, 149.

re triscalma, 159.
“ ustulatella, 156, 210.
55 vanula, 160.

o zygonoma, 212.
Acroclita cheradota, 44.

a nevana, 44.

EA vigescens, 44, 199.
Acrolepia manganeutis, 170.
acrotherma, Gracillaria soyella.
Adelide, 195.

Adoxophyes moderatana, 197.

4s ptivatana, 35.
adulatrix, Stathmopoda.
weeyptiaca, Simaethis.
emula, Acrocercops.
eolopa, Lobesia.
eoloscelis (Stathmopoda).
Aitherastis circulata, 134.
Aganoptila phanarcha, 104,
Agdistis tamaricis, 31.
agrioma, Peronea.

Agriophara rhombota (Syuchalara).
albifrons, Epicephala.
albilineella, Pyroderces.
albiscripta, Hypelictis.
albitarsellus, Pselnophorus.
albofasciella, Latypica.
allactopa, Acrocetcops.
alopecodes, Deuterocopus, 16,
altercata, Anarsia.

Alucita niveodactyla, 30.
ambiguella, Clysia.

amethystias, Strobisia (Zalithia).
Amphitherida, 170.

2

\

I Tan aaacaamacaacamaccaaaacaaal

A—contd.
Avwetar~feo y))*
Anacampsis nerteria (Stomopteryx).
Anarsia acerata, 91.
altercata, 91.
didymopa, 91:
ephippias, 92.
epotias, 92.
exallacta, 93.
idioptila, 93.
melanoplecta, 93,
omoptila, 94.
Sagittaria, 94,
sagmatica, 94,
veruta, 94.
Anataractis plumigera, 99.
Anatrachyntis falcatella, 99.
simplex (coriacelia), 97
carpalima, 45.
cyanostoma, 46.
glycyphaga, 45, 199.
lutescens, 45, 199.
angusta, Depressaria (Tonica zizyphi).
anisodactylus, Oxyptilus (Sphenarches
caffer).
anna, Antispila.
Anticrates lucifera, 135.
Antispila anna, 207.
zB argostoma, 117.
iS aristarcha, 119, 207.
Antithyra vineata, 113.
Aprata thwaitesii (Aristeis).
Aproerema nerteria (Stomopteryx).
aprobola, Argyroploce. ,
arenosella, Batrachedra.
argentana, Cnephasia.
argostoma, Antispila.
Argyresthia iopleura, 132.
argyrodoxa, Nepticula.
Argyroploce aprobola, 57, 260.
cenchropis, 58.
* citharistis, 55.
ebenina, 58.
erotias, 59.
illepida, 55. \
leucaspis, 60.
19 paragramma,
poetica, 61.
rhynchias, 61.

9 ,
Ancylis
9?

9

60.

= semiculta, 61.
.5 tonsoria, 61.
aYistarcha, Antispila.

Aristeis (Aprata) thwaitesii, 112.
Aristotelia ingravata, 71.
arotrea, BrachmMiag

atvalis, Cryptolechia.
assamensis, Ethmia.
Asyndetaula vagula, 217.
Atabyria bucephala, 189.
Atkinsonia. (Gdematopoda).
atmopa, Odites,

INDEX

A—concld.

atomosa, Exelastis.
Atteva fabriciella, 133.

+ niveigutta, 134.
aurantiana, Laspeyresia koenigana.
auricilla, Acrocercops.
austeropa, Acrocercops.
authema, Autosticha.
Autosticha authema, 87.

achernetis, 87.
exemplaris, 88.
protypa, 88.

29

B

Bactra lanceolana, 53.

» truculenta, 53.
balanoptycha, Eucosma.
bambusze, Cosmopteryx.
bambusz, Odites.
barringtoniella, Acrocercops.
barrowi, Tonica (Binsiita).
basiplectra, Stathmopoda.
Batrachedra arenosella (psilopa), 104.

ay silvatica, 105.
bauhiniz, Lithocolletis.
Bedellia somnulentella, 174.
bifrenis, Acrocercops.
Binsitta (Tonica).
bipartella, Trichophaga abiipt olla:
bisselliella, Tineola.
bjerkandrella, Choreutis.
Blabophanes (Monopis).
blandiella, Onebala.
blapsigona, . Phthorimea.
Blastobaside, 128.
Blastobasis crassifica, 129.
decolor, 129.
spermologa, 128.

