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Harvard  College 
Library 


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£Z7 
7^  . 


LIFE 


M.  TULLIUS  CICEROJ 


CONYEBS  MIDULETON,  D.D. 


NEW  EDITION,  REVISED. 


Lc  '^c 


'VK 


'    "■Vl»0TO,,    ™,„„„ 


RIGHT  HON.  JOHN  LORD  HERVEY, 


LORD    KKEPER    OF    UIH 


MT    LORD, 

The  public  will  naturally  expect,  that  in  elioming  a  patron 
the  LiFK  OF  CicEnn,  I  siioiild  address  myself  to  Momi'  person 
of  illustrious  rank,  (iistinguislu'd  by  his  parts  and  elotjueiice, 
and  bearing  a  principal  share  in  the  great  affairs  of  llic  nation  ; 
who,  according  to  the  usual  style  of  dedications,  might  be  the 
proper  subject  of  a  comparison  with  the  hero  of  my  piece. 
Your  Lordship's  name  will  confirm  that  expectation,  and  your 
character  will  justi^  me  in  running  some  length  into  the 
parallel ;  but  my  experience  of  your  good  sense  forbids  me 
the  attempt.  For  your  Lordship  knows  what  a  disadvantage  it 
would  be  to  any  character  to  be  placed  in  the  same  light  with 
that  of  Cicero;  that  all  such  comparisons  must  be  invidious 
and  adulatory ;  and  that  the  following  history  will  suggest  a 
reason,  in  every  page,  why  no  man  now  living  can  justly  be 
compared  with  nim. 

I  do  not  impute  this  to  any  superiority  of  parts  or  genius 
peculiar  to  the  ancients ;  for  human  nature  has  ever  been  the 
same  in  all  ages  and  nations,  and  owes  the  difference  of  its 
improvements  to  a  difference  only  of  culture,  and  of  the  re- 
wards proposed  to  its  industry :  where  these  are  the  most 
amply  provided,  there  we  shall  always  find  the  most  numerous 
and  shining  examples  of  human  perfection.  In  old  Rome,  the 
public  honours  were  laid  open  to  the  virtue  of  every  citizen ; 
which,  by  raising  them  in  their  turns  to  the  command  of  that 
■igbty  empire,  produced  a  race  of  nobles  superior  even  to 
kii^s.  This  was  a  prospect  that  filled  the  soul  of  the  ambi- 
a2 


I  for  I 


IV  DEDICATION. 

tioi(«,  and  roused  every  faculty  of  mind  and  body,  to  exert  it 
utmost  force :  wliereaa,  in  modern  states,  men's  views  beinj 
usually  confined  to  narrow  bounds,  beyond  which  they  canno 
pass,  and  a  partial  culture  of  their  talents  being  sufficient  (i 
procure  every  thing  that  their  ambition  can  aspire  to,  a  grea 
genius  has  seldom  either  room  or  invitation  to  stretch  itself  ti 
its  full  size. 

You  see,  my  Lord,  how  much  I  trust  to  your  good  nature 
as  well  as  good  sense,  when  in  an  epistle  dedicatory,  thi 
proper  place  of  panegyric,  I  am  depreciating  your  abilities 
instead  of  extolling  tliem  ;  but  1  remember,  tiiat  it  is  an  hift 
tory  which  I  am  offering  to  your  Lordship,  and  it  would  il 
become  me,  in  the  front  of  such  a  work,  to  expose  my  vera 
city  to  any  hazard :  and  my  head  indeed  is  now  so  full  o 
antiquity,  that  I  could  wish  to  see  the  dedicatory  style  re- 
duced to  that  classical  simplicity,  with  which  the  ancient  writert 
used  to  present  their  books  to  their  friends  or  patrons, .  a 
whose  desire  they  were  written,  or  by  whose  authority  thej 
were  publbbed  :  for  this  was  the  first  use  and  the  sole  piirpost 
of  a  dedication;  and  as  this  also  is  the  real  ground  of  mj 
present  address  to  your  Lordship,  so  it  will  be  the  best  argu 
ment  of  my  epistle,  and  the  most  agreeable  to  the  characte: 
of  an  historian,  to  acquaint  the  public  with  a  plain  fact,  tha 
it  was  your  Lordship  who  first  advised  me  to  undertake  tht 
Life  of  Cicero  ;  and  when,  from  a  diffidence  of  my  strength 
and  a  nearer  view  of  the  task,  I  bc^aii  to  think  myself  ua 
equal   to    the   weight   of  it,    your    I,l)r(^^hip   still   urged  am 


DEDICATION.  V 

leisure,  not  in  vicious  pleasures,  or  trifling  diversious,  con- 
tnVed,  as  we  truly  call  it,  to  kill  the  time ;  out  in  conversing 
with  the  celebrated  wits  and  scholars  of  the  age ;  in  encou- 
nging  other  people's  learning,  and  improving  their  own  :  and 
here  yoar  Lordship  imitates  them  with  success,  and  for  love  of 
letters  and  politeness,  may  be  compared  with  the  noblest  of 
them.  For  your  house,  like  theirs,  is  open  to  men  of  parts 
ted  merit;  where  I  have  admired  your  Lordship's  agreeable 
manner  of  treating  them  all  in  their  own  way,  by  introducing 
questions  of  literature,  and  varying  them  so  artfully,  as  to  give 
every  one  an  opportunity,  not  only  of  bearing  a  part,  but  of 
leading  the  conversation  in  his  turn.  In  these  liberal  exercises 
you  drop  the  cares  of  the  statesman ;  relieve  your  fatigues  in 
the  senate  ;  and  strengthen  your  mind,  while  you  relax  it. 

Encomiums  of  this  kind,  upon  persons  of  your  Lordship's 
quality,  commonly  pass  for  words  of  course,  or  a  fashionable 
langruage  to  the  great,  and  make  little  impression  on  men  of 
sense,  who  know  learning  not  to  be  the  fruit  of  wit  or  parts, 
for  there  your  Lordship's  title  would  be  unquestionable,  but 
an  acquisition  of  much  labour  and  study,  which  the  nobles  of 
our  days  are  apt  to  look  upon,  as  inconsistent  with  the  ease 
and  splendour  of  an  elevated  fortune,  and  generally  leave  to 
men  of  professions  and  inferior  life.  But  your  Lordship  has 
a  different  way  of  tliinking,  and  by  your  education  in  a  pub- 
lic school  and  university,  lias  learned  from  your  earliest 
youth,  tliat  no  fortune  can  exempt  a  man  from  pains,  who 
<iesires  to  distinguish  himself  from  the  vulvar  ;  and  that  it  is 
a  folly,  in  any  condition  of  life,  to  a'^[)ire  to  a  superior  cha- 
racter, without  a  superior  virtue  and  industry  to  support  it. 
^Miat  time,  therefore,  others  bestow  ujjon  their  sports  or  plea- 
sures, or  the  lazy  indolence  of  a  luxurious  life,  your  Lordship 
applies  to  the  improvement  of  your  knowlcdf^e  ;  and  in  those 
early  hours,  when  all  around  you  are  hushed  in  sleep,  seize  the 
opportunity  of  that  quiet,  as  the  most  favourable  season  of 
study,  and  frequently  spend  an  useful  day,  before  others  begin 
to  enjoy  it. 

I  am  saying  no  more,  my  Lord,  than  what  I  know,  from 
my  constant  admission  to  your  Lordship  in  my  morninor  visits, 
before  g^ood  manners  would  permit  me  to  attempt  a  visit  any 
v^'liere  else ;  where  I  have  found  you  commonly  engaged  witli 
the  clas>ical  writers  of  Greece  or  Rome ;  and  conversiuG^  with 
those  very  dead,  with  whom  Scipio  and  Lielius  used  to  con- 
verse so  familiarly  when  living.  Nor  does  your  Lordship 
assume  this  part  for  ostentation  or  amusement  only,  hut  tor  the 
real  benefit  both  of  yourself  and  others;  for  I  have  seen  the 
solid  effects  of  your  reading  in  your  judicious  reflections  on  tlic^ 

10 


VI  DBDICATIOir. 

policy  of  those  aoctent  goverDtnentS)  and  have  felt  your  w^ghl 
even  in  controversy,  on  some  of  the  most  delicate  parts  of  tMfe 
history. 

There  is  another  circumstance  peculiar  to  your  Lordship 
which  makes  this  task  of  study  tlie  easier  to  you,  by  gini4 
you  not  only  the  ^eater  health,  but  the  greater  leisure  tx 
pursue  it;  I  mean  that  singular  tempeiance  in  diet,  in  wttiiJ 
your  Lordship  perseveres,  with  a  coustaucy  superior  to  ever^ 
temptation,  that  can  excite  an  appetite  to  rebel ;  and  shews  ' 
firmness  of  mind,  that  subjecta  every  gratification  of  sense  ft 
the  rule  of  right  reason.  Thus,  with  all  the  accomplishmenC 
of  the  nobleman,  you  lead  the  life  of  a  philosopher ;  and  whiL 
you  shine  a  princip^  ornament  of  the  court,  you  practise  tb< 
discipline  of  the  college. 

In  old  Rome  there  were  no  hereditary  honours;  but  whei 
the  virtue  of  the  family  was  extinct,  its  honour  was  extinguisbec 
too;  so  that  no  roan,  how  nobly  soever  born,  could  arrive  ai 
any  dignity,  who  did  not  win  it  by  his  personal  merit:  anc 
here  again  your  Lordship  seems  to  nave  emulated  that  antneni 
spirit ;  for,  though  born  to  the  first  honours  of  your  country, 
yet,  disclaiming,  as  it  were,  your  birth-right,  and  putting  your- 
self upon  the  footing  of  a  Roman,  you  were  not  content  with  in- 
heriting, but  resolved  to  import  new  dignities  into  your  &mily; 
and,  after  the  example  of  your  noble  fother,  to  open  your  own 
way  into  the  supreme  council  of  the  kingdom.  In  this  augna4 
assembly,  your  Lordship  displays  those  shining  talents,  by 
which  you  acquired  a  seat  in  it,  in  the  defence  of  our  ex- 
establishmt'iit;  in  maintiiiiiing  the  right*  of  the  people, 


DEDICATION.  vil 

kBmed  by  opposition,  are  apt  to  charge   each  other  with 

rfeaf^  wtucb  were  never  dreamt  of  perhaps  by  either  side, 
jet,  if  there  be  any  who  know  so  little  of  you,  as  to  distrust 
joar  principles,  they  may  depend  at  least  on  your  judg- 
ment, that  it  can  never  snfi^r  a  person  of  your  Lordship's  rank, 
bom  to  so  large  a  share  of  the  property,  as  well  as  the  honours 
of  the  nation,  to  think  any  private  interest  an  equivalent,  for 
ooosendne  to  the  ruin  of  the  public. 

I  mention  this,  my  Lord,  as  an  additional  reason  for  pre- 
senting you  with  the  Life  of  Cicero :  for  were  I  not  persuaded 
of  your  Lordship's  sincere  love  of  liberty,  and  zeal  for  the 
happiness  of  your  fellow-citizens,  it  would  be  a  reproach  to 
you,  to  put  into  your  hands  the  Life  of  a  man,  who,  in  all  the 
variety  of  his  admirable  talents,  does  not  shine  so  glorious  in 
any,  as  in  his  constant  attachment  to  the  true  interests  of  his 
Goontry,  and  the  noble  struggle  that  he  sustained  at  the  ex- 
pense even  of  his  life,  to  avert  the  impending  tyranny  that 
finally  oppressed  it 

Bat  I  ought  to  ask  your  Lordship's  pardon  for  dwelling  so 
long  upon  a  character,  which  is  known  to  the  whole  kingdom, 
as  well  as  to  myself,  not  only  by  the  high  office  which  you  fill, 
and  the  eminent  dignity  that  you  bear  in  it,  but  by  the  sprightly 
compositions  of  various  kinds,  with  which  your  Lordship  has 
often  entertained  it.  It  would  be  a  presumption  to  think  of 
adding  any  honour  to  your  Lordship,  by  my  pen,  after  you 
have  acquired  so  much  by  your  own.  The  cLief  design  of  my 
epistle  is,  to  give  this  public  testimony  of  my  thanks,  for  the 
signal  marks  of  friendship,  with  which  your  Lordship  luis  long 
honoured  me  ;  and  to  interest  your  name,  as  far  as  1  can,  in 
the  fate  and  success  of  my  work  ;  by  letting  the  world  know, 
what  a  share  you  had  in  tne  production  of  it ;  that  it  owed  its 
being  to  your  encouragement;  correctness  to  your  pencil;  and 
what  many  will  think  the  most  substantial  benefit,  its  large 
subscription  to  your  authority.  Per,  though  in  this  way  of 
publishing  it,  1  have  had  the  pleasure  to  find  myself  supported 
bja  noble  list  of  generous  friends,  who,  without  being  soli- 
cited, or  being  asked  by  me,  have  promoted  my  subscription 
with  an  uncommon  zeal,  yet  your  Lordship  has  distinguished 
yourself  the  most  eminently  of  them,  in  contributing  not 
only  to  the  number,  but  the  splendour,  of  the  names  that 
adorn  it. 

Xext  to  that  little  reputation,  with  which  the  public  have 
been  pleased  to  favour  me,  the  benefit  of  this  subscription  is 
the  chief  fruit  that  I  have  ever  reaped  from  my  studies.  I  am 
indebted  for  the  first,  to  Cicero ;  for  the  second,  to  your  Lord- 
ship. It  was  Cicero  who  instructed  me  to  write ;  your  Lord- 
ship who  rewards  me  for  writing :  the  same  motive,  therefore, 


Vlll  DEDICATION. 

which  iuduced  toe  to  attempt  the  history  of  the  one,  engages  n 
to  dedicate  it  to  the  other,  that  I  may  express  my  gratitna 
to  you  both,  in  the  moat  effectual  maimer  that  I  am  able,  I 
celebrating  the  memory  of  the  dead,  and  acknowledging  t) 
generosity  of  my  livbig  benefactor. 

I  have  received  great  civilities,  on  several  occasions,  fro 
many  noble  persons,  of  which  I  shall  ever  retain  a  most  grat 
ful  sense ;  but  your  Lordship's  accumulated  favours  have  loi 
ago  risen  up  to  the  character  of  obligalionB,  and  made  it  a 
perpetual  dutv,  as  it  had  always  been  my  ambition,  to  profe 
myself,  with  tiie  greatest  truth  and  respect, 

My  Lord, 

Your  Lordship's  most  obliged, 

And  devoted  servant, 

CONYERS  MIDDLETOI 


to  wbat  u  KlTuiced,  than  the  fragmenta  quoted  in  llie  mugin,  ta 
the  brevity  of  notes  would  admit. 

But  whatever  prejudices  may  be  suspected  to  adhere  to  Ih 
writer,  it  is  certain,  that,  in  a  work  of  this  nature,  he  will  have  mav 
more  to  combat  in  the  reader.  The  scene  of  it  ia  laid  in  a  pUc 
and  age,  which  are  familiar  to  us  from  our  childhood  :  we  learn  tk 
names  of  all  the  chief  aclors  at  school,  and  choose  our  several  favoni 
Ites  according  to  our  temper*  or  fancies :  and,  when  we  are  leu 
able  to  judge  of  the  merit  of  them,  form  distinct  characters  of  ead 
which  we  frequently  retain  through  Ufe.  Thus  Maiius,  Sylla,  C« 
SOT,  Pompey,  Cato,  Cicero,  Brutus,  Antony,  have  all  their  aeven 
advocates,  zealous  for  their  fame,  and  ready  even  to  quarrel  ft 
the  superiority  of  their  virtues.  But,  among  the  celebrated  name 
of  antiquity,  those  of  the  great  conquerors  and  generals  attract  on 
admiration  always  the  most,  and  imprint  a  notion  of  magmuiimit 
and  power,  and  capacity  for  dominion,  superior  to  that  of  othc 
mortals  :  we  look  upon  such,  as  destined  by  Heaven  for  empire,  an 
bom  to  trample  upon  their  fellow-creatures,  without  reflecting  o 
the  numerous  evils,  which  are  necessary  to  the  acquisition  of  a  glorj 
that  is  built  upon  the  subversion  of  nations,  and  the  destructio: 
of  the  human  species.  Yet  these  are  the  only  persons  who  ar 
thought  to  shine  in  history,  or  to  merit  the  attention  of  the  reader 
dazzled  with  the  splendour  of  their  victories,  and  the  pomp  of  thei 
triumphs,  we  consider  them  as  the  pride  and  ornament  of  the  Ro 
man  name  ;  while  the  pacific  and  civil  character,  though  of  a] 
others  the  most  beneficiBl  to  mankind,  whose  sole  ambition  is  to  sap 
port  the  laws,  the  rights  and  liberty  of  its  citizens,  is  looked  upoi 
as  bumble  and  contemptible  on  the  comparison,  for  being  forced  b 
truclde  to  the  power  of  these  oppressors  of  their  country. 

'      ■  0  following  hislorj,   thi-'refort',   if   I  h.ivi.-  h;i;ii)ei:c(i   U>  afira 


PREFACB.  x\ 

aegoaiDled  with  it,  than  the  generality  of  his  readers  ;  and  when  he 
mats  a  &ct,  that  does  not  seem  to  be  well  grounded,  it  may  £uxly 
he  imputed,  tUl  a  good  reason  appears  to  the  contrary,  to  a  more 
atensi?e  view  of  his  subject ;  which,  by  making  it  clear  to  himself 
ii  apt  to  persuade  him  that  it  is  equally  clear  to  every  body  else ; 
ud  that  a  fuller  explication  of  it  would  consequently  be  unneces- 
ttij.  If  these  considerations,  which  are  certainly  reasonable,  have 
Imt  their  proper  iufluence,  I  flatter  myself,  that  there  will  be  no 
JQst  cause,  to  accuse  me  of  any  culpable  bias,  in  my  accounts  of 
things  or  persons,  or  of  any  other  £Eivour  to  the  particular  charac- 
ter of  Cicero,  than  what  common  humanity  will  naturally  bestow 
upon  every  character,  that  is  found,  upon  the  whole,  to  be  both 
great  and  good. 

In  drawing  the  characters  of  a  number  of  persons,  who  all  Hyed 
in  the  tame  city,  at  the  same  time ;  trained  by  the  same  discipline, 
and  engaged  in  the  same  pursuits  ;  as  there  must  be  many  similar 
strokes,  and  a  general  resemblance  in  them  all,  so  the  chief  diffi- 
culty will  be,  to  prevent  them  from  running  into  too  great  an  uni- 
formity. This  I  have  endeavoured  to  do«  not  by  forming  ideal 
pictnrea,  or  such  as  would  please  or  surprise  :  but  by  attending  to 
the  particular  facts,  which  history  has  delivered  of  the  men,  and 
tracing  them  to  their  source,  or  to  those  correspondent  affections, 
from  which  they  derived  their  birth  :  for  these  are  the  distinguish* 
ing  features  of  the  several  persons ;  which,  when  duly  represented, 
and  placed  in  their  proper  light,  will  not  fail  to  exhibit  that  precise 
difference,  in  which  the  peculiarity  of  each  character  consists. 

As  to  the  nature  of  my  work,  though  the  title  of  it  carries  no- 
thing more  than  the  Hhtory  of  Cicero's  Life^  yet  it  might  properly 
enough  be  called,  the  History  of  Cicero's  Times:  since,  from  his 
first  advancement  to  the  public  magistracies,  there  was  not  any 
thing  of  moment  transacted  in  the  state,  in  which  he  did  not  bear 
an  eminent  part,  so  that,  to  make  the  whole  work  of  a  piece,  I 
have  given  a  summary  account  of  the  Roman  affairs  (during  the 
time  even  of  his  minority) ;  and,  agreeably  to  what  I  promised  in 
my  proposals,  have  carried  on  a  series  of  history,  through  a  period 
of  above  sixty  years,  which,  for  the  importance  of  the  events,  and 
the  dignity  of  the  persons  concerned  in  them,  is  by  far  the  most  in- 
teresting of  any  in  the  annals  of  Rome. 

In  the  execution  of  this  design,  I  have  pursued,  as  closely  as  I 

could,  that  very  plan  which  Cicero  himself  had  sketched  out,  for 

the  model  of  a  complete  history  ;   where  he  lays  it  down  as  a  fun- 

dimental  law,  that  the  WTiter  should   not  dare  to  affirm  what  was 

false,  or  to  suppress  what  was  true  ;  nor  give  any  suspicion  either 

of  favour  or  disaffection  : — that,  in  the  relation  of  facts,  he  should 

observe  the  order  of  time,  and  sometimes  add  the  description  of 

places  ;  should  first  explain  the  councils ;  then  the  acts,  and  lastly, 

the  events  of  things  ;   that,  in  the  councils,  he  should  interpose  his 

own  judgment  on  the  merit  of  them  ;  in  the  acts,  relate  not  only 

what  was   done,  but  how  it  was   done  ;  in  the   events,  shew  what 

share    chance,    or    rashness,   or   prudence   had    in    them  :    that   he 


XH  PREFACE. 

•hould  deicribe,  likewiie,  the  particular  choncten  of  all  the  grrf 
penoni,  who  bear  atiy  coniiderable  part  in  the  itory  ;  and  ■'■"^ 
dreu  np  the  whole  in  a  clear  and  equable  style,  without  a£hdm 
any  ornament,  or  seeking  any  other  praise  but  of  penpieidMj 
These  were  the  mles  that  Cicero  hod  drawn  ap  for  himself,  wMJ 
he  was  meditating  a  general  history  of  bis  country,  as  I  have  tibl,] 
occBsioD  to  mention  more  at  large  in  its  proper  place.  1 

But  as  I  have  borrowed  my  plan,  lo  I  have  drawn  my  maleiiv 
also,  from  Cicero,  whose  works  are  the  most  anthentic  monuntori* 
that  remain  to  us,  of  all  the  great  transactioni  of  that  age ;  bef 
the  original  accounts  of  one,  who  himself  was  not  only  a  spectati^ 
but  a  principal  actor  in  them.  There  is  not  a  single  part  of  tP' 
writings,  which  does  not  give  some  light,  as  well  into  his  own  kiM 
lory,  as  into  that  of  the  Republic :  but  his  familiar  Utleri,  aafi 
above  all,  those  to  ^tlieut,  may  justly  be  called  the  mentmri  4 
lAr  timet ;  for  they  contain  not  only  a  distinct  account  of  evcr^ 
memorable  event,  but  lay  open  the  springs  and  motives  wheii0 
each  of  them  proceeded  ;  to  that,  as  a  polite  writer,  that  lived  ti 
that  very  age,  and  perfectly  knew  the  merit  of  these  letters,  sayp 
Ike  man  wAo  read*  ihetn  mil  hate  no  occationfor  any  other  history  ^ 
thote  timet '. 

My  first  business,  therefore,  after  I  had  undertaken  this  task 
was  to  read  over  Cicero's  works,  with  no  other  view,  than  to  extrae 
Hvm  them  all  the  passages  that  seemed  to  have  any  relation  to  m] 
design :  where  the  tediousness  of  collecting  an  infinite  number  o 
testimonies,  scattered  through  many  diiTerent  volumes  ;  of  sortii^ 
them  into  their  classes,  and  ranging  tlicm  in  proper  order ;  the  ne- 
cessity of  overlooking  many  in  the  first  search,  and  the  trouble  o 
retrieving  them  in  a  second  or  third,  and  the  final  omission  of  seve- 
ral, through  forgetfulness  or  inadvertency,  have  helped  to  abate  tba 

nider,  •wiiich   had   often   occurred   to   i 


goi^p  and  cuitonu  of  Rome,  and  liable  to  fieqnent  mtstakM,  m. 
wdl  at  subject  to  prqudicet  in  tbdr  relation  of  Roman  kSUbu 
PhitaRb  lived  ftom  the  reign  of  Claudius  to  that  of  Hadrian  |  .!■ 
which  he  died  very  old,  in  the  pogsession  of  the  prieatfaood  of  dJK 
Delphic  Apollo  :  and  though  he  is  supposed  to  have  reaidod  h> 
Rome  near  forty  years,  at  different  times,  yet  he  never  aeoat  tcl 
have  acquired  a  sufflcient  skill  in  the  Roman  language,  to  qnatifr 
himielf  for  the  compiler  of  a  Roman  history.  But  if  we  ahooH 
allow  him  all  the  talents  requisite  to  an  historian,  yet  the  attenft 
of  writing  the  lives  of  all  the  illustrious  Greeks  and  Romani,  «m 
above  the  strength  of  any  single  man,  of  what  abilities  and  U- 
sure  soever  ;  much  more  of  one  who,  as  he  himself  tells  u>,  WH 
Bo  engaged  in  public  business,  and  in  giving  lectures  of  pbiloaopln 
to  the  great  men  of  Rome,  that  he  had  not  time  to  m^e  himatf 
master  of  the  Latin  tongue,  nor  to  acquire  any  other  knowledgs  el 
its  words,  iban  what  he  had  gradually  leamt  by  a  previous  use  and 
experience  of  things  ' :  liia  work,  therefore,  from  the  very  nature  ti 
it,  must  needs  be  superficial  and  imperfect,  and  the  sketch,  ratlier 
than  the  completion,  of  a  great  design. 

This  we  find  to  be  actually  true  in  hii  account  of  Cicero's  life, 
where,  besides  the  particular  mistakes  that  have  been  charged  npoa 
him  by  other  writers,  we  see  all  the  marks  of  haste,  inaccuracy,  and 
want  of  due  information,  from  the  poverty  and  perplexity  ot  du 
whole  performance.  He  huddles  over  Cicero's  greatest  acts  in  a 
summary  and  negligent  manner,  yet  dwells  upon  his  dreams  aod 
his  jests,  which,  for  the  greatest  part,  were  probably  spnrions; 
and,  in  the  last  scene  of  this  life,  which  was  of  all  the  most  glorioua, 
when  the  whole  counsels  of  the  empire,  and  the  fate  and  liberty  of 
Rome  rested  on  his  shoulders,  there  he  ia  more  particularly  trifling 
5  he  hod  the  fairest  opportunity  of  diapl 


decluei  ufterwards  of  himself,  that  he  wu  adnioniafaed  and  «hb*  |' 
mandet),  by  a  viiioD  from  heaven,  againit  hii  own  will  and  isri» 
nation,  to  undertake  the  task  of  writing  his  hittory '. 

Upon  these  collections  from  Cicero,  and  the  other  ancient%  1 
finuhed  the  first  dmught  of  my  history,  before  I  began  to  inqoin 
after  the  modem  vrritera,  who  had  treated  the  Bame  subject  befiM  i 
me,  either  in  whole  or  in  part.     I  was  unwilling  to  look  into  thea  I 
sooner,  lest  they  should   fix  any   prejudice  insensibly  upon  a»,  j 
before  I  bad  formed  a  distinct  judgment  on  the  real  state  of  the  1 
lacts,  as  they  appeared  to  me  from  their  original  records.     Foi 
in  writing  history,  as  in  travels,  instead  of  transcribing  the  relaticNa    i 
of  those,  who  have  trodden  the  same  ground  before  us,  we  sbonU    ■ 
exhibit  a  series  of  observations,  peculiar  to  ourselves ;  such  as  thi 
facta  and  places  suggested  to  our  own  minds,  from  an  lUtcDtifB 
survey  of  them,  without  regard  to  what  any  one  else  may  have  d#* 
livered  about  them ;  and  though  in  a  production  of  this  kind,  when 
the  same  materials  are  common  to  all,  many  things  must  necessarilj 
be  said,  which  had  been  observed  already  by  others  j  yet,  if  tha 
author  has  any  genius,  there  will  always  be  enough  of  what  is  new, 
to  disringuish  it  as  an  original  work,  and  to  ^ve  him  a  right  to  caQ 
it  his  own,  which  I  flatter  myself  will  be  allowed  to  me  in  the  M- 
lowing  history.     In  this  inquiry  after  the  modem   pieces,  which 
had  any  connexion  with  my  argument,  I  got  notice  presently  of  a 
greater  number  than  I  expected,  which  bore  the  title  of  Cicero's 
life ;  but,  upon  running  over  as  many  of  them  as  1  could  readily 
meet  with,  I  was  cured  of  my  eHgemess  for  hunting  out  the  rest, 
since  I  perceived  them  to  be  nothing  else  but  either  trifling  pane- 
gyrics on  Cicero's  general  cliaracter,  or  imperfect  abstracts  of  his 
principal  acts,  thrown  together  wiihin  t!ie  compass  of  a  few  pages 
in  duodecimo. 


ii   It  ?:• 


a  ranging  niv  niaicri;i;s  ::-:*j  i:.::--  ;r-. ^"tr  i  .i.srs  .  _i  "wi-.i 
rer,  1  have  always  take::  c^re  i^  ;:l.*«1:  *!*:  ii'*  ^-■v  *  .: 

3t  forget  to  pay  a  due  aiic-idiii  M-  lir  Fr=c:i  i...ii..riu 
ks  happened  to  coincide  w::h  i::y  pin  .:  zzz-^  .  znsri."^ 
listory  of  the  two  Triumvirite* : — ^:  iz^t  hzt  .^z*.i.i  :i 
1  Government ;  and  of  L"r  Exile  ::  C.^=r:< — ti.ii  is-:  i^ 
genious  and  useful,  and  :^vr  rir^L  i  r^:.-  iw^i-t:  :'  _:•: 
.te  of  the  facts,  which  thev  tr::r-:s  ^:  L.-5-riir  Ll:  l-  .' 
V  been  at  the  fountain-heid.  •■sie-ii:  :!=-  --i  «_  i^iv: 
rials,  so  the  chief  benefit  thit  I  rr:n>.ei  i-.~  Vzn  ■»*.?  " 
:«view  with  stricter  care  :he  z^^r:: :  .  -t*  zuLitsi^-i  _i  vi^li 
from  them,  as  welJ  aa  :-j  renii-i  n^  ::'  s.  r-:  :zv  i.—'..£t 
id  omitted,  or  touched  perhaps  :r::r  s-^-U;  :!,«.-  —^z-  it- 
But  the  author  of  the  Exile  L&s  :r 
rately  of  them,  by  bupp-rrtizz  Lis 
lal  testimonies  from  the  o!d  a-:h:>r5.  wiin  _«  ii..-  :_t  vi.-. 
historv  that  can  jrive  satiifactiii.  ::  sljtt  ::r-:i:.:-  i^::.r 
»y  laying  open  the  ground  •:-  w'-.:i  ;:  ii  :=:J1:  v-.i:i-.._- 
5tory  assumes  the  air  of  roir.ir.-c.  iri  zz^ast-i  -•:  :i:**r  jr- 
than  in  proportion  to  oar  cj/ii.::i.  ::  Hr  j-ii-rir^":  lijI  ji--*- 
le  compiler. 

s  a  little  piece  also  in  cur  cik-l  i-r'-^ir,  Li_,t-:-  ' 'j 'jwi-:- «.  ■ 
le  Life  of  Cicero,  which.  :L:u*i  ,z  ri-.-r*  i  lerj  i^ftrrn:  u.- 
'icero  from  what  I  have  doLe.  tt:  1  : :  —  d  - ::  re:  t*-.i.i  •»-.--i 
for  the  elegance  and  spir.:  with  wi::i  ::  j  -BTir-ei-  ij  :•-= 
irs  to  be  animated  wiih  a  war:n  l.ve  :f  r^.-.e.  h  .:  ■-:  :-.-m. 
is  of  a  great  man,  from  s-'.-nie  *li^"-t  :x«.bis«  :f  i-s  Tr.r^ri 
c  points  of  conduct,  with  out  rrgir*i:i.z  '^-tir  id  l^zj:.-  ▼■-•-i 
» or  the  figure  that  they  Ciake  ir.  hi*  ge-erri.  liiri^r-*?.  a  -x* 

r  things  in  a  microscope,  wLiii  w*:re  ns.dc  i:  :*  *.-n*7-r?i 

^      •       •  ... 

» c  •    r'^we^mw    nn  r.ln    ^ » ^_  j  » ^  » .'      ^.     wi^  ••■»•»!.•»        •."•""■••_         --i".".'"       ••- 


ZVlll  PREFACE. 

nwnt  upon  them,  has  made  that  OM  more  obrknu  and  aocea 
all :  I  mean  the  learned  Mr,  Mot^ult ;  who,  not  content  w 
tailing  the  remarka  of  other  commentator*,  or,  ont  of  the  nA 
their  volnmea,  with  selecting  the  best,  enters  upon  his  task  « 
spirit  of  a  true  critic,  and  by  the  force  of  his  own  genins,  hi 
pilj  illustrated  many  passages,  which  all  the  interpreten  beta 
had  given  up  as  inexplicable.  But  since  the  obscurity  d 
letters  is  now,  in  great  measure,  removed,  by  the  labonrt  > 
gentleman,  and  especially  to  his  own  conntiymen,  for  whoi 
ticular  benefit,  and  in  whose  language  he  writes  ;  one  canno 
wonderiDg,  that  the  Jesuits,  Catrou  and  Rouill^,  should  not 
it  worth  while,  by  the  benefit  of  his  pains,  to  hare  made  then 
better  acquainted  with  theta ;  which,  as  &t  as  I  am  able  to 
from  the  little  part  of  their  history,  that  I  have  had  the  curio 
look  into,  wonld  have  prevented  several  mistakes,  wfaich  the 
committed,  with  r^ard  both  to  the  facta  and  persons  of  the  I 
nian  age. 

Bnl,  instead  of  making  free  with  other  people's  miatakes,  it 
become  me  perhaps  better  to  bespeak  some  favour  for  my  own. 
historian,"  says  Diadoms  Sicnlus,  "may  easily  be  pardoned  f( 
of  ignorance,  since  all  men  are  liable  to  them,  and  the  truth  I 
be  traced  from  past  and  remote  ages  :  but  those,  who  neglect 
form  themselves,  and  through  flattery  to  some,  or  hatred  to 
knowingly  deviate  from  the  truth,  justly  deserve  to  be  ceni 
For  my  part,  I  am  far  from  pretending  to  be  exempt  from  em 
that  I  can  say  ia,  that  I  have  committed  none  irilfiilly,  and  o 
the  means  which  occurred  to  me,  of  defending  myself  against 
but  since  there  is  not  a  single  history,  either  ancient  or  moder 
I  have  consulted,  on  this  occasion,  in  which  1  cannot  point  ou 
ral,  it  would  be  arrogant  in  me  to  imagine,  that  the  same  inadve 
r  want  of  iudgi 


1 


Am  vorU,  tint  ao  beautifully  disfiUj,  ami  no  £>KibIj  ici 
»d,  all  thoM  generoiu  principle*,  Utat  lend  to  exalt  and  pe 
Naa  natura :  the  lore  of  Tinac,  liberty,  oar  countrj,  wmI  a 

I  catiuot  tupport  this  rcfleetiao  b^  a  better  antfaoriljr,  than 
■amtia ;  wbo,  having  coatiacted  MKne  prqadicc*  afsiut 
ben  young,  makes  a  recantation  of  them  when  old,  in  tbe  Ibuu 
uuge  of  a  letter  to  his  fiieod  UlaEteniu ' : 

"Whfn  I  was  a  boy,"  saya  be.  "  I  was  fooder  of  Seneca  thui. 
^n> ;  and  till  I  wax  twenty  years  old,  could  not  bev  to  speoi] 
imc  in  reading  htm  ;  while  all  tbe  otlier  writera  of  antiquity  _ 
lUy  pleased  me.  Whether  my  judgment  be  improved  by  age,  I 
aaw  not ;  hul  1  am  certain  that  Cicero  never  pleased  mc  so  mucb, 
'ben  I  was  fond  of  Chose  juvenile  studiea,  as  he  doe»  now,  when  I 
m  grown  old  ;  Dot  only  for  the  divine  felicity  of  his  style,  but  the 
rartity  of  his  heart  and  morals  :  in  short,  he  has  inspired  my  soul, 
od  nude  me  £eel  myself  a  better  man.  I  make  no  scruple,  tliere- 
ME,  to  exhort  onr  youth,  lo  spend  their  bowrs  in  reading  and  grt- 
ing  bis  books  by  heart,  rather  than  in  the  vexatious  squabbles  and 
tenA  controversies,  with  which  the  world  abounds.  For  my  own 
m,  tboogh  I  am  now  in  the  decline  of  life,  yet  as  soon  as  1  have 
dished  what  I  have  in  hand,  1  sb&ll  tlunk  it  no  reproach  to  me, 
I  Mck  n  reconciliation  with  my  Cicero,  and  renew  ui  old  ac- 
ountanoe  with  him,  which,  for  many  years,  baa  been  unhappily 
itermitied." 

Bel'rirc  I  conclude  this  preface,  it  will  not  be  improper  to  ad(i  a 
Wit  ahtttict,  or  general  idea,  of  tbe  Ranmn  govenunent,  from  iu 
nt  JBidtBlieti  I7  Bomoltu,  to  tbe  time  of  Cicero's  birth ;  that  tbose, 
ho  bav«  not  been  conversant  in  the  aflain  of  Rome,  may  not  come 
mite  atnngen  to  tbe  subiect  of  the  following  history. 

The  Gonititiition  of  Rome  ia  very  often  celebrated  by  Cicero, 
dd  other  writni,  as  tbe  moat  perfect  of  all  govemmenta ;  being 
■p^ly  tempered  and  composed  of  the  three  different  sorts,  that 
n  naoally  distingaiahed  from  each  other ;  tbe  monarchical,  tbe 
DBtociatical,  and  tbe  popular'.  Their  king  waa  elected  by  tbe 
•opte,  as  die  head  of  tbe  Republic ;  to  be  tbeir  leader  in  war, 
w  guardian  of  the  law*  in  peace ;  tbe  aenate  waa  bia  council, 
imea  also  by  tbe  people,  by  whoae  advice  he  waa  obliged  to 
ncn  bimaelf  in  all  bis  meaanres  :  but  the  aovereignty  was  lodged 
1  the  body  of  tbe  citizens,  or  the  general  society ;  whoae  prerogative 

WM,  to  enact  laws,  create  magistrates,  declare  war  *,  and  to  receive 
(^eals  in  all  caaca,  both  &om  the  king  and  the  senate.  Some  writers 
■ve  denied  this  right  of  an  appeal  to  the  people  :  bnt  Cicero  ex- 
■enly  meodons  it  among  the  regal  constitntiona,  as  old  as  tbe  foun- 

■  Eaaa.  Ep.  td  Jo.  UUtt.  in  Cic.  Tiucul.  Qnnt. 

*  StMao  OK  ojituDc  muliluUoi  Rempub.  quB  ci  tribiu  generibui  lUii,  ngtJi,  opIioH, 

jMKitin,  roafiu*  raodie«. — Fngm.  dc  Rcfi.  2. 

Cob  in  illin  de  Konb.  bbri*  pormtdere  vidcatur  AfricuiDS,  omnium  Rcmmpubli- 

lufUMnaiTCtetcmilUm  tiuMCDptimam.    DeLcg.  2.1U.  Paljb.  1.  6.p.460.  DiMi. 

d.l.S.8a. 

■  Dion.  H*].  1.2. 87. 

b2 


XX  PREFACE. 

iladon  of  the  city ' ;  which  he  had  deraonitrated  mon  st  imigt  imt 
treatiae  on  the  Republic  ;  whence  Seneca  hat  qaoted  ■  pMMgM 
confirmation  of  it:  and  intimateB,  that  the  lame  right  waa  deaH 
likewinc  in  the  pontifical  boolcs '.  Valeriut  Maximna  givei  w4 
instance  of  it,  which  is  confirmed  also  by  Livy,  that  Horathu,  hit 
condemned  to  die  by  kingTullus,  for  killing  his  aister,  waa  acqoiNf 
upon  hia  appeal  to  the  people*.  ; 

Thi*  nas  the  original  constitution  of  Rome,  even  undei  tW 
kings :  for,  in  the  foundation  of  a  state,  where  there  waa  no  An 
to  compel,  it  was  necessary  to  invite  men  into  it,  by  all  propetM 
Gouragements  ;  and  none  could  be  so  effectual,  as  the  assuianei  • 
liberty,  and  the  privilege  of  making  their  own  laws  *.  But  the  kJHI 
by  gradual  encroachments,  having  usurped  the  whole  adminiAMN 
to  themielves,  and,  by  the  violence  of  their  goTemment,  being  fpfiK 
intolerable  to  a  city,  trained  to  liberty  and  arms,  were  finally  <B 
pelled  by  a  general  insurrection  of  the  senate  and  the  people.  Hi 
was  the  ground  of  that  invincible  fierceness,  and  love  of  their  comtt) 
in  the  old  Romans,  by  which  they  conquered  the  worid ;  lot  th 
aupetiority  of  their  civil  rights  naturally  inspired  a  aupetior  lirta 
and  courage  to  defend  them  ;  and  mode  them,  of  course,  the  braW 
as  long  as  they  continued  the  freest,  of  all  nations. 

By  this  revolution  of  the  government,  their  old  constitution «) 
not  so  much  changed,  as  restored  to  its  primitive  state :  for  thoai 
the  name  of  king  was  abolished,  yet  the  power  was  retained ;  wil 
this  only  difference,  that  instead  of  a  single  person  chosen  forlif 
there  were  two  chosen  annually,  whom  they  called  consols :  inTeiti 
with  all  the  prerogatives  and  ensigns  of  royalty,  and  presiding  in  ti 
same  manner  in  all  the  affairs  of  the  Republic  * ;  when,  to  convin 
the  citizens  that  nothing  was  sought  by  the  change,  but  to  seco 
their  common  liberty  ;  and  to  estiiblish  their  sovereignly  again  o 


XXII  PREFACE. 

degree  tbey  thought  fit,  by  the  proposal  of  (octioni  Imwi  fur  din 
the  public  lands  to  tho  poorer  citizeni ;  or  by  the  free  dittribu 
of  com  ;  nr  the  nlralilion  of  iill  debts ;  which  are  ftll  cenbuy  to  lif 
quiet,  otid  diicipline,  and  public  laith  of  societies.     This  ^un  rf  ' 
the  tribunician  power  was  carried  to  its  greatest  height  by  the  in 
Grmcchi,  who  left  nothing  iinattemptcd,  that  could  mortify  the  unitti 
or  gratify  the  people ' ;  till,  by  their  agrarian  laws,  and  other  Mdi>    ; 
tious  acts,  which  were  jrroedily  received  by  the  city,  they  had  in  |^  I 
measure  OTcrtumcd  the  equilibrium  of  power  in  the  Republic  M 
which  its  l>(.-ace  and  prosperity  depended, 

Jiut  the  violent  deaths  of  these  two  tribunes,  and  of  their  p 
adherents,  put  an  enil  tu  their  sedition,  and  was  the  first  cinl  b 
that  was  spilt  in  the  streets  of  Rome,  in  any  of  their  pnblie  di»> 
■cnsions ;  whicli,  till  tliis  time,  had  aJwnys  been  composed  by  thi  . 
method  of  patience  and  mutual  concessions.  It  must  seem  atnagi  j 
to  observe,  how  tlicgc  two  illustrious  brothers,  who,  of  all  men,  wsa 
the  dearest  to  the  Roman  people,  yet,  upon  the  first  retort  to  anna, 
were  severally  deserted  by  tiie  multitude,  in  the  very  height  of 
their  authority,  and  suffered  to  be  cruelly  massacred,  in  the  face  id 
the  whole  city :  which  shews  what  little  stress  is  to  be  laid  oa  the 
assistance  of  the  populace,  wlien  Uie  dispute  comes  to  blows ;  and 
that  sedition,  though  it  may  often  shake,  yet  will  never  destroy,  a 
firec  state,  while  it  continues  unarmed,  and  unsupported  by  a  mili- 
tary force.  But  this  vigorous  conduct  of  the  senate,  thon^  it 
seemed  neeessary  to  the  present  quiet  of  the  city,  yet  toon  aftei 
proved  fata]  to  it :  as  it  taught  all  the  ambitious,  by  a  most  senuble 
experiment,  that  there  was  no  way  of  supporting  an  usurped  au- 
thority, but  by  force ;  so  that,  from  this  time,  as  we  shall  find  in 
the  following  story,  all  tliosc  who  aspired  to  extraordinary  powers, 
and  a  dominion  in  the  Republic,  seldom  troubled  themselves  with 


M ARClia.  TUIXIUS  CICERO*  B,  ^^ 


JU^T 


TuLUtiB  CicxEOwwlKRiion  the  third  of  Jcnm^JI, 

^he  az-handred-fortjr-aeventb  year  of  Rome,  about 'i 
hundred  and  seven  years  before  Christ  *.  Hia  birAi  if  we 
helieve  Plutarch,  was  attended  by  prodigies,  foretelliog  the 
future  eminence  and  lustre  of  his  character,  "  which  might 
"  have  passed,"  he  says,  "  for  idU-  dreams,  had  ^ot  the  event 
**  soon  confirmed  the  truth  of  the  prediction  :"  but  since  we 
have  no  hint  of  these  prodigies  from  Cicero  himself,  or  any 
author  of  that  age,  we  may  chai^  tliem  to  the  credulity  or 
the  invention  of  a  writer  who  loves  to  raise  the  solemnity  of  his 
■tory  by  the  introduction  of  something  miraculous. 

His  mother  was  called  Helvia;  a  name  mentioned  in  history 
and  old  inacriptious  among  the  honourable  families  of  Rome. 
Sie  was  rich  and  well  descended,  and  liad  a  sis^r  married  to  r 
Roman  knight  of  distiniruisbed  merit,  C.  Aculeo,  an  intimate 
fiiend  of  the  orator,  L.  Crasaus,  and  celebrated  for  a  sin^lar 
'n^  hL  '"      ' 


knowledge  of  the  law ;  in  whi^  his  sons,  likewise,  our  Cicero's 
nnans,  were  afterwards  very  eminent*.  It  is  re- 
I  that  Cicero  never  once  speaks  of  hb  mother  in  any 


cousin-gennans,  were  afterwards  very  eminent*.     It  i 
■arkable,  that  Cicero  never  once  speaks  of  hb  mother  in  any 
psrt  of  bfi  writii^gB ;   but  his  younger  brother  Quintus  has  left 


■  111  Ndou  Jul.  nttaH  meo.    Ep.  kI  Alt.  7. 6.  It.  13.  43. 

*  Ikn  cDBpuution  fiilloin  tht  cnininoii  m  of  CbTJlt'a  birth.  * 
^  ktcr  than  il  ought  to  be.  Pomnov  the  Smt  vw  bom  il 
•  IblMorStpMmbcr.     Vid.  ngh.  AiuhI.     Plin.  37,  3. 

■DrOnt.  I.  48.21. 


a  little  story  of  her,  wliidi  u'ems  to  intimate  lier  good  tnatiM^- 
inent  niiH  housewifery;  "liow  she  used  to  flealall  lier  wm 
"  casks,  tlic  empty  as  well  as  the  full,  tliat  when  any  of  tboi 
"  were  found  empty  and  uiiBOaled,  nhe  mi^ht  know  them  li 
*'  liave  been  engpticd  by  stealth ;"  it  bein^  the  most  inuil 
theft  among  the  Nhivos  of  great  fimilics  to  steal  their  master^  j 
wine  out  of  the  vessels'.  { 

As  to  his  father'N  liimily,  nothing  was  delivered  of  it  but  ii ' 
extremes':  which  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  in  the  history of> 
man,  wliose  life  was  so  exposed  to  envy,  ils  Cicero's,  audwiM 
fell  a  victim  at  last  to  the  power  of  his  enemies.  Some  derin 
his  descent  from  kings,  others  from  mechanics';  but  the  tniA 
lay  between  both ;  ^r  hix  family,  though  it  had  never  bontt 
any  of  tlie  groat  offices  of  tlie  lleuublic,  was  yet  very  andnt 
and  honourable  *;  of  principal  distinction  and  nobility  in  (hit 
iKirtof  Italy,  in  which  it  resided ;  and  of  equestrian  rank'.fnB 
ite  first  admission  to  the  fi^edom  of  Rome. 

Some  have  insinuated,  that  Cicero  affected  to  say  but  little 
of  the  »)lendour  of  his  family,  for  the  sake  of  being  considered 
as  the  founder  of  it;  and  chose  to  suppress  the  notion  of  bit 
regal  extraction,  for  the  aversion  tliat  tlic  people  of  Rome  had 
to  the  name  of  King;  with  which  however  he  was  si 


reproached  by  his  enemies  °,  but  those  speculations  are  wholly 
imaginary :  for  us  oft  as  there  was  occasion  to  mention  tu 
character  and  condition  of  his  ancestors,  he  speaks  of  thm 
always  with  great  frankness,  declaring  them  "  to  have  been 
"  content  with  their  paternal  fortunes,  and  the  private  honours 
"  of  their  own  city,  without  the  ambition  of  appearing  on  ^c 


OP  CICEKO.  S 

ic  MBge  ol  Rome."  Tlius  in  a  spfteit  lo  ihr  pniplv 
Uactt-aDoemeiit  loUie  consulsliip:  **  I  haw  oo  invtrnc*-,** 
^,  "  to  enlai^  before  you,  upon  tin-  nfiM«<?9  of  my  aact*- 
;  not  but  tti«y  were  all  su(^  as  myvfU.  «1m>  iun  tU-^crnlnl 
I  their  blood,  and  trained  by  dieir  diKciptine  ;  but  bcevnM 

lived  without  this  applaiue  of  |-M>pulnr  tatae,  aod  ike 
ndonr  of  these  b<H]ouri>,  which  you  cunler'.*'  It  is  oa 
'Count,  therefore,  that  we  find  him  so  ofwn  call«d  a  n«w 

not  that  his  &Biily  was  nev  or  i^oble,  Imi  beaiiH«  k« 
le  first  of  it,  who  ever  Eooght  and  obtained  iW  paMic 
jacies  of  the  state. 

i  place  of  his  birth  was  Arpinnin ;  a  city  anciently  of  the 
les,  now  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples;  whic^  upon  iia 
siou  to  Rome,  acquirer  the  freedoai  of  the  city,  and  wk^ 
:d  into  the  ComeliaD  tribes  It  had  the  honour  abo  of 
dng  the  ereat  C  Marios;  which  gare  occaHon  to  Pompcv 

in  a  poblic  speech,  "  That  Rome  was  indebted  lo  ihw 
oration  for  two  citixens  who  had,  each  in  his  turn,  pre- 
ed  it  from  ruin'."     It  may  justly,  therefore,  elaiin  a  piac« 

memory  of  posteritv,  for  eiviii^  life  to  ^ucb  worthies,  who 
ilified  the  character  which  PUny  gives  of  true  gWy, 
loing  what  deserved  to  be  written,  and  writing  what  de- 
ed to  be  read ;"  and  makios  the  wosid  the  bappier  and 
Iter  for  their  harinjj  lived  in  it '. 
e  territory  of  Arpiiium  was   rude  and  mountainom,  lo 

Cicero  applies  Homer's  description  of  Ithaca; 

'Ti*  roojt  indrtd,  tti  brtidi  i  grti'mui  mr  < ' 

amily  seat  was  about  three  miles  from  the  town,  in  a 
on  extremely  pleasant,  and  well  adapted  to  die  nature  of 
imate.  It  was  surrounded  with  groves  and  sliady  walks 
g  from  the  bouse  to  a  river,  called  Fibrenus;  "which 

divided  into  two  equal  streams,  by  a  tittle  inland,  covered 
I  trees  and  a  portico,  contrived  both  for  study  and  exer- 
,  whither  Cicero  used  to  retire,  when  he  bad  any  parti- 
u-  work  upon  his  hands.  The  clearness  and  rapidity  of 
stream,  murmuring  through  a  rocky  channel ;  the  shade 

verdure  of  its  banks,  plated  with  tall  poplars;  the  re- 
kable  coldness  of  the  water;  and,  above  all,  its  filing  by 
ccade  into  the  nobler  river  Liris,  a  little  below  the  island, 
•s  OS  the  idea  of  a  most  beautiful  scene,"  as  Cicero  him- 
las  described  it-  When  Atdcus  first  saw  it,  he  was 
ed  with  it,  and  wondered  that  Cicero  did  not  prefer  it  to 


'  r>e  \xt.  Acnr.  b 

3.S.    xa-ua-l-i        ' 


all  Lis  otlier  liouttes;    declaring  a  contempt  of  tlie  I 
magnificence,  marble  pavements,  artificial  canals,  and  fon 
streams  of  the  celebrated  villas  of  Italy,  compared  wiUi  i 
natural  beauties  of  this  place'.     The  house,  as  Cica 
was  but  small  and  humble  in  his  grandiather*s  time,  a 
to  tiie  ancient  fni^IIty,  like  the  Sabine  farm  of  old  Cur 
till  his  father  beautified  and  enlarged  it  into  a  handsome  M 
spacious  habitation. 

But  tliere  cannot  be  a  better  proof  of  the  delightfulnc 
the  place,  than  that  it  in  now  possessed  by  a  convent  of  mait% 
and  called  the  Villa  of  St.  Dominic'.  S'tnuii^e  revolutiaii!  k 
see  Cicero's  porticos  converted  to  monkish  clinsters !  the  Hit 
of  the  most  refined  reason,  wit,  and  learning,  to  a  nuraeffrf 
superstition,  bigotry,  and  enthusiasm !  What  a  pleasure  mtA 
it  give  to  these  Dominican  inquisitors  to  trample  on  the  in> 
of  a  man,  whose  writings,  by  spreading  the  light  of  reason  mfi 
liberty  through  the  world,  liave  been  one  great  instrument  rf 
obstructing  uieir  unwearied  pains  to  enslave  it. 

Cicero,  being  the  first  born  of  the  family,  received,  as  usadi 
the  name  of  his  father,  and  grandfather,  Marcus.  This  naae 
was  properly  personal,  equivalent  to  that  of  baptism  with  i% 
and  imposea  with  ceremonies  somewhat  analogous  to  it,  on  d>e 
ninth  day,  called  the  lustrical,  or  day  of  punficatiDn ';  when 
the  child  was  carried  to  the  temple  by  the  friends  and  relation 
of  the  family,  and,  before  the  altars  of  the  gods,  recommended 
to  the  protection  of  some  tutelar  deity. 

Tullms  was  the  name  of  the  family ;  which,  in  old  langnsf^e* 

aij^iiifu'd  flowinfT  stroiims,  or  dncts  of  wator,  and  was  derived, 

[irulialily,  fnnn  their  ancient  situation,  i 


*  a  reputatioti  of  ^»e  the  best  hitsbandnu'ii,  or  improren  of 
'  that  ftpecicH '."  As  Tullius,  tberefore,  the  fomtty  dubCi  «■• 
Wriv^  from  tlic  iutuation  of  tlie  (ana.  so  Cicpro,  ute  ranuiuF, 
from  Uie  culture  of  it  t>v  vetches  Tlik,  I  ny,  is  the  atoM 
pnitiable,  because  agriculture  was  litld  tKe  raoM  Hbrrttl  «•»• 

tytnent  in  old  Rome,  ami  those  tribes,  which  resiHed  od  (hrir 
US  iu  the  country,  the  most  bmiourabte;  «nd  ihb  rny 
Eniii,  from  which  Cieeio  drew  his  name,  vts,  in  all  «ec«  of  the 
Kcpublic,  ill  ^eat  request  with  tlt^  neuier  people ;  bein^  tmr 
nf  die  usual  largesses  bestowed  upoD  then  br  th4r  rich,  and 
kU  every  where  in  the  Uieatres  «im  streets  ready  jurcbed  nr 
I  boiled  for  present  use '. 

Cicero's  grandfather  was  Iivin||  at  the  timR  i»f  h'»  birth,  atid 
from  the  few  hint*,  whicli  are  left  of  bim.  •eeniA  to  have  bern 
1  nan  of  businesH,  and  interest  in  )iis  country '.  lie  «riw  at 
Ae  head  of  a  party  in  Arjiinum,  in  opiiOMtJnn  tu  a  bu«y  turbu- 
feat  man,  M.  OratidtU!!.  whose  sister  he  had  uarriiil,  who  was 
pii^n^  forwanl  »  potiiilar  Inw,  to  oblige  the  town  U>  irannct 
^1  their  affairs  by  duIIul  The  vauAr  mut  brought  before  tfa« 
ronsul  Scaums :  in  which  old  Cicero  beluived  himnplf  mt  well, 
I&U  the  consul  paid  bim  the  eomplcmeni  to  wiah.  •*  that  a  mait 
" of  hki  spirit  and  virtue  would  conu-  nntl  act  with  ihrm  Jn  Hk 
"gnat  theatre  of  the  Republic,  aiid  ii»l  confine  hn  laleni*  lo 
"ihenwrrow-  -j>lieri-  .if  lii^  nun  o'r]"ir:i!iMii '."  TJi,rc  i»  a  -^ly- 
inj  likewise  liLn-.'-  ■■!  -  ;-..  .J  _■  i  ■  r  ::.■■■■■  :  ...  i,  of 
"those  time-   '■. .         '  -_  -        ■       ■  -     '  .r.-ek 

"tbev  knew,  the  grt?ater  knaves  they  were';"  which  carries 
*itii  It  the  notion  of  an  old  patriot,  severe  on  tlie  iuifwrtatiun 
rf  foreign  arts,  as  destructive  of  tlie  di^pline  and  manners  of 
iu>  country.  This  grandfather  had  two  sons :  Marcus  the 
tUer,  the  father  of  our  Cicero ;  and  Lucius,  a  particular  friend 
*f  the  celebrated  orator,  M.  Antonius,  whom  he  aceoinpanicil 
to  hit  govemnient  of  Cilicia';  and  who  left  a  son  of  the  same 


ilXwMqaiHiiBiiBi.     DcOnL2.'66. 

S.B.  AgmtputofthriUTnio  Rook  wm  Siiiut;  for  iht  prUrt  r.fCiliri 
■■ri  Id  oJert  th«  coaaU  of  Sttu,  cwTKd  al[  ihflr  raadvn  lo  Ihr  iiur^n  nf  ItvUi 
mU  Lkni  ihne  lo  Hit  Gr«^.  ibiuu^  vhaK  hwdt  tht\  uiualU  pt-rd  lu  H 
ime  iknm.  ibnTfnn.  who  hid  li.ni  iht  lotiftu  -iih  thfir  fJr«-i»n  nw.i.i-. lo. 
n^antlf  talked  Crtrb  the  beat,  wrn  Ihr  man  mttiir^  in  iJI  ll>r  linlr  iHrk-  la'. 
ibl  (cmtade  ulunlklwbn;  "hitb  old  Cum.  like  tu»  the  C.ntM,  impu 
Ik  ana  ud  nuuKn  tf  Circa  iurlf.     V>d.  Adr.  Tumcb.  in  j««  Ctertno. 

'  DeOnLZ  I. 


J 


affectknitH 

man,  wfaaritJ 

le  prindnil  * 


iiame,  frequently  metitiuiietl  by  Cicero  with  great 
H  youth  of  excellent  virtue  and  accomplighmeDts '. 

H»  fiitiier  Marcus  also  wiis  a  wise  and  learned  man,  i 
merit  recuminemled  him  to  tlie  &niillBrity  of  the  prindpil* 
ma|j;istrdtra  of  the  Republic,  especially  Cato,  L.  Craasu^  and 
L.  Ciesar  *;  but  bcin^  "  of  an  infirm  and  tender  constitudo^ 
'■  he  Rpent  hin  life  chiefly  at  Arpiuum,  in  an  elegant  retm( 
"  and  the  study  of  polite  fetters '." 

But  his  chief  employment,  from  the  time  of  his  havingui^ 
was  to  give  them  the  best  education  which  Home  could  >fc4  \ 
in  hopes  to  excite  in  them  an  ambition  of  breaking  throogli  A*  a 
indolence  of  the  tumily,  and  aspiring  to  the  honour*  «  At  1 
state.      lliey  were   bred  up  with  their  cousins,  the  yoM|  ^ 
Aculeos,  in  a  method  approved  and  directed  by  L.  Cranui;  <     \ 
man  of  tlic  first  dignity,  as  well  ad  the  first  elo<]uenee  in  RoM^ 
and  by  those  very  masters,  whom  Crassus  himself  made  mi     > 
of*.      The   Romans  were,  of  all  people,  the  most  careful  ud 
exact  in  the  education  of  their  children:   their  attention  to  it 
began  from  the  moment  of  their  birth  ;    when  they  committed 
them  to  the  care  of  some  prudent  matron  of  reputable  character 
and  condition,  whose  business  it  was  to  form  their  first  habits 
of  acting  and  speaking ;    to  watch  their  growing  passions,  aod 
direct  them  to  their  proper  objects ;  to  superintend  their  sports, 
and  suffer  nothing  immodest  or  indecent  to  enter  into  them; 
that  the  mind,  preserved  in  its  innocence,  nor  depraved  by  a 
taste  of  fiilso  pleasure,  might  be  at  liberty  to  pursue  whatever 
W!is  liiiKlabIc,  and  apply  iii  whole  strengtn  to  that  profession, 
ill  whicli  it  desired  to  excel'. 


OF  CICERO.  7 

trrupt  elocution :  thus  the  two  Gracchi  were  thought  to  owe 
DAt  elegance  of  speaking,  for  which  tliey  were  famous,  to  the 
BSlruction  of  their  mother  Cornelia ;  a  woman  of  great  poiite- 
lesB,  whose  epistles  were  read  and  sidiuired,  long  after  her 
kath,  for  the  purity  of  their  language  '• 

This,  probably,  was  a  part  of  that  domestic  discipline,  in 
which  Cicero  was  trained,  and  of  which  he  often  speaks :    but 
as  60on  as  he  was  capable  of  a  more  enlarged  and  liberal  insti- 
tudon,  his  father  brought  him  to  Home,  where  he  had  a  house 
of  bis  own ',  and  placed  him  in  a  public  school,  under  an  emi- 
nent Greek  master,  which  was  thought  the  best  way  of  edu- 
oting  one,  who  was  designed  to  appear  on  the  public  stage, 
ndwho,  as  Quintilian  observes,  ought  to  be  so  bred,  as  not  to 
far  the  sight  of  men ;   since  that  can  never  be  rightly  learned 
u solitude,  which  is  to  be  produced  before  crowds'.     Here  he 
pve  the  first  specimen  of  those  shining  abilities,  which  render- 
ed him  afterwards  so  illustrious;   and  his  schoolfellows  carried 
lome  such  stories  of  his  extraordinary  parts  and  quickness  in 
learning,  that  their  parents  were  often  induced  to  visit  the 
school,  for   tlie   sake   of  seeing  a  youth  of  such  surprising 
talents*. 

About  this  time  a  celebrated  rhetorician,  Plotius,  first  set 
up  a  Latin  school  of  eloquence  in  Rome,  and  had  a  great  re- 
sort to  him*:  young  Cicero  was  very  desirous  to  be  his  scholar, 
but  was  over-ruled  in  it  by  the  advice  of  the  learned,  wlio 
thouorht  the  Greek  nutsters  more  useful  in  fonniuir  him  to  the 
bar,  for  which  he  was  desii^iied.  Tin's  method  of  bei^iiiniuir 
with  Greek  is  approved  by  Quinlilian;  because  ••' tiie  Latin 
'*  would  eoine  of  itself,  and  it  seemed  most  natural  to  heirin 
*'  from  the  fountain,  whence  all  the  lloinan  learninir  wa>  de- 
*'  rived:  yet  the  rule,"  he  says,  ''  must  be  practised  with  some 
"  restriction,  nor  the  use  of  a  forei»i^n  lan^uaj^e  pushed  so  far, 
**  to  the  netjjlect  of  the  native,  iis  to  acquire  with  it  a  foreign 
'*  acn-nt  and  vicious  pronunciation ^'' 

Cicen/s  father,  encourajj^ed  by  the  pronnsin<r  jrcnius  of  his 
i»<>"?  sj)ared  no  cost  nor  pains  to  improve  it  by  the  heij>  of  the 
al)kst  masters,  and  anionjr  the  other  instruetors  of  his  earlv 
youth,  put  him  under  the  care  of  the  poet  Arehias,  who  eanie 
l<'  Rome  with  a  hitJjh  reputation  for  learnintr  and  poetry,  when 
Cicero  was  about  five  years  old,  and  lived  in  the  family  of 
-Jicullus':  for  it  was  the  custom  of  the  great  in  tiio>e  da\  *s  to 
<*ntertain  in  their  houses  the  princij)al  seholars  and  philosophers 

Il'i'I   it.  ill  Unit.  p.  I»l!>.  tiiit.  Stliii^t.  ('i.n..'li. 
"  Till*  i-  ..  !i;itlKr  |ii«M»f  nf  tlic  \vt:ilili  ;iiitl  *!<.''.i  i>«liiir^  <iiM(li!"-:i  '•»  !  !^  »   n.iiy.  -;!:.«. 
' 't   rti.t  lit   a  n:«'.UraU"  lmu>c  in   Konic.  in  a   iii'iitaMr  |mH   •»!"   t'u-    <!  >.  »i:  I"i  «>iu' <i| 
•■    (•■.i;.'i  latjk.  u  I-  al»uut  tui>  huiHirid  |»<)iiii<l-  '•ttilinj  jn  i  .iiii;,i:i 

\     1 .  ■_'.  '    IMi!t:n«  li  ill  hi-J  l.itV  ■  S-ii  .■»)i.  ilo  » lai:-  Ivi  vI'miI-i.  .  ;  .  J. 

I..  1    I.  ■?   V\y^  Anhia    I.  X 


of  ClriH'ti',  witl]  u  liliiTty  of  opening  a  sclioo),  and  t 
tc^c-ilicr  witli  ilifir  own  cIiilHreii,  any  of  tlie  otlier  VM 
iioliility  ami  freiitry  of  Itntne.  Under  tliH  master,  Cia 
H|)|ilivtl  liimsfir  fliiefly  to  poetry,  to  wliich  lie  was  iiaturt 
udrlk'toil,  ami  iiiailf  >acli  a  prolieieiiey  in  it,  that  wliilc  he  « 
Htill  a  boy,  lie  i-ouipnsed  anil  pulilUlied  a  poein,  called  Glaucoi 
I'tiritius,  wliifli  was  uxtiuit  in  Plutarch's  time'. 

After  fini>[iing  the  eoursc  of  ilioic  puerile  studies,  it  wwtk 
custom  III  change  the  haliit  of  the  boy  for  tliat  of  the  man,  ni 
take  wliat  they  ciiUed  tlio  manlv  gown,  or  the  ordiim^  n^rf^ 
the  citizens:  this  was  an  (iceii>mii  of  great  joy  to  the  v<H||:l 
men ;  wlio  hy  this  vliange  |Hi.ss(.-d  into  a  state  of  ereatei'  Ebert||'<l 
uiifl  eiilarjFviiient  from  the  power  uf  their  tutors  .     They  UmI 
introduced  at  the  Riiine  time  into  the  Forum,  or  the  great  iqMli^ 
of  the  city,  where  the  assemblies  of  the  people  were  held,  ■«"  '^ 
the  niagist rates  used  to  haraujrite  to  them  from  the  rostra,  ind    i 
where  all  the  [udiMc  jileailings  and  judicial  pr<>ceedings  m»  ' 
usually  traii!^acted :    this  therefore  was  the  grand  sehoot  of 
business  and  elotpieiiee  !  ihe  scene,  on  which  all  the  affain  of 
the  empire  wore  tletermined,  and  where  the  foundation  of  tlieit 
hopes  and  fortunes  were  to  be  laid :  so  that  they  were  iiitnh 
duced  into  it  with  much  solemnity,  attended  by  all  the  frientU 
and  dependants  of  the  family :  und  after  divine  riles  perforraed 
in  the  Capitol,  were  committed  to  the  Kpeeial  jirotection  of 
some  eminent  senator,  ilistiiiguiiihed  for  his  eloquence  or  know- 
ledge of  the  laws,   to  he   instructed  by  bis   advice   in   die 
management  of  civil  aifairs,  and  to  form  themselves  by  his 
example  for  useful  members  and  magistrates  of  the  Uepublic. 

Writers  are  divided  about  the  precise  time  of  changing  the 


OF    CJCERO.  <| 

der  the  care  of  Q.  Mucins  Scwvola,  the  augur,  the  jtrincipal 
iryer,  as  well  as  statesman  of  that  nge :  who  Iiad  {lassod 
rough  all  the  offices  of  the  Republic,  with  a  siiijgrular  reputa- 
an  of  integrity,  and  was  now  extremely  old :  Cicero  never 
irred  from  his  side,  but  carefully  treasured  up  in  his  memory 
ft  llie  remarkable  sayings  which  clropped  from  him,  as  so  many 
esfious  of  prudence  for  his  future  conduct ' :  and  after  his 
leatb  applied  himself  to  another  of  the  same  family,  Sesevola, 
the  high  priest,  a  person  of  equal  character  for  probity  and 
skill  in  the  law;  who,  thougli  he  did  not  profess  to  teach, 
yet  freely  gave  his  advice  to  all  the  voung  students  who  con- 
•Qltedhim*. 

Under  these  ratisters  he  acquired  a  complete  knowledge  of 
the  laws  of  his  country;  a  foundation  useful  to  all  who  design 
to  enter  into  public  aflfairs;  and  thought  to  be  of  such  consi*- 
^nence  at  Kume,  that  it  was  the  common  exercise  of  boys  at 
wbool  to  learn  the  laws  of  the  twelve  tables  by  hearty  as  they 
did  their  poets  and  cht^sic  authors^  Cicero  particularly  took 
sudi  psiins  in  this  study,  and  was  so  well  acquainted  with  the 
most  nitricate  parts  of  it,  as  to  be  able  to  sustain  a  dispute  on 
any  question,  with  the  greatest  lawyers  of  his  age*:  so  that  in 
pleading  once  against  his  friend  S.  Sidpicius,  he  deelareil,  by 
way  of  raillery,  what  he  could  have  made  good  likewise  in  fact, 
that  if  he  provoked  him,  he  woidd  profess  himself  a  lawyer  in 
three  days'  time''. 

The  prufe>sion  of  the  law,  next  to  tluit  of  arms  and  flo- 
fjiience,  wn^  a  sure  rrconiiniMulation  to  the  tir^t  limumrs  of  tin* 
liepublic-'.  and  for  that  reason  was  prosiTved.  as  it  wtn*  lirrc- 
tlitarv,  in  >omf  of  tin.'  noblest  families  of  Kome^:  who,  bv 
ti[Jviiifr  tiu'ir  advice  i^ratis  to  all  who  waiitrd  it,  cnga-^iMl  the 
favour  and  obsorvasii/f  of  their  fi-llow  ciiizt'iis,  and  acquired 
jrreat  authoritv  in  ail  the  atfairs  of  Ntato.  It  was  the  custom  of 
thisf  old  senators,  ctninciit  r<»r  tlieir  wisdom  and  experience,  to 
Walk  everv  morninii*  an  and  down  the  Fonnn,  as  a  <ii:;nal  oi 
their  uiterinir  thernsi-lvcs  fiH'clv  to  all,  who  had  occasion  to  con- 
them,  not  only  in  caNCs  of  law,  but  in  their  private  and 
domestic  affairs".  Hut  in  later  times  they  chose  to  sit  at  home 
^*ith  their  doors  (»|H'n,  in  a  kind  of  throne  or  raised  seat,  lik(? 
the  contessiirs  in  toreiirn  churches,  giving  access  and  audience 

'  !>'  Aiiiii-it.  1.  -  Ilrur.  1..;::'.  ..!it.  Stl..  (.\,nM,li.  -i   \h-  l,.-il..  _'.  -J:!. 

*  K;..  |'.,a,.  7. -J-J.  .  I'lo  .Mm.iia.  l;i.  o  II,.  U. 

'  \''i"J!iin  ir.Tii  j'iitrc  uiit  !ii.ij"«i''-  iil!«|u;i  -jImi;.!  |>iri-^*.n<  mil!,  li  -tmitrii  jili-nniujiir 
.11  •■'.If.ij  jruric  imnli-  L'xri']li.ri- :  ut  ().  Muiiii-  1'.  tiliii-.  "ii  juu-  «ivili.  nii'.  I.li'i. 
•2.  l.i. 

'  M  vfru  ^f:niiliiiin  im*  rti.iiii  vi<!i!ii'.-  ii;iti-\<i^o  :iiiil>Mi;iMUTii  lum-  (jumi  rial 
-'^ijn*.  (utn  ni;i  III  iHiTn-l,  t:.rrv<'  livilii'^  4'Tni,;'nr>.  Miri^iHi  ^r;  fi»|»i.iiii  .\'l  «j"H'h  iiliiu 
'I '<■■  uiiibwl.iiiti'- ct  ill  *»>l  <) -t.-iicnti  >  <I'>iir,  i!;i  :iilil>:ktMi  n<>ii  -'•Imn  iii  <i>  Jmk-  immIj  ;ii| 
""  ^'iiniuii.im  lie  tili:i  (oUiMuiula  -     lU  •Mimi  dtui'iuv  :«'it  "iVicm  aiit  luv'tin  nkoitui. 


10  THE  LIFE 

to  all  people.  Thrs  was  tlie  case  of  the  two  Scsevolas,  espedi 
tke  augur,  whose  house  was  called  the  oracle  of  the  city';  i 
who,  in  the  Mars!c  war,  when  worn  out  with  age  and  inSn 
ties,  gave  free  admission  every  day  to  all  the  citizens,  ai  M 
as  it  was  light,  nor  was  ever  seen  by  any  in  bis  bed  during  d 
whole  war'. 

But  this  was  not  the  point  that  Cicero  aimed  at,  to  guard  t 
estates  only  of  the  citizens:  his  views  were  much  larger;  ■ 
the  knowledge  of  the  law  wats  bnt  one  ingredient  of  many, 
the  character  which  he  aspired  to,  of  an  universal  patron,  il 
only  of  the  fortunes,  but  of  the  lives  and  liberljes  of  his  cos 
tiymen :  for  that  was  the  proper  notion  of  an  orator,  or  pleid 
of  causes ;  whose  profession  it  was  to  speak  aptly,  elegand 
and  copiously  on  every  subject  which  could  be  offered  to  hi 
and  whose  art  therefore  included  in  it  all  other  arts  of  I 
liberal  kind,  and  could  not  be  acquired  to  any  perfection,  «il 
out  a  competent  knowledge  of  whatever  was  great  and  laud*! 
in  the  universe.  This  was  his  own  idea  of  what  he  had  und 
taken';  and  his  present  business  therefore  was,  to  lay  a  foi 
dation  fit  to  sustain  the  weight  of  this  great  character :  so  t 
while  he  was  studying  the  law  under  the  Scaevolas,  he  spen 
large  share  of  hb  time  in  attending  the  pleadings  at  the  I 
and  the  public  speeches  of  the  magistrates,  and  never  pas 
one  day  without  writing  and  reading  something  at  home ;  c 
stantly  taking  notes,  and  making  comments  ou  what  he  n 
He  WHS  fond,  when  very  young,  of  an  exercise,  which  had  b 
recommended  by  some  of  the  great  orators  before  him,  of  re 
ing  over  a  number  of  verses  of  some  esteemed  poet,  or  a  { 
J  carefully  as  to  retain  the  suhsttmcc  of  then 


OF  CICEHO.  M 

F  th«  H<?aveiis  into  Latin  verse,  of  which  many  fng- 
re  sull  extant;  ood  published  also  an  oriffiimJ  poem,  of 
tic  kind,  in  honour  of  his  countryman,  C.  Marius.  This 
ch  admired,  and  oft«n  read,  by  Atticus :  and  old  Sacvula 
pleased  with  it,  that,  in  an  epigram  which  he  seems  to 
ade  upon  it,  he  declares  "  that  it  would  live  ax  Umg  as 
ouui  name  and  learning  subsisted  '  i"  there  remains  Htill 
specimen  of  it,  describing  a  memorable  omen  given  to 

from  the  oak  of  Arpiiiumt  which  from  the  spirit  and 
^  of  the  dcscriptjoo,  shows  that  his  poetical  genius  was 
inferior  to  his  oratorial,  if  it  had  been  culDvutcd  with 
le  diligence'.  He  published  another  poem,  also,  called 
,  of  which  Donatus  has  preserved  four  lines  in  the  Life 
Mice,  in  praise  of  the  elegance  and  purity  of  tlwt  [loet's 
But  while  he  was  employing  himself  in  these  juvenile 
es,  for  the  improvement  of  his  invenUon,  he  applied 
',  with  no  less  industry,  to  philosophy,  for  tin;  enliuve- 
if  his  mind  and  understanoing ;  and,  among  hiH  other 
I,  was  very  fond,  at  his  age,  of  FbiedruA,  the  Epicurean  ; 

soon  as  he  had  sained  a  little  more  experience  and 
^nt  of  things,  he  wholly  deserted  and  constantly  disliked 
iiciples  of  that  sect;  yet  always  retained  a  particular 

for  the  man,  on  account  of  his  learning,  humanity,  and 
ess'. 

peace  of  Rome  was  now  disturbed  by  a  domestic  war, 
"filers  call  the  Italic,  Social,  or  Marsic:  it  was  begun 
onfederacy  of  the  principal  towns  of  Italy,  to  support 
emand  of  the  freedom  of  the  city :  the  tribune  Drusus 
ade  them  a  promise  of  it,  but  was  assassinated  in  the 
t  of  publishing  a  law  to  confer  it :  this  made  tbem  despe- 


T:." 

■it  ScvoU  dc  fratri.  mei  HUrio ant 

■i«t 

•Bclit   i 

innuii 

nerabil 

ibui 

'  Hie  Jovi.  •Uiwrni  tnbito  pini»U  StlMa 

apie 

Jam  uIibU  animos.  ism  dum  ulU  dolor 
Abjicit  efflidtcm.  ctlurntum  ndlligil  in 

", 

SBjue  olitn  ■  Solis,  nilido.  coavcitfl  «i . 

Hone  ubi  pnrprlibua  pennia  lanoque:  ic 

iliniem 

Contpriit  Mariui,  divini  Numinii  Augui 

Pinibui  intonuit  cosli  Pnler  ipK  nniitrii 

Sic  AijuilK  citnim  (iriaavit  Jappiler  ome 

— DeD 

ivin. 

1,47. 

lo  iixount  of  iKe  arBumcnl  of  Ibit  piece. 

he  meni 

a. 

of  itl 

title: 

WdT 

Dolhing  more  than  the  Gitrk  word  A.<M<ii 

X  the  po«m, 

™da« 

-  w  gwdeu.  exhiWlrd  a  variety  of  Jlffbren 

,d  flo 

The 

iPliF 

IT  Mjj,  wore  (bnd  of  giving  Bucli  titles  t» 
A..,ii«.  &c.  [Praf.  Hill.   Nai.)  and  Pan. 

thei: 

r  book> 

norfi, 

!.o>-. 

iphil, 

lit    the 

Orammaria 

n.  u 

V2 

rate,  and  resolve  to  extort  by  force,  what  tliey  could  not  o 
by  entreaty'.     They  alleged  it  to  be  unjust  to  exclude  tl 
from  the  rights  of  a  city,  which  the^  sustained  by  their  a 
that  in  all  its  wars  they  furnished  twice  the  namber  of  tn 
which  Rome  itself  did;  and  had  raised  it  to  all  that  he^tof  I 
power,  for  which  it  now  despised  them'.     This  war  was  ew  ■ 
rieil  00  for  above  two  years,  with  great  fierceness  on  bod 
sides,  and  various  success  :  two  Roman  consuls  were  killed  ii  ^ 
it,   and  their  armies  often  defeated  :    till  the  confedentcs  ^ 
weakened  also  by  frequent  losses  an<l  the  destruction  of  one  " 
ally  after  another,  were  forced  at  last  to  submit  to  the  mperior 
fortune  of  Rome'.     During  t)ic  hurry  of  the  war,  tbe  businoi 
of  the  Forum  was  intermitted ;  the  greatest  part  of  the  nugiF 
trates,  as  well  as  the  pleaders,  being  personally  enei^ed  in  it; 
Hortensius,  the  most  flourishing  young  orator  at  tne  bar,  wb 
a  volunteer  in  it  the  first  year,  ana  commanded  a  regiment  the 
second*. 

Cicero  likewise  took  the  opportunity  to  make  a  campugn, 
along  with  tlie  consul  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo,  the  father  of 
Pompey  the  Great;  this  was  a  constant  p»rt  of  the  education 
of  the  young  nobility :  to  learn  the  art  of  war  by  personal  ser- 
vice, under  some  general  of  name  and  experience ;  for  in  an 
empire  raised  and  su]inortcd  wholly  by  arms,  a  reputation  of 
martial  virtue  was  the  shortest  and  surest  way  of  rising  to  its 
highest  honours ;  and  the  constitution  of  the  government  was 
such,  that  as  their  generals  could  not  make  a  figure  even  in 
camps,  without  some  institution  in  the  politer  arts,  especially 
that  of  speaking  gracefully' ;  so  those,  who  applied  themselves 
to  the  peaceful  studies,  and  llie  imnntgement  o"     '  "'      ■"  ' 


Upon  the  breaking  out  of  this  war,  tlie  Romans  save  tim\ 
freedum  of  tlio  city  tu  all  the  towns  which  con dnuetf  firm  t*i 
them;  8ii(l,  iit  the  end  of  it,  after  the  destruction  of  tbiW 
hundred  thousand  lives,  thought  fit,  for  the  sake  of  their  fatnrt 
quiet,  to  grant  it  to  all  the  rest ;  but  this  step,  which  they  coiH 
mdered  as  the  foundation  of  a  perpetual  peace,  was,  as  an 
ingenious  writer  Las  observed,  one  of  the  causes  that  hastened 
their  ruin :  for  the  enormous  bulk  to  which  the  city  was  swelled 
by  it,  gave  birtli  to  many  new  disorders,  that  gradually  eo^ 
runted,  and  at  last  destroyed  it ;  and  the  discipline  of  the  imn, 
calculated  for  a  people  whom  the  same  walls  would  contain, 
was  too  weak  to  keep  in  order  the  vast  body  of  Italy ;  so  tha^ 
from  this  time  chit'liy,  all  affairs  were  decided  by  niction  and 
violence,  and  the  influence  of  the  great;  who  could  briny 
whole  towns  into  the  Forum,  from  the  remote  parts  of  Italy; 
or  pour  in  a  number  of  slaves  and  foreigners,  under  the  fbna 
of  citizens ;  fur  when  the  names  and  persons  of  real  citizens 
could  no  longer  be  distinguished,  it  was  not  possible  to  know 
whether  any  act  had  passed  regularly,  by  the  genuine  sufir^e 
of  the  people'. 

The  Italic  war  was  no  sooner  ended,  than  another  broke  out, 
which,  though  at  a  great  distance  from  Rome,  was  one  of  tht 
most  ditficuTt  and  desperate  in  which  it  ever  was  engaged ; 
against  Mithridatcs,  King  of  Pontus,  a  martial  and  powerful 
prince,  of  a  restless  spirit  and  ambition,  with  a  capacity  equal 
to  the  greatest  designs :  who,  disdaining  to  see  all  his  hopes 
blasted  by  the  overbearing  power  of  Rome,  and  confined  to  the 
narrow  twundary  of  his  hereditary  dominion,  broke  through 
his  barrier  at  once,  and  overran  the  lesser  Asia  like  a  torrent, 


OP  CICEHO.  15 

.  ,  the  BufFrage  of  the  peojile.  This  nuVd  en-at 
in  die  city  between  the  opposite  partit-K,  ni  wtiicK  the 
of  Q.  Poinpeius  the  eonsut,  and  the  son-iii-luw  of  Syllm 
killed :  Sylla  happened  to  be  absent,  qtielling  the  remains 
rf  (he  late  coiDiaotions  near  Nola :  but  upon  tlie  news  of  these 
(fiwrden^  lie  hastened  with  his  le^'oDs  to  Rome,  and  having 
miered  it,  after  some  resistance,  drove  Murius  and  his  aecom- 
p&ccs  to  the  necessily  of  saving  themselves  by  a  precipitate 
mght-  This  was  the  beginning  of  ihe  first  civil  war,  properly 
to  called,  which  Rome  bad  ever  seen ;  and  what  gave  both  tJie 
occasion  and  the  example  to  all  the  rest  that  followed :  the 
tribune  Sulpicins  was  taken  and  slain ;  and  Marius  so  warmly 
puiaued,  that  he  was  forced  to  plunge  himself  into  the  niariihm 
of  Mid  turn  urn,  up  to  die  chin  in  water ;  in  which  condldon  he 
lay  concealed  for  some  ume,  till,  being  discovered  and  dragged 
out,  he  was  preserved  by  the  compasgion  of  the  inhabititntM, 
irbo,  after  refreshing  him  from  the  cold  and  hunger  which  be 
W  Rufftred  in  his  flight,  furnished  liim  with  a  vessel,  and  all 
necMBaries  to  transport  himself  into  Afric'. 

Sylla  in  the  meanwbile  having  quieted  the  city,  and  pro- 
Knbed  twelve  of  his  chief  adversaries,  set  forward  upon  his 
npeditiou  against  Mithridates:  but  he  was  no  sooner  gone, 
than  the  civil  broils  broke  out  afresh  between  the  new  consuls, 
Cinna  iuid  Octavius;  whlcb  Cicero  calls  the  Octavian  war*. 
Fur  Ciniia,  attemplin^  to  reverse  all  thnt  Sylia  had  es  tab  lis  bed, 
was  ilrivL-n  out  .if  tlie  city  by  liis  colleague,  willi  six  of  the 
Oibjoa,  and  deposed  from  the  consulship :  upon  this  be 
gathered  an  army,  and  recalled  Marius,  who,  having  joined 
nil  forces  with  him,  entered  Rome  in  a  hosdie  manner,  and, 
with  the  most  horrible  cmeity,  put  all  Sylla's  friends  to  the 
Bwoii,  without  regard  to  age,  dignity,  or  former  services. 
Amoog the  rest felithe consul,  Cn. Octavius ;  the  two  brothers, 
LCinar  and  C.  Csesar;  P.  Ciassus,  and  the  orator  M.  An- 
loniiis;  whose  head,  as  Cicero  says,  was  h.ied  upon  that  rostra, 
where  he  had  so  strenuously  defended  the  Republic  when 
eoasid,  and  preserved  the  heads  of  so  many  cidzens;  lament- 
ing, as  it  were  ominously,  the  misery  of  that  fate  which  hap- 
pened  afterwards  to  himself,  from  the  grandson  of  this  very 
Antonius.  Q.  Catnlus  also,  thoiuh  he  )iad  been  Marius  s 
colleague  in  the  consulship,  and  in  his  victory  over  tlie  Cimbri, 
was  treated  with  the  same  cruelty;  for  when  his  friends  were 
iniercediDg  for  his  life,  Marius  made  them  no  other  answer. 


10  TIIF.  LIKE 

but.  Up  must  (lip;  lie  minr  die:  -to  tliat  lie  was  oliliged  to  kill 
liimself. 

Cicero  saw  tliis  memonilile  entry  of  his  eountr^nuui  M*ria% 
who,  ill  lliut  H(lviiiicc(l  a^e,  was  su  for  from  beiiijr  broken,  kc 
sayfl,  by  his  hte  i-alnmitv,  that  he  wemed  to  he  more  alert  ud 
^'igorotis  than  ever;  when  he  heani  him  recounting  to  tlw 
peo])l>!,  ill  e-tciiNO  for  the  cruflty  of  his  return,  the  many  miserin 
whicli  he  had  lately  suffered ;  when  he  was  driven  hvm  that 
eoiiittr>'  which  lie  liiid  saved  from  destruction;  when  all  Ui 
estate  was  sei/ed  and  pluiiderett  by  his  enemies ;  when  he  nnr 
his  yoniifT  M>n  alxo  the  partner  of  his  distress:  when  he  WM 
almost  drowned  in  the  marshes,  and  owed  his  life  tg  the  mern 
of  the  Minturnensians ;  ^i-heii  he  was  forced  to  fly  into  Afric  m 
a  small  bark,  and  become  a  sujijiliaut  to  those  to  whom  he  Ind 
^vcii  kingdoms;  but  that  since  he  had  recovered  his  dignity, 
and  all  the  rest,  that  he  had  lost,  it  should  be  his  care  not  to 
forfeit  that  virtue  and  eournge,  wliieli  ho  had  never  lost*. 
Murius  and  Ciniia  having  thus  got  the  Republic  into  their 
luindx,  declared  tlieinseh'cs  consuls :  but  Marius  died  anex* 
pcctedly,  as  soon  almost  as  lie  was  inaugurated  into  his  new 
dignity,  on  the  l:}th  of  January,  in  the  7l)th  year  of  bis  age; 
and,  according  to  the  most  probable  account,  of  a  pleimtie 
fever  *. 

His  birth  was  cibKCuro,  though  »ome  call  it  equestrian;  and 
his  cducarion  wliolly  in  camps;  where  he  learnt  the  first  mdt- 
mcnts  of  war,  under  the  greatest  master  of  that  age,  the  younger 
frteipin,  wiici  destroyed  Carthage :  (ill,  by  Icing  service,  diB- 
tiiiguished  vidniir,  and  u  peculiar  hardiness  an<l  patience  of 
digcipline,  he  advanced  himself  gradually  thromrh  all  tlie    ' 


«'!*  I.  It  zno.  17 

who  were  sap'^  ::\:  \\v]\  \i\:u  :r.   Niimaiirui,   u!:ar  i;iner:iJ  tljf 
RefiubSc  Wi.iii.f  L.iu.   ::i    ca^t*   i»t   anv  aLvuii'iif    r.»    iiiiii<>c*ll: 
"  tiar  man."  replied  Lc,  p«  lint  in  j:  i«»   >iariu^,   ••  af  tlu*  iMirtuin 
"of  rbe  tah.'e."     In  ih*:*  tivUl  Lo  ^xa*";  caii!i«»ii>  ami  |>it>vi(ifnt : 
iod  wiile  lie  w;i<»  watcLinor  rho  m«»'*t  favimraUi'  oiviiorr unities 
of  action,  auectt-tl  ro  take  all  Li^  nu'a'^ures  J'n»in  anjiur**  ami 
rfirinerj."  nor  ever  ;;ii\v  liatrlo.  till.  l.»v  j>reti'ntleil  <»nu'n.s  ami 
Dirine  aiIinon::i«.»:"!>.  he  had  inspired  Li**  M^ldiiT**  with  a  confi- 
deikv  of  vict».ry:  <**  that  hi«*  enemies  drea<hd  him,  a*  somc- 
tiinif  more  than  niorta! :  and  both  tViuinU  ami  foes  hfliovfcl 
iiim  to  act  always  hy  a  peculiar  impuUe  ami  diiectitm  from  llu' 
gods.     IIi«  merir,  however,  wiis  wholly  military,  void  c»f  every 
accompli>hment  of  li.*aniinir.  uhieh  he  opuidy  affeeted  to  «U"»pi^e : 
so  that  Arjiiiiurn  ha«i  the  sin^^ular  felicity  tf)  produce  the  most 
•glorious  conteDiiier.  as  well  as  the  mo>t  illustrious  improver  of 
the  arts  and  eloquence  of  Rome.      He  made   no  fi^-ure  there- 
fore in  the  ifown,  nor  had   anv  other  wav   of  s||>tainin«r  his 
auiliority  in  the  city,  than  by  c'icrishin;r  the  natural  jealousy 
between  the  senate  and  the  people;  that  by  his  declared  en- 
init\*  to  the  one.  he  mi^ht  alwavs  be  at  the  head  i»f  the  other; 
whose  favcMir  he  managed,  not  with  any  view  to  the  jmblic 
^ood.  for  he  had  nothin^j^  in  him  of  the  state«»man,  or  the  patriot, 
out  to  the  advancement  of  hi<  private  interest  and  ji^lory.     In 
*lion,  he  was  craftv,  cruel,  covetous,  ]u>rfidious:   of  a  temper 
and  talents  i£r tat: \  serviceable  abroad,  hut   turbuleiil  and  dan- 
gfroii«»  at  i.oriie:    an    iuij^lacabU*  enemy  t<»  the   nobles:    c'ver 
Hvki:iif  <'eo;i*i'«iis  to  m««rrity   tin m,  and   nady  to  sacrilici'  the 
Rt'l'Lii*::^  v.I.icii    !se  had   •»;i\«<l,  to  IiIn  ambiiion  and   ie\«'niri.. 
AffiT  a  iifi-  ^p^nt  in  tli**  ju  rpt-tual  toils  of  foreit^n  or  donjcstic 
•v.'irs  i:e  (lied  a?  Le^r  in  liis  b»'d,  in  a  tr,,(,(l  <il,|  ;itr<..  and  in   his 
*t".\i:r}i  enn^Jilship:  an  luincmr  thai  no  Konian  bet()ri   him  evj^r 
•iriLiiinL'il :  wliich  is  uri^ed  by  C'otta,  the  acadi*mic,  as  one  artju- 
ii'iJU  aTnon;^>f  orjnr^  ai:;ainst  the  existenci*  of  a  Pinvidmce '. 

Il.e  rran^acrion>  of  the  I'orum  \\cre  Lfrearh  in^Truprid 
f'V  the**,  civil  dissensions;  in  which  sonie  of  tlu'  br'»r  (»rators 
v.irri'  killed.  otliiTs  baiiislud:  Cicero,  Injwever,  aitcnded  the 
iiaran^Mr'*  of  tlie  nia;^i'*t rates,  who  possf».sfd  rhe  rostra  in 
■iji'ir  turU'* :   an«!  biini^  now  about  the  a^f  of  twt  ntv-niu',  ilrew 


N*  .•'.:■-:::  \--.  ;  V,  ii.  Tat.  :2.  > -. '  S.  IV  M:;..  .'■;.;;•  ij.-il::!.!  .k-  ii.::.'. p..  .1':'^ 
Hi  ■■  ".''i,  \  m'.  M...\.  ■-.  i.>."  l'<']' '.I'..-  I<i'"i  i.ii!!  .i":vin  i-.|«<il>:i'.".-  •  .•  ■  -  '■..-•■•  • 
■'.":•  ■Ii-M'.i'ii.  f|...ilii  >L-t.-.Ti..  «  »t  ::au-.  ^\ill.  I'.iT  "J.  I'J.";  n.-  Ifj;-..,ri  -.!■«■..  ..i.r  iM 
■•'..■.:■••'.%  it  -t.i  V '.•■.!"•.  .1-.  (.'.'l.  J.  .\/  nii.ri.  -  •>:■!  M  :."jii  iM-**'-  t'--:!!'.  ■  >\  .'•»! 
■-'■'':"i:  ..%::, itii  <.-"\  ;  •:  lK"J!ii!i  i;'"Mj  i  uth  r:»  |iriili!i:'.:.  >.!i:  '.  Il-  ".  .'  ■.•  !•"_*' 
'■.'v.;  ,..,.  It  i-,  i'.-,.;,  Aij- 'i-.!!!.  >:vr  uijIi  miu  '..'Uiarwrn  -l-.s  •i'.,---.i:'.n!  •  Mjiti  n.'.-'.'-n  m, 
■•:■      '.ir    .i;iti--i!!inii.  i- •■■•  t--  '::•';»  ri  \«  li'.    :V:il.  .M.,\    '_'.'.'"      <^»'.  .■.".•.  '••ll"  •■j't;!..'.*. 

■  •.• ,  1  T.i  I-  '.f    »iii;i;!.  .   '..•■■    -.■.•'.-   :;i"i:.-'.  ■•i-:.:..ii'.":-.    ■n «M«!',"it    -'iiii::!  •:  .. 

'•■    .  1*. •.■_'.   \  .  j    '    .!■..•■     ■'.■  |.tih.::'--j.>.  (ifi*.  C.  M.I- :"^.  <i'.  <■•'■•"'■  •'.    ;•.    Vij.:---  .•;  » 
..••'.•,■■"■;•■      1,  i>:     :•■■•.,...  J  .!■■.  t    ■  t  1.1    t.ti'i    '■  1.4  !'•  I .'  i  '''■"■•''!■■  ■■     •■.   'l»ni'    '•■   • 

( 


up,  prulutbly,  thoite  rlietoricul  pii'ccs,  wliidi  w^re  pabliahed  bj 
liim,  B8  lie  tells  us,  when  very  young,  and  are  supposed  to  ' 
the  same  that  still  remain  on  the  subject  of  invenbon :  bnt 
coDdcmned  and  retracted  them  afterwards  in  his  advanced  an 
as  unworthy  of  his  maturer  judgment,  and  the  work  onlv  of  i 
boy,  attemiiting  to  dijrest  into  order  the  precepts  which  ne  Iti 
brought  away  from  school  *. 

In  the  meanwhile,  Philn,  a  philosopher  of  the  first  nameh 
the  academy,  with  many  of  the  principal  Athenians,  fled  to 
Rome  from  the  fury  of  Mithridates,  who  had  made  himidf 
master  of  Athens,  and  all  the  neighbouring  parts  of  Greeoa: 
Cicero  immediately  became  his  scholar,  and  was  ezceedinch 
taken  with  his  philosophy  ;  and  by  the  help  of  such  a  profemr 
gave  himself  up  to  that  study  with  the  greater  inclinatioD,  M 
toere  was  cause  to  apprehend  that  the  laws  and  judidal  pio* 
ceediiigs,  which  he  had  designed  for  the  ground  of  hia  fame  and 
fortunes,  would  be  wholly  overturned  by  the  continuance  of 
the  public  disorders*. 

But  Cinna's  party  having  quelled  all  oppoeition  at  homc^ 
while  Sylla  was  engaged  abroad  in  the  Mithridatic  war,  then 
was  a  cessation  of  arms  within  the  citv  for  about  three  yean,  n 
that  tlie  course  of  public  business  began  to  flow  again  in  id 
usual  channel ;  and  Molo,  the  Rhodtan,  one  of  the  prindnl 
orators  of  that  age,  and  the  roost  celebrated  teacher  of  m^ 
quence,  happening  to  come  to  Rome  at  the  same  time,  Cioo* 
presently  took  the  benefit  of  his  lectures,  and  resumed  lui 
oratorical  studies  with  bis  former  ardour'.  But  the  greatest 
'  ' :  indiiiitry  was  the  f:tme  and  splendour  of  HortensiuA, 


■•■-■^»%*     MMm 


igoageK 

\uB  inteiral  Sylla  was  performing  great  exploits  against 
dates,  whom  he  had  driven  out  of  Greece  and  Asia,  and 
d  once  more  to  his  own  territory ;  yet  at  Rome,  where 
was  master,  he  was  declared  a  public  enemy,  and  his 
confiscated :  tliis  insult  upon  his  honours  and  fortunes, 
dm  very  desirous  to  be  at  home  again,  in  order  to  take 
enge  upon  his  adversaries ;  so  that  after  all  his  success 
war,  he  was  glad  to  put  an  end  to  it  by  an  honourable 

the  chief  article  of  which  was,  that  Mithridates  should 
the  whole  expense  of  it,  and  content  himself  for  tlie 
with  his  hereditary  kingdom.  On  his  return  he  brought  f 
dth  him  from  Atoens  the  famous  library  of  Apellicon 
nan,  in  which  were  the  works  of  Aristotle  and  Theo-  ' 
IS,  that  were  hardly  known  before  in  Italy,  or  to  be 
indeed  entire  any  where  else '.  He  wrote  a  letter  at 
ne  dme  to  the  senate,  setting  forth  his  great  services, 
i  ingratitude  with  which  he  had  been  treated ;  and  ac- 
ng  them,  that  he  was  coming  to  do  justice  to  the  Re- 

and  to  himself,  upon  the  authors  of  those  violences ; 
sed  great  terrors  in  the  city ;  which,  having  lately  felt 
ribie  effects  of  Marius's  entry,  expected  to  see  the  same 
f  acted  over  again  by  Sylla. 

while  his  enemies  were  busy  in  gathering  forces  to  op- 
jn,  Cinna,  the  chief  of  them,  was  killed  in  a  mutiny  of 
1  soldiers :  upon  this,  Sylla  hastened  his  march,  to  take 
lefit  of  that  disturbance,  and  landed  at  Brundusium  with 
thirty  thousand  men :  hither  many  of  the  nobility  pre- 
resorted  to  him,  and  among  them  young  Pompey,  about 


20 


THE    LIFE 


otliiT  con«iil,  Scipio,  found  incHn*!  In  corrupt  lih  nrmr,  l| 
Hruw  it  over  to  niinsetf:  lie  gave  Scipio,  liowerer,  liu  ■ 
wlif)  went  into  a  voluntary  exile  at  Marseilles',  'llie^ 
CoiiaitU  cboacn  in  tbe  mean  time  ut  Rome,  were  Cti>  Ptf 
Carbo  mid  young  Marius;  the  first  of  whom,  after  I 
defeats,  was  driveo  out  of  Italy,  aud  the  second  beelef 
Preeneste  ;  where,  beirig  reduced  to  extremity,  and  dec, 
of  relief,  he  wrote  to  liamasippus,  then  praetor  of  the  d 
call  a  meeting  of  the  senators,  as  if  upon  busineM  of  ■ 
tsnce,  and  put  the  principal  of  them  to  the  sword :  in  Uwq 
sacre  many  of  the  nobles  perished,  and  old  Sc^vola,  the  ll 
priest,  the  pattern  of  ancient  tempenuice  and  prudetM 
Cicero  calls  liim,  was  slain  before  the  altar  of  Vesta 'i 
which  sacrifice  of  noble  blood  to  the  manes  of  his  father,  f 
Marius  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 

Pompey  at  the  same  time  pursued  Carbo  into  Sinlvi  i 
liaving  laiten  him  at  Lilyb%um,  sent  his  head  to  Sylla,  WM 
he  begged  his  life  in  an  abject  manner  at  his  feet:  this  if 
some  reproach  upon  Pompey,  for  killing  a  man,  to  whom  he  h 
been  highly  obliged  on  an  occasion  where  his  father's  boor 
and  hb  own  fortunes  were  attacked.  But  this  is  the  consti 
effect  of  factions  in  states,  to  make  men  prefer  the  iotereatsi| 
a  party,  to  all  the  considerations,  cither  of  private  or  pubS 
duty  t  and  it  is  not  strange  that  Pompey,  young  and  amb**^™* 
should  pay  more  rej^rd  to  the  power  of  Sylla,  than  to  a  si 
of  honour  or  gratitude  *.  Cicero,  however,  says  of  this  ( 
that  there  never  was  a  worse  citizen,  or  more  wicked  I 
wiiicli  will  tro  a  great  wav  towards  excusing  Pompt 


OP   CICERO. 

rns  of  Itaiy;  where,  besides  tlie  crime  of  parlvi  which  wa* 
iJoned  i<)  none,  it  was  &tMl  to  be  possci^seti  of  iiioiiev,  Innds, 
a  pleanaiit  seat ;  all  manner  of  licence  bein^  Indulged  to  nii 
i>Wnt  anny,  of  carving  for  themselves  whut  fortunes  they 
ued  '. 

En  this  general  destruction  of  the  Marian  faction,  J.  CiMwr, 
m  about  seventeen  years  old,  had  much  difEciilty  Vt  escape 
b  life:  he  was  nearly  allied  to  old  Marins,  and  hud  married 
ina's  dauffhter ;  whom  he  could  not  be  induced  to  put  awav, 

all  the  threats  of  Sylla;  who,  conaiderini^  htm  fi>r  that 
son  as  irreconcileable  to  his  interests,  deprived  him  of  his 
Vs  fortune  and  the  priesthond,  which  he  liwl  obtained. 
aar,  therefore,  appreheiidinf  still  somewhat  worse,  tlioufrht 
iradent  to  retire  and  conceal  Id m self  in  the  country,  where, 
Jig-  discovered  accidentally  by  Sylla's  soldiers,  he  was  forced 
redeem  his  head  by  a  very  large  sum  :   but  the  intercession 

the  vestal  virgins,  and  the  authority  of  his  powerful  rela- 
OS,  extorted  a  grant  of  his  life  very  unwillingly  from  Sylla ; 
O  bade  them  taite  notice,  that  he,  for  whose  safety  they  were 

solicitoiM,  would  one  day  be  the  ruin  of  that  aristocracy, 
lich  he  was  then  establishing  with  so  much  pains,  for  thai 

law  many  Mariuses  in  one  Csesar  '.  The  event  contirmctl 
ila's  prediction ;  for,  by  the  experience  of  these  times,  young 
esar  was  instructed  both  how  to  form  and  to  execute  that 
ikeme,  which  was  the  grand  purpose  of  his  whole  life,  of 
ipi«»ing  the  liberty  of  his  country. 

As  soon  as  the  proscriptions  wi're  over,  and  the  scene  grown 
little  calm,  L.  Flaccus,  being  chosen  interrex,  declared 
rlla  dictator  forsettling  the  state  of  the  Republic,  without 
ly  liinitation  of  time,  and  ratified  whatever  he  had  done,  or 
ouU  do,  by  a  special  law  that  empowered  him  to  put  any 
iBen  to  death  without  hearing  or  trial '.  This  office  of  die- 
tor,  which  in  early  times  liaa  oft  been  of  singular  service  to 
K  Republic  in  cases  of  difficulty  and  distress,  was  now  grown 
fioDR  and  suspected,  in  the  present  state  of  its  wealth  and 
Bwer,  as  dangerous  to  the  public  liberty,  and  for  that  reason 
id  been  wholly  disused  and  laid  aside  for  one  hundred  and 
rnity  years  past  * :  so  that  Flaccus's  law  was  the  pure  effect 

'  Knuiue  uti  qaiuiiic  domuDi  aul  villun.  pottremD  iiit  t»  ant  vEBtiaicnliim  nliriijiin 

Mai  I  Lial.  dabat  (wcnni,  ut  it  in  nroKripuirum  diuhcto  traeu Nequc  priut  iinii 

nkadi  fait,  qoam  SjIbooiDci  >uob  diniiii  eiplciiu    SaUuel.  c.  51.  Plut.  Svlk. 

'Sdnnt  cnm,  qDciirincoluninn  Unto  open  cupennt,  qilindoqiiR  nplimBliiiin  par- 

*,lau<ccuai  omnl  defcndisKnt,  cxiliofuliirnni:  nom  Cmari  niullgi  Marioi  inme. 

■ton.  J,  Cm.  c.  1.  Pint,  in  Cm.]— Cinn»i  g«ncr,  ciijus  fiUom  ut  ifpu<lian;l,  nnllo 

■<•  coBHlli  pcrtnil.     Veil.  Ps(.  2. 13. 

>  Db  Lh.  Agnr.  con.  Rull.  3,  2. 

'  INjoi  lionoriii  murpMio  per  snnni  tix  mtmniraii ut  spparwi  pnpiilum  Roma- 


I 


■.W| 


8S  THE    UFE 

of  force  and  terror ;  and  tliougb  preteiitled  to  be  made  b] 
people,  was  utterly  detested  by  tliem.     Sylla,  liowevcr, 
invested  by  it  with  absolute  nutliurity,  made  many  useful  reel 
Intiona  for  the  better  order  of  the  goveriiment;  and  byll 
plenitude  of  his  power  changed  in  a  great  measure  the  in 
constitution  of  it,  from  a  democralical  to  an  aristocradc^  fit 
by  advancing;  the  prerogative   of  the  senate,  and  depi 
that  of  the  people.     He  tx>ok  from  the  Eque.strian  order 
judgment  of  all  causes,  which  they  had  enjoyed  from  tiie  ti 
of  the  Gracchi,  and  restored  it  to  the  senate;  deprived 
people  of  the  right  of  choosing  the  priests,  and  replaced  il 
the  colleges  of  priests :  but,  above  all,  he  abridged  the  'maaoi 
rate  power  of  the  tribunes,  which  had  been  the  chief  son 
of  all  the  civil  dissensions  ;  for  he  made  them  incapable  afa 
other  magistracy  after  the  tribunate  ;  restrained  the  liberty 
appealing  to  them ;  took  from  them  their  capital  privilege, 
proposing  laws  to  the  people  :  and  left  them  iiotliiiig  but  th( 
negative;  or,  aa  Cicero  says,  tlie  power  only  of  helping,  nd 
of  hurting  any  one  '.     But,  tliat  he  might  not  be  suspend  ll 
uming  at  a  perpetual  tyranny,  and  a  total  subversion  of  th 
Republic,  he  suffered  the  consuls  to  be  chosen  in  the  reguta 
manner,  and  to  govern,  as  usual,  in  all  the  ordinary  a&irs  d 
the  city :  whilst  lie  employed  himself  particularly  in  refornd^ 
the  disorders  of  the  state,  by  putting  his  new  laws  in  execw 
tion ;  and  in  distributing  the  confiscated  lands  of  the  advent 
party  among  his  legions  :  so  that  the  Republic  seemed  to  llCi 
once  more  settled  on  a  legal  basis,  and  the  laws  and  ju^Qll 
proceedin^j's  began  to  flourish  in  the  Forum.     About  the 


OF   CICBBO.  S3 

ml  being  previously  acquaiDted  with  every  thing  worUi  kuow- 
■g  in  art  or  nature ;  that  this  is  implied  in  ttic  lery  name  of 
in  orator :  whose  profession  it  is,  to  speak  upon  every  Kubjcct, 
vluvh  can  he  proposed  to  bim  ;  and  wliose  eloquence,  wiiLout 
Ite  knowledge  of  what  be  speaks  would  be  the  prattle  only 
ud  impertinence  of  children '.  He  had  learnt  the  rudimenta 
if  grsnuDar  and  languages  from  the  ablest  teachers:  gone 
Ihfotigh  the  studies  of  humanity  and  the  politer  letters  with  the 
uet  Arehias ;  been  instructed  in  philosophy  by  the  principal 
InrfnBors  of  each  sect ;  Pli^rus  the  Epicurean,  Fhilo  ibe  ao- 
Ipmic,  Diodotiis  the  stoic;  acquired  a  perfect  knowLedgv  of 
Ik  Ixw,  from  the  greatest  lawyere,  as  well  as  (lie  greatcM 
falevmen  uf  Rome,  the  two  Scievoias ;  all  wbich  acooinpliii^ 
Mnte  were  but  ministerial  and  subservient  to  that  on  which 
H»iu^)es  and  ambition  were  singly  placed,  the  roputatiun  of 
ID  Ofator;  to  qualify  himself,  therefore,  particulaily  for  thia, 
w  attended  the  pleadings  of  all  the  speaken  of  his  time ;  hcani 
be  daily  lectures  of  the  most  eminent  orators  of  Greece,  mkI 
ras  perpetually  composing  somewhat  at  bame,  and  dcclainil^ 
indcT  their  correction :  and,  that  he  might  neglect  notfalitg 
vhich  could  help  iu  any  degree  to  improve  and  polish  hi»  style, 
it  i^ent  the  intervals  ofliis  leisure  in  the  company  of  ihe 
bdiea ;  especially  of  those  who  were  remarkable  for  a  potit«> 
neas  of  lanijuage,  and  whose  fathers  had  been  di.stinguishi'd  hy 
I  bme  and  reputation  cf  their  eloquence.  Wliile  he  studied 
the  law,  therefore,  under  Scsevola  the  augur,  he  frequently 
aa«v«ned  with  his  wife  Leiia,  whose  discoone,  he  gays,  mu 
tiBCtiired  wilJi  all  the  elegance  of  her  father,  I^elius,  the 
Botiiest  q>eaker  of  his  age  :  he  was  acquainted  likewise  with 
Wtbaghter  Mucia,  who  married  the  great  oiator  I^  Ciaaaus; 
nd  with  her  gran  d-daugb  ten,  the  two  LiciniK :  one  of  them, 
tihe  wife  of  iZ  Sdpio;  the  other  of  youngs  Marins;  who  all 
oeelled  in  that  deucacy  of  the  Ladn  tongae,  which  was  peco- 
Jim  to  tbeir  families,  and  valned  themselves  on  preserving  and 


t|Nngatu»  it  to  their  posterity. 
,M  TktM  *£»ned  and  i 


I  accompushed,  he  offered  himself  to  the 
. 'I^r  about  the  age  of  twenty-six ;  not  as  others  generally  did, 
ttv  and  ignorant  of  their  bunness,  and  wanting  to  be  formed 
■SbJt.bj  use  and  experi^ice*,  but  finished,  and  qualified  at 
Die  to  stisbdn  any  cause,  which  shtMild  be  commiued  to  him. 
VW  been  controverted  both  by  the  ancients  and  modems. 


■nan  nnuB  macnnnB,  atque  miBni.  Kinituiii  eonmDliu.   Ve  Unl.  i.ti.  A  i 
'  Lipmu  tfkMM  Cotwliw,  autm  Gnechannn— uidiiDi  at  pdIm  Iflir.  Caii 

ft  tcimo  :  «JB  ilhlD  pitri*  ckgaatil  tinctuD  tidimiu  :  cl  filiu  cjiu  Huriu  m 

■nsHnwi  iiiilnfiitD«tai,ftc.    but.  319. 
■Bnl.433. 


*-»4 


THE   LIFE 


wliitt  was  till-  Kret  caiiw  in  whicli  lie  was  engaged;  sotaem 
it  for  tliat  uf  P.  Quinctius :  others  for  S.  RtMcitu :  but  neiw 
of  tlicm  arc  in  tlie  right;  for  in  Ills  oration  for  Quinctiiu  h 
fxprcssly  <leclan'8,  that  he  hail  pleaded  other  ninses  before  it;  ' 
and  in  tluit  for  UosL-ins,  §avs  only,  tlmt  it  was  the  firat  publid  I 
or  criminal  cause,  in  wliich  he  was  concerned :  and  it  is  reason-  T 
able  to  imagine,  tliat  lie  had  tried  his  stren^h,  and  acqnired  j 
Home  credit  in  private  causes,  before  he  would  venture  upau 
a  public  one  of  tliat  importance ;  agreeably  to  the  advice  whickj 
Quintiliaii  ^ives  to  his  ynnnfr  pleaders ',  whose  rules  are  g 
rally  drawn  fruin  the  practice  and  example  of  Cicero. 

The  cau^e  of  1'.  Quinctius  n-as  to  defend  him  firom  an  a 
of  bankru]ilcy,  brought  against  him   by  a  creditor,  wbo^  31 

Sretence  of  hii*  having  forfeited  his  recognizance  and  >*' 
rawn  himself  from  inslice,  had  obtained  a  decree  to  seiz 
estate,  ami  expose  it  to  sale.  The  creditor  was  one  of  dl>l 
public  criers,  who  attended  the  magistrates,  and,  by  his  interat^ 
among  them,  was  likely  to  oppress  Quinctins,  and  had  alreadf 
gained  an  advantage  against  him  by  the  authority  of  Hortea- 
gius,  who  was  his  advocate.  Ciccru  entered  into  the  cause,  it 
the  earnest  desire  of  the  fained  comedian,  Roscius,  whoM 
sister  was  Quiiictius's  wife' :  he  endeavoured  at  first  to  excuK 
himself;  allej^ng  that  he  should  not  be  able  to  speak  a  »onl 
against  llortensius,  any  more  than  the  ntlier  players  could  act 
with  any  spirit  before  Roscins ;  hut  Roscius  would  take  no 
excn.se,  naving  formed  such  a  judgment  of  him,  as  to  think  no 
man  so  capable  of  supporting  a  desperate  cause, 
crafty  ami  powerful  advers 


or  cicBBO.  25 

ftntenUdent  of  iiiyllit ' ;  since  Koecius's  ilefeut^e  woulil  ii«<»*> 
Hriljr  Icail  tliem  Uito  majiy  cmiipUiiiite  on  the  time*,  and  tW 
fppr«««oR<i  of  the  girat:  out  Cicero  roadily  undertook  it, :»  a 
■^orious  oppurtuiiity  of  enlisting  himself  into  tlio  service  of 
liik  counlrV)  luiil  givin<r  a  public  testimony  of  liis  |>rincitilni  and 
ual  for  iMt  liberty,  to  which  he  hail  ilevotod  the  tabouni  of 
tit  lifr.  Kacciu8  was  uequitted,  to  the  great  bonour  of  Cicero; 
>,irbwe  ooDnge  and  uddrcK^  in  defending  him  was  applauded  by 
like  whole  city ;  so  that  from  tbis  moment,  he  vim  looked  upAi 
^  BR  ndrocate  of  the  first  class,  and  equal  to  the  gmitot 

I  Uaving:  occaflioo,  in  the  course  of  his  pleading,  to  mcDtioo 
ibat  remarkable  punishment  which  tlieir  ancestora  had  cgif 
Itived  for  tJir^  murder  of  u  parent,  of  sewing  liic  crimitial  alive 
in  a  »ck,  and  throwing  him  into  the  river,  he  nays,  **  thai  the 
nnnini;  of  it  was,  to  strike  him  at  once,  as  it  were,  outof  tbff 
kyMem  of  nature,  by  taking  from  him  tbc  air,  the  aMii,  the 
mter,  amt  the  earth ;  that  lie,  wbo  had  destroyed  tliv  nutlior 
of  his  being,  should  lose  the  benefit  of  thoNo  elements,  whence 
ill  tilings  derive  their  being.  Tliev  would  not  throw  htm  lo 
tlie  beusta,  lest  the  contagion  of  sucii  wickedness  should  raiike  | 
the  beasts  themselves  more  furions :  they  would  not  comnit  { 
Mm  nake<l  to  tlie  stream,  lest  be  should  pollute  tiie  very  tea, 
which  was  the  purifier  of  ail  other  pollutions:  they  leit  him  | 
uo  share  of  any  thing  natiinil,  Low  vile  or  common  soever;  for  > 
what  is  so  common  as  breath  to  the  living,  earth  to  the  dead,  / 
the  sea  to  those  who  float,  the  shore  to  those  who  are  cast  up  i* ' 
Vet  these  wretches  live  so,  as  long  as  they  can,  as  not  to  draw 
brea^  from  the  lur ;  die  so,  as  not  to  touch  the  sroDod ;  are 
M  tossed  by  the  waves,  as  not  to  be  washed  by  tnem ;  so  cast 
out  upon  the  shore,  as  to  find  no  rest  even  on  the  rocks  *>" 
This  passage  was  received  with  acclamations  of  applause :  yet* 
q>eakiiig  of  it  afterwards  himself,  be  calls  it,  *'  the  redondaney 
nFa  juvenile  fancy,  which  wanted  the  correction  of  his  sounder 
jo^rmeDt;  and,  like  all  the  compontiona  of  yonng  men,  was 
not  applauded  so  much  for  its  own  sake,  as  for  the  hopes  it 
give  of  his  more  improved  and  ripened  talents '." 
'  ^3^ke  popularity  of  his  cause,  and  the  &vour  of  the  audience 
,n|^  bim  such  spirits,  that  he  exposed  the  insolence  and  vil- 
pay  of  the  bvourite  Chrj-sogonus  with  great  gaiety;  and 
fintaced  even  to  mingle  several  bold  strokes  at  ijylla  hmiself; 

inic  patnnof  propter  Chryioginii  gntiam  derulum, — iw 
ta  cnnimu  fan,  ut  hie  nulJo  negotio  tollcTTlur.  cum  ■  amOa 

Ida  dcfoiaat,  aoi  dieM  prvCtcIo,  JndicH  —Pre  Ro«io  Amer.  iO.  II. 

■  Prima  cuuapo^b^  pro  8.  B«no  dicta.  lanlum  lommcndationii  hitwiL,  ut  Don 

Mct-qBB  DBS  MiMmduu  Hlrodiiia  ridcrrtur.     DdncCHindc  multc     Brat,  1M. 

»  Pro  Ro«c.  *.  *  Or«.  2S8.  cd.  Lwnk. 


26  THE    UF£ 

which  he  look  care  hcmever  to  palliate,  by  observing,  ** 

through  the  multiplicity   of   Sylla'§  a^ra,  who  reigned  m. 
absolute  on  t^rth,  as  Jupiter  did  in  heaven,  it  was  not  poniblk 
for  him  to  ktinw,  and  necessary   eren  to  connive  at  mur ' 
tfainfrs,  wliicli  his  favourites  did  against  his  will  *.     He  would 
nut  cumplaiu,"  he  says,  "in  times  like  those,  that  an  innocent 
man's  entate  was  exposed  to  public  sale;  for  were  it  allowed ti 
him  to  speak  freely  on  that  head,  Koscius  was  not  a  person  (d 
such  consequence,  that  he  should  make  a  particular  complaint 
on  his  account;  but  he  must  insist  upon  it,  that  by  the  law  of 
the  proscription  iL«cif,  whether  it  was  Flaccus's,  the  iuterrex,   I 
or  sylla's,  the  dictator,  for  he  knew  not  which  to  all  i^    j 
Uoseius's  estate  was  not  forfeited,  nor  liable  to  be  sold'."    In    1 
the  conclusion,  he  puts  the  judges  in  mind,  '*  that  nothing  wa    ' 
M>  much  aimed  at  by  the  prosecutors  in   this  trial,  as,  by  the    ' 
condemnation  of  Uoscius,  to  eain  a  precedent  for  destroying 
the  children  of  tlie  proscribed:  he  conjures  them,  thererore, 
by  all  the  gods,  not  to  be  the  authors  of  reviving  a  second  pro- 
scription, more  barbarous  and  cruel  than  the  first :  that  the 
senate  refused  to  bear  aiiv  part  in  the  first,  lest  it  should  be 
tliought  to  be  nuthorized  ^y  the  public  council :   that  it  was 
their  business  by  this  sentence  to  put  a  stop  to  that  spirit  i^ 
cruelty,  which  then  j^ossessed  the  city,  bo  pernicious  to  die 
liepublic,  an<l  so  contrary  to  the  temper  and  character  of  their 

ancestors." 

As  by  this  defence  he  acquired  a  great  reputation  in  hii 
youth,  so  he  reflects  upon  it  with  ])ieasure  in  old  age,  and 
recommend-t  it  to  his  sou,  as  the  surest  way  to  true  glory  and 


OF   CICEBO.  27 

!,  as  before,  in  the  same  task  of  pleading  cruscs  ' ;  anH 
n  one  especially)  uioie  obnoxious  to  Sylta'a  reNentmmt,  even 
titui  that  of  Roscius ;  fur  iu  tiie  case  of  a  womau  of  ArrL'ttiim, 
it  defended  the  ri|i;ht  of  certaiu  towns  of  Italy  to  the  freedom 
«f  Rome,  though  Sylht  himself  had  depriveil  them  »f  it  by  no 
eKpTe««  law ;  maintaining  it  to  be  one  of  tliose  nalurai  rights 
which  no  law  or  power  on  earth  could  bdce  from  them:  in 
which  also  he  carried  his  point,  in  opposition  to  Ciitta,  an 
OTStor  of  the  first  character  and  abilities,  who  pleaded  ugiuim 
kim*. 

Bm  we  Iiave  a  clear  account  from  himself  of  tlie  real  motire 
of  hu  journey:  "My  body,"  says  be,  "at  thi«  time  was  ex- 
ceedingly weak  and  emaciated;  my  neck  loii^  and  small; 
which  IS  a  habit  tliought  liable  to  great  risk  of  life,  if  eagiif;ed 
b  any  fetigue  or  labour  of  the  lungs ;  and  it  garo  the  greater 
liann  to  those  who  iiad  a  regard  for  me,  that  I  used  to  spoak 
without  any  remission  or  variation,  with  tlie  utmost  strctt^h  of 
my  poif%,  and  great  agitation  of  my  body :  when  my  friend)) 
[berefore  and  physicians  a<U'i8ed  me  to  meddle  no  more  with 
causes,  1  resolved  to  run  any  hazard,  rather  than  quit  the  hripen 
of  glory,  which  I  proposed  to  myself  from  pleading  ;  but  wheu 
I  considered,  that  by  managing  my  voice,  and  changing  my 
way  of  spewing,  I  might  ootb  avoid  all  danger,  and  nneak 
wiui  more  ease,  I  took  a  resolution  of  travelling  into  Asia, 
merely  for  aa  opportunity  of  correcting  JBy  manner  of  apeak- 
itig:  M  t^t,  after  1  had  been  two  years  at  the  bar,  and 
acouired  a  reputation  in  the  Forum,  I  left  Rome ',"  && 

He  mw  twenty-eight  yearB  old  when  he  set  forward  opoD 
hu  travels  to  Greece  and  Asia;  the  feshionable  torn:  of  all 
those,  who  travelled  either  for  curiosity  or  improvement :  his 
Brat  visit  was  to  Athens,  the  capital  seat  of  arts  and  sciences; 
where,  some  writers  tell  us,  that  he  spent  three  years  *,  though 
m  troth  it  was  but  six  months :  he  took  up  his  quarters  with 
Antiochus,  the  principal  philosopher  of  the  old  academy ;  and, 
ander  thb  excellent  master,  renewed,  he  says,  those  studies 
which  he  had  been  fond  of  from  his  earliest  youth.  Here  he 
met  with  his  schooUfellow,  T.  Pomponius,  wno  from  his  love 
to  Athens,  and  his  spending  a  great  part  of  his  days  in  it, 
obtained  the  surname  of  Atbciu   ;  and  here  they  revived  and 

>  Prima  can**  poblici  pto  8.  RdkId  dicta — ddnccps  inde  mullc — iluoB  com  twem 
titUDJom  Tcmtui  ia  aniii.     Brut.  p.  4M.  W. 

•  Popnlng  Romnnt,  I..  8q1U  IKcUlora  fntate,  cemitiii  ceoturiatit,  mnnictpHi  dTf- 
titon  ademit^  >d«mt  iiiilrm  Hivi:  da  igrii  ntum  cM:  fait  mim  populi  poUHtu:  do 
OTJtau  ne  tamdin  qoIdcDi  nlull,  quamdiu  ilU  SdIUdi  tenpori)  urni  tb!u«utiC,  Alqae 
too  hanc  adoleicentuliii  caiuam  eum  igepem,  contra  hommem  diicrtiinnium  mntnidl- 
rcnte  Cetla,  ct  Sulla  Tint,  iadicatain  «l.     Pn  Dom.  td  Pontlf.  30.  Pro  Ciedna. 

'  Bret.  437.  '  E^«^WiChran. 

•  Pomponiui— iU  cnim  H  Alheoii  cDliotani,  ul  lit  |>inie  udui  u  Alticit,  et  id  eliam 
T^ognomine  ndcatnr  haUtata*.     p«  Pin.  b.  2. 


confirmed  that  memorable  frieadslitp,  which  subsisted  between 
them  through  life,  with  so  celebrated  a  constancy  and  aSe^ 
don.  Atticus,  being  an  Epicurean,  was  often  drawing  Ciceiw 
from  his  host  Antiochus  to  the  conversation  of  Ph  tear  us  and 
old  Zeno,  the  chief  professors  of  that  sect,  in  hopes  of  makiof . 
him  a  convert ;  on  which  subject  they  used  to  have  many  dw>  '] 
pates  between  themselves;  but  Cicero's  view  in  these  viaili 
was  but  to  convince  himself  more  effectually  of  the  weaknen 
of  that  doctrine,  by  obserWug  how  easily  it  might  be  confotet^ 
when  explained  even  by  the  ablest  teachers '.  Yet  he  did  not 
give  himself  up  so  entirely  to  philosophy,  as  to  neglect  hit 
rhetorical  exercises,  which  he  performed  sUll  every  day  ver^ 
diliffently,  with  Demetrius  the  Syrian,  au  experienced  master 
of  the  art  of  speaking '. 

It  was  in  this  first  journey  to  Athens,  that  he  was  initiated 
most  probably  into  the  Eleusinian  mysteries :  for  though  we 
liave  no  account  of  the  time,  yet  we  cannot  fix  it  better  than 
in  a  voyage  undertaken  both  tor  the  improvement  of  his  mind 
and  body.  The  reverence  with  which  he  always  speaks  of 
these  mysteries,  and  the  hints  that  he  has  droppea  of  their  end 
and  use,  seems  to  confirm  what  a  very  learned  and  ingenious 
writer  has  delivered  of  them,  that  they  were  contrived  to 
inculcate  the  unity  of  God,  and  the  immortality  of  the  soul'. 
As  for  the  first,  after  observing  to  Atticus,  who  was  also  one 
of  the  initiated,  how  the  gods  of  the  popular  religions  were  all 
but  deceased  mortals,  advanced  from  earth  to  heaven,  he  bids 
him  remember  the  doctrine  of  the  mysteries,  in  order  to 
recollect  the  universality  of  that  truth :  and,  as  to  the  second, 
he  declares  his  initiation  to  be  in   fiicl.  what  the  name  iuelf 


Ttum  Alliens  he  passed  into  Asia,  where  he  gutlieretl  about 
kirn  xll  the  principal  orators  of  the  country*  who  kt'pt  him 
ei»npany  throujjh  the  rest  of  h'la  voyage;  luid  with  whom  hfl 
cmMantly  exercised  himself  in  every  place,  wherv  he  made 
my  shiy,  "  The  chief  of  them,"  says  he,  "  was  Meuippug  of 
Siralonica,  the  most  elocjuent  of  ail  the  A«i»tic8 ;  and  ii  to  be 
neither  t«dioti«,  nor  impertinent,  be  the  charitcteriHtic  of  sn 
AlDc  orator,  he  may  justly  be  ranked  in  tluit  class :  DioHynus 
akn  nf  Magnesia,  JEschylus  of  Ciiidos  aiid  Xcnochit  of  Adra- 
nyttus,  were  continually  with  me,  who  were  rei-koned  the  firat 
rhetoricians  of  Asia:  nor  yet  content  with  (hew,  I  wenl  to 
Rhodes,  and  applied  mj'selt  again  to  Molo,  whom  1  had  tieanl 
hehre  at  Rome ;  who  was  both  an  experienced  pleader,  and  a 
fine  writer,  and  particularly  expert  in  ob»er\ing  the  foulta  of 
bis  scbotan,  as  welt  as  in  his  method  of  leachiiit;  and  improv- 
ing them :  his  greatest  trouble  with  me  was  to  restrain  th« 
exuberance  of  a  juvenile  imagination,  always  ready  to  overflow 
its  hanks,  within  its  due  and  proper  channel '. 

But  as  at  Athens,  where  he  employed  himself  chiefly  in  phi- 
losophy, he  did  not  intermit  his  oratorical  studies,  so  at  Rhodes, 
ohere  his  chief  study  was  oratory,  he  gave  some  share  also  i^ 
his  time  to  philosnphy  with  Poaidoniua,  the  most  esteemed  and 
learned  stoic  of  tiiat  age ;  whom  he  often  speaks  of  with 
honour,  not  only  as  his  master,  but  as  liis  friend  '.       It  was  liia 

Itn  of  Beam,  Hdl,  Eljriiira,  PatgUarj,  and  all  Uul  nhted  U>  tbe  tatvn  tUta  af  Ibt 
iai ;  bcng  amiiiwtd  to  incnlots  mon  KnriblT,  ud  eiemplifr  Ihi  docUiiui  dalinnd 
tu  tbe  taitMtad :  and  aa  tiucj  were  a  proper  aobject  for  poetrj,  lo  the;  an  rreaneotlj 
allBdett  ta  b7  Qte  andent  poeta.  Cicen),  m  one  of  bii  lctt«n  to  Attieaa,  bega  of  hbn,  at 
ifa  re^Bcd  otChifioa,  an  eminenl  poet  of  that  age,  to  1(1111  then  a  relation  of  tbe  EIou- 
Bain  rhee,  iilikch  were  deaigned  pTohablj  for  au  epiiode  or  nnbelliduneDt  to  Bome  at 
Chilina'a  ninb  *.  Thk  cai^rmi  abo  the  prshabilitT  of  that  ingenioni  camnient,  which 
the  lane  eseeUenl  miter  haa  ^Ten  od  the  iilth  book  of  ths  JEoiii,  where  Virjil.  aa  he 
,  in  their  genuine  order, 

J  u  uul  Poaidomiu,  which  Pompej  often  nied  to  tol!  j  that 

_  .. ._x,  aahe  waa  reluming  from  Sjria  towarda  Rome,  he  called  at 

Rbodea  on  pnrpeae  to  hear  him ;  bat  being  informed,  on  Ida  artival  there,  that  he  waa 
citrenKlj  U]  (rfihe  gout,  he  had  a  mind  howerer  Id  lee  him  i  and  in  hii  viiit  when,  after 
Ibe  first  eomplimenU,  he  began  to  expresi  fail  concern  for  finding  him  ao  ill,  that  he 
roold  not  haTo  the  {doumn  lo  hear  him, "  Bal  you  can  hear  me,"  rqilied  PcaidDniua, 
"dot  ahmil  it  be  laid,  tliat,  on  account  of  anr  bodilj  pain,  I  intTered  lo  great  a  man  to 
Mcae  to  me  in  Tain."  Upon  which  he  entered  pmantlj  hilo  an  arpiDient.  u  he  \ty  npon 
ia  bed.  and  maintained,  with  great  elnquenee.  that  nothing  waa  reallj  good,  bul  what 
m  bonett :  and  being  all  the  while  in  eiquiiite  torture,  lie  often  cned  out  "  O  pain, 

iben  ahalt  nerer  gun  thy  ptrinl ;  ft-  ■- •' *- ■''■    '  — " '■■" 

lo  be  an  eriL"     Thii  waa  the  perft 

ihe  laat :  while  auothei  pDor  itcnc,  I>ioni 

wben.  by  the  tortnre  of  the  atone,  he  waa  forced  lo  conleia,  that  wbat  nil  i 

tonght  him  waa  blie,  and  that  he  feit  pain  to  be  an  evil,  ii  treated  by  all  their 

a  poltroon  and  laie  deaerter.     Which  ihewa  that  all  their  boaaled  iirmnCH 

_.!._._  -  1.1 .: ri J  reputation,  than  lo  any  real  principle  or 

1,5.31. 


Nat,  Deor.  2.  7*.  De 


'  Chiliui  le  mgat,  et  Mo  ejni  ronto,  Evfw 
t  See  Die.  L(^t.  of  Moaei,  p.  IBS. 


I  conMuit  care,  that  the  progress  of  hu  knowledge  should  keep 
I  pace  with  the  improvement  c^  his  eloquence ;  he  coimderM 
the  one  as  the  foundation  of  the  other,  and  thought  it  ia  vain  Ik 
acquire  omameola,  before  he  had  provided  necessary  fomitowt 
he  declaimed  here  in  Greek,  because  Molo  did  not  underftaM 
LAtin ;  and,  upon  ending  his  declamation,  while  the  rert  4^  dw 
company  were  lavish  of  their  praises,  Molo,  instead  of  yvpag ' 
any  compliment,  sat  silent  a  considerable  time,  till  obserrinf 
Cicero  somewhat  disturbed  at  it,  he  said,  "  As  for  yon,  Cioen^ 
I  praise  and  admire  you,  but  pity  the  fortune  of  Greece,  Ir" 
I  see  arts  and  eloquence,  the  only  ornaments  which  were  lefi  t* 
her,  transplanted  by  you  to  Rome'."  Having  dins  finished 
the  circuit  of  his  travels,  he  came  back  again  to  Italy,  after  m 
excursion  of  two  years,  extremely  improved,  and  changed  M  ' 
it  were  into  a  new  man :  the  vehemence  of  his  voice  and  actioa 
was  moderated ;  the  redundantnr  of  his  style  and  &ncy  cor- 
rected; his  lungs  strengthenetf;  and  his  whole  consCitatin 
confirmed '. 

This  voyage  of  Cicero  seems  to  be  the  only  scheme  and 
pattern  of  travelling  from  which  any  real  benefit  is  to  be 
expected:  he  did  not  stir  abroad,  till  he  had  completed  ids 
education  at  hune ;  for  nothing  can  be  more  pernicious  to  a 
nation,  than  the  necessity  of  a  fore^  one ;  and  after  he  had 
acquired  in  his  own  country  whatever  was  proper  to  fiwm  a 
worthy  ddsen  and  magistrate  of  Rome,  he  went,  confirmed  by 
a  maturity  of  age  and  reason  against  the  impressions  of  vioe^ 
not  so  much  to  learn,  as  to  polish  what  he  had  learnt,  by  vint- 
ing  tiioee  places  where  arts  and  stuences  flourished  in  their 


OP    CICEBO.  31 

'iiinp«y  returned  about  tliia  time  ric(Ariaij:i  from  ArHr; 
mhe  had   greatly    enlarged  the  bounds  of  the  empire,  by 

conqoest  and  additioD  of  many  new  countrioa  Ui  the 
ma  ilominioTi.  He  v,-aa  received  with  j^reut  inarka  of 
^  by  the  dictator,  Sylia.  who  went  out  tu  met' t  him  at 
ihead  of  the  nobility,  and  »alut«d  htm  by  the  title  of  Mu^- 
I&,  ot  the  Great ;  which,  from  that  audkority,  was  ever  afwr 
Tea  to  him  by  all  people.  But  his  demand  of  a  triumph 
imted  both  Sylla  and  tlie  senate ;  who  diought  it  Um 
]U>iliou«  in  one,  who  had  passed  through  none  of  rhe  [luhlic 
fictt,  nor  was  of  a^e  to  be  a  senator,  to  aspire  to  an  honour, 
bichbail  never  been  granted,  except  lo  coiutuls  or  pmtorB: 
nt  Pompey,  insisting  on  his  demand,  extorted  Sylla's  couseut, 
nd  «8S  the  first  whose  tntmipbal  car  is  said  to  have  been 
rawn  by  elephants,  and  the  only  one  of  the  equestrian  order 
'bo  had  ever  triumphed ;  which  gave  an  unusual  joy  to  the 
itofAe,  to  see  a  man  of  their  own  body  obtain  so  signal  un 
loaour;  and  much  more,  to  see  him  descend  again  from  it  to 
liiold  rank  and  private  condition  among  the  knights  '. 

While  Pompey,  by  liis  exploits  in  war,  had  acquired  tlie 
umame  of  the  Great,  J.  Caesar,  about  six  years  younger,  was 
[Iving  proofe  likewise  of  his  military  genius,  and  serving  as 
1  Tolanteer  at  the  siece  of  Mitylene ;  a  splendid  and  flourish- 
ng  city  of  Lesbos,  wliich  had  asskted  Mithridates  in  the  late 
rar,  and  perfidioiuiy  delivered  up  to  him  M.  Aqnilita,  a 
yenoa  of  conwlar  dvnity,  who  had  been  sent  ambassadtn-  to 
hat  idag,  md,  after  the  defeft  of  the  R<xnaD  army,  had  takeD 
'«^ve  m  MHylene,  as  in  a  place  of  the  greatest  security. 
Mitnridatea  ia  said  to  have  treated  him  with  die  last  indignity ; 
airring  him  about  in  triumph,  mounted  upon  an  ass,  and 
iorcmg  him  to  proclaim  every  where  aloud,  that  he  was  Aqni- 
ha,  iilio  had  been  the  chief  cause  of  the  war.  But  the  town 
now  paid  dear  for  that  treadiery,  being  taken  by  storm,  and 
ilmost  demtJished)  by  Q.  Thermus :  though  Pompey  restored 
it  afterwaids  to  its  former  beauty  and  liberty,  at  the  request 
itf  his  fsTonrite  freedman,  Theophanes.  In  this  siege  Cssar 
otttained  tbe  heueor  of  a  civic  crown ;  wUt^,  though  made 
Kffly  4^  oaken  leaves,  was  esteemed  the  most  reputable  badge 
tf  martial  virtne ;  and  never  bestowed,  but  for  saving  the  bfe 
i^a  citizen,  and  killing,  at  the  same  time,  an  enemy '. 

'  BdlsHi  in  Atrita  mudmiim  conlcdt,  TktoKm  eienitnio  dflnrtarit.     Quid  tbto 
Eqnitem  Rom.  Criumphin?     Pro  Leg,  Mui.21.     Africa  too 

-    -   at.'     [Plin.  Hirt.    NiU   7.  26.)      R™«  primum  jonctf 
Pompeii   Higni,   Afnano  trimnpho.     lb.  8.  2.  Plot,  in 


3-2 

Sylla  died  while  Cicero  was  Ht  Athens,  after  he  had 
down  his  dictatorship,  and  restored  liberty  to  the  Repi 

and,  with  ati  uncommon  frreatness  of  mind,  lived  many  mi 

an  a  private  senator,  and  with  perfect  security,  in  that  d^' 
where  he  hod  cifercixed  the  most  bloody  tjTanny  :  but  nothi^- 
waa  thought  to  be  greater  in  his  character,  tlian  that,  duri^' 
the  three  years,  in  wliich  the  Marians  were  masters  of  Ittlj^ 
lie  neither  dissembled  his  resolution  of  pursulnjf  them  by  wni% 
nor  neglect^l  the  war  which  he  hun  upon  bis  hancb;  bol 
thought  it  his  duty  lirst  to  chastise  a  foreign  enemy,  before  W< 
took  his  revenge  upon  citizens '.  His  family  was  noble  mi 
patrician,  which  yet,  through  the  indolcncy  of  his  ance9toi% 
had  made  no  figure  in  the  republic  for  many  generations,  and  t 
was  almost  sunk  into  obscurity,  till  he  produced  it  again  ioto  ' 
light,  by  aspiring  to  the  honours  of  the  state.  He  was  a  lovv 
and  patron  of  polite  letters,  having  been  carefully  instituted 
himself  in  all  the  learning  of  Greece  and  Rome;  nut,  fromi 
peculiar  gnietv  of  temper,  and  fondness  for  the  company  of 
mimics  and  players,  was  drawn,  when  young,  into  a  life  of 
luxury  luid  pleasure ;  so  that,  when  he  was  sent  qusestoi  to 
Martus  in  the  Jugurthine  war,  Marina  complained,  that,  in  m 
rough  and  desperate  a  service,  chance  had  given  him  do  soft 
and  delicate  a  quiestor.  But  whether  roused  by  the  example 
or  stung  by  the  reproach  of  his  general,  he  behaved  himself  io 
that  charge  with  the  greatest  vigour  and  courage,  suffering 
no  man  to  outdo  him  in  any  part  of  military  duty  or  labour, 
making  himself  equal  and  familiar  even  to  the  lowest  of  the 
soldiers,  and   obliging  them   all   by  his  goiwl    offices  and  Lb 


34  THB   LIFE 

Ab  soon  as  Sylla  was  dead,  die  old  dbsensioiii, 
been  smotbered  awhile  by  the  terror  of  his  power,  I 
again  into  a  flame  between  tbe  two  factions,  suppot 
ratty  by  the  two  consuls,  Q.  Catulus  and  M.  Lep 
were  wbolly  opposite  to  each  other  in  party  mid  | 
Lepidus  reftolved,  at  all  adventures,  to  rescind  th 
Syfla,  and  recall  the  exited  Marians;  and  beiran  < 
solicit  the  people  to  support  him  in  that  resolution 
attempt,  tuough  plausible,  was  factious  and  uns) 
tending  to  overturn  the  present  settlement  of  the 
which,  after  its  late  wounds  and  loss  of  civil  blooi 
nothinf;  so  much  aa  rest  and  quiet,  to  recover  a  tol< 
gree  of  strength.  Catulus's  mther,  the  ablest  statesi 
time,  and  the  chief  assertor  ot  the  aristocratical  iiiti 
been  condemned  to  die  by  Marius :  the  son,  tbere 
inherited  his  virtue,  as  well  aa  principles,  and  was  c;oi 
them  by  a  resentment  of  that  injury,  vigorously  opi 
effectually  disappointed  all  the  designs  of  his  collea^ 
finding  himself  unable  to  gain  his  end  without  rec 
arms,  retired  to  his  government  of  Gaul,  with  inten 
a  force  sufGcient  to  subdue  all  opposition :  where  th< 
his  levies  and  military  preparations  gave  such  umbra 
senate,  that  they  soon  abrogated  his  command.  Upi 
came  forward  into  Italy,  at  the  head  of  a  great  a 
having  possessed  himself  of  Etruria  without  o 
marched  in  an  hostile  manner  towards  the  city,  to  tb 
of  a  second  consuUhip.  He  had  with  him  several  of 
majrisrr.itc--i,  Jinii  i!ic  l'"0<1  vvl.li,-s  of  all  the  tril)uiK>s,  ai 


tliat  he  freely  and  fonrardly  resumed  bis  former  employi 
of  plt!adTii|T;  and  after  one  year  more  spent  at  tlie  bar,  ol 
in  the  next  tliedi(fnity  of  qusestor. 

Amotip  the  causes  which  be  pleaded  before  his  qtuwtoiA 
Wits  that  of  tlie  fapiioiis  comedian  Kosdus,  whom  a  nagti 
merit  in  his  art  bud  recoininended  to  the  familiarity  and  fiiei 
ship  of  the  ^eatest  men  in  Rome '.  The  cauae  was  th 
one  Fannius  had  made  over  to  Kosci  us  a  young  slave,  toi 
formed  by  him  to  the  stage,  on  coudition  of  a  partnerahisj 
the  profits  which  the  slave  should  acquire  by  acting:  theshl 
was  afterwards  killed,  and  Roscius  prosecuted  the  rnurd* 
for  damages,  and  obtained,  bv  a  eomposltion,  a  little  farm  wi 
about  cijrht  hundred  pounds,  for  his  particular  slkare:  Fanf 
alno  sued  separately  and  was  supposed  to  have  gained  as  mu 
but,  pretending  to  have  recovered  nothing,  sued  Koscius  for 
moiety  of  what  he  had  received.  One  cannot  but  obsei 
from  Cicero's  pleading,  the  wonderful  esteem  and  reputal 
in  which  Koscius  then  flourbhed,  of  whom  he  draws  a  v 

amiable  picture. "  Has  Koscius,  then,"  says  he,  "defraudi 

his  partner  ?  Can  such  a  stain  stick  upon  such  a  man  ?  wt 
I  speak  it  with  confidence,  baa  more  integrity  tlmn  skill,  nu 
veracity  than  experience:  whom  the  people  of  Rome  know 
be  a  better  man  than  he  is  an  actor ;  and  while  he  makes  t 
first  figure  on  the  stage  for  his  art,  is  worthy  of  the  senate  I 
liis  virtue'."     In  another  place  he  says  of  lum,  "that  he  w 


OF   CICERO.  37 

iul<l  be  tempted  to  commit  a  fraud  for  t)ie  paltry  tiiin)  of 
IT  bond  red  '. 

At  the  time  of  Cicero's  return  from  Gree«^,  tbere  reigned 
the  Forum  two  oratore  of  noble  birtli  and  great  authority, 
tta  and  Hortensius,  whose  glory  inflamed  him  with  an 
lulation  of  their  virtues.  Cotta's  «-ay  of  speaking  was  calm 
i  easy,  flowing  wjtb  great  elegance  and  propriety  of  dic-tion : 
irtensius's  sprightlvi  elevated,  and  warming  both  by  bis 
rds  and  actions  ;  wbo  being  the  nearer  to  him  in  age,  about 
^t  years  older,  and  excelluig  in  his  own  taste  and  manner, 
«  cMnsidered  by  him  more  particularly  as  his  pattern,  or 
npeiitor  rather,  in  glory  '•  The  business  of  pleading, 
DUgb  a  profession  of  all  others  tlie  mofit  laborious,  yet  was 
It  mercenaiy,  or  undertaken  for  any  pay;  for  it  was  illesitl 

take  money,  or  to  accept  even  a  present  for  it:  but  ihe 
Ae«t,  the  greatest,  and  the  noblest  of  Rome  freely  offered 
eir  talents  to  the  service  of  their  citizens,  as  the  common 
tardiani!  and  protectors  of  tlic  iinioceiiC  and  distressed  '. 
his  was  a  constitution  as  old  as  Romulus,  who  assigneil  the 
itrooage  of  tJie  people  to  the  patricians  or  senators,  without  fee 

reward :  but,  in  succeeding  ages,  when,  through  the  avarice 

the  nobles,  it  was  become  a  custom  for  all  clients  to  make 
nual  presents  to  their  patrons,  by  which  tlie  body  of  the  tnti- 
ns  was  miMe  tributary  as  St  weru  to  the  senate,  M.  Cinciits, 

tribune,  published  a  law,  prohibiting  all  senators  toi^take 
oney  or  gifts  on  any  account,  and  especially  for  pleading 
uses.  In  the  contest  about  this  law,  Cicero  mentions  a 
lart  reply  made  by  the  tribune  to  C.  Cento,  one  of  the 
ators  who  opposed  it ;  for  when  Cento  asked  him,  with  some 
jrn,  "  What  is  it,  my  little  Cincius,  that  you  are  making  all 
is  stir  about  7"  Cincius  replied,  "  that  you,  Caius,  may  pay 
r  what  you  use  '."  We  must  not  imagine,  however,  that  this 
neroeity  of  the  great  was  wholly  disinterested,  or  without 
y  expectation  of  fruit;  for  it  brought  the  noblest  which  a 


:  noliiil. 

Pro 

K.B. 

Dito  lum  eirellebanl  ontoTre,   nui  me  imiUDdi  cnpiditali-  incium 

It,   Coll 

Diwrli  igitiirboiuinii,  elf»iilo1aboranti!,qiiod(]uEinfnitriiie.t  nioribi 

1.,  n.iii« 

iMi  tt  oon  grmte  n  gratuilo  Jefendentis,  U-ntficiii  el  [mtnwinia  ItU 
tfuia  legem  Cincum  <Ie  donis  et  nrnncrih.n,  nni  quia  VKlignlii  jam  t 

p««,l. 

De 

t  miwnt 

liarii 

'  Cincliii 

l>f|lK 

i,  b  uii  Tclis.    Cic.deOrBt.2.  71. 

fha  Cinciui  liw  tu  mide  in  the  year  of  Bonie  S49,  uid  rccnmmended  to  ihe  people, 
Cieero  uIIk  ui,  bj  Q.  Fibiua  Muimiu,  iu  ihe  cilreBiiiy  t>r  faU  lee,  Dc  Scnecl.  t. 
L  l>igh.  Annkl.  tODi.  2.  p.  218. 


Ubcral  tnind  cutild  receive,  the  fruit  of  praise  and  honour  fi 
tht-'  ^>ul>lic  loice  of  their  country  ;  it  was  the  proper  instrom 
of  their  ambition,  luid  (he  sure  means  of  advancitig  them  j 
the  fifHt  diftiitiea  of  the  state ;  they  gave  tJieir  labours  to  a 
people,  ana  the  people  repaid  them  with  the  honours  aad  p~ 
iprmerits  which  they  had  the  power  to  bestow :  this  was  a  « 
and  happy  constitution,  where,  by  a  necessary  conn&uon  I 
tween  virtue  and  honour,  they  served  mutually  to  prodqf 
and  perpetuate  each  other;  where  the  reward  of  none 
vxcited  merit,  aad  merit  never  foiled  to  procure  honours; 
oidv  policy  which  can  make  a  itadon  great  and  prosperous. 

Thus  tlie   three  orators  just  mentioned,  according'  to  I 
custom  and  constttuiion  of  Rome,  were  all  severally  emphv' 
tliis  summer  in  suin^  for  the  difTcrent  offices,  to  wbicn  Q 
difTerent  age  and  rnnk  gave  them  a  right  to  pretend ;  Com  ' 
for  ttie  consuliihip,  Hortensius  tlie  sedileship,  Cicero  the  qu«»- 
torship;  in  which  they  all  succeeded:  and  Cicero  especialljr 
had  tlie  hoTiour  to  he  cliosen  the  first  of  all  his  competitors  of 
the  unanimous  nuffrage  of  the  tribes  ;  and  in  the  first  year  in  | 
which  he  was  capable  of  it  by  law,  the  tliirty-first  of  his  age'.    1 

The  qiiafstors  were  the  general  receivers  or  treasurers  of  dht  ' 
Republic;  whose  number  had  been  gradually  enlarged  with 
the  bounds  and  revenues  of  the  empire  from  two  to  twenty,  u 
it  now  stood  from  the  last  regulation  of  Sylla.     They  were 
sent  annually  into  tlie  several  provinces,  one  with  every  pro«  ' 
consul  or  governor,  to  whom  they  were  next  in  authority,  and  j 
had  the  proper  equipage   of  magistrates,  the   liclors  carryiif  1 
the  fiisees  before  them :  which  was  not,  however,  allowed  to 


Bb  fand  opmt  to  Uui  virtue  ami  tndtMn-  of  every  [iriwtv 
^^■ca;  ajiH  ihv  i'v/^ahy  at  thh  !»ovrri*i^i  coun(.-il  niainUiiMH] 
Btji  ntcceMinti  of  membcrti,  whose  dUtinguishctl  merit  Wt 
Kk  TBOOnimcadpd    dicm   lo  tlic  notice  and   favour  of  tlirir 

^HQie  BotuuU  iif  tltU  year  were  Co.  Octa^-iw  sitd  C.  S(Tib»^ 

Bhl  Cttrio ;  the  first   was  Cicero's  particular  fri^itd,  a  tirrvotf    . 

Hr  nnfalar  ttumanity  and  henevolence,  liiil  cruelly  afflidMl 

bttfa  uc  gout:  wltvm  Ciuero  tlterefure  ur^«4  tt*  an  example 

Emnu  tbe  Epicureans,  to  sbew,  tliiit  a  lite  >)upportetl  by  ui> 

Bawqt  eotitd   nut  bv  made  miserable  bv  psiin  '.     Tbe  •oron^  ~ 

^Mt  y  profetNed  orator,  or  pleader  at  ide  bar,  uliere  he  nttM 

Hn#  Mune  credit,  without  any  other  accompltvbnient  of  affl 

^^^■Itrv,  tban  a  certniii  purity  aiid  splendour  of  hn^ta^^m 

^BtreA  boat  the  inmitutinn  of  a  Catber  who  «rii»  e^trvmed  titr 

Bi  eloquence :   his  action  vras  vebement.  with  mi  absurd  a 

Bkmer  of  waving  bJs  Irody  from  one  stdc  to  the  other,  as  le 

|Hve  occaLfiun  to  a  jei>l  upon  Kim,  tiukt  be  had  learned  to  ■prtth 

■  D  a  boat.     Tliey  were   bolli  of  them,    however,  jntwl  m;igi»- 

Ibates;  such  as  the  present  state  of  the  Republic  required; 

I  firm  to  the  interests  of  the  senate,  and  tlie  bite  e»L-tl>lUhnient 

I  Bade  hy  Sylla,  which  the  tribunes  were  labouring  by  all  tbdr 

I  Vts   to   overthrow.       These  consuls,    therefore,   were   called 

f  before   tbe  people  by  Stcinius,  a  bold  and  fiieiioiK  iribtinc,  to 

I    declare  their  opinion  about  tlie  revocalion  'it'  S   I'.'-    ..  ■-.    i  iH 

the  restoration  of  the  Iribuntcian  power,  "iii  i; 

only  question  that  engaged  the  /eal  and  aili''  '  ,  _,  : 

Curio  spoke  much  aeainst  it  with  his  nsuaJ  vehemence  and 

■gitatioD  of  body;  while  Octavius  sat  by,  crippled  with  the 

gont,  and  wrapped  up  in  plabters  aod  ointments.  When  Cnrio 

Had  done,  the  tribune,  a  man  of  humourous  wit,  told  Octaviin, 

■dni  honora — [In  Vctt.  Act,  1.  4.]  Popolnm 
~Ho,  ct  m  iltunuo  gnda  dwnit&tii^  mi 
a.    [pMt  rad.  ad  Sen.  1,1     ha  mmfiia 

K>  papolo,  adltUMue  in  ilium  ■nDimum  ordincin  ami 

iBacibWliaUnt.    PnSext.eS. 

Tktataaat  af  Oe  mnaer  of  filling  up  the  kdiW  i>  confirmcil  by  on 
— n«f  Olcas'iii«k«:  fcrcxmniple  ;  vhcn  Cictin  n*  cIccWd  adilc.  Ilie  n 


_.._,_ .      Yen.  1.1.  S.]     Agjiiii, 

to  tarn,  kc  begged  of  yoang  Cnrio,  u  he  did  of  ajf  bii  fr 


r.     [In  Ven.  1.  1.  6.]     Anin:  nhen  tbc  eotoi 
'■■''■■'    ifbi. 
In  hi 
onlyquirtor,  *m  rIecwJ  tribune ;' upon  which,  Clcrro.  ii 


.  of  yoqng  Cnno,  u  he  did  of 
DDged  to  Mm  bejond  the  jnr, 
Mtor,  *M  elect*d  tribune;  opo 


dt  pnnioti«i,  ti 

k  ukad  it  of  him  bcloR  H  of  *  Kixtor  of  the  uoblot  binb,  ud  ■  voutli  of  th 
intcmt;  but  now  of  m  tribune  of  the  people,  vho  had  the  power  to  gnat  his 
■ktd.     Boat.  Fjud.  3.  7. 
'  De  Fin,  2.  IS. 


u 


that  he  could  never  make  amendi  to  An  eidlea^e 
service  of  that  day ;  for  if  he  bad  not  (akm  much  pains 
away  the  flies,  tliey  would  certaialy  have  devoured  him 
while  SiciniuB  was  pursuing  hia  seditioufi  practices,  and  ■■■ 
all  endeavours  to  excite  the  people  to  some  violence  agM 
the  senate,  he  was  killed  by  the  management  of  Curio,  h 
tumult  of  his  own  raising*. 

We  have  no  account  of  the  precise  time  of  Cicero'i  m 
riage;  which  was  celebrated  most  probably  in  the  end  of  d 
preceding  year,  immediately  after  his  return  to  Romet  «" 
lie  was  about  thirty  years  old :  it  cannot  be  placed  ] 
because  his  daughter  was  married  the  year  before  h' 
ship,  at  the  age  only  of  thirteen ;  though  we  suppow  h 
be  born  this  year  on  the  fifth  of  August,  which  is  mi 
to  be  her  birth-day'.  Nor  is  there  any  thing  certain  d 
of  the  family  and  condition  of  his  wife  'lerentia;  yet  |„ 
her  name,  her  great  fortune,  and  her  sister  Fabia's  being'i 
of  the  vestal  virgins',  we  may  conclude,  that  she  was  noU 
descended.  This  year,  therefore,  was  particularly  fortantt 
to  him,  as  it  brought  an  increase,  not  only  of  issue,  bat  ■ 
dignity  into  hit  family,  by  raising  it  from  the  equestrian  to  d 
senatorian  nmk ;  and,  by  this  early  taste  of  popular  liivoa 
gave  him  a  sure  presage  of  his  future  advancement  to  tl 
superior  honours  of  the  Republic. 


«l 


aPadiD 


kj«i 


■"S 


one  pnetOT,  or  snpMM  simmar,  1 
ittDsed  Slili  to  bave,  «oli  cf  tlMB,*  dl  .  , 

rnred  (Lis  offit%  not  MB  gtf^  batfttnat;  and  c 
hesajs,  as  a  public  AMtrCk  in  whidi  Aa  ena  of  dw  woiM  .. 
-^  turned  upon  him;  ud,  Uud  he  miglU  Mt  ik  put  Wlffc  IJw 
„.nter  credit,  resolved  to  dnoto  Ut  Wtatd*  attwihaB  to  1^  Mid 
ti  denv  himself  everv  pkame,  every  gntififlitioa  of  Ui  ipp^ 
litev  eveu  the  most  inndccnt  and  tninial,  4ioh  coaU  ebitaat 
fte  laiidable  discharge  oCit*. 
Sicily  wa-H  usually  called  the  gianvy  of  the  RepnbUe*;  m4 
«  uuKAtor'e  chief  employmeiit  bi  it  was,  to  supply  corn  and 
Ruvwions  for  the  use  of  the  city  ;  hot  there  happening  tu  bo  a 
peculiar  scarcity  this  yea  at  luitne,  it  made  the  people  very 
dBliiOTOu5,  and  ^ve  tlid  tribunei  an  opportunity  of  ijiilamjiv 
^enttfae  more  estsily,  by  ehar^ii^  it  to  the  loss  of  the  tribui '  '  - 
JKHKr,  aud  their  bein?  left  a  prey  by  tliut  means  to  the  op 
Ron  of  the  great  *.  It  wai  Decenary,  therefore,  lo  the  p 
quiet,  to  scud  out  W^^aod  ipeedy  supplies  from  Sic 
which  the  island  was  like  to  be  drained ;  so  that  Cicero  li 
££cult  task  to  furnish  what  was  ^sufficient  for  the  dcnuuiits  4 
die  city,  without  being  grievoni  tit  the  same  time  to  (he  p 
Htires;  yet  he  iiiaiiagcd  the  matter  with  m  inuehfj 
■nd  addiwi,  diat  he  made  Tery  great  exportadaol 
any  burden  upon  the  prorioce ;  shewing  great  court  _ 
wbile  to  the  dealeis,  justice  to  the  merchants,  g^neronty  to 
the  inhabitants,  humanity  to  the  allies :  and,  in  short,  doitv 
all  manner  of  good  offices  to  every  body,  by  which  he  gained 
the  love  and  admiration  of  all  the  Sicilians,  who  decreed 
greater  honours  to  him,  at  his  departure,  than  they  had  ever 
decreed  before  to  any  of  their  chief  governors '.  During  his 
residence  in  the  country,  several  young  Romans  of  quality, 
who  served  in  the  army,  having  committed  some  great  clisorder 
and  offence  against  martial  discipline,  ran  away  to  Rome  for 
fear  of  punishment;  where,  being  seized  by  the  magistrates, 
they  were  sent  back  to  be  tried  before  the  pnetor  in  Sitrily: 
but  Cicero  undertook  their  defence,  and  pleaded  for  them  ao 
well,  that  he  got  them  all  acquitted*;  and  by  that  means 
oUiged  many  considerable  families  of  the  city. 


*  IM  qmttor  lum&ctuf,  ut  mi 

■X 

™o^£'m?,m'Z"«i 

lb.*. 

«■    dttUd 

ted  eli.tt  credi- 

V 

ortri>  th» 

tro  TtnuH  ciiKi- 

■um;  at  omiii«irai*r  quir  jn 

und 

.v^dmtureno.r 

oDiDddahigei 

mordiniriis  cnpi- 

>  nb  H.  Cato  Hpiciu,  cellun 

x-n 

tS'B^^SS!^ 

1 

Vtrr.  ].S 

ri«m  pie 

14. 
i.  RonuiuiiSW- 

•  nd.  Ont.  Caum  in  toffont 

S. 

lu«. 

•  Pnn«m(i  infumm.  cmriuic 

mil 

mum  numcrum 

iniH 

mm;  negoriuoribuf  conrf^ 

42  THE  LIFE 

In  the  lioun  of  leisure  from  his  provincial  aflairs,  he  em*' 

E toyed  himself  very  diligently,  as  he  used  to  do  at  Rome,  in 
is  rhetorical  studies;  agreeably  to  the  rule  which  he  con^ 
staiitly  inculcates,  never  to  let  one  day  pass  without  some  ex* 
ercise  of  that  kind :  so  that,  on  his  return  from  Sicily,  hit 
oratorica]  talents  were,  according  to  his  own  judgment,  in  their 
full  perfection  and  maturity  '.  The  country  itself,  famous  of 
old  for  its  school  of  eloquence,  might  afford  a  particular  invita- 
tion to  the  revival  of  those  studies  :  for  the  Sicilians,  as  ha 
tells  us,  being  a  sharp  and  litigious  people,  and  after  the  expul- 
sion of  their  tyrants,  hanng  many  controversies  among  them- 
selves about  property,  which  required  much  pleading,  were  the 
first  who  invented  rules,  and  taught  an  art  of  speaking,  ti 
which  Corax  and  Tysias  were  tne  first  professors;  an  Ut 
which,  above  all  others,  owes  its  birtli  to  liberty,  and  can  never 
flourish  but  in  a  free  air  *. 

Before  he  left  Sicily,  he  made  the  tour  of  the  island,  to  we 
every  thing  in  it  tliat  was  curious,  and  especially  the  city  <rf 
Syracuse,  which  had  ah^ays  made  tlie  principal  figure  in  its 
history.  Here  his  first  request  to  the  magistrates,  who  wwe 
shewing  him  the  curiosities  of  the  place,  was,  to  let  him  see  the 
tomb  of  Archimedes,  whose  name  had  done  so  much  honour  to 
it ;  but,  to  his  surprise,  he  perceived  that  they  knew  nothing 
at  all  of  the  matter,  and  even  denied  that  there  was  any  such 
tomb  remaining:  yet,  as  he  was  assured  of  it  beyond  all 
doubt,  by  the  concurrent  testimony  of  writers,  and  remem- 
bered the  verses  inscribed,  and  that  there  was  a  sphere  with  a 
cylinder  engraved  on  some  part  of  it,  he  would  not  be  dissuaded 
from  the  pains  of  seardiiiig  it  out.     When  they  had  carried 


OF   CICERO.  43 

tngenioiis  citizen,  if  it  had  not  been  discovered  to  them  by  a 
natire  of  Arpinum '."  At  the  expiration  of  his  year,  he  took 
leave  of  the  Sicilians  by  a  kind  and  affectionate  speech,  assui^ 
ing  them  of  his  protection  in  all  their  affiurs  at  Rome ;  in 
which  he  was  as  good  as  his  word»  and  continued  ever  after 
their  constant  patron,  to  tlie  great  benefit  and  advantage  of  the 
province. 

He  came  away  extremely  pleased  with  the  success  of  his 
administration ;  and  flattering  himself,  that  all  Rome  was  cele- 
brating his  praises,  and  that  the  people  would  readily  grant 
him  every  thing  that  he  desired:    in  which  imagination  he 
landed  at   Puteoli,  a  considerable  port  adjoining  to  Baiae,  the 
diief  seat  of  pleasure  in  Italy,  where  there  was  a  perpetual 
resort  of  all  the  rich  and  the  great,  as  well  for  the  delists 
of  its  situation,  as  the  use  of  its  baths  and  hot  waters.     But 
bere,  as  he  himself  pleasantly  tells  the  story,  he  was  not  a  little 
mortified  by  the  first  friend  whom  he  met;  who  asked  him,' 
*'  How  long  he  had  left;  Rome,  and  what  news  there  ?"  when 
he  answered,  **  That  he  came  from  the  provinces."     ^^  From 
Africa,  I  suppose,"  says  another :  and  upon  his  replying  with 
some  indignation,  *^  No ;  1  come  from  Sicily :"  a  third,  who 
stood  by,  and  had  a  mind  to  be  thought  wiser,  said  presently, 
**  How  !  did  you  not  know  tliat  Cicero  was  qusestor  of  Syra- 
cuse?"   Upon  which,  perceiving  it  in  vain  to  be  angry,  he 
fell  into  the  humour  of  the  place,  and  made  himself  one  of  the 
company  who  came  to  the  waters.     This  mortification  gave 
some  Jfttle  check  to  his  ambition,  or  taught  him  rather  how  to 
apply  it  more  successfully;  "and  did  him  more  ^ood,"  he  says, 
'*than  if  he  had  received  all  the  compliments  that  he  expected: 
for  it  made  him  reflect,  that  the  people  of  Rome  had  dull  ears, 
but  quick  eyes ;    and  that  it  was  his  business  to  T<ee"p7iimself 
always  in'  their  sight ;  nor  to  be  so  solicitous  how  to  make  them 
hear  of  him,  a^  to  make  them  see  him:  so  that,  from  this  moment, 
he  resolved  to  stick  close  to  the  Forum,  and  to  live  ])erpetually 
in  the  view  of  the  city  ;  nor  to  suffer  either  his  porter  or  his 
sleep  to  hinder  any  man's  access  to  him  ^" 

At  his  return  to  Rome,  he  found  the  consul,  L.  Lucullus, 
employing  all  his  power  to  repel  the  attempts  of  a  turbulent 
tribune,  L.  Quinctius,  who  had  a  manner  of  speaking  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  inflame  the  multitude,  and  was  perpetually 
exertini^  it,  to  persuade  them  to  reverse  Sylla's  acts^.  These 
acts  weie  odious  to  all  who  affected  popularity,  especially  to 
the  tribunes,  who  could  not  brook  with  any  patience  the  dimi- 


'  Tmm:.  Qua'«>t.  .5.  3.  ^  p^o  Pl.inc.  LVI. 

"  Ilom'i  ruin  summH  pot<  stitc  jirrpditii?,  tun)  ad   inflamraandos  animoe  raultitudinis 
i'<  ommodatus.     Pro  C'lucnt. '2f>.  IMut.  in  Luoill. 


nution  of  their  ancient  power;  vet  all  prudent  meu  wotf 
desirous  to  support  them,  as  the  t>est  foundation  of  a  lastiiif  : 
peace  and  firm  settlement  of  the  Republic  The  tribniw  j 
Siciiiius  made  tlie  first  attack  upon  Uiem  soon  after  SylVl 
death,  but  lost  his  life  in  the  quarrel ;  which,  instead  of  quench 
ing,  added  fuel  to  the  flame;  so  that  C.  Cotta,  one  of  the  not 
consuls,  a  man  of  moderate  principles,  and  obnoxious  to  nd- 
ther  party,  made  it  his  business  to  mt^ate  these  beats,  by 
mediaUng  between  the  senate  and  the  tribunes,  and  remitting 
«  part  of  the  restraint  that  Sylla  had  laid  upon  them,  so  fiur  M 
to  restore  them  to  a  capacity  of  holding  the  superior  magi^ 
tracies.  But  a  partial  restitution  could  not  satisfy  them ;  they 
were  as  clamorous  still  as  ever,  and  thought  it  a  treachery  (» 
be  quiet,  till  they  had  recovered  their  whole  rights ;  for  wniek 
purpose,  Quinctius  was  now  imitating  his  predecessor,  Sicinini^ 
and  exciting  the  populace  to  do  themselves  justice  ae;ainst  their 
oppressors,  nor  suffer  their  power  and  liberties  to  be  extorted 
from  them  by  the  nobles.  But  the  vigour  of  LucuUus  pre- 
vented  luni  from  gaining  any  farther  advantage,  or  malcingany 
impression  this  year  to  the  disturbance  of  the  public  peace  *. 

C.  Yerres,  of  whom  we  shall  have  occasion  to  say  more  here- 
after, was  now  also  prxtor  of  the  city,  or  the  supreme  adminis- 
trator of  justice;  whose  decrees  were  not  restrained  to  the 
strict  letter  of  the  law,  but  formed  usually  upon  the  principles 
of  common  equity ;  which,  while  it  gives  a  greater  liberty  of 
doing  what  is  right,  gives  a  greater  latitude  withal  of  doing 
wrong;  and  the  power  was  never  in  worse  hands,  or  more  cor- 
ruptly administered  than  by  Verres :  "  For  there  was  not  t 
in  Italy,"  says  Cicero,  "  who  had  a  lawsuit  at  Rome,  hut 


46  THE    UFE 

their  escape,  the  fp-eatest  part  was  destroyed,  and  among  dum 
their  ^ncral,  Spartacus,  fightine  bravely  to  the  last  at  At  ) 
}iead  of  his  desperate  troops  '■  This  was  called  the  semie  wir,  j 
for  whicli  Crassus  had  the  honour  of  an  ovation ;  it  boiw 
tbouglit  beneath  the  dignity  of  the  Republic  to  grant  a  AiS  ' 
triumph  for  the  conquest  of'^sUves:  but  to  bring  it  as  nearv 
posnble  to  a  triumph,  Crassus  procured  a  special  decree  of  tha 
senate,  to  authorize  liim  to  wear  the  laurel  crown,  which  was  tlw 
proper  ornament  of  the  triumph,  as  mjTtle  was  of  the  ovatira'. 
The  Sertorian  war  h^pened  to  be  finished  also  fortmiatelf 
near  the  same  time.  The  author  of  it,  Sertorius,  was  bred 
under  C.  Marius,  with  whom  he  had  served  in  all  bis  ma, 
with  a  singular  reputation,  not  only  of  martial  virtue,  but  of 
justice  and  clemency  i  for  though  he  was  firm  to  the  Maria 
party,  he  always  disliked  and  opposed  their  cruelty,  and 
advised  a  more  temperate  use  of  their  power.  After  tbe  deaA 
of  Cinna,  he  fell  into  fSylla's  hands,  along  with  the  consul 
Scipio,  when  the  army  arandoned  them :  Sylla  dismissed  him 
with  life,  on  tbe  account,  perhaps,  of  his  known  moderation ; 
yet,  taking  him  to  be  an  utter  enemy  to  bis  cause,  he  soon 
after  proscribed  and  drove  liim  to  the  necessity  of  seeking  hit 
safety  in  foreign  countries.  After  several  attempts  on  Amca, 
and  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  he  found  a  settlement  in 
Spain,  whither  all  who  fled  from  Sylla's  cruelty  resorted  to 
him,  of  whom  he  formed  a  senate,  which  gave  laws  to  the 
whole  province. — Here  by  his  great  credit  and  address,  he 
raised  a  force  sufficient  to  sustain  a  war  of  eight  years  against 
the  whole  power  of  the  Republic ;  and  to  make  it  a  question, 
whether    Rome  or   Spain   should    possess  the  empire  of  the 


OF  CICERO. 

to  Ae  mpport  of  Sertorius  ' :  but  instead  of  f[wiuHH 
expected  froni  Sertonus's  death,  he  mttml  tbe  nine.  < 
lie  tad  made  himself  the  chief,  and  put  an  rod  to  •  u. 
was  trholly  supported  by  the  reputaUou  of  thegennwl:  i 
Krolteti  provinces  pre§enUy  submiued  ;  and  ihe  amy  Ita 
BO  confidence  in   their  new  leader,  was  easily  hrekeo  and 
persed,  and  Perperna  himself  taken  prisoner. 

Pompey  is  celebrated  on  tliis  occasion  IVn-  aa  act  ni 
prudence    and  g;enerostty :   for  when  Perpema,  in  1 
taring  bis  life,  offered  to  make  some  importtnt  diBDO* 
to  put  into  his    hands  all   Kertorins's  pa^ien,  in  wU. 
MTeral  letters  from  the   principal  senators  of  UoiDe^  f 
htm  Ift  bring  bis  army  into  Italy,  for  the  sake  of  om 
tiie  present  government,  he  ordered  the  papem  tu  bh. 
without  rrodmg^  them,  and  Perperna  to  be  killed  witlwin 
ii^  Itini '.      He  knew  that  the  best  way  of  li«ii)ing  tlie  diac 
lejlts  of  the  city,  where  fection  was  petpetmliy  at  m 
£lliirb  the  public  quiet,  was  to  ease  people  of  those  fean 
»«flWtiionsne96  of  ^uih  would  suggest,  istbvr  tkaa  posv 
jikBecessity  of  seeking  their  security  from  a  chaiwe  of 
nd  die  overthrow  of  the  state '.     As  be  returned  into  ] 
Uie  head  at  tus  victorious  army,  he  happened  to  Ml  in 
widi  the  remains  of  those  fogitives,  who,  after  the  dei 
of  Spartacus,  bad  escaped  from    Ciassin,  and   were   .. 
their  w;iy  in  a  both'  to^variU  the    Alps,   whom   he   iiitcict-ptmOf 
and  entirely  cat  off,  to  the  number  of  five  thoDsand ;  and,  m  n 
letter  upon  it  to  ihe  senate,  said,  that  Crassns,  indeed,  had 
defeated  the  gladiators,  but  that  he  had  plucked  up  the  war  by 
the  roots  *.      Cicero,  likewise,  from   a  particular  dislike  to 
CrassDS,  s&ected  in  his  public  speeches  to  give  Pompey  the 
honour  of  finishing  this  war,  declaring,  that  the  very  &me  t4 
his  comuicr  had  broken  the  force  of  it,  and  his  presence  ex- 


'  Srlla  't  CmudIod,  at  pnsdliimni,  twmitDnuinc  Sntorinm,  pr^  nnuti  max 
bein  brrm  •  at  mnlla  >li«  Jimiiit  incolomn.     TeU.  I'it.2.  2S.  29. 

Jam  Aftkie,  jun  Bkleuibui  Innlu    fartnnun  riptniu,  id[hiih|oc  in  ocauuln — 

tandnp  HiRpAniun  unuTil Siuh  Uato  faoBti  nno  i]iipenl0re  reknlrre  m  Rouuih 

Doq  potuit:  mddiCuA  Metella  Cu.  PompeiuL  Ut  «f>tu  inri  <!]□,  c1  uidpiLi  temper 
tdt,  aRriTcic  :  nee  Umoi  print  bcUo,  qum  nionim  Kcleie  el  inddik,  adoclui  nt. 
Plor.  3,  22. 

nil  in  tantam  SerlnriuiD  umii  ctlnlit,  nl  ^i  qmnqnenninm  diiudicui  dcid  potaerit, 
HiiWLii  R(uiiuiiiT«  in  umia  pliu  cuet  roboni,  ct  uler  popular  iltcri  pviturui  font, 
Tttl.  P»l.  2.  90. 

A  M.  Pripcma  ct  iliii  conjuntii  in  FonriTJa  jntcrfectni  «t.  ocuvo  docatui  lui  anno; 
lauBui  dui.  el  adveniu  diiM  Impcntorca.  Pompnom  el  Metf  llom,  fcpe  par,  fnqnenliii* 
•iRn.     Ent.  Ut.  96.     Vid.  etiun  Plul.  in  Scrtario  tt  Pomp.     Appiui.  p.  418. 

•  Pint.  iQ  Pomp.     Appi«i.*23. 

>  Id  unto  cirium  numeco,  magu  mnltitudo  at  eoraiD,  qni  proptrr  metum  pone, 
(tteaurum  luonim  eoiurii,  ngioi  moiui  convtnionexiiio  Rcip.  querunt.  Pro  Sat.  46. 

a  ittfoe  imminutum  ut;   idrentii 
ui  eliam  tprvitia  virtato  Tictoriaque 


For  ihiN  victory  in  Spain,  Pompey  obtained  a  second  tri- 
umph, while  lie  van  fltill  only  a  private  citizen,  and  of  ^ 
equestmn  nink:  but  the  next  day  lie  took  possession  of  tlw 
GonsulKliiii,  to  wliich  lie  had  been  elected  in  bis  absence ;  and, 
as  if  he  had  been  born  to  command,  made  his  first  entiy  into 
the  senate  in  tlie  pri){>or  post  to  preside  in  it.  He  was  not  yet 
full  thirty-MX  years  old;  but  the  aenate,  by  a  decree,  dispensed 
with  the  inciipitdly  of  his  a<rc  and  absence,  and  qualified  him 
to  hold  the  liiirhciit  mEif^istriic)-,  before  he  was  capable,  by  law, 
of  pretendinj;  even  to  the  lowest;  nnd  hy  hid  authority  M. 
Crassus  was  elected  also  for  his  collenmuc  '. 

C'rasHus's  fatlier  and  elder  brother  lost  their  lives  in  the  ma^ 
sacreA  of  Mariiit  and  Cinna;  but  he  himself  escaped  into  Sptun, 
and  lay  there  concealed  till  Sylla'a  return  to  Italy,  whither  ba 
presently  resorted  to  him,  in  hopes  to  revenge  the  ruin  of  hii 
fortunes  and  fuinily  on  the  opposite  faction.  As  he  H-as  at- 
tached to  Sylla's  eiiiiae,  both  by  interest  and  inclination,  so  he 
was  much  conNidered  in  it;  and,  being  extremely  greedy  aod 
rapacious  made  use  of  all  bis  credit  to  enrich  himself  by  the 
plunder  of  the  enemy  and  the  purchase  of  confiscated  estates, 
which  Cicero  calls  his  harvest.  Hy  these  methods  he  raised 
an  immense  wealth,  computed  at  many  millions,  gathered  ^m 
the  spoils  und  calamities  of  his  country.  He  used  to  say,  that 
no  man  could  be  reckoned  rich  who  was  not  able  to  maintun 
an  army  out  of  his  own  rents':  and,  if  the  accounts  of  anti- 
quity I>e  true,  the  iinmber  of  his  slaves  was  scarce  inferior  to 
that  of  a  full  army  :  which  instead  of  being  a  burthen,  made 
one  part  of  his  revenue ;  being  all  trained  to  some  useful  art  or 


OF   CICERO.  49 

kis  eau^  and  fiuniliar  address,  and  a  readiness  to  assist  ail  who 
wantea  either  his  protection  or  his  money,  acquired  a  great 
aathority  in  all  the  public  affairs ;  so  that  I^ompey  was  glad  to 
eabrace  and  oblige  him,  by  taking  him  for  his  partner  in  the 
fwwnkihip. 

five  years  were  now  almost  elapsed,  since  Cicero's  election 
Id  the  Qiuestorship ;  which  was  the  proper  inter\'al  prescribed 
by  law,  before  he  could  hold  the  next  office  of  tribune  or  sedile; 
and  it  was  necessary  to  pass  through  one  of  these  in  his  way  to 
the  superior  dignities :  ne  chose  therefore  to  drop  the  tribu- 
nate, as  being  stripped  of  its  ancient  power  by  tne  late  ordi- 
nance of  Sylla,  and  began  to  make  interest  for  the  aedileship, 
while  Hortensius  at  the  same  time  was  suing  for  the  consulship. 
He  had  employed  all  this  interval  in  a  close  attendance  on  the 
Forum,  ana  a  perpetual  course  of  pleading  ^  which  greatly 
advanced  his  interest  in  the  city ;  especially  when  it  was  ot- 
lerved,  that  he  strictly  complied  with  the  law,  by  refusing  not 
only  to  take  fees,  but  to  accept  even  any  presents,  in  which 
the  generality  of  patrons  were  less  scrupulous '.  Yet  all  his 
orations  within  this  period  are  lost ;  of  which  number  were 
those  for  M.  Tullius  and  L.  Varenus,  mentioned  by  Quintilian 
and  Priscian,  as  extant  in  their  time. 

Some  writers  tell  us,  that  he  improved  and  perfected  his 
action  by  the  instructions  of  Roscius  and  .-Esopus ;  the  two 
most  accomplished  actors  in  that,  or  periiaps  in  any  other  age; 
the  one  in  comedy,  the  other  in  tragedy  *.  He  had  a  great 
esteem  indeed  for  them  both,  and  admired  the  uncommon 
perfection  of  their  art:  but  though  be  condescended  to  treat 
tbem  as  friends,  he  would  have  disdained  to  use  them  as  masters. 
He  had  formed  himself  upon  a  nobler  plan,  drawn  his  rules  of 
action  from  nature  and  philosophy,  and  his  practice  from  the 
most  perfect  speakers  then  livinjr  in  the  world;  and  declares 
the  theatre  to  be  an  improper  scliool  for  the  institution  of  an 
orator,  as  teaching  gestures  too  minute  and  unmanly,  and  la- 
bouring more  about  the  expression  of  words,  than  of  things  * : 
nay,  he  laughs  sometimes  at  Hortensius  for  an  action  too  fop- 
pish and  theatrical  %  wbo  used  to  be  ndlied  on  that  very 
account,  by  the  other  pleaders,  with  the  title  of  "the  player;" 

'  (.'um  iiritur  esscm  in  plurimis  causis,  ct  in  principibus  {latronis  quinquennium  fcrc 
vprsa.tu«.     Brut.  p.  440. 

=<  Plut.  Cir.  3   i},i,]. 

♦  Qui*  ru-fcX  rtpus  esse  Ora  tori  in  hoc  oratorio  motu,  9tattiqnc.  Ro^ii  pf-itum? — tamrn 
Tifxno  >uaj-cnt  «tu«liopifi  diccndi  adoWrcntilms  in  gc*tu  discendo  hKriouuin  in<ire  clal»o- 
njT.     I)e  Onit.  L.  50.     Vid.  Tu?c.  ni^j).  4.  25. 

0:nn«-6  autcni  hos  motus  *>ul*equi  debet  gt-stus  :  non  hir  verha  pxprimcii*.  ">roniiMi*, 
«rii  uTiiverfani  rem  et  sentenliam ;  non  demonstrationc  »ed  Mpnitiratioiic  declajans,  latc- 
Him  inflertjonr  hac  forti  zc  virili,  non  ab  s^ena  et  histrionibue.     lb.  3.  .50. 

-  INiUincius  Pationum  tuum — cerviculam  jaciaturtim.     In  Voir.  L.  3.  If'. 

E 


so  tliat,  ill  th«  cause  of  P.  Sylla,  T<»^iiatus,  a  free  speaker  « 
the  otiior  kiiIi?,  iiilted  )iim,  Dy  way  of  ridicule,  Dionyaia,  ■ 
actress  of  those  tiiiic:^  in  great  request  for  her  dancing '.    Yi 
Hortciisius  himself  was  so  1^  from  borrowing  his  manner  bm 
tlic  stjtgc,  that  the  stage  borrowed  from  liim ;  nnd  tfae  two  edi 
brated  actors  just  mentioned,  Roscius  and  vEaopus,  are  n_ 
to  have  nttendod  all  the  trials  in  wliich  he  pleadea,  in  ords  IK 
perfect  the  action  of  the  tlieatre  by  tliat  of  the  Foram ;  whidi 
seems  indeed  to  bo  tlie  more  natural  method  of  tfae  two,  tb 
they  who  .ict  in  feigned  life  sliould  take  their  pattern  from  d 
true;  not  those  who  represent  the  true  copy  from  that  whidi 
feigned '.  We  are  told,  however,  by  others,  what  does  not  seea  ' 
nhidlT imprnhnMr.  thit  Virrrtr irinl  tn  rlivrri himnrlf  nnmrtimn 
'  with  floscius,  and  make  it  an  exercise,  or  trial  of  skill  between 
',   tliem,  which  could  express  the  same  passion  the  most  varioutly) 
t)ie  one  by  words,  die  other  by  gestures '. 

As  Iio  had  now  devoted  himself  to  a  life  of  business  and 
ambition,  so  he  omitted  none  of  the  usual  arts  of  recommend- 
ing himself  to  popular  favour,  and  facilitating  his  advance- 
ment  to  the  superior  honours.  He  thought  it  absurd,  "  that 
when  every  Httlc  artificer  knew  tlie  name  and  use  of  all  hii 
tools,  a  statesman  should  neglect  the  knowledge  of  men,  who 
were  the  proper  instruments  with  which  he  was  to  work:  he 
made  it  his  misiness  therefore  to  learn  the  name,  the  place, 
and  the  condition  of  every  eminent  citizen ;  what  estate,  what 
friends,  what  neighbours  lie  had ;  and  could  readily  point  oat 
their  several  houses,  as  he  travelled  through  Italy  ."  This 
knowledge,  which 


OF  CICERO.  51 

1^  to  salute  them  all  femiliarljr,  and  shake  hands  with  them,/ 
hm  particular  acquaintance '. 

Fhtarch  says,  *<  that  the  use  of  these  nomenclators  was  con- 
ay  to  the  laws ;  and  that  Cato,  for  that  reason,  in  suing  for 
\  ihe  pnblic  offices,  would  not  employ  any  of  them,  but  took 
'  dl  that  trouble  upon  himself."  but  that  notion  is  fully  con- 
fcled  by  Cicero,  who,  in  his  oration  for  Murena,  rallies  the 
afcsvrd  rieour  of  Cato's  stoical  principles,  and  their  inconsis- 
tency with  common  life,  from  the  very  circumstance  of  his 
iKTing  a  nomenclator — "What  do  you  mean,"  says  lie,  "  by 
keeping  a  nomenclator?  The  thing  itself  is  a  mere  cheat: 
fiyrif  it  be  your  duty  to  call  the  citizens  by  their  names,  it  is  a 
ihame  for  your  slave  to  know  them  better  than  yourself. — 
Why  do  you  not  speak  to  them  before  he  has  whispered  vou  ? 
Or,  after  he  has  whispered,  why  do  you  salute  them,  as  if  you 
knew  them  yourself  r*  Or,  when  you  have  gained  your  elec- 
tion, wby  do  you  grow  careless  about  saluting  them  at  all  ? 
AU  this,  if  examined  by  the  rules  of  social  lite,  is  right ;  but 
if  by  the  precepts  of  your  philosophy,  very  wicked  *."  As  for 
Cicero  himself,  whatever  pains  he  is  said  to  have  taken  in  this 
way,  it  appears  from  several  passages  in  his  letters,  that  he 
constantly  had  a  nomenclator  at  his  elbow  on  all  public  oc- 


casions *, 


He  was  now  in  his  thirty-seventh  year,  the  proper  age  for 
holding  the  aedileship,  which  was  the  first  public  preferment 
that  was  properly  called  a  magistracy ;  the  quaestorship  being 
an  office  only  or  place  of  trust,  without  any  jurisiliction  in  the 
citv,  as  tlie  aidiles  had  *.  These  a^diles,  as  well  as  all  the  in- 
ferior officers,  were  chosen  by  the  ]>eople  votinj^  in  their 
tribes;  a  manner  of  electing  of  all  the  most  free  and  popular  : 
in  which  Cicero  was  declared  jedile,  as  he  was  bef<»re  elected 
qujestor,  by  the  unanimous  suffrage  of  all  the  tribes,  and  pre- 
ferably to  all  his  competitors  *. 

There  were  originally  but  two  a»diles,  chosen  from  the  body 
of  the  people,  on  pretence  of  easing  the  tribunes  of  a  share  of 


'    ViJ.  fie  pctitione  C'onsulai.  xi. 

MercPinnr  «cn'inn.  qni  iliriot  nnmina:  l.Tvum 
Qui  fodiat  latu*,  ct  neat  trans  jninrl'^nMlrxtram 
PorriiTfTC.     Hir  njultuni  in  Faliia  \aU't,  illr  Vilina: 
ruililict  liir  fasces  <labit.,  \c. — Hot.  Kpi-l.  1.  'J. 
'  Pint,  in  C'ato.  3  j»ro  Murmn,  IMi. 

*  L"t  ni-iiio  nuiliu*  ordinis  homo  noinenflatori  notiis  f"ii«rit,  qui   ni.iii   i.li'. j:ini   non 
vfr.tr •.      Ad  Att.4.  1. 

'    riiis   will  €Xpi;iin   what  Citero  &av>  ab^ivp  of  Ponif»<'v's  <nur.u2   upon    tl:«'   «on 
'  irfilj).  a:  aii  :i-zr  when  hi*  ua*  inra]»;ihu'  r.'vcn  <»f  the  lowc-t  iiia;:i>ii  u y.      H".i,  ihou-.:h 
-'•"■f.Iy  sjw-jkiriir.  the  n'dil<^-hip  wa«  the  fir^t  which  wa?  inlliil  ;i   mniristir.*  \  ;   \«t  ('i»rro 
t-m-eif.  an*l  all    the  o'.d  writrr-.  jrive  l>.«-  '^ani*-  title  :ils(»  tn  the  in'.unii'--   m:  1  .,i:n->-u.|- 


.h-- 


t  Me  ri.m  qu.T-toieni  in  prinii-.  jrdileni  priorcnt — diniti-  -uflrn;'  >  |irp\i;r,-  Komnji'.i 
f.v  if!.-i»       1 1.  Pi«or.  I. 


F.  -2 


G2  THE    LIFE 

Utcir  trAiible :  wlionc  clitrf  duty,  from  which  the 
vm  t\crWei\,  wm  to  take  care  of  the  edifices  of  the  cntj ;  ndl 
to  inH(>ect  the  markets,  weightft,  and  measures  ;  and  Kgi-' 
late  the  shown  and  f^mes,  which  were  publicly  ezhilnleirM 
the  fcfitii'als  of  thoir  gods '.  The  senate  afterwards,  ^^Hf' 
an  op|wrtiintty  wlicn  the  people  were  in  good  humour,  n^ 
viuled  to  have  two  more  created  from  their  order,  ana  dt 
superior  rank,  called  curule  ffidiles,  from  the  arm-cbair  rf 
ivory,  in  which  they  sat  *.  But  the  tribunes  preseody  n* 
pented  of  tlieir  eoncesston,  and  forced  the  senate  to  cooMS^ ' 
that  these  new  a*diles  should  be  choiten  indifferently  from  Ac 
palriclan  or  plebeian  families '.  But  whatever  difference  tbtfl 
mifrlit  be  at  first  between  tbc  curule  and  plebeian  sediles,  tW 
province  and  authority  seem,  in  later  times,  to  be  the  nm^ 
without  any  distinction  but  what  was  nominal ;  and  the  tn, 
who  were  chosen  the  first,  were  probably  called  the  cmli 
ndilea,  as  we  find  Cicero  to  be  now  styled.  This  maeisttMy 
gave  a  precedence  in  the  senate,  or  a  priority  of  votmg  ul 
speaking  next  after  the  consuls  and  prtetora ;  and  was  the  fini 
tliat  qualified  a  man  to  hare  a  picture  or  statue  of  bimsel^  ui 
consequently  ennobled  his  femily ' :  for  it  was  from  the  nwobcr 
of  these  statues  of  ancestors,  who  had  borne  curule  offieo^ 
that  the  families  of  Rome  were  esteemed  the  more  or  ha 
noble. 

After  Cicero's  election  to  the  sRdileship,  but  before  Ui 
entrance  into  office,  he  undertook  the  famed  prosecution  of 
C.  Verrcs,  the  late  prietor  of  Sicily,  charged  with  many  fl^ 
grant  acts  of  injiislice,  rapine,  and  cruelty,  during  bis  trienniM 


I 


64  THE    UFE 

preU'niliHl  enemy  was  in  reality  a  secret  friend,  employedl 
Verrcs  liimself,  to  get  the  cause  into  his  hati(k,  in  oraci 
betray  it :  liis  prctotiidons,  however,  were  to  be  preTioualy  i 
vicled  by  a  kind  of  process  uilled  divination,  on  account  of 
beiitj^  wholly  conjuctiind;  in  which  the  judges,  withoot  < 
htilj)  of  witnesses,  were  to  divine,  as  it  were,  what  wm  fit  tft'' 
be  done  :  but  in  the  first  hearing  Cicero  easily  shook  off 
weak  antagonist,  ndlyin^r  his  character  and  pretensioiu  wi 
^eat  deal  of  wit  and  humour,  and  showin?,  that  the 
pntron  of  such  u  cause  could  not  be  one  who  offered 
tbrwnnlly,  but  who  was  drawn  to  it  unwillingly  from  the 
sense  of  his  duty ;  one  whom  the  prosecutors  desired,  and 
criminal  dreiuleu;  one  qualified  by  his  innocence,  as  well 
cxjterioncc,  to  sustain  it  with  credit;  and  whom  the  custon 
their  ancoiitors  pointe<l  out  and  preferred  to  iL  In  this  spee^fe' 
after  openin)^  the  reasons  why,  contrary  to  his  former  pTBCtiH|^ 
and  the  rule  which  he  had  laid  down  to  himself,  of  dedicatiaff 
his  labours  to  the  defence  of  tiie  distressed,  he  now  appesnd 


as  an  accuser,  lie  adds,  "the  provinces  are  utterly  u 
the  allies  and  tributaries  so  miserably  oppressed,  that  they  havi 
lost  even  the  hopes  of  redress,  and  seek  only  some  conubrt  in 
their  ruin :  those  who  would  have  the  trials  remun  in  the 
hands  of  the  senate,  eomphiin,  that  there  are  do  men  of  repu- 
tation to  inidertake  impeachments,  no  severity  in  the  judges: 
the  people  of  Home,  in  the  meanwhile,  though  labouring 
under  many  other  grievances,  yet  desire  nothing  so  ardently 
as  the  (Uicieiit  discipline  and  gravity  of  trials.  For  the  waut 
of  trials,    the   Iribuilitiau   power  is  called  for  again  :    for  the 


50  THE    LIFE 

senate,  but  in  a  forei^  tangua^,  and  to  talk  Greek 
Grecians '.     But  Cicero  answered  liim  with  suuh  Kfiicil 
re«olution,  urging  the  sunction  of  the  laws,  and  the  peni^H 
contemning  tlipin,  that  the  prtetor  was  furced  at  last  to  lei  hi 
carry  away  all  iho  voticiicrs  and  records  wliicb  be  requited'. 

D'ut  the  city  of  Mossaiia  continued  obstinate  to  the-  last,  and 
firm  in  its  cn^^cmcnts  with  Vcrres:  so  that  when  Cicero  oiM 
thither,  lie  received  no  compliments  from  the  magistrates,  as 
offer  of  refresltinents  or  quarters  ^  hut  was  left  to  shift  fgi 
himself^  and  to  be  taken  care  of  by  private  friends.  An  !&• 
dignity,  lie  says,  which  had  never  been  offered  before  to  K ^  -, 
senator  of  Home ;  whom  there  was  not  a  king  or  city  opM  * 
earth,  tliat  was  not  proud  tu  invite  and  accommodate  with  ft  | 
lodging.  But  he  mortified  tliem  for  it  severely  at  ihe  tnaif 
and  threatened  to  call  them  to  an  account  before  the  senate, 
as  for  an  affront  of  tlie  whole  order  *.  After  he  liad  tinished 
his  business  in  Sicily,  having  reason  to  apprehend  same  danget 
in  retuniing  home  "hy  land,  not  only  from  the  robbers,  wbo 
infested  all  those  roads,  but  from  the  malice  and  contrivance 
of  Verres,  he  chose  to  come  hack  by  sea,  and  arrived  at 
Home,  to  the  surprise  of  his  adversaries,  much  sooner  than  he 
was  expected  *,  and  full  chained  with  most  manifest  proob  of 
Verres'  guilt. 

On  his  return  he  found,  what  he  suspected,  a  strong  cabal 
formed  to  prolong  the  affair  by  all  the  arts  of  delay  which 
interest  or  money  could  procure',  with  design  to  throw  it 
off,  at  least  to  the  next  year,  when  Hortensiiis  and  Metellui 
were  tu  be  consuls,  and  Metellus's  brother  a  prsetor,  by  wlrne 
united  authority  the  prosecution  might  easily  be  baffled:  and 
they  had  already  carried  the  matter  so  far,  that  there  was  not 
time  enough  left  within  the  current  year  to  go  through  the 


OF   CICERO.  57 

M(  of  sBortening  the  method  of  the  proceeding  ',  so  as 
ng it  torn  issue,  at  any  rate,  before  the  present  praetor 
rfibm  aud  his  assessors,  who  were  like  to  be  equal 
'.    Instead,  therefore,  of  spending  any  time  in  speak- 

*  employing  his  eloquence,  as  usual,  in  enforcing  and 
iting  the  several  articles  of  the  charge,  he  resolvea  to  do 

more  than  produce  his  witnesses,  and  offer  them  to  be 
ated :  when  the  novelty  of  die  thing,  and  the  notoriety 
iiilt,  which  appeared,  at  once,  from  the  very  recital  of 
sitions,  so  confounded  Hortensius,  that  he  had  nothing 
r  his  client ;  who,  despairing  of  all  defence,  submitted, 
expecting  the  sentence,  to  a  voluntary  exile  '. 
this  account  it  appears,  that  of  the  seven  excellent 
which  now  remain  on  the  subject  of  this  trial,  tlie 
only  were  spoken,  the  one  called  the  Divination,  tlie 

First  Action,  which  is  nothing  more  than  a  general 
:o  the  whole  cause  :  the  other  five  were  published 
Is,  as  they  were  prepared  and  intended  to  be  spoken, 
had  made  a  regular  defence ;  for  as  this  was  the  only 
which  Cicero  had  yet  been  engaged,  or  ever  designed 
raged,  as  an  accuser,  so  he  was  willing  to  leave  these 
as  a  specimen  of  his  abilities  in  that  way,  and  the 
f  a  just  and  diligent  impeachment  of  a  great  and  cor- 
jistrate  *. 

!  first  contest  with  Caeciiius,  he  estimates  the  damage  of 
lans  at  above  eight  hundred  thousand  pounds  ^ ;  but  this 
mptitation  at  hirge,  before  he  was  distinctly  informed  of 
:  for  after  he  had  been  in  Sicily,  and  scon  what  the 
tually  amounted  to,  he  charges  them  at  somewhat  less 
that  sum  * ;  and  though  the  law,  in  these  cjiuses,  gave 
amages,  yet  no  more  seems  to  have  been  allowed  in 

the  single  sum ;  which  gave  occasion,  as  Plutarch 

•  to  a  sus])icion  of  some  corruption,  or  connivance  in 
or  suffering  so  great  an  abatement  of  the  fine :  but  if 
)  any  abatement  at  all,  it  must  needs  have  been  made 
insent  of  all  parties,  out  of  regard,  perhaps,  to  Verres' 


iininn*  confeilio  videtur  in  Vcrrnn  vi-l  rontnihcrc  tcmpom  dicenili  iii:i]iii!'<>o, 
1  annum,  qun  eiat  C^.  Hortensius  consul  futuru-s,  incidtiv.     Quintil.  <».  ."). 
turn  t-^t  n<»n  comniitltre,  «it  in  bar  cau^a  praetor  nolii-*  coiisiliiunqnc  uintctiir. 

h«'C — ut  utar  tcvtibus  «italini.  lb.—  S<.'<1  tantunnnodo  ritarct  tester — cl  coh 
tcnopindos  daroi:  <jua  art<-  ita  est  iatii;atu!»  Hortensius.  ut  niliil,  runtrafjutKl 
;niret :  ipse  etiaiu  Vcrns,  dtsperalo  patrocinio,  ?>tia  ftp<^»nte  dis< ederet  in 
rguin.  Asconii  in  Act.  J. 

is  orationibu!«  defensor  futurns,  arrus'itionis  «)frKiuni  liis  libiis,  qui  Verrina- 
nunciipaiitur.  conj|K:nR:ire  deerevit :  et — in  una  ruusa  viui  buju:-  ariis  et  clu- 
•^nstrart.     A><'on.  Arjfuni.  in  Lib.  it  in  Vrrr. 

nine  abs  tc,C'.  Vcrres,  sc?.tertiunj  millies  i  x  Icte  reiw^tn.  Divin.  in  Caril.  .5. 
I  C.  Vcrrem— qwu<hingeniie««  s-cstcrtiuni  ex  Sieilia  eontiu  lej;e«>  abittiili^se. 


58 

Bubminioti,  and  shortenine  the  trouble  of  the  p 

it  is  certain,  tlmt  so  br  m>in  leaving  any  imputatioB  « 

Bort  u[iun  Cicero,  it  highly  raised  tite  reputation,  bodiv 

abilities  uiid  iutefrrity,  as  of  one,  whom  neither  money  n 

bril)e  nor  power  terrify,  from  prosecuting  a  public  oppwMlc^^^ 

an«i  the  .Siciliumt  ever  siiter  retained  the  hignest  sense  <rf  ^^^r 

iterviceH,  and  on  uU  occasions,  testified  the  utmost  zeal  En  ^iw 

IterMOu  and  interests. 

From  the  coitclu^iion  of  these  onidons,  we  may  obaerrB, 
tlmt  Cicero's  vi<rour  in  tliis  cause  liad  drawn  upon  him  the  cnTy 
and  ill-will  of  the  nobility :  which  u'as  so  ha.,  however,  froa  • 
moving  him,  that,  in  open  deiiunce  of  it  he  declares,  "  that  ^ 
nobles  were  niitural  enemies  to  tlie  virtue  and  industry  of  dl 
new  men ;  and,  ai  if  they  were  of  anotlier  race  and  specie^ 
could  never  be  rcconcilen  or  induced  to  favour  them,  by  any 
ubaervaiice,  or  good  offices  whatsoever ;  that,  for  his  pwV 
therefore,  like  maiiv  others  before  him,  he  would  pursue  hit 
own  course,  and  make  his  way  to  the  tavour  of  tlie  people,  ami 
the  honours  of  the  ctate,  hy  his  diligence  and  faithful  service^ 
without  rcganting  the  quarrels  to  which  he  might  expose  him- 
self.— Tlutt  if,  in  this  triiil,  the  judges  did  not  answer  the  good 
opinion  wliieli  he  had  conceived  of  tliem,  he  was  resolved  ta 
jirosecutc,  not  only  tho^c  who  were  actually  guilty  of  cottui^ 
tion ;  but  tliDSC  too  who  were  privy  to  it ;  and  if  any  should  U 
so  autlacious  as  to  attempt,  by  power  or  artifice,  to  influeau 
the  bench,  and  screen  the  criminal,  he  would  call  him  to 
auswer  fur  it  before  the  people,  and  sliow  himself  more  vigoi^ 
ons  in  pursuing  him,  than  lie  hod  been  even  in  prosecuting 
V'erros '." 

But,  before  I  dismiss  the  cause  of  Verres,  it  will  not  be 
'mpropor    to  add   a   short  iiecount   of  some  of   his  principal 


OF   CICEBO. 

•eeuation  waa  divided  inta  four  heads:  I.  Of  c 

iH^njr  muses  ;  '2.  Of  extordoo  in  collMtin^  tbe  debet 
Hues  of  the  Republic;  3.  Of  plundcriug  u«Mibi«c<a 
miues  aiKl  wrouglit  plat«,  wbicb  wb>  Ua  peculiar 
Ofill^aJaiid  tvniDiiical  punishinentL  I  »k»Jl  gif 
a  or  two  of  each  from  the  great  umnber  lint  Qciera 
ed,  wliich  yet,  as  be  tells  as,  was  hat  m  auU  eztnct 
ifiuitely  greater,  of  vliicli  Verres  kad  b«en  uctmaUy 

as  not  an  estate  in  Sicily,  of  sm j  coandeniAe  nbtr^ 
been  disponed  of  by  will  for  twenhr  yean  pw^ 
es  bad  not  bis  einUsark«  at  work  lo  uia  mmdc  §^m 
,  or  some  omisUon  in  executing  the  oooditiMW  of 
',  as  a  ground  of  extortiug  looney  from  i&e  iMtr. 
esa,  a  man  of  eminent  quaCiy,  waa  in  qoiet  pow^ 
eat  inUentance,  left  lo  lum  by  ilie  will  of  *  reW 
had  enjoined  biro  to  erect  certain  »tatoe«  in  tb« 
he  cityi  on  the  penalty  of  forfeiting  tbe  estate  In 
ian  \'enus.  The  statues  were  erected  acmrdiog 
yet  \'e[Tes,  having  found  some  little  pretrocc  far 
itborned  an  ob»cure  SiciUao,  one  of  bis  own  u>- 
Bue  for  tbe  estate  in  the  name  of  VenuK;  and  wfam 
iras  brought  before  Mm,  forced  Dio  to  conyuaJ 
ir  about  nine  thousand  pounds,  and  to  yield  to  ham 
axis  bree*!  of  mares,  vdtb  all  (be  raloable  pUl«  and 


an  eminent  citizen  of  Halicig,  bad  been  i 

late  pnetor,  C.  Sacerdoa,  of  a  capital  crime,  of 
ras  boDonrably  acquitted;  but  when  Vetres  tuc- 

tbe  government,  tbe  proaecalora  renewed  tkeir 
1  brought  bim  to  a  second  trial  before  tbeir  new 

wbicfa  Sopater,  trusting  to  Im  inoocence,  and  tbe 
if  Sacerdoe,  readily  submitted  witbout  any  appre- 
langer.  After  one  bearing,  tbe  cause  was  aajourned, 
arcbides,  tbe  freedman  and  principal  M^ent  of 
le  to  Sopater,  and  admonisbed  him,  as  a  friend,  not 

too  much  on  the  goodness  of  bis  cause,  and  bis 
olution,  for  that  bis  adversaries  bad  resolred  to 
f  to  tbe  prsetor,  who  would  ratber  take  it  for  savii^, 
ying  a  criminal,  and  was  unwilling  likewise  to  reverse 
int  of  bis  predecessor.     Sopater,  surprised  at  this 

and  not  knowing  what  answer  to  make,  promised 

of  it;  but  declared  binwelf  un^le  to  advance  any 


Urge  sum.  Upon  consulting  his  friends,  Uiev  all  advlaed  iam 
to  take  the  hint,  and  make  up  the  matter;  so  tnat,  in  the  aeeaai 
ai-'eting  with  llmarchides,  after  alie^ng  his  particnlar  wu| 
of  money,  he  compounded  the  money  for  about  Bcrea  hnndrad 
pounds,  which  he  paid  down  upon  tne  spot '.  He  now  took 
ail  his  trouble  to  be  over:  but,  after  another  hearing,  the  canw 
was  still  adjourned ;  and  Tiroarcbides  came  again  to  let  hill 
know,  that  uis  accusers  had  offered  a  much  larger  sum  than 
what  be  had  given,  and  advised  him,  if  be  was  wise,  to  coDUikr 
well  what  he  had  to  do.  But  Sopater,  provoked  by  a  pr»- 
oeeding  so  impudent,  bad  not  the  patience  even  to  hear  Tt 
marchides,  but  flatly  told  him,  that  they  might  do  what  thw 

f 'leased,  for  he  was  determined  to  give  no  more.  All  im 
riends  were  of  the  same  mind,  imagining,  that  whalenr 
Verres  himself  might  intend  to  do,  he  would  not  be  able  to 
draw  the  other  judges  into  it,  being  all  men  of  the  first  figun 
in  Syracuse,  who  had  Judged  the  same  cause  already,  with  the 
late  preetor,  and  acquitted  Sopater.  When  the  third  heariag 
came  on,  Verres  ordered  Petilius,  a  Roman  kuigbt,  who  wm 
one  of  the  bench,  to  go  and  hear  a  private  cause,  which  wai 
appointed  for  that  day,  and  of  which  he  was  likewise  the  judge. 
Petiiius  refused,  alleging  that  the  rest  of  his  assessors  would 
be  engaged  in  the  present  triaL  But  Verres  declared,  that 
they  migtit  all  go  with  him  too  if  they  pleased,  for  be  did  not 
desire  to  detain  them ;  upon  which  they  all  presently  withdrew, 
some  to  sit  as  judges,  and  some  to  serve  their  friends  in  the 
other  cause.  Minuciua,  Sopater's  advocate,  seeing  the  bendi 
thus  cleared,  took  it  for  granted,  that  Verres  would  not  proceed 


or  CirEBO. 

tinier  by  his  clerfe  'nmarcliides,  he  commanded  Sopater  to 
•peak  wliat  he  bad  to  say  in  his  own  defence.  Sopater  im- 
flored  him,  by  all  (he  eo^s,  not  to  proceed  to  sentence  till  tlie 
KSt  of  the  judges  could  be  present ;  but  V'errea  called  tor  the 
vilnemes,  and,  after  lie  had  heard  one  or  two  of  them,  in  a 
■munary  way,  without  tlieir  being  interrogated  by  any  one,  put 
tn  «ncl  to  the  trial,  and  condemned  the  cnminal '. 

Among  the  various  branches  of  Verres'  illegal  gains,  tJie 
■le  of  offices  was  a  considerable  article ;  for  there  was  not  a 
magistracy  of  any  kind  to  be  disposed  of,  either  by  lot  or  a 
tnx  vote,  which  he  did  not  arbitrarily  sell  to  the  best  bidder. 
The  priesthood  of  Jupiter,  at  Syracuse,  was  of  all  others  the 
most  honourable :  the  method  of  electing  into  it  was  to  chnse 
tfaree  by  a  general  vote  out  of  three  several  classes  of  the 
nttiens,  whose  names  were  afterwards  cast  into  an  urn,  and 
llie  first  of  them  that  was  drawn  out  obtained  the  priesthood. 
Verres  had  sold  it  to  Theomnastua,  and  procured  him  to  be 
named  in  the  fir^t  instance  among  the  three :  but  as  the  re- 
Diiiining  part  was  to  be  decided  by  lot,  people  were  in  great 
expectation  to  see  how  he  would  manage  uiat  which  was  not 
■o  easily  in  his  power.  He  commanded,  therefore,  in  the  first 
place,  that  Theoranastus  should  be  declared  priest,  without 
casting  lot8 ;  but  when  the  8yracusians  remonstrated  against  it, 
an  contrary  to  their  religion,  and  the  law,  he  called  for  the  law, 
which  ordered,  "that  as  many  lots  should  be  made  as  there 
were  persons  nominated,  and  that  he,  whose  name  came  out 
the  first,  should  be  the  priest."  He  asked  them,  "  How  many 
were  nominated  ?'  they  answered,  "  Three  ;" — "  And  what 
more  then,"  says  he,  "  is  required  by  the  law,  than  that  three 
lots  should  be  cast,  and  one  of  them  drawn  out  i"'  They  an- 
swered, "  Nothing :"  upon  which  he  presently  ordered  three 
loti,  with  Theomnastus's  name  upon  every  one  of  them,  to  be 
cast  into  the  urn,  and  so,  by  drawing  out  any  one,  the  elecdon 
was  determined  in  his  &vour '. 

'Vhe  tenth  of  the  corn  of  all  the  conquered  towns  in  Sicily 
belonged  to  the  Romans,  as  it  had  formerly  done  to  their  own 

Erinces,  and  was  always  gathered  in  kind,  and  sent  to  Rome ; 
ut  as  this  was  not  sufficient  for  the  public  use,  the  praetors  had 
an  appointment  also  of  money  from  the  treasury  tur  the  cur- 
rent year.     Xow  the  manner  of  collecting  and  ascertaining  the 

«  Irte  tcMn  dlwi  jabet.  Didt  una*  M  dtsr  breriUr.  Nihil  inlm- 
t  PTODimtiit.  bu — pTDpenuu  de  wUa  uituit:  hominem  mno. 
9  mMoluttim,  indicia  cmk,  d«  icDtcntii  Kribe,  mcdid,  hsrnQFid»- 

'  NmH^'i^r  aporUrt  aM  Utt  wnm  eonjiri,  nnmni  eduei  ?  Nihil.  ConjidjubM 
tnL  b  qnibni  OBBibu  wripbuii  «mM  nanwn  TbeomiMti.  Fit  clamoT  nuximna— iU 
JgrWiUadMcradMiiiniamplUinumpBibuKntWBgin  TheDmnulaikliii.  Ib.il, 


Susntity  of  tithe*,  vtts  settled  by  an  old  lav  of  king  IKa% 
le  most  moderate  and  equitable  of  all  their  ancient  tyraiiM 
but  Verreft,  bv  a  Strang  sort  of  edict,  ordered,  that  the  ornntf 
should  pay  wtiatever  the  collector  demanded ;  but  if  he  a> 
acted  more  than  his  due,  that  he  should  be  liable  to  a  fine  if 
eight  dmes  the  value '.  By  this  edict,  he  tlirew  the  piuperty,' 
as  it  were  of  the  island,  into  the  power  of  his  officers,  to  nham 
he  had  farmed  out  the  tithes :  who,  in  virtue  of  the  new  hm, 
■eised  into  their  hands  the  whole  crop  of  every  town,  mc 
obliged  the  owners  to  give  them  whatever  share  of  it,  or  ca»* 
position  in  money,  they  thought  fit ;  and  if  any  refined,  thor 
not  only  plundered  them  of  all  their  goods,  but  even  tortadl 
their  persons,  till  they  had  forced  them  to  a  compliance  *.  Bf 
this  means,  Verres  having  gathered  a  sufficient  quantity  of  OOtt 
from  the  very  tithes,  to  supply  the  full  demands  of  Rooi^ 
put  the  whole  money,  that  he  had  received  from  the  treasury, 
into  his  own  pocket  * ;  and  used  to  brag,  that  he  had  nt 
enough  from  this  single  article  to  screen  htm  from  any  ii*- 
peachment :  and  not  without  reason,  since  one  of  his  iJeA^ 
who  had  the  management  of  this  corn-money,  was  proved  It 
have  got  above  ten  thousand  pounds  from  the  very  fees  widtif 
were  allowed  for  collecting  it  *.  The  poor  husbandmen,  fa 
the  mean  time,  having  no  remedy,  were  forced  to  run  awiy 
from  their  houses,  and  desert  the  tdlage  of  the  gronnd ;  so  A^ 
from  the  registers,  which  were  punctually  kept  in  every  ton, 
of  all  the  occupiers  of  arable  lands  in  tiie  island,  it  appeared 
that,  during  the  three  years  government  of  Verres,  above  two* 
thirds  of  the  whole  number  had  entirely  deserted  their  forms, 


soothsayer,  and  Valerius  his  crier ;  to  whom  he  usually 
1  all  disputes,  in  which  he  had  any  interest.  Scandilius 
i  to  have  them  named  out  of  the  magistrates  of  Sicily, 
;  the  matter  should  be  referred  to  Home :  but  Verres 
d,  that  he  would  not  trust  a  cause,  in  which  his  own  re- 
n  was  at  stake,  to  any  but  his  own  friends ;  and  when 
lius  refused  to  produce  his  proofs  before  such  arbitra- 
erres  condemned  him  in  the  forfeiture  of  his  ^^nger 
vSL»  forty  pounds,  to  Apronitts '. 

leius  was  tlie  principal  citizen  of  Messana,  where  ho 
ery  splendidly  in  the  most  magnificent  house  of  the 
id  used  to  receive  all  the  Roman  magistrates  with  great 
lity.  He  had  a  chapel  in  his  house,  built  by  his  an- 
»  and  furnished  with  certain  images  of  tlie  gods,  of 
ble  sculpture,  and  inestimable  value.  On  one  side 
L  Cupid,  of  marble,  made  by  Praxiteles :  on  the  other, 
:ules  of  brass,  by  Myron ;  with  a  little  altar  before  each 
)  denote  the  religion  and  sanctity  of  tlie  place.  There 
ikewise  two  other  figures,  of  brass,  of  two  young  women, 
Canephorse,  with  baskets  on  their  heads,  carrying  things 

for  sacrifice,  after  the  manner  of  the  Athenians — the 
)f  Polycletus.  These  statues  were  an  ornament  not 
Heius,  but  to  Messana  itself,  being  known  to  every 
t  Rome,  and  constantly  visited  by  all  strangers,  to  whom 
i  house  was  always  open.  The  Cupid  had  been  bor- 
by  C.  Claudius,  for  the  decoration  of  the  Forum  in  his 
dp,  and  was  carefully  sent  back  to  Messana;  but  Verres, 
.e  was  Heius's  guest,  would  never  suffer  him  to  rest,  till 
stript  his  chapel  of  his  gods,  and  the  Canephora; ;  and, 
r  the  act  from  an  appearjince  of  robbery,  forced  Ilciiis 


G4  THE   UPS 

to  enter  them  into  bis  accounts,  as  if  they  had  been  sold  t» 
him  for  fifty  pounds ;  whereas,  at  a  public  auction  in  Konc)  -; 
as  Cicero  snya,  they  hod  known  one  single  statue  of  ham,'- 
of  a  moderate  size,  sold,  a  little  before,  for  a  thoumxi'< 
Verres  bad  seen,  likewise,  at  Heius's  house,  a  suit  of  cnrim 
tapestry,  reckoned  the  best  in  Sicily,  betne  of  the  kind  wludh 
was  called  Atlalic,  richly  interwoven  with  gold :  this  be  ifr 
solved  also  to  extort  from  Heius,  but  not  tul  he  bad  seemed 
the  statues.  As  soon,  tliercfore,  as  he  left  Messana,  be  hegpt 
to  urge  Heius,  by  letters,  to  send  liim  the  tapestry  to  Am- 
geiitum,  for  some  particular  service  which  be  pretended;  bat, 
when  he  had  once  got  it  into  his  hands,  he  never  restored  it*. 
Now  Messana,  as  it  is  said  above,  was  the  only  city  of  Sidly 
tliat  persevered  to  the  last  in  the  interest  of  Verres ;  and,  tf 
the  time  of  the  trial,  sent  a  public  testimonial  in  his  praise,  bya 
deputation  of  its  eminent  citizens,  of  which  this  verv  Heius  m 
the  chief.  Yet,  when  he  came  to  be  interrogated,  and  cnM- 
examined  by  Cicero,  he  frankly  declared,  that,  though  he  WM 
obliged  to  perform  what  the  authority  of  bis  dty  had  in^Msad 
upon  him,  yet  that  he  had  been  plundered  by  Verres  of  hit 
gods,  which  were  left  to  bim  by  his  ancestors,  and  whidihe 
never  would  have  parted  with,  on  any  conditions  wfaatsoen^ 
if  it  had  been  in  his  power  to  keep  them  *. 

Verres  had  in  his  family  two  brothers,  of  Cilida,  the  one  t 
painter,  the  other  a  sculptor,  on  whose  judgment  fae  chiefly 
relied,  in  his  choice  of  pictures  and  statues,  and  all  other  piecM 
of  art.  Tbey  had  been  forced  to  fly  from  their  country,  for 
robbing  a  temple  of  Apollo,  and  were  now  einployed  U)  hunt 


OF   CICERO.  65 

ynih  orders  to  bring  two  silver  cups  also,  which  he  was 
m  to  have,  adorned  with  figures  in  relief,  to  be  shown  to 
pnetor.  Pampbilus,  for  fear  of  greater  mischief,  took  up 
aps,  and  carried  them  away  himself:  when  he  came  to  the 
ie,  Verres  happened  to  be  asleep,  but  the  brothers  were 
ing  in  the  hail,  and  waiting  to  receive  him ;  who,  as  soon 
nejr  saw  him,  asked  for  the  cups,  which  he  accordingly 
need.  They  commended  the  work ;  whilst  he,  with  a  sor- 
ill  £ac»9  began  to  complain,  that  if  they  took  his  cups 
I  him,  he  should  have  nothing,  of  any  value,  left  in  his 
le.  The  brothers,  seeing  his  concern,  asked  how  much  he 
Id  give  to  preserve  them ;  in  a  word,  they  demanded  forty 
ms;  he  offered  twenty:  but  while  they  were  debating, 
rres  awaked,  and  called  for  the  cups ;  which  being  presently 
wn  to  him,  the  brothers  took  occasion  to  observe,  that  they 

not  ansvirer  to  the  account  that  had  been  given  of  them, 
I  were  but  of  paltry  work,  not  fit  to  be  seen  among  his 
te:  to  whose  authority  Verres  readily  submitted,  and  so 
mphilus  saved  his  cups  \ 

[n  the  city  of  Tvndaris  there  wbs  a  celebrated  image  of  Mer- 
ry, which  had  been  restored  to  them  from  Carthage  by 
ipio,  and  was  worshipped  by  the  people  \%ith  singular  devo- 
n,  and  an  annual  festival.  This  statue  Verres  resolved  to 
ve,  and  commanded  the  chief  magistrate,  Sopater,  to  see  it 
iten  down,  and  conveyed  to  Messana.     But  the  people  were 

inflamed  and  mutinous  upon  it,  that  \'erres  did  not  persist 

his  demand  at  that  time ;  but  when  he  was  loavinj^  tlie  place, 
newed  his  orders  to  Sopater,  with  severe  threats,  to  ^ee  his 
mmand  executed.  Sopater  proposed  the  matter  to  tlie  senate, 
10  universally  protested  against  it :  in  short,  \'erres  returned 

the  town,  and  inquired  for  the  statue :  but  was  told  by 
>pater,  that  the  senate  would  not  suffer  it  to  be  taken  down, 
d  had  made  it  capital  for  any  one  to  meddle  with  it  without 
eir  orders.  "  Do  not  tell  me,*'  says  Verres,  "  of  your  senate, 
d  your  orders ;  if  you  do  not  presently  deliver  the  statue, 
iu  shall  be  scourged  to  death  with  rods.''  Sopater,  with  tears, 
aved  the  affair  again  to  the  senate,  and  related  the  praetor's 
reats;  but  in  vain;  they  broke  up  in  disorder,  without  j^iving 
y  answer.  This  was  reported  by  Sopater  to  \  erres,  wlio 
IS  sitting  in  his  tribunal :  it  was  the  midst  of  winter,  the 
*ather  extremely  cold,  and  it  rained  very  heavily,  when 
erres  ordered   Sopater  to  be  stripped,  and  carried  into  the 

Cib\Tat»  »imt  fratrcs — quorum  ahtnini  finjfere  opjnor  *•  cfn.  hoijM.in  th'-i:.  :A\t  r-im 
e  pirtorem. — Canes  venatiros  dircre*,  ita  odorabaritiir  omnia,  et  j^rvr'-.i/aharit.  In 
rr.  4.  13. 

Vfemini  Pamphilam  LilyheKanum — mihi  narrare,  emu  i-i*?  ab  «'••♦■  hwlriain  Bo*:thi 
nu  fartam,  pra^rlaro  opere  tt  grandi  pondere,  per  potettafm  ab*tijli*«'t  :  *e  «ane  tri*- 
u  et  conturhatum  domum  revertuce,  &r.     lb.  I  4. 

r 


titi  THE   LIFE 

in[irkft-|ilucp,  uittl  tlierc  to  be  tied  upun  en  cquestriim  sta 
uf  C  Murvi-lliiM,  and  exposed,  naked  as  he  was,  to  tlie  nin,  i 
ttie  vttUI,  iuid  Htri'tL-htf),  in  a  kind  oF  torture,  upon  tlie  bin 
]iorsi> ;  wliere  )ic  iinist  necessarily  liave  perished,  if  the 
of  tlie  town,  out  of  coin|Hi»>ion  to  him,  liad  not  fore 
seniile  to  (jraiit  the  Mercur)-  to  Verres  '. 

Vitiinfr  Aiitini-hus  kiiii;  of  Syria,  having  been  at  Rome,  ll 

chiiiii  ihe  kiti|rdiiin  of  I'gypt,  in  right  of  liis  mother,  ] ' 

through  Sieity,  »t  tliis  time,  on  Ids  return  home,  and  ca 
Syracuse;  whore  Verres  ^'hu  knew  that  he  bad  a  great  trmH 
siirt.'  with  liini,  receivinl  liitn  with  u  particular  civility ;  mA^ 
him  liiriTC  prcxeiits  of  wine,  and  all  refreshments  for  Iiis  tilim 
and  entertained  him  most  magnitieeritly  at  supper.  The  iaagi 
pIoEMfd  with  this  compliment,  invitetf  Verres,  in  his  tuni,Mi 
sup  with  him,  when  Ins  side-board  was  dressed  out  in  a  ronl 
manner,  with  his  richest  plate,  and  many  vessels  of  solid  godt 
set  with  precious  stones,  among  which  there  was  a  large  ing 
of  wine,  tnaale  out  of  an  entire  gem,  with  a  handle  of  gola  M 
it.  \'erres  greedily  surveyed  and  luluiired  every  piece,  lod 
tlio  king  lejoiced  to  see  tne  Roman  prtetor  so  well  satisfied 
with  his  entertainment.  The  next  morning,  Verres  sent  to  tba 
king,  to  borrow  some  of  his  choicest  vessels,  and,  particularlr 
the  jn^,  for  the  sake  of  shewing  them,  as  he  pretended,  to  ha 
own  workmen ;  all  which  the  king,  having  no  suspicion  of  lui^ 
reitdilv  sent.  Hut,  besides  these  vessels  of  domestic  use,  the 
king  fiiid  brought  with  him  a  large  candlestick,  or  branch  &r 
sevi'nil  lights,  of  inestimable  value,  all  made  of  precious  stonei^ 
and  n'loriied  with  the  richest  jcwcU,  which  be  had  desiguedlw 


or  cncKKo.  G7 

enfere,  to  eo  away,  and  leave  it  with  him.     Several  dan 

Med,  uid  £e  kiiig  bewd  nothiiig  from  Verrea;  ao  that  M 

■mfct  proper  to  teiniiid  kinit  by  a  dril  meange,  of  sendiiif 

k  the  vesHeU :  but  Veirea  ordered  the  semnts  to  call  ^;aiii 

le  otLer  time.     In  ahor^  after  a  aecmid  mrimflT,  with  no 

ler  success,  the  king  wai  forced  to  q)eak  to  Verres  himaelf : 

n  which  Verres  eamettly  entreated  him  to  make  him  ■ 

sent  of  the  candleatidc    lliekiDgaffinned  it  tobeimpoan- 

oa  the  account  aC  his  vow  to  Jupiter,  to  whidi  many  itatioaa 

e  witncwes.     V^rrea  than  b^pn  to  dn^  some  threata;  bnt, 

ling  them  of  no  more  effect  than  his  entreaties,  he  com- 

nded  the  king  to  dqiart,  instantly,  out  of  his  province,  de> 

-ing,  that  lie  had  received  intelligence  of  certain  pirate% 

1  were  coming,  (rom  hia  kingdom,  to  invade  Sicily.     The 

ir  king^,  finding  himself  thus  wused,  and  robbed  of  his  tre^ 

B,  went  into  the  great  square  of  the  city,  and,  in  a  public 

iinbly  of  the  peaplet  Galling  npon  the  goos  and  men  to  bear 

tbiony  to  the  injury*  made  «  solemn  dedication  to  Jupiter 

die  candlestick,  which  he  had  vowed  and  designed  for  the 

ttttol,  and  which  Verres  had, forcibly,  taken  from  him*. 

When  any  vesftel,  richly  laden,  happened  to  arrive  in  the 

(^  Sicily,  it  was  generally  seized  by  hia  wies^  and  in- 

emers,  on  pretence  of  its  coming  frotn  Spain,  and  being  filled 

nrith   Sertoriiis's  soldiers;  and,  when  the  commandere  exhi- 

Uted  their  biUs  of  ladins^,  with  a  sample  of  their  gonjds,  to 

prove  themselves  to  be  fair  traders,  who  came  from  different 

qnarters  of  the  world,  some  producing  Tyrian  purple,  others 

inbian  spices,  some  jewels  and  precious  stones,  otHers  Greek 

vines  and  Asiatic  slaves ;  the  very  proof,  by  which  they  hoped 

to  save  themselves,  was  their  certain  ruin:   Verres  declared 

&eir  goods  to  have  been  acquired  by  piracy,  and  seizing  the 

ikips,   with   their  cargoes,  to   his   own   use,    committed   the 

■hole   crew  to   prison,   though   the   greatest   part  of  them, 

perhaps,  were  Roman  citizens.     There  was  a  femous  dungeon 

m  Syracuse,  called  the  Latomiae,  of  a  vast  and  horrible  depth, 

dug  out  of  a  solid  rock,  which,  having  originalljr  been  a  quarry 

rf  Stone,  was  converted  to  a  prison  by  Dionysius,  the   tvrarit. 

Here  Verres  kept  great  numbers  of  Roman  citizens  in  oliaiiui, 

lAombebad  first  injured  to  a  degree  that  made  it  neeewiaiy  U> 

dcMroy  them;   whence  few  or  none  ever  saw  the  bjcbl  aR".". 

bat  were  commonly  strangled  by  his  orders'.  ^ 

(^e  Gavins,  however,  a  Roman  citizen  of  the  t«wt'  '"     ■«•' 

4««»iaiiit,<»ndeUbriim&ctam  e  gemmii,quod  lo  t.i*iwi.    j^ . 

l«ralBa  «  in illo  eonTMtn  civium  HomUKmui.  d««-  ^«*»" 

OpLVuftc    Ht28,29.  «,;» c«U.  iu*"'"'- '   ■   - '     ' 


68  THE   LIPB 

Imppciieil  to  escape  from  this  dreadful  place,  and  ran  atrarj 
Mctwatiu :  wlicre,  faaeymg  liinuelf  out  of  danger,  aud  btf^ 
ready  to  embark  for  Italy,  he  began  to  talk  of  the  injai 
wliich  lie  liail  received,  and  of  going  straight  to  Rome,  wh 
Verres  should  be  sure  to  hear  of  him.     But  he  might  as  n 
luive  said  the  words  in  the  prsetor's  palace,  as  at  Messaoa: 
he  was  presently  seized,  and  secured  till  Verres'  arrival,  « 
coming  thither  soon  after,  condemned  him  as  a  spy  of  the  fi 
tives,  first  to  be  scourged  in  the  market-place,  and  then  mi 
to  a  cross,  erected  for  tlie  purpose,  on  a  conspicious  part  (tf  ■ 
shore,  and  looking  towanis  Italy,  that  the  poor  wretch  i^h 
have  the  ailditioniS  misery  of  suffering  that  cruel  death  in  rijp 
as  it  were,  of  his  home '. 

The  coasts  of  Sicily  being  much  infested  by  pirates,  itm 
the  custom  of  all  prstors  to  fit  out  a  fleet  every  year,  for  tfa 
protection  of  its  trade  and  navigation.  Thb  fleet  was  providei 
by  a  contribution  of  the  maritime  towns,  each  of  which  uso)^ 
furnished  a  ship  with  a  certain  number  of  men  and  proviskai: 
but  Verres,  for  a  valuable  consideration,  sometimes  remitte 
the  ship,  and  always  discharged  as  many  of  the  men  as  wen 
able  to  pay  for  it.  A  fleet,  however,  was  equipped,  of  sera 
ithips;  but  for  show  rather  than  service,  without  their  com^ 
mciit,  either  of  men  or  stores,  and  wholly  unfit  to  act  agaiari 
an  enemy;  and  the  command  of  it  was  given  by  him,  cot  to  hi 
quaestor,  or  one  of  his  lieutenants,  as  it  was  usual,  but  to  Cle» 
menes,  u  Syracusan,  whose  wife  was  his  mistress,  that  he 
mi^ht  enjoy  her  company  the  mOrt  fnely  at  home,  while  ha 
husband  wtia  employed  abroad.     For.  iii*itead  of  spending  tht 


OF   CICERO.  n!» 

The  AccU  in  ilie  mean  time,  sailed  out  of  Syracii^.  in  LTeat 
pomp,  and  saluted  Verres  and  his  company  as  it  parked  :  ulien 
tbe  Roman  prsetor,  says  Cicero,  who  had  nor  been  >een  hefore 
&r  many  days,  showed  himself  at  last  to  the  sailors,  ^ran^iinsr 
tn  the  snore  in  slippers,  with  a  purple  cloak  and  re>t  t!n«in2r 
down  to  his  heels,  and  leaning  on  the  shoulder  of  a  irirl.  to 
riew  this  formidable  squadron  ^ :  which  instead  of  scourin^f  tie 
the  seas,  sailed  no  farther,  after  several  day<,  than  into  the  i^rz 
rf  Pachynus.  Here  as  they  lav  peaceably  at  aiJcLr-r.  th»^y 
were  surprised  with  an  account  of  a  number  of  pirate  tri  jrtr»-i, 
lytnjF  in  another  harbour  very  near  to  them  :  ui>on  which  u.^ 
admiral  Cleomenes  cut  his  cables  in  a  ereat  fri^ct.r.  ririi  vrh 
all  the  sail  that  he  could  make,  fled  away  towarri*  Pt-'.«.r'i«.  a:..i 
escaped  to  land:  the  rest  of  the  ships  folloued  him  a«  f^«T  ;:« 
they  could ;  but  two  of  them,  which  sailerl  the  *Iowr--.  wrre 
taken  by  the  pirates,  and  one  of  the  captains  killed:  the  i-^l.rr 
captains  quitted  their  ships,  as  Cleomenes  had  d'-'n*-.  ar.'i  -^r-'. 
safe  to  land.  The  pirates,  finding  the  ships  de*^rt^«^.  ^t  f  t«» 
to  them  all  that  evening*,  and  the  next  day  sailed  U/i'Vy  i'.-.-.i 
the  port  of  Syracuse,  which  reached  into  the  very  Le-irt  of  ?•  •> 
town :  where,  after  thev  had  satisfied  their  curicr^itv.  ar.d  r!]r-i 
the  city  with  a  general  terror,  they  ^iled  our  asT^iir.  a*  >:•-:•:- 
and  in  good  order,  in  a  kind  of  triumi»h  over  \VrT€^.  ar.d  t:.r: 
authority  of  Rome  '. 

Tlie  news  of  a  Roman  fle«'t  I  •unit,  an'i  >'.  rt; •:■'.--  ::>  .  •       •  v 
pirates,  made  a  great  noi  so  thro:]  ./h  a.:  >;■.:.•/.      J.-    -•  ■•:.--. 
in  excuse  of  themselves,  we r**  ti.rc-'i   '«•   "-..  ■   -   •-.-       •     ■ 
tjjeir  ships  were  scan(lal<»ii'»ly  ui.:.r«»v;. !.■■■.       v.    .  .- 
stores,  and  in  no  condition   to  I'iic-  h.    »:.-:::'  :   ■-: 
relaiinor   how  many  <ti  tiuir  ^aii^r-  ':. :  .   '••:        •       ■. 
Verres'  particular  orders.  *ni  v  L«'iij  r:  • 
laid.      When  this  camr  fo  iji-  ♦nr*.  : 
and  after  threaten  in ir  tlM  i:i  v*  ry -■.■■.- 
manner,  forced  them  to  th-cluz*^.  :i!.'i  'i- 


••• . , 


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. '  J  .  "i    •  '. 

_   ■      « 

■  ■' 

of  stifling  tlie  clamour,  and  thst  it  would  necessarily  teuk 
Rome,  he  resolved,  for  tlie  extenuation  of  his  own  crim^  to 
BBcrifice  the  iioor  captains,  and  put  them  all  to  death,  eieepL 
the  admiral  Cleoineiies,  the  most  criminal  of  them  all,  and,  it 
his  request,  the  commtmiler  also  of  his  ship.  In  consequoHe 
of  till!!  resolution,  the  four  remaining  captains,  after  fourteen 
days  from  the  uction,  when  thev  suspected  ho  danger,  were 
arrested,  and  clupt  into  irons.  They  were  all  voung  men,  of 
the  principal  families  of  tiicily,  some  of  them  the  only  bods  of 
agea  pareiit»,  who  came  presently,  in  ^eat  consternatioD,  to 
Syracuse,  to  solicit  the  praetor  for  their  pardon.  But  V'erni 
was  inexoralilc;  and  liuvin^  thrown  tliem  into  his  dungeov 
where  nobody  was  suffered  to  speak  witli  them,  condemned 
them  to  lose  their  heads ;  whilst  all  the  service  that  their  db- 
hapuy  (tarents  could  do  for  them,  was  to  bribe  the  execulioMr 
to  nisputcli  them  witik  one  stroke,  instead  of  more,  which  be 
brnially  refused  to  do,  unless  he  was  paid  for  it,  and  to  pur- 
cliase  of  Ti  march  ides,  the  liberty  of  giiing  them  burial '. 

It  hapjiened,  however,  before  this  loss  of  the  fleet,  that  a 
EUnglc  pirate  ship  was  taken  by  Verres'  lieutenants,  and  brought 
into  Symciise ;  which  proved  to  be  a  very  rich  prize,  and  had 
on  board  a  fj;ri'at  number  of  handsome  young'  fellows.  There 
was  a  bund  of  masiciuns  anions  them,  whom  Verres  sent  away 
to  Home,  a  present  to  a  friend;  and  the  rest,  who  had  either 
youth  or  beauty,  or  skill  in  &ny  art,  were  distributed  to  hts 
clerks  and  dependents,  to  be  kept  for  his  use;  but  the  fe* 
who  were  old  and  deformed,  were  committed  to  the  dungeon, 
and  reserved  for  punishment '.  The  captain  of  these  pirates 
had  long  bci'ii  a  terror  lo  the  Sicilians  :  so  that  they  were  all 


OF    CICESU.  71 

I  opportuuity  lli«r«fore  to  cleur  tlie  dungeon  of  Uime 
lunuui  citizens,  whom  he  had  reserved  for  nuch  nn  occasiun, 
jnI  qow  brought  out  to  e.\t'cution  nn  a  part  of  tho  piratical 
anew:  but  to  prevent  tin-  impreuitioiis  ann  cries  which  citixiiia 
■cd  Id  make  of  their  beiiiK  free  Romans  und  to  liiader  their 
wing  koowu  also  to  any  utner  cilizt>D§  there  prvsi-tit,  he  pro- 
kfoed  them  all  with  their  heoiHs  und  fuccs  so  muffled  up,  ilut 
lliey  could  neither  be  beard  nor  seen,  and  in  thiti  i.Tuel  maiHiitr 
linUroyuiI  ^eat  numbers  of  innocent  men'.  Hni  f>  finisli  si 
Iwt  this  whole  story  of  Verres :  After  he  kid  lived  many  y«-af» 
in  a  miserable  esile,  forgotten  and  deserttil  by  all  hiH  trieiitb, 
W  u  saiil  to  have  been  relieved  by  the  genenmty  of  ('ic<rro*i 
jel  was  proscribed  and  murdered  after  all  by  Marc  Antony, 
MTtbc  eake  of  his  fine  statues  aiid  Corinthian  vesnelH,  wliicli 
he  refu«>d  to  part  with  ' :  "  happy  only,"  iu  l^ciantiiii^  «iy». 
"  Iwforc  Ills  death,  to  have  seen  tLe  more  deplorable  end  of  (lu 
(lid  etivroy  and  accuser,  Cicero  '." 

Bui  ncttlier  the  condemnation  of  this  criminal,  nor  tho  con- 
ccmions  »lr«iuly  made  by  the  senate,  were  able  to  pacify  th« 
^imteDte  of  die  people:  they  demanded  ntill,  as  loualy  tt> 
ever,  tlie  rcstoratioa  of  the  tribunician  power,  and  th«  ngbt 
of  judicoturtt  to  tbe  equestrian  order ;  till,  after  variona  contcstH 
and  tumults,  excited  annually  on  tliat  account  by  the  triboDn, 
they  were  gratified  this  year  in  them  both ;  in  tlie  firet  by 
I'ompey  tbe  consul,  in  the  second  by  L.  Cotta.  tlie  pni-lor  . 
The  tribunes  were  strenuously  assisted  in  all  this  strujj;^Ie  by  J. 
Cfcsar  ',  and  as  strenuously  opposed  by  all  who  wished  wtrfl  to 
the  tranqmllity  of  the  city ;  for  long  experience  had  shown, 
that  they  had  always  been,  not  only  the  cnief  disturbers  of  the 
public  peace,  by  the  abuse  of  their  estravagant  power,  but  the 
constant  tools  of  all  the  ambitious,  who  had  any  designs  of 
■drancing  themselves  above  the  laws';  for,  by  corrupting  one 
or  more  of  the  tribunes,  which  they  were  sure  to  effect  by 
paying  their  full  price,  they  could  either  obtain  from  the 
people  whatever  they  wanted,  or  obstruct  at  least  whatever 
ibould  be  attempted  against  them :  so  that  this  act  was  gene- 
rally disliked  by  the  Setter  sort,  and  gave  a  suspicion  of  no 
good  intendons  in   Pompey;   who,  to  remove  all  jealousies 

'  ArckiiHnUm  ipfum  vidii  HBmo — cum  omnet,  ui  motert,  mncuiTcrfnt,  qumrrinl, 
Ti4«n  enpcnnt,  (tc.  [ib.  S6.J  Cum  muhoni  nuncmi  dtcnet,  turn  iite  in  coniia 
Itnu,  qn«  domum  niun  it  pindi  ibdonnt,  tubiliEacra  cirpit  tiTct  Ronunna,  una* 

••hiti*  c  curat  ul  palani  UquB  necrm  rapirbuitur,  Ik.     Ib.  28,  in. 


RRlilMnC    TdLPit.3.30. 
*  Aoclom  natitaaidK  UiboniciB  potcitotii  ei 
>  Dc  Lq.  L  9. 


72  THE   LIFE 

against  Iiim,  on  tliis,  or  any  other  account,  volunlBrily  took  aa  ^ 
oatli,  that,  oil  the  expiration  of  liis  consulship,  he  would  accept  j 
no  public  comtnand  or  government,  but  content  himself  with  j 
the  condition  of  u  pri\'ato  senator '.  i 

Plutarch  N])eaks  nf  this  act,  as  the  effect  of  Pompey's  grati- 
tude to  the  peo])le,  for  the  extraordinary  honours  which  they    [ 
had  heaped  upon  him ;  but  Cicero  makes  the  best  excuse  fix    i 
it,  after  i'ompey'ii  death,  which  the  thing  itself  would  bear,    '.' 
by  observing,  that  a  statcsnnan  must  alwaj's  consider  not  only    ' 
wliat  i«  best,  but  what  is  necessary  to  the  times ;  that  Pomper    . 
well  knew  tiiu  impatience  of  the  people  ;  and  that  they  wouM    '■, 
not  bear  the  loss  of  the  tribunician  power  much  longer;  tad.  i 
it  was  the  part,  therefore,  of  a  good  citizen,  not  to  leave  loa-  j 
IhuI  one,  the  credit  uf  doing  what  was  too  {wpular  to  be  irilt   ', 
stood  '.     But  whatever  were  Pompey's  views,  in  the  restitute 
of  this  power,  whether  he  wanted  the  skill  or  the  inclination  to 
apply  it  to  any  bud  purpoMC,  it  is  certain,  that  he  had  cause  to 
repent  of  it  afterwards,  wjien  Csesar,  who  had  a  better  head, 
with  a  worse  heart,  took  advantage  of  it,  to  bis  ruin ;  and,  by 
the  help  of  the  tribunes,  was  supplied  both  with  the  power  and 
the  pretext  for  overturning  the  Kepublic '. 

As  to  the  other  dispute,  abont  restoring  the  right  of  jud^og 
to  the  knights,  it  was  thought  the  best  way  of  correcting  the 
insolonco  of  the  nobles,  to  subject  them  to  the  judicature  of  an 
inferior  order,  who,  from  a  natural  jealousy  and  envy  towards 
them,  wouhl  be  sure  to  punish  their  oppressions  with  proper 
severity.  It  wa*  endeii,  however,  at  last,  by  a  compromise, 
and  a  new  law  was  prepared,  by  common  consent,  to  vest  this 
power  jointly  in  the  senators  and  the  knights;  from  each  of 


i^fc.  ^f)^ 


iasnd  Cn.  X^entulus  ;  both  of  them  oipntioned  by  Cicero 
ii  particular  acquaintance,  and  llie  last,  lis  hi§  intimate 
id'.  Their  autuorit^-,  after  so  tonp  an  intertniuioH,  was 
mfA  wMh  that  seventy  whicli  the  libertinism  of  the  times 
lired:  for  they  expelled  above  sixty-four  from  the  senate, 
notorious  immoralities,  the  greatest  part  for  the  detestnble 
dice  of  taking  monev  for  judging  causes ',  and,  among  them, 

Aotonius,  the  uncle  of  the  triumvir ;  sabscribing  their 
sons  for  it,  that  he  had  plundered  the  allies,  declined  u 
il,  nortgnged  his  lun<U,  and  was  not  master  of  his  estate ' : 
t  this  very  Antonius  was  elet^ted  tedile  and  pnetor,  soon 
ler.  in  his  proper  course,  and  within  six  years,  advanced  to 
«  consulship  :  which  contirms  what  Cicero  says  of  this  censo- 
wi  animadversion,  that  it  was  become  merely  nominal,  and 
id  no  other  effect  than  of  putting  a  man  to  the  blutth  *. 

From  the  impeachment  of  Verres,  Cicero  entered  upon  the 
dileehip,  and,  in  one  of  his  speeches,  gives  us  a  short  account 
r  the  dutj-  of  it :  "I  am  now  chosen  sedJIe,"  says  he,  "uid 
m  sen&ible  of  what  is  committed  to  me  by  the  Roman  pet^lo : 

»m  to  exhibit,  with  the  greatest  solemnity,  the  most  sacred 
potts  to  Ceres,  Liber,  and  Libera ;  am  to  appease  and  conci- 
lale  the  mother  Flora  to  the  people  and  city  of  Rome,  by 
be  ceLebmdon  of  the  public  games ;  am  to  furnish  ont  those 
indent  shows,  the  first  which  were  called  Roman,  with  all 
>ossible  (liirtiitv  ami  ri'lifpon,  in  honour  of  Jupiter,  Juno, 
VliuLTva ;  ;uii  hi  laki.-  care,  also,  of  all  the  sacred  e<litici'S,  and, 
ndeed,  of  the  whole  city  *,"  &c.  The  people  were  passion- 
itely  fond  of  all  these  games  and  diversions ;  and  the  public 
lUowance  for  them  being  but  small,  according  to  the  frugality 
»f  the  old  Repablit^  the  sdiles  supplied  the  rest  at  their  own 
wit,  and  were  often  ruined  by  it.  For  every  part  of  the 
.'mptre  was  ransacked  for  what  was  rare  and  curious,  to  adorn 
ihe  splendour  of  their  shows :  the  Forum,  in  which  they  were 
cihibited,  was  usually  beautified  with  porticos,  built  for  the 
pnrpoaei  and  iilled  with  the  choicest  statues  and  pictures  which 
Rmdc  and  Italy  afforded.  Cicero  reproaches  Appius  for  drain- 
ing Greece,  and  the  islands,  of  all  their  furniture,  of  this  kind, 
br  the  ornament  of  his  ledileship  * :  and  Verres  is  said  to  have 


'  N«D  BriM-c™  UDl»bu.  «t  uiidtk :  cum  .lun  ™.-^n^i«  o. 

luietiummi 

MHritado.     ProCluen.43. 

nviai:  ii  ni-n  in-^'Ui  in  S^Ti^tum  ndieroni,  Md  etiun  illuum  ipMnun  r 

cmm  JDdidb 

'tnJntiiDDt.     lb.     ViJ.  Pi)ili.  AnTul.  ad  A.  U.  683. 

'  Aw-niu.  in  Ont.  in  T..;; .  ca«l. 

'  fMi»ri»ill4iduninibiiri:n.ikinn»lo»ff(!rtpr»U!rnil»r™.     Itaiine  q 

.»l.     Fng- 

ii«t.elib.f  deRcpi.b.  c^i  N.,nio.                                                 Md  Verr 

.  5.  H. 

in  nihil  •  Inri. 

toinn  ngDs.  tabuUt.  niniuiienlamiD  ijuDd  niperfail  in  iuiia  el  camninnibut  lodi, 
OnEda>l4*M  luulit  ouuiibut,  boDoru  populi  Rom.  aun — deportavit.    Pio  Dmn. 


74 

supplied  liis  friends,  Hortensius  and  Metellus,  with  all  tl 
fine  statues  of  which  he  had  plundered  the  provinces '. 

Several  of  tlie  ffreatest  men  of  Cicero's  time  had  d 
guished  themselves  by  an  extraordinary  expense  and  ma 
cence  in  tiiis  maf^istrucy;  Lucullus,  Scauriu,  Lentulus,!: 
tensius*,  and  C.  Antonius,  who,  though  expelled  solatelyfr 

■  the  senate,  entertained  the  city,  this  year,  with  atsgt    ' 
'whose  scenes  were  covered  with  silver;  in  which  he  i 

'  lowed,  afterwards,  by  Mursena ' :  yet  J.  Csesar  outdid  L 

'  all ;  and  in  the  sports  exhibited  for  his  lather's  funeral,  n. 

the  whole  furniture  of  the  theatre  of  solid  silver,  so  that  ■ 

■  beasts  were  tiieii  first  seen  to  tread  on  that  metal  *  ■  ''■■' ' 


his  ambition;  for  the  re.st  were  oidy  purctiasing  the  consnlsUBf 
he  the  empire. — Cicero  took  the  middle  way,  and  observe' 
rule,  which  he  prescribed  afterwards  to  bis  son,  of  an  ex{ 


agreeable  to  his  circumstances  * ;  so  as  neither  to  hurt  bis  d 
ter,  by  a  sordid  illiberaltty,  nor  his  fortunes,  by  a  vain  ostc»> 
lation  of  miignificeuce;  since  the  one,  by  making  a  man  odioi^ 
deprives  him  of  the  power  of  doing  good;  the  other,  bymakiw 
'  *  '  '  >>...•  -    'oing  ilf; 


him  neeestiitotLS,  puts  him  under  tlie  temptation  of  doing  ii 
thus  Mamcrcus,  by  declining  the  tedileship,  through  frumlky, 
lost  tlie  consultthip  * ;  and  Csesar,  by  his  prodigality,  was  ntrad 
to  repair  his  own  ruin,  by  ruining  the  llepublic. 

Hut  Cicero's  popularity  was  built  on  a  more  solid  foundatioii, 
the  affection  of  his  citizens,  from  a  sense  of  his  merit  and 
services;  yet,  in  compliance  with  the  custom  and  humour <f 
the  city,   he  furnished  the  three  solemn  shows   above-men- 


70  THE    UPB 

cuser.  Your  honour  ia  united  with  that  of  this  temple ;  and 
by  the  lavour  of  the  senate,  and  people  of  Home,  your  nama 
ia  consecrated  with  it  to  all  posterity ;  it  must  be  your  cai^, 
therefore,  that  the  Cspitol,  as  it  is  now  restored  more  spleiH 
didly,  may  be  furnished  also  more  richly  than  it  was  b«fore; 
■a  if  the  lire  had  been  sent  on  purpose  from  heaven,  not  t» 
destroy  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  but  to  require  &om  ua  one  mora 
shining  and  magnificent  than  the  former '." 

In  this  year  Cicero  is  supposed  to  have  defended  Fonteus 
and  CEecina.  Fonteius  had  been  prKtor  of  the  Narbonew 
Gaul,  for  three  years,  and  was  afterwards  accused,  bv  Ae 
people  of  the  province,  and  one  of  their  princes,  InducM^ 
mams,  of  great  oppression,  and  exactions,  in  his  govemmm^ 
and,  especially,  of  uiposing  an  arbitrary  tax  on  ue  exports 
tion  of  their  wines.  There  were  two  hearings  in  the  canat^ 
yet  but  one  speech  of  Cicero's  remaining,  and  that  so  imper- 
fect, that  we  can  hardly  form  a  judgment  either  of  the  meri^ 
or  the  issue  of  it.  Cicero  allows  the  charge  of  the  wines  to  be  a 
heavy  one,  if  true  ' ;  and,  by  his  method  of  defence,  one  would 
suspect  it  to  be  so,  since  his  puns  are  chiefly  employed  in  ex- 
citing an  aversion  to  the  accusers,  and  a  compassion  to  the 
crimmal.  For,  to  destroy  the  credit  of  the  witnesses,  he  repre- 
sents the  whole  nation  as  a  drunken,  impious,  foithlesa  people  ; 
natural  enepiies  to  all  religion,  without  any  notion  of  tne  san^ 
tity  of  an  oath,  and  polmdng  the  altars  of  their  gods  widi 
human  sacrifices.  "And  what  &uth,  what  piety,"  saya  be, 
"can  you  imi^ine  to  be  in  those,  who  think  that  die  gods  are 
to  bo  appeased  by  cruelty  and  human  blaod  '  ?"     And,  to  raise, 


OF   CICERO.  77 

Lucios  Cicero,  the  late  companion  of  his  journey  to  Sicily ; 
whose  death  he  laments,  with  all  the  marks  of  a  tender  affec- 
tion, in  the  following  letter  to  Atticus. 

**  You,  who  of  all  men  know  me  the  best,  will  easily  conceive 
how  much  I  have  been  afflicted,  and  what  a  loss  I  have  sus- 
tuned,  both  in  my  public  and  domestic  life  :  for  in  him  I 
had  every  thing  which  could  be  agreable  to  a  man,  from  the 
obliging  temper  and  behaviour  of  another.  I  make  no  doubt, 
therefore,  but  that  you  also  are  affected  with  it,  not  only  for 
the  share  which  you  bear  in  my  grief,  but  for  your  own  loss  of 
a  relation  and  a  friend ;  accomplished  with  every  virtue ;  who 
loved  you,  as  well  from  his  own  inclination,  as  from  what  he 
used  to  hear  of  you,  from  me  ^,''  &c. 

What  made  his  kinsman's  death  the  more  unlucky  to  him  at 
this  juncture,  was  the  want  of  his  help,  in  making  interest  for 
the  praetorship,  for  which  he  now  offered  himself  a  candidate, 
after  the  usual  interval  of  two  years ',  from  the  time  of  his 
being  chosen  sedile :  but  the  city  was  in  such  a  ferment  all  the 
summer,  that  there  was  like  to  be  no  election  at  all :  the  occa- 
sion of  it  arose  from  the  publication  of  some  new  laws,  which 
were  utterly  disliked,  and  fiercely  opposed  by  the  senate. 
The  first  ot  them  was  proposed  in  favour  of  rompey,  by  A. 
Gabinius,  one  of  the  triounes,  as  a  testimony  of  their  grati- 
tude, and  the  first  fruits,  as  it  were,  of  that  power  which  he 
had  restored  to  them.  It  was  to  grant  him  an  extraordinary 
commission  for  quelling  the  pirates,  who  infested  the  coasts  and 
navigation  of  the  Mediterranean,  to  the  disgrace  of  the  empire, 
and  the  ruin  of  all  commerce^;  by  which  an  absolute  command 
was  conferred  upon  him  through  all  the  provinces  bordering 
on  that  sea,  as  far  as  fifty  miles  within  land.  These  pirates 
were  grown  so  strong,  and  so  audacious,  that  they  had  taken 
several  Roman  magistrates  and  ambassadors  prisoners,  made 
some  successful  descents  on  Italy  itself,  and  burnt  the  navy  of 
Rome,  in  the  very  port  of  Ostia  *.  Yet  the  grant  of  a  power 
so  exorbitant,  and  unknown  to  the  laws,  was  strenuously  op- 
posed by  Catulus,  Hortensius,  and  all  the  other  chiefs  of  tlie 
senate,  as  dangerous  to  the  public  liberty,  nor  fit  to  be  in- 
trusted to  any  single  person :  they  alleged,  that  these  unusual 
grants  were  the  cause  of  all  the  misery  that  the  Republic  had 


'   \t\  Att.  1.5. 

^  I't  si  yE«lili«?  fuisses,  |K)3t  bicnnium  tuiis  annus  es^ct.     Ep.  fum.  10.  2.'>. 

^  Qui*  navijfuvit,  qui  non  s»C'  ant  mortis  aut  servitutis  |>fritulo  coinmittcret,  cum  aut 
hu*ni«;  aut  refcrto  pni'donuui  iiiari  navigaix't .'     Pro  leg.  Manil.  11. 

*  Qui  'Ail  vw  ab  exterif*  nationibus  vcnircnt,  captosquorar,  cum  Ic^ati  |>opuli  Romani 
n^lcmpli  Mtit.^  Mcrcatoribus  tutum  marc  non  fuisse  <licam,cnm<lu<Mlccim  secures  in  po- 
trttatem  pi-aedonum  pervencrint  .^— Qui<l  ceo  Osticnse  incommodum,  atque  illam  lal»cm 
et  ijfTiominiam  Reipub.  querar,  cum,  proijc  m>.pectantibus  vobip,  cla.«>»iH  ca  cui  Consul  po- 
[•<ilj  Uomani  prwpositus  c»sot,  a  praxlonibus  capta  atque  opprcssa  est  ?     lb.  12. 


78  THE    LIFE 

saffered,  from  the  proscripdons  of  Mariug  and  Sylb,  who,  br 
a  perpetoal  succession  of  extraordinaiy  comnutDds,  were  mam    . 
too  gi'eat  to  be  controlled  by  the  authority  of  the  laws ;  dnt  'i 
though  the  same  abuae  of  power  was  not  to  be  apprehended   ] 
from  Pompey,  yet  the  thing  itself  was  pernicious,  and  contnry    ] 
to  the  consUtution  of  Rome ;  that  the  equality  of  a  democracj    I 
required,  that  the  public  honoura  should  be  shored  alike,  hj   ■• 
all  who  were  worthy  of  them ;  that  there  was  no  other  way  to 
make  men  worthy,  and  to  furnish  the  city  with  a  number  and 
choice  of  experienced  commanders :  and  if,  as  it  was  saki  bf 
some,  there  were  really  none,  at  that  time,  fit  to  commaDd,  bot 
Pompey,  the  true  reason  was,  because  they  would  suffer  none  to 
command  but  Pompey'.    All  the  friends  of  Luculluswere  pai^ 
dcularly  active  in  tne  opposition ;  apprehending  that  this  new 
commission  would  encroach  upon  his  province  and  command  ia 
the  Mithridadc  war :  so  that  Gabinius,  to  turn  the  popular  d^ 
mour  on  that  side,  got  a  plan  of  the  magnificent  palace,  whidi 
LucuUuB  was  building,  painted  upon  a  banner,  and  carried 
about  the  streets  by  his  mob ;  to  intimate,  that  he  was  "'^'ng 
all  that  expense  out  of  the  spoils  of  theRepublic '. 

Catulus,  in  speaking  to  the  people  against  this  law,  de- 
manded of  them,  if  every  thing  must  nenls  be  committed  to 
Pompey,  what  they  would  do  if  any  accident  should  bebll 
him  r  Upon  which,  as  Cicero  says,  he  reaped  the  just  fruit  of 
his  virtue,  when  they  all  cried  out,  with  one  voice,  that  their 
dependence  would  then  be  upon  him '.  Pompey,  himself,  who 
was  naturally  a  great  dissembler,  affected,  not  only  an  indiffei^ 
ence,  but  a   dislike  to  llic   emi>ioymeiit,   :ui(l   i>i'frf;;*'''  o*^  the 


OF  CICERO.  7# 

k  l£e  pnce  of  tliem  at  once,  as  if  pk-nty  Iiad  been  actwUy 
and  \  But  thougli  the  senate  ix>uld  not  binder  the  law, 
yrt  they  bad  their  revenge  rtn  Ciabinios,  the  iiutlior  of  it,  by 
prereoting  Lis  bciii^  chrtseii  oiii-  «f  Pom[>ey's  lieuu'imnt*,  wbJcb 
ns  what  be  chiefly  aimed  at,  and  wliat  I'omjwy  hiinsclf  miIi- 
cited':  tbougli  Pompey  probttbly  made  liitn  atu'ctids  for  it  io 
tome  other  way  ;  since,  as  Cicero  s»ys  Kc  was  so  necesaitous  at 
(Us  time,  and  so  proflifrare.  that,  if  lie  li.-id  not  cttrricd  bis  law, 
be  inu«t  bave  turned  pirute  himself.  Po[upi.-y  had  a  fli>«t  of 
Kre  hundred  sail  allowed  for  thio  c.\pedit)0D.  with  twenty-four 
^('Utenanis,  chosen  out  of  the  senate  ' ;  wWm  lie  dixtribuieil  m 
tkitfully  through  the  several  HtationA  of  the  Mediterranean, 
that,  in  Ie«s  tiian  fifty  dayf«.  he  drove  the  pirates  out  of  all 
Uicir  lurking  boles,  and.  in  four  montliv,  put  an  end  to  the 
whole  war  :  for  he  did  not  pr^Hire  for  it  till  the  end  of  wiuter, 
lei  out  uiwii  it  ill  the  brginiiiji^  of  spring,  and  finished  it  in 
lli«  iniddle  of  auminer '. 

A  second  law  was  published  by  L.  Otlio,  for  the  uMit^tinufiit 
of  distinct  Heat»,  in  tlte  tbeatres,  to  the  equestrian  oider,  who 
wed,  before,  to  xil  promiscuously  with  tlie  populace ;  but,  by 
this  law,  fourteen  rowa  of  benclies,  nest  to  those  of  the  aeua- 
[ore,  were  to  be  appropriated  to  their  use;  by  which  he  secured 
to  tliem,  m»  Cicero  nayit,  both  their  dignity  and  tln^ir  pleaturo  *. 
The  aenaie  obtained  the  §aine  privilege,  of  separate  aeats,  about 
an  buudred  years  before,  in  tlie  coiisuUhip  oi  Scipio  Africanus^ 
which  highly  di^iuted  the  peopte,  and  gave  occaiiun,  saya 
Livy,  as  ail  innovations  are  apl  to  do,  to  much  debafe  and  cen- 
sure :  fi>r  many  of  the  wiser  sort,  condemned  all  such  distino- 
tioiu  in  a  &ee  dty,  as  dangerous  to  the  poblic  peace;  and 
Sopio  fainuelf  aftnwards  repented,  and  blamed  nimself  for 
Kiffering  it '.  Others  law,  we  may  imagine,  gave  stiU  greater 
offence,  as  it  was  a  greater  affront  to  the  people,  to  be  re- 
mored  yet  &rUier  fitmi  what,  of  all  tbioga,  they  were  fondest 

*  Qm  ti»  >  *obf*  nuidaKi  baile  pnEfodtiu  cat  impenMr,  tmH  repRile  TilHn 

ct  ■■■iat.  OBanum  jit  ex  tamat  nbertMc  •gTanun  djaCnnu  nuc  cScmn  polniMCt. 
Pn  1^  Haa.  15. 

*  Ne  h^Mttni  A.  GtUniDi  CTn.  Pomiieia  expMoid  tc  poKoUnti.     lb.  ID. 

*  Niri  ngitiaiKiii  dc  jontieo  bcllo  tnluHt,  pnfccto  egntate  mc  imjmbiMtc  ctmcVu 
•inticBm  falie  Inaet.    P«l  ndit.  in  SniM.  5. 

*  Plat,  m  Pomp. 

>  Idh  mutnii,  nt  ■  BrnDdino  pmhctDi  ert,  ODdeqainqniceuma  die  loum  *d  imperiun 
^gpuB  Rooiui  Ciliciun  uljiinxit_iU  tulum  beUan^— Cn.  PomHiiu  eHKiu  bicnw 
■f^annt,  inemite  Ten  nuecpit,  nmlw  adcta  eoaTedl.    Pni  1^.  Mmh.  12. 

*  L.  Otho.  Tir  fortii  rneut  ■iii—iim,  cqiuaOri  anKnl  nMilait  Dim  •oloD  digaititna, 
Pro  Unr.  19. 


o^  ihe  9>gtit  oi  f-'i^ji  &ii<-  «^»«^5 :  it  was  carried,  bowever,  hf 
ibr  aochoritv  ot  ibe  :rib(i::e.  and  b  frequently  referred  to,  m 
ibe  cl:i^c  «Tiwr<>  a?  &3  act.  Ten'  memorable ',  aod  wbat  niMI 
mocii  no'is^  in  in  dmt-. 

C.  C<:«uelius,  alsx  anoiLer  tribune,  vas  piuhine  forward  S 
third  law,  of  a  zr^ver  kind.  lo  proLibii  bribery  id  elediiHii^  hf 
the  sanctiifD  of^  the  <evrrest  penalties :  the  rigour  of  it  U^jr 
di^lea;^  the  viable.  wLo^  warm  opposition  raised  great  di^ 
oraeri  ia  the  riiv  :  so  I'iai  ail  other  biuine^  was  iaterrupte^ 
the  eteciioiif  of  magistrates  adjourni-d,  and  the  consols  forced 
to  have  a  guard.  The  maiier,  h<.>«'ever,  was  compounded,  bf 
modeiadng  the  s«veriij-  of  the  penalties,  in  a  new  law  of 
bv  the  cumuls,  ohich  was  atvepied  by  Cornelius,  and  ena 
in  pruper  form,  under  the  title  oi  the  Calpurnian  law,  from 
name  of  the  consul  C.  Calpumius  Piso  '.  Cicero  speaks  of  it 
still  as  H^orouslv  drawn ' :  for.  besides  a  pecuniary  fine^  it 
rendered  the  ^iJty  incapable  of  any  public  office  or  place  ia 
the  senate.  This  Cornelius  seeo'.s  to  bare  been  a  brare  and 
honest  tribune,  though  somewhat  too  fierce  and  impetuous  in 
aBsertinir  the  rights  of  the  citizens :  he  published  another  law, 
to  prohibit  any  man's  being  absolved  mim  the  obligation  rf 
the  laws,  except  by  the  authority  of  the  people;  which,  though 
a  part  of  the  old  constitution,  Kad  long  been  usurped  by  the 
senate,  who  dispensed  with  the  laws  by  their  own  decrees^  and 
those  often  made  clandestinely,  when  a  few  only  were  privy  to 
them.  The  senate,  being  resolved  not  to  part  with  so  valuable 
a  privilege,  prevailed  with  another  tribune  to  inliibit  the  pvh- 
lication  of  it,  when  it  came  to  be  read ;  upon  which  Corneliu 
took  die  book  from  the  clerk,  and  read  it  himself.     This  was 


r  was  a  magistrate  nest  in  rf^niiy  to  ihiaAMm 

irieiiially  as  a  colleague  or  assutnnl  «•  AMi  !■  Ait 

ration  of  justice,  and  to  sapplv  their  plna  ah*  1m  w^ 

At  firat  th«re  waa  hut  one  ;  liut  as  Ui«  iamUmt  waA 

of  the  Republic  increaseH,  ao  the  iiiimbs  rf  ifcs  fo^ 

s  gradually  enlarged  from  one  lu  i--ii;bL     TWy  wn 

.  not  am  the  inferior  magistrates,  by  tKe  BM|4a  viliqf 

m  their  tribea,  but  in  tlieir  centuries,  as  the  conMiMdManiB 
■In  were.  In  the  first  method,  the  majofity  of  yttm  fa  ttA 
tribe  determined  the  general  rote  of  the  tribe,  imi  a  Wmimt^ 
•f  tribes  determined  the  election,  in  which  the  MMnatalihMa  - 
U  as  good  a  vote  as  the  best :  but  in  the  secoad^  Am  hthm 
lipovfer  was  thrown  into  the  hands  of  Uie  bcltei  Ml^  1||^ 
a  wise  oontrirance  of  one  of  their  kings,  Seri'iui  TriUaai  vlw 
Prided  the  whole  body  of  the  citizens  into  a  kndnd  hmI 
ninety-three  centuries,  according  to  a  census  V  niaatioK  af 
l^ir  estates :  and  then  reduced  these  centuries  into  MX  daHi^ 
ucordiog  to  the  same  ruJe,  assigning  to  the  fnc  or  ficfant 
dass  ninety-ecren  of  these  centuries,  or  a  tMioritf  of  A* 
whole  number;  so  that,  if  the  centuries  of  na  Uit  ihto 
agreed,  the  aSair  was  over,  and  the  votes  of  all  Ae  mt  iarff* 
nificant  *. 

The  business  of  the  praetors  was  to  preside  and  j^^g*  ia  dl 
taoses,  especially  of  a  public  or  criminal  kind,  a^ere  iMr 
several  ii.ri-rlicri.-.n^  were  a*siiriied  to  tliem  by  lot';  and  it  fell 
to  Cicero's  to  ait  upon  actions  of  extortioo  and  rapine,  brought 
Bgsiost  mwHtiates  and  governors  of  provinces ' ;  in  which,  as 
he  tells  ns  nimself^  he  h»i  acted  as  an  accuser,  sat  as  a  judge, 
and  presided  as  pnetor  *.  In  this  office  he  acquired  a  great 
lepnlation  of  int^^ty,  by  the  condemnation  of  Licinius  Macer, 

£  person  of  praetorian  dignity,  and  great  eloquence  ;  who  would 
LTe  made  an  eminent  figure  at  the  bar,  if  his  abilities  had  not 
been  sullied  by  the  infamy  of  a  vicious  life*.  "  This  man,"  as 
Plutarch  relates  it,  "  depending  upon  his  interest,  and  the  in- 
flueoce  of  Crassus,  who  supported  him  with  all  his  power,  was 
so  confident  of  being  acquitted,  that,  without  waiting  for  sen- 
tence, he  went  home  to  dress  himself,  and,  as  if  already  ab- 
solved, was  returning  towards  the  court  in  a  white  gown ;  but 


•  AnLGtL  13.  15. 

•  FWn  tfait  diTinon  oT  ths  people  into  cluMt.tbe  mrd  clMdcAl,  which  we  now  ml)' 
WirniCTi  of  theSrR  imk,  i>  d«nT«d  :  for  it  UEnlflsd  ariginiUf  pemmi  of  the  fint  cUii, 
■11  the  red  being  MtW  inAs  cluwin.     lb.  7,19. 

•  In  TeiT,  Act.  I.  8. 

•  PovttilatnT  ^tud  me  pnttorflin  primnm  de  pveuniit  repetundis.     Pro  Cornel.  I. 

•  Aezimn  da  pccuaiu  repctiindh,  judex  wdl,  pntor  quniri,  &e.  Pio  R«blr. 
FmI.  «. 

•  Bret(u,Si2. 


being  met  on  his  way  by  Crassus,  and  iiifonnecl  that  be  « 
oonaemned  by  the  unanimous  suffrasc  of  the  bench,  he  ti 
hU  bed,  and  die<l  immediately."  The  story  is  told  diffete 
by  other  writers:  "That  Macer  was  actually  in  the  M 
expecting  the  issue;  but  perceiving  Cicero  ready  to  give  jnd^., 
ment  against  liim,  he  sent  one  to  let  him  know  tl^t  he  mtfl 
dead,  and  stopping  his  breath  at  the  same  time  with  an  baoA'al 
kerchief,  instantly  expired;  so  that  Cicero  did  not  proceed  lK-1 
sentence,  by  whicli  Macer's  estate  was  sared  to  bis  Boa  U*  J 
dnius  Calvus,  an  orator  afterwards  of  the  first  merit  and  i 

nence'."     But,  from  Cicero's  own  account  it  appeara,  t , 

after  treating  Macer  in  the  trial  with  great  candour  andeqni^i 
he  actually  condemned  him,  with  the  universal  approbatioa  rf  I 
the  people ;  and  did  himself  much  more  honour  and  service  ij  J 
it,  than  he  could  have  reaped,  he  says,  by  Macer's  frieodshy 
and  interest,  if  he  had  acquitted  him  . 

Manilius,  one  of  the  new  tribunes,  ito  sooner  entered  into 
bis  office,  than  he  raised  a  fresh  disturbance  in  the  city,  1^ 
the  promulgation  of  a  law,  for  granting  to  slaves,  set  free, 
a  right  of  voting  among  the  tribes;  which  gave  so  much  scan- 
dal to  all,  and  was  so  vigorously  opposed  oy  the  senate,  that 
he  was  presently  obliged  to  drop  it' :  but  being  always  venal, 
as  Velleius  says,  and  the  tool  of  other  men's  power,  that  he 
might  recover  his  credit  with  the  people,  and  engage  the 
lavour  of  Pompcy,  lie  proposed  a  second  law,  that  Pomp^, 
who  was  then  in  Cilicia,  extinguishing  the  remains  of  the 
piratic  war,  should  have  the  government  of  Asia  added  to  his 
commission,  with  the  command  of  the  Mithridadc  war,  and  of 
all  the  Roman  armies  in  those  parts*.     It  was  about  eight 


OF  cicbho.  83 

]  was  still  increased,  by  the  onlodcy  defou  of  vac  of 

i,  Triariu$;    who,  io   a  lasli  viuraevmpDt  villi 

, ,  .03  destroyed  witli  the  Ins  of  fiis  cainp,  and  die 

Meat  of  his  troom:  so  ihaX  as  90011  as  ihej-  heard  thai  Glabra^ 
be  consul  of  the  Last  vear,  was  appointetl  to  fucecvd  hiM,  mad 
etnally  arrived  in  A&ia,  tliry  btiikje  iini  iiito  aa  open  mnttajTi 
jtd  refused  to  foUov  him  any  tartlier,  declaring  Utemseires  to 
t  no  longer  his  soldiers  :  txit  Glabrio.  npon  the  dpits  of  liteae 
isiRderf, living  no  iaclinatioD  lo  enter  upon  so  tmuble^omea 
Dminand,  cbose  to  stop  short  in  Bithynia.  without  ever  goin^ 
t  the  anny '. 

This  [DUtinous  spirit  io  Lucullus's  troops,  and  the  loss  of  ht> 
Mhority  with  tliem,  which  Glabrio  was  still  less  qualified  to 
main,  gave  a  reasonable  pretext  to  Manilius's  law ;  and  rnm- 
iey*9  success  against  the  pirates,  and  his  being  spon  the  ^wt 
rith  a  great  army,  irtade  it  likewise  tlie  more  plausible:  M 
kn,  after  a  sharp  contest  and  opposition  from  some  of  the  best 
nd  greatest  of  tlie  senate,  the  tribune  carried  his  point,  and 
ot  the  law  confirmed  by  the  people.  Cicero  supported  it  with 
11  his  eloquence,  in  a  specca  from  the  rostra,  which  he  had 
«Ter  mounted  till  tlus  occasion :  where,  in  displnyiog  the  cka> 
■cter  of  Fompey,  he  draws  the  picture  of  a  consummate  gene- 
il,  with  all  the  strength  and  beauty  of  colours,  which  words 
an  give.  He  was  now  in  the  career  of  his  fortunes,  and  in 
ight,  as  it  were,  of  the  consulship,  the  grand  object  of  his 
mbirion;  so  that  his  conduct  was  suspected  to  flow  from  on 
ntercsted  view  of  facilitating  Lis  own  advancement,  by  paying 
his  court  to  Pompey's  power:  but  the  reasons  already  in- 
imated,  and  Pompey's  singular  character  of  modesty  and 
betinence,  joined  to  the  superiority  of  his  military  fame, 
■%bt  probaDly  oonvince  him,  that  it  was  not  only  safe,  but 
ecessary  at  this  time,  to  commit  a  war,  which  nobody  else 
onld  finish,  to  such  a  general ;  and  a  power,  which  nobody 
be  oi^it  to  be  entrusted  with,  to  such  a  man.  This  he  him- 
elf  solemDly  affirms  in  the  conclusion  of  hb  speech :  "  I  call 
be  gods  to  wttnees,"  says  he,  "  and  especially  those  who  pre- 
ide  over  this  temple,  and  inspect  the  minds  of  all  who  aomt- 
ister  tlie  public  affairs,  that  I  neither  do  this  at  the  desire  of 
ny  one,  nor  to  conciliate  Pompey's  favour,  nor  to  procure 
rom  any  man's  greatness,  either  a  support  in  dangers,  or 
viatuice  in  honours :  for  as  to  dangers,  I  shall  repel  them  as 

man  ought  to  do,  by  the  protection  of  my  innocence ;  and 
>r  honours,  I  shall  obtun  them,  not  from  any  single  man,  nor 
rem  this  place,  but  from  my  usual  laborious  course  of  life,  and 
be  continuance  of  your  favour.     Whatever  pains,  therefore^  I 

■  P»  log.  Mudl.  2.  9.     Plul.  ib.     Dio.  1.  36.  p.  7. 

g2 


84 

bare  taken  in  this  cause,  I  have  taken  it  all,  I  aMure  vog,  ft 
the  sake  of  the  Republic ;  and,  so  br  from  aemn^  any  int~^ 
of  mjr  own  by  it,  nave  ^ned  the  iU-will  and  enmity  of  n 
partly  secret,  partly  declared ;  unnecessary  to  myael^  yat  ■ 
naelesa  perhaps  to  you :  but,  after  so  many  Eavoun  n 
from  you,  and  this  very  honour  which  I  dow  enjoy,  ] 
made  it  my  resolution,  citizens,  to  prefer  your  will,  uedi_ 
of  the  Republic,  and  the  safety  uf  the  provinces,  to  all  my  0 
interests  and  advantages  whatsoever  '." 

J.  Ctesar,  also,  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  this  law ;  bat  fi 
a  ditferent  motive  than    the  love  either  of  Pompey,  or  tki  I 
Kepublic :  his  design  was,  to  recommend  himself  by  it  to  tl 
people,  wiiose  favour  he  foresaw  would  be  of  more  use  to  Id 
than  the  senate's,  and  to  cast  a  fresh  load  of  envy  on  Pompm  I 
which,  by  some  accident,  might  be  improved  afterwards  tr  *" 

rt;  but  his  chief  view  was  to  make  the  precedent  fi 


that  whatever  use  Pompey  might  make  of  it,  he  himself  ahAi 
one  day  make  a  bad  one '.  For  this  is  die  common  efiel 
of  breaking  through  the  barrier  of  the  laws,  by  which  muj 
states  have  been  ruined;  when,  from  a  confidence  in  tM 
abilities  and  integrity  of  some  eminent  citizen,  they  iavot 
him,  on  pressing  occasions,  with  extiBordinary  powers  for  tba 
■  •  '  -  ■  ■     ■;  for   ' 


[i  benefit  and  defence  of  the  society ;  for  though  p 
so  entrusted,  may,  in  particular  cases,  be  of  singular  serviosi 
and  sometimes  even  necessary ;  yet  the  example  is  always 
dangerous,  furnishing  a  perpetual  pretence  to  the  ambitioM 
and  ill- designing,  to  grasp  at  every  prerogative  which  had 
been  granted  at  any  time  to  the  virtuous,  till  the  same  power, 


OF    CICERO. 

rota]  passions ;  whose  lust  no  sense  of  shame  restrains  -  I 

IT  the  riciousness  of  her  mind,  perverts  all  the  laws  of  mei  1 
be  worst  entU;  nho  acts  witli  such  folly,  that  aunt?  cnii  taE* 
er  for  a  human  creatnre ;  with  such  violence,  that  none  can 
nagine  her  to  be  a  woman ;  with  such  cruelty  tluit  none  can 
Dooeive  her  to  be  a  mother ;  one,  who  has  confoundi-d  not  onlv 
te  name  and  the  rights  of  nature,  but  all  the  relatiou!i  i>f  it 
w:  the  wife  of  her  son-in-law !  the  step-mother  of  her  sou  ! 
be  invader  of  her  daughter's  bed  !  in  short,  who  hiu  nothing 
rft  in  her  of  the  human  species,  but  the  mere  form  '." 

He  13  supposed  to  have  defended  several  other  crimtna]t«  this 
ear,  though  the  pleadings  are  now  lost,  and  particularly  M. 
''uodanius  :  bat  what  gii'es  the  most  remarkable  proof  of  hit 
ndusliy,  is,  that  dnring  his  pnetor&hip,  as  some  of  the  ancient 
rriters  tell  us,  though  he  was  in  full  practice  and  exerctsr  of 
peaking,  yet  he  &equented  the  school  of  a  celebrated  rbetori* 
lan,  Gnipho '.  We  cannot  suppose  that  hi)t  design  was  to 
Mm  any  thing  new,  but  to  preserve  and  confirm  thai  rterfec- 
ion  which  he  nad  already  acqnired,  and  prevent  any  ill  habit 
ram  growing  insensibly  upon  liim,  by  exercising  himself  under 
he  observation  of  so  judicious  a  master.  But  his  chief  view 
ertainly  was,  to  give  some  countenance  and  encouragement 
0  Gnipho  himself  as  well  as  to  the  art  which  he  profexsed ; 
ind  by  tlve  preiteTice  and  authority  of  one  of  the  first  ina>;is- 
rates  of  Rome,  to  inspire  tfiu  young  nobli's  willi  an  aniliitimi 
o  excel  in  it 

When  his  magistracy  was  just  at  an  end,  Manilius,  whose 
ribuoate  ezpirea  a  few  days  before,  was  accused  before  him  of 
apine  and  extortion :  and  though  ten  days  were  always  allowed 
0  tlie  criminal  to  prepare  for  his  defence,  he  appointed  the 
'ery  next  day  for  tne  trial  This  startled  and  offended  the 
itizens,  who  generally  favoured  Manilius,  and  looked  upon  the 
iTOsecation  as  the  effect  of  malice  and  resentment  on  the  part 
>f  the  senate,  for  bis  law  in  bvour  of  Pompey.  The  tribunes, 
herefore,  called  Cicero  to  an  account  before  the  people,  for 
reating  Manilius  so  roughlv  ;  who,  in  defence  of  himself,  said, 
hat  as  it  had  been  his  practice  to  treat  all  criminals  with  huma- 
lity,  so  be  had  no  design  of  acting  otlierwise  with  Manilius, 
)n^  on  the  contrary,  bad  appointed  that  short  day  for  the  trial, 
lecaDse  it  was  the  only  one  of  which  he  was  master ;  and  that 
t  was  not  the  part  of  those  who  wished  well  to  Manilius  to 
hrow  off  the  cause  to  another  judge.  This  made  a  wonderful 
jiange  in  the  minds  of  the  audience,  who,  applauding  his  con- 
tact,  desired  then  dwt  he  would  undertake  the  defence  of 


Manilius,  to  which  he  consented ;  and  steppinir  up  won  into 
the  rostra,  laid  open  the  source  of  the  whole  ^&ir,  with  man 
severe  reflections  'upon  the  enemies  of  Potnpey '.  The  tn^ 
however,  was  dropped,  on  account  of  the  tumults  which  araw 
immediately  after  in  the  city,  from  some  new  inddents  of  nuek 
g;r cater  importance. 

At  the  consular  election,  which  was  held  this  anmmcr,  P. 
Autronius  Psetus,  and  P.  Cornelius  Sylla,  were  dedand 
consuls ;  but  their  election  was  no  sooner  published,  than  ibe^ 
were  aecused  of  bribery  and  corruption  by  the  Calpumiu 
law;  and,  being  brought  to  trial,  and  found  guilty,  before  tUr 
entrance  into  office,  forfeited  the  consulship  to  their  aocoMii 
and  competitors,  L.  Monlius  Torquatus,  and  L.  AnrellM 
Cotta.  Catiline,  also,  who,  from  his  prsetorship,  had  obtunad 
the  province  of  Afric,  came  to  Rome  this  year,  to  appear  a 
candidate  at  the  election;  but,  being  accused  of  extortion  and 
n^ine  in  that  government,  was  not  permitted  by  the  oonanls 
to  pursue  his  pretensions  *. 

This  disgrace  of  men,  so  powerful  and  desperate,  eiwagad 
them  presently  in  a  conspiracy  against  the  state,  in  which  it 
was  resolved  to  kill  the  new  consuls,  with  several  otfaen  of  the 
senate,  and  share  the  govcniment  among  themselves :  but  the 
effect  of  it  was  prevented  by  some  information  given  of  the 
design,  which  was  too  precipitately  laid  to  be  ripe  for  ezeciH 
tion.  On.  Piso,  an  audacious,  needy,  fections  young  noble- 
man was  privy  to  it ' ;  and,  as  Suetonius  says,  two  more  of 
much  greater  weight,  M.  Crassus  and  J.  CiMar;  the  first  of 
whom  was  to  be  created  dictator,  tlie  second  his  master  of  the 


OF   CICEDO. 

1  be  are  saiil  to  liave  entered  Into  a  new  nnd  eepnmto 
tneiit,  tbat  tlie  one  should  begin  some  disturbance 
ttO,  vhile  the  otlier  was  to  prepare  and  iiiBame  matters  nt 
e:  but  this  plot  also  was  defeated  by  the  unexpected  death 
of  PSw> ;  M'bo  was  assasainated  by  the  .Spaniards,  as  some  say, 
tat  bia  cruelly;  or,  as  otfiers,  by  Pompey's  clients,  and  at  t£e 
fal^^tion  of  Pompey  himself. 

^wem,  at  the  expiradou  of  hb  prsetorship,  would  not  accept 
<auf  fiareJfiT)  proyioce ',  the  usual  reward  of  that  tnagiatraevi 
Hd  tbe  cnief  ft'uit  which  the  generality  proposed  from  it.  lie 
lad  no  (Ktrticular  love  for  money,  nor  genius  for  arms,  so  tliat 
Ame  governments  had  no  charms  for  him:  the  glory  which 
be  pursued,  was  to  shine  in  the  eyes  of  the  city,  as  the  guar- 
diwn  of  its  laws,  and  to  teach  the  magistrates  how  to  execute, 
the  citizens  Imw  to  obey  them.  But  he  was  now  preparing  U\ 
sue  for  the  consulship,  the  great  object  of  all  his  h(^es ;  aud 
his  whole  attention  was  employed  how  to  obtain  it  in  his  proper 
year,  and  without  a  repulse.  There  are  two  years  neccswrily 
to  iulervene  between  the  praitorship  and  consulship ;  the  first 
of  which  was  usually  spent  iit  forming  a  general  interest,  and 
soliciting  for  it,  as  it  were,  in  a  private  manner;  the  second 
in  suing  for  it  openly,  in  the  proper  form  and  habit  of  a  can- 
didate. The  affection  of  the  city,  so  signally  declared  for  liim, 
in  all  the  inferior  steps  of  honour,  gave  liJm  a  strong;  prosump- 
lioii  of  siictes.-!  ill  \ih  i<Ti.-~ci\t  pretensinris  tu  tlic  liiijl/c-l :  but, 
as  lie  had  reaMU  to  apprehend  a  great  opposition  from  the 
nobilitv,  who  hxAed  upon  the  public  dignities  as  a  kind  of 
birtb-nght,  and  could  not  brook  their  bemg  intercepted,  and 
snatched  fiWi  them  by  new  men  * ;  so  he  resolved  to  put  it 
out  of  their  power  to  hurt  Mm,  by  omitting  no  pains  which 
could  be  required  of  a  candidate,  of  visiting  and  soliciting  all 
the  citizens  in  person.  At  the  election,  therefore,  of  the  tri- 
bunes, on  the  sixteenth  of  July,  where  the  whole  city  was 
assembled  in  the  field  of  Mars,  he  chose  to  make  his  first  effort, 
and  to  mix  himself  with  the  crowd,  on  purpose  to  caress  ana 
salate  them,  &miliarly,  by  name ;  and,  as  soon  as  there  was 
any  vacation  in  the  Forum,  which  happened  usually  in  August, 
be  intended  to  make  an  excursion  into  the  Cisalpiue  Gaul, 
and,  in  the  character  of  a  lieutenant  to  Piso,  the  governor  of 
it,  to  visit  the  towns  and  colonies  of  that  province,  which  was 
reckoned  very  strong  in  the  number  of  its  votes,  and  so  return 

>  PictiuDQae,  at  limul  forisillc.ipK  RonUF,  id  m  novu  Hinauri^irrtnt.     lb. 

BuBt^dDi  aicant^  jmberiv  cjiit  injuBto — borbann  nciuiTimK  patj ;  hIii  autrni,  cauitM 
31<».  Co.  Pompfii  fete™  climta,  wlnntot.  eju.  Pwononi  agg™6..s,     Salln.t.  19. 

'  Tn  in  pnvincUm  ire  aolwiti :  nan  poaflutn  id  ia  tc  reprebcnderc^  qui>d  in  1Ddp» 
pnrtw — probsTi.     Pro  Munen.  20. 

'  Non  idnn  Buhi  licet  quod  iii,  qui  nobili  anierf  nili  tunt.  qiiibui  Dina»  papuli  Ro- 
mani  bcDcAcia  ckmBirntibui  defcruntur.     In  Vnr.  6.  70. 


to  Rome  in  January  following '.  While  he  was  thos  emplofi 
io  suing  for  the  consulship,  L.  Cotta,  a  remarkable  lorert 
wine,  was  one  of  the  censors,  which  gave  occasion  to  one  4 
Cicero's  jokes,  that  Plutarch  has  transmitted  to  us,  that  h^pea 
ing  one  day  to  be  dry  with  the  fotigne  of  his  task,  he  calU 
for  a  glass  of  water  to  quench  his  thirst ;  and  when  bis  frienl 
stood  close  around  him,  as  he  was  drinking,  "  You  do  wetl* 
says  he,  "  to  cover  me,  lest  Cotta  should  censure  me,  for  drisl 
ing  water." 

He  wrote  about  the  same  time  to  Atticus,  then  at  Athens,  t 
desire  him  to  engage  all  that  band  of  Ponipey'B  dependant 
who  were  serving  under  him  in  the  Mithrioatic  war,  and,  k> 
way  of  jest,  bids  him  tell  Pompey  himself,  that  he  would  m 
take  it  ill  of  him,  if  he  did  not  come,  in  person,  to  his  efectiaiil 
Atticus  spent  many  years  in  this  residence  at  Athens,  wUd 
gave  Cicero  an  opportunity  of  employing  him,  to  buy  a  groi 
number  of  statues,  for  the  ornament  i^  his  several  villas,  e^ 
cially  that  at  Tusculum,  in  which  he  took  the  greatest  plea 
sure ',  for  its  delightful  situation  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ilome 
and  the  convenience  of  an  easy  retreat  from  the  hunr  am 
fatigues  of  the  city  :  liere  he  had  built  several  rooms  ana  gat 
leries,  in  imitation  of  the  schools  and  porticos  of  Athena,  wmcl 
he  called,  likewise,  by  their  Attic  names  of  the  Academy 
and  Gymnasium,  and  designed  for  the  same  use  of  phUoso 
phical  conferences  with  his  learned  friends.  He  had  givei 
Atticus  a  general  commission  to  purchase,  for  him,  any  pieo 
of  Grecian  art  or  sculpture,  which  was  elegant  and  curfotu 
especially  of  the  literary  kind,  or  proper  for  the  fiirziiltire  o 
hia  academy';  which  Atticus  executed  to  his  great Kitisfactioi 


OF  CICBBO. 

FaiDon  as  possible,  with  aity  other  statues  and  urnamentfi  wbicfa 
you  think  proper  for  the  place,  and  in  my  la»ie,  nnd  fjood 
Minugh  U>  pleiLie  your's ;  but,  above  all,  such  as  will  suit  my 
lymnasiuni  auH  nortico:  for  I  am  grown  so  fond  of  all  tliinKs  of 
tut  kind,  that  tuough  oiliere,  probably,  may  blame  me,  yet  I 
depend  on  you  to  oscist  me '." 

Of  all  tbe  pieces  which  Atticus  sent,  he  seems  to  have  been 
,  tlie  most  pleased  witli  a  sort  of  compound  emblematical  fi)(ureii, 
representing  Mercury  and  Minen-a,  or  Mercriry  and  HerciiW 
jointly,  upon  one  base,  called  Hermarhenie  and  HiTmerdcl»: 
for  Hercules  being  the  proper  deity  of  the  GymnaAium,  Mi- 
nenra  of  tbe  Academy,  and  Mercury  common  to  both,  they 
exactly  suited  the  purpose  for  which  he  desired  them'.  Ilut* 
he  was  so  intent  on  embellishing  this  Tusculaii  villa  with  all 
wrts  of  Grecian  work,  that  he  sent  over  to  AttJcus  tlie  uluns  of 
Us  ceilings,  which  were  of  stucco-work,  in  order  to  denpeuk 
pieces  of  sculpture,  or  painting,  to  be  inserted  in  tfav  compart- 
nents;  with  tne  covers  of  two  of  his  wells,  or  fountain*,  wliich, 
tocording  to  the  custom  of  those  times,  they  used  to  form  after 
lome elegant  pattern,  and  adorned  with  figures,  in  relief*. 

Nor  was  he  ]ess  eager  in  making  a  collection  of  Greek  books, 
Uid  forming  a  library,  by  the  same  opportiinih'  of  AtticDs's 
help.  This  was  Atticus's  own  passion,  wlio,  having  free  access 
to  all  the  libraries  of  Athens,  was  employing  his  slaves  in  cnpy- 
ii^  ^e  works  Oi  their  best  writers,  not  onlv  for  his  own  tmBt 
but  for  mie  abo^  and  the  common  profit  botD  of  tbe  slave  and 
the  master:  for  Atticus  was  remarkable,  above  all  men  of  hu 
rank,  for  a  &niily  of  learned  slaves,  having  scarce  a  foot-boy  in 
his  house,  who  was  not  trained  both  to  read  and  write  for  him  *. 
By  this  advantage  he  had  made  a  very  large  collection  of 
choice  and  curious  books,  and  signified  to  Cicero  his  design  of 
selling  them ;  yet  seems  to  have  intimated  withal,  that  he  ex- 
pected a  larger  sum  for  them  than  Cicero  would  easily  spare : 
which  gave  occafflon  to  Cicero  to  beg  of  him,  in  severd  letters, 

■  IK  8. 

■  HomatliBM  to*  me  Ttldt  dcleeUI.  lb.  1.  Qood  id  me  de  Honutliaia  leribif, 
fa  niU  gTVinni  st— flnod  et  Hennn  oommone  amnimii,  et  Hinem  nngnlcra  CM  is- 
UE  tin*  grmnmni.  lb.  4.  Sign*  DMln  et  Hemwnctu,  eam  commoduume  poteik, 
nfim  impoDU.     lb.  10. 

The  laraed  gesenll;  Uke  lh«K  ncnnenfle  uid  HennMhenn  to  be  Dothuig  mare 
duu  A  1^1  iquare  pedettil  of  atone,  whicb  vu  tbe  emblem  of  Mercarr,  with  the  bead 
•tlbeothn-  dcily,  Minerrs  or  Hen: ule^  upon  ii,  of  which  wrt  there  are  tevenl  (till 
enant.H  ve  kc  them  de«ribcil  in  tbe  booki  otintiqailiea.  Bui  I  un  >pl  to  think, that 
tbnbfdi  nf  hrrth  the  deit^ei  were  Hnaedme*  ibo  joined  together  upon  the  Hme  pedcMal, 
~        '-      ,  u  we  we  in  thoH  uitiqae  flgum  which  (re  DOH  indiKrimioMalj 


l*w  tiW  miado,  qnot  in  tectorio  mtrioli  ptamm  incladere,  et  putnlla 


lo  ■>  MBt  p*Mii  liUntiMiiii,  ungnoilc  optimi,  et  plarlmi  libnrii ;  nl  ne  pedli- 
■iibniiiiii  eiMl,  qui  non  atnimqne  honim  pnlchre  fuere  poHet.    Cora. 


90  THE  LIFE 

to  reserve  die  wbole  number  for  him,  till  be  cotild  raise  moatf  ' 
enoueb  for  the  purcbase. 

"Pmy  keep  yuur  boolcH,"  wya  be,  "for  me,  and  do  lat. 
despair  of  my  beinjr  able  to  make  tbem  miae ;  wbicb  if  I  en 
compass,  I  sball  thiiik  myself  richer  tban  Crassus,  and  despin 
the  fine  villas  und  ^rdeiis  of  lliem  all  '■"  Again :  *'  Take  can 
that  you  do  nut  part  with  your  libmry  to  any  man,  bow  eapt 
soever  be  may  be  to  buy  it :  for  I  am  setting  apart  all  my  littb 
rents  to  purchase  tliat  relief  for  my  old  age  *."  In  a  tided 
letter  be  says,  "  Tliat  be  bad  placea  all  bis  hopes  of  oom&rt 
and  pleasure,  whenever  be  sliould  retire  from  business,  M 
Atticus's  reser^'iug  these  books  for  him '." 

But  to  return  to  tlie  affairs  of  the  city.  Cicero  was  mnr 
engaged  in  tlie  defence  of  C.  Cornelius,  who  was  accused,  ani 
tried,  fur  practices  against  the  state,  in  bis  late  tribunate,  beCon 
the  prstor,  Q,  Utillius.  This  trial,  which  lasted  four  dayi, 
was  one  of  the  most  important  in  which  he  had  ever  been  cm- 
cerned:  tbe  two  coui^uls  presided  in  it;  and  all  the  chieisof 
the  senate,  Q.  Catulus,  L.  Lucullus,  Hortensius,  &c.  appeand 
as  witnetiscs  against  the  criminal ' ;  whom  Cicero  defended,  M 
Quintiliun  says,  not  only  with  strong,  but  shining  arms,  and 
with  a  force  of  eloquence,  that  drew  acclamations  from  the 
people  *.  He  publisiied  two  orations,  spoken  in  this  canse, 
whose  loss  is  a  public  detriment  to  the  literary  world,  rince 
they  were  reckoned  among  the  most  finished  of  his  compoa- 
tions:  he  himself  refers  to  them  as  such  ' :  and  the  old  critics 
have  drawn  many  examples  from  tbem,  of  tliat  genuine  elo- 
quence, which  extorts  applause,  and  excites  admiration. 

C  Papilla,  one  of  the  tribunes,  puMi?hetl  u  liiw,  this  year, 


OF  CICEBO.  01; 

c:  iw  bad  been  soliciting  Cicero  to  underlalte  bis  dvfenoe; 
vbch  at  one  lime,  was  much  inclLned,  or  dcU^rmtiiecl  rather  to 
da  ii,  for  the  sake  of  obliging  the  noble«,  especially  Crosni-  and 
Ousuft,  or  of  making  Catiline  at  least  his  bicnd,  as  bo  ngnl- 
fin  in  u  letter  to  Atticus :  "  I  design,"  says  li«,  '■  at  preaettt, 
to  defend  my  competitor  Catiline:  we  have  judj^  to  our 
moid,  yet  such  as  tl}c  accuser  himself  k  pleased  with  :  I  Iui}>c, 
if  he  be  acquitted,  tliat  be  will  be  the  more  ready  to  serve  me, 
in  onr  common  petition ;  but  if  it  fall  out  otlicntise,  I  sliall 
bear  it  with  patience.  It  is  of  great  importance  to  me,  to  have 
you  here  as  soon  as  possible:  for  there  is  a  general  pcrswwion. 
tbat  certaiu  nobles  of  your  acqu^ntance  will  be  against  me: 
ind  you,  I  know,  could  be  of  the  greatest  service,  in  gaining 
litem  over'."  But  Cicero  changed  bis  mind,  and  aid  nut 
defend  liim  * ;  upon  a  nearer  view,  perhaps,  of  his  designs,  and 
iraitorotis  practices;  to  which  be  seems  to  allude,  when  de- 
wribing  the  art  mid  dissimulation  of  Catiline,  he  declareii,  that 
he  himself  wan  once  almost  deceived  by  him,  i>>o  as  to  take  him 
foraeood  citizen,  a  lover  of  honest  men,  a  linn  and  faithful 
frienn ',  &c.  But  it  is  not  strange  that  a  candidate  for  the 
consuUhip,  in  ibe  career  of  his  ambition,  should  think  of  de- 
fending a  man  of  the  first  rank  and  interest  in  the  city,  when 
all  the  consular  senators,  and  even  the  consul  himself,  Tor- 
quaiu^  appeared  with  him  at  tbe  trial,  and  gave  testimony 
in  his  favour.  \\  hom  Cicero  excused,  when  tiicy  were  after- 
wards reproaclied  with  lE,  by  observing,  tliat  they  had  no  notion 
of  his  treasons,  nor  suspicion,  at  tliut  time,  of  liis  conspiracy  ; 
bu^  out  of  mere  humanity  and  compassion,  defended  a  friend 
in  distress,  and,  in  tbat  crisis  of  danger,  overlooked  the  infomy 
of  his  life  *. 

His  prosecator  was  P.  Clodiiis,  a  young  nobleman  as  profli- 
gate as  himself;  so  tbat  it  was  not  difficult  to  make  up  matters 
with  such  an  accuser,  who,  for  a  sum  of  money,  agreed  to 
betray  tbe  cause,  and  suffer  him  to  escape  * :  whicb  gave  occa- 
sion to  what  Cicero  stud,  afterwards,  in  a  speech  against  him, 
in  the  senate,  while  they  were  suing  together  for  the  consul- 
ship : — •"  Wretch  I  not  to  see  that  thou  art  not  acquitted,  but 
reserved  only  to  a  severer  trial,  and  heavier  punishment'." 
It  was  in  this  year,  as  Cicero  tells  us,  under  the  consuls  Cotta 

'  Ad  AU.  1,2.  •  A*™.  inTog-emd. 

)  HeipaDiii,  me,  inqaim,  qnondam  ille  pene  dccepil,  cum  et  civil  mibl  boau),  el 
optnni  cDJiuque  cQpiduA,  e(  nrmuft  HmicuB  ct  fidcbs  vidervtar.     Pro  Crelio^ti, 

t  Aenmti  *imt  unn  nomine  Coniuluvi— offuerunl  Catilinir.  ciitnquc  laudirimt. 
NiJlm  tnm  patcbat.  nulla  cnt  cogniu.  canjiintio,  &c.     Pro  Syll.  29. 

I  A  Catifina  nccaniam  acccpil,  iit  tiirpinime  [rovancareliir.     lie  IlinHp.  trip.  30. 

•  O  miacT.  qui  noD  Kniiu  illo  judirio  te  nnn  alHolutt.m.  veruai  »d  Bliquod  Krtriul 
judicium,  it  majm  mppiiciiim  reictvalmn.    Oral,  in  Tog.  laod. 


93  THE  UFB 

and  Torqnatiu,  that  tho§e  prodi^es  lu^pened,  whidi  were  hh 
terpretea  to  portend  the  ^reat  dangers  and  plots,  that  mw 
naw  hatching  against  the  state,  and  broke  out,  two  yean  after, 
io  Cicero's  consulship;  when  the  tnirets  of  the  Capitol,  the 
statues  of  the  gods,  aod  the  brazen  image  of  the  inbnt  Rcna* 
lus,  sucking  the  wolf,  were  struck  down  by  lightning '. 

Cicero,  Being  now  in  his  forty-third  year,  the  proper  wp 
required  by  law ',  declared  himself  a  candidate  for  the  couaW 
ship,  along  with  six  competitors,  P.  Sulpicius  Galba,  L.  Set- 
irius  Catilina,  C.  Antonius,  L.  Cas^us  Lon^nus,  Q.  Cont 
Bcius,  C.  Licinius  Sacerdos.  The  two  first  were  patridaoik' 
the  two  next  plebeians,  yet  noble ;  the  two  last  the  sons  of 
fathers,  who  had  first  imported  the  public  honours  into  their 
families :  Cicero  was  the  only  new  man  among  them,  or  on> 
born  of  equestrian  rank*.  Ualba  and  Cornificius  were  pe^ 
sons  of  great  virtue  and  merit ;  Sacerdos,  without  any  par* 
ttcular  blemish  upon  him;  Cassius,  lazy  and  weak,  but  not 
thought  so  wicked  as  he  soon  after  appeared  to  be;  AntoDins 
and  Catiline,  though  infamous  in  their  lives  and  characten, 
yet,  by  intrigue  and  taction,  had  acquired  a  powerful  interest 
in  the  city,  and  joined  all  their  forces  against  Cicero,  as  their 


CuHtolio  puTDm  ilquo  lutuilciii,  ubcribiu  lupiou  inbuatem  fuiiH  ■"-■"' """■     Id 
C>til.  3.  8. 

Tb»  nme  Agure.  u  it  ii  gmrnllj'  thought,  fanned  in  bimM.  oT  the  inhnta,  Bonnlw 
..,   T.__.    .    .    ...■.._  .1 „  :.  ..,., ,    __j  .!.._    Tp  iheC»{riloI  mAlbt 


of  >  UqucfKlion,  by  >  •Irokc  of  Lhlning,  oa  one  of  the  legi  of  iho  wolf.  Owtt 
I  hu  dcKCibcd  the  prodiDi'  in  the  f^loving  Una  : 


OF  CICERO.  93 

most  foniiidable  antagonist,  in  which  they  were  vigorously 
mpported  by  Crassus  and  Csesar  ■• 

This  was  the  state  of  the  competition ;  in  which  the  practice 
cf  bribing  was  carried  on  so  openly  and  shamefully,  oy  An- 
toniuB  and  Catiline,  that  the  senate  thought  it  necessary  to 
ghre  some  check  to  it,  by  a  new  and  more  rigorous  law ;  out, 
when  they  were  proceeding  to  publish  it,  L.  Mucins  Oreitinus, 
me  of  the  tribunes,  put  his  negative  upon  theuL  This  tribune 
lad  been  Cicero's  client,  and  defended  by  him,  in  an  impeach- 
ment of  plunder  and  robbery ;  but,  having  now  sold  himself  to 
Us  enemies,  made  it  the  subject  of  ail  his  narangrues,  to  ridicule 
his  birth  and  character,  as  unworthy  of  the  consulship  :  in  the 
debate,  therefore,  which  arose  in  the  senate,  upon  the  merits 
of  his  n^;ative,  Cicero,  provoked  to  find  so  desperate  a  con- 
federacy against  him,  rose  up,  and,  after  some  raillery  and 
expostulation  with  Mucins,  miade  a  most  severe  invective  on 
the  flagitious  lives  and  practices  of  his  two  competitors,  in  a 
speech  usually  called  in  Toga.  Candida,  because  it  was  delivered 
b  a  white  gown,  the  proper  habit  of  all  candidates,  and  from 
which  the  name  itself  was  derived '. 

Though  he  had  now  business  enough  upon  his  hands  to 
engage  his  whole  attention,  yet  we  find  him  employed  in  the 
defence  of  Q.  Gallius,  the  pr»tor  of  the  last  year,  accused  of 
comipt  practices,  in  procuring  that  magistracy.  Gallius,  it 
seems,  when  chosen  sedile,  had  disgusted  the  people,  by  not 
providing  any  wild  beasts  for  their  entertainment,  in  his 
public  snob's;  so  that,  to  put  them  in  good  humour,  when  he 
stood  for  the  praetorship,  he  entertained  them  ^ith  gladiators, 
on  pretence  of  giving  them  in  honour  of  his  deceased  father  '. 
This  was  his  crime,  of  which  he  was  accused  by  M.  Callidius 
whose  father  had  been  impeached  before,  by  Gallius.  Cal- 
lidius  was  one  of  the  most  eloquent  and  accurate  speakers 
of  his  time,  of  an  easy,  flowing,  copious  style,  always  delight- 
ing, though  seldom  warming  his  audience,  which  was  the  only 
thing  wanting  to  make  him  a  complete  orator.  Besides  the 
public  crime  just  mentioned,  he  charged  Gallius  with  a  private 
one  against  himself,  a  design  to  poison  him ;  of  which  he  pre- 
tended to  have  manifest  proofs,  as  well  from  the  testimony  of 
witnesses,  as  of  his  own  hand  and  letters:  but  he  told  his  story 
^^ith  so  much  temper  and  indolence,  that  Cicero,  from  his 
coldness  in  opening  a  fact  so  interesting,  and  where  his  life  had 
been  attempted,  formed  an  argument  to  prove  that  it  could  not 


*  Catilina  ct  Antor.iu*,  quanquim  otur.ibn*«  maaime  infami*  f  op^m  v.ta  c^*^.-:.  tznicn 
m'jhum  poterant.  Coierun:  enim  anjl>o.  u:  CictToncni  ror.-ula'.ii  'i«-ji*:ererjt.  I'Jjiitoribui 
sn  firmisjimi*.  M.  Cras«o  et  C.C«are.     Awron.  ar/wm.  ii:  Tr»g.  «.arid. 