“A transcripta, 129.
Borkhausenia pseudospretella, 105.
Brachmia atotrea, 85.
engrapta, 85.
idiastis, 85.
irsulsa, 86.

xerophaga, 86
brachymorpha, Platyptilia.
Brenthia coronigera, 127.
brochogramma, Acrocercops.
Bucculatrix crateracma, 174.
exedra, 175.
loxoptila, 175.
mendax, 175.
univoca, 215.
verax, 175.
bree pialas Atabyria. i
Buckleria defectalis, 6.
paludicola, 2.
wahlbergi, 8.
xerodes, 6,

R ucolan ro 9290 A

29

99

29
99

29

Cc

cacaliew, Platyptilia.
Cacoecia compacta, 39.

7s dispilana, 39.
“4 epicyrta, 38.
= isocyrta, 39.

j micaceana, 38,
; pensilis, 39.

si philippa, 40.
9 pomivora, 197.
callimeres, Diacrotricha fasciola.
callistrepta, Pyroderces.
caminodes, Hilarographa,
campestris, Melasina.
candida, Dactylethra.
capparidana, Laspeyresia.
Capua invalidana, 34.
carpalima, Ancylis.
Carpocapsa pomonella (Laspzyresia).
carpophaga, Cryptophlebia (Argyroploce
illepida).
Carposinide, 33.
catachlora, Exinotis.
cathedrxa, Acrocercops.
causodes, Oxyptilus.
cellifera, Polychrosis.
cenchropis, Argyroploce.

centetes, Trichoptilus(Buckletia defectalis).

cerealella, Sitotroga.
chalanitis, Opogona lachanitis.
chalinota, Opogona.
chalybacma, Epicephala.
Chelaria phacelota, 94.

A thicnota, 95.
> scopulosa, 95.
9 spathota, 95.

cheradota, Acroclita.
chernetis, Autosticha.
chersea, Ephysteris.
Chimera radiata (Phycodes).
chiridota, Idiophantis.
Chlidanotide, 68.

Cholotis crypsiloga, 104.

» pachnodes, 104
chordites, Oxyptilus.
Choreutis bjerkandrella, 128, 208.
chrysophthalma, Phyllocnistis.
cirrhophanes, PhyHoenistis.
citharistis, Argyroploce.
citrella, Phyllocnistis.
citri, Prays.
citroplecta, Microcolona.
citropleura, Platyptilia.
civica, Acrocercops.

Cladodes arotra (Brachmiay.
clarisona, Lithocolletis.
clepsidoma, Eucosma.
clerodendronella, Gidematopoda.
Clysia ambignella, 34.

Cnephasia argentana, 41,

C—concld.

coccinea, Parectopa (Macarostola).

ceerulea, Cyphosticha.

cotfearia, Homona.

coffeifoliella, Gracillaria?

Coleophoride, 135.

Comocritis pieria, 134.

compacta, Caoidia.

compsochares, Trichoptilus( Buckleria

defectalis).

conciliata, Eucosma.

concursa, Steganodactyla.

congrualis, T'richoptilus (Buckleria defec-
talis).

conista, Lithocolletis.

Copromorphide, 116.

coriacella, Anatrachyntis (Batrachedra,
Stagmatophora; Pyroderces).

cornigera, Promalactis.

coronigera, Brenthia.

corticina, Myrmecozela.

Cosmopterygide, 97.

Cosmopteryx bambuse, 102.

mimetis, 102.

pheogastra, 1063.

cramereia. Acrocercops auricillas

crassifica, Blastobasis.

crateracma, Bucculatrix,

crauropa, Istrianis.

cretata, Pseudodoxia.

critica, Eucosma (Hucelis).

Crobylophora daricella, 174, 215.

Crocidosema plebeiana, 52.

crotalariella, Lipatia (Paraspistes pul-
pigera),

cruciferarum, Plutella maculipennis.

erypsiloga, Cholotis.

crypsilychna, Lecithocera.

Crypsithyris hypnota, 193.

* longicornis, 193.