'  Ascon.  arTum.  '  Ascon.  not.  ib. 


94  THE  LIFE 

be  true.  *'  How  is  it  poesible,"  sava  he,  "  CalUdiua,  for  jm 
to  plead  in  bucIi  a  manner,  if  you  did  not  know  the  thing  It 
be  forged  ?  How  could  you,  who  act  with  such  force  of  eW 
quence  in  other  men's  dangers,  be  so  indolent  in  your  own? 
Where  was  that  grief,  that  ardour,  which  was  to  extort  cnM 
and  lamentations  from  tlie  most  stupid  ?  We  saw  no  emotiaa 
of  your  mind,  none  of  your  body ;  no  striking  your  &ireheM^ 
or  your  thigh ;  no  stamping  with  your  foot :  so  that,  instead  rf 
feeling  ourselves  inflamed,  we  could  hardly  forbear  sleepian 
while  you  were  urging  all  that  part  of  vour  charge '."  Cioens 
speech  is  lost,  but  Gallius  was  acquitted:  for  we  find  hi^ 
aifterwards,  revenging  himself,  in  the  same  kind,  on  this  voy 
Callidius,  by  accusing  him  of  bribery  in  his  suit  for  the  eo^ 
sulsliip '. 

J.  Ctesar  was  one  of  the  assistant  judges  this  year  to  Ae 
pnetor,  whose  province  it  was  to  sit  upon  the  Sicarii,  that  i% 
those  who  were  accused  of  killing,  or  carrying  a  d^;ger  vitli 
intent  to  kill.  This  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  citing  befbie 
him,  as  criminals,  and  condemning,  by  the  law  of  assassinatioii, 
all  those,  who,  in  Sylla's  proscription,  had  been  known  to  kill, 
or  receive  money  for  killing,  a  proscribed  citizen ;  which 
money  Cato  also,  when  he  was  quastor  the  year  before,  had 
made  them  refund  to  the  treasury  *■  Csesar's  view  was,  to 
mortify  the  senate,  and  ingratiate  nimself  with  the  people,  by 
reviving  the  Marian  cause,  which  had  always  been  popular, 
and  of  which  he  was  naturally  the  head,  on  account  of  his  near 
relation  to  old  M;irius ;  fur  which  purpose  he  hiid  the  hiirdiness 
likewise  to  replace  in  the  C'upitol  the  trophies  and  statues  nf 
Marius,  which  Sylla  had  ordered  to  be   thrown   down   apd 


OF  CICERO.  95 

Mbhip,  of  the  murder  of  many  citizens  in  Sylla's  proscription : 
d  which  though  he  was  notoriously  guilty,  yet,  contrary  to  all 
ezpecCatioD,  he  was  acquitted  ^ 

Catiline  was  suspected  also,  at  the  same  time,  of  another 
Imdoiis  and  capital  crime,  an  incestuous  commerce  with  Fabia, 
one  of  the  ves^  virgins,  and  sister  to  Cicero's  wife.  This  was 
ckarged  upon  him  so  loudly  by  common  fame,  and  gave  such 
mumU  to  the  city,  that  Fabia  was  brought  to  a  trial  for  it ;  but, 
ddier  through  her  innocence,  or  the  authority  of  her  brother 
Cieero,  she  was  readily  acquitted:  which  gave  occasion  to 
Gieero  to  tell  him,  among  the  other  reproaches  on  his  flagitious 
liie,  that  there  was  no  place  so  sacreo,  whither  his  very  visits 
did  not  carry  pollution,  and  leave  the  imputation  of  guilt,  where 
tbere  was  no  real  crime  subsisting '. 

As  the  election  of  consuls  approached,  Cicero's  interest  ap- 
peared to  be  superior  to  that  of  all  the  candidates:  for  the 
nobles  themselves,  though  always  envious,  and  desirous  to 
depress  him,  yet,  out  of  regard  to  the  dangers  which  threatened 
die  city  from  many  quarters,  and  seemed  ready  to  burst  out 
into  a  flame,  began  to  think  him  the  only  man  qualified  to 
preserve  the  Republic,  and  break  the  cabafs  of  the  desperate, 
oy  the  vigour  and  prudence  of  his  administration  :  for,  in  cases 
of  danger,  as  Sallust  observes,  pride  and  envy  naturally  subside, 
and  yield  the  post  of  honour  to  virtue '.  The  method  of  ch  us- 
ing consuls  was  not  by  an  open  vote,  but  by  a  kind  of  Lallot, 
or  little  tickets  of  wood,  distributed  to  the  citizens,  with  the 
names  of  tlie  candidates  severally  inscribed  upon  each  :  but,  in 
Cicero's  case,  the  people  were  not  content  with  this  secret  and 
silent  way  of  testifying  their  inclinations ;  but,  before  they 
came  to  any  scrutiny,  loudly  and  universally  proclaimf^tl  Cicerf> 
the  first  consul;  so  that,  as  he  himself  declared  in  his  speech  to 
tliem,  after  his  election,  he  was  not  chosen  by  the  votes  of 
particular  citizens,  but  the  common  suffrage  of  the  citv :  nor 
declared  by  the  voice  of  the  crier,  but  of  the  whoh?  Uoman 
people  *.  He  was  the  only  new  man  who  had  obtained  the 
sovereign  dignity,  or,  as  he  expresses  it,  had  forced  the 
entrenchments  of  the  nobility  for  forty  years  past,  from  the 
first  consulship  of  C.  Marius,  and  the  only  one  likewise  who 


'   Bis  al»*nlntuin  Catilinaiu.     Ad  Att.  1.  I'J.     Sallust.  31.     Dio.l.  .V].  p.  34. 

-  Cum  iu  vixi«;ti.  ut  Tioii  c&*ct  locus  tain  sanrtus,  quo  non  adventu'  tiiU'.  t*tiam  cum 
iilj»a  Lulla  sulx-s^ct,  criinr  u  afft-rrtt.     Orat.  in  IV^j.  mnd.  Vid.  Awon.  ud  l»Hum. 

'  S<d  ubi  jK-riculuui  advt-nit,  invidia  at(juc  *upcrbia  poift  fu«TO.     Sallu^t.  -'*». 

*  S<-ti  tamen  majniirttenlius  csw  illo  nihil  }M>test,  qurnl  nici>  coiuitii?«  non  UiNfllam 
Indicfm  tacita?  liUTtati*,  scd  voctin  vivam  ynn  vobi*  indiccni  vt•^tmruIn  t Tjja  nie 
oiuntaium  tulisiifs. — Itaqm*  me  non  extrvuia  tribu*  sutTra^norum,  ^c-d  prinii  ilii  vo-iri 
<.rM-ursu«,  nequc  fingulu*  voce?  pneconum,  fce<l  una  voce  univervus  populu>  Komanu<i 
nn.-uleni  dc<laravit.     Dc  leg.  Atrrar.  contra  Hull.  2.  2.  in  Ti-on  1. 


06  THE  UFE 

bad  ever  lAtained  it  io  bia  proper  year,  or  witliout  a  repnl 
Antoniiu  was  chosen  fab  colleague  by  the  majority  of  a  tu^ 
centuries  above  his  friend  and  partner  Catiline;  wfaich  WW 
effected,  probably,  by  Cicero's  management,  who  conndenA- 
him  as  the  less  dangerous  and  more  tiw:table  of  the  twou 

Cicero's  father  died  this  year,  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  N^ 
vember ',  in  a  g^ood  old  age,  with  the  comfort  to  have  seen  Ui 
son  advanced  to  the  supreme  honour  of  the  city,  and  wantei 
nothing  to  complete  the  happiness  of  his  life,  but  the  fwldHwi 
of  one  year  more,  to  hare  made  bim  a  witness  of  the  glory  of 
his  consulship.  It  was  in  this  year  also,  most  probably,  thwu^ 
some  critics  seem  to  dispute  it,  that  Cicero  gave  his  daugtet 
Tullia  in  marriage,  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  to  C.  Piso  Fnigj,  ■ 
young  nobleman  of  great  hopes,  and  one  of  the  best  &milies  u 
Rome  * :  it  is  certain,  at  least,  that  his  son  was  bom  in  lim 
same  year,  as  he  expressly  tells  us,  in  the  consulship  of  I* 
Julius  C»8ar  and  C.  Marcius  Flgulus*.  So  that,  with  tha 
highest  honour  which  the  public  could  bestow,  he  received  At 
highest  pleasure  which  private  life  ordinarily  admita,  by  A* 
birth  of  a  son  and  heir  to  his  bmily. 


SECTION  III. 

Cicero  was  now  arrived  through  the  usual  gradadon  of  h» 
nours,  at  the  highest  which  the  people  could  regularly  give,  or 
an  honest  citizen  desire.  The  offices  which  he  had  already 
borne.   La<i    but  a   partial  iurisdictiuu.  confined    i 


OP  CICERO.  Vf 

96  of  tlieir  ambition,  were  forced  to  practise  aO  die  vtt 
uity :  to  court  the  little  as  well  as  the  ^^eat,  lo  eq>oaee 
nples  and  politics  in  vogue,  mid  to  apply  ibeir  tuente 
itaie  fneoos,  rather  thmi  to  serve  the  public '.  Bat 
Lilsbip  put  an  end  to  this  subjection,  and  with  the  ooi»- 

tlie  state  gave  them  the  oommBnd  of  tbenHetm:  •« 
only  care  left  was,  how  to  execute  this  high  office  witk 
id  dignity,  and  employ  the  power  entnoled  to  then 
leneSt  antl  service  of  their  coantrv. 
re  itow  therefore  to  took  upon  Cicero  in  a  differmt 

order  to  form  a  just  idea  of  hi«  dianeter:  lo  cuosider 
t  as  an  ambitious  courtier,  applying  all  hia  thot^ts 
IS  to  his  own  advancement ;  I>at  as  a  rneat  nu^MtnU 
lesman,    administering   tbe   a£uf«  and    ilirectutg   ibe 

of  a  raigbEy  empire.  And,  accordii^  to  the  accounts  ot 
ancient  writers,  Rome  never  stood  in  greater  weed  of 

and  vigilance  of  an  able  consul  than  in  thi«  verj'  year. 
tides  the  traitorous  cabala  and  conspiraciea  of  tbow  vb« 
tempting  to  subvert  the  whole  Republic,  tlie  i»ew  tii- 
ere  also  labouring  to  disturb  the  preaeot  quel  ct  it; 

them  were  publishing  laws  to  abolish  ereiy  ibhig  thai 
d  of  Sylla's  establishment,  and  to  restore  the  aoas  of  the 
>ed  lo  their  estates  and  honours^  others  to  iwetse  ihe 
lem  of  P.  Sylla  and  Auironius,  eoiidenined  for  bribery, 
ilace  tlifm  in  iLl-  s.-uji.'  -  :  -unit.-  u^;..'  tV^r  ■-■.vj' Jfj^in*  ail 
and  others  for  dividii^  the  lands  erf'  the  pnblie  to  the 
citaena ' :  so  that,  as  Cicero  declared,  both  to  the  seoale 

pet^ie,  the  Republic  was  delivered  into  his  hands  fall 
>i«  and  alarms ;  distracted  by  pestilent  laws  and  sedi- 
irangaes ;  endangered,  not  by  fore^  wars,  but  intes- 
Is,  and  the  traitorous  designs  of  prougale  citizens ;  and 
■re  was  no  mischief  incident  to  a  state  which  the  honest 
:  cause  to  ^prebend,  the  widced  to  expect '. 
t  gave  the  greater  spirit  to  the  authors  ^  these  attempts, 
toaius'B  advancement  to  the  consnkhip ;  they  knew  him 
'the  same  principles,  and  embarked  in  the  same  designs 
emselves,  which,  by  his  authority,  they  now  hoped  to 
ito  effecL  Cicero  was  aware  of  this ;  and  foresaw  the 
-i  of  a  colleague  equal  to  him  in  power,  yet  oppotite  in 
and  prepared  to  frustrate  all  his  endeavonn  for  the 
lerrice :  so  that  his  first  care,  after  tfaeb  election,  was  to 


98 

gain  the  confidence  of  Antoniua,  and  to  draw  him  from  Uid 
engoj^ments  to  the  interests  of  the  Republic;  beine  coniir 
that  all  the  success  of  his  administration  depended  qm 
He  began  therefore  to  tempt  him  by  a  kind  of  ar^nmco^v 
seldom  fails  of  its  effect  with  men  of  his  character,  the  o" 
power  to  his  ambition,  and  of  money  to  his  pies 
these  baits  he  caught  him ;  and  a  bargain  was  prescDdya) 
upon  between   them,  that  Antonius  should  hare  the  e 
of  the  best  province,  which  was  to  be  assigned  to  them  at  1) 
expiration  of  their  year '.     It  was  the  custom  for  Ae  aenal' ' 
ap]>oint  what  particular  provinces  were  to  be  distributed  a 
year  to  the  sereral  magistrates,  who  used  afterwards  to  t 
lots  for  them  among  themselves;  the  preetors  for  the  p 
the  consuls  for  the  consular  provinces.    In  this  pe    '' 
fore,  when  Macedonia,  one  of  the  most  desirable 


of  the  empire,  both  for  command  and  wealth,  t&l 
lot,  he  exchanged  it  immediately  with  his  coUeaanie  far  01^ : 
alpine  Gaul,  which  he  resigned  also  soon  after  in  iBTOiir  of  (L 
Metellus ;  being  resolved,  as  he  declared  in  his  inw^ntfal 
speech,  to  administer  the  consulship  in  such  a  manner,  as  4i 

fiut  it  out  of  any  man's  power,  either  to  tempt  or  terrify  Ui 
rom  his  duty ;  since  he  neither  sought  nor  would  accept  tKf 
province,  honour,  or  benefit  from  it  whatsoever:  "the  onb 
way,"  says  he,  "  by  which  a  man  can  dischaige  it  widi  grcrf^ 
and  frec<lom,  so  as  to  chastiHC  those  tribunes  who  wish  ill  U 
the  Republic,  or  despise  those  who  wish  ill  to  himself' :"• 
noble  Htclaralioti.  -m.I  w,,rtliy  lo  ho  trnnsniiti.Hl  \o  poMt-rity,  ! 
for  an   example    to  ;ill  n];^;iitrates  in  a  free  oWtc.      By  tliii 


eorti  and  made  one  of  the  capital  poinb'  of  his  admiiiie'^ 
I  mate  the  equestrian  ordiT  with  the  senate,  iulu  one  ■ 
hrty  and  interest.  Tliis  bodyof  men,  next  to  the  ser- 
ine €)f  the  richest  and  most  splendid  families  of  f 
wm  the  ease  and  affluence  of  their  fortunes,  yrete  na' 
wfl-aSected  to  the  prosperity  of  the   Republic:  and 
Im>  the    cnnnant  fartners  of  all  the  revenues  of  the  i 
1*1  a  great  i>art  of  the  inferior  people  dependent  upon 
Scero  imagined,  that  the  niiiled  weight  of  these  two 
>ould  always  bo  an  orer-balance  to  any  other  power 
bUe,   and   a    secure   barrier  against  any   attempts    oi 
upuhir  and  ambitious  upon  the  common  liberty  '■     H' 
be  only  man  in  the  nty  capable  of  effecting;  such  a  co 
ebi"  now  at  the  head  of  the  senate,  yet  uie  darling  oi 
mishts,    who   considered  him  as  tlie  pride  and  ornimipi 
Iteir  order,  whilst  he,  to  ingratiate  himself  the  more  with 
fleeted  always  in  public  to  boast  of  that  extraction,  and  . 
imself  an  equestrian :  and  make  it  his  special  care  t"  '* 
ben  in  all  their  ai^rs,  and  to  advance  their  credit  and 
D  that,  as  some  writers  tell  us,  it  was  the  authority  of  nis 
nl^ip  that  first  disdngui shed  and  established  them  into  a 
nier  of  the  state  '■     The  policy  was  certainly  very  good, 
he  Republic  reaped  great  benefit  from  it  in  this  very  y 
hrough  wblcVi  he  had  the  whole  body  of  knights  at  his  <Ievo- 
Idb,  wfao^  with  Attictis  at  their  head',  constantly  attended  fats 
irder%  aiid  Mrrad  as  a  goard  to  his  person  ' :  uk!  if  the  same 
laziiD  bad  been  pursued  by  all  succeeding  consuls,  it  might 
inbatiy  fasn  preserred,  or  would  certainly,  at  least,  have 
mlM^ed  tbe  liberty  of  the  Republic. 

Hamv  hid  tbis  foundation  for  tbe  laudable  dtscharge  of 
ib  eoiHUlbipt  be  took  possession  of  it,  as  usual,  on  the  first  of 
htamrj.  A  li^e  before  bb  inauguration,  P.  Servilius  Rullus, 
Me  of  tbe  sew  tribunes,  who  entered  always  into  their  office 
n  tbe  teotb  of  December,  bad  been  alarming  the  senate  with 
&•  pRKDulgAtion  of  an  Agrarian  law.  These  laws  used  to  be 
ERMily  received  by  the  populace,  and  were  proposed,  there- 
nre,  by  factions  magistrates,  as  oft  as  they  bad  any  point  to 
eury  mtb  tbe  multitude  against  the  public  good :  but  this  law 

'  m  Bnltitadinrai  tnm  pTiDdpibm,  Eigvotmn  ordinc 
h  IfeML  S.  Nsque  dIIb  tIi  tuts  npcrietnr,  qna  anjim-' 
>i— ■arai,  UatuDque  cooniinuooan  braianir-  — 
CM.4.HI. 

*  CfcwB  iwmiTn  itaialiTit  EqncMie  noniea  in  eaniuiuu  na ;  ci  > 
s  e»  n  ot^BA  profectiun  cdcbzmiu,  et  ejui  Tint  pcculuri  populuiUI 
d^m  plane  Ihk  lothun  coipai  in  Kcfub.  fkclira  nt,  eav'^"*  •Jjiti  lenitui  popn. 
■nt  BcBuao  BqniBtcr  oidti.    Plin.  Hin.  N. 1.33.2. 

*  Tm,  BqnJU*  bntnl,  tUMc,  tatit  me  octmn  e  nibii,  oDiirik  Km|wr  wnriMCnro 
nUa,  fti.  Fn  Smtii.  Pat.  6.  Nunc,  Ten  com  c^uitatni  ille,  qncm  tfo  in  Clha 
-^iUiiBa,  ta  rigniliro  w  pfioc^  coUocuam,  Hailnm  dcwmerit.     Ad  Att.  2.  1 . 

h2 


WM,  of  aU  others,  the  most  extraraesnt,  and,  b^  a  ■ 
gnntinff  more  to  the  people  than  haa  ever  been  g^ven 
■eemed  likely  to  be  accepted.  The  purpose  of  it  was,  U 
a  decemrinite,  or  ten  cominissioners,  with  abeolate  pv 
five  yean  over  all  the  revenues  of  the  Republic:  to  di 
them,  at  pleasure,  to  the  citizens ;  to  sell  and  buy  wht 
dtey  thought  fit :  to  determine  the  rights  of  the  prese 
aeMors;  to  require  an  account  from  all  the  s^neials 
exceptioj{  Pompey,  of  the  spoils  taken  in  their  wars ;  i 
colonies  wheresoever  they  thou^t  proper,  and  partica 
Capua ;  and  in  short,  to  command  wl  the  money  and  £ 
the  empire. 

The  publication  of  a  law,  conferring  powers  so  exceani 
■  just  alarm  to  all  who  wished  well  to  the  public  tranq 
ao  that  Cicero's  fint  business  was  to  quiet  toe  appreben 
the  cit)-,  and  to  exert  all  his  art  and  authority  to  baffle 
trirues  of  the  tribune.  As  soon,  therefore,  as  he  was  i 
wiu  his  new  dignity,  he  raised  the  spirits  of  the  sen 
assuring  them  of  his  resolution  to  oppose  the  law,  and 
abettors,  to  the  utmost  of  his  power ;  nor  suffer  the  slal 
hurt,  or  its  liberties  to  be  impdred,  while  the  admini 
continued  in  his  hands.  From  the  senate  he  pursued 
bune  into  his  own  dominion,  the  Forum ;  where,  in  ai 
and  elegant  speech  from  the  rostra,  he  gave  such  a  ■■ 
the  inclination  of  the  )>eople,  that  they  rejected  this  A 
law  with  as  much  eagerness  as  they  had  ever  before  n 


of  Um  Icings  to  domioeer  over  them.     '      ■ 
•t  buv«,  from  tli«  natural  effect  of  that  [lOwcr  * 
mI  by  It*;  ajid  proceeds  Co  insinuate,  tKat  ir  « 
against  their  favourite   Pompevt  >in<l  pai 
to  retrench  and  insult  his  autliority :   " 
I,"  says   he,  "  for  my  nilling  so  aftea  upon 
you  yourselves  imposed  the  task  upon  me,  wi.„ 


9abl< 


to  join  with  you,  in  defending  his  dig;nity. 
?  :    1  have  hitherto  done  ail  that  1  rouid  do  : 


it  by  my  private  Mendsbip  for  the  maji,  nor  hy 
'flf  honour,  and  of  this  supreme  magistracy,  which  1  oo 
Srma  you,  though  witii  his  approbation,  vet  without  life* 
Sioce  then  I  perceive  tliis  law  to  be  tU'si^cd  as  a  k 
ngine  to  overturn  his  power,  I  will  resist  the  attempts  of 
Bten ;  aiid,  as  I  myself  clearly  see  what  they  are  aim! 
1  will  take  care  that  you  shall  also  see,  and  be  conviik 
Ion  '.'*     He  then  shows  how  the  law,  though  it  excepb 

Ey  from  being  accountable  to  the  decemvirate,  yet  ez- 
n  from  being  one  of  tlie  number,  by  limiting  the  d 
thme  who  were  present  at  Rome ;  tliat  it  subji-cted  like 
llieir  jurisdiction  the  countries  just  conquered  by  btni,  . 
}iad  always  been  left  to  the  management  of  the  genpral  '  : 
which  he  draws  a  pleasant  picture  of  tlie  tribune  Kullus, 
all  his  train  of  officers,  guards,  lictors,  and  appariton ',  h 
gering  in    MJlhridates's  kins^dom,   and  ordering  Pompey    wm 
attend  him  by  a  mandatory  letter,  in  the  following  strain  : 

"  P.  Servilius  Rullus,  tribune  of  ihe  people,  decemvir,  to 
CoBos  Pompey,  the  son  of  Cuseus,  greetii^. 

**  He  will  not  add,"  says  he,  "  the  title  of  great,  when  he  hw 
bMB  hbemiiig  to  take  it  from  him  by  law*. 

**  I  Teqtnre  yon  not  to  fail  to  come  presenUy  to  Sioope,  and 
l>ni)|[  Be  a  mmcient  guard  with  you,  while  Isell  those  landa, 
by  ay  hw,  wluch  you  have  gained  by  yoor  valour." 

He  obmrres,  that  the  reason  of  excepting  Pompey,  was  not 
froB  anr  reelect  to  him,  but  for  fear  that  be  would  not  submit 
to  Ac  indignity  of  being  accountable  to  their  will :  "  Bnt 
Panpey,**  says  he,  "  is  a  man  of  that  temper,  that  he  thinks  it 
In  doty  to  bear  whatever  you  please  to  impose :  but  if  there 
be  any  thing  which  you  cannot  bear  yourselves,  be  will  take 
cue  uiat  you  shall  not  bear  it  long  against  your  wills '."  He 
proceeds  to  enlarge  upon  the  dangers  which  this  law  threatened 
to  th^  libertjes ;  that  instead  of  any  good  intended  by  it,  to 
die  body  of  the  (ntizens,  its  purpose  was  to  erect  a  power  for 
dw  oppression  of  them ;  and,  on  pretence  of  planting  colonies 


102 

in  Italy  and  the  proriitces,  to  settle  their  own  creatom  m 
dependentB,  like  bo  many  varrisonB,  in  all  the  convenient  p 
of  the  empire,  to  be  rt^oy,  on  all  occasions,  to  support  t 
tyranny :  that  Capua  was  to  be  their  head-quarters,  their  fi 
vourite  colony ;  of  all  cities  the  proudest,  as  well  as  the  n 
hostile  and  danf^rous;  in  which  the  wisdom  of  their  t 
would  not  suffer  the  shadow  of  any  power  or  m 
remain ;  yet  now  it  was  to  be  cherished  and  advance 
Rome ' :  that  by  this  law,  the  lands  of  Campania  were  to  bt'  j 
sold,  or  given  away  :  the  most  fruitful  of  all  Italy,  the  tnrMt 
revenue  of  the  Republic,  and  their  constant  resource,  when  itt 
oUier  rents  failed  them ;  whicli  neither  the  Gracchi,  who,  of  all 
men,  studied  the  people's  benefit  the  most,  nor  Sylla,  who  gan 
every  thing  away,  without  scruple,  durst  venture  to  meodk 
with  *.  In  the  conclusion  he  tabes  notice  of  the  great  iavoar 
and  approbation  with  which  they  had  heard  him,  as  a  sure  omoi 
of  their  common  peace  and  prosperity;  and  acquaints  then 
with  the  concord  tnat  he  had  established  with  his  colleague,  m 
a  piece  of  news  of  all  other  the  most  agreeable ;  and  promiMt 
all  security  to  the  Republic,  if  they  would  but  show  the  same 
good  disposition,  on  future  occasions,  wb'ch  they  had  signified 
on  that  day ;  and  that  he  would  make  these  very  men,  who  bad 
been  the  most  envious  and  averse  to  his  advancement,  confea^ 
that  the  people  had  seen  farther,  and  judged  better  than  they, 
in  choosing  him  for  their  consul. 

In  the  course  of  this  contest,  he  often  called  upon  the  tri- 
bunes to  come  into  the  rostra,  and  debate  the  matter  with  him 
before  iIk-  i.ci>i>lf  ' :  liiit  they  ili.tiislit  il  more  [irudciit  to  de- 
cline  the  cliiilleiigo,   uiul  to  iillack  liim    rather    by   Sctidous 


OP  CICBBO.  103 

»  to  B  true  law,  as  it  CBtablisbnl  a  lyraoiiy  in  the  city; 
"  it  had  some  escuge  from  the  times,  and,  in  tlieir  [ir«- 
uimstances,  seemed  proper  to  be  supported :  especiallv 
who,  for  this  year  of  bis  consuUliip,  prufessed  liiimvlf 
3  of  peace ' ;  but  that  it  was  tbe  beisbt  of  impudenoe 
,  to  charge  him  with  obstrncting  their  interests,  for 
f  Sylla's  enaits,  when  tbe  very  taw  which  that  tri- 
._.i  then  urging,  actually  eatabltshed  and  perpetuated 
lioM  grants ;  and  showed  lUelf  to  be  drawn  by  a  son-ui-luw  of 
J'  Viigias,  who  possessed  more  lands  tban  any  other  man,  by 
Alt  inridious  tenure,  which  were  all,  by  this  law,  to  be  partly 
nnliniicd,  and  partly  purchased  of  him  *.  This  be  dcnioD- 
rintcs  frutn  the  expreM  words  of  the  law,  which  be  bad  stu- 
dioiHly  omitted,  he  says,  to  take  notice  of  before,  that  be  might 
net  revive  old  quarrels,  or  more  any  argument  of  new  dls- 
»isian  in  a  season  so  improper ' :  that  Hullut^  therefore, 
vh»  accused  bim  of  defending  Sylla's  acts,  was,  of  all  others, 
iie  most  impudent  defender  of  them :  for  none  had  ever  af- 
inned  them  to  be  good  and  legal,  but  to  have  some  plea  ouly 
fiom  possession  and  the  public  (jttiet;  but,  by  this  law,  the 
otates  that  bad  been  granted  by  them  were  to  be  fixed  upon 
sbeUer  foundation  and  title  than  any  other  estates  whatsoever. 
He  concludes,  by  renewing  bis  challenge  to  the  tribunes,  to 
come  and  dispute  with  htm  to  Lis  face.  But,  after  several 
fruidess  attempts,  finding  themselves  wholly  unable  to  contend 
with  him,  they  were  forced  at  last  to  submit,  and  to  let  the 
affair  drop,  to  the  great  joy  of  the  senate. 

This  alarm  being  over,  another  accident  broke  out,  which 
'  ^t  hare  endangered  the  peace  of  the  dty,  if  the  effecta  of 


itfiad 


not  beat  prevented  by  the  authority  of  Cicero.  Otho's 
Inr,  mentioaed  above,  for  the  assignment  of  separate  seata  to 
die  eqaestrian  order,  had  highly  offended  the  people,  who  could 
not  d&;est  the  indignity  of  being  thrust  bo  &r  baclt  from  their 
Cremona ;  and  whde  the  grudge  was  still  fresh,  Otbo,  hap- 
pom^  to  come  into  tbe  theatre,  was  received  by  tbe  populace 
with  an  uniTersal  hiss,  but  by  the  knights  with  loud  applause 
aid  dapinng :  both  sides  redoubled  vieii  clamour  with  great 
fiercenefls,  and  from  reproaches,  were  proceeding  to  blows; 
till  Qcero,  informed  of  tbe  tumidt,  came  immediately  to  the 
t^tre,  and,  calling  the  people  out,  into  the  temple  of  Bellona, 
M  tamed  and  stung  them,  by  the  power  of  his  words,  and  made 
them  so  ashamed  of  their  folly  and  perverseness,  that,  on  their 
return  to  tbe  theatre,  they  cbanged  their  hisses  into  applauses, 
and  vied  with  the  kni^ta  themselves  in  demonstrations  of  their 
respect  to   Otbo*.    The  speech   was  soon   after   published: 

'  lb.  3.  2.  »  lb.  3.  I.  4.  '  lb.  3.  2.  '  Plutorcb>  LifsofCkcro, 


104 


THE  UPB 


tbou^,  from  the  nature  of  the  thin^,  it  muit  have  been 
upon  (he  spot,  and  flowed  extempore  from  the  occaston  : 
w  it  was  much  read  and  admirea,  for  several  ages  after.  Ma 
memorable  instance  of  Cicero's  command  over  men's  jiiimmism 
BO  some  have  ima^nrd  it  to  be  alluded  to  in  that  beautiful  |Mi> 
sage  of  Vir^l '. 

Ai'  nlnti  BduH)  !■  pnpiUa  eum  trpf  nSrta  aM 
iiidit*^,  t^r^tfmf  ammii  hjiuUf  ritgia  ; 
J-imi/m  I'-ia*  rl  >.uu  njlij*/.  riiriir  arma  undhaf  : 
Tmm  fmttitf  yr\ftvitt  €l  jumtu  tifnrit  antm  911EH 
Anttjrrf,*i(f^^  iirnriijifmr  aMnoms  at 


.\>  wbn 


rl/tttora  malait.—WTt-  K^-  ■■  1S3- 

:*  ih'  ipmoblr  cmvd, 
f  tnnni  ud  thinti  for  blood ; 

1 1  miDilnl  tnnpiat  lliei. 
Witli  ill  tlir  tuililrn  inui  Ihil  nft  luf^lu* : 
irtoior  naTrdiT  irr'**'*  imidii  ibc  tinft. 
In  ni'nl)  »lrict  mi  innonnn  of  life. 


id  tlic  wiM  n 


ohLlr  Ibc 


Thtjr  vnih.  uut  calmi  theUiDiiit  of  tbrir  Muli. — Mr.  PHI, 

One  topic,  which  Cicero  touched  in  thiB  speech,  and  the  onlr 
one  of  which  we  have  any  Lint  from  antiquity,  was  to  reproaa 
the  rioters,  for  their  want  of  taste  and  good  sense,  in  "'"*""g 
such  a  disturbance,  while  Roscius  was  acting  *. 

There  happened,  about  the  same  time,  a  third  instance,  not 
let»  remarkable,  of  Cicero's  great  power  of  persuasion :  Svlli 
had,  by  an  express  law,  excluded  the  children  of  the  proscribed 
from  tlie  senate  and  all  public  honours ;  which  was  certunly  an 
act  of  great  violence,  and  the  decree  rather  of  a  tyrant,  than 
the  law  of  a  free  state'.  So  that  the  persons  injured  by  i^ 
who  were  many,  and  of  great  hmilies,  were  now  making  all 
'^"■-  efforLs  to  get  it  rcvor^cd.     Their    petition    was  highly 


OV  CICBIO.  106 


J;  Mtfup  kerab  ikm  port  of  a  itkt  *^frmr  wl» 
be  ibrara  to  toknte^  and  ami  laaiiitaiii,  wlial  ha 
•MTOfa^  ibr  Aa  fld»  of  Aa  conmiop  good :  i^iacablj 
^iakyadown  b  his  Book  of  Qflke%  ttut  BMB7  Ainga 
va  natoally  right  and  Jott,  ara  jtf^  hy  tutmn  drani- 
aad  copjimctaiao  of  tmipii  made  dithoneit  and  m|it  \ 
^  to  Aeinotanea  bafara  m^  he  dadared»ia  a  ^laedi  aottda 
j|iw«dl  yaaia  aAar,  that  lia  laid  eicbded  firm 
mhoKfa  and  honoit  yooiMf  men»  iHknii  fcrtonahad  thrown  into 
Mo  anhappy  a  wtnatko,  thut  if  Amj  had  obtdnad  power,  thay 
[wBddprdM>IyharaempIoyadittotbenimof  thaiCate'.  Tha 
^iraa  oMao  jtait  mandoned,  made  FBny  braok  ont  into  a  land 
;:  tf  nptnnias  adnuiatioo  of  Aa  man,  wlio  aooM  pannada  Aa 
-jmmt  to  giva  m  Adr  biead,  Aeb  plaMora,  and  thav  iii|arici 
li  Aa  dnnno  01  his  ekiqaenoe  *• 

Tha  next  tnomcAm  of  moment^  in  wfaidi  lia  wm  ogigad, 
vai  Aa  dafenoa  of  C  Rabirin%  an  aged  eenator,  aecneM  by 
T»  Lahianna^  one  of  the  tribanei^  of  treeion  or  rebdHoB,  tit 
hfllad  I*  Satarninn%  a  tril>me,  aboot  forty  yeaia  bal»^ 
d  aieed  a  daDgerous  sedition  in  Aedt¥.  Thafiwl^ifit 
lad  baan  trna^  wm  not  onlr  legd,'bnt  hwmble,  being  dona 
m  ehefianee  to  a  decree  of  toe  aenate,  bv  wliich  all  Ae  dtiaeae 
mn  reqaiiad  to  tdra  arms  in  aid  of  the  eonsols,  C  Marine 
■■dij*  neeni. 

But  Ae  pmushment  of  Rabirius  was  not  Ae  thing  aimed  at, 
nor  the  Hie  of  an  old  man  worth  Ae  pains  of  distorbinfi^  Ae 
peace  of  Ae  dty,  Ae  design  was  to  attack  that  prerogative  of 
the  senate,  by  wliieh,  in  Ae  case  of  a  sudden  tumult,  Aey 
could  aim  Ae  city  at  once,  by  requiring  Ae  consuls  to  take 
care  that  Ae  Republic  received  no  detriment ;  which  vote  was 
aipposed  to  ^ve  a  sanction  to  every  thing  that  was  done  in 
coDsequence  of  it ;  so  that  several  traitorous  mamstrates  had 
been  cot  off  by  it,  wiAout  the  formalities  of  a  trial,  in  Ae  act 
of  stirrinjg  up  sedition.  This  practice,  though  in  use  from  the 
earliest  times,  had  always  been  complained  of  by  Ae  tribunes, 
as  an  infringement  of  the  constitution,  by  giviufi^  to  Ae  senate 
an  arbitrary  power  over  Ae  lives  of  citizens,  which  could  not 
Imlly  be  taKen  away  without  a  hearing  and  judgment  of  Ae 
whole  people.  But  tne  chief  grudge  to  it  was,  from  its  bein?  a 
perpetual  check  to  Ae  designs  of  Ae  ambitious  and  popular,  wlio 
a^ired  to  any  power  not  allowed  by  Ae  laws :  it  was  not  diffi- 


I  8fe  mvlta,  mm  honesta  natun  Tidentur  esse,  temporibus  fiont  non  honeita.  Do 
OiBe.9.25. 

*  EgD  adoleteentefi  fortes  et  bonos,  sed  ubos  ea  conditione  fortuDA,  ut,  si  essent  zna- 
nftratiu  adcpti,  Rdpub.  ttatum  conTulsuri  viderentur— comitiorum  ratione  priyayi. 
In  PteoB.2. 

>  Quo  te,  M.  TuUi,  piaculo  taceam  ?  &c.    Plin.  Hist.  1.  7.  30. 


106  THE    LIFE 

cult  for  tbem  to  delude  the  multitude ;  but  the  senate  « 
BD  caaily  managed,  whoi  by  that  single  vote  of  con 
Uepubhcto  the  consuls,  could  frustrate  at  once  idl  Uw  f 
of  tlieir  popularity,  when  carried  to  a  point  whidi  was  da 
OU8  to  tlie  state :  for  since,  in  virtue  of  it,  the  tribune*  t 
selves,  whose  persons  were  held  sacred,  might  be  taken  a 
without  sentence  or  trial,  when  engaged  in  any  traitorous  pn 
tices,  alt  attempts  of  that  kind  must  necessarily  be  faazardooftj 
and  desperate.  " 

This  point,  therefore,  was  to  be  tried  on  the  penoa  «f 
Kabiriua,  in  whose  ruin  the  &ctious  of  all  ranks  were  interestML 
J.  Ceesar  suborned  Labienus  to  prosecute  him ;  and  proonred 
himself  to  be  appointed  one  of  the  duumviri,  or  the  two  jui^ei 


allotted  by  the  pnetor  to  sit  upon  trials  of  t 
tensius  pleaded  his  cause,  and  proved,  by  many  n 
the  whole  accusation  was  false,  and  that   Saturnini 

tually  killed  by  the  hand  of  a  slave,  who  for  that  a 

tained  Iiis  freedom  from  tlie  public '.  Csesar,  however,  eagerlj 
condemned  the  old  man,  who  appealed  from  his  sentence  to 
the  people;  "where  nothing,"  says  Suetonius,  "did  him  m 
much   service,    as   the   partial   and   forward   severity  of   Ilk 


'•'%[ 


The  tribunes,  in  the  meanwhile,  employed  all  their  power 
to  destroy  him ;  and  Labienus  would  not  suffer  Cicen  to 
exceed  half  an  hour  in  his  defence*;  and,  to  raise  the  greater 
indignation  against  the  criminal,  exposed  the  picture  of  Sator- 
ninus  in  the  rostra,  as  of  one  who  tell  a  martyr  to  the  libertiM 
of  (lie  people.  Cit-ero  opLiiii!  the  defence  with  threat  gravity, 
'^darintf,  that  in   the  niamory  of  man,  tliere  had  not  been  a 


ow^waao.  107 

^lus' — that  be  slionld  ban  p^*-*— r*  and  fangj^  at  k,  m 
ui  act  tkut  merited  rewnria  iiiitead  of  ponithiiMot.  H«n  hm 
waa  inun  upted  by  tlie  ckmour  «{ the  oppoBto  fiutkn ;  bat  Iw 
gherrtBi  it  to  be  the  faint  efiorti  ci  s  maah  put  of  Uie  m- 
aaabtf :  und  that  the  Imdy  of  the  peo|^  wbo  wera  ulesl* 
«aaU  a«ver  have  made  bim  conMil,  if  they  bad  thoacbt  Un 
cubic  of  being  disturlied  br  w  feaUe  u  inmlt;  muck  he 
MneA  tlirin  to  drop,  sJiiee  it  Mtf^ed  oolv  tbeir  fidljr  and  the 
tnferiuritv  of  their  Humben.  Tbfi  MMmbfr  beiiif  qmetad^  iw 
tliat  though  RalMnM  did  not  Icfll  Satanu- 


gges  on  to  declare,  tliat  t       ^ 

nw,  yet  be  look  arms  with  intant  to  kill  Um,  tontber  with  the 
cMMiits  and  all  the  best  ef  the  dtr;  to  which  bitbimoiir,  TirtiWb 
nd  doty  called  him.  He  pnts  I^lRenna  in  mind  tbat  be  waa 
Uwyouttg  to  be  acqtuiiiited  with  the  nerilaof  tbat  canae;  tbat 
W  WH  not  born  when  SatnmiaDS  was  )dlled»  and  could  not  be 
«ppriKd  how  odious  n»d  deteatabls  hii  name  waa  to  all  the 
Mople :  thut  some  Imd  been  bannbed  fin-  oomploiniiM;  only  d 
bs  death ;  otbeis,  for  having  n  pictnre  of  him  in  tbeir  lioaaea': 
dial  be  wondered,  tliLTPfere,  where  Labienoa  bad  procured 
dnt  picture,  which  tion«  dumt  ventiue  to  ke^  even  at  home; 
■ad  much  more,  that  ho  had  the  hardioeaa  to  prodnce,  befise 
•a  asMtobLy  of  the  people,  what  bad  been  the  rain  of  othai 
nm's  foTtunes-'that  to  durn  Rabiriut  with  tbia  dime,  was 
u>  con<Icinn  the  greatest  and  worthiest  citizens  whom  Roma 
had  ever  bred;  and  though  they  were  all  dead,  yet  the  injury 
was  tbe  same,  to  rob  them  of  the  honour  due  to  tbeir  names 
and  memones. — "  Would  C.  M ariug,"  says  he,  "  have  lived  in 
perpetual  toils  and  dantrers,  if  he  had  conceived  no  hopee  con- 
cerning himBelf  and  his  glory  beyond  the  limits  of  this  life? 
When  he  defeated  tin>f<e  iuimmerable  enemies  in  Italy,  and 
«red  the  Republic,  did  he  ima^ne  that  every  thing  which 
related  to  him  would  die  with  him .''  No ;  it  is  not  so,  citizens; 
there  is  not  one  of  us  who  exerts  himself  with  praise  and  virtue 
in  the  dangers  of  the  iiepublic,  but  is  induced  to  it  by  the 
eipectatioii  of  a  fuiiinty.  As  the  minds  of  men,  therefore, 
seem  to  in-  divine  iiiiil  immortal,  for  many  other  reasons,  so 
eapedally  for  this,  that  in  all  the  best  and  the  wisest,  there  is 
M  BtnHig  a  sense  of  something  hereafter,  that  they  Eccm  to 
Klish  nothing  but  what  is  eterfial.  I  appeal  then  to  the  souls 
of  C.  Marius,  and  of  all  those  wise  and  worthy  citizens,  who, 
irom  this  life  of  men  are  translated  to  the  honours  and  sanctity 
of  the  gods ;  I  call  them,  I  say,  to  witness,  that  I  think  myself 
bound  to  fight  for  their  fame,  glory,  and  memory,  with  as  much 
zeal,  as  for  the  altars  and  temples  of  my  country;  and,  if  it 


106  THE  LIFE 

were  neceanry  to  take  antu  in  tbe  defence  of  their  praisi^ 
I  ihould  take  them  as  strenuously,  as  they  tLemselres  did  te 
the  defence  of  our  common  safety '." 

After  this  speech  the  people  were  to  pass  judgment  on  ' 
Rabirius  by  the  suffrages  of  all  the  centuries:  but  there  being 
reason  to  apprehend  some  violence  and  foul  play  from  the 
intrigues  of  the  tribunes,  Metellus,  the  augur  and  pmtor 
of  that  year,  contrived  to  dissolve  the  assembly  by  a  stratagem 
before  they  came  to  a  vote  * ;  and  the  greater  amdis  that  pre- 
sently ensued,  and  engaged  the  attention  of  the  city,  prevented 
the  hither  prosecution  and  revival  of  the  cause. 

But  Cnsar  was  more  successful  in  another  esse,  in  whidi  be 
was  more  intei-ested,  his  suit  for  the  high  priesthood,  a  poat  of 
tbe  first  <lignity  in  the  Republic,  vacant  by  the  death  <n  M^ 
tellus  Pius.  Labienus  opened  his  way  to  it  by  the  pnUicatioB 
of  a  new  law,  for  transferring  the  nght  of  electing  from  tbs 
college  of  priests  to  the  people,  agreeably  to  the  tenor  irf  a 
former  Uw,  which  had  been  repealed  by  Svlla.  Cont^ 
atrengtli  lay  in  the  favour  of  the  populace,  which,  bv  imnwunw 
bribes,  and  the  profusion  of  his  whole  substance,  he  oad  gained 
on  this  occasion  so  effectually,  that  he  carried  this  high  office 
before  he  had  yet  been  pr^tor,  agunst  two  consular  comp^ 
titors  of  tbe  first  authority  in  Rome,  Q.  Catulus  and  P.  Servi- 
lius  Isanricus ;  the  one  of  whom  had  been  censor,  and  then 
bore  the  title  of  Prince  of  the  Senate;  and  the  other  been 
honoured  with  a  triumph :  yet  be  procured  more  votes  againrt 
them,  even  in  their  own  tnbes,  than  they  both  had  out  of  the 
whole  number  of  the  citizens  *. 


109 


CbOnBtodarUaMrifrf  Abdme;  wImi^  wlAoM  dnv. 
'mg  or  exmanv  it,  be  Umd^  told  tSaOf  -limt  there  wbk  two 
liodies  in  tJw  RepDUk^"  nwning  die  wnete  and  the  paopK 
"the  one  of  Aon  infinn,  whhe  weak  heed,  die  ether  ttnn 
wHliout  a  heed;  whidi  Iwt  hed  eo  wdl  deeemd  of  hiioa  thet 
it  should  never  went  e  heed  while  he  Urcd."  He  had  made  a 
deda^raof  Ae  nxne  Idnd,  and  ID  die  mne  plaee^  afew  den 
^^^^^^-,  opoD  Catxfn  threatening  Um  with  an  bupma^- 
edj  rejdied,  **  Aat  if  any  flame  shonld  he  ezdtad 
i^  he  wonld  aztiiigaiah  i^  not  with  water,  bitf  a 

'  TVae  dedaradoDi  etarded  die  aenat^  and  ooovineed  ibam 
flat  nedriny  bnt  a  deq>ente  ooupiiaey,  ripe  fiw  '^trntimi, 
floaU  iiMpire  ao  dviwan  aHuranee;  ao  that  they  proeaeded 
hmmtimHrif  to  that  decree,  which  waa  dw  naoal  refi^  in  aD 
cMea  off  inDunent  danger,  of  ordering  the  oonmb  to  take  cam 
that  Ae  Repoblio  received  no  Iwm*.  Upon  thii  Geno 
dwAleJ  hie  guard,  and  called  eoBM  tnopa  into  thedty;  an^ 
when  Reelection  of  caBnb  came  on,  that  he  mig^  hnprint  a 
anaae  ef  hm  own  and  the  poblie  dai^er  Ae  men  alningly,  W 
toifc  ene  to  dranr  back  ki  gown,  in  the  view  of  the  PMjd^ 
and  diaoorered  ■  ahinii^  breMt-pbUe  whidi  be  wore  nnoer  It  *  t 
by  wUtk  pfecaotion,  m  he  ttwd  Cadline  afterwarda  to  Ui 
iaee,  lie  nrevcBted  hii  de^;n  of  billing  both  him  and  the  eaai> 
petitots  tor  die  GODsnlship,  of  whom  D.  Jimiiu  Silanus  and  L. 
LitnniuB  Mmma  were  declared  consuls  elect  *. 

Catiline  tfaiu  a  second  time  repulsed,  and  breathing  notbiiw 
but  revenge,  was  now  eager  and  impatient  to  execute  Lu 
grand  plot:  he  had  no  other  g;ame  left;  his  schemes  were  not 
only  suspected,  but  actually  ^scovered  by  the  sagacity  of  the 
conaul,  and  lumself  shunned  and  detested  by  all  honest  men ; 
w  that  he  resolved,  without  farther  delay,  to  put  all  to  the 
hazard,  of  rmmng  either  hia  country  or  himself.  He  was  sin- 
ralaily  formed,  ooth  by  art  and  nature,  for  the  head  of  a 
oespemte  conspiracy ;  of  an  illustrious  fomily,  ruined  fortunes, 
profligate  mind,  undaunted  courage,  unwearied  industry;  of  a 
capacity  equal  to  the  hardiest  attempt,  with  a  tongue  that 


'  Tnm  enhd  dual  duo  coipon  ««  Rdpub. ;  unn 

m  deha<i,ir.!!nnoaq.itr-  latcnim 

bUDID,  ane  opiU:  haic,  cum  )U  it  •>  meritum 

(act.  c^ut,  H  Ti.o,  nan  dofulu- 

nuD.-^;iiin   idem  ills   pwcu   diebui   uite  CttoDi, 

id  H  OOD  iquK,  Kd  niimt  mtioc- 

tanm.     Pro  Muinn.  2S. 

»  SJlMt.  beU.  CuiL  29.    Plot.  Cic. 

*  DeKTndi  id  cuupam— cnm  i1!i  1>U  iaugni(|iM 

xaait,  rt  cum  in  metu  at  peiiculo  couinlem  yidor 

enl,  id  quod  fkctum  eit,  td  opem 

110  THE    LIFr. 

could  expliun,  aiid  a  liand  tbat  cuuld  execute  it '.  Cicero  givei 
US  his  inst  character  in  many  parts  of  his  works,  but  in  none  I 
more  lively  picture  of  him  than  in  the  following  passage*: 

"  He  had  in  him,"  Bays  he,  "  many,  though  not  expreas 
intages,  yet  sketches  of  the  greatest  virtues ;  was  acquainted 
with  a  great  number  of  wicked  men,  yet  a  pretended  admirer 
of  the  virtuous.  His  house  was  furnished  with  a  rariety  of 
temptations  to  lust  and  lewdness,  yet  with  several  indtementi 
also  to  industry  a'ld  labour :  it  was  a  scene  of  vicious  plea- 
sures, yet  a  B<mool  of  martial  exercises.  There  never  was 
such  a  monster  on  earth,  compounded  of  passions  so  contrary 
and  opposite.  Who  was  ever  more  agreeable  at  one  time  to 
tlie  best  citizens ;  who  more  intimate  at  another  with  tke 
worst  f  who  a  man  of  better  principles  ?  who  a  fouler  enemy 
to  this  city?  who  more  intemperate  in  pleasure?  who  moM 
paUent  in  labour?  who  more  rapacious  in  plundering?  who 
more  profuse  in  squandering  ?  He  had  a  wonderful  &cu|n 
of  engaging  men  to  his  friendship,  and  obliging  them  by  hu 
observance,  sharing  with  them  in  common  whatever  he  was 
master  of;  serving  them  with  his  money,  his  interest,  his 
pains,  and  when  there  was  occasion,  by  the  most  daring  act! 
of  villany;  moulding  his  nature  to  bis  purposes,  and  bending 
it  every  way  to  his  will.  With  the  morose,  he  could  live 
severely;  with  the  free,  gaily;  with  the  old,  gravely;  with  the 
young,  cheerfully  i  witli  the  enterprising,  audaciously;  with 
the  vicious,  luxuriously,  lly  a  temper  so  various  and  pliable, 
he  gathered  about  him  the  profligate  and  the  rash  &om  all 
countries,  yet  held  atladied   to  him,  iit  itn"  sjune  time,  many 


OP   i:lCF.RO.  I  ]  I 

te  have  the  nmnnand  of  all  tlie  forces  tli»t  ri'tnained.  But  bi* 
Cf«ttmt  hopes  lay  in  yylln's  veteran  solitivni,  whose  caiiHc  he 
had  always  espoused,  ana  among  whom  he  liad  tiecu  bred  ;  who, 
to  the  namber  of  about  an  hundred  ibousand,  M-erc  ai-lljcd  in 
the  different  districts  and  colonies  of  Italv,  in  the  {)08fiP!i>iiuri  of 
hods  assigned  to  (hem  by  Sylla,  vldAt  the  ffeuenility  had 
I  wBSted  by  their  sices  and  luxury,  and  wanted  anolbtr  civil 
1.  WW  to  repair  their  sliattered  fortunes.  Amoni;  thcM  he  ein- 
P  ployed  his  a^nts  and  officen  in  all  pnrbs  to  di-baucli  them  to 
Lb  service ;  and,  in  Etroria,  had  actually  enrolled  a  eonsidi-r- 
I  able  body,  and  farmed  them  into  a  little  army,  under  tlie  <.'om- 
mand  of  Mantius,  a  bold  and  experiencml  c^rntiirioii,  who 
niled  only  for  his  orders  to  take  the  field  '.  We  inuitt  add  to 
thiif,  wKiit  all  wTiters  mention,  the  universal  digaffeclion  and 
dtMonteot  which  possessed  all  ranks  of  the  city,  but  eKpccially 
the  meaner  sort,  who,  from  the  uneaainesa  of  their  ciroini- 
ttancew,  and  the  pres-sure  of  lh«'ir  debts,  wislied  for  a  chan)^ 
of  government :  so  tliat  if  Catiline  hud  gained  any  little  ad- 
T«Dtage  at  setting  out,  or  come  off  but  equal  in  the  first 
battle,  there  was  reason  to  expect  a  ^nerul  declaration  in  hiit 

I  He  called  a  council,  therefore,  of  all  tlie  conspirators,  to 
I  aettlc  the  plan  of  their  work,  and  di\-idc  tlie  pnrCs  of  it  amonv  I 
I  themselves,  and  fix  a  proper  day  for  the  execution.  Then 
were  about  tliirty-five,  whose  names  are  tninsniitted  to  us  as 
principals  in  the  plot,  partly  of  the  senatorian,  partly  of  the 
equestrian  order,  with  many  others  from  the  colonies  and 
municipal  towns  of  Italy,  men  of  families  and  interest  in  their 
Wreral  couiirries.  The  Hoiiators  were  P,  Cornetiu*  l.entulus. 
C.  Cetbegus,  P.  Autronius,  L.  Cassias  Loni^nuB,  P.  Sylla, 
Serv.  SyDa,  k.  Vari^imteius,  Q.  Curias,  Q.  Annius,  M.  Por- 
ciuB  Lecca,  L.  Bestia '. 

Lentalns  was  descended  from  a  patridan  branch  of  the  Cor- 
nelian foniily,  one  of  the  most  numerous,  as  welt  as  the  most 
Smdid,  in  Rome.  His  grandfather  bad  borne  the  title  of 
nee  of  the  Senate,  and  was  the  most  active  in  the  pursuit 
and  destruction  of  C.  Gracchus,  in  which  he  received  a  dan- 
lerous  wound*.  The  grandson,  by  the  favour  of  his  noble 
birtb,  had  been  advanced  to  the  consulship  about  eight  years 

'  CM(n  nml  in  Ittln  cODin  Rempab.  in  Etniria  bacibui  cnllocau.  In  CilEI.  1, 
i  It.  3.  8. 

•  Srd  omnino  cuacU  plebei,  noviniin  reran)  itudio,  Cililini'  IncepU  pinbibat — 
quod  li  primo  pntlio  Catilin*  luperior,  aat  eqi»  muiu  diieoiiMM,  profeclo  nagni 
cUdn,  ftc.     Sdlnat.  37.  39. 

•  adhut.17. 

•  Nnm  P.  Lentnlnni,  prindpcm  teaatu«?  Complurc*  aliot  ■unimo>  vlrog,  i^iii  cnm 
L.  0|4iRiD  aninls  umul  Qnecbum  in  Anntinnm  penecuti  ■unii'  quo  in  pnelio 
IcDtnlm  gnre  nisni  acoplt.     Philip.  8.  4.  in  Citil.  4.  6. 


lis  THE   UFB 


b«  WIS  raiiMd  oat  of  the  senate  soon  after  by  Ait 
cvworv  far  the  aotonoas  in&mr  aS  his  life,  till,  by  obtainin* 
tW  pnrconhip  a  second  time,  vVkh  he  now  actually  enjoyej 
W  Kco«med  li»  ionaer  place  and  nnk  in  that  supreme  oooih 
dl  '■  Hit  pans  were  but  modente,  or  rather  slow  :  yet  Ae 
lawrHn-ti  ot  lus  person,  the  gracefulnen  and  propriety  of  Ui 
aii»»>  tW  stnngdi  aod  sweetncaa  of  his  voice,  procured  hha 
M^  ivpnatMo  as  a  speaker  *.  He  was  lazy,  luxurious,  and 
nod^atelv  wicketl :  ret  so  vvn  and  ambitious,  as  to  expect 
tma  the  overthrow  ot  the  government,  to  be  the  first  man  in 
^  RepabUr :  ia  which  ^cy  he  was  strongly  flattered  by 
soBe  crafty  suothsarers,  who  a»ured  him,  frmn  the  Sibylline 
bMfcs.  "lliai  there  were  three  Comeliuaea  destined  to  tha 
«bwBioa  of  Rome ;  that  Cinna  and  Sylla  had  already  poa- 
•nsed  it,  and  tbe  prophecy  wanted  to  be  completed  in  him'.' 
With  these  Tiew»  he  enterra  freely  into  the  conspiracy,  trusting 
»  Catiline';  riai^wr  K>r  the  execution,  and  hoping  to  re^i  tbe 
eUet  miit  hvm  its  success. 

Cetbe«u»  was  of  an  exnacdtm  equally  noble,  but  of  a  tem- 
per fierw.  imftetuouK,  and  daring  to  a  degree  even  of  fury. 
He  bk.1  been  «^nnlr  engaged  u  the  cause  of  Mariua,  witii 
wthMk  he  was  ilriven  out  ot  Rome;  but,  when  Sylla's  afiin 
liecttme  pKwpen>c».  he  pteseuily  changed  sides,  and  throwing 
hioKwlf  at  SvlU's  teet.  and  ^romtting  great  services,  ww 
rvstuceil  to  iKe  oit^-  *.  Alter  >vUa's  death,  by  intrigues  and 
£kUivu  he  acqiure^  so  great  an  influence,  that,  while  Pompey 
was  abr«ail,  he  governed  all  things  at  home;  procured  for 
Anixxiius  the  command  over  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean, 


iwms  entnwtcd  with  the  niMl  hlaiidy  and  despente 

dw  tank  of  mn««)u.Tping  tbeir  euemicji  wiibiii  ilir 

MM  i>f  tLo  ootispiniUtrit  wurc  not  less  illustrious  for  ■m 

The  two  Syitas  were  nepliews  t«>  tim  dictator  of 

AvtroniDs  had  obtained  the  consuUliiji,  but  vem  i 

bribery  ;  oiid  Casnius  was  competitor  for  il  vvitli 

■df.    In  short,  tlicy  wen-  all  of  the  sime  stamp  ana 

neu  whom  dUappointxneutSi   ruined  fortuiim,  uiid 

1ir«s,  had   [in-|iuri'd  for  any  design  against  the  staU 

w1mis«  hopew  of  eiutc  an<l  advancement  depended  oa-^ 

ofaflnirs,  and  the  subversion  of  tlio  Republic 

At  this  0ie«^ng  it  wan  renmlred.  that  n  ireneral  influrT< 
(timtld    be  niwed   through     wj,  U,^  ?nt  parlA  of 

were  assigned   to  different  leaders;  iiun.  Catiline  shov 
yra»lf  at  the  head  vftlie  troops  in  Ktruria ;  that  Rome 
be  lired  in  many  pliiccH  iil  once,  and  a  tmusacre  fiegoi 
laiue  time,  of  tlie  whole  Fienate,  and  all  their  enemies ;  a. 
none  were  to  Iw  be  spiu-ed  except  the  »one  of  Potnf 
were  to  be  kept  «n  hoKtagi  s  of  their  peace  and  reoou 
with  the  father :  that,  in  3i'    consternation  of  the  lire  a., 
tacre,  Catiline  should  be  ready  with  his  'I'uscan  army,  m 
the  benefit  of  the  public  confuMon,  and  make  himself  r 
nf  tlie  city;  where   Letitulus,  in  tlie  mean  while,  as  ti>. 
£gnity,  was  to  preside  in  their  genera!  councils ;  C'awtii 
manage  the  affair  of  firing  h  ;  Cethegiut  to  direct  the  tna.>.s;tcrB  . 
But  uie  vigilance  of  Cicero  being  the  chief  obstacle  li>  nil  tbeil^ 
hopes,  C'atjiine  was  very  desirous  to  see  him  taken  oft"  iiefore 
be  leh  Home ;  upon  which  two  knights  of  the  compiiiiv  iL»der- 
lock  to  kill  him  the  next  morning  in  his  hed,  in  an  earlv  visit, 
on  pretence  of  btHinesa  '.     They  were  both  of  his  Hc<jiiain^ 
auce,    and   used   to   frequent   his    house ;    and,   knowing  his 
ciutom  of  giving  free  access  to  all,  made  no  doubt  of  l»eing 
readily  admitted,  aa  C.  Cornelius,  one  of  the  two,  ufti'nvarda 
confessed  '. 

The  meeting  was  no  sooner  over,  than  Cicero  had  informa- 
tion of  all  that  passed  in  it:  for,  by  the  intrigues  of  a  uoman 
named  Fulvi-i,  be  had  gained  over  Ciu-ius,  her  gallant,  one  of 
the  conspirators,  of  senatoHan  rank,  to  send  him  a  punctual 
accoont  of  all  their  deliberations.  He  presently  imparted  tliis 
btelligeoce  to  some  of  the  chiefe  of  the  city,  who  were  as- 

'  Coii,  Pacdi,  HyUm,  Cethegi,  AntonS,  V«pgunt«ii,  ilqne  Lon^ni :  noe  hmilw  ? 
j»fl»iMJiMiin'Hiiiii'  *ri     Flor.  1.1.1. 

•  Cm  Catiliu  cgndcretnr  id  txercitnin,  Lntnlni  in  utIm  niinqnerftur.  Curiai 
heaiSkL,  Cetbcriu  «di  pnponnHDr.     Pro  S;ll.  19.  Vid.  Plot,  in  Cie. 

•  DixM  puIliilBm  tiU  on  num,  quod  e^o  liTrnrn  :  lepcrti  lunt  duo  Equila 
Baonriifaita  fata  COT*  libennnt,  et  mc  ilU  ipi«  nocte  ml*  lu«m  me  mco  id  iectnia 
klatetompoOicamitiu.     In  Citil.  1.4.  it.  Sdlnit.  28. 

•  '^BCtsmalOT,  Cvrndi.idqDodtuidcm  iliquanda  confitrlur,  illim  tibi  officioMm 


114 

«embt<!ij  that  erpniiiK.  »  usual,  at  his  house ;  ioforming  thca^^ 
not  oaW  of  the  de^Unii  but  naminff  the  men  who  were  lij 
execute  it,  and  the  ren-  hour  when  Uiey  would  be  at  his  nte :, 
all  which  fell  out  exactly  as  he  foretold;  for  the  two  knightt 
came  before  breat  of  dar,  but  hod  the  mortiiicatioD  to  find  tilt 
house  wvll  guarded,  and  all  admittance  refused  to  them'. 

Cadline  wa»  disappointed  likewise  in  another  a&ir,  of  na 
less  moment,  before  he  quitted  the  citj ;  a  deaign  to  sunirin  1 
tbe  town  ot'  Prvneste.  one  of  the  stronreet  fortresses  of  Italyr  ■ 
within  twenty-tire  miles  of  Home:  which  would  have  bcM 
«l'  singuUr  us*-  to  him  in  the  war.  and  a  sure  retreat  in  alt 
eWDtS :  but  Cicero  was  stiU  beforehand  with  him,  and,  fnn 
the  apprehensioDS  of  such  an  attempt,  had  previously  seat 
otders  to  the  place  to  keep  a  special  guard;  so  that  whn 
Catiline  came  in  the  nieht  to  make  an  assault,  he  found  the* 
to  well  prorided.  that  he  durst  not  venture  upon  the  expeii- 
ment*. 

This  was  the  »tate  of  the  oonspiracv,  when  Cicero  delivered 
the  tirsi  ot'  those  tour  speeches,  which  were  spoken  on  the 
ocnkMon  of  it.  and  are  $ti)l  extant.  The  meeting  of  tlie  ooi^ 
spirstors  was  on  the  sixth  of  November,  in  the  evening;  and 
OD  the  eighth  he  summoned  the  senate  to  the  temple  of  Ju[^ 
ler.  in  the  Capitol,  where  it  was  not  usually  held  but  in  timet 
vi  public  alarm  *.  There  had  been  several  debates  before  thii 
on  the  same  subject  of  Catiline's  treasons,  and  his  des^a  of 
killing  the  mnsul :  and  a  decree  had  passed,  at  the  mobon  of 
Cicerw.  to  offer  a  public  reward  to  the  first  discoverer  of  the 
plot:  if  Hsbve,  his  liberty,  and  ei^hi  lutiiJred  pounds;  if  a 
cilizen.  his  tiarriou.  and  sixteeu  hundred  '.     Yet  C'atiliii 


IICBEO.  115 

|M4t*p<mi  tlTa  BHk,  SDd  bid  the  oanfidcnm  to  come  to  dib 
Defy  ineetid^^  in  the  C^ntiri;  wUdi  ao  chocked  the  wholo 
inhly,  that  aoae  eren  of  hk  "T'«'"f"iT  dunt  Tcntore  to 


Mlute  hun;  and  tkt  oonenhr  MtietmB  quitted  that  part  d  the 
home  ill  whichl»«fcaDdleftthewh(He  bench  clear  tofaim'. 
CietTo  vas  so  pnnJwd  hj  bk  impiidence,  tint,  inicead  of 
entering  upon  My  bmiiiWi,  ■■  he  dengned,  ■ddreaniw  biaaielf 
itrecUy  ta  CatHiMk  he  bidu  oat  into  a  moat  aevere  inreetire 
wainst  him,  adit  «^  all  the  fire  and  Airce  of  an  iBeenaed 
wquence,  laid  aMn  Ae  wliolo  oohtm  of  hie  rillanie^  and  the 


DBbmely  of  hia  b 

He  put  hioi  in  miad,  diat  there  was  a  decree  already  made 
igwnst  him,  by  vUch  lie  ooold  take  bta  life*,  and  that  he  ao^at 
*  '     SJt  1<"V  Vt  ■"><!B  many,  &r  more  eminent  and 

yijid  been  taken  off  by  the  nme  aotfamity,  for  the 
^of  treaeonablededgos;  that  if  he  ahonld  etdcr 
^  to  be  UUed  apoa  the  wpat,  there  was  eanae  to 
^l|llliliiail|.  tUt  it  wooU  be  thought  rather  too  late  than  tao 
tnmit  bat  Aeie  wia  a  certwi  reason  which  yet  withheld  him : 
*naB  ahalt  then  be  pat  to  death,"  wye  he,  "  when  diere  ia 
■■I  •  man  to.be  fbnod  so  widied,  so  desperate,  so  like  to  thyw 
nI^  iribo  will  deay  it  to  be  done  justly.  Ae  long  as  there  is 
«s  n^  Ana  ta  defend  thee,  thon  sbalt  lire,  and  lin  ao^  la 
Aon  BOW  dcat,  annoaoded  by  the  guards  which  I  hare  plaeed 
■bout  thee,  so  as  not  to  suffer  thee  to  stir  a  foot  against  the 
RepuUi^  whilst  the  eyes  and  ears  of  many  iltall  watch  thee, 
as  they  hare  hitherto  done,  when  thou  little  thoughtest  of  it  *." 
He  then  goes  oa  to  give  a  detail  of  all  that  had  been  concerted 
by  the  coaspiiators  at  their  several  meetings,  to  let  him  see, 
tutt  he  was  perfectly  informed  of  every  step  which  be  had 
taken,  ar  deagned  to  take ;  and  observes,  that  he  saw  several 


at  that  very  time  in  the  senate,  who  had  assisted  at  those 
meetings — he  presses  him,  therefore,  to  quit  the  city,  and, 
ice  2l  his  councils  were  detected,  to  drop  the  thought  «f 


fires  and  massacres ;  that  the  gates  were  open,  and  nobody 
•bould  stop  him '.  Then,  running  over  the  fl^igitioua  enor- 
■lities  iHT  his  life,  and  the  series  of  his  traitorous  practices,  he 
eihorts,  urges,  commands  him  to  depart;  and,  if  he  would  be 
advised  by  him,  to  go  into  a  voluntary  exile,  and  irer  them 
from  their  fears;  that,  if  they  were  just  ones,  they  might  be 
safer ;  if  groundless,  the  quieter ':  that  though  he  would  not 
pnt  the  question  to  the  house,  whether  they  would  order  him 
mto  banishment,  or  not,  yet  he  would  let  him  see  their  sense 

'  Qoa  t*  CI  ^c  tanU  riniuiitU,  lol  ex  lui,  amioi  ac  iMc«Hiii>  liluuvit  '•  Quid, 
iBod  ■dientn  tno  uta  nbMllU  ncueftcU  lunl  ?  &c.     Ibid.  1. 7. 
*  HtbctmnScMtuciHUultaiBfale,  Cslilii»,v('h«ii«i>elim*r.     Ih.  1    I. 


116 

iqMD  it,  by  their  manner  of  beharing  while  lie  was  m^    _ 
to  it;  for,  sliouM  lie  bid  any  otter  senator  of  credit,  P.  S 
tills,  or  M.  Marcelltts,  to  go  into  exile,  they  would  all  i ' 
affainst  kim  at  once,  and  lay  violent  Lauds  on  their  C 

Jet,  when  he  sdid  it  to  him,  by  their  silence  they  approved  i^] 
y    their  KufTeriii^  it,    di-creed   it ;    hy  saying  nothing,  |n>l 
claimed  their  consent':  tliat  be  would  answer  likewise  £ar  tfcl^ 
IcniKhts,  who  were  then  guarding  the  avenues  of  the  BernA^I 
ana  were  liardly  restrained  from  doing  him  violence ;  that  if  htl 
would  consent  to  go,  they  would  all  ouietly  attend  him  to  th*  { 
gates.     Vet,  after  all,  it',  in  virtue  of  nis  command,  he  sho^  • 
really  go  into  banishment,  he  foresaw  what  a  storm  of  envy  k  - 
should  draw  by  it  upon  himself;  but  he  did  not  value  that^  % 
by  his  own  calamity,  he  could  avert  the  dangers  of  the  Ro- 
public:  but  there  was  no  hope  that   Catiline  could  ever  be 
induced  to  yield  to  the  occasions  of  the  state,  or  moved  wilk 
the  sense  of  his  crimes,  or  reclaimed  by  shame,  or  fear,  or 
reason,  from  his  madness  *.     He  exhorts  him,  therefore,  if  he 
would  not  go  into  exile,  to  go,  at  least,  where  he  was  expectM^ 
into  Manlius's  camp,  and  begin  the  war ;  provided  only,  thet 
he  would  carry  out  with  him  all  the  rest  of  his  crew :  (Jut 
there  he  might  riot  and  exult  at  his  full  ease,  without  tbe 
mortification  of  seeing  one  honest  man  about  him  * :  there  be 
might  practise  all  that  discipline  to  which  he  had  been  trained 
of  lying  upon  the  ground,  not  only  in  pursuit  of  his  leird 
amours,  but  of  bold  and  hardy  enterprizes:  there  he  migbt 
exert  all  that  boosted  patience  of  hunger,  cold,  and  ivant,^ 
which,  however,  he  would  shortly  find  himself  undone,     at 
tlien  iiitnidm  ' '        ' 


OF  CICERO.  JH 

Kty;  yet,  ifihc  ^fmtest  was  sure  ta  befij  me,  it  waa  always 
J  peniwsion,  thut  envy,  Jictjuirwl  by  virtue,  was  ri*»I!y  giory, 
n  efivy  :  but  there  art'  some  tif  thm  very  order,  wlio  lUi  not 
tli«r  see  the  dangers  wliicb  iiane  over  ua,  ar  rise  dissemble 
hai  ihey  see ;  who,  by  the  M>}tnc«s  of  tlieir  votes,  cherish 
'■(ilinc's  b()])es,  an<l  add  utreng^Ii  lo  tlie  conspiracy,  by  not 
elieviii^  it:  wliose  authority  influences  iiuiriy,  not  only  uf 
le  »-icked,  but  the  weak  ;  who,  if  I  had  punished  tliis  man  as 
e  cle«erveH,  would  not  have  fjiilfd  tn  crv  nut  upon  me  for 
niiig  ibe  tyrant'.  Now,  I  am  perauadeif,  that,  when  he  is 
Bce  gone  iiitu  Maolius's  eamp,  whither  be  actually  designs  tn 
tt,  none  can  be  so  silly  as  not  to  aee  that  there  is  a  plot,  none 
»  weJceil  as  not  to  acknowledge  it:  whereas,  by  biking  him 
ff  alone,  though  tliia  pestilence  would  be  somewhat  chedied, 
1  could  not  be  suppressed:  but  when  he  has  thrown  himself 
alo  rebellion,  and  carried  out  bis  friends  along  wirli  faim,  and 
nwti  Iti^tber  the  profligate  and  rlesperate  fn>in  all  iiarts  of 
be  empire,  not  only  this  ripened  plague  of  the  Itcpiinlic,  but 
be  very  root  and  setid  of  all  our  evils  will  be  extirpated  with 
lifR  at  nnce."  Then  applying  himself  again  to  Catiline,  he 
WQcludo  with  a  short  prayer  to  Jupiter :  "  With  these  gmens, 
l^tilinef  of  all  prwperity  to  the  Republic,  but  of  destruction 
10  tliy«eir,  and  all  those  who  have  joined  themselves  witli  thee 
!D  all  kinds  of  parricide,  go  thy  wav  then  to  this  impious  and 
iboniiid^  wtr;  whilst  thou,  Jupiter,  whose  religion  was 
ctfaUnhed  wiA  the  foundation  of  this  citv,  whom  we  truly 
call  Stator,  the  stay  and  prop  of  this  empire,  wilt  drive  tbia 
ataii  ami  bia  accmnplices  from  thy  altars  and  temples,  from  the 
booses  and  walls  of  the  city,  from  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  us 
all;  and  wilt  destroy,  witn  eternal  punishments,  both  living 
ad  dead,  all  the  haters  of  eood  men,  the  enemies  of  their 
Mntry,  the  plunderers  of  Italy,  now  confederated  in  this  de- 
ttstaUe  league  and  partnership  of  villany." 

Cadlinp,  astonished  by  the  thunder  of  this  speech,  had  little 
to  My  for  himself  in  answer  to  it ;  yet,  with  downcast  looks 
ind  suppliant  voice,  he  begged  of  the  fathers,  not  to  believe 
too  hastily  what  was  said  agunst  him  by  an  enemy  ;  that  his 
birdi  and  past  life  offered  every  thing  to  nim  that  was  hopeful ; 
■nd  it  was  not  to  be  imagined,  that  a  man  of  patrician  family, 
■iose  ancestors,  as  well  as  himself,  had  given  many  proofs  of 
^r  affection  to  the  Roman  people,  should  want  to  overturn 
l^govemment;  while  Cicero,  a  stranger,  and  late  inhabitant 
rf  lunne,  was  so  zealous  to  preserve  it.  But,  as  he  was  going 
DD  to.  give  foul  language,  the  senate  interrupted  him,  by 
I  general  outcry,  calling  nim  traitor  and  parricide:  upon  which 


118  THE   UFB 

bein^  furious  and  de«perate,  he  declared  again,  alond,  wkath 
had  gaid  before  to  Cato,  that  since  he  was  circuiiiT«ited  f^ 
driven  headlong  by  his  enemies,  he  would  quench  the  fli  . 
which  was  raised  about  him,  by  the  comtnon  ruin;  and* 
rushed  out  of  the  assembly  '.     Aa  soon  aa  he  was  ' 

his  house,  and  began  to  reflect  on  what  had  passed,  p 
it  in  Tain  to  dissemble  any  longer,  he  resolved  to  enter  i 
action  immediately,  before  the  troops  of  the  RepuUie  \ 
increased,  or  any  new  levies  made;  ao  that,  aner  a  I 
conference  with  Lentulus,  Cethegus,  and  the  rest,  about  w 
had  been  concerted  in  the  last  meeting,  having  givien  &—-,■ 
orders  and  assurances  (^  his  speedy  return  at  ue  head  V'' 
a 'Strong  army,  he  left  Rome  that  very  nidbt,  with  aMW 
retinue,  to  m^e  the  best  of  his  way  towards  Etruria*. 

He  no  sooner  disappeared,  than  bis  friends  gave  out  that  ha 
was  gone  into  a  voluntary  exile  at  Marseilles*;  which  nm 
industriously  spread  through  the  city  next  morning,  to  rnw 
an  odium  upon  Cicero,  ^r  driving  an  innocent  man  flM 
banishment  without  any  previous  trial  or  proof  of  his  guilt: 
but  Cicero  was  too  well  informed  of  his  motions,  to  entertna 
any  doubt  about  his  going  to  Manlius's  camp,  and  into  actai 
rebellion :  he  knew  that  be  had  sent  thither  already  a  qoanti^ 
of  arms,  and  all  the  ensigns  of  military  command,  with  ^M 
taWer  eagle,  which  he  used  to  keep  with  great  superstition  m 
his  house,  for  its  having  belonged  to  C.  M^us,  in  his  expedi- 
tion against  the  Cimbri*.  Itut,  lest  the  story  should  make 
an  ill  impression  on  the  city,  he  called  the  people  together 
'  >  r'oriim,  lo  f{ive  ihcni  ;in  account  of  what  passed  in 


or  CICBBO.  119 

on^ht,  lon^  afpi,  to  liavc  tadknA  tba  iMtptudakawat : 
tin  of  niir  .-aOMton,  tiiw  £wiplim  of  the  Mnpn^  sad 
iblic  itiiell  nqinred  it:  but  baw  wuny  woald  then 

I  who  wuiild  not  bare  beliered  what  J  chiyd  hJH 

kift?  liuw  tnaiiy  who,  thnK^  woaknoi,  wodU  aeror  ham 
iHwioed  it,  nr,  tlimi^  WMkcdnew,  would  have  dcfeiuM 
kf'~~He  observes,  dwt  if  he  hod  pot  Citiliiie  to  dei^  he 
Amid  have  drawn  iqMn  hiaielf  anch  an  odimn,  ■■  wonU  have 
jHid^red  bim  unable  to  pweciite  his  aeoomplicea,  aod  ntiipate 
ihe  nrnuting  of  the  dompincT;  but,  w  &r  iram  briivaftaid  af 
him  ROMT,  be  wa'j  lony  mly  that  be  weat  off  with  to  faw 
to  Mtend  iiim ' ;  that  hia  fimee  were  ctmtenptible,  if  < 


irith  tho»e  of  tlit.-  R^oblic,  made  np  of  a  niKrable,  aeedv 
Rw,  who  had  wAsted  their  nbetance,  forfeited  their  baiia,  aod 
roiUd  run  nway,  not  only  at  the  rigifat  of  ao  anov,  bat  of  tlw 
prastoKsediut:— Tldit  tliate  who  had  deeerted  hisamTiaod 
■taid  behiud,  were  mora  to  be  dreaded  than  the  army  itwlft 
and  tb«  more  »o,  bticanoe  they  knew  Urn  to  be  inCgraMd  of  all 
ibrir  d«»)f{iis,  yet  were  not  at  all  moved  by  it:  that  ha  bad 
laid  opeti  all  their  ooundla  in  the  senate  the  day  bebre^  nien 
vfaid)  Caiiline  was  ao  diafaeartened,  that  he  immediately  fled: 
Aat  he  could  not  gneaa  what  theee  othera  meant;  if  they 
ima^ned  that  he  tilrald  alwaya  use  the  same  lenity,  they  wan 
mu^i  rnifttaken ' ;  fir  he  had  now  gained  what  he  oad  hitherto 
lieen  w^ting  for,  to  make  all  the  people  see  that  there  was  a 
conspiracy;  that  now,  therefore,  there  was  do  more  room  for 
eiemency,  the  case  itself  required  severity :  yet  he  would  still 
^aiit  them  one  thing,  to  quit  the  city,  and  follow  Catiline: 
nay,  would  tell  them  the  way;  it  was  the  Aurelian  road,  and, 
il  Ihey  would  make  haste,  they  might  overtake  him  before 
night.  Then,  afier  describing  the  profligate  life  and  con- 
versation of  Catiline  and  hw  accomplices',  he  declares  it 
insufferably  impudunt  for  such  men  to  pretend  to  plot :  the 
lasy  agaiost  the  acl^ve,  the  foolish  against  the  prudent,  the 
drunken  against  tliC  sober,  the  drowsy  against  tlie  vigilant; 
who,  lolling  at  fea^^ts,  embracing  mistresses,  staggering  with 
wini^,  stufffd  will)  victuals,  crowned  with  garlands,  daubed  with 
perfiunes,  belch,  in  their  conversations,  of  massacreing  the  bo- 
neat,  and  firing  the  dty.  "  If  my  oonsulship,"  says  he,  "  since 
it  cannot  cure,  should  cut  off  all  these,  it  would  add  no  small 
period  to  the  duration  of  the  Republic :  for  there  i^  no  nation 
which  we  have  reason  to  fear ;  no  king  w)io  can  make  war 
upon  the  Roman  people ;  all  disturbances  abroad,  both  by  land 
and  sea,  are  quelled  by  the  virtue  of  one  man ;  but  a  domestic 
war  still   remains;    ue  treason,  the  danger,   the   enemy  is 


1*20  THE    LIFE 

within :  we  are  to  combat  with  luxury,  with  iiudne«B,  wifb^' 
vilbny :  in  this  war  1  profess  myself  your  leader,  and  take  nparf: 
nyseffall  the  animosity  of  the  desperate:  whatever  can  poiai*? 
biy  be  healei),  I  will  heal ;  but  what  ought  to  be  cut  off,  1 1^' 
nerer  suffer  to  spread  to  the  ruin  of  the  dty  *."  He  then  takw 
notice  of  the  report  of  Cadliae's  beine  driven  into  exile,  Iwl 
ridicules  the  weakness  of  it,  and  says,  t^t  he  had  put  that  inift> 
ta  out  of  doubt,  by  exposing  all  his  treasons,  the  day  befiK^ 
in  the  senate '.  He  laments  the  wretched  condition,  not  aaif 
of  goveminic,  but  even  of  preserving  states :  '*  For  if  Cati- 
line," says  he,  "  baffled  by  mv  pains  and  counsels,  shoold 
really  change  his  mind,  drop  all  thoughts  of  war,  and  betaka 
himself  to  exile,  he  would  not  be  said  to  be  disarmed  ami 
terrified,  or  driven  from  his  purpose  by  my  vigilance :  bn^ 
uncondemned  and  innocent,  to  be  forced  into  b^ishment  by 
the  threats  of  the  consul ;  and  there  would  be  numbers  WM 
would  think  him  not  wicked,  but  unhappy ;  and  me  not  a  dili- 
gent consul,  but  a  cruel  tyrant."  He  declares,  that  though, 
nir  the  soke  of  his  own  ease  or  character,  he  should  never  wnh 
to  hear  of  Catiline's  being  at  the  bead  of  an  army,  yet  they 
would  certainly  hear  it  in  three  days'  time :  that  if  m«i 
were  so  perverse  as  to  complain  of  bis  being  driven  away, 
what  would  they  have  said,  if  he  had  been  put  to  death? 
Yet  tliere  niis  not  one  of  those  who  talked  of  his  goiiw 
(0  Marseilles,  but  would  be  sorry  for  it,  if  it  was  true,  aid 
wishitl  much  rather  to  see  him  in  Manlius's  camp  * :  he 
pnn-eeds  to  describe,  at  large,  the  stren^  and  forces  of 
Catiline,  and  the  ilifferent  sorts  of  men  of  which  they  v 


ot  cicno.  IS] 

wtlihe  district  of  I^cenum,  t^oppoMill  CBlil»e*a  modoot 
•B  tkit  side  :  and  for  aettUx^  all  mattni  U  iMma,  bad  n»- 
awncd  the  senate  to  meet  wu  that  iiioniiiqc,  wldch,  m  tbe^ 
■Bv,  WAS  then  assembling.  M  tat  thoM^  dwrefiwa^  i^  «H« 
left  behind  in  tbe  city,  thoaglk  ther  ««n  now  owmia^  jm, 
■Hc  they  were  born  citizen^  }ta  admoniibcd  then,  agna  aad 
inb,  tluit  bis  lenity  had  been  waitiiig  only,  fiir  w  opportaaby 
cf  demonstratin]^  the  cerounty  of  tlie  plot;  tha^  iiv  dw  laMj 
b  should  never  foi^et  tiiat  thn  mw  hv  conntry,  ha  th^  cciiaa^ 
who  ttiouzht  it  is  <luty  ladier  to  lire  with  nmu,  or  ^  for 
tb«ni.  "There  \s  no  guard,"  mya  he,  •■  qNm  Ac  galea,  aoaa 
10  watch  the  roada;  if  anyoneliBBaiBand  to  wlthdiawUaMl^ 
k  may  go  whenever  he  pleeaea;  bnt  if  he  laakca  Aa  leatt 
Uif  triilitn  the  city,  so  as  to  be  caught  ia  any  orert-act  agaimt 
tbt  Republic,  be  Uiall  know  thiUthne  are  b  it  TJgilant  eonaal^ 
oeellent  magistnites,  a  ftoot  Koate: — dnt  there  are  wrmm, 
and  a  prison,  which  our  ancerton  prorided,  an  the  aro^er  af 
naifest  crimes ;  and  alt  thia  ihall  be  tnumcted  in  audi  a  ■■»■ 
Btf,  citizens,  that  tbe  greateat  ^aocdera  ahall  be  qoelled  witk- 
gtt  the  least  hurry- ;  the  greateat  dangera,  vithoat  any  tuamlt; 
idomestic  war,  the  most  deqterate  ot  any  in  oar  memory,  Inr 
aie,  your  only  leader  and  geneial,  in  my  gown :  wUdi  I  wlu 
Eunage  so,  that,  as  iar  an  it  ia  iMMnbte,  not  one  even  of  tha 
guilty  shall  euSer  punislinoent  in  the  city :  but  if  their  aiiJa 
cioQSaeaa,  and  my  country's  danger,  should  necemarily  drire 
ne  from  this  mila  resolution,  yet  I  will  effect,  what  in  so  cruel 
and  treacherous  a  war  could  hardly  be  hoped  for,  that  not  one 
honest  man  shall  &li,  but  all  of  you  he  safe  by  the  puaishment 
of  a  few.  This  I  promise,  citizens,  not  from  any  confidence 
in  my  own  prudence,  or  from  any  human  counsels,  but  from 
tbe  many  endent  declarations  of  the  gods,  by  whose  impulse  I 
>m  led  into  this  persuasion ;  who  assbt  us,  not  as  they  used  to 
do,  at  a  distance,  against  foreign  and  remote  enemies,  but  by 
their  present  help  and  protection,  defend  their  temples  and 
our  houses :  it  is  your  part,  therefore,  to  worship,  implore,  and 

Qto  them,  that,  since  all  our  enemies  are  now  aubdued 
bv  land  and  sea,  they  would  continue  to  preserve  this 
city,  wnich  was  designed  by  them  for  the  most  beautiful,  the 
most  flourishing,  and  most  powerful  on  earth,  from  the  moat 
detestable  treasons  of  its  own  desperate  citizens." 

We  have  no  account  of  this  day's  debate  in  the  senate,  which 
met  while  Cicero  was  speaking  to  the  people,  and  were  wait- 
ing his  coming  to  them  from  tbe  rostra:  but  as  to  Catiline, 
after  staying  a  few  days  on  the  road,  Ut  raise  and  ann  the 
country  through  which  he  passed,  and,  which  his  agents  had 
already  been  dispelling  to  Ins  interestfs  he  marched  directly  to 
Manlius's  camp,  with  the  fiisces  and  all  tbe  ensigns  of  military 


\'2'2 


i  dUplayciI  before  htm.     Upon  this  nevrs,  the  wmli'i 

dedaml  both  him  an<i  Maiilitis  pubhc  enemies,  with  offers  tf  i 
piinioi)  to  all  hU  folhiwcrs,  who  were  not  condemned  of  Ga{nlil 
crimes,  if  they  returned  to  their  duty  by  a  certain  day;  lai 
orderecl  the  cuiisuU  to  make  new  levies,  and  that  Antoniai 
should  folhtw  Cutiliiie  with  the  army;  Cicero  stay  at  home  la 
ginrd  the  city '. 

It  will  seem  strong*  to  some,  that  Cicero,  when  he  hti 
certain  information  of  Catiline's  treason,  instead  of  Beizing  iSm 
in  the  city,  not  onlv  suffered,  but  ur^red  his  escape,  and  foread 
him,  as  it  were  to  begin  the  war.  But  there  was  good  resMB 
for  what  he  did,  as  he  frequently  intimates  in  his  speeches ;  he 
had  many  enemies  among  the  nobility,  and  Catiline  many 
secret  friends:  and  tliooj^h  he  was  perfectly  informed  of  the 
whole  proj^ess  and  extent  of  the  plot,  yet  the  proob  being 
itot  ready  to  be  laid  before  the  public,  Catiline's  disBimulattoo 
mill  prorailed,  and  persuaded  great  numbers  o(  his  innocence; 
so  that,  if  he  hail  imprisoned  and  punished  him,  at  this  time, 
as  lie  deserved,  the  whole  faction  were  prepared  to  raise  ■ 
i^neral  clamour  luratnst  him,  by  representing  his  adminiiCr^ 
tion  as  a  tyranny,  and  the  plot  as  a  forgery  contrived  to  sup- 
|H)rt  it :  whereas,  bv  driving  Catiline  into  rebellion,  he  made 
nil  men  see  the  reality  of  their  danger;  while,  from  an  exact 
account  of  his  troops,  he  knew  them  to  be  so  unequai  to  those 
of  the  Kepublie,  that  there  tvas  no  doubt  of  his  being  destroyed, 
if  ho  ctiiild  1k>  pushed  to  the  necessity  of  declaring  himself, 
before  his  other  projei-ts  were  ripe  for  execution.  He  knew 
also,  that  if  Catiline  was  once  driven  out  of  the  city,  aad 


,_       IM^  wbo  had  married  his  sister,  thouf^h  ec|ii!i 
,lktt  collcH^c  '  '•  be  was  joiood  in  the  accuMttion 
'  ^appointed  candidates,  S.  Sulpicius,  a  pcrKoti  a 
mrth  and  character,  and  the  most  celebrated  law^r  i 
Kit  whose  service,  and  at  whose  instance,  Cicon   i  '^ 
kibery  vnts  chiefly  provided  '. 

Muraum  vms  bred  a  soldier,  and  had  acquirer 
b  llie  Mithridatic  «'ar,  as  lieutenant  to  LucuUu 
BOW  defetided  by  three,   the  greatest  men,   as   r^ 
fnaleat  orators,  of  Rome,  Crassiis,  Uortensius  ana 
B  that  tlicre  bad  seldom  been  a  trial  of  more  expectac 
account  of  the  dignity  of  -"  '*--   parties  concerned 
diaraeter  of  the  accusers  i  ic  reasonable  to  belii 

there  was  clear  proof  of  le  illegiil  practices;  yt 
Ciernv's  speech,  which,  thi  imperfect,  is  the  ooiy  • 
ii^  monuraent  of  the  trans  i,  tt  seems  probable,  th 
were  such  only,  as  ihougi  ly  gjieaking,  irregulf 

Trt  warranted  by  custom  .  ii<>  --le  example  of  all  cai 
and,  though  heinous  in  th"        s  of  a  Cato,  or  an  angr; 
ptlitor,  were   usually  ovei     i-ncd  by  the  magistrates,  ai 
(jocted  by  the  people. 

The  accusation  consisted  of  three  heads ;  the  scam, 
Mur^na's  life;  the  want  of  dignity  in  his  character  and  &. 
and  bribery  in  the  late  election.      As  to  the  first,  the  gre, 

Lltxxo'^iliJiiUCii  i>  AUJJioiiliat  rL'juoxliiiiik' :  lit;  iidmuui&Lcs  CitO 
not  to  throw  oat  mch  a  calumny  so  inconsiderately,  or  to  call 
the  oSBSol  of  R«me  a  dancer ;  but  to  consider  how  many  other 
trimes  •  man  most  oeedg  be  guilty  of,  before  that  of  danciog 
CQold  be  truly  objected  to  him  :  since  nobody  ever  danced,  even 
m  aolitnde,  or  a  private  meeting  of  friends,  who  was  not  either 
dmnk  ar  mad;  for  dancing  was  always  the  last  act  of  riotous 
beoqnetS)  gay  places,  and  much  jollity :  that  Cato  charged  him, 
therefore,  with  what  was  the  effect  of  many  vices,  yet,  with 
Bone  of  those,  without  which  that  vice  could  not  possibly  sub- 
nst :  with  no  scandalous  feasts,  no  amoon,  no  nightly  revels, 
no  lewdness,  no  extravagant  expense  *.  &c 
-  As  to  the  second  article,  the  want  of  dignity,  it  was  urged 
chiefly  by  Snipicius,  who  being  noble,  and  a  patrician,  was 
the  more  mortified  to  be  defeated  by  a  plebeian,  whose  extnto* 
dim  he  contemned :  but  Cicero  rii^cules  the  vanity  of  think- 
ing no  family  good   but  a  patridan;  shows   that  MursBus's 


*  Lcptm  L>  Luenllo  fait  -.  qoft  in  l^ttiono  d 
flidit.  mm  pulf m  ri,  pvtim  obodian*  cqnl 


124  TBE    LIFE 

gran(tbtfaer  and  ^eat  erandfaUier  liad  been  pnetore ;  and  UmC  :  j 
bis  fother  also,  from  tKe  same  dijrnity,  had  obtained  the  bononr  1 
of  a  triumph :  that  Sulpiciiis's  nobility  was  better  known  to  tbe 
antiquaries  than  to  the  people ;  since  his  grandfather  had  ners 
borne  any  of  the  principal  offices,  nor  his  father  ever  moonted 
higher  than  the  equestrian  rank :  that  being,  therefore,  the  eoa 
Otti  Roman  knignt,  he  had  always  reckoned  him  in  tbe  same 
class  with  himself,  of  those  who,  by  their  own  industry,  had 
opened  their  way  to  the  highest  honours ;  that  the  Cariasea, 
the  Catos,  the  Pompeiuses,  the  Mariuses,  the  Didiuaes,  the 
Cseliuscs,  were  all  of  the  same  sorti  that  when  he  had  broken 
through  that  barricade  of  nobility,  and  laid  the  consulship  open 
to  the  virtuous,  as  well  as  to  the  noble,  and  when  a  consul,  of 
an  ancient  and  illustrious  descent,  was  defended  by  a  cm>d8u1, 
tbe  son  of  a  knight,  he  never  imagined  that  the  accusers  would 
venture  to  say  a  word  about  tbe  novelty  of  a  tiunily ;  that  he 
himself  had  two  patrician  competitors,  the  one  a  profligate  and 
audacious,  the  other  an  excellent  and  modest  man ;  yet  that 
he  outdid  Catiline  in  dignity,  Galba  in  interest ;  and  if  that 
had  been  a  crime,  in  a  new  man,  he  should  not  have  wanted 
enemies  to  object  it  to  him  ^.  He  then  shows,  that  the  science 
of  arms,  in  which  Mnriena  excelled,  hud  much  more  dignity 
and  splendour  in  it  than  the  science  of  the  law,  being  that 
which  first  gave  a  name  to  the  Roman  people,  brought  guny  to 
their  city,  and  subdued  the  world  to  their  empire ;  that  martial 
virtue  had  ever  been  the  means  of  conciliatmg  the  favour  of 
the  people,  and  recommendin?  to  the  honours  of  the  state; 
and  It  was  Init  rou^oiiahle  thiit  u  ^lll>lJl^l  h<il<!  llic  first  place  in 


but  let  its  influence  be  repcUed  from  the  dangOTi  tmd 
uction  of  citizeos :  for  if  any  one  slioulil  say,  thut  Vata 
muld  not  have  taken  the  pains  to  accuse,  if  lie  liad  doI  be<iii 
Mnred  of  the  crime,  be  establishes  a  very  unjust  law  to  men 
in  distress,  by  making  the  judgment  of  an  accuser  ta  be  enn' 
■dcred  as  a  prejudice,  or  previous  condcninalion  of  the  crimi- 
aal'."  He  exhorts  Cato  not  to  be  so  severe  on  what  iin<-teiit 
eostotn  and  the  Republic  itself  had  found  useful;  nor  to  deprim 
tbe  people  of  the  plays,  gladiators,  and  feasts,  which  l\um 
tnccstors  had  approved  ;  nor  to  take  from  candidates  an  opjMi^ 
tonity  of  obliging,  by  a  method  of  expense,  which  indicatedJ 
their  generosity,  rather  tlian  an  intention  to  corrupt '.  JJ 

But  whatever  Muriena's  crime  might  be,  the  circumstano^ 
wLicb  chiefly  favoured  him,  was  the  difficulty  of  tiie  time^ 
and  a  rebellion  actually  on  foot ;  which  made  it  neither  saf« 
DOT  prudent  to  deprive  the  city  of  a  consul,  who,  by  a  military 
education,  was  the  best  qualified  to  defend  it  in  so  dangerom  a 
crisis.  This  point  Cicero  dwells  much  upon,  declaring  that 
be  undertook  this  cause,  not  so  much  for  the  sake  of  Murseoa, 
as  of  the  peace,  the  liberty,  the  lives  and  safety  of  them  all. 
"  Hear,  hear,"  says  he,  "  your  consul,  who,  not  to  speak  arro- 
gantly, thinks  of  nothing,  day  and  night,  but  of  tlie  Kepublic: 
Catiline  does  not  despise  us  so  far,  as  to  hope  to  subdue  this 
city  witii  the  force  which  he  has  Ciirried  out  with  him  :  the  con- 
tagion is  spread  wider  than  you  imiifjine  :  tJie  Troj;iii  horse  Ls 
within  our  walUj  which  while  J  ;un  consul,  .shall  tk-vit  oppre*^ 
yoa  in  /oar  sleep.  If  it  be  asked,  then,  what  reason  I  have 
to  fear  Catiline?  none  at  all;  and  I  have  taken  care  that  nobody 
else  need  fear  him :  yet  I  say,  that  we  have  cause  to  fear  those 
troops  of  hifl,  which  1  see  in  this  very  place.  Nor  is  his  army 
•0  much  to  be  dreaded,  as  those  who  are  said  to  liave  deserted 
it:  tor  in  truth,  they  have  not  deserted,  but  are  left  by  him 
only  ai  spies  upon  us,  and  placed,  as  it  were,  in  ambush,  to 


destroy  ns  the  more  securely :  all  these  want  to  see  a  worthy 
consul,  an  experienced  general,  a  man  both  by  nature  and 
fortunes  attached  to  the  mtercsts  of  the  Kepublic,  driven  by 


your  sentence  from  the  guard  and  custody  of  the  city  '."  After 
nrg^g  this  topic  with  great  warmth  and  force,  he  adds,  "  We 
are  now  come  to  the  crisis  and  extremity  of  our  danger ;  there 
is  no  resource  or  recovery  for  us,  if  we  now  miscarry  ;  it  is  no 
time  to  throw  away  any  of  the  helps  which  we  have,  but,  by 
all  means  possible,  to  acquire  more.  The  enemy  is  not  on  the 
banks  of  the  Anio,  which  was  thought  so  terrible  in  the  Punic 
war,  butin  the  city  and  the  Forum.  Good  gods!  (I  cannot  speak 
it  without  a  sigh,)  there  are  some  enemies  in  the  very  sane- 

■  Aid.  SS.  >  Ibid-  36.  *  Ibid.  37. 


136  THE    LIFE 

tuuy ;  some,  I  say,  even  io  the  senate  !  The  gods  grant  that; 
my  colleague  may  qnell  this  rebellion  by  our  arms;  whilst  I,'' 
in  the  gown,  by  the  assistance  of  all  the  Qonest,  will  dispel  the 
other  dangers  with  which  the  city  is  now  big.  But  what  will 
become  of  us,  if  they  should  slip  through  our  hands  into  the 
new  year,  and  find  but  one  consul  in  ue  Republic,  and  bin 
employed  not  in  prosecuting  the  war,  but  in  providing  a  col- 
league ?  Then  tnis  plague  of  Catiline  will  break  out  in  all  iti 
fiiry,  spreading  terror,  confusion,  fire  and  sword,  through  the 
dty  ',"  &C.  This  consideration,  so  forcibly  urged,  of  the  ne> 
cesmty  of  having  two  consuls,  for  the  guard  of  the  dty,  at  the 
opening  of  the  new  year,  had  such  weight  with  the  judge% 
tbat,  without  any  deliberation,  they  unanimously  acquitted 
Murana,  and  would  not,  as  Cicero  says,  so  much  as  hear  the 
accusation  of  men  the  most  eminent  and  illustrious  *. 

Cicero  bad  a  strict  intimacy  all  tliia  while  with  Sq1[»* 
dus,  whom  he  had  served  with  all  his  interest,  in  this  very 
contest  for  the  consulship '.  He  had  a  great  triendship  alto 
with  Cato,  and  the  highest  esteem  of  his  integrity :  yet  tie  not 
only  defended  this  cause  against  them  both,  but,  to  take  off  the 
prejudice  of  their  authority,  laboured  even  to  make  them  ridi- 
culous; rallying  the  profession  of  Sulpicius  as  trifling  and 
contemptible,  me  principles  of  Cato  as  absurd  and  impracti- 
cable, with  so  much  humour  and  wit,  that  he  made  the  whole 
audience  very  merry,  and  forced  Cato  to  cry  out,  *'  What  a 
fiu^dous  consul  have  we  *  I"  But,  what  is  more  observable, 
the  opposition  of  these  great  men,  in  an  affair  so  interesdng, 
gave  ni>  sort  of  intcrru|>luiii  (o  tlieir  frieiidsliip,  which  i 


OF  CICXBO.  127 

PJI^  Bipddic  iliel^  wldcl^  by  ft  wise  poHcf  9  inpo^ 
^  iti  inbfftctB  to  defiBnd  mar  ibllaw-citiieiis  in  their  daiiget% 
^Aiivil  Ttgud  to  ftny  frieniUiips  or  engaffements  wbatBoever  \ 
lElMBHBpki  off  this  Idod  wiU  i!e  inove  or  IM 
fcfWipiiUon  ae  the  public  Juqppens  to  be  the  mung  prindpk; 
ftrlMt  ii  a  bond  of  muon  too  fiim  to  be  broken  by  any  litde 
tfaMBeM  abont  die  meaBoret  of  putoing  it :  bat  where  pri- 
aiAitioo  and  party  leal  hare  the  ascendant,  there  every 
-'*       anst  neeessarily  create  aniBiosity»  as  it  obstructs  tha 

of  diat  Kood,  whidi  is  considered  as  the  chief  end 

«f  ISb^  pimfte  benelt  and  adrantsge. 

BrfwB  Ae  trial  of  Mnrsena,  Cicero  had  pleaded  another 

of.  Ae  same  kind  in  the  defence  of  C.  Piso^  who  had 

firar  yean  befixr^  and  acquired  the  character  of  a 

ksfo  and  Yigoioas  magistnite:  but  we  hare  no  remains  of  the 

■Bischj  aor  any  tiiii^  more  said  of  it^  by  Cicero^  than  diat 

no  waa  aoqpdtted,  on  account  of  his  landaole  behaviour  in  his 

•MSiU^*.    We  learn,  however,  from  Sallust,  that  he  was 

seeassd  of  cppiessiMi  md  extortion  in  his  government,  and 

tht  the  proaecution  was  promoted  diiefly  by  J.  Cnnur,  out  of 

isrs^garar  Fisoi^s  having  arlntrarily  punishea  one  of  his  friends 

«  ^enti  in  Gisa^ne  (Saul '• 

Bat  to  letam  to  the  affiur  of  the  conqpiracy. — ^Lentolus  and 
die  rest,  who  were  left  in  the  city,  were  prepuing  all  thines 
for  the  execution  of  their  grand  design,  andf  solicitiog  men  of  all 
ranks,  who  seemed  likely  to  favour  their  cause,  or  to  be  of  any 
Qse  to  it    Among  the  rest,  they  agreed  to  make  an  attempt  on 
tbe  ambassadors  of  the  Allobroges,  a  warlike,  mutinous,  faithless 
people^  inhabiting  tbe  countries  now  called  Savoy  and  Dau- 
phiny,  greatly  disaffected  to  the  Roman  power,  and  already 
ripe  for  rebellion.     These  ambassadors,  who  were  preparing 
to  return  home  much  out  of  humour  with  the  senate,  and  with- 
out any  redress  of  the  grievances  which  they  were  sent  to  com- 
plain o^  received  the  proposal  at  first  very  greedily,  and  pro- 
mised to  engage  their  nation  to  assist  the  conspirators  with 
what  they  prmcipally  wanted  *,  a  good  body  of  horse  whenever 
they  should  begm  the  war;  but  reflecting  afterwards,  in  their 
cooler  thoughts  on  the  difficulty  of  the  enterprize,  and  the 
danger  of  involving  themselves  and  their  country  in  so  despe- 
rate a  cause,  they  resolved  to  discover  what  they  knew  to  Q. 
Fabius  Sanga,  the  patron  of  their  city,  who  immediately  gave 
intelligence  of  it  to  tlie  consul  \ 

# 

*  Hanc  nobis  a  majoribus  esse  traditam  disciplinam,  ut  nullius  amicitia  ad  propulaanda 
perieula  impediremur.    Pro  Sjlla,  17. 

>  Pro  FUeco,  S9.  »  Sallust,  49. 

4  Ut  eqiiitetQin  in  Italiam  qnamprimiim  mittercnt.    In  Catil.  3,  4. 

•  AUooroget  diu  incertam  babuere,  quidnam  consilii  caperent.—Itaque  Q.  Fabio 
SuigK  rem  onmem,  nt  cognoverunt,  aperiiut.    Sallust.  41. 


1*>8 

Cic«ro'a  instructions  u[>oii  it  wcrp,  tlint  die  ami 
Kbould  coDtiiiue  In  fi'igii  tlie  same  zoal  which  they  haif  liithi 
sboMii,  nnd  promise  every  thing  that  w&a  required  of  them,  tSl 
thev  had  got  a  full  insight  into  the  extent  of  the  plot,  wiA 
distinct  proofs  ugaiuit  the  particiiiur  actors  in  it ' :  upon  whiek 
M  their  next  conferenee  with  the  conspirators,  they  uisisted  01 
haniig  some  eredentials  from  them  to  show  to  their  people  tt 
home,  without  which  they  would  never  ue  indueen  to  enter 
into  an  engH^ment  so  hazardous.  This  was  tliought  reason- 
able, and  presently  complied  with ;  and  Vultnrcius  was  n^ 
pointed  to  go  :il»iiir  with  the  imiliiLSsudors,  and  introduce  them  to 
Catiline  on  their  roiid,  in  order  to  confirm  the  agreement,  and 
exchange  assurann-^  also  with  him;  tu  whom  Lentulus  sent  at: 
the  same  time  a  iiarticubr  letter,  under  his  own  hand  and  seal, 
though  without  tiie  name.  Cicero,  being  punctually  informed 
of  alllheiic  facts,  (.-luiccrted  privately  with  the  ambassadors,  the 
time  and  manner  of  their  leaving  itome  in  tlie  night,  and  that 
on  the  Milviau  bridge,  about  a  mile  from  the  city,  they  should 
be  arrested  with  their  papers  and  letters  about  them  by  two  of 
the  pTvtors,  L.  Flaeeus  and  C.  Poutinius,  whom  he  had  in- 
structe<l  for  that  purpose,  and  ordered  to  lie  in  ambush  near  the 
place,  with  a  strung  guard  of  friends  and  soldiers :  all  which 
was  successfully  executed,  and  the  whole  company  brought 
prisoners  to  Cicem's  house  by  break  of  day  '. 

'Hie  rumour  of  this  uccidenl  presently  drew  a  resort  of 
Cicero's  prindiial  friends  alxuii  him,  who  advised  him  to  open 
the  letters  before  he  produced  them  in  the  senate,  les^  if 
nothing  of  moment  were  found  in  them,  it  mit;ht  be  thought 
ish  mid  imiirudent  to  raise  an  nnnecessarv  ternir  and  alarm 


130  THE    LIFE 

and  seal ;  and,  when  his  letter  was  read,  to  the  lame  pi 
with  Cethegus's,  he  confessed  it  to  be  his  own.     Then 
tultu's  letter  was  produced,  and  his  seal  likewise  own 
him;  which  Cicero  perceiving  to  be  the  head  of  his  g 
father,  could  not  help  expostulating  with  him,  "that  diei 
imaffe  of  such  an  ancestor,  so  remarkable  for  a  ain^lar' 
of  Eis  country,   had  not  reclaimed  him   from  his   tnita 
designs."     His  letter  was  of  the  same  import  with  the  a 
two ;  but,  having  leave  to  speak  for  himself,  he  at  first  im 
the  whole  charge,  and  began  to  question  the  ambassadtn 
Valturcius,  what  business  they  ever  had  with  bim,  and  oav 
occasion  they  came  to  his  house ;  to  which  tliey  gave  clear 
distinct  answers ;  signifying  by  whom,  and  how  often  thej 
been   introduced  to  him ;  and  then  asked  him,  in  their  ti 
whether  he  had  never  mentioned  any  thing  to  them  aboid 
Sibylline  oracles;  upon  which,  being  confounded,  or  infatm 
rather  by  the  sense  of  his  guilt,  he  gave  a  remarkable  proo^' 
Cicero  says,  of  the  great  force  of  conscience :  for,  not  onlylS 
usual  parts  and  eloquence,  but  his  impudence  too,  in  vUJl 
he  outdid  all  men,  quite  failed  him;  so  that  he  coafeasedUl 
crime,  to  the  surprise  of  the  whole  assembly.     Then  VultM* 
cius  desired  that  the  letter  to  Catiline,  which  l^entulns  )ai 
sent  by  him,  might  be  opened,  where  Lentulus  again,  thoi^ 
greatly  disordered,  acknowledged  his  hand  and  wal:  it  vtt 
written  without  any  name,  but  to  this  effect:  "  You  will  konr 
who  I  am,  from  him  whom  1  have  sent  to  you.     Take  care  IB 
show  yourself  a  man,  and  recollect  in  what  situadon  yon  an; 
and  consiilur  wliiit  is  u.m  iiot-os'^ai y  for  yon.      Be  sure  lo  make 


■■CicrroN   mime,  fur  lii*  hs^n^  ptWrrf  A*  Ay  horn  a 
^biaernuon,  ibe  amem  froi*  m  ia«MBr%  and  Iln^  fiva 

^Kub*  veiute  beii^  fii'^tnissed,  Cioero  went  directly  into  the 

^^^■•t  and  gave  the  people  nn  aoeotiat  of  the  wfaole  jwoeeod 

HK  in  th«  manniT  as  it  is  just  rdated:  where  im  obwired  to 

■aMD,  tlini  t  lie  titaiiksirtving  tleireed  io  bis  naac^  wai  Uw  finC 

r«liici>  luiii  'ver  been  decre^  to  any  nUB  in  tbe  gOWn  :  tbqkaU 

I  otlk<ir  tlutjik-j^inngs  bad  beea  u^mnted  fiir  sone  p"f«™<f 

Ljanina  lu  iW>  Republic;  this  aume  lor  Bring  it*:  tlwt,  by 

Iab  Ktnure  of  these  accomplitwa,  ail   CatiUae*  hopei  wen 

HpMled  at  once ;  for  when  he  waa  drinag  Catiline  out  of  tha 

^Hty,  be  foresaw  tJiat  if  be  was  oncw  removed,  there  would  ba 

^HtOllltlig  to  apprehend  from  tbo  drowiinew  i^  Lenbdo^  tba 

^ps  of  Cassius,  or  tbe  rashness  of  Cedkegvs :  that  Catiline  wm 

■ilbt  ItGe  and  aoitl  of  the  conspiracy ;  whs  ne^  took  a  thing  to 

whe  done,  because  he  bad  onlerei  it;  bat  alwi^  fidlowedi  aoli- 

r  dted,  and  saw  it  <lone  himself:  that,  if  he  had  not  driven  him 

■  froa  bis  secret  plots,  into  open  rebellion,  he  eould  oerer  ha«a 

I  delivered  tbe  Republic  from  iti  daneen^  or  nerer,  at  len^ 

I  viUt  so  much  ease  and  quiet:  thnt  Catiline  would  not  haTO 

I  named  tlie  fatal  day  for  their  deatmctioD  ao  kng  beforehand; 

I  nor  ever  suffered  bis  band  and  seal  to  be  brongU  againet  liin, 

I  M  the  mauifest  proof  of  hiti  jruilt ;  all  which  wae  M  flunagad, 

I  in  bis  abBenc«,  iliat  no  theft  in  any  private  hoaee  was  ever 

I   more  clearly  detected  tliau  this  whole  ooai^)ineT:  that  all  tlua 

F    was  (he  pure  effect  of  a  divine  influence;  not  Otuy  for  its  beinr 

I    abot-e  tbe  reach  of  human  coutnel,  but  because  tbe  gods  had 

I     ut  remarkably  interposed  in  it,  as  to  show  themselves  almost 

I     lisibly  :   for,  not  to  mention  llic  nightly  streams  of  light  from 

,    tlie  western  sky,  tbe  blazing  of  tbe  heavens,  fiashes  of  light- 

I    ning,  earthquakes,  &c.  be  could  not  omit  what  happened  two 

years  before,  when   tbe  turrets  of  the  Capitol  were  struck 

down    with    lightning;   bow   tlie  soothitayers,  called  together 

from  all    Elniiiii,  liuclared,  thiit  fire,  slaughter,  the  overthrow 

Af  the  liu^  civil  hot,  and  tJie  ruin  of  the  city  were  portended, 

irnleM  tome  means  were  found  out  of  appeasing  the  gods  :  for 

which  purpose  they  ordered  a  new  and  larger  statue  of  Jupiter 

to  be  made,  and  to  oe  placed  in  a  position  contrary  to  that  of  the 

fonner  image,  with  its  face  turned  towards  the  east;  intimating, 

that  if  it  looked  towards  tbe  rising  sun,  the  Forum,  and  the 

•enate-bouse,  then  all  plots  against  the  state  woukl  be  detected 

•0  evidently,  that  all  me  world  shoold  see  tbem ;  that,  upon 


b  OHO.  s.  A.  6. 

"      I  Dott  li«ne  urbem  cond .., ^..     , — 

quod  cMCTK  bc-n«  gna.  Iii 


■  Qagd  mibi  pTimum  pott  huic  urbem  FOndilam  tooilo  contigit — qi 
' '-rmtur,  Quiriln,  "^       ■— -      '    •■ 


nU  RcpuUick  (ouituU  «M.     lUd.  fl. 


132 


this  answer,  the  consuls  of  that  year  gave  immediste  wdf 
for  makine  and  placing  the  statue;  but,  from  the  slow  pn 


greaa  of  tne  worlt,  neither  thev,  nor  their  successors,  nor  M 
himself,  could  get  it  finished  till  that  very  day :  on  which,  faf 
the  special  influence  of  Jupiter,  while  the  conspinitois  u 


witnesses  were  carried  through  the  Forum  to  the  temple  • 
Concord,  in  that  very  moment  the  statue  was  fixed  in  its  plani 
and,  being  turned  to  look  upon  ihem  and  the  senate,  both  tT 
and  the  senate  saw  the  whole  conspiracy  detected.  And 
any  man,  says  he,  be  such  an  enemy  to  truth,  so  rash,  so  n 
ftS  to  deny,  that  all  things  which  we  see,  and,  above  all,  I 
this  city  is  governed  by  the  power  and  providence  of 
gods'?  He  proceeds  to  observe,  that  the  conspirators  n 
needs  be  under  a  divine  and  judicial  infatuation,  and  cooU 
never  have  trusted  afiairs  and  letters  of  such  moment  to  ma  i 
barbarous  and  unknown  to  them,  if  the  gods  had  not  cob-  i 
founded  their  senses :  and  that  the  ambasswon  of  a  nation  M 
disaffected,  and  so  able  and  willing  to  make  tvar  upon  theoi 
should  slight  the  hopes  of  dominion,  and  the  advantageov 
offers  of  men  of  patrician  rank,  must  needs  be  the  effect  (rf  > 
divine  interposition;  especially  when  they  might  have  gained 
their  ends,  not  by  fighting,  but  by  holding  their  tongues.  He 
exhorts  them,  therefore,  to  celeorate  that  thanksgiving  6a.j 
religiously,  with  their  wives  and  children  '.  That,  for  all  hil 
pains  and  services,  he  desired  no  other  reward  or  honour,  bat 
the  perpetual  remembrance  of  that  day :  in  this  he  placed  all 
his  triumphs  and  his  glory,  to  have  the  memory  of  that  day 


OF   CICERO.  133 

if  all  their  rage  at  last,  when  repelled  from  the  people,  should 
turn  singly  upon  him,  they  should  consider  what  a  oiscourage- 
ment  it  woula  be  hereafter  to  those,  who  should  expose  tliem- 
selyes  to  danger  for  their  safety.  That  for  his  part,  he  would 
erer  support  and  defend,  in  his  private  condition,  what  he  had 
acted  in  his  consukhip,  and  show,  that  what  he  had  done  was 
not  the  effect  of  chance,  but  of  virtue :  that  if  any  envy  should 
be  stirred  up  against  him,  it  might  hurt  the  envious,  but 
advance  his  glory.  Lastly,  since  it  was  now  night,  he  bade 
them  all  go  home,  and  pray  to  Jupiter,  the  guardian  of  them 
and  the  city ;  and  though  the  danger  was  now  over,  to  keep 
tbe  same  watch  in  their  houses  as  before,  for  fear  of  any  sur- 
prise; and  he  would  take  care  that  they  would  have  no  occasion 
(0  do  it  any  longer. 

While  the  prisoners  were  before  the  senate,  Cicero  desired 
lome  of  the  senators,  who  could  write  short  hand,  to  take  notes 
of  every  thing  that  was  said  ;  and  when  the  whole  examination 
was  finished,  and  reduced  into  an  act,  he  set  all  the  clerks  at 
work,  to  transcribe  copies  of  it,  which  he  dispersed  presently 
through  Italy  and  all  the  provinces,  to  prevent  any  invidious 
misrepresentation  of  what  was  so  clearly  attested  and  confessed 
by  the  criminals  themselves  S  who  for  the  present,  were  com- 
mitted to  the  free  custody  of  the  mcigistrates  and  senators  of 
their  acquaintance ',  till  the  senate  should  come  to  a  final  reso- 
lution about  them.  All  this  passed  on  the  third  of  December, 
a  day  of  no  small  fatigue  to  Cicero,  who,  from  break  of  day 
till  the  evening,  seems  to  have  been  engaged,  without  any 
refreshment,  in  examining  the  witnesses  and  the  criminals,  and 
procuring  the  decree  which  was  consequent  upon  it :  and,  w  hen 
that  was  over,  in  giving  a  narrative  of  the  whole  transaction 
to  the  people,  who  were  waiting  for  that  purpose  in  the  Forum. 
The  same  night  his  wife  Terentia,  with  the  vestal  virgins  and 
the  principal  matrons  of  Rome,  was  performing  at  home,  ac- 
cording to  annual  custom,  the  mystic  rites  of  the  goddess 
Bona,  or  the  good,  to  which  no  male  creature  was  ever  ad- 
mitted ;  and,  till  that  function  was  over,  he  was  excluded  also 
from  his  own  house,  and  forced  to  retire  to  a  neighbour's; 
where,  with  a  select  council  of  friends,  he  began  to  deliberate 
about  the  method  of  punishing  the  traitors;  when  his  wife  came, 
in  all  haste,  to  inform  him  of  a  prodigy,  which  had  just  hap- 
pened amongst  them  ;  for  the  sacrifice  being  over,  and  the  fire 
of  (he  altar  seemingly  extinct,  a  bright  flame  issued  suddenly 

'  Con««titui  senatores,  qui  omninin  in<li(  inn  dirtn,  imrrT(»^nitu,  ro«'|K»n>:i  j»n>rrilKTi'nt  : 
dotribi  abomnibu*  siatirn  liliraiii*.  ilividi  pa-siiii  ct  j)civiilj:uri  atnuc  n\\  populo  Romano 
ini|KT<xvi — divii^i  toti  Italia*,  eini>ii!i  oninc«>  provintiuM.   Pro  Syll.  14.  I'), 

^  Ut  abtlicato  magistratti,  Lentultis,  itcniquc  (wteri  in  liln'ri-*  custodiis  hal)cantur. 
Itaquc  Lentiilii5,  P.  Ixjntulo  Spintheri,  qui  turn  .^lilis  crat ;  Cclhcgiis  Cornificio,  &c. 
SalluM.  47. 


fmtmn  peace  and  nfetr  tber  be^an  to  be  Koliratoiu ' :  wbog 
Cneroy  trbfrnrin^  tb«  inrlinaDon  of  the  boose,  itnd  rising  qjb 
W  p«  Ae  qncstion.  mxle  hi«  fourtb  ^>eecb,  vrbich  now  ml 
mnas.  on  the  «4i!>)«-ct  cf  ilii-  lrun?4ct)OD ;  in  wLich  he  delirenf 
Ut  smdmenK  wiih  ail  ibe  >kill  bolh  of  tbe  orator  aiid  tba 
smmnwi :  end.  «bi:e  be  seemed  to  sbow  a  perfect  neutnlitj^ 
•■d  to  girt  Mjual  rommerdatioQ  to  botL  ibe  opinions,  was  ai^ 
faUr  laboanns.  all  ibe  «bile.  to  turn  tbe  scale  in  &vour  of  < 
SuBBs's  wbirfa  he  oon>idere<l  as  a  necessary  example  of  sen* 
rilT  in  tbe  present  cimimstancej  of  tbe  Republic 

be  declared,  thai  tbougb  ii  mas  a  pleasure  to  bim  to  ob-  _ 
■nre  tbe  coocem  and  solicitude  nhicb  the  senate  bad  expressed 
«o  bis  aeeotmt.  yet  be  b^^ered  of  tbem  to  lay  it  all  aside,  and)  { 
wilbout  any  revard  to  bim.  to  think  onlv  of  themselves  and 
their  fiunilies:  that  be  was  willing  to  su^er  any  persecutioO) 
U,  bv  bi«  labours,  be  could  secure  ibeir  diirnity  and  safety: 
tbat  bk  life  bad  been  oft  attempted  in  the  Forum,  the  field  of 
lian,  tbe  senate,  his  own  bouse,  and  in  bis  very  bed  :  tbai^ 
far  tbeir  quiet,  be  bad  digested  many  things  against  his  will, 
without  speaking  of  tbem  :  but.  if  the  gods  would  grant  tbat 
inue  to  bij  consulship,  of  saving  tbem  from  a  massacre,  tbe 
city  from  flames,  all  Italy  from  war,  let  what  fate  soever  attend 
himself,  be  would  be  content  with  it  *.  He  presses  tbem, 
therefore,  to  turn  their  whole  care  upon  tbe  state;  tbat  it  was 
Dot  a  Gracchus  or  a  Suluminus,  who  was  now  in  judgment 
before  them ;  but  traitors,  whose  design  it  was  to  destroy  the 
dty  by  fire,  the  seoate  and  people  by  a  massacre ;  wlio  bad 
solicited  the  Gauls  «nd  the  very  slaves,  to  join  with  them  io 
their  treason,  of  which  they  had  all  been  conWcted  by  ietten, 


0.  m 

ban  with  the  last  severity :  the  one  tiiougbt,  that  those  wkt 
od  alteisptpd  to  deprive  them  all  of  life,  and  to  exUDniik 
he  Tcry  name  of  Rome,  ought  not  to  enjoy  tiie  benefit  of 
iring  a  moment:  and  he  had  showed  willial,  ihat  this  jiiinMi 
mathuA  often  been  inflicted  on  seditious  dlizens:  the  odkar 
ineaeined,  that  death  was  uot  desig'ned  by  the  god§  for  » 
paniskment,  but  the  cure  of  our  miseries:  so  that  the  wise  Mrw 
■nffered  it  unwillingly,  the  brave  often  sought  it  voluntarityi 
bat  that  hoods  and  imprisonment,  especially  if  perpetnal,  wcm 
contrived  for  the  punishment  of  detestable  crimes :  these  tbnWp 
fore,  lie  ordered  to  be  provided  for^hem  in  tlie  great  towna  «( 
Italy :  yet,  in  this  proposal,  there  seemed  to  be  some  iiijuttJM^ 
if  llie  senate  was  to  impose  that  burden  upon  the  towa^  or 
tame  difficulty,  if  they  were  only  to  desire  it:  yet,  if  dl^ 
thought  fit  to  decree  it,  he  would  undertake  to  find  those,  WOO 
would  not  refuse  to  comply  with  it  for  the  public  good :  tliat 
Cwsar,  by  adding  a  penalty  on  the  towns,  if  any  of  the  criai^ 
nais  ehould  escape,  and  enjoining  so  horrible  a  continenaa^ 
widiout  a  possibility  of  being  released  from  it,  bad  deprived 
tliem  of  all  hope,  the  only  comfort  of  unhappy  morUtUt  ba  ' 
had  (H'dered  tbeir  estates  also  to  be  confiscated,  and  left  tben 
nothing  but  life,  which,  if  he  had  taken  away,  he  would  hsra 
eased  them  at  once  of  all  farther  pain,  either  of  mind  or  Iwdy; 
for  it  was  on  this  account  that  the  ancients  invented  those  in- 
fernal panishmentB  of  the  dead,  to  keep  the  wicked  under  some 
awe  in  this  life,  who,  without  them,  would  have  no  dread  of 
death  itself.  That,  for  his  own  part,  he  saw  how  much  it 
was  his  interest  (liat  they  should  follow  Csesar's  opinion,  who 
bad  always  pursued  popular  measures ;  and,  by  being  the 
author  of  that  vote,  would  secure  him  from  any  attack  of  po- 
pular envy :  but  if  they  followed  Silanus's,  he  did  not  know 
what  trouble  it  might  create  to  himself;  yet  that  the  service 
of  the  Republic  ought  to  supersede  all  considerations  of  his 
danger  :  that  Caesar,  by  this  proposal,  had  given  them  a  per- 
petual pledge  of  bis  sdfection  to  the  state,  and  showed  the 
difference  between  the  affected  lenity  of  tbeir  daily  declaimers, 
and  a  mind  truly  popular,  which  sought  nothing  but  the  real 
good  of  the  people :  that  be  could  not  but  observe,  that  one  of 
tboee,  who  valued  themselves  on  being  popular,  had  absented 
himself  from  this  day's  debate,  that  be  might  not  give  a  vote 
upon  the  life  of  a  citizen ;  yet,  by  concurrmg  with  them  in  all 
their  previous  votes,  he  baa  already  passed  a  judgment  on  tlie 
merits  of  the  cause ;  that,  as  to  the  objection  urged  by  Cf&sar, 
of  Gracchns's  law,  forbidding  to  put  citizens  to  death,  it  should 

Bt  pdeilH.  npiid  infrrw  ejiiiniodi  qiiHliin 
leruni,  qued  ndelicet  inlcUintiuit,  hli 
.    llrid.  i. 


140  THE   UFB 

lenoe  of  the  fitttiom  should  ever  defeat  his  hopes,  he  recoM^ 
meDded  to  them  his  infant  son,  and  trusted,  that  it  would  im 
a  sufficient  guard,  not  only  of  bis  safety,  but  of  his  dignity,  U 
bare  it  remembered,  that  he  was  the  son  of  one,  who,  at  the 
hazard  of  his  own  life,  had  preserved  the  lives  of  them  alL 
He  concludes,  by  exhorting  them  to  act  with  the  same  courage 
which  tliey  had  hitherto  shown  through  all  this  affiiir,  and  to 
proceed  to  some  resolute  and  vigorous  decree ;  since  their  lirec 
and  liberties,  the  safety  of  the  city,  of  Italy,  and  the  wbdc 
empire  depended  upon  it. 

This  speech  had  the  desired  effect;  and  Cicero,  by  digcoret^ 
ing  his  own  inclination,  gave  a  turn  to  the  inclination  of  the 
■enate ;  when  Cato,  one  of  the  new  tribunes,  rose  up,  and* 
after  extolling  Cicero  to  the  skies  ',  and  recommenmng  |o 
the  assembly  the  authority  of  his  example  and  judgment,  pn^ 
ceeded  to  declare,  agreeably  to  his  temper  and  principles,  that 
be  was  surprised  to  see  any  debate  about  the  punishment  at 
men,  who  had  begun  an  actual  war  i^ainst  their  country :  that 
their  deliberation  should  be,  how  to  secure  themselves  against 
them,  rather  than  Itow  to  punbh  them;  tliat  other  crimes  might 
be  punished  after  commission,  but,  unless  this  was  prevented 
before  its  effect,  it  would  be  vain  to  seek  a  remedy  after ;  that 
the  debate  was  not  about  the  public  revenues,  or  the  oppree- 
nons  of  the  allies,  but  about  their  own  lives  and  liberties ;  not 
about  tlie  discipline  or  manners  of  the  city,  on  which  he  had  oft 
delivered  his  mind  in  that  place ;  nor  about  the  greatness  or 
prosperity  of  their  empire ;  but  whether  they  or  their  enemies 
should  possess  that  empire ;  and,  in  such  a  case,  there  could 


OF   CICERO.  141 

tor  themselves :  that  they  were  not  deliberating  on  the  fete 
only  of  the  conspirators,  but  of  Catiline's  whole  army,  which 
voold  be  animated  or  dejected,  in  proportion  to  the  vigour  or 
mnissDess  of  their  decrees :  that  it  was  not  the  arms  of  their 
meestors  which  made  Rome  so  great,  but  their  discipline  and 
mnnerSy  which  were  now  depraved  and  corrupted :  that,  in 
the  extremity  of  danger,  it  was  a  shame  to  see  them  so  indo- 
lent and  irresolute,  waiting  for  each  other  to  speak  first,  and 
trusting,  like  women,  to  the  gods,  without  doing  any  thing 
for  themselves :  that  the  help  of  the  gods  was  not  to  be  ob- 
tained by  idle  vows  and  supplications :  that  success  attended 
the  vigilant,  the  active,  the  provident ;  and  when  people  gave 
themselves  up  to  sloth  and  laziness,  it  was  in  vain  for  tliem 
to  pray  ;  they  would  find  the  gods  angry  with  them  :  that  the 
flagitious  lives  of  the  criminals  confuted  every  argument  of 
mercy :  that  Catiline  was  hovering  over  them  with  an  army, 
while  his  accomplices  were  within  the  walls,  and  in  the  very 
heart  of  the  city ;  so  that,  whatever  they  determined,  it  could 
not  be  kept  secret,  which  made  it  the  more  necessary  to  de- 
termine quickly.  Wherefore,  his  opinion  was  that  since  the 
criminals  had  been  convicted,  both  by  testimony  and  their  own 
confession,  of  a  detestable  treason  against  the  llepublic,  they 
should  suffer  the  punishment  of  death,  according  to  the  custom 
of  their  ancestors  *. 

Cato's  authority,  added  to  the  impression  wliich  Cicero  had 
already  made,  put  an  end  to  the  debate;  and  the  senate,  ap- 
plauding his  vigour  and  resolution,  resolved  upon  a  decree  in 
consequence  of  it  ^  And,  thonj^h  Silanus  had  first  proposed 
that  opinion,  and  was  followed  in  it  l)y  all  the  eonsiilar  senators, 
yet  they  ordered  the  decree  to  be  drawn  in  Cato*s  words,  be- 
cause he  had  delivered  himself  more  fully  and  explicitly  upon 
it,  than  any  of  them  ^.  'I'he  vote  was  no  sooner  passed,  than 
Cicero  resolved  to  put  it  in  execution,  lest  the  nitrht,  which 
was  coming  on,  should  produce  any  new  disturbance :  he 
went  directly,  therefore,  from  the  senate,  attended  by  a  nume- 
rous guard  of  friends  and  citizens,  and  took  Lentulus  from 
the  custody  of  his  kinsman,  Lentulus  Spinther,  and  conveyed 
him  throut^h  the  Forum  to  the  connnon  prison,  where  he  de- 
livered him  to  the  executioners,  who  presently  stran^rled  him. 
The  other  conspirators,  Cethegus,  Statilius,  and  Gabinius, 
were  conducted  to  their  execution  by  the  praetors,  and  put  to 
death  in  the  siime  manner,  together  with  Ca'parius,  the  only 
one  of  their  accomplices,  who  was  taken  after  the  examination  *. 

«  Salluat.  52.  "  Tbid.  .53. 

•  Idcirco  in  ejus  sententiam  est  facta  discefftio.     Ad  Att.  12.  21. 
«  Salhitt.  55. 


OF   CICERO.  143 

and  knoMring  that  he  should  quickly  have  sohliers  enou^rh,  if 
Us  friends  performed  their  pirt  at  home  \  ^  thau  when 
the  consul  Antonius  approaclied  towards  him  with  his  armv, 
he  shifted  his  quarters,  and  made  frequent  motions  and  marches 
tlkrou|rh  the  mountains,  sometimes  towards  Gaul,  sometimes 
towards  the  city,  in  order  to  avoid  an  cn2a^ement  till  he 
could  hear  some  news  from  Rome ;  but,  when  the  iatitl  account 
came,  of  the  death  of  Lentulus  and  tlie  re^t,  the  face  oi  his 
affiurs  began  presently  to  change,  and  his  army  to  dwindiC 
apace,  by  the  desertion  of  tho!»e,  whom  the  hope»  of  victory 
and  plunder  had  invited  to  his  camp.  His  fii>t  attempt,  there- 
fore, was  by  long  marches  and  private  roads  throu^rh  liie  Appe- 
nine,  to  make  his  escape  into  Gaul :  but  Q.  Metellus.  who  had 
been  sent  thither  by  Cicero,  imagining  that  he  would  take 
that  resolution,  had  secured  all  the  passes,  and  ported  himself 
80  advantageously,  with  an  army  of  three  legions,  that  it  was 
impossible  for  him  to  force  his  way  on  that  side:  whilst,  on  the 
other,  the  consul  Antonius,  with  a  much  greater  force,  blocked 
him  up  behind,  and  inclosed  him  within  the  mountains  ^  An- 
tonius himself  had  no  inclination  to  fight,  or,  at  least,  with 
Catiline ;  but  would  willingly  have  given  him  an  opportunity 
to  escape,  had  not  his  quaestor  ^^extius,  who  was  Cicero'^  crea- 
ture, and  his  lieutenant  Petreius,  urged  him  on  again>t  his  will, 
to  force  Catiline  to  the  necessity  of  a  battle  ' :  who,  «»eeincr  all 
things  desperate,  and  notliin-r  left  hut  eitin-T  to  ili*.-  r.r  curjquer, 
resolved  to  trv  his  fortune  airaiii<t  Aiitoniii"*,  th«»u::li  iiiucii  tlje 
stronger,  rather  than  Metcllus;  in  ho|»t'*»  >tiii.  tiiat  out  ot  ri.^:iird 
to  their  former  euiratrements,  lit*  Mii'j:lit  pu^>ii)lv  ci*ijrrlvc  •-••ni*.' 
way,  at  last,  of  throwing  the  victory  into  lii>  liiinn*  \  liur.  Anrii- 
nius  happened  to  be  se;iztd,  at  that  vitv  time.  uitJj  a  li'  ot  the 
gout,  or  pretended,  at  least,  to  be  su,  that  lir  rniirlit  havo  no  ^liare 
in  the  destruction  of  an  old  friend:  so  tliar  ti:e  coniinaiid  k-il, 
of  course,  to  a  much  better  soldier  and  lionf'ster  niaii.  Petrt.-ius; 
who,  after  a  sharp  and  bloody  action,  in  wliiili  lu-  l<i>t  a  ciiii>i- 
derable  part  of  his  be^t  troops,  destroyed  Catiline  and  lii> 
whole  army,  fighting  desperately  to  the  last  man  .  1  hey  all 
fell  in  the  verv  ranks  in  which  thev  stood;  aiiH,  a^  if  iiishireil 


'  SpcTiliJit  jiropfdivin  in:».nj:L:-  •  ■»;>i.i«  "^o  h.tbit'.nim.  -i  Kouj  »;  i'^' ;.  .:;i.>  :•■■.  j-.'r:.'-.--i  iit 
— iiit«  u.'i  Kfiviiiii  iipiulialuc.     .SulicrC.  .0'). 

^  Iliiil.  .''7. 

'  Hni'  brcvc'  ilic.iiii  :  -i  M.  Pt  tr«  ii  U'ln  fXiclkr=  .'ii.".iij<i  f*.  tir.-ir-  !{■  .:«.  '■  i:.'.  r.-^n 
fUTijinu  ;iijrioril;i-  .'ipud  iiiiliti.'-.  imn  ii:itirn.u>  ■.•!.«  ir.  ir  ni/.i:i.r.  •  \*.i'.-"  :.  :it ':■.».  ..;;■. 'or 
fi  \*.  SfMiu-  .'ul  •'Xi  i;.i!iiliiin  Ant'iriinin,  coli'.i'.aiiJiMu.  ;«■  in.;"  ".,<  i.'l  .11.  li.-«i:.  i;..:  i* 
iilo  iii  licllr*  C'M.'t  hicrni  li)cii-<.  \c. 

Sexiiii:*.  cum  siio  fxon.itn.  -umiua  c*Hiii*..i*c  •  >t  A'.: '•?.;!. in  '•'T;-*.  !*.■;-.  H.r  t^r,, 
Huid  pra^lic«rni.  qinhM-  ril<u>  coii!>uKui  a<i  win  iri  :<.ri«i.iiu  ^.\^  ;■..;:: ;  'j  ■'»  '•..iiiiiio- a«i- 
niovcrit,  kS:*-.     Fro  Scxi.  ."). 

*  AiTiow  ct.  oTi  iXirica  avTov  K<iTa.  to  o-tn'ufuuTnv  i.tii^..\oK'XKyiTnv  tT^nf.  Oio. 
1.  37.  p.  47. 

••  SuUnst.  oO, 


144 

wkk  tbe  teajiiK  i^cic  of  d^as  'teaAa.  fiia^it  not  m>  bbc^  t| 
CMiqner,  as  to  teL  Oea  ^im  »  demr  a>  tbey  eoold ; 
Cadtrne  oarl  ch?^4i«:i«i   b  ue  twaa,  la  mingle  tbe 
(aiu!i^  wii  Q«b  own  rtd=. 

TfaiH  nuM  tiJs  £k3i-e<i  coe^iiacy:  in  wUd  some  tt  Ac 
pcateK  BtcH  in  Roce  w«re  «(»p«cwtl  xo  be  pHnlely 
parDcnikHy  Cranc^  zs-i  Cz^ar :  (Key  were  bodi  influenced  b^ 
tbe  nice  nMdve.  t^-i  iclr-ii  i^of^r  p^t^xpSf  by  tbeir 
in  tbe  dty,  la  ad^^nc^  L:«3i^«Ires  in  iLe  geneial  ca 
to  tbat  soTeRi^nt  pover  wiiicli  tL«y  simed  aL  Ciasus,  wb» 
had  alvan  been  Cicero's  ecemy.  by  zn  officioosneas  of  briw 
in^  leiten  and  intelligence  to  Kim.  during  the  alann  of  & 
plot,  seemed  to  beirav  a  cixisci<>u«cess  of 
CaMar'«  wbole  life  made  it  probable,  tbai  there 
be  any  plot  in  vhicb  be  bad  Dot  roiae  share 
wss  so  general  a  $u»j:-icion  upoo  Lim.  e^pecialli 
in  farour  of  tbe  criminal  that  be  bad  some  difficulty  to 
with  life  from  tbe  n^e  of  the  kni^bts.  who  guarded  tbe  nv^  . 
nues  of  tbe  senate:  «bere  Le  durst  not  venture  to  appear  anj  j 
more,  till  be  entered  upon  bis  prxtorsbip  with  the  new  year  . 
Crassus  was  aciuallv  accused,  bv  one  Tarquinius,  who  WM 
taken  upon  tbe  rood  as  be  was  ^ins;  to  Catiline,  and,  upon 
promiie  of  pardon,  made  a  di-^covery  of  what  be  knew ;  when^ 
after  confirming  what  the  other  witnesses  had  deposed,  be 
added  that  be  was  sent  by  Cras»us  to  Catiline,  with  advice  to 
bim,  not  to  be  discouraged  bv  tbe  seizure  of  bis  accomplices, 
but  to  make  the  f^reater  haste,  for  that  reason,  to  the  city,  in 
order  to  rescue  them,  and  revive  the  spirits  of  his  other  friends. 


OP  cicsHO.  145 

Ei1%i»n  of  the  dty^  not  to  cut  ott,  but  to  heal  every  part 
»«■•  dmUe.  Sio  thati  when  some  infonnadon  was  grren 
pnripe  agaimt  Gmar,  he  choae  to  stifle  it^  and  eouU  not  be 
id  to  diaig»  him  with  the  pIot»  by  the  most  pressing 
ooi  of  Catalns  and  Fiaa,  who  were  both  his  particnkr 
;  die  one  hf  the  loss  of  the  high  priesthood,  the  other 
[^  Ae  iaq»eadunent  above  mentioned  • 
'^  Wldst  die  sense  of  all  these  services  was  fresh,  Cicero  was 
ftr  them  to  the  full  of  his  wishes,  and,  in  the  very  way 
1m  desired,  by  the  warm  and  grateful  qiplauses  of  all 
of  tiie  city.  For,  besides  the  honours  alreadv  men- 
Lb  Oellius,  who  luid  been  consul  and  censor,  said,  in  a 
to  the  senate,  that  the  Republic  owed  him  a  dvie 
jbr  having  saved  them  all  firom  ruin ' :  and  Catulus,  in  a 
Bse^  dedared  him  the  fiither  of  lus  country' ;  as  Cato  like- 
did  ttom  the  rostra,  with  the  loud  acclamations  of  the  whole 
yesBie':  wh«nce  Pliny,  in  honour  of  his  memory,  cries  out. 
If  nsil  tfaoB,  who  wast  first  saluted  the  parent  of  thy  country  *J* 
This  dtfe,  the  most  glorious  which  a  mortal  can  wear,  was 
tins  precedent,  usurped  afterwards  by  those,  who,  of  all 
Is,  deserved  it  the  least,  the  emperors ;  proud  to  extort 
fiem  slaves  and  flatterers,  what  Cicero  obtained  firom  the  free 
vole  of  die  senate  and  people  of  Rome. 


-Roma  paretdem. 


Roma  patrempatruB  Cioeronem  libiera  dijnt.—JuY.  8. 

Tbae,  Cicero,  Rome  while  free,  nor  yet  enthraird 
To  tjnni'%  will,  thj  country^s  parent  call'd. 

AIJ  the  towns  of  Italy  followed  the  example  of  the  metropolis, 
in  decreeing  extraordinary  honours  to  him ;  and  Capua  in 
particular,  chose  him  their  patron,  and  erected  a  gilt  statue 
to  him*. 

SaUust,  who  allows  him  the  character  of  an  excellent  consul, 
says  not  a  word  of  any  of  these  honours,  nor  gives  him  «nny 
greater  share  of  praise,  than  what  could  not  be  dissembled  by 
an  historian.  There  are  two  obvious  reasons  for  this  rcsorved- 
ness;  first,  the  personal  enmity,  which,  according  to  tradition, 
subsisted  between  them ;  secondly,  the  time  of  publishing  his 
history,  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  while  the  name  of  Cicero 
was  stUI  obnoxious  to  envy.  The  other  consul,  Antoiiius, 
had  but  a  small  share  of  the  thanks  and  honours  which  wore 


>  Apman.  Bell.  ciir.  1.  2.  p.  430.    Sallufct.  49. 

*  L.  UelUiu,  his  audientiuus,  civicani  coronam  dcberi  a  Rcpiihlica  dixit.  In  Pifton. 
8.  it.  A.  GeU.  5, 6. 

'  Me  Q.  Catulus,  princeps  hujiis  ordinis,  frcquenti&siino  ttcnatu  Parcntem  Pntrin) 
nominsvit.    In  Pis.  3. 

4  Pint,  in  Cic^—Ki^otvot  d*  avrdu  xai  truTtpa  t^v  iraTpiio's  irpovayopivrravTO'iy 
itrc/Soqirfy  ^  d$^u>«.  Appian.  p.  431. 

&  StlTe,  primus  omnium  parens  patriae  appellate,  &c.    Pliii.  Tlist.  N.  7.  30. 

«  Meinaunta  statua  donarant :  me  patronum  nnum  adscivcrant.     In  Pis.  11. 

L 


■Ml  iODsi  E>i  csit*  ii^txsci.  viva  tLf  T  |«9Hid.  Cimo'i  d»>  1 
^3  w  3>  AJX'Oik  ii ;  b«.  -  '>eir;c  iirtT-eti  frc«  ibai  by  one  rf  j 
aif  =-iba3«s  ^  <*>»  ojc-.«t::  ^?  iw^rxin  tiie  eonDnaance  of  it^  i 
wooHi  bMoce  was  qnii-ri:^  »>  ;ae  :«in  of  oae  ytar '.  ' 

Ai  hit  first  eotTUKTC  taio  Lis  oi£ce.  I-  LscnUn*  was  mK- 
einn)^  the  drnt^nd  0I  a  Iriamph  tor  Lis  victories  orer  MiAri- 
daCes,  in  wbicfa  be  bad  been  ottrtmcted  for  three  yws  sue- 
eev^irely,  by  Uie  iatriTues  (^  some  of  the  mapsawba',  who 
paid  their  cuurt  to  Pompey,  by  putting  this  anoot  apaa  hit 
riraL  By  the  law  and  c-u>io[n  of  the  Repoblic  do  geneial, 
while  he  was  in  actual  commaDd,  could  eome  witiun  the  gxtet 
of  Rome,  without  forfeiting'  his  commission,  and,  consequeDtlV) 
Jl   Fr,t,    .:.r.,  -.,.  „i:,-rr:  :    .,  .;,,.    Ln  v'  u.\  .-.il'iuol.  all 


mr  cwmmo.  147 

hope  for  in  Sit,  i^  obterriiiK  the  .tnrbnleDt  and 
■c'led  state  of  the  aty,  he  withdrew  himself,  not  lo^  after, 
poblic  affaire,  to  ■peoil  the  mmaDia  of  hk  <bya  in  a 
polite  and  splendid  fetreat '.  He  wis  a  generoBs  patrmi  of 
kaning,  and  btnueU' eadnni^  karned ;  to  that  hb  boose  wm 
ibe  constant  resort  of  Ae  prinapal  aehcrfan  and  wits  of  Oreece 
wd  Rome ;  where  he  had  pr«nwled  a  weU-fiini«bed  Ubrarjr, 
with  p<»rticos  and  g^leriea  annexed,  for  the  coarenieiMa  of 
walks  and  literary  cooferaDOH^  at.whid>  he  himself  naed  fi^ 
qneiiUy  to  assist:  giving  an  example  to  the  world,  of  a  HCb 
tnly  noble  and  el^an^  if  it  had  not  been  sullied  by  too  gnat 
«tiDctDre  of  Asiatic  sflftncaa  and  ^nearean  Inxnry. 

After  this  act  of  jntiee  to  LqcoUds^  Qcero  had  an  oppor* 
tanitT,  before  the  ex^rindon  of  his  ccnttnkhip,  to  pay  all  dna 
honour,  likewiife,  to  his  friend  Poinpey ;  wbo>  sinoe  he  last  left 
Berne,  had  gloriously  finished  the  Pinticand  Mithridatic  war, 
b*  the  destruction  of  Mithridates  himsrif :  upon  the  receipt  of 
wnicfa  newti,  the  senate,  at  the  motion  of  Cicero^  decreed  ■ 
public  thank8gi\-ing  in  lus  nam^  of  ten  days :  whidi  was  twice 
M  long  as  had  ever  been  decreed  before  to  any  geneial,  eyen 
to  Mariua  himself,  for  his  (^bric  rictay  *. 

But  before  we  closd  the  aeconnt  of  the  memorable  eventa  of 
this  year,  we  must  ncA  omit  the  mention  of  one,  which  distin* 
r  7ul^ed  it  afterwards,  BS  a  particnlar  en  in  the  annals  of  Rome, 
the  Inrtb  of  Octavins,  surnamed  Augustus,  which  happened  on 
the  S%d  (^September.  Velleius  calls  it  an  accession  of  glory 
to  Cicero's  consulship ' :  but  it  excites  speculations  ratlier  of  a 
different  sort;  on  the  inscrutable  methods  of  Providence,  and 
the  short-sighted  policy  of  man  ;  that,  in  the  moment  when 
Rome  was  preserved  from  destruction,  and  its  liberty  thought 
to  be  established  more  firmly  than  ever,  an  infant  should  be 
thrown  into  the  world,  who,  within  the  course  of  twenty  years, 
effected  what  Cadline  had  attempted,  and  destroyed  both 
Cicero  and  the  Republic.  If  Rome  could  have  been  saved  by 
human  counsel,  it  would  have  been  saved  by  the  skill  of  Cicero; 
but  its  destiny  was  now  approaching :  for  governments,  like 
natnial  bodies,  have,  with  the  principles  of  their  preservation, 
the  seeds  of  ruin  also  essentially  mixed  in  their  constitution, 
which,  afiter  a  certain  period,  begin  to  operate  and  exert  them- 
selves to  the  dissolution  of  the  vital  frame.  These  seeds  bad 
kmg  been  fermenting  in  the  boweb  of  the  Republic;  when 
OcteTins  came,  peculiarly  formed  by  nature,  and  instructed 

<  Pint,  in  Locnll. 

'  Qdb  eonnile  nfennte,  priwun  dcrem  dlttum  aappliotio  decret*  Cn.  Pompno 
XitliridBia  taterfeete ;  cojoi  arntintlitpriDiiim  dnpliaU  nt  nippllotio  cannlirii.  O9 
prarinc.  CofUdlu'.  xi. 

■  »  CoPMland  Oeaari*  ■■■  mediae™  Kljerit  deen*,  mtui  M  •nno  D.   AugTutui. 
Ten.  Z  9S.  SdMob.  e.  6.  IHo,  p.  &90, 


t  an  en^ 

IMC  "U    -f^aCl 

iv-BK  atvaartr^:  r  »-n3  iwi-r.     Tiis  was  gcoenll] 
iMMN  •■'a  1  «:i««a  T-im  ■na  far-briar  cdosiiI:  and,  ai 

mmbCnr  fC  «-tuir  k  v^^.-  VML':  sty  %-'  ibem:  hot  Metelliu,  OM 
jr  a*  w^  T'.ii>i:ie>.  «-•!.'  ifjv^f^  cvaatonlr  to  open  thdr 
ia^%cv>  T  •  ^uoM  Tv'BU.'c^i';  a.-^  a»  i  cf>edmeD  of  the 

jUfft    •Tit-J    ^WT    ■.-;'T«i>.-W 

B^Kv  lauii  ion-.-y  ifct?  Utt  .Tin :  isviiHa^.  that  he,  who 
3<u;  .iCK'ji>  >;  ^tflt::!  i::.i>ri:r-:^  .'-^^i  :^'<t  to  be  pennitted  to  '' 
jptMA  M  i.in9«.:  ■i:.vc  ■•  rx-i  Ci."^rA  "i»  «a»  never  at  a  kn^  \ 
JKOnai  ji  ■jtvathtiKiatc  %  jr-i!.:ajT  Nvm  ol  the  cath,  ezaltuw 
ne  '>ta<  A  'ii»  -".-icff.  >-«<;rf  .-u.-  Al-.x:i.  so  as  all  the  peopb 
■ti^jc  Jeur  i.at.  tia:  le  a^x  sf^-i  Uie  Republic  and  the  atr 
Vwt  ^liii :  «3iol  "iiti  Vi-'ZTax  z^.o*  Am&nned  with  an  noi- 
wfsi^  >d(Mf.  UK  ♦■■-:  -.'Of  v-.-fof.  *-r»i  oot  that  what  he  had 
tmicj  ■•*i  r-ie  .  l'^s>  :a«;  irTtf^iM  afimii  was  turned,  by 
hw  yr-sfiv-v  .'i'  2i:-'i>  :.•  JL»  c>-a:ir  ^ooour :  and  he  was  coi^ 
ihii.-(«v-.  ZTvar  -jif  F..t'i2i  %•  2»  b*>-.»e.  with  all  posvble  demon- 
se:u:(.i»  %■('  rwftfvt.  Vy  :ae  whole  cin\ 


land,  after sm| 


reset)  red  to  disappooA 
r.  «=:eT)  Cicero  had  mounttil 
■3  liis  iKi  act  of  hb  offing 
:  joeak.  or  to  do  any  thnf 
'      ■         hohd 


^^^^^».<9I.    Ck.  U.    C«.-D.  Juiiiui  aUuiu.    L.  Udniua  Miubiu. 