A mesodyas, 194.
Cryptolechia arvalis, 109, 204.
Cryptologa nystalea, 217.
Cryptophlebia carpophaga (Argyroploce

illepida).
crystallopa, Acrocercops.
cumulata, Planostocha.
cunicularis, Elegistis.
cyanostoma, Ancylis.
Cydia pomonella (Laspeyresia).
cylicota, Acrocercops.
Cyphosticha ccerulea, 16.
eyone Cdematopoda.

wr -' Cha | ©49

D

”

Dactylethra candida, 84.
dedalota, Laspeyresia.
daricella, Crobylophora.
Pasyses rugosellus (Hapsifera).

4 INDEX

eS

D—conceld.

Decadarchis dissimulans, 179.

B minuscula, 179.
Docadarchis wenica (Erechthias zebrina)
decolor, Blastobasis.
defectalis, Buckleria.
desiccata, Acrocercops.
Deuteroccpus alopecodes, 16.

rf planeta, 17.

a ritseme, 18.

os socotranus, 106,
Diacrotricha fasciola, 1.
diatonica, Acrocercops.
Dichomeris evidantis, $1.

a ianthes (cchrophanes), 389.
Dichrcrampha — subsequana (Laspeyresia
tricentra).

dicycla, Monopis.

didymopa, Anarsia.

diffusalis, Pterophorus (Sphenarches caffer).
diluticornis, Zalithia.

dizeptalis, Platyptilia.

dispilana, Cacoecia.

dissimulans, Decadarchis.

doleropa, Hypatima (Holeocera pulverea).
dorinda, Lithocolletis.

dumetana, Tortrix.

E

ebalensis, Exelastis atomosa.

ebenina, Argyroploce.

Eboda obstinata, 41.

effera, Lecithocera.

Elachistide, 132.

elaphopa, Acrocezcops.

Elegistis cunicularis, 189,

Endrosis lacteella, 105.

energa, Melasina.

engrapta, Brachmia.

Epermeniade, 169, 213.

ephippias, Anarsia.

Ephystetis cherseea, 72.

Epicallima (Promalactis).

Epicephala albifrons, 145.
a chalybacma, 142,

Epicenia (Autosticha).

epicyrta, Caccecia.

epidectes, Oxyptilus.

epidesma, Peronea.

Epimarptis philocoma, 169, 212.

Epithectis oschophora (Ephysteris chersza),

Epithectis studiosa, 73.

epotias, Anarsia.

Erechthias zebrina, 178.

Eretmocera impactella, 122.

Ereunetis lanceolana (Frechthias zebrir.a).
ss seminivora (Pyletis mimosz).
», «wenica (EK, zebrina).

melanastra (Decadarchis dissimulans).

B—conld.

Ereunetis minuscula (Decadarchis).
ergasima, Phthcrimea.

erioplaca, Acrocercops.

erotias, Argyrcploce.

Ethmia assamensis, 134,

Hucelis (Eucosma) critica.

Eucosma balanoptycha, 5C,

° clepsidoma, 4).
conciliata, 50.

ne critica, 47.

. foerella, 51.

“ melanaula, 49.
a5 melancneura, 52.
oC stereoma, 51.

<5 zelota, 51.
Eucosma (Crocidesema) plebeiana.
Euccsmide, 43, 19%.
Ruerctala nucleata, 187.
evidantis, Dichomeris.
exallacta, Anarsia.
exedra, Bucculatrix.
Exelastis atoinosa, 26.

», liophanes, 26.

» phlyctznias, 26.
exemplaris, Autosticha.
LLxinotis catachlora, 129.
extenuata, Acrocercops.

fabriciana, Simaethis.
fabriciella, Atteva.

falcatella, Anatrachyntis.
fasciculana, Homora_ coflearia.
fasciola, Diacrotricha.
fenestrella, Fndrevis Jacteella.
fetialis, Pelychrosis. .
flammifera, Oidematopoca.
flavofasciata, Opogona.
florivora, Prosintis.

foenella, Eucosma.

frugivora, Tinea.

fumiceps, Opogora.
fuscipunctella, Tinea.

G

ganodes, Lithocolletis.

Galechiade, 69, 22.

Gelechia gossypiella (Platyedra)
+ hibisci (Heleystogramma)
palpigera (Paraspistes).

Gelechia tamariciella,. 82.