■"lint  who  were  fUblly  recboned  the  firnt  citizens  of  the  Republic. 
m  VbCy  detivereil  their  opinions  tbc  first  always  in  the  sena(«; 
B  mif  eouimonly,  determined  the  opinions  of  the  rest:  for,  aa 
U  Ibcjr  bad  passed  through  all  the  pubiii:  uffices,  and  been  cotivei^ 
■  WBl  m  every  branch  of  the  administration,  so  liieir  experietiee 
I  gUft  tbeiD  great  authority  in  atl  debates;  and,  haviDg  little  or 
I  MHhine  further  to  expect  for  themselves,  tliey  were  esteemed, 
B  Mt  omy  the  most  knowing,  but,  jrenerally  speakin|r,  tW  most 
I  lfaijitcrest«tt  of  all  the  otlier  senators,  and  to  have  no  other 
U  TJFW  in  tlieir  deliberations,  but  the  peace  and  prosperity  of 
B   the  Republic. 

I      This  was  a  station  exactly  suited  to  Cicero's  temjjer  aiid 
r   »ttlii»;  he  desired  no  forei^i  governments,  or  command  of 
P    amies;  his  province  was  the  senate  and  the  Forum;  to  guard, 
I     M  it  were,  the  vitals  of  the  empire,  and  to  direct  all  its  couiicilx 
to  Uieir  proper  end — the  general  good :  and,  in  this  advanced 
I    post  of  a  consular  senator,  as  in  a  watch-tower  of  the  state,  to 
f    Aeene  isach  threatening  cloud  and  rising;  sturm,  and  give  the 
ahnn  to  his  fellow-citizens  from  wliat  quarter  it  was  coming, 
I    and  by  what  means  its  effects  might  be  prevented '.     This,  as 
ht  frequently  intimates,  was  the  only  glory  that  he  sought, 
the  comfort  with  which  he  flattered  himself,  that,  after  a  life  of 
ambition  and  fatigue,  and  a  course  of  faithful  services  to  the 
R«>ablic,  he  should  enjoy  a  quiet  and  secure  old  age,  beloved 
and  bononred  by  his  countrymen,  as  the  constant  champion 
and  defender  of  all  their  rights  and  liberties.     But  be  soon 
found  himself  mistaken,  and,  before  he  had  quitted  his  office, 
be^an  to  feel  the  weight  of  that  envy,  which  is  the  certain 
fnut  of  illustrious  merit:  for  the  vigour  of  his  consulship  had 
raised  such  a  zeal  and  union  of  all  the  honest,  in  the  defence 
of  the  laws,  that  till  this  spirit  could  be  broken,  or  subside 
again,  it  was  in  vain  for  the  ambitious  to  aim  at  any  power, 
but  through  the  ordinary  forms  of  the  constitution ;  especially 
while  he,  who  was  the  soul  of  that  union,  continued  to  flourisn 
in  full  credit,  at  the  head  of  the  senate.     He  was  now,  there- 
fore, the  common  mark,  not  only  of  all  the  factious,  gainst 
whom  he  had  declared  perpetual  war,  but  of  another  party,  not 
less  dangerous,  the  envious  too;  whose  united  spleen   never 
left  pursuing  him  fronr  this  moment,  till  they  had  driven  him 
oat  of  that  city,  which  he  had  so  lately  preserved. 

The  tribune  Metellus  began  the  attack;  a  iit  leader  for  the 
paipose ;  who,  from  the  nobility  of  his  birth,  and  the  authority 
of  Ids  office,  was  the  most  likely  to  stir  up  some  ill  humour 

■  IddRO  in  hu  cnitadii  et  tuiquHD  ii 


A.  Irk  Mi.    Cm.  4S     iSmm^ 

yijt  bim,  br  hmiltin^  sad  reriling  him,  in  all  his 
wr  patnng  auxeom  to  death  witb«Nit  m  trial :  in  b1 
WM  itmiuoiKty  snpported  by  Cieav,  who  pmbed  hii 
ttcwMc,  to  the  promolgadoD  of  terenX  pesoleat  lawi^ 
nre  great  disturbance  to  the  senate.  Cioero  bad  do  ii 
tion  to  enter  ioto  a  coateM  witb  the  tribane,  but  took  Mmd 
pma  to  make  ap  the  matter  witb  bim,  br  the  interposition  m 
the  women ;  particularly  of  Claudia,  tbe  wife  of  his  bintkir 
Hetellu,  and  of  tbeir  sister  Mucia,  the  wife  of  Pompey;ht' 
empkryed,  also,  lereral  common  friends,  to  persuade  him  to  bt> 
quiet,  and  desist  fium  bis  rashness ;  but  bis  answer  waa^  tfaC 
he  was  too  far  engaeed,  and  bad  put  it  out  of  his  power ' ;  M 
that  Cicero  bad  notning  left,  but  to  exert  all  bis  rigour  and' 
eloquence,  to  repel  tbe  insults  of  this  petulant  magistrate. 

Csnar,  at  the  same  time,  was  attacking  Catulus,  with  do  teM 
Tiolence ;  and  being  now  in  possession  of  tbe  pr«torefaip,  made 
it  tbe  first  act  of  bis  office  to  call  him  to  an  account  for  embe>> 
zling  the  public  money,  in  rebuilding  tbe  Capitol;  and  prt^Mxed 
also  a  law,  to  etTace  his  name  from  tbe  fabric,  and  grant  the  con- 
mission  for  finishing  what  remained  to  Pompey;  but  thesemta 
bestirred  themselres  so  warmly  in  the  cause,  that  Casar  wm 
obliged  to  drop  it '.  This  experiment  convinced  tbe  two  ma- 
gistrates, that  It  was  not  possible  for  them  to  make  bead  agunst 
the  authority  of  tbe  senate,  without  the  help  of  Pompey,  whwa 
tbey  resolved,  therefore,  by  all  the  arts  of  address  and  flatterr, 
to  draw  into  tbeir  measures.  Witb  thb  view,  Metellus  pub- 
lWiL-,1  a  liiw,  to  cull  him  home,  with  his  army,  in  order  to  settle 


A.l'rb.U!ll.    C'ic.  45.    (.'uh.— U.  Juuiiu  :«luitu.    L.  Udniui  Mur 

refuse  notliiiig,  hud  prevuiled  with  ]^ou  to  suppress  what  jt0t 
had  prepared  to  any,  in  the  tieiiate,  iii  praise  of  me :  wbea-^  ' 
said  this,  1  a<lde(l,  tliut,  in  the  affuir  of  saving  the  state,  I  ^l 
divided  the  task  with   you,  in  sucli  a  manner,  that  I  wm  i 
secure  the  city  from  intestine  dangers,  you  to  defend  Italy  fha 
the  open  arms  and  st^ret  plots  of  our  enemies :  but,  that  tb^    - 
glorious  partnership  had  Wen  broken  by  your  Mends,  lAs!- 
were  afraid  of  your  makin>r  me  the  least  return  for  the  gtetbet  \ 
honours  and  services  which  you  had  received  from  me.     Il  j 
the  same  discourse,  when   1  was  describing^  the  ezpectatkil 
which  1  had  conceived  of  your  s))eech,  and  how  much  I  wa 
disappointed  by  it,  it  seemed  to  divert  the  house,  and  a  mode- 
rate biugli  ensued  ;  not  upon  you,  but  on  my  mistake,  and  tlv 
frank  and  ingenuous  confession  of  my  desire  to  be  prused  bf  \ 
"~ii.     Now,  in  this,  it  must  needs  be  owned,  that  notniug  COOM  i 
said  more  honourable  txtwards  you,  when,  in  the  most  shin-  | 
iug  and  illustrious  part  of  my  life,  1  wanted  still  to  have  the  ] 
testimony  of  your  commendation.     As  to  what  you  say  of  oar   < 
mutual  afTectioii,   1  do  nut  know  what  you  reckon  mutual  ID    -. 
friendship,  but  1  take  it  to  be  this ;  when  we  repay  the  same    ' 
good  offices  which  we  receive:  should  I  tell  you  then,  that  I  gave 
up  my  province  for  your  sake,  you  might  justly  suspect  my  sin- 
cerity :  it  suited  my  temper  und  circumstances,  and  I  fiad  more 
and  more  reason,  every  day,  to  be  pleased  with  it :  but  this,  1 
can  tell  you,  that  I  no  sooner  resigned  it,  in  an  assembly  of  the 

Ceople,  than  I  began  to  contrive  how  to  throw  it  into  your 
ands.  I  say  nothing  about  the  manner  of  drawing  your  lots; 
but  would  have  you  only  believe,  tliat  tliere  was  nothing  done 
""    "'"    by  my  colleague   without  my    privily.      " 


r 


163 


ingly  plened  witfa  that  affectionate  and  frater~ 
Bbpoeiu'oo  of  your'^  M  fbU  of  hmnantty  uid  pie^ ;  and,  in 
ipwcond,  to  foi^ve  me,  i^  in  any  eaae,  I  have  acted  against 
r  krotiiCT,  for  tlie  service  of  the  Repidjtic,  to  which  no  man 
'«  a  warmeT  friend  than  myself;  bat,  if  I  have  been  acting 
Ml  the  defensivo,  asunBt  his  most  cruel  attacks,  yon  may 
i  yoiiKe\i  well  used,  that  I  have  never  yet  troubled  yon 
with  any  compbuiiCs  against  htn>  As  soon  as  I  found  that  he 
mtt  prvpiirinjr  to  lum  the  idide  farce  of  his  tribunate  to  ny 
destructioii,  I  applied  myself  to  your  wife  Claudia,  and  your 
(Wter  Miicia,  whose  zeal  for  my  service  I  had  (rften  experi- 
enced, 01)  the  account  of  my  familiarity  with  Pranpey,  to  di»- 
taade  him  from  that  outrage :  but  he,  as  I  am  sure  yon  have 
heard,  on  the  last  day  of  the  year,  put  such  an  afiiont  upon 
me,  when  consul,  and  after  having  saved  die  state,  as  had  never 
been  ulTvred  to  any  manstrate,  the  moat  tnitoromly  affected, 
by  depriving  mc  of  tJie  liberty  of  speaking  to  die  people,  upon 
faying  down  my  office.  But  his  insult  tamed  only  to  my 
«rater  faooour :  for  trhen  he  would  not  suffer  me  to  do  any 
tiung  more  tbaii  swear,  I  swore,  with  a  load  voice,  the  troet^ 
as  Weil  as  the  noblest,  of  all  oaths;  while  the  people,  with  ac- 
clamations, swore  lilceirise,  that  my  oath  was  true.  Afier  SO 
signal  an  injury,  I  sent  to  him,  the  very  same  day,  some  of 
our  cranmoD  friends,  to  press  him  to  desist  from  his  resolution 
of  pnnuing  me ;  but  his  answer  was,  that  it  was  not  then  in 
his  power :  for  he  had  said,  a  few  days  before,  in  a  speech  to 
the  people,  that  he,  who  had  punished  others  without  a  hear- 
ing, ought  not  to  be  suffered  to  speak  for  himself.  Worthy 
piuriot  and  excellent  citizen !  to  adjudge  the  man  who  had 

f reserved  the  senate  from  a  massacre,  tlie  citv  from  fire,  and 
taly  from  a  war,  to  the  same  punishment  which  the  senate, 
with  the  consent  of  all  honest  men,  had  inflicted  on  the  authors 
rf  those  horrid  attempts.  1  withstood  your  brother,  therefore, 
to  his  face ;  and,  on  the  first  of  January,  in  a  debate  upon  die 
Republic,  handled  him  in  such  a  manner,  as  to  make  him  sen- 
sible, that  he  had  to  do  with  a  man  of  courage  and  cunstancy. 
Two  days  after,  when  he  began  again  to  harangue,  in  every 
three  words  he  named  and  threatened  me:  nor  had  he  any 
thins  so  much  at  heart,  as  to  effect  my  ruin  at  any  rate;  not 
by  we  legal  way  of  trial,  or  judicial  proceeding,  but  by  dint 
of  force  and  violence.  If  I  had  not  resisted  his  rashness,  with 
firmness  aad  courage,  who  would  not  have  thouglit,  that  the 
vigour  of  my  consulHhip  had  been  owing  to  chance,  rather  than 
to  virtue  ?  If  you  have  not  been  informed  that  your  brother 
attempted  all  tnu  against  me,  be  assured  that  he  concealed 
firom  you  the  most  material  part:  but,  if  he  told  you  any  thing 


THE    LIFE 


of  it,  you  ought  to  commeud  my  temper  and  patience,  for  o 
expostulating  witli  you  about  it :  but  siuce  you  must  now  I 
sensible,  that  my  quiirrcl  with  your  brother  was  not,  as  yO-_ 
write,  for  a  word,  hut  a  most  determined  and  spiteful  design  tM 
ruin  me,  pray  observe  my  humanity,  if  it  may  be  call^  bf  1 
that  name,  and  is  not  rather,  after  so  flagrant  an  outnwe,^-.] 
base  rentisfiiiess  and  abjection  of  mind.     I  never  propOsetfaBf  fl 
thing  agiiiiist  your  brother,  when  there  was  any  question  abmt  1 
him  in  the  senate :  but,  without  risiue  ^m  my  seat,  assentol  1 
always  to  those  who  were  for  treating  him  the  most  &vounbly>  1 
I  will  add  farther,  what  I  ought  not,  indeed,  to  have  been  o~~ 
cemed  about,  yet  I  was  not  displeased  to  see  it  done,  and  e 
assisted  to  get  it  done ;  I  mean,  the  procuring  a  decree  for  d 
relief  of  my  enemy,  because  he  was  your  brother.      I  did  no^ 
therefore,  attack  your  brother,  but  defend  myself  only  againM 
him  ;  nor  hiis  my  friendship  to  you  ever  been  variable,  as  you 
write,  but  firm  and  constant,  so  as  to  remain  still  the  aame^ 
when  it  was  even  deserted  and  slighted  by  you.     And,  at  thii 
very   time,    when  you  almost  threatenetl  me  in  your  letter, 
I  give  you  this  answer,   that  1  not  only  forgive,  but  highly 
applaud  your  grief;  for  I  know,  from  what  I  feel  within  my«el^ 
how  great  the  force  is  of  fraternal  love ;  but  I  beg  of  you,  alsO) 
to  judge  with  the  same  equity  of  my  cause;  and  if,  without  any 
ground,  I  ha\-e  been  cruelly  and  bEirbarously  attacked  by  yota 
friends,  to  allow  that  I  ought  not  only  not  to  yield  to  them,  but 
on  such  un  occasion,  to  expect  the  help  even  of  you,  and  your 
army  also,  ajraiiisl  ihum.      1  was  always  desirous  to  have  ' 


OP  CICEKO.  155 


w  Sal  auciiority  in  the  Republic,  tod  to  whrao  ill  putiet 

V  Stmrdly  paying  their  court 

I  Ckebu  to  Ck.  PoHPEiufl  the  Grea^  emperor'. 
/  bad  an  incredible  pleawre,  in  common  wiA  all  people^ 
■  tlie  ptiliiic  \ettmr  wnich  yoa  Kot:  lor  you  oare  nc  io  it 
B&sunuice  of  peace,  which,  from  my  confiduice  in  yon 
,  1  bad  alnan  been  promioDg.  I  most  tell  yoa,  how* 
yoar  old  enemieo,  bat  new  friendi,  are  extremely 
uiid  disafipcintsd  at  iL  A<  to  the  particular  letter 
m  sent  to  me,  dumgh  it  brought  me  bo  slight  an  inti- 
of  your  fnend^p,  yet  it  was  very  agreeable :  fior 
nuthing  U  apt  to  giTO  me  eo  modi  satisbctioD,  as  the  ooo- 
tdousne^  of  my  nrricee  to  my  friends;  and  if,  at  any  time^ 
tlicy  are  not  requited  as  they  ous^t  to  b^  I  an  always  content 
that  the  balance  of  the  account  should  rest  on  my  side.  I  make 
no  doubt,  however,  bnt  that,  if  the  distinguished  seal,  whidii 
t  have  always  sliovni  fiar  your  ioteresta^  has  not  yet  suffidently 
recommended  me  to  yon,  the  public  interest,  at  least,  will  con- 
ciliate and  unite  ns.  But  tnat  you  may  not  be  at  a  loss  to 
know  what  it  was,  whic^  I  expected  to  find  in  your  letter,  X 
wilt  tell  it  you  frankly,  as  my  own  nature  and  our  friendship 
require.  1  expected,  out  of  regard  both  to  the  Republic,  and  to 
our  foniiliariiy,  lo  tiare  had  some  compliment  or  congntolation 
Irom  you,  on  what  I  lately  acted  in  my  consulship;  which  you 
omittt'd.  i  imfi^ine,  for  fear  of  giving  offence  to  certainpereons: 
hut  1  would  have  you  to  know,  that  the  things  which  I  have 
been  doing,  for  the  safety  of  my  country,  are  applauded  by 
the  testimony  and  judgment  of  the  whole  earth ;  and  when  you 
come  amongst  us,  you  will  find  them  done  with  so  much  pru- 
doice  and  greatness  of  mind,  that  you,  who  are  much  superior 
to  Scipio,  will  admit  me,  who  am  not  much  inferior  to  LseliuB, 
lo  a  snare  both  of  your  public  councils  and  private  friendship. 
Adieu  *." 

■igniSed  nolhing  more,  in  iu  originil  uh,  Ihui  tha  gcncnJ  or 
. 1  innr :  [Cic.  de  Oral.  1.  «.]  in  which  «inc  il  belonged  eoudly 


, _._  .     ..    .  helorj,  in  whKli 

ud  girti  numben  of  the  meoif  iltia,  the  »ldici1,  by  in  uniic^nsl 
lalnte  their  gcnenl  in  (he  field  with  the  apiKllalinn  o(  ein]wrr>r,  uci 
whole  merit  of  the  Bclion  to  hi,  lutpicea  and  conduct.  Tbig  becami 
which  M  eommai.den  were  proud,  u  being  the  effect  of  lucccii  i 
liT  tbdr  proper  nlour ;  and  it  wat  alwayi  the  fint  aad  Decemry  >tc 
On  thcae  oecuiooa,  therefore,  the  title  of  emperor  wa>  conaiantly 


L    0> 


t  m^  :iM    -^OUCi; 


K-MOL  i  r^-ii  €njQEry  ws  set  oa  i 
^   IF  lur  iir~-.aicCw<.  upon  the  i 

!.  "iic  TIM  Mcr^c  ia^cjligvDGe  which  h 
L  XT'tn  T-r^  iaiT-j  r;    ticsr;.  ii;  ritHued  ibe  reward  i  "" ' 
,  zti-s.   ;if;-f;  Ti  -zit  i-s-   dsoj^-sTK  of  the  plot.     Bed 
wiiic  i£  Ltt':t:i-^L  K^i^jBC  Cjesir.  ^la  toM  to  I 
:  Ut  :f±?i^  ^>  produce  s  letter  I 
Clicflfstf-  bi  C^sar'*  i-rz  ml:*:.     Csar  knnd  s 
a»  ;^«-l  w  '^cui  13  nATBAiii^c.  uii  w»  Kvf«d  to  implore  d 
■i  toi  :e-iC3ii:cT  :c  L~Vsr:.  ~;  t?-;t«  dm  be  also  had  ginij 
cvIt  i^:fTMa:e  oc  Cat:'— f*  iii-ijTs :  bet  br  his  rigoor  all 
KUT-i^  izi  riie  chj.  z^  xalz-fi  x  r.L.  rvi-ei^  ai  last  npoo  Ui  1 
weweT^:   Sie    i*    iecfrrs-i    CiHaf  «"  tie   rewd,    and   i    "' 
Veess*   e>?<ii=i::ei  v^  tt^t-  irrc;   Sie   had  beeo  miseiifity 
hac(L-«<L  asfi  ilz>:t!<  kfZ«-:  ~ry  •±-i  £»fc :  oor  cmitent  with  ^aa, 
W  izTT^Mc^i  ;i-f  -izjes:^  S-?Ti-^  !•».  fee  safferin^  a  superior 
■•[r»c3:«  ii>  b«  aml£a«ti  ~3«f<}ce  him '-. 

^erenl  odwrv  hoveTer,  oC  nxi$iderable  nnk,  were  foand 
pTiiin-  and  boakhed:  «ocae  ot  them  not  tpfoaiag  to  thf9 
dtatioo.  och^rs  after  a  trial :  tti.  >L  Pomas  Lecca,  C.  Cof 
Detios  I-  VarffonCeius.  Serria<  Sylla.  and  P.  ADtromiiB,  tte. 
The  Li^t  of  chese.  vho  !i:i>(  the  cv>nsuUhip  four  veais  beforCt 
ttpoa  a  corn-icdon  of  briber^-,  had  been  Cicero's  schoolfellow, 
and  coli<r3;£ue  in  ihe  qusstor^p :  and  solicited  him,  with  many 
tean,  to  undertake  hi$  defeocv :  but  Cicero  not  ooIt  refused  to 


OF  CICBRO. 

~J.rit.esl.    Cie-ti.    Ctm.-D,taaimmk 


ihhchanetet  lodi  gnit  petulance, and  onployed  emy 
which  could  raise  u  odium  and  enry  ap<m  bin:  be  called 
ig  a  king,  who  assuowd  a  power  to  nve  or  dcttray,  juM  aa 
tbmigtil  fit;  said,  that  be  was  the  diird  fonifn  kiav  who 
ktd  reigned  in  Rome  after  Nnma  and  Tarqmnitn;  and,  that 
Sflla  would  liave  run  away,  and  never  atood  a  trial,  if  he  bad 
AM  underiiiken  his  cinae;  whenever  he  mentioned  the  plot^ 
and  the  danger  of  it,  it  waa  with  so  low  and  feeble  a  voice,  that 
oeoe  bui  the  judges  could  bear  him;  hot  when  be  apoke  of  As 
pmoD  iut«l  the  death  of  the  conspirators^  be  ottered  it  in  ao 
tmd  nnd  lamentable  a  strain,  as  to  make  the  whole  Fonim  tuifi 
•itb  it '. 

Cicero,  therefore,  in  his  reply,  was  pnt  to  the  tremble  of 
defiradin?  himself,  as  welt  as  bia  client  As  to  Torqtntiia^a 
esffing  him  foreigner,  on  the  account  of  his  being  bom  in  one 
of  the  corporate  town*  of  Italy,  be  owns  it:  anain  that  town, 
be  ays,  whence  the  Republic  had  been  twice  preserved  fiain 
nrin ;  and  waa  glad  that  he  bad  nothing  to  reproadi  hira  witfa, 
but  what  alFected  cot  oidy  the  greatest  not,  bat  the  twatesl 
men  of  tlie  city;  Curios^  Comncanins,  Cato,  Marios,  ftc.  bat 
anee  he  had  a  mind  to  be  witty,  and  would  needs  make  bim  ■ 
foreigner,  why  did  not  be  call  bim  a  foreign  consul,  rather  than 
a  king ;  for  that  would  have  been  much  more  wonderful,  sineo 
foremen  had  been  kings,  but  never  consols  of  Reoie.  He 
admonishes  him,  who  was  now  in  the  course  of  bis  preferment, 
not  to  be  so  free  of  giving  that  title  to  citizens  li^t  )>e  should 
wie  day  feel  the  resentment  and  power  of  such  forei^em: 
that  if  the  patricians  were  so  proud,  as  to  treat  him  and  the 
judges  on  the  bench  as  foreigners,  yet  Torquatus  liad  n^i  right  to 
do  It,  whose  mother  was  of  Asculum '.  "  Do  not  call  me  then 
foreigner,  any  more,"  says  he,  *'  Jest  it  turn  upon  younielf ;  nor 
a  king,  lest  you  be  laughed  at,  unless  you  tliink  it  kingly,  to 
live  so  as  not  to  be  a  s^ve,  not  only  to  any  man,  but  even  to 
any  appetite;  to  contemn  all  sensual  pleasures;  t»  covet  no 
man's  gold  or  silver,  or  any  thing  else ;  to  speak  one's  mind 
freely  in  the  senate;  to  consult  the  good,  rather  than  the 
humour  of  the  people ;  to  give  way  to  none,  but  to  withstand 
many  :  if  you  take  this  to  a&  kingly,  I  confefM  myself  a  king; 
but  if  the  insolence  of  my  power,  if  my  dominion,  if  any  pr'tud 
or  arrogant  saying  of  mine  provokes  you,  why  <lo  not  y»<i  urge 
me  witn  that,  rather  than  the  envy  of  a  name,  and  the  con- 
tumely of  a  groundless  calumny?" — lie  proceeik  to  tthttw,  that 
his  kingdom,  if  it  must  be  called  so,  was  of  so  luliorious  a  kitirl, 


tkM  ibnv  V3B  nat  a  nmn  in  R^ae  wbo  woold  be  eontoBt  ^ 
tok*  kii  i^MC '.     He  ptis  kim  in  aund,  that  he  was  <i 
•»  iilnl£r  and  bear  vnn  hii  peitiw.  oat  of  r^;ard  to  J 
Taaik,  aod  to  his  Cuber — tbo^i  no  man  bad  ever  thrown  d 
rii^bn  It  aepersoa  apctt  kin.  vitbost  ]xiag  chartiaed  for  H 
Wl  thai  b«  bad  bo  mind  to  tall  npoo  one  vbom  be  oooU  ^ 
cadv  Tanqniib :  «bo  bad  Drithcr  strenetb.  nor  age,  nor  I 
pcrieaee  eooneb  tor  him  lo  cootend  with:  he  advise 
■— iiti,  noi  to  abase  bis  patieitee  much  looeer,  lest  be  a 
W  »— T*— *  at  bst  to  diaw-  ckii  the  stings  of  his  ^leecb  agUMtft 
^H  *.     As  to  the  merits  of  the  cause,  tbougb  there  was  ■■  t 
iMniliii  prooC  vel  there  were  many  strong  presumptiona a^^ 
SrUa,  with  which  his  adrersry  hoped  to  oppreai  bim:   hat  1 
Ucov  endeanHirvd  to  oonfute  him.  bv  appealing  to  Ae  tenot    \ 
asd  c&aiacier  of  hk  life ;   proteMin^,  in   the  Mronffest  tenn% 
dat  be  who  bad  been  the  searcher  and  detector  ^  tbe  pbi^ 
aad  had  bken  socfa   pains  to  get  intelligence  of  die  irtiola 
extent  of  it,  had  nerer  met  with  the  Inet  biot  or  siupicioD  (tf 
Sylla's  name  in  it :  and  that  be  had  no  other  moti^'e  for  defead> 
ii^  bim,  but  a  pure  rward  to  justice  ;  and  as  he  had  refused 
to  defend  otben,  nar,  bad  g:ii'en  eridence  against  tbem,  from 
Ae  knowledge  of  their  gnili,  so  he  had  undertaken  Sylla's  de- 
fence, through  a  persoaaon  of  his  innocence  *.     Ton]uatas,  for 
want  of  direct  proc^  threatened  (o  examine  Sylla'a  slares  bjr 
torture:   this  was  sometimes  practised,   upon    uie  demand  in 
tbe  prosecutor:  but  Cicero  obserres  upon  it.  that  the  effect  of 


OF  CICKBO. 


i,  oo  the  PaiatiM  loll*  adjobim^  to  tliat  ia  «Uck  be 
rsj-s  lired  with  bii  father^  and  vliialt  be  k  now  np- 
I  u>  Itave  given  up  to  liM  brother  Qmntoi.  The  booae 
t  him  near  30,000/.  and  aeeaH  to  bam  been  one  of  ibe 
:  in  Home;  it  wai  built  about  thirty  jtmn  bcAte,  by 
B  bmoun  tribune,  M.  liniH  Dnsiia;  oo  whieb  ewioii,  we 
t  laid,  time  wlien  the  ardiitect  {womiaed  to  build  it  far  Uai^ 
n  todt  a  manner,  that  nom  offhii  Dcagbboon  abould  omioah 
'  Bat,  if  you  hare  anj  •kill,''  replied  Drnsua,  *■  contiiye 
iBiKer  so,  that  the  wdiM  nay  aee  wbat  I  am  icang'."  It 
«>a*  sjtuaiett  in  the  most  eonq^CBoua  part  of  the  aty,  near  to 
ifce  centre  of  all  busincM^  overiookmg  the  Forum  and  ^ 
nstra;  and  what  made  it  the  mote  aplendidt  m»  it»  beia^ 
jmned  to  a  nortico  or  colonnade,  called  by  the  name  of  Ca- 
tulns;  who  uuilt  it  out  of  the  CSmbric  ^mhIb,  on  that  ana 
where  Fhtccus  formerlv  tired,  who§e  bonse  was  demolisbed  bf 

?abb'c  authority,  for  his  Kditiotu  piaeticea  with  C  Gnudos  . 
n  this  purchase  he  followed  the  rule  which  he  recommenda 
in  his  OfSces,  with  regard  to  the  habitation  of  a  prindpal 
dtiieD ;  that  his  dignity  shoold  be  adorned  by  his  hooae^ 
hut  not  derived  from  it ' :  wh^e  be  mentions  seTeral  instancet 
of  great  men,  who,  by  the  mlendour  of  their  houses,  on  Am 
very  hill,  which  were  constantiy  strikine^  the  eyes  of  the  people, 
and  imfwmtinff  a  notion  of  their  magnificence,  made  their  way 
ibe  man  easily  to  the  highest  honours  of  the  Republic. 

A.  Gellius  tells  us,  that,  having  lesolved  to  buy  the  house, 
and  wanting  money  to  pay  for  it,  he  borrowed  it  privately  of 
his  client  Sylla,  when  he  was  under  prosecution ;  but  the  story 
taking  wind,  and  being  charged  upon  him,  he  denied  botli  the 
borrowing  and  the  design  of  purchasing,  yet  soon  after,  bought 
the  bonse ;  and,  when  he  was  reproached  with  the  denial  of  it, 
replied  only,  laughing,  that  they  must  be  fools  to  imagine, 
that  when  he  haa  resolved  to  buy,  he  would  r^se  competitors 
of  the  purchase  by  pnKlaiming  it '. 

The  story  was  taken,  probably,  from  some  of  the  spurious 
collections  of  Cicero's  jests;  which  were  handed  about,  not 
only  after  his  death,  but  even  in  hia  life-time,  as  he  often 
complains  to  bis  friends':  for,  it  is  certain,  that  there  could 

■  Com  pTonitttnt  ti  urhilectiii,  iu  k  EdiHcilunini,  iil  libera  b  contprrtu.  iminiinii 
ab  omubui  arbitrii  wet  Tu  T«ro,  in<iiiic,  b  quid  in  1«  irtia  m,  itA  i-ninpone  domum 
>aBi,Bt  qixkqiudngaiDiboninibiiipenpidpoHit.     Veil.  Put.  2.  14.     Kp.fam.  A. 6. 

>  If.  Fliona,  qui*  cum  Qrucho  conira  Rripub.  Mlutcm  foecrac,  *t  tmitflu  Mntrntis 
cat  intofeclur,  tl  douiiii  cjsi  evcna  ctl :  in  qun  jiortiruDi  p«l  aliquBnla  Q,  (.'nliilui  de 

*  Onudaol  miin  ilienilu  domo,  non  ei  domoloti  qiicrenda.     I)e  OfFic   1.39. 

*  A-Odfiu,  12.  12. 

*  Ai*  cnim,  nt  ego  diMMKrim  omnii  omniiim  dicu,  in  hi>  tt'nm  8r>liana  in  me  ean- 
(rrri.     Qoiit  ?  tii  idpatrrii?  noniic  dofrndi-?nonnr  r™«ti«?  &c.  Kp.  fim.  /.  .12. 


be  notklnic  Hii^bonourable  in  th«  pardiase,  since  it  was  ti 
^ted  4o  publicly,  that,  before  it  was  even  coneladecl,  one  of  k 
frieiHlt  convTSiiulated  kim  upon  it,  br  letter,  from  MacedoiwS 
Tbe  truth  is  and  what  he  himself  iJoes  not  dinemble,  that  hr 
borrowed  part  of  the  moTiey,  to  pay  for  it,  at  six  per  eentl 
and  iays  menilv,  upon  it,  that  he  was  now  so  plungea  in  deT ' 
aft  to  be  ready  fur  a  plot,  but  that  the  eonspiraton  would  i 
trust  bim '.  It  raUed,  indeed,  some  censure  upon  his  vaoi^ll 
for  purcliasin?  sit  expensive  a  house  with  borrowed  DMneyn 
but  MeMala,  the  consul,  happening  soon  after  to  buy  Antro-. 
niu&'a  house,  at  a  greater  price,  and  with  borrowed  moaey  ta% 
it  gave  him  some  pleasure,  that  he  could  justify'  himself  by  tha.. 
example  of  so  worthy  a  m^strate  :  "  By  Messala's  purcluMe^* 
nys  he,  "  I  am  thought  to  have  made  a  good  bargain ;  and 
men  begin  to  be  cont-inccd,  that  we  may  use  the  wealth  of 
our  friends,  in  buying  what  contributes  to  our  dignity  *." 

But  the  most  remarkable  event,  which  happened  in  the  end 
of  thin  year,  was  the  pollution  of  the  mysteries  of  the  Bona 
Dea,  or  the  good  goilaess,  by  P.  Cludius ;  which,  by  an  un- 
happy train  of  consequences,  not  only  involved  Cicero  in  an 
unexpected  calamity,  but  seems  to  have  given  the  first  blow 
towards  the  ruin  of  the  Kepublic.  Clodius  was  now  quiestor, 
and,  by  that  means,  a  senator ;  descended  from  the  noblest  b- 
mily  in  Rome,  in  the  vigour  of  his  age,  of  a  graceful  person, 
lively  wit,  and  flowing  eloquence ;  but,  witli  nil  the  advantages 
of  nature,  he  had  a  mind  incredibly  vicious ;  was  fierce,  inso- 


»as  so  » 
t  were  can 


according  to  annual  flHtom,  WW  now  celebntiiu'  in  bar 
iiifui  an<i  myttle  SKrifiees  of  the  goMeaa,  to 
vras  erer  adiiutted,  and  wnere  every 
scEmpnloodr  ezdoded,  tliat  even  pio- 
corered  dimng  tbe  ceremony  *.  Thn 
t  a  proper  scene  for  Clodins's  genius  to  act  upon ;  an  oppor- 
lity  of  daring,  beyond  what  man  had  ever  dared  before 
i:  the  tbougUt  of  mixing  the  impurity  of  his  lusts  with  the 
ctity  of  these  venerable  rites,  flattered  hia  imagination  so 
ICnN^ly,  tliat  he  resolved  to  gain  access  to  his  mistress,  in  tb« 
rery  tatdst  of  her  liolv  ministry.  With  this  view,  he  dressed 
kbtfelf  in  a  woman's  liabit,  and,  by  the  benefit  of  his  smooth 
bee,  and  tlie  introduction  iMf  one  M  the  nuuds,  who  was  in  the 
■eeret,  hoped  to  pass  withont  discoveir:  but,  by  some  mi»- 
take,  between  him  and  his  ffoide,  he  lost  his  way,  when  he 
oune  within  the  bouse,  and  fell  in,  unluckily,  among  the  odier 
female  servants,  who,  detecting  him  by  his  voice,  uarmed  the 
*hole  company  by  their  shrielcs,  to  the  great  amazement  of  the 
natrons,  who  presently  threw  a  veil  over  the  sacred  mysteries, 
while  Clodius  found  means  to  escape  by  the  &vour  of  some  of 
&e  damsels  *. 

The  slory  was  presently  spread  abroad,  and  raised  a  general 
touidal  and  horror  tliroiigh  the  whole  city :  in  the  vulgar,  for 
tlie  profanation  of  a  religion  held  the  most  sacred  in  Rome ; 
in  the  belter  sort,  for  its  offence  to  good  manners,  and  the 
discipb'jie  of  the  Hepublic.  Csesar  put  away  his  wife  upon  it; 
and  the  honest,  of  all  ranks,  were  lor  pushing  this  advantage 
against  Clodius  as  far  as  it  would  go,  in  hopes  to  free  them- 
selves by  it,  of  a  citizen,  who  by  this,  as  well  as  other  speci- 
mens of  bis  audaciousness,  seemed  born  to  create  much  disturb- 
luioe  to  the  state'.  It  had  been  the  constant  belief  of  the 
popnlace,  that,  if  a  man  should  ever  pry  into  tliese  mysteries, 
he  would  be  instantly  struck  blind ;  but  it  was  not  possible,  as 
Cicero  says,  to  know  the  truth  of  it  before,  since  no  man,  but 
Clodius,  had  ever  ventured  upon  the  experiment :   though  it 


lift;  fit  jvro  populo  Romano;  fit  in  ea  dooio,  qur  nt  in  imperio;  lit 


UD,  Appi  filinm,  ere..    .  .  ._ 

UQ  pTD  pvpulo  fieretf  eumque  per  ] 

..«.  —  .o..^  inbaik.     AdAtt.  1.12. 

■  Yidtbum,  illud  fcelni  tun  impsnunum,  audiciun  Um 

raalii,  BSHlii,  Tulumti.  nsn  jwuc  arceri  ntii  Bnibiii :  enipton 


w:u  tii'V  ti'unii,  as  he  lell^  Mm.  that  the  blitiduesa  of  the 
was  CMirened  to  that  of  the  mind '. 

The  a&ir  v»  soon  brought  before  the  senate; 
was  resolved  to  refer  it  to  the  college  of  priests,  who 
it  to  be  an  abominable  impiety  :  upon  vLich  the  consub 
ordered  to  provide  a  law  for  bringing  Clodius  to  a  trial  I 
before  the  people '.     But  Q.  Fufius  Calenus,  one  of  the 
banes,  supported  by  all  th^  Ctodiaii  Action,  would  not 
the  law  to  be  offered  to  the  «iitrrage  of  the  citizens, 
laked  a  gteai  ferment  in  the  city,  while  the  senate  adheredj 
tbeir  former  re^Iuiion,  though  the  consul  Piso  used  all 
endeavours  to  divert  them  from  it,  .ind  Clodius,  in  an  a' ' 
manner,  threw  himself  at  the  feet  of  every  senator;  yet, 
a  second  debate,  in  a  fiiU  hou«e,  there   were  fifteen  only 
Toted  on  Clodius's  side,  and  four  hundred  directly  aj    *        ' 
•o  that  a  fresh  decree  passed,  to  order  the  consuls 
mend  the  law  to  the  people,  with  all  their  authority)  and  tlatJ 
no  other  buMness  should  be  done,  till  it  was  carried    ;  but  iUf  * 
being  likely  to  produce  great  disorders,  Hortensios  proposal  •: 
an  expedient,   which  was  accepted  by  both  parties,  that  tli^  I 
tribune  Fufius  should  publish  a  law,  for  the  trial  of  Clodius,  1^  : 
the  praetor,  with  a  select  bench  of  judges.     The  only  difiei^  ^ 
ence  between  the  two  laws  was,  whether  he  should  oe  tried 
by  the  petiple,  or  bv  [wrticular  judges:  but  this,  says  Cicei«^ 
was  evcTv  tliiiii;.      l)orionsiiis  was  afraid,  lest  he  should  escap« 
in   the  >itu.ibbre,  without  aiiv  trial:   beinE:  persuaded  that  no 
.,-., pl!;fl™l,:.,l,.s.,i.l, 


•etiate  reatlily  ordered,  with  prat  commendations  of  tb— ^ 
deace:  bat  when  it  came  to  the  issue,  twenty-five  on^2,_ 
tlenined,  while  thirty-one  absolved  iiira.  Crassus  i^  ^^H 
fcave  been  Clodius's  chief  manager,  iu  tampering  w"^^*** 
iad}^  ;  employing  every  art  and  instrument  of  corrupti^^^^fS 
II  suited  the  different  tempers  of  the  men ;  and  where  i*^^ 
would  not  do,  offering  even  certain  ladies  and  young  ni^%^ 
quality  to  their  pleasure.  Cicero  says  'hal  a  more  scaud^^^ 
eompany  of  sbarpers  never  sal  down  at  a  gaming  labie :  ^-^^^ 
nous  senators  be^^ijrarly  knights,  with  a  few  honest  men  am  ^^ 
them,  whom  Clodius  could  not  exclude;  who  in  a  crew  so  un /'"^ 
to  themselves,  sat  with  sad  and  mournful  faces,  as  if  afniici  ^ 
being  infected  with  tlie  conti^on  of  their  infamy ;  and  I 
Catulus,  meeting  one  of  them,  asked  him,  what  they  meant '| 

5  a  guard. were  they  afraid  of  being  robbed  of  the  mt 
lodius  had  given  them  '? 
This  transaction,  howev 


'ery  serious  concern  tOl 


desiring  a  guard . 

'    (1  given 

ever,  gav  ^ 

Cicero,  who  laments,  that  the  firm  and  quiet  state  of  the  Re- 
public, which  he  had  established  in  his  consulship,  and  wUi^ 
seemed  to  be  founded  in  the  union  of  all  good  men,  was  iWp 
lost  and  broken,  if  some  deity  did  not  interpose,  by  this  singK 
judgment;  if  that,  says  he,  can  be  culled  a  judgment,  for  thltlj 
of  the  most  contemptible  scoundrels  of  Rome  to  violate  all  thi 
ia  just  and  sacred,  for  the  sake  of  money ;  and  rote  that  to  \ 
false,  which  all  the  world  knows  to  be  true.  As  he  loc 
npon  himself  to  be  particularly  affronted  by  a  sentence,  gin 
In  flat  contradiction  to  his  testimony,  so  he  made  it  his  busiDM 
on  all  occasions  to  display  the  inicjnity  of  it,  and  to  sting  l" 

several  actors  in  it  with  all  tlie  keenness  of  his  raillery '.     

a  debate  soon  after,  in  the  senate,  on  the  stale  of  the  RepHbltoT* 


let  Idok  iqMM  the  Hqmblie.  **fiat  tboa 

'mfhti  ** die  jndgw hare  not  icMmd 

',  but  for  ft  priH» ;  they  designed  thee  no  kind- 

g  thee  at  bone,  bat  to  deprive  thee  <tf  the 

exile.     Wherefive,  &then,   rouse  your  nsnal 

«  your  dignity;  (here  sobdsta  stiir  die  nme 

tie  honest ;  they  hsre  had  indeed  a  fresh  lotijeet 

in,  yet  their  eimiwe  is  not  impaired  bv  it ;  no 

has  beiallen  as;  mtt  tliat  only,  which  lay  cm- 

r  discovered ;  and,  by  the  trial  of  one  deq»emte 

y  others  are  found  to  be  as  bad  as  he '." 

I,  not  caring  to  eocoonter  Cicero  by  formal  q>eeche^ 

piB  tenze  him  with  lailleir,  and  torn  the  debate  into  ridi- 

i    "V'oo  are  a  fine  ffnitiinDan,  indeed,"  says  he^  **aDd 

»  been  at  Baice."     <'ThafB  not  m>  fine,"  replied  Cicens 

lo  be  caught  at  the  mysteries  of  the  goddess."     "  Bat 

.."  says  he,  "  bus  a  down  of  Arpiniun  to  do  at  the  hot 

kf     "Ask  that  friend  of  yonr's,"  replied  Cicero,  *'wbo 

aiDOotfa's  mind  to  yonr  Arpinttm  clown'."     '*Yon  hove 


liouse*,"  says  he.     "Yon  should  have  said,  judges,* 

lys  be,  "  would  not  bwen 

your  oath."     "Yes^"  repfied  Cicero,  "  twenty-fin 


givre  credit  to  me;  while  the  rest  would  not  give  anv 
but  made  you  pay  tout  money  before  hand^  Tkm 
led  the  laugh  so  stronpy  on  Cicero's  side,  that  Clodina 
confounded,  and  forced  to  sit  down  *.  But  being  now 
declared  enemies,  they  never  met  without  some  strokes  of  this 
kind  apon  each  other;  which,  as  Cicero  observes,  must  needs 
appear  flat  in  the  narration,  since  all  their  force  and  beauty 
depended  on  the  smartness  of  the  contention,  and  the  spint 
with  which  ihey  were  delivered'. 

The  present  consuls  were  M.  Pupim  Piso  and  M.  Messala; 
the  first  of  whom,  as  soon  as  he  entered  into  office,  put  a  slight 
sSront  upon  Cicero :  for  his  opinion  having  been  asked  always 
the  first,  by  tlie  late  consuls,  Piso  called  upon  him  only  the 
wcond,  on  Catuhis  the  third,  Hortensius  the  fourth :  this,  he 
«a)-s,  did  not  displease  him,  since  it  left  him  more  at  liberty 
ia  ^is  votiag ;  oiid  freed  him  from  the  obligation  of  any  com- 

'IMd. 

*  TUl  b  nmioMd  to  rafer  to  hii  ilitsr  Cladis,  ■  1>dv  funaua  ror  het  intninei ;  wba 
W  been  tiTiog  ill  uti  to  tempi  Ciccn  to  put  amy  Teientis.  and  to  tike  hrr  for  hi* 

'  ThoDfb  Clodiui  Rprouhn  Cicirn  hen  for  the  ntrsTBgrnnt  puirhne  ol  i  home, 
»«  1m  hinwelf  a  wd  lo  b»«  giTen  »ft(;nniriia  neat  four  limM  u  much  for  one,  Tii, 
•kill  119,0001.  •telling.    Plhi.llut.  N.  1-36. 15. 

10  poMUDt  lubne  noiiw  nm,  neqiic  icnusuleoi,  rtmato  illo  itadi* 


A.Urb.fiS'.'.  VicVi.  Co»— M.  Pupiui  I'kw.  M.  Vdcriui  MoW^ 
plauaBce  to  a  man  whom  be  despised '.  TLb  coo^ 
mrmly  in  the  interests  of  ClodJus ;  not  so  much  out  of ^ 
ship,  as  a  iiatural  inclination  to  the  wont  side ;  for,  test 
to  Cicero's  account  of  bim,  lie  was  a  man  of  a  weak  and  tf 
mind ;  a  churlish,  captious  siieerer,  without  any  turn  d 
and  making  men  laueh  by  his  looks  rather  than  jests;  6 
iag  neither  the  popular  nor  the  aristocratical  party;  fton 
no  good  was  to  be  expected,  because  he  wished  none ;  M 
to  be  feared,  because  he  durst  do  none;  who  would  ban 
more  vit^us,  by  having  one  vice  the  less,  sloth  and  Itii 
&c.  Cicero  frankly  used  the  liberty,  which  this  consul 
hariour  allowed  him,  of  delivering  his  sentiments  witho 
reserve;  giving  Piso  himself  no  quarter,  but  exposing 
thing  that  he  did  and  said  in  favour  of  Ciodius,  in  such  i 
ner,  as  to  binder  the  senate  from  decreeing  to  him  the  pr 
of  Syria,  which  had  been  designed,  and  in  a  manner  pr 
to  him  *.  The  other  consul,  Mesrala,  was  of  quite  a  di 
character ;  a  firm  and  excellent  magistrate,  in  the  tr 
terests  of  his  country,  and  a  constant  admirer  and  imil 
Cicero*. 

About  this  time  Cicero  is  supposed  to  have  made  that  t 
oration,  still  extant,  in  the  defence  of  his  old  precept 
poet  Archias :  he  expected,  for  bis  pains,  an  unmorb 
tame  from  the  praise  of  Archias's  muse;  but,  by  a  contra 
<^  things,  instead  of  deriving  any  addition  of  glory  frc 
chias's  compositions,  it  is  wholly  owing  to  his  own,  tt 
!  ,.f  \vM:i.<  lias  rii.t  !,,(,.'  ajro  boon  buni-d  in  ol 


or  cicno.  167 

r^  ^^VA«i«>!   ek-.m.    Om^-M.r^lmVin.    "  »---■ 

**  (%^^Viw,  in  ttio  bri^  of  hii  fiuM  uid  factnlHi,  Aon  th* 
^J^^P^'cnr,  IWritjr  bad  been  much  alarmed  dmathiiBa 
^^^^^■Kffl  n'jinrts  fmm  aMnKl,  and  •everal  tumola  at  koine; 
iTitl  npprefaennon  prerailedt  of  his  coming  at  the 
iniiv.  «>  take  the  govertimeot  into  hn  hanu '.  It 
III  \c  had  it  now  in  his  power,  to  make  himaelf 
'  Re[>iibli(^  withoat  the  huard  eren  of  a  war,  or 
oiij<j<i[i  lo  ciintrel  him.  Cbbbt,  with  the  tribnae  Me- 
Bs  inviting  him  tD  i^  and  had  no  other  ambition  at 
t,  than  to  Kt-rve  nnder  Um :  bat  Pompey  was  too  pble^ 
to  be  ea<iiily  induced  to  M  deqierate  a  resolution;  or 
r  ratJiCT,  iiitteed,  to  hare  had  no  thooghts  at  all  of 
It  mm,  hut  to  liavo  been  content  with  the  lank  which  he 
I  ponesaed,  of  the  first  eidxcn  of  Rooie^  without  a  rivaL 
[iMd  lived  in  a  perpetoal  eourse  of  niecen  and  glorjr,  wit^ 
t  aav  ftlur,  either  from  the  senate  or  the  people,  to  inqiire 
b  mh  seotiineiiS  of  rerenge,  or  to  give  hmi  a  pretence 
nt  measures :  and  be  was  pemiaded,  that  the  growing 
of  [he  city,  woold  soon  force  all  pardea  to  create 
xUir,  Tot  the  aettlement  of  the  slate ;  and  thoilght  It  of 
}  honour  to  his  dMiBCter  to  obtain  that  power,  by  the  con- 
t  of  hi§  citizvii^,  than  to  extort  it  from  then  by  rlolenoe. 
t  what4>veT  appTcDennons  were  conceived  of  lum,  befwe  his 
'ne,  tliey  nM  vanished  at  his  arriral;  for,  he  no  sooner  set  foot 
B^,  than  he  di^ibanded  bis  troops,  giving  them  orders  only 
ttend  Mm  in  lits  triumph;  and,  with  a  private  retinue, 
I  pursued  his  journey  to  Rome,  where  the  whole  body  of  the 
[  people  came  out  to  receive  him,  with  all  imaginable  gmtula- 
ions  and  expressions  of  joy,  for  his  happy  return  '. 

By  hia  late  mtories  lie  had  grently  extended  the  barrier  of 
tlie  empire  into  llie  continent  of  Asia,  having  added  to  it  three 
powerful  kingdoms',  Poutus,  Syria,  Ditliyiiia,  which  he  re- 
dsced  to  the  condition  of  Roman  provinces ;  leaving  all  the 
vther  kings,  and  nations  of  the  east,  tributary  to  the  Kepublic, 
M  br  as  the  Tigris.  Among  his  other  conquests,  he  took 
the  city  of  Jerusalem,  by  the  opportunity  of  a  contest  about 
tbe  crown,  between  the  two  brothers  Hircanus  and  Aristobu- 
Ids:  the  lower  town  was  surrendered  to  him,  with  little  or  no 
opposition ;  but  the  fortress  of  the  temple  cost  him  a  si^^  of 
three  months ;  nor  would  he  have  taken  it  then,  so  ea'^iiy,  as 


M,  buK  ti  pHflcicnd^' facrtatui  lum.    Pro  Arc'liia,  9.  1 1 . 
'  Plnl,  in  Pomp.  ' 


A.  Urb.  692.    C'k.  iti.     Coh^M.  Pupiui  fi-i.     M.  Vdcriin  M« 

Dio  tells  an ',  had  it  not  been  for  the  advaotage,  that  the  b 
ueged  gave  him,  by  the  observance  of  their  weekly  sabba'* 
on  which  they  abstained  so  religiously  from  all  war,  as  to  n 
lect  even  their  necessary  defence.    He  showed  great  huDMi^, 
to  the  people*  and  touched  no  part  of  the  sacred  treasury  tih 
vessels  of  eolfli  which  were  of  an  immense  value ' ;  yet  wmV 
drawn,  by  his  curiosity,  into  such  a  profanation  of  their  teaph^l 
as  mortined  them  mure  than  all  that  they  had  suffered  by  thai 
war :  for,  in  taking  a  view  of  the  buildings,  he  entered  widi  1 
his  officers,  not  only  into  the  holy  place,  where  none  but  ths  i 
priests,  but  into  the  holy  of  holies,  where  none  but  the  high  1 
priest  was  permitted,  by  the  law,  to  enter :  by  which  act,  as  k  | 
very  eminent  writer,  more  piously,  perhaps,  than  judicJouth^, 
remarks,  he  drew  upon  himself  the  curse  of  God,  and  never 
prospered  afterwaros '.     He  carried  Aristobulus  and  his  diil:- 
dren  prisoners  to  Rome,  for  the  ornament  of  his  triumph ;  and 
settled  HircanuB  in  the  government  and  the  high  prieBthoodl» 
but  subject  to  a  tribute.    Upon  the  receipt  of  the  public  letteta, 
which  brought  the  account  of  his  success,  the  senate  passed  a 
decree,  that,  on  all  festival  days,  he  should  have  the  privilve 
to  wear  a  laurel  crown,  with  his  general's  robe;  and  in  the 
euuestrian  races  of  the  circus,  his  triumphal  habit :  an  honour} 
wnich,  when  he  had  once  used,  to  show  his  grateful  sense  <^ 
it,   he  ever  after  prudently  declined ;  since,  without  adding 
any  thing  to  his  power,  it  could  serve  only  to  increase  the 
envy,    which    many   were   endeavouring   to  stir  up  against 
him*. 


OP  cicno.  160 

I  Deans,  tim  •atfaority  of  the  aesata  irnid  ramctod; 

__.&  obQged  him  to  was  gnat  iiiuMig;eBwii^  and  maoe  Idm 

P«  csDtiaus  of  oJhncHng  any  aide,  that  lie  pleaaed  nana. 

I  CSpero  says  of  hia  fint  ^Mcdt,  that  it  waa  neither  agreeaUe  to 

wAe  poor,  nor  re&hed  t^  the  ikli ;  diaq>poiiited  the  aeditioiia, 

f  jot  gave  no  sada&etioa  to  the  htmeat '.    As  he  happened  to 

I  come  borne  in  the  very  heat  of  Clodins'a  afiir,  ao  he  wwt  pn- 

I  aeotiy  ar?^.  by  both  parties  to  declare  for  the  one  or  the 

IMher.     Fii£us,  a  bn^,  fiwtioiia  tribune,  demanded  of  hiao, 

I  before  tlie  people^  what  he  thought  of  Clodiiu^a  being  tried  hf 

[  tke  prastor  and  a  bendt  of  jmbea  ?  to  which  he  anawered,  very 

'  ally,  aa  Cicero  caltt  i^  that  he  had  erer  taken  tha 

of  the  aenato  to  be  of  the  gresteat  weiriit  in  all 

_  nd  wbeo  the  cooaol  Mnaaala  awed  Iubd,  in  toe  aenatc^ 

a  opinion  waa  of  that  profiuiaUon  of  religion,  and  tha 

WMapoaed  abont  it?  he  took  oocanon,  witbont  entering  into 

particnlars,  to  appland,  in  general,  atl  that  the  aenate  haadone 

in  it;  and)  upon  tattiag  down,  told  Cicero,  who  sat  next  to  him, 

that  he  had  now  laid  enon^,  he  thought,  to  signify  his  aentK 

Beats  of  the  matter'. 

Crassus  observing  Pompey's  reserve,  resolved  to  pnah  him 
to  a  nHire  explicit  dedaretian,  or  to  get  the  better  of  him  at 
least  in  the  good  OEunitHi  of  the  senate ;  rising  up,  therefore  to 
■peak,  he  launcfaea  out,  in  a  very  high  strain,  into  the  piaiaea 
of  Cicero's  coiisulahip ;  dedaring  himself  indebted  to  it  ftv  hia 
beini;t,  at  that  time,  a  senator  and  a  citizen ;  nay,  for  his  veiy 
hlteity  and  hia  life;  and  that,  as  often  as  he  saw  his  wife,  his 
&mily,  and  his  country,  so  often  he  saw  bis  obligations  to 
Cicero.  This  discomposed  Pompey,  who  wss  at  a  loss  to  under- 
stand Crassns's  motive ;  whether  it  was  to  take  the  benefit  of  an 
3»portunity,  which  he  had  omitted,  of  ingratiating  himself  with 
icero;  or  that  he  knew  Cicero's  acts  to  be  in  high  esteem, 
and  the  praise  of  them  very  ^reeable  to  the  senate ;  and  it 
piqued  him  the  more,  for  its  coming  from  a  quarter,  whence  it 
was  least  to  be  expected;  from  one  whom  Cicero,  out  of  regard 
to  him,  had  always  treated  with  a  particular  slight.  The  intn- 
deat,  however,  raised  Cicero's  spirits,  and  made  him  exert  him- 
self before  his  new  hearer,  Pompey,  with  all  the  pride  of  his 
eloquence :  his  topics  were,  the  firmness  and  ^avity  of  the  se- 
nate; the  concord  of  the  equestrian  order;  the  concurrence  of  all 
Italy:  the  lifeless  renmins  of  a  baffled  conspiracy ;  the  peace  and 
plenty  which  had  since  succeeded:  all  which  he  displayed  with 


non  Etmn.     luqiie  TiiftebBt.     A 
*  Mibiqur,  ut  uiCdit,  dixit.  » 


A.  Vii.  6ff2.     Cic.  Hi.    Con.— H.  Pupiui  rUo.    U.  VnJcrim  HbmU. 

bn  Utmost  force,  to  let  Pompey  see  his  ascendaat  still  in  that  < 
■■embly,  and  bow  mucb  be  naa  been  imposed  upon  by  the  am  'j 
counts  of  hb  new  friends '.  Pompey,  likewise,  on  his  side,  began   ! 
presently  to  change  his  tone,  and  affected,  on  all  public  oeea*   j 
■MMn,  to  pay  so  great  a  court  to  Cicero,  that  the  other  hctioO    ' 
gave  him  the  nick-name  of  Cnnus  Cicero:  and  their  seemii^    • 
union  was  so  generally  agreeable  to  the  city,  that  they  were    . 
both  of  them  constantly  clapped,  whenever  tJiey  wi}eared  in 
the  theatre,  without  a  hiss  from  any  quarter'.     Yet  Cicero 
aauly  discovered,  that  all  this  outward  civility  was  but  feigned 
and  artificial ;  that  he  was  full  of  envy  within,  and  bad  no  good 
intentions  towards  the  public ;  nothinj^  candid  or  sincere ;  no- 
thine  great,  generous,  or  free,  in  him  *. 

Tnere  was  one  point,  which  Pompey  resolved  to  carry,  this 
nunmer,  ^[ainst  the  universal  inclination  of  the  city;  the  eleo 
tion  of  L.  Afranius,  one  of  his  creatures,  to  the  considship :  in 
which  he  fights,  says  Cicero,  neither  with  authority,  nor  in* 
terest,  but  with  what  Philip  of  Macedon  took  every  fortresi, 
into  which  he  could  drive  a  loaded  ass  *.  Plutarch  says,  that 
he  himself  distributed  the  money  openly  in  his  own  gardens: 
but  Cicero  mentions  it  as  a  current  report,  that  the  consul 
Piso  had  undertaken  to  divide  it  at  his  house:  which  gave  birifa 
to  two  new  laws,  drawn  up  by  Cato  and  his  brother-in-law, 
Domitius  Ahenoborbus,  and  supposed  to  be  levelled  at  the 
consul ;  the  one  of  which  gave  a  liberty  to  search  the  houses, 
even  of  magistrates,  on  information  of  bribery  ;  tlie  other  de- 
clared all  those  enemies  to  the  state,  at   whose   houses  the 


or  CICBKQ. 

A.  Ttb.  no.    Ck.  16, 

Kiburbs :  eu  diat  the  Moate  and  people,  in  oomplimsnt  to  Mn^ 
Wid  th«ir  juumblies,  generally^  dnrug  that  dme,  widiODt  tin 
«»lls ;  some  of  whidi  are  nwotioBed  to  hare  been  in  the  Fla- 
Biioian  drcus'.  Bit  tnaiapb  latted  two  dim,  and  waa  Ae 
KKHt  vpleiidid  wbioh  had  ever  beco  seen  in  Rome:  he  haUt  a 
tMU)>le  to  Minerva  oat  of  the  tgftfai  with  an  iaaciiplioii,  giyiMT 
a  •uminar)-  of  his  victanfl»:  "That  he  had  finiihed  a  war« 
d)irty-ye«rs ;  had  vaoqaiahedf  dain,  and  taken  two  mlUioM 
ooe  liundred  aiid  ei^ty-threo  thoownd  men ;  aonk  or  taken 
•igbt  bnndred  and  forty-4ix  ihipa ;  reduced  to  the  powCT  of  thui 
empire  a  tiui\ss»ad  fire  hondred  and  thirty-eight  towm  and 
fonreHes:  aod  subdued  all  the  oonntriea  between  the  hho 
Msmtis  aod  the  Red  Sea*." 

Quintus  Cicero,  who,  by  the  help  and  intereat  of  hii  broAor, 
iraa  folluwing  him  at  a  proper  diatance  diron^  all  tiie  bmtoaia 
of  the  state,  having  been  pnetor  the  last  year,  now  obtainod 
the  government  of  Asia;  a  rid  and  noble  pm'iBee,  eoai;Me- 
hvitoiug  the  greatest  part  of  whiU  n  called  Aaia  Minor.  Bo- 
Eore  he  went  to  take  poBHMon  of  it,  he  eartwetl^  preMod 
Atticua.  whose  sisfer  he  married,  to  go  alone  ^th  faun,  aa  one 
uf  his  lieutenants ;  and  resented  his  refusu  so  heinou^y,  thai 
Cicero  had  no  small  trouble  to  make  them  friends  b|^. 
There  ia  an  excelk^nt  letter,  on  this  sabject,  from  Cicero  to 
Atticui ;  which  I  cannot  forbear  inserting,  for  the  light  which 
it  gtrea  as  into  the  genuine  character  of  all  the  three,  as  well 
w  of  other  great  men  of  those  times,  with  a  short  account  also 
of  the  present  state  of  the  Republic. 

CICERO    TO    ATTICUS. 

'■  I  PERCEIVE,  from  your  letter,  and  the  copy  of  my  bro- 
ther's, which  you  sent  with  it,  a  great  alteration  in  his  afFeo- 
tioo  and  sentiments  with  regard  to  you  :  which  alFects  me  with 
all  tliat  concern,  which  my  extreme  love  for  you  both  ought 
to  give  me ;  and  with  wonder,  at  the  same  time,  what  could 
possibly  happen  either  to  exasperate  him  so  highly,  or  to  effect 
BO  great  change  in  him.  I  had  observed,  indeed,  before,  what 
you  also  mistrusted  at  your  leaving  us,  that  he  had  conceived 

'  FuSdi  in  condonciD  pTnduxit  PDnipciuniimigclatui  iuCirco  Flaminio.  Ibid.  11. 
'  C^.  IViuriEii'K.  Cn.  p.  MAnstn.  Imi-. 


DlPRRRBlB  AIT  CAPT.   NAVIBl'll.    DU'l'XLVI, 

Offidih.  Cartkllis.  M.D.XXXVIU. 

tuibiii.  a.  m.cuti.  liacl'.  ad  rvbiii'm. 

MaHI.   8UBACTIH. 

TtrruH.  MI8ITO.  HiNuiv«_PliD.  Hht.  N.  7.  2i>. 


A.UTh.693.    Ck.46.    Cnt^H.  Pupiu  Hi».    H.  V>lcriiu  HcwU. 

Bome  secret  di^^ust,  wliich  shocked  and  tilled  his  mind  with  J 
odiooB  suapiciotu :  which  though  I  was  often  attempdng  to  J 
heal,  and  especially  after  the  aUotment  of  his  province,  yet  I   3 
could  neither  discorer  that  his  resentment  was  so  great,  as  h   3 
appears  to  be,  from  yoar  letter,  nor  find,  that  what  1  said  bad    j 
so  great  an  effect  upon  him  as  I  wished.     I  comforted  myself    j 
however,  with  a  persuasion,  that  he  would  contrive  to  see  yos   ^ 
at  DjTrachium,  or  some  other  place  in  those  parts ;  and,  in 
that  case,  made  no  doubt  but  that  all  would  be  set  right ;  not 
only  by  your  discourse,  and  talking  the  matter  over  between 
yourselves,  but  by  the  very  sight  and  mutual  embraces  of  eoA 
other :  for  I  neen  not  tell  you,  who  know  it  as  well  as  myself 
what  a  fund  of  good  nature  and  sweetness  of  temper  there  ii 
in  my  brother,  and  how  apt  he  is,  both  to  take  and  to  forsive 
an  offence.     But  it  is  very  unlucky,  that  you  did  not  see  him; 
since,  by  that  means,  what  others  have  artfully  inculcated  has 
had  more  influence  on  his  mind,  than  either  nis  duty,  or  his 
relation  to  you,  or  your  old  friendship,  which  ought  to  have 
bad  the  most.     Where  the  blame  of  all  this  lies,  it  is  easier  tor 
me  to  imagine  than  to  write ;  beine  afraid,  lest,  while  I  am 
excusing  my  own  people,  I  should  be  too  severe  upon  your's; 
for,  as  I  take  the  case  to  be,  if  those  of  his  own  family  did  not 
mfdce  the  wound,  they  might,  at  least,  have  cured  it.     When 
we  see  one  another  again,  I  shall  explain  to  you  more  easily 
the  source  of  the  whole  evil,  which  is  spread  somewhat  wider 
than  it  seems  to  be, — As  to  the  letter  which  he  wrote  to  you 
froin  ThLSsiiliiiiicM,  and  wlmt  you  suppose  Iiim  to  have  said  of 


and  metliud  of  life  ;  wbiL<it  I  was  drawn,  by  a  sort  of  atnbition, 
lo  the  desire  and  pursuit  of  honours;  you,  by  other  maiiuis, 
'  in  BO  «vtsc  blame»Dle,  to  tbe  enjoyment  of  an  Iionuiirablo  re- 
tnot.  But  for  die  genuine  character  of  probity,  diitgencc, 
cxacuiew  of  behaviour,  I  neither  prefer  myself,  nor  any  man 
dw  to  yoii ;  and,  as  for  love  to  me,  after  my  brother  and  my 
ftwn  fiimily,  1  give  you  always  the  fintt  place.  For  I  saw,  and 
war  it  in  a  manner  the  most  affecting,  both  your  solicitude  and 
your  joy,  in  alt  tbe  various  turns  of  my  aflairs ;  and  wait  nftna 
plmsed,  as  well  with  llie  applause,  which  you  gave  me  in 
■oeces,  as  the  comfort  which  you  administered  in  my  fear« ; 
mndi  even  now,  in  the  time  of  your  absence,  I  feel  and  regret 
the  loss,  not  only  of  your  advice,  in  which  you  excel  all :  but 
of  tbat  fiimiliar  chat  with  you,  in  which  I  used  to  talte  so  much 
delight.  Where  then,  shall  1  tell  you,  tliat  I  most  want  you  ? 
m  public  aflairs  ?  where  it  can  never  be  permitted  to  me  to 
■it  idle;  or  in  my  Ubours  at  the  bar?  which  I  sustained  Iwfore, 
throagh  ambition;  but  now,  to  preserve  my  dignity :  or,  in  my 
domestic  concerns  ?  where,  though  I  always  wanted  your  help 
before,  yet,  since  the  departure  of  my  brother,  I  now  stand 
the  more  in  need  of  it.  In  short,  neither  in  my  labours,  nor 
'  Kst;  neither  in  business,  nor  retirement;  neither  m  tlie  Forum, 
nor  at  home  ;  neither  in  public,  nor  in  private  affairs,  can  I 
live  any  longer  without  your  friendly  counsel,  and  endearing 
conversation.  We  have  often  been  restrained,  on  both  sides, 
by  a  kind  of  shame,  from  explaining  ourselves  on  this  article  ; 
boi  I  was  now  forced  to  it,  bv  tliat  part-  of  your  letter,  in  which 
Vou  tbou-ht  fit  to  jii-(ity  vour-.-ir  ;irul  y.uu  way  of  life  to  me. 
but,  to  return  to  my  brother :  in  the  present  state  of  the  ill 
Irmnoar  which  he  expresses  towards  yon,  it  happens,  however, 
eonrenieDtly,  that  your  resolution  of  declining  all  employments 
dnoad,  was  declared  and  known  long  beforehand,  both  to  me  and 
roorotber  friends;  so  that  your  not  being  now  together,  cannot 
oe  ebaived  to  any  quarrel  or  rupture  between  you,  but  to 

rir  jo^^inent  and  choice  of  life.  Wherefore,  both  this  breach 
yoor  UDioD  will,  undoubtedly,  be  healed  again,  and  your 
friendship  with  me  remain  for  ever  inviolable,  as  it  has  hitherto 
been.  We  live  here,  in  an  infirm,  wretched,  tottering  Repub- 
lic :  for  you  have  heard,  I  euess,  that  our  knights  are  now 
almost  di^oined  again  from  the  senate.  The  first  thing  which 
they  took  amiss,  was  the  decree  for  callinc;  the  judges  to  account, 
who  bad  taken  money  in  Clodius's  a^r :  I  happened  to  be 
lAsent  when  it  passed ;  but,  hearing  afterwards,  tiiat  tbe  whole 
onler  resented  it,  though  without  complaining  openly,  I  chid 
tbe  lerMte,  as  1  thought,  with  great  effect ;  and,  in  a  cause  not 
'    ',  ^ke  forcibly  and  copiously,     l^hey  have  now 


174  THE    LIFE 

A.L'tke)3.    Cit.46.     Cao.— M.  Pupiiu  l^u.     M.  Vilcriiu  Me^Ia. 

another  curious  petition,  scarce  fit  to  be  endured ;  which  Ttl  I 
not  only  bore  with,  but  defended.  The  company,  who  airW 
the  Asiatic  rerenues  oi  the  censors,  complained  to  the  aemtt^ 
that,  throuf^h  too  great  on  ea^rness,  they  had  given  more  firt 
tbem  than  they  were  worth,  and  be^ed  to  be  released  fnm 
the  bai^ain.  I  was  their  chief  advocate,  or  rather,  indeed,  tW 
Meond;  for  Crassus  wna  the  man,  who  put  them  upoa  maldiig" 
diia  request.  The  thing  is  odious  and  shameful,  and  a  pnUfi  1 
coofiessiuo  of  their  rashness :  but  there  was  great  reason  to  a^ 
prebend,  that,  if  they  should  obtain  nothing,  they  would  M 
wholly  alienated  from  the  senate ;  so  that  this  point,  alaoy  wm 
principally  mantled  by  me.  For,  on  the  Ist  ajid  2nd  of  Dih 
cemher,  1  spoke  a  great  deal  on  the  dignity  of  the  two  (adef% 
and  the  advantages  of  the  concord  between  them,  and  was  beai^ 
very  favourably  in  a  full  house.  Xothing,  however,  is  yet 
done ;  but  the  senate  appears  well  disposed :  for  Metellus,  tba 
consul  elect,  was  the  only  one,  who  spoke  against  us;  thongb 
that  hero  of  our's,  Cato,  was  going  also  to  sneak,  if  tiie  short' 
Mess  of  the  day  had  not  preventeahim.  Thus,  in  pursuit  of 
my  old  measures,  1  am  supporting,  as  well  as  I  can,  that 
concord  which  niy  consulship  had  cemented:  but,  since  no 
great  stress  can  now  be  laid  upon  it,  I  have  provided  mysdf 
another  way,  and  a  sure  one,  I  hope,  of  maintaining  my  antfaiH 
rity ;  whici),  I  cannot  well  explain  by  letter,  yet,  will  give  you 
a  short  hint  of  it.  I  am  in  strict  friendship  with  Pompey — 
I  know  already  what  you  say— and  will  be  upon  my  guard,  a 
&r  as  caution  can  serve  me,  and  give  you  a  farther  account. 


OF    CICERO.  175 

A.  UriK  1*1*3.    CU".  47.    Cotfc— g.  CttxlliM*  McHlus  CVlrr.     K.  Afraiiiu*. 

Bitcliief,  by  pursuing  his  maxims  absurdly,  and  without  any 
mard  to  Cne  times  * ;  and  upon  a  review  of  the  transactions, 
wudi  had  passed  since  his  consulship,  and  the  turn  which 
the  pnblic  aflfairs  were  then  taking,  he  seems  to  foretel,  that 
the  Republic  could  not  stand  mucii  longer;  since  this  very 

Cr  baa  overthrown  the  two  main  [)illars  of  it,  which  he  had 
a  erecting  with  such  pains;  the  authority  of  the  senate, 
nd  their  union  with  the  knights  \ 

Q.  CsBcilius  Metellus  and  L.  Afranius  were  now  consuls. 
The  first  had  been  prsetor  in  Cicero's  consulship,  and  com- 
manded an  army  against  Catiline,  and  was  an  excellent  magis- 
tnte,  and  true  patriot ;  a  firm  opposer  of  all  the  factious,  and 
a  professed  enemy  also  to  Pompey ;  in  which  he  was  the  more 
heated  by  a  private  resentment  of  the  affront  offered  to  his 
sister  Mucia,  whom  Pompey  had  lately  put  away  \  His  part- 
aeri  Afranius,  was  the  creature  of  Pompey's  power ;  but  of  no 
credit  or  service  to  him,  on  the  account  of  his  luxury  and  lazi- 
ness; being  fonder  of  balls  than  of  business.  Cicero  calls  him 
a  consul,  w'homnone  but  a  philosopher  could  look  upon  without 
whing ;  a  soldier  without  spirit ;  and  a  proper  butt  for  the 
raillery  of  the  senate,  where  Palicanus  abused  him  every  day 
to  his  face :  and  so  stupid,  as  not  to  know  the  value  of  what  he 
had  purchased  *, 

By  the  help  of  this  consul,  and  some  of  the  tribunes,  Pompey 
imagined,  that  he  should  readily  obtain  the  rafificatioii  of  liis 
acts,  together  with  an  Agrarian  law,  wliieli  lit;  was  pushing 
forward,  at  the  same  time,  for  the  (li^tributiori  of  lands  to  his 
soldiers;  but  he  was  vigorously  opposed  in  tlieni  both  by 
the  other  consul,  Metellus,  and  the  generality  of  the  senate  \ 
Lucullus  declared,  that  they  ought  not  to  eonHrm  his  acts  in 
the  gross,  as  if  they  received  them  from  a  master,  but  to  con- 
sider them  separately,  and  ratify  those  only  which  were  found 

'  I'nus  est,  qui  r>ircl,  ronstaiitia  ni;ii:is  vi  iiiti-jriitaic,  r|U.'iiii.  ut  itiilii  viiiftur.  <-on>i]io 
•■•  iTJiTfijio,  Cat";  qui  jni'-eni-*  jMiblii-aiio*-,  (|U<»-.  Iialjuit  auiairl^-imos  '•iii,  trrtiuTii  j;un 
miri^ni  vexat,  iicpic  eis  a  s<-riatu  ri"si>«nsun>  ilsui  {liititnr.     A<1  Alt.  I.  IM.  it.  "J.  1. 

'■*  Na.Qi  »l  ca  hreviter,  qua-  ]ni*t  di-i4  r»sun»  tuuui  acta  ><uiit,  <  oliig:iin.  jani  « M.liinu.-*  nr- 
ff*<c  e!«t.  rc-fi  RoinaTia«  <liutius  stare  ii'iu  |ios«r. 

Si<-  ille  annu«  'luo  Hnnarnciita  Ktiimli.  jm/i  u\v  utiuid  r:rni-iiiu*:i,  cvntit  :  ii:iiu  ct  >c- 
T.atu*  auftoritatcin  aljccit.  ct  nplinuni  conccMiiiani  «liMunxit.     A«l  Alt.  1.  IJ!. 

^   M«t«-llu«  «-*t  coiij»>iI  ciiroiriu*.,  et  iios  ainat,  A.c.      M>i(I.  1«M,  \U.  *2(».     I>iu.  1.  'M.  I».  ■'-. 

*  <!jiicui  necrio  piu'lcr  rms  [ihilosuphuM  a««|>ictTf  •«inc  huspiratu  po-^iM't. 

Auli  uutcui  filiu«<,o  Dii  iinniortnlcs!  quain  iu^navu>  ct  fiiw  annim  luilt.'j!  ipiaui  digiiuh, 
qui  Paiicano,  vicut  facit,  on  ail  male  audicnduiu  quotidic  pi-a.'licat ! 

IlIc  alUrr  ita  nihil  e«»t,  ut  plant'  i[ii'u\  euicrit,  nc^riat. 

Auli  Hlius  vcn>  ita  s-o  gcrit,  ut  ejus  cotlSIllatu^  nun  con-ulatu;!'  ^it,  M-tl  nia'jni  n<>stri 
inrtriruiv^  kf.     -Xd  Att.  ilml.     Dio,  ibid. 

*  Apraria  auteni  prom ul;iata  est  a  I^'lavio,  *-aiic  lcvi>,  6l<\     A«1  Att.  1.  IH. 

AjrrahH  lex  a  Haviu  tribum*  picb.  vchcincntcr  adtabatui.  auctmi"  P<iiri|MiM: — Nihil 
fKiptilarc  fialxrhat  prater  au«:toicm.-  Iluic  loti  nitioui  iiifnuin-  m  uiituv  :.«Kci>ab:itur.  su^- 
picank  Pompcin  novnm  quandain  pulcntiain  qu.'i*ii.     Ibi'l.  ]!> 


M  W  naMcabee  '.     Bat  tii«  tribone  Flanus,  who  was  the  pn^i. 
■  irrirr  at  Ae  l>v.  bnpaiieiit  of  tfais  (^poadon,  and  iiiiiiiMlirfB 
W  Pdai|wy'>  poa-er.  had  the  hardineffi  to  commit  MetelliM  IB^ 
prino :  aod,  when  ail  the  senate  toUo«ed,  and  resolved  to  fiLif 
t»  priMa  tiMx  he  ciapt  hU  chair  at  the  prison  door  to  keep  tbcM  i 
■n :  bot  thii  rioien«e  za*'e  such  a  general  scandal  to  toe  titft  i 
ikai  Potnpey  fouod  it  adri<at>Ie  to  draw  off  the  tribuoe,  and  1 
Kiier-e  tie  e»3>ul'.     In  order  to  allar  these  heats,   Cicera  I 
tMend  an  amea-imeat  to  the  law,  whic£  satisfied  both  partio^  t 
br  secnHn^  the  p>.v<se»ion?  of  all  prirate  proprietors,  aiid  hn>>  1 
dennf  lae  public  lands  iroui  beiuz  {riven  away :  bis  pn^Nial  '. 
ns^  that  out  of  the  new  revenue^^  which  Pompey  had  acquired 
to  t^  empire,  nre  rears'  rents  should  be  set  apart  to  purcfaaw 
hods,  hx-  the  inteniW  distribution  '.     But  the  promss  of  th* 
aiui  «s$  sospended  by  the  sudden  alarm  of  a  Gallic  war, 
which  was  always  terrible  to  Rome,  and  being  now  actually 
cosmeooed  br  several  reri>li^  nations  called  for  the  inUD^ 
diate  caiv  and  anention  ot  the  eorernment  *. 

The  senate  decreed  the  two  Gauls,  severally,  to  the  two 
coasu'tf :  and  Te«:jaire>i  them  to  make  levies  without  any  r^ard 
•a  priviie^.  or  eiemptiea  Irora  sen-ice:  and  that  three  senaton 
sbould  b«  cbweit  by  lot,  one  of  them  of  consular  rank,  to  be  sen^ 
with  a  public  ciuncter.  to  the  other  Gallic  cities,  to  dissuads 
them  frvim  joining  in  the  war.  In  the  allotment  of  these  amba^ 
aadors.  the  Kr^  lot  hapiiened  to  tall  upon  Cicero;  but  the  whole 
UMmblv  remoQstratc-d  against  it.  declaring  his  presence  neceft- 
sar^'  at  Kome.  and  that  he  ou^ht  not  to  be  employed  on  suck 


OF    '.  I  .  LsL  .' 
A.  Vrb.  t>S«.    CV  47      f. .-»      -^    .-_.•-  -  _    •    -_. 

ku8,  I  suppose,  lo  rrioiDf-i.     I  ->i  --.i-  :-  «:>  ^  ni  ■:'--. -- 
Bi  uhy  as  he  is  excellent  ui  &1.  v-i-rT  r e^; -»-:•:• 

Cieeronow  finishecL  in  tie  Grr*r£  -^.-^".ifcrT.  s--'    .  ii-r  --•  .r 
nuoiner  of  Isocntes  wha:  L*  c£->  i  C'.cr-':--*.—  .    •"  "'-I-- 
of  the  Traii»ction«  oi  L>  C-.-'+r^si-:  :  l:*:  •^--   -  -■ 
with  a  desire,  if  Le  ar-cri-'i^i  ->.  -.    :.:.j^:     - 
Athens,  and  the  cities  of  Greece.     H?  i^ltI'':'^:  -    *^ft    -  l 
piecttj  at  the  same  time.  ari^^.  on  :i^  i&n-r  •^^'-r:'*.  tr  't:  .'.— :  ..*-w 
vUch  he  rallies,  a^  roueli  ^Sii  ij- »isirrL  ts-    v--*.. .  -  l* 
beanty,  bat  its  simplicity.  He  *-£■:::  'i>  c-tl  -s  :-t  a..-   -    '-  -i-.  - 
niv,  of  Rhodes,  and  beJKred  tl^:  ir  -»  -i.-:  »-:-=^^.t.--  t  m  -  •.;-r- 
ngnment,  in  a  more  e\e-jr^ii  ar.-i  ^ii'^-rr.^  r.i_- 1--      :.-:-- 
doiuas  answered  bim.  "a-ith  a  orr;  .Ir.T-.-  :.  .-.•-   --"-"j:    *  '-  ".j 
encouraged  to  rate,  by  tLe  --rr^Sil  .:  i>  :  ^.--  .  =  v^.  ,  ..-.- 
deterred  from  attempting  it.     l.  >  '    •       .-  ^.  ..-■     •*•-      - 
OQselv,  that  he  had  confuur-'io!  :::r  -_    -r  v  :r— t   *-i.-.  •:.  i.-  : 
free^  himself  from  the  l:r.p»jr:\.' 'zy     :  -i  -r    .-  -   v  -.   .1.. 
had  been  teasing  him  su  ivci-.  lu  '-r  -^ri-  •  .  •  r  *     -_  v  •  -_-  ^  - -.- 
bistory  of  his  act>\     WLat  :.e  st;.-,  :.    '▼:.--  :  •  -..•  -  j  iiit- 
tek  npon  himself,  is  that  i:  »s^-  :.  ■  i  z-i-r^^^  '•'.-  '  -'  -  ---^ 
tory;  which  make«  our  \o^  of  i:  tLr  iT^.*- :.  •"         ■  -  .-'  :.i'T 
given  a  more  exact  acct'unt  of  ti---'  r  :.'•=-*.  ::-.:   ri.-    :    v  -.^^ 
possibly  had,  in  un  eiitr-rriir.::  j        "-.  '    '-   -  ■    •   ■      .   •-     '' 
elegance;  wliicL.  not  "li!;.  ]  .    ;•-         -  -    •     -      -   .     -  -       -    - 
done  very  lii;j:hly.  liut,  a*   .  -  •     «     -. 
there  be  anv  xli'm^r  h.  y."  *   .  *     . .    • 

i>egood  Greek,  or  f-i-li't:  •-:.     j     '  .    • 

not  say  what  Lucu!!;;-?  t^il :    .       ■:  .  • 

nius,  that  lie  had  s«t!te:t"i  *  '.  •       •     •  -■  -         -.  •     .. 

to  make  it  appear  to  be  T!.e  *a.  -'-:    :    .  ;  •   ■    ■  •.      j 

of  that  kind  >iioiild  be  fuiiTi  I  ::.  :;  1  •  .    .   "    ' 

contrary  to  my  intennon  ." 

Upon  the  plan  of  tlic-Sf  rrf-:/.  !r-.  •-       ----i.    .    -  ..--    -   .. 
a  Latin  poem,  in  three  book*.  ::.  •  •■    .     -;       ••  -  •   - 

history  to  the  end  of  lii'?  »xi!e.  "r-   •    \  ■  :    "  "  -    •    -•    * 
it,  till  several  years  afr^r  :  ;:••!    ■;  :•  :      -■  ->  ^-r  .[■.         •.^■. -.  •  : 

■ 

'    >r« -If- jlii'- *.'. I. f  C'*t  I  i.'r^J^. ".•■.■■:■•  .        ■..■'■■■.-" 
'.••:.    ijii^T.^'ptr':   .:i?;.lLt.     (. -.ij  •.■.■...'..:■     .■-        ;: 

'  T:- I  j]l;i — ):ort>Ii.]a  ti/"?-'-    ■.•■";>■'■  ■•■■'•■-■-. 
.j*fi.  q*   p*]  •mjirritT.u  i.r;:>\-:-,:.*  ;   •      .*  •        .--.._  ■      •■ 

%5«l'loii!ur. —  A'l  nui  n -'.;■,;-•  ...r!    !!■   ■       1'  -■;:■-■  ■  —    .. 

Wj'-I»T.  —  ri'in    IlKHln   r,<>!j  t\:.'.^'..l\:   :. :   -   t     -  ■        -:  .  •        •■   .  ■      '-    "    ■  ■■     — 

r'ijT;t»irJ»:ivi   iivt-i-.tU:   rijii'-i:*  n;  :     '.    ■■._■■  •-■.■.  "'"" 

]un\  e.\hil»*-rc  iniii)  ii;'k]»--'i'.iiii  i:^'  ■•  ;    •.:       .\       \--    _.  . 

*  CoLninfriituiiuin  <orj-.:l:<fi- tiii  s  <.•;*•  ■    ..  :•-...■        .  :•  -     -      '  rr ' 

*^■iO•\   homini  Atiico   inirji,-  ffrn*:  i-i  ♦-?  .'  •.  .-.  .-•:•'  *  '  . 

•tpinor.  Panomii  Lucnlluv  He -iiik  r,-:  .1  .-...•'■.-•. '■  *   "  ...:'..:■'.  H.r.  : 

Lniuini-  e**e,  idcirco  larlani  qiiswl&m  *'  t-.\-  i.  i   v!.-.*.i.-        A:        :.  ■    •.■,.:  •.;: 
rj-i^m^i  ii,  me  iiDprudente  erit  et  invv.'i    H.-i.  1    i"-. 


—  y.  C-.  f-f  Murtlii'CeiM, 


tW  reMQUnent  of  ihoee  whom  lie  Uad  lashed  in  it,  for  ^n:^"  ' 
ilon«  dial  pan  rery  sparinely.  but  of  tfaiwe,  rather,  "''^I^''^ 
be  k^  not  celebrated,  ii  beins  entiles  to  mention  all  "\\^^^ 
been  «en-keable  to  him  '.  This  jiiece  u  also  \<3&%,  eitf^*^^^^ 
few  fragments,  scattered  in  ditTL-renl  jiarts  of  his  other  ^^2 
ug«-  The  three  bookt-  were  severally  inscribed  to  three  ^ gf0^. 
Miues ;  of  which  his  tirother  expresses  the  highest  appf^^j^ 
tioDi  and  admonishes  liim  to  bear  in  mind  what  Jupiter  f^U^ 
commeiHls  in  the  end  of  L'miiia,  or  tlie  second  book,  w'"'^!^ 
concluded,  probably,  with  some  moral  lesson,  not  unlike  t^ 
what  Calliope  prescribes  in  the  tliird  '. 

QnbtTM  •iitt'i  fSKt^  Tinmti  <j(it3i'i-/sii.  fitiili, 
lluintnr  :  dAjK  -jkor/iiKi.'r.  AiWci^  itmonun, 
Th»t  nsble  pnurt*.  ia  wlijili  ihvttuliw!  youih 
Wa>  tnia'd  ut  Tirw.  liVr^i.  and  tniib : 
Ib  whwh.  wbcB  fon'iil.  vou  *uih  honour  mo. 
White  Rmnr.  wiib  tnqiJrr  uij  ippluitf  look'd  on. 
Thtf  ume  pnnue:  inJ  lo^  a^h  fruniug  nar, 
A  fmb  iucmM  of  fiinc  w J  g\aty  l<m. 

He  published,  Ukewise,  at  this  time,  a  collection  of  the  pria- 
cipal  speeches  which  he  had  made  in  his  consulship,  under  the 
title  of  hht  Consular  Orations :  he  chose  to  make  a  separate 
volume  of  them,  as  Demosthenes  had  done  of  his  Philippic^ 
in  order  to  give  a  specimen  of  his  dvil  or  political  taleuls; 
bein^  of  a  different  maimer,  he  says,  &om  the  dry  and  crabbed 
style  of  the  bar,  and  showing,  not  only  how  he  spoke,  but  how 
he  acted.  The  two  first  were  against  the  Agrarian  law  of 
Rullus  :  the  one  to  the  senate,  the  other  to  the  people :  the 
third,  on  the  tumult  about  Othn  :  the  fourth,  for  Rabirius :  the 
fifth,  to  the  sons  of  tlie  proscribed :  the  sLxth,  upou  his  resign- 
ing the  province  of  Gaul :  the  seventh,  eighth,  ninth,  and 


1^47'    CiA-^CmMmUtliMmtCi^.    L.Aft«ria. 

Ill  limt  been  omtriting  all  this  while  how  to  re- 
'  nil  deMMf  b^Bi  flow  to  ghre  ma  ofiMttg  to 
which  be  Ikd  ftimed  for  that  pnrAoae.    Hii  pto- 


^  t<>  i;rt  liiiMwIf  dioMB  tribone,  uid  in  that  offioe,  to 
'^  out  of  tiic  dtj,  by  tbe  iniUieatian  of  k  law,  wUdi, 
t  irtratsgem  tt  Mber^  he  aoped  to  obtmde  apon  the 
Hut.  as  aH  patfMMa  weft  faieqidile  of  the  triln- 
ib  original  inCiiathMi,  ao  hig  fint  atep  waa  to  nadte 
I  plebeian,  b^  the  prelieece  of  an  adoptron  into  a  ple- 
',  whicb  mM  net  yet  be  done  witnoirt  the  miffing 
||^pl«.  Tliia  Mae  waa  whtAy  new,  and  contraiy  toafl 
'»:  wanting  every  ooniRtiDii,  and  serving  none  of  (he 
6  wfaicli  were  raqumd  id  genml  adopdwls ;  so  that,  on 
Tde  fint  proposiil.  It  aeemed  too  extnvagant  to  be  treated 
I  mtiomiy,  ana  wmild  aoon  hare  been  hisaedoff  with  scorn,  bad 
(  iMM  bepn  concerted,  and  privately  aopported,  bv  penona  of 
_  ^  weight  than  CImGn.  Cbot  waa  at  the  bottom  of 
i^  and  Pompoy  secretly  fimnred  it :  not  that  they  intended  to 
Tata  Cicero,  but  to  keejy  him  only  ttnder  the  lash ;  and,  if  diey 
not  draw  liim  aito  their  neasures,  or  make  him,  at  leas^ 
■t  qoiet,  to  let  Cloiftn  looae  upon  him.  The  solicitor  of  iC 
■H  noe  Merenniu^  an  ebscore,  hardy  triSAne,  who  first 
imwd  it  to  the  scnute,  and  afterwardN  to  the  people,  but  met 
wilK  no  encouragement  from  either;  for  tlie  cnn<tiil  Metelliu, 
though  brother-in-law  to  Clodius,  warmly  opposed  it';  nndde- 
cUred,  that  he  woiild  strangle  him  sooner,  with  liis  own  hands, 
than  suffer  liim  to  bring  such  a  dingrace  upon  his  f.imilv  '  =  yet 
H«rennius  persisteil  to  press  it,  but  without  iiny  vtsibfe  eflect 
IT  fiucceas ;  ainl  so  the  matter  hung  tiiroiigh  the  remainder  of 
itir  year. 

Cici;t(i  afTected  tn  treat  it  with  the  contempt,  which  it  seemed 
lu  deserve  :  sometimes  rallying  Clodiua  with  much  plea.<vintry ; 
MDetiBMS  admonishing  him,  with  no  less  gruvity:  be  told 
him,  in  the  senate,  that  his  attempt  gave  him  no  manner  of 
pain ;  and  that  it  should  not  be  any  more  in  his  power  to  over- 
turn the  state,  when  a  plebeian,  tnaii  it  was  in  the  power  of 
the  patricians,  of  the  same  stamp,  in  the  time  of  his  eousul- 
i^ip  *,     But  whatever  face  he  put  outwardly  on  this  affair,  it 

SiST™"  ™ri"'^'d  a".™  "" ' '  "**"*' "        '  "'  f"™""""-  *^  *'"'■  '^' 

PraniHtkB  ms  cum  oiMiaitciilii  prnpcdirm  npicta.     Ibiil. 

I  III,  (atem  nan  umuUl,  Md  pluir  Tnbunut  y]ch.  Rcri  vunll.     Ibii). 

*  Viiudl  pcBcIaR  MMiIIiu  impidU  et  iin)icilict.     Had.  3.  I. 

)  IM  Coum]  JDdiiteBtnD  farcre  atque  t-aiuntaii,  nt  tt  minu  [nlrrTpcliinini.  luill. 
(MB  immta  diztrit.    Pn  fMio,  24. 

*  8>S  Diqiie  BipK^MTC  diii  «w  nobii  UhonndDm,  qaod  nibilo  muit  ri  Ikjtnnim 
OMt  PMnto  Bewpab.  pnden,  qnnn  rimllibni  rjm  me  nnnilr  Patrinit  CMM  Ikitum. 
Ad  An.  3. 1. 


m3 


180  THE    LIPB 

A.  Urb.  693.     Cic.  47.     Cw.  -Q.  Cniliui  Melfllui  Cdrr. 

gave  him  a  real  uneasiness  within,  and  matlc  him  unite 
self  more  closely  with  Pompey,  for  the  benefit  of  bis  pro 
tion,  against  a  storm,  which  he  saw  ready  to  break  upoa  h  ^ 
while  Pompey,  ruffled  likewise  by  the  opposition  of  the  senati|| 
was  as  forward,  on  his  side,  to  embrace  Cicero,  as  a  peraM| 
necessary  to  bis  interest.  Cicero,  however,  imagining,  tU 
this  step  would  be  censured  by  many,  as  a  desertion  of  his  gi| 
principles,  takes  frequent  occasion  to  explain  tlie  motives  of  i% 
to  his  friend  Atticus,  declaring,  that  the  adoption  of  Oodi^ 
the  alienation  of  the  knights,  the  indolence  and  luxury  of  tkt 
consular  senators,  who  minded  nothing  but  their  fish-pmidih 
their  carps  and  mullets,  and  yet  were  all  envious  of  him,  maik 
it  necessary  for  him  to  seek  some  firmer  support  and  alliaootL 
— That,  in  this  new  friendship,  he  should  attend  still  to  whirt 
the  Sicilian  wag  Epicharmus  whispered,  "  Be  watchful,  and 
distrust,  for  those  are  the  nerves  of  the  mind '."  Oo  anothw 
occasion,  he  observes,  that  his  union  with  Pompey*  thon^ 
useful  to  himself,  was  more  useful  to  the  Republic,  by  gaining 
a  man  of  his  power  and  authority,  who  was  wavering  and  irre* 
solute,  from  the  hopes  and  intrigues  of  the  factious :  that  if  this 
could  not  have  been  done,  without  drawing  upon  himself  a 
charge  of  levity,  he  would  not  have  purchaseu  that,  or  any  othor 
advantage,  at  such  a  price ;  but  he  had  managed  the  matter  sO) 
as  not  to  be  thought  the  worse  citizen  for  joining  with  Pompey, 
but  Pompey  himself  the  better,  by  declaring  for  him. — Tha^ 
since  Catulus's  death,  he  stood  single  and  unsupported,  by  the 
..1. iulars,  in  tlic  catiso  of  [!if  aristocrucy :  tor,  as  tlie  [loel 


k.  IM.  am.    CIc  #.    OMi_l).  OwOha  Hatdln*  Cdcr.    L.  AlhaliH. 


happeued  between  m,  it  mnat  have  eansed  gnat  distarb- 

t  in  the  ReputJie;  vhidi  I  hare  guarded  Bgauut  in  iuch  a 

in«r,  thnt,  without  departing  from  my  own  maziiBa,  I  hmra 

lert^  him  the  better,  and  mde  htm  remit  Bomewhat  of  bit 

vpnfairity :  for,  yon  mnat  know,  that  he  now  speakB  (HF  my 

Cto^  which  maity  lure  been  ineenaiog  Itim  against,  modi  more 

lonously  than  li«  does  of  his  own ;  and  declares,  that  he  had 

vnly  served  tlie  state  Baecearfally,  hat  that  I  had  sared  it '. 

Wl»t  good  this  will  do  to  me,  I  know  not :  bat  it  will  certainly 

a  much  to  the  Republic.     What  if  I  coold  make  Cnear  also 

better  citizen,  whme  winds  are  now  rery  proaperoiu ;  should 

i  do  any  great  harm  by  it  ?     Nay,  if  there  were  none  who 

feally  envied  me,  but  all  were  encouraging  me  as  they  oi^t, 

H  would  yet  be  more  commendable  to  heal  the  vitiated  parts  of 

die  slate,  than  to  cot  them  off:  but  now,  when  that  oody  of 

buekls,  who  were  planted  by  me  in  my  consolBhip,  with  you 

■t  dteir  bead,  as  oar  gnard  in  the  Capitol,  have  deserted  the 

•nmie,  and  our  i-oioulm  place  their  chief  happiness  in  training 

die  lish  in  their  [HHida,  to  feed  from  their  nands,  and  mind 

mtlung  eUe ;  do  not  you  think,  that  I  am  doing  good  servtoe, 

W mannging  so,  diat  those  who  can  do  miAcnief,  will  not? 

For,  as  to  our  friend  Cato,  yon  cannot  lore  bim  more  than  I 

flo;  y«t,  with  the  best  intentions,  and  the  greatest  integrity, 

he  often  hurts  the  Republic ;  for  he  deliven  his  opinion,  as  if 

it  were  in  the  polity  of  Plato,  not  in  the  dregs  of  Romulus '. 

What  could  be  more  just,  than  to  rail  those  to  an  account,  who 

hftd  received  money  for  judging?     Cato  proposed,  the  senate 

sgreed  to  it:  tht'  knights  presently  declared  war  against  the 

KDate,  not  against  me;  for  I  was  not  of  that  opinion.     What 

more  impudent,  tlian  to  demand  a  release  from  their  contract? 

yet  it  was  better  to  suffer  that  losa,  than  to  alienate  the  whole 

<i>ieT  :  but  Cato  opposed  it,  and  prevailed ;  so  that  now,  when 

tbe  consul  was  thrown  into  prison,  as  well  as  in  all  the  tumults 

I    "bich  have  lately  happened,  not  one  of  them  would  stir  a  foot ; 

'     tiiougb,  under  inc,  and  the  consuls  who  succeeded  me,  they  had 

defended  the  Republic  so  strenuously,"  &c.  * 

In  the  midst  of  these  transactions,  Julius  Ciesar  returned 
^m  the  government  of  Spain,  which  had  been  allotted  to  him 
from  his  prsetorship,  with  great  fame  both  for  his  military  and 

^^B  ^.em.       1  1  cuim     cd«  giniUf,  mi  .1  con«rv»lB      cipu  . 

tiMW  commote,  upinvit  nemo  eorum,  quoruiu  (^  concur^g,  llemquc  CdhihIci,  quy 
pM  nw  tiierant,  Rcmpub.  dsfendrre  xilcamt.     Ibid. 


Cit.41.     (-<!■— Q.CBiliiulIelrlliuCcltT.     L.  A 

He  conquered  the  barbarous  nations  by  1 
amu,  and  avilized  them  by  hie  taws ;  and,  barine  suM 
die  whole  country,  as  far  as  the  ocean,  and  been  sunted  < 
perar  by  the  soldiers,  came  away,  in  all  haste,  to  Rome,  te  ■ 
at  the  same  titne,  for  the  double  honour  of  a  triumph  and  \ 
rmwnhhip  '  But  his  demand  of  the  first  was,  acoording  to  l| 
imial  forms,  incompatible  with  his  preteosious  to  the  aeoH  ' 
nnce  the  one  obliged  him  to  continue  without  the  cibr,  ' 
odier  made  his  presence  necessary  within :  so  that,  fiiidi^^ 
areraioQ  in  the  senate,  to  dispense  with  the  laws  in  his  &i«i|^ 
be  preferred  the  solid  to  the  specious,  and  dropped  the  trinnifK 
to  Uy  hold  on  the  consulship '.  He  designed  L.  Luoooua  M 
his  colleague,  and  privately  joined  interests  with  him,  on  oaMt 
dition  that  Lucceius,  who  was  rich,  should  furnish  money  Mft 
fici«it  to  bribe  the  centuries.  But  the  senate,  always  jnal— I 
al  hit  designs,  and  fearing  the  effects  of  his  power,  wkM 
supported  bv  a  colleague,  subservient  to  his  will,  eqmuaed  At 
other  candithte,  BibuTus,  with  all  their  authority,  and  maila  ■ 
oommoD  purse,  to  enable  him  to  bribe  as  hi^  as  bis  oomM- 
titota ;  which  Calo  himsetf  is  said  to  have  approved  *.  By  nfa 
means  they  got  Bibulus  elected,  to  their  great  joy;  a  nuui  fifa 
to  their  interests,  and  determined  to  obstruct  all  the  amUtMNM 
attempts  of  Csasar. 

Upon  Cnsar's  g^^K  ^  Spain,  he  had  engaged  Craaani 
to  stand  bound  for  him  to  his  creditors,  who  were  claoaorow 
and  troublesome,  as  &r  as  two  hundred  thousand  pounds  stef> 
ling;  -i>  miiiii  liiil   lio  waul  l<i  Ije  worth  nothing,  as  he  nier- 


w:  by  whicb  t^  OmM  m^a^  «!%•  A^m^b  to 

Fhi  agreeme-jit :  to  dn  PoM^ey  cflHl*  MSM^fe^  ■■  amaM 
«f  (b  diKnist  wliich  tke  «e«ae  bill  SmmJUaMw  mm^  liik 


If  ifcdr   (KTvene  wppogmnn  f 

Tkb   1^  cnanDoaly  oUrA  Ihe  fat  ^mmtmmti  wUA  «w 
noUnng  eUe>  in  realit>-.  but  a  InaMn^  o^NpHMy  if  llNi^ 

BWMtfy.  by  rM>l«nc«,  w^al  tfcay  ciM  aM  ahlM  W  b^ 
IWpsy't  Harf  nwdrr  w«  la  g^  Ui  aib  aa^Bid  hv  Ui^ 
iaUaeenmWup;  Cvtor**,  Wging  «7  »  PiHVCjni  ^n^ 
■  advanoe  his  o<m ;  ud  QMnA,  ta  pm  llM  anfiiM^ 
«Udi  W  covM  not  MKBisalM^  bflfa  ^fciiiii  rf  Fba- 
fwatul  tlw  v^our  of  C«ar'.  IM  C— ■  wfca  fcMii  *a 
■ebtw,  eaMJyaw.  tfat  AeiMrfiii— fci  rfk— ^aw- 
avAy  rackmnd  lo  (tiOMelf :  he  knew,  tkM  dv  aU  oaaa^  !»■ 
taea  tbe  odier  two,  l^raif)!  it  mi^  be  mHwwJ,  cmU  acfar 
In  bsalMl,  witlMMl  Inrtne  a  aecKt  jabasy  btlvua  Aaai; 
■ad  M,  by  tbdr  c«mboi<»  dc^  W  warn  ihc  ta  ariBa  feHiril 
termr  »  all  odiers,  w*,  by 


r.  he  bof»ed  to  g^m  u 
J     botii'-     To  cement  ibii  nni 

by  dK  tiM  <>f  blocMl,  a»  well  m  iaterart,  be  can 
JoBi^  a  Itatndfbl  ax>H  am<>in[riiAed  yoaag'  laoy,  ii 
[      Pomffj :  and,  rmm  lliit  i^n*.  all  tbe  Rtnao  wrii 
^^1^^  of  the  titJJ  »ii^  uU^'h  sfierw^nfa  eimied,  and  tbe  (ab- 
naaoii  of  tba  Rcpubtict  in  which  tbey  eadeA '. 


both '.     To  cement  Ibii  nniiQ,  iberMac,  Iba  man  mgm^f, 
by  ibe  tiM  <>f  blocMl,  a»  well  m  iaterart,  ba  me  Ui  imffitm 


uaiMi  Ana L'-.^i.  I.  U. 


Cicero  might  hare  made  what  terms  he  ples£>«d  «ith  th« 
triuntTirate  ;  been  admitted  even  a  partner  of  their  f««-er.  and 
aibortb  in  their  league ;  which  seemed  to  want  a  man  of  h'n 
doracter,  to  make  it  complete.  For,  while  the  re»t  were  en- 
gaged  in    their  governments,   and   tbe  command  of  annie* 


uiliam  Fmipnut  hibocni.  at  udHcb  tea  in  tiu»iBuiii»  pr^ 
'  "  I.  'piai  uiiaiArtnriiui.  h 


iherom,  bAuil  malto  povtta  raffrnturvin  hh*.     Din,  1.  37.^5, 

■  "i.  Poni|ifigiP  «  f'raiium  inil»pot™ti»»ocwtw.  qn»>irbi«limt1«. 
liveTM>  quMur  tnntArr,  *tatn  nut  fKi'ulnlit  full.  VHI   Pkl.  2.  M 
™a<n.X^H«  Crm-2.  I. 


A.  I'tb-tiSa.     Cic.47.     C'uiL— Q.  UHiliua  HMellw  Ccler     L.  J 

abroad,  his  autbority  would  have  been  of  giogukr  use,  at  )i__^ 
to  manage  the  affiiirs  of  the  city,  and  solicit  what  they  had-jj 
transact  with  the  senate  or  people.  Cseaar,  therefore,  was  e 
tremely  desirous  to  add  him  to  the  party,  or  to  enga^  h' 
lather  in  particular  measures  with  nimself;  and,  no  sot 
entered  into  the  consulship,  than  he  sent  him  word,  by  t 
common  friend,  Balbus,  that  he  would  be  governed  in  ei 
step  by  him  and  Pompey,  with  whom  be  would  endeavour  t 
join  Crassus  too '.  But  Cicero  would  not  enter  into  any  tmtf: 
gagements,  jointly  with  the  three,  whose  union  be  abhoTrBl:|| 
oor  into  private  measures  witli  Csesar,  whose  intentiont  M 
always  suq>ected.  He  thought  Fompey  the  better  citizea  «f 
the  two ;  took  his  views  to  be  less  dangerous,  and  bis  tempar 
more  tractable;  and  imagined,  that  a  separate  alliance  wnk 
him,  would  be  sufficient  to  screen  him  from  the  malice  <tf  Ui 
enemies.  Yet,  this  put  him  under  no  small  difficulty :  for  if 
be  opposed  the  triumvirate,  he  could  not  expect  to  continoa 
well  with  Pompey ;  or  if  he  served  it,  with  the  senate :  in  tlw 
first,  he  saw  his  ruin ;  in  the  second,  the  loss  of  his  credit 
He  chose,  therefore,  what  the  wise  will  always  chuse  in  radi 
circumstances,  a  middle  way ;  to  temper  his  behaviour  ao,  that, 
with  the  constancy  of  his  duty  to  the  Republic,  he  might  baT« 
a  regard  also  to  his  safety,  by  remitting  somewhat  of  bis  oU 
vigour  and  contention,  without  submitting  to  the  meannesi  <rf 
consent  or  approbation ;  and  when  his  authority  could  be  of  no 
use  to  his  country,  to  manage  their  new  masters  so,  as  not  to 
tlii'ir   jimviT    t<)  Ills   iJivn   ilostriictioii ;    which   was  all 


OF   CICERO.  18.0 

A.  Trb.  663.     Civ.  47.     CoM^g.  Cviiliu^  MitelluH  (Viii .     I..  Afniniu».. 

writes  about  them,  to  Atticus,  shews  what  a  value  he  set  upon 
dtt  preseot,  and  what  pleasure  he  expected  from  the  use  of  it. 
**  Fkpirius  Psetus,''  says  he,  **  an  honest  man,  wh(»  loves  me, 
im  giren  me  the  books,  which  his  brother  Ser>'ius  left ;  and 
Moe  your  agent  Cincius  tells  me,  that  I  may  safely  take 
ifcem  by  the  Cindan  law ',  I  readily  signified  my  acceptance 
tf  them.  Now  if  you  love  me,  or  know  that  I  love  you,  I 
beg  of  you  to  take  care,  by  your  friends,  clients,  hosts,  freed- 
■en,  slaves,  tliat  not  a  leaf  of  them  be  lost  I  am  in  extreme 
want  both  of  the  Greek  books,  which  I  guess,  and  the  Latin, 
which  I  know  him  to  have  left:  for  I  find  more  and  more 
comfort  every  day,  in  giving;  all  the  time,  which  I  can  steal 
faun  the  bar,  to  those  studies.  You  will  do  me  u  great  plea- 
ure,  a  very  great  one,  I  assure  you,  by  shewing  the  same 
diligeDoe  in  this,  that  you  usually  do  in  all  other  affairs,  which 
you  take  me  to  have  much  at  heart',"  &c. 

While  Cicero  was  in  the  country,  in  the  end  of  the  year, 

Uf  architect,  Cyrus,  was  finishing  for  him,  at  Rome,  some 

additional   buildings  to  his  house,  on   Mount  Palatin :    but 

Atticus,  who  was  just  returned  from  Athens,  found  great  fault 

with  the  smallness  of  the  windoH-s ;  to  which  Cicero  gives  a 

jocose  answer,  bantering  both  the  objection  of  Atticus,  and  the 

way  of  reasoning  of  the  architects :  "You  little  think,"  savs 

lie,  "  that,  in  finding  fault  with  my  windows  you  cond<*rnrj  tfio 

institution  of  Cyrus*;  for,  when  I  made  the  same  ohjoctiori, 

Cyrus  told  me,  that  the  prospect  of  tin*  HehU  (\i(\  not  af)p<-ar 

to  such  advantatce  through  htr^^T  livlit-.     I\,r  Irt  th*-  <*ve  !>«• 

A:  the  object  13,  C;  the  ray>   I),  E;    you  *-vi.-  the  n>t.      It 

vT-^ion,  indeed,  were  performed,  as  yoii   Kpiciir**an«*  hold,   hv 

images  flying  oft*  from  the  object,  tho^e  imat^es  woidd  he  well 

crowded  in  so  stniit  a  passage;  hut  if,  by  the  erni-^-^ion  of  rav* 

from  the  eye,  it  will  he  made  commodiou-^lv  enou:rl«-     If  von 

tind  any  other  fault,  you  shall  have  a**  jro«Kl  jl*«  you   hrinj^: 

Jinless  it  can  be  mended  without  anv  co-^t  to  me*." 

m 

C'jesar  and  Bibulus  entered  now  into  t]i<*  con>uUhi[;,  wirh 
views  and  principles  wholly  opposite  to  each  other ;  w  jiile  th«: 
senate  were  pleasing  themselves  with  their  addre-**-,  in  prrjcnrini; 
one  consul  of  their  own,  to  cheek  the  and>iTii>n  of  the  othi-i, 
'Mid  e.\p<*cting  now  to  reap  the  fruit  «»f  it.  ijut  rh<v  present  I  y 
ttiiiiid,  upon  trial,  that  the  balance  and  constitntinn  of  thi- 
Kepuldic  were  quite  changed,  by  tin?  ovi-riiearinj;  [>ow<'r  of  the 

'  Thi'  plr-f.j-iiiitjy,  uliii  ri  (  if^iu  :i-.iii-  j  ♦,  *.  ,;r  -  '.i.  •■  i  ;.:i-i,*  ■■!  .\-  v  -  -  u..".  r.*.  >-  .j.j 
T.f  <Linc  with  thai  I'f  th<-  ii  :t!i'.i  ■  i  '.],':  1  .•.\  .  -■-  J  ■  ;  ».  .i.j  •  I  ••  .i*  f;in...;..  !,:  :» i'.:,>,i.:\ 
ya-  2  ZfH-\  w.irmul  f"i  '..ikiii;:  ..ri\  \-i*  -.  !:•. 

•  All  Alt.  1.  -J*). 
kihinii'j  I'*  Mil  «•  ;«hiut'<i  ;'.iii   '.t   Xf.:.  ■;'ii'-:..  -j*;.'-:  '  v  »■,.»?  t.^iu*  . 

'  \U.\.  '2  X 


A.  tr*.  iM.     tie  U     C«.  -C  Ju-^l  KW      N.Cal|«ri 

itnr:  larf  dat  C«sar  w*s  too  »tn»n^  to  be  controlled  by^ 
ti  ifae  ^exi  >Bd  ordinary  method-  of  opposition  :  he  had  ga^  ^ 
««««  •.<<'  tW  trihuoe:!^  ot  iThom  N'atirdus  was  the  captain  of  ^^ 
HMtmarws :  wbose  ia»k  it  was  to  Hour  the  streets,  seem  1^^ 
vi^uiN  i!t  -iw  Foniai.  and  clear  it.  by  a  superior  forc^  rf  ^^>f 
«M  vmv  rrepanni  to  ofipi«e  them.  ^k 

^Otxz.ts.  in  t^  ic^nn  time,  was  pushing  on  the  aSxai  at  M^S 
■iwiri  ■  :  and  ^miaiinf  the  people  to  conlinn  the  taw, 
fet  IM  Mv^rumi  :>>r  th^  purpiKe.      The  triuinvinite  pre 
w  btf  icatBff  iL  or  ai  l^a$(  lo  *Z3bA  neuier :  bat  were  watddMv^ 
laMTv'*  B0CHO9.  in  L-'nier  to  ake  their  measures  from  his OOWk.  -: 
imtt.  w«j.-a  ^ikrT  >i:-i  mx  nod  so  obsequious  as  thev  expeenAr- 
la   ta.»  nsensi  ii  !ia£<^-[Md  that   C  Antonius.  Cicero'a  eal<  _ 
i  pMvrsed   Macedixiia  from  the  time  of  Ul . 
tarn  impeac&ed.  and  brouiffat  to  a  trial,  for  tlw 
c  o<  a»  orovince :  and,  beio^  found  guite^ 
>  nnpenuu  exile.      Cicero  was  his  adrocat% 
ML  ^  »c  <vmt.ui.  ii  isi  piendiiv.  happened  to  fall,  wiUi  hb 
ai^b.  »<iMi»-  iaat  a  oi^>aiat  oi  the  times,  and  the  oppw*- 
«M  4C  ntf  K^rocue.  is  a  ttrte  thai  was  interpreted  to  reflect 
«i«ecvn  ^mk  ;Kir  Tfvwm  rmkn.     The  stny  was  caititi 
mrsvti'r  »  C«sar.  and  rtpccsented  to  him  in  such  calooi% 
UK  M  ?««fc'*W  a.*  ;«TesKw  ii  pcesentlT  on  Cicero^  bv  bringing 
:  xni  «K  w  eaeer  in  it,  that  he  instant^ 
r  «c  ae  p^vpie.  and,  ixiag  assisted  by  Po^ 
mace  ih<-  art  lecal  sad  auspicious,  got  the 
ry  »e  ;wvvU'.  tarou^h  >U  the  forms',  within 
■trwt  Mu;:»  trvos  :m  tisK  i^'  C)cen>'$  speaking. 

^itatKii^  wW  ««»  i:^  4'.^;ur  mv  being  advertised  ol  wlwt 
Fc:   -jotice    to   Pompey,   that    he   was 


'-   h 


OF  CICEBO.  1<7 

For  hig  danger  was  brought  one  step  nearer,  by 

die  tribunate  open   to  Clodiuft.   wfaoae  next  attempt 

proiifibly  reach  home  to  him.     The^e  lav^  of  adof>tioo 

avediawD  up  in  the  style  of  a  petition  to  the  people,  after 

tfiMbwiogfomi: 

^May  it  please  yoii,  citizens,  to  onlain.  that  P.  Q'hi^xxa  he. 

liaO  XDteDfs  and  purposes. of  law.  as  truly  the  «on  of  Kon- 

if  he  were  bei^otten  of  his  body  in  lawful  nuuriaee : 

Cbat  Fonteius  have  the  power  of  life   and   death  over 

aa  much  as  a  father   lias   over  a   proper   M>n  :    thk. 

I  pray  you  to  confirm,  in  the  maniier  in  which  it  h 

I  9% 

m 

Tliere  were  three  conditions  atisolutely  neceMar\'  to  make 
HSCC  of  this  kind  regular:  first,  that  the  adupter  should  be 
alder  than  the  adoptetC  and  incapable  of  procreatintr  children, 
after  having  endeavoured  it,  without  success  vhen  he  «a» 
capable :  aeoondly,  that  no  injury  or  diminution  shouM  be  done 
ID  the  dignity,  or  the  religious  rites  of  either  family :  thirdly, 
that  diere  should  be  no  fraud,  or  collusion  in  it,  nor  any  thing 
SDoght  by  it,  but  the  genuine  effects  of  a  real  adoption.  AO 
the^  particulars  were  to  be  prenoudy  examined  by  the  college 
sf  priests;  and  if,  after  a  due  inquir\',  they  approved  the  peD- 
tioD,  it  was  proposed  to  the  suffrage  of  tlje  citizeas  living  ia 
RiMoe,  who  voted  according  to  their  original  division,  into 
thirty  curiae,  or  wards,  which  seem  to  have  been  analogous  to 
our  parishes ' ;  where  nobu*ine*s  howev»-r.  couM  h**:  transact^^. 
wkeu  an  augur  or  consul  wa«»  ^i\r<^j\\\vs  ^'i•■  ii»-av» :.-.  N-'-*.  in 
tills  adoption  of  Clo'liu^  tliero  WtL«!  \.ii^  •>:.':  «.r  •:.•-•»-  C'...'.'':*.:«  :• 
ohser\'eii :  the  colleifc*  of  {•ri-'Sl-  wa*  ::..•  •»  rr.'-.-,-.*  ::.-  y.  ,•:.•  ..•'-■ 
llie  ariop t er,  l''c»r 1 1 ei u 'i,  h.i'i  a  w  i f •:■  ?::..!  c .-^ :.'::-.: :  ^  ^-  ';  u.:-.  ? \ 
obscure  and  unknown,  ni.it  niii  tw(-i:r-.  v. ;::-  i,.  :.  •.:.•:.  f  ,'-:!  .. 
»as  thirty-five,  anrl  a  -^enat^ir.  ot  t.'n:  fi-r'.*-*'  :::•;.  ;:.  Ki  rr.«- : 
III  ir  was  there  any  tliiiiif  meant  Ijv  it.  •  .'  :  .r-.v  ♦•.•  •-..;':.■  •:,.• 
laws,  and  procure  \\\ki  triliiiiiair- :  fi^r.  •:.•■  .\T...J:z  -Ai-  ; ..  -,- -  .  r 
over,  than  C*l»»Hiii*'  wa>  ernancipaf*.-'!.  *yz  -*»■:  iVr*.-  -^r.-j,-.'.,  '>\  ;.:- 
now  father,  from  all  hi>  obiiirJiti'^n^  .      IJ  i"  •:.■-»:  o'-":. 


••*  *. '  - 


■  11:.- law^.i.--.  :-•.-:   ...1  •-•..    .  •.  :  -.r- •.  ■-. '■      .  ■  •.'.'■ 

k?:-!  ■■■!"  .:.■'.;.•.-.:.  v!       .  ■-   -          ■•■.■:■■  ■    ■        ■•    ■ 

'i'--ii-i-  j}:!-:.:.  *:..•.  v  ':«-*-.••■     ..:-•■  •       -  ■  •      ■     - 

■ViJc*  '  f  t^>  :-.<■'.  '  .*■-•.!  *.'    '■  ■■  -■.'.  ."■-  ':'•'•■;  .  •     •    .      ■'  ■  .         •  .-  ■ 

;'i  .-   '.'i.  I-'-''-  '■'      ■■.>■-■■    •.:  •..'.■'.•      */  ■ 

:■■•;•.  v=  "  ^'■■■'   -'  •  ■      '  -■  ■  ■  •  ■  -.-   ;   .  .  ■  ■  ; 

'^  ;..  ■  -!  ■.  ■;  ."  .  ■"       -■  •  '.-■•':.'      A        •-.     . 

!'.•-,„ IK         •  .     .         •;....  •   ..•    K         f'.     Ii'i.',    - 


A.  I'rt.  6!M.     Ck.  4 

nified  notliing  to  Ceesar,  who  always  took  the  shortest  wafi 
what  he  aimed  at,  and  valued  neither  forms  nor  laws,  iriiea^ 
had  a  power  sufficient  to  control  them. 

But  the  main  trial  of  strength  between  tbe  two  consub  i 
about  the  promulgation  of  an  Agrarian  law,  which  Csenr  I 
|Mvpared,  for  distributing  the  lands  of  Campania,  to  twM 
thousand  poor  citizens,  vbo  had  each  three  childreo  or  OM 
Bibulus  mustered  all  his  forces  to  oppose  it,  and  came  down^ 
the  fonim,  full  of  courage  and  resolution,  guarded  by  thre* 
the  iribuoes  and  the  whole  body  of  the  senate;  and  as  <  ~ 
Ciesar  attempted  to  recommencl  it,  be  as  often  interrupted 
and   loudly  remonstrated  against  it,  declaring  that  it  >1— — 
nerer  pass  in  his  year.      From  words  they  soon  came  to  bloitM 
where  BibuluB  was  roughly  handled ;  his  foscea  broken ;  pott 
of  filth  thrown  upon  his liead  ;  his  three  tribunes  woanded,  tat 
the  whole  party  driven  out  of  the  forum,  by  Vadnius,  at  At 
head  of  desar's  mob'.     When  the  tumult  was  over,  and  At 
forum   cleared  of  their  adversaries,  Ctesar  produced  Porapej 
and  CrasBus  into  the  rostra,  to  signify  their  opinion  of  the  law 
to  the  people ;  where  Pompev,  ^er  speaking  largely  in  pt«iH 
of  it,  declared,  in  the  conclusion,  that  if  any  snould  be  so  nardr 
as  to  oppose  it  with  the  sword,  he  would  defend  it  with  ha 
shield.     Crassus  applauded  what  Fompey  said,  and  warmly 
pressed  the  acceptance  of  it ;  so  that  it  passed  upon  the  spo^ 
without  any  brther  contradiction  *.     Cicero  was  in  the  country 
during  this  contest,  but  speaks  of  it  with  great  indignation,  in 
a  li'itiT  1.1  Ariii-ii-.  iiiid    "orKler^  ar  Pomin-y'fi  jmlicy,   in  sup- 


OP   CICIvRO.  |nW 

A.  L'rb.  694.     Cic.  48.     Con^C.  Juliui  Cvsar.     .M.  CJpuiniui  Bibulu'. 

Siair,  with  a  resolution  to  shut  himself  up  for  i!ie  roiiiuiuin^ 
t  months  of  the  year,  and  to  act  no  more  in  public  hut  by 
ik  edicts ^  This  was  a  weak  step  in  a  magistrate,  armed  with 
Mrerei^  authority;  for,  though  it  had  one  effect,  which  he 
imposed  by  it,  of  turning  the  odium  of  the  city  upon  his 
flilkagae*  yet  it  had  another,  that  ovcrl>alanced  it,  of  strength- 
ODDe  the  hands  and  nusing  the  spirits  of  the  adverse  party,  by 
iBATing  the  field  wholly  clear  to  tliem. 

As  Caesar^s  view,  in  the  Agrarian  law,  was  to  oblige  the 
populace,  so  he  took  the  opportunity,  which  tlie  senate  had 
dmnm  id  to  his  hands,  of  obliging  the  knights  too,  by  casing 
them  of  the  disadvantageous  contract,  which  they  had  long,  in 
vain,  complained  of,  and  remitting  a  third  part  of  what  they 
had  stipulated  to  pay  him':  and  when  Cato  still  op|K)sed  it, 
vidi  his  usual  firmness,  he  ordered  him  to  be  hurried  away  to 
prison.  He  imagined  that  Cato  would  have  appealed  to  the 
tribunes ;  but  seeing  him  go  along  patiently,  without  speaking 
I  word,  and  reflecting,  that  such  a  violence  would  create  a 
fresh  odium,  without  serving  any  purpose,  he  desired  one  of 
tlie  tribunes  to  interpose  and  release  hlm^  He  next  procured 
aipeciai  law  from  the  people,  for  the  ratification  of  all  Pom- 
pey's  acts  in  Asia;  ana,  in  the  struggle  about  it,  so  terrified 
and  humbled  Lucullus,  who  was  the  chief  opposer,  that  he 
brought  him  to  ask  pardon  at  his  foet\ 

He  carried  it  still  with  great  outward  respect  towards  Cicero ; 
and  gave  him  to  understand  again,  by  Hal  bus,  tliat  lu?  depended 
on  his  assistance  in  the  Agrarian  law :  but  Cicero  contrived  to 
be  out  of  the  way,  and  spent  tlie  mouths  of  Aj)ril  aud  May  in 
lus  villa,  near  Antium,  where  he  had  placed  his  cliirf  coIl«*ctioM 
of  books*;  amusing  himself  with  his  studies  aud  his  chiidreu, 
or,  as  he  says,  jocosely,  in  eouutiu;^  the  waves.  He  was  pro- 
jecting, however,  a  system  of  geogra})]iy,  at  the  retpiot  of 
Atticus,  but  soon  grew  weary  of  it,  as  a  sid)ject  too  dry  aud 
jejune  to  admit  of  any  ornaniunt'^;  aud  being  desired  aJMJ  by 

'  Ac  poj>tcro  (lie  in  scnatu  ronnuotuin,  rur  quo«|ii:iiii  rt-pi'ito,  qui  siijur  tali  ri>n 
rtrrnatkiiir-    refer  r<\    aut   ren«*tit?   tiliquiri    amlcTi-'t — in    rain    c«»ei:it    •Ir'-jw  nitininiii,    iii 

3'joad  miteMatt'  aliiiet.  <l<»nio  aUlitiis  niliil  aliml  qiiam  jK-r  tdiru  olinunrian-t.     Sm-tnii. 
.  (Jt,.  21). 
'  D:r.,  38.  fiJ.  3  piut.  Cro. 

*  L.  Lncullo,  lilK-rin^  roUtcnti  tnntiini  r-alumnianim  Dictum  iiijocit.  nt  a<I  >;(miii:i  ultro 
iij'i  acredcrt-t.    Sucton.  J.  L'tv?,.  2<K 

*  Nani  ant  fortitrr  rt-.sistcndurn  f^t  l«yi  A^iaiia-,  in  quo  <st  qua-tlani  dimiratin,  stil 
plfoa  laudis  :  anl  quio*mduin.  qni)il  rst  mm  di'-siniilc,  atqno  ire  in  Solnninni,  ant 
.Vniium  :  ant  etiani  adjuvanduui,  quod  a  uic  ainnt  Ca-'-uroni  si<:  iXjK-irtarr,  ut  n«>ii 
'lulitct.     Ad  Alt.  '2.  X 

ItviTic  aut  libris  me  dcU-cto,  qnonnn  habeo  Anlii  fcslivani  ropiani,  aut  fluotu**  nnnjoro. 

n..«. 

*  KWriira  ymoypatpiKa^  quae  constitucram,  maanum  o|ni*«  <'si, — et  lionnlr  sunt  res 
'Wficiles  ad  cxplicandum  et  ofioiiiilf  \  ne<'  tam  j)<>ssunt  iiv^i]nuynafpii<r6ai^  quam 
^idfbaiur.     11 ». 


Atticiu  bi  send  him  tlie  copies  of  two  orations,  whicli  he  fawl,- ' 
lately  made,  his  answer  was,  that  he  had  torn  one  of  them,  *ti^f 
conld  not  gire  a  copy  i  and  did  not  care  to  let  the  other  g#U 
abrokd,  for  the  praises  which  it  bestowed  on  Poinpey;  b''"'"" 
dnposed  rather  to  recant,  than  publish  them,  since  the  adoi 
of  Clodius'.     He  seems,  indeed,  to  have  been  too  apleneli  . 
present,  to  compose  any  thing  but  invectives,  of  which  kind  ht  -* 
was  now  drawing  up  certain  anecdotes,  as  he  calls  them,  of  4  j. 
secret  historv  oithe  times,  to  be  shewn  to  none  but  Atdcni^  im  'i 
tbe  style  of  Theopompus,  the  most  satirical  of  all  writers:  ferdi  4 
his  polidcs,  he  says,  were  reduced  to  this  one  point,  of  hatiaHl 
bad  citiiens,  and  pleasing  himself  with  writing  agtrinst  them :  mm 
since  he  was  driven  from  the  helm,  he  had  irothing  to  wiidi,  bof 
to  see  the  wreck  from  the  shore ;  or,  as  Sophocles  say»% 

Umder  lit  tMirr  </a  qood  nnm  roof, 
Wilk  auHl  mrtmly  ealm  aadprume  to  Jup, 
Heorlie  laid  itorm  ujhI  beatiitg  niu  inbi«l. 

Clodius,  having  got  tlirough  the  obstacle  of  his  ad(mtio■^ 
began,  without  loss  of  time,  to  sue  for  the  tribunate,  whilst  a 
report  was  industriously  spread,  which  amused  the  city  for  a 
while,  of  a  breach  between  him  and  Caesar.  He  declared 
every  where,  loudly,  that  his  chief  view,  in  desiring  that  oflBce^ 
was  to  rescind  all  Caesar's  acts ;  and  Csesar,  on  his  part,  H 
openly  disclaimed  any  share  in  his  adoption,  and  denied  hta  to 
be  a  plebeian.  This  was  eagerly  carried  to  Cicero  by  young 
Curio;  who  assured  him,  that  all  the  young  nobles  were  m 
much  incensed  against  tlieir  proud  kings,  as  he  himself,  and 
would  not  bear  iTiem  mut:Ii   \on^<ev  ;  antl  tlial  Meniniiu8 


OF  CICBHO.  191 

>.S»4,      CiE.  40.     C.H.-f;.  JultuiCnwr.     M.  ralinitii>.n  IWolii., 

ipture,  as  it  U  iihtted  iu  Cicern'ij  Wltcrs  was  Cl4Mliijs's 
an  offer,  whicii  the  trimnvirate  mailo  In  him.  of  an 
to  kine  Tijrranes;  for,  hciiiK  wpary  of  bU  iiisolcDce, 
je^ous  of  his  frrMwii)^  power,  tlioy  Wl  coiitrtved  tiiis  em- 
lynrnt  n«  8»  lioiiourabie  way  of  getting  rid  of  him :  but, 
ihe  present  coniiilion  of  the  Uvpubliv,  Ciodius  hiinw  hiti 
«<u  iiDportitnce  too  welt,  to  i]uit  his  views  at  home,  by  Ui\ 
o&t  (if  Ml  little  advantage  abroatl;  and  was  diagustetl,  tliat 
Czwi  had  not  iiami^d  him  among  the  tweoty  ommissioiitm 
^ijpointed  to  divide  tlie  Campaniau  lands;  and  resolved  not  to 
ttrfruiH  the  city,  till  lie  had  reaped  the  fruits  of  the  trihuiiat*-. 
Cicero,  mentioiung  this  alTmr  to  Atticiis,  says,  "  I  am  much 
lUtghtrd  with  what  you  write  about  Clodius :  try  all  meai)s  to 
nrch  inU>  the  bottom  of  It ;  and  send  or  bring  me  word,  whaC- 
titr  you  either  learn  or  suspect;  and,  especially,  what  he 
iaund*  to  rlu  about  the  embassy.  Before  I  read  your  letter, 
I  was  wishing  that  he  would  accept  it;  not  for  tlie  sake  of  de- 
tlin'og  a  battle  with  him,  for  1  am  in  wonderful  spirits  for 
Sghtiug ;  but  1  imagined,  that  he  wouhl  lose  by  it  all  the  popu- 
Ivily  which  he  has  gained,  by  goincr  over  to  the  plebeians. — 


Wbat  then  did  you  mean  by  makuig  yourself  a  plebeian  ? 
Wu  it  ouly  to  pay  a  visit  to  Tigranes  ?  Do  not  the  kin^  of 
Armeoia  oae  to  take  notice  of  patricians  ?  You  see  how  1  had 
been  preparing  myself  tu  rally  the  embassy  ;  which,  if  he 
slights  after  all,  and  if  this,  as  yon  say,  disgusts  the  authors 
wd  promoters  of  the  law,  we  stiiJI  have  rare  sport.  But  to 
iay  tlie  truth,  Publius  has  been  treated  somewhat  rudely  by 
tbem  ;  mocc  he,  who  was  lately  the  only  man  with  Csesar, 
cuioot  now  find  a  place  amoii^  the  twenty ;  and  after  promis- 
iog  one  embassy,  they  put  Urn  otT  with  another:  and,  while 
liiey  bestow  the  rich  ones  upon  Drusus,  or  Vatinius,  reserve 
tiu»  barren  one  for  him,  whose  tribunate  was  proposed  to  be  of 
iieh  ufte  to  them.  Warn  him,  1  beg  of  you,  on  this  head,  us 
much  as  you  can ;  all  our  hopes  of  safety  are  placed  on  their 
Wling  out  among  themselves,  of  which,  as  I  understand  from 
Curio,  some  symptoms  begin  already  to  appear'."  But  all 
this  noise  of  a  quarrel  was  found,  at  last,  to  be  a  mere  artifice, 
as  the  event  (juickly  showed :  or,  if  there  was  any  real  disgust 
among  them,  it  proceeded  no  farther,  than  to  give  the  better 
colour  to  a  re|K>rt,  by  which  they  hoped  to  unpose  upon 
Cioero,  and  draw  some  unwary  people  into  a  hasty  declaration 
of  themselves ;  and,  above  all,  to  weaken  the  obstruction  of 
C'Jodius'fl-  election  &um  that  quarter,  whence  it  was  chieSy  to 
be  ^prehended. 


19*2  THE    LIFE 

A.  Urb.  6H.    Cic.  48.    C«t.— C.  Juliui  Cmar.     M.  CiJpxiniiui  BibuloL 

Cicero  returned  to  Rome  in  May,  after  an  interview 
Atticus,  who  went  abroad,  at  the  same  time,  to  bis  estate 
Epirus:  he  resolved  to  decline  all  public  business,  as  much 
he  decently  could,  and  to  give  the  greatest  part  of  Ms  tin 
the  bar,  and  to  the  defence  of  causes ;  an  employment  all 
popular,  which  made  many  friends,  and  few  enemies ; 
be  was  still  much  frequented  at  home,  and  honourably  t 
abroad,  and  muntained  his  dignity,  he  says,  not  meanly, 
ndering  the  general  oppression ;  nor  yet  f^eatly,  consu' 
the  part  which  he  had  before  acted '.      Among  the  other  i 
which  he  pleaded  this  summer,  he  twice  defended  A.  Thermi 
and  once  L.  Flaccus ;  men  of  praetorian  dignity,  who  were 
acquitted.     The  speeches  for  Thermus  are  lost;  but  that 
Flaccus  remains,  yet  somewhat  imperfect ;  in  which,  thoi  ^ 
be  had  lately  paid  so  dear  for  speakmg  his  mind  too  freely,  w^-.: 
find  several  nold  reflectioTis  on  tne  wretched  state  of  subjection, 
to  which  the  city  was  now  reduced. 

This  L.  Valerius  Flaccus  liad  been  prsetor  in  Cicero's  co»> 
suLship,  and  received  the  tlianks  of  the  senate  for  bis  zeal  and 
vif^ur  in  the  seizure  of  Catiline's  accomplices ;  but  was  nov 
accused  by  P.  Lelius  of  rapine  and  oppression,  in  his  province 
of  Asia,  which  was  allotted  to  him  from  his  prsetorsliip.  The 
defence  consists  chiefly  in  displajring  the  dignity  of  the  cri- 
minal, uid  invalidating  the  credit  of  the  Asiatic  witnesses. 
Cicero  observes,  that  the  judges,  who  had  known  and  seen  the 
integrity  of  Flaccus's  life,  through  a  series  of  great  employ- 
ments, were  themselves  the  best  witnesses  of  it,  and  could 


OF  cicLRo.  I9;j 

.L  Trkfi'dl.     fi.-.  4rt.     0>**.     C.  Jtiliin  C.t-;ii.     M.  C"iil|mniius  lilhulnw. 

hdiboodf  and  praise,   on   the  success   of  an    impiulont  lie: 


of  the  Roman  witnesses,  who  were  pnuhiced  a^iiitst 
thouffh  several  of  them  came  anc^ry,  ficrco,  and  wll- 
B^  to  ruin  him,  yet,  one  could  not  help  observing  with  what 
ftion  and  reli^on  they  delivered  what  tliey  had  to  say ;  and 
1^00^  they  had  the  greatest  desire  to  hurt,  yet,  could  not  do 
k  far  their  scruples :  tliat  a  Roman,  in  giving  his  testimony, 
WM always  jealous  of  himself,  lest  he  shouul  go  too  far:  wcigheil 
ill  Us  words,  and  was  afraid  to  lot  any  thmg  drop  from  him 
too  hastily  and  passionately ;  or  to  say  a  syllable  more  or  less 
tku  was  necessary  ^     Then,  after  showing  at  large  by  what 
MHidalous  methods  this  accusation  was  procured  agsiinst  Flac- 
Mil  aad  after  exposing  the  vanity  of  the  crimes  charged  njioii 
Um,  toucher  with  the  profligsite  characters  of  the  particular 
witnesses,  he  declares,  that  the  true  and  genuine  Grecians  were 
•Hon  Flaccus's  side,  with  public  te!>ti monies  and  decrees  in  his 
finrour.     "  Here,*' says  he,  "you  see  the  Athenians,  whence 
hamanity,  learning,  religion,  the  fruits  of  the  earth,  the  rights 
aad  laws  of  mankind,  are  thought  to  have  been  first  propa- 
gited;  for  tlie  possession  of  whose  city,  the  gcnls  themselves  are 
tttd  to  have  contended,  on  the  account  of  its  beauty :  which  is  of 
•0  great  antiquity,  that  it  is  reported  to  have  brought  forth  its 
own  citizens,  and  the  same  spot  to  hav(»  been  their  parent,  their 
nurse,  and  their  country;  and  of  so  groat  authority,  tliat  flu* 
broken  and  shattered  fame  of  Orerro  depends  now  "singly  on  the 
credit  of  this  city.      Here  also  are  the  F^aeedaMjionians,   v.  Ihjsc 
tried  and  renowned  virtue  was  eonfirined   not  onl\  \)\  nature, 
but  by  discipline ;  who  ah)ne  of  all  the  nations  u])on  earth,  have 
subsisted  for  above  seven  hundred  years,   without  any  ehan^<* 
in  their  laws  and  manners.      Nor  ean    I   pass  over  the  eit\  of 
Marseilles,  which  knew  Klaccus  wlien  first  a  ♦*ol(li(  r,  and  afffr- 
wards  quaestor;  the  gravity  of  whose  (li»ei|)Iine  1  think  jjnfer- 
able,  not  only  to  (freece,  but  to  all  other  eitie>;  whicrh,  tliou^h 
separated  so  far  from  the  coiuitry,   the  eusfouis,  and  the   i;in 
a^uage  of  all  Grecians,  surrounded  by  the  nation**  of  (Janl,  .jid 
washed   bv  the  waves  of  barbarism,  is  so  wisely  iiovcrrnid    bv 
the  councils  of  an  aristocracy,  that  it  is  easier  to  praise  tjirir 
constitution,   than   to  imitate  it"."     One   part  of  thr  charirj. 

■  Pro  FTarro,  i.  5.  This  rliarartor  of  tlio  (iurk  .'iikI  |{(itn:iii  witru--*-  i-  i^mtl, 
azre<-dble  to  wlial  INiljhiiis,  thonpli  liinistll'  :i  (Jn-ci.'Ui.  liri'l  lonir  lu  Inn- oK  r\(.|  il.-i* 
Thii*p.  whft  in:iii:iC''d  ihc  pnMir:  morn"V  in  (iiccro.  tliou'jli  thi'\  <j.ivi'  cvi  i  ^d  in.itu  Imhk'' 
ujW  »jirctiif»  for  tlieir  lieliavionr,  roul<l  not  Uv  iniJumi  !••  ;u  t  lioin'!l\.  oi  pi.  .  i-i  iIhji 
fciith.  in  the  (•«•«.■  even  of  a  .Hiii|:le  tJilcnt  :  w}M;r«a«i.  in  Koin«\  out  of  pi  ii  i<  ■rr«ii«i  •«! 
5hf  Mnctitv  of  an  oatli,  thfv  wen*  nrvrr  knoMn  to  \iol;itr  tlnir  tni'-t.  tli'>M;li  in  Jin- 
manik^mcnt  of  tin*  }(rc'ate«»t  «>nnis.  [Polyh.  I.  H.  p.  -lUii.]  Tlii-  vv:i-i  «•  i<.'iinl;.  U*i'  of  iln: 
oJd  Kcpiihlio  ;  hut  \v»*  irmsl  make  j^ivat  allowrmrr  for  tlir  l:inu'n:i'/«-  of  tin-  l»ii.  ••. In  n  v\r: 
*inH  C'ii:en>  applyinj;  the  Mnw  int«'trnt\  ami  ir.;:ii«l  to  im  oath  to  tli»  i  h:'i:u  >«i  ol  l.i-  o^n 
tinio^.  '  -  Tro  I-'hirro.  'J'j. 


A.  I'rb.  6»i.     Lie.  4S.     Coo.— C.  Jiiliui  Cnu.     M.  C'llpuniiiu  Bibuliu. 

Off^nst  Flaccus,  was,  for  prohibiting  the  Jews  to  carry  oi 
bu  province  the  gold,  which  they  used  to  collect,  annn 
through  the  empire  for  the  temple  of  Jerusalem ;  all  whk 
seized  and  remitted  to  the  treasury  at  Rome.     The  di 
itself  seems  to  imply,  that  the  Jews  made  no  mean  fignn 
this  time,  in  the  empire;  and  Cicero's  answer,  thoueh  it 
trays  a  great  contempt  of  their  religion,  through  his  igDoM 
of  It,  yet  shows,  tliat  their  numbers  and  credit  were  very  4 
siderable  also  in  Rome.     The  triut  was  held  near  the  AaM 
steps,  a  place  of  great  resort  for  the  populace,  and  partimb 
for  the  Jews,  who  used  it,  probably,  svt  a  kind  of  exchangei 
general  rendezvous  of  tlieir  countrymen :   Cicero,   therel 
proceeds  to  say,  "  It  was  for  this  reason,  Lselius,  and  for 
sake  of  this  crime,  that  you  have  chosen  this  place,  and  all  1 
crowd,  for  the  trial :  you   know  what  a  numerous  band 
Jews  are;  what  concord  among  themselves;  what  a  bustle  A| 
make  in  our  assemblies.     I  will  speak  softly,  that  the  judgi 
only  may  hear  me ;  for  there  arc  people  ready  to  incite  tba 
against  me,  and  against  every  honest  man  ;  and   1  would  a 
willingly  lend  any  help  to  that  design.     Since  our  gold  At 
is  annually  carried  out  of  Italy,  and  all  tlie  provinces,  in  d 
name  of  the  Jews,  to  Jerusalem,  Flaccus,  by  a  public  e<fii 
prohibited  the  exportation  of  it  from  Asia ;  and  wiiere  is  tim 
a  man,  judges,  who  does  not  truly  applaud  this  act?     tk 
senate,  on  several  different  occasions,  but  more  severely  in  n 
consulship,  condemned  the  exporlation  of  gold.     To  withstan 
this  barbarous  superstition  was  a  niece,  therefore,  of  lamldU 


t  Aqr  to  be  hM  w  nmr:  mee  they  hsTe  lat  t»  see,' 

^  BniWi  wlnt  aoaaim  they  Imtc  of  « :  and,  by  tbeir 

f  eMqnered,  bow  Mr  tbey  are  to  the  godi '."     Hie  pio- 

b  in  tbe  last  placp,  to  •how,  what  be  bad  intiniated  in  tbe 

J,  that  tbv  n-al  aim  of  tbis  trial  waa  to  Mcrifice  tboae 

I  "ngnaiix^i  itxnaaetvei  igBiiMt  Catiline,  to  the  naliGe 

I  lervoge  of  the  s«<litioai ;  and  pnts  the  ivign  in  mind, 

~  be  bSe  of  the  cit>',  ud  tie  aafe^  of  ail  honest  men,  now 

I  on  tbt^r  nhduMi-n:  that  tbev  mw  in  what  an  unBcttled 

IT  thin{^  wvK,  and  vimt  a  turn  toor  afiUn  had  taken :  tbal^ 

f  manT 
»  eontrinnf;, 

i  might  b 


iin{^  wt!r«,  ana  whb  ■  mm  ineir  anana  nao  tanen :  cnai^ 
'  manT  otli«t  acts,  wbidi  eertain  men  had  done,  tbeyvere 
mtrinnf;,  thiii,  by  tbe  votea  and  dednona  of  the  judgea, 
hmcflt  niau  might  be  nndooe :  that  dieae  jodires,  indeed. 


my  iaadable  iadgmenla  in  &n«r  of  tbe  Repnblie; 
r  acanwt  th«  wit-ketmev  of  the  eonspiniton :  ye^  some 
le  ucmebt  lfi«  Rt-pnblic  not  yet  anffidently  chained,  till 
citizens  were  inndTed  in  the  nme  punishment  with 
wane  "C.  A  moiling"  si^  he,  "is  already  oppremed; 
it  be  M>:  be  bad  apecnltar  inbmy  upon  htm:  yet,  even 
"  I  may  be  allowed  to  say  i^  would  not  have  been  con- 
•d  by  yon :  tipon  whose  emid^nnation  a  Mpuldire  was 
•A  up  to  Catilme,  and  oelebiated  with  a  feast  and  oon- 
?  of  our  auducious  and  domestic  enemies,  and  funeral 
performed  «i  him  :  now  the  death  of  Lentulus  is  to  be 
revenged  on  Flaceits;  and,  what  mnrc  Ri;reeable  ttacriRce  can 
jTBU  offer  to  liitn,  tiiaii  by  Flaccus's  blood  to  satiate  his  deteg> 
nUe  hatred  of  us  alK'  Let  us  then  appease  tlie  manes  of 
Lentolus;  pay  tlie  last  honours  to  Celhe^u));  recall  tbe  ba- 
aished  ;  nay,  let  me  also  be  punished  for  the  excess  of  my  love 
to  my  conntry:  I  am  already  named  and  marked  out  for  a 
trial :  hare  crimes  fiir;rcd;  dangers  prepared  for  me;  which,  if 
they  bad  attempted  in  any  other  method,  or  if,  in  tbe  name  of 
tbe  people,  they  !ia<l  i^tured  up  the  unwnry  multitude  against 
me,  I  conltl  better  have  borne  it ;  but  it  is  not  to  be  endured, 
that  they  should  think  to  drive  out  of  the  city,  tbe  authors,  the 
leaders,  the  champions  of  our  common  safety,  by  the  help  of 
flenuors  and  knights,  who,  with  one  mind  and  consent,  as- 
sisted so  greatly  in  the  same  cause.  They  know  the  mind  and 
rnriinstion  of  the  Homun  people :  the  people  themselves  take 
all  possible  occasions  of  declaring  it :  there  is  tio  variety  in 
their  sentiments  or  their  language.  If  any  one,  tiieretbre, 
call  me  thither,  I  come  ;  I  do  not  only  not  refuse,  but  require 
the  Koman  people  for  my  judge :  let  force  only  be  excluded ; 
let  swords  and  stones  be  removed ;  let  mercenaries  be  quiet ;  let 


196  THE    UFE 

A.rrfc.GM      Cic.ia.     C«.— C.  Juliiu  Chu.     M.C^ilpanii 

slcres  be  KJleiil;  and  when  1  come  to  be  lieanl  Tor  i 
time  will  not  be  k  man  so  imjuat,  if  he  be  free  and  a  c 
wbo  will  not  be  of  opinion,  that  they  ought  to  vote  me  re 
radier  than  punishment '."  He  concludes,  by  applying  1 
atit,  aa  usual,  to  move  the  pity  and  clemency  of  the  I 
towards  the  person  of  the  criminal,  by  all  the  topics  proi 
excite  compassion  ;  the  merit  of  his  former  services ;  the  n 
of  his  bmily ;  the  tears  of  his  children ;  the  discouragem 
die  honest;  and  the  hurt,  which  the  Republic  would  sof 
being  deprived,  at  such  a  time,  of  such  a  dtizen. 

Q.  Cicero,  who  succeeded  Flaccus  in  the  province  of  jj 
was  now  entering  into  the  third  year  of  his  govemmen^  * 
Cicero  sent  him  a  most  admirable  letter  of  advice,  abMt^ 
administration  of  his  province ;    fraught  with   such  exoa 
precepts  of  moderation,  humanity,  justice,  and  laying  i 
roles  of  governing,  so  truly  calculated  for  the  good  of  manl 
that  it  deserves  a  place  in  the  closets  of  all  who  govern,  M 
especially  of  those  who  are  entrusted  with  the  commandl 
foreign  provinces;  who,  by  their  distance  from  any  immedfa 
control,  are  often  tempted,  by  the  insolence  of  power,  to  W 
of  great  oppression. 

The  triumvirate  was  now  dreaded  and  detested  by  all  ltd 
ot  men :  and  Pompey,  as  the  first  of  the  league,  had  the  ft 
share  of  the  public  hatred :  "  so  that  these  affecters  of  pop 
larity,"  says  Cicero,  "  have  taught  even  modest  men  to  hia' 

he  imei.jlii.^.i  ini(i  prou'i.t^i  ^l^faill^^  ail  tlifir  acts.     'I'liese  edii 


and  draif  kn  ovt  bj  I 

mMB  i^  Aoocb  1 

tile  all  the  wmU\  diJ&Ml,  hBMitadi  ud  talked  kmllr 

it  these  proceed  ii>|rs :  aai^  abore  all,  fowg  Ctaio,  at  Ab 

'  thr  ynun^  iioliilin-;  **  jet^  we  wek  bo  naedr,"  Hya 

u  UmtDgfa  3  peBazrioB}  that  then  k  bb  icnm^  hm 

rimrpciiow'." 

I  ioclinadotn  of  ibe  paanla  were  ■bawI^  cUefly,  aa  be 
<,  bi  Lbe  theatres  and  pablk  dhow*;  whera,  wbcn  Cmmr 
,  he  was  received  otjn  witb  a  dead  mikmmti  bat 
^  Corio,  who  folinwed  nha,  appeared,  ae  waa 
f  tnctl  w  be  in  t)ie  bewht  of  bi»  glory. 

1  playa,  Dipiiil  ^l^  ne  tt^ediaa,  bappeoiu^  ta 
■  fBaagvB,  ID  lii«  |>ar^  wUcb  — 
HC«r  Of  Pompry,  lie  vm  forced 


M  dapped,  aa 
And  IB  tba 


were  tbovbt  U 
Id  repeat  tben  a 


t  of  which  sentenced,  lbe  wbele  t 
rii^  uul  clafijiiiig,  itiat  tbey  could  bardly  be  qvieud'. 
tnpey  was  ^ratly  ^liockfid,  to  find  biaiBelf  nUen  to  low  in 
c  esicrm  of  llie  city  :  liv  had,  bilberto,  lived  in  the  miist  ut 
I  S'*")'*  ^'  u"^''  ^trarit;c-r  lo  di^raoe,  which  made  him  tlie  inare 
Impatinit  noder  so  mortifying  a  change :  "  I  could  »icarce 
renazB  from  tears,"  says  Cicero,  "  to  »ee  what  aii  abject, 
paltry  fif^ure  he  made  in  the  rostra,  where  he  never  used  to 
appear,  but  witb  universal  applause  and  admiration :  mvaiily 
kannpnng  sgainBt  the  edicts  of  Bibulus,  and  displeaisiiig  not 
anly  ojb  audience,  but  himself;  a  spectacle,  a^eeable  to  none 
■a  mtich  as  to  Crassus;  to  see  him  &llen  Mt  Tow  from  buch  a 


,    D  mcdSchui  Dollm  KAcnlur.  d^   .    ._ 

Ktnnur.    Ad  AU  2. 3). 

1  Diphilai   Tn^csdul   in    D«trnm   Pompdnin   prlnlinUr 


inli  Pompcv.  I"  iwinl  liini  u'll  to  iht 

,_j ji'Ci)>u«;  nhilhtr  C»«r  wnt  u  rxprm  to  him.  in  all  Luic.  to 

■HDHDt  Ud   witb  whu  hu  puHii,  and  to  call   him,  probably,  lo  Romr.     Val. 
=^1.  6.  2. 


THE    LIFE 


A.  Urb.  694.     <it.  4«.     I'gw.— C,  Jiiliii>  fi 


L'utpuniiiu  Bibolm 


height: — and  aa  Apelles,  or  Protogenes,  would  have  I. 
grieved  to  see  one  of  their  capital  pieces  besmeared  wiAi  • 
so  it  waa  a  real  grief  to  me,  to  see  the  man,  whom  I 
painted  with  all  the  colours  of  my  art,  become  of  a  suddi 
deformed;  for  though  nobody  can  think,  since  the  a& 
Clodius,  that  I  have  any  reason  to  be  his  friend,  yet  my  II 
for  him  was  so  great,  ihat  no  injury  could  cfTace  it  ." 

Ceesar,  on  the  other  hand,  bejjan  to  reap  some  part  of  t 
fruit,  which  he  expected  from  their  union  :  he  foresaw,  fil 
the  fint,  that  the  odium  of  it  would  fali  upon  Pompev;  4 
benefit  accrue  to  himself:  till  Pompey,  gradually  amU 
under  the  envy,  and  himself  insensibly  rising  by  the  powetJ 
it,  they  might  come  at  last  to  act  upon  a  level :  or,  as  Ho 
States  the  several  views  of  the  tliree,  Csesar  wanted  to  acqui 
Craasus  to  increase;  Pompey  to  preserve  his  dignity*, 
that  Pompey,  in  reality,  was  but  tne  dupe  of  the  other  t 
whereas,  if  he  bad  united  himself  with  Cicero,  and  thro 

him  with  the  senate,  whither  his  own  and  his  country's  inte ^ . 

called  him,  and  where,  from  the  different  talents  of  the  ma^„^ 
there  coald  have  been  no  contrast  of  glory  or  power;  he  mnit- 
bave  preserved,  through  life,  what  his  utmost  ambition  seemed 
to  aim  at,  the  cliaracter  not  only  of  the  first,  but  of  the  bert 
citizen  in  Rome :  but,  by  his  alliance  with  Csesar,  he  lent  hi* 
authority  to  the  nursing  up  a  rival,  who  gained  upon  him  du^ 
in  credit,  and  grew  too  strong  for  him,  at  last,  in  power.  The 
people's  disaffection  began  to  open  his  eyes,  and  moke  him 
sensible  of  his  error;  which  he  frankly  owned  to  Cicero,  and 
seemed  desirous  of  entering  into  measures  with  him  to  retrieve 
it*.     He  saw  himself  on  the  brink  of  a  precipice,  where  to 


A.  lib.  6»1.    Cm.  48.    I'uM.— L.  Juliut  L'HU.     M.  l'*l|Hui„ut  BilwlM 

Cnsar,  however,  unwilling  to  let  the  matter  drop  «o  4 
brooght  him  out  again  the  next  A&y,  and  produced  Lim 
people  in  the  rostra;  and,  in  that  place,  where  Bil>iilus,  t 
consul,  durst  not  venture  to  shew  himself,  e.xhibiteil  ihi^  n 
as  his  puppet,  to  utter  whatever  he  should  thinh  (it  to  im, 
Vettius  impeached  several  here,  whom  he  had  not  named  bcf^ 
in    the  senate;   particularly   Lucullus  and  Domitiu^i    lie  ilK 
not  name  Cicero,  but  said,  that  a  certain  senator,  of  gre^^^ 
eloquence,  and  consular  rank,  and  a  neighbour  of  the  cuiisutf? 
had  told  him,  that  the  times  wanted  another  Brutus,  or  Al 
When  he  had  done,  and  was  going  down,  being  called  I 
again,   and   whispered    by    Vatinius,    and   then    usked,  alot 
wkeihcr  he  could  recollect  nothing  more,  he  faither  dccla 
tliat  Piso,  Cieero's  son-in-law,  and  M.  Laterersis,  were.  aU 
privy  to  the  design'.     Dut  it  happened  in  this,  an  it  con 
does  in  all  plotii,  of  the  same  kind,  that  the  too  great  eagen 
of  the  manners  destroyed  its  effect:  for,  by  the  e.xtravagand 
to  which   it  was  pushed,    it  confuted  itself;    and  wits  enb 
(ained  with  so  general  a  contempt,  by  all  orders,  tliat  Cae 
was  glad  to  get  nd  of  it,  by  stnmgling  or  poisoning  Vettiill 
privately,  in  prison,  and  giving  it  out,  that  it  wns  done  by  thti  \ 
conspirators '.  J 

Tne  senate  had  still  one  expedient  in  reserve  for  mortifying  1 
Ctesar,  by  throwing  some  contemptible  province  upon  him,  a' 
the  expiration  of  his  consulship ;  as  the  care  of  the  woods  o 
the  roads ;  or  what  should  give  him  at  least  no  power  to  molest  I 
them*.  The  distribution  of  the  provinces  was,  by  andenC 
usage  and  express  law,  their  undoubted  prerogative,*  whidi 
had  never  been  invaded,  or  attempted  by  tne  people*;  so  thit 
this  piece  of  revenge,    or    rather  self-defence,   seemed    to   be 


y.'.o  particular;..  »:.■ 


thai    1.1 


:.i.e<:  troiii  you; 
I  want  you  f 
'.-..Z  veiore  he  M 
.is  T:i<U  yon  idk 
t.iv :  it  coming,  B 
*:^^-^*  I  lay  on  f 
.   I'::    vour   Ion  • 


-  *  .  ..  .■  :■.  :::  :!.>  ar'air,  wa.^  ti>  Mibdu«  (SetP 
■>:r^—  '.r.:  *■■  I'^r.  ;ij  :ii  tVirvi;  liim  lo  a  depeudyi 
z  :r  »  :,.-.  t:.:.  •■i'l.i.r  i.i-  m^i-  [Tii-jieiy  encooiMh 
:■■  r  ->  .■:  :.-.:v..  -.c  n\ii  )ir<i]iii>iti:r  oxj^ttlients  to  ^M 
■\.-^r.:\  ':.v  "rfrriii  to  juil  liiiii  into  tho  commiMiM 
:  „:;■  ;  :;.f  IjhiU  of  Cani|iaiiia.  with  wliich  twenty  I 
I -'.«!.  »«nati>rs  u'l-re  char^uil :  liiit,  !i«  it  was  an  iufili 

ir.'.i-  thi'  [>iai.v  ot  rnie  di-ceast'd.  anil  not  an  origan 
iv'.n.  CiciTO  ilici  not  tliink  it  for  hU  diifnitA-  to  nuay 
>^c-i.  on  liiiv  ucnmnt.  tu  lioiir  n  p:iri  In  an  afiiirK 

iiC  thi'n  utlere)!.  in  the  tniK>t  uhlifiiif  manner)  to 
s  or.e  of  Lis  lieiil^nants  in  (iiml.  and  jiressed  it  enw 
>.T,  'ini :  which  was  both  a  sure  and  honourable  mr 
■.-r  -^.t  i-lan^cr.  and  nhm  he  might  have  made  use  o^ 
■;.  j."  ::  *tneii  Lis  purpiwo.  without  embarrassing  liin- 
i.c  t;,;:y  or  it':  yet  Cieero,  after  some  hesitation, 

:'::»  .iX*.  He  h~.i«  uuuiilinir  to  one  the  obligation 
:\:\.  10  a:iy  maTi.  and  much  more  to  Cspsar:  being 

;:'  i\»-*:!>le.  to  ilefend  himx'lf  by  his  own  strriigtli ;  m 

c.ifi.\  !;ave  done,  if  the  triumvirate  would  not  hare 
Lti:ist  tiini.  Hut  this  stiffness  so  e?Eas|>emred  Csesu', 
re^ilved  iinmeiliiitely  to  assist  Clodius.  with  all  his 


204 


THE  LIFE 


A.l'Hi.694.    Cic.4S.    r«.— ('.  JuliutCVur.    H.C«l|>unii< 
picion  of  violence.     His  n-ife,  the  sister  of  Clodius,  a  li 
intrij^iiig  woman,  was  commonly  thought  to  have 
him ;  as  wt II  to  revenue  his  opposition  to  all  the  at 
her  brother,  as  to  gain  the  greater  liberty  of  pnrauing  her  tf 
amours.     Cicero  does  not  scruple  to  charge  her  with  it^  inl 
speech  for  CVliu-s  where  he  gives  a  muvine  accouot  d  m 
dead)  of  her  huKbaTid,  whom  lie  visited  in  his  last  mon 
whet),    in   brokon,    fidtering  accents,    he   foretold  tlie  i 
which  was  ready  tu  break,  both  ujioii   Cicero,  and  the  ] 
public;  and,  in  ihc  midst  of  his  agonies,  signified  it  to  be  kl 
only  concern,  in  <lying,  that  his  friend  and  his  country  sT 
be  deprived  of  his  help  at  so  critical  a  conjuncture '.  ? 

By  Metellus's  deaUi  a  place  became  vacant  in  tlie  collegi^ 
of  Augurs:  and  though  Cicero  was  so  shy  of  accepting  aoj  { 
favour  from  tlie  triumvirate,  yet  he  seems  inclined  to  hart  '■ 
accepted  this,  if  it  had  been  onered  to  him,  as  he  intimates  ia  ' 
a  letter  to  Atticus.  "  Tell  me,"  saj's  he,  "  every  tittle  of  news 
that  is  stirring;  and  since  Nepos  is  leaving  Home,  who  it  tO 
iiave  his  broUier's  augurate,  it  is  the  only  thing  with  whidi 
they  could  tempt  me.  Observe  my  weakness!  But  what 
have  I  to  do  with  such  things,  to  which  I  long  to  bid  adieu, 
and  turn  myself  entirely  to  philosophy  ?  I  am  now  in  earnest 
to  do  it;  and  wish  that  I  had  been  so  from  the  beginning'." 
But  his  inclination  to  the  augurate,  at  this  time,  was  nothing 
else,  we  sec,  but  a  sudden  start  of  an  unweighed  thought ;  no 
•ooner  thrown  out  tlian  retracted:  and  dropped  only  to  Atdcua, 
to  whom  he  used  to  open  all  his  thoughts,  with  the  same  free- 
dom, with  which  they  offered  themselves  to  his  own  mind ' : 


ID  curia,  qiuuii  in  rMtrii,  qoim  in  Renb.  flnniiiMt. 


w  to  Iw  m  s  Cottcmv  c 


I,  ihK  h«  aUt  Wr  kid  lln  my  ^(«M^  V 

M(*«ur  fe;  ■qr>«akllvtoa«i^ 

t  be  %mwt  ^tk  fae^  k  «n,  Ite  W  h^ 

^ach  iiiwij  iMletd.  ta  Wre  beea  Ae 

■  dwBefa  he  «a  wiAta  tvn^  hOcs  of  tlame,  nc 

r  stirred  from  hk  wttrtaa,  to Mlidt  or  iffii  liiiiiy'rii 

I  rtich  he  must  aectinniljr  have  ifaf  ,  if  had  ■■]■  nal  dcare 

Cicero'*  f<Mtnnes  sea 
I  Im  en«Die«  were  gaiijnp  mmd  iqwa  kim,  wad  any  a 
I  (F  bdp  from  the  ne«  ■watitfes  HMt  taiii  the  «csfe  to  Ui 
I  mla.     CutMlus  u«ed  t4  tdlkm,  dot  be  kad  do  cbmc  I 
I  tmj  Uitnu :  for  diat  t 
[  Irisi :  aoti    Rome  had  i 
I   gnbcr,  except  in    Citioi^i  tmimjr*. 
come;  and    Hurae  iaw,  in  on  Tear,  i 
More,  in  peaceful  tinm,  nnee  Ua  foonditioii — two  | 
Men  adraDced  to  that  h^  digmtjr. 

These  were  L.  Calpnraiiw  Fim  and  A.  Gabbtioa;  tbe  ooe, 
tke  GuJier-ia-law  of  C^ar;  tbe  other,  the  atatare  of  Pnaptj. 
Before  tbeir  entrance  into  offc^  Gmo  had  eooerived  gnat 
lopes  of  tbem,  and  n«t  witboot  reaooa ;  ftr,  by  tbe  Bamajge 
rf  his  dat^bter,  he  waa  ^Ked  to  Fim ;  who  eonliBiied  to  gire 
Ub  iU  tbe  marks  of  bis  umfideuce,  and  had  cnqdoyed  him  in 
ftb^lite  election,  to  picaide  orer  the  rolei  of  the  h  ailii^-  een- 
tny:  and,  when  he  entered  into  his  office,  on  the  mat  of 
JMiDUTi  mked  his  pinion  the  third  in  the  senate,  or  the  next 
dttr  I^nnpey  and  Crassus*:  and  he  might  flatter  himself  also, 
probably,  that  on  account  of  the  influence  which  they  were 
',  they  would  not  be  very  fortfard  to  declare  them^elres 
Bt  him  *.  But  he  presently  found  himself  deceived  :  for 
lodios  had  already  secured  them  to  his  measures  by  a  pri\-ate 
contract,  to  procure  for  them,  by  a  grant  of  the  people,  two  of 


Ml 


erdotiam  dcoiqut,  mm,  qumudmuliiiii  ir  fxittinun  irbitiw.  nnn  didicill 
populique  Boaumi  dcmejudicia  inicnnlcK.     tjiqat  H  Aupa  jxHin  fieri  ri 


n  Rcpiib. 


Ad  Qui! 


qnod  ait«A  nfgltreTam.     Ep.  fkni.  15.  _. 

*  AudKnm  ei  akpinidaniiia  homiiie-^.  Ci 
bnDL,  duofl  Tero  DuuquizD  pott  Rouum  condiUi 

COOBII^^    'p^T^i"^"     ""      """""^ 

*  Ccnuulo  K  optima  «l 
Td  miRricon  me  iffinei 

pcvfcc«ni;  qiwiQ  kKleadit  jBimiriil  trtlio  Loco  KntenlUm  rogaru,  coDitrtcLuta  iniLDLrii 
Bdpob.  Uadidiili.     P»t  ml.  in  Sen.  7.     In  I^a.  3.  6. 

*  Th«  Mlbor  of  ihe  Exile  of  Cicm,  lo  •ggi»™te  the  prrtidy  of  C^niui,  tell)  ll^ 
thftt  Cicrm  hid  defcDded  him  In  m  I3|utu  cusv,  uid  produrr^  k  fnicmmt  uf  the  omian  : 
bnt  benktUkc*  Ihc  lime  of  tbeftctj  for  that  defence  nt  nol  made  till  icTcnl  fnn 
after  tUa  eootiikhip ;  *•  m  (hall  tee  bercaner.  in  ita  pmper  place.  Hiit.  de  I'Eiil  da 
Cic.p.  IIS. 


the  best  governments  of  tlie  empire;  for  Piso,  Macedonia,  witti 
Greece  and  Thessaly;  for  Gabinius,  Cilicia:  and  when  the 
last  was  not  thought  good  enough,  and  Gabinius  seemed  to  be 
displeased  with  his  bargain,  it  was  exchanged,  soon  after,  for 
Syria,  with  a  power  of  making  war  upon  the  Parthians  '.  For 
this  price  they  agreed  to  serve  him  in  all  his  designs,  and  par- 
ticuUrly  in  the  oppression  of  Cicero ;  who,  on  tliat  accomi^ 
<^n  ca\h  them,  not  consuls,  hut  brokers  of  provinces,  and 
sellera  of  their  country '. 

They  were,  both  of  them,  equally  corrupt  in  their  morals, 
yet  very  different  in  their  tempers.  Piso  nad  been  accused, 
the  year  before,  by  F.  Clodius,  of  plundering  and  oppressing 
the  allies :  when  by  throwing  himself  at  the  feet  of  his  judges, 
in  the  most  abject  manner,  and  in  the  midst  of  a  violent 
rain,  he  is  said  to  have  moved  the  compassion  of  the  bench, 
who  thought  it  punishment  enough,  for  a  man  of  his  birth, 
to  be  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  prostrating  himself  so  mise- 
rably, and  rising  so  deformed  and  oesm eared  with  dirt*.  But, 
in  truth,  it  was  Csesar's  authority  that  saved  him,  and  recon- 
ciled him,  at  the  same  time,  to  Ctodius.  In  his  outward  car- 
riage, lie  affected  the  mien  and  garb  of  a  philosopher;  and  his 
aspect  greatly  contributed  to  give  him  the  credit  of  that  cha- 
racter: ne  was  severe  in  his  looks;  squalid  in  his  dress;  slow 
in  his  speech ;  morose  in  his  manners ;  the  very  picture  of 
antiquity,  and  a  pattern  of  the  ancient  Hepubtic  ;  ambitious  to 
be  thought  a  patriot,  and  a  reviver  of  the  old  discipline.  But 
this   garb   of  rigid    virtue    covered    a  most   lewd  and  vicious 


OF  CICERO.  207 

A.  UA.695.    Cie.49.    Co«.~L.  Calpurnioi  Pito.    A.Gabiniut. 

His  ooUewoe,  Oabinins,  was  no  hjrpocrite,  but  a  professed 
ndw  from  ue  beginning;  my,  foppish,  luxurious;  always 
snlad  and  perfomed;  and  living  in  a  perpetual  debauch  of 

CiDg,  wine,  and  women ;  void  of  every  principle  of  virtue, 
NV,  and  probity ;  and  so  desperate  in  his  fortunes,  through 
tte  eztravag^uioe  of  his  pleasures,  that  he  had  no  other  re- 
Mnee^  or  hopes  of  subdstence,  but  from  the  plunder  of  the 
Bcpablic.  In  this  tribunate,  to  pay  his  court  to  Pompey,  he 
fipoagid  to  the  mob  the  plan  of  Luciillus's  house,  to  show  what 
m  cspensive  fiedbric  one  of  the  greatest  subjects  of  Rome  was 
hnlding^,  as  he  would  intimate,  out  of  the  spoils  of  the  trea- 
mrj ;  yet^  this  vain  man,  oppressed  with  debts,  and  scarce  able 
ts  abow  his  head,  found  means,  from  the  perauisites  of  his  oon*- 
laUuis  to  build  a  much  more  magnificent  palace  than  Lucullus 
loBielf  bad  done  ^  No  wonder,  then,  that  two  such  consuls^ 
mdv  to  sacrifice  the  empire  itself  to  their  lusts  and  pleasures, 
duNud  barter  away  the  siuety  and  fortunes  of  a  private  senator, 
whoae  virtae  was  a  standing  reproof  to  them,  and  whose  very 
presence  gave  some  check  to  the  free  indulgence  of  their 


Clodins,  bavins  gained  the  consuls,  made  his  next  attempt 
upon  the  people, l)v  obliging  them  widi  several  new  laws,  con- 
trived diefly  for  their  advantage,  which  he  now  promulgated. 
First,  that  corn  should  be  distributed  gratis  to  the  citizens. 
Secondly,  that  no  ma^trates  should  take  the  auspices,  or 
observe  the  heavens,  when  the  people  were  actually  assembled 
on  public  business.  Thirdly,  that  the  old  companies,  or  frar 
temities  of  the  city,  which  the  senate  had  abolished,  should  be 
rerived,  and  new  ones  instituted.  Fourthly,  to  please  those 
also  of  higher  rank,  that  the  censors  should  not  expel  from  the 
senate,  or  inflict  any  mark  of  infamy  on  any  man,  who  was 
not  first  openly  accused,  and  convicted  of  some  crime,  by  their 
joint  sentence '.      These  laws,    though  generally  agreeable. 


intneri.     Vmitits  ampere  nontra  liac  purpura  plebi'ia  ct  pcnc  fusca.     Capillo  ita  horridOf 

Hi tanta  erat  gravitas  in  oculo,  tanta  coiitractio  frontin,  ut  illo  eupcrciiio  Respub.,  tan- 

quam  Atlante  cerium^  niti  vidcretur.  [Pro  Sext.  8. J  Quia  triBtcm  pcmpcr,  quia  tacitur- 
nnm,  quia  subhorridum  atque  incultum  vi<h'bant,  ct  quod  erat  co  nomine,  ut  ingcncrata 
fiunilie  frugalitaa  videretur;  favebant — etenim  animus  ejus  vultu,  flagitia  parietibus  tege- 

(nntar ^laudabat  homo  doctos  PIiiloHO[>hos  nescio  quos — 9.     Jacebat  in  suo  Grfficoruni 

fcFtorc  et  vino — Grseci  stipati,  quini  in  lectulis,  swpc  plures.     In  Pis.  10.  27. 

His  ntitur  quan  pncfcctis  libidiuum  suanim  :  hi  voluptates  omncs  vestigant  atquo  odo- 
nntur;  hi  sunt  conditorcs  iustructoresque  convivii,  &c.     Post  red.  in  Sen.  6, 

Obrepisti  ad  honores  errore  hominum,  commendatione  fumosarum  imaginum,  quanim 
timile  nihil  habes prater  colorem.     In  Pis.  I. 

*  Alter  unguentis  affluens,  calamistrata  coma,  despiriens  conscios  stuprorum — fcfollit 
nemioeii^-JioiDinem  emersum  subito  ex  diuturnis  tencbris  lustrorum  ac  stuprorum — 
▼ino,  gtneis,  lenociniis,  adultcriisque  confectum.    Pro  Sext.  9. 

Cur  illcffurgo,  heluatun  tecum  simul  Reipub.  sanguincm,  ad  coelum  tamen  extruxit 
▼iUam  in  Tiwculano  visceribus  eerarii.     Pro  Dom.  47. 

•  Vid.  Otat.  in  Fit.  4.  et  notaa  Asconii.    Dio,  1.  38,  p.  67. 


i 

'>•*  THE    LIFE  I 

w<trt  k^Uy  u3<«aMXBkl« :  lending;  to  relax  the  public  diaci^ 
pMe.  at  a  time  vheti  it  wanted  most  to  be  reinforced :  Cicef^B 
mik  [KMi  all  to  Ke  l^T^IW  at  kimself,  and  contrived  to  pm^K 
Ae  aav  tk>  hit  ruia  :  <«>  (hat  he  provided  his  friend,  L.  Niod 
wim^  «ae  at  tite  tribane*^  lo  put  bis  negative  upon  diem;  c*^^ 
HCBuY  iw    [^    LI*  ot    tniefnides;  which,   under  colonr  of, 
■Pupicirinf  thwe  Kvieiies.  ^ve  Clodius  an  opportunity  tt^ 
yirhfrinc  vi  army.  a:;d  enli^iin^  into  his  serrice  all  the  acaKi 
aai  ttzc^  n*  tke  tin  '.     Dion  Cassius  ^ays.  that  Clodios,  fewf 
JMt-  MM  du»  ofpoiition  should  retard  the  effect  of  his  otlwC: 
piwfcvtk  9«rHKkH\i  Cioervv  in  an  amicable  conference,  to  witt 
*aw   ai»  tiiSune.  and  ^i^'e  no  interruption  to  his  laws,  upoB 
a  pctMusf  and  ciKiiition.  that  he  would  not  make  anv  attempt 
ajtaaara  him  '  -.  bci  wv  find,  tntm  Cicero's  account,  that  it  «a 
w  *mt.v  «i  ae  fHemis  which  induct  him  to  be  quiet  against 
k»  t^v  jik^meat :  bev-ause  the  bws  themselves  were  popular, 
aai  liki  boi  pemyialiv  afect  him  :  thou|;h  he  blamed  hinudt, 
MWi  anerwanK  n.v  hk  iikiolence.  and  expostulated  «-ith  Atti- 
cwk  M-  adviaa;  him  to  it :  when  he  fell,  to  his  cwt,  the  *d- 
«4Bec£ir  w^-a  Cloiirw  ha>i  fainei)  by  it  * . 

C^r  t>e  :r«e  ie«i<n  of'  all  ihe^se  laws  was.  to  introduce  only 
wink  Setttrr  |:7Kir.  tke  j^rand  plot  of  the  play^the  banishment 
iMt  Cicvtv:  wiick  ns  now  directly  anempted,  by  a  special 
kiw,  iat^vrti^.  t&at  wboetm  hail  taken  toe  life  of  a  cidxen, 
RtK-votSiraiMxi,  ana  without  a  trul.  should  be  prohibited  frran 
Stv  and  wanrr '.  Though  Cicero  was  not  named,  yet  he  was 
aMtri.«\i  out  by  the  bw :  his  crime  was,  the  putting  Catiline's 


JLIMlMS.   Gk.4i. 

nd  the  jommg  malOkf,  to  dw 

•  with  'WOBBf^  WJEBMHS  St 

tlMir  Ubit^  Sid  peqwtHdly  alteMled  kni  wb&m  the 
iaqilon  the  protoedoo  and  sHMdMee  of  tbe  people. 
city  «io  DOW  in  gnot  iwilalioB,  and  ctvrj  port  of  k 
oil  one  flde  or  tlie  oner.  The  eeaale  net  io  the 
of  Cdoeoid;  nAaeOceraro  fticnik MMnbled  n  the 
whcnee  all  the  knighto  and  the  yoaag  aoUes  wmt  ia 
lit  of  aMNindagi  to  throw  thfaioiliii  at  the  fset  of 
1^  oaaaoli^^  and  beg  mar  iiitfriNnition  in  Gtenf%  betmm. 
mm  heptUslMNne  that  day,  on  porpoee  to  avoid  them;  bnt 

jiiiiiTiii      '   rr      T  '  1 '    V     r       r    x'  '*  ' 

liMpn  waa  ■ecooded  by  the  entreatiei  and  tean  of  the  whole 
■flio:  he  treated  Cicws  cfaaiaeter  and  eonfoUup  with  the 
ipoat  drriiBfln,  and  repobed  the  whole  eoo^Muiy,  with  thiMatt 
iiianbi^fiw  thrir  finntlen  paiDi  to  sopport  a Ittnidaig  canKu 
Sli  laiwd  great  indvnation  in  the  aHeniblv ;  iriiere  the  tii- 
■H% Minnine,  imteadof  beiiy  di§cuiuaged  by  the  riolenee of 
be  powanl,  made  a  motioo,  that  the  lenate  abo  should  chaa^ 
hwr  bdiity  widi  the  rest  of  the  city :  which  waa  agreed  to^  m- 
UmAf^  bj  an  nnammoot  rote.  Gabiniat,  enr^;ed  at  tUi^ 
bw  onl  of  the  senate  into  the  Fomm ;  where  he  dedarad  to 
k  people,  firom  the  rostra,  that  men  were  mistaken  to  ima- 
riae»  tluit  the  senate  had  any  power  in  the  Kepubiic;  that 
ne  knights  should  pay  dear  for  that  day's  wora ;  when,  in 
Cicero's  consulship,  they  kept  ^uard  in  the  Capitol,  with  their 
drawn  swords :  and,  that  the  hour  was  now  come,  when  those, 
who  lired  at  that  time  in  fear,  should  revenue  themM;U'es  on 
tlieir  enemies:  and,  to  confirm  the  truth  of  what  he  said,  be 
binished  L.  Lamia,  a  Roman  knight,  two  hundred  miles  from 
Ae  city,  for  his  distinguished  zeal  and  activity  in  Cicero'*  ser- 
fice ' ;  an  act  of  power,  which  no  consul  before  him  had  ever 
presumed  to  exert  on  any  citizen;  which  was  followed  pre- 
lendy,  by  an  edict  from  both  the  consuls  forbidding  the  seriate 
\o  put  their  late  vote  in  execution,  and  enjoinin^^  them  to 

'  Pro  me  pneiente  tenataa,  bomiAmnouc  vmnti  miliiA  restem  iLbUTeruiji.  V*h\  ivi. 
laQmr.S. 

'  HUc  saliito  *mii  izurredilnlis  in  Csfnurb-xn  moldtudo  ex  toU  ai V,  cuoctaqtur  )  tali* 
OBTcnmet,  Tettem  mntandun  omnct,  mt^'^i^  etiun  omni  ntione.  wnrttft  conftilki,  nw>- 
oun  pablids  dudbiu  Respub.  careret,  d«fex.<>ii4ina  patanint.  r>v.  eodrm  ttm^/n 
enBtas  in  ade  Concordic,— cum  Sens  uniTtmui  'jrir*  ciodnnatum  co&iTzleni  fftzbai.  ban 
Iter  Qle  iMHrndiu  et  serenu  domi  le  cminilto  trneUa  Qom  turn  tupcrrbia  camuin  illud 
c  hhm  unpliarimi  ordinis  precc*  et  claniHm<»niiii  fvr.^nn  lacrymat  irmidiarit  ?  Me 
nam  at  contemsit  belluo  patrie?  Veatrit  nrecibuft  a  it^rome  iftto  rrpudiati*  rir  incre- 
fibiU  fidr  Ti  NinniuB  ad  ■iimaiii  de  Kepao.  retulit.  beauunaque  fr^'itn*  rcateni  pro 
M*  Mlate  mutandam  censoit — Ejutnimatos  erolat  e  lenatu— -advocat  c/ociooero— ^erran 
nymmWy  li  etiam  turn  aeoatam  aiiquid  in  Rep.  potte  arbitnnr.tur. — VethMe  t«rnipui  ii», 
«i  in  tiiDore  foiaent,  oldaeeDdi  ae. — L.  Lamiam — in  coocka*  relegaiit,  cdixitque  ut 
b  orbe  abcaMt  miUia  paaaaom  docent»— {Pro  SexL  11, 12,  13.  it.  ooct  tc4.  in  Sen.  &] 
2iiod  ante  idtempiii  an  Romano  contipt  ocminL    Epiat.  fam,  11. 16. 

P 


A.  L'rk  69S.     Cic.  4».    Com  —1..  dpumiut  PiM.     A.  Gibiniua. 

iiimin  tbeir  ordiiiary  dress '.  "  And  where  is  there,"  I 
Cieero,  *(m  all  history,  a  more  illustrious  testimony,  to 
hoooor  of  any  man,  than  that  all  the  honest,  by  private  fa 
mtion,  and  the  senate,  by  a  public  decree,  should  change  t 
k^it  tot  the  sake  of  a  single  citizen '  ?" 

Bat  the  resolution  of  changino^  his  gown  was  too  harty 
iaconnderate,  and  helped  to  precipitate  his  ruin.  He  was 
named  in  the  law,  nor  personally  affected  by  it :  the  ters 
it  were  general,  and  seemingly  just,  reaching  onlv  to  tfa 
wbo  had  taken  the  life  of  a  citizen  illegally.  Whether 
was  his  case,  or  not,  was  not  yet  tl)e  point  in  issue,  but  ti 
the  subject  of  another  trial ;  so  that,  by  making  himself  a 
ninal,  before  his  dpie,  he  shortened  the  trouble  of  his  enen 
discouraged  his  friends,  and  made  his  case  more  desperate  I 
he  needed  to  have  done :  whereas,  if  he  had  taken  the  pu 
commending  or  slighting  the  law,  as  being  wholly  unconoei 
Ui  it;  and,  when  he  came  to  be  actually  attacked  by  a  set 
law,  and  brought  to  a  trial  upon  it,  bad  stood  resolutely  a 
his  defence,  he  might  hare  baffled  the  malice  of  his  pr 
cuton.  He  was  sensible  of  his  error,  when  it  was  too  L 
aod  oft  reproaches  Atticus,  that,  being  a  stander-by,  and 
heated  in  the  game  than  himself,  he  would  suffer  him  to  a 
Bmii  blunders '. 

As  the  other  consul,  Piso,  had  not  yet  explicitly  dedt 
himself,  Cicero,  accompanied  by  his  son-in-law,  who  was 
near  kinsiiiao,  tuok  occasion  to  make  liim  a  visit,  in  hope 
move  iiim  to  espouse  his  aiuse,  and  support  the  authorit 


orcicBRO.  211 

ndnedt  i£  he  conld  not  procure  tome  rich  province ; 
d  iMpes  of  one  from  Clodiiis,  bat  despaired  of  any 
Ae  inate;  tbat^  for  lus  own  part,  it  was  bis  bosi- 
bim,  on  ibis  occasion,  as  Cicero  bad  bumoored 
in  bis  consnlsbip ;  and  tbat  tbere  was  no  reason 
the  belp  of  tbe  consols,  since  it  was  every  man's 
look  to  biinself  * :  wbicb  was  all  that  they  could  get 

aD  die  while,  was  not  idle,  bat  poshed  on  his  law 
vigoor ;  and,  calling  the  people  uto  the  Flaminian 

the 


tbiiher  also  the  young  nobles  and  the  knightSt 
■0  bnsy  in  Cicero's  cause,  to  give  an  account  of  their 
to  dnt  assembly :  but,  as  soon  as  they  appeared,  be 
U  slaves  and  mercenaries  to  fiall  upon  them  with 
and  volleys  of  stones,  in  so  rude  a  manner,  tbat 
almost  lolled,  and  Vibienus,  another  senator^ 
bort,  that  he  died,  soon  after,  of  his  wounds', 
uoed  tbe  two  consuls,  to  deliver  their  sentiments 
paople^  on  tbe  merit  of  Cicero's  consulship ;  when  Gabi^ 
brlai'Td,  with  great  gravity,  that  he  utterly  condemned 
j^jMttinff  dtisens  to  death  without  a  trial :  Piso  only  said, 
il^e  bad  always  been  on  the  merciful  side,  and  had  a  ffreat 
wnum  to  cruelty  '.  The  reason  of  holdinj?  this  assembly  in 
m  Flaminian  circus,  without  the  gates  of  Rome,  was  to  give 
Smbt  an  opportunity  of  assisting  at  it,  who,  being  now  in- 
Oled  with  a  military  command,  could  not  appear  within  the 
prfls.  Csesar,  therefore,  being  called  upon,  after  the  consuls, 
i  deliver  his  mind,  on  the  same  question,  declared,  that  the 
meeedings  against  Lentulus,  and  toe  rest,  were  irregular  and 
Ikgal :  but  that  he  could  not  approve  the  desi^  of  punishing 
By  body  for  them :  that  all  the  world  knew  nis  sense  of  the 
Htter,  and  that  he  had  given  his  vote  against  taking  away 
heir  lives ;  yet  he  did  not  think  it  right  to  propound  a  law,  at 
Us  time,  about  things  that  were  so  long  past  ^  This  answer 
pas  artful,  and  agreeable  to  the  part  which  he  was  then  acting ; 

*  "BfjUtt  Gmbinium  ;  nne  proTincia  stare  non  posse :  spem  habere  a  tribuno  pleb.-^ 
HBsta  omdem  desperasse :  hujus  te  cupiditati  obsequi,  sicut  ego  fecissem  in  coUega 
Wtf :  nihil  esM  quod  praesidiam  consilium  implorarem ;  sibi  quemque  consulere  oportere, 
'A    In  Pis.  6. 

*  Qni  ftdeaae  nobilissimos  adolescentes,  honestissimos  cquites  Romanos  deprecatorea 
mm  nlstii  jiuaerit ;  eosque  operarum  suanim  gladiis  ot  li^idibas  objecerit.  Pro 
St.  12. 

win  himc  ipsum  Hortensium,  Inmen  et  omamentum  Reipub.  pene  interfici  servomm 
■m— ^n*  in  tnrbs  C.  Vibienus,  senator,  vir  optimus,  cum  hoc  cum  esset  una,  ita  ett 
irii  Htm,  Qt  vitam  amiterit.    Pro  Mil.  14. 

*  PkMMi  Ypce  et  temulenta,  quod  in  cives  indemnatos  esset  animadyersum,  id  sibi 
Utgmvii  aneUwTebementiaaime  displicere.    Post  red.  in  Sen.  6. 

Cpn  MtM  SntorNfitiia  quid  lentiies  de  consulatu  meo,  respondes,  crudelitat«m  tiU 
Mi  ilftMra.    In  Pit.  6.    Te  lemper  nrisericordem  fuisae.    Post  red.  in  Sen.  7. 
«  Din,  L  8S.  p.  S9. 

p2 


CIS 


for  while  it  conlinned  the  foundation  of  ClodiiLs's  law. 
a  sliow  of  moderation  towards  Cicero ;  or,  as  an  ingi 
writer  expresses  it  "  left  appearances  only  to  the  one,  hut  i 
real  service  to  the  otlier '." 

In  this  same  assembly,  Clodius  got  a  new  law  likw 
enacted,  that  made  a  great  alteration  in  the  constitution  of 
Repuhlic;  viz.  the  repeal  of  the  ^lian  and  Fusian  lawa; 
whieb  the  people  were  left  at  liberty  to  transact  all  pal 
business,  even  on  the  days  called  Fasti)  without  bein^  liabU 
he  obstructed  by  the  magistrates,  on  any  pretence  whatsoert 
The  two  laws,  now  repealed,  had  been  in  force  about  a  hi 
dred  years';  and  made  it  unlawful  to  act  any  thing  with 
people,  while  the  augurs  or  consuls  were  observing  the  hean 
and  taking  the  auspices.  This  wise  constitution  was  the  nuan' 
support  of  the  aristocratiail  interest,  and  a  perpetual  curb  U 
the  petulance  of  factious  tribunes,  whose  chief  opportuni^  of 
doing  mischief  lay  in  their  power  of  obtruding  dangerous  ar^ 
upon  the  city,  by  their  credit  with  the  populace.  Cicero,  tha 
fore,  frequently  lameuts  the  loss  of  these  two  laws,  as  fatal 
the  Republic ;  he  calls  them,  the  most  sacred  and  salutary 
of  the  state :  the  fences  of  their  civil  peace  and  quiet ;  the 
walls  and  bulwarks  of  the  Republic,  which  had  held  out  ag 
the  fierceness  of  the  Gracchi;  the  audaciousness  of  Satumini 
the  mobs  of  Drusus ;  the  bloodshed  of  Cinna ;  the  arms 
Sylla  * ;  to  be  abolished,  at  last,  by  the  violence  of  this  worA* 
less  tribune. 

Pompey,  who  had  hitherto  been  giving  Cicero  the  strong«t 


OV  CICBBO.  313 

to  be  oiBtioot  of  Tentnring  himaelf  there,  md  to 
care  of  im  life ;  iriudi  wu  bcnlcated  to  faim,  Hko- 
^\  at  lutme,  by  peroetnal  ktten  and  metmgtm, 
laded  toBoia,  that  be  thought  fit  to  withdnw  Sm- 
the  city,  to  hn  honae  on  the  Albon  hill '.  It 
ed,  that  he  eooU  eDtertun  any  real  i^prelu 
.  both  CicOd^l  dianeter,  and  his  own,  nnke  that  inera- 
but  if  he  bad  oooerived  any,  it  wai  ata,  as  Cicero  aaya, 
him,  but  agdntt  the  ounmon  enemies  of  them  both, 
might  potaibly  attempt  sanewhat  in  Cicero's  name ;  ■ 
,  by  the  opportnm^  of  charging  it  opon  Cicero,  hope  to 
rid  of  tiiem  bodiat  the  same  time.  Bat  the  most  prooable 
tli^  being  oblved  by  hn  eivagemenli  with 
to  desert  Cicero,  and  siwr  him  to  be  dnren  out  of  the 
was  willing  to  humour  these  innnuations,  aa  ginif 
plausible  pretext  of  excusing  his  perfidv, 
Cicero  had  still  with  him,  not  only  all  the  bes(^  bnt 
the  grealert  part  of  the  dtv,  determined  to  run  all 
and  oxpoae  their  lives  for  ms  safety ' ;  and  was  more 
match  for  all  the  strength  of  Clodius  and  the  consuls^  if 
ite  only  would  Stand  neuter.  Before  things  cam^ 
extrtimity,  he  tboi^ht  it  advisable  to  press  Pom- 
suvh  a.  m.'tnner,  as  to  know,  for  certiuD,  what  he  had  to 
Opect  ftow  him:  some  of  his  chief  frieoda  undertook  this  task; 
LncuIIus,  Torqimtus,  Lentulus,  &c.  who,  with  a  numerous 
■UendaDce  of  cidzens,  went  to  find  him  at  his  Alban  villa,  and 
to  intercede  with  him,  not  to  desert  the  fortunes  of  his  old 
fneud.  He  received  them  civilly,  though  coldly ;  referring 
&em  wholly  to  the  consuls,  and  declaring,  that  he,  being  only 
t  private  man,  could  not  pretend  to  take  the  field  against  an 
irniei)  tribune,  without  a  public  authority ;  hut  if  the  consuls, 
hy  u  (IccrcL-  of  iJiu  senate,  would  enter  into  the  afl^r,  he  would 
(Resentlv  arm  himself  in  their  defence*.  With  this  answer 
liwy  adaressed  themselves  again  to  the  consuls,  but  with  no 
better  success  than  before ;  Gabinius  treated  them  rudely ;  bat 
Hso  calmly  told  them,  that  he  was  not  so  stout  a  consul  as 


Diurovirate  oi 


nimea  alii  lituni  miticdiliB.  alii  nunciit.  ilii  coram  iaa  iidliTcnint,  ut  illc,  cum  ■  ■»• 


•a  in  <auM  Um  bona,  UdIo  iludio  Kimtut,  caaK 
tarn  puvto,  tola  dcniqus  IlilU  ul  Dmnem  contr 

M  ad  U  L.  Lentulni,  L.  Tocquituf.  M.  Liiculli 
Bwitale*  aratum  in  Albanum  otaceratumquc  vcncruii.  nc  m 

n  Bafpub.  (bnusti  conjnnclu.— 8r  cunlrs  anntiiim  liibuniii 

ko  daeertuc  nolle ;  Coiuulibiu  ci  Kuntiu  coniullo  Kempub. 

iptoluln.     InpB.31. 


xprdiU.  Ibid.lfi. 

gni  amiin  id  sum 
'  nim>  Ii>nutiu  toe- 


A.  Ilk  OM.     Ot  iS.    C«s^L.  CilpuUBt  Pbs.     A.  OiUainL 

Torqnatu§  ind  Cmrxt  had  been ;  that  there  wia  no  bm 
anns,  or  fightine ;  that  Cicero  imEht  save  the  Repnii 
aeaMid  time,  if  he  pleased,  by  witbarawin^  bimaelf ;  fop-jj 
•bid,  it  would  cmt  an  infinite  ({oantity  of  nvil  blood;  aM| 
abort,  tbst  neither  he,  nor  his  colleague,  nor  his  soiMiJk 
Cmar,  wonid  relinquish  the  party  of  the  tribune '.  !< 

Afiter  this  repulse,  Cicero  resolved  to  make  his  last  efit 
Pompey,  by  throwing  himself,  in  person,  at  his  feeL  Ploi 
tells  ns,  that  Pompey  slipt  out  at  the  back  door,  and  wooU 
see  him  :  but  it  is  certain,  from  Cicero's  account,  that  lui 
admitted  to  an  audience;  and  when  he  began  to  prea^ 
even  supplicate  him,  in  a  manner  the  most  affecting, 
Pompey  flatly  refused  to  help  him :  alleging,  in  excoi 
himseli^  the  necessity,  which  he  was  under,  of  acting  not 
agunet  the  will  of  Csesar'.  This  experiment  convinced  Cii 
that  he  had  a  much  greater  power  to  contend  with,  than  ' 
had  yet  appeared  in  sight :  he  called,  therefore,  a  coun< 
his  ftiends,  with  intent  to  take  his  final  resolution,  agree 
to  their  advice.  The  question  was,  Whether  it  was  b« 
stay,  and  defend  himself  by  force ;  or  to  save  the  effonc 
blood,  by  retreating,  till  the  storm  should  blow  over?  Luc 
advised  the  first;  but  Cato,  and,  above  all,  Hortenaius,  wa 
ui^ed  the  last;  which,  concurring  also  with  Atdcus's  ad 
88  well  as  the  fears  and  entreaties  of  all  his  own  fiunily,  i 
him  resolve  to  quit  the  field  to  his  enemies,  and  submit 
voluntary  exile' 


itary 
little 


A  little  before  his  retreat,  he  took  a  small  statue  of  MiQ< 


I  part  of  the  city, 
d  Baturally  excite  an  afiecti 
e  peuplr,  by  letting  tlMn  Ma»  diRt  his  heart  «M  itiU 
ere  be  bsd  ilr[i<nit«cl  hia  goda.  After  thk  aet,  he 
r  hinwelf  iii  the  night.  eaBocicd  by  a  ntunerooi  gtnrd 
k,  wtw,  aTter  a  day's  joanej  or  two,  left  him,  with 
tcxpr«nioDs  of  teniUrne^  to  pnnue  ioM  way  towanfa 
.  wbicli  lie  proposed  for  the  place  of  hia  reaiaenee,  and 
for  bis  eminent  services  to  the  ialand,  he  anured  hinaelf 
'  reoepiJiHi  and  safe  retnaL 


SECTION  V. 

wretclie<l  alternative  to  which  Cicero  waa  reduced,  ti 
^  either  hi«  country  or  Lis  life,  ia  aiifficieiit  to  conftlte  ^I 
oiviU  of  those,  who,  from  a  hint  or  two  in  hia  writingi^ 
nirely  tbrown  out,  and  not  well  nndetatood,  are  so  forward 
to  charge  him  with  the  levity  of  temporisiuff,  or  selling  himself 
for  any  bribe,  whicli  could  fec<l  his  vanity :  for  nothing  is  more 
trident,  tlian  that  he  might  not  only  have  avoided  this  storm, 
bat  obtained  whatever  honours  he  pleased,  by  entering  into 
tbe  measures  of  the  triumvirate,  ana  lending  his  authority  to 
tbe  support  of  their  dowlt  ;  and  that  the  only  thing  which 
[mroked  Csesar  to  bring  this  calamity  upon  him,  was,  to  see 
aU  his  offers  slighted,  and  his  friendship  utterly  rejected  by 
him'.  This  lie  expressly  declares  to  the  senate,  who  were 
conscious  of  tbe  tj-uih  of  jt;  that  Csesar  had  tried  all  means  to 
mdnce  him  to  take  part  in  the  acts  of  his  consulship :  had 
(Ared  him  commissions  and  lieutenancies,  of  what  kind  and 
with  what  privileges  he  should  desire ;  to  make  him  even  a 
fimrtli  ID  the  alliance  of  the  three,  and  to  hold  him  in  the  same 
rank  of  friendship  with  Pompey  himself.  "  All  which  1 
refbaed,"  says  he,  "  not  out  of  slight  to  Csesar,  but  constancy 
to  my  principles ;  and  because  I  thought  the  acceptance  of 
them  unbecoming  the  character  which  I  sustained ;  how  wisely, 
I  will  not  dispute ;  but  am  sure,  that  it  was  firmly  and  bravely ; 
when,  insteaa  of  baffling  the  malice  of  my  enemies,  as  I  could 
eaaily  have  done,  by  that  help,  I  chose  to  suffer  any  violence. 


216  THE   UFE 

A.L'Tb.695.  Cit.4».  Con^L.  CtOpunuu  Pin.  A.  GiikBlm 
rather  thui  to  desert  your  interest,  and  descend  from  ■ 
rmnk'." 

CsBsar  continued  at  Rome,  till  he  saw  Cicero  driven  ■ 
it:  but  had  no  sooner  laid  down  his  consulship,  than  he  b 
to  be  attacked  and  affronted  himself,  by  two  of  the  new  p 
L.  DonaiduB  and  C.  Memmius;  who  called  in  i 
validity  of  his  acts,  and  made  several  efforts,  in  t 
get  them  annulled  by  public  authority.  But  the  a 
no  stomach  to  meddle  with  an  affur  so  delicate;  so  that  t 
whole  ended  in  some  fruitless  debates  and  altercatioiu ; 
Ceesar,  to  prevent  all  attempts  of  that  kind,  in  bis  i 
took  care  always,  by  force  of  bribes,  to  secure  the  let 
magistrates  to  his  interests;  and  so  went  oif  to  his  provinoej 
Gaul*.  But  as  thb  unexpected  opposition  gave  some  littf* 
ruffle  to  the  triumvirate,  so  it  served  them,  as  an  sdditioi 
excuse  for  their  behaviour  towards  Cicero ;  ailing, 
their  own  dangers  were  nearer  to  them  than  other  people 
and  that  they  were  obliged,  for  their  own  security,  not  t 
irritate  so  popular  a  tribune  as  Clodius*. 

As  soon  as  it  was  known  that  Cicero  was  gone,  Clodtiitf'  ' 
filled  the  Forum  with  his  band  of  slaves  and  incendiaries,  and  ' 
published  a  second  law,  to  the  Roman  people,  as  be  called 
them,  though  there  was  not  one  honest  citizen,  or  man  ot 
credit  among  them*.  The  law,  as  we  may  eather  fron 
the  scattered  passages  of  it,  was  conceived  in  the  followu^ 
terms: 

Whereas,  M.  T.  Cicero  has  put  Roman  citizens  to  dafttht 
unheard  and  uncondemned ;  and  for  that  end  forged  ^e 
authority  and  decree  of  the  senate :  may  it  please  you  to 
ordain,  that  he  be  interdicted  from  fire  and  water:  that  nobody 


an 


hv  was  drawn   by  Sszt  CSadioi,  tba 

Wr  of  (lie  iribiint ;  Aon^  Vatmioi  dio  Iiid  wna 

,  and  vas  the  oalf  one,  of  Mntariin  nok»  i^m 

f  «pfirDved  it'.     It  was  MMntUIf  mill  and  invili^  bodi 

alter  and  tfa«^  farm :   fSoTt  in  tM  fint  phoe,  it  «M  not 

rly  ■  law,  but  Mliai  tiiey  oJIhI  ■  pririle^  or  an  ac^  to 

f  pvnald^  on  a  particular  dtisen  by  name,  wtdiOBt  an^ 

' —  trial;    which  was  exanmij  pntntbitcd  by  the  sMat 

d  fluidainental  coastttirtioiM  of  Am  Repnblic  *.     8^ 

,  the  terms  of  it  were  ao  afaaotd,  that  amy  ananlM 
'm;  for  it  enacted,  not  tliat  Qoero  may  or  iboiiid  ba^ 
t  be  be  interdicted ;  whidi  was  impoanblc;  wwa  am 
I  eortb,  sayN  Cicero,  can  make  a  thing  to  ba  Joncv 
t  i>e  done*.  Thirdly,  die  penal  danae  beings  groondad 
■geution  notoriously  take,  that  Cicero  had  fofged  Aa 
f  the  senate,  it  could  not  powiblr  ataod,  iar  want  of  m 
Lastly,  though  It  pnmdea  that  nobody  dioaU 
■  kim,  yet  it  had  not  ordered  him  to  be  expelled,  or 
ujwned  him  to  quit  the  city*.  It  waa  the  cmtom,  in  aU  hnn 
niMe  liv  the  tribes,  to  insert  the  name  of  die  tribe  whidl  waa 
'  fim  called  to  vote,  and  of  the  nun  who  fiiat  voted  in  it  fcr  the 
km;  that  he  might  be  transmitted  down  with  the  law  itael^  aa 
lb»  prindptd  e^ouser  and  pronoter  of  it'.  Thii  honour  waa 
eirea  to  one  Sedulius,  s  mean,  obscure  fellow,  without  any 
witted  habitation,  whu  yft,  afterwards,  declared,  that  be  was 
not  in  Home  at  the  time,  uad  knew  nothing  at  all  of  the 
■alter:  which  gare  Cicero  occasion  to  observe,  when  he  was 
n^raacbing  Clodius  with  this  act,  that  Sedulius  might  cattily 

■  TM.  Pm  Dam.  18,  IS,  20.     Port  nd.  in  Bi 

■  Hhw  tilii  legem  8.  Clodioi  Krif«l — homi: 
4b.  Mda  Mi  Mngujnii. — Hoc  tu  icliptar*, 

Pro  Dam.  2,  ID,  la     Ule  iiaui  oi 

0Unb  X1T.  Ubulp,  Icgn  priTitTi 

[  ied  n(  inlerdictum  nt^-Scxle 

, nfirmim  poUmt  ? 

|n«nptio.  nt  w  Ipa  (TiiwlTmt  ?  iWd.  19. 

N-B.  Tbe  diitiiietiDn  btn  intinuted  bcIicRn  io(erdk*lDr,  iml  MittTdiclum  nt,  de- 
Htva  tbe  BtlCDlimi  of  nil  gmnmiriun.  V<tj  «rt  comnionly  uied  indifff  renllr,  u  Unm 
vbaUr  cMinlent ;  Tet,  iccortiDg  lo  Citero'i  critinnn,  the  one,  *e  «ee,  tatka  Ihe  khh 
■hiiii,  wbere  tbe  othet  ij  jiul  md  proper. 

•  Brt  enim,  qood  M.  Tulliui  Unim  SemUoi  coniullum  rrtulcHt,  li  igitur  («dIU  M. 
tam  ScbMu*  canniltniD,  turn  Ht  rogilla  :  n  non  retalit,  nulla  eit.     Pro  Dom.  19. 

<  Tojkti  de  me  ne  recipcrrr,  non  at  nirem — pinu  eil,  qui  t«ccperit ;  qtiua  omnci 
n^exeniat:  ejectioDalUHi.    Ibid.  20, 

TTtibm  aeip»  prindpium  hiil :  pro  Tribu,  ScJiliii  L.  F.  Turo  primal  iriTil.  Thii 
w  tbe  four,  u  inifan  rrom  firoiienU  of  Iho  old  Um.  Vi.l.  Froulin.  dc  Aqucd.^ 
Ft^mtnt.  Legii  Thotie,  «pud  Rei  Agnr.  fjcriploret.    Liv.  9.  38. 


t  tit  ^tum,  TeTTi  ad  pmiululii,  nut  verlni 
ibid.  18.    Quid  li  iii  verbii  tcripU  eM  iita 


lL.VA.tU.    t^utt.    Cm.— I. Cdpnuoi  PlM.     A.Oabiniu. 

be  Ike  fint  voter,  wbo,  for  the  want  of  a  lodging,  used  l|| 
•U  ii%kt  in  dte  Fomm ;  bat  it  was  stnmee,  toat  when  IM 
driren  to  the  neennty  of  foif;inff  a  leader,  he  should  ^ 
aUe  to  find  a  more  repnttble  one\  H 

With  this  law  a^punst  Cicero,  there  was  another  pabHil 
at  the  Mane  time,  which,  according  to  the  stipulation  aUl 
■entioaed,  was  to  be  the  pay  anaprice  for  it ;  to  grant  k 
two  '""■"I"  the  provinces  above  specified,  with  a  providi 
whaterer  tnx^M  and  money  they  thought  fit'.  Both  the 
p— nd  without  oppooition  ;  and  Clodius  lost  no  time  in  pal 
the  first  of  them  in  execution ;  but  fell  to  work,  imoiema 
in  plondering,  burning,  and  demolishing  Cicero's  houses 
in  the  city  and  the  country.  The  best  part  of  his  goods  ' 
divided  between  the  two  consuls ;  the  marble  columns  oi 
palatine  house  were  carried  publicly  to  Pi»o's  &thep-iii- 
and  the  rich  furniture  of  his  TuscuJan  villa,  to  his  nei^h 
GlAiniiM;  who  removed  even  the  trees  of  his  plantatimis 
his  own  rrounds*;  and,  to  make  the  loss  of  bis  house  in  II 
irretrievable,  Clodius  oonsecrated  the  area,  on  which  it  m 
to  the  perpetual  service  of  religion,  and  built  a  temple  up 
to  the  goodesB  Liberty*. 

Whi&  Cicero's  house  was  in  flames,  the  two  consuls,  wit 
thrar  leditiouB  crew  around  them,  were  publicly  feastii^ 
congratulating  each  other  for  their  victory,  and  for  faa 
revenged  the  death  of  their  old  friends  on  toe  head  of  Cii 
where,  in  the  gaiety  of  their  hearts,  Gabinius  openly  brag 
tliatheliiwlaUiiys  lieoii  tLe  f:.v,„.nte  of  Cailliiie;  and 
that  be  wns  cousin  to  Cetbegus'.      Clodim 


i  Aea  about  «U  yean  old,  «ilh  ■■  IbMbI  to  UB  hkm*t 
i*  duld  wu  carefiillr  guanbd  bv  tbe  fiin^  «r  ife 
1^.  and  removed  from  the  reufa  at  ua  m^tm.  Tit 
l^eii  MDctnary  in  the  temple  of  Vcsla,  bat  « 
iir&  lorcibly.  by  liia  ordcre,  to  ibm  pBbHe  Mm, 
k  W  was  «tQn?>  to  be  esamiiwd^  aboot  the  t 
r  iuabaDcTs  elTecte :  but,  haag  m  wsmui  of  «  ■ 
^■nl  reaoludou,  §he  bore  all  lui  luBlti  with  ft  ■ 


while  ClodiiM  seemed  to  afan  __ 

gratification  of  his  revenge^  lie  waa  arrwiag  oa  a 
tnt«rpst,  at  the  wune  tini^  wiadt  be  bad  andi  it 
The  lioitsc,  in  which  he  hiiMelf  Bred,  wm  eoptig'— 
_  a  part  of  Cicero's  ground  ;  iriuch,  bdil|^  DOir  Ud  «pfla»  ■ 
■aile  that  side  of  the  I'aiaiine  hiO  tbe  Bioat  any  and  desnUe 
■taatton  in  Rome :  his  intention,  dwfefbn^  wm,  bj  At  pw- 
ebne  of  anotlier  house,  which  etiiod  next  to  him,  to  nabe  tbe 
aiwte  atva  his  own,  with  the  benefit  of  tbe  fine  poitioo  ^d 
MDple  annexed :  so  that  lie  had  no  aooner  demdabed  Gearft 
hnne,  than  he  be^n  to  treiit  witb  tbe  owner  of  tbe  next 
Q.  Seias  I'ostumus,  a  Roman  knigb^  wbo  abHristdy  n.fiwJ 
ti  >ell  it,  and  declared,  that  Clodim^  of  all  men,  Bboold  Denr 
bre  it,  while  he  lived:  Cludiue  tbreatened  to  obatmct  Ui 
■iadows ;  but  finding  that  neither  bia  tbreati^  nor  (Am  anjlad 
iBf  thing,  he  contrived  to  get  the  bnig^t  poaoDcd ;  and  ao 
bnvht  the  house,  after  )m  death,  at  the  sale  of  hit  effecta,  by 
nt&iddiag  all  who  offered  for  it.  His  next  step  was  to  aecure 
Ae  remaining  part  of  Cicero's  area^  which  was  not  included  in 
^  consecration,  and  was  nou'  aUo  exposed,  by  his  direction, 
la  a  public  auction ;  but  its  it  vtas  not  easy  to  find  any  citizen 
•ho  would  bid  for  it,  and  he  did  not  care  to  buy  it  in  bis  own 
name,  he  was  forced  to  provide  an  obscure,  needy  fellow,  called 
SeatD,  to  purchase  it  for  him,  and,  by  that  means,  became 
maater  of  the  most  spacious  habitation  in  ^1  the  city*. 


Pro  Sell.  24. 

(hUntnxwinnmucniTioUnt?  QnunnUTirtii, 

uuiSiu  iu^o 

udmetfili.?— 

■n  nlwiOtt— 

miror  1  nun  id 
nodum  m  V«ita 

■  A  1e  qaMMOl  oiDnu  nen  lonuDmc,  uque  ftnuniw 
MP.VibriiB-Briptn  Id  quod  op  Tnuimo  cum  Bet 

u  legi,  qu'nnui 

>  Ibm  enm  loci  Olini,  cum  cdiimi  capldiuti!  SignrH. 

ProDom.41. 

enoBiUTil :    hibiUn  lue  « 

MgDUee  ToloH:   dnuque  et  nugnu  et  nohile.  doDM 
HBpnrfi  4110  men*  dbetwiu  iili  cunoin  cndii  ciipuit, 

ofe^^K 

Eodem  puneto 
ndit,  ul  domniB 

AiTCDdent.    CnmiUeid  i]eguTt.piiinoKluiaimbiiieiii 

.emoUtnictu 

rum  mlubUnr. 

uuo  futunm. 

Acutu.  ulolei. 

DW  fx  Mm  wnnoue  inWUeilt,  quid  fieri  oportent. 

euo  vertiMin. 

pnapectn  jBT- 

m  roncupienl 

^.pliMim'im 

A.  L'ifc.  OSl    Ck.  49.    Cm^L.  Calporaiai  Pwh     A.  Dduiiiu. 

This  desoUtioo  of  Cicero's  fortuDes  at  home*  and  the  oj 
wludi  he  suffered  abroad,  in  beiiu;  deprived  of  every  ^ 
that  was  dear  to  him,  soon  made  him  repent  of  the  r^oM 
of  his  flij^ ;  which  he  ascribes  to  the  envy  and  treadui 
his  eoooB^on,  who,  taking  the  advaola^  of  his  fears,  aaj 
perplexity  which  he  was  under,  pushed  him  to  an  act ; 
rninoas  and  inglorious.  This  he  chiefly  charges  on  ] 
touinsi  and  though  he  forbears  to  name  him  to  Atticoi 
account  of  the  strict  friendship  between  them,  yet  he  aci 
him  very  freely  to  his  brother,  Qaintus,  of  coming  every 
iosidionsly  to  nis  house,  and,  with  the  greatest  profeasioi 
seal  and  affection,  perpetually  insinuating,  to  his  hopes 
fears,  that,  by  giving  way  to  the  present  rage,  he  could 
&il  iMT  being  recalled  witL  glory,  in  three  days  time '.  ] 
tenaius  was  particularly  intimate,  at  this  time,  with  Ptnn: 
and  might,  possibly,  be  emploved  to  urge  Cicero  to  this  i 
in  order  to  save  Pcmipey  the  disgrace  of  being  forced  tc 
agunst  him  with  a  high  hand.  But  let  thatlie  as  it  wi 
was  Pompey's  conduct  which  shocked  Cicero  the  most;  no 
its  being  contrary  to  his  oaths,  which  the  ambitious  can  e 
dispense  with,  but  to  his  interest,  which  they  never  n^ 
but  throiif^  weakness.  The  consideration  of  what  was  a 
to  Pompey,  made  him  depend  on  his  assistance  * :  he  < 
have  gimrded  against  his  treachery,  but  could  not  suspect 
of  the  folly,  of  ginng  himself  entirely  up  to  Ctesar,  who 
the  prindpal  mover  and  director  of  the  whole  a^r. 

In  this  ruffled  and  querulous  state  of  his  mind,  stung 
Uie  recollection  of  his  own  mistakes,  and   the  i — '^  ' 


an 


t  tbe  It*]  aim  of  tba  himfifte  wm. 

■  lunbleli 


ehiin:  yet,  k  b  ■•  Ibm  eatnn,  tfiat  allrcifatniM 

en  in  vain.  If  tbey  j»d  foond  it  aeeemarj  to  exert 

ength  sigainst  Um ;  and  tbit  iIkt  bad  alraady  pro. 

DO  &f,  to  suffer  Um  to  rcfnain  in  toe  dty,  in  defiuMe 

d;  and  if  their  power  lad  been  aetnally  employed  to 

'm  away,  hh  retiim  mart  hare  been  tbe  moie  Je^erate^ 

Y  the  more  intereited  to  keep  bim  out;  ao  that  it  aeetna 

been  his  most  prndent  part,  and  the  most  agreeable  to 

ictiir,  to  yield  as  he  did,  to  lie  necewty  of  the  timaa. 

re  hare  a  full  aceoont  of  tbe  modres  erf  hii  retread  in 

»eche«  which  he  made  after  hii  retnm,  both  to  lite  aenate 

the  pifiplo,  "  Wlien  [  aaw  the  senate,"  aa^  b^  **depriTcd 

K  k-ader^:  myself  partly  pmliedt  anid  ptttly  betrayed  by 

I  At  magistrates,  the  slavM  enimled  by  mme,  nnder  ibe  eoloar 

I  d  fntrniitics ;  the  remains  of  Cadline'fl  fiireea  brought  again 

[  iaca  die  field,  under  their  old  diieb;  the  knight*  terrified  with 

pittcripttotis ;  the  eorponite  towna  with  nulitarr  execution ;  and 

I  dl  witn   death  and  desimdion :  I  could  itiU  have  defended 

by  arms;  and  waa  adriaed  to  it  by  my  brave  frienda, 

I  I  want  that  same  cootie,  which  yon  Md  all  aeen  Be 

m  other  occasions :  but  when  I  aaw,  at  Ae  «me  ttiM^ 

^  if  I  tM>nquered  my  nreaent  enemy,  there  were  many  more 

Miind,  whum  1  had  still  to  conquer;  tha^  if  J  hmpenea  to  be 

(onqneted,  many  honest  meD  would  fidl  both  with  me,  and 

ifier  me  ;  that  there  were  petmle  enough  ready  to  revenge  the 

tribune's  blood,  while  the  punishment  of  mine  would  be  left  to 

the  forms  of  a  trial  and  to  posterity ;  I  resolved  not  to  employ 

lorce  in  defending  my  private  safety,  after  I  bad  defended  that 

of  the  public  without  il;  and  was  willing,  that  honest  men 

diould  ratbej-  hmaot  thv  ruin  of  my  fortunes  than  make  their 

oen  desperate,  by  adhering  to  me ;  and  if,  after  all,  I  had 

fidlen  slone,  that  would  have  been  dishonourable  to  myself;  if 

amidst  the  slaughter  of  my  citizens,  &tal  to  the  Kepuhlic '." 

In  another  speech  :"  If  in  so  good  a  cause,"  says  be,  "  sup- 
ported  with  such  zeal  by  the  senate ;  by  the  concurrence  of  all 
lunest  men ;  by  the  r^dy  help  of  all  Italy ;  I  had  given  way 
to  the  rage  of  a  despicable  tribune,  or  feared  the  levity  of  two 
contemptible  consuls,  I  must  own  myself  to  have  been  a 
coward,  without  heart  or  head — but  there  were  other  things 
which  moved  me.  That  fury  Clodius  was  perpetually  pro- 
daiming  in  his  harangues,  that  what  he  did  against  me,  was 
done  by  the  authority  of  Pompey,  Crassus,  and  Csesar — that 
these  three  were  his  counsellors  in  the  cabinet,  his  leaders  in 

■  Pott  Rd.  in  Sen.  13,  U. 


222  THE    LIFE 

A.Cih.eU.    Cic.4S.    Caw^[.C*ipunuDiPin.    A.  Otbhiiu! 

tkc  field ;  one  of  whom  famd  an  army  alreidjr  in  Italy,  aod  t?""^,^ 
other  two  could  raiie  one  whenerer  thejr  pleased.    What  tl 
Was  it  my  part  to  regard  the  vaio  bra^  of  an  enemy,  fa]  _ 
tkrown  oat  against  uose  emitieut  meni^     No;  it  was  aotV 
talking,  but  their  silence,  which  shocked  me ;  and,  though  lIlM . 
had  other  reasons  for  holding  their  tongues,  yet,  to  one  in  lifi_. 
chvnmstances,  their  saying  nothing  was  a  declarntKin :  thii 
rilence  a  confession :  they  had  cause,  indeed,  to  b^  alarmed  fli 
their  own  account,  lest  their  acts,  of  the  year  before,  should  fa 
annulled  by  the  pnetors  and  the  senate — many  people, 
were  iostiUing  icalousies  of  me  into  Pompey,  ana  perpet 
admonishing  niin  to  ben-are  of  me;  and  aa  for  Caesar,  « 
■ome  imagined  to  be  angry  with  me,  he  was  at  the  gates  of  tl 
city  with  an  army,  the  command  of  which  he  liaa  given  i 
Appius,  my  enem}-'>  brother.     When  I  saw  all  this,  which  \ 

3ien  and  manifest  to  every  body;  what  could  I  do?     W 
lodins  declared,  in  a  public  speech,  that  I  must  either  ( 
qner  twice  or  perish :  so  that  neither  my  victory,  nor  my  &Bjr]|,^ 
would  have  restored  the  peace  of  the  Republic '." 

Ctodius,  having  satiated  his  revenge  upon  Cicero,  propose 
another  law,  not  less  \-iolent  and  unjust,  agaitL«t    Ptolemy,  I 
king  of  Cyprus ;  to  deprive  him  of  his  kinedoni,  iind  reduce  1 
it   to  a   Roman   province,  and  confiscate  the  whole   estate^  J 
This  prince  was  brother  to  the  king  of  Egypt,  and  reign-  1 
ing  by  the  same  right  of  hereditary  succession ;  in  full  peae«  | 
and  amity   with    Home;   accused   of   no  practices,  nor  su^   . 
peeted   of  any  designs   against  the   Republic;    whtwe   only 
crime  was  to  be  rich  and  covetous;  so  that  the  law  was  an  un- 
paralleled act  of  injustice,  and  what  Cicero,  in  a  public  H>eeeh, 
aid  not  scruple  to  call  a  mere  robbery  *.     But  Clodius  had  aa 


i  Tii  Ol    etc.  t».    Cos.-  L  Calpmnliu  I^m. 

rWjMioe,  Cato  tnu  chiuged  irilti  tbe 

|B*F  Clodius  a  double  pleasure,  by  ira|        _ 

^   .  k  Dpoa  the  rrarest  mun  in  Rome.      I C  wm  i  part,  li 

^  tf  the  mme  mw,  as  well  aa  »f  l^silo'i  irim.  w 

ill  exiles  of   Byzantium,    wliom   Aeir  cttjr  tmA 

a  crimes  aguinst  the  public  peao«'.     The  tttgt^ 

Old)  dirty  work,  km  »  nia)tter-|Meei  and  wrrad 

I  of  great  use  to  Clodius :  Grat,  to  get  lid  of  a 

■  adveraiiry.  for  the  retouinder  of  Us  nagpitiaejr ; 

If,  to  fix  a  blot  OD  Cato  himself,  and  flhmr,  tliat  A»  HMM 

I  paetenders  to  virtue  might  be  caught  by  a  pmpar  bait: 

Ijr,  to  «top  his  mouth,  for  the  future,  as  he  openly  biagaaJ, 

-^^  c^dnouring  against  extraordinary  commiMUma:  fa^wlT» 

a  dU^   him,  above  all,  to  acknowledge  the  Tali£ty  of  Ba 

t,  by  bis  submitting  to  bear  a  part  in  them  *.     Ilw  tribmia 

i  the  suisfaction  to  see  Cato  taken  in  hia  trap;  and  i»- 

ved  a  congratulatory  lett«r  upon  it  from  CmtK,  aJdwad 

kUm  in  the  ^miliar  style,  of  Caesar  to  Clodioa;  vhi^  ba 

KiMd  pablicly  to  the  people,  as  a  proof  of  the  tinrnlar  iotiaMiy 

JittveeD  them '.     King  Ptolemy,  in  the  meanwmla,  aa  aeon  aa 

I W  beard  vf  the  law,  and  of  Cato's  approach  towarda  Cypra% 

I  Waa  end  to  his  life  by  poison ;  unable  to  bear  As  dMgnea  of 

E  was.  at  once,  both   bis  crown  and  his  wealtb.     Cato  «*^ 

L  MIn  his  corami«aiou   with  ^eat  fidelity :  and  ratomed,  tiia 

I'wr  ibliowing,  in  a  kind  of  triumph  to  Rome,  witb  aU  Um 

r  na^s  effects  reduced  into  money,  amounting  to  about  a  mit 

^aim  and  half  sterling :  wliich  he  delivered,  ^nth  great  pomp, 

bio  the  public  treasury '. 

This  proceeding  was  severely  condemned  by  Cicero;  though 
ie  touches  it  in  his  public  speeches  with  some  tenderness,  ftir 
the  sake  of  Cato  ;  whom  he  labours  to  clear  from  any  share  of 
Aa  iaiqtnty :  "  The  commission,"  says  he,  "  was  contrived, 
HtiD  adorn,  bnt  to  banish  Cato;  not  offered,  but  imposed  upon 

'  Bsjam  peennia  dipoitiiidK,  et,  li  quit  mimi  jut  defenderel,  bella  gereodo  Cuaoaa 
li^BCiMi-    IVo  Dnn*  8- 

it  ttiUD  V>  DBSMiO  H.  ClMDil  •pIcDdomD  DUCuUk  TolDITUIlt.      Pto  Scil.  33. 

Th  nM  itgfi  ttUiid,  at  CjpiiDi  Kex — euni  booii  omiiibiit  lub  pnccone  aubjiccTTtar, 
<t<xalea  BfnotiiiB  ndoMTantiir,     Eidnn,  inquit,  ntimque  de  re  ncgodum  dedi.     fio 

Dm.  SO. 

)  Sob  luHMtlBenitbdniD  miniidnl  titulo  H.  Cstoncm  m  Rq>.  nlrgnii.  [Veil.  PU. 
Itft.)  NoniUl  oriiindiiin  H.  Citanem,  wd  rtleguidnm  patiTenint :  qui  in  condone 
mIihi  dfuiint,  Kognim  le  ereUiMe  CatonL  mm  Kn^ier  omtn  extnordiiuTiu  poteitata 
OcnfokM.     Quod  ti  ills  repmliiiwt,  dobiutit  qnin  d  ' " '" 


•  Plat—jCMo,  FbT.  S.  a 


A.llrb.695.    Clc49.    CMi.-L.  Cilpiunlai  Pbo.    A.  GdibutB. 

him.  Why  did  lie  then  obey  it ;  just  as  he  had  sworn  to  obey 
other  laws,  which  he  knew  to  be  uojust,  tliat  he  might  not 
expose  himself  to  the  fury  of  liis  enemies,  and,  without  doinr 
any  good,  deprive  the  Republic  of  such  a  citizen.  If  he  had 
not  submitted  to  the  law,  be  could  not  have  hindered  it;  the  ' 
•tain  of  it  would  still  liave  stuck  upon  tlie  Republic,  and  he 
himself  suffered  violence  for  rejectiuf  it;  since  it  would  hare 
been  a  precedent  fur  invalidatrng  alt  the  other  acts  of  that 
year :  he  considered,  therefore,  that  since  the  scandal  of  it 
could  not  be  avoided,  be  was  the  person  best  qualified  to  Smr 
ffood  out  of  evil,  and  to  serve  his  country  well,  though  in  a 
bad  cause'."  But  howsoever  this  may  colour,  it  cannot  justify 
Cato's  conduct,  who  valued  himself  nighly  upon  bis  Cyprian 
transactions ;  and,  for  the  sake  of  that  commission,  was  drawn 
in,  as  Clodius  expected,  to  support  the  authority  from  which 
it  flowed,  and  to  maintain  the  legality  of  Clodius's  tribunate, 
in  some  warm  debates  even  with  Cicero  himself*. 

Among  the  other  laws  made  by  Clodius,  there  was  one,  like* 
wise,  to  give  relief  to  the  private  members  of  corporate  town% 
against  the  public  injuries  of  their  communities.  The  purpose 
of  it  was  specious,  but  the  real  design,  to  screen  a  creature  of 
his  own,  one  Merula,  of  Anaguia,  who  had  been  punished,  or 
driven  from  his  city,  for  some  notorious  villanies,  and  who,  in 
return  for  this  service,  erected  a  statue  to  his  patron,  on  part 
of  the  area  of  Cicero's  house,  and  inscribed  it  to  Clodius,  the 
author  of  so  excellent  a  law.  But  as  Cicero  told  him,  after- 
wards, in  one  of  his  speeches,  the  place  itself  where  the  statue 
stood,  the  scene  of  so  memorable  an  injury,  confuted  both  the 
excellency  of  the  law  and  the  inscription '. 

But  it  rs  time  for  ua  to  look  after  Cicero  in  his  fliglit;  who 


OF  cicsRo.  225 


f 

■  JL  Vik  OS.    Gfe.  49.    Cottw— .1^  Cdpurniiu  PIso.    A.  Qabfaiiut. 

B  Ml «  crael  flhodc  ta  him,  and  the  first  taste  of  the  misery  of 
I  lUffBUOB ;  that  an  oM  friend,  who  had  been  highly  obliged  to 
UtoS*  of  die  Mune  par^  and  principles,  should  refuse  him 
^-*       in  a  calamity,  which  he  hieul  drawn  upon  himself  by  his 
to  die  Republic;  speaking  of  it  afterwards,  when  it 
Us  business  to  treat  it  severely,  <^  See,"  says  he,  ^*  the 
af  these  times;  when  all  Sicily  was  coming  out  to  meet 
^_,  Ae  prvtor,  who  had  often  felt  the  we  of  the  same  tri« 
koM^  and  in  the  same  cause,  would  not  suffer  me  to  come  into 
Iha  islaod.     What  shall  I  say  ?  That  Virgilius,  such  a  citizen, 
■id  anflh  a  man,  had  lost  all  benevolence,  all  remembrance  of 
Mr  omuDon  sufferings,  all  his  piety,  humanity,  and   faith 
IswaiJa  ne?    No  sudi  thins;:  he  was  afraid,  how  he  should 
■Bglj  aoalain  the  we^ht  of  that  storm,   which  had  over- 
pawaiiid  our  joint  forces  ^'' 

'TUs  unexpected  repulse  from  Sicily  obliged  him  to  change 
Us  route,  and  turn  back  again  towards  Brundisium,  in  order 
Id  pass  into  Greece :  he  left  Vibo,  therefore,  that  he  might  not 
sspoae  his  host  Sica  to  any  danger,  for  entertaining  him  ;  ez« 
peetiiig  to  find  no  quiet,  till  he  could  remove  himself  beyond 
Am  bonnds  prescribed  by  the  law.  But  in  this  he  found  himself 
aiMaken ;  for  all  the  towns  on  his  road  received  him  with  the 
most  public  marks  of  respect;  inviting  him  to  take  up  bis 

Crters  with  them,  and  euardin^  liim,  as  he  passed  throu£;h 
ir  territories,  with  all  imaginable  honour  and  safety  to  his 
person.  He  avoided,  however,  as  much  as  possible,  all  public 
places;  and  when  he  came  to  Brundisium,  would  not  enter  into 
the  city,  though  it  expressed  the  warmest  zeal  for  his  service, 
and  offered  to  run  all  hazards  in  his  defence  ^. 

In  this  interval,  he  was  pressing  Atticus  in  every  letter,  and 
in  the  most  moving  terms,  to  come  to  him ;  and,  when  he  re- 
moved from  Vibo,  gave  him  daily  intelligence  of  all  his  stages, 
that  he  might  know  still  where  to  find  him ;  taking  it  for  granted, 
that  he  would  not  fail  to  follow  him  \     But  Atticus  seems  to 

»  Plot,  in  Cic. 

'  Biciliam  pctiYi  animo,  qtiip  ct  ipsa  erat  inilii..  sicut  donnii^  una,  conjuncta;  et  obtine- 
batur  a  Virgilio  :  qnocuin  mc  unn  vel  maxiine  turn  vetusta  auiicitia^  turn  mei  fratris 
eoWefpz,  turn  Rcspub.  sociarat.  Vide  nunc  caligineni  t(>ini>onim  illonim.  Cum  ip«a 
pnoe  infola  mihi  seee  obviarn  forrc  vcllet,  pnetor  illc  cju»4lem  tribuni  plcb.  concionibus 
propter  eondeni  Reipub.  cauKiin  seppe  vexutus,  nihil  aui])lius  dico,  nisi  me  in  Siciliam 
ventre  noluit,  &c.     Pro  Cn.  Plane.  40. 

<  Cum  omnia  ilia  Munieipia,  (\\iw  ftunt  u  Vihone  BnindiHinm,  in  fide  mea  C9sent,  iter 
mihi  tutum,  multiR  miniUinlibii<(.  niHgiio  cum  ruo  metu  pr«9titenmt.  Bnmdisium  veni, 
Tel  potius  ad  mceuia  acce«si.  UrlK'm  unnm  mihi  amiciKsimam  declinavi,  quee  i^e  vel  {>o> 
tins  eaEictndi,  quam  e  suo  complexu  ut  eripi>rer  facile  pateretur.     Ibid.  41. 

*  Sed  te  oro,  ut  ad  me  Vibonem  Jitatim  veuias. — Si  id  non  feceri*  mirabor,  sed  confido 
te  e«ae  facturum.     AdAtt.  3. 1. 

Nunc,  at  ad  te  antea  scHpai,  si  ad  nog  veneris,  consilium  totius  rei  rapicmup.  IbiA  2. 

ItfT  Brandisiam  rerfu*  contuli — nunc  tu  propera,  ut  nos  conwquare,  n  modb  Iredpie- 
fliiir.    Adhuc  invitamur  ben^e*     Ibid.  3. 

Nihil  mibi  optatiu*  cadere  poMe,  q\iam  ut  tu  me  qiiam  primum  conf*equare.    Ibid.  4.  •• 

2 


have  given  him  no  ansiver  on  this  head,  nor  to  have  had  m 
tbouffhts  of  stirrine  from  Rome :  he  was  persuaded,  perfai 
that  hi*  company  abroad  could  be  of  no  other  use  to  hun,  f' 
to  give  some  little  relief  to  bis  present  cha^n ;  whereaa 
condnuauce  in  the  city  might  be  of  the  greatest ;  not  aoly  h 
relieving)  but  removing  his  calamity,  and  procuring  his  rei 
tion:  or,  we  may  imagine,  what  his  character  seems  to  au^^ 
that  though  lie  had  a  greater  love  for  Cicero,  than  for  i  _ 
man,  yet  it  was  always  with  an  exception,  of  not  involTiDVcj 
himself  in  the  distress  of  his  friend,  or  disturbing  the  tranqnil*^ 
Hty  of  his  life,  by  taking  any  share  of  another's  misery ;  aoA^ 
that  he  wan  following  only  the  dictates  of  his  temper  and  pin*.^ 
Ciplea,  in  sparing  himself  a  trouble,  which  would  have  madtfi 
him  suffer  more  than  his  philosophy  could  easily  bear.     Bn^- 
whatever  was  the  cause,  it  gave  a  fresh  mortification  to  Cioem 
who,  in  a  letter  upon  it,  says,  <<  1  made  no  doubt  but  that  I 
should  see  you  at  Tarentum  or  Brundisium :  it  would  haf* 
been   convenient  for  many  reasons,  and,  above  all,   for  my 
design  of  spending  some  time  with  you  in  Epirus,  and  regv 
lating  all  my  measures  by  your  advice :  but  since  it  has  not 
happened,  as  I  wished,  I  shall  add  this  also  to  the  great  num- 
ber of  my  other  afBictions '."     He  was  now  lodged  in  the  vilb 
of  M.  Lenius  Flaccus,  not  far  from  the  walls  of  Brundinon, 
where  he  arrived  on  the  I7tli  of  April,  and  on  the  last  of  the 
same  month  embarked  for  Dyrrbachinm.     In  his  account  of 
himself  to  his  wife,  **  1  spent  thirteen  days,"  says  he,  *■  with 
Flaccus,  who,  for  my  aaiie,  sligiitfd   the  risk  of  bis   fortunes 


.  I  all  tlioughn  of  Out,  sod  wm  iodined  to  go  to 
»:  tiii  be  waa  iaforBad,  that  it  would  be  datwerous  for 
BlmT«l  into  that  part  of  Greece;  where  all  uiow,  who 
wen  baniabed  for  Cat)lioe*i  ooiwpincy,  and  eqiecially' 
niiMt,  th«n  resided ;  who  would  have  bad  some  comfort, 
ir  exile,  to  revenge  themielrea  on  the  author  of  their 
,  if  tbey  could  have  ought  bim*. 

arch  telU  us,  tba^  in  auling  out  of  Bruodisium,  the 
which  was  fair,  changed  of  a  sudden,  and  drove  him 
kdi  ^ai» ;  and  when  be  pmed  over  to  Djrrrbachium,  in  the 
kcomT  attempt,  that  there  bqipeDed  an  earthquake,  and  ^ 
(nat  storm  immediately  after  hia  lanting;  from  which,  the 
aBDlikw.y4.T8  foretold,  iltat  Ills  May  abroad  would  not  be  long. 
Bu  it  ia  atrange,  that  a  writer,  ao  food  of  prodigies,  whidi 
■obodjr  vise  takes  notice  0^  should  omit  the  story  (tf  Cicero's 
dnwn,  which  was  more  to  bis  purpose,  and  ta  related  by 
Cieero  hiin&elf ;  that,  in  ana  of  the  stages  of  his  flight,  being 
lo^d  in  the  villa  of  a  Mend,  after  he  luul  loin  reetlesa  and 
wakeful  a  great  part  of  the  night,  he  fell  into  a  sound  sleep, 
break  of  day,  and  when  he  awaked,  about  eight  in  the 
iiig,  told  his  dream  to  thoae  round  him ;  that,  as  ne  seemed 
H  be  wundering,  disconsolate,  in  a  lonely  place,  C.  Marins, 
•mOk  bis  fasces  wreathed  with  laurel,  aeoeeted  him,  and  de- 
asoded,  why  he  was  so  melancholy;  and  when  he  answered, 
Aat  he  was  driven  out  of  his  country,  by  violence,  Marius 
took  him  by  the  lianil,  and  bidding  him  be  of  courage,  ordered 
the  next  lictor  to  conduct  him  into  his  monument ;  telling  him, 
that  there  he  should  tind  safety :  upon  this,  the  company  pre- 
lently  cried  out,  that  he  would  have  a  quick  and  glorious 
Klarn'.  All  which  was  exactly  fulfilled;  for  his  restoration 
irag  decreed  in  a  certain  temple,  built  hy  Marius,  and,  for  that 
reamn,  called  Marius'ii  monument;  where  the  senate  happened 
to  be  assembled  on  that  occasion*. 

Thifi  dream  was  much  talked  of  in  the  hnnlly,  and  Cicero 
bioHelf,  in  that  season  of  hia  dejection,  seemed  to  be  pleased 
«itb  it;  and  on  tlie  first  news,  of  the  decree's  passing  in 
Marina's  monument,  declared  that  nothing  could  be  more 
£irine :  yet,  in  disputing  afterwards  on  tlie  itiitiire  of  dreams, 
be  asserts  them  all  to  be  vain  and  fantastical,  and  nothing  else 

I  Quod  me  reoM  el  IiorUlil,  ut  ipuJ  le  in  ^iro  lim  ;  ToluntM  lus  mihi  nWt  gnu 
111  fV  ■!  ftlneru  mm  ul  divirUreiD,  primuin  eai  dciium;  dcindc  sb  AiUnxiia  at 
oRni,  qnatiidul  J  deinde  niie  le.  Nun  cutcllum  miinituni  hubiunti  mihi  |ir(ide»rt, 
tnimiriUi  non  e*t  rumMuium.  Quod  ri  ladereni,  Atbeiiu  pctcmn  :  une  iu  cidibu 
«.  Tdlem.     Nuut  gt  noiiri  liMIc*  ibi  tunc,  ct  te  non  hnbemui.     Ad  Au.  3.  7. 

*  De  DiTiD.  I.  38.    V»l,M»i.l.7. 

1  Tdcrini  Muimui  cilli  lbi<  oionumeDt  ot  Muiui,  the  ttmp\t  of  Jiipiler-.  bol  H 
nan,  tnnii  Cic«n>"i  tccoiiol,  to  have  btcn  the  Wniplr  of  Honour  mnd  Virtu*. 

e  2 


326  THE    LIFE 

A.  I'rb.  (iU5.     CV.  If.     Van.—L.  I'llpiitniui 

but  the  iin)>erfect  traces,  and  coufused  impreasioiis,  whi 
wskins  tlioiielita  Wve   upon  tlie  mind;   tliat,  iu  his  1 
therefore,  ns  it  was  natural  for  him  to  think  much  uponi 
countryman  Marius,  who  had  suffered  tlie  same  calamilyy.a 
that  was  the  cause  of  his  dreaming  of  him ;  and  that  do  ^^ 
woman  could  be  so  silly,  as  to  give  ajiy  credit  to  dream' 
in  the  infinite  number  and  variety  of  them,  they  did  not  ■ 
times  happen  to  hit  riirlit'. 

When  he  came  to  Dyrrliachium,  he  found  confirmed,  < 
he  had  heard  before  in  Italy,  that  Achaia,  and  the  neiehiM 
Jng  parts  of  Greece,  were  possessed  by  those  rebels,  wiio  I 
been  driven  from  Home  on  Catiline's  account.  This  det 
mined  him  to  go  into  Muccdunia,  before  tliey  could  be  infom 
of  his  arrival,  where  bis  friend,  Cn.  Piuncius  was  then  qiuetl 
who  no  sooner  heard  of  his  landing,  than  be  came  to  find  h 
at  Dyrrhachium ;  where  out  of  regard  lo  his  present  circu 
Btanoes,  and  the  privacy  which  he  affected,  dismisun^  I 
officers,  and  laying  aside  all  the  pomp  of  magistracy,  he  ca 
ducted  him,  with  the  observance  of  a  private  companion,  tb  « 
his  heod-qnarterg  at  Thc&siilonica,  about  the  21st  of  MRy*=| 
L.  AppuleiUB  was  the  prfetor,  or  cldcf  governor  of  the  pr<H  ] 
vince :  but  though  lie  was  an  honest  man,  and  Cicero's  friendt  ; 
vet  he  durst  not  venture  to  grant  him  his  protection,  or  8he«« 
nim  any  public  civility,  but  contented  himself  with  conniving 
only  at  what  his  quaestor  Plancius  did*. 

While  Cicero  staid  at  Dyrrhachium,  he  received  two  ex- 
presses from  Ills  brother  Quintus,  who  was  now  coming  home 
from  Asia,  to  inform  him  of  his  intended  route,  and  to  settle 
the  place  of  their  meeting :  Quintus's  design  was,  to  pass  from 
EpLcsus  til  Athi'iis  and   LJiciico,  by  lauil,  through  Macedonia; 


OF  CICERO.  229 

i.i;rkSS5.    Ck.49.    Com^—L.  Calpurniui  Pim.    A.  Gabintuf. 

to  Me  him ;  beiw  unable  to  bear  the  tenderness  of 
IB  aeediMr,  and  much  more,  the  misery  of  parting ;  aud 
~    apprehensive,  besides,  that  if  they  once  mot,   they 
not  be  able  to  part  at  all,  whilst  Quintus's  presence 


necessary  to  their  common  interests:   so  that, 

one  aflSiction,  he  was  forced,  he   says,  to  endure 

moat  cmel  one,  that  of  shunning  tlie  embraces  of  a 

Tnbeiti,  however,  his  kinsman,  and  one  of  his  brother's 
Is,  paid  him  a  visit,  on  his  return  towards  Italy,  and 
inted  him  with  what  he  had  learnt  in  pissing  through 
dbat  the  banished  conspirators,  who  resided  tliere,  were 
forming  a  plot  to  seize  and  murder  him ;  for  which 
he  advised  him  to  go  into  Asia;  where  the  zeal  and 
of  the  province  would  afford  him  the  safest  retreat, 
his  own  and  his  brotlier's  account'.  Cicero  was  dis- 
to  follow  this  advice,  and  leave  Macedonia;  for  the 
Appuleius,  though  a  friend,  gave  him  no  encourage- 
to  stay;  and  the  consul  Piso,  his  enemy,  was  coming  to 
command  of  it  the  next  winter :  but  all  his  friends  at  Uome 
ed  his  removal  to  any  place  more  <listant  from  them ; 
Plancius  treated  him  so  affectionately,  and  contrived  to 
all  things  so  easy  to  him,  that  he  dropped  the  thoughts 
of  dmnging  his  quarters.  Plancius  was  in  hopes  that  Cicero 
-wonld  be  recallea  with  the  expiration  of  his  qusestorship,  and 
that  he  should  have  the  honour  of  returning  with  him  to 
Home,  to  reap  tho  fruit  of  his  fidelity,  not  only  from  Cicero's 
gratitude,  but  the  favour  of  the  senate  and  the  peopled  The 
only  inconvenience  that  Cicero  found,  in  liis  presijiit  situation, 
was  the  number  of  soldiers  and  coneourse  of  people,  who  fre- 
quented the  place,  on  account  of  business  with  the  cjujestor: 
for  he  was  so  shocked  and  dejected  by  his  misfortune,  that^ 
though  the  cities  of  Greece  were  offering  their  services  and 

•  QuiDtU!*  Fratcr  ctim  ex  Asia  veTiis-st't  ante  Kalciid.  Mai.  et  Athcuus  vmisssc  Idil>. 
rddc  fiiit  ci  |irojH:r;iii<iu!n,  iic  quid  uIjwiis  ucciiK-Tt't  rnluiiiitatJ!:,  siijuis  fnrw  fuisM.'t, 
•)ai  contciitus  nottri**  iuali8  non  csMrt.  It:4quo  ciini  inuliti  projicM-'.irc  Rdinuiii,  qiiani 
&d  mc  vi-nirc :  et  biuiiiI,  dicaiii  cnim  quod  vcruin  oht, — animuin  induccn*  n<ui  potui,  »it 
ant  illuiu  ainaiitift6iniuiii  luci.  inoUitt^imo  aniriio  timto  in  nMrmrc  Uhpircrcni — atoun 
fliain  illnd  timebani,  quod  juoferto  accidi&set,  no  a  uw  digredi  uou  jmjkscI. — IIiijiis 
ai-rilrtlatin  cventum  altera  acerbitale  non  vidcndi  fnitris  vitavi.  Ad  Alt.  3.  .0.  Ad 
Quint.  Fra.  1.  3. 

'  (.'um  ad  me  L.  Tubcio,  mens.  neces-iiiiiuK.  qui  Fratri  meo  Iiiralus  lui'^et,  (U'cedcn.s 
K-x.  Asia  vmisisct,  t-aj^ue  iiiMdiaii,  qjias  inihi  {tarat;is  alt  c.vulihu?.  c<iiijurati5  audierat, 
ikSiinio  aiuicixsiiino  delulisAet.  In  Awani  lue  ire,  propter  ejus  |irovinciip  niceum  et  cum 
fn:n:  me<»  necesHtudinein.     Pro  IManc.  41. 

a  Planciu*!.  homo  oflieiofrisi'inms,  me  cujjit  ei>sc  secum  el  adliuc  relinet — hpc-rat  posse 
fieri,  ul  xnecuin  in  Italiam  deredat.     Ep.  Fani.  14.  1. 

I>iiigius.  qu»im  ila  vol)i*  placet,  non  discedam.     Ibid.  '2. 

M^  adhuc  Plancius  libeialitate  s>uu  retinet — h|)e-.  liomini  i!>t  injccta,  fi.m  eailcm.  qnflf 
inihi.  po«i^^^  nos  una  decedere  :  quam  lem  sibi  mapno  bonori  --perat  f«»ir.    Ad  Att.  X'22. 


A.ITrb.695.    Cic.  49.    CoM—L.  Cdpanlin  Pbo.    A.G*Uiin«. 
eonipltmenis,  and  striring  to  <lo  him  all  imaginable  h 
yet  De  refused  to  see  all  company,  and  was  so  shy  <rf  die|i 
that  he  could  hardly  endure  the  light*.  ■) 

For  it  cannot  be  denied,  that,  in  this  calamity  of  im  t 
he  did  not  behave  himself  with  that  firmneas,  wkicb  fl 
rcMonably  be  expected  from  one,  who  had  borne  so  { 
a  part  in  the  Republic ;  conscious  of  his  int^rity,  and  n 
in  the  cause  of  Iiis  country :  for  his  letters  are  eenet^ 
witii  such  lamentable  expressions  of  grief  and  £spair,  t 
best  friends,  and  even  nis  wife  was  forced  to  admonish^ 
sometimes,  to  rouse  his  courage',  and  remember  his  I 
character.     Atticus  was  constantly  putting  him  in  mind  ■ 
and  seot  him  word  of  a  report,  that  was  brought  to  F 
one  of  CrasBus's  freed-men,  that  his  affliction  had  d 
his  senses:    to  which  he  answered;    that  his  mind  w«4 
sound,  and  wished  only,  that  it  had  been  always  so,  wbt 
placed  his  confidence  on  those,  who  perfidiously  abinedll 
nis  ruin*. 

But  these  remonstrances  did  not  please  him;  he  t 
them  unkind  and  unseasonable,  as  he  intimates  in  i 
bia  letters,  where  he  expresses  himself  rery  movingly  oa  i 
subject.  "  As  lo  your  chiding  me,"  says  he,  "  so  <mea 
so  severely,  for  being  too  much  dejected ;  what  misery  is  l) 
1  pray  you,  so  grievous,  which  1  do  not  feel  in  my  prana 
calamity  ?  Did  any  nuui  ever  fall  from  such  a  height  of  Hfj 
nity,  ill  so  good  a  cause,  with  the  advantage  of  such  taleaM 
""   ""  ""   "  ■iiii'li  su]i]Hirl  of  all  lionest  men?     Is  i 


fm  ill  dMpatitioii,  whieh 
I,  hk  eooDtry,  more  pa»- 
wl  tbe  loM  <rf  liieiii  iDora 


mfuitu\M,  it'  some  perfidiou 

'itiirithin  my  irwn  nalb  *»**&& 

,"  t&yt  he,  "  to  amut  MB  m  yoa  da«  nib  yoar 

war  sdrice,  and  yaar  intenrt;  bat  mre  yosnelf 

f  comlbrtinif,  nod  mocb  more  of  *l»Mi»ig  ■«;  jsr 

a  lid  (fan  I  cunniil  help  cbngin^  it  to  your  wsnt  of 

ooDMrn  fur  me;  orliaro  I  imagme  to  be  m  afflicted 

9LS  to  be  incoDSoUtM  eren  youtwlf '.** 

',  indrcrf,  attaciceH  in  hie  weaknt  peit ;  the  only 

Rkinnbivh  he  was  vulnerable:  lo  hare  been  as  great  in 

'liin,  ai  be  was  in  prcMperity,  mmld  bare  been  a  petfec- 

wt  gtveii  to  mat) :  yet,  thie  very  weahaeM  flowed  fron  a 

1^  whicb  rt.-tMleie<l  Iitm  ii>e  niiire  amiable  in  all  the  other 

koflife:    au<l    the  same   ti^) 

e  fais  friend«,  hU  children, 
(dy  than  other  men,  made  liim  fieel 

My:  "  1  have  twice,"  says  li^  "  aaved  the  Repnblie; 
'k  elory  ;  a  second  time,  u-ith  misery:  for  I  will  nerer 
^  leif  to  be  a  man ;  or  hm^  of  bewing  the  Iom  of  a 
■er,  children,  wife,  country,  withoot  sorrow.  For  what 
'  a  had  been  due  to  me  for  quitting  what  1  did  not  value*." 
jther  speech ;  ''  I  own  my  grief  to  have  been  extremely 
;  nor  *\o  I  pretend  to  that  wii^dom,  which  those  expected 
,  who  gave  out,  that  I  was  too  mudi  broken  by  ray 
:  for  such  a  hardness  of  mind,  as  of  body,  which  doea 
I  pain,  is  a  titupidiiy  rather  than  a  virtue.  I  am  not 
F  those  to  whom  all  things  are  indifferent ;  but  love  my- 
F  and  my  friends  "*  *>ur  common  humanity  requires ;  and 
)  who,  for  the  public  good,  parts  with  what  he  holds  the 
arest,  gives  the  Jii^hest  proof  of  love  to  his  country'." 
Ttieri"  \vsi.«  riTidtlH-r  run -ide  rat  ion,  which  added  no  small  sting 
to  his  affliction :  to  reflect,  as  be  often  doe?,  not  only  on  what 
he  had  loat,  but  how  he  had  lost  it,  by  his  own  fault ;  in 
■sSering  himself  to  be  imposed  upon  and  deluded  by  false  and 


<rud.io 

•Tqme, 

ut  fKU,  npem. 

raniilio,  gntii  ji 

•rii;qood< 

;um  ^1,  eg.  t 

itTcctuiD  ma 

■rbilrir.  nl  U 

inuiD  nfma  conioUri  Hwil.     Ibid. 

■  Una)  bii  Rcmpub.  vrnTi,  t«ncl  glom. 

X«,u. 

.■  «.tm  in  boc 

whoiBiDeii 

laKtoSrUhor 

Optimo 

fntre.  cirivimi: 

a.jage,™F 

■IriiL  hof  bonorii 

^.  : 

line  doiorc  raruiw  zl 

orwr.     Qood 

■  f^d^Km.  < 

laotl  1  me  brncfirium  h&bcrctis, 

cum  pi 

«.«..  -ill.. 

ProStil-Zi. 

*  Aenpi  mignum  aiqne 

iDm<libi]«n  dalo, 

m  Btgo :  nt^iie 

ifiaU»i^< 

|ium  nonaulli 

r  •nimo  nimi.  IVkId  , 

t  JBiiW  am 

i  durit,™,  .icul  < 

,..nd  «m  dril. 

KDlit,  Itupo- 

Ml  pMin*,  q»m  Tin„t™ 

im  ^^"C  he 

»si)nn. 

.  quom  ii,  qui  I 

Uhjl  CD 

tWM    In-Hl 

>m  K  lui,  lai 

p«Wl.l— qui 

Btip.b.  «. 

m,  .  q«it™.  .. 

iDima  r<iiD  <laloR  di*tlli 

itnr,  ri  fUia  r: 

ire  Ml 

:.     Pro  Dam. 

SB,  ST. 

^ti*:utE»  ^.«c^i-<     This  le  tTequeQ:;y  b.>ui:li«s  upon  io  a  Ml 
*3ivn  »a<:*>.  i-M  i:  ^ItJ  Kim  verj-  weT^relv :  "  Tho^^ 
C^Mi'~  «ij*  ■■<•  "  •*  iiicriiiiMo.  yet  I  ax  v.oc  Jisiurbed 
»-.  TM  =ii's«rT\  i>:  »".j:  I  iVifl.  as  :htf  Mw".et.ii«>ii  of  my 
W'^,i-7v:Vf.  »:.e:.   y.  -.1  inar.  !.on  m::ch  1  am  afflicted,  in 
■■1-''  I  1=1  *i?:r',:-.j  :l.t  p^:ii^:imiiit  »>:  my  t'ollv,  not  e, 
*«^r.U  :>r  Ijvi'i:  tr-<:e';  i">»  mac::  to  on*,  whom  1  did  not  k 
TO  ':v  ±  rjsOL.         1:  mu-;  reci!*  l>e  cruelly  monifyiiiff  to  N^j 
oC  'zi*  ze~.^:.  -..'.mW  len'terof 'liv  re  ;>  nut  ion.  iiml  pasSKKWld^ 
ix:'.  ol  L-vTy.  ;o  :::-.t'u:t:  t.:<  ciilaiiiiiy  lo  his  own  blunden,  MMMI 
£tr..:\  ':.:::-.>«'.;   the  kiuiv  ot   iiii'ii  tiot  so  wUo  as  himself:  ytftt 
iTTer  A...  ;:  ttviy  rt.i>o!i.»:'.y  '-e  ti;:e>tio:n.'il.  uuetber  his  inqnitfP^ 
:aU-  1-:   :i:*  >*.>;:,  w.i*  ::>':  0*1:;;  rather  to  the  iealous  mt^ 
(juenilou^  :'.j:;ire  if  jr.ic:ion  ii-clt.  tli:m  to  any  real  fuundnlj— 
ot  ir--:r.:  :'or  Atrio::*  woi.ld  never  allow  hi*  suspicions  to  ht ^ 
JBSl.  not  ive::   .i^.~ti;;j:  HortLHsi.is.  where  they  seemed  to  B^ 
'th<  i:ej«:t>:'.      I'h:*  is  '.he  surutaiice  nt  «'hat  Cicero  hinndf 
-ays.  ;o  e.\*-:;#e  :r.e  e\co**  i-l   his  e"^*:  i»nti  the  only  excOMlr 
iti,W\;.  u'.it;:.  Call  It   [r.Aito  to-  Uii'.i :  that  he  diil  not  pretedl 
to  tv  ;i  s:o:^'.  :'.>'r  .is;  ire  t>>  il.e  cLiraeter  of  a  hero :  yet  we  SN 
some  w:l;e>.  la''v^r::.t:  to  ditVnti  him.  even  a^ns't  IiimMlf; 
au-i  eKiiiavourl::;  to  ^ersu.iile  us.  that  all  this  air  of  dejectisa 
Aiui  i'loi<^;  «as  wl-.^Ly  teijiie<l  aiul  iLviumed,  iW  the  nke  of 
BKniit^  >.v:»}U'^io:i.  a:iil  e;ii:;vnt<2  his  friends  to  exert  theilH 
»eS>s  the  more  w:irm:\.  in  soliciting  his  resiorati<Hi ;  lesthk 
adiiv'iio:!  ^l.oulti  .ie>:rey  him.  before  tliey  could  effect  it*. 

\Mic:i  he  haii  hee:i  k;oiie  a  little  more  than  two  months, 
his  iVienLt  Ni:::i:us.  the  iriliiiiie.  maiie  a  mation.  in  the  senate^ 
to  ixval  hin>.  a:iil  repeal  the  law  of  Clodius:  to  which  the 
boose  readiiv  i^^reed  with  a^l  of  the  trihmies,  till  one  • 


OF  cic£Ro.  -J.';.'; 


vkt  left  Asia  on  the  first  of  May.  arriv*^  nt  Kjmj-. 
lecrived  with   great  demon^tratioiKH  of  r<^j •«'('«.    f^i 
if  lU  ranks,  who  flocked  out  to  me^t  tAv:  .     <  ':*:•-•'» 
anaddidonal  anxiety  on  hiH  account  I^-^t  !:j«:  ^  i'#^j&*( 
lyoMans  of  the  impeacbment.  uLich  t:.'-.  v.-.r-'-ii*' -  ••' . 
oe  able  to  expel  him  too:  es|KrC2aJ ly.  «$;:.*>-  T  I'x^  -*•  • 
AppiuSf  was  the  praetor,  whoMr  I'^  h  w<i»  *'/  »  -  '/•; 
tmb*.     But  Clodius  was  now  Ir^^iri^  ^ro.--^   cVoi^ 
grown  so   insolent,  on  his  late  <»uct.-«'*^  ^'^*  <•(-    *  * 
I  eoold  not  bear  hiQi  any  lon;f<-r:   for  :i;^--.'-/  *'<.•   -r.*' 
and  sent  Cato  out  of  hi<»  way.  he  '/"/>-    v.  :''.  -  '- 
a  mttch  for  Pompey  :  by  wLowr  Liiii.  o;  .  <  ■  •  t  > ,♦ 

ke  had  acquired  all  hif*  [Kjwer :  ar.'L  i/.  o;^*.-   ''■  •.■%"  'vt    */ 
seized  by  stratagem,  into  hi*  Jiaijo-u   v^-    ^'  *    "f   i  -y 

Joes,  whom  Pompey  had  brought  wi«L  ;,;rr.  •" .:  *-.?#,•, 

kept  a  prisoner  at  Home,  in  the  cu'Vy;.  '-i  J  :•.  <  •  ••.*- 
';  ana,  instead  of  delivering  Lirr-  •-■:•.  »•«'•  •'  •• :»  . 
him,  undertook,  for  a  iar^e  •  .rr.  "f  ; 
his  liberty,  and  send  him  howtr,  'Il'.k.  vyir<) 
without  a  sharp  enj^agement  I -^ !■**-«-:.  ;.',-:.  %•'  ;  .< » 
iiko  marched  out  of  Rome,  with  a  h^xJ.  o:'  .v*"  v. »-  :  •".> 
la  leoover  Tigranes  by  force :  but  C, . 'x:  !.•:••«  -  •  ••-  •  •  •  • 
6r  hinif  and  killed  a  great  jiart  of  jl:-  './y::.;-**  .  >• '  *•■ 
tkcBA  Papirius,  a  lloman  knight  of  I ^>:m *<';.'  • 
tanee,  while  Flavius  al'**^,  hi/i-M-.:-  iJa/:  •.•,::  r  ^  v^  - 

with  life  *. 

This  affront  roustM    V*':t.\--.  '     •       •      •    - 

m  m 

as  well  to  correct  tl;»-  ■  t'/j^.'.^:-.-     •   ^    •. 
credit,  and  iiiirratiaV:  !.':'.'.-■  :!'.*■•' 
dropped  some  hint*  oi  :.i-  !•  .    •  ''    -. 

i.»ariicularlv  to   .inic^-.    ....    -  •. .  • 

a;^eeable  news:  \i\-*  :.  >.'..-.'      ■• 
of  Pompey^  "sinc'-r".';..  ••■..•  • 
sent  a  cojiV  of  i»i-  ..  ■-.  r  ••   /i"     .-. 
time,  that  if  IV'.':::  •  ■■  '  •-         ,■     '  ■       -  '• 


t  • 


,-1. 


'  Hnk 

a-i 

IaS  ^■'  r. .  ■  •  ■ 

r 

Yi.  S#-xi. 

31. 

1 

»  Mi>.: 

•  t.a 

i.« ,       .... 

IJ^  U- 

.   f >.-     :.  . 

«.< 

'•  IL\S.-. 

f  _ 

•  .  . 

i  M-   ' 

■ ,": 

'.1 

n  .  :.-.  '. 

,  •   « 

■.'.■'■■ 

( 

:..  V  ::.■ 

'^ 

■•, 

t- 

-I.;*   :*: 

-     « 

-  •       ■  ■    / 

t"-.«r.>-.fi.- 

; 

■ 

i_  1 

jjii  •  ■■■ 

-  — f   - 

'  • 

A'. 

^  " 

•                                  , 

* 

1-  ■  .  •• 

■       ^ 

•                                        ■ 

--  1-  . 

• 

V 

234  THE  LIF£ 

A.Urb.695.     Cw.  49,    Com.— L.  Citparniui  Puo.     A.  Gkbiniuh 

ceived,  in  tlie  case  of  Ttgnmes,  he  should  despair  of  h 

Dtored  by  any  thing '.      ' 

indiBacy  with  Pvmpey,  .._. 

that  Fompey  would  certain 

he  heard  from  Cesar,  whi  . 

Thia   intelligence,   ^m  so  good  an  author,  raised  Gi 

hopes,  UU,  nndiiig  no  effects  of  it  for  a  considentbie  tiiM 

began  to  apprehend,  that  there  either  was  nothing  at  all  I 

or  that  Cwaar's  answer  was  averse,  and  had  put  an  end  li 

The  foct,  however,  shews,  what  an  extraordinary  defiv 

Ponipey  raid  to  Ciesar,  that  he  would  not  take  a  step  u 

a&ir,  at  Home,  without  sending  lirst  to  Gaul,  to  consolt' 

about  it. 

The  city  was  alarmed,  at  the  same  time,  by  the  rumoi 
a  second  plot  atfainst  Pompey's  life,  said  to  be  contrive! 
Clodius,  one  of  whose  slaves  was  seized  at  the  door  (d 
senate,  with  a  da^er,  which  his  master  bad  given  him,  a 
confessed,  to  stab  Pompey :  which,  being  accompanied 
many  daring  attacks  on  Pompey's  person,  by  Clodius's  i 
made  him  resolve  to  retire  from  the  senate  and  the  Forum 
Clodius  was  out  of  his  tribunate,  and  shut  himself  up  ii 
own  house,  whither  he  was  still  pursued,  and  actually  ben 
by  one  of  Clodius's  freedmen,  Damio.  An  outrage  so  auda) 
could  not  be  overlooked  by  the  magistrates,  who  came 
with  all  their  forces,  to  seize  or  drive  away  Damio;  upon  « 
a  general  engagement  ensued,  where  Gabinius,  as  Cicero 
was  forced  tolireak  his  league  with  Clodins,  and  figh 
Pompey:  at  first  faintly  and  unwiHitigly,  Init,  at  last,  heai 


OF  CICERO. 
JLULtU    ae.W.    C«i.— L.  CiIpuniD.  [^H.    A.  Cimbiiiii 


t235 


r  aaj  daagn  was  really  formed  agairut  Pompey'ii 
>  ttmy  waa  contrived  to  aerve  his  present  views,  it 
I  prDbiblr,  at  leut,  that  bia  fears  were  feigned,  nnd  the 
_  r  too  ooDtemptible,  to  give  him  any  just  apprehension  ; 
fl  Ae  sliultiae  himself  up,  at  home,  made  un  impression  tipon 
i  nlgar,  uw  fumishea  a  better  pretence  for  turning  go 
Kin  Clodins,  and  quelling  that  insolence  wliieh  he  him- 
,  niiwd;  for  this  was  the  constant  tenor  of  his  politics, 

l>  gire  a  firee  oonne  to  the  public  disorders,  for  the  sake  of 
d^bj'iDg  his  owti  importance  to  more  advantage ;  that,  when 
cfe  stomi  was  at  the  height,  be  mieht  appear  at  last,  in  the 
— me,  like  u  deitr  of  the  tueatre,  and  reduce  all  iiguin  to  order; 
pectine  soil,  tWt  the  people,  tired  and  hara&sed  by  these 
pfrpetnu  tnmiilts,  would  be  forced  to  create  him  dictator,  for 
aeuini;  the  quiet  of  the  ci^. 

He  eonsiuB  elect  were,  P.  Cornelius  Lentuius  and  Q.  Me- 
tallBB  Nepas:.the  first  was  Cicero's  warm  friend,  the  second 
tn  old  enemy;  the  same,  who  put  that  affront  u|K>n  him  in 
hfin^  down  bis  consulship  :  his  promotion,  therefore,  was  a 
creat  discouragement  to  Cicero,  who  took  it  for  granted,  that 
Ee  would  emplov  all  his  power  to  obstruct  his  return  ;  and  re- 
fleeted)  as  be  tells  us,  that,  though  it  was  a  great  thing  to  drive 
Ub  oat,  yet,  as  there  were  many  who  hated,  and  more  who 
cmried  him,  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  keep  him  out'.  I3nt 
Meteiins,  perceiving  which  way  Pompcy's  inclination,  and 
Caesar's  also,  n'as  turning,  found  reason  to  chancre  his  mind,  or, 
at  least,  to  di^emblc  it:  and  promised,  not  only  to  (five  his 
consent,  but  his  assistance,  to  Cicero's  restoration.  Ills  col- 
league, LeiituUiH,  in  the  meanwhile,  was  no  sooner  elected, 
than  be  revived  the  late  motion  of  \iiutins,  aiul  priijiosed  n 
vote  to  recal  Cicero;  and  when  Clodiiis  iiitemipted  linn,  and 
recited  that  part  of  )iis  law,  wliieli  made  it  criminal  tu  move 
any  thing  about  it,  Leiitulus  declared  it  tn  be  no  law,  bnt  a 
mere  proscrintion  and  act  of  violence '.  'i'his  alarmed  Clodiiis, 
and  obliged  liim  to  c.tert  all  his  artn,  to  support  tlie  validity  of 
the  law:  he  threatened  ruin  ntid  dostruclinti  to  all  who  should 
dare  to  oppose  it;  and,  to  imprint  the  groatiT  terror.  ti\ctl  upon 
the  doors  of  the  scnatc-lionse,  that  elaiiM-  wliieli  prohibited  nil 
men  to  speak  or  act  in  any  manner  for  t'ieiru's  return,  on  pain 
of  being  treated  as  enemies.  This  gave  a  further  disquiet  to 
Cicero,  lest  it  should  dishearten  his  active  friends,  and  fnrnijsh 
an  excuse  to  the  indolent,  for  doing  notliiug;  he  insinuates. 


Cow. — L.  t'llpumi 


tt^M.     A.Cibinii 


thereforr,  to  Atticus,  what  miglit  be  flaid  to  obviate  it;  thatii 
such  clauses  were  oiilv  bugbears,  witliout  any  real  force;  i 
otherwise,  no  hiw  couM  ever  be  abrogated ;  and  whatever  e** 
this  was  intended  tu  have,  tliat  it  must  needs  full,  of  ( 
with  the  law  itself. 

In  this  anxious  stute  of  his  mind,  jealous  of  every  thia^  ., 
that  could  hurt,  and  catching  at  every  thing  tliat  could  hdpC 
him,  auotlier  little  incident  happened,  which  gave  him  a  fresh 
cause  of  uneasiness :  for  some  of  his  enemies  had  published  an 
invective  oration,  drawn  up  by  him,  for  the  entcrtainuient  only 
of  his  intimate    friends,  aganist   some    eminent  senator,    noti^ 
immed,  but  generally  supposed  to  be  Curio,  the  father,  wIw^iV 
was  now  disposed  anH  engaged  to  serve  him :  he  wos  surprised    , 
and  concerned,  that  the  oration  was  made  public ;  and  bis  ill-  •  i 
structions  upon  it,  to  Atticus,  are  somewhat  curious,  and  shew  ' 
bow  much  oe  was  struck  with  the  iipprehension  of  losing  SO 
powerful  a  friend,     "  Vou  have  stunned  me,"  savs  he,  "  with 
the  news  of  the  oration's  being  published :  heal  the  wonnd,  as 
you  promise,  if  you  possibly  can  :  1  wrote  it  long  ago  in  anger, 
after  he  had  first  written  gainst  me;  but  had  suppressed  it  so 
carefully,  that  I  never  dreamt  of  its  getting  abroad,  nor  can 
imagine  how  it  slipped  nut:  but  since,  as  fortune  would  have  it, 
I  never  ha<l  a  word  with  him  in  person,  and  it  is  written  more 
negligently  than  my  other  orations  usually  are,  I  cannot  but 
think  that  you  may  disown  it,  and  prove  it  not  to  be  mine : 
prav  take  care  of  tliis,  if  vou  see  any  hopes  for  me;  if  not,  there 
IS  tlie  less  reason  to  trouble  myself  about  it '." 

His  principal  agents  and  solicitors  at  Kome  were  his  brotlier 
Quintiis,  his  wife  Terentia,  Ins  son-in-law  I'iso,  Atticus,  and 
lliil  tlie  brotljer  and  tk-  wife,  bcinir  l.tnh  nf  lliem 


OF  CICERO.  237 

i.  Trk.  fill    Cic.  49.    Cow.— L.  CalpiimiuB  Piso.    A.  Gabiuiu*. 

afidr;  and,  instead  of  being  daunted  by  tlie  depression 

Andlyy  and  the  ruin  of  their  fortunes,  seems  to  liave 

ammated  rather  the  more  to  withstand  the  violences  of 

enemies,  and  procure  her  husband's  restoration.     But 

nf  Cicero's  letters  to  her,  in  these  unhappy  circumstances, 

jire  the  clearest  view  of  her  character,  and  the  spirit  with 

she  acted. 

"CICERO   TO   TERENTIA. 

''Do  not  imagine  that  I  write  longer  letters  to  anyone 

to  yooy  unless  it  be  when  I  receive  a  long  one  from  soine- 

^  kodr  else,  which  I  find  myself  obliged  to  answer.     1«W  I  liave 

■atniim   either  to  write,  nor,  in  my  present  sitwition,  employ 

.-■■■lelton  anything  that  is  more  troublesome  to  me;  and  when 

I  k  ai  to  yoa  and  our  dear  Tulliola,  I  cannot  write  without  a 

[  liod  of  tears.     For  I  see  you  the  most  wretched  of  women, 

whom  I  wished  always  to  see  the  happiest,  and  ought  to  have 

;  as  I  should  have  done,  if  I  had  not  been  so  great  a 

I  am  extremely  sensible  of  Piso's  services   to  us; 

hire  exhorted  him,  as  well  as  I  could,  and  thanked  him  as  I 

ahU  Your  hopes,  I  perceive,  are  in  tlie  new  tribunes ;  tliat 
be  effectual,  if  Pompey  concur  with  them :  but  I  am 
aEraid  still  of  Crassus.  You  do  every  thing  for  me,  I  see, 
with  the  utmost  courage  and  affection  :  nor  do  I  wonder  at  it ; 
hot  lament  our  unhappy  fate,  that  my  miseries  can  only  be 
relieved  by  your  suffering  still  greater :  for  our  good  friend,  P. 
Valerius,  wrote  me  word,  what  I  could  not  read  without  burst- 
ing into  tears,  how  you  were  dragged  from  the  temple  of  \'^esta 
to  the  Valerian  bank.  Alas,  my  light,  my  darling,  to  whom 
all  the  world  used  to  sue  for  help  !  that  you,  my  dear  Terciitia, 
sLould  be  thus  insulted ;  thus  oppressed  with  grief  and  distress  ! 
and  that  I  should  be  the  cause  of  it;  I,  who  have  preserved  so 
many  others,  that  we  ourselves  should  be  undone !  As  to  what 
you  write  about  the  house,  that  is,  about  the  area;  I  shall  then 
take  myself  to  be  restored,  when  that  shall  be  restored  to  us. 
But  those  things  are  not  in  our  power.  What  affects  me  more 
nearly  is,  that  when  so  great  an  expense  is  necessary,  it  should 
all  lie  upon  you,  who  are  so  miserably  stripped  and  plundered 
already.  If  we  live  to  see  an  end  of  these  troubles,  we  shall 
repair  all  the  rest.  But  if  the  «une  fortune  must  ever  depress 
us,  will  you  throw  away  the  poor  remains  that  are  left  for  your 
subsistence?  For  God's  sake,  my  dear  life,  let  others  supply 
the  money  who  are  able,  if  they  arc  willing:  and  if  you  love 
me,  do  nothing  that  can  hurt  your  health,  which  is  already  so 
impaired :  for  you  are  perpetually  in  my  thoughts,  both  day 
and  niirht.     I  see  that  vou  decline  no  sort  of  trouble  ;  but  am 


238  THE  LIFE 

A.Ut<i.6!)S.     Ck.4».    C-aa.-l,.(<ii1|Hirn)u«PI».     A.  Cilii 

afraid  bow  you  will  aiutain  it.     Yet  the  whole  a^r  de| 
on  you.     Pay  tlie  first  regard,  therefore,  to  your  health,  I 
we  may  attain  the  end  of  all  your  wbhes  and  your  labour*.  ' 
know  not  whom  to  write  to,  except  to  those  who  write  to  dT 
or  of  whom  you  send  me  some  good  account.     I  will  not  1 
move  to  a  greater  distance,  since  you  are  against  it ;  but  «w 
have  you  write  to  me  as  often  as  possible,  especially  if  ] 
have  any  liopes  that  are  well-grounded.     Adieu,  my  dear  Ii 
adieu. — The  5th  of  October,  from  Thessalonica." 

Terentia  had  a  particular  estate  of  her  own,  not  obooi 
to  Clodius's  law,  which  she  was  now  offering  to  sale,  fori 
supply  of  their  present  necessities:  this  is  what  CiMro  re'" 
to,  where  be  intreats  her  not  to  tlirow  away  the  small  rem 
of  her  fortunes ;  which  he  presses  still  more  warmly  in  anol 
letter,  putting  her  in  mind,  that  if  their  friends  did  not  fail  I 
their  duty,  she  could  not  want  money;  and  if  they  did,  tf 
her  own  would  do  but  little  towards  making  them  easy: 
implores  her,  therefore,  not  to  ruin  the  boy,  who,  if  there  v 
any  thing  left  to  keep  him  from  want,  would  with  a  modei 
share  of  virtue  and  good  fortune,  easily  recover  the  rest'.    1 
son-in-law,    Piso,  was  extremely  affectionate  and    dutiful   itf^l 
performing  all  good  offices,  both  to  his  banished  father  and  diit'4 
family;  and  resigned  the  queestorship  of  Pontus  imd  Bithyni^'^ 
On  purpose  to  serve  them  the  more  effectually  by  his  preaJeaetf^ 
in   Rome :     Cicero  makes  frequent  acknowledgment  of  bW  '^ 
kindness  and  generosity  :   "  Piso's  humanity,  virtue,  and  lore, 
for  us  all  is  so  great,"  says  he,  "  that  nothing  can  exceed  it; 
the  gods  grant  that  it  may  one  day  be  a  pleasure;  I  am  sore 
it  wul  always  be  an  honour  to  him*." 


OF  CICERO.  239 

i.lbk69ll    Cie.49.    Co«k-~L.  CaJpiirniiu  Pim).     A.  (iabiuiu*. 


who  thought  him  too  cold  and  remiss  in  his 
r:  mad  fimded,  that  it  flowed  from  some  secret  resent- 
ba^inff  never  received  from  him,  in  his  flourishing 
any  beneficial  proofis  of  his  friendship :    in  order 
to  loose  his  SEeal,  he  took  occasion  to  promise  him, 
sof  Ilia  letters,  that,  whatever  reason  he  had  to  complain 
t  seore,  it  should  all  be  made  up  to  him,  if  he  lived  to 
i:  "If  fortune,"  says  he,  "  ever  restore  me  to  my  country, 
iUI  be  my  special  care,  that  you,  above  all  my  friends, 
^  !  cmae  to  rejoice  at  it :  and  though,  hitherto,  I  confess  you 
nmed  but  litde  benefit  from  my  kindness,  I  will  manage 
■r  ne  future,  that,  whenever  I  am  restored,  you  shall  find 
dear  to  me,  as  my  brother  and  my  children :  if  I 
wanting,  therefore,  in  my  duty  to  you,  or  rather. 


I  baTe  been  wanting,  pray  pardon  me ;  tor  I  have  been 

?lf»/      - 


wanting  to  myself  ^"     But  Atticus  begged  of  him 

rin^  aside  all  such  fiuicies,  and  assured  him,  that  there  was 

i  vie  least  ground  for  them ;   and  that  he  had  never  been 

by  any  thing,  which  he  had  either  done,  or  neglected 

ior  him;  entreating  him  to  be  perfectly  easy  on  that 

and  to  depend  always  on  his  best  services,  without  giving 

if  the  trouble,  even  of  reminding  him'.     Yet,  after  all. 

Scion  itself,  as  it  comes  from  one  who  knew  Atticus  so 
,  seems  to  leave  some  little  blot  upon  his  character : 
tever  cause  there  might  be  for  it,  it  is  certain,  that 
Geero,  at  least,  was  as  good  as  his  word,  and  by  t)ie  care 
vkich  he  took,  after  his  return,  to  celebrate  Atticus's  name  in 
ill  his  writings,  has  left  the  most  illustrious  testimony  to 
posterity  of  his  sincere  esteem  and  affection  for  him. 

Sexuus  was  one  of  the  tribunes  elect:  and,  being  entirely 
devoted  to  Cicero,  took  the  trouble  of  a  journey  into  Craiil,  to 
lolicit  Caesar's  consent  to  his  restoration ;  which,  though  he 
obtained,  as  well  by  his  own   intercession,  an  by   Ponipey's 


Bbe  of  making  hlin  his  heir,  yet  left  the  bulk  of  hjg  ebtate  to  Atticii>, -mIio  ha<i  Iweii 
Ten  observant  of  bis  humuur  :  for  whirh  fraud,  uihled  to  his  notorioiiH  .iv::ricu  und 
t-xtortion,  the  mob  scizeil  his  dead  body,  and  drapr^**!  it  iiifumunsly  about  the  streets. 
VaL  Max.  7.  8.  Cicero,  congratulating  Atticus  upon  hiii  ailoptiun,  addre«>ue«i  hin  letter 
to  Q.  CaKilius,  Q.  F.  Pomponianus,  AtticuM.  For,  in  assuuiinj:  the  name  of  the  adopter, 
h  wu  usual  to  add  also  their  own  family  name,  thou^di  changed  in  its  tertiiiiiution,  rrom 
PrimpAniuft  to  Pomponianun,  to  preserve  the  memory  of  their  real  extraction  :  to  which 
MDie  added,  aI»o,  the  suniame,  as  Cieero  doe»  iu  the  present  case.     Ad  Att.  3.  '20. 

'  F^fo,  si  inc  aliquando  vestri  et  patria?  compotem  fortuna  feccrit,  certe  etticiam,  ut 
noaxime  Ixeterc  unus  ex  omnibus  amiei«;  meaque  officia  ae  Htudia,  (\uvc  jianim  antea 
luxerunt  (fatendum  est  enim)  ftic  cxe<^uar,  ut  me  a^ue  tibi  ac  fratri  et  liberis  nostri$i 
mtilutum  puto*.  Si  quid  in  to  pecca\n,  ae  potius quoniam  p<ccavi,  igiiosee :  in  me  enim 
ipram  peccayi  veheraentius.    Ibid.  15. 

3  Quod  me  vetas  qiiicquain  eufrpicari  accidissc  ad  animum  tuum,  quod  secus  :i  me 
erga  te  commiMum,  ant  pretermiroum  videretur,  ((cram  tibi  moixm  vt  liberabor  ista 
run.  Tibi  tamen  eo  plus  debco,  quo  toa  iu  mc  humanitas  fuerit  excelsior,  quant  in  tc 
mea,    I>Hd.  20. 


A.  Vth.  C95.    Cio!  49.    C«..-l..  Clpuniim  R».     A.  G.Wniu». 

letters,  yet  it  seems  to  have  been  with  certain  limitations,  not 
agreeable  to  Cicero;  for,  on  Sextius's  return  to  Rome  when 
he  drew  up  the  copy  of  a  law,  which  be  intended  to  propose, 
upon  his  entrance  inta  office ;  conformable,  as  we  may  imagine, 
to  the  conditions  stipulated  with  Crosar;  Cicero  greatly  dis- 
liked it;  as  being  too  general,  and  without  the  mention  ereu 
of  his  name,  nor  providing  sufficiently  either  for  his  dignity, 
or  the  restitution  of  his  estate ;  so  that  he  deares  Atticus  to 
take  care  to  get  it  amended  by  Seztius'. 

The  old  tribunes  in  the  meanwhile,  eight  of  whom  were 
Cicero's  friends,  resolved  to  make  one  effort  more,  to  obtain  a 
law  in  his  favour,  which  they  jointly  offered  to  the  people,  on 
the  twenty-eighth  of  October:  but  Cicero  was  much  more  dis- 
pleased with  this,  than  with  Sextius's:  it  consisted  of  three 
articles;  the  first  of  which  restored  him  only  to  his  former 
rank,  but  not  to  his  estate;  tlie  second  was  only  matter  of 
form,  to  indemnify  the  proposers  of  it:  the  third  enacted,  that 
if  there  was  any  tning  in  it,  which  was  prohibited  to  be  pro- 
mulgated by  any  former  law,  particularly  by  that  of  Clooius, 
or  which  involved  the  author  of  such  promulgation  in  any  fine 
or  penalty,  tliat,  in  such  case,  it  should  have  no  effect.  Cicero 
was  surprised,  that  his  friends  could  be  induced  to  propose  such 
an  act,  which  seemed  to  be  against  him,  and  to  confirm  that 
clause  of  the  Clodian  law,  which  made  it  penal  to  move  any 
thing  for  him :  whereas,  no  clauses  of  that  hind  had  ever  been 
regarded,  or  thought  to  have  any  special  force,  but  fell  of 
course,  when  the  laws  themselves  were  repealed:  he  observes. 


op    CICERO. 


,  19.    Cdu.— L.  CBlpurniui  FiK.     A.  GiUnii 


to  Ciodius's  law,  the  validity  of  which  was  acknowledged  by 
Cato,  and  several  otiiers  of  tlie  principal  citizens';  and  they 
were  induced  to  make  thiit  push  for  it,  before  they  (juitted  their 
office,  from  a  persuasion,  tliat  if  Cicero  was  once  restored,  on 
I  any  terms,  or  with  what  restrictions  soever,  the  rest  would 
follow  of  course;  and  that  tlie  recovery  of  his  dignity  would 
necesearity  draw  after  it  every  thing  else  that  was  wanted : 
Cicero  seems  to  have  been  sensible  of  it  himself  on  second 
thoueht^  as  he  intimates,  in  the  conclusion  of  his  letter.  "  I 
should  be  sorry,"  says  he,  "  to  have  the  new  tribunes  insert 
such  a  clause  m  their  law ;  yet,  let  them  insert  what  they 
please,  if  it  will  but  pass  and  call  me  home,  I  shall  be  content 
with  it'<"  But  the  only  project  of  a  law  which  he  approved, 
was  drawn  by  his  cousin,  C.  ViselHus  Aculeo,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  that  age,  for  another  of  the  new  tribunes,  T.  Fadiua, 
who  had  been  his  quaestor,  when  he  was  consul :  he  advised  his 
friends,  therefore,  if  there  was  any  prospect  of  success,  to  push 
fbrward  that  law,  which  endrety  pleased  him '. 

Id  this  suspense  of  his  affairs  at  Rome,  the  troops,  which  PIso 
liad  providea  forhis^vernmentof  Macedonia,  began  to  arrive 
it)  D;Teat  numbers  at  Thessalonica':  this  greatly  abtrmed  him, 
ind  made  him  resolve  to  quit  the  place  without  delay ;  and,  as 
it  was  not  advisable  to  move  farther  from  Ilidy,  he  ventured  to 
come  still  nearer,  and  turned  back  again  to  liyrrhachiuin  :  for 
though  this  was  within  the  distance  forbidden  to  him  by  law, 
yet  he  had  no  reason  to  apprehend  any  danger,  in  a  town  par- 
ticularly devoted  to  him,  and  which  had  always  been  under  his 
special  patronage  and  protection.  He  came  thither  on  the 
twentv-fifth  of  November,  and  gave  notice  of  his  removal  to 
his  friends  at  Rome,  by  letters  of  the  same  date,  begun  at 
Thessalonica  and  finished  at  Dyrrhachium':  which  shews  the 
great  haste,  which  he  thought  necessary,  in  making  this  sudden 
change  of  his  quarters.  Here  he  received  another  piece  of 
news,  which  displeased  him;  that,  with  the  consent  and  assist- 
ance of  his  managers  at  Rome,  the  provinces  of  the  consuls 
elect  had  been  furnished  with  money  and  troops  by  a  decree  of 


me  paCoiMC.    Fro  Dom.  16. 

*  Id  apnl  nne  noliia  odvm  Iribuno!  picb.  feirc:  iti  pcrfcnnt  modo  quidlibct : 


-StS" 


in  Bpo,  vide  Ifgem,  quam  T,  Fidio  Kripiil  yitelliui :    ca  mihi 

Me  adhnc  Plonciui  reliaet.    Sed  jam  cum  sdnmure  militia  diccrmtnr,  fkdendum 

jflicioia.    Ep.Faro.U.  1. 

hffc  lemper  a  me  defenu  etl.    Ibid,  3 

—  ■^-'^-  "— '^whin«.  «i  ™i 

El.-  F»m.  14.  1 


r:  lb  «t  ditcedamui. 
hlnm  Tmi  quod  et  lil 
Nam  (BO  «o  nomine  (am  DjTrharbii,  ut  qu*m  cclerrime  quid  agatori 
tots.     C^te  Bnim  hac  wrmper  B  me  defenia  r>l.    Ibid.  3. 

<}nad  mei  Kudiom  hibM  DTrrhkrhinoi.  id  fm  perreii,  cum  ilU  tiip*riora  Th«esa- 
■— ■ '-^- —       132.     "■    "--   "   ' 


A.VA.C95.    Cic-tf.    C«.— L.  CUr«™<"  P^>    A.  OaUiutu. 
tke  Benale :   bat,  in  wluu  manner  it  affected  him,  and  i 
KMon  he  had  to  be  uneasy  at  it,  will  be  explained  by  his  o 
letter  apon  it  to  Atticus. 

"  When  you  fiist  sent  me  word,"  sa)-s  he,  "  that  the  com 
proTinces  had  been  settled  and  pronded  for  by  your  oonsentt^l 
thooffh  I  was  airaid,  lest  it  might  be  attended  with  some  ~ 
eonaequence,  yet  I  hoped  that  you  had  some  special  reasa 
fiir  it,  which  I  could  not  penetrate;  but,  having  since  beea^' 
informed,  both  by  friends  and  letters,  that  your  condoct  if '. 
univeisally  condemneil,  I  am  extremely  disturbed  at  it;  be> 
cause  the  little  hopes,  that  were  left,  seem  now  to  be  defitroyed; 
for  should  the  new  tribunes  quarrel  with  us  upon  it,  what 
&rther  hopes  can  there  be?  and  they  hare  reason  to  do  so; 
since  they  were  not  consulted  in  it,  though  they  had  under- 
taken my  cause,  and  have  lost  by  our  concession  all  that 
influence,  which  they  would  otherwise  have  had  over  it; 
especially,  when  they  declare  that  it  was  for  my  sake  only, 
that  they  desired  the  power  of  furnishing  out  the  consuls;  not 
with  design  to  hinder  them,  but  to  secure  them  to  my  interest ; 
whereas,  if  the  consuls  have  a  mind  to  be  perverse,  they  may 
now  be  so,  without  any  risk ;  yet,  let  them  be  never  so  well 
disposed,  can  do  nothing  without  the  consent  of  the  tribunes. 
As  to  what  you  say,  tnat,  if  you  had  not  agreed  to  it,  tbe 
consuls  wou la  have  carried  their  point  with  the  people;  that 
could  never  have  been  done,  against  the  will  of  the  tribunes : 
I  am  afraid,  therefore,  that  we  have  lost  by  it  the  affection  of 
rihuiies;  or,  if  Uiat  slill   remuiiiK,  Lave  lo^t,  at  tea^L,  our 


OF   CICERO.  348 

TrVrtSS.     Clr.4».     Coh. -I..  C.lpiiniiui>  IMu.     A. 

tboagh  it  stiould  happen  to  be  disagreeabi*  ^ 

Bwnber'." 
But  Atricus,  instead  of  answering  this  letter,  or  ramer  indeed 
lefore  he  received  it,  having  occasion  to  visit  his  estate  in 
Eptnis,  to<^  Lis  way  thither,  throngh  Dyrriiachium,  on  pur- 
ftfe  to  see  Cicero,  and  explain  to  him,  in  person,  the  motives 
tf  their  conducL  Their  interview  was  but  short;  and,  after 
fhey  parted,  Cicero,  upon  some  new  intelligence,  which  gave 
bim  fresh  uneasiness,  sent  another  letter  after  him  into  Epirus, 
to  call  him  back  again :  "  After  you  left  me,"  says  he,  "  I 
received  letters  from  Home,  from  which  1  perceive,  that  1  must 
tad  my  days  in  this  calamity;  and,  to  speak  t)ie  triitli  (which 
l^ou  wiU  take  in  good  part)  'f  there  had  been  any  hopes  of  my 
trtum,  you,  who  love  me  well,  would  never  have  left  the 
dty  at  such  a  conjuncture  :  but  I  say  no  more,  lest  1  be 
thought  either  ungrateful,  i  ^irous  to  involve  my  friends  too 
in  my  ruin;  one  tiling  I  I  that  you  would  not  fail,  as  you 
We  given  your  word,  to  come  to  me,  wherever  I  shall  happen 
lobe,  before  tlie  first  of  January'." 

While  he  was  thus  perplexing  himself  with  perpetual  fears 
and  SQ^ictons,  his  cause  was  proceediufr  very  prosperously  at 
Rome,  and  seemed  to  be  in  such  a  train,  that  it  could  not  be 
obttnieted  much  longer :  for  the  new  magistrates,  who  were 
atmag  on  with  the  new  year,  were  all,  except  the  pnetoi" 
Appios,  supposed  to  be  his  friends;  while  his  enemy  Clodius 
•as  soon  to  resign  his  office,  on  which  the  greatest  part  of  his 
power  depended;  Clodius  himself  was  sensible  of  the  daily 
decay  of  his  credit,  through  the  superior  influence  of  Pompey ; 
»iio  bad  drawn  Cassar  away  from  him,  and  forced  even  Ga- 
binins  to  desert  him  :  so  that,  out  of  rage  and  despair,  and  the 
deaire  of  revenging  himself  on  these  new  and  more  powerful 
enemies,  he  would  willingly  have  dropped  the  pursuit  of 
Cicero;  or  consented  even  to  rccal  him,  if  lie  could  iiave  per- 
tuaded  Cicero's  friends  and  the  senate  to  join  their  forces  with 
him  against  the  triumvirate.  For  this  end,  he  produced  Bibu- 
lus,  and  the  other  augurs,  In  an  assembly  of  the  people,  and 
demanded  of  them,  whether  it  was  not  unlawful  to  transact  any 
ppblie  business,  when  any  of  them  were  taking  the  auspices? 
To  which  they  all  answered  in  the  afiSrmative.  Then  he  asked 
Bibulns,  whether  he  was  not  actually  observing  the  heavens^ 
as  oft  as  any  of  Csesar's  laws  were  proposed  to  the  people  ?  To 
which  he  answered  in  the  affirmative :  but  being  produced  a 
■ecoDd  Ume,  by  the  prntor  Appins,  he  added,  that  he  took  the 
aiiq>ice8  also,  in  the  same  manner,  at  the  time  when  Clodius's 


=-(4  THE   UFE 

A.r::k«&.     Co.  «.'.    C.M_L  Ca>ir^«  FteL     A.Cabiniui 

■rC  «t  »uiyCMQ  wts  raoCnBcd  by  die  people:  but  ClodiM 
wafie  3«  c^adbni  h»  piwnt  reveoj^e.  little  regarded  how  mm 
m  m.i.<  ^>wi  kinelf:  but  in^ed,  that  all  Caesar's  i 
•^kc  •»  b«  anaalW  by  the  seuie.  a»  being  contrary  to  ti 
— p«;ft:  aai.  on  that  coodilioo.  declared  publicly,  that  1 
lflBwii«iMJti  faeiftf  back  Cieero.  the  guardian  of  the  city,  < 
laf  awm  AtaiAfrf'. 

la  DM  fase  at  o^  revvnee,  b«  fell  upon  the  consul  Gabiiuoi 
tmL.  m  am  aae^mbiy  d  the  people,  which  he  called  for  th 
pii  JWM.  via  hi»  ixail  veiietl,  aiid  a  lilile  altar  and  fire  befo 
aoa.  MBiKnimi  kiic  whole  estate.     This  had  been  sometiiD 
Mae  ^pnan  traitonxH  ciiizeB« ;  and,  when  legally  perfoni 
hvi  tae  cdeci  «t  a  coaftscation.    by  making  the  place  i 
<&e»  evwr  aAer  sacred  and  public:  but.  in  the  present  caa^ 
ii  «at  ewjaSereJ  only  k»  an  act  of  madness :  and  the  tribun^ 
Xaisiak  is  nikale  of  it.  consecrated  Clodius's  estate  in  die 
9i^K  ixm  aad  HaBner,  that  whaierer  efficacy  was  ascribed  to 
dw  «Be.  t^  ocker  w^l  jualy  rhallei^e  the  same'. 

Baa  the  exfwted  War  was  now  come,  which  put  an  end  to 
hat  Affcrtihif  ntttanate :  it  had  been  uniform  and  of  a  piece 
6m  Oe  fi»t  iv  the  last:  the  most  in&mous  and  cormpt  that 
R^^  k^  «Tirr  seea :  there  wai  scarce  an  office  bestowed  at 
*  TT  dr  any  &*var  |7anted  to  a  prince,  state,  or  city  abroad, 
h«l  wkK  he  Ofvniy  soid  to  the  best  bidder:  the  poets,  says 
Ckwwk  oMaJd  iwC  ieixo  *  Chai^bdis  so  voracious  as  his  rapine: 
be  <wifeKTed  the  diie  of  tang  on  those  who  had  it  not,  anil  took 


OF  CICERO.  245 

95.    Cic,  49.     Com.— L.  Culpumius  Piso.     A.  O.Wniu». 

pie,  granted  this  priestlinod  to  one  Brogitarus,  a  petty 
tretgD  ill  tlio«e  parts,  to  whom  he  had  berore  given  the  titia 
f  Ud^:  "  and  1  sliall  tliink  him  a  kin^  indeed,"  says  Cicero, 
>|r  «ver  he  be  able  ta  pay  the  purchase  money:"  but  the 
pik  of  the  temple  tvere  de.stined  to  that  use,  and  would  nooii 
•re  beeu  applied  to  it,  if  Deiutarus,  king  of  Galatta,  a  prince 
f  Doble  character,  and  a  true  friend  to  Rome,  had  not  de- 
tcd  the  impious  barj^ain,  by  taking  the  trmple  into  his 
!Ctioii,  and  maintaining  the  lawful  priest  against  the  in- 
m  not  suffering  Brogitarus,  though  his  son-in-law,  to 
-tate  or  touch  any  thing  belonging  to  it'. 
AU  the  ten  new  tribune*)  ha3  solemnly  promised  to  serve 
IScera;  yet  Clodius  found  means  to  corrupt  two  of  them, 
I  An  til  (US  Serranus,  and  Numerius  Quinctius  Gracchus;  by 
'use  help  he  wa^f  enabled  still  to  make  head  against  Cicero's 
Sty,  ana  retard  his  restoration  some  time  longer:  but  Piso 
A  Gabinius,  perceiving  the  scene  to  be  opening  apace  in  Uis 
Innmr.  und  his  return  to  be  unavoidable,  thought  it  time  to 
pX  out  of  his  wavi  and  retire  to  their  several  governments,  to 
t^oy  tlie  reward  of  their  perfidy :  ho  that  they  both  left 
Home,  with  the  expiration  of  their  year,  and  Piso  set  out  for 
Macedoiiiu,  Gabinius  for  Syria. 


'^•^ 


nii 


i.trlt.69E.    Cie.fiO.    Can.— P-Comcl.  Lenlul.  Spinlhcr.    Q.CkII.  Mctcl.  KepM. 

On  the  first  of  January,  the  new  consul,  Lentulus,  after  the 
ceremony  of  his  inauguration,  and  his  first  duty  paid,  as  uBual, 
to  religion,  entered  directly  into  Cicero's  affair,  and  moved  the 
Knate  for  his  rL-storation';  while  his  colleague,  Metellus,  de- 
dared,  with  much  seeming  candour,  that  though  Cicero  and 
be  had  been  enemies,  on  account  of  their  (lilferent  seuti- 
nentE  in  politics,  yet  he  would  give  up  his  resentments  to  the 
aothority  of  the  fathers,  and  the  interests  of  the  Republic*. 


'  Qui  ■ccrou  pn-unb  PeHinnntem  ijMum.  Kdmi  dooiicilininqnc  Mairii  Dconini 
Wtcnft,  el  Brogilutif  Gulloffnrco,  impuro  honiini  nc  ntfuio — tutnm  iLl^im  locum 
bmrnaiMv  vpnilfdrHs.      Sctccrdotcm  ab    ipHH  irii,  pulvjnaHbuBqiid   dGtrnieHfl. — Qua 

, ..  |tw  ID  ipso  pHbiniiiiEc  lul  illnm  ip*4ro 

ftfBriptlti  Mitia  el  in  illo  taco  Finoque  pcnolvernnl. — PnUbn  reKiiD,  li  liAbneril  undo 
Blwnt. — Nirni  cam  malu  rc|^  tuiit  in  Dtiaura,  lum  ilia  Diuimc,  quod  tibi  num- 
kBBHulliUB  dcdil. — Quod  Peuiuunlcni  per  u'clu!'  i  If  •ioUliini,  ct  Hccrdolr.  tocriHiie 
f-lt-f-r—  RcupeinTil. — Qiiod  cnrciiiDniai  nb  omiii  ifIiisIuw  ncreptu  &  Bnigiluv  polliii 
■M  linlt, noTiillqut  gtiicniiH  suimi  niuritro  mo,  qunm  illiid  Faruni  nnliquiUlc  nli- 
JM«ann.— Dn  H.rasp.^rop.  13,     I'n.  .-^sl,  2". 

USD  nrnm  nln  prim,  quaot  de  me  i^ndum  judinvit.      Foit  red,  %d 

legs  ejua  modemUo  de  mc?  Qui  cam  inimicitlni  libi  mccum  tx 
■uccpu*  OH  diiiucl,  eu  ic  Polribui  copicriplji  di^it  cl  lemporibui 
B.— FraSeil.SZ 


246 

A.  I'Ki.eSC.  Cic.50.  CoH— P.Cora.LcDtuLSpiDlber.  Q. C«e.  Hcta.  Ncfw.  J 
Upon  which  L.  Cotta,  a  person  of  consular  and  ceosorian  r 
being  aaked  his  opinion  the  first,  said,  that  nothing  had  I 
done  agunst  Cicero,  j^eeably  to  right  or  law,  or  the  cui 
of  their  ancestors ;  that  no  citizen  could  be  driven  out  of  i 
dty  without  a  trial ;  and  that  the  people  could  not  condi 
nor  even  try  a  man  capitally,  but  in  an  assembly  of  l_ 
centuries ;  that  the  whole  was  the  effect  of  violence,  turbal 
times,  and  an  oppressed  Republic :  that,  in  so  strange  a  r 
lution  and  confusioD  of  all  things,  Cicero  had  only  step^ 
aside,  to  provide  for  his  future  tranquillity,  by  declining  ttc 
impending  storm;  and,  since  lie  had  freed  the  Republic  htKtl 
no  less  danger  by  hU  absence,  than  he  had  done  before  by  Ui 
presence,  ttiat  he  ought  not  only  to  be  restored,  but  to  ht 
adorned  with  new  honours ;  that  what  his  mad  enemy  bai 
published  against  him,  was  drawn  so  absurdly,  both  in  woidi 
and  sentiments,  that,  if  it  had  been  enacted  in  proper  form,  it 
could  never  obtain  the  force  of  a  law :  that,  since  Cicero,  there- 
fore, was  expelled  by  no  law,  he  could  not  want  a  law  to 
restore  him,  but  ought  to  be  recalled  by  a  vote  of  the  senate, 
Pompey,  who  spoke  nest,  having  highly  applauded  what  Cotta 
said,  added,  that,  for  the  sake  of  Cicero's  future  quiet,  and  to 
prevent  all  farther  trouble  from  the  same  quarter,  it  was  hi* 
opinion,  that  the  people  should  have  a  share  in  conferring  that 
grace,  and  tlieir  consent  be  joined  also  to  the  authority  of  the 
senate.  After  many  others  had  spoken,  likewise,  with  great 
H-ariiirli,  in  llie  livfcnco  and  praise  of  Cicero,  tlii'v  yli  i-ui: 
u]iaiiimou--ly,  into  I'oiiipey's  opinion,  and  were  proceedi t ig 


LtDtul.  Splalhor.    Q.  Cbc.  Hetel,  Nqn*. 

friends,  being  not  only  perfidious  and  coiitrarv  to  his  engage- 
noiB,  but  liighiy  ungrateful  to  Cicero;  who  m  bU  consulship 
iti  beiMi  his  special  eiicourager  and  benefactor'. 

The  si-nale,  however,  though  hindered  at  present  from 
|MH»g  their  decree,  were  loo  well  united,  and  too  strongly 
■■ppoTtcd,  to  be  bafBed  much  longer  liy  the  arti&ces  of  a 
bcuon :  tbey  resolved,  therefore,  without  farther  delay,  to 
prcppound  a  law  to  the  people  for  Cicero's  restoration ;  and  the 
l*eoty-second  of  the  month  was  appointed  for  the  promulga- 
tion of  it.  When  the  day  came,-  Fabricius,  one  of  Cicero's 
bibimes,  marched  out  with  a  strong  giiard,  before  it  was  light, 
W  get  possession  of  the  rostra :  but  Clodius  v/aa  too  early  for 
kirn;  and,  liaviug  seized  all  tlie  posts  and  avenues  of  the 
Forunii  was  prepared  to  give  him  a  warm  reception ;  lie  had 
purchased  some  gladiators,  for  the  shows  of  his  sediieNhi|),  to 
wbich  he  was  now  pretending :  and  borrowed  another  band  of 
Mb  brother  Appius ;  and  with  these  well  armed,  at  the  head 
of  his  slaves  and  dependents,  he  attacked  Fabricius,  killed 
(nrenil  of  his  followers,  wounded  many  more,  and  drove  him 
nite  out  of  the  place :  and,  happening  to  fall  in  at  the  same 
time  with  Cispius,  another  tribune,  who  was  coming  to  the  aid 
if  bis  colleague,  he  repulsed  him  also  with  a  great  slaughter. 
The  gladiators,  heated  with  this  taste  of  blooti,  opened  their 
•ay  on  all  sides  with  their  swords,  in  quest  of  Quintus  Cicero; 
whom  they  met  with  at  last,  and  would  certainly  have  mur- 
dered, if,  by  the  advantage  of  the  confusion  and  darkness,  he 
iad  not  hid  himself  under  the  bodies  of  his  slaves  and  freed- 
men.wlio  were  killed  around  him;  where  be  lay  concealed,  till 
the  fi^y  was  over.  Tlie  tribune,  Sextius,  was  treated  still  more 
TDUghly;  for,  being  particularly  pursued  and  marked  out  for 
destruction,  he  was  so  desperately  wounded,  as  to  be  left  for 
dead  upon  the  spot ;  and  escaped  death,  only  by  feigning  it : 
but  while  he  lay  in  that  condition,  supposed  to  be  kdled, 
Clodins  reflecting  that  the  murder  of  a  tribune,  whose  person 
was  sacred,  would  raise  such  a  storm  as  might  occasion  his  ruin, 
took  a  sudden  resolution  to  kill  one  of  his  own  tribunes,  in  order 
to  charge  it  upon  his  adversaries,  and  so  balance  the  account, 
by  making  both  sides  equally  obnoxious :  the  victim  doomed 


■  b  Iribuuu  plcb.  qnem  tft  muii 


248 

A.  Urt>.S96.    Ck.50.   C«L— P.  Con.  Uolul.  Splnlher.   Q.  CWe.  Met^  N^iC  d 
to  this  sacrifice  was  Xumerius  Quiactius,  an  obscure  1 
raised  to  this  dignity  by  the  caprice  of  the  multitude,  i 
make  himself  the  more  popular,  had  assumed  the  surname  4 
Gracchus;  "but  the  crafty  clown,"  says  Cicero,  having  i 
some  hint  of  the  design,  and  finding  that  his  blood  was  to  wi 
off  the  envy  of  Sextius's,  disguised  himself  presently  in  t 
habit  of  a  muleteer,  the  same  in  which  he  first  came  to  Ron 
and  with  a  basket  upon  his  head,  while  some  were  calling  a 
for  Numerius,  others  for  Quinctius,  passed  undiscovered  by  i 
confusion  of  the  two  names;  but  he  continued  in  this  dansi 
Ull  SexUuB  was  known  to  be  alive :  and  if  that  discovery  t 
not  been  made  sooner  than  one  would  have  wished,  thou^l 
they  could  not  have  fixed  the  odium  of  killing  their  meroeoaty.  1 
where  they  designed  it;   yet  they  would  have  lessened  tM'   ' 
in&my  of  one  villany,  by  committing  another,  which  all  peoplft 
would  have  been  pleasea  with."     According  to  the  account  oi 
this  day's  tragedy,  the  Tiber,  and  all  the  common  sewers^ 
were  filled  with  dead  bodies,  and  the  blood  wiped  up  with 
sponges  in  the  Forum,  where  such  heaps  of  slam  baa  never 
oiefore  been  seen,  but  in  the  civil  dissensions  of  Cinna  and 
Octavius '. 

Clodius,  flushed  with  this  victory,  set  fire,  with  bis  owo 
bauds,  to  the  temple  of  the  nymphs ;  where  the  books  of  the 
censors  and  the  public  registers  of  the  city  were  kept,  which 
were  all  consumed  with  tlie  fabric  itself.  He  then  attacked 
the  houses  of  Milo  the  tribune,  and  Ctecilius  the  pnetor,  with 
Are  and  sword;  but  was  repulsed  in  both  attempts  with  loes: 


OF    CICERO. 

I   de.Sa.    Cm*.— p.  Cora.  Untul.  Kpiiillier.     Q.  Cm.  Hctel.  Nnpoa. 

H*.     upon  tiiese  outrages,  Milo  impeached  Clociiiis  in 

!  tlie  violation  of  the  public  peace :    but  the  cotinul 

frbo  had  not  yet  abandoned  him,  with  the  praetor 

,  and  the  tribune  Serranus,  resolved  to  prevent  any 

I  upon  it;   and,  by  their  edicts,  prohibited  either  the 

il  himself  to  appear,  or  any  one  to  cite  him'.     Their 

oice  was,  that  the  quxstore  were  not  yet  chosen,  whose 

s  to  make  the  allotment  of  the  judges ;  while  they, 

,  kept  back  the  election,  and  were  pushing  Clodius, 

■  M  tfe  same  time,  into  the  aedileship ;  which  would  screen  him, 

■  of  eoarae,  for  one  year  from  liuu.  Milo,  therefore, 
findkig  it  impracticable  to  x)  justice  in  the  leeal 
nnhod,  resolved  to  deal  wil  .a  uih  own  way,  by  opposing 
futtx  to  force;  and,  for  th  ,  purchased  a  band  of  gla- 
diators,  with  which  he  had  skirmishes  with  him  in  the 
streets:  and  acquired  a  grei  putation  of  courage  and  gene- 
naty,  for  being  the  first,  11  the  Romans,  who  had  ever 
bought  gladiators,  for  the  di           of  the  Republic'. 