Gelechia zulu (Heleystogramma

lampvostoma)

gemoniella, Acrocercops.

genialis, Lobesia.

geochrota, Trichotapke.

geometra, Acrocercops.

INDEX

G—coneld.

glaucitis, Thyrsostoma.
globigera, Lepidoscia.
glyeyphaga, Ancylis.
Glyphipterygide, 122, 208,
Gnorimoschema heliopa
(Phthorimza).
gonodactyla, Platyptilia.
gossypiella, Platyedra (Gelechia,
Pectinophora).
gossypiclla, Stagmatophora
(Anatrachyntis simplex).
Gracillaria acidula, 162.
5 cofteifoliella, 167.
* iselwa, 167.
a octopunctata, 163,
= soyella, 166.
sc theivora, 165.
zachrysa, 164.
Gracillariade, 138, 209.
granularis, Melasina.
griscodactylus, ixelastis liophanes.

H

habrochroa, Phyllocnis tis.
hagnopa, Phyllocnistis.
halistrepta, Macheropteris.
Hapsifera rugosella, 187.
= seclusella, 187.
Harmcloga miserana, 41].
hede1ze, Odites.
Heleystogramma hibisci, $7.
So lamprostoma, 203.
% obseratella (hibisct).

helicodes, Phyllocnistis.
Heliodinide, 119.
heliopa, Phthorimea.
Heliozclide, 117, 207,
hemicitra, Monopis.
bemidoxa, Laspeytesia.
hemiglypta, Acrocercops.
hemimetra, Platyptilia

pusillidactyla.
hemitorna, Stathmopoda.
hestias, Tischeria.
hierocosma, Acrocercops.
Hilarographa caminodes, 123.
shone Psoricoptera (Hapsifera

rugosella).
hirudiniccrnis, Phycodes radiata.
hockingella, Psecadia (Ethmia

assamensis).
Holcocera pulverca, 130,
Homona coffearia, 35.

Pe menciana, 37.

hubneri. Orneodes.
hybleella, Tegna (Phycode:

radiata).
hybridella, Phalonia.

WET rater a 104

or

H—coneld.

Hypatima pulvetea (Holcocera).
Hypelictis albiseripta, 88.
hyphantica, Acrocercops.
hypnota, Crypsithyris.
Hyponomeuta lapidella, 133.

” malinella, 133.
Hyponomeutide, 152.

ypophrictis inceptrix, 185.
A: plana, 185.
9 sp., 186.

I

ianthes, Dichomeris ( Ypsolophus).

ichnzea, Stenoma.

idiastis, Brachmia.

Idioglossa triacma, 169.

Idiophantis chiridota, 72.

idioptila, Anarsia.

illepida, Argyroploce.

Imma mylias, 123.

impactella, Fretmocera.

inceptrix, Hypophrictis.

Incuivariade, 195.

incurvata, Lithocolletis.

ingravata, Aristotelia.

inquisitrix, Macraeola.

inseriptana, Simaethis orthogona.

insectella, Setomorpha.

insinuans, Diplonearcha.

insulsa, Brachmia.

invalidana, Capua.

toloncha, Paiaspistes palpigera.

iopleuta, Argyresthia.

iseleea, Grtacillaria.

isocampta, Pammene.

isochalea, Nepticula.

isochorda, Conopomorpha (Acto=
cetcops ustulatella).

isocyrta, Cacoccia.

isodelta, Acrocercops.

isonomia, Acrocercops.

Istrianis ctauropa, 72.

iteina, Lithocolletis.

J
jaculatrix, Laspeyresia.

K
koenigana, Laspeyrtesia.

L

labrodes, Parectopa (Liocrobyla paraschista ,

labyrinthica, Acrocetcops.
lachanitis, Opogona,
lacteella, Endrosis.

6 INDEX

L—coneld.

lactuce, Oxyptilus.
lanceolana, Bactra.
lanceolana, EHreunetis (Erechthias
zebrina.
lantana, Platyptilia pusillidactyla.
lapidella, Hyponomeuta.
Laspeyresia capparidana, 63, 201.
dedalota, 64.
hemidoxa, 62.
jaculatrix, 64.
kcenigana, 62.
leucostoma, 62.
malesana, 64.
mamertina, 63.
perfricta, 201.
pomonella, 67.
pseudonectis, 66.
ptychora, 63.
pulverula, 67.
pycnochra, 64.
torodelta, 67.
os tricentra, 65.
Latypica albofasciella, 189.
Lecithocera erypsilychna, 84.