This  obstruction  given  lu  ero's  return,  by  an  obstinate 
ud  desperate  faction,  made  le  senate  only  the  more  resolute 
to  effect  it :  they  passed  a  st  ind  vote,  therefore,  that  no  odier 
bodoess  should  be  done,  t  i  it  was  carried;  and,  to  prevent 
»1I  farther  tumults  and  insults  upon  the  mj^istrates,  ordered 
lie  consuls  to  summon  all  the  people  of  Italy,  who  wished 
well  to  the  state,  to  come  to  the  assistance  and  defence  of 
Cicero'.  This  gave  new  spirits  to  the  honest  citizens,  and 
drew  a  vast  concourse  to  Koine  from  all  parts  of  Italy,  where 
there  was  not  a  corporate  town,  of  any  note,  which  did  not 
testify  its  respect  to  Cicero,  by  some  public  act  or  monument. 
Pompey  was  at  Capua,  acting  as  chief  magistrate  of  his  new 
colony ;  where  he  presided  in  person,  at  their  making  a  decree 
lo  Cicero's  honour,  and  took  the  trouble,  likewise,  of  visiting 
ill  the  other  colonies  and  chief  towns  in  those  parts,  to  appoint 
ihem  a  dav  of  genera!  rendezvous  at  Rome,  to  assist  at  the 
promulgation  of  the  law'. 

I  GbdKtom— compreheaii,  in  «eintuiii  inlroducti,  coufeni,  in  tidcuU  conjecli  * 
HiloDe,  inniin  m  Semoo.     Pro  Seat.  39, 

*  B«  tibi  coniul.prvUr,  tribanui  plcb.  novi  dot!  generia  edicU  proponunt ;  ne  nu 
tUt,  ae  citctni.     PioSeit.  II. 

■  8ed  honorl  1010010  Milani  noilro  nupcr  fuit,  quod  gladlntaribui  emptii  Rcipub. 
OBK,  qua  nlute  noitn  contincbitur,  oarnea  P.  Clodii  cocalua  ruroretque  comprsuit. 
DgDffic.3.  17. 

*  Itaqna  p«lc*  nihil  voa  civibna,  nihil  lociii,  nihil  Rcgibua  mpoadiitu.    Poat  red.  in 

Quid  mihi  ptscUnui  iccidere  poluit,  quam  quod  ills  rcfi^rcnto  to)  decreiigtii,  ut 


In^BU  mm  nuu  futom  nt  ut  lilciii  contularibui  ex  3.  C.  cuncta  ex  lulia  omnN, 

It  cnidalit>- 


250 

A.  VA.  6K.    Ck.  50.    Cow— P.  Cora.  L«ntul.  Slather.    Q.  Cm.  M«t«l.  NipMk  J 
Lentuliu,  at  the  same  time,  was  entertaining  the  dty  « 
abowa  and  stage  plays,  in  order  to  keep  the  people  Id  gi 
bumour,  whom  be  bad  called  from  their  private  afi^rs  in  li 
conntTV,  to  attend  the  public  business.     The  shows  were  e 
hibited  in  Pompey's  theatre,  while  the  senate,  for  the  conv»>l 
nience  of  being  near  them,  was  held  in  the  adjoining  tempWl 
ol  honour  and  virtue,  built  by  Marius,  out  of  the  C^morwj 
spoils,  and  called,  for  that  reason,  Marius's  monument:  ben^ ^ 
according  to  Cicero's  dream,  a  decree  now  passed  in  pn^ier  ': 
form  for  his  restoration ;  when,  under  the  joint  influence  of 
those  deities,  honour,  he  says,  was  done  to  virtue;  and  tba 
monument  of  Marius,  the  preserver  of  the  empire,  gave  safe^ 
to  his  countryman,  the  defender  of  it '. 

The  newa  of  this  decree  no  sooner  reached  the  neigbbourin^ 
dieatre,  than  the  whole  assembly  expressed  their  sadsfoctioQ 
br  daps  and  applauses,  which  they  renewed  upon  the  entrance 
01  everv  senator :  but  when  the  consul  Lentulus  took  his  place, 
they  all  rose  op,  and,  with  acclamations,  stretched-out  lunds, 
ana  tears  of  joy,  publicly  testified  their  thanks  to  bim.  But 
when  Clodius  ventured  to  show  himself,  they  were  hardly  re- 
strained front  doing  him  violence;  throwing  out  reproaches, 
direats,  and  curses  upon  him :  so  that,  in  the  shows  of  gladta- 
tOTs,  which  be  could  not  bear  to  be  deprived  of,  he  durst  not 
go  to  his  seat  in  the  common  and  open  manner,  but  used  to 
start  up  into  it  at  once,  from  some  obscure  passage  under  the 
benches,  whid),  on  t!i;if  iHY'oiiiit,  \ia-  iiico-rly  i-alK^il  llii>  Appian 
way ,-  where  ho  '  ■      .  - 


OF  CICERO. 

'-  Q.  C«c.  Hetit.  N<pM. 
niien  ihe  decree  passeij,  the  famed  tragedian,  j^Lsopiit),  wlio 
Mied,  as  Cicero  say?,  the  same  ^ood  part  m  the  Keptililic,  tlint 
bdlid  upon  the  sta<{e,  was  performing  the  part  of  Telamori, 
banisfacil  from  bis  countr|',  in  one  of  Accius'a  pla;  s ;  where,  by 
th«  ompbafis  of  his  voice,  and  the  change  of  a  w  )rd  or  two  in 
nme  of  the  lines,  he  contrived  to  turn  the  thoughts  of  tbe 
•adieoce  on  Cicero.  "  What  he  !  who  nlways  stood  up  for  the 
Bepublic  !  who,  in  doubtful  times,  spared  neither  life  nor  for- 
tODCe — the  greatest  friend,  in  the  greatest  danger — of  such 
pvtB  and  buents — O  father — I  saw  his  houses  aiid  rich  furui- 
tareaJlinflames — O  ungra  onstant  people;  for- 

Eetfiil  of  services  I — to  see  a  naiiished ;  driven  from 

Lig  country;  and  sufier  him  rinue  so!" — At  each  of  which 

sentences  there  was  no  en*  lapping.     In  another  tragedy, 

of  the  same  poet,  called  1  when,  instead  of  Brutus,  be 

pronounced  Tullius,  who  e  ;d  the  liberty  of  his  citizens; 

tbe  people  were  so  affecti  ,uat  they  called  for  it  again  a 
thousand  timea.     This  was  constant  practice  through  tbe 

vhole  time  of  bis  exile :  I  e  was  not  a  passaj;e  in  any  play, 
wbicb  could  possibly  be  applied  to  his  case,  but  tbe  whole 
audience  presently  catebed  it  up,  and  by  their  claps  and  ap- 
plauses, loudly  signified  their  zeal  and  good  wishes  for  him  '. 

Tboii^b  a  decree  was  regularly  obtamed  for  Cicero's  return, 
QodiuB  Iiad  tbe  courage  and  address  still  to  binder  its  passing 
into  a  law  :  be  took  all  occasions  of  haranguing  the  people 
against  it;  and  when  be  had  filled  the  forum  with  his  merce- 
naries, he  used  to  demand  of  them  aloud,  contrary  to  the 
custom  of  Rome,  whether  tbcy  would  have  Cicero  restored  or 
DM;  upon  which  bis  emissaries,  raising  a  sort  of  dead  cry  in 
tbe  negative,  he  laid  hold  of  it,  as  tbe  voice  of  the  Roman 
people,  and  declared  tbe  proposal  to  be  rejected '.  But  the 
senate,  ashamed  to  see  tlieir  authority  thus  insulted,  when  the 
whole  city  was  on  their  side,  resolves  to  take  such  measures, 

fejieioiioi*  libilis  citimeicfbint.   Videlimi  igilur,  qunnlum  int«r  populum  Ruminum,  el 

deconri  ?    Ibid.  £9. 

icio  de  ilia  3.  C.  id  1udo>  lanunqiH  perlato,  lumniui  utiri;^  et  me- 

K  dniderio  oiei — tumnii  Miim  poetffi  ingmium  non  tolum  irte  >u>  Kd 
rimebiil.  Quid  enim  ?  qui  Hemp,  efrto  Bnimo  BdjuTcrit,  iiminetit,  tle- 
lis, — re  dubia  aec  dubiUiit  viuui  oiTrrre,  nrc  capili  pcperceiit,— aam- 
.DiDiD  in  bell«— inmniD  ingmia  prtEdilam— O  I'uler— >iM  omniB  lidi 

Mil  pelli,  pulium  pulJinlni— quR  ligaiticalio  fuetit  omniuni,  que  dcclsnlia  volunUtn 
■b  umTmo  popuja  Rauuno? 

Naiiuiutim>um>p»ll>tui  inBrulo,  Tulliue.  qui  liberUtfin  civibut  atabiliirent.  Hil- 
bn  KTocUnm  »t.     Ilud.  66.  7.  H. 

1  nu  ifibuiiiu  plfb.  qui  dfl  me— non  msjatum  auarnm.Kid  Qneculorum  inttituto, 
a  intnTonrs  nlcbmt,  vcllotne  me  redire  :  rt  cum  erst  nclmnutnin  MmJTWii 
E-~TH  ^oabm;  pepolum  Ramuium  negue  diieb«l.     Ibid.  59. 


bonlc  KDiperi 
ttmiilo  dalore 


kbMCM- 


A.  Uifc.89S,     Clr.M.     Cow^P.  Corn.  Lmtul.  apinther.     Q.  Cw:.  Hetel.  Nipat, 

in  the  support  of  tbeir  <tecrees,  that  it  should  not  be  powiMM 
to  defeat  them.    Letitulus,  therefore,  summoned  them  into  titl 
Capitol,  on  the  twenty-fifth  of  May,  where  Pompey  began  dill 
debate,  and  renewed  the  motion  fur  recalling  Cicero;  andci 
a  grave  and  elaborate  speech,  which  he  had  prepared  in  wrifr>u 
ing,  and  delivered  from  his  notes,  gave  him  the  honour  (' 
having  saved  his  country '.     All  the  leading  men  of  the  aeBil 
^oke  after  him,  to  the  same  effect ;  but  the  consul,  Metellai, 
notwithstanding  his  promises,   had   been   acting,   hitherto,  a'^ 
double  part ;  and  was,  all  along,  the  chief  eiicourager  and  sup^  *j 
porter  of  Clodius  :  when  Servilius,  therefore,  rose  up,  a  penoM  j 
of  the  first  dignity,  who  had  been  honoured  with  a  triumpk  ■% 
and  the  censorship,  he  addressed  himself  to  his  kinsman  Mef  ■-! 
telius ;  and  calling  up  from  the  dead  all  the  iamity  of  tlitt 
Metelli,  laid  before  him  the  glorious  acts  of  his  ancestors,  wiA 
the  conduct  and  unhappy  fate  of  his  brotlier,  in  a  manner  ao 
moving,  that  Metellus  could  not  hold  out  any  longer  against 
the  force  of  the  speech,  nor  the  authority  of  the  speaker;  ba^ 
with  tean  in  his  eyes,  gave  himself  up  to  Servilius,  and  pro- 
fessed all  future  services  to  Cicero  :  in  which  he  proved  very 
unrere,  and  from  this  moment,  assisted  his  colleague  in  pro- 
moting Cicero's  restoration ;  so  that,  in  a  very  full  house,  <^ 
four  hundred  and  seventeen  senators,  when  all  the  magisttste* 
were  present,  the  decree  passed,  without  one  dissenting  voic^ 
but  Clodius's ' ;  which  gave  occasion  to  Cicero  to  nTite  a  par- 
ticular letter  of  thanks  to  Metellus,  as  he  had  done  once  before, 
upon  his  first  declaration  for  him '. 


254  THE  LIFE 

A.  VA.  <H.  dc.  M.  CoM^P.  Com.  LntDl.  %>iDtlMr.    Q.  Cm.  Httel.  Nopot. 

states  and  citjei,  which  had  received  and  entertdoed  Cioeroid 
and  that  the  care  of  his  person  Bhoald  be  recommended  to  a^ 
foreign  nations  in  alliance  with  them;  and  that  the  RomaaJ 
generals,  and  all  who  had  command  abroad,  should  be  ordered  * 
to  protect  his  life  and  safety  *. 

One  cannot  help  pausing  awhile,  to  reflect  on  the  great 
idea,  which  these  &ct8  imprint  of  the  character  and  dignity  of 
Cicero;  to  see  so  vast  an  empire  in  such  a  ferment  on  his 
account,  as  to  postpone  all  their  concerns  and  interests,  for 
many  months  successively,  to  the  safety  of  a  single  senator  *; 
who  had  no  other  means  of  exciting  the  zeal,  or  engaging  the 
affections  of  his  citizens,  but  the  genuine  force  of  his  personal 
virtues,  and  the  merit  of  his  eminent  services:  as  if  the  Republic 
itself  could  not  stand  without  him,  but  must  fall  into  ruins,  if  he, 
the  main  pillar  of  it,  was  removed ;  whilst  the  greatest  monarchs 
on  earth,  who  had  anv  a^rs  with  the  people  of  Rome,  were 
looking  on  to  expect  the  event,  unable  to  procure  any  answer 
or  regard  to  what  they  were  soliciting  till  this  a&ir  was  de- 
dded :  Ptolemy,  the  king  of  Egypt,  was  particularly  affected 
by  it :  who  being  driven  out  of  his  kingdom,  came  to  Rome 
about  this  time,  to  beg  help  and  protection  a^nst  hb  rebel- 
lious subjects ;  but,  though  he  was  lodged  in  Pompey's  house, 
it  was  not  possible  for  him  to  get  an  audience,  till  Cicero's 
cause  was  at  an  end. 

The  law,  now  prepared  for  his  restoration,  was  to  be  offered 
to  the  suffrage  of  the  centuries :  this  was  the  most  solemn  and 
honouraijlL'  way  of  transjiciinjj  jiiiy  public  business,  where  the 


en.  Unmi.  Spmilicr.     g.  Ckc.  HoIeL  Nepot, 

lies,  it  should  then  be  obstructetf,  to  come  away  directly  upon 
le  anthority  of  the  senate,  and  rather  liazara  liis  life,  tlian 
Mr  ihe  loss  of  his  country  any  longer '.  But  the  vigour  of 
»e  tate  debates  had  bo  discouraged  the  chicfe  of  the  taction, 
■at  ihej-  left  Clodius  single  in  the  opposition;  Metellus 
ropped  him,  and  )iis  brother  Appius  won  desirous  to  be 
Biet';  yet,  it  was  above  two  months  still,  from  the  last  decree, 
rfore  Cicero's  friends  could  bring  the  affair  to  a  general  vote, 
hicli  they  effected,  at  last,  on  the  fourth  of  AugusL 

There  had  never  been  known  so  numerous  and  solemn  an 
sembly  of  the  Roman  people  as  this:  all  Italy  was  drawn 
geiher  on  the  occiuiioo  :  it  was  reckoned  a  kind  of  sin  to  be 
isent;  and  neither  age  nor  infirmity  was  thought  a  sutGcient 
leuset  for  not  lending  a  helping  hand  to  the  restoration  of 
icero  :  all  the  magistrates  exerted  themselves  in  recommeod- 
ig  the  law,  excepting  Appius  and  the  two  tribunes,  who  durst 
ut  venture,  however,  to  oppose  it;  the  meeting  was  held  in 
le  field  of  Mars,  for  the  more  convenient  reception  of  so  great 

multitude  ;  where  the  senators  divided  among  themselves  the 
nk  of  pre«i<ling  in  the  several  centuries,  and  seeint;  the  poll 
airly  taken  :  the  result  was,  that  Cicero  was  recalled  from 
iil«,  by  the  unanimous  sulTrage  of  all  the  centuries;  and  to 
ht  infinite  Jny  of  the  whole  city  '. 

Cludiii'-,  li'jwfitT,  li;i<i  the  hardiness,  not  only  to  appciir,  ijut 
ospeak  in  this  assembly  against  the  law  ;  but  nobody  regarded 
r  heard  a  word  that  he  said :  he  now  found  the  diti^rence 
lentioned  above,  between  a  free  convention  of  the  Roman 
eople,  and  those  mercenary  assemblies,  where  a  few  desperate 
itizeiiB,  headed  by  slaves  and  gladiators,  used  to  carry  all 
ffore  them :  "  Where  now,"  says  Cicero,  "  were  those  tyrants 
:  the  Forum,  those  haranguers  of  the  mob,  those  disposers  of 
ingdoms?" — This  was  one  of  the  last  e^enuine  acts  of  free 
ome;  one  of  the  last  efforts  of  public  liberty,  exerting  itself 
I  do  honour  to  its  patron  and  defender :  for  the  union  of  the 
iumvirate  had  already  given  it  a  dangerous  wound,  and  their 
isseosion,  which  not  long  after  ensued,  entirely  destroyed  it. 

But  it  gave  some  damp  to  the  joy  of  this  gloiious  nay,  that 


'  Hibi  in  .nimo  at  legum  U 
aba.  n  potiui  tita  qaimjatrij 
•  Bedii  cum  muinu  digoIUU:, 
>M^    P»Dom.  33. 

1  Q»  d»  qui.  i:i.i.  fuil.  qui  no 
M««et.n«iHdculutrm«K 

.1.52. 

lioncm  eipectcre,  ct  u  oblrecUblti 
Lcircbo.     AdAtu3.S6. 
fralre  luo  ullero  conBulc  rcducento 

111  nefat  cue  putaret,  quKuoque  iti 
nlenlamfcrrtP    Pg.t  red.  in  Sen. 
luHIionrm  uec  •cn.:<^tuli>  »cis  jui 

■i,  pmlcHjuo  duo*  dc  lipide  eni|ito 
lem  faaminDDl  tunUni,  ncque  iplci 

,  altera  pnetore  po- 

t  KUteiut  vilolii- 

lUun  puUvii,    Pro 

cm,  »  quo  non  ent 
•  tribuDoi  plebik— 
ididiorem  fuiiK,- 

cutlodo  fuiwe  Ubulu-uoi — 


256  THE    LIFE 

A.  Urb.  696.    Cic.  90.    Ccm^P.  Coni.  LbWuL  Another.    Q.  Cmn.  Uelel.  Ktfim, 

Cicero's  soD-in-law,  Pibo,  liappened  to  die  not  lon^  before  i^ 
to  the  eztreioe  grief  of  the  family ;  without  reaping  the  firinll 
of  hig  pietV)  ana  sharing  the  pleasure  and  benefit  of  CicenA 
return.  His  praises,  however,  wid  be  as  immortal  as  Ciceni) 
writings,  from  whose  repeated  chanu:ter  of  him  we  learn,  tha^ 
fi>r    parts,    probity,   virtue,    modesty,   and    for    every    i 

Jilishment  of  a  fine  gentleman  and  fine  speaker,  ne 
eft  his  equal  bebincT  him,  among  all  the  young  noblei  at 
that  age'. 

Cicero  had  resolved  to  come  home,  in  virtue  of  the  senatA  ] 
decree,  whether  the  law  bad  passed  or  not;  but,  perceirin^  , 
from  the  accounts  of  all  his  fnends,  that  it  could  not  be  d^  1 
feated  any  longer,  be  embarked  for  Italy  on  the  foordi  cf  ' 
August ;  the  very  day  on  which  it  was  enacted :  and  landed 
the  next  dav  at  Brundisium,  where  be  found  his  daoghter 
Tullia  already  arrived  to  receive  him.     The  day  happened  to 
be  the  annual  festival  of  the  foundation  of  the  town,  as  well  m 
of  the  dedication  of  the  temple  of  safety  at  Rome ;  and  dw 
l»rth-day  likewise  of  Tullia :  as  if  Providence  had  tiirown  aU^ 
these  circumstances  together  to  enhance  the  joy  and  solemni^ 
of  his  Unding;  which  was  celebrated  by  the  people  with  the 
most  profuse  expressions  of  mirth  and  gaiety.     Cicero  took  up 
his  quarters  again  with  his  old  host  Leniug  Flaccus,  who  had 
entertained  him  ao  honourably  in  his  distress,  a  person  of  great 
learning  as  well  as  generosity :  here  he  received  the  welcome 
news  in  four  days  from  Rome,  that  the  law  was  actually  ratified 
by  the  people  with  an  incredible  zeal  and  unanimity  of  all  t' 


OF  CICERO.  257 

.    C5c.  ao.    Ci-.,— p.  Com.  Uiitijl.  Spinlhet,    Q.  Crr.  Mrtcl,  Miixi.. 

IfiTlif  to  &ee  liim  as  he  passed,  and  congratulate  him  t»i  hi» 
"  m:  so  tliat  the  whole  road  was  but  one  continued  street 
I  Brundisium  to  Rome,  lined  on  both  iiides  with  crowds  uf 
Imo»  women,  and  children;  nor  was  there  a  prfefecture,  town, 
l«  colony  through  Italy,  which  did  not  decree  him  statues  or 

Cbtic  honours,  and  send  a  deputadon  of  their  principal  mem- 
m  to  pay  him  their  compliments :  so  that  it  was  ralJier  less  than 
Ik  trulJi,  as  Plutarch  says,  what  Cicero  himself  tells  us,  that 
IdU  Italy  brought  him  back  upon  its  shoulders'.  "But  that 
■  n«day,":eys  he,  "  was  worth  an  immortality ;  when  on  my 
llppraaeii  towards  the  city,  l~  -  senate  came  out  to  receive  me, 
InuDwed  by  the  whole  body  the  citizens;  as  if  Rome  itself 
i  left  its  foundations,  and  narched  forward  to  embrace  its 
I  pKKnrvr '." 

I     As  (toon  as  he  entered  the  ^tcs  he  saw  the  steps  of  all  the 

I  lenples,  porticos,  and  even  the  tops  of  houses  covered  with 

Ipcuple,  wbo  saluted  him  with  an  universal  acclumation,  as  he 

lnardi«cl  forward  towards  the  Capitol,  where  fresh  multitudes 

e  expecting  his  arrival ;  yet,  in  the  midst  of  all  this  joy,  he 

"  — t  help  grieving,  he  says,  within  himself,  to  reflect,  that 

>  grateful  to  Uie  defender  of  its  liberty,  had  been  so 

f  enslaved  and  oppressed'.      Tlie  Capitol  was  the 

»t  or  throne,  as  it  were,  of  the  msyesty  of  the  empire ; 

i  the  moat  magnificent  fabric  of  Rome,  the  Temple 

or  of  that  god  whom  they  styled  the  Greatest  and 

to  whose  shrine  all,  who  entered  the  city  in  pomp 

iph,  used  always  to  make  tlieir  first  lisit.      Cicero, 

tbocfbre,    before    he    had    saluted    his  wife  and   family,   was 

obfiged  to  discharge  himself  here  of  his  vows  and  thanks  for 

bis  safe  return ;  where,  in  compliance  with  the  popular  super- 

Uicioii,  he   paid   his  devotion   also   to  that  tutelary  Minerva, 

whom,  at  his  quitting  Rome,  he  had  placed  in   tlie  temple  of 

ter  father.      From  this  office  of  religion  he  was  conducted  by 

tlie  same  company,  and  witli  the  same  acclamations,  to  his 


iji.gibm 


vidnvin.     Nrqiic 

Itsd  iffDHiniH  «  opjiidiii  ?    Qtiid  cunciinuin  ex  ngrii  plnim  futiil 
•rlihoiiP  ftr.inPEHm.32. 

Iteb  emcla  pmc  mil  hmnfm  irpnrtaiit.     Poit  rod.  in  Sen,  l-'t. 

StiMmr  lato  urbn  lulir  liwUx  din  aftirt  MlTentst  mci  ildebantur.     Via  muliliudine 
lotann  amliquc  niiiwiniin  rrlebniliulur.     Pro  Seit.  63. 

MJtam  ille  din  mihi  quidrm  imur  inimnrlnliwtiii  rnii — cnm  Stnnl'ini  t-pwtuin  ridi, 


968  THE    LIFE 

LCABM.   Vam.    C*M.-P.C.ni,Leiiiul.9i^odier.    (J  Cbc.  HeWl 

brother's  house,  wlier«  this  great  procession   ended : 
from  one  end  of  it  W  the  other,  was  so  splendid  and  triumpb 
that  he  had  reason,  he  saj-s,  to  fear,  lest  jieople  should  in 
that  he*  himself,  had  contrived  his  lute  flight,  for  the  sake  a 
~    ~     8  a  restoration '. 


SECTION  VI. 

Cicero's  return  was,  what  he  himself  truly  calls  it,  the  1 
ginning  of  a  new  life  to  him';  which  was  to  be  govemedjf 
new  maxims,  and  a  new  kind  of  policy ;  yet,  so  as  not  to  Eon" 
bis  old  character.     He  had  been  made  to  feel  in  what  1 
the  weight  of  power  lay,  and  what  little  dependence 
placed  on  the  help  and  support  of  his  arLstocratical  frienq 
Pompey  had  served  him  on  this  important  occasion  very  s 
cerely,  and  with  the  concurrence  also  of  Cssar ;  so  as  to  n 
it  a  point  of  gratitude,  as  well  as  prudence,  to  be  more  oh 
vant  of  them  than  he  had  hitherto  been :  the  senate,  on  t 
other  hand,  with  the  magistrates  and  the  honest  of  all  ran] 
were  zealous  in  his  cause;  and  the  consul  Leiitulus,  above  a 
seemed  to  make  it  the  sole  end  and  glory  of  his  administradi 
This  uncommon  i^asent  of  opposite  parties  in  promoting  h 
testoration,  drew  upon  him  a  variety  of  ohligations,  which  mttst 
Deeds  often  clash  and  interfere  with  each  other;  and  whidi  it 
was  his  part  still  to  manage  so,  as  to  make  them  consistent 
with  his  honour,  his  safety,  his  private  and  his  public  duty 


or  CICERO.  350 

h.m.  ae.»    C«l,-P.OM>.UBtBLlFiaUMr.    Q. Car.  Hatd.  Napo.. 

gba  iluttbi  to  Hum  in  pabtic^  for  their  bUe  ■erricei: 

I,  aAer  a  ^neral  pnSemion  of  his  obligsdons  to  them  all* 

'e  Im  particular  Mknowledgments  to  each  ma^tnte  by 

to  die  comula,  the  tribones,  the  pmton :  he  addreased 

a  the  tribunps,  before  the  pmtors;  not  for  the  dimity 

ilfcair  office,  for  in  that  they  were  inferior,  but  for  their 

r  auttrority  in  making  law! ;   and,  consequently,  their 

■  merit  in  carrying  hit  law  into  effect     The  number  of 

^private  friends  was  too  great  to  malce  it  possible  for  him  to 

nnaerateor  thank  tbcm  aU;  so  that  he  confined  himself  to 

I  BiKtstrales,  with  exception  only  to  Pompey*,  whom,  for 

e  amioence  of  his  character,  though,  at  present,  only  a  pri- 

te  man,  he  took  citro  to  distingiiish  by  a  personal  address  and 

f  amplimt'nt.     But  us  Lentulus  was  the  first  in  office,  and  bad 

'  ' '       vith  the  greatest  affection,  so  he  gives  him  the  lirst 

mare  nt  m/i  pr^se  ;  and,  in  the  overflowing  of  his  gratitude, 

Sles  him.  the  parent  and  the  god  of  his  life  and  fortunes'. 
«  next  ^ny  be  paid  his  thanks  likewise  to  the  people,  in  a 
'  tpcecb  from  the  rostn;  where  be  dwelt  chiefly  on  tne  same 
tnioi  which  he  liad  <iJied  in  the  senate,  celebrating  the  parti- 
etuar  menu  and  scrvitses  of  his  principal  friends,  especially  of 
Pompey ;  whom  lie  declares  to  be  the  greatest  man  for  virtue, 
wiadura,  «nfl  ginry,  who  was  then  living,  or  had  lived,  or 
SOT  would  live ;  and  that  he  owed  more  to  liim,  on  this  occa- 
WB,  Uian  it  was  even  lawful,  almost,  for  one  man  to  owe  to 


Both  these  speeches  are  still  extant,  and  a  psissage  or  two 
from  each  will  illustrate  the  temper  and  disposition  in  which  he 
retomed :  in  speaking  to  the  senate,  after  a  particular  recital 
cf  the  services  of  his  friends,  he  adds;  "  as  I  have  a  pleasure 
hi  enumerating  these,  so  1  willingly  pass  over  in  ftilcnce  what 
•thers  wickedly  acted  against  me :  it  is  not  my  present  busi- 
ness  to  remember  injuries;  which,  if  it  were  in  my  power  to 
revenge,  I  should  choose  to  forget ;  my  life  shall  he  applied  to 
other  purposes;  to  repay  tlie  good  omccs  of  those  who  have 
deserved  it  of  me;   to  hold  fast  the  friendships,  which  liave 

'  Cam  pcrpaacii  nominatim  ^mtUt  tgivKm,  qu'rd  ooinei  enumcnui  nullo  modo  pot' 
NBL  Kclut  lulcm  g»et  qumiiiiun  pisMtiri.     Ibid.  30. 

Sodienio  uiMm  die  DomiDBlim  r  me  iniitti>nm<ibu>  itatni  gratiu  esse  ngcndu,  ct  d« 
piruli  nni.  qoi  pro  wluW  mn  monicipia,  colonintciuc  uliiiiFH'I Poal  red,  JD  i^on.  IS. 

'  FrinMp*  P.  Lentulni.  parcnn  u  dcui  nmtrs  litc,  roniiriK.  &t.  ibid.  4.     Il  mi 

■wtd.  Deiu  at  martali,  juvue  mnmlein.  [Plin.  Hi«t.  2.  7']  Thiu  Cicem,  »  ha 
oUa  Lanlnliii  here  hit  god,  »,  on  other  occoaioni,  gi*<^  the  ntmc  ^ipellalion  to  Plilo. 
Dna  Ills  iMWtra  Plilo_[Ad  AU.4.  In.]  to  express  tlie  higlinl  >eu>e  of  tho  bcncflli 

*  Cd.  Pompciiu,  Tir  omniuDi  qui  (iint.  fucrnnt.  cnint,  pilncept  virtiito,  upientia,  ac 
■laria.  Hak  ego  IwDiini,  Quiritei,  tanluni  dalwo,  <|usnliim  bomincni  homini  dcbrrerii 
fa*  Mt.     Poat  red.  ad  Quir.  7. 


A.Urt<.e»C.  Cic.50.  Co»,_r,  Com.  I^lul,  3(rfiith»r.  Q.  C«.  Mctrl.  K*piit. 
been  tried,  as  it  were,  in  the  fire :  to  wage  war  with  dedaraA- 
enemies ;  to  pardon  my  timorous,  nor  yet  expose  my  treach^ 
roiu  friends;  and  to  balance  the  misery  of  my  exile  by  tW' 
dignity  of  my  return'."  To  the  people  he  observes;  thk*^ 
there  were  four  sorts  of  enemies,  who  concurred  to  oppreii 
him:  the  first,  who,  out  of  hatred  to  the  Republic,  were  mortal 
enemies  to  him  for  having  saved  it :  the  second,  who,  onder  a 
false  pretence  of  friendship,  infamously  betrayed  him :  die 
third,  who,  through  their  inability  to  obtain  what  he  had  ae- 
quired,  were  envious  of  his  dignity:  the  fourtb,  who,  tho^^ 
by  office  they  ought  to  have  been  the  guardians  of  the  l& 
public,  bartered  away  his  safety,  the  peace  of  the  city,  sad 
the  dignity  of  the  empire,  which  were  committed  to  their  tnMt 
"  I  will  take  my  revenge,"  says  he,  "  on  each  of  them,  agrc^ 
ably  to  the  different  manner  of  their  provocation  ;  on  the  bad  i 
atizens,  by  defending  the  Republic  strenuously;  on  my  per* 
fidioufi  friends,  by  never  trusting  them  again ;  on  the  envioiM| 
by  continuing  my  steady  pursuit  of  virtue  and  glory;  on  thoae 
merchants  of  provinces,  by  calling  them  home  to  give  an 
account  of  their  administration :  but  I  am  more  solitntona  bow 
to  acquit  myself  of  my  obligations  to  you,  for  your  great 
sendees,  than  to  resent  the  injuries  and  cruelties  of  my  en^ 
mies:  for  it  is  much  easier  to  revenge  an  injury  than  to  repay 
a  kindness,  and  much  less  trouble  to  get  the  better  of  bad  men, 
than  to  equal  the  good '." 

""'  '    '  ■        ■■  |.]j^  senate  had  leisure  again 

'    '  now  a  case  before 


This  am.il 


OF   CICEKO.  S4$l 

A-UtKCae.    Ck.M,    CgH^P.CMB.  IculuI.SpluUier     Q.  C«.  Mctel.NF|M. 

I  of  com,  secreted  from  commou  use'.  He  sent  liis  mol) 
i  to  Hm!  tbeatrr,  in  wliicli  the  prsetor  Ciecilius,  Ciceru's  par- 
yat  fmiKl,  was  exliiliiling  tlie  Apolliiiariuii  shows,  where 
I  laised  §uch  a  terror,  tliat  they  drove  the  whole  company 
.  it:  tiien,  in  the  same  tumultuous  inauner,  tliey  marclK-d 
!  Ttfmple  of  Concord,  whither  Metellua  had  summoned 
e  aeDate  ;  but,  happening  to  meet  with  Metellus  in  the  way, 
lliejr  presently  attacited  him  with  volleys  of  stones;  wilii  M>inc 
«f  which  tiiey  wounded  even  the  consul  himself,  who,  for  the 
greater  itecurity,  immediately  adjourned  tlie  senate  into  tlie 
capito).  They  were  led  «-■  'jy  two  desperate  ruffians,  their 
Mual  commanders,  M.  Lo  s  und  M.  Serf^us;  the  first  of 
wkom  lijid  in  Clodiut«'s  tiibunate  undertaken  the  taak  of  killing 
Pompey  ;  tlie  second  had  been  captain  of  the  guard  to  Catiline, 
sad  w^is  probably  of  his  fumily':  but  Clodius  encouraged  by 
^  hopeful  begtnnintr,  put  himself  at  their  head  in  person, 
and  puntUL-d  the  senate  into  the  capitol,  in  order  to  disturb  their 
■Icimtes,  and  prevent  their  providing  any  relief  for  the  present 
evil ;  and,  above  all,  to  escite  the  meaner  sort  to  some  violence 
agaiiwt  Cicero.  But  he  soon  found  to  his  great  disappoint- 
mtni,  that  Cicero  was  ton  strong  in  the  affections  of  the  city, 
til  he  hurt  a^in  so  soon :  for  the  people  themselves  saw  through 
liii  di-si^ii,  and  were  so  provoked  at  it,  that  they  turned  uni- 
venally  against  him,  and  drove  him  out  of  the  field  with  all 
Ilia  mercenaries ;  when,  perceiving  tliat  Cicero  was  not  present 
in  the  sen.ite,  they  eullied  out  upon  him  by  name,  witli  one 
roice,  and  would  not  be  quieted  till  he  came  in  person  to  un- 
dertake their  causi>,  antl  propose  some  expedient  for  their 
relief.  He  had  kept  his  house  all  that  day,  and  resolved  to 
do  so,  till  he  saw  the  bsue  of  the  tumult;  but  when  he  under- 
stood that  Clodius  was  repulsed,  and  that  his  presence  was 
tiniveisiilly  ri'ijuirrd  h\  ihe  cuiisuIh,  the  senate,  and  the  whole 
people,  he  came  to  tlie  senate  house,  in  the  midst  of  their 
debutes,  and  being  presently  asked  his  opinion,  proposed  that 
Pompey  should  be  entreated  to  undertake  the  province  of 
restoring  plenty  to  the  city;  and  to  enable  him  to  execute  it 


MiaiD  HnuHiun  one  dixit.  Qui.  «(  iiU  lAlliuB?  Qui  tu  tri 
^DiD  fntclficicnduii)  dcpaundl. — Quia  ot  Scrgius  ?  amiiEcr  Ca 
fon,  AigniCer  Kdiiioaii — bis  at^up  hujiktmodi  Judlnii,  cum  lu 
coDtulct,  Id  •cDUiim — npenliuot  iai|itlu>  coni[>anr«.    Peg  Dun 


M  Mctello— qui  (unl 
no'pl'cblJ?r'pom.' 


I.  l'iV6M.    l-icSiL   < 


1.  L*oMl.8|«ntb<r.    Q.  Ck.  HelcL  Ncroi. 


with  effect,  should  be  invested  with  an  absolute  power  over  ij 
the  public  stores  and  corn-rents  of  the  empire  tJirougb  all  d 
proriooes :  the  motion  was  readily  accepted,  and  a  vote  ii 
diately  passed,  that  a  law  should  be  prepared  for  that  pui  _ 
and  offered  to  the  people'.  All  the  consular  senators  wtt 
absent,  eicept  Me^ala  and  Afnioius;  they  pretended  to  I 
afimid  of  the  mob ;  but  the  real  cause  was  then*  anwiUingv' 
to  concur  in  granting  this  commission  to  Pompey.  The  o 
sols  carried  the  decree  wirh  them  into  the  rostra,  and  read  1 
publicly  to  the  people ;  who,  on  the  mention  of  Cicero's  m 
iu  which  it  was  drawn,  gave  an  universal  shout  of  appla 
upon  which,  at  the  desire  of  all  the  magistrates,  Cicero  ma 
speech  to  them,  setting  forth  the  reasons  and  necessity  of  d 
decree,  and  giving  them  the  comfort  of  a  speedy  relief,  firou 
the  vigilance  and  authority  of  Pompey '.  The  absence,  hon^  ' 
ever,  of  the  consular  senators,  gave  a  handle  to  reflect  upm 
the  act,  as  not  free  and  valid,  but  estorted  by  fear,  and  withoitt 
the  intervention  of  the  prindpal  members ;  but  the  very  nett 
day,  in  a  fuller  house,  when  all  those  senators  were  present 
BOO  a  motion  was  made  to  revoke  the  decree,  it  was  unaOH 
mously  rejected*;  and  the  consuls  were  ordered  to  draw  up  a 
law  conformable  to  it,  by  which  the  whole  adminbtratioa  at 
the  com  and  providons  of  the  republic  was  to  be  granted  to 
Pompey  for  five  years,  with  a  power  of  choosing  fifteen  lieute- 
nants to  assist  him  iu  it. 

This  furnished  Clodius  with  fresh  matter  of  abase  upon 
Citvro:   lio  i.-li:ir^i'ii  him  witli  iiit;ratitin!f,  aiid  the  desertion  of 


rnlul.Siullwr.    Q.  Cac.  MtML  NtpoK 

P-Bompey  '.  But  Ck-eto  defended  bimHelf,  by  Miyirifjf,  tbat 
f  must  not  expect  to  piay  cLe  same  jnuae  upon  htm,  now 
1  he  «ntA  rc>tt»retl,  with  wliicli  tlicy  htiil  niinvd  liim  before, 

f  Vy  laiuof;  jeaiousiies  between  liim  and  Poinpry  ;  thut  be  had 

f  nartMl  fur  it  too  severely  already,  to  be  cuugbt  agiiiii  in  th« 
mae  trap ;  that,  in  decreeing  this  com  mission  to  Pompey,  he 

I  had  diHcnur^ed  both  his  private  obligations  to  a  friend,  and 
Ui  public  duty  to  the  §tate;  that  those  who  judged  all  ex- 
tnBniiniirv  power  to  I'ompey,  must  grudge  ihc  victories,  the 

r  ttnunpttft,  die  accession  of  dominion  and  revenue,  which  their 

I'  famer  grants  of  this  sort  '  <•  procured  to  tiie  empire;  that 
Ae  auoceie  of  tbose  shew  en  what  fruit  they  were  to  expect 
from  this*. 

Biit  what  autliority  soever  this  law  conferred  on  Pompey, 
hii  creatures  were  not  yet  satisfied  with  it;  so  tliat  Messius, 
OM  of  the  tribune^  proposed  another,  to  give  him  die  addi- 
lional  power  of  raising  wliat  money,  fleets,  and  armies  he 
dMiughttit;  with  a  greater  command  through  all  the  provinces, 
than  their  proper  governors  had  in  each,     Cicero's  law  seemed 

.  DHxlein,  in  comparison  of  Messius's:  Pompey  pretended  to  he 
esntm  wtUi  the  first,  whilst  ail  his  dependants  were  pushing 

I  far  the  last :  they  expected  that  Cicero  would  come  over  to 
them;  but  he  continued  silent,  nor  would  stir  a  step  farther ; 
for  his  alf^rs  were  stiii  in  such  a  slate,  as  obliged  him  to  act 
vkh  caution,  and  to  manage  both  the  senate  and  the  men  of 
power ;  the  conclusion  was  that  Cicero's  law  was  received  by 
ill  parties,  and  Pompey  named  him  for  his  first  lieutenant, 
ilcclaring  tbat  be  sliould  consider  him  as  a  second  self,  and 
act  uotbtng  without  his  advice'.  Cicero  accepted  the  employ- 
ment, on  condition  that  he  might  be  at  liberty  to  use  or  resign 
it  at  pleasure,  as  he  found  it  coiiveiiifnt  to  liis  affairs';  but  he 
toon  after  quitted  it  tu  )<is  brother,  iiud  cliuse  iu  continue  in 


NcKJt  qnintuin  mirioHuic  nUrU.  quu  ni  geHcril.  qua  dignilate 


im  poflH  Labcfacuri,  quibui 


■Its  MuteiP  penrnleranl— J»t» 

mritn  nl  erroiia  mr 

■i  mtgDx,  ui  mc  non 

folum  pigeU 

U.l>it»  iH..  «d  Mmn 

,  pudr.!. 

Ibrd.  U. 

nmB  li  qtiem  pomltOLl 

i,  .lira  TJcl 

Ions  populi  Rommi 

DfceMt  ot 

paniter*. 

Ibid.  8. 

'  Legem  C«n>ul»  t 

unt— alwram  MeMiii 

,.,  qut  oi»i 

ui.  pwuf. 

IB    iu   polM. 

toTnio,  qui  a>  oblintnl 

iprtilura.  el  DisjnJ 

■mpcHum 

in  proin. 

..     nil  nr 

iiM-a  In  ConsiiUrit  i 

r.  h»^  Mm^I 

MOf««KU.     Pomptnu 

1  niim  v. 

elk  K  dmt;  F^mili 

■m    h»DC, 

ra  dn«  F«- 

Tonio  rremuDt,  noa  tucc 

nibil  »dhoc  PoiititicM 

Kton&it.     AdAIt.4.1. 

uhrel,  n»  principsm 

-™in.vi. 

sE^omn: 

iXDOtlUTUO 

*  &«B»*Piinpmol«riiu 

.am  Fwn..  «.  null. 

,  r«n»p«ii 

rer.qaod 

nt,  li  nllem, 

A.Uik6Mi.    Ck-M.    Cm—P.CoTn.  Lentnl.Siilmlhn. 

tbe  citjTi  where  he  had  the  pleasure  to  aee  the  end  of  li 

effectually  answered;  for  the  credit  of  Pompey's  name  i 
itiately  reduced  tbe  price  of  victuals  in  tbe  marketa,  ■ 
vifi^ur  and  diligence  in  proeecuting  the  affair,  soon  e 
a  general  plenty. 

Cicero  was  restored  to  his  former  dignity,  but  not  to  t . 

former  fortunes ;  nor  was  any  satisfaction  yet  made  to  him  Md 
the  ruin  of  his  liouses  and  estates :  a  full  restitution  indeed  haJC 
been  decrped,  but  was  reserved  to  his  return;  which  came  iwv^ 
before  the  senate,  to  be  considered  and  settled  by  public  iiiitto  n 
rity,  where  it  met  still  with  great  obstruction.  The  chief  Sti 
ficulty  was  about  his  Palatine  house,  which  he  valued  above  Ai- 
tbe  rest,  and  which  Clodius,  for  that  reason,  had  contrived  toi- 
alienate,  as  he  hoped,  irretrievably;  by  demolishing  tbe  bbri^  ', 
and  dedicating  a  temple  upon  tbe  area  to  tbe  goddns  Liberty:  ; 
where,  to  maxe  his  work  the  more  complete,  he  pulled  dowB  ' 


also  the  adjoining  portico  of  Catulus,  that  he  might  build  it  ap 
anew,  of  the  same  order  with  his  temple ;  and  by  blendiiur  tbfl 
public  with  private  property,  and  consecrating  the  whde  to 
religion,  might  make  it  impossible  to  separate  or  restore  BUT 
part  to  Cicero ;  since  a  consecration,  legally  performed,  maiw 
tbe  thing  consecrated  unapplicable  ever  after  to  any  private 
use. 

This  portico  was  built,  as  has  been  said,  on  the  spot  where 
Fulvius  Flacciis  formerly  lived,  whose  bouse  was  puolidy  de- 
molished, for  tbe  treason  of  its  master :  and  it  was  Cloaiua'a 
design  to  join  Cicero's  to  it,  under  the  same  denomination;  as 
a  perpetual  memorial  of  a  disgrace  and  punlthment  inflicted 
by  the  people'.  Wlien  he  had  finished  the  portico,  therefore, 
and  aiiiR'M^d  Lis  tenipli?  to  il,  wLich  took   up  but  a  small  part. 


s 


l^lkrcfore,  <yf  all  tirifcm,  were  called  tofi 
;  to  hc&r  tha  laiiue,  which  C 
bHbre  tliem :  they  were  men  of  the  msi         miy  uiia 
in  the  republic:  and  tliere  never  was,  as  \^icero  tells 
II  an  appearance  of  them  in  any  cause,  since  the  foun- 

of  tbe  city :  he  reckons  up  nineteen  by  name :  a  great 
of  wbom  were  of  consular  rank  '.  His  first  care,  before 
into  the  merits  of  the  question,  was  to  remove  the 
|njiMlice«,  wbicb  his  enemies  had  been  labouring  to  instil,  on 
tk  account  of  his  late  conduct  in  iiivour  of  Pompey,  by  ex- 
plaining^ tbe  motives,  and  shewing  the  necessity  of  it;  con- 
brring,  at  the  same  time,  to  turn  tbe  odium  on  the  other  side, 

hv  mnniiig  over  the  histo *'  '"'Hiua's  tribunate,  and  paindug 

all  its  riutences  in  the  mc  colours ;  but  the  question  on 

wbich  the  cause  singly  tf"  was  about  tbe  efficacy  of  the 
pretended  consecration  oi  use,  and  tbe  dedication  of  the 

lenple:  to  shew  tbe  n'  my,  uierefore,  of  this  act,  he  en- 
ilearours  to  overthrow  tiie  very  foundation  of  it,  and  prove 
Clodius'e  tribunate  to  be  originally  null  and  void,  from  the 
iDralldity  of  his  adoption,  on  which  it  was  entuely  grounded  : 
it  shews,  that  tlie  sole  end  of  adoption,  which  the  law  acknow- 
Inileed,  was  to  supply  the  want  of  children,  by  borrowing  them, 
B  It  were,  from  other  families ;  that  it  was  an  essential  condi- 
tiui  of  it,  that  he  who  adopted  bad  no  children  of  bis  own,  nor 
IraB  in  condition  to  have  any :  that  tbe  parties  concerned  were 
riiliged  to  appear  before  tbe  priests,  to  signify  their  consent, 
tbe  caase  of  the  adoption,  the  circumsrances  of  the  families  in- 
terested in  it,  and  the  nature  of  their  religious  rites;  that  the 
priests  might  judge  of  the  whole,  and  sec  that  there  was  no 
fraud  or  deceit  in  it,  nor  any  dishonour  to  any  family  or  per- 
son concerned  :  that  nothing  of  ali  tlii-'  had  been  observed  in 
the  ease  of  Clodiug :  that  the  adopter  was  not  full  twenty  years 
dd,  wheo  he  adopted  a  senator,  who  was  old  enough  to  be  his 
father:  that  he  had  no  occasion  to  adopt,  since  he  bad  a  wife 
and  children,  and  would  probablv  have  more,  which  he  must 
oecessarily  disinherit  by  this  adoption,  if  it  was  real :  that 
Clodius  had  no  other  view  than,  by  tlie  pretence  of  an  adop- 
tion, to  make  himself  a  plebeian  and  tribune,  in  order  to  over* 
turn  the  state :  that  the  act  itself,  which  confirmed  the  adoption, 
waa  null  and  illegal,  being  transacted  while  Bibulus  was  ob- 
serving tbe  auspices,  whicn  was  contrary  to  express  law,  and 
huddled  over  in  three  hours  by  Csesar,  when  it  ought  to  have 

nlU  He  rr,  ne  de  capitc  quidcm  Viiginum  Valaliiim,  lam  frciiiicnt  callegiuin  judicuK. 
n*  Haraip.  rvbp.  G,  7. 


A.Uib.S96.    C'k.50.    Com— P.  Cora.  Lntul.  Spiiilha.    Q.  Ck.  MclcL  Mi^H. 

been  published  for  three  market  davs,  successively,  at  tbek 
tervai  of  nine  days  each ' :  that  if  toe  adoption  was  trra 
and  illegal,  as  it  certainly  was,  tlie  tribunate  must  needs  I 
loo,  which  was  entirely  built  upon  it:  but  granting  Ou 
bnnate,  after  all,  to  be  valid,  because  GOme  eminent  men  i 
have  it  so,  yet  the  act,  made  afterwards,  for  his  baniahn 
could  not  possibly  be  considered  as  a  law,  but  as  a  priTT 
onlv,  made  against  a  particular  person ;  which  tlie  sacred  1 
Bn<f  the  laws  of  the  twelve  tables,  had  utterly  prohibited: 
it  was  contrary  to  the  very  constitution  of  the  republic^  i 
pnnish  any  citizen,  either  in  body  or  goods,  till  he  had  bM 
accused  in  proper  form,  and  condemned  of  some  crime,  I 
competent  judges:  that  privileges,  or  laws  to  inflict  peoi' ' 
on  single  persons,  by  name,  without  a  l^ral  trial,  were  < 
and  perniaous,  and  nothing;  better  than  proscriptions,  and  fcr 
all  things  not  to  be  endurec!  in  their  city*.  Then,  in  enteriag*- 
upon  ^e  question  of  his  house,  he  declares,  that  the  whoH' 
effect  of  his  restoration  depended  upon  it ;  tliat  if  it  was  ml' 
given  back  to  him,  but  suffered  to  remain  a  monument  of- 
triumph  to  his  enemy,  of  grief  and  calamity  to  liimself,  h»- 
conld  not  consider  it  as  a  restoration,  but  a  perpetual  punislH 
ment:  that  his  house  stood  in  the  view  of  the  whole  people; 
and,  if  it  must  continue  in  its  present  state,  he  should  be  forced 
to  remove  to  some  other  |)lace,  and  could  never  endure  to  live 
in  that  city,  in  which  he  must  always  see  trophies  erected  boA 
against  himself  and  the  republic :  "  the  house  of  Sp.  Melioa^" 
says  Iif,  "who  iiffocli-rl  [i  tyruiiiiy,  «;ls  lovi^lled:  and,  by  the 


A.Utb.69e.    CicSO.    Cou.— P.  Com.  LeotoL  Bf^thet.    Q.  Coc  UeteL  Ncpo*. 

the  sacred  books  preBcribed :  "  nor  is  it  strange,"  aaya  he, 
"  that  in  ad  act  so  mad  and  villanous,  bis  audaciQusnesa  could 
not  get  the  better  of  his  fears :  for  what  pirate,  though  ever  so 
barbarous,  after  he  had  been  plundering  temples,  when,  pricked 
by  a  dream  or  scruple  of  religion,  he  came  to  consecrate  s«KDe 
altar  on  a  desert  shore,  was  not  terrified  in  his  mind,  on  being 
farced  to  appease  that  deity  by  his  prayers,  whom  he  had  pn^ 
voked  by  iiis  sacrilege?  In  what  horrors,  then,  think  yon, 
must  this  man  needs  be,  the  plunderer  of  all  temples,  houses, 
and  the  whole  city ;  when  for  tlie  expiation  of  so  many  i^ipie- 
ties,  he  was  wickedly  consecrating  one  single  altar*?"  Ibea 
after  a  solemn  invocation  and  appeal  to  all  the  gods,  who  pecu- 
liarly &voured  and  protected  that  city,  to  bear  witness  to  the 
integrity  of  bis  zeal  and  love  to  the  Republic,  and  that  in  all 
his  ubours  and  Btru^les  he  had  constantly  preferred  the  pub- 
lic benefit  to  his  own,  he  commits  the  justice  of  his  cause  to 
the  judgment  of  the  venerable  bench. 

He  was  particularly  pleased  with  the  composition  of  this 

Seech,  which  he  published  immediately ;  ana  says  upon  it, 
at  if  ever  he  ma!de  any  figure  in  speaking,  his  indignatiMi 
and  the  sense  of  his  injuries  bad  inspired  him  with  new  force 
and  spirit  in  this  cause  *.  The  sentence  of  the  priests  turned 
wholly  on  what  Cicero  had  alleged  about  the  force  of  the  Papi- 
rtan  law,  viz.  that  if  he,  who  performed  the  ofEce  of  consecra- 
tion, had  not  been  specially  authorized,  and  personally  ap- 
pointed to  it,  by  the  people,  then  the  area  in  question  might, 
without  any  scruple  of  religion,  be  restored  to  Cicero,     liiis, 


OF  CICERO.  soy 

—P.  Com.  I^ntiil.  Sjiinlhrr,    Q.  Ciw,  Metei.  Ncpui. 

Tbe  senate  met  the  next  day,  in  a  full  house,  to  put  an  end 
Eo  this  afiair;  when  Marcellinus,  one  of  the  consuls  elect,  being 
railed  on  to  speak  first,  addressed  himself  to  the  priests,  and 
desired  them  to  give  an  account  of  the  grounds  and  meaning 
of  their  sentence ;  upon  which  Luculhis,  in  tiie  name  of  the 
^  rent,  declared  that  tbe  priests  were  indeed  the  judges  of  reli- 
gion, but  the  senate  of  the  law ;  that  tliey  tberefore  had  deter- 
mined only  what  related  to  the  point  of  religion,  and  left  it  to 
the  senate  to  determine,  whether  any  obstacle  remained  in 
point  of  law.  All  the  other  priests  spoke  largely  after  him  in 
favour  of  Cicero's  cause.  When  Clodius  rose  afterwards  to 
speak,  he  endeavoured  to  waste  tbe  time  bo.  as  to  hinder  their 
coining  to  any  resolution  that  day ;  but,  after  he  bad  been 
speaking  for  three  hours  successively,  the  assembly  ^rew  so 
impatient,  and  made  such  a  noise  and  hissing,  that  he.  was 
forced  to  give  over:  yet,  when  tJiey  were  goin^  to  pass  a 
decree,  in  the  words  of  Marcellinus,  Serranus  put  bis  negative 
upon  it.  This  raised  an  universal  indignation,  and  a  fresb 
debate  began,  at  the  motion  of  the  two  consuls,  on  the  merit 
of  the  tribune's  intercession ;  when,  after  many  warm  speeches, 
they  came  to  the  following  vote:  "That  it  was  the  resolution 
of  the  senate,  that  Cicero's  house  should  be  restored  to  him, 
and  Catuius's  portico  rebuilt,  as  it  bad  been  before;  and  that 
tliis  vote  should  be  dcfundfd  by  all  the  in a^'ist rates;  and,  if  any 
riolence  or  obstruction  was  offered  to  it,  that  the  senate  would 
look  upon  it  as  offered  by  bim  who  bad  interposed  his  nega- 
tive." This  staggered  Serranus,  and  tbe  late  farce  was  played 
over  again  ;  his  father  threw  himself  at  bis  feet,  to  beg  nim  to 
desist;  he  desired  a  night's  time,  which  at  first  was  refused,  but, 
on  Cicero's  request,  granted ;  and  the  nest  day  he  revoked  his 
negative,  and,  without  farther  opposition,  suffered  the  senate 
to  pass  a  decree,  that  Cicero's  damage  should  be  made  good  to 
him,  and  bis  houses  rebuilt  at  the  puolic  charge '. 

The  consuls  began  presently  to  put  the  decree  into  execu- 
tion; and,  having  contracted  for  the  rebuilding  Catulus's 
portico,  set  men  to  work  upon  clearing;  the  ground,  and  de- 
molishing what  had  been  built  by  Clodms:  but,  as  to  Cicero's 
buildings,  it  was  agreed  to  make  an  estimate  of  his  damage, 
and  pay  the  amount  of  it  to  himself,  to  be  laid  out  accordmg 
to  his  own  fancy  :  in  which  his  Palatine  house  was  valued  at 
sixteen  thousand  pounds;  his  Tusculan  at  four  thousand;  bis 

Mibi  fiieta  ttlim  at  Bratulalio  :  nemo  enim  dubiut,  (jiiin  domm  nobiB  tiMl  idjudiaU. 
'"  m  Appim  ct  dcdit :  nimciol  jnm  poputo,  pon- 

m  libcrtotmi  iit  dcrmdint.     Hie  cum  rtiain  illi  infimi 


A.Utb.696.     Cic.  HI.     CoM^P.  Con.  UaUl.apinlher.     Q.  Ck.  Hetel.  Nepo*. 

Foimian  only  at  two  thousand.  This  was  a  very  deficient 
and  Bbaroeful  valuation,  whicli  tdl  tlie  world  cried  out  upon; 
for  the  Palatine  bouse  had  cost  him,  not  long  befoKi,  near 
twice  that  sum  :  but  Cicero  would  not  ^ve  himself  any  trouble 
about  it,  or  make  any  exceptions,  which  gare  the  consuls  a 
handle  to  throw  the  blame  upon  his  own  modesty,  for  not  re- 
moostmting  against  it,  and  seeming  to  be  satisfied  with  what 
was  awarded  ;l)ut  the  true  reason  was,  as  he  himself  decUrea, 
that  those  who  had  clipped  his  wings,  had  no  mind  to  let  them 
grow  again ;  and  though  they  had  been  his  advocates,  when 
absent,  oegan  now  to  be  secretly  angry,  and  openly  envious  of 
Ui%  when  present '. 

But  as  he  was  never  covetous,  this  affair  gare  him  no  great 
uneasiness ;  though,  through  the  late  ruin  of  hu  fortunes,  be 
was  now  in  such  want  of  money,  that  he  resolved  to  expose 
his  Tusculau  villa  to  sale;  but  soon  changed  his  mind,  and 
built  it  up  again,  with  much  more  magnificence  than  before ; 
and,  for  the  beauty  of  its  situation  and  neighbourhood  to  the 
dty,  took  more  pleasure  in  it  ever  after,  than  any  other  <tf  his 
country  seats.  But  he  had  some  domestic  grievances  about  thia 
time,  which  touched  him  more  nearly,  and  which,  as  he  signi- 
fies obscurely  to  Atticus,  were  of  too  delicate  a  nature  to  be 
explained  by  a  letter ' :  they  arose  chiefly  from  the  petulant 
humour  of  his  wife,  which  began  to  give  him  frequent  occa- 
nons  of  chagrin ;  and,  by  a  series  of  repeated  provocations, 
confirmed  in  nim  that  settled  disgust,  which  ended  at  last  in  a 
divorce. 


OF  CICERO. 

A.  Urt.  6M.    Ci.:.SO,     Com— P.  Com.  Lfiilul.  Spiiiil,.rr      <*.  C«-  Mowl,  Nupo.. 

•ome  little  coldness  between  tliem,  and  gave  no  small  pleasure 
to  the  cominon  enemies  of  Uiem  both  '. 

But  Cicero's  chief  concern  at  present  wa^,  liow  to  support 
im  former  authority  in  the  city,  and  provide  for  his  future 
safety,  as  well  ag^nst  the  malice  of  declared  enemies,  as  the 
enry  of  pretended  friends,  which  he  perceived  to  be  growing 
Dp  afi^sh  against  him  ;  he  had  thoughts  of  putting  in   for  the 
ceiiBOreMp;  or  of  procuring  one  of  those  honorary  lieutenancies, 
which  gave  a  public  character  to  private  senators ;  with  intent 
to  make  a  progress  through  Italy,  or  a  kind  of  religious  pilii-ri~ 
mage  to  all  the  temples,  groves,  and  sacred  places,  on  pre 
of  a  vow,  made  in  his  exile.     Thia  would  give  him  an 
(unity  of  shewing  himself  every  where  in  a  light,  whici 
rally  attracts  the  a(tent-on  of  the  multitude,  by  testif 
pious  regard  to  the  favourite  superstitions  and  local  relig 
the  country ;  as  the  great,  in  the  same  country,  still  pa 
court  to  the  vulgar,  by  visiting  the  shrines  and  altars  > 
saints,  which  are  most  in  vogue :  he  mentions  these  p 
to  Att'cus,  as  designed  to  be  executed  in  the  spring,  resi 
in  the  meanwhile,  to  cherish  the  good  inclination  of  tlie  pcb 
towards  him,  by  keeping  himself  perpetually  in  the  view  of  mic 
dly '. 

Catulus's  portico  and  Cicero's  house  were  rising  again  apace, 
and  carried  up  altnivit  to  the  roiif:  when  Cludiii^,  ivitliout  any 
warning,  attacked  them,  on  the  second  of  November,  with  a 
band  of  armed  men,  who  demolished  the  portico,  and  drove  the 
workmen  out  of  Cicero's  ground,  and  with  the  stones  and  rub- 
bish of  the  place  began  to  batter  Quintus's  house,  with  whom 
Cicero  then  lived,  and  at  last  set  fire  to  it ;  so  that  the  two 
brothers,  with  their  families,  were  forced  to  save  themselves 
by  a  hasty  flight.  Milo  had  already  accused  Clodius  for  his 
former  violences,  and  resolved,  if  possible,  to  bring  him  to 
justice ;  Clodius,  on  the  other  hand,  was  suing  for  the  tedile- 
ship,  to  secure  himself,  for  one  year  more,  at  least,  from  any 

Crosecution:  he  was  sure  of  being  condemned,  if  ever  he  was 
rought  to  trial,  so  that  whatever  mischief  he  did  in  the  mean 
time  was  all  clear  gain,  and  could  not  make  his  cause  the 
worse';  he  now  therefore  gave  a  free  course  to  his  natural 
fiiry;  was  perpetually  scouring  the  streets  with   his  incen- 

Lberent,  pctere  mhw^  nut  vatirun  ItgntidnviQ  lumsive  prope 
omniJun  firaoniin.liiconiiii.     Ad  Atl.  4.  2. 

*  Anwtii  bmninibiis  ante  diem  III.  Non.  Novemb.  eipnlti  inn t  fnbri  de  area  noitn, 
AtorteU  ponicul  C»nili— Qna  id  I«rliim  pang  perrenent.  Quinti  fralris  domui 
prims  ineU  conjoetu  lapidum,  ex  trea  noatri,  dcinde  jnnu  Clodii  inflsiniiiiU,  inapH- 
UaM  aTb«,  coniMtii  ignibui. — Vid«l,  ti  oitinsa  ouoa  rult  paUm,  ncHilrnl,  nihilo  luuii 
uiiuir<liffid]ionin,<)uUBulbue>it,in  judicin  futnrwn.    Ibid.  3. 


272  THE    LIPE 

A.  Utt>.  696.     Cir.  50.     Coh^P.  Cum.  Lenlol.  S|ilat)ier.     Q.  Cbt.  Mclrl.  NepiM. 

tliaiies,  and  tltreatening  fire  and  sword  to  the  dty  itself,  if  an 
assembly  was  not  called  for  the  election  of  sediles.  In  thin 
humour,  about  a  week  after  his  last  outraee,  on  the  eleventh 
of  November,  happening  to  meet  with  Cicero,  in  the  sacred 
street,  be  presently  assaulted  him  with  stones,  clubs,  and  drawn 
swords :  Cicero  was  not  prepared  for  the  encounter,  and  took 
refure  in  the  vestibule  of  the  next  bouse;  where  his  attendants, 
rallying  in  his  defence,  beat  off  the  assMlants,  and  could  easily 
have  killed  their  leader,  but  that  Cicero  was  willing,  he  says, 
to  cure  by  diet,  rather  than  surgery.  The  day  following, 
Clodius  attacked  Milo's  house,  with  sword  in  hand,  and  ligbtM 
flambeaus,  with  intent  to  Storm  and  burn  it:  but  Milo  was 
never  unprovided  for  him :  and  Q.  Flaccus,  sallying  out  with 
a  strong  band  of  stout  fellows,  killed  several  of  bis  men,  and 
would  Have  killed  Clodius  too,  if  be  had  not  hid  himself  in  the 
inner  apartments  of  P.  Sylla's  house,  which  he  made  use  o^  on 
this  occasion,  as  his  fortress  '. 

The  senate  met,  on  tlie  fourteenth,  to  take  tliese  disorders 
into  consideration;  Clodius  did  not  think  £t  to  appear  there; 
but  Sylla  came,  to  clear  himself,  probably,  from  tne  suspicion 
of  encouraging  him  in  these  violences,  on  account  of  the  Iree- 
dom  which  he  had  taken  with  his  house '.  Mttny  severe 
speeches  were  made,  and  vigorous  counsels  proposed.  Mar- 
celltnus's  opinion  was,  that  Clodius  should  be  impeached  anew 
for  these  last  outrages;  and  that  no  election  of  lediles  should 
be  suffered,  till  he  was  brought  to  a  trial :  Milo  declared,  that 
)  long  as  he  continued  in  office,  the  consul  Metellua  should 


OP  CICERO.  273 

<A.0ikill.   Ck.£flL    C«M-P.Con.L0Btiil.S|iintlMr.    Q.  Ok.  MeteL  Kcpoi. 

U  was  odledy  or  declarioff,  that  he  was  taking  the  auspices  on 


tiMit  day ;  so  that  the  three  brothers  were  baffled  and  disap- 
poiatecC  though  they  were  perpetually  haranguing  and  labour- 
vag  to  inflame  the  people  against  those,  who  interrupted  their 
MwmHifW  and  right  or  electine;  where  Metellus's  speeches 
were  tarbnlent,  Appius's  rash,  (Jlodius's  furious.  Cicero,  who 
gmm  this  account  to  Atticus,  was  of  opinion,  tiiat  diere  would 
Ee  no  deetion ;  and  that  Clodius  would  be  brought  to  trial,  if 
he  was  not  first  killed  by  Milo,  which  was  likely  to  be  his  fate: 
'^MSk^'^  Mys  he,  << makes  no  scruple  to  own  it;  being  not 
deCarred  by  my  misfortune,  and  having  no  envious  or  perfi- 
duNis  eomisellors  about  him,  nor  any  lazy  nobles  to  discourage 
him :  it  is  commonly  given  out,  by  the  other  side,  that  what 
he  does^  is  all  done  oy  my  advice ;  but  they  little  know,  how 
nnidi  eoodnct,  as  well  as  courage,  diere  is  in  this  hero  \'* 

YoDiw  Lentnlus,  the  son  of  the  consul,  was,  by  the  interest 
of.  Us  nther,  and  the  recommendation  of  his  noble  birth, 
dioaen  into  the  colle^  of  augurs  this  summer,  though  not 
▼et  seventeen  years  old;  having  but  just  chang^  his  puerile 
m  the  manly  gown ' :  Cicero  was  invited  to  the  inauguration 
feasts  where,  by  eating  too  freely  of  some  vegetables,  whidi 
hupened  to  please  his  palate,  he  was  seized  with  a  violent  pain 
or  ue  bowels,  and  diarrhoea;  of  which  he  sends  the  following 
account  to  his  friend  Gallus : — 

"  CICERO   TO    GALLUS. 

'*  After  I  had  been  labouring  for  ten  days,  with  a  cruel 
disorder  in  my  bowels,  yet  could  not  convince  those  who 
wanted  me  at  tne  bar,  that  I  was  ill,  because  1  had  no  fever,  I 
ran  away  to  Tusculum :  having  kept  so  strict  a  fast  for  two 
days  berore,  that  I  did  not  taste  so  much  as  water :  being  worn 
out,  therefore,  with  illness  and  fasting,  I  wanted  rather  to  see 
you,  than  imagined  that  you  expected  a  visit  from  me :  for  my 
part,  I  am  afraid,  I  confess,  of  all  distempers ;  but  especially  of 

'  Egrcgiiis  Marcellinui,  omnes  acres;  MetelluB  calumnia  dicendi  tempui  exemlt: 
oondones  turlnilentsB  Metelli,  temerariae  Appii,  furiotissima  Clodii ;  hcc  Umen  •umma^ 
Hid  Milo  in  Campam  obnunciasset,  comitia  futura. — Comitia  fore  non  arbitror ;  reum 
Publium,  nm  ante  occisus  erit,  fore  a  Milone  puto.  Si  le  inter  viam  obtulerit,  occiram 
iri  ab  ipao  Milone  video.  Non  dubitat  facere;  pne  se  fert ;  caeum  ilium  no«tnim  non 
cztimetcit,  &c. 

Meo  conaiUo  omnia  illi  fieri  querebantur,  ignari  qoantmn  in  illo  heroe  esset  animi, 
qoantom  ctiam  consilii.     Ad  Att.  4.  3. 

N.B.  From  tbeso  focts,  it  appears,  that  what  is  said  above,  of  Clodius^s  repealing  the 
^y]^Ml  and  Fusian  laws,  and  prohibiting  the  ma^tratcs  from  obstructing  the  assemblies 
of  the  people,  is  to  be  understood  only  m  a  partial  senoc,  and  that  his  new  law  extended 
no  fiuiner,  than  to  hinder  the  magistrates  from  dissolving  an  assembly,  after  it  wai 
actuallj  convened,  and  had  entered  upon  business  :  for  it  was  still  unlawful,  we  see,  to 
CQBvene  an  assembly,  while  Uie  mupstrate  was  in  the  act  of  observing  the  heavens. 

*  Cui  simerior  annus  idem  et  viruem  patris  et  pnetextam  populi  judicio  togam  dederit. 
Pro  Sext. «».  it.  Dio,  1. 39.  p.  99. 

T 


or  CICERO. 

k.DA.eM.  Uf.Sft  C(]H_P.Can.  L-nlul.flpiDtlier.  (J.  Ck.  HeM.  Ntpoi. 
curpd  the  rote  of  the  senate  :  ihe  opporlunity  of  a  com- 
nd,  almost  in  sigbt  of  E^ypt,  mmle  liim  g^iiprully  thought 
have  the  best  pretensions  to  ihnt  charge,  and  he  wa§  a»> 
led  of  Cicero's  warm  assistance,  in  Boliciling  tlie  confirtnattoa 
iL 

In  this  situation  of  affairs,  the  new  tribunes  entere-' 

ke;  C.  Cato,  of  the  same  family  with  his  namesake  M 

Bone  of  the  number;  a  bold,  turbulent  man,  of  no  U 

prudence,  yet  a  tolerable  speaker,  and  generally  i 

Uer  aide  in  politics.      Before  he  had  burne  any  public 

tBttempted  to  impeach  Gabinius  of  bribery  and  corruf 

i  Jtot  being  able  to  get  an  audience  of  the  prjetors,  h< 

WK  hardiness  to  mount  the  rostra,  which  was  never  allow 

■■private  citizen,  and,  in  a  speech   to  the  people,  decj 

Iwnpey  dictator:  but  his  presumptinn  had  like  to  havo 

6  dear;  for  it  raised  such  an  indijrnation  in  the  am 
he  had  much  difficulty  to  escape  with  his  life'- 
tpened  bis  present  mat^istracy,  by  declaring  loudly 
OBg  Ptolemy,  and  all  who  favoured  him ;  especially  Le 
Aom  he  supposed  to  be  under  some  private  engagemeni 
•n,  and,  for  that  reason,  was  determined  to  baffle  alt 
ebemes. 

Lupus,  likewise,  one  of  his  coUeae^ues,  summoned  the  senate, 
nd  raided  an  expectalion  of  ?<ime  uncommon  proposal  from 
im :  it  was  indeed  of  an  extraordinary  nature ; — to  revise  and 
iinul  that  famed  act  of  Caesar's  consulship,  for  the  division  of 
le  Campanian  lands :  he  spoke  long  and  well  upon  it,  and 
^as  heard  with  much  attention  ;  gave  great  praises  to  Cicero, 
ith  severe  reflections  on  Csesar,  and  expostulations  with 
*ompey,  who  was  now  abroad,  in  the  execution  of  bis  late 
HnnuBsion.  In  the  conclusion  he  told  them,  that  he  would 
ot  demand  the  opinions  of  the  particular  senators,  because  he 
ad  no  mind  to  expose  them  to  the  resentment  and  animosity 
f  aoy ;  but  from  the  ill  humour,  which  he  remembered,  when 
lat  act  first  passed,  and  the  favour  with  which  he  was  now 
eard,  he  could  easily  collect  the  sense  of  the  house.  Upon 
hich  Marcellinus  said,  that  he  must  not  conclude  from  their 
lence,  either  what  they  liked  or  disliked :  that  for  his  own 
art,  and  he  might  answer  too,  he  believed,  for  the  rest,  he 
itose  to  Bay  nothing  on  the  subject  at  present,  because  be 
lought  that  the  cause  of  the  Campanian  lands  ought  not  to  be 
KH^ht  upon  the  stage  in  Pompey's  absence. 

>  Vt  CUa,  adokuMU  oulliu*  caoailu,— tu  vinu  effugenl ;  quod  com  GaUiuun  da 
dtilB  Tvlbt  pcatnWc,  oaqiu  pcBtom  ditbot  iliquol  idiri  poueaC,  tsI  peMtmtem  mi 

■-   '  -  TB  •iwodit.ot  PompBium  nriTmlnidicUlorem»pi»lI«rii.     fnfbtt 

"  -  -  V>dQaiiit.FrU.].3. 


A.  Urb.  690.    Ctc.  SO.   Om^t.  Cora.  Leotnl.  SpintW.   Q.  Cbc.  MetoL  NtpM. 

Tfaia  affair  beine  dropped,  Raintius,  anotber  tribune,  rose  vf 
and  renewed  tbe  f^bate  about  Milo's  impeachment  of  Clodii^ 
and  called  upon  Marcellinus,  the  consul  elect,  to  gire  Ut 
opinion  upon  it;  who,  after  inveighing  agdniit  all  the  vi*- 
lences  of  Clodiiu,  proposed,  that,  in  tbe  first  place,  an  allo^ 
meat  of  judges  should  be  made  for  the  trial;  and  after  Hat, 
the  election  of  eediles;  and  if  tmy  one  attempted  to  hinder  tfct 
trial,  that  he  should  be  deemed  a  public  enemy.  The  otbii 
eonsul  elect,  Philippus,  was  of  the  same  minn ;  but  the  tri- 
bunes, Cato  and  Cassius,  spoke  against  it,  and  were  f<»  uv 
ceeding  to  an  election  before  any  step  towards  a  triaL    Wbei 

«cero  was  called  upon  to  speak,  he  run  through  tbe  wbok 
ies  of  Clodius's  extravagances,  as  if  he  had  been  accuoi^ 
him  already  at  the  bar,  to  the  great  satisfaction  of  the  assemUy: 
Andstius,  the  tribune,  seconded  him,  and  declared,  that  m 
bustness  should  be  done  before  the  trial ;  and  when  the  hoose  I 
was  going  universally  into  that  opinion,  Clodius  began  to  speak,  1 
with  intent  to  waste  the  rest  of  the  day,  while  his  slaves  and 
fbUowers  without,  who  had  seized  the  steps  and  avenues  of  tbR 
•enate,  raised  so  great  a  noise  of  a  sudden,  in  abusing  some  of 
Milo's  friends,  that  the  senate  broke  up  in  no  small  hurry,  and 
with  fresh  indignation,  at  this  new  insult'. 

There  was  no  more  business  done  through  the  remaining 
part  of  December,  which  was  taken  up,  chiefly,  with  holydays- 
Lentulus  and  Metellus,  whose  consulship  expired  with  Uie 
year,  set  forward  for  their  several  governments;  the  one  for 
Cilicia,  the  other  for  Spain:  Lentulus  committed  the  whole 
direction  of  his  affairs  to  Cicero:  iiud  Metellus.  i 


ov  ciCKito.  S77 

h.69T.  Ot-Sl.  Cm^-Co.  Con.  LcM.  MwMJlliiBi.   L.  Hir.  PUUtipM. 

to  find  in  them  certaio  verses,  forewarniDr  the  Roman 

not  ttf  Mplace  an  exiled  king  of  Egypt  with  an  amiT. 

^  '    pat  to  hia  pnrpoae,  that  there  coald  be  no  doubt 

finged;  bat  Cato  called  up  the  gilardiaoB  of  the 

ba  roatra,  to  testify  the  passage  to  be  genuine; 

piiblidy  read  and  explained  to  the  people :  it  waa 

I  the  senate,  who  gteedily  received  it ;  and,  after 

on  this  scruple  of  religion,  came  to  a  resolutioD* 

„ .    daogeroua  to  the  republic,  that  the  king  should 

be  restored  by  a  multitude'.  It  cannot  E>e  imagioed,  Uat  they 
laid  any  real  Stress  on  this  admonition  of  the  Sibyl,  for  ther^ 
was  nut  a  man  «ther  in  or  out  of  the  house,  who  did  not  tallr 
it  for  a  fictiMi :  but  it  was  a  fiur  pretext  for  defeatiog  a  project, 
^nek  waa  graerally  disliked :  they  were  unwilling  to  gratify 
any  nMn'a  ambition,  of  visiting  the  rich  coontry  of  Egypt,  at 
Ae  kad  of  an  army ;  and  persuaded,,  that  without  an  army  no 
■■a  would  be  aolicitous  about  going  thither  at  all*. 

IVk  jwint  being  settled,  the  next  question  was,  in  what 
masaa  the  king  uould  be  restored:  various  opinions  were 
pnpoaed ;  Craaans  moved,  that  three  ambassadors,  chosen  from 
thaw  who  had  some  public  command,  should  be  sent  on  the 
errand;  which  did  not  exclude  Fompey:  Bibulus  proposed 
that  Uuee  private  senators,  and  Volcatius,  that  Pompey  alone 
should  be  charged  with  it:  l)ut  Cicero,  Hortensius,  and  Lu- 
cullus  u^ed,  that  Leutulus,  to  whom  tbe  senate  had  already 
decreed  it,  and  who  could  execute  it  with  most  convenience, 
should  restore  him  without  au  army.  The  two  first  opinions 
were  soon  over-ruled,  and  the  struggle  lay  between  Lentulus 
and  Pompey.  Cicero,  though  he  had  some  reason  to  complain 
of  Lentuius,  since  liis  return,  particularly  for  the  contemptible 
valuation  of  his  houses,  yet  for  the  great  part  which  he  had 
borne,  in  restoring  him,  was  very  desirous  to  shew  liis  grati- 
tude, and  resolved  to  support  him  with  all  h»  authority. 
Pompey,  who  had  obligations  also  to  Lentulus,  acted  the  same 
part  towards  him,  whicli  he  had  done  before  towards  Cicero. 
By  his  own  conduct  and  professions,  he  seemed  to  have  Len- 
tulus's  interest  at  heart ;  yet,  by  tlie  conduct  of  all  his  friends, 
seemed  desirous  to  procure  the  employment  for  himself;  while 
the  king's  agents  and  creditors,  rancying  tliat  their  business 


Lu  religionii  oJumniarn,  non  religinne,  scd  nnJaToUn^  c1 


gitjonil  lairidiHCDDinrob&t.     Ka.  Void.  1, 
D«  H«|i  Aleuudrino  '- "   ' 


_...._.      ..    .     Ad  QninL  Fr.  2.  3. 

hidiKniin  Sctc  nli|{ionit,  Don  Iain  ut  tc  imp«<liKDt,  quiun  utncquit,  propter  ox 


THE    LIFE 


'ic.Sl.    CsM. — L'n.Carn.  L 


would  be  serred  the  most  efFectuidly  by  Pontpey,  began 
to  solicit,  and  even  to  bribe  for  him'.  But  the  senate,  ti 
Cicero's  iiiAiieiice,  stood  frenerally  inclined  to  Lentului; 
after  a  debate,  wliicii  ended  in  hi!*  favour,  Cicero,  wha 
been  the  manajirer  of  it,  happening  to  sup  witli  Pompey 
evening,  took  occasion  to  press  htm,  with  much  freedoi^ 
to  suffer  bis  name  to  be  used  in  this  competition,  nor  gii 
handle  to  his  enemies,  for  reprouching  him  with  the  dewrl 
of  a  friend,  as  well  us  nn  ambition  of  engrossing  all  power 
himself.  Pompey  seemed  touched  with  die  remonstrance 
professed  to  have  no  other  thought,  but  of  serving  Lenti 
^hile  his  dependents  still  acted  so,  as  to  convince  every  bdjf: 
that  he  could  not  be  sincere*. 

When  Lentulus's  pretensions  seemed  to  be  jn  a  hoptM 
way,  C.  Cutu  took  a  new  and  effectual  method  to  disappoaC' 
tlwm,  by  proposing  a  law  to  the  people,  for  taking  away  Ht 
government,  and  recalling  him  home.  This  stroke  surpiiNd 
every  body ;  the  senate  condemned  it  as  factious ;  and  Len- 
tulus's ton  changed  his  habit  upon  it,  in  order  to  move  the 
dtiiens,  and  hinder  their  offering  such  an  affront  to  his  fiither. 
The  tribune,  Caninius,  proposed  another  law,  at  the  nae 
time,  for  sending  Pompey  to  Egypt:  but  this  pleased  no 
better  than  the  other ;  and  the  consuls  contrived,  that  neither 
of  them  should  be  brought  to  the  suffrage  of  the  people'. 
These  new  contests  gave  a  fresh  interruption  to  Ptolemy's 
cause ;  in  which  Cicero's  resolution  was,  if  the  commisBOii 
could   not   be   obtained  Tor  Lent  u  I  us,  to   prevent   its   being 


OP   CICEBO. 


•,  L.  Mdr.  PhllippuL 


ptt  IpiUt  lo  Pom|.iey,  and  save  tbeniHelves  th«  (tise^raoe 
g  baffled  by  a  competitor ' ;  but  the  seimte   v/a  i 

km  the  whole  atTair,  that  lliey  resolved  to  lea 
1ft  for  hiniHelf,  without  interposing  at  all  in  his : 

0  the  matter  hung ;  whilst  other  alTairH,  more  imereMi 
IF  daily  rUing  up  at  home,  and  engaging  the  attentio 

'>'■ 

e  election  of  lediles,  which  had  been  industriously  posU 

1  through  all  the  last  summer,  could  not  easily  be  kept 
f  Any  lunger:  the  city  was  impatient  for  ite  magistrates  ;  and 

npecially  for  the  plays  and  sliowa  vni^u  ..hicU  they  used  to 
(BtertaJD  them;  and  several  at^o  uf  tlie  new  tribunes  being'' 
teolous  for  an  election,  it  was  held,  at  last,  on  the  twentieth  of 
bnu&ry,  when  Clodius  was  chosen  sedile,  without  any  oppi>- 
idon;  so  that  Cicero  began  once  more  to  put  himself  upon 
at  ruard,  from  the   certain   expectation   of  a  furious  tedite- 

ll  may  justly  seem  strange,  how  a  man,  so  profiigate  and 
timinBl  as  Clodius,  whose  life  was  a  perpetual  insult  on  all 
nrs,  Divine  and  human,  should  be  suffered  not  only  to  live 
rithout  punishment,  but  to  obtain  alt  the  honours  of  a  free 
ity  in  their  proper  course ;  and  it  would  be  natural  to  suspect, 
bat  we  had  oeen  deceived  in  our  accounts  of  him,  by  taking 
hem  from  his  enemies,  did  we  not  find  them  too  firmly  sup- 
ported by  fects  to  be  called  in  question  ;  but  a  little  attention 
a  the  particular  character  of  the  man,  as  well  as  of  the  times 
1  which  he  lived,  will  enable  us  lo  solve  the  difficulty.  First, 
be  splendour  of  his  fiiinily,  which  had  borne  a  principal  share 
1  all  the  triumphs  of  the  Republic,  from  the  very  foundation  of 
1  liberty,  was  of  great  force  to  protect  him  in  all  his  extrava- 
ances.  Those,  who  know  any  thing  of  Rome,  know  what  a 
tiong  impression  this  single  circumstance  of  illustrious  nobi- 
Itf  would  necessarily  make  upon  the  people.  Cicero  calls  the 
obles  of  this  class,  pnctors  and  consuls  elect  from  their  cradles, 
y  a  kind  of  hereditary  right,  whose  very  names  were  sufficient 
0  advance  them  to  all  the  dignities  of  the  state '.  Secondly, 
lb  personal  qualities  were  peculiarly  adapted  to  endear  him  to 
U  the  meaner  sort:  his  bold  and  ready  wit;  bis  talent  at 
laranguing;  his  profuse  expense;  and  his  being  the  first  of 

'  Bod  nreor  no  »ut  eripintur  nobii  chum  regU,  bhi  rfweraur,  Sed  li  «•  cogel,  ml 
ididun  Uninm,  quod  non — mihi  difpliccbat ;  ut  nequr  jicftc  Rrjcm  piUnmuT,  nee 
atn  njnignmliboi,  id  lutn  defcrri,  id  quem  prope  jam  dtUlum  videtur,  Ne.  «i  quid 
on  obOnoMimiu,  repulii  erne  Tidcsiniir.     Ep.  Fam.  1.  S. 

smnia  fiiint  Urdion  propter  furiai*  HlIUuLii  cipcctatiouem.     Ad  Quint.  2.2. 
1  idem  milii  licet,  n\iod  im,  qui  nobili  eenerc  niti  lunt,  quihus  omDia  populi  So- 

Enrt  MUlHUe  ipw,  Uuida  coociluDKula  commindadu^Oninei  leniper  boni  aobi- 
ilBti  bTEiniK,  &c.     Pro  Sell.  9. 


A.  Dri^  697.    Cit.  SI.    Com.  — Cn.  Con.  LotL  Hunlliaiu.  L.  Mtf.  Piuiiffm. 


liM  fiuDily  who  had  pursued  popular  measures,  agunst  tki 
nuurims  of  his  aQcestors,  who  were  all  stern  aasertors  t^ 
aristocratical  power.  Thirdly,  the  contrast  of  opposite  beti 
who  had  each  their  ends  in  supporting  him,  contributed  pn^ 
dually  to  his  safety ;  the  triumvirate  willingly  permitted,  mi 
pnvately  encouraged,  his  violences,  to  make  their  own  pow 
not  only  the  less  odious,  but  even  necessary,  for  ctnitrolliar 
the  fury  of  such  an  incendiary ;  and  though  it  was  often  tunw 
agunst  themselves,  yet  they  chose  to  bear  it,  and  dissenUa 
their  ability  of  repelling  it,  rather  than  destroy  the  man  vW 
was  playing  their  game  for  them,  and,  by  throwing  the  B^ 
public  into  confusion,  throwing  it  of  course  inta  their  hands: 
the  senate,  on  the  other  side,  whose  chief  apprehensions  wen 
from  the  triumvirate,  thought,  that  the  rashness  of  Clodias 
ought  be  of  some  use  to  perplex  their  measures,  and  to  stir  in 
the  people  against  them  on  proper  occasions ;  or  it  humoured 
their  spleen,  at  least,  to  see  hmi  often  insulting  Pompey  to  his 
&ce  >.  Lastly,  all  who  envied  Cicero,  and  desired  to  lessen 
his  authority,  privately  cherished  an  enemy,  who  employed  all 
his  force  to  dnve  him  from  the  administration  of  a^rs.  This 
accidental  concurrence  of  drcnmstances,  peculiar  to  the  man 
and  the  times,  van  the  thing  that  preserved  Clodius,  whohe 
insolence  could  never  have  oeen  endured  in  any  quiet  and 
regular  state  of  the  city. 

By  his  obtaining  the  sedileship,  the  tables  were  turned  be- 
tween him  and  Milo;  the  one  was  armed  with  the  authority 
of  a  magistrate,  the  other  become  a  private  man ;  the  one  freed 


Cic.S\.     Cum.— Ca.  Cam.  LcDl.  HmmtUDDi.     L.  Mar.  PbHIppiu. 

tiual  clamour  of  reproaclies  and  invectives,   pnd'>< 
inder  him  from  going  on,  or  at  least  from  bei      h' 
.  __nipey  was  too  firm,  to  be  so  baffled;  and  s    ."i 
tbree    Bours,   with  a  presence   of   miud,    wliici 
rilence,  in  spite  of  tlieir  attempts.     When  Clod 
answer  hint,  Milo's  party,  in  tlieir  turn,  so  distu 
foanded  him,  that  he  was  not  able  to  t^peak  a  v, 
number  of  epigrams  and  lampoons  upon  him  ai 
were  thrown  about,  and  piiblidy  rehearsed  amon^  ^ 
tude  below,  so  as  to  make  him  quite  furious:  till  r 
himself  a  little,  and  findi       '  " '     to  proe. 

speech,  he  demanded  aloi  o  it  wat 

tempted  to  starve  them  by  lai  ch  they  p' 

cried  out,  Pompey :  he  then  asKeo,  who  it  was  that  a> 
be  sent  to  Egypt?     They  all  echoed   Pompey:   but* 
asked,  who  it  was,  that  they  themselvc);  had  a  mir 
They  answered,  Crassus;  for  the  old  jealousy  w" 
ing  out  again  between  him  and   Pompey ;  and 
pearcd  that  day  on  Milo's  side,  yet  he  was  not,  ae 
a  real  well-wisher  to  him. 

These  warm  proceedings  among  the  chiefs,  brought 
fray  below,  among  their  parti zans ;  the  Clodians  begati 
attack,  bnl  were  repulsed  by  the  Pompeians ;  and  Clodius  him- 
self driven  out  of  die  rostra :  Cicero,  wlicn  he  saw  the  affair 
proceed  to  blows,  thought  it  high  time  to  retreat,  and  make 
the  best  of  his  way  towards  home  :  but  no  great  iiarm  was 
done,  for  Pompey.  having  cleared  the  Forum  of  his  enemies, 
presently  drew  uff  his  forces,  to  prevent  any  farther  mischief  or 
scandal  iirom  his  side'. 

Tbe   senate   was    presently   summoned,   to  provide   some 
remedy  for  these  disorders ;  where  Pompey,  who  had  drawn 

Xn  himself  a  fresh  envv  from  his  behaviour  in  the  Egyptian 
ir,  was  severely  handled  by  Bihulus,  Curio,  I-'avonius,  and 


d  nil.  Id.  Feb. 


..|™>om«m..    Qui.  .^lc«i,dSr- 
iir  TCllenl^    KeBpondcbinC,    Cni 


I  in  Clodiuru  ct  CLodlun  diceron- 


Hon  fore  nrm,  qnui  tignit  iLjito,  Clodi^ni  noBtnn  conipuUro  copenint.     Riuii 
(tolor,  Bivm  iUi  ul  loco  om  innvcirnt.     Fulut  eit  ■  noitrii  impelm,  fum  npei» 
E)«i]i>  de  Rocirii  CIihUui.     Ac  not  qiimiiie  tum  Tugimm,  ncquid  in  tiirba.— -Sci 


•penrnm. 

Po'inpclai  .f'.iQiiim.''"Ai"QuiBi.  Frra'a! 


A,  l'tb.(i97.  Cir.Sl.  Com.— Cn.  Cdtd.  UbU  HualliBiu.  U  Hw.  FUUffM. 
others ;  Cicero  chose  to  be  absent,  since  he  must  either  haw 
ofren<lt>(l  l*<im|iey,  by  saying  nothing  for  him,  or  the  hoMM- 
party,  by  <lcft<ii((iiig  liim.  The  same  debate  was  carried  ss 
for  seveml  daj's,  in  wliich  Ponipey  was  treated  very  rot^Uj^ 
by  tlie  triliune  Coto ;  wlio  inveij^hed  against  hiai  with  gnrt 
fierceness  aiH)  hiid  open  his  perfidy  to  Cicero,  to  whom  ht 
paid  llie  hiifhest  cum  [ill  men  ts,  uiul  was  heard  widi  much  atten* 
tion  by  all  I'onipey's  enemies. 

Pompey  answered  him,  with  an  unusual  vehemence;  asil 
refleotinfc  o)>enly  un  I'rassus,  as  the  autlior  of  these  afiront^ 
declared,  that  lie  would  euard  his  life  with  more  care,  thta 
Scijiio  Africanus  did,  wlieii  Carbo  murdered  him.  I'heN 
warm  expresninns  Sf i-med  to  open  a  prospect  of  some  giitt 
■ffitation  likely  to  ensue :  Pompey  consulted  with  Cicero  oa 
the  proper  means  of  his  security :  and  acquainted  him  with 
his  apprehensions  of  a  design  against  his  life;  that  Catons 
privately  supported,  and  ( lu<liu-i  furnished  with  money  by 
Ciassus;  and  botli  of  them  eneoura^ed  by  Curio,  BibalB% 
and  the  rest,  who  enried  him ;  that  tt  was  necessary  for  luB 
to  look  (o  himself,  since  the .  meaner  people  were  wholly 
alienated,  the  nobility  and  senate  tr<'"erally  disaffected,  ud 
the  youth  cumipiet).  Cicero  readily  consented  to  join  finwi 
with  him.  and  to  summon  (heir  clients  and  friends  from  ill 
|>arts  uf  Italy:  for  ihaui;h  he  liad  no  mind  to  fight  his  faattlei 
in  the  senjiie,  he  was  desirous  to  defend  his  person  &om  ill 
violent',  i>specially  a^ninst  Crassus,  whom  he  never  loved: 
they  re««>lv«l.  likewise,  to  (>p)H>se,  with  united  strength,  all 
the  attempts  of  Clodiu«  and  Cato,  against  Lentulus  and  Milo'. 
Clodius.  un  the  other  hand,  was  not  less  busv  in  mustering 


OP  cicEnti. 


Cie.  51.    Com.— Ca.  Coin.  Lent.  Mirccllinui.     L. 

I  Mity ;  from  which  time  we  find  no  ^i        mei        i 

vat  consul,  Marceilinus,  who  drew  hi.^  colleag      '*'''         ■ 
g  with  htm,  was  a  resolute  opposer  of  the  Iri  4 

•ell  as  of  111!  the  violences  of  llie  other  magisfrati  K 

fauoa,  be  resolved  to  suffer  no  assemblies  of  ("- 
^Ocspt  such  Its  were  iiccesaary  for  the  elections  into 
Iffices:  his  view  was  to  prevent  Cato's  law  for  recaiu 
bine,  and  the  monstrous  thinB;a,  as  Cicero  calls  thei 
pome  were  atteniplirtg,  at  this  time,  in  fhvoiir  ol 
Cicero  gives  liim  the  charac  '  '  '      best  cons" 

ie  had  ever  known,  and  bh     >  .n  one  ihi 

Seating  Pompey,  on  ail  occaf       s,  loo  ruaeiy ;   whici 
Cicero  often  absent  himseif  froru  the  senate,  to  ovoid  ti 
jart,  either  on  the  one  side  or  the  other  '.     For  the  bu^- 
jfaerefore,  of  his  dij^nity  and  interest  in  the  city,  he  re» 
Us  old  task  of  pleading  causes ;  which  was  always  populj"' 
vputable,  and  in  which  he  was  sure  to  tind  full  emploi^ 
Sis  first  cause  was  the  defence  of  L.  Bestia,  on  the  tt 
February,  who,  after  the  diitgntce  of  a  repulse  &om  the  j  ^ 

liipa  in  the  last  election,  was  accused  of  bribery  and  corrup- 
ion  in  his  suit  for  it;  and  notwithstanding  the  authority  and 
iloqueiice  of  his  advocate,  was  convicted  and  banished.  He 
iras  a  man  extremely  corrupt,  turbulent,  and  seditions;  had 
ilways  been  an  enemy  to  Ctcero ;  and  supposed  to  be  deeply 
;i]g[aged  in  Catiline's  plot;  and  is  one  instance  of  the  trutli  of 
vhat  Cicero  Aavs,  tlial  he  whs  often  forced,  agiiiiist  his  will, 
o  defend  cert;iin  jiersons  who  had  not  deserved  it  of  him,  by 
lie  mtercession  of  those  who  had '. 

Csesar,  who  was  now  in  the  career  of  his  victories  in  Oaiil, 
enta  request  to  the  senate,  tlmt  money  mi^ht  be  decreed  to 
lini  for  the  payment  of  his  army,  with  a  power  of  choosing 
en  lieutenants,  for  the  better  management  of  the  war,  and 
he  conquered  provinces;  and  that  his  command  should  be 
troloDged  for  five  years  more.  The  demand  was  thought 
"ery  exorbitant;  and  it  seemed  strange,  that,  after  all  Tiis 
loasted  conquests,  he  should  not  be  able  to  maintain  his  army 
rithout  money  from  home,  at  a  time  when  the  treasury  was 

'  Gonial  nlegr^iiii  Lentnlni,  nun  impediente  Cnllega:  tk  inqiism  l^o^^l^  ut  nwlio- 
K  non  Tidcrim,  Dice  coinili)il«  fieniit  omnet. — Sic  Icgibui  pcmicinMuiaiii  obtil- 
itar,  DMximc  CaWnit.  Nunc  ipint  Citonem  Lcntiilui  n  legibui  rrmovit,  cl  eat,  qui 
■  Chbc  msnitn  pnnniilgBnmt.— Mamllinui  aiilem  hoc  una  mibi  minui  nlieracit, 
■ad  mn  nimig  Hperc  tmcUt,  quanquun  id  Senatii  nnn  invito  tiuAt :  quo  ego  mc  libra. 
iUBCiiru,ct>bDmnipam  Reip.  lubtnha.     Ad  Qiiint.  26. 

»  A.  D.  III.  Id.  dM  wo  BcMia  de  ambitu  ipud  Prntomn  Cn.  Domitiuni,  in  Fora 
M^nuimoconvenlu.    Ibid.  2.3. 

Cant  nawinfiauun  hominw  non  opiime  dc  mc  tnoritot,  nmtu  cornin  qui  ben*  nsriti 
in>t.dcfraden.     Eft.  Fim.  T.I.     VId.  Philip.  Xl.  .^     Silluit.  17.  43.    Plot,  in  Cie. 


A.l'ik.S9T.  ac.51.  Cwt—Cn.  Cora.  Lent.  HuccUlDO*.  U  II 
greatly  exhausted ;  and  the  reiieiral  of  a  commission,  < 
at  first  by  violence,  and  a^inst  the  authority  of  the  i 
was  of  hard  digeBtion.  But  Ctesar's  interest  prevailed,  ■ 
Cicero  himself  was  the  promoter  of  it,  and  procured  a  dee 
to  his  satisfaction;  yet,  not  without  disg;usting  the  old  patriol^l 
who  stood  firm  to  their  maxim  of  opposing  all  eztraordinHj  I 
grants:  but  Cicero  alleged  the  extraordinary  services  of  Cmw;  I 
and  that  the  course  of  his  victories  ougbt  not  to  be  ched  * 
by  the  want  of  necessary  supplies,  while  he  was  so  glorioa 
extending  the  bounds  of  the  empire,  and  conquering  natk 
whose  names  had  never  been  lieard  before  at  Rome:  md  1 
though  it  were  possible  for  him  to  maintain  his  troops  withoit  I 
their  help,  by  the  spoils  of  tlie  enemy,  yet  those  spoils  on^  1 
to  be  reserved  for  toe  splendour  of  his  triumph,  which  it  i 
not  just  to  defraud  by  their  unreasoiuible  parsimony  '. 

He  might  think  it  imprudent,  perhaps,  at  this  time,  to  csfl 
C«sar  home  from  an  unfinished  war,  and  stop  the  prt^ress  of 
his  arms  in  the  very  height  of  his  success ;  yet  the  real  mottre 
of  his  conduct  seems  to  have  flowed,  not  so  much  from  the 
merits  of  the  cause,  as  a  regard  to  the  coodition  of  the  dmes, 
and  his  own  circumstances.  Fur,  in  his  private  letters,  he 
owns.  That  the  malevolence  and  envy  of  the  aristoctatical 
chiefs  had  almost  driven  him  from  his  old  principles,  and, 
though  not  so  far  as  to  make  him  forget  his  dignity,  yet  so  M 
to  take  a  pro|>er  care  of  his  safety,  both  which  might  be  easily 
consisrent,  if  there  mts  any  faith  or  gravity  in  the  consular 
senators :  but  they  had  managed  their  matters  so  ill,  that  those 
whii  \<fro  suiw^rior  to  ilumi  in  po 


OF   CICERO. 
rb.  G9T.    Cle.  61.    Coa^-Cn.  Corn.  Lent.  Mu»Uinii>.     L.  Mur.  PhiUppm. 

lent  was  quite  changed ;  aiid  what  he  liad  proposed  to 
If  as  the  end  of  all  hie  toils,  a  dignity  and  liberty  of  acting 
oting,  was  quite  lost  and  gone ;  that  there  was  nothing 
ut  eitlier  meanly  to  assent  to  the  few,  who  governed  all; 
ikly  to  oppose  them,  without  doing  any  good :  that  he 
opped,  therefore,  all  thoughts  of  that  old  consular  gra- 
nd character  of  a  resolute  senator,  and  resolved  to  con- 
himself  to  Pompey's  will;  that  his  great  affection  to 
ey  made  him  begin  to  think  all  things  right,  which  were 
to  him  ;  and  he  comforted  himself  witli  reflecting,  that 
reatneas  of  hia  obligations  would  make  all  the  world 
;  him,  for  defending  what  Pompey  liked,  or,  at  least,  for 
■posing  it ;  or  else,  what  of  all  thmgs  he  most  desired,  if 
endsliip  with  Pompey  would  permit  him,  for  retiring 
public  business,  and  giving  himself  wholly  up  to  bis 

t  he  was  now  engaged  in  a  cause,  in  which  he  was 
y  and  Bpecially  interested,  the  defence  of  P.  Sextius, 
te  tribune.  Clmliiiri,  who  gave  Cicero's  friends  no  res- 
having  himself  undertaken  Milo,  assigned  the  prosecu- 
if  Sextius  to  one  of  his  confidents,  M.  Tullius  Albino- 
,  who  accused  him  of  public  violence,  or  breach  of  peace 
tribunate*.  Sextius  had  been  a  true  friend  to  Cicero 
distress ;  and  borne  a  great  part  in  his  restoration  ;  but 
cases  of  eminent  service,  conferred  jointly  by  many, 
one  is  apt  to  claim  the  first  merit,  and  expect  the  first 
of  praise :  so  Sextius,  naturally  morose,  fancying  himself 
:tea,  or  not  sufficiently  requited  by  Cicero,  had  behaved 
ihurlishly  towards  him  since  his  return  j  but  Cicero,  who 
ever  forgetful  of  past  kindnesses,  instead  of  resenting 
jrverseness,  having  heard  that  Sextius  was  indisposed, 
in  person  to  his  house,  and  cured  bim  of  all  his  jealousies, 
-ely  offering  his  assistance  and  patronage  in  pleading  his 


lem  ilU  rci  contolatur,  tyaoA  ego  is  lutn,  cui  tc]  muim 
Idendun,  qus  PaniiKiug  velit,  Tel  Mceatg,  vel  elianij 
1  n«tn  mc  itudia  rcfcnm  littcnmiD,  quod  pn>f«to  facis 


diuEDUcadutn.    Ibid.  S. 
tiimesdcrenKtributbellaDIHbi 


A.  VrtLliST.     Cir.  &I.     Co«,-4'd.  Corn.  Lent.  HuccUiniu.     L.  Mir.  Fhfflff.   j 

TliiH  was  a  disaiipointment  to  the  prosecutors ;  who  flatb 
tbemsflves,  that  Cicero  was  so  much  disgustei),  tliat  he  wi 
not  be  itersuatled  to  plead  for  him;  but  he  entered  intod 
cause  with  a  hearty  inclination,  and  made  it,  as  in  effect  t 
really  was,  his  own'.     In   his  gpeech,  which  is  stiil  en 
after  laying  open  the  histiiry  of  his  exile,   and  the  dm 
of  his  own  conduct,  through  the  whole  progress  of  it,  he  si 
that  the  only  unround  of  prosecuting  Sextius  was,  his  &itk 
adherence  to  Rim,  or  rather  to  the  Kepuhlic ;  that,  by  ei 
demning  SextiiiR,  they  would,  in   effect,  condemn  him,  who 
all  the  orders  of  the  city  liad  declared  to  be  unjustly  ezpelle^'l 
by  the  very  same   tnen,  who  were  now  attempting  to  ezpd  I 
Sextius:  that  it  vraa  a  banter  and  ridicule  on  justice  itself,  li  1 
accuse  a  man  of  violence,  who  liiid  been  left  for  dead  upon  tkc  I 
spot,  by  the  violence  of  thiee  who  accused  liim :  and  whan  j 
only  crime  was,  that  he  would  not  suffer  himself  to  be  quits  j 
killed,  but  presumed  to  guard  Ins  life  against  their  future  it- 
tempts.     In  short,  he  managed  the  cause  so  well,  that  Sestini 
was  acquitted,  and  in  a  manner  tlie  most  honourable,  by  Ab 
unanimous  sulTrages  of  all  the  judges;  and  with  the  unirem) 
applause  of  Cicero's  humanity  and  gratitude  '. 

Pompey  attended  this  trial  as  a  friend  to  Sextius:  while 
Csesar's  creature,  \'atinius,  appeared  not  only  as  an  advenvy, 
but  a  witness  against  him  :  which  gave  Cicero  an  opportunity 
of  lashing  him,  as  Sextius  particularly  desired,  wiUi  all  m 
keenness  of  hb  raillery,  to  the  ^reat  diversion  of  the  audience; 
for,  instead  of  interrogating  him  in  tlie  ordinary  way,  about 
the  facts  deposed  jii  the  trial,  he  contrived  ti 


OF   CICKRO, 
|Irit.S97.     Clt.SI.     C<ib_Cd.  Coin.  Lent.  MuMlilniM.     L  Mir.  Pbi.^ 

■gation,  and  ia  nothing  else  but  what  Cicero  himself  calls 
B  perpetiutl  invective  on  the  mnfristrucy  uf  Vutiaius,  and 
Mooduct  of  those  who  supported  him  '. 

In  ttie  beginning  of  April,  tlie  senate  gmoted  the  sum  of 
Be  hundrea  thousand  pounds  to  Pompey,  to  be  laid  out  in 
Uiasing  corn  for  the  use  of  the  city  ;  where  there  was  still 
pKat  scarcity,  and  as  great,  at  tlie  same  tiine,  of  money :  so 
It  tbe  moving  a  point  so  tender,  cnnld  not  fail  of  raising 
j|«  ill  humour  in  the  assembly  ;  when  Cicero,  whose  old 
kit  seems  to  have  revived  in  uim,  from  his  late  success  in 
piiua'a  cause,  surprised  them,  by  proposing,  that,  in  the 
pent  inability  of  the  treasury  to  purchase  Uie  Cumpanian 
■Is,  which,  by  Caesar's  act,  were  W  be  divided  to  the  people, 
^  act  itself  should  be  reconsidered,  and  a  day  appointed  for 

r  deliberation.  The  motion  was  received  with  an  universal 
and  a  kind  of  tumultuary  acclamation.  The  enemies  of 
I  triumvirate  were  extremely  pleased  with  it,  in  hopes  that 
.Would  make  a  breach  between  Cicero  and  Pompey ;  but  it 
hred  only  for  a  proof  of  what  Cicero  himself  observes,  that 
Wbs  very  hard  for  a  man  to  depart  from  his  old  sentiments 
^politics,  when  they  arc  right  and  just'. 

Ptompey,  whose  nature  was  singularly  reserved,  expressed 
■•Qoeuiness  upon  it,  nor  took  any  notice  of  it  to  Cicero, 
IMigfa  they  met  and  supped  together  familiarly,  a^  they  used 
ido:  but  he  set  forward  soon  after  towards  Afric,  in  order 

provide  corn;  and  intending  to  call  at  Sardinia,  proposed 
embark  at  Pisa,  or  Le<^harn,  that  lie  might  iiave  an  inter- 
iw  witt  Ccesar,  who  was  now  at  I-uca,  the  utmost  limit  of 
I  Gallic  government.  He  found  Ciesar  exceedingly  out  of 
Uotir  with  Cicero ;  for  Crassus  had  already  been  with  him 

Ravenna,  and  greatly  incensed  him  by  his  account  of 
eero's  late  motion ;  which  he  complained  of  so  heavily,  that 
nnpey  promised  to  use  all  his  authority  to  induce  Cicero  to 
up  the  pursuit  of  it;  and,  for  that  purpose,  seut  away  an 
press  to  Rome,  to  intreat  him  not  to  proceed  any  further  in 
till  his  return;  and,  when  he  came  afterwards  to  Sardinia, 

Twinlum,  >  qD«  palun  oppugnibatur,  irtntnitu  noftn  concidiiniit,  Diia  homiai- 
•na  nUndendbiu.  Quid  quvria?  liomo  petulana,  ct  nudu  Viiiniug  vdde  pertui^ 
M,  delriliMtaHue  ditceuii.     Ad  Quint.  2.  i. 

r<  aednitB  Fompeio,  cum  ut  Uuitiret  P.  Sextium  introinwl  in  urbem  diiinatqaa 
TMinini,  ma  fonuni  et  felidute  C.  Cmitrii  Mmmotum,  illi  mmicum  e»w  OEpiHa; 

Atn.     Tott  «ro  inierroestio  mea  nihil  hibuit,  nisi  repreheniionein  illiui  Trihimii- 


atm  aBtnm  de  un  Uto . 

^2*'nDlB  bc^lwt,  et  umonB  csHUi.     AdQi 


:imD.     Ep.  Fim 
id  H-S  cccc.  Kd  eoden 
iKipe  cDnciondi.     Acriorr 


AjwiL  mihl  sl.Seiwliu  uKntai,  ut  it  igro  Cunpuio,  idibiu  Mkija,  fnqucDii 
-' ' —      NampolDinugiiinirciiii  illiiu  auiB  lander*.    Ep.Fui.1.9. 


A.  I'rii.  ii!i>.    Cir.  SI.     CoM'-^^n.  Coni.  Lrnl.  Mvcrllinui.     L.  Mu.  Plii%&   j 

where  liis  lii'Utoiiuiil,  Q.  Cicero,  then  resided,  he  entered' 
mediutcly  into  an  expostulution  with  him  about  it,  Tecounl 
all  hi<<  services  bi  his  brother,  and  that  every  thing,  wlud 
liiid  dune  for  Iiim,  wax  dune  witli  Cseskr's  consent ;  and : 
niiiidin;r  htm  uf  a  former  cuiirenation  between  themseliOi 
euneeniin^  (Vsar's  acts  and  what  Quintus  himself  had 
taki-ii  fur  hit  hniiher  un  tliat  head ;  and,  as  he  then  made  hiM* 
iK-lf  uiisweritblc  I'ur  him,  so  he  was  now  obliged  to  call  him  b 
the  |H>rfonniuice  uf  th»st>  en^a^cment^:  in  short,  be  beg 
him  to  iireMM  his  brother  to  support  and  defend  Casaaft 
terestu  and  «li)rnitv,  or,  if  he  could  not  persuade  him  to  tb^ 
to  enETii^o  him  at  [east  nut  to  itct  against  them  '. 

Tills  remunstrance  from  Pomuey,  enforced  by  his  brotbs 
Quintus,  •ita|;gcrc<I  C'iciTo's  resolution,  and  mude  him  eoKi 
into  a  frcNli  deliboratiun  with  himself,  about  the  measures  J 
his  conduct;  where,  after  casting  up  the  sum  of  all  his  thonghBi 
and  weighitig  every  circum.it.-nice,  which  concerned  either  la 
own  or  the  iiublic  interest,  he  determined  at  last  to  ditf 
the  aifair,  rather  than  ex])usc  himself  again,  in  his  prewit 
situaiiini,  to  the  animoifity  of  Pompcy  and  Csesar ;  for  whidi 
he  makes  the  following  apology  to  his  friend  Lentulus:  thd 
tliose,  who  professeil  the  same  principles,  and  were  embarkol 
in  the  same  cause  with  him,  were  perpetually  envying  and 
thwarting  him,  and  more  disgustetl  by  tlie  splendour  of  hu  life, 
timn  pleased  with  any  thing  which  he  did  for  the  public  se^ 
vice :  th:it  their  only  pleasure,  and  what  they  could  not  eveo 
dissemldc,  while-  he  was  acting  with  them,  was  to  see  him  di»- 


OP  CICERO.  369 

n.    Cicfit.    Cmc^Co.  Cotn.  Lcpl.  tUncUinui.    L.  Mn.  Philippu, 

both ;  he  bad  no  naaon  to  apprelieiid  the  L'litir)fe  of 
wy,  if,  oil  some  occasions,  lie  voted  and  acted  a  little 
tly  from  wliBt  he  used  to  do,  in  complaisance  to  such 
^  tliat  lii.'i  union  with  Pompey  necessarily  included 
mh  wliom  both  he  and  his  brother  had  a  friendship 
F  lung  stanilioe ;  which  tliey  were  invited  to  renew,  by 
inner  of  dviiitiea  and  good  offices,  freely  offered  on 
it's  part:  that,  after  Cnsfu^s  great  exploits  and  victories, 
Ht-'public  itself  seemed  to  inte^Mne,  and  forbid  him  to 
Aarrel  with  aiich  men :  that  when  he  stood  in  need  of  their 
■ristaocc,  his  broilier  had  engaged  his  word  for  him  to  Fom- 
tf,  and  Pompey  H>  Csesar ;  and  he  thought  himself  obliged 
t  make  ^ond  tliusc  eneagements '. 

Tais  was  the  ^t'Tierai  state  of  his  polidcal  behaviour :  he  had 
,  inncli  larger  view,  a  more  comprehensive  knowledge  both 
t  men  and  th)ti^«,  tlian  the  otlier  chiefs  of  the  aristocracy, 
Rbolus,  Marcelliii us,  Cato,  Favonius,  &c.  whose  stiffness  had 
oined  their  causi-,  and  brought  them  into  their  present  sub- 
fC&on,  by  alifimtiiig  Pompey  and  the  equestrian  order  from 
he  senate:  they  considered  CHcero's  management  of  the  tiium- 
irate,  as  a  mean  istibmission  to  illegal  power,  which  they  were 
Iways  opposing  and  irritating,  though  ever  so  unseasonably ; 
rhereas  Cicero  thought  it  time  to  give  over  fighting,  when 
he  forces  were  so  unequiil :  and  that  the  more  patiently  they 
uffierad  the  dominion  of  tlieir  uew  muNters,  the  more  tcmpe- 
ately  they  would  use  it';  lieiiig  persuadc-d  tliiit  Pompey,  at 
esst,  who  was  the  head  of  tiicm,  h;ul  no  designH  nguirist  (he 
inblic  liberty,  unless  he  were  |)ruvok('d  and  driven  to  it  by 
he  perverse  opposition  of  his  enemies '.  These  were  the 
rounds  of  that  complaisance  which  he  now  generally  paid  to 
im,  for  the  sake  both  of  his  own  and  the  public  (juiet :  ni  con- 
eqnence  of  which,  when  the  appointed  day  came  for  con.si- 


III  penlavhcendaDi,  nl  . 

■cgBWcm,  (tt,     jlniiitune  witcm  Ult  in  liu  nirnto  im- 
ri  dfdcmt.Pl  Fnit™  mci,  qimiu  rumprio. 

CMiniutaU  Mu  r»tin  ttl  Sr umnii.  j>idWimim,  Rei  ioiiu«  piiblioc.  Oliiim  nobis  extf- 
mimm  at:  qood  li.  qui  (mtiunlur  rcmm.  pispititiiri  Tidentiir,  >i  qiildiini  taouiine,  patisn- 
M Mmni potenliun  fcne  poKirrint.     Ilignilnlrm  quidem  ilUm  con.ntiirein  foMii  ol 

rdiimn  canimictiMJDan,  at  (omineni  rlirioiwum  ubdiriwrunl.     Ibid.  8. 
>  lUd.  1.  B. 


A.l'rb.fiu;.     I'l.      1.     Cui.     -1.1..  L'un.  Unt.  Minvltjuui.     L.  Mar.  PbUirra. 

iloriii^  till'  iM-^i.'  iif  tliv  (.'iiii)])itiiian  lands  tl>e  deltate  <Iro}}))ed  rf 
kiiime,  wli«ii  it  wus  urtiliTstocxl,  tluit  Cicero,  the  mover  of ' 
was  abst'iit  urid  bail  t'liaii^ed  hia  mind :  thou){li  it  was  iw^ 
lie  ill  ti  mil  I  I'M,  witliout  some  stru^le  in  his  own  breast,  that  14 
submitted  to  tbis  !sti.>|i,  which  was  likely  to  draw  upon  hini 
imputatiuii  of  Ivvitv  '■ 

His  duu^rlitor,  'i'ullia,  hariiifr  now  lived  a  widow  about 
year,  was  married  tu  a  second  husband,  Furius  Crassipes;  ul 
the  wetldin^  feast  bold  at  Cicero's  house  on  the  6th  of  April; 
we  find  very  littlo  suid  of  tlio  character  or  condition  of  Urn 
Crassipes;  but  bv  Cicero's  care  in  making  the  match,  the  fai- 
tune  which  he  paid,  and  the  cungratuhition  of  bis  friends  npoi 
it,  he  ap])ears  to  have  been  a  nobleman  of  principal  rank  and 
dignity  '.  Atticus,  also,  who  vras  about  a  year  youneer 
Cicero,  Wiis  married  this  spTiii|r  to  I'ilia,  and  inviteafaiin  m 
the  wedding  ^  As  to  his  domestic  affiiirs,  his  chief  carc,S 
present,  was  about  rebuilding  three  of  his  houses,  which  veft 
demolished  in  his  exile ;  and  repairing  the  rest,  with  that  alH 
of  his  brother,  out  of  which  thev  were  driven  in  the  last  attad 
of  Clodiiis :  by  the  bints,  which  be  gives  of  them,  they  ill 
seem  to  have  lieen  very  magnificent,  and  built  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  best  arcnttccts :  Clodius  gave  no  ^ther  inter- 
ruption to  them,  being  forced  to  quit  the  pursuit  of  Cicero,  in 
order  to  watch  the  motions  of  a  more  dangerous  enemy,  Milo. 
Cicero,  however,  was  not  without  a  share  of  uneasiness,  witbio 
his  own  walls;  his  brother's  wife  and  his  own  neither  afreed 
welt  with  each  other,  nor  their  own  husbands :  Quintnn  wai 


op  CICBBO.  291 

SI.    Ca«.— Cn.  Cms.  Loit.  HunlliBiii.    L.  Mw.  PUHfyu*. 

Kii^  Ptuleciiy**  mSut  WW  no  more  talked  of;  Pompey  Iwd 
3keT  business  upon  hk  hands,  and  was  so  ruffled  by  the  tri- 
one  CatM,  ai]d  tbe  conanl  Mwcellinns,  that  he  laid  aside  all 
liougfats  of  it  (at  hiinael^  and  wished  to  senre  Lentulus  in  it 
pie  senate  lia<l  P***Gd  a  vote  against  resttHing  him  at  all; 
lut  one  of  the  tnoones  inhilnted  them  from  proceedinir  to  a 
lecree ;  aod  a  fomwr  decree  was  aftoally  subsisting  in  mvour 
if  L«ntulus :  Cicens  therefore,  after  a  consultation  with  Pom- 
>ey,  sent  him  their  jcdnt  and  last  advice ;  tha^  by  his  eomtuand 
>f  a  province,  so  near  to  ^TP^  »  !>«  "^^^  ^^  l^st  judre  of 
mhat  he  was  ubie  to  do,  w  if  lie  found  himself  master  of  the 
dun^,  and  was  SMured  of  success^  he  might  leare  the  king  at 
Ptolemais,  or  aome  other  neighbouring  city,  and  proceed 
without  him  to  Alexandria ;  where,  if,  by  the  influence  of  his 
Beet  and  lrrKip'<,  he  could  appease  the  public  dissensions,  and 
persuade  tbe  iiihabttaots  to  receive  their  kin^  peaceably,  he 
might  then  carry  him  home,  and  wo  restore  him  according  to 
the  lirst  decree;  yet,  without  a  multitude,  as  oar  religiooi 
men,  says  he,  tdl  us  the  Sibyl  has  enjoined : — that  it  was  the 
opinion  however,  of  them  both,  that  people  would  judge  of  the 
Eact  by  the  event :  if  he  was  certdn,  therefore,  of  carrying  his 
Mia^  ha  should  not  defer  it;  if  doubtful,  should  not  undertake 
It:  fat,  as  the  world  would  applaud  him  if  he  effected  it  with 
eese*  so  a  miscarriage  might  be  fatal,  on  account  of  the  late 
vote  of  the  senate,  and  the  scruple  about  relig;ion '.  But  Len- 
tulus, wisely  judging  the  uSatr  too  hazardous  for  one  of  his 
dijfnity  and  u>rtunes,  left  it  to  a  man  of  a  more  desperate 
diaiacter,  Gabinius;  who  ruined  himself  ^ooii  after  by  em- 
barking  in  iL 

The  tribune  Cato,  who  was  perpetually  inveighing  against 
keeping  gladiators,  like  so  many  standing  armies,  to  the  terror 
irf"  the  citizens,  had  lately  bought  a  band  of  them,  but  finding 
himself  unable  to  maintain  them,  was  contriving  to  pan  with 
them  again  without  noise  or  scandal.  Milo  got  notice  of  it, 
and  privately  employed  a  person,  not  one  of  nis  own  friends, 
to  buy  them;  and  when  they  were  purchased,  Raciiiug,  another 
tribune,  talcing  the  matter  upon  himself,  and  pretending  that 


perlemtituBlur,  aunn 

ir,  c]H(in»ilmoilmn  bomi 

wm  nfifhid  Kt^IlM  plKsn  diiernnt.  Seil  hax  xDlsiitis  lic  el  illi  ct  nobii  pnbabatur, 
wt  at  mtata  homfan*  ds  too  eonHlto  oxiMimsluKH  videnmiu.— Na*  quidnn  hoe  Hnli- 
mm ;  ri  ■zpbiMnm  tiU  ril^poM*  U  k|pu  ilUu>  potiri ;  non  ewe  cunctudum :  ri  duMum, 
MM  mm  coB^JiuB,  Ac.    Ep.  Tim.  1. 7. 

V  2 


t  I'll 


I.  Minvl 


]..  Mw 


i)ii>v  Mrrc  l)iiii:;lit  fi)r  )iim.  ]iiilili.slic4l  a  pn>c)nination, 
( 'iirii's  fjimlly  lit"  yljiiliiitors  was  to  ho  soI<l  Uy  nuction ;  w 
ijavc  nil  Mtwill  ilivirMiiii  In  rlic  cirv '. 

Mil.-V  iriiil  lii-iiii;  ]iiit  i.ff  t<.  tlio  fifth  of  May,  Cicero  _. 
the  Ih'ik'Hi  lit'  :i  sliort  viii'atioii  to  iiinkt!  an  excursion  intotkl 
cimiiiry  tn  vUit  Lis  i>sC;i[i->  iiiul  villat  in  (litTerctit  psirls  oTIlil^' 
Hv  sjii-nt  Hvc  ihivM  ill  Arpiiiiini,  wlioiic-v  lir  pnicceded  to  la  i 
ntluT  liiiiiM">  at  I'oniiH'iii*  anil  C'iima>;  ami  stunpcil  awhile,  ~ 
lii'4  n-lnrn,  at  ATiliiim.  whori'  hi.-  hail  hitcly  reuuill  hiii 
anil  wivt  iiiiu-  1 1  is]  II  is!  11^  and  nnlonnfr  his  liUrary,  by  the  dinfr 
liiin  iif  'l'\  raniiiii ;  tin-  n-niaiiw  "f  wliii-h,  ho  says  were 
fitii-iili'ralili'  llian  hi-  i-xiK-rli-d  from  tho  late  ruin.  Attica 
It-Ill  him  two  of  his  lihrarlaiK  to  assist  hi<>  own,  in  taking 
higiii-s.  anil  jilaciij^  lhi<  Imoks  in  imh-r:  which  Iio  cnlls  the 
fusion  lit' a  mhiI  into  tin-  IhmIv  of  his  liuusc*.  Durinir  tU 
liiiir,  his  ohi  t-ni'iiiy.  (iaiiiiiiiis.  ilio  ]iriicon«nl  of  Syria,  liaritf 
;rain(>i|  soini'  ailvaiitaL;!'  in  .Iiiilca.  airiiiiist  Ariiitobuliis,  who  hu 
lit'i'n  i)cllinnii-il  liy  IVmju-y.  luii]  on  (Init  accniiiit,  was  raiNag 
troiihk-s  in  ihc  cinmlry.  soiit  [niiiiic  lottorv  to  the  senate  to 
jjivi-  an  aninint  nf  his  vietury,  ami  to  Ih';j  the  (lucree  of  i 
thaiikspviii;;  for  it.  His  frii'mls  took  the  opjM>rtunity  cf 
moving  till'  alfiiir  in  ficiTo's  ahsonei-.  from  wIiokc  authoriiT 
they  a|i)in'h('ni]eil  soino  ohstrnclion ;  hut  tde  KCiiate,  in  a  filll 
honsiv  sli!rii|i,'<|  his  It-Iti-rs.  anil  rcji-ctrd  hiM  snit :  an  alTront, 
whii-h  liiiil  iii'vtT  hern  olfereil  hcfiiri'  to  any  |ir(H-oi)siiL  Cicero 
was  inliniti-ly  (h-li[;lili-il  with  it;  <iills  tlic  resohition  divine, 
and    was  ilonhly  pli'aseii  for   its   hi-in^;   tin;   free  and   ^*niuiie 


OF  CICERO.  293 

97.    Ck.  51.    Com. — Cn,  Corn.  Lent.  Mareciliii us.    L.  Blar.  Pliilippiu. 

1  about  tlitt  dme,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rome : 
noises  under  ground,  with  clauiing  of  arms;  and  on 
n  hill,  a  little  shrine  of  Juno,  which  stood  on  a  table 
le  east,  turned  suddenly  of  itself,  towards  the  north, 
errors  alarmed  the  city,  and  the  senate  consulted  the 
es,  who  were  the  public  diviners  or  prophets  of  the 
illed  in  all  the  Tuscan  discipline  of  interpreting  por- 
events;  who  gave  the  following  answer  in  writing: 
lupplications  must  be  made  to  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Nep- 
d  the  other  gods :  that  the  solemn  shows  and  plays 
1  n^ligently  exhibited  and  polluted :  sacred  and  reli- 
aces  made  profane:  ambassadors  killed,  contrary  to 
1  law:  &ith  and  oaths  disregarded :  ancient  and  hidden 
\  carelessly  performed  and  profaned; — That  the  gods 
8  warning,  lest,  by  the  discord  and  dissension  of  the 
»rt,  dangers  and  destruction  should  fall  upon  the  senate 
chiefs  of  the  city;  by  which  means  the  provinces 
U  under  the  power  of  a  single  person  :  their  armies  be 
great  loss  ensue ;  and  honours  be  heaped  on  the  un- 

ind  disg^raced '. " 

nay  olwierve,  from  tliis  auswer,  that  the  iliviners  were 
le  direction  of  those  who  endeavoured  to  apply  the 
B  of  religion  to  the  cure  of  tlieir  civil  disorders :  each 
tterpretiug  it  according  to  tlieir  own  views:  Clodius 
handle  from  it  of  venting  his  spleen  afresh  against 
and,  calling  the  people  toii^etlier  for  that  purpose, 
'd  to  persuade  them,  that  this  divine  admonition  was 
I  particularly  aj^iinst  him ;  and  that  the  article  of  the 
no  religious  places  referred  to  the  case  of  his  house ; 
fter  a  solemn  consecration  to  religion,  w<is  rendered 
rofane;  charging  all  the  displeasure  of  the  gods  to 
account,  who  affected  nothing  less  than  a  tyranny  and 
ession  of  their  liberties  ^ 

)  made  a  reply  to  Clodius,  the  next  day,  in  the  senate; 
fter  a  short  and  general  invective  upon  his  profligate 
leaves  him,  he  says,  a  devoted  victim  to  milo,  who 
to  be  given  to  them  by  Heaven,  for  the  extinction  of 
lague,  as  Scipio  was  for  the  destruction  of  Carthage  : 
res  the  prodigy  to  be  one  of  the  most  extraordinary, 
id  ever  been  reported  to  the  senate ;  but  lauy^hs  at  the 
Y  of  applying  any  part  of  it  to  him  :  since  Jus  house, 
roves  at  large,  was  more  solemnly  cleared  from  any 
yr  relation  to  religion,  than  any  otlier  house  in  Rome, 


'glim.  Manutii  io  Orat.  de  Haru9|>.  rcsponci.     Dio,  1.  39.  p.  100. 


by  l)u>  ju<l);in<?iit  of  tlie  piesLs  (Uo  senate,  and  all  tbeat 
uf  tliv  city'.     Tlu'ii  niiiiiiiig  tlirougli  the  several  vtiddl 
th<>  iiii^wiT,  111-  !it)i>ws  tliom  all  tu  tally  no  exadly  «hk  T 
jiuioriiius  uct^  and  imniL-tics  of  CIndius's  life,  [lint  they  M 
lint   [H>ssiMy  l>c  u)>|>]ie[)  to  any  tliine  else — that,  aitoi 
Mi>i>rts  'iiLid  til  Ik>  negligently  perfnnnea  and  polluted,  it  d  '^ 
ileiiotcd tliciiolliiiiiiii  of  tli<>  Me^.ilensian  play;  the  mnl 
rahlc  and  roliiritm'*  of  all  utiior  simws;  which  Clodius  l 
IV*   teililc,   pxlitbitcd  in  liorinur  of  the  motlier  of  the  ^ 
wlicre,  when  tin'  nii^jistrati's  and  tilizens  were  seated,  to  p 
take  of  the  diversions  anil  t)ie  usual  proclamation  was  i>>*^l 
tn  eommaiid  all  slitves  to  retire,  a  vast  body  of  them,  gathcnll 
from  all  parts  of  the  city,  by  the  order  of  Clmliiis,  forced  Ml 
way  ii)Miii  the  stage,  to  the  ^reat  terror  of  the  assembly;  what  | 
mueli  mi-wliief  ariit  bliKHlxliMl  would  have  ensued,  if  the  cob 
Marcellinus  hy  his  firmness  and  presence  of  mind,  had  n 
.  quieted  tlie   tumult :   and,  in   another  repreiientatlan  of  Ae  | 
Name  plays,  the  <ilav<.s,  enconr.'^red  Hfpiin  by  Clodius,  wenm 
audaeiuus  and  sucei-tsful,  in  a  second  irruption,  that  they  dron 
the  whole  company  imi  of  the  theatre,  and  possessed  it  eih  I 
tirely  tu  themtielves*:  that,  as  to  the  profanation  of  sacred  I 
relifrious  places,  it  could  not  he  intt>r[>rcted  of  any  thing  n  ] 
aptlv,  at  uf  what  Clodius  and  his  friends  had  done :  for  ttit, 
in  the  liowso  of  Q.  Seins,  which  he  had  bought,  after  murdo^   I 
In^r  the  owner,  there  was  a  ehajiol  and  altars,  which  he  hi^ 
lately  domoli-hed :  that  L.   Pi?>o  had  destroyed  a  celebrated 
cliBpel  of  Diana,  where  all  that  neighbour  hood,  and  some  ewn    i 


or   CICEBO. 


j  now  punaiD);  popnl 

:  at  one  dme  ■  &roimte  of  llw 

uHidier  of  the  teoate ;  wbow  credit  warn  wboUj' 

J  i>y  tlieir  qowreh  and  anuDontiu.    He  exhorto  tbem. 

Tore,  ill  the  eonduiati,  to  bemre  of  fidliar  into  tboae    . 

es,  of  irbich  the  goAt  so  eridently  fonraniefl  them :  and 

e  OLTv,  e»pecialljr,  that  the  fonn  «  the  Republic  waa  not 

1;  aiace  all  dnl  contesta  between  great  and  powerfal 

Kits,  must  Di^ceanrily  end,  either  in  an  uQirersal  destmo- 

I,  or  a  tyranDv  f^  the  conqaeror :  that  the  state  wa*  now  in 

ittertng  »  coadition,  that  nothing  coold  preaerre  it  but 

'  concord :  ibat  there  was  no  hope  of  its  being  betteTt 

ile  Clodius  remained  napiuushed;  and  bnt  one  degree  left 

being  worse,  hj  being  wholly  nuned  and  eoalaTed;  fiir  the 

trentton  of  which,  the  gods  had  given  them  this  renaritable 


timonition ;  for  they  were  not  to  believe,  what  was  si 
■presented  ou  thd  stifle,  that  any  god  ever  descended  from 
eavea  to  converse  femiliarly  with  men :  but  that  these  extra- 
irdinwy  aoonds  and  agitations  of  the  world,  the  air,  the  ele- 
neat^  ware  the  only  voice  and  speech,  which  Heaven  made 
■seof;  that  these  admonished  them  of  their  danger,  and  pointed 
•ot  the  remedy ;  and  that  the  gods,  by  intimating  bo  freely 
be  way  of  their  safetvi  had  shewn,  bow  easy  it  would  be  to 
Mcify  them,  by  pacifying  only  their  own  animosities  and  dis- 
orda  among  themselves. 

About  the  middle  of  the  summer,  and  before  the  time  of 
boooDg  new  consuls,  which  was  commonly  in  August,  the 
enate  b<^;an  to  deliberate  on  the  provinces,  which  were  to  be 
awgned  to  them  at  the  expimtioii  of  their  office.  The  con- 
olar  provinces,  about  which  the  debate  singly  turned,  were 
he  two  Gauls,  which  Caesar  now  held ;  Macedonia,  which 
PSao;  and  Syria,  which  Gabinius  possessed.  All  who  spoke 
lefbre  Cicero,  excepting  Serrilius,  were  for  taking  one  or  both 


he  Gauls  from  CEesar ;  which  was  what  the  senate  generally 

le  gladly  laid  hold 

I  the  occasion,  to  revenge  himself  on  Piso  and  Gubinins,  and 


leaired;  but  when  it  came  to  Cicero's  turn,  he  gladly 


iserted  all  his  authority,  to  get  them  recalled  with  some  marks 
if  diwrace,  and  their  goveniments  assigned  to  the  succeeding 
misuu;  hut  as  for  CEesar,  his  opinion  was,  tliat  his  < 

'  D*  Hunip.  r»p,  17,  18, 


sliuuUt  be  conltiuicd  to  liim,  till  he  had  finished  the  war,  wbick 
tie  wits  carrying  »n  with  cuch  succcsa,  and  settled  the  oonqoc^ 
ed  countries.  This  gave  no  nmall  ofTeiice ;  and  the  consa!  PU- 
Ii|>pu!t  coulil  not  forbear  interrupting  and  reminding  hiin,  tkl 
lie  had  more  reason  to  be  angry  with  Ceesar  than  with  Gibt 
iiius  hini^etf ;  Miice  Ciesar  was  the  author  and  raiser  of  all  tbi 
storm,  width  had  opiireKscd  him.  But  Cicero  replied,  that,  ii 
tilts  vote,  he  was  not  pursuing  his  private  resentment,  but  Ae 
public  gootl,  which  had  reeonciled  him  to  Ceesar ;  and  that  be 
eoiild  not  be  nn  enemy  to  one,  who  was  deserving  so  well  of 
his  country :  that  u  year  or  two  more  would  complete  his  cod- 
(Hte.xts,  and  reduce  all  Gaul  tn  a  state  of  peaceful  subjection: 
tliat  the  oinsc  was  widely  different  between  Caesar  and  the 
other  two;  that  Ca^ir's  administnirion  was  beneficial,  pros- 
perous glorious,  to  the  Keptiblic ;  theirs,  scandalous,  ignoni- 
nioiLS  hurtful  to  their  subjects,  and  contemptible  to  thra 
enemies.  In  Nhort,  he  nianajred  the  debate  so,  that  the  senate 
came  fidly  into  hii«  seutimoiitK,  and  decreed  the  rcvocatioa  of 
Piso  and  Gubinius '. 

He  was  now  likewise  eng»^ed  in  pleading  two  constderahle 
causes  at  the  bar;  the  one  in  defence  of  Cornelius  Balbw, 
the  other  of  M.  Ctelius.  Bidhns  wsw  a  native  of  Gades,  in 
Spain,  of  a  splendid  family  iti  that  citVi  who,  for  his  fidelity 
atid  services  to  the  Uoniati  general^  iti  that  province,  and  espe- 
cially in  the  Sertorian  war,  had  the  freedom  of  Rome  confeiwl 
itpoii  him  by  I'ompey,  in  virtue  of  a  law,  which  authorized  him 
lo  grant  it  to  as  many  as  he  thought  proper.      But  Pnmpey' 


OP  CICERO.  297 

▲.UfffcL6i7.   CSe.51.   Ooh.— Cn.  Corn.  Lent  Mwcellinut.    UMw.  PhilippiM. 

id  Gnnr;  -by  whose  fiivour  he  had  acquired  great  wealth  and 
dMer ;  beb^  at  this  time  general  of  the  ardllery  to  CsBsar, 
■A  die  principal  manwer  or  steward  of  all  his  amurs.  'Ilie 
IdfgM  ipnre  sentence  tor  him,  and  confirmed  his  right  to  the 
if^tmm  which  foundation  he  was  raised  afterwards,  by  Aa- 
[■MOB,  to  the  consulate  itself:  his  nephew,  also,  young  mlbus, 
»h»  WM  made  free  with  him,  at  the  same  time,  obtained  the 
iMMmr  of  a  triumph,  for  his  irictories  over  the  Garamantes ;  and, 
m  Pfiny  tells  us,  they  were  the  only  instances  of  foreigners, 
■sd  adopted  citisens,  who  had  ever  advanced  themselves  to 
■Aer  or  those  honours  in  Rome\ 

CkriiuSy  whom  he  next  defended,  was  a  younc^  gentleman  of 
B^MStrian  rank,  of  great  parts  and  accompUsnments,  trained 
nder  the  discipline  of  Cicero  himself;  to  whose  care  he  was 
Boasmitted,  by  his  fiither,  upon  his  first  introduction  into  the 
Porom :  before  he  was  oif  age  to  hold  any  magistracy,  he  had 
iiiringnished  himself  by  two  public  impeachments;  the  one  of 
CX  Antonius,  Cicero's  colleague  in  the  consulship,  for  con- 
ipiring  against  the  state ;  the  other  of  L.  Atratinus,  for  bri- 
bery and  oormption.  Atratinus's  son  was  now  revenging  his 
hAer's  qoarrel,  and  accused  Coelius  of  public  violence,  for 
being  eonoemed  in  the  assassination  of  Dio,  the  chief  of  the 
Alexandrian  embassy ;  and  of  an  attempt  to  poison  Clodia,  the 
sister  of  Clodius :  he  liad  been  this  lady's  gallant ;  whose  re- 
sentment, for  her  favours  sli|rhted  by  him,  was  the  real  source 
of  all  his  trouble.  In  this  speech  Cicero  treats  the  character 
ind  gallantries  of  Clodia,  her  commerce  with  Coelius,  and  the 
i;aieties  and  licentiousness  of  youth,  with  such  a  vivacity  of  wit 
ftud  humour,  that  makes  it  one  of  the  most  entertaining,  which 
be  has  left  to  us.  Ccelius,  who  was  trulv  a  libertine,  lived  on 
the  Palatine  hill,  in  a  house  which  he  hired  of  Clodius,  and, 
unong  the  other  proofs  of  his  extravagance,  it  was  objected, 
that  a  young  man,  in  no  public  employment,  should  take  a 
separate  house  from  his  father,  at  the  yearly  rent  of  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  pounds :  to  which  Cicero  replied,  that  Clodius, 
he  perceived,  had  a  mind  to  sell  his  house,  by  setting  the  value 
of  it  so  high ;  whereas,  in  truth,  it  was  but  a  little  paltry  dwell- 
ing, of  small  rent,  scarce  above  eighty  pounds  per  annum*. 
Coelius  was  acquitted,  and  ever  after  professed  the  highest  re- 

'  Fuit  et  Balbns  Cornelius  major  consul — Primus  cxtcruorum,  atque  etiani  in  oceano 
leBitoTum  uto*  iUo  honore.    Hist.  N.  7.  43. 

Gannia  eupni  Ganimantum :  omnia  armis  Romaiiis  superata,  ct  a  Comclio  Balbo 
crinmpbAU,  imo  omnium  extemo  cumi  et  Quiritiuui  jure  donato :  quippc  Gadibus  nato 
dvitw  Rom.  cum  Balbo  majore  patruo  data  est.     Ibid.  5.  5. 

'  Sanptiu  nniui  generis  objectus  est,  habitationis :  triginta  millibus  dixistis  eum 
Imbitare.  Nunc  domnm  intelligo  P.  Clodii  innuLim  esse  vcnaleni,  ciijus  hie  in  sdiculis 
tobitet,  decern,  ut  opinor,  millibus.     Pro  Ccelio,  7. 


A.L-[b.(i!i7.    L-K-bl.   CW.-L11.  L'mn.  LcDi.  Mualliiiii>.    L.  M^.  Philqipu. 
ganl  for  Civera ;    witli  wliom  be  lipid  a  correapondence  tt 
letU'rs,  wliicli  will  ((ivc  us  occasion  to  speak  more  of  him  ii 
tlie  Bcquol  of  tlii>  liiHton'. 

CIclTo  seeuiN  to  liiivv  cuinposed  a  little  poem,  about  tUi 
time,  in  compliment  to  Csesar:  and  excuses  his  not  seodii^it 
to  Atliciis,  lit-(-ii»sp  Ci«Siir  pressed  to  liavc  it,  and  he  had  re- 
wrved  no  ('o|iy :  tliou^li,  to  confess  the  truth,  he  says,  he  toaoi 
it  very  difficult  to  dij^t  the  meanness  of  recanting  his  old 
principles.  "  Hut  tiilieu,"  says  he,  '*  to  all  ri^ht,  true,  hooett 
counsels:  it  ii  incredible,  what  perfidy  there  is  in  those,  who 
want  to  be  leaders,  and  who  really  would  be  so,  if  tliere  wm 
any  faitli  in  them.  1  felt  what  tliey  were  to  my  cost,  when  1 
was  drawn  in,  deserted,  and  betrayed  by  them :  1  resolved  still 
to  act  on  with  them  in  all  tiling  ^  but  found  them  the  same  M 
before;  till,  by  your  advice,  1  came  at  last  to  a  better  mind. 
You  will  till  me,  that  you  advised  me  indeed  to  act,  bat  not 
to  WTite;  it  is  true;  but  1  was  willing  to  put  myself  under  ■ 
necessitv  of  .-uUieriiig  to  my  new  alliance,  and  preclude  tke 
possibility  of  returiiinfr  to  those,  who,  instead  of  pitying  me, 
as  tliey  ought,  never  cense  cnvyin^r  mo.  But  since  those  who 
have  no  power  will  not  love  me,  my  business  is  to  acquire  the 
love  of  those  who  have :  you  will  say,  1  wish  that  you  had  done 
it  long  ago;  I  know  you  wished  it;  and  I  was  a  mere  ass  for 
not  minding  you'." 

Ill  tins  year,  also,  Cicero  wrote  that  celebrated  letter  to 
Lucecius,  in  which  ho  presses  him  to  attempt  the  history  of 
his  transactions :  Lnccems  was  a  man  of  eminent  learning  and 


OF   CICERO.  299 

.697.    Cic.  51.    Com. — Cn.  Cora.  Lcut.  Marcelliuus.    L.  Mar.  Philippui. 

that  this  short  interval  was  distinguished  with  such  a 
of  incidents,  and  unexpected  turns  of  fortune,  as  fiir- 
the  happiest  materials,  both  to  the  skill  of  the  writer, 
i  entertainment  of  the  reader;  that,  when  an. author's 
)n  was  confined  to  a  single  and  select  subject,  he  was 
apable  of  adorning  it  and  displaying  his  talents  than  in 
le  and  diffusive  field  of  general  history ;  but  if  he  did 
nk  the  facts  themselves  worth  the  pains  of  adorning,  that 
lid  yet  allow  so  much  to  friendiship,  to  affection,  and 
J  that  favour,  which  he  had  so  laudably  disclaimed  in 
faces,  as  not  to  confine  himself  scrupulously  to  the  strict 
F  history,  and  the  rules  of  truth. — That,  if  he  would 
ike  it,  he  would  supply  him  with  some  memoirs,  or 
ntaries,  for  the  foundation  of  his  work ;  if  not,  that  he 
'  should  be  forced  to  do,  what  many  had  done  before 
rite  his  own  life ;  a  task  liable  to  many  exceptions  and 
ties ;  where  a  man  would  necessarily  be  restrained  by 
y,  on  the  one  hand,  or  partiality  on  the  other,  either  from 
g^,  or  praising  himself  so  much  as  he  deserved,  &c.  ^ 
1  letter  is  constantly  alleged  as  a  proof  of  Cicero's  vanity, 
;essive  love  of  praise :  but  we  must  consider  it  as  written, 
a  philosopher,  but  a  statesman,  conscious  of  die  greatest 
8  to  his  country,  for  which  he  had  been  barbarously 
. ;  and,  on  that  account,  tlie  more  eager  to  have  them 
^nted  in  an  advantageous  light,  and  impatient  to  taste 
yart  of  that  glory,  when  living,  which  he  was  sure  to 
Dm  them  when  dead :  and  as  to  the  passage  which  gives 
gnce,  where  he  presses  liis  friend  to  exceed  even  the 
of  truth  in  his  praises,  it  is  urged  only,  we  see,  con- 
lly,  and  upon  an  absurd  or  improbable  supposition,  that 
us  did  not  think  the  acts  themselves  really  laudable,  or 
^raising :  but  whatever  exceptions  there  may  be  to  the 

!r,  there  can  be  none  to  the  elegance  and  composition 
etter;  which  is  filled  with  a  variety  of  beautiful  senti- 
illustrated  by  examples,  dniwn  from  a  perfect  know- 
f  history;  so  that  it  is  justly  ranked  among  the  capital 
of  the  epistolary  kind,  which  remain  to  us  from  anti- 
Cicero  had  employed  more  than  ordinary  pains  upon 
was  pleased  with  his  success  in  it :  for  he  mentions  it 
2U8  with  no  small  satisfaction,  a!)d  wished  him  to  get  a 
■  it  from  their  friend  Lucceius.  The  effect  of  it  was, 
icceius  undertook  what  Cicero  desired,  and  probably 
ome  progress  in  it,  since  Cicero  sent  him  the  memoirs, 
le  promised,  and  Lucceius  lived  many  years  after,  in  an 

'  Ep.  Fam.  12. 


uiiiiitiTr(i|iieil  fricmMii]'  witli  liiin,  tliougb   nritb^r  tfab,  n* 
any  ikIkt  nf  lii-'  wntiii;r^  had  tlit>  fortune  to  be  preserved  I 

AM  [x-dpk'N  fVis  anil  iiii-linaiiuii^  Wtraii  now  to  turn  tonidl 
C'iPMir:  will),  (ty  t)u'  I'l'lal  of  )iU  victorit>s  seemed  to  Htb]  A* 
fame  nf  l*i'ni|ti'y  liiinsclf :  am)  l>v  liis  aililress  and  gtraavAj, 
If.tiiieil  ^rouiiii  iii>iiii  liiin  daily  in  autlmrity  and  influence  n 
piiMic  affidr'^.  He  spent  tlie  winter  at  Luca ;  wlittlier  snt 
iiirKtHirse  of  all  ranks  n-sortcd  tu  him  from  Rome.  Hen 
I'liinpi'V  and  CrasHns  wore  ag-.iin  made  friends  l>v  Iiim:  m 
pntji-et  formed,  itjat  tliey  jiliould  jointly  i>eize  tfie  consul 
for  the  next  year,  tliou^li  lliey  liad  not  dceiared  themselra 
iiinilidalL'S  u'itiiiii  tlie  usual  time.  L.  Lloiiiitius  Abenobarbn^ 
ii  profe^^eil  enemy,  wus  one  of  the  <.-oui net! tore ;  uLo,  Uiiakisg 
liiiMNelf  hiire  of  sueeess,  eoiild  not  foHH-ar  bra^jrinj^,  tlut  M  I 
would  elTeet.  wlieii  eonsnl,  what  he  could  not  do  when  pnetWi  ! 
rescind  (.'ie>ar'><  atis  und  n.>cal  him  from  his  ^rernment': 
wliieh  ma<le  tliein  resolve  at  all  hauinia  to  defeat  him.  Whit 
greatly  lavouretl  (lieir  design,  was  the  oltsliiiary  of  the  tribune 
C.  Cuto:  who.  to  revenue  himself  on  Mareelliiius,  for  not  stA- 
foriiiL;  him  to  hold  any  iL-4icmli]ies  of  the  people,  for  promul- 
jratiniT  his  laws,  wuuUf  not  sntfei-  the  consuls  to  hold  any  for 
the  choice  of  the  ma^istratos'.  The  triomvttatc  itupportea  him 
in  this  resolution  till  the  y^-ar  expiriHl,  and  the  govvniment  fell 
into  on  iiiterreiriinm ;  when,  by  faction  and  violoiice,  and  the 


terror  uf  trwiiis,  poured  into  the  city,  thev  extorted  the  con- 
sulship out  ul  the  hand.s  of  Domitius :  ana  secured  it  to  tliem- 


OP  CICBSO.  301 

ti  Oi^9K~VkTi~a»t'~0^  Ctn.  Lmt.  IbnetliDiiv    L.  Hw.  Pbil^pM. 

a  jruung  nobleman,  who  had  impeached  ManiliiM  Crispiu, 
of  prEetoriaa  nak,  and  notorioiuly  guilty,  being  pro- 
by  rumpey^  protectiaii  of  htm,  turnedhii  sUadt  agaimt 
onipcy  bim«etf,  up  diamd  bim  with  many  aines  against 
Miiu> ;   being  ai^udi  uenfore,  by  Pompey,   why  be  did 
ebusc  In  imneacli  hin^  rather  t^n  the  criminal  be  n- 
briskly,  tlint  if  be  wooid  give  ball  to  stand  a  trU* 
lout  raiiiin^  »  c'lril  war,  he  would  aoon  bring  faim  befim 
judges'. 


A-lTtb-GM.    Cit.Hl. 

DuKiNG  tbe  coiilinnance  of  these  tamults,  occasioned  by  the 
loctioit  nf  the  new  consuls,  Cicero  retired  into  the  country; 
^TG  he  Htaid  to  tbe  beginning  of  May,  mncb  oat  of  bumoar, 
disgnfited  both  with  the  Republic  and  fainuelf.  Attieo^S 
lODStant  twivice  to  liim  was,  to  consult  his  safety  and  interest, 
hr  uniting  himself  with  the  men  of  power;  ana  they,  on  their 
art,  were  as  ronstantly  inviting  him  to  it,  by  all  possible 
^Bsoninces  of  tlicir  affection :  but,  in  his  answera  to  Atticus,  he 
obeents,  tliat  tbi-ir  two  cases  were  very  different;  that  Atticus, 
■  having  no  pi?ciiliiir  character,  suffered  no  peculur  indignity; 
nothing  but  what  was  common  to  all  tbe  citizens ;  whereas  his 
own  condition  was  such,  that,  if  lie  suoite  what  he  ought  to  do, 
he  should  be  looked  upon  as  a  ma<liiiaii ;  if  what  was  aseful 
onlv  to  himself,  as  a  slave;  if  notliin;^  at  all,  as  quite  oppressed 
ana  subdued :  that  his  uiiea8iness  wat  the  ^eater,  becaase  he 
could  not  shew  it  without  beiii^  thought  ungrateful  :^"  yiiall 
1  withdraw  myself,  then,"  says  be,  "from  business  and  retire 
to  the  port  of  e^e ?  That  will  not  he  allowed  to  me.  ^tball 
I  follow  these  leaders  to  tbe  wais,  and,  after  bavin;;  refused  to 
command,  submit  to  be  commanded  ?  I  will  do  so ;  for  I  see 
that  it  is  your  advice,  and  wish  that  I  bad  always  followed  it : 
or,  shall  I  resume  my  post,  and  enter  again  into  affairs?  I 
cannot  percuade  myself  to  that,  but  ix^jrjn  tu  think  Phi- 
loxenus  in  the  right ;  who  chose  to  bo  carried  back  to  prison, 
rather  than  commend  the  tyrant's  venes.  TIiIh  it  what  I  am 
now  meditating ;  to  declare  my  dislike  at  least  of  what  they 
are  doing'." 

4r  too  {Kim,  quant  de  Muilii  «piir,  in  conriliuin  jiidirn  mitimn.     Ibiil. 