*5 effera, 84, 202.
leontina, Myrmecozela.
Lepidoscia globigera, 189.
leucaspis, Argyroploce.
Leucoptera sphenograpta, 171.
leucostoma, Laspeyresia.
lienigianus, Pterophorus.
Limneecia metacypha, 1C1.

7 peronodes, 101.
limulus, Pseudcdoxia.
liochalea, Nepticula.
Liocrobyla paraschista, 160.
liophanes, Exelastis.
Lipatia crotalariella (Paraspistes palpigera)
.Lithocolletis bauhinie, 140.
clarisona, 149.
conista, 138.
dorinda, 140.
ganodes, 141.
incurvata, 141, 209.
iteina, 139.
neodoxa, 141.
triarcha, 138.
bs virgulata, 129, 209.
Lobesia wolopa, 54, 2060.
» genialis, 54.
lon ella, Blabophanes (Monopis monachella).
longicornis, Crypsithyris.
loxias, Acrocercops.
loxoptila, Bucculatrix.
lucifera, Anticrates.
ludicra, Eucosma.
lutescens, Ancylis.
Lyonetiade, 171, 214.
lysibathta, Acrocercops.

9

39

r

M

Macheropteris halistrepta, 185.
Macreeola inquisitrix, 191.
Macrobathtra noma, 106.
Macroceras cecophila (Cicia).
macroclina, Acrocercops.
maculata, CGicia cecophbila.
maculipennis, Plutella.
magzgadis, Orneodes.
malesana, Laspeyresia.
malicola, Acrocercops.
malinella, Hyponomeuta.
mamertina, Laspeyresia.
manganeutis, Acrolepia.
manniana, Phalonia.
melanastra, Hreunetis (Decadarchis
mulans).

melanaula, Kucosma.
melanoneura, Eucosma.
melanoplecta, Anarsia.
melanozona, Telphusa.
Melasina campestris, 882.

39 enetga, 181.

» granularis, 182.
molititis, Odites.
mellita, Phalenia.
menciana, Homona.
mendax, Bucculatrix.
Mertidarchis reprobata, 33.

a seyrodes, 33.
mesodyas, Crypsithyris.
Metachandide, 97.

dissi-

_metacypha, Linmeecia.

Metathrinca simbleuta (Ptochoryctis).
micaceana, Caccecia.
Microcolona citroplecta, 104.
Micropterygide, 196.
mimetis, Cosmopteryx.
mimicus, Caceecia dispilana.
mimosz, Pyleetis.

minor, Phycodes.

minuscula, Decadarchis.
miserana, Harmologa.
molopias, Platyptilia.
monachella, Monopis.
monodactylus, Pterophorus.
Monopis dicycla, 194.

»» hemicitra, 194.

»» Mmonachella. 194.
mosaica, Argyroploee poctica.
mylias, Imma.

Myrmecozeia corticina, 185.
leontina, 183.

- tineoides, 184,
myxodes, Opostega.

99

N

nevana, Acroclita.
neodoxa, Lithocolletis.

INDEX 7

N—coneld.

Nephantis serinopa, 115.
nephelomima, Prays citri.
Nepticula argyrodoxa, 195.
5S isochalea, 196.
ey hiochalca, 196.
Nepticulidee, 195
nerteria, Stomopteryx (Anacampsis, Apre
eremt).
nivea, niveodactyla, Alucita.
niveigutta, Atteva.
nivecdactyla, Alucita.
niviferana, ‘l'onica (Binsitta).
niviguttulla, Corinea (Atteva, fabriciella).
noma, Macrobathra.
nucleata. Eucrotala.

O

obstinata, Eboda.
ocellatella, Phthorimea.

ochrodactylus, Trichoptilus (Buckleria defec-

talis).

chrophanes, Ypsolophus (Dichemeris ianthes).

octopunctata, Gracillaria.
Odites atmopa, 113.
> bambuse, {13.
>» hedere, 113.
>, moelititis, 113.
» spoliatrix, 112.
(Eeia cecophila, 95.
vecophila, Cicia.
(2cophoride, 105, 204.
(Edeniatopoda clerodendronzlla, 121.

s eypris._.'*)

ie fammifera- >>!

“3 venusta.
omoptila, Anrarsia.
Onebala blandiella, 83.
onychotis, Crobylophora datricella.
operculella, Phthorimeza.
ophiodora, Picrotechna.
ophionota, Pyloetis mimosz.
ophiosema, Simaethis.
Opogona chalinota, 176.

t\

é

aS flavofasciata, 177.
oe jumiceps, 178.

oA lachanitis, 177.

es precincta, 177.

5 xanthocrita, 216.

Opostega mryxodes, 180.
opsigona, Tinea.
erdinatella, Acrocercops.
Orneodes hubneri, 116.
+ magadis, 206,
Orneodidz, 116, 266.
orthogona, Simaethis.
orthostacta, Acrocercops.
oschophora, Epithectis (Ephysteris chergaa).
ovigera, Stathmopoda-

~

O—concld.

oxydactylus, Trichoptilus (Buckleria defec-
talis).
Oxyptilus causodes, 15.

Ps chordites, 14.
33 epidectes, 14.
a lactuce, 13.
3 pelecyntes, 14.
P
pachnodes, Cholotis.

pachyspila, Tinea.
palimpsesta, Pseudodoxia.
palpigera, Paraspistes.
paludicola, Buckleria.
Pammene isocampta, 68.

5 quercivora, 201.

ae theristis, 68.
Pandemis ribeana, 40.
paraclina, Porthmologa.
paragramma, Argyroploce.
paraschista, Liocrobyla.
parasita, Exelastis atomosa.
Paraspistes toloncha (palpigera). ,
Paraspistes palpigera, 88.
Parectopa coccinea, 161.
Parectcpa labrodes (Liccrobyla pataschista).
Pectinophora gossypiella (Platyedra),
pelecyates, Oxyptilus.
pellionella, Tinea.
pensilis, Caceecia.
pentalocha, Acrocercops,
perfricta, Laspeyresia.
Peronea agrioma, 199.

» epidesma, 42. ~

» schalleriana, 43.

», Siderota, 42.
peronodes, Limneecia.
Petasobathra sirina, 176.
phacelota, Chelaria.
phzeogastra, Cosmopteryx.
pheospora, Acrocercops.
phalarotis, Acrocercops cathedrwa.
Phaloniade, 34.
Phalonia hybridella, 34.

a manniana, 34.

“ mellita, 24,
phanarcha, Aganoptila.
pharopeda, Acrocercops.
philippa, Caceecia.

| philocoma, Epimarptis.

phlyctrenias, Exelastis.

| phractopa, Acrocercops.
| Phrixosceles plexigrapha, 14}.
| Phthorimea blapsigona, 75.

mes ergasima, 76.
a heliopa, 72.

ae ocellatella, 77.
a8 operculella, 75,

8 INDEX

a ST

P—contd.

Phycodes minor, 123.

os radiata, 124.
Phyllosnistis chrysophthalma, 171, 214.
cirrhophanes, 171, 214.
citrella, 171, 214.
habrochroa, 172, 214.

a hageopa, 218.
= helicodes, 172.
- selenopa, 172.

= synglypta, 173, 215.

toparcha, 173.

Physoptila scenica, 112.

Physoptilide, 112.

picrophea, Pseudodoxia.

Picrotechna ophicdora, 204.

piezia, Comocritis.

plana, Hypophrictis.

planeta, D2uterocopus.

Planostocha cumulata, 41.

Platyedta gossypiella, 79.

Platyptilia brachymorpha, 21.

3 cacaliz, 23.

H citropleura, 18.
8 direptalis, 21.

A sonodactyla, 24.
+3 molopiags, 22.

- pusillidactyla, 19.
taprobanes, 19.

plebsiana, Crocidosema (Hucosma).
plectica, Stomphastis.
plexigrapha, Phrixosceles.
plumigera, Anataractis.
Plutella maculipennis, 170.
Plutellidee, 176.
plutelliformis, Trichotaphe.
poetica, Argyroploce.
Polychrosis acanthis, 200.

re cellifera, 53.