■  Tu  qnidnn,  ftai  n  lulun  -voXiTinlt,  Umcn  niiUam  liiU'ri  pinpmni  HTtiliiteni ; 


:tO?  THF.    i.iFi: 

.t.lrb.«!MI     I'lt.VJ.    t;.,,.— fu.  riUBiKiU.  Miiou.  11.    M.IjoiiwiCdmI  1 

Sucli  were  tlie  iuritatu>iis  nt'  liis  miiiil  at  tliU  time,  v^^ 
qiiently  MirnifliK  in  hit  letters:  liv  was  now  ut  oneof^nl 
till  tlii-'di'liiflitt'til  >ht>n>  ui  llaiir,  thu  diii'f  place  of  nmts 
l>li>a>urt>  tiir  (lu-  ^reut  uiiil  rich:    Pnmpey  caiue  dolbil 
April,  and  iin  sihiiiit  iirrivtM).  tliiui  lie  sent  bim  his  ff~* 
iiifiitit.  uiiil  ^[H■llt  Ills  wiiolc  lime  with  bim:   tLey  I 
ilitciiiirse  on  public  iitfairs,  in  which  Pompey  exprei 
iiiifasiness  ami  uwnci)  himself  tlissadsfieil  with  bu  owb  pntB 
tlifm;  but  Cicero,  in  his  uccimnt  of  the  conversation,  intiBMi 
Mime  !<uspii-iiiii  of  lii>  sincority'.    In  the  midst  of  this  coiiifi^  I 
»nd  diversion,  Cicero's  entertitiiimeiit  was  in   hia  stupes;  Ml 
he  never  rcsiiU-d  iiny  where  ivitlinnt  securing  to  himself  Ac  I 
usi>  of  a  •rtxhl  library :  here  he  liiut  the  cummaiid  of  FausUtf^  I 
the  sou  of  Sylla.  iiiiil  soii-iti-law  of  I'oinpey ;  one  of  the  bcA  1 
ctilleotions  of  Italy;  gathered  from  the  spoils  of  Greece, vi  I 
e«peciallv  of  AiheiK.  from  wliieh  ^yllu  brought  awav  mof  I 
tbou'SUMf  volumes.     He  had  nobody  in  the  house  with  bim  bit  I 
Diouysius,  a  learned  Greek  slave,  whom  Atticua  liad  imdc  1 
free,  ami    who  was  entrusted  with  the  education  of  the  twa  1 
youn^  I'ieeros,  the  ^iiui  aiul  the  nephew :  witli  this  compoiiioD 
lie  w;ts  tli-voiiring  books,  sini-e  the  wretched  state  of  the  public  ] 
hail  dei>Tived  him,  asi  he  tells  us.  of  all  other  pleai^ures.     "  I 
hud  much  r.iiher,"  mivs  he,  to  Atticus,  "  be  sitting  on  your 
little  iH-neh,  under  Aristotle's  pieture,  tlian  in  the  curule  cnain 
of  our  great  ones:  or  tuking  a  turn  with  you,  in  yourwalk^ 
than  with  him,  whom  it  must,  I  sec.  he  my  fate  to  walk  with: 
Jis  for  the  success  of  tlitit  walk,  let  Fortune  look  to  it,  or  some 
god,  if  there  Iv  any,  who  takes  care  of  us'."     He  mendoiu, 
in  the  siime   letter,  ii  current   report  at  Puteoli,  that  King 
Ptolemy  was  restored ;  and  desires  to  know  what  account  thej 


OF  CICSRO.  808 


fil  at  Rone:- the  report  was  very  true;  for  OabiniiM, 

id  bjr  Ftalemy^B  goMi  and  the  plunder  of  Egypt,  and 

itgBa  dais  aa  aome  write,  by  Pompe^  himself  undertodc 

IJHa  Urn  on  the  throne  with  his  Syrian  army ;  which  he 

fkimA  a  l^h  hand,  and  the  destruction  of  all  the  king's 

^  ~  in  open  defiance  of  the  authority  of  the  senate  and 

of  the  sibyl :  this  made  a  great  noise  at  Ilome, 

the  people  to  such  a  de|p«e,  that  they  resolved 

leel  their  displeasure  for  it,  very  severely,  at  bis 

■l  eoDeagne  Piso  came  home  the  first,  from  his  nearer 
^■Miaii*  3[  Macedonia ;  after  an  inglorious  administration 
jpr  pravinoe^  whence  no  consular  senator  had  ever  returned 
flto  a  trimnph.  For  though,  on  the  account  of  some  trifling 
e  in  ne  field,  he  bra  procured  himself  to  be  saluted 
by  his  army,  yet  the  occasion  was  so  contemptible^ 
aim  dnitt  not  send  any  letters  upon  it  to  the  senate ;  but^ 
f  appuwslng  the  subjects,  plundering  the  allies,  and  losing 
bait  part  en  his  troops,  against  the  neighbouring  barbarians, 
hiraded  and  hdd  waste  the  country,  he  ran  away,  in  dis- 
^  from  a  mutiny  of  the  soldiers,  whom  he  disbanded,  at 
iridiont  their  pay*.  When  he  arrived  at  Rome,  he 
alripped  his  fiances  of  their  laurel,  and  entered  the  city  ob* 
acoiely  and  ignominiously,  without  any  other  attendance  than 
hia  own  retinue*.  On  his  first  appearance  in  public,  trusting 
to  the  authority  of  his  son-in-law,  Csesar,  he  harl  tlic  liardiniMs 
to  attadc  Cicero,  and  complain  to  the  senate  of  his  injuriouM 
treatment  of  him:  but  when  he  began  to  repn>ach  him  with 
the  disgrace  of  his  exile,  the  whole  assembly  inti;rrupt(?d  hitn 
by  a  loud  and  general  clamour^.  Among  other  things  with 
which  he  upbraided  Cicero,  he  told  him,  that  it  was  not  any 
envy  for  wnat  he  had  done,  but  the  vanity  of  what  he  had 

>  ▼id.Dio,1.89,p.  116,&c. 

i  Ez  qna  aUauot  pmtorio  ioiperio,  consuUri  quidcm  iicriio  rediit,  qui  incoliifjii*  fuerit, 
qui  BOB  triumpofurit.    In  Pison.  16. 

Ut  ex  ea  proTincia,  qtue  fuit  ex  omnibus  una  maziino  tritimp^iAli*,  nuJlaa  tit  «d  •eaa 
~   HttefM  mittere  aiuus.     Nuntius  ad  tenatiim  uiiMt»e«t  uulJui.     Ihid.  \if. 


If  itto  de  uniiM  maxima  parte  exemtut.     I  bill.  20, 

Djniiaeliiiim  ut  venit  deccdeni,  obsessut  ett  ab  ii«  iiMii  militibui — Quibii*  cum  jurttu* 
■fllliiiMUl,  te,^u«  deberentur,  p<»tero  die  penirjluttinim ;  domum  m;  aUiidit :  inde  lUKtv 
latonpetU  crepdatat,  Tette  senili  navem  coniccndit.     Ibid.  'Mi. 

s  fibc  itte — Hacedonicus  Imperator  in  urbem  ne  intulit,  ut  nulliu*  nc/ntinUini  obMuri* 
iial  redftns  unqoam  fuerit  deaertior.    Ibid.  23. 

Onm  to— detractam  e  cruentis  fiucibus  lauream  ad  portatn  Kkqtiiliruim  abjerikti. 
Hid.  80. 

4  Tone  ttotna  et  meum  disceMum  ilium — maledicti  et  contumelia;  loco  ponen*?  Quo 
faideni  tampon  ccpi,  patret  conscriptif  fracttim  immortalcni  Tittri  in  ma  amorift— 
Ml  aon  adBiiinniintionef  ted  roce  et  clamora  abjecti  hominii — petulantiam  fregiatii 

2 


:t04  THE    LIFE 

A.l'rb.'.mt,    <'ii    VJ     I  ..-t-L'a.  roBptiut  >fa,n<i>-U      M.  LkiunBll**!)- 

siiil.  wliK-li  liiul  ilrivcn  liim  intu  cxilv;  and  tliutaMug|En 
nf  \>i>. 

was  till'  i-uuM'  of  all  IiU  i-ntiiniity:  )iy  provoking  Piraipn'K'l 
iiiiiko  liiin  f»'ol,  luiw  iniu'li  tin*  power  of  tlie  ti;eneral  «■«  Si^ 
rior  to  tliat  of  tin-  iinitor:  lii'  put  liim  in  mitm,  also,  tbalitMi 
iiipiiit  mill  iingi'ntToiK  to  cxort  l]i«  Milceii  only  against  mm^ 
whom   lie  liiid  rcaioii  In  (■oiiU-mn,  wiiliout  t1arin<r  to  medA 
witli  tliciM'  who  liail  mon-  power,  and  when-  his  rpscntmpntwi 
mort>  diu''.     linl  ii  had  Ih-po  In-ttor  for  him  lo  have  stifled Ui  1 
complainls,  anil  siiflV-rcd  Cici^ro  to  he  qniol;  who,  oxasp«^   | 
hy  hin  iniprndi'iK  :illafk,  inadi>  a  rt-ply  to  him   upon  the  ipo^  1 
ill  itn  invi'fiiv*'  tpci-ch,  thr  M>vi'rest,  pcrliap>i,  iliat  was  tnt  I 
Kpoki-n  liy  Hiiv  man,  on  tho  pi-rson,  tho  pitrr.<,  the  whole  life   ' 
anil  (.■on<Uict  ot   I'lso:  which,  us  ]on<!;  as  the  llomiin  name  snlh 
si«tN,  must  deliver  down  a  most  di-testab1o  eharnctor  of  him  to 
idl  puslerity.      As  to  the  verse,  with  whitli  he  wjw  urged,  he 
ridieulos  the  altsunlity  of  I'iso's  ap)>licati(ni  of  it,  and  teVU  him, 
that    he  hud  eontrived  a  very  cxtniordiniiry  |>nnishment  for 
poor  poets,  if  lln-y  were  to  he  banished  for  every  bad  line; 
Ihat  he  wa*  a  eiitie  of  a  new  kind;  nut  an  Aristarchns,  hula 
};niininitliod   I'halaris;  whl^  instead  nf  e.Tpuiivinfr  the  verse, 
uai  for  destroying  the  atitlior;  that  the  verso  itself  could  not 
imply  an  alTront  to  any  man  whatsoever:  that  he  was  an  am, 
and  did  not  know  his  letteni,  to  imagine,  that,  by  the  gown,  be 
meant  his  own  jrown ;  or  by  arms,  the  arms  of  any  particular 
general :   and  not  to  see,  that  he  was  speaking  only  in  die 
|KH'li(^iI  style;  and.  as  the  one  was  the  emblem  of  peace,  the 
olhrr  of  war,  that  he  eontd  mean  notlunn;  else,  than  that  the 


OF  CICBRO.  305 

iMdSce  of  such  as  Piso;  who  were  contiiiiially  infusing 
^  and  suq>icioii8  into  him,  till  they  had  removed  from 
jQnidence  all  who  loved  either  him  or  the  Republic  '• 
•wit  this  time  the  theatre,  which  Pompey  had  built  at  his 
ickirge,  for  the  use  and  ornament  of  the  city,  was  solemnly 
4cd  and  dedicated :  it  is  much  celebrated  by  the  ancients, 
til  grandeur  and  magnificence :  the  plan  was  taken  from 
jitMlre  of  Mytilene,  but  greatly  enlarged,  so  as  to  receive 
iBMdioosly  forty  thousand  people.  It  was  surrounded  by  a 
/ka,  to  shelter  the  company  in  bad  weather,  and  had  a 
ikt  or  senate-house,  annexed  to  it ;  witli  a  basilica  also,  or 
ffd  haU,  proper  for  the  sittings  of  judges,  or  any  other 
JUic  bunness ;  which  were  all  finished  at  Pompe/s  cost,  and 
smed  ^th  a  great  number  of  images,  formen  by  the  ablest 
Mlen»  of  men  and  women,  famed  for  something  very  re- 
aikable  or  prodi^ous  in  their  lives  and  characters '.  Atticu^^ 
idbrtook  tne  care  of  placing  all  theiie  statues,  for  which 
mr  dbarged  Cicero  with  his  thanks  to  him';  but  what 
this  fiibnc  the  more  surprising  and  splendid,  was  a  beau- 
Ihl  temple^  erected  at  one  end  of  it  to  Venus  the  Con<|ueresA; 
lod  to  eoDtrived,  that  the  seats  of  the  theatre  might  serve 
M  stairs  to  the  temple.  This  was  designed,  it  in  said,  to 
avoid  the  reproach  of  making  so  vast  an  expense  for  the 
mere  use  of  luxury :  the  tem]>le  being  so  placed,  that  those 
who  came  to  the  shows,  might  seem  to  come  to  wor^llip  the 
goddess*. 

At  the  solemnity  of  this  dedication,  Pompey  entertained  the 
people  with  the  most  magnificent  shows,  which  had  ever  been 
ezkibited  in  Rome :  in  the  theatre,  were  st^ige-plays,  prizes  of 
musics  wrestling,  and  all  kinds  of  bmlily  e.\ercisc*s :    in  the 

I  Qnoiuam  te  non  Aristarclium,  scd  graniniatiriini  Phalariin  liAheTnii«>,  qui  non  notam 
tppimii^  ad  malnm  Tersum,  ted  poctam  uruis  proM><|uarc — Quid  nunc  te,  Ahirif ,  litoni* 
doecftm?  Nmi  dixi  banc  togani,  qua  sum  ainictuR,  nee  arma,  scutum  rt  gladium  uniufe 
Impentorii:  led  quod  pads  e»t  insigne  ct  otii,  topi;  contra  autein  annu,  tuniultuii  ac 
Mii,  more poetamm  locutuB,  hoc  intclligi  volui,  belluin  ac  tuniultuni  pati  ntquc  otio 
coutc— amiD — in  altero — hcrercm,  niM  tu  me  rx|)ediKse^.  Nam  rum  tu— d(  tructam  e 
Cfuentia  fiucibus  lauream  ad  portam  Ksquilinani  alijc*  isti,  indiraj>ti,  non  mo<lo  amplift- 
tinutj  led  etiam  ininimae  laudi  laurcam  concessi!ii>c — Vis  I'onipcium  i^to  venu  inimicum 
mihi  ene  factum — Primo  nonne  compcnHabit  cum  uno  vei^iculo  tot  mca  Tolumina 
Undam  tuarum  ?  Vcstne  fraudes, — vcbtne  criminatiuneb  insidianini  nieanim — eHt-ccnint 
at  cap  ezduderer,  &r.     In  Pison.  30,  31. 

*  rompcius  Magnus  in  ornanieuti<«  theatri  niirubilcs  fania  po»uit  inia^rincM :  ol>  id 
diligcntius  magnorum  artifirum  ingeniis  elabt^ratari  :  int<-i-  quu»  Kiriiur  Kut\ch«.',  st  %iginti 
libciia  Togo  illata,  enixa  tnginta  partus;  Alcippe,  Klephantuni.     Plin.  Hint.  7.  3. 

*  Tibi  etiam  gnitias  ;igelMit,  quod  t^'uma  coniiN>ncndu  8UfeC('pi^>'e^.     Ad  Att.  4.  .9. 

*  Qnnm  Poni|>oiu»,  inquit,ardem  Victoria;  dedicatunis  esMrt,  ciiju«»graduh  vicem  theatri 
Cttcnt,  &c.     A.  Cell.  x.  1.     Vid.  Tertull.  de  S[M,'ctac. 

E^ion  Cawius  mentions  it,  as  a  tradition  he  iiad  mot  with,  that  thin  theiitrc  waa  not 
rr^Mj  bnilt  by  Pompey,  but  bv  his  frccdnian,  Dcnietriu-*,  wlio  ha^l  uiadi*  liiniself  richer 
than  bla  master,  by  attending  liim  in  his  wnt>;  and,  to  take  ofr  the  envy  of  raihing  so  vant 
an  ciNtf,  laid  out  a  conaidGnble  part  of  it  ujran  the  thi*atre,  and  gave  the  iiouour  of  it  to 
Pompey.    Dio,  p.  KKT.    Sencc.  dfe  Tranq.  Anim.  c.  V-. 

X 


'JMB'  "Tve  life 

A-l'rheie     Cic.S3     Cod   -eB.K«pri«M*fiitull.    M.Udaii 

orciH,  lionie- races,  and  huntings  of  wild  beasts,  fc 
tuccvmiwiy,  in  which  five  bundrrd  lions  were  killedi|M 
the  last  day,  twenty  elepliaats;  whost?  lamentable  n 
vben  mortally  wounded,  raised  such  a  coininUenitiaD  ■ 
nultitude,  fruin  a  vul^r  uotion  of  their  ^eat  »en«e  wl 
10  raarii  that  it  destroyed  tlic  whole  diversion  of  thtskiMr 
drew  curses  on  Pompey  himself,  for  beintr  the  autlior  d 
nuch  cruelty ' :  so  true  it  is,  what  Cicero  observi>s  of  iU*1| 
of  prodigality,  that  there  is  no  real  <ligiiily,  or  k 
m  It :  tlmt  it  satiate!!,  while  it  pleases,  and  is  for^tten,  ■* 
n  it  is  over'.  It  gives  us,  however,  a  genuine  idekttfl 
wealth  and  grandeur  of  these  principal  subjects  of  ^^ 
who,  from  their  private  rei'euues,  could  raise  such  noble  bl 
iags,  and  provide  such  shows,  from  the  several  quartets  til 
world,  which  no  monarch  on  eartli  is  now  able  to  exhiUt. 
Cicero,  contrary  to  his  custom,  was  present  at  these  il 
out  of  compliment  to  Pompey,  and  gives  a  pardcular  M 
of  them  to  his  friend  M.  Marius,  who  could  not  be  dravflfl 
tkem  from  his  books  and  retreat  in  the  country.  "  The  C 
actors,"  eaya  he,  "  who  had  left  the  stage,  came  on  to  itl( 
in  honour  to  Pompey ;  but,  for  the  sake  of  tlteir  owo  h 
ought  rather  to  have  staid  away ;  our  friend  ^sopus  ap_ 
to  be  quite  sunk  and  worn  out;  so  that  all  people  seemed II 
tnr  to  fip^nt  him  his  quietus;  for,  in  attempting  to  laiie'- 
voice,  where  he  had  occasion  to  swear,  his  speech  fiilteredH^I 
Jailed  him.  In  the  other  plays,  the  vast  apparatus,  and  orowMl 
machinery  which  raised  the  admiration  of  the  mob,  spoiled  te  I 
entertainment:  six  hundred  mules,  infinite  treasures  of  plaX^l 
troops  of  horse  and  foot  fighting  on  the  stage.  The  huntil^l 
indeed,   were   magnificent:    but  what  pleasure,    to  a   man  rf ' 


Me    to  j&opu*,    1    would  wiUiiigljr  oait  iW  it^r. 

with  yau,  ana  such  as  you,  in  m  poliie  awl  Hbml 

It  rity  continued,  for  a  great  part  of  Uih  •uiiuDrT,  viUwiU 

lual  ii)a;riHtrut«s :  for  tlie  eleclioiH,  whicb  Uad  been  post- 

from  die  laiit  year,  were  still  kept  off  l>y  the  ™«m..U,  (JU 

ounld  settle  tliem  to  their  minds,  and  Mvurc  thvn  tv  tlwir 

BWtures :  which  they  effected,  at  laH,  except  in  tbc  tarn 

n  tribunes,  who  «lip|>e<I  into  Hir  office  SffunM  tbdr  ■iU: 

die  most  remarkable  repuhe  k-ml,  of  M.  Calo  baat  tke 

ihip,  which  was  given  to  Vatlnius:  fruca  tiur  heat  dttMS 


\e  won't.  Cato,  u^kiii  hi«  return  (rom  the  Cypnan  rojMi^ 
ompliinented  by  the  ftenaie,  for  ihtU  mwicp,  wnfa  Uw  oftv 
i  praetor&hip  in  an  eitraordJDaiy  muraer'.  Bat  h«  it- 
I  the  compliment,  thinking  it  »ore  ad^rMaUc  to  Ui 
■cler  to  obtain  it  in  the  ardira(r\-  my,  by  the  free  rhtif* 
le  people :  but  when  tite  fdection  tauiie  on,  in  wbic^  W 
I  Ibougot  sure  of  suocesa,  FoDipey  broke  up  the  mmtmhif, 
— 'enc«  of  somewhat  inaaspicioas  in  the  hearem,  and,  by 
■  Bod  management,  got  V'atinitw  d*x-Wrrd  praMo^  wfa* 
!en  repuUed  the  year  before,  with  dMgnce,  (ram  iks 
lip*:  but  this  being  carried  bv  fwoe  of  mooey,  MhI 
/  to  produce  an  impmchmeiit  of  \  atitiim,  Afnniaa  mored 
I  for  a  decree,  that  the  prwtori  «houhl  not  be  t|nestiofk«l  &m 
bribery  after  their  eteclittn,  u  hicL  pa-iied.  ttfoaitkt  the  fjeneral 
humour  of  the  senate,  with  an  exception  only  of  «iily  liayH,  in 
'  which  they  were  to  be  considered  is  private  men.  The  pre- 
'  fence  for  the  decree  wan,  that  so  mueh  of  the  year  being  apenti 
die  whole  would  pass  without  any  prsetora  at  all,  if  a  liherty  of 
impeaching  was  allowed.  "  From  this  moment,"  uy*  Cicero, 
"tney  have  given  the  excluoion  to  Cato;  ami,  beiitg  matter* 
of  all,  resolve  that  all  the  world  shall  know  it'." 

Cicero's  Palatine  house,  and  the  adjoining  portico  of  Catulna, 
were  now  finished,  and,  as  he  and  bis  brother  were  the  curators, 
likewise,  of  tlie  repairs  of  the  temple  of  Teilus',  so  they  seem 
to  have  provided  some  inscriptions  for  these  buildings  in  honour 
ami  memory  of  themselves:  but,  since  no  public  in»criptJo»s 

Stiuiut  nlitionnn  iDUrpool  jnhrtKi.  ut  inHonii  tomitim 

■  Pnxiiiu  daucDtiB  niBruu — qncmiun  qncDi  hcrnoRm  Cuoni  lu^Trrut,  Tmtiaia 
n  oMetl  imu.    Vil.  M».  f.  5.     Vlut.  in  Pomp. 

*  A.  D.  III.  Id.  Hiii  S.  C.  behim  nt  de  imbim  in  Afruii  Hntniliun.  Btd  magu 
OB  geniw  BruIb).  Conniln  nan  lunl  pcnccuii  mrum  Knuntiu :  qui  Afniiia  turn 
■eat  ■wiiiiii  iddidRiiDt,  ul  prstar«  iu  crarcnlur,  u<  din  LX.  prinii  cHent. — Bo  di* 
itaMB  plme  npuduniDt.  Qoul  mulu  ?  Tcorat  oouiu.  idquc  iU  omna  iDtcllignB 
Ant.     AdQ  ■  ■  "  " 


30* 

A.I-A.CM.  fk  S3.  L'«.t.- C«.P-ipriiiiMip™.n.  M.lirM»Ci-»IL  | 
could  be  net  up,  unless  by  public  sutliority,  they  trateil 
bemive  of  an  oppoBition  mm  Clodius.  Cicero  mendm 
aae  to  l*oin|iey,  who  promispd  his  assistance,  but  adnMall 
to  txlk  hIm)  with  Cth8Sus,  which  he  took  occasion  to^HH 
attended  liim  home  one  dav  from  the  senate.  Cnusost 
undertook  the  uflair,  and  toU  him,  that  Clodius  had  >?<"^ 
carrv  for  liiiniielf,  hy  I'nmpey's  help  and  hix,  and  that,  if  Cin| 
would  not  opiHKW  C'hxliiis  he  was  persuaded  that  t~ 
would  not  disturb  him;  tii  which  Cicen>  consented.  CW 
business  was  'o  procure  one  of  thoxe  free  or  honorary  li 
nancies,  that  he  nii^ht  ^o  with  a  public  character  to  Byi 
and  kinff  Bro^itarns,  to  gather  the  money  which  tliey  e 
him  f«ir  |Mist  servicen,  "  As  it  Ls  a  mere  money  matter,"  ■ 
Cicero,  '*  1  shall  not  concern  myself  about  it,  whether  1  (■■a 
my  own  |>oint  or  not.  tliough  Pompey  and  Crassiis  have  jonlh -1 
undertaken  it;  but  he  seems  to  have  obtained  what  he  dedn^t  | 
Hoce,  besides  the  intended  inscriptions,  he  mentions  a  ■ 
also  of  his  brother,  which  he  had  actually  erected  at  the  teo^  I 
ofTellus'." 

Trebonius,  one  of  the  tribunes  in  the  interests  of  the  tti-  | 
umviratp,  published  a  law,  for  the  assignment  of  provinces  U 
the  consuls  for  the  term  of  five  years  :  to  Pompey,  Spain  tod  ' 
Afric;  to  Crassiis,  Syria,  and  the  Parthian  war,  with  the 
power  of  raising  what  forces  they  thought  fit :  and  that  Oesai's 
commission  shoidd  be  renewed  also  for  five  years  more.  Tbf 
law  was  opfHtsed  by  the  generality  of  the  senate ;  and,  abon 
all,  by  Cutts  Pavonius,  and  two  of  the  tribunes,  C.  Atdm 
Capitis  and  P.  Aquilius  Gallus :  but  the  superior  forM  of  the 
dHisuls  and  the  other  tribunes  prevailed,  and  cleared  the  Foma 
by  violence  of  alt  their  opponents.     The  law  was  i 


*«  Wing  dre«8ed  up  a  little  alur,  Miwd  naiy  with  a  itm 
4  Bcrifice  to  devote  him  to  deMroctioa '.  AlmM  wis  aJiew 
^Hs  turned  out  of  tbe  senate  br  Appiin,  wbea  he  ■ 
*  ftlsifviDg  the  auspices  on  iM&  oMasioD ;  but  tbe  i 
Iteof  Craseus  sopported  tbe  credit  of  tbem;  and  c 
H  Tuigar  opiniun  of  the  ineritable  force  of  tboM  andeat  fiBi% 
tdrawiDj;  down  the  divine  venevanee  on  all,  vks  pnaaBaa 
'contemn  them'.  Appius  wa»  odp  of  ibe  aagan;  aad  dw 
Jy  one  of  tbe  colletre,  who  maintained  tlw  tratli  of  thdr 
paiei,  and  the  reality-  of  diTiaatJoo;  &v  ^i4  W  «^ 
^bed  at  by  the  rest ;  «bo  charged  him  abo  witfc  ■•  afaii^ 
y,  in  die  reason,  which  be  MihMrnbevL  for  kk  eeaMre  tf^ 
nnt,  viz.  that  be  had  £alsi£e<i  tbe  aatfitet,  and  hr— )gCl  a 
M  calamity  on  the  Roman  people :  br  if  tbe  ammem,  ibqr 
i,  were  false,  tliey  could  nitt  pamMj  bare  aof  CMS,  «r  k 
r  cause  of  that  calamity'.  But  tboneb  tbey  were  m 
y  forged,  it  u  certain,  bowerer,  thai  ibey  hail  a  real  ii 
Uie  overtbrow  of  CraMos :  for  tbe  terror  of  them  ^ad  deeply 
iseased  tlie  minds  of  the  soldiers,  and  made  tbem  Ivra  rvety 
ng  wliicb  they  saw,  or  beard,  to  an  omen  ut  ibeir  T«ta;  ^ 
tt  when  the  enemy  appeared  in  ngbt,  they  wm  Mrack  wntk 
:h  a  panic,  that  they  bad  not  courage  or  spirit  e 
make  a  tolerable  rwistance. 
CrassuA  was  desirous,  before  lie  left  Rome,  t 
Cicero :  they  had  never  iiv>tn  real  friends  but  KtiM 
site  in  party ;  and  Cicero's  early  en^agemenu  with  Pmnpey 
pt  bim,  of  course,  at  a  distance  from  Ciawtu  :  tbeir  mldneat 
a  still  increased  on  account  of  CadlineN  plot,  of  whii-h  Cra^ 
I  was  strongly  suspected ;  and  charged  Cicero  with  l»eing  tbe 
tfaor  of  that  suspicion  :  tbey  carried  it,  however,  on  hoOi  wka, 
th  much  decency;  out  of  regard  to  CraiMn'<>  ton,  Fubliu*,  a 
jfessed  admirer  and  disciple  of  Cicero;  till  an  accidental  de- 
te  in  the  senate  blew  up  iheir  secret  grtulge  intA  an  open 
arrel.  The  debate  wat  upon  Gabinius,  whom  Crawut  un- 
rtook  to  defend,  with  inany  -4-vert-  reflectioiM  upi/n  (.'tcfTo; 
mlied,  willi  ii'>  k-«>  acrimony,  and  i^are  a  h-tr  rent  t/f 
1  resentment  of  CrsL4sii«'s  many  injuries  wbidi  Iwd  U-wi 
theriiig,  he  says  'fveml  year*,  but  bin  d<«naant  *-i  hma,  that 
took  it  to  be  extin^rui-tlied,  till,  frum  tfai*  accidi^it,  it  bnntt 

Dio,3.  39.  p.  I'm.     Phil.lrvf™*-. 


lo  replit 
It  old  re 


310  THE    LIFE 

A.  t'rb.6W.    ClcK.    Iw^-Cb.  PompcLut  Migiiui  11. 

out  into  a  flame.  The  quarrel  gave  great  joy  to  the  d 
the  iwnate,  who  highly  applauded  Cicero,  in  hopes  to  e 
him  with  the  lriHm«nite :  out  Pompey  laboured  hard  to  a 
it  upi  mid  C'H^ir  also,  by  letter,  expressed  his  iineauneia  n^ 
it ;  and  bfggeil  it  of  Cit-cro  as  a  favour,  to  be  recondled  « 
Craxsus;  sa  tluit  lie  could  not  hold  out  against  an  interafl 
so  powerful,  and  so  well  enforced  by  his  affection  to  T^i^l 

mtnu  p*l 


their  recon filiation  was  confirmed  by  mol 
feffiioiis  of  a  tdnccro  friendship  for  the  future ;  and  Ci 

S't-e  a  public  teittini'itty  of  it  to  the  city,  invited  himself  j^l 
fere  his  departure,  to  sup  with  Cicero;  who  entertained Wf 
in  the  gardens  of  his  son-in-law  Crassipes*.  'I'hese  gards 
were  upon  the  banks  of  the  Tiber,  and  seem  to  have  be 
famous  for  their  beauty  and  situation* :  and  are  the  only  pmf  I 
which  we  meet  with  of  the  splendid  fortunes  and  condition  rf  I 
Crassipcs. 

Cicero  spent  a  great  part  of  the  summer  in  the  country  it 
study  and  retreat;  pleased,  he  sa>-s,  that  he  was  out  mtkt  I 
way  of  those  Mjiiabbles,  where  he  must  either  have  defeiuM  | 
what  he  did  not  approve,  or  deserted  the  man  whom  he  oag;kl 
not  to  forsiikc'.  In  thiN  retiremoitt,  he  put  the  last  hand  to 
his  piece,  on  the  Complete  Orator,  which  he  sent  to  Atticns, 
and  promists  also  to  send  to  Lentulus;  telling  Mm,  that  be 
liad  intermittc<t  his  old  task  of  orations,  and  betaken  himself 
to  the  milder  and  gentler  studies;  in  wliich  he  hod  finished,  to 
his  satiMfaotioii.  three  books,  by  way  of  dialogue,  on  the  subject 
of  the  orator,  in  Aristotle's  manner,  which  would  be  of  use  to 
his  son,  young  Lentulus,  being  drawn,  not  in  the  ordinary  way 
of  the  schools,  and  the  dry  method  of  precepts,  but  compre- 
hending nil  that  the  ancients,  and  especially   Aristotle  i    ' 


OF    CICEHl).  31  1 

Si's.    Li..oJ,    CuH.— Cu.  I'oiupciui  Muguu.  II.     M.  LiimimCraitui  I!. 

Uiree  books  contiun  as  many  dialogues,  uimim  tbe  cbu- 
aad  idea  of  the  [lerfect  new  omtur :  the  priDcipal  speakers 
P.  Crassus  and  M.  Antonius;  persons  of  the  first  dignity 
I  Republic,  and  tlie  greatest  masters  of  eloquence,  wliicn 
le  ImwI  tlien  known :  tliey  were  nearly  forty  years  older 
Ciwro,  and  the  first  Romans  who  could  pretend  to  dispute 
prize  of  oratory  with  the  Greeks,  and  who  carried  tlie  I^tin 
jue  to  a  degree  of  perfection)  which  left  little  or  no  room 
any  furtlier  improrement'.  The  disputation  was  under- 
en  at  the  desire  and  for  the  instruction  of  two  young  orators 
great  hopes,  C.  Cotta  and  P.  Siilpicius,w]io  were  tlien  bc- 
linning  to  nourish  at  the  bar :  Cicero  himself  was  not  present 
.t  it,  but  being  informed  by  Cotta,  of  the  principal  heads,  and 
j|eneral  arj^umenl  of  the  whole,  supplied  the  rest  from  his 
•avn  invention,  agreeably  to  the  different  style  and  manner, 
wlucJi  those  great  men  were  known  to  pursue ;  and  with  de- 
-ns^  to  do  honour  to  the  memory  of  them  both,  but  especially 
flC  Crassus  who  bud  been  the  director  of  his  early  studies ; 
tntl  to  whom  he  assigns  the  defence  of  that  notion,  which  he 
Umsclf  always  entertained,  of  the  character  of  a  consummate 
ipeaker'. 

Atlicus  was  exceedingly  pleased  with  this  treatise,  and  com- 
mended it  to  tbe  skies ;  but  objected  to  the  propriety  of  dis- 
mUaing  Scfevola  from  this  disputation,  after  he  liad  once  been 
introduced  into  the  first  dialogue.  Cicero  defends  himself  by 
the  example  of  their  god,  Phito,  as  he  calls  him,  in  his  book  on 
Goverument;  where  the  scene  being  laid  in  the  house  of  an 
old  gentleman,  Cephalus,  the  old  man,  after  bearing  a  part  in 
the  lirst  conversation,  excuses  himself  that  he  mubt  go  to 
prayers,  and  returns  no  more;  Plato  not  thinking  it  suitable 
to  the  character  of  his  age,  to  be  detained  in  tlie  company 
through  so  long  a  discourse  ;  that,  with  greater  reason,  there- 
fore, tie  had  used  the  same  caution  In  the  case  of  Scasvola ; 
lincc  it  was  not  decL'iit  to  supjiosy  a  ptTson  of  his  dignity, 


pnMatat— Trie 

nnio  ip»  m 

iior  qiiB 

m  Artoniu 

^vq"^ 

idciro 

p« 

1,  Ul 

Ji«n 

di  Latim 

prima  tDUutlUi 

MUEl  no 

r,  j»n 

>d 

j^d^i.  >b  h 

•WHifiii^ 

innniclior"    Brut.  275, 

pomt  ni» 

qui» 

pbii 

»phi^. 

Nvne  lA  Antmium,  Cr. 

•.     N« 

n  ego 

0  ho 

ontorta 

(oiMC  muimo* 
lUd.  250. 

■  No.  mioi. 

>C  in  bit  pn 

iDiimcu 

ic™™™ 

nglori. 

LaTin 

dite 

ndico 

inm 

qui    ipti    MIT 

n«ii  non 

intcrfuiw 

cm  111, 

t  quib 

.1  C 

CotU 

Un 

..mmodo 

lacoi  m  *entcn 

fu  huiu.  d 

■putatio 

i>  iradidis 

lel,  qu 

in  e 

oratio 

r-'K 

Lp.um. 

>du 

mbrare  eon 

Out.  3.4. 

Ut  a  (Cnw 

),  «M    r« 

niqiuim  ptrem  illiiu  ingenio,  ■( 

pre 

Umen  •India 

rarcnm 

III.     lUd. 

OP   CICEIIO. 

rb.C«9.    Tic  iS.    (.'<~— 1^  Domiiiu.  .thcDflUrbiu.    A.  CljxidMi*  Pakfc«. 

i;   and  bids  ttim  look  upon  that  letter)  as  a  lea; 

which,  on  hia  part,  should  be  inviolably  observed' 
!  month  of  February  beins  generally  einploycil  in 
ice  to  foreign  princes  ana  ambassaaor),  Alltio(;llu^ 
na^ene,  a  territory  on  the  bunks  of  the  Euphrates', 

a  petition  to  tlie  senate,  for  some  new  honour,  or 
which  was  commonly  decreed  to  princes  in  allianc. 
public:  but  Cicero,  being  in  a  rallying  humour, 
itition  so  ridiculous,  that  the  honse  rejected  it,  ai 
nion,  reserved,  likewise,  out  of  his  jurisdiction,  otic 
neipal  towns.  Zeugma,  in  which  was  the  cliief  bridf^'  mta 
e  over  tlie  Euphrates.     Caesar,  in  his  eoniulsliip,  had 
d  to  this  king  the  honour  of  the  praete.xta,  or  the  robe  of 
iman  magistrates ;  which  was  always  dlsagreeablr  to  the 
y,  who  did  not  care  to  see  tliese  petty  princes  put  upon 
me  rank  with  themselves;    so  that  Cicero,  calling  out 
;he  nobles,  "  will  you,"  savs  he,  "  who  rcfuwd  tbe  pm- 
n  the  king  of  Bostra,  suffer  this  Comageniaii  to  Mrut  in 

?"     But  tliis  disappoiiitment  wa^  not  more  mortiMng 

king  than  it  was  to  the  consuls,  whose  best  perquisites 
Itawn  ^m  these  complimento,  which  were  always  repaid 
h  presents;  so  that  Appiiis,  who  had  been  latelv  recon- 
xt  Cicero,  and  pnid  a  particular  court  to  him  a(  tVv  time, 
d  to  him,  by  Atticus,  and  their  common  friends,  to  suffer 
!tit)ong  of  this  sort  to  pass  quietly,  nor  destroy  the  usual 
(t  of  the  month,  and  make  it  quite  barren  to  him', 
ero  made  an  excursion  this  spring  to  visit  his  several 
and  estates   in   the   country;    and,  in  his  Cuman  villa, 

"  A  Treatise  on  Folilics ;  or,  on  the  best  State  of  a 
ind  the  Duties  of  a  Citizen ;"  ho  calls  it  a  great  and 
lus  work,  yet,  worthy  of  his  pains,  if  he  could  itucceed  in 
f  not,  I  shall  throw  it,"  says  he,  "  into  that  sea  which  is 
efore  me,  and  attempt  something  else,  since  it  Is  impos- 
or  me  to  be  idle."  It  was  drawn  up  in  the  form  of  a 
ue,  in  which  the  greatest  persons  of  the  old  Kepublic 
ntroduced,  debating  on  the  origin  and   best  constitution 


AhHu..     V  idct  fnim.  u  h.«  gtn 

icrc  dknidi* 

mm.     EiimquG  luti  jnCDW  ulit 

:  n.T.'  '"' 

lum  in  Euphntr.  Zturaa:   ff\ 

nir:™..!: 

rzv;;'.,!riri,zrb,s; 

111  f«.-a.?-M-ilu  Jiii  Id  igno- 

tan,  quibua  Iniut  nl  rlpl«lit- 
^    U  Quim.  2.  12.       "^ 

Q„„  g«. 

tf*  <y>iiin>oU»  A|^*u>  totuK  me 

A.  Veil.  (iW-    Cu:.  U.    t'oM.— L.  Dommui 

how  afS^'cable  )ii»  brother's  compiuiy  was  to  him,  by  the 
of  their  old  afTirctiun :  and  since  be  was  dow  removed  to 
a  distance  from  him,  he  would  lake  care,  that,  in  their 
want  of  each  otiier,  he  should  have  cause  at  least  to  i^oia^^ 
that  his  brotlier  was  with  liim,  tather  thao  any  one  else.  Hi 
thanks  him,  also,  fur  sending  the  lawyer  Trebatius  to  hiiu,Ml 
says  upon  it,  jocosely,  that  there  was  not  a  mao  before  iBtt 
army,  who  knew  huw  to  draw  a  ren^izance.  Cicero^  io  Ui 
account  of  his  letter  to  his  brother,  says,  "  it  is  kind  in  fOt 
and  like  a  brother,  to  press  me  to  this  ^endship,  thongk  I 
am  running  tliat  way  apace,  myself,  and  sliaU  do,  what  lAi 
happens  to  travellers,  who,  rising  later  than  they  intemfat 
yet,  by  quickening  their  speed,  came  sooner  to  tbeir  joime;^ 
end  tlian  if  they  had  sot  out  earlier ;  so  I,  who  have  orcMlq* 
myself  in  my  obser\'ance  uf  this  man,  though  you  were  t» 
queutly  rousing  me,  will  correct  my  past  laziness  by  memSfli 
my  pace  for  the  future."  But  as  to  his  seeking  arty  adraatm 
or  personal  benefit  from  this  alliance,  "  believe  me,"  says  it, 
"  you  who  know  me,  I  have  from  him  already  what  I  mnt 
value,  the  assurance  of  his  affection,  which  I  prefer  to  all  iht 
great  things  that  he  offers  me  '^."  In  another  letter  hesqi^ 
"  I  lay  no  great  stress  on  his  promises,  want  no  farther  hon- 
ours, nor  desire  any  new  glory,  and  wish  nothing  more  bat 
tlie  continuance  of  his  esteem,  yet  live  sdll  in  such  a  course  <f 
ambition  and  fatigue,  as  if  1  were  expecting  what  1  do  not 
really  desire '." 

lint  though  In'  iniidi'  no  use  of  Ciestr's  generosity  for  liim- 


OF    CICERO,  J17 

.  sS,     V'oa.—l..  D<>D>li>u«  AlLfDoLorbus.     A.  C'Uuiliii*  VuIcIkt. 

it  show  both  what  a  share  he  possessed,  at  this  time 
B  confluence,  and  with  what  an  affectionate  zeal  he 
a  lecommend  his  friends. 


CICERO    TO    CjESAH,    EMPEROB. 

pSep,  how  I  have  persuaded  myself  to  consider  you  as  a 
"nd  self;  not  only  m  what  affects  my  own  interest,  but  in 
t  concerns  my  friends:  I  had  resolved,  whithersoever  I 
t  abroad,  to  carry  C.  Trebatius  along  witii  me,  tliat  I 
^t  bring  him  home,  adorned  with  the  fruits  of  my  care  and 
nteBB :  out  since  Pompey's  stay  in  Rome  has  been  longer 
I  I  expected,  and  my  own  irresolution,  to  which  you  are 
b  Btranger,  vrill  either  wholly  hinder,  or,  at  least,  retard  my 
5  abroad  at  all ;  see  what  I  have  taken  upon  myself:  1 
^  n  presently  to  resolve,  that  Trebatius  should  expect  the 
ne  things  from  you,  which  he  had  been  hoping  for  from  me; 
_r  did  1  assure  liim  with  less  frankness  of  your  good  will, 
jAti  1  used  to  do  of  my  own;  but  a  wonderful  incident  fell 
.ut,  botli  as  a  testimony  of  my  opinion,  and  a  pled^re  of  your 
!|hilii>Aiiity ;  for  while  I  was  talking  of  this  very  Trebatius,  at 
Ixoy  bouse,  with  our  friend  Balbus,  your  letter  was  delivered 
I  to  me,  in  the  end  of  which  you  said,  as  to  M.  OrRus,  whom 
you  recommended  to  me,  I  will  make  him  even  king  of  Gaul, 
or  lieutenant  to  Lepta ;  send  me  another,  therefore,  if  you 
please,  wliom  I  may  prefer.  We  lifted  up  our  hands,  both  I 
and  Balbus ;  the  occasion  was  so  pat,  that  it  seemed  not  to  be 
accidental,  but  divine.  I  send  you,  therefore,  Trebatius  :  and 
send  him  so,  as  at  first  indeed  1  designed,  of  my  own  accord, 
but  now  also  by  your  invitation:  embrace  him,  my  dear  Caesar, 
with  all  your  usual  courtesy ;  and  whatever  you  could  be  in- 
duced to  do  for  my  friends,  out  of  your  ree;ard  to  me,  confer 
it  all  singly  upon  liim  1  will  be  iinswerablc  for  the  man  ;  not 
in  my  former  style,  which  you  justly  rallied,  when  I  wrote  to 
you  about  Milo,  but  in  the  true  Roman  phrase,  which  men  of 
sense  use  ;  that  there  is  not  an  honester,  worthier,  modester 
man  living ;  I  must  add,  what  makes  the  principal  part  of  his 
cbaracter,  that  he  has  a  singular  memory,  and  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  the  civil  law.  I  ask  for  him  neith^-r  a  regiment,  nor 
fovemment,  nor  any  certain  piece  of  preferment:  I  ask  your 
enevolence  and  generosity  ;  yet  am  not  against  the  adorning 
him,  whenever  you  shall  think  proper,  with  those  trappings 
also  of  glory  :  in  short,  I  deliver  the  whole  man  to  you,  from 
my  hand,  as  we  say,  into  your's,  illustrious  for  victory  and 
faith.     But  I  am  mure  importunate  than  I  need  to  be  to  you ; 


> 


A.l'rb.tm9.    C'».U.    C'<i«.-L.l>omiduiAkaii>bwbiu.    A. CIuhUiu PakU. 

of  government;  Sdpio,  LBelius,  Pbilus,  Maniliiu,  &c.'  TW: 
whole  watt  to  be  distributed  into  nine  books,  each  of  them  An 
subjoct  of  one  day's  disputation  :  when  lie  liad  fiiiisbed  the  tvt 
first,  tliey  were  read  in  hia  Tusculan  villa,  to  some  of  Vt 
friends:  where  Sallust,  who  was  one  of  the  company,  ftdnit^ 
him  to  change  liia  plan,  and  treat  the  Kuliject  in  his  own  pa>^ 
•on,  as  Aristotle  had  done  before  him ;  alleging,  that  the  lab*) 
diiction  of  those  ancients,  instead  of  adding  graTity,  gave  ■ 
air  of  romance  to  the  ari^ument,  which  would  nave  toe  gmta 
weight,  when  delivered  from  himself,  as  being  the  work,  notrf 
a  little  sophist,  or  contemplative  theorist,  but  of  a  cotu  ' 
senator  and  statesman,  conversant  in  the  greatest  a^r^ 


writing  what  his  own  practice,  and  the  experience  of  idmt 
years,  had  taught  him  to  be  true.  These  reasooa  aeeniM 
very  plausible,  and  made  him  think  of  altering  Lis  scheme: 
especially,  since,  by  throwing  the  scene  so  far  back,  he  pre> 
eluded  himself  from  touching  on  those  important  revolutiont  tt 
the  Republic,  which  were  later  than  the  period  to  which  it 
confined  himself:  but,  after  some  deliberaDon,  being  nnwilling 
to  throw  away  the  two  books  already  finished,  with  which  m 
was  much  pleaded,  lie  resolved  to  stick  to  the  old  plao,  and  m 
be  had  preferred  it  from  the  first,  for  the  sake  of  avoiding 
offence,  so  he  pursued  it  without  any  other  alcerittion,  than  that 
of  reducing  the  number  of  books  from  nine  to  six;  in  whidi 
fonn  tliey  were  afterwards  published,  and  survived  faiaa  fiir 
several  ages,  though  now  unfortunately  lost*. 

From   tiie  fragments  of  this    work,  which  Still   remain,  it 


op  CICKHO.  Jlo 

'.   Ck.  is.    Cun.— L.  Uumiiiui  AlicDoUrbut.    A.  Cliiidlui  f^lkl'er. 

jr :  of  the  origin  of  society ;  the  nature  of  law  and  obli- 
;  tile  eternal  difference  ol  right  aiicl  wrong;  of  justice 
J  the  only  good  policy,  or  foundation  either  of  public  or 
private  prosperity:  ao  tliat  he  calls  his  six  book»,  so  many 
mtdge»  givet\  to  the  public  for  the  integrity  of  liis  conduct  . 
TAc  younjfer  Scipio  wan  the  principal  speaker  of  the  dialogue, 
whose  part  it  was,  to  assert  the  excellency  of  the  Roman  con- 
ttitution.  preferable  to  tliat  of  all  other  states ' :  who,  in  the 
oxtb  book,  under  the  fictiou  of  a  dream,  which  is  still  pre- 
letred  to  us,  takes  occasion  to  inculcate  the  doctrine  of  the 
immortality  of  the  soul  and       '  ,  in  a  manner  so 

lively  and  entertaining,  that  i.  luis  ueen  me  standing  pattern, 
ever  since,  to  the  wits  of  succeeding  ages,  for  attempting  the 
nme  method  of  instilling  moral  lessons,  id  the  forms  of  dreams 
ur  visions. 

He  was  now  drawn  at  last  into  a  particular  intimacy  and 
correspondence  of  letters  with  Ctesar,  who  liad  long  been  en- 
deavouring to  engage  him  to  bis  friendship,  and,  with  that 
view,  had  invited  his  brother  Quintus  to  be  one  of  his  lieu- 
tenanta  in  Gaul;  where  Quintus  to  pay  liis  court  the  better 
to  bis  general,  joined  heartily  in  jiresstng  his  brother  to  an 
union  with  Lim,  instead  of  adhering  so  obstinately  to  Pompey, 
who,  as  he  tells  him,  was  neither  so  sincere,  nor  so  generous 
a  friend  as  Ciesar  *■  Cicero  did  not  dislike  the  advice,  and 
expressed  a  readiness  to  comply  with  it,  of  which  Balbus  gave 
an  intimation  to  Ctesar,  with  a  letter,  also  inclosed,  from  Cicero 
himself;  but  the  packet  happening  to  fall  into  water,  the  letters 
were  all  destroyed,  except  a  scrap  or  two  of  Balbus's,  to  which 
Cesar  returned  answer,  "  I  perceive,  that  you  had  written 
somewhat  about  Cicero,  which  I  could  not  make  out ;  but,  as 
fez  as  I  can  guess,  it  was  something  rather  to  be  wished,  than 
hoped  for  *."  But  Cicero  sent  another  copy  of  the  same  letter, 
which  came  safe  to  his  hands,  written,  as  he  says,  in  the  fami- 
liar style,  yet  without  departing  from  his  dignity.  Csesar 
answered  bim  with  all  imaginal^e  kindness,  and  tne  offer  of 
every  thing,  in  which  his  power  could  serve  him,  telling  him, 

I  Cmn  icx  libiii,  twjqaDm  pmdibui,  mi?  ipHuia  Dbitrinxerim^  quos  tibi  tarn  vuldc  pro- 
buinadeo.     Ad  Att.  6. 1. 

>  An  ceua,  cam  in  illii  dc  Repub.  librit  penuoilcre  ridutur  AfrictiniH,  mnniiiin 
Benunpub.  matnin  vcteRm  illam  fuiuc  optimam.     Dc  Lr£.  2. 10.  vid,  ib.  ].  6,  9. 

Cavnini.     Ad  Quint.  2.  13.  ' 

•  lileKripdt  a<t  Balbum.furiFulum  ilium  epiilolirum.  in  <]iui  fuerat  ct  meiet  Batbi, 
IsMm  nbi  aqua  madidum  reddllum  else :  ut  nc  illud  qiiidcui  sciii,  meam  fuists  aliqutm 
nBtoliuii.  Bed  ei  BalW  fpistola  paiica  verba  inlelleierat,  ad  <|uie  rcscripsii  liii  Tcrbia ; 
Ut  Cicerone  video  tc  quiddam  acnpeiiK,  quod  ego  non  inlelkifi  -,  qnantum  aiilem  con- 
icetdia  coUHuebar,  id  cnl  hujmmodi,  ut  magiB  opUndum,  qiuun  tpenndum  nuUnm. 
Ad  <}niat  2.  \2. 


iiiid,  wiili  tlio  loss  i>f  liberty,  losing  evfry  thing  eUe  ibat 
vitlimblc,  siiikfi  •rriiiluully  Hf^iti  iiiti>  its  original  bu-barism. 

l'i(vri),  taking  it  for  granted  tliat  Trebatitis  followed  Ci 
iiit<»  Itriciini  bej;iiM  to  Joke  witli  liiin  npoii  the  worn' 
fiiriire  that  ii  Briii^li  luwyer  would  make  at  Rome;  and, 
wiw  liiN  jirofcssion  to  guard  wtlier  people's  safetv,  bids 
bi'waro  tliiit  In-  liiiiiMvIl'  wti*  not  caught  by  tlie  l3ridsb  ch* 
riotoerM '.  Ittii  'rrcluiiius  it  Si'eins  knew  how  to  take  care*! 
Iiimtelf  wiilimir  C'icero'i  aiiviiv;  and,  when  C^^r  passed  ant'; 
to  Britiiin.  elii»ii>  to  stay  behind  in  Gaul.  Tbis  gave  a  freA 
handle  lor  railUTy  ;  and  C'ieero  congr.itulatos  liim  upon  heiif 
arrived  at  la-t  in  a  country  where  he  vrs»  thnnvht  to  know 
sonu>ihiii^:  that  if  he  had  gone  over  ah<o  to  IJHtjiiii,  thai 
would  not  have  heeii  a  man  in  all  that  ^cat  ishind  wiser  thu 
himself.  He  tdisorvcs,  iluit  he  was  much  more  csiiitiout  ii 
■nilitary,  thin)  in  civil  contests;  and  wonders  tliHt,  being niA 
a  lover  of  swimming,  ho  could  not  be  pt-r^naded  to  swim  ID  I 
the  nceiui ;  and,  when  he  etudd  not  be  kept  awiiy  from  erny 
show  of  gladiators  at  Home,  hud  not  cnrio«itv  to  see  the  < 
Drilisli  charioteers :  he  rejoi«*s,  however,  after  nil,  that  he  did 
not  go,  since  tlu-v  should  not  now  be  tronhlcd  with  the  im- 
pertinence «f  hit  'llritish  stories  *. 

Qnintus  Cicero,  who  hii<l  a  genius  for  poetry,  wfis  projectiiffi 
the  plan  of  a  poem,  upon  their  British  expedition,  ;ind  i>egffe3 
bis  brother's  assisliuiee  in  it :  Cicero  approved  the  design,  and 
olwerved  upon  it,  that  the  nature  and  hitnalioa  of  p^ccs  so 
Ktrauire,  (lie  manners  of  tlie  people,  their  Irattlcs  with  them, 
and   tlio   general    himself,  C<e«ir,  were  oxcelknt  subjects  fw 


K  or  CICBBO.  3'il 

<[^Uih.e8S.   Ck.U.   CiiM^-L.  Oiwllhii  AhenoliTbm.    A.  C'Utulin*  Pukbcr, 

put  it  was  impowible  to  coiKrive  bow  much  he  wanted  leisure 
r  versifying-:  that,  to  write  rerses,  required  an  ease  and 
teerfulnesa  of  oiind,  wbitli  the  time*  had  taken  from  him;, 
td  tiiat  bis  poelJail  dumo  was  quite  extinguished  by  the  sad 
vmsct  of  things  Ijefure  tliem'. 

tie  had  sent  Csesar  his  3reek  poem,  in  three  books,  on  tlie 
Koiry  of  his  consuWiip;  and  Cnsar's  judgment  upon  it  was, 
AC  tne  beginning  of  it  was  as  good  as  anything  wluch  he  had 
er  seen  iu  timt  kingiiuge,  but  that  the  following  lines,  to  » 
s-twn  place,  were  not  equal  in  accuracy  and  spiriL  Cicero 
i^res,  therefore,  to  know  of  his  brother,  what  Csasar  really 
DU^bc  of  the  whole ;  wliether  the  matter  or  the  style  dis- 
eased him ;  and  bcg9  that  he  would  tell  him  the  truth  freely; 
nee,  whetlier  Ciesar  liked  it  or  not,  he  should  not,  he  aays, 
t  a  jot  the  less  ple^ised  with  himself.  He  began,  however, 
■other  poem,  at  hiii  brother's  earnest  request,  to  be  addressed 
,  Casar,  but  after  some  prepress,  was  so  dissatisfied  with  it, 
at  he  tore  it':  yet,  Quiiitus  still  Ufging,  and  signifying  that 
B  bad  acquainted  Csesar  with  the  design,  he  was  obliged  to 
•jHune  it,  and  actually  finished  an  epic  poem  i»  honour  of 
Jmw;  whi<di  he  promises  to  send,  as  soon  as  he  could  find  a 
ropor  eonveyance,  that  it  might  not  be  lost,  as  Quintus's 
rngedy  of  Erigone  was  in  coming  from  Gaul ;  the  only  thing 
Etys  nie,  which  had  not  found  a  safe  passage,  since  Cmsar 
^v^meA  that  province*. 

While  Cicero  was  expressing  no  small  dissatiMfaction  at  the 
neBBures  which  hia  present  situation  obliged  him  to  pnrsue, 
I!!aeS8r  was  doing  every  thing  in  his  power  to  make  him  easy : 

!t  cXiai  qwRU,  cum  Elcclnm  el  Tnudem  9cri|Hriii<.     Ibid,  3.  6. 

N.  B.  ThcH  four  IngHlin,  aaiil  lo  l>e  written  in  'itlecn  diti>,  cinnnt  bo  tupping 
o  hnv  brnt  Drigiiul  produclionn,  but  Imnelnlinni  Troni  hoic  of  the  (irctili  piicu,  nf 
■^kk  Qumtui  vu  agnt  muur;  fiiiisliiKl  by  hiiu  in  huu  for  thi  muntiininoni  of 
he  ouop  ;  for  Ibc  word  Troadeni  in  tbc  text,  Ibi  nsnw  uf  one  of  ihcm,  ihuiilil  innii 
pcob^y  beTmdf*,  tbt  litle  of  one  of  Euriiiidei' nlaji :  u  tbr  Elect™  aba  n 

'  QiiM  mo  dr  briendii  rcnibui  rogds.  incredible  eat.  tui  fraler,  quantitn 
wmpore — FKerem  uni»n  ul  fotttm,  •rd— Op'it  fsl  ill  poimi  qi|-  '-  -  '  ■  ' 
]iimia  pUoe  mihi  Inapan  eripi<]nl.     Ibid.  3.  .'•. 

De  vembni — dc^at  mihi  oper^  quK  nnn  modo  tempu,,  ted  et 
csn  nroDiti  dnidenl ;  icd  nbrst  cliani  (rOovaiaafiit,  &t.     Ibic 

'  Scd  heiu  Id,  celari  lideor  ■  le,  qunmodoiiam.  mi  fntrr,  d 


Nun  priDiiifD  librum  u  Itginr  Hripait  ad  me  ante :  et  prima  lie.  u(  negel 


quidrm  mttion  )rfft 
mbo.     Die  mihi  *f 


"--      *  '■....  .        tbiA.'i.U!. 


mpotwnm.  inHdi.     Ibid.  3.  I .  §  4. 

■  Qnod  me  <niiitiit>iin  id  ilium  poeina  jnbci  pcrfletrc ;  eUJ  diatnilni  tdm  open,  t 
■aims  mm  mnlto  n»^a,  qunni«n  e:<  epialola,  niiim  ad  le  mitcnitn,  cognoTil  Conr 
iHqaid  CMC  tioniim ;  nvertir  ad  inititiilum.     Ad  Quinl.  H. 

Qpod  me  hoTttrit,  ul  abM]Fiin,h(bcn  abtoliilam  iiiavo.mibi  ouidem  Di<  videtur,  » 
ad  CaMrem.  Sedquan  locunleiem  labellariiim.  nc  nccldat  qiioJ  Erigonc  lue;  cui  n 
" ■- -       A  Gallia  tiitum  non  fuit.     Ibid.  9. 


A.ITrb.«n.    IV,  M 

be  trcMed  his  brallwi 


Mi  THE    LIFP. 

-1,    IViiuiiu.  MnuUiUu     \  ^W^'icm 

Itk  m  moth  kindnesa, »  if  ^  r* 
■elf  had  bevn  liU  eciicntl ;  K^ive  him  die  chmce  o<    A 
<)uartpr«.  luiH  lite  legiion  wliicli  lie  Uk«l  best':  »nf 
lnpi>«(iiiig  to  write  to  him  from  Rome,  he  shewed  llie 
Quintiis  aii'l   Heclured  that  he  would  not  answeiU;     A^ 
QninttM  cirillv  pressed  him  not  (a  pui  such  an  Scp^v^ 
CloditM  for  tiieir  sakes'.     In  the  midst  of  all  bit  km 
Britain,  he  sent  frequent  aeconnts  to  Cicero,  in  hIsinniD 
of  hin  process  and  success,  and,  at  the  instant  of  quitting 
itland  wrote  to  )iim,  from  the  very  shore,  of  the  einboiU 
of  the  troops,  and  hi«  havinfi;  taken  hostages  and  impo 
tribute  :  and,  lest  he  should  be  surprised  at  baring  no  h 
at  the  same  time,  from  his  brother,  he  acquaints  htni 
Qtiintiis  was  then  at  a  distance  from  Iiim,  and  cotiU  Dotll 
the  benefit  of  tliat  express :   Cicero  recnved  all  theM  li 
Rome,  in  less  (ban  a  montli  after  date,  and  takes  ni 
mie  of  them,  that  it  arrived  on  the  twentieth  day, 
^ual  to  that  of  our  preficnt  couriers  by  the  post*. 

As  to  the  newA  of  the  city,  this  summer,  Cicero  t 
brother,  that  there  were  some  hopes  of  an  election  of  b  ^ 
Mrates,  but  those  uncertain ;  some  suspicion  of  a  dictator,  wl  I 
that  not  more  certain ;  a  ercat  calm  in  ttie  Forum ,-  but  of  ■  I 
dty,  seemed  to  be  quietea  rather  by  the  effects  of  age,  than  flf  I 
concord :  that  his  own  conduct,  as  well  in  public  as  in  prirat^  I 
was  just  what  Quintus  had  advised,  softer  than  tlip  tip  of  Ml  f 
«ar;  and  his  votes  in  the  senate  such  as  pleased  otheis,  rather  I 
than  himself. 


OF  CICBRO. 

*^       Cir,  a     Cow.-L.  Dm 

''    V  tlib  profusion  of  i^  that  intenat  mc  riten  frtus  fimi 

'*^Us  and  Cn.  Doraitiiis,  who  joined  their  iDteretts, 

strange  son  of  ccHitnct  with  ue  conaula,  which  was 

^  in  writing-,  aiii  attested,  in  pnq>er  fixtn,  by  many  oi 

J^ods  on  both  sidea ;  by  which  the  «<™ip'U  obliged  tliMn- 

*u  aerve  them,  with  all  their  power,  in  die  enBuiog  ele^ 

')  *ivt  they,  on  thflir  put,  underta<^  when  elected,  to 

^^  for  the  consuls  «bat  provincea  they  desired;  and  nre 

vosd  of  above  tlirec  tlKnuand  pounds,  to  provide   mree 

togun,  who  tliould  testify,  that  they  were  present  at  making 

s  aw,  t(>r  gratitiiig  tliom  those  prorinces,  when  no  mek  law 

had  ever  been  imuie ;  and  two  consular  senators,  who  shonld 

■ffirni,  that  tJicy  wi^re  present  likewise,  at  paasine  a  decree  of 

tbe  KiHite,  for  funiisliij^  the  same  provinces  with  arms  and 

ooney,  when  the  senate  DAi  never  been  consulted  about  it*. 

Memmius,  wlio  was  strongly  supported  by  Cffisar*,  findiiw 

Mune  reason  to  dislike  his  bargain,  resolved  to  break  it,  an^ 

by  Pompey's  advice,   e^te  an  account  of  it  to  the  senate. 

E\)inpey  was  pleased  with  the  opportunity  of  mortifying  the 

consnl  Domitiiis,  and  willing,  likewise,  to  take  some  revenge 

on   Appius,  who,  thougli  his  near  reUtion,  did  not  enter  so 

fully  as  he  expected  into  his  measures*:  bat  Casar  was  much 

out  of  humour  at  this  step*,  as  it  was  likely  to  raise  great 

scandal  in  the  city,  and  Strengthen  the  interest  of  those,  who 

were  eiideAvouriu^  to  restrain  that  infamous  corrupdon,  which 

WW  the  main  instrument  of  advancing  his  power.      Appitis 

never  dianged  countenance,  nor  lost  any  credit  by  the  di»- 

cuvery ;   but  his  colleague,  Domitius,  who  affected  the  cha- 

meter  of  a  patriot,  was  extremely  discomposed;  and  Memmius, 


AnUtiu  ndil  immuii,  nunqiiBni  par  fuit.     Ad  Qiiinl.  3. 15. 

BBqnere  me  nunc  in  auii|>uni.     Anl«t  unbilni :  a^fia  ii  toi  ifiim ;  ftmiu  ci  Iriciito 

Idib.  QuiBt.  bctnm  (nt  bwibiu if^X^  ^'^  nulto  nt,  pecunu  omnium  diguitetcm 

txmavM.     Ad  Atl.  4.  IS. 

*  CowDlea  lUgnnt  infunia,  quod  C.   Mcmmiua  cindiililiia  puctinncm  in  flfiuta 

H.  S.  qiuJrageiia  contnlihm  dircnl,  ai  eseent  ii»i  coniuln  fuel!,  niii  Irvs  Bupirw  de- 


!»,qui  te  dicrrenl  in  onuudit  provintiii  cnniulkribiu  ncriWndii  mfTuiMO,  cum 
„ IB  Smmtui  quidem  fuHKl.     Hav  pMlio  Don  mtliia  ird  nomioibiij  ct  pracrip- 

iDdodu,  auFtart  pDiDpdo.    Ad  AtL  4.  18. 

«  Dio,  r»"p,  m"  ™'"'  "'"  ™"  "°'°  ' 

•  lit  qui  inn  inUllinbunui  munliationem  illim  Hommii  talde  Cnui  diulksn. 
Ad  Atl.  4. 16. 

Y  2 


b.G99.  Ch-.SS.  toi»— L.  Dt 
ined  for  the  future,  unless  for  murder '.  Hut  Q.  Scievola, 
the  tribunes,  took  a  more  efiectital  wav  tu  mortify  iLem, 
Iving  to  hinder  any  election  of  cousuU,  during  bis  tna* 
I,  in  wliicb  he  persevered,  and  by  liis  authority  dissolved 
assemblies  convened  for  that  purpose'.  The  tribuiiiciaii 
ite$,  however,  were  remarkably  modest  this  year ;  for 
lade  an  agreement  among  themselves,  which  they  all 
led  by  an  oath,  that,  in  prosecuting  their  several  inte- 
[faey  would  submit  tlieir  conduct  to  the  judgment  of 
tnd  deposit  four  thousand  pounds  u-piece  in  his  hands, 
irfeited  by  those  whom  he  should  condemn  of  any  irre- 
aractice.  "  If  the  election  proves  free,"  says  Cicero, 
is  thought  it  will,  Cato  alone  can  do  more  tnan  all  the 
1  all  the  judges'." 

reat  part  of  this  year  was  taken  up  in  public  trials : 
IS  aun  C.  Cato,  who  had  been  tribunes  two  years  before, 
■ied  in  the  beginning  of  July,  for  violence  and  breach  of 
n  their  magistracy,  and  both  acquitted:  but  Procilius, 
their  colleagues,  was  condemned  for  killing  a  citizen  in 
1  house :  "  whence  we  are  to  cullect,"  says  Cicero,  *'  that 

eopagites  value  neither  bribery,  nor  elections,  nor  inter- 
ns, nor  attempts  against  the  state,  nor  the  whole  Re- 

a  rush;  we  must  not  murder  a  man,  indeed,  in  liis  own 

tlioiigi.  (hill,  perliaps,  might  bo  diino  nnnlemtely,  since 
r-two  acquitted  Procilius,  when  twenty-eight  condemned 
Clodius  was  the  accuser  in  these  impeacbments;  which 
CaXOf  as  soon  as  he  was  acquitted,  seek  a  reconciliation 
'iceroand  Milo'.  It  was  not  Cicero's  business  to  reject 
sndship  of  an  active  and  popular  senator;  and  Milo  had 
in  for  his  service  in  his  approaching  suit  for  the  consul- 

But,  though  Cicero  hod  no  concern  in  these  trials,  he 
intinually  employed  in  otliers,  tlirough  tlie  rest  of  the 
tr:  "I  was  never,"  says  he,  "more  busy  in  trials  than 
in  the  worst  season  of  tlic  year,  and  the  greatest  heats, 

nihitu  posiiikli  lUDt  omnca,  qui  eontuluuni  petual — Migno  m  in  molu  «(, 

i  quod  tut  hominutn  .ul  legum  inlerilu.  o.teDditur.     Ad  Quinl.  B.  2. 

uta  abulnntur,  n«c  potihi':  qniiquiDi  diniubitur,  niii  qui  liominem  occideril, 

t    obnnntiUionibui,  migni   nlunti 


OF    ClCERd. 


in  particuUr  friend.     Driuiis's  trial  wits  W 

from  wbJcb,  after  (^iiie  home  to  write  a  &« 
liged  to  return  to  Vitinius'a  in  tlua  iJtcriiooii 

specimen  of  tbe  Lurry  tii  wliit-h  lie  general 
'  little  time  which  he  had  to  spend  upon  lu: 

his  studies :  and  th(»i)(li  he  was  now  cart 
eat  works  of  the  learned  kind,  yet  he  had 
;  tclU  UB,  for  meditating  and  composiDg,  li 
Kiiifra  few  turns  in  bis  gardens,  for  the  ex.. 
and  refreshment  of  his  voice  '.  V'atinius  li 
!  fiercest  enemies;  was  ir  -  ccrpctual  o — 
itics ;  and,  like  Bestia,  mei        ed  aboi 

abandoned  libertine:  eo  miol  tlie  dt 
tusible  handle  for  some  censure  u 
'menta  with  Fompey,  and  especially t 

Cfesar,  made  it  necessary  to  embrace C 

long  whom  Vatinius  was  most  warmly  ri 


IS,  being  recalled,  as  has  been  said,  from  his  gt 
jnied  to  Rome  about  the  end  of  Ii^eptembe.  . 
/ery  where,  on  his  journey,  timt  he  was  going  Ui 

■  a  triumph:  and,  to  carry  on  that  farce,  contii 

hout  the  gates;  till,  perceiving  how  odious  lie  was 
in,  he  stoic  privately  into  the  city  by  night,  to  avoid 
;e  of  being  insulted  by  the  populace '.  There  were 
rent  impeacJiments  provided  again )tt  liim:  the  first, 
able  practices  against  the  state  ;  tJie  second,  for  the 
his  proviuce ;  the  third,  for  bribery  and  corruption ;. 
ay  persons  offered  themselves  to  be  prosecutors,  that 
a  contest  among  them,  befofe  the  praetor,  bow  to 
ir  several  claims '.  The  first  indictment  fell  to  L. 
wfao  accused  him,  the  day  srfter  he  entered  the  city, 
ifiance  of  religion,  and  the  decree  of  the  senate,  he 
Ni  the  king  of^ Egypt  wjtii  an  army,  leaving  his  own 
aked  and  open  to  the  incursion  of  enemies,  who  had 
t  devastations  in  it.  Cicero,  who  had  received  from 
all  the  provocation  which  one  man  could  receive 
ler,  had  the  pleasure  to  see  his  insolent  adversary 
;  and  was  prepared  to  give  him  such  a  reception  as 


KUHit  A.  U.  xii.  Cal.  Oct.  nihil  lucpiui,  i 

u  in  urbem,  hoBtium  tijAiie^  iovuiucL     IbiiL  2. 
tres  ulhiic  rsctiones  postiiliml,  Alc.     Ad  Quint.  Fr.  3.  I.  §  5. 
-ribcbuu  ante  lurcm,  npiid  Cxonem  cent  divinUio  io  Gabiuium  fu 
n,  ct  Ti.  Nrroncu,  d  C.  ct  L.  Aatonin.     Ibid.  2. 


Cui.ii.    Com.— I~  Dusitiiu  Alic' obu^ni.     A.  Cliuaa 


^ 


in  order  to  give  tliem  an  accxiuiit,  according  to  custom,  ol  ^^^ 
state  of  his  province,  and  the  troops  wbich  he  had  leftk.i^^ 


lie  deserved :  but  Gabinins  durst  not  venture  to  show  In  ^^^1 
fnr  the  fint  ten  clays,  till  Ite  was  obliged  to  come  to  the  ""^j^^ 

which  he  had  : 
n  an  he  liad  told  his  story,  he  was  going  to  retire,  k*^^ 
(he  consuls  detained  him,  to  answer  to  a  complaint  htat^l0^ 
against  him  by  the  publicsna,  or  fanners  of  the  revenues,  *mM^ 
were  attending  at  the  door  to  make  it  good.     This  drew  on  i^ 
debate,  in  which  Giiliiiiiug  was  so  urged  and  teazed  on  all  aiti$^. 
but  especialiy   by   Cicero,  that  trembling  with  passion,  Mi-^ 
unable  to  contain  himself,  he  called  Cicero  a  banished  nmi 
*■  upon  which,"  Buys  Cicero,  in  8  letter  to  his  brother,  "■•• 
thing  ever  Iiappened  more  honourable  to  me :  the  whole  semla 
left  their  seats  to  a  man,  and,  with  a  general  clamour,  ran  ^ 
to  his  very  face:  while  the  publicans  also  were  equally  fieits 
and  clamorous  against  him,  and  the  whole  company  beharsd 
just  as  you  yourself  would  have  done '." 

Cicero  had  been  del  ib  cm  ting,  for  some  time,  whether  he 
should  not  accuse  Gabinius  himself;  but,  out  of  regard  to 
Pompcy,  was  content  to  appear  only  ns  a  witness  against  him*; 
and  when  the  trial  was  over,  gives  the  following  account  of  it 
to  his  brother, 

'*  Gabinius  is  anjuitted  :  nothing  was  ever  so  stupid  as  lui 
accuser,  Lentulus;  nothing  so  sonlid  as  the  bencu :  ye^  if 
Pompey  bad  not  taken  incredible  pains,  and  the  rumours  of  i 
dictatorship  had  not  infused  some  apprehensions,  he  could  not 
have  held  up  his  head  even  against  Lentulus:  since,  with  sudi 
an  acciisor,  und  such  judges;  of  the  seienty-two  who  sat  upon 
him,  tliirty'two  condemned  )iim.  The  sentence  is  so  in&moui, 
that  bo  seems  likely  to  fall  in  the  other  trials,  especially  that 


OF   CICEIIO. 


I  there  Wei^  other  things  which  influenced  me :  Pompey 
ti  have  (Considered  it  as  a  struggle,  not  about  Gabinius's 
ly,  but  his  own  dwnity :  it  must  have  made  a  breach  be- 
en us;  *e  should  have  been  matched  like  a  pair  of  gla- 
0is;»s  Pacidianus,  with  j^erninus  the  Samnile;  he  would 
abl^  have  bit  off  one  of  my  ears,  or  been  reconciled  at 
t  wicli  Clodius — for,  after  all  the  pains  which  1  had  taken 
rvehim;  when  I  owed  nothing  to  him,  he  every  thing  to 

yet  he  would  not  bear  my  differing  from  him  in  public 
I,  tdsay  no  worse  of  it;  and,  when  he  was  less  powerful 
be  is  at  present,  shewed  what  power  he  had  against  me, 
Y  flonrishing  condition :  why  should  I  now,  when  I  have 
pen  all  desire  of  power,  when  the  Republic  certainly  has 
I  when  he  alone  has  all,  chuse  him,  of  all  men,  to  contend 

for,  that  must  have  been  the  case:  I  cannot  tliink  that 
'Onid  have  advised  me  to  it.  Sallust  says  that  I  ought 
re  done  either  the  one  or  the  other ;  and,  in  compliment 
mpey,  have  defended  him :  who  begged  it  of  me,  indeed, 
»rnestly — A  special  friend,  this  SaJlust !  to  wish  me  to 
e  myself  either  in  a  dangerous  enmity,  or  perpetual  in- 
1  am  delighted  with  my  miildle  way,  and,  when  I  had 

my  testimony  foithfuUy,  and  religiously,  was  pleased  to 
Gabinius  say,  that,  if  it  should  be  permitted  to  him  to 
ise  in  the  city,  he  would  make  it  his  business  to  give  me 

edon;  nor  did  he  so  much  as  interrogate  me ."    He 

the  same  account  of  this  trial  to  his  other  friends;  how 
tins  acted  his  part  so  ill,  that  people  were  persuaded  that 
evaricated — and  tliat  Gahinins's  escape  was  owing  to  the 
.tigable  industry  of  Pompey,  and  the  corruption  of  the 

ont  the  time  of  this  trial,  there  happened  a  terrible  inun- 
I  of  the  Tiber,  which  did  much  dninagc  at  Rome  :  many 
9  and  shops  were  carried  away  by  it,  and  the  fine  gardens 
icero's  son-in-law,  Crassipes,  demolished.  It  was  all 
ed  to  the  absolution  of  Gabinius,  after  his  daring  violation 
igion,  and  contempt  of  the  Sibyl's  books  :  Cicero  applies 
lie  following  passage  of  Homer  ': 

A)  when,  in  iutumn,  Jotb  hii  fiirj  pours. 

And  euth  it  l»den  wiih  inceuani  bIiqwc™  ; 

Whfnguiltymortalt  break  th'  etemsl  Uw>, 

And  judget,  Imb'd,  bclny  the  righlwui  canK, 

From  (heir  deep  badi  he  bidi  llie  rivErt  riu, 

And  opens  nil  t\e  flood-gitei  „!  the  >kie<.— Pope,  II.  16.  v.  466. 

Qnint.3.  4. 

remant  omnea  pneviriealum  ;  drinde  rompeii  mini  couiraiio,  Jndicum  tardti. 

,  i.  IS. 

vm,  el  mwime  Appia  ad  Martii,  mira  [.rolnviei.     Crauipedia  ambntitio  ibUU, 

ibtnrn  pluriniH.  *'- —  -' '  - 

Zi4H  num  in  'b 


33U  THE    LIFE 

A.  I'l^.  <>!■!'■     <'i'  '■■''•     ('"*—■-  IVHuiliiH  AIwdoWtIhu.     A.  i'lmudiiB  Palchn. 

But  Oiibiiiius's  «liuiger  was  not  yet  over :  he  wu  to  be  tiM 
»  spixiiul  time,  for  tlic  pliuider  of  hii  proTinoe ;  where  Cl 
Mcinmiiifl,  oiiu  of  the  triouoe»,  was  hi*  acciuer,  and  M.  CiM 
liiM  jiiiIk<^(  witli  whom  he  was  not  likely  to  find  any  frrov: 
I'ompfy  prciHcd  Cicero  to  defend  him,  and  would  not  wint 
of  any  exciuto ;  mid  Uabitiius's  humble  behaviour  in  tbe  lita 


trial  won  iiiU'nded  lo  miikc  way  for  Pompey'a  solidWMi 
Cicero  stAud  firm  fur  a  loii)^  time:  "Pompey,  sayslM^**!^ 
bouM  hard  with  me,  but  has  yet  made  no  impresuoa,  nor,  if  I 
retain  a  grain  of  lilxTty,  ever  will '." 

Oh  !  <TC  Hint  iln  iitmcc  (hull  l<lut  nj  fame, 
O'cTvhclmiai'urtli 11.4.^11). 

But  Pompuy'H  incessant  importunity,  backed  by  Ctesa^ntK^ 
nest  request,  made  it  vain  to  stm^le  any  lunger ;  and  fbrtcd 
liim  t^(ain9t  his  judgment,  his  icsohition,  and  hia  dignity,  M 
defend  Oabinins,  at  a  time  wlien  his  defence  at  last  prorad  rf 
no  service  tu  him  ;  fur  he  was  found  iruilty  by  Cato,  and  eoa- 
demneil,  uf  course,  to  a  )>erpetual  bariiMhmenL  It  is  probdile, 
that  ('icero's  uratiun  was  never  published,  but  as  it  was  lui 
custom  tu  keen  the  minutes,  or  rough  draught  of  all  his  plead- 
ings, in  what  lie  called  his  Commeutaries,  which  were  extiot 
many  aji^-s  after  his  death ' ;  so  KL  Jerome  has  preserved  fnn 
them  a  small  fragment  of  this  s|>eccli,  which  seems  to  be  > 
iwrt  of  the  apology,  that  lie  found  himself  obliged  to  make  for 
It ;  wherein  lie  observes,  that  when  I'ompey's  authority  W 
once  recunciled  him  toO^iniiis,  it  was  no  longer  in  his  power 
*     ■  'Old  defeiidini;  him  ;  "  for  it  wiis  evor  my  pcr-suasiun,"  says 


OW  CICBBO.  331 

▲.UrikCML    CScAS.    Cow.    L.  Dwnidm  AlieiittbMbug.    A-CUudfattPidelier. 


Un  to  ^end  Valiiiiiis.  This  gave  occasion  to  that 
amid  ebbonfte  answer  from  Ckero,  already  refened  to, 
a-befinre  Gabiniiis'a  trial;  which  would  otherwise  have 
Ilia  apology  more  difBcult,  in  which  he  lays  open  the 
Miand  progress  of  his  whole  befaavioitr,  from  the  time  of 
Ib^^cadkb — **  Aa  to  the  case  of  Vatinins,''  he  says,  ^^as  soon  as 
j^^ms-  choaen  prsBtor,  where  I  warmly  opposed  him,  in  fiirour 
i^.  C^ls^  Pompey  prevailed  with  me  to  be  reconciled  to  him ; 
nsar  aftenmds,  look  surprising  pains  with  me  to  defeml 
Co  wUcfa  I  consented,  for  the  sake  of  doing  what,  as  I 
aid  the  oourt  at  the  trial,  the  parasite  in  the  Eunudi  advised 
lia  patron  to  do: 

^  Whenerer  die  talks  of  Ph»dri»,  do  you  presently  praise 
nvaplub,  ftc.  so  I  begeed  of  the  iudges,  that  since  certain 
lanona  of  disdngoishra  rank  to  whom  I  was  much  obliged, 
ao  toad  of  my  enemy,  and  affected  to  caress  him  in  the 
S  befinre  my  face,  witn  all  the  marks  of  fiEoailiarity ;  and 
they  had  their  Publius  to  gire  me  jealousy,  I  miaht  be 
id  bB  have  my  Publius,  also,  to  teaze  them  with  in  my 
tm."  Then,  as  to  his  jgneneml  conduct,  he  makes  this  general 
lefenee ;  ^  that  the  union  and  firmness  of  the  honest,  which 
nbaialed  when  Lentulus  left  Rome,  confirmed,''  says  he,  <<  by 
nay  consulship,  and  revived  by  yours,  is  now  quite  oroken  and 
ieaerted  by  those  who  ought  to  have  supported  it,  and  were 
looked  upon  as  patriots;  tor  which  reason,  the  maxims  and 
measures  of  all  wise  citizens,  in  which  class  I  always  wish  to 
be  ranked,  ought  to  be  changed  too:  for  it  is  a  precept  of 
Plato,  whose  authority  lias  the  greatest  weight  witli  me,  to 
Dontend  in  public  affEiirs,  as  far  as  we  can  persuade  our  citizens, 
but  not  to  offer  violence,  either  to  our  parent  or  our  country. 
If  I  was  quite  free  from  all  engagements,  I  should  act  there- 
fore, as  I  now  do;  should  not  think  it  prudent  to  contend  with 
90  great  a  power;  nor,  if  it  could  be  effected,  to  extinguish  it  in 
our  present  circumstances ;  nor  continue  always  in  one  mind, 
when  the  things  themselves,  and  the  sentiments  of  the  honest, 
Eire  altered ;  since  a  perpetual  adherence  to  the  same  measures 
has  never  been  approved  by  those  who  know  best  how  to 
Kovem  states ;  but,  as  in  sailing,  it  is  the  business  of  art  to  be 
nirected  by  the  weather,  and  foolish  to  persevere  with  danger 
in  the  course  in  which  we  set  out,  rather  than  by  changing  it, 
to  arrive  with  safety,  though  later,  where  we  intended ;  so  to 
OS,  who  manage  public  affairs,  the  chief  end  proposed  being 
dignity,  with  public  quiet,  our  business  is  not  to  be  always 
saying,  but  always,  aiming  at  the  same  tiling.  Wherefore,  if  all 
things,  as  I  said,  were  wholly  free  to  me,  1  sliouhl  be  the  same 
man  that  I  now  am ;  but  when  I  uin  invited  to  this  conduct,  on 


iAVHS.    Ck.  M.    Lua.-L.  Dnmiliiu  AhfODbutnu      A  L'luJini  l>iildHr. 

'  moDey,  snd  lived  in  Alexandria  lor  that  purpose,  iu  ibe 
1  service,  as  tlie  public  receiver  of  tils  taxes,  and  weariii)r 
illium  or  [labit  of  the  country. 

ero  urjred,  in  defence  of  Riiuirius,  that  he  had  borne  no 
1  that  transaction  ;  but  that  his  whole  crime,  or  rather 
was,  that  he  had  lent  the  kingjrreat  sums  of  money  for 
pport  at  Rome ;  and  venture^l  to  trust  a  prince,  who,  as 
:  world  tJicn  thought,  was  ^niii£  to  be  restored  by  the  au- 
y  nf  the  Roman  people  i  that  the  necessity  of  going  to 
I  for  the  recovery  of  that  debt,  was  llie  source  of  all  his 
Y ;  where  he  was  forced  to  take  whatever  the  king  would 
tr  impose :  th»t  it  was  h>s  misfortune  to  be  obliged  to 
it  himself  to  the  power  of  an  arbitrary  monarch  ;  that  no- 
could  be  more  mad,  than  for  a  Roman  knight,  and  citizen 
tepublic,  of  all  others  the  most  free,  to  go  to  any  place, 
!  he  must  needs  be  a  slave  to  the  will  of  another;  tliatall 
Tver  did  so,  as  Plato  and  the  wisest  hod  sometimes  done 
tstily,  always  suffered  for  it.  This  was  tlie  case  of  Ra- 
;  necessity  carried  him  to  Alexandria ;  his  whole  fortunes 
at  stake  ' ;  which  he  was  so  far  from  improving  by  his 
'  with  that  king,  that  he  was  ill-treated  by  him,  imprisoned, 
tened  witlt  death,  and  glad  to  run  away  at  last  with  the 
nf  all ;  and,  at  that  very  time,  it  was  wholly  owing  to 
/s  generosity  and  regard  to  the  merit  and  misfortunes  of 
d  friend,  that  he  was  enabled  to  support  his  former  rank  and 
;tnan  dignity  '.  Ciabinius's  trial  had  so  near  a  relation  to 
and  was  ko  often  referred  to  In  it,  that  the  prosecutors 
not  omit  so  &ir  an  opportunity  of  rallying  Cicero,  for  the 
which  he  had  acted  in  it : — Memraius  observed,  that  the 
jea  of  Alexandria  had  the  same  reason  for  appearing  for 
niusi,  which  Cicero  had  for  defending  him — the  command  of 
iter.  "No,  Memmius," replied  Cicero,  "my  reason  for 
ding  him  was  a  reconciliation  with  him ;  for  1  am  not 
aed  to  own,  that  my  quarrels  are  mortal,  mv  friendships 
fftal :  and  if  you  imagine  that  I  undertook  tnat  cause  for 
rf  Pompey,  you  neither  know  Pompey  nor  me,  for  Pom- 
vould  neither  desire  it  of  me,  against  my  will,  nor  would 
er  I  bad  preserved  the  liberty  of  my  citizens,  ever  give  up 


.  tUKt.  8. 9.  '  lb.  15. 

IQB  mlbi  fuil,  cue  eundim  defendrrein.  Mihi,  C.  Meinmi,  nun  deftndendi 
fait, ncondUitJD  gntuB.  Neqiip  Tero me  ^tmhct^moriaia  intmidivt  tempiief- 
Idtiai  iabtn.    Nun  n  me  inviium  puUi,  ne  Cn.  Pompeii  inimum  oBenderem, 

""  ™  "^^  '"  Pro'c!  SXr!  P»l.  12.       "  nxao* 


MBmon  finnn«&<i':  it  ta  certain  Ui&t  Bhe  liail  lived  long eiii>ugli 
paervc  aU  the  ends  wLicli  he  proposed  from  tliat  alliaiiep,  unil 
p^Kocure  for  him  every  thing  that  Poropey's  power  could 
^fivti  for,  wliile  Pompey,  forgetful  of  his  honour  and  interpst, 
■■■  pending  his  time  iiiglorioiiitly  at  home,  in  the  caresses  of 
kjrminK  wife,  and  the  deUghts  of  Italy;  and,  as  if  he  had  been 
My  Qetur'i^  agent,  was  continually  decreeing  fresh  honours, 
fnopa*  and  money  to  him ;  Ceeaar  wiis  pursuing  the  direct  road 
^  empire ;  tmining  his  legions  in  all  the  toils  and  discipline  of 
t.  bloody  war ;  himself  always  at  their  head,  animating  them  by 
kii  courage,  and  rewarding  them  by  his  bounty ;  till,  from  a 
fteat  and  wealthy  province,  having  raised  money  enough  to 
Mrriipt,  and  an  army  able  to  conquer  till  who  could  oppose 
lim,  he  seemed  to  want  nothing  for  the  execution  of  his  vast 
les^CTM,  but  a  pretext  to  break  with  Pompey ;  which,  wt  all 
■rise  men  foresaw,  could  not  long  be  wanted,  when  Julia,  tlie 
pMDGnt  of  their  union,  was  removed.  For  though  the  power  of 
the  triumvirate  had  given  a  dangerous  blow  to  the  liberty  of 
Rome;,  yet  the  jealousies  and  sepanite  interests  of  the  chiels 
obliged  them  to  manage  it  with  some  decency  ;  and  to  extend 
it,  but  rarely,  beyond  the  forms  of  the  constitution  j  but  when- 
mi  that  league  should  happen  to  be  dissolved,  which  had  made 
[hem  already  too  great  for  private  subjects,  the  next  contest, of 
course,  must  be  for  dominion,  and  the  single  mastery  of  the 
empire. 

On  the  second  of  November,  C.  I'ontinius  triumphed  over 
Jie  Allobroges :  he  had  been  praetor,  when  Cicero  was  consul; 
ind,  at  the  end  of  his  magistracy  obtained  the  government  of 
iiat  part  of  Gaul,  which,  having  been  tampering  witli  Catiline 
;ii  his  conspiracy,  broke  out  soon  afterwards  into  open  rebellion, 
}ut  was  reduced  by  the  vigour  of  this  general.  For  tliis  sor- 
rice  he  demanded  a  triumph,  but  met  with  great  opposition, 
which  he  surmounted  with  incredible  patience :  for  he  perse- 
rered  in  his  suit,  for  five  years  successively  ;  residing  all  that 
rhile,  according  to  custom,  in  the  suburbs  of  the  city,  till  he 
^ned  his  point,  at  last,  hy  a  kind  of  violence,  Cicero  was  his 
:riend,  and  continued  in  Home  on  purpose  to  assist  him;  and 
ihe  consul  Appius  served  him  with  all  his  power:  but  C'atn 
protested  that  Pontinius  should  never  triumph  while  he  lived; 
<  though  this,"  says  Cicero,  "  like  many  of  his  other  threats, 
rill  end  at  last  in  nothing."  But  the  pr^tor  Galba,  who  had 
Men  his  lieutenant,  having  procured,  by  stratagem,  an  act  of 
he  people  in  his  favour,  he  entered  the  city  in  his  triumphal 


cCBIBBLHlHriT.p.ll6. 


i'»*^: 


s  so  rutMy  received  an>l  op|MK>eil 
>rced  to  an 


(lintii^li  t)ie  !iiri*rts.  timt  lie  vras   Tore* 


inak«  Ui 


uiili  liis  swiinl,  and  tin*  xUiiightor  of  many  of  bu  kdvn^ 

III  till-  Hill  of  till'  yi'iir,  (.'iceni  i-oiisi'iiteil  to  be  one  of  Po* 
ppyV  licutoiiuiits  ill  SfKiiii :  wliivli  lie  be^iii  to  tliink  coiivenieot 
to  till' )>ri-M-ii( -liilc  (if  liU  itlTairs,  and  ro»olvi*d  to  set  fijrwwJ 
fur  tliiil  |iroviiici>  iilunit  t)io  mid(lK>  of  Jiiiniiiry':  but  tliil 
•teemed  tii  ^ivi-  miiiic  iiiiilirni^ii  t»  (.'aesur,  wlio,  l>v  llii>  lielp  d 
<juintiis  liopoil  III  iliM'iifii^t;  liiin  |rnidiially  fmm  I'uinpn', 
uiid  to  iittiicli  liini  111  liiin-i'lf;  and,  witli  tliiit  view,  lind  beg^ 
uf  biin.  ill  liit  Ictli-nt,  to  (iintiiiiic  at  Koiiio \  for  the  sake  d 
servtii;;  liimNt-lf  witli  liU  miihoTity.  in  all  affairs  wliidi  lie  iai 
ocL-jLsioii  to  Iraiixiiel  tlierc :  tio  tliat  out  of  re<ritnt,  probably,  ta 
l'ies:ir\  uTicasiiii-ns,  CiitTo  soon  rliaiigvd  bis  mind,  ami  resigned 
bis  lifuteiiuiiry :  to  wbieli  In-  seoms  tu  idlude,  in  u  lfttt>r  to  lui 
brotber,  wberv  be  tuiys,  that  be  bad  no  secotul  tIiouffht«  in 
wbatevvr  eoiiccnied  Oie^ir ;  tliat  be  would  make  good  his  ea- 
){a|rt>ineiits  to  bim;  and  liavin^  entered  into  his  friciid.->Iiip  witk 
jud;;inoiit,  was  now  attitcbcil  to  liini  by  affL-vtiun*. 

lie  Hill  oni|<li>y('d,  at  Cii'^iir'H  deiiire,  along  witb  Oppius,  in 
settling  tbi'  plan  of  a  must  expensive  aii<l  niugiiiticent  work, 
wliieli  C  ii-sir  Will  i^oing  to  execute  at  Kome,  nut  of  tlie  spoili 
of  Cititl ;  a  iietv  fiirnni,  witb  many  ^raiid  l)iiildin;r«  annexed  to 
it !  for  tin-  iitk'h  of  wliieb  alone,  tfii-y  luiil  (."ontracted  to  pay  to 
tbi-  several  owners  about  five  huiulrcil  tliiiu«;ind  poundu;  or,  as 
Suetonius  eoinpiiles.  ne;ir  double  that  siiin  '.  Cicoro  cidls  it  a 
gloriims  niece  of  work,  and  savii.  '•  that  the  i>arlilioP! 


D-CSS.    Clc.53.    CoH^L.  Dauillmi  AI.cnol.rbii>.     A.  (.-ku<liu>  Pu 

was  employed  in  raiaing  another,  not  much  inferior  to 
U  own  expense:  for  he  repaired  and  beautified  an  an- 
asilica  in  the  old  forum;  and  built,  at  the  same  time,  a 
le,  with  Phrygian  columns,  which  was  called  after  hia 
ime,  and  is  frequently  mentioned  by  the  later  writere,  as 
c  of  wonderful  magnificence,  computed  to  have  cost  him 
lundred  thousand  pounds '. 


E  new  tribunes  pursued  the  measures  of  their  predeces- 
nd  would  not  simer  au  election  of  consuls ;  so  that  when 
w  year  came  on,  the  Republic  wanted  its  proper  bead: 

case,  the  administration  fell  into  the  hands  of  an  inter- 
1  provi:$ional  magistrate,  who  (nust  necessarily  beapatri- 
tnd  chosen  by  the  body  of  patricians,  called  together  for 
urpose  by  the  senate '.  His  power,  however,  was  but 
jved,  being  transferred,  every  fi\e  days,  from  one  inter- 

anotber,  tiU  an  election  of  consuls  could  be  obtained : 
le  tribunes,  whose  anthority  was  absolute,  white  there 
no  coneuU  to  control  them,  continued  6erce  against  any 
>n  at  all :  some  were  for  reviving  the  ancient  dignity  of 
ry  tribunes ;  but  that  being  unpopular,  a  more  plausible 
le  was  taken  up,  and  openly  avowed,  of  declaring  Pompey 
or.  This  gave  great  apprehensions  to  the  city,  for  the 
<ry  of  Sylbi's  dictatorship ;  and  was  vigorously  opposed  by 
i  chiefs  of  the  senate,  and  especially  by  Cat« :  Pompey 
to  keep  himself  out  of  sight,  and  retired  into  the  country, 
jd  the  suspicion  of  affecting  it.  "  The  rumour  of  a  die- 
hip,"  says  Cicero,  "is  disagreeable  to  the  honest;  but  the 
tmngs  which  they  talk  of,  are  more  so  to  me ;  the  whole 
is  dreaded,  but  flags:  Pompey  flatly  disclaims  it,  though 
ver  denied  it  to  me  before:  the  tribune,  Hirrus,  will 
bly  be  the  promoter :  good  gods !  how  silly  and  fond  of 
If  without  a  rival !  At  Fompey's  request,  1  have  deterred 
us  JunianuB,  who  pays  a  great  regard  to  me,  from  med- 
with  It.  It  is  hard  to  know  whether  Pompey  really  de- 
it  or  not :  but  if  Hirrus  stir  in  it,  he  will  not  convince  us 

ini,  coniumiimiij  H-S.  Kxcenliei :  cum  privaiiB  non  potfrmt  tnuuiBi  minDn  pc- 
Efflcicmus  Km  glorintiuiinini.  Nun  in  Ciumhi  Mania  Kpu  tributif  cODiitih 
'     '    '    '     '  iFicelta  parlicu.utmiUi^  iMUUuni  con- 


Simul  tdjongttur  huic  o|irri  villa  eliun  pi 
ku  in  DWilia  Fon>  Builicun  jam  [wn«  tciuil  itxiem  uitiqui 
bcit  miigni(icenti»imam.     Nihil  graljua  illo 


m.    lb. 

.  Awon.  HiiUB.  in  Hilc 


THE    LIFE 


I 


uai  ye  »  awnc  ta  it '."  In  another  letter;  **  mtluDg  _ 
done  a»  ID  ike  diemonlup :  Poapey  is  sdU  ataeiit ;  Afp 
iaacmi  fawtie:  Hinw  prrparin^'to  propoK  it;  batKMI 
an  miB«tl  at  mily  to  iaierpoae  tlieb  Dtntire :  ^  ninJii 
■oc  DtMible  iheir  Weadi  about  it ;  the  cliiefii  ai«  ^auatit" 
keep  Bt>eli'  <iiiiei '."  Cicero's  friend,  Milo,  was  iimolakl 
w  act  OD  iy»  cccasiMi :  be  was  (onuag  an  interest  fortfet . 
«ui^p:  and.  it  he  declared  i^siost  a  dictatorship,  wai  rfi 
of  mkin:;  Pompey  his  enemy:  or,  if  he  should  not  bdpAi 
of^Mwenn.  thai  it  would  be  carried  by  fonre ;  in  both  wUA 
cues  hi»  own  pretensions  were  sure  to  be  disappointed:)! 
wa*  ineiined.  therefore,  to  join  in  the  oppcnition,  bol  m  It 
ODit',  as  to  repel  any  Holence  '. 

The  tribunes,  in  the  mean  time,  were  growing  eresy  Af 
more  and  more  insolent,  and  engroasing  all  power  to  d» 
selves :  till  Q.  Pompeius  Kufus,  the  grandson  of  Sylll^  ■! 
dtc  motK  Venous  espauser  of  a  dictator,  was,  by  a  Tnitl 
decree  of  the  senate,  committed  lo  prison ;  and  PiuDpey  Ii» 
sell,  opon  his  return  to  the  city,  6nding  the  greater  and  beM 
part  utterly  averse  to  hu^  dictttorship,  yielded,  at  last,  aftam 
tnierre^num  of  six  months,  that  Cn.  bomitius  Calvinu,  mi 
M.  Messala.  should  be  declared  consuls*.  These  were  sgne- 
abie  likewise  to  Cxsar :  Cicero  had  particularly  reoommeaU 
Messala  to  him :  of  whom,  he  says,  in  a  letter  to  bis  brotfaa; 
"  as  to  your  reckoning  Messala  and  Calvinus  sure  coniuli^  JN 
^ree  >ith  « hat  we  think  here ;  for  1  will  be  answerable  k 
r  for  Messala'." 


OP   CICRHO. 


LUrb.  700.     evil.    Coii.— Cn.  OoDiilnuCi 


M  Pompey,  without  tbe  fear  of  any  great  harm,  while  ther« 
iMto  sure  a  check  upon  him  as  Csssar;  who,  upon  any  ex- 
llitant  use  of  that  power,  wouUI  have  had  the  senate,  and  all 
c  better  sort,  on  Iiis  side,  by  the  specious  pretence  of  asscrt- 
e  the  public  liberty:  Cicero,  tlierefore,  judged  rightly,  in 
Hilunei  that  there  were  other  things,  which  might  be  ap- 
vhended,  and  seemed  likely  to  liappen,  tiiat,  in  tlieir  prc- 
nt  situation,  were  of  more  dangerous  consequence  than  u 
ctatot^'p. 

There  had  scarce  been  so  long  an  interregnum  in  Rome, 
Dce  the  expulsion  of  their  kings;  during  which,  ail  public 
niness,  and  especially  all  judicial  proceeding!*,  were  wholly 
iterrupted ;  which  explains  a  jocose  passage  in  one  of  Cicero'n 
Iters,  to  Trebatius:  "  if  you  had  not  already,"  says  he, 
been  absent  from  Rome,  you  would  certainly  have  run  away 
>w:  for  what  business  is  there  for  a  lawyer  in  so  many  inter- 
tgoums?  I  advise  all  my  clients,  if  sued  in  any  action,  to 
ove  every  interrex  twice  for  more  time;  do  not  you  think, 
lat  I  have  learnt  the  law  of  you  to  good  purpose 'i"' 

He  now  began  a  correspondence  of  letters  with  Curio,  a 
lung  senator  of  <listii^uisned  birth  and  parts,  wlio,  upon  his 
FBt  entrance  into  the  Forum,  had  been  committed  to  his  tare, 
id  was  at  this  time  quaestor  in  Asia.  He  was  posses-sed  of  a 
Tge  and  splcnilitl  fortune,  by  the  late  death  of  his  father;  so 
mt  Cicero,  who  knew  his  high  spirit  and  ambition,  and  that 
e  was  formed  to  do  much  good  or  hurt  to  his  country,  was 
ssiroiu  to  engage  him  early  in  the  interests  of  the  Republic ; 
id,  by  instilling  great  and  generous  sentiments,  to  inflame 
im  with  a  love  of  true  glory.  Curio  had  sent  orders  to  his 
rents  at  Rome,  to  proclaim  a  show  of  gladiators  in  lionour  of 
■  deceased  fother ;  but  Cicero  stopped  the  declaration  of  it 
ir  a  while,  in  hopes  to  dissuade  him  from  so  great  and  fruit- 
m  an  expense*.  He  foresaw,  that  nothing  was  more  likely 
I  eorropt  his  virtue,  than  the  ruin  of  his  fortunes,  or  to  make 
cm  a  dangerous  citizen,  than  prodigality;  to  which  he  was 
itnnilty  inclined,  and  which  Cicero,  for  that  reason,  was  tbe 
ore  desirous  to  check,  at  his  first  setting  out:  but  all  his 
ideavours  were  to  no  purpose;  Curio  resolved  to  give  tbe 
low  of  gladiators ;  and  by  a  continual  profusion  of  his  money, 
Kwering  to  this  beginning,  after  he  had  acted  the  patriot  for 

'  BW  ante  Roma  prorectui  eon.  nunc  «ni  uiie  rFlinqucm.     Qnii  enim  lot  inler- 

_      .,?    Ei.Fuii.7.  11. 

*  Bop  itMinin  nan  dgfuil  (ierlmndorum  muuenim  tao  Domiiu  :  wd  nee  mihi  pla- 
it, wte  cmqnOD  tnanim,  qutd^aam  U  abKnte  Gai,  quod  tibi,  cub  Twunea,  naa  ewM 
cgnm,  kt.    Ibid.  2.  3. 


r 


*.Urb,700.    ficW.    L-oM,--C'n.r)omiliu»<.ulvn;u..    M.  V.ltriut  Mnnli. 

tAer  to  rejoice  at,  the  loss  of  Crassus  himself.  For  after  the 
'bath  of  Julia,  Crassiis's  authority  was  the  only  means  left  of 
Mrinn^  the  power  of  Pompey,  and  the  ambition  of  Csesar, 
*iiffi  ready  always  to  support  tlie  weaker,  against  the  en- 
Mcft^ments  of  the  stronger,  and  keep  them  both  within  tlie 
tkunds  of  a  decent  respect  to  the  laws ;  but  this  check  beine 
)Ow  taken  away,  and  the  power  of  the  empire  thrown,  aa  a  kind 
■f  prize,  between  two,  it  gave  a  new  turn  to  their  several  pre- 
(msiona,  and  created  a  fresh  eompetition  for  the  larger  share ; 
Ifticb,  as  the  event  afterwards  shewed,  must  necessarily  end  in 
ike  subversion  of  the  whole. 

f  Publius  Crassus,  who  perished  with  bis  fatlier  in  this  fatal 
Upedition,  was  a  youth  of  an  amiable  character ;  educated  with 
Ibe  strictest  care,  and  perfectly  instructed  in  all  ttic  liberal 
Nndies:  be  bod  a  ready  wit  and  easy  language;  was  grave 
rithout  arrogance,  modest  without  negligence;  adornea  with 
ill  the  aecomplisbmcnGa  proper  to  form  a  principal  citizen  and 
eader  of  the  Ilepublic :  by  the  force  of  his  own  judgment  be 
ibH  devoted  himself  very  early  to  the  observance  and  imitation 
{  Cicero,  whom  be  perpetually  attended  and  reverenced  with 
kind  of  filial  piety.  Cicero  conceived  a  mutual  affection  for 
lim,  and  observing  bis  eager  thirst  for  glory,  was  constantly 
nstilling  into  him  the  true  notion  of  it ;  and  OTchorting  him  to 
lursue  that  sure  piitli  to  it,  wliieh  his  anccslors  biul  left  beaten 
ind  traced  oat  to  him,  through  the  gradual  ascent  of  civil 
tonoars.  But  by  serving  under  Caesar  in  the  Gallic  wars,  he 
lad  leamt,  as  he  fancied,  a  shorter  way  to  fame  and  power 
han  what  Cicero  bad  been  inculcating;  and  having  signalized 
JiDself  in  a  campaign  or  two,  as  a  soldier,  was  in  too  much 
iBSte  to  be  a  general;  when  Csesar  sent  him,  at  the  head  of  a 
housand  horse,  to  the  assistance  of  his  father  in  the  Parthian 
rar.  Here  the  vigour  of  bis  youth  and  courage  carried  him 
■n  so  for,  in  the  pursuit  of  an  enemy,  whose  chief  art  of  con- 
|uest  consisted  in  flying,  that  he  had  no  way  left  to  escape, 
>ut  what  bis  high  spirit  disdained,  by  the  desertion  of  his 
roops  and  a  precipitate  flight;  so  that,  finding  himself  op- 
■refsed  with  numbers,  cruelly  wounded,  and  in  danger  of 
ailing  alive  into  the  hands  of  the  Partliiaiis,  he  chose  to  die 
>y  the  sword  of  his  armour-bearer.  Thug,  while  he  aspired, 
S  Cicero  says,  to  the  fame  of  anotlier  Cyrus  or  Alexander,  he 
ett«  abort  of  that  glory,  which  many  of  his  predecessors  bad 
eaped,  ftom  a  succession  of  honours,  conferred  by  their 
ountry,  as  the  reward  of  their  services'. 

pucri^  semper,  tunen  boc 


K^led,  in  the  exercise  of  his  subordinate  magistmcy'.  Pompey 
^  wholly  averse  to  Milo,who  did  not  pay  him  that  court 
^kb  he  expected,  bat  wraMd  to  affect  aa  independency,  and 
1*  trost  to  his  own  rtrengtl^  while  the  other  two  o(«npetitoni 
*cre  wholly  at  bia  devotink  Hvpanus  bad  beMi  his  quaBtor* 
nd  always  liis  creature  i  and  ae  designed  to  make  Seipio 
lib  fether-in-kw,  bf  marrying  hit  daughter  Coraelia,  a  lady  of 
jkiebrMed  aceomjiliihinratB,  ue  widow  of  young  Crassua. 
I'  Cicero,  on  the  oiber  hand,  served  Milo  to  the  utmost  of  hi> 
Bower,  and  anli-ml^  wished  him  success.  This  he  owed  to 
Hilo's  coiistiint  atlachmeDt  to  him,  which,  at  all  baxanls,  be 
Hm-  resolved  to  repay.  The  affair,  however,  was  likely  to 
me  bim  mudi  truiiole,  as  well  from  the  difficulty  of  the  i^mh 
■lioD,  as  iVum  Miln's  own  conduct  and  unbounded  prodigabty, 
which  threatened  the  ruin  of  all  his  fortunes.  In  a  letter  to 
kia  brother,  who  w»  sdll  with  C»sar,  he  says,  "  Nothing  can 
l>e  more  wretched  dian  these  men  and  these  times :  wherefore, 
once  no  pleasure  can  now  be  had  trom  the  Republic  I  know 
lot  why  1  shuiiUI  make  myself  uneasy:  books,  study,  quiet, 
■r  eoniitiY-Iionses,  and  above  all,  my  children,  are  my  sole 
im^tt.     Milo  is  my  only  trouble  :  I  wish  his  consulship  n 


gut  an  end  to  it;  m  which  I  will  not  take  less  pains,  than  I 
lid  in  my  own ;  and  you  will  assist  us  there  also,  as  you  now 
do:  all  lluDgs  stand  well  with  him,  unless  some  violence  defeat 


a  usaid  only,  how  his  money  will  hold  out :  for  he  is 
mad  beyond  all  bounds  in  tlie  magnificence  of  his  shows,  which 
he  is  now  preparing  at  the  espense  of  250,000/. ;  but  it  shall 
be  my  care  to  check  his  inconsiderateness  in  this  one  article, 
as  &r  88  I  am  able',"  &c. 

In  the  heat  of  this  competition,  Curio  was  coming  home 
from  Ana,  and  eipected  shortly  at  Rome ;  whence  Cicero  sent 
an  express  to  meet  him  on  the  road,  or  at  hia  landing  in  Italy, 
with  a  most  earnest  and  pressing  letter  to  engage  him  to  Milo's 
interest. 

'  OocuiTcbtt  ei,  muicuD  m  debilein  Pnrliniin  buatn  fulur«iu  coimule  Milone.  Pro 
HDon.  9. 

*  Ilaqna  «  Rq>,  quonUm  nihil  jam  TolupUlii  api  potcat ;  cur  stoTnachcr,  nrado. 
Ijttfna   me  tl  ■ludiH  nottrm,  et  Dlium,  villcque  delecunl,  maximcque  |mtn  lUHtri. 

•am  FDiaui  in  nutro ;  toque  ittinc,  quifd  farn,  odjaTubii.     Dc  quo  cvten  (ni^  pluke  via 
riipuenl)  rocMj  lunt :  de  re  familiiri  linieo. 

qui  Indw  U.S.  CCC.  campuel.    Cujut  in  hoc  UDO  iuconsiileKintiiuii  et  ego  luitintbo, 
otjpowm,     AdQiiim.  3.  9. 

Ciceio  bad  grrnl  mmn  for  the  apiirehrniHniis  whirh  he  ei[ire!«i  on  account  of  Milo'a 
eitimT^mce  :  for  Milo  hud  alt«dj  wa«ril  ihice  «tatr«  in  jtiving  piajs  and  shnwi  to  the 
pcmilei  anJ.whtn  be  went,  soon  afl.r,  into  exile,  «i>  found  to  owe  still  above  half  a 
mimon  of  oni  nioDfr.     Plin.  1.  36.  U.     Amoh.  A^iim.  in  Milon. 


am  now  taking  for  Milo,  you  can  believe  mc  to  be 

of  benefits :  Ungrateful ;  if  a  good  man ;  if  worthy,  in 
f  your  kindneis ;  I  beg  of  you  to  relieve  my  present 
le,  and  lend  your  betping  hand  to  my  praise ;  or,  to 
lore  truly,  to  my  safety.     Aa  to  T.  Anniua  tiimself,  I 

you,  if  you  embrace  him,  that  you  will  not  lind  a  man 
ater  mind,  gravity,  constancy,  or  of  greater  affection  to 
id,  as  for  myself,  you  will  add  such  a.  lustre  and  fresh 

to  me,  that  1  shall  readily  own  you  to  have  shewn  the 
?al  for  my  honour,  which  you  exerted  before  for  my 
ttion.  If  I  was  not  sure,  from  what  I  have  already 
it  you  would  see  how  much  1  take  my  duty  to  be  in- 

in  this  affair,  and  how  much  it  concerns  me,  not  only 
gle,  but  even  to  fight  for  Milo's  success,  I  should  press 
1  farther ;  but  I  now  recommend,  and  throw  the  whole 
Hid  myself  also  with  it,  into  your  hands;  and  beg  of 
assure  yourself  of  this  one  thing,  that,  if  I  obtain  this 
'rom  you,  I  shall  be  more  indebted  almost  tu  you,  than 
•  Milo  himself;  since  my  safety,  in  which  1  was  priu- 
issisted  bv  Idm,  was  not  so  dear,  as  the  piety  of  shewing 
titade  will  be  agreeable  to  me,  which,  I  am  persuadeo, 
be  able  to  effect  by  your  assistance.     Adieu'." 

senate,  and  the  better  sort,  were  generally  in  Milo's 
;  but  three  of  the  tribunes  were  violent  against  him, 
ipeius  Rufus,  Munatius  Plancus  Bursa,  and  Sallust  the 
n ;  the  other  seven  were  bis  fast  friends,  but,  above  all, 
lius,  who,  out  of  regard  to  Cicero,  served  him  with  a 
ar  zeal.  But,  while  all  things  were  proceeding  very 
ously  in  his  favour,  and  nothing  seemed  wanting  to 
lis  success,  but  to  bring  on  the  election,  which  his  ad- 
M,  for  that  reason,  were  labouring  to  keep  back,  all  his 
ind  fortunes  were  blasted  at  once,  by  an  unhappy  ren- 
■  with  his  old  enemy  Clodius,  in  which  Clodius  was 
>y  his  servants,  and  by  his  command, 
r  meeting  was  wholly  accidental,  on  the  Appian  road, 
from  the  city;  Clodius  coming  home  from  the  country 
1  Rome ;  Milo  going  out  about  three  in  the  afternoon  j 
t  on  horseback,  with  three  companions,  and  thirty  ser> 
veil  armed ;  the  latter  in  a  chariot,  with  his  wife  and 
ind,  but  with  a  much  greater  retinue,  and,  among  them, 
ladiators.  Tlie  servants,  on  both  sides,  began  presently 
t  each  other;  when  Clodius,  turning  briskly  to  some  of 
men,  who  were  nearest  to  him,  and   threatening  them 

■  Ep.  Fam.  2.  C, 


A.  rib.  701.  at.  a. 

with  hU  usual  fierceDess,  receired  a  weuiid  in  the  iboaUa 

from  one  of  the  glailiatora ;  and,  after  receiviiw  Kveial  mta 


general  fray,  which  instantly  ensued,  finding  his  Ub  ■ 
r,  was  forcea  to  fly  for  shelter  into  a  nnghbooring  tann. 
_  _  .  heated  by  this  success,  and  the  thoughts  of  revei^e^  mk 
reflecting  that  ne  had  already  done  enotign,  to  gire  his  ens^ 
a  great  advantage  against  him,  if  he  was  left  alive  to  pumu  i^ 
resolved,  whatever  was  the  consequence,  to  have  the  plesisit 
of  destroying  him,  and  so  ordered  the  house  to  be  stanna^ 
and  Clodtus  to  be  dr^ged  out  and  murdered.  The  nuHbrflf 
the  tavern  was  likewise  killed,  with  eleven  of  Clodiua's  to- 
vants,  while  the  rest  saved  themselves  by  flight ;  so  that  Cl^ 
dius's  body  was  left  in  tlie  road,  where  it  fell,  till  S.  Tedio^t 
senator,  happening  to  come  by,  took  it  up  into  his  chaise,  tai 
brought  it  with  him  to  Home,  where  it  was  exposed  in  ObI 
condition,  all  covered  with  blood  and  wounds,  to  the  view  <f 
the  populace,  who  flocked  about  it  in  crowds,  to  lament  du 
miserable  fate  of  their  leader.  The  next  day,  tlie  mob,  headed 
by  S.  Clodius,  a  kinsman  of  the  deceased,  and  one  of  his  chief 
incendiaries,  carried  the  body  naked,  so  as  all  the  woondi 
might  be  seen,  into  the  Forum,  and  placed  it  in  the  rosti^ 
where  tlie  three  tribunes,  Milo's  enemies,  were  prepared  to 
liarangue  upon  it  in  a  style  suited  to  the  lamentable  occasioa, 
by  which  they  inflamed  their  mercenaries  to  such  a  height  of 
fury,  that,  snatching  up  the  body,  tliey  ran  away  with  it  into 
tlie  senate-house,  and,  tearing  up  the  benches,  tablet^  and 
I-  llilnir  conil.L.-.lil.lo,  ih^^'^-ied  u]>  a  funeral  pile   upon  ttie 


OF   ClCBno. 


to  little  piirpoae;  for  tlie  three  tribunes  employed  all  tlie 
of  party  aiid  faction  to  keep  up  the  ill  humour  of  the 
ilaoe ;  und,  what  was  more  fatal,  Pompey  u-ould  not  be 
lUgbt  into  any  measures  of  accommodating  the  matter;  so 
t  the  tumults  still  increasing,  tht;  senate  passed  a  decree] 
ikat  the  interrex,  a&sisted  by  the  tribunes  and  Pompey,  should 
take  eare  that  the  Republic  receive  no  detrimeut ;  and  that 
Fompey,  in  particular,  should  raise  a  body  of  troops  for  tlie 
pommon  security,  which  he  presently  drew  together  from  all 
|Hirts  of  Italy.  In  this  confusion,  the  rumour  of  a  dictator  waa 
Again  industriously  revived,  and  gave  a  fresli  alarm  to  the 
•etiate;  who,  to  avoid  the  greater  evil,  resolved  presently  to 
^eate  Pompey  the  single  consul ;  so  that  the  interrex,  Servius 
jiulpidus,  declared  his  election  accordingly,  after  an  iuterrcg- 
Oiun  of  near  two  months'. 

I  A.Urb.701.    Cic.Si.    Cm—Co.  roiopeiusM^Dui  HI.    Sine  Cllegt, 

PoMPEV  applied  himself  immediately  to  calm  tlie  public 
'  disorders,  aiid  published  several  new  laws,  prepared  by  him 
for  that  purpose :  one  of  tliem  was  to  appoint  a  special  com- 
mission, to  inquire  into  Clodins's  death,  the  burning  of  the 
senate-bouse,  and  the  attack  on  M.  Lepidus  ;  and  to  appoint 
an  extraordinary  judge,  of  consular  rank,  to  preside  in  it:  a 
second  was,  against  bribery  and  corruption  in  elections,  with 
tlie  inflictions  of  new  and  severer  penalties. — fly  these  lawa, 
the  method  of  trials  was  altered,  and  the  length  of  them  limited : 
three  days  were  allowed  for  tlie  examination  of  witnesses,  and 
the  fourth  for  tlie  sentence :  on  which  the  accuser  was  to  have 
two  hours  only  to  enforce  the  charge ;  the  criminal  tliree  for 
his  defence':  which  regulation  Tacitus  seems  to  consider  as 
the  first  step  towards  tne  ruin  of  the  Roman  eloquence,  by 
imposing  reins,  as  it  were,  upon  its  free  and  ancient  course  . 
Ccelius  opposed  his  negative  to  these  laws,  as  being  rather 
privileges  than  laws,  and  provided  particularly  against  Milo : 
tut  he  was  soon  obliged  to  withdraw  it,  upon  Pompey's  de- 
daring  that  he  would  support  them  by  force  of  arms.  The 
three  tribunes,  all  the  while,  were  perpetually  haranguing  and 
terrifying  the  city  with  forged  stories,  of  magazines  of  arms 
preparea  by  Milo,  for  massacreing  his  enemies,  and  burning 
the  city,  and  produced  their  creatures,  in  the  rostra,  to  vouch 
the  truth  of  them  to  the  people.  They  charged  him  particu- 
larly  with  a  design  a^j-iinst  Pompey's   life,  and  brought  one 

'  Tid.  DiD,  iliid.  ei  Awv,,,,  Amim.  '  IW.!. 

»  Primiu  lerUo  conauUln  Cn.  Poiiipeiu»  ulrionit,  imposuiMiuc  veluli  fncaoi  eloqucn- 
ti«,&c    Dialog.  <le  Ont.  38. 


34B  THE    LIFE 

A.l'rb.70l.    t'icU.    C'M.^l'D.raiupeii»MmgnuiItl.    SiDcColkjl. 

Liciniua,  a  killer  of  ibe  victims  for  Bacrifice,  to  declare  diri 
Milo'a  senrants  bad  confessed  it  to  him  in  their  cups,  and  Ika 
endeavoured  to  kill  liiin,  lest  be  should  discover  it:  aodt  k 
make  his  story  tlie  more  credible,  shewed  a  slieltt  wound  inks 
Hide,  made  by  himself,  which  he  affirmed  to  have  been  OfU 
by  the  stroke  uf  a  gladiator.  Pompey  himself  confirmed  lb 
met,  and  laid  an  ai-coiint  of  it  before  the  senate;  an^  bf 
doubling  liiN  guard,  atTocted  to  intimate  a  real  spprehenooa  tf 
danger'.  Nor  were  tht>y  less  industrious  to  raise  a  ' 
against  Cicern;  unil,  in  order  to  deter  bim  from 
Alilu's  cause,  tiireuteued  him  also  with  trials  and  persecutjoai; 

giving  It  out  every  where,  that  Clodiiis  was  killed  indeed  hf 
le  hand  of  Milo,  hut  by  the  advice  and  contrivance  ofi 
greater  man '.  "  Yet,  such  was  his  constancy  to  his  fnend,* 
says  AKcotiiuH,  "  that  neither  the  loss  of  popular  fevoor,  Mr 
Pompey'it  sutiiiicions,  nor  his  own  diinger,  nor  the  terror  rf 
arms,  could  liiveit  him  from  the  resolution  of  undertakiai 
Milo's  defence'." 

But  it  was  Pomney's  influence  and  authority  which  niined 
Milo*.  lie  WHS  tlio  only  man  in  Rome  who  Lad  the  power 
either  to  bring  him  to  a  trial,  or  to  get  him  condemned:  not 
that  he  was  concerned  fur  Clodius's  death,  or  tlie  manner  of 
it,  but  plca-sed  rather  that  the  Republic  was  freed,  at  any  nte, 
from  Hu  pestilent  a  demagogue ;  yet  he  resolved  to  take  tie 
bcn<-fit  of  the  oceaition,  fur  getting  rid  of  Milo  too,  from  whose 
ambition  and  high  spirit  he  liad  cause  to  appreliend  no  Icsi 
trouble. — -He   would   not   lii^teii,  tlierefort',    to  any    overtures 


OF   crCERO. 

A.Vih.70l.   C'icA'j.   Coi,-Cn.PainpriiuMByMiu  III,   SniCalttga. 

to  dischiir^e  a  vow,  said  to  be  made  by  him,  on  the  ao- 

it  of  Clodius's  ileuli '. 

'  When  tUe  examination  was  over,  Munatius  Plancus  called 

people  together,  and  exhorted  them  to  appear  in  a  full 

the  next  day,  when  ju(lg;n]eiit  was  to  be  given,  and  to 

re  their  sentiments  in  so  public  a  manner,  that  the  criminal 

light  not  be  suffered  to  escape :  which  Cicero  reflects  upon, 

the  defence,  as  an  insult  on  the  liberty  of  the  bench'.     Early 

die  moniing,  on  the  eleventh  of  April,  the  shops  were  all 

IkDtt  and  tlie  whole  city  gathered  into  the  Forum,  where  the 

iveouee  were  possessed  by  Pompey's  soldiers,  and  he  himself 

Heated  in  a  conspicuous  part,  to  overlook  the  whole  proceeding, 

0tid  hinder  all  disturbance.     The  accusers  were  young  Appiiis, 

tfiB  nephew  of  Clodius,  M.  Antonhis,  and  P.  Valerius,  who, 

according  to  tlie  new  law,  employed  two  liours  in  supporting 

their  indictment.     Cicero  was  the  only  advocate  on  Milo's 

i.-fide ;  but,  as  soon  as  he  rose  up  to  speuli,  he  was  received  with 

BO  rude  a  clamour,  l>y  tlic  Clodians,  that  he  was  much  dis- 

EOinposed  and  daunted  at  his  first  setting  out,  yet  recovered 

tpint  enough   to  go  tlirougli  his  speech  of  three  hours,  which 

Vras  taken  down  in  writing,  and  published  as  it  was  delivered, 

fliougb  the  copy  of  it  now  extant  is  supposed  to  have  been  re- 

touchetl  and  corrected  by  him,  afterwards,  for  a  present  to 

Milo,  in  his  exile'. 

In  the  council  of  Milo's  friends,  several  were  of  opinion, 
that  he  should  defend  himself,  by  avowing  the  death  of  Clodiua 
to  be  an  act  of  public  benefit :  but  Cicero  thought  that  defence 
too  desperate,  as  it  would  disgust  the  grave,  by  opening  so 
great  a  door  to  licence,  and  otfend  the  powerful,  lest  the  pre- 
cedent should  be  extended  to  themselves.  But  young  Brutus 
was  Dot  so  cautious,  who,  in  an  oration,  which  he  composed  and 

Eublished  afterwards,  in  vindication  of  Milo,  maintained  the 
illing  of  Clodius  to  be  right  and  just,  and  of  great  service  to 
the  Republic'.  It  was  notorious,  that,  on  both  sides,  they  had 
oA«n  threatened  death  to  each  other ;  Clodius,  especially,  had 
declared  several  times,  both  to  the  senate  and  the  people,  that 
Milo  ought  to  be  killed  ;  and  that,  if  the  consulship  could  not 
be  taken  from  him,  his  life  could :  and  when  Favonius  asked 
him  once,  what  hopes  he  could  have  of  playing  his  mad  pranks, 


■  Tid.  Amod.  Aijum.  Id  Milon. 

em  licere  lobit,  quod  ■entiali^  libera 

JBdkain.     Pm  Milon.  2«.    Vid.  Ahod.  ibid. 

•  CSeero,  cmo  iacipiTel  dicere,  icceptm  est 

CTlimatione  Clirfianonirn— it»que  non 

«,  <pim  lolitai  ent,  cai»UntiH  dixit.     Manet  n 

Icm  ill»  qiioquo  occpla  ejua  oimtio. 

AMX^JUf,m. 

•  Cum  quibiudim  p!«t,Iwl,  iU  defendi  crim. 

,  interfici  CloHiiira  pro  Rqnib.  faine, 

a«m  fondun  M.  Bnilui  »ciilu>  eu  in  «  oniio 

e.  quin,  pro  Milone  r<m>p«uit.«  edi- 

A.l'rii.TUl.    Ck.  U.    1'(m.~Cb.  roBpnutM^gnu*  III.  Sine Calk^ 

while  Milo  was  liviug,  he  replied,  that  ia  three  or  four  day%il 
most,  he  should  live  do  more :  which  was  spc^en  jot  thm 
days  l>efore  the  &tal  encounter,  and  attested  by  FaTaniiw'. 
Since  Milo  then  was  charged  with  being  the  contriver  of  HA 
meetinfT,  and  the  nfrgreflsor  in  it,  and  several  testimonies  wot 
produce<l  to  that  purpose,  Cicero  chose  to  risk  tbe  cause  m 
that  issue ;  in  hopes  to  persuade  what  seemed  to  be  the  ant 
probable,  that  Clodius  actually  lay  in  wait  for  Milo,  ind  cot 
trived  the  time  and  place ;  and  that  Milo's  part  was  but  ■ 
necessary  act  of  self-defence.  This  appeared  ptaufflble,  &■■ 
the  nature  of  their  equipage,  and  the  circumstances  in  wUck 
they  met :  for  though  MUo's  company  was  the  more  numoim 
yet  it  was  much  more  encumbered,  and  unfit  for  an  engB» 
ment,  than  liui  adversary's ;  he  himself  being  in  a  chariot  wiA  i 
his  wife,  and  all  her  women  along  with  him :  while  Clodins  wiA 
his  followera  were  on  horseback :  as  if  prepared  and  equipped 
for  fighting'.  He  did  not  preclude  himself,  however,  by  aai, 
from  the  other  plea  which  he  often  takes  occasion  to  insinuate, 
that  if  Milo  had  really  designed  and  contrived  to  kill  ClodiMt 
he  would  have  desersed  honours  instead  of  punishment,  for 
catting  off  so  desperate  and  dangerous  an  enemy  to  tbe  peaoe 
and  liberty  of  Rome  '. 

In  this  speech  for  Milo,  after  he  had  shewn  the  folly  of  pac- 
ing such  a  regard  to  the  idle  rumours  and  forgeries  of  his  ene- 
mies, as  to  give  them  the  credit  of  an  examination,  he  toudtct 
Poftipey's  conduct  (md  pretended  fears,  with  a  fine  and  mas- 
terly rtiillery  :  and,  from  a  kind  of  prophetic  foresight  of  whsl 


OP  CICERO, 
A.  I'rb.  701.     Cir.  .w.    (.'ix.—Cu.  I'ompriuB  MiiEnat  III.    dtotCoOtglL. 

ev  would  contemn,  if  diey  were  at  liberty  to  do  it.  He 
■ud  not  refuse  an  audience  to  that  paltry  fellow,  Licinitis, 
\fO  gave  tlie  infonnation  about  Milo's  servanb — I  wa.t  sent 
t  among  the  first  of  those  friends,  by  whose  advice  he  laid  it 
tfbrc  the  senate ;  and  was,  1  own,  ifi  no  small  consternation, 
see  tlie  guardian  both  of  me  and  my  coiiiitry  under  so  gr<'ut 
1  apprehension ;  yet,  I  could  not  liclp  wondering  tliat  sucli 
ffdit  was  g;iven  to  a  butcher  ;  such  regard  to  drunken  slaves ; 
id  how  the  wound  iu  the  man's  side,  which  seemed  to  be  the 
jck  only  of  a  needle,  could  he  taken  for  the  stroke  of  a  gla* 
Mot.  But  Pompey  was  shewing  his  caution  rather  than  hia 
pri  and  disposed  to  be  suspicious  of  every  thing,  that  you 
^ht  have  reason  to  fear  nothing.  There  was  a  rumour,  also, 
at  CfEsar's  house  was  attacked  for  several  hours  in  tlie  niglit ; 
e  oeighbours,  though  in  so  public  a  place,  heard  nothing  at 
L  of  it;  yet,  the  affair  was  thought  fit  tu  be  inquired  into.  I 
HI  never  suspect  a  man  of  Pompey's  eminen  t  courage  of  beine 
norous;  nor  yet  tliink  any  caution  too  great  in  one,  who  hud 
ken  upon  himself  the  defence  of  the  whole  Uenublic.  A  se- 
itoT,  likewise,  in  a  full  house,  affirmed  lately  in  the  capitol, 
at  Milohad  a  dagger  under  bis  gown,  at  that  very  time:  Milo 
ripped  himself  presently  in  that  most  sacred  temple;  that, 
nee  hia  life  and  manners  would  not  give  him  credit,  tlie  thing 
»elf  might  speak  for  him,  which  was  found  to  be  Mse,  and 
isely  forged.  But  if,  after  all,  Milo  must  sHU  be  feared,  it  is 
0  longer  the  aifair  of  Clodius,  but  your  suspicions,  Pompey, 
hich  we  dread:  your  suspicions,  I  say,  and  speak  it  so,  that 
III  may  hear  me. — If  those  suspicions  stick  so  close,  that  they 
■e  never  to  be  removed  ;  if  Italy  must  never  be  free  from  new 
vies,  nor  the  city  from  arms,  without  Milo's  destruction  j  he 
oold  not  scruple,  such  is  bis  nature  and  his  principles,  to  bid 
lieu  to  his  country,  and  submit  to  a  voluntary  exile :  but,  at 
iking  leave,  he  would  call  upon  thee,  O  thou  great  one !  as 
s  now  does,  to  consider  how  uncertain  and  variable  the  con- 
Idon  of  life  is;  how  unsettled  and  inconstant  a  thing  fortune; 
hat  unfuthfulness  there  is  in  fiends ;  what  dissimulation 
lited  to  times  and  circumstances ;  what  desertion,  what  co- 
ardice  in  our  dangers,  even  of  those  who  are  dearest  to  us ; 
lere  will,  there  wUl,  I  say,  be  a  time,  and  the  day  will  cer- 
Mlly  come,  when  you  with  safety  still,  I  hope,  to  your  for- 
tnes,  though  changed,  perhaps,  by  some  turn  of  the  common 
mea^  which,  as  experience  shews,  will  often  happen  to  us  all, 
»j  want  the  affection  of  the  friendliest,  the  fidelity  of  the 
orthiest,  the  courage  of  the  bravest  man  living  ',"  &c. 

■  Pro  Milon.  24,  25,  3«. 


Or'  tHii-  mill  tifrv  jinlip's.  who  sat  ui>uii  Milo,  thirteen  mif 
ni-t)iiitiiil,  itiiil  ihiriy-ii>:ht  CDnHciHiivd,  Liin  :  the  votes  «m  i-. 
uoiiiiily  kTivi'ii  liy  I<:tlKit :  but  I'liio,  who  ubsulved  him,  clnM> 
eivi-  hi«  voii'  i<|>i-iily:  "iiiiil,  if  he  liad  ilone  it  earlier," »fi 
VfUfiif.  ■'  wiiiiUl  havo  dniwn  othi-rs  nfter  him:  dnce  all  nn 
nniviiiivcl.  iliui  hi>  uhii  ua.>  killeil,  was,  of  all  mIio  had  cnr 
livtil,  till- iii»'t  {u-niii'ioii'i  I'tiomy  to  hi."  cuuiitry,  ami  U  d 
gmn\  iiifii'."  Mill)  w('[it  into  rxiU'  at  Marseille^,  a  fewillj) 
uftiT  lii»  i-iiiiil<'inriiiiii>n  :  his  iU-liL«  were  so  t^'eat,  that  he  n 
glail  tn  rotire  tin-  mhiiut  friMii  lhi>  ini[i<irtuiiitv  of  hi$  neditm:  ._ 
toT  whiiM'  •>;ili«rni-(iiiii  his  ulinti-  t-siute  wits  Jsold  by  puhtic  Uf  \.^ 
»n.  IIiTi,'  (.'itvni  still  oimliiiiiitl  hi-  cxin*  for 'liiin,  and,  il  L 
'■>  fricnil'^,  nrilort-il  uiKMif  his  wifL-Vfreedmni  t 
-I  at  (h<-  sill-,  ami  to  piin-liuse  the  gmut  V 
ill  (inltT  to  ilis{io«t'  of  thtiin,  aftern-ards,  tt  \. 
,  fur  rhc  lioiiofit  of  Miloniiil  liis  wifcFaujt^  l 
In-  saved  fur  them.  Itiit  hi»  intruded  w  1 
L'U  n'1i>hi-il  l)y  Mihi,  as  he  expected:  Sx  I 
rhihxiiuii'i  wiL«  Mi-ipi'i-:eil  i if  playing;  tliu  kii.-ive,  aod  secreting  1 
l^jirt  iif  tlio  t'ffi'it*  til  his  (iwii  ii>t>,  wliieh  nave  Cicero  great  uo-    I 


tion. 

nuiecrt  with  Mili 

I'hilolilllU-.    1.1 

i*art  of  ihe  flft' 
the  ht-t  ailv;uil 
if  ;tiiy  ihiiii,'  on 
viee  w;i» 


the 


tliat  hf  jire-i-ed  Attieui  aiidCoilius  to  ititmire  inio  I 
ry  iiarruitly,  and  oblii^e  Fhilotimus  to  gire  sads- 
faetioii  to  Mili>'>  frioiuU:  and  to  mv,  especially,  that  liis  ovn 
ropuiatioii  did  mil  siilfer  by  llie  maiiavomont  of  bis  sen-aiit'. 
Thri>ii>:h  thi-i  uliole  >tnii;>;le  about  Milo,  Pumpey  treated 
CiCcro  with  great  humanity ;  he  assi^n^d  him  a  guard  at  tlie  | 
trial;  foi^ve  all  bis  labours  for  his  niend,  though    in    oppose 


I  he  was  Kcquitml  by  a  great  majority.  Bat  Sex. 
B,  the  captain  of  tJie  other  side,  Laul  not  the  ludc  la 
so  well,  but  was  condemneti,  an^  banished  with  BevenU 
of  that  faction,  to  the  great  joy  of  the  city,  for  baroing 

Wiute-house,    and   the  other    violence;    cmainitted    npoti 

"    "8  death'. 


.DA.701.    Cic.55.    Cmt—Cn.  Pomp.  H^BiB  III.    Q.  CaoL  Mxcl. &jfHi. 

OMFSY  no  sooner  published  his  new  law  a^nn  bribery, 

itfie  late  consular  candidates,  Sdpio  and  Hypsstis,  were 

rally  impeached  upon  it;  and,  being  both  of  them  noto- 

8y  guilty,  were  in  great  danger  of  beii^  condemned ;  bnl 

Ipey,  tailing  the  bwiy  of  the  judges  together,  begged  o( 

.  as  a  favour,  that  out  of  the  great  number  of  stale  cri* 

S,  they  would  remit  Scipio  to  him  ;  whom,  after  be  bad 

ed  from  this  prosecution,  be  decbred  hts  ooHeagne  in  the 

ikbip,  for  the  last  five  months  of  the  year;  having  finit 

him  his  fatiier-in-law,  by  marrj-ing  his  daughter,  Cornelia. 

t  other  candidate,  Hypsieus,  was  left  to  tlje  mercy  of  the 

llr^  and,  being  likely  to  fare  the  worse  for  Scipio's  escape, 

||d  to  be  made  a  sacniice  to  tbe  popular  odiinn,  he  watched 

ti  opportunity  of  access  to  Pompey,  as  he  was  coming  out  of 

is  bath,  and,  throwing  himself  at  his  feet,  implored  his  pro- 

ection :  but  though  he  had  been  his  qusestor,  and  ever  obse- 

[uious  to  his  will,  yet  Pompey  U  said  to  have  thrust  him  away, 

fith  great  haughtiness  and  inhumanity,   telling  him.  coldly, 

hat  he  would  only  spoil  his  supper  by  cfelaining  him  *. 

Before  the  end  of  tlie  year,  Cicero  had  some  amends  for  the 
on  <^  his  friend  Milo,  by  the  condemnation  and  banishment 
if  two  of  the  tribunes,  the  common  enemies  of  them  both,  Q. 
i'ompeiiu  Rufus,  and  T.  Munatius  Plancus  Bursa,  for  the 
■Mences  of  their  tribunate,  and  burning  the  senate-house. 
Ivsoon  as  their  office  expired,  Coelius  accused  the  first,  and 
^cero  himself  the  second;  the  only  cause,  excepting  that  of 
i^nres,  in  which  he  ever  acted  the  part  of  an  accuser.  But 
Snrsa  had  deserved  it,  botli  for  his  public  behaviour,  in  his 
iffice,  and  his  personal  injuries  to  Cicero;  who  had  defended 
lod  preserved  him  in  a  former  trial.  He  depended  on  Pom- 
ley's  saving  him ;  and  had  no  apprehension  of  danger,  since 

>  Akoo.  ATgam.  pro  Milao. 

*  Cn.  maton  Pompeiui  qium  iDKlcnMr  ?    Qui  balnea  rgmni,  aalc  pedt*  >u«  pro. 

slmt^  ■""i"*-  nddem  iwmiD]  «i  lUiutriam  mini,  mnonii  loco  >  Jodidbgt  depo*- 
n*.     Ti].  Hu.  9.  S.  it.  Flat,  in  Pomp. 


DP  CICEHQ.  350 

Cie.  55.     C™.-Cu,  I'ump.  U.gnu>  111.     Q.  CkJI.  .MMbI.  fkipio. 

pifp  desigued,  tben,  as  a  supplemeDt  or  secoud  volume  to 
|_*rther  upon  the  Republic,  was  distributed,  probably,  as 
«ther  was,  into  six  books;  for  we  meet  witli  some  quo- 
~~»  among  the  ancienU  from  the  fourtli  and  iittJi ;  though 
are  but  three  now  rematnirifr,  and  those  in  some  places 
rfvet.  Ill  the  first  of  these,  he  lays  open  the  orif^n  of 
%nd  the  source  of  obligation,  which  he  derives  fram  tike 
"^rsal  nature  of  things,  or,  as  be  explains  it,  from  the  con- 
Uute  reason  or  will  of  the  supreme  God  * :  in  the  other 
k  books,  he  gives  a  body  of  laws,  conformable  to  hts  owd 
ft  and  idea  of  a  well-ordered  city  ' :  first,  those  which  reiiite 
fetieion  and  the  worship  of  the  gods :  secondly,  those  which 
"^•mbe  the  duties  and  powers  of  the  several  magistrates,  from 
ll  llie  peculiar  form  of  each  ^vemment  is  denomtnatf-d. 
I  lawH  are  generally  taken  from  the  old  constitution  or 
n  of  Rome';  with  some  little  variation  and  temperamenti 
trived  to  obviate  tlie  disorders  to  which  tliat  Republic  was 
''',  and  to  give  it  a  stronger  turn  towards  the  aristocratical 
;  in  the  other  books,  which  are  lost,  he  had  treated,  as 
(  telle,  of  the  particular  rights  and  privileges  of  the  Roman 
jple*. 

Ponpey  was  preparing  an  inscription  this  summer  for  t)ie 
nnt  of  the  new  temple,  which  he  had  lately  built  to  Venus 
Conqueress,  containing,  as  usual,  the  recital  of  all  his 
h;  but,  in  drawing  it  up,  a  question  happened  to  be  started, 
labont  the  mnuoer  of  expressing  his  third  consulsttip ;  whether 
■  jt  shomld  be  by  consul  tertium  or  tertio.     This  was  referred  to 
mltue  principal  critics  of  Rome,  who  could  not,  it  seems,  up-ee 
Fldbfnit  it;  some  of  them  contending  for  the  one,  some  for  the 
L  dCher;  so  that  Pom(«;y  left  it  to  Cicero  to  decide  the  matter, 
and  to  inscribe  wliat  he  thought  the  best.     But  Cicero,  being 
uBwiUiDg  to  give  judgment  on  either  side,  when  there  were 
^eat  authorities  on  both  sides,  and  Varro  among  them,  ad- 
vised Pompey  to  abbreviate  the  word  in  question,  and   order 
Tert,  to  be  inscribed,  which  fully  declared  tlie  thing,  without 
determining   the  dispute.      From   this  fact   we   may  observe, 
hfiw  nicely  exact  they  were  in  this  age,  in  preserving  a  pro- 


DC  iciuparelegnul  Mlum.queni  probiinui,  liTJuni  lUimi;.  Ibid.).  2. 

■  Bt  ri  \am  Iiirtc  i  me  hodic  rogibunliir,  ijiiie  non  (inl  in  Hoitn  Rcpnb.  B«c  ftwrioC, 

' —  '-->  man  Bujnnno,  qoi  lum,  u[  Itx,  nitbtL     Ibid.  2,  10. 

u»  MB  valtnn,  ^uvd  putuem  ntfrmdniB  in  liglbas.     Wi.  t.  S. 


AlifcTul.     iK-4S      l-<w._ti..  P«,^  Mii^ut  III.     y.l-«ot.M*d.t!opJ 

|iriely  of  iutguage  in  their  public  monumenU  knd  i 
tion*'. 

Amon;;  the  other  acts  of  Pomney,  in  this  third  e 
there  «'».<  a  iirw  law  a^n<t  briber}',  contrived  to  ■ 
the  cild  ones  that  wen*  already  substlvtintir  a^nst  it,  1^4 
qualifyiii>f  hII  future  mnsuls  and  prsetors  from  holdinfrf 
province,  till  live  years  after  the  expiration  of  ibeit  na 
t^acie^  ;  fur  this  was  thought  likely  to  give  some  check  lifl| 
eagerness  of  ^iiinif  and  bribing  for  those  great  ofGces,  il 
the  chief  fruit  and  l>eiiefit  of  them  vas  removed  to  such  ■  A 
taiice '.  But,  before  the  law  rxused,  Porapey  toak  i 
provide  an  exception  fur  him^lf,  and  to  get  tne  gore 
of  ^S|lai^  contitiiied  tu  him  fur  fire  yean  longer,  with 
poiniinf  nt  of  moiii-y  for  the  payment  of  his  troops ;  and  Ial| 
this  sihould  give  offi.'i]ce  to  Csesar,  if  sometliing  aKo  of  a 
traordiiiar)'  kind  was  not  provided  for  him,  he  proposed  a  !>■,■' 
to  dispense  with  Ciewr's  absence  in  suing  for  the  consul^¥~ 
of  which  Ciesiir  at  that  time  seemed  very  desirous.  Coeliii  1 
wa»  the  promoter  of  tliis  law,  engaged  to  it  by  Cicero,  tt  I 
the  joint  ri-quest  of  Pomney  and  Ctesar ' ;  and  it  was  carried  I 
with  the  coiicurrence  of  all  the  tribunes,  though  not  witboul  1 
difficultv  and  obstruction  from  the  senate:  but  this  udusihI  j 
fitvour.  instead  of  satisfying  Ciesar,  served  only,  as  Suetooiut  I 
rays  to  raise  Ins  hopes  and  demands  still  Idglier  *. 

By  PomjH'y's  law,  just  mentioned,  it  was  provided,  that  for 
the  supplv  of  governors  for  the  interval  of  five  years,  in  which 
the  consuls  iuid  pneturs  were  disqualified,  the  Benatora  of  coa- 
suhir  and  prietorian  rank,  tvho  had  never  held  any  foreign 
command,  should  divide  the  vacant  provinces  among  tben- 
•*'""*  v."!-.!'  !n  consequence  of  which,  Cicero,  who  was  obliged 


tic.  55.     (.'«»^Cu,  Puiii[i.  M^Bu.  lir.    Q.  Ciwil.  Mclel.  Htiplp. 

'and  espectatioD,  obtruded  at  last   upon   Cicero ;   wliube 

bness  it  bad  been,  through  life,  to  avoid  them '. 

The  city  began  now   to  feel  the  unhappy  effects  both  of 

Vnlin's  and  Crassus's  death,  from  the  mutual  upprebensions  and 

'^tnlousies,  which  discovered  themselves  more  and  more  every 

Oay  between  Pompey  and  Cassar :  the  senate  was  generally  in 

_  Pompey's  interest;  and,  trusting  to  the  name  and  authority  of 

to  great  a  leader,  were  determined  to  humble  the  pride  and 

ftmbition  of  Cspsar,  by  recalling  bim  from  his  government; 

wllilst  Csesar,  on  the  other  hand,  trusting  to  tJie  strength  of  his 

troops,  resolved  to  heep  possesaion  of  it  in  defiance  of  all  their 

'    -votes ;  and,  by  drawing  a  part  of  his  forces  into  the  Italic,  or 

Cisalpine  Gaul,  so  as  to  be  ready  at  any  warning  to  support 

Ilia  pretensions,  began  to  alarm  all  Italy  with  the  melancholy 

prospect  of  an  approaching  civil  n-ar ;  and  this  was  the  bitua- 

tion  of  affairs  when  Cicero  set  forward  towards  his  government 

of  Cilicia. 


SECTION.  VII. 
A.Urb.7(n.  Ck.M.  r««~8crT.  Sulpk-iui  Bufui.  H.  Cliudiui  Mureelliu. 
This  year  opens  to  us  a  new  scene  in  Cicero's  life,  and  pre- 
sents him  in  a  character,  which  he  had  never  before  sustained, 
of  the  governor  of  a  province,  and  general  of  an  army.  These 
preferments  were,  of  all  others,  the  most  ardently  desired  by 
the  great,  for  the  advantages  which  they  afforded,  both  of  ac- 
quiring power  and  amassing  wealth:  for  their  command,  though 
accountable  to  the  Roman  people,  was  absolute  and  uncon- 
trollable in  the  province:  where  they  kept  up  the  state  and 
pride  of  sovereign  princes,  and  bad  all  the  neighbouring  kings 
paying  a  court  to  tliem,  and  attending  their  orders.  If  their 
genius  was  turned  to  arms,  and  fond  of  martial  glory,  they 
could  never  want  a  prele.xt  for  war,  since  it  was  easy  to  drive 
the  subiecl.s  into  rebellion,  or  the  adjoining  nations  to  acts 
of  hostility,  by  their  oppressions  and  injuries,  till,  from  the 
destruction  of  a  number  of  innocent  people,  they  bad  acquired 
the  title  of  emperor,  and  with  it  the  pretension  to  a  triumph ; 
without  which,  scarce  any  proconsul  was  ever  known  to  return 
from  a  remote  and  frontier  province*.     Their  opportunities  of 

ID  unditKt,  nt  mihi  mm  impc- 

, _._, ^  d  preUnd  lo 

■  triuDtpb,  uhn  hid  not  enlarged  the  boiindi  of  ihf  nnpin  by  bit  conquetta,  ud  kilted, 
ml  leut,  five  ttaounnd  cncmiea  in  baltls.wilhaul  an;  coiuidcnbli  lOBof  bit  ova  wldirn. 
Thi»  VH  eipreMlv  cirnied  by  Bn  old  l»w  ;  in  lopport  of  whith  »  lecond  ni  •funrardi 
prarided,  tfaU  made  it  pful  for  any  of  (heir  tnumphut  commandfri  lo  give  a  falie 


A.  I  a   -.":.     (...>.'.     lM>-._'kr>   ^ulpiiiui  Kuril.       M    L  iudr^  Hu 

Kisinir  inuiify  v,vte  as  immeiise  aa  their  power,  and  b 
only  by  tlu'ir  own  ti)ipentes:  the  appoiiitments  from  t}ieti»  | 
Kiiry.  f<ir  tlivir  cciiiiiKijCPt  plate,  and  necessary  funuBm,  1 
amniintt')!  itn  it  appi'itrs  frum  xome  iiistaiiees,  to  near  a  bondid  | 
ami  lit'iy  tlmiiKiiKl  jKiiinils  '  :  and  bnideis  the  revenues  of  Itinf 
di>m«.  iiiid  )My  ni  ariiiier',  of  uLii-li  they  had  the  artutiBT 
m:inui;cini-ni.  l!ii-y  oiiilil  I'xact  wliut  contributions  tfaey  ptmi^ 
not  only  t'roin  ihi-  ciiii-  of  their  own  jtirisdiction,  but  froDiD 
flic  states  iuid  |)rim-i"i  arijiuid  them,  uho  were  under  thepiv 
tt'L-iion  of  Hitinr.  Diit  while  their  primary  cure  was  to  enrid 
tlieiuselves  t)ii-y  i-urricil  out  wiiti  them  always  a  biuid  of  huugiy 
fritnuliand  depemliuiH.  :is  tlicir  lieutenants,  tribunes,  prxfed^ 
M  iih  a  rri'w  of  frt'edmeii  and  favourite  slaves,  who  were  lit 
likewise  to  be  euriehoil  by  the  spoils  of  the  province,  sdcI  tlw 
■iaie  of  their  musror's  favours.  Hence  flowed  all  those  accuM- 
tions  and  triuk  for  the  jitintder  of  the  subjects,  of  which  wc 
read  so  much  in  the  Uonian  writers:  for  as  few  or  none  of  the 

i>rtK-ou«uU  liohaved  lli('m«L-lvt>s  with  that  exact  justice,  as  to 
eave  no  riHini  ftir  complaint,  so  tiic  factious  of  tlie  city,  and 
the  ([iiarreU  of  families.  sul)sistiu|f  from  former  impeacbmenti, 
^etierallv  oxcitod  »ome  or  oiher  in  reveuiro  the  affront  in  kind, 
by  luidcrtakiiiir  (he  cause  of  an  injureil  province,  and  dreseing 
lip  an  imiieai-linient  ui^aicist  their  enemy. 

Itut  wliaiever  lienetit  or  clory  this  {rovemment  seemed  to 
otfer.  it  had  iii>  cliarni»  fur  Cicero :  the  thinj;  itself  was  di>- 
a:;rivable  to  hi-i  temper',  nor  worthy  of  those  talents,  whicli 
wt-re  formed  to  sit  at  the  helm,  and  shine  in  the  administration 
of  the  whole   HepuMic:  w  that  he  considered  it  only 


OF  ciustto.  359 

|^A.  Vt^  703.     C'ic.  W.    C'uH.— !Mn>.  SiUpioliu  Rufui.     M.  Ciaudiui  MiroUui. 

If  lAao^ng  tbe  gavernor :  and  this  was  more  likely  tu  liappea 
i  present,  through  the  scarcity  of  magistrates,  who  were  now 
""  capable  by  tie  late  law  of  succeeding  him.  Before  his 
-Uturr,  tberefore,  lie  solicited  all  his  friends  not  to  suffer 
I  a  mortificadoii  to  fall  upon  LJm ;  and,  after  lie  was  gone, 
-~«  wrote  a  single  letter  to  Rome,  without  urging  the  same 
•Sts,  in  tlie  most  pressing  terms ;  in  his  first  to  Atticus, 
bill  three  days  of  their  parting; :  *'  Do  not  imagine,"  says 
**  that  1  have  any  other  consolation  in  this  great  trouble, 

^ 1  the  hopes  that  it  will  uot  be  continued  beyond  the  year  : 

i^jMany  who  judge  of  me  by  others,  do  not  take  me  to  be  in 

„/«araaC :  but  yon,  who  know  me,  will  use  all  your  diligence, 

jjiepedally  when  the  affair  is  to  come  on  '." 