Py fetialis, 53.
pomivora, Caceecia.
pomonella, Lasp2yresia (Car pocapsa).
porpacias, Peronea epidesma.
Porthmologa paraclina, 169, 204.
prealbata, Stathmopoda.
precincta, Opogona.
Prays citri, 132.
privatana, Adoxophyes.
Procometis trochala, 114.
promacha, Pyroderces.
Promalactis cornigera, I11.

53 semantris, 111.
prosacta, Acrocercops.
Prosintis florivora, 130.
protypa, Autosticha.

Psecadia hockingella (Ethmia assamensis).

Pselnophorus albitarsellus, 30.
Pseudodoxia cretata, 109.

ee limulus, 109.

“ palimpsesta, 110.

P—coneld.

Pseudodoxia picrophea, 111.

A sepcesitella, 111.
pseudometra, Trichotaphe.
pseudonectis, Laspeyresia.
pseudospretella, Borkhausenia.
psilopa, Batrachedra arenosella.
ptarmiea, ‘Lischeria.
pterodactylus, Pterophorus moxodactylus.
Pterophoride, 1.
Pterophorus lienigianus, 29.

- monodactylus, 29.
Ptochoryctis rosaria, 205.
_ simbleuta, 112.

ptychora, Laspeyresia.
pullatana, Homona menciana.
pulverea, Holcocera. ;
pulverula, Laspeyresia.
pusillidactyla, Platyptilia.
pycnochra, Laspeyresia.
Pyloetis mimose, 178.
Pyroderces albilineella, 100.

ae callistrepta, 101.

3 promacha, 160. s
Aa semicocecinea, 100.
Pyrcderces _cortiacella (Anatiachyntis
simplex)

Pyroderces spodochtha (Anatrachyntis fal-
catella). ;
pyrrhodes, Trichoptilus (Buckletia wahlbergi).

Q

quadrifasciata, Acrocercops.
quercivora, Pammene.

R

radiata, Phycodes.

ralumensis, ‘T'richoptilus (Buckleria defec-
talis).

reprobata, Meridarchis.

resplendens, Acrocercops.

thicnota, Chelaria.

thombota, Synchalara (Agrtophara).

rhothia, Spilonota.

thynchias, Argyroploce.

ribeana, Pandemis.

ritseme, Deuterocopus.

rosatia, Ptochoryctis.

rubrodactylus, Deuterocopus ritseme.

rugosella, Hapsifera (Dasyses).

rutella, Setomorpha insectella.

rutilalis, Pterophorus (Buckleria wahlbergi). »

Ss

sagittaria, Anarsia.
sagmatica, Anarsia.
scandalota, Acrocercops.

INDEX 9

S—contd.

Scardia sistrata, 186.

Scenias, Acrocercops.

scenica, Physoptila.

schalleriana, Peronea.

scopulosa, Chelaria.

scriptulata, Acrocercops.

scyrodes, Meridarchis.

Scythridid, 132.

seclusella, Hapsifera (Cimitra).
seeboldi, Platyptilia brachymorpha.
selenopa, Phyllocnistis.

semantris, Pseudodoxia.

semialbana, Tortrix.

semicoccinea, Pyroderces.
semiculta, Argyroploce.
seminivora, Hrewnetis (Pyleetis mimosz).
sepositella, Pseudodoxia.
serindibanus, Pterophorus lienigianus.
serinopa, Nephantis.

Setomorpha iasecteHa (rutella), 188.
siderota, Peronea.

silvatica, Batrachedra.

Simaethis egyptiaca, 127.

- fabriciana, 127.

5 ophiosema, 126.

3 orthogona, 126, 208.
simbleuta, Ptochoryctis (Metathrinca).
simulana, Homona menciana.
sirina, Petasobathra.
sistrata, Scardia.

Sitotroga cerealella, 69.

socotranus, Deuterocopus.

somnulentella, Bedellia.

soyella, Gracillaria.

spathota, Chelaria.

spermologa, Blastobasis.

Sphenarches caffer, 9.

sphenograpta, Leucoptera.

Spilonota rhothia, 42.

spodochtha, Pyroderces (Anatrachyntis
faleatella).

spoliatrix, Odites.

Stagmatophora coriacella, gossypiella (Ana-
trachyr:tis simplex).

staterias, Crobylophora daricella.

Stathmopoda adulatrix, 121.

- basiplectra, 120.
5 hemitora, 119.
os ovigera, 121.

3 preealbata, 120.
a sycastis, 120.

5 aycophaga, 120.

re theoris, 119.
Steganodactyla concursa, 30.
Stegasta variana, 82, 262.
Stenoma ichnaa, 113, 205.
Stenomide, 115, 205.
Stenoptilia zophodactyla, 2
stereoma, Iiucosma.

S—concld.

Stomopteryx nerteria, 77.
Stomphastis plectica, 161.
Strobisia amethystias, 89.
Strobisia hibisci (Heleystogramma).
stuciosa, Epithectas.

supplex, Acrocercops.
sycastis, Stathmopoda.
sycophaga, Stathmepoda.
Synchalara rhombota, 115.
synglypta, Phyllocnistis.
syngramma, Acrocercops.
synophrys, Spherarches cafier.
sythoffi, Platyptilia taprobanes.

a

tamariciella, Gelechia (Teleia).
tamaricis, Agdistis.
tapetzella, Trichophaga abruptella.
taprobanes, Platyptilia,
tecnidion, Platyptilia pusillidactyla.
Teqna hybleella (Phycodes radiata).
Teleia tamaricielia (Gelechia).
telestis, Acrocercops.
Telphusa melanozona, 7}.
tenera, Acrocercops.
fengstremi, Deuterocopus
terasella (teratella), Tonica.
terminaliz, Acrocercops.
theivora, Gracillaria.
thelymorpha Blastobasis
verea).
theoris, Stathmopoda.
theristis, Pammene.
thwaitesii, Aristeis (Aprata).
Thyrsostoma glaucitis, 84.
Tinea frugivora, 190.

»» fuscipunctella, 191.

»» opsigona, 190.

»» pachyspila, 191.

», pellionella, 196.
Tineide, 181, 217.
tineoides, Myrmecozela.
Tineola bisselliella, 192.
Tischeria hestias, 216.

a ptarmica, 179.
Tonica barrow1, 106.

, nivilerana, 106.

5, terasella, 108.

» zizyphi, 108.
tonsoria, Argyroploce.
toparcha, Phyllcenistis.
torodelta, Laspeyresia.
Tortricide, 34, 197.

Tortrix dumetana, 40.

43 semialbana, 40.
transcripta, Blastobasis.
triacma, Idioglossa.
triarcha, Lithocollctis,

socotianus.

(Holeccera pul-

10

T—concld.

tricentra, Laspeyresia.
trichocrossa, HKucosma.
Trichophaga abruptella, 192.
Trichoptilus (Buckleria).
Trichotaphe geochrota, 89.

oy plutelliformis, 23.

3 pseudometra, 204.
tricyma, Acrocercops.
trigrapha, Ulodemis.
triscalma, Acrocercops.
trochala, Procometis.
truculenta, Bactra.

U

Ulodemis trigrapha, 40, 198.
univoca, Bucculatrix.
ustulatella, Acrocercops.

V

vagula, Asyndetaula.
vanula, Acrocercops.
vatiana, Stegasta.
vaughani, Xyroptila.
venusta, Gidematopoda.
verax, Bucculatrix.
veruta, Anarsia.
vigescens, Acroclita.
vineata, Antithyra.
virgulata, Lithocolletig.

viticola, Deuterocopus socotranus.

INDEX

LS

Ww

wahlbergi, Buckleria (Trichoptilus).
walker, Oxyptilus (Sphenarches caffer),

x

xanthocrita, Opogona.

venica, Hreunetis (Erechthias zebrina).
xerodes, Buckleria.

xerophaga, Brachmia.

Xyloryctide, 112, 206.

Xyroptila vaughani, 15.

¥i

Ypsolophus (Dichomeris).

Z

zachrysa, Gracillaria.

Zalithia amethystias (Strobisia)

Zalithia diluticornis, 83.

zebrina, Erechthias.

zelota, Kucosma.

zizyphi, ‘Toniea.

zophodactyla, Stenoptilia.

zulu, Gelechia (Helcystogramma lampros-
toma).

zygononia, Acrocercops,

s

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