3       He  left  the  city  about  the  first  of  May,  attended  by  his 

I  Itrotber  and  their  two  sons :  for  Quintua  bad  quitted  his  com- 

I  miBsion  tinder  Caesar,  in  order  to  accompany  him  into  Cilicia, 

in  the  same  capacity  of  his  lieutenant.     Atticus  had  desired 

1  liim,  before    he   left   Italy,    to  admonish  his  brother  to  show 

!  complaisance  and  affection  to  his  wife  Pomponia,   who 

had  been  complaining  to  him  of  her  husband's  peevishness  and 

churlish  carriage ;  and,  lest  Cicero  should  forget  it,  he  put  him 

in  mind  again,  by  a  letter  to  him  on  the  road,  tliat  since  all 

the  femily  were  to  be  together  in  tbe  country,  on  this  occasion 

of  his  going  abroad,  be  would  persuade  Quintus  to  leave  his 

wife,  at  least,  in  good  humour  at   their  parting:   in  relation 

to  which,   Cicero  sends  him   the  following  account  of  what 

passed: 

"  When  I  arrived  at  Arpinum,  and  my  brother  was  come  to 
■6}  our  first  and  chief  discourse  was  on  you ;  which  gave  me 
an  opportunity  of  felling  upon  the  affair  of  your  sister,  which 
yon  and  I  bad  talked  over  together  at  Tusculum  :  I  never  saw 
any  thing  so  mild  and  moderate  as  my  brother  was  without 
^ring  the  least  hint  of  bis  ever  having  had  any  real  cause  of 
offence  from  her.  The  next  morning  we  left  Arpinum  ;  and 
that  day  being  a  festival,  Quintus  was  obliged  to  spend  it  at 
Arcanum,  where  1  dined  with  him,  but  went  on  afterwards  to 
Aquinum.  You  know  this  villa  of  his:  as  soon  as  we  came 
thither,  Quintus  said  to  his  wife,  in  the  civilest  terms.  Do  you, 
Pomponia,  invite  the  women,  and  I  will  send  to  the  men: 
(nothing,  as  far  as  I  saw,  could  he  said  more  obligingly,  either 
in  his  words  or  manner:)  to  which  she  replied,  so  as  we  all 
might  hear  it,  I  am  but  a  stranger  here  myself:  referring,  I 
guess,  to  my  brother's  having  sent  Statins  before  us  to  order 

>  NoU  fuim  mihi  iliun  eoniolntioncm  <iis  hiiju'  inKtnlu  moleilia,  niil  quod  ipno 
MO  iMglaniD  urnnt  Ton.     Hoc  mc  iu  veil*  multi  nou  crwiunt  iii  coniuttudiac  dio- 


OF  CICERO.  361 

▲.  Urb.  702.    CSc  56.    Owl— Sot.  Salpidot  Rafut.    M.  CUudiut  Marcellot. 

tiUm in. those  parts;  and  had  invited  and  pressed  Cicero 
!;.apend  some  days  with  him  upon  his  journev:  they  pro- 
id  great  satisfiusdon  on  both  sides  from  this  interview,  for 
opportunity  of  Cfrnferring  together,  with  all  freedom,  on 
present  state  of  the  Republic^  which  was  to  be  their  sob- 
\i  tlMMiffli  Cicero  expected,  also,  to  get  some  lessons  of  the 
f  land,  from  this  renowned  commander.     He  promised 
I  an  account  of  this  conference;  but  the  particulars  being 
deKcate  to  be  communicated  by  letter,  he  acqumnted  him 
r»  in  general^  that  he  found  Pompey  an  excellent  citizen, 
proTuled  fat  all  events  which  could  possibly  be  appre- 

Afker  three  days'  stay  with  Pompey,  he  proceeded  to  Brun- 
where  he  was  detained  for  twelve  days,  by  a  slight 
Btion,  and  the  expectation  of  his  principal  officers,  par- 
Itelarly  of  his  lieutenant  Pondnius,  an  experienced  leader, 
tbm  same  who  had  triumphed  over  the  Allobroffes,  and  on 
irliose' skill  he  diiefly  depended  in  his  martial  amirs.  From 
BWhndirinm,  he  sailed  to  Actium,  on  the  fifteenth  of  June ; 
jvhenee^  partly  by  sea,  and  pardy  by  land,  he  arrived  at  Athens 
jjJB  tiie  twenty-sixth  '•  Here  he  lodged  in  the  house  of  Aristus, 
rilie  piindpal  professor  of  the  Academy ;  and  his  brother  not  far 
from  him,  with  Xeno,  another  celebrated  philosopher  of  Epicu- 
nifl^s  school ;  they  spent  their  time  very  agreeably;  at  home,  in 
{Afloaophical  disquisitions;  abroad,  in  viewing  the  buildings  and 
antiquities  of  the  place,  with  which  Cicero  was  much  delighted : 
there  were  several  other  men  of  learning,  both  Greeks  and 
Romans,  of  the  party ;  especially  Gallus  Caninius ;  and  Patro, 
an  eminent  Epicurean  and  intimate  friend  of  Atticus '. 

There  lived  at  this  time,  in  exile,  at  Athens,  C.  Memmius, 
banished  upon  a  conviction  of  bribery,  in  his  suit  for  the  con- 
sulship ;  who,  the  day  before  Cicero's  arrival,  happened  to  go 
away  to  Mitylene.  The  figure  which  he  had  borne  in  Rome, 
gave  him  great  authority  in  Athens ;  and  the  council  of  Areo- 

^  Nof  Tarenti,  quo«  cum  Pompeio  diaXoyovi  de  Repub.  habuerimus  ad  to  pencribc- 
mni.     Ibid.  ^ 

Tarentum  reni  a.  d.  xv  KaL  Jun.  quod  Pontininm  statueram  cxpcctaro,  commodis- 
nmam  duxi  dies  eos — cum  Pompeio  cousumcre ;  coque  magis,  quod  ci  gratum  esse  id 
videbam,  qui  ctiam  a  me  pctient,  ut  secum  et  apud  so  essom  qnotidie :  quod  coucessi 
libenter,  multos  euim  ejus  praeclaros  de  Repub.  sermones  accipiam  :  instruar  ctiam  con- 
nliia  idoneis  ad  hoc  nostrum  negotium.    Ibid.  6. 

E^,  cum  triduumcum  Pompeio  ot  apudPompcium  fuissem,  proficisccbarBrundisium. 
— drvem  ilium  egregium  relinqucbam,  et  ad  hcec,  quo;  timentur,  propulsanda  paratissi- 
mnm.    Ibid.  7. 

*  Ad  Atl.  5.  8,  9. 

*  Valde  mo  Atheiue  delectanint :  urbs  duntaxat,  et  urbis  ornamentum,  et  hominum 
•mom  in  te,  et  in  nos  qnaedam  bencvolentia ;  sed  multum  et  philosophia — si  auid  est, 
est  in  Arifto  apud  quern  cram,  nam  Xenoncm  tuum — Quinto  conocfl8cnun.^Aa  Att.  5. 
10.  Ep.  Fun.  i  8.13.1. 


ytagv^  hnd  i^iited  him  t  piece  of  ground  to  build  npu,  i 
wliere  Epicurus  fiirmerly  lived,  aod  where  there  atill  reiiiBiiiti 
the  old  ruins  uf  Ids  walls.  But  this  grant  had  giren  gnM 
offence  to  thi;  whole  body  of  the  Epicureans,  to  see  the  remuia 
of  tlieir  muKter  in  danu^r  uf  being  destroyed.  They  had  writ 
ten  to  Cii-ero,  at  Kumc,  to  beif  him  to  intercede  with  Me» 
mills,  to  cMiiso'it  to  a  revocation  of  it;  and  now  at  Athna, 
Xeno  and  I'atru  renewed  tlieir  instances,  and  prevailed  witk 
him  to  write  about  it,  in  the  most  effectual  manner;  for  thougk 
Meminius  had  laid  aside  his  design  of  building,  the  Are»- 
paj^ites  would  not  recul  their  decree  without  his  leare'. 
Cicero's  IfttLT  in  <lrawii  with  much  art  and  accuracy:  he  laugk 
at  the  trilling  zeal  iif  these  pliilosopliere,  for  the  old  ruhbiik 
and  pidtry  ruins  of  their  founder,  yet  earnestly  presses  iltm- 
mius  to  indulire  them  in  a  prejudice,  contracted  through  -wok- 
ness,  not  wickedness ;  and,  thoui^h  he  professes  an  utter  dislike 
of  their  philosophy,  yet  he  recommends  them,  as  honest,  agree- 
able, friendly  men,  for  whom  he  entertained  the  highest 
esteem '.  From  this  letter  one  may  observe,  that  the  greatot 
difference  in  philosophy  mode  no  difference  of  friendship  amonc 
the  great  of  these  times.  There  was  nut  a  more  deduta 
enemy  tu  EjiiiJUTUs's  doctrine  than  Cicero :  he  thought  it  dc' 
Btructive  of  morality,  and  pernicious  to  society;  but  he  charged 
this  consequence  to  the  principles,  not  the  profcsson  of  them; 
with  many  of  whom  he  held  the  strictest  intimacy,  and  found 
them  to  be  worthy,  virtuous,  generous  friends  and  loven  J 
their  country  ;  there  is  a  jocose  letter  to  Trebatius,  when  h» 


OP   CICERO. 

A.  Crb.  7OT.     Ck.X.     (.uM—Ser..  SuliHiiiu  BuFut.     M,  ['laiiJiu.  Mirctllii.. 

lat  law  will  you  allege  for  the  distribution  of  commoQ  right, 
len  nothing  can  he  common  with  tJiose  who  measure  all 
ings  by  their  pleasure?  with  what  face  can  you  swear  by 
piter;  when  Jupiter,  you  know,  can  never  be  anpry  with 
y  man?  and  what  will  become  of  your  people  of  Ulubree, 
ice  you  da  not  allow  a  wise  man  to  meddle  with  politics? 
lerefore,  if  you  are  realty  gone  off  from  us,  I  am  sorry  for 
:  but  if  it  be  convenient  to  pay  this  compliment  to  Pansa, 
forgive  you ;  on  condition,  liowever,  tliat  you  write  me  word 
lat  you  are  doing,  and  what  you  would  have  me  do  for  you 
re '."  The  change  of  principles  in  Trebatius,  though  equi- 
leot  in  effect  to  a  change  of  religion  with  us,  made  no  atte- 
tion  in  Cicero's  affection  for  him.  This  was  the  dictate  of 
ason  to  the  beat  and  wisest  of  tlie  heathens;  and  may  serve 
expose  the  rashness  of  those  zealots  who,  with  the  light  of 
mfist  Divine  and  benevolent  religion,  are  perpetually  insult- 

I  and  persecuting  tlieir  fellow- Christians,  for  differences  of 
mion,  which,  for  the  most  part,  are  merely  speculative,  and 
Uiout  any  influence  on  life,  or  the  good  and  happiness  of 
ril  Hodety. 

After  ten  days  spent  at  Athens,  where  Pontinius  at  fast 
ued  him,  Cicero  set  sail  towards  Asia.     Upon  leaving  Italy, 

had  charged  his  friend  Ccelius  with  the  task  of  sending  him 
B  news  of  Rome;  which  Cuelius  performed  very  punctually, 

a  series  of  letters  which  make  a  valuable  part  in  the  colleo- 
in  of  his  familiar  epistles ;  they  are  polite  and  entertaining ; 

II  of  wit  and  spirit :  yet  not  flowing  with  that  easy  turn  and 
•gancc  of  expression,  which  we  always  find  in  Cicero's, 
ae  first  of  them,  with  Cicero's  answer,  will  give  ua  &  speci- 
!n  of  the  resL 

M.    CtELIUS   TO    M.    CICERO. 

**  According  to  my  promise  at  parting,  to  send  you  an 
count  of  all  the  news  of  the  town,  1  have  provided  one  to 
llect  it  for  you  so  punctually,  that  I  am  afraid,  lest  you 
autd  think  my  diligence  at  last  too  minute  :  but  I  know 
w  curious  you  are  :  and  bow  agreeable  it  is  to  all,  who  are 
road,  to  be  informed  of  every  thing  that  passes  at  home, 
M^h  ever  so  trifling.  I  beg  of  you,  however,  not  to  con- 
no  me  of  arrogance,  for  deputing  another  to  this  task; 
ice,  as  busy  as  I  now  am,  and  as  lazy  as  you  know  me  to  be 
vriting,  it  would  be  the  greatest  pleasure  to  me  to  be  em- 
oyed  in  any  thing  that  revives  the  remembrance  of  you: 
it  &e  packet  itself  which  I  have  sent,  will,  I  imagine,  rea- 


THE   LIFF. 


ilily  fxcii-i-  mv  :  f»ir  wlmi  l?i»ure  would  it  require,  notonljH 
tniiiocriltp,  hilt  til  attoml  eivn  to  tlic  contents  of  iii  iLen  at 
all  the  clitTtTs  lit'  tlie  M>iiatf.  edictis  plays,  rumours:  ifi< 
Kimiiltf  diif^  U"t  y\vn>v  you,  pray  let  tn«  "know  it,  thatlnf 
Dot  ^ivo  you  iroulilc  at  luv  cost.  If  aiiy  thing  impoRtf 
Iinp|n-u4  in  till'  Uo]uil)lic,  above  the  reach'  of  these  haAuj 
writers,  1  uill  M-ml  yiiu  an  ucciniut  of  it  mvself:  in  <■> 
manner  it  w;i<>  traiisii-ti-il:  what  speculations  are  raised  npa 
it:  what  I'fffCLs  appn-hendcd:  at  present,  there  is  no  ^ 
cx[ii-i-tatii)n  of  :iny  ihiii^:  ns  to  those  rumours,  which  ntt 
so  warm  at  Ciniiie,  of  iissi-mblinir  the  colonies  beyond  ckc 
I'll,  when  I  i-iimc  to  Koine,  I  hi>',ird  not  a  svliable  aW 
them.  MiinvUii".  Ino.  Wcuiise  lie  hits  not  yet  made  ttj 
motion  for  a  Miu-fi".«ir  to  the  two  Gauls,  but  puts  it  oft » 
he  tolit  me  himwi'lf,  t«  the  first  of  June,  has  revived  themM 
talk  coiieiTiiiiig  him,  whieh  WHS  stirring  when  we  were  at  Row 
tofirether.  If  vnn  saw  Pompey,  as  you  dei-i^iied  to  cio,pnT 
seiitl  mc  wortf  in  what  teni])cr  you  found  iiina ;  what  convfi^ 
sation  he  had  with  you ;  what  inclination  he  shewed ;  for  he  it 
apt  to  think  one  thiii<r,  luiil  say  another;  yet  has  not  wit  eaoogii 
to  conceal  what  he  really,  means.  \s  for  Ceesar,  there  an  mu^ 
iigty  re|)ortt  about  hiin,  but  pro|)^rated  only  in  whispen: 
some  say,  that  he  has  lost  all  his  horse ;  which  I  take,  indefd, 
to  he  true:  others,  that  the  seventh  legion  has  been  beat«a; 
anil  that  he  himself  is  besieged  by  the  Bclloract,  and  cut  <tf 
from  the  re-<t  of  his  army.  There  is  nothing  yet  certain;  nor 
are  these  imcertaiii  storiea  publicly  talked  of;  but  amonj     ' 


01'  CICIIHO. 
C'ic.  ie.     Vou.~tisT-^.  SulpiciiK  Kiifu>.     M.  (^Uudlui  MiiRa)ii.» 

teiHl  me  the  matches  of  irladiators;  the  ndjouriimetits  uf  causes; 
md  Chrestus's  news-letter ;  and  what  iioboiiy  dares  mention 
n  me  when  at  Rome  ?  see  how  much  I  ascribe  to  you  in  my 
iodgment :  nor  indeed  without  reason,  for  I  have  never  yet 
net  with  a  better  head  for  politics:  I  would  not  have  you  writ? 
ipbat  passes  every  day  in  public,  though  ever  so  important, 
nilesB  it  happen  to  affect  myself:  others  will  write  it;  many 
^riag  accounts  of  it;  and  fame  itself  conveys  a  great  part  to 
De:  I  expect  from  you,  neither  the  past,  nor  the  present;  but 
Is  from  one,  who  sees  a  great  way  before  him,  the  future  only; 
ibaX  when  I  have  before  me,  in  your  letters,  the  pLui  of  the 
Republic,  1  may  be  able  to  judge  what  sort  of  edifice  it  will 
ic  Nor  have  I  hitherto,  indeed,  any  cause  to  complain  of 
roQ :  for  nothing  has  yet  happened,  Which  you  could  foresee 
Mtter  than  any  of  as;  especially  myself,  who  spent  several 
bys  with  Pompey,  in  conversing  on  nothing  else  but  the 
Republic;  wljich  it  is  neither  possible  ikor  proper  for  me  to 
explain  by  letter :  take  this  only  from  me  :  that  Pompey  is  an 
^cellent  cidzen,  prepared,  both  with  courage  and  counsel,  for 
bU  events  which  can  be  foreseen  :  wherefore  give  yourself  up 
to  the  man  ;  believe  me,  he  will  embrace  you ;  for  he  now  holds 
tlie  same  opinion  with  us,  of  good  and  bad  citizens.  After  1 
bad  been  ten  days  at  Atbenx,  where  our  friend  Gallus  Cant- 
nius  was  much  with  me,  I  left  it  on  the  sixth  uf  July,  when  I 
sent  away  this  letter.  As  I  earnestly  recommend  all  my  affairs 
to  you,  so  nothing  more  particularly,  than  that  tiie  time  of  my 
provincial  command  be  not  prolonged.  This  is  every  thing  to 
me;  which,  wheji,  and  how,  and  by  uhom  it  is  to  be  managed, 
you  will  be  the  best  able  to  contrive.     Adieu '." 

He  landed  at  Ephesus  on  the  twenty-second  of  July,  after 
t  slow  but  safe  passage  of  fifteen  days;  the  tediousness  of 
which  was  agreeably  relieved  by  touching,  on  the  way,  at 
leveral  of  the  islands  of  the  j^gean  sea,  of  which  be  sends  a 
kind  of  journal  to  Atticus '.  Many  deputations  from  the  cities 
of  Asia,  and  a  great  concourse  of  people,  came  to  meet  him  as 
br  as  Samos;  but  a  much  greater  still  was  expecting  his  land- 
ing at  Ephesus.  The  Greeks  flocked  eagerly,  from  all  parts, 
to  see  a  man  so  celebrated  through  the  empire  for  the  fame  of 
his  learning  and  eloquence ;  so  that  all  his  boastings,  as  he 
merrily  says,  of  many  years  past,  were  now  brought  to  the 
test '.     Aner  reposing  himself,  for  three  days,  at  Ephesus,  he 


>  De  cancunu  IcgMiMnim.  primtorui 
»i,  Hd  Riinbilem  in  modum  Epheii 
llt|iR  urtD  KID  mnlloium  luinDrum  o 


'.ma  THE    LIFE 

.«.  I  it-  ri.'.>.     I'l.'  Sh.     •  ..->— Sen.  Sulpiciut  Hufu*.      U.  CUiiL^.  JiuciWiM 

inarcbml  furwanl  inwanlf  liis  pro\iuce ;  and  on  the  last  if 
July  arrivpil  at  Lavdicea,  one  of  tlie  capital  cities  of  his  jm 
dictiitn.  Friim  tlii^  mument,  tlie  date  of  his  ^fo^'ernment  ea» 
mpticnl.  which  lie  biiU  Atiiciis  take  notice  of,  that  he  migh 
knoM-  hrtw  t"  wiinpiitc  ihc  precise  extent  of  his  annual  term '. 

Il  H';is  C'in-rii'it  rt.si>liiti»ii.  in  this  proWiiciul  comnuDd,  to 
practice  thiwo  ailiiiiral>le  rules  which  he  had  drawn  up  formnlT 
for  hit  bnitlirr;  ami  fnuu  an  emplovnient,  nliolly  tedioum 
diHa;rreeahle  III  hiui.  toderivu  fresli  jfinrv  upon  his' character, br 
leavinip  the  innocemv  and  intcirrity  of  his  administration  isi 
patK-ru  of  trover i)iti<;  to  all  sueceiedin<|r  proconsuls.  It  hid 
always  been  the  ni^tnin.  when  any  ^rerni>r>  went  abroad  w 
their  nnivirtoe*.  that  the  ooiititries  thruuvli  which  iliey  passed, 
should  defray  all  the  char^ros  nf  their  juurnev  :  but  Cicero  no 
sooner  set  hi-*  foot  on  foret^  ground,  than  he  forbad  iH 
cxpen-ie  whatsoever,  public  or  priiiite,  to  he  made  either  irmo 
hiinselt^  or  any  nf  his  company,  which  raised  a  sreat  admiTa- 
tion  of  him  tu  all  the  cities  ut  Greece'.  In  Asia  he  did  the 
same,  not  sutTerinir  his  olticers  to  accept  what  was  due  to  them, 
even  by  law,  forage  and  wood  for  firing,  or  any  tiling  eUe,  but 
mere  house-mom,  with  four  beds,  which  he  remitted  alw^ai 
oft  as  it  was  practic.tble,  and  obliged  them  to  lod^  in  their 
tents;  and,  by  his  example,  and  constant  exhortations,  brouji;bt 
his  lieutenants  tribunes,  and  prefects  so  fully  into  his  nin- 
aures,  that  they  all  concurred  with  him,  he  says,  wonderfiilly, 
■a  a  JimIous  concern  for  his  honour '. 

Bein?  desirous   to  put  himself  at  the  head   of  his  annV. 


1^^^  OF  CICERO. 

A-trb.  n».     LHi.  to.     Com Sfn  Su1[.H'mi  Ruf.x.     M.  dMriim 

f  Comagene,  (which  was  confirined  from  tlie  Other  priocet  et 
lose  paru)  that  ihe  Parthiana  had  pa-ssed  the  Eli}Arst«S,  with 
mighty  force,  in  order  to  invade  tlie  Komiiii  tetritory,  under 
be  coRimand  of  Pacorua  the  king's  son.  U|iOq  this  news,  he 
urched  towarda  Cilicia,  to  secure  his  provinitf  from  the  inrottds 
(  the  eueiiiy,  or  any  commotions  within  :  but  as  All  accew  to 
i  was  difficult,  except  on  the  side  of  Capjiadocia,  an  open 
OUDtry,  and  not  well  provided,  he  took  his  nmte  throu^  that 
Jn^om,  and  encamped  in  that  part  of  it,  wUJL-fa  borderM  npon 
!^Ifcia,  near  to  the  town  of  C'ybistra,  at  tin;  foot  of  Monnt 
Taurus.  His  army,  as  it  is  said  above,  coasisted  of  aboat 
welre  thousand  foot,  and  two  thousand  s\x  hundred  hone, 
lesides  the  auxiliary  troops  of  the  neighbouring  states,  and 
«peciaily  of  Deiotarus,  kin^  of  Galatia,  the  tnoM  Authfiil  ally 
if  Rome,  and  Cicero'iii  particular  friend,  whose  wbtrie  foroM  be 
Ould  depend  upon  at  any  warning  '. 

While  he  lay  in  this  camp,  he  had  an  opportunity  of  exfr- 
luting  a  special  commis^on,  with  which  he  was  chaiged  bj 
he  senate,  to  take  Ariobarzanes,  king  of  Cappadocia,  under 
lis  particular  protection,  and  provide  for  the  security  of  bk 
>er8on  and  government:  in  honour  of  whom  the  senate  bad 
lecreed,  what  they  had  never  done  before  to  any  forngn 
wince,  tliat  his  safety  was  of  great  concern  to  the  senate  and 
>eop)e  of  Rome.  His  father  had  been  killed  by  the  treachery 
tf  his  subjects,  and  a  conspiracy  of  the  siimc  kind  was  appre- 
lended  agiiinst  the  eon;  Cicero,  therefore,  in  a  council  of  his 
ifficera,  gave  the  king  an  account  of  the  decree  of  the  senate, 
md  tliat  m  consequence  of  tt,  he  was  then  ready  to  assist  him 
nth  his  troops  and  authority,  in  any  measures  that  should  be 
xmcerted  for  the  safety  and  quiet  of  his  kingdom. — The  king, 
ifter  great  professions  of  his  thanks  and  duty  to  the  senate, 
for  the  honour  of  their  decree,  and  to  Cicero  himself,  for  his 
»re  in  the  execution  of  it,  said,  that  he  knew  no  occasion  for 
giving  him  any  particular  trouble  at  that  time ;  nor  had  any 
lospicion  of  any  design  against  his  life  or  crown ;  upon  which 
Cicero,  after  congratulating  him  upon  the  tranquillity  of  his 
iffairs,  advised  him,  however,  to  remember  his  father's  fate, 
md,  from  the  admonition  of  the  senate,  to  be  particularly  vigi- 
lant in  the  care  of  his  person,  and  so  they  parted.     But  the 

'  lnaMtra.Yemx.  d.  ni.   Kil.  SqM.  t.d.  iii.  (jmitum  IminTi.     EihnoMritcnm 

lUgii  Anliochi  Comigcnl  Irgxti  jirimi  mihi  nonrinninl   Pinhorum  muriu  copiu 

BMmtera  traniire  ta&—      "^^ —   ■• —  ~  ''-"- —  •■ ~     —■•■'  '-" -■ 

llMaiiiitiTtiiMiidimM 
^rnnm,  Orodi  Rcsii  I 
ka.    Ep.F>ni.  lfi.l. 

Eodam  Ac  *b  Jimlilicho,  PhjUicbe  AnbnB — Htlerp  de  tiidnn  nbu>.  Ac. 


■W-"  THE    LIFE 

\    .■,.*■.      I.       >      •    ■.-— -wf-S-pieiai  K.rfui.     M.  CUuJiut  Mnnlht 

r.tr\:  =^.yrT.!nj.  ii.c  kiti^  retunied  early  to  the  camp,  attended 
iv  r.is  L-n-iLc:  a:i-l  couasellctps.  and.  with  maor  tears,  implond 
:=.-  i'-:n::--^  o:  Ci«rit.  aiiH  the  benefit  of  the  senate's  decree; 
.:iv_L.r:- i.  :Li:  i.e  Lxl  received  unHoubted  ititelligesee  ofi 
J  .'^  »..:.h  ::.— ^-.  »l.o  »ere  privy  to  it,  durst  not  rentoret* 
^i»»v^tr  ::..  I  i^vr.-'-  urrivrtl  in  tlie  €>3untry:  but,  trustiiig  la 
t>  4u:i"T-.:y.  L»'i  r.gw  civen  full  information  of  it;  and  tint 
•>  :T^::-.tr.  »:...>  «.i*  }ir.**ont.  au<I  ready  to  confirm  what  he 
»*:■_  ij-  S>i;i  v.l:i.::i-i  lo  enter  into  it  by  the  offer  of  the 
c!\»r.:  :,e  'ix^ji-fr:.  ti.i-ri-turf.  ihat  some  of  Cicero's  troops migkt 
U  ^:t  «;:1  :i:ii  :--t  Li-  k'lttr  ^uard  and  defence.  Ciceit 
:.-:  •  i:::!.  thj:  nv.yUT  th.-  pro^eiit  alarm  of  the  Parthian  war,  bi 
ft-^; :  :..■:  -..*!.ii>:y  le:i.i  him  any  jwrt  of  his  armv:  that  sioee 
i:<t  vvr..:':rai:y  »is  dt:.'e:e<l.  hi*  own  forces  would  be  suf&dou 
U'T  frevf  :'.n:ii  t:.e  i-iTvcts  ..f  it :  that  lie  should  learn  to  act  the 
V\r.£.  Sy  »;.,'»::i_'  a  ;>T,.i>,>r  i-oncem  for  hiji  own  life,  and  ewit 
hi"  zks-i.'-  jv^er  ill  }iu:ii>!iiiiir  ihe  authors  of  the  plot,  and  pai^ 
Jof.iKj  .I'.l  the  re»i:  ih^i  lie  need  not  apprehend  any  &nhK 
.Ur^'T  ahi-n  Li*  pei>i'le  were  acquainted  with  the'senate'i 
O.tvrt-e.  A:-.i  «du  a  Kom^n  army  $o  near  lo  them  and  ready  to 
f-j;  ::  1:1  (■xi't:::;:on :  and  iiavin^  thus  encourag-ed  and  com- 
Io,-:t\i  t;.L-  ii;.;^,  he  marched  towards  Cilicia,  and  gave  an  we- 
\.\<-^".'.  ot  tli:>  aov-iiiein.  and  of  the  motions  of  the  l*arthians,  ia 
iu>> : -.;i>l:>,-  '.o::o>  to  the  consuls  and  the  senate;  he  added  a 
pr:i.i:f  \::t:z  ii.*o  to  Cato.  who  was  a  particular  favourer  and 
[\icro:-.  ot  Ariioar/Luies.  in  which  he  informed  him,  that  he  had 
Dot  ooty  lecured  the  kin^s  person  from  any  attempt,  but  Iiad 


OP  CICERO.  369 

e.SI.   Cai^-toT.Ba^a*  Balis,    ti.  Ckodin  lluaUnt. 

r  lo  both  ndei ;  to  the  prinoeB,  for  the  opportunity  of 
r  lo  their  interests  the  most  powerfnl  men  of  the  Re- 
6y  a  kind  of  honourable  pension ;  to  the  Romans,  for 
I  «ODvenieiice  df  pladng  their  money  where  it  was  sure  to 
'  f  the  ereatest  return  oT  profit  The  ordinary  interest  of 
9  piovmcial  loans  was  one  per  cent,  by  the  month,  widi 
"ist  ui>on  inteKSt:  this  was  the  lowest;  but,  in  extraordi- 
t  hazardous  CMea,  it  tras  frequently  four  times  as  much, 
ry  received  monthly  from  this  very  kin^,  above  aix 
nd  pounds  sterlinfi  which  vet  was  short  of  his  full 
lereaC  Brutu»,  also,  had  lent  him  a  very  large  sum,  and 
mestly  desired  Cicero  to  procnre  the  payment  of  it,  with 
I  arrears  of  interest:  but  Pompejr's  agents  were  so  pressing, 
A  the  king  so  needy,  that  thouzh  Cicero  solicited  Brutu^s 
air  very  heartily,  he  had  little  nopes  of  getting  any  thing 
r  Urn:  when  Ariobananes  came,  therefore,  to  offer  him  t^e 
B  prosent  of  taoney  which  he  had  usually  made  to  every 
r  governor,  he  generously  refused  it,  and  desired  only, 
,  instead  of  giving  it  to  him,  it  might  be  paid  to  Brutus; 
^_t  the  poor  prinoe  was  so  distressed  that  he  excused  himself, 
by  the  necessity  \fhich  he  was  under  of  satinfying  some  other 
more  pressing  demands;  so  that  Cicero  gives  a  sad  account  of 
bis  negociatioii,  in  a  long  letter  to  Atdcus,  who  had  warmly 
Beoommended  Brutus's  interests  to  liim. 

•*  I  crane  now,"  says  he,  "  to  Brutus ;  whom,  by  your  au- 
dwrity,  I  embraced  with  inclination,  and  began  even  to  love ; 
but — what  am  I  going  to  say?  I  recal  myself,  lest  I  offend 
yoa — do  not  think,  that  I  ever  entered  into  any  thing  more 
willingly,  or  took  more  pains,  than  in  what  he  recommended 
to  me.  He  gave  me  a  memorial  of  tlie  particulars,  which  you 
had  talked  over  with  me  before.  1  pursued  your  instructions 
exactly;  in  the  first  place,  I  pressed  Ariobarzanes,  to  give 
that  money  to  Brutus  which  he  promised  to  me :  as  long  as 
the  king  continued  with  me,  all  things  looked  well ;  but  he  was 
afterwards  teazed  by  six  hundred  of  Pompey's  agents;  and 
Pompey,  for  other  reasons,  can  do  more  with  liim  tlian  all  the 
world  tKnJdes ;  but  especially,  when  it  is  imagined  that  he  is  to 
be  sent  to  the  Parthian  war:  they  now  pay  Pompey  thirty- 
three  Attic  talents  per  month,  out  of  the  taxes,  though  this 
&lls  short  of  a  month's  interest ;  but  onr  friend  CnEeus  takes  it 
calmly;  and  is  content  to  abate  somewhat  of  the  interest,  with. 
oat  pressing  for  the  principal.  As  for  others,  be  neither  does, 
nor  can  pay  any  man :  for  be  has  no  treasury,  no  revenues : 
he  raises  taxes  by  Appius's  method  of  capitation :  but  these 
are  scarce  sufficient  for  Pompey's  monthly  pay :  two  or  three 
of  the  king's  friends  are  very  rich ;  but  uiey  hold  their  own 
Bb 


u  clmcly  an  rilber  you  or  1. — 1  do  not  forbear,  but 
aok,  ur^.  hihI  chid*  niin,  bv  letters ;  kin^  DriobUTB  ll 
mc,  Uwt  W  luid  sent  people  to  him  o»  purposeitoHl 
Bnitiw ;  but  tlicY  brouffbt  him  wont  back,  tbiU  he  hd^ 
DO  mouthy:  whicn  1  take,  indeed,  to  be  the  ut»e;  ditn 
it  more  drained  lima  bis  kingdom;  nothing  f* 

tint  llrutus  had  reooromended  another  af^r  of  nefl 
nature  to  Cicero,  which  gave  him  much   Diore  trouslfc  T 
city  of  SaUmls  in  Cypruis,  owed  to  two  of  his  frko^fl 
prcieiuled,    Scnptius  and   Klatiiiiti^   ahoxe   twenty  JH" 
pounds  sterling,  upou  bond,  at  a  most  extrar^ant  it 
lutd  he  begg^  of  C'icero  to  take  their  persons  anil  O 
under  hia  specud  protection.    Appius,  who  was  BrutWttt 
In-hiw,  had  j^aiitcd  every  thing  which  was  asked  to  Sei| 
s  prefecture  in  Cyprus,  with  some  troops  of  horse,  wi^id 
be  miserably  bara&Hed  the  poor  Salaminjaiis,  in  order  Ml 
them  to  comply  with  his  unreasonable  demands :  for  iitm 
Up  their  whole  senate  in  the  council-room,  till  fire  of  i 
were  starved  to  death  with  hunger'.     Brutus  laboured  ti 
him  in  Uie  same  degree  of  favour  with  Cicero :    bat  ( 
being  informed  of  tliis  violence  at  Ephesus,  by  a  d^ 
from  Sulamis,  made  it  the  first  act  of  his  government  10  n 
the  troops  from  Cyprus,  and  put  an  end  to  Scaptios's  pial 
ture,  having  liud  it  down  for  a  rule,  to  ^rant  no  commaaj  H 
any  man  wTio  was  concerned  in  trade,  or  negociaring  mon^ 
in  tlie  province :   to  give  satisfection,  however,  to  Brutiu,  ki 
enjoined   the   Snlamiiiians  to  pay  off  Scaptius's    bond,  n"' 


OP   CICBBO. 


.    M.CiMidliuHuwIlui 


the  repeated  instances  of  Brutus  and  Atticus,  he  wan 

ed  to  orer-rule  it;  though  Urutuft,  in  order  to  move 
more  effectually,  thought  proper  lo  confean,  wbit  ho 
lon^  dissembled,  iLat  the  debt  was  really  hia  own,  and 

only  his  agent  in  it'.  Tliis  surprisi'd  Cicero  still 
d  though  he  had  a  warm  iaclination  to  oblifire  UrutiiB, 
luld  not  conaeDt  to  so  flagrant  an  injustice,  but  makes 

and  heavy  complaints  of  il  in  his  letters  lo  Articu*. — 
ave  now,"  says  he,  in  one  of  them,  "the  ground  of 
uct;  if  Brutus  does  not  approve  it,  I  see  no  reason 
should  love  him ;  but  I  am  sure  it  will  be  approved  hy 
'  Cato'."  In  another — "  If  Brutus  thinks  that  I  ought 
him  four  per  cent,  when,  by  edict,  I  have  decreed  but 
iigh  all  the  province,  and  that  to  the  satisfaction  of  tJie 
usurers ;  if  he  complains,  that  I  denitMl  a  prsefeciurc  to 
cemed  in  trade,  which  I  denied,  for  that  reason,  to 
;nd  Lenlus,  and  to  Sex.  Stadus,   though  Tortjuutu* 

for  the  one,  and  Pompey  himself  for  the  other,  yet 
li^usting  eitlier  of  them  ;  if  he  lakes  it  ill  tliat  I  rp- 
le  troops  of  horse  out  of  Cyprus,  I  sliall  be  worry, 
:hat  he  has  any  occasion  lo  be  angry  with  me;  but 
>re,  not  to  And  him  the  man  that  I  took  him  to  be. — 

have  you  to  know,  however,  that  I  have  not  forgot 
L  intimated  to  me  in  several  of  your  letters,  that  it   I 

back  nothing  else  from  the  province,  but  Ilriitus's 
p,  that  would  be  enough :  let  it  be  so,  since  you  will 
o:  yet  it  mast  always  be  with  this  exception,  as  fiir  M 

done,  without  my  committing  any  wrong — '."     In  a 

How,  my  dear  Atticus !  you,  who  applaud  my  in- 
ind  good  conduct,  and  are  vexed  sometimes,  you  say, 

are  not  with  me;  how  can  such  a  thing,  as  Knnius 
le  out  of  your  mouth,  to  desire  me  to  grant  troops  to 
,  for  the  sake  of  extorting  money  ?  could  you,  if  you 
h  me,  suffer  me  to  do  it,  if  I  would  ? — if  I  really  bad 
fa  a  thing,  with  what  hcc  could  I  ever  read  again,  or 


i«  Umpare  ip»  impingil  mibi  Firiilalun  Ruptioi  Bnili,  ran  illam  ■no 

jwcuniun  oh  tuAm-    Ibid. 

uccrtcpratnWlgc.    tljid.5.2l. 

Mpotabit  me  qiutenm  ccnWiinui  oporluui*  iermen,  ^vi  In  laUjn- 
bt  obKmivm,  itique  fdiiiuem.  iil<|De  clUm  lurbiiaiiiiii  fenmMnbiu 
ii  pnfKlarmm  ntftotulori  dtnrgmUm  queir tur,  qood  tsfn  Totquito  noMro  tn 
^MDpeifi  ipfli  La  S.  Suiio  nfjravi,  ct  iii  probavi ;  li  ^.^uiUfl  driacUm  loalttt^ 

■IpUne  U  inlcIliEcn  lolni,  mihi  non  OLtUiite  iUiid,qitsd 


:M2  THE    LIFE 

A.ltbTVi.    Tk.W.    r.*.-S>rT.  Sulpdu  Rnfiu.    H.CluCHlfari 

touch   thoiie  books  of  mine,   with  which   yoa  ut  a 

{leased'.'"  He  tolls  him,  likewise,  in  confidenn,  i 
truiiu's  K'tten  to  him,  pi-en  when  he  was  asking  &Tan%< 
unm-inncrly.  churlish,  and  arrogant ;  without  regaidiiif  i 
what,  or  lo  whom  he  was  writinv;  and  if  he  oondnoM  ii 
humour — "  you  may  love  him  awDC,"  says  he,  **if  Toajli 
yuu  Bhull  have  no  n\-al  of  me;  but  he  will  come,  IbtM 
a  better  mind'."  Rut  to  shew,  after  all,  what  a  nal  i 
tion  he  liad  lo  oblige  him,  he  never  left  uiving  kisg  i 
caiies,  till  he  luul  squeezed  from  him  a  hundred  til 
{Kirt  of  Druius's  debt,  or  about  twenty  thousand  paui 
oame  sum,  probablv,  which  had  been  destined  to  Cicm 
self.  '  ] 

While  he  lay  encamped  in  Cappadocia,  expecting  vkt« 
the  I'arrhians  would  move,  he  received  an  account,  tbi  t 
had  takf  II  a  different  route,  and  were  ad\'anced  to  Antiid 
Syria,  where  they  held  C.  Cassius  blocked  up ;  and  ih 
detachment  of  them  had  actually  penetrated  into  Cilitni 
were  routed,  and  cut  off  by  those  troops  which  were  Id 

Suard  the  country.  Upon  this  be  presently  decamped, 
y  great  journeva  over  Mount  Taurus,  marched  in  all ' 
to  po:>sess  himself  of  the  passes  of  .Vmanus ;  a  great  and  il 
mouiitiitii,  Iving  between  iSvria  and  Cilicia,  and  the  cod 
iMuudary  of  tliem  both.  &y  this  march,  and  the  appra 
hi>  army  to  the  neighbourluHMl  of  ijyria,  the  ParChiani  I 
di?irourHir**d.  retired  from  Autioch :  which  gave  Cassius  a 
puTtunity  of  falling  upon  them  in  their  rptreat.  and  train 
'^  Table  advantage,  in  which  one  of  their       '     ' 


OF   CICERO. 


uus  liad  madtt  terrible  at  R<»ne,  Cioero'a  friends,  wlio 
a  great  opinion  of  hia  military  talenta,  were  in  some  pain 
')  »Afet\'  aii<i  8iiccen :  but  now  tliat  he  found  bimself 
ma  ]iu8]k'(1  to  the  neceasity  of  acdng  the  general,  he 
■  to  have  waiueil  neither  the  courage  nor  conduct  of  an 
tienced  leader.  In  a  letter  to  AtticuB,  dated  from  his 
— *'  We  arc  in  great  spirits,"  says  he,  "  and,  as  our 
'a  are  good,  ijave  no  distrust  of  an  engagement:  we  are 
y  encamped,  with  plentv  of  provisions,  and  in  sight 
t  of  Cilicia ;  with  a  small  army  indeed,  but,  as  I  have 
_  1  to  believe,  encirely  well  affected  to  me ;  which  I  shali 
iblff  by  the  accession  oif  Deiotams,  who  is  upon  the  road  to 
B  me:  I  have  the  allies  more  firmly  attached  to  me,  than 
7  governor  ever  had :  they  are  wonderfully  taken  with  my 
liness  and  abstinence :  we  are  making  new  levies  of  citizens, 
d  efflablishing  magazines :  if  there  be  occasion  for  fighting, 
a  ^U  not  decline  it;  if  not,  shall  defend  ourselves  oy  the 
^ngth  of  our  posts:  wherefore,  be  of  good  heart,  for  I  see, 
I  much  as  if  you  were  witli  me,  the  sympathy  of  your  lore 
ir  me '." 

But  the  danger  of  the  Parthians  being  over,  for  this  season, 
!7tcero  resolved,  that  his  labour  shoula  not  be  lost,  and  his 
rmy  dismissed,  without  attempting  something  of  moment 
"he  inhabitants  of  ihe  mountains,  close  to  which  he  now  lay, 
i  a  fierce,  untamed  race  of  banditti,  or  freebooteia,  wno 
F'had  never  submitted  to  the  Roman  power,  but  lived  in  peiw 
petnal  defiance  of  it,  trusting  to  their  forts  and  castles,  which 
ivere  aapposed  to  be  impre<rna))]e  from  the  strength  of  their 
sitnation.  He  thought  it,  therefore,  of  no  small  importance  to 
tbe  empire,  to  reduce  them  to  a  state  of  subjection ;  and,  in 
order  to  conceal  his  design,  and  take  tliem  unprovided,  he 
drew  off  his  forces,  on  pretence  of  marching  to  the  distant 
parts  of  Cilicia ;  but,  after  a  day's  journey,  stopped  short,  and 
liaving  refreithed  bis  army  and  left  nis  baggage  behind,  turned 
back  again  in  the  night  with  the  utmost  celerity,  and  reached 
Amanus  before  day,  on  tbe  thirteenth  of  October.  He  di- 
vided his  troops  among  his  four  lieutenants,  and  himself, 
accompanied  by  his  brother,  led  up  one  part  of  them,  and  so 
coming  upon  the  natives  by  surprise,  they  easily  killed  or 
made  them  all  prisoners  :  they  took  six  strong  forts,  and 
burned  many  more ;  but  tbe  capital  of  the  mountain,  Erana, 
made  a  brave  resbtance,  and  held  out  from  break  of  day  to 
four  in  the  afternoon.  Upon  this  success,  Cicero  was  saluted 
emperor,  and  sat  down  again  at  the  foot  of  tbe  hills,  where  he 


.       '^    . 


•t 


'-■/•- 


',  ■ 


^^l*-^ 


-M* 


i... 


i--..r-. 


•a     • 


•■  -       ,        •'  i.. 


'V-. 


OF    CICEBO. 

acX.    Cou^SiTv.  Sutpicini  Kiirns.    M.  CiindiutMimllut. 

same  spirit  and  fierceness,  called  Tiburani,  ter- 
ete of  Pindenissutn,  voluntarily  submitted,  and 
;  so  that  Cicero  sent  bis  army  luto  winter  quar- 
9  command  of  his  brother,  into  tbose  parta  of  the 
h  were  thought  the  most  turbulent '. 
ras  enffapeain  this  expedition,  Papirins  Pstus, 
t  and  Epicurean,  with  whom  he  had  a  particular 
correspondence  of  facetious  letters,  sent  liim  some 
ictions  in  the  way  of  raillery;  to  which  Cicero 
he  same  jocose  manner:  *'  Your  letter,"  says  he, 
i  a  complete  commander :  1  was  wholly  ignorant 

great  skill  in  the  art  of  war  ;  but  perceive,  that 
i  Pyrrhua  and  Cineas.  Wherefore  I  intend  to 
ecepts,  and  withal,  to  have  some  ships  in  readi- 
ast;  for  they  deny  that  there  can  be  any  better 
it  the  Parthian  horse.  But  raillery  apart ;  you 
at  a  general  you  have  to  deal  with :  for,  in  this 

have  reduced  to  practice,  what  I  had  worn  out 
eadiog,   the  whole  institution  of  Cyrus,"  &c.' 

exploits  spread  Cicero's  fame  into  Syria,  where 
list  arrived  to  take  upon  him  the  command;  but 
lose  within  the  gates  of  Antioch,  till  the  country 

all  the  ParthiaiiB :  his  envy  of  Cicero's  success, 
iperor,  made  him  impatient  to  purchase  the  same 

same  service,  on  the  Syrian  side  of  the  moun- 

but  he  had  the  misfortune  to  be  repulsed  in  hia 
the  entire  loss  of  the  first  cohort,  and  several 
nction,  which  Cicero  calls  an  ugly  blow,  both  for 
he  effect  of  it*. 

ero  had  obtained  what  be  calls  a  just  victory  at 
in  consequence  of  it,  the  appellation  of  emperor, 
med  from  this  time ;  yet  he  sent  no  public  ac- 

foua  ciTcumdciLi,  kx  vaalcUtif  cutHROuo  maiimia  lepfli,  wccrc, 

jgnavi,  u^MHquc  tonneatis  multi^^  mnltii  ugittonis^  TqJigno  uiwro 

ggcumo  die  rem  canfed.    Ep.  Pttu,  15,  4. 

Pindeniisffi?  qui  lunl?  inquics:  nomea  audivi  nnnquun.    Quid  ego 

im,  ^Btoliain,  «nl  Mucpdoniam  redder*?  hoc  jam  hc  habilo,  n« 

a  negotia  kcH  potuiwe.  &c.     Ad  Att.  5.  20. 

i  Salurnalibiu  tcrtiii,  niin  hrt  Kribcbam  in  tribunali,  rea  erat  od 

limriKvlcreet  audariari'iamni:  sb  hit, /"tWenfiu  upto.obndM 
hnienii  dimiei.  Q.  Fnttreni  nnolio  prajHiaui,  ul  id  vicitaut  caplii 
cciiui  cotlocarclur.     Ep.  Fun.  IS.  4. 

hortem  primain  lolam  pcrdidil— tauc  pliufaiu  odioKiiii  .iccepcral  turn 


:\7ti  THE  LIF£ 

A.l'rb.7ti3.  CV.J';.  CM>.-jCTT.Siilpicl»Riiriu.  X.CUbAm 
couiit  of  it  to  Rome,  till  after  tlie  a&ir  of  Piai 
ex)i1iiit  uf  morp  eclat  and  importance ;  for  which  be 
the  huiiuur  uf  u  tliaiik^iving,  oiul  b^an  to  eatx 
ewii  uf  a  triiiinpb.  H»  public  lotter  is  lost,  bat 
siipiilivd  by  a  particular  narrative  of  the  whole  i 
pnvatv  lctt*?r  tu  Cato;  the  dc$l^  of  paying  this 
to  C'uto.  was  to  ciigajrc  bis  vote  and  concurrence  to  die 
of  the  supplk'atiun ;  and,  by  the  pains  which  he  takes  to 
it,  u'htTC  he  wa»  sure  of  ^inin^  his  point  without  it,lliemill 
high  opinion  which  he  had  of^Catos  authority,  atid  hov^j 
siruus  lie  was  to  liavc  the  testimony  of  it  on  hia  side.  BuQli' 
wat  nut  to  i>e  moved  Irom  his  purpose  bj'  complinwnfe  V 
inotiri's  of  frieud^ihip :  he  was  an  enemvi  by  principle,  todi 
decrees  uf  tliis  kind,  and  thought  them  ijpstowed  too  dKul^ 
and  prostituted  to  occasions  unworthy  of  tliem :  so  *hat  «ta 
Cicero's  letters  came  inider  deliberation,  though  he  spoke  «iA 
all  imiiginablc  lionoiir  and  respect  of  Cicero,  and  highly  o- 
lolled  both  his  civil  and  military  administration,  yet  neTiili4 
against  the  supplie-ation ;  which  was  decreed,  however,  witlioit 
any  other  dissenting  voice,  except  that  of  Favonius,  who  \ani 
always  to  iniinic  Cato,  and  of  Hirrus,  who  bad  a  penonl  1 
quarrel  with  Cicero :  yet,  when  the  vote  was  over,  Cato  b' 
self  assisted  in  dniwmg  up  the  decree,  and  had  his  m 
inserted  in  it;  which  tvas  the  usual  mark  of  a  particular  af- 
pralKition  of  the  thing,  and  friendship  to  the  person  in  whM 
favuur  it  passed '.  liut  Ciito's  answer  to  Cicero's  letter  mil 
sJiew  the  temper  nf  the  man,  and  tlie  grounds  on  which  he 
acted  on  tin?*  occasion. 


ni  -M.  r.  CICEHO,  EMPEItOn. 


07  CICBRO.  377 

.56.   CoB^-Ssn.SiilpldiuBigM.   H. Cludlra IhradlM. 

)  recovery  of  tbe  allie«  to  their  duty  and  affection  to  our 

tapire.     1  am  glad,  tiowerer,  that  a  Bapplication  is  decreed ; 

',  where  chance  has  no  part,  bat  the  whole  was  owin^  to  your 

nummate  prudence  and  modeTatioci,  you  are  better  pleased, 

\  we  should  hold  ourselves  indebted  to  the  gods,  than  to 

I.     But  if  you  think  that  a  BupplicadoD  will  pave  the  way 

I  a  triumph,  and  for  that  rrason  choose  that  fortane  should 

^TC  the  praise  rather  than  yourself;  yet  a  triamph  does  not 

tdirays  fulluw  a  supplicatioD,  and  it  is  much  more  hcniounible 

'*    1  any  triumph,  for  the  senate  to  decree,  that  a  province  is 

serveil  to  the  empire  by  the  mildness  and  innocence  of  the 

;eneral,  ratlier  than  by  the  force  of  arms,  and  the  fovour  of  the 

jods.     This  was  the  purpose  of  my  vote;  and  I  have  now  em- 

^oyed  more  words  tiian  it  is  my  custom  to  do,  that  you  might 

erceive,  what  I  chiefly  wish  to  testify,  how  desirous  I  am  to 

mvince  you,  that,  in  regard  to  your  Klory,  I  had  a  mind  to 

9  what  I  took  to  be  the  most  honourable  for  you;  yet  rejoioe 

D  see  that  done,  which  you  are  the  most  pleased  witn.    Adieu, 

Pjmd  still  love  me ;  and,  agreeably  to  the  course  which  you  have 

y  begun,  continue  your  int^rity  and  diligence  to  the  allies  and 

'the  Republic'." 

Csesar  was  delighted  to  hear  of  Cato's  stiffness,  in  hopes  that 
it  would  create  a  coldness  between  him  and  Cicero;  and,  in  a 
OHcgratnlacoiT  letter  to  Cicero,  upon  the  success  of  his  anns, 
■ndthe  supplication  decreed  to  him,  took  care  to  aggravate  the 
Tndeness  and  ingratitude  of  Cato*.  Cicero  himself  was  highly 
disgusted  at  it;  especially  when  Cato,  soon  afterwards,  voted  a 
supplication  to  his  son-in-law,  Bibulus,  who  bad  done  much  less 
to  deserve  it.  "  Cato,"  says  he,  "  was  shamefully  malicious ; 
be  gave  me  what  I  did  not  ask,  a  cliaracter  of  integrity,  justice, 
clemency;  but  denied  me  what  I  did: — yet  this  same  man 
voted  a  supplication  of  twenty  days  to  Bibulus.  Pardon  me, 
if  I  cannot  bear  this  usage';" — 'yet  as  he  had  a  good  opinion 
of  Cato  in  the  mwn,  and  a  farther  suit  to  make  to  the  senate 
in  the  demand  of  a  triumph,  he  chose  to  dissemble  his  resent- 
ment^ and  returned  him  a  civil  answer,  to  signify  his  satis&ction 
and  thanks  for  what  he  had  thought  fit  to  do  *. 

Cicero's  campaign  ended  just  so,  as  Ccelius  had  wished  in 
one  of  bis  letters  to  him ;  with  figliting  enough  to  give  a  claim 

>  Bp.  Fun.  15.  5. 

*  luque  Cvwr  ill  litUms,  qiiibui  mihi  gratuUtur,  vX  omnia  pollicetur,  qua  Diodo 
(XDlMt  CitODii  in  me  ingniiMimi  injuria,     A<l  Att.  7.  'i. 

*  Ath  wart — Calo  quid  agtt :   ijni  ^uidem  in  i 
iDtaBriUti*,  joititue,  clsmcnliip,  fldi-i  ti:>timDnium,   , 

labasi,  negBTit u  hie  idem  Bibulo  dicnim  vigiaii.    IgnoKe  n 

fene.    lud. 

*  Ep.  FuD.  15.  fi. 


THE    LIFE 


.•  Kutut.     M.  ClaiHL.a 

to  the  laurel,  vvt  witliout  the  risk  of  a  battle  with  tlw  fm- 
ihiitii-'.  Dunne  thes«  moiiifas  of  actioo,  he  aent  Anj  it 
two  ytturiic  (.'iceros  the  »uu  and  iiephow,  to  king  "  ' 
ciiun.  uniW  tho  conduct  of  the  kini(;'a  son,  who  came  oi 
jiow-  III  inviu'  tlit>in.  They  were  kept  strictly  to  tlwir 
and  e.xtT<.-Ui'>,  unil  made  irrvut  proficiency  in  both;  though  At 
Olio  of  tlii'tn.  M  I'iciTii  siiys  wiuited  the  Sit,  the  other  tfaeifK 
— Their  in  tor,  ])i<i]iy>iiis,  uttended  them,  a  niaii  of  great  Mn> 
ing  and  jiTobity.  but.  as  hi<  young  pupils  eoinpliiined,  borib^ 
jiassionnte '.  l)i-iotiiru'«  himself  was  setting  forward  tsJM 
Cicero,  with  all  \iU  fiircL<s  tipoii  the  tirst  uews  of  the  I^tna 
irruption.  He  hud  with  him  thirty  cohorts,  of  four  huiiM 
men  each,  armed  and  diisciplined  after  the  Roman  mi 
with  two  thousaiKl  horse :  but  the  Parthian  alarm  being 
Cicero  sent  courienj  to  meet  him  on  the  road,  in  order  It 
prevent  his  mareliing  to  no  purpose,  so  fur  from  his  on 
dominions*.  The  old  king,  however,  seems  to  have  bron^ 
the  children  back  again  in  person,  for  the  opportunity  of  p^ 
ing  his  compliments,  and  spending  some  time  with  his  friendr 
for,  bv  what  Cicero  intimates,  they  appear  to  hare  bad  0 
interview '. 

The  remaining  part  of  Cicero's  government  was  employed 
ill  the  civil  utFairs  of  the  province,  where  his  whole  carewa^ 
to  ease  the  several  cities  and  districts  of  that  excessive  ]oii 
»f  debts,  in  which  tlic  avarice  and  rapaciousness  of  fanom 
gitveriiors  luul  iiivolvetl  them.  He  laid  it  down  for  the  fixed 
rule  nf  hi.s  adminiHt ration,  not  to  suffer  any  money  to  be  ei- 


OP  cicsRO.  379 

A.  VrK TtG.   r«.£6.   Co«^-S<r*.8iilpici<uRBfiu.   M. Cluuliu* M«k«I1di. 

ties  of  ilie  piOTinca  used  to  pay  to  all  tbeir  proconsuls  loi^ 
vtributions  for  being  exempted  from  furnishing  winter  qnar- 
rs  to  the  army.- — Cyprus  alone  paid  yearly,  on  this  siDgle 
Kwunt,  two  liiiudred  talents,  or  about  forty  thousand  pounds: 
lit  Cicero  remitted  this  whole  tax  to  ihem,  which  alone  made 
vast  revenue;  and  applied  all  the  customarv  perquisites  of 
is  office  to  the  relief  of  the  oppressed  province :  yet  for  all 
M  services  uud  ffenerority,  which  amazed  the  poor  people,  he 
lould  accept  oa  nonoius,  but  what  were  merely  rerbal ;  pro- 
hibiting all  espennre  monuments,  as  -statues,  temples,  brazen 
bofses,  &c.  which,  by  the  flatterv  of  Asia,  used  to  be  erected 
bf  course  to  alt  governors,  thongn  ever  so  corrupt  and  <^pres- 
nve.  While  he  was  upon  his  visitation  of  the  Asiatic  dismcts, 
Aere  happened  to  be  a  kind  of  &mine  in  the  country ;  yet 
wherever  he  aiAe,  he  not  only  provided  for  hb  &mily,  at  ais 
own  expense,  bat  prevailed  witn  the  merchants  and  dealers, 
who  had  any  quantity  of  com  in  their  storehouses,  to  supply 
tiie  people  n-ith  it  on  easy  terms ' ;  living  himself,  all  the  woile, 
Bplendialy  and  hospitably,  and  keeping  an  open  table,  not  only 
for  all  the  Roman  officers,  but  the  gentry  of  the  province  *.  In 
the  tblionitiu;  letter  to  Atticus,  he  gave  him  a  sununary  view 
of  his  manner  rf  eoveming. 

**  I  see,"  says  ae,  "  that  you  are  much  pleased  with  my 
Moderation  and  abstinence ;  but  you  would  be  much  more  so 
if  yon  were  with  me,  especially  at  Laodicea,  where  1  did 
wonden  at  the  sessions,  which  I  nave  just  held,  for  the  affairs 
<rf  the  dioceses,  from  the  thirteenth  of  February  to  the  first  of 
Miiy<  Many  cities  are  wholly  freed  from  all  their  debts,  many 
greatly  eased,  and  all,  by  being  allowed  to  govern  themselves 
by  thai  own  laws,  have  recovered  new  life.  There  are  two 
ways  by  which  I  have  put  them  into  a  capacity  of  freeing,  or 
of  easing  themselves  at  least  of  their  debts ;  the  one  is,  by 
suffering  no  expense  at  all  to  be  made  on  the  account  of  my 
government.     When  I  say  none  at  all,  I  speak  not  hyperbolic 

P!?^L ,  — lenindimi,  non  uidiiWlmnl  ommbu)"™[i)"licirut  n'l'ihi 

ik^um  ncgo  lumplitB  fi^luni.    Pntter  cum  acccpic  n«no.    Elu 
Mccpimut.     Ad  Att.  5.  '2\. 


AlrbTtti.    Cic.Sti.    Com.— Srrv.Sulpk-iuiBafai.    H.Cbodia 

ntlly;  tbore  is  not  so  much  tu  a  farthing:  it  ia  inaedibkhfl 
think  whut  relief  thev  bare  fuuud   from   this  ungle  ulidfta 
'llic  otlit^r  is  this :  ilioir  own  Greek  loa^tmtes  haa  HaiamlfM 
abused  und  jilundered  them.     I  examiueH  every  one  of  tM^f 
whci  liail  borne  any  office  for  ten  ;^'«irs  past :  they  all  pbUf 
confeitMCil ;  and,  without  the  i^omiiiy  of  a  public  conridiv 
made  ro!>titutioii  of  the  money  which   tliry   had  pill^td:  U 
that  the  i)eo[>le,  wh<i  bad  paid  nothing  tu  our  &nnen  fiit  Ai  I 
present  lustrum,  have  now  paid  the  arrears  of  the  las^  na  i 
witJioiit  murmuring.     This  iias  placed  me  iii  liigh  brour  vfcl 
the  publieanu :  a  grateful  set  of  men,  you'll  say :  I  bare  nil  I 
found  them  such. — 'I'hc  rettt  of  my  jurisdiction  !>ball  be  niiii8|M  I 
with  the  same  address ;  anil  create  the  same  admiration  of  ^ 
rlcmeiiey  and  easiness.    There  is  no  difficulty  of  access  tsa^ 
M  tlierc  is  to  all  other  proriiieial  governors;  no  introductia 
by  my  chamberlain :  1  am  aU-ays  up  before  day,  and  walkiif 
in  my  luill,  with  my  doors  open,  ui>  I  used  to  do  when  a  ca^ 
ditkte  at  Uome:    this  is  great  and  gracious  here;   tboa^ 
not  at  all  tronblvsunie  tu  me,  from  my  old  habit  «h1  w- 
pline',"  &c. 

This  method  of  governing  gave  no  small  umbnisre  to  Aj^h; 
wlio  eonsiilered  it  as  a  reproach  ujwn  himself,  and  sent  ami 
(jvierulons  letters  to  C'ieens  because  he  hat)  reversed  sraie  of 
his  ctmstitutioiis :  "  And  no  wonder,"  says  Cicero,  "  that  be 
IS  diNplcuMHl  with  my  manner,  for  what  csin  be  mure  unlikf, 
than  liis  aibiiiiiistration  and  mine?  L'lider  him  the  provioee 
'     ■      ''  s  and  e.xactionS;  iindL-riiK',  tiot  a[>eiiny 


%.70Z   ClcAJ.  Ca«<— BerT.BB^dniBufiu.   M.CUndliHlbiMlIin. 
;  profesaioos  of  hononr  and  respect  towards  Appitu, 
hen  he  found  it  necessary  to  Tcscrnd  his  decrees;  coo- 


ing himself  onlyi  he  says,  as  a  second  physician  called  in 
X  case  of  sickness,  where  he  found  it  necessary  to  change 
\  method  of  cure,  and  when  the  patient  had  Men  bron^t 
by  evacuatioos,  and  blood-letting,  to  apply  all  kinds  of 
•live  and  restoring  medicines'. 

U  sooD  as  the  goremment  of  Cilida  was  allotted  to  him,  he 

quaialed  Appius  with  it  by  letter,  begginz  of  bun,  that,  as 

-  -mao  could  succeed  to  it  with  a  more  fhendly  disposidtm 

n  himself,  so  Appias  would  deliver  np  the  province  to  him, 

Qch  a  coiiditioQ,  as  cme  friend  would  expect  to  receive  it 

a  another':  in  answer  to  which,  Appius,  having  iotiniBted 

e  desire  of  &a  interview,  Cicero  took  occasion  to  press  it 

I  much  earnestness,  as  a  thing  of  great  service  to  them 

I ;  and  that  it  might  not  be  defeated,  gave  him  an  account 

F  all  his  stages  aud  motions,  and  offered  to  regulate  them  in 

ich  a  manner,  as  to  make  the  place  of  their  meeting  the  most 

p-eeable  to  Appius'a  convenience:    but  Appius  being  dis- 

Uflted  with  the  first  edicts,  which  Cicero  published,  resolved, 

?or  that  reason,  to  disappoint  him ;  and,  as  Cicero  advanced 

k  into  the  province,  retired  still  to  the  remoter  parts  of  it,  and 

f  contrived  to  come  upon  him,  at  last,  so  suddenly,  that  Cicero 

liad  not  warning  enough  given  to  go  out  and  meet  him ; 

which  Appias  laid  hold  o^  as  a  fresh  ground  of  compkunt 

■gainst  Cicero's  pride,  for   refusing   that   common   piece   of 

TMpect  to  him  *. 

This  provoked  Cicero  to  expostulate  with  him  with  great 
nurit — "  I  was  informed,"  says  he,  "  by  one  of  my  apparitors, 
tnat  you  complained  of  me  for  not  coming  out  to  meet  you  ;  I 
despised  you,  it  seems,  so  as  nothing  could  be  prouder — when 
your  servant  came  to  me,  near  midnight,  and  told  me,  that  you 
would  be  with  me  at  Iconium  before  day,  but  could  not  Bay  by 
which  road,  when  there  were  two ;  I  sent  out  your  friend  Varro 
by  the  one,  and  Q.  Lepta,  the  commander  of"^  my  artillery,  by 


Pam.3L  13.      '  "'"  "''    """"  "''  '"^""''        "''  ''  ■"■.■"  "'-  ""=" 

<  Ut  li  Hedicoi,  cum  KgTotuB  alii  medico  Indltui  lil,  irewi  *rlit  a  medico,  qui 
iifaiftaimt  prorinciun  cunrit,  un^incm  miierii,  &c.    Ad  Alt.  (i.  1. 

neccm  oect — bicc  una  CDnaabiio  occurreb&i,  qaod  nM|ue  tibi  amidor,  quun  ego  nim, 
qidiqnam  pouM  incccdcrc^  nequt  ego  ab  uUo  Provlnciim  udp«re,  qui  mallet  cam  mibi 
qu>»  muiDic  uplMm  cipliCEUniiguF,  &r.    Kp.  Fim.  3. 2. 

4r)atnnr,  &c.     Ibid.  fi. 

t  tdvcBlare  tidcl,  profcctui  eat  Tinum  ueqae  laodicia.     Ad 


^^[junoi 


3«-i  THE  LIFE 

A.  I'rb.rvJ.    Cir.^.    i'uMi.^3rr*.  Mulpkiui  Kufbi.     .M.  ClaodiiuHimUa. 

iIr>  Dtlicr,  with  instructions  to  oacli  of  tkpm,  to  bring  me  tindi 
luitict'  of  your  u|<proaeli,  tliat  1  mi^ht  come  out  in  penM  It  I 
meet  vou.'   Lo|ita  cumc  runninir  back  presently  in  all  brill 
to  HC(|iiiiiiit  mi.',  thut  you  had  iUrrady  |>a5sed  dt  the  amj  I 
upnii  u')iii-]i  I  went  directly  to  Ictuiium,  where  you  knovw  I 
D'st.     I  )icl  I  llii'n  refuse  tu  come  out  to  you  ?  to  Apjuui  Chi- 
iliiis:  til  Hii  cuiiHTor:  llii>n,  occordinir  to  ancient  custom;  u^ 
above  nil,  tu  my  friciKl '  I,  who  of  all  men,  am  apt  to  do  mm 
ill  tliat  wuy  than  iH-coincs  my  dignity?  but  enough  of  dk 
The  same  man  ttilil  me,  likewise,  tiiat  you  said.  What !  Ajaim  I 
went  out  to  meet  Lentulnis:  Lentulos  to  Appius;  butUem  I 
would  not  come  out  to  Appius.     Can  you  then  be  giullyrf  ] 
!>ui-h  inipertiiionci.'?  a  man,  in  my  judgment  of  the  gnvkri   I 
prudenc*.-,   leitruiri};,  experience ;    mid,  I  may  add,  p^toMi 
too,  which  the  fSttiicH  n^^hcly  judge  to  be  a  virtue?    do  yw 
imiigiue,   that   your  Aii|iiuscs  aitd   Loutuluses    are   of  mm 
weif^ht  with  nic  than  tiic  ornaments  of  virtue?  before  I  hi 
obtuiuetl  those  honour^  which,  in  tlic  opinion  of  the  worhl,  ve 
tliou^hl  to  Ih>  the  frruatest,  1  never  fonclly  admired  those  namei 
of  your's:  I  looked  indeed  upon  those,  who  had  left  them  to 
vou,  aa  irreat  men ;  1)ut  after  I  had  acquired,  and  borne  die 
lii^rhest  command;*,  so  lu  to  have  uotlung  more  to  desire,  eithir 
of  hoiioiir  or  glory,  I  never,  indeed,  considered  myself  as  your 
superior,  hut  hoiied,  tluit  I  was  become  your  equal :  nor  did 
I'ompey,  wIkuh  I  jirefer  to  all  men  who  ever  lived,  nor  Lea- 
liiliis  whom  1  prefer  to  mj-self,  think  otherwise :  if  you,  how- 
ever, are  of  »  (litfiTrnt  opinion,  it  will  do  you  no  harm  to  reai^ 
■  altentioii,  what  Athenodorus  sa^s  on   this  subjei 


OF  CICERO.  383 

A-Vrt).1fa.   CV.H.   CiM^^wv.SalflciniBafM.   H. Oludlui HmaDtu. 

!en>'»  letter!  to  Appius  make  one  book  of  his  familiar 
y  the  greatest  part  of  which  are  of  the  ezpoatnlatoiy 
_  n  die  subject  of  their  mutual  jealousies  and  complaiots : 
Ins  slippery  slate  of  their  friendship,  an  accident  h^pened 
Rome,  which  had  like  to  hare  put  an  end  to  it.      Hia 
fl'liter  Tuilia,  titer  parting  from  her  second  husband  Cras- 
J8,  as  it  is  probably  thought,  by  dirorceS  was  married,  io 
!  fiither's  absence,  to  a  tbira,  P.  Cornelius Dolabellai  sereral 
I  inul  been  offered  to  her,  and,  among  them,  Ti.  Clandioa 
_,  who  afterwards  married  Liria,  whom  Augustus  took 
r  from  him :  Nero  made  hia  proposals  to  Cicero  in  Cilicia, 
I  referred  him  to  the  women,  to  whom  he  had  left  the 
lagement  of  tbat  a&ir ;  bat,  before  those  orertorea  reached 

>IB,  they  had  made  np  the  matd  with  Dolabella,  being 

mightily  taken  with  his  complaisant  and  obeequions  addre8i\ 
He  was  a  nobleman  of  patncian  descend  and  of  great  parts 
jnd  politeness;   bnt  of  a  violent,  daring,  ambitious  temper, 
^warmly  attached  to  Cteear ;   and,  by  a  life  of  pleasure  and 
fe]q>ense,  which  the  prudence  of  Tuilia,  it  was  hoped,  would 
PDorrect,  greatly  ctistreBBed  in  bis  fortunes;  which  mode  Cicero 
I  very  uneasy,  when  be  came  afterwards  to  know  it*.    Dolabella, 
I  Rt  tlie  time  of  thb  marriage,  for  which  he  made  way  also  by 
I  tbe  divorce  of  his  first  wife*,  gave  a  proof  of  his  enterprising 
[  renins,  by  impeaching  Appius  Clauaius,  of  practices  against 
I  uio  utate,  in  his  government  of  Cilicia,  ano  of  bribery  and 
eomiption  in  bis  suit  for  the  consulship.     This  put  a  great 
difficulty  upon  Cicero,  and  made  it  natural  to  suspect,  that  he 
privstely  favoured  the  impeachment,  where  the  accuser  was  his 
flon-in-lkw:  but  in  clearing  himself  of  it  to  Appius,  though  he 
dinembled  a  little,  perhaps,  in  disclaiming  any  part  or  know- 
leiLee  of  that  match,  yet  he  was  very  sincere  in  professing  him- 
self an  ntter  stranger  to  the  impeachment,  and  was,  in  truth, 
greatly  disturbed  at  it     But,  as  from  the  circumstance  of  bis 

'  Vint  conGnn)  tbia  notion  i>,  that  Ciu«]>n  Bin>esn  to  hiiTs  Wn  iliiri!  at  ihia 
tbBe,lIld  under  Ciccro'i  dieplcasurc:  who  mcnliom  liini  u  the  ntiljr  Hnator,  boudd 
Hinu,  la  whgm  bo  did  not  thmk  £i  lo  wrilo  about  the  ifTair  of  bti  lupplication.     Ad 

An.  7. 1. 

*  Ego  dmn  ID  pronnria  omnibui  rebus  Appium  omo,  aubito  eum  faclui  ucuHloria 
(jn*  toccT — led  midt  mihi  nihil  minui  pmaram  fgo,  rjui  do  Ti,  Neronc,  qui  mociim 
coent,  ceiMi  homioM  ad  TniiliiToi  rniKram,  qui  Homam  vcneninl  factii  ■ponulibui. 
Sid  hoc  ipera  mcliui.     Mutiem  qnidem  valilo  intclligo  dclcctui  obwquia  ct  comitate 


notti  ftiwiU.    lUd.  7. 3. 

Dolabellun  a  te  ^udeo  primum  landiri.  d«ia<le  etiain  amari.  Nam  a  qua  tpcni 
TnlliB  tnea  pnidrntu  poue  tcmpcrari,  ido  cui  tun  cniilalsi  ictpondcutl.  Ep.  Fam. 
2.  IS.  it.  8.  13. 

Hac  otalectahar  tpecula,  nolabcllam  mcum  rore  ab  iia  molntiii,  qua)  liberlate  luk 
coDtimienl,  libcruin.     Ibid.  \6. 

*  innd  mihi  occumt.quod  icier  poilTilationem,  ct  aominiii  dtlationrm,  uxor  a  DoUbelU 
Biewlt.    Ibid.  8. 6. 


THE   LIFE 


Com — Serr.  Aulpidu)  Kafm.    M,  CUuiiu 


hiicivifliii);  tu  Ajipiuii  in  his  frovernment,  be  u'aa  of  all  men  d( 
intist  LitimliK'  tif  srrviiifr  or  hurting  IiJm  at  the  trial,  so  ^Vf^ 
whu  tiMik  ffiTAt  itsiiti"  lu  Ncrcpn  Anpius,  was  extremely  dctsH 
to  (>ii^i|Cf  him  till  thi-ir  siile,  and  iiad  thoughts  of  sending  ■ 
■>f  hi-  stiKs  to  him  for  that  purpose  :  but  Cicero  sared  it» 
lliui  iroiililf.  Iiy  (li.-i-Iariii|r  early  and  openly  for  Appin^fli 
promiHiitr  fvorv  thiiii;  from  the  province  that  could  posnid]ili 
of  xervice  to  hiin:  wliieh  he  thuufrht  himself  obliged  tadolb 
rnofL'  fitrwunlly,  to  prevent  any  suRpiL-ion  of  treacfaerj' to  !■ 
frivtid,  on  the  acmiiiit  of  his  new  alliance':  so  that  Appb^ 
instead  of  deeliniiig  a  trial,  contrived  to  bring  it  on,  as  mhoS 
he  could:  and,  with  that  view,  lianiig  dropped  his  pretenwH 
to  a  triumph,  entered  the  city,  and  olfered  himself  to  )■ 
judires.  lit'fore  his  accuser  was  prepared  for  liiin,  and  i 
quitted,  without  any  ditlicultv,  of  both  the  indictments. 

In  a  little  time  after  his  trial,  he  was  chosen  censor,  togetkt 
with  Piso,  CaiMar's  fulher-in-Uiw,  die  last  who  bore  that  oSa 
during  the  freedom  of  the  Hepuhlic.  Clodiiis's  law,  m» 
tioiied  above,  which  had  greatlv  niitrained  the  power  of  time 
magistnites,  vas  re]>ealed  the  last  year,  by  Kcipio,  the 
and  their  ancient  antliority  restored  to  them',  which  n 
exercised  with  gri>at  rij^our  by  Appius;  who,  though  really  i 
libertine,  and  remarkable  for  iiinulgin^  himself  in  all  ^ 
luxury  of  life,  yet,  by  an  oiFectatioii  of  severity,  hoped  to  re- 
trieve hin  t'huraeter,  and  jkiss  for  an  admirer  of  tlmt  andeot 
<)iscijiliiie.  for  which  many  of  his  ancestors  had  been  celebrated. 

''-■■'■■—  -■ plea«unt  account  of  him  to  Cicero;    "Doyoc 

ronda* 


oP  cicEan.  mS  • 

i.VA.TO-2.    V\r:.SG.    (.'oai.-Si'.v.Sulpidua  Kufut.    M.t'kudiuB  Maircllui. 

,j  served  only  to  alienate  people  from  Ponipey's  lauHe, 

.  wliom  Appius  was  strictly  allied :  whilst  his  coileB^iie, 

I  foresaw  that  effect,  chose  to  sit  still,  aiicl  siiHer  him 

e  the  knights  and  senators  at  pleasure,  which  lie  did 

!at  treedoDi;  and,  among  others,  turned  Sallust,  the 

}  out  of  the  senate,  and  was  hardly  restrained  from 

_  iLe  same  affront  upon  Curio,  which  added  still  more 

8  and  strength  to  Caesar'. 

to  the  public  news  of  the  year,  the  grand  affair,  that  en- 
1  all  people's  thoughts,  was  the  expectation  of  a  breacli 
«n  Cfesar  and  Pompey,  which  seemed  now  unavoidable, 
n  which  all  men  were  beginning  to  take  part,  and  ranging 
uelves  on  the  one  side  or  the  other.  On  Porapey'a  there 
El  great  majority  of  the  senate  and  the  magistrates,  with  tlie 
V  sort  of  all  ranks:  on  Caesar's,  all  the  criminal  and  ob- 
ious,  all  who  had  suffered  punishment,  or  deserved  it;  the 
;  part  of  the  youth,  and  the  city  mob;  some  of  the 
tribunes,  and  all  who  were  oppressed  with  debts;  who 
I  leader  Ht  for  their  purpose,  daring,  and  well  provided, 
1  wanting  nothing  but  a  cause.  This  is  Cicero's  account ; 
md  Coelius's  is  much  the  same:  "1  see,"  says  he,  "that 
Pompey  will  have  the  senate,  and  all  who  judge  of  things; 
Ctesar  all  who  live  in  fear  and  uneasiness;  but  there  is  no 
Domparison  between  their  armies '."  Ciesar  had  put  an  end  to 
the  Gallic  war,  and  reduced  the  whole  province  to  the  Roman 
^oke ;  but  though  his  commission  was  near  expiring,  he  seemed 
to  have  no  thoughts  of  giving  it  up,  and  returning  to  the  con- 
dition of  a  private  subject:  he  pretended  that  he  could  not 
possibly  be  safe,  if  he  parted  with  his  army,  especially  while 
Pompey  held  the  province  of  Spain,  prolonged  to  him  for  five 
year^'.  The  senate,  in  the  meanwhile,  in  order  to  make  him 
easy,  had  consented  to  let  Inm  take  the  consuUhip,  without 
coming  to  sue  for  it  in  person :  but  when  that  did  not  satisfy 
bim,   the  consul,   M.  Marcellus,  one  of  his  fiercest  i 


moved  them  to  abrogate  his  command  directly,  and  appoint 


him  a  successor;  and,  since  the  war  was  at  an  end, 


<1  appoi 
to  obli^ 


HT  Deot,  n  quiuQ  primuDi  lixc  ri^am  TCni.     t^gii  ScantiniK  juiliciutn  Hpud  Druiiin 


H.     Appiiiin  He  tabulift  et  biroU  oatTC.     Ka^  Faa 

■  no,  I.  40.  p.  ISO. 

■  Hoc  Tid™,  cum  hamlns  on 


OF  cheho. 

<JMi,7tl3.    Cir..W.    C«*.— ScrJ.Suij.ki.nRiifut,     M.  HmJiiii  MariTllm. 

«S«,  Pompey,  who  afTected  [rreat  moderation,  in  wliatever 
uj  of  Cesar,  was  tcazed  ana  urged,  on  all  aides,  to  make 
C2>li<^t  declaration  of  his  sendments.  When  be  called  it 
*  to  determine  any  thing  aliout  Csenar'a  government, 
e  the  first  of  March,  the  term  prescribed  to  it  by  law, 
E  asked,  what,  if  any  one  should  then  put  a  negative  upon 
>»  be  said,  there  was  no  difference  whether  Csesiir  refused 
*ey  the  decrees  of  the  senate,  or  provided  men  to  obdtruct 
*:  **  What,"  says  another,  "if  he  should  insist  on  being 
Atl,  and  holding  bis  province  loo?"  "  Wlial,"  replied 
kjwy,  "if  my  son  should  take  a  stick  and  cudgel  me'i"' 
Btting  the  one  to  be  as  incredible,  and  as  impious  also  as 
«li«r\ 

Soero's  friend.  Coelius,  obtained  the  ledileship  this  summer 
I  his  competitor  Himis,  the  snme  who  had  opjioscd  Cicero 
fc«  angurate,  and  whose  disappointment  gave  occasion  to 
jr  jokes  between  them  in  their  letters'.  In  his  mi^istraey, 
eing  customary  to  procure  wild  beasts,  of  all  kinds,  from 
rent  parts  of  the  empire,  for  the  entert«unment  of  the  city, 
ins  be^ed  of  Cicero  to  supply  him  with  [mnthers  from 
dok,  and  to  employ  the  Cybarites,  a  people  of  his  province 
sd  for  hunting,  to  catch  them  :  "for  it  would  be  a  rcflec- 
upOTi  yon,"  says  he,  "when  Curio  had  ten  panthers  from 

country,  not  to  let  me  have  many  more."  He  recom- 
ds  to  bim,  at  the  same  time,  M.  Feridius,  a  Roman  knight, 

had  an  estate  in  Cidcia,  charged  with  some  services  or 
-rent  to  the  neighbouring  cities,  which  he  begs  of  him  to 
discharged,  so  an  to  make  the  lands  free ' :  he  seems  also, 
are  desired  Cicero's  consent  to  his  levying  certain  contri- 
ons  upon  the  cities  of  his  province,  towards  defraying  the 
jnae  of  his  shows  at  Rome,  a  prerogative,  which  the  sedileA 
IV9  claimed,  and  sometimes  practised ;  though  it  was  denied 
:Dem  by  some  governors,  and  particularly  by  Qiiintus 
TO,  in  Asia,  upon  the  advice  of  bis  brother' ;  in  answer  to  all 
tb,  Cicero  replied,  that  he  was  sorry  to  find  that  Uh  actions 
i  to  mach  in  the  dark ;  thut  it  was  not  yet  known  at  Ki^me, 
not  a  farthing  had  been  exacted  in  his  province,  except 


lar.  Quid  ti.inqnii  ulius,  «  ( ^miml  fsm  m  exr 
DtCT.  Quid  N  lilitii'  mem  fiiitrin  iiiihi  iiDpiiiu:<'i 
•id.  2.  9, 10.  U.  R.  2,  3.  9. 


t.  Patitcum  Curioai 


ftifi: 


fur  the  pny men  I  of  j  ii»t  debts :  titat  it  w»  neither  fit  ftl4 
extort  muney,  nor  for  Coeliiu  to  t&ke  it,  if  it  were  m 
for  hiiDM'lf ;  unA  itdmontslied  htm,  who  had  nndertakenll 
of  accusing  others,  to  live  himself  wiA  more  c 
to  panthers,  that  it   was  not  consistent  nith  his  c 
impose  the  charge  of  hunting;  them   upon  the  pow  y 
But,  though  he  would  not  break  his  rules  for  the  s^ 
friend,  yet  he  took  care  to  provide  panthers  for  him  U  Id 
expeiwe ;  and  i<ays  pletMontly,  upon  it,  *'  that  the  b 
a  Bad  complaint  against  him,  and  resolved  to  quit  the  i 
aince  no  snares  were  laid  in  his  province  for  i 
ture  but  themselves*." 

Curio  likewise  obtained  the  tribunate  this  summer,  i 
lie  sought  with  no  otlier  design,  as  many  imagined,  tfa 
the  opportunity  of  mortifV'ing  Ctesar,  against  whom  \ 
hitherto  acted  with  great  fierceness '.      But  Cicero,  whr 
from  the  temper  andviews  of  them  both,  how  easy  it « 
to  make  up  matlers  between  them,  took   occasion  to 
congratulatory  letter  to  him  upon  his  advancement,  ii_ 
he  exhorts  him,  with  great  gravity,  to  consider  into  what  t  A 
gerous  crisis  his  tribunate  had  fallen,  not  by  chance,  bat  lui  I 
own  choice ;  what  violence  of  the  times,  what  varietj-  of  daoml  | 
hung  over  the   Republic;  how  uncertain  the  events  of  OiOp  I 
were;  how  changeable  men's  minds;  how  much  treachery  iM  I 
falsehood  in  human  life — he  begs  of  him,  therefore,  to  bewnt 
of  entering  into  any  new  councils,  but  to  pursue  and  defeat 
what  he  himself  thought  right,  and  notsulTerliimself  to  bedran 
away  by  the  advice  of  others — referring,  without  doubt,  to  SL 
Antony,  the  chief  companion  and  corrupter  of  his  youth.    la 
the  conclusion,  he  conjures  him  to  employ  his  present  power    ] 


op    UlLliKlJ. 
.703.    CiclC.     (.'DU.~-Scrv.aa)pkiusKuru>.     M.  Clnudiil*  Min'fllui. 

od  Kods !  bow  much  do  I  long  to  be  laughing  with  yuu 
e'." 

b,  >03.    Cic.  £7.    CoM^L.  Amiliiu  Piulu.     C,  CUodiiu  HuceUua. 

[lew  cousuls  being  Cicero's  n&rticutar  friends,  he  wrote 
ulatory  letters  to  them  both,  upon  their  election,  ia 
ie  begged  the  concurrence  of  their  authority  to  the 
3f  his  supplication ;  and,  what  be  bad  more  at  hearty 
y  would  not  suffer  any  prolongation  of  his  annual  term; 
i  they  readily  obliged  him,  and  received  his  tlianks  also 
r  for  that  favour  .  It  was  expected,  that  sometliing 
Id  now  be  done,  in  relation  to  the  two  GauU,  aim 


ointment  of  a  successor  to  Caesar,  since  both  the  consuls 
pposed  to  be  his  enemies ;  but  all  attempts  of  that  kitid 
ill  frustrated  by  the  intrigues  of  Casar ;   for  when  C. 

us  began  to  renew  tiie  same  motion,  which  his  kinsman 

ie  the  year  before,  he  was  obstructed  by  his  colleague 

and   tlie  tribune   Curio,  whom   Csesar  had  privately 

by  immense  bribes,  to  suifer  nothing  prejudicial  to  his 

to  pass  during  their  mE^istracy  *.  He  is  said  to  have 
?aulus  about  three  hundred  thousand  pounds,  and  to 
luch  more'.  The  first  wanted  it  to  defray  the  charges 
!  Splendid  buildings,  which  he  had  undertaken  to  raise 
■wn  cost ;  the  second,  to  clear  himself  of  the  load  of  his 
vhich  amounted  to  about  half  a  million';  for  he  had 
his  great  fortunes  so  effectually,  in  a  few  years,  that  he 

other  revenue  left,  as  Pliny  says,  but  in  the  hopes  of 
war*.     These  &cts  are  mentioned  by  all  the  Roman 


CjiUgfat  by  tbc  upoili  of  Gaul,  and  Ckut'i  gold, 
Curio  lura'd  ttuSlor,  »nd  )>i>  country  »ld— 

Tius  applies  that  passage  of  Vir^l,  "  vendidit  hie  auro 
,"  to  the  case  of  Curio's  selling  Rome  to  Csesar. 
-o,  in  the  mean  time,  was  expecting,  with  impatience, 
iration  of  his  annual  term,  but,  before  he  could  quit  the 
e,  he  was  obliged  to  see  the  account  of  all  the  money, 
<ad  passed  through  his  own  or  his  officers'  hands,  stated 
anced;  and  three  fair  copies  provided,  two  to  be  de- 

u  pogclli  piipugit  me  tuo  <:lMiTi^pho.     Quid  aii  ?    Ciratnni  nunc  defcndtt 
uluKpuuretunEierinePnuo  iWvivuii,  nuUii.     Ibid.  13. 
S.  7, 10, 1 1, 12, 13.  '  Suet™.  J.  Cm.  29. 


pMited  in  two  of  the  priucip^  citi«s  of  faja  jn 
third  in  the  treasury  at  llomv. 

Tbal  liis  whole  aaminiatratioD,  therefore,  might  be  o( 
he  was  very  exact  and  nunctual  in  acquitting  Iiiiwl 
duty,  and  would  not  induW  his  officers  in  the  use  of  a 
money  beyond  the  legal  dme,  or  above  the  Bom  pir~ 
Uw,  as  appears  from  his  letters  to  some  of  them  « 
it*.     Out  of  the  annuiil  revenue,  which  was  c 
for  the  use  of  ihe  province,  ho  remittnl  to  the  t 
he  hod  nut  expended,  to  the  amount  of  above  ei^t  h 
thouBitud  pounds.     '*  This,"  toys  he,  "  makes  my  vkoli 
pany  groan  ;  they  imairiiied,  that  it  should   have  been  i 
among  themselves,  as  if  I  ought  to  have  been  a  better  bt 
for  the  treasures  of  I'hrygia  and  Cilicia.  than  for  o 
But  they  did  not  move  me ;  for  my  own  honour  weigl 
me  the  most :  yet,  I  have  not  been  wanting,  to  do  en 
in  mjr  power,  that  is  honourable  and  generouB  to  tl 

His  last  concern  was,  to  what  hands  he  should  c 
government  of  his  province  upon  his  leaving  it,  nnce  i 
no  successor  appointed  by  the  senate,  on  account  of  t! 
among  them  auout  the  cane  of  Caesar,  which  disturbed  ll 
debates,  and  interrupted  all  other  business.     He  had  no  q 
of  his  quiestor,  C.  Cwlius,  a  young  man  of  noble  binh, 
no  great  virtue  or  prudence  ;  and  was  afmid,  af^r  his  ■ 
administration,  that,  by  phtcing  so  great  a  trust  iti  one  of  ttl 
character,  he  should  expose  himself  to  some  censure.     Battl| 
had  nobody  about  him  of  superior  rank,  who  waa  wiUEof  b 
accept  it,  and  did  not  cure  to  force  it  upon  his  brother,  leslM 
might  give  a  handle  to  suspect  him  of  some  interest  or  pi^  I 
tiality  m  the  choice'.      He  dropped  tlie  province,  •'- — '-"  ' 


op   CICEHO. 
13.     Vk.  37.    Cdu.— L.  iEmiUui  PluIus.     C.  CUiidiu*  Minctliu. 

n  a  particular  dettul  of  all  tlie  newa  of  die  city — 
e  odious  reports,"  says  he,  "nbout  Curio  and  Paulus; 
!ee  any  dan^rer,  while  Pompey  stands,  or  I  may  say, 
ile  he  sits  >f  he  has  bat  his  health ;  but,  in  truth,  I 
or  my  friends  Curio  and  i'aulua.  If  vou  are  now, 
at  Rome,  or  as  soon  as  vou  come  thitoer,  I  would 
lend  me  a  plan  of  the  whole  UepubUc,  which  may 
n  llie  road,  that  I  may  form  myself  upon  it,  and  re- 
temper  to  assume  on  my  coming  to  tlie  city ;  for 
advanta^  not  to  come  thither  a  mere  stranger '." 
hat  a  confidence  he  placed  in  Pompey,  on  whom, 
ir  whole  prospect,  eitlier  of  peace  with  Csesar,  or  of 
linst  him,  depended :  as  to  the  intimation  about  his 
is  expressed  more  strongly  in  another  letter:  "all 
"  says  he,  "  hang  upon  the  life  of  owe  man,  who  is 
very  year  by  a  dangerous  fit  of  sickness'."  His 
1  seems  to  have  been  peculiarly  subject  to  fevers ; 
It  returns  of  which,  in  the  present  situation  of  affairs, 
apprehension  to  all  his  party;  in  one  of  those  fevers, 
atened  hia  life  for  many  days  successively,  all  the 
aly  put  up  public  prayers  for  his  safety  ;  an  honour, 
never  been  paid  before  to  any  man,  while   Kome 

king  leave  of  Cilicia,  Cicero  paid  a  visit  to  Rhodes, 
e,  be  says,  of  the  children  '.  His  design  was  to  give 
ew  of  that  flourishing  isle,  and  a  little  exercise, 

that  celebrated  school  of  eloquence,  where  he  him- 
udied  with  so  much  success  under  Molo.  Here  he 
le  news  of  Hortensius's  death',  which  greatly  af- 
,  by  recalling  to  his  mind  the  many  glorious  strug- 
hey  had  sustained  together  at  the  bar,  in  their  com- 
■  the  prize  of  eloquence.     Hortensius  reigned  abso- 

Forum,  when  Cicero  first  entered  it:  and,  as  his 
me  was  the  chief  spur  to  Cicero's  industry,  so  the 


Cicero  s  industry,  i 
■cimen,  which  Cicero  soon  gave  of  himself,  made 
,  likewise,  the  brighter  for  it,  by  obliging  him  to 
e  force  of  his  genius,  to  maintain  his  ground  against 


^  «1  txhm  *«Wu« 
■riDiD  vicor  dokn. 

■,  yule 
Font 

,  dc  Paulo 

at  modo. 

8ul  I 
rmihl  1 

quo  ulliim  pcriculum  <ide*in 

olius  Rein,  tl  jam  «  RoDue, 
qua  mc  fingcre  powiiin,  &t. 

lam  .cnia 

™..;^q„o.an.i.pe, 

-iciil..? 

^n-gralan 

tia,  aniii 

iia,  poiitna  otnnn  noMraa  iprt 

n  Imiporo  uniTersa 
,Pal.2.4H.     r>in.p 
ilopncrorumuiuHi. 
tin  i]«-«lcn«  ltT..«l.i 

.  IM. 

All.  0,7. 

•  nliile  . 
cnmih 

cj„.,  primo  omDium  dvium, 
i  Jo  Q.  Hortpnui  nitHTtc  emet 

■.y.f>  THH  Lirr. 

\   1,1,  ;i-3      <i..:-:      I  .»-  -I..  -Ttniil.u,  l>.u!.;^.     I ".  CiaiuLiW  Ssirila. 

hit  v<iui))r  riv-ol.  'lliey  paKsefl  a  ^reat  pott  of  tbeiiliTaBl 
kiiiif  iif  ei|tuil  contest  ana  emulation  of  eack  other*!  mcfit:' 
lliirii-Tibiuv  l>y  tlie  stijicriority  of  bU  rears,  haring  fintpHU 
ttiroiigli  till'  iisiiul  frrnilannii  of  public  honours,  and  mlSm\ 
ill"  ambiiiixi,  by  nbtjiiiiiiig  the  hif^best,  began  to  relu 
wh;ii  iif  hN  ohi  cixiU'iiiion,  and  gave  way  to  the  charmiofi 
am)  luxury,  to  whiirh  his  nature  strongly  inclined  him','" 
wiw  fiirt,-cit,  at  la-t,  hj-  the  general  voice  of  the  citj",  to 
the  ]to^t  of  honour  to  Cicero;  who  never  lost  sight  a  til 
true  point  of  nWy.  nor  wa»  ever  diverted  by  any  ten,_ 
uf  pleasure  fruin  his  >tpady  course  and  laborious  pumitrfl 
virtue.  Ifortensius  publi^iiied  several  orations,  wnich  w«l 
extant  luu if  after  his  death;  and,  it  were  much  to  be  i 
thiit  they  had  remained  to  this  day,  to  enable  us  to  ft 
judL^ineiit  of  the  ditTereiil  t;ilent8  of  these  two  great  mn;  hril 
they  are  said  to  have  owed  a  freat  part  of  their  credit  ta  At  | 
udrantaire  of  his  action,  which  yet  nas  thought  to  hare  i 
of  art  thau  nus  necessary  to  an  orator,  so  tluit  his  compontMi  ' 
were  not  admiri-d  so  much  by  the  reader,  as  they  had  beesbr 
the  hearer* ;  while  Cicero's  more  valued  productions  nnulcit 
others  of  that  kiiul  less  sought  for,  and  consequently  die  lea 
eitrefully  pres*.>rved.  Horteusius,  however,  was  "genenlly 
iiUowedl  by  the  ancients,  and  by  Cicero  himself,  to  have  pv- 
liessed  every  uecumplishinent  which  could  adorn  an  orator— dfr 
gunee  uf  style;  art  of  composition;  fertility  of  invention;  sireet> 
netis  of  clociiti<ii) :  gracefulness  of  action '.  These  two  rinh 
lived,  however,  always  with  groat  civility  and  respect  torn 


OF  CICERO.  393 

17i%.7iS.     Ck.57.     Co«^— L.  Anfliiu  Ptaluf .    C.  CUadiui  MarcelluB. 

_  deprived  of  the  service  and  authority  of  so  ezpe- 
m  trtatfwimn  at  so  critical  a  oonjuDcture  \ 
Rhodes  he  passed  on  to  Ephesiis,  whence  he  set  sail, 
.ftit  of  October,  and  after  a  tedious  passage,  landed  at 

00  the  fourteenth  '•     Here  he  lodged  afi;ain  in  his  old 

1  at  the  house  of  his  friend  Aristus.  His  predecessor, 
who  passed  also  through  Athens,  on  his  return,  had 
m  new  portico  or  vesm>ule  to  be  built  at  his  cost, 

temple  of  the  Eleusinian  Ceres;  which  suggested  a 
likewise,  to  Cicero,  of  adding  some  ornament  of  the 
Ubd  to  the  academv,  as  a  public  monument  of  his  name, 
dl  aa  of  his  affection  for  the  place;  for  he  hated,  he 
those  fiilse  inscriptions  of  other  people's  statues',  with 
the  Greeks  used  to  flatter  their  new  masters,  by  efiao- 
idw  dd  titles,  and  ascribing  them  anew  to  the  great  men 
He  acquainted  Atticus  with  his  design,  and  desired 
upon  It ;  but,  in  all  probability,  it  was  never  eze- 
flbice  nis  stay  at  Athens  was  now  very  short,  and  his 
Its  wholly  bent  on  Italy :  for  as  all  his  letters  confirmed 
the  certainty  of  a  war,  in  which  he  must  necessarily  bear 
J^^arty  so  he  was  impatient  to  be  at  home,  that  he  might  have 
MM  dealer  view  of  the  state  of  a&irs,  and  take  his  measures 
widi  greater  deliberation  \  Yet  he  was  not  still  without  hopes 
of  peace,  and  that  he  should  be  able  to  make  up  the  quarrel 
between  the  chiefs ;  for  he  was,  of  all  men,  the  best  quali- 
fied to  effect  it,  on  account,  not  only  of  his  authority,  but  of  his 
indmate  friendship  with  them  both  ;  who  severally  paid  great 
court  to  him  at  this  time,  and  reckoned  upon  him  as  their  own, 
and  wrote  to  him  with  a  confidence  of  his  being  a  determined 
friend  \ 

In  his  voyage  from  Athens  towards  Italy,  Tiro,  one  of  his 

*  Ntm  et  amico  amitso,  cum  conBuctudine  jucunda,  turn  multoruxn  offidomm  con- 
junctknie  me  privatum  videbam — au^ebat  ctiam  molestiam,  quod  magiu  sairientium 
ei-vlum  bononimaue  penuria,  vir  egrcgius,  conjunctisaimusque  mecum  contilionun  om- 
Bivm  eodetate,  aiieniasimo  Reipub.  tempore  cxtinctut.    Brut.  init. 

*  Prid.  Id.  Octob.  Athenas  venimus,  cum  sane  adveraia  Tentis  xiii  eaaemoB.  Ep. 
Fam.  14.  5. 

s  Audio  Appium  irpajrvXaiov  Eleuaine  facere.  Num  inepti  fuerimus,  si  nos  quoque 

Academis   fecerimua  ? equidem    valde    ipsas  Athenas   amo.     Volo  esse  aliquod 

monumentum.  Odi  falsas  inscriptiones  alicnarum  statuarum.  Sed  ut  tibi  placebit.  Ad 
Att.  6.  1. 

4  CcNnioTi  ex  multorum  amicorum  litteria— ad  anna  rem  spectare.  Ut  mihi  cum  ve- 
nero,  diasimiUarc  non  liceat,  qiiid  sentiam.  Sed  quum  subeunda  fortuna  est,  eo  citiua 
dabimns  operam  ut  veniamus,  quo  facilius  do  tota  ro  delibercmus.    Ep.  Fam.  14. 5. 

Sire  enim  ad  concordiam  res  adduci  potest,  sive  ad  bonorum  victoriam,  utriusve  rei 
me  ant  adjutorem  esse  vclim,  aut  certe  non  cxpertem.     Ad  Att.  7.  3. 

*  Ipsom  tamen  Pompeium  soparatim  ad  concordiam  hortabor.     Ibid. 

Me  autem  nterque  numeral  suum.  Nisi  forte  simulat  alter.^  Nam  Pompeius  non 
dnbitat  (vere  enim  iudicat)  ea,  qua»  dc  Kepub.  nunc  scntiat,  mihi  valde  probari.  Utri- 
mque  autem  accepi  litteras  ejusmodi — ut  neuter  qucmquam  omnium  pluria  facere  quam 
me  videictur.    Ibid.  7.  1. 


A.  I'lthTHS.    Cir. 'ir.     ('«H.— L.^mainaPuiliM.     C.  CUudini  IbncUa. 

slave*,  wliom  he  soon  after  made  free,  happened  to  bll  mA, 
and  vna  left  behind  at  I'atrap  to  the  care  of  friends  and  a  jtij- 
Biciati.  The  mention  of  such  an  accident  will  aeem  triAiisti 
those  who  arc  not  acquainted  with  the  character  and  exceiat 
qualities  uf  Tiro,  ana  how  much  we  are  indebted  to  him  br 
preserving  and  transmittinfr  to  posterity  the  prerioiu  coUeeliM 
of  Cicero's  lertvrs,  of  which  a  Kreat  part  still  remain,  aod  cm 
entire  hook  of  ihom  written  to  Tiro  himself;  several  <rf  wfaitk 
relate  to  the  subject  of  this  rery  illness.  Tiro  was  truned  ^ 
in  Cicero's  fnmily,  amoni;  the  rest  of  hia  young  slaTea,  in  erof 
kind  of  useful  und  polite  learning,  and,  beinr  a  youdi  of  nh 
gular  ports  and  industry,  soon  becirac  an  eminent  scholar,  sad 
extremely  serviceable  to  his  master,  in  all  his  aHairs,  both  cM 
and  domestic.  "  .\s  for  Tiro,"  says  lie  to  Atticus,  "  I  see  yoi 
have  II  concern  for  him:  though  he  is  wonderfully  useful  to  ati, 
when  he  is  well,  in  every  kind  both  of  my  business  and  stndic^ 
yet,  I  wish  his  health,  more  fur  his  own  humanity  and  modestf, 
tlian  for  any  servici*  which  I  reap  from  him '."  But  his  letter 
to  Tiro  himself  will  best  shew  what  an  affectionate  master  be 
waA :  for  from  the  time  of  leaving  him,  he  never  failed  writiif 
to  him  by  every  messenger  or  ship  which  passed  that  way, 
though  it  were  twiee  or  thrice  a  day,  and  often  sent  one  of  hii 
servants  express  to  bring  an  account  of  his  health ;  the  first  of 
tliese  letters  will  give  us  a  notion  of  tlie  rest. 

M.    T.    CICERO    TO   TIRO. 

"  I  thought  that  I  should  hare  been  able  to  bear  the  want 
of  you  more  easily;   but    Jii   truth    I    cannot    bear    it: 


OF  cicsno.  3Ud 

A.rrb.  703.     Cic.iT.    C«..-l.,  iEmilluirjiulu.,     U.  Cl.u.liui  Mirc.lJm 

'yoa  will  overtake  roe  Bt  Leucas :  but  if  you  st^y  to  establish 
ymtr  keaitfa,  take  care  to  have  good  compaii]',  good  weather, 
"cuid  a  good  vessel.  Observe  this  one  thing,  my  Tiro,  if  you 
Hove  ine,  that  neither  Mario's  coming,  nor  this  letter,  hurry 
■yoa.  By  doing  what  is  most  coiidacive  to  your  health,  you 
will  do  what  is  most  agreeable  to  me :  weigh  all  these  things 
jby  your  own  discretion.  1  want  you ;  yet  so  as  to  love  you ; 
ny  love  makes  me  wish  to  see  you  well ;  my  want  of  you,  to 
see  you  as  soon  as  possible :  the  first  is  the  better;  take  care, 
therefore,  above  all  things,  to  get  well  again  ;  of  ait  yotir  innu- 
'laerable  services  to  me,  that  will  be  the  most  acceptable. — 
The  third  of  November '." 

By  the  honour  that  he  mentions  in  tlie  letter,  he  means  the 

lionour  of  a  triumph,  which   his   friends  encoura^d  him   to 

H  demand  for  his  success  at  Amanus  and  Pindenissum :  in  writ- 

r  ine  upon  it  to  Atdcus,  he  says,  "consider  what  you  would 

L  luivise  me  with  regard  to  a  triumph,  to  which  my  friends  invite 

me:  for  my  part,  if  Bibulus,  who,  while  there  was  a  Parthian 

I    in  Syria,  never  set  a  foot  out  of  the  gates  of  Antioch,  any  more 

1   thaa  he  did  upon  a  certain  occasion  out  of  his  own  bouse,  liad 

,    not  BOlidted  a  triumph,  I  should  have  been  quiet :   but  now  it 

i  is  a  shame  to  sit  still  *."     Again,  "as  to  a  triumph,  I  had  no 

thoi^hts  of  it  before  Bibulus's  most  impudent  letters,  by  which 

he  obtained  an  honourable  suppiication.     If  he  had  really  done 

all  that  he  has  written,  I  should  rejoice  at  it,  and  wish  well  to 

bis  suit :  but  for  him,  who  never  stirred  beyond  the  walls,  while 

there  was  an  enemy  on  this  side  the  Euphrates,  to  have  such 

an  honour  decreed ;  and  for  me,  whose  army  inspired  all  their 

hopes  and  spirits  into  his,  not  tA  obtain  tne  same,  will  be  a 

disgrace  to  us ;  i  say  to  us;  joining  you  to  myself :  wherefore 

I  am  determined  to  piisib  at  all,  and  hope  to  obtain  all"." 

After  the  contemptible  account  which  Cicero  gives  of  Bibu- 
lus's conduct  in  Syria,  it  must  appear  strange  to  see  him 
honoured  with  a  supplication,  and  aspiring  even  to  a  triumph ; 
bat  this  was  not  for  any  thing  that  he  himself  had  done, 
but  for  what  his  lieutenant  Cassius  had  performed  in  his  ab- 
sence against  the  Parthians;  the  success  of  the  lieutenants 
being  ascribed  always  to  the  auspices  of  the  general,  who 
reaped  the  reward  and  glory  of  it;  and  as  the  Parthians  were 
the  most  dangerous  enemies  of  the  Republic,  and  the  more 


'  Ep.  F™.  16.  1 

'  Ad  AK.  6.  8. 

,,»Etetrian.pho,t, 

Ham 

»li"''L 

qu 

m  tonuii  ute  Bibult 

imp.] 

.upph 

.     A  quo  .i  «  goM. 

unt, 

am  scripBt,  pu- 

dmnn  at  bonart  &t 

Nunc 

ilium 

qq 

pedem  jsru,  quoad 

b«t> 

d.  EnphrM.n, 

fUt,  QOD  OltDlerit, 

onore 

Bugen 

,  TUO, 

uju.  ««c™.u  .pern 

Uiu> 

lerciliu  habiiil. 

expratai,  at,  nt  ipno,  h 


-L.  £iulii»  P>ulii>.    C.  CbuAui.  H 


1 


iKirtk'ularly  (InWod  at  tliM  done,  for  their  late  defeat  of  Cna^ 
MO  any  ]ulrurita){e  ^iiiptt  a^nst  them  was  sure  to  be  «A 
rctvivvd  at  llinne,  and  repaid  witL  all  the  honours  lint  mM 
reaMiiiably  be  cloinaiided.  • 

NVhenercr  any  pr»ouiisul  returned  from  his  prorinettnA 
pretensions  to  a  triuin|ib,  his  foscea,  or  ensi^s  of  mMffOiKfi 
were  wreutlied  with  laurel :  with  this  equipage,  Cicero  bnU 
at  Urundisium,  »ri  the  twenty-fifth  of  Xorember,  where  hkife, 
Tereiitia  Hrri\'ed  at  the  same  moment  to  meet  him,  so 
their  first  salutation  was  in  the  ?reat  square  of  the  city.  Fi« 
HrundiHium  he  marched  forward  by  slow  stages  towards  "Rami, 
makin^r  it  h!^  business,  on  tlic  road,  to  confer  with  kll  !■ 
friends  of  both  parties,  who  came  out  to  salute  him:  ulk 
learn  their  sentiinenU  on  tlie  present  state  of  afiiun;  bm 
which  he  won  perceived,  what  of  all  things  he  most  dieadci 
ail  universal  tlispoHition  to  war.  llut  as  he  foresaw  the  ccn^ 
(luences  of  it  mure  coolly  and  clearly  than  any  of  them,  so  !■ 
hrst  resolution  was  to  apply  all  his  endeavours  and  authority 
to  the  mediation  of  a  peace.  He  had  not  yet  declared  for 
either  side;  not  that  he  was  irresolute  which  of  them  to  chooM^ 
fur  he  was  determined  within  himself  to  follow  Pompey ;  bit 
the  difficidty  was,  how  to  act,  in  the  mean  time,  towards  Csmt, 
so  as  tu  avoid  taking  part  in  the  previous  decrees,  which  were 
{ire))iirt>d  against  him,  for  abrogating  his  command,  and  obl%- 
ing  him  lu  disbiiiid  his  forces  on  pain  of  being  declared  u 
enemy ;  here  he  wished  to  stand  neuter  awhile,  that  he  miglit 
aet  tlie  mediator  with  the  better  grace  and  effect '. 

Iti  this  <lis|H>sition  he  liad  an  interview  with  Pompey,  on  the 


op  CICERO. 
A.Vtb.Tm.    CicH,    Cna. 

instance  of  it;  for  that  Hirtius  came  from  Csesar,  a  few 
before,  and  did  not  come  to  see  him;  and  when  Balbiis 
lised  to  bring  Scipio  an  account  of  bis  business,  the  next 
Mvning,  before  day,  Hirtius  was  going  back  ^aiii  to  Caesar 
the  nieht :  this  be  takes  for  a  clear  proof  of  Cteaar's  resolu- 
te break  with  him.     In  short,  I  have  no  other  comfort. 
In  imugiiiing,  that  be,  to  whom  even  his  enemies  have 
A   a   second  considship,  and  fortune  given   the  greatest 
'er,  will  not  be  so  mad  as  to  put  all  this  to  hazard :  yet,  if 
begins  to  rush  on,  I  see  many  more  things  to  be  appre- 
!n(iea  ttian  I  dare  venture  to  commit  to  writing;  at  present, 
'  jil  propose  to  be  at  Rome  on  the  third  of  January  '■" 
'^     There   is  one   little   circumstance   frequently   touched   in 
'  Y^**"*'*  letters,  which  gave  him  a  particular  uneasiness  in  his 
>  ^present  situation,  viz.  his  owing  a  sum  of  money  to  Caesar, 
['vbich  he  imagined  might  draw  some  reproach  upon  him,  since 
ike  thought  it  dishonourable  and  indecent,  he  says,  to  be  a 
debtor  to  one,  against  whom  we  were  acting  in  public  affairs : 
yet  to  pay  it  at  that  time  would  deprive  him  of  a  part  of  the 
money  which  he  bad  reservet!  for  his  triumph'.     He  desires 
Atlicus,  however,  very  earnestly,  to  see  it  paid,  which  was 
done,  without  doubt,  accordingly,  since  we  meet  with  no  farther 
mention  of  it:  it  does  not  appear,  nor  is  it  easy  to  guess,  for 
wbat  occasion  this  debt  was  contracted,  unless  it  was  to  supply 
the   extraordinary  e:tpense   of  his  buildings  after  his  return 
from  esile,  when  he  complained  of  being  in  a  particular  want 
of  money  from  that  general  dissipation  of  his  fortunes. 

Pompey,  finding  Cieero  wholly  bent  on  peace,  contrived  to 
have  a  second  conference  with  him,  before  be  reached  the  city, 
in  hopes  to  allay  hb  fears,  and  beat  him  off  from  that  rain  pro- 

^Ject  of  an  accommodation,  which  might  help  to  cool  the  zeal 
of  hb  friends  in  llie  senate :  he  overtook  him,  therefore,  at 
Lavemium,  and  came  on  with  him  to  Formiae,  where  they 
Spent  a  whole  afternoon  in  a  close  conversation.  Pompey 
strongly  dbcouraged  all  thoughu  of  a  pacification,  declaring, 
that  Uicre  could  be  none  but  what  was  treacherous  and  dan- 
gerous ;  and  that,  if  Caesar  should  disband  his  army,  and  take 
the  consulship,  he  would  throw  the  Republic  into  confusion; 
but  be  wiia  of  opinion,  that  when  he  understood  their  prepa- 
rations against  him,  he  would  drop  the  consulship,  and  hold 
&st  lib  army :  but  if  he  was  mail  enough  to  come  forward  and 

'  Ibid.  7,  i. 

■  Illiid  tuii«D  nou  ilninun,  dual  idcsH  lo  pnUba,  dt  Cipurii  nouiinE  ro^irc.  at  con- 
fcctnlD  relioquu.     Ibid.  6.  G, 

HM  auiem  uolmiHiaiDDi  aX,  quod  tolnndi  s^iiil  nummi  Cinuui.  ct  iuiitnimcrDlum 
triuiDphi  «•  confercndnoi.     E»l  eniio  aiiopipoii,  i1.^i«oXiti«uh«mv    x/no-fi  iXi'thi' 


•^IfJ 


OF   CICERO, 


'  9tage  was  from  Pompey's  villa,  near  Alba,  because  liis 

~  I  Rt  'ritsuuliim,  lay  out  of  the  great  road,  and  was  not  cotn- 

lious  for  a  public  entry :  on  his  arrival,  as  he  says,  he  fell 

k  the  very  flame  of  civil  discord,  and  found  tlie  war  in  effect 

;  for  the  senate,  at  Scipio's  motion,  had  just  voted 

.  ...w,  that  Ceesar  should  dL'^miss  his  army  by  a  certain  day, 

frbe  declared  an  enemy,-  and  when  M.  Antony  and  Q.  Cas- 

I,  two  of  the  tribunes,  opposed  their  negative  to  it,  as  they 

_i  done  to  every  decree  proposed  against  Ccesar,  and  conld 

^.'••t  be  persuaded  by  the  entreaties  of  their  friends,  to  give 

t  i^"^  to  tie  authority  of  the  senate,  they  proceeded  to  that  vote, 

"^icli  was  the  last  resort  in  eases  of  estremity,  that  the  con- 

^'■uls,  pnetors,  tribune?,  and  all  who  were  about  the  city  with 

ipiocoosnlar  power,  should   take  care  that  the  Republic  re- 

^. wived   no  detriment.      As   this   was   supposed   to   arm   the 

'HUtgistrates  with  an  absolute  power  tu  treat  all  men  as  they 

^  pleiMet^  wbom  they  judged  to  be   enemies,  so  the  two  tri- 

Tjeuueis  together  with  Curio,  immediately  withdrew  themselves 

J  tipon  it,  and  fled  in  disguise  to  Csesar's  camp,  on  pretence  of 

H  danger  and  violence  to  their  persons,  though  none  was  yet 

■*  offered  or  designed  to  them '. 

"^  M.  Antony,  who  now  began  to  make  a  figure  in  the  affairs 
of  Rome,  was  of  an  ancient  and  noble  extraction :  the  grand- 
.  n  of  that  celebrated  statesman  and  orator,  who  lost  his  life 
<  in  the  massacres  of  Marius  and  Cinna:  his  father,  as  it  is 
already  related,  had  been  honoured  with  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant commissions  of  the  Republic ;  but  after  an  inglorious 
discharge  of  it,  died  with  the  character  of  a  corrupt,  oppressive, 
and  rapacious  commander.  The  son,  trained  in  the  discipline 
of  such  a  parent,  whom  he  lost  when  he  was  very  young, 
launched  out  at  once  into  all  the  excess  of  riot  and  debauchery, 
and  wasted  his  whole  patrimony  before  he  had  put  on  the 
manly  gown ;  shewing  himself  to  be  the  genuine  son  of  that 
father,  who  was  born,  as  Sallust  says,  to  squander  money, 
without  ever  employing  a  thought  on  business,  till  a  present 
necessity  urged  liim.  His  comely  person,  lively  wit,  insinu- 
ating address,  miule  young  Curio  infinitely  fond  of  him;  so 
that,  in  spite  of  the  cominnnda  of  a  severe  father,  who  had 

Bad  MBmliiu.    8ed  incidi  in   ipiam  fluoiaum  liiilii  diKordim  lol  potiiu  belli.     £p. 
Fte.  16.  II. 
Ebo  in  Tnnuluium  nihil  hoc  tcmpon:,      Deiiuui  est  toit  dvaVTMi,  &e.     Ad 

*  AntoBiu  qnidem  ooitcr  ei  Q.  Ciniua,  nulln  vi  expulai,  id  Cnorcm  cum  CarioriB 

,  ul  cunirfmiiB,  oc  (|'iid   B«p.  detrimenli 


I   I'rKjIM.    Vu  ».    t 


THE    LIFE 


often  itirool  Antony  out  af  doors,  and  forbtddm  hint  hi 
bt>  could  not  be  previuied  with  to  faniake  his  cmnpi 
tupplicd  him  with  moncry  for  Iiiit  frolics  and  amoan,  til 
inrolvKl  liimsvlf,  on  liU  account,  in  n  ilcbi  of  fifty  t 
potiiids.     'Dili  f;rTeatIv  sfflictH   old   Curio;    and  Cice 
otllo'l  in  to  bcal  the  dtstreM  of  the  family,  whom  the  wa^ 
trvaled,  with  tear*  in  his  eyes,  to  iuteroeoe  for  Antony,! 
as  for  htmx-if,  and  not  suffer  them  to   be   parted :  but  C 
havinv  prewlod  with  the  father  to  make    his  son  aej  bf  ■ 
chai^in^f  his  deht«,  advised  him  to  in&ist   upon  it,  u  i  **■ 
lion,  an^  to  enforce  it  by  liis  pntemal  povrer,  tl 
)mvc  no  &rther  commerce  with  Antony  *.      This  I 
dation  of  an  early  aversion  in  Antony  to  Cicero,  inw 
by  the  perpetual  course  of  Antony's   life,  which  fori 
pened  to  throw  among  Cicero's  inveterate  enemies:  fot^l] 
■ccond  marriage  of  his  mother,  he  became  son-in-bw  tl 
Letitulus  wbo  was  put  to  death  for  conspiring-  with  ( 
by  whom  he  «-as  initiated  into  all  the  cabals  of  a  t 
^tion,  and  infected  with  principles  pernicious  to  the  lilw 
tif  Home.     To  revenge  the  death  of  his  father  he  aXtai 
himself  to  Clodius,  and,  during  hb  tribunate,  was  one  cf  A 
ministers  of  all  his  violences;  yet  was  delected,  at  the  ■■ 
time,  in  some  criminal  intrigue  in  his  liunily,  injurions  Utbt  I 
honour  of  his  patron*.     From  this  education  in  the  dty.kl 
went  abroad,  to  learn  the  art  of  war  under  Gabinius,  the  wA  I 
profligate  of  all  frenerals;  who  gave  him  the  command  of  Ul  I 
norse  in  Syria,  where  he  signalized  his  courage  in  the  r"* — 
tion  of  King  Ptolemy,  and  acquired  the  first  ta.<^te  i 


t 


OF   CICERO.  401 

.j^lM.704.    Ck.5a   CoM.-^.  CUudiuB  Marcellus.    L.  Corn.  Lentulm  Cms. 

to  sue  for  the  qusestorship  \     Csesar  recomnf|iided 

a  pressing  maoDer,  to  Cicero,  entreating  him  to  accept 

*s  submission,  and  pardon  him  for  what  was  past,  and 

him  in  his  present  suit;  with  which  Cicero  readily 

and  obliged  Antony  so  highly  by  it,  that  he  de- 

presently  a^nst  Clodius,  whom  he  attacked  with 

fierceness  in  the  Forum,  and  would  certainly  have  killed, 

had  not  found  means  to  hide  himself  under  some  stairs. 

y  openly  gave  out,  that  he  owed  all  this  to  Cicero's 

'    ,  to  whom  he  could  never  make  amends  for  former 

ot  by  the  destruction  of  his  enemy,  Clodius '.    Being 

qusBStOT,  he  went  back  immediately  to  Caesar,  witliout 

g  his  lot,  or  a  decree  of  the  senate,  to  appoint  him  his 

:  where,  though  he  had  all  imaginable  opportunities 

^■cqniring  money,  yet,  by  squandering  as  fast  as  he  got  it, 

e  a  second  time  empty  and  beggarly  to  Rome,  to  put  in 

fiir  tbe  tribunate :  in  which  office,  after  the  example  of  his 

y^iMMl  Curio,  having  sold  himself  to  Csesar,  he  was,  as  Cicero 

iin,  as  much  the  cause  of  the  ensuing  war,  as  Helen  was  of 

SBrtofTroy/- 

:•*  It  is  certain,  at  least,  that  Antony's  flight  gave  the  imme- 
i'  Aate  pretext  to  it,  as  Cicero  had  foretold :  <^  Csesar,"  says  he, 
*will  betake  himself  to  arms,  either  for  our  want  of  prepara- 
tknif  or  if  no  regard  be  had  to  him  at  the  election  of  consuls : 
bat  especially  if  any  tribune,  obstructing  the  deliberations  of 
'  the  senate,  or  exciting  the  people  to  sedition,  should  happen 
to  be  censured  or  overruled,  or  taken  off,  or  expelled,  or,  pre- 
tending to  be  expelled,  run  away  to  him  *  .'*  In  tlie  same  letter, 
he  eives  a  short  but  true  state  of  the  merit  of  his  cause : 
"  Wliat,"  says  he,  "can  be  more  impudent?  You  have  held 
your  government  ten  years,  not  granted  to  you  by  the  senate, 
Dut  extorted  by  violence  and  faction :  the  full  term  is  expired. 
not  of  the  law,  but  of  your  licentious  will :  but  allow  it  to  be  a 
law;  it  is  now  decreed,  that  you  must  have  a  successor:  you 
refuse,  and  say,  have  some  regard  to  me :  do  you  first  shew 

*  Prinsin  ultiinani  Cialliuni  ex  yEgypto  qiisiin  tlomuiii — veni^jti  e  (iallia  a<l  (^noKJtunm 
petendam.     Ibid.     Viil.  Pint,  in  Anton. 

'  Accepcram  jam  ante  C'jr!*ans  littcras,  ut  milii  sati-fieri  patcrcr  a  te — iw-ttca  cuh- 
toditU4  Mini  a  te,  tu  a  ine  ohscrvalus  in  pctitione  (^ua;stnra',  4110  qnidein  tempore  P. 
Clotlium — in  foro  es  eonatu^  oecidere — ita  prac^licahai*,  to  iion  t-xii^timare,  ni!<i  ilium 
intorfccisscs,  unquam  niilii  pro  tuis  in  ii»c  injinii-s  «.ati»  e>sc  lartni'iini.     IMil.  -0. 

Cum  9e  ille  fujnciiH  in  seaianim  tenelniiH  alrtlidi^-vet,  \'e.   Pro  Mil.  1  .">. 

*  Dcinde  ftine  Senatus  con-inlto,  -ini-  sortc,  Miie  lepo  ad  Ci'sjirem  ruenni^ti.  Id 
enini  uniini  in  teriis,  ej^cstali?,  a-ris  alirni,  nequitire,  pcrditijs  \'it<T  nitioniltus  |H'rfu- 
}nuiii  eiwe  ducehas — advola^ti  eiren»>  ad   Trihnnatmn,  nt    in  eo  Mairi-itniln,  si  ponsos, 

viri  tui  nirailiH  esse ut  Helena  Trojauis.  i-ic  isle  li'iic  Reipub.  causa  belli.  \c.   Pbilip. 

2.21.22. 

*  Aut  addita  causa,  si  forte  Tribunus  pleb.  Senatum  inipcdiens,  aul  i>opulum  incitanp, 
notatUB,  aut  Si'natun  consulto  r irciimsrnnttis,  aut  sublatus  aut  exp\il»U8  sit,  diccnsve  8C 
expnlsum  ad  te  confngcrit.     Ad  Att.  7.  ii. 

u  d 


I  villi  |iTi,'teTlli   to    lUfj) 


■■'f     ..   "fiiiT*-"'!-    it'i'l    c<mtniry   li>    r/ic 
,,    '-■■;;.,•  t ifsir'-i  ^irfiiL^tli  lny  imt  in  fJif 


.j7J 


•  .tf  Jii*  lryo]>!>' :  u  ci'iii>i<UT.iblii  [>;irt  iif  nh 

..•'-'",,,iiii::  WiIi-lliiT  towariN  ihe  cmiiiiH-^  i>l'  It;i/y, 

.-•  ■ '_^;^f  iiiti)  ui-tit)u  :il  any   wuniin;;:  the  flii^lit  i 

■■•-'  _  -,1V  litin  a  iilau<iltU'  Ii:iiiiUL'  In  liejiiu,  ;mil  ^i-ci 

"•'^'li*  ""''"i["-   '""  ""''''■  '■*■'''  '"'"tivf."  riuys  I'll 

*■'"'  ■  .amt'  tliiii  iiiiiiiiati-il  C'\  ru<  anil  Alo.xaiuior  ln-li> 

■■"..rMl".'  I'l'-"-*'  "»■  ""ii'ikiii;!:  iIr-  un.meudKJ.le  th 

■■"■■!^."',,ji.i  li"-  wil'l  :iiiil>ili«-»  -'f  iH^iiitf   cIk'  i:rfalf>t  i 

■-'■■''i,|.  nliii-li  v(a-  iior    |n."il>lc.  tiil  l\»iniu-v  »as  fii 

■'  "V"     I-iviiiir  lii.l.l.  rli.r.r,.ri-.  of  tl.r   (..v;(si..ii.  Ii 

■■^;',' V'-vh1  ill.'    l!«l-ioN..  >vl,i.li  «;i,  tie   Wmidarv 

"Cimv  ■•!'  'I'-'t  "i''^'  "*    ''■''>■  ■""'  ii'iirtiiiiiil  (mmiiA 

i'  ■■,.  uiaiiaiT.    |iiisM".vcil   liiiii-i'lt".   «itlniiit    ri'-UtaiiCc, 

'*.  ..nai  ii'Mii-  ill  1''^  "-'v.  AriiiiJiiiiiii,  l'i»iiuriiiii.  .) 

c'*'.        1...  ' 

■V  iliis  iiinfii-tNl  ami  tliMmloivil  -taif  <if  tho  cily,  ( 
..  ..ItBvn'  Milii-itiiiir  till-  ili'iTi-f  111'  UU  iriiiFiu'li,  ni  wl 
""J.  ^■iiali-  >i-i.i(ira  tl.ur  r..a,ly  a-iiv-nr :  Init  llie 
I  niul""^  '"  "!"'>''  ''"'  '■"■"III'  iiiiiri'  jiarlicularlv  his  o 
., tibal  it  i"i:il"  '"'  <l.'l"iTrnl  lor  a  wl.ik-,  rill  tlio  imWi, 
•^  bi'll'T  M-ltl.'il.  -iviii-  Ills  wiTil.  iliat  Ik-  woulil  tl.oi, 

MT  "*'  ■'    '''"'"■"■  ■       "'"   (.a-^ar's  ^miilou    inardi 
S\^,.  |i(il  an  "'I'll  t"  «ll  I'ariluT  llioii^lits  of  it,  ami  str 
-  with  sucli  a  panic,  lliat,  as  il'  he  Lad  been  alread; 


op    lUCERO. 


e  same  reason,  when  he  perceived  his  new  province  wholly 
ovided  against  an  enemy,  and  that  it  was  impossible  to 

Capua  without  a  strong  garrison,  he  resigned  his  emptoy- 

y  and  chose  not  to  act  at  all '. 

pua  had  always  been  the  common  seminary  or  place  of 
•eating  gladiators  for  the  great  men  of  Rome ;  where  CsBtiaT 
I  a  bmous  school  of  them  at  this  time,  which  he  had  long 
■Btained  under  ttie  best  masters  for  the  occasions  of  his  pub- 
llhows  in  the  city;  and  as  tliey  were  very  numerous  and 

■  furnished  with  arms,  here  was  reason  to  appreliend  tluit 
mf  would  break  out,  and  make  some  attempt  in  favour  of 
D  master,  which  might  have  been  of  dangerous  consequence 
Uie  present  circumstances  of  the  Republic;  so  that  Pompey 
li^ht  it  necessary  to  take  them  out  of  their  school,  and  dis- 
tate  them  among  the  principal  inhabitants  of  the  place, 
feoing  two  to  each  master  of  a  family,  by  which  he  secured 
pn  from  doing  any  mischief. 

While  the  Pompeian  party  was  under  no  small  dejection  on 
fpnnt  of  Pompey's  quitting  the  city,  and  retreating  from  the 
Broach  of  Ceesar,  T.  Labienus,  one  of  the  chief  commanders 
I  the  other  side,  deserted  Csesar,  and  came  over  to  them, 
|ieh  added  some  new  life  to  their  cause,  and  raised  an  ex~ 
Malion,  that  many  more  would  follow  liis  example.  Labienus 
jleminently  distrnguished  himself  in  the  Gallic  war,  where, 
m  to  CiBsar  himself,  he  had  borne  the  principal  part ;  and, 
vCsesar's  favour,  had  raised  an  immense  fortune ;  so  that  he 

■  much  caressed,  and  carried  about  every  where,  by  Pompey, 
p  promised  himself  great  service  from  his  fame  and  expe- 
nce,  and  especially  from  his  credit  in  Cesar's  army,  and  the 
Bwledge  of  all  his  counsels :  but  his  account  of  things,  like 
It  of  all  deserters,  wan  accomntiodated  rather  to  please,  than 
lerve  his  new  friends ;  representing  the  weakness  of  Caesar's 
Ops,  their  aversion  to  his  present  designs,  the  disalFection  of 
I  two  Gauls,  and  disposition  to  revolt;    the  contrary  of  all 


ilTr. 


II  apud  ilium  mcc  btteiz  cohorUtionesquB  ad  puem   valcceDt.      Ep. 

Nmm  ccrtc  Deque  turn  pMcavi,  cum  imparalam  jam  C^niun,  non  salum  ignarui 
■ctui,  (cd  etism  pcrfidie  suspkionem  fugicDS,  accipere  nolut.     Ad  Att.  8. 12. 
tund  tibi  oslcndcraiD,  cum  i  me  Capuim  rcjicktam  :  quod  feri  non  vltuidi  nncria 
•.Md  qUDd  ildcbam  teaeri  ilhm  uibem  tineexercilu  tiod  pouc.    £p.  Cic.  ulFoaip. 
Au.8.11. 

J  Ckero,  when  proeom-il  of  Ci/icia,  ofitn  menliom  the  Dinctta  tlisl  were  u- 
ed  to  faJB  nTcrnmcal,  {Ep.  Fam.  13.67.)  bo  m  thit  command  of  Capua  he  olli 
hU  th>  f^iaooput  of  ihc  Cuupanian  coait :  nhich  ihcw>,  Ibnt  thc»  namei,  which 
B  upropiialed  aftcmrda  in  the  Chrittian  church  to  character!  and  powcn  eccle- 
iol,  canied  irilh  thtta,  in  theii  original  uw,  the  notion  of  a  real  anihoiit;  and 
detlan. 

qui  Capue  aunt — aane  commode  Pompciui  dittribuit,  him 


di>  patrlbDi  tunlliuiim.    Scatonim  in  ludo  I»  fuerunl ;  cniptionBm  &ctiiil 


Dd2 


OF  CICERO.  405 

A.  Urb.  704.    Cvr.  58.    Com. — C.  Claudius  Marcvllus.    L.  Com.  LcntuluB  Cms. 

garrisons,  he  will  attend  the  senate,  when  the  eon- 
come  to  be  settled,  and  not  go  to  Sicily,  where  his 
is  more  necessary,  which  I  am  afraid  will  be  of  ill  con- 
p|i^pience : — ^there  is  a  strange  variety  in  our  sentiments ;  the 

Sart  are  of  opinion,  that  Caesar  will  not  stand  to  his 
that  these  offers  are  made  only  to  hinder  our  prepa- 
i:  but  I  am  apt  to  think  that  he  will  withdraw  his  troops : 
he  gets  the  better  of  us  by  bein^  made  consul,  and  with 
1  iuqoity,  than  in  the  way  which  he  is  now  pursuing ;  and 
cannot  possibly  come  off  without  some  loss ;  for  we  are 
^ittitndalonsly  unprovided  both  with  soldiers  and  money,  since 
nil  that,  which  was  either  private  in  the  city,  or  public  in  the 
treasuiy,  is  left  a  prey  to  him  \" 

Dimng  the  suspense  of  this  treat}',  and  the  expectation  of 
CflBsai^s  answer,  Cicero  began  to  conceive  some  hopes  that 
both  sides  were  relenting,  and  disposed  to  make  up  the  quarrel 
— Caesar,  from  a  reflection  on  his  rashness,  and  the  senate  on 
their  want  of  preparation :  but  he  still  suspected  Caesar,  and 
the  sending  a  message  so  important  by  a  person  so  insignifi- 
cant as  young  Lucius  Caesar,  looked,  he  says,  as  if  he  had  done 
it  by  way  of  contempt,  or  with  a  view  to  disclaim  it,  especially 
when,  after  offering  conditions,  which  were  likely  to  be  ac- 
eepted,  be  would  not  sit  still  to  wait  an  answer,  but  continued 
his  march,  with  the  same  diligence,  and  in  the  same  hostile 
manner,  as  before '.  His  suspicions  proved  true ;  for  by  letters, 
which  came  soon  after  from  Furnius  and  Curio,  he  perceived 
that  they  made  a  mere  jest  of  the  embassy  '. 

It  seems  very  evident  tliat  Cresjir  had  no  real  thoughts  of 
peace,  by  his  paying  no  regard  to  Pompey's  answer,  and  the 
trifling  reasons  wliicu  he  gave  for  slighting  it  * :  but  he  had  a 
double  view  in  offering  those  conditions;  for,  by  Pompcy's 
rejecting  them,  as  there  was  roa.son  to  cxijcct,  from  his  known 
aversion  to  any  treaty,  he  hoped  to  load  him  with  the  odium 
of  the  war;  or,  by  liis  embracing  them,  to  slacken  his  prepa- 
rations, and  retard  his  design  of  leaving  Itiily ;  whilst  he  him- 
self, in  the  mean  time,  by  following  him,  with  a  celerity  that 

'  Ibid.  7.  1.5. 

'  Sjtoro  in  prajsontia  pacem  nos  habere.  Nam  et  ilium  furoris,  et  Ininr  nostrum  copia- 
niin  Rn]»pflpnitot.     Ibi«l. 

Tariien  vcrcor  ut  his  ipMS  (CjP'.ar)  contcntus  sit.  Nam  cum  i«ta  mandata  dedissct  L. 
Cspsttri,  debiiit  efsc  paiillo  qtiirtior,  duin  rt'.syM>n!«a  roffrrcnttir.     Ibid.  7.  17. 

C;ir«in-iii  quidom,  L.  Ca^are  cum  niamlatis  dc  puce  mij*so,  umien  aiunt  acorrime  loca 
nrru|>are.     Ibid.  18. 

L.  C.'»»>;irem  vidi ut  i<l  ipsum  niibi  ille  vidcatur  irridcndi  rauwi  feci&se,  qui  tantis 

ill-  rirbu.H  liiiic  mandata  diderit,  niiii  forte  noii  dedit,  ct  liic  sennonc  aliquo  aiTCpto  pro 
niandatisi  abusii^  est.     Ibid.  lit. 

*  Arccpi  litter.is  tuas,  Pbilotimi,  Fumii,  Curionis  ad  Fiirnium,  qiiibus  irriilct  \,. 
i'.TiKiri*  Icsrationem,     n»id.  UK 

*  Cm.  Comment,  de  Hell.  civ.  1.  1, 


OF   CICERO.  407 

.  704.    Ck.  58.     Com — C.  Claudius  Marcellus.    L.  Corn.  Lcntulut  Cnit. 

not  persist  in  it :  the  same  imagination  made  Pompey 

"e  senate  so  resolute  to  defy,  when  they  were  in  no  eon- 

Ito  oppose  him.     Caesar,  on  the  other  hand,  might  pro- 

im^^e,  that  their  stiffness  proceeded  from  a  vain  con- 

f  their  strength,  which  would  induce  them  to  venture  a 

■  <with  him  in  Italy ;  in  which  case  he  was  sure  enough  to 

Mmdh  :  so  that  both  sides  were  drawn  farther,  perhaps, 

dwy  intended,  by  mistaking  each  other's  views.     Caesar, 

ro  might  well  apprehend,  that  they  designed  to  try  their 

1^  with  him  in  Italy ;  for  that  was  the  constant  persuasion 

i  .whole  party,  who  thought  it  the  best  scheme  which  could 

pnnied :  Pompey  humoured  them  in  it,  and  always  talked 

0  keep  up  their  spirits;  and  though  he  saw,  from  the 
the  necessity  of  quitting  Italy,  yet  he  kept  the  secret  to 
df,  and  wrote  word,  at  toe  same  time,  to  Cicero,  that  he 
tid  have  a  firm  army  in  a  few  days,  with  which  he  would 
li  aeainst  Caesar  into  Picenum,  so  as  to  give  them  an 
rtanity  of  returning  to  the  city  *.     The  plan  of  the  war, 

was  commonly  understood,  was  to  possess  themselves  of 
principal  posts  of  Italy,  and  act  chiefly  on  the  defensive, 
!der  to  distress  Caesar,  by  their  different  armies,  cut  off  his 
atnnities  of  forage,  hinder  his  access  to  Rome,  and  hold 
continually  employed,  till  the  veteran  army  from  Spain, 
tr  Pompey's  lieutenants,   Afranius,   Petreius,  and   Varro, 

1  come  up  to  finish  his  overthrow  ^.  This  was  the  notion 
h  the  senate  entertained  of  tlie  war ;  tliey  never  conceived 
ssible,  that  Pompey  should  sul)mit  to  the  disgrace  of  flying 
"e  Caesar,  and  giving  up  Italy  a  prey  to  Ins  enemy.     In 

confidence  Doniitius,  witli  a  very  considerable  force, 
some  of  the  principal  senators,  threw  himself  into  Corfi- 
I,  a  strong  town  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennine,  on  the 
atic  side,  where  he  proposed  to  make  a  stand  against 
ar,  and  stop  the  progress  of  his  march ;  but  he  lost  all  his 
)S  in  the  attempt,  to  the  number  of  three  legions,  for 
;  of  knowing  Pompey's  secret.  Pompey,  indeed,  when  he 
what  Domitius  intended,  pressed  him  earnestly,  by  several 
rs,  to  come  away  and  join  with  him,  telling  him,  that  it 

mnc<  nos  dirpoo-c^ajz/nTouv,  cxnertcs  sui  tanti  et  lam  inufcitati  coiisilii  rclinqucbat. 

:t. «.  8. 

ipciusi — ad  nic  soribit,  paucis  diebus  so  firmiim  rxcrcitnm  babittmim,  spcmque 

si  in  Picenuin  a^Tuni  ip*ic  vcncrit,  nos  Houiam  rcdituros  esse.     Ibid.  7.  10'. 

iscepto  aiitom  bello,  nut  tcucnda  fit  urbs,  aut  ea  irlccta,  illc  roniiiicatu  ct  rcliquis 

intcrcludendus.     Ibid.  7.  iK 

autera  ille  sui^  cunditiouibu'j  stare  iiolucrit,  bclluni  paratiini  est  :  tantummodo  ut 

iteicliidannis,  nc  ad  iirbcm  poisit  arceilire  :  i\\uu\  sperabannis  fieii  posse  :  delectus 

na^ios  babebainus — ex  IIihpania«}uc  mx  le^'ioius  et  inapna  auxilia,  Afranio  et  IV- 

ucibu?,  bab<;t  a  tergo.     Videtur,  A  iiisaniet,   posse  oppiimi,  uiodo  ut  urbe  salva. 

am.  lb*.  12. 

Dina  autem  spcs  Afraniura  cum  mapnis'  copiis  adventare.     Ad  Att.  8.  3. 


4l)S  TIIC    LIFE 

A.l'rt-:ilt.    •V.Ut      I  !•» —IM  Iau.ll(»  SlanTUilt.    L.  Cm  LiK* 

Uiu  iin]WMiil)lt:  tu  make  any  opposiition  to  Ctar,  tl 
wbuk>  furccH  were  iinite<l :  aiid  tuat,  as  to  liimnel^  Wli 
liiiii  only  tlie  two  legttiiifi  which  were  recalled  froa  Crt 
were  not  to  lie  tniMiwl  agairiitt  him :  and  if  DomilHI 
eiiiaiiglf  liiiiiKcIf  in  Corfiiiium,  so  as  to  be  preclodcdh 
fmin  a  rvrrciit,  that  he  couM  not  come  to  his  rditl' 
weak  all  uniiy,  niid  bnde  him,  therefore,  not  to  be  M 
to  hear  of  his  retiring;,  if  Cssar  should  persist  to  wuA ' 
him  ' :  yet  Domitius,  prepossessed  with  the  apiDioD,A 
uus  to  be  the  s«.iit  of  war,  and  that  Pompey  would  nm 
so  frooA  a  bwty  of  troou^f  and  so  many  of  bis  best  fna 
lost,  would  not  quit  the  advantageous  post  of  Cotfii 
depended  still  on  bein)r  relievecT;  and  when  be  vai 
Itesie^d,  sent  Pomncy  word,  how  easily  Ciesar  mig 
tereepted  bctwwn  tlieir  two  armies '. 

Cieero  was  as  niueh  disappointed  as  any  of  the  re 
never  dreamt  of  their  being  obliged  to  quit  Ital; 
l'omi)oy's  motioiiA,  he  perceived,  at  last,  bis  intc 
wliicli  lie  speaks,  with  great  severity,  in  several  of 
and  bogs  Atticus's  adviee  upon  that  new  fece  of  tl 
and  to  enable  Atticns  to  give  it  the  more  clearly, ! 
Id  him,  in  short,  what  occurred  to  his  own  miu'd  i 
siile  and  the  other,  "'llie  great  obligations,"  says 
I  am  under  to  Pompey,  and  my  particular  fricndsbi] 
us  well  as  the  cause  of  the  Republic  itself,  seem  i 
me,  tliiit  I  ought  to  Join  mv  counsels  and  fortune 
Itesides,  if  I  stay  beliuid,  ana  desert  that  band  of  tl 
most  eminent  citizens,  I  must  fiill  under  tlie  power 


OF  CICERO.  409 

rat.  701      Cie.Sa    Con.— C.  CUudiui  MtRnUiu.     L.  Com.  Lenluloi  C'ru>. 

other :  nothing  has  liitherto  been  done  by  our  Pompey, 

*  It  prudence  or  courage ;  I  may  add,  also,  nothing  but 

"Wtniry  to  my  adrice  and  authority:  I  will  omit  those 

Jkw  be  first  nursed,  raised,  and  armed  this  man 

K-Republic ;  how  he  supported  him  in  carrying  his 

mee,  and  without  re^^d  to  the  auspices ;  how  he 

jrtber  Gaul  to  his  government,  made  himself  his 

^^amsted  as  augur  in  the  adoption  of  Clodius,  was 

ms  to  restore  me,  than  to  prevent  my  being  expelled, 

^d  the  term  of  Ceesar's  command,  served  him  in  all  his 
iu  his  absence,  nay,  in  his  third  consulship,  after  he 
k  to  espouse  the  interests  of  the  Republic,  how  he  insisted, 
~*~    ~    I  tribunes  should  jointly  propose  a  law  to  dispense 
'ience  in  suing  for  the  consulship,  which  he  con- 
rds  by  a  law  of  his  own,  and  opposed  the  consul 
en  hu  moved  to  put  an  end  to  his  government 
tte  first  of  March :  but  to  omit,  I  say,  all  tills,  what  can  be 
i_     '^Re  dishonourable,  or  shew  a  e;reater  want  of  conduct,  tluin 
4Ma  retreat,  or  rather  shameful  flight  from  the  city  ?  what  con- 
^       MiODs  were  not  preferable  to  tlie  necessity  of  abandoning  our 
(lautitry?  the  conditions,  I  confess,  were  bad ;  yet  what  can  be 
**    irorse  tiian  thb?  but  Pompey,   you'll  say,  will  recover  the 
^    Republic:  when?  or  what  preparation  is  there  for  it?  is  not  all 
Ik  ^Scenum  lost?  is  not  the  way  left  open  to  the  city?  is  not  all 
tMOt  treasure,  both  public  and  private,  given  up  to  the  enemy? 
Jlfn  a  word,  there  is  no  party,  no  forces,  no  places  of  rendezvous 
for  the  friends  of  the  Uepublic  to  resort  to;  Apulia  is  chosen 
for  our  retreat ;  the  weakest  and  remotest  part  of  Italy,  which 
implies  nothing  but  despair,  and  a  design  of  fljing  by  the  op- 
portunity of  too  sea,"  &c. '     In  another  letter,  "  there  is  but 
one  thing  wanting,"  says  he,  "to  complete  our  friend's  disgrace; 
hlH  lailing  to  succour  Domitius  :   nobody  doubts  but  that  he 
will  come  to  his  relief;  yet  I  am  not  of  that  mind.     Will  be 
tlien  desert  such  a  citizen,  and  the  rest,  whom  vou  know  to 
be  with  him?  especially  when   he  has  thirty  cohorts  in  the 
town?  yes,  unless  all  tilings  deceive  me,  be  wil!  desert  him;  he 
is  strangely  frightened :   means  nothing  but  to  fly  ;  yet  you, 
for  I  perceive  what  your  opinion  is,  think,  that  1  ought  to 
follow  thb  mail.      For  my  part,   I  easily  know,  whom  I  ought 
to  fly,  not  whom  I  ought  to  follow.     As  to  that  saying  of  mme, 
which  you  extol,  and  think  worthy  to  be  celebrated,  that  I  had 
rather  be  conquered  witii  Pompey,  tluui  conquer  with  Cffisar, 
it  is   true,    I  still,  say   so ;  but  with  such    a    Pompey  as  be 
tlicn  was,  or  as  I  took  him  to  be :  but,  as  for  tliis  man,  who 


or  ciCBso.  411 

CkX    CoM-C.  Ckaika  KumHw.    L.  C«n. I^Dtala* Cm. 

the  war  bat  die  •eenrity  of  liit  penoa  uid 

_        on  the  otlier  hand,  q>peared  every  day  more  aad 

despicable,  by  flyinG^  before  an  enemy,  whom  hia  pride 

'^pervt^rsene^  was  nia  to  have  driven  to  the  neceMity  o^ 

^^  arms.—"  Tell  me,  I  b^  of  yon,"  saya  Cicero,  **  what 

^he  more  wretcbeH,  than  for  the  one  to  be  gathering  aiH 

"Wifc  from  the  worst  of  canaea,  the  other  givine  offence  in  toe 

.^>'J  die  one  to  be  redioned  the  preserver  of  his  enemies,  the 

'  fthe  deserter  of  \m  friends?  and,  in  truth,  though  I  have 

la  affection  wiiich  I  ought  to  have  for  our  friena  Cnssai^ 

I  ^^  cannot  escuse  hii  not  coining  to  the  relief  of  such  men : 

l^^fcf  be  was  at'raid  to  do  it,  what  can  be  more  paltry  ?  or  if,  ai 

9  tliiuk,  he  thought  to  make  his  cause  the  more  pcnidar,  by 

r  destruction,  what  can  be  more  unjust ' '{"  &c.     From  thn 

■  .experiment  of  Cawar's  demency,  Cicero  took  occasion  to 

9  him  a  letter  of  compliment,  and  to  thank  him  particularly 

%b  generous  treatment  of  Lentulus,  who,  when  consul,  bad 

~^  D  the  chief  author  of  his  restoration ;  to  which  Casar  r^ 

led  the  following  answer : 

"CjESAR,    EMrKItOBj   TO    CICERO,    EUPEROR. 

"  You  jud^e  rightly  of  me,  for  I  am  thoroughly  known  to 

I,  that  nothing  is  ^irther  removed  from  me  than  cruelty; 

I,  as  I  have  a  great  pleasure  from  the  thing  itself,  so  I  rejoice 

i  Iriuinpli  to  find  my  act  approved  by  you :  nor  does  it  at 

1  move  me,  tliat  thoM,  who  were  dismissed  by  me,  are  said 

>  be  gone  away  to  renew  the  war  against  me ;  for  I  desire 

nothing  more,  than   that  I  may  always  act  like  myself;  they 

iKke  themselves.     I  wid  that  you  would  meet  me  at  the  city, 

'that  1  may  use  your  counsel  and  assistance,  as  1  have  hitherto 

\  done  in  all  things.     Nothing,  I  assure  you,  is  dearer  to  me 

)  than  Dolabella ;  I  nill  owe  this  favour  therefore  to  him  :  nor  is 

it  possible  for  him,  indeed,  to  behave  otherwise,  such  is  his 

'  humanity,  his  good  sense,  and  his  affection  to  me.  Adieu '." 

When  Pompey,  after  the  unhappy  affair  of  Corlinium,  found 

himself  obliged  to  retire  to  Brundisium,  and  to  declare,  what 

lie  had  never  before  directly  owned,  his  design  of  quitting 

Italy,  and  carrying  the  war  abroad';  he  was  very  desirous  to 

draw  Cicero  along  with  him,  and  wrote  two  letters  to  him  at 

'  8ed  elaecro  t«  ^nid  hoc  miKriut,  quun  sltenim  pliaiua  in  r<HliniiDi  ouh  qiicnre ; 


, , , ^D  hoc,  quod  Uliboi  i 

tiMnllqiM  igiuTiiu?MiK,ntquidua 
patanlt,  qstd  iojiiiliiu?    Ad  An.  8.  9 


lii  >ui  fecit.    Ibid.  9.  2. 


m 

A.Vffc.7tM.    Cic.sa.     Crm. — C.  CUwliiu  Mirtrlliu.    L.  Cm.  Idula  Qi 

FormWi  to  pi^ss  him  to  come  away  directly;  bat  C 
atrcaily  tnucli  »ut  nf  humour  with  him,  was  dbvtiiud  d 
morf  fiy  l)t«  short  and  negligent  manner  of  wndl^  af 
occwiiuii  HO  tm|)orbiiit '  :  tiie  second  of  t^ompey"*  IctK 
Cicero's  tuiswer,  will  explain  tlie  present  state  uf  tl 
and  Ciccro'§  sentiments  upon  ibem. 

"CK.    POMI'EIL'S    MAGNL'8,    PROCONSUL,    TO   M. 
EMPEUOR. 

"  If  you  are  in  good  health,  I  rejoice :  1  read  yoor  tl 
witb  pleasure:  for  J  perceive  in  it  your  ancient  nUatfl 
your  concern  for  tbe  common  safety.  The  consuls  ai*<^ 
to  the  army,  which  1  bad  in  Apulia:  I  earnestly  exb«rtj|| 
by  your  siugular  and  perpetual  aifection  to  the  RepmlS 
come  also  to  us,  that,  tiy  our  joint  advice,  we  may  t^U 
and  relief  to  the  afflicted  state.  I  would  have  you  IT^'^ 
Appiun  way  your  road,  and  come  in  all  haste  to  Bm 
Take  care  of  your  health." 

*'M,    CICERO,    EMPEROR,   TO    CN.    MAGNUS,    PROCONSQU  J 

"  When    I  sent  that  letter,  which  was  delivered  to  T«f 
Canusium,  1  had  no  suspicion  of  your  crossing  the  sea  m^ 
service  of  the  Uepublic,  and  was  in  great  hopes,  that  we  A 
be  able,  either  to  brinjp  about  an  accommodation,  wbicli  t«4 
seemed  the  most  useful,  or  to  defend  the    Republic  wi&  i 
greatest  dignity  in  Italy.     In  the  meantime,  before  my  U 
reached  you,  being  informed  of  your  resolution,  by  the  ioatni^ ' 
tlons  which  you  sent  to  the  consuls,  I  did  not  wait  till  I  cooll 
have  a  letter  from  you,  but  set  out  immediately  towards  yw 
with  my  brother  and  our  children  for  Apulia.     When  we  wot 


OF    CICERO.  413 

.^Urii.  704.    Cic.58.    Goes. — C.  Claudius  Marccllus.    L.  Corn.  Lcntulus  Crus. 

in  Capua.  Upon  reading  these  letters,  I  was  of  the  same 
n  witn  all  the  rest,  that  you  were  resolved  to  march  to 
ium  with  all  your  forces,  whither,  when  Ca?sar  lay  before 
'town,  I  thought  it  impossible  for  me  to  come.  While  this 
^  r  was  in  the  utmost  expectation,  we  were  informed,  at  one 
the  same  time,  both  of  what  had  happened  at  Corfinium, 
that  you  were  actually  marching  towards  Brundisium: 
when  I  and  my  brother  resolved,  without  hesitation,  to 
you  thither,  we  were  advertised  by  many,  who  came 
Samnium  and  Apulia,  to  take  care  that  we  did  not  fall  into 
hands,  for  that  he  was  upon  his  march  to  the  same 
where  our  road  lay,  and  would  reach  them  sooner  than 
could  possibly  do.  This  being  the  case,  it  did  not  seem 
^3aable  to  me,  or  my  brother,  or  any  of  our  friends,  to  run 
^  ajsk  of  hurting,  not  only  ourselves,  but  the  Republic,  by 
t  rashness ;  especially  when  we  could  not  doubt,  but  that,  if 
^  journey  had  been  safe  to  us,  we  should  not  then  be  able 
Overtake  you.  In  the  meanwhile,  I  received  your  letter, 
Ited  from  Canusium,  the  twenty-first  of  February,  in  which 
Da  exhort  me  to  come  in  all  haste  to  Brundisium :  but  as  I 
id  not  receive  it  till  the  twenty-ninth,  I  made  no  question 
It  that  you  were  already  arrived  at  Brundisium,  and  all  that 
ad  seemed  wholly  shut  up  to  us,  and  wc  ourselves  as  surely 
tereepted  as  those  who  were  taken  at  Corfinium :  for  we  did 
t  reckon  them  only  to  be  prisoners,  who  were  actually  fallen 
X>  the  enemy's  hands,  but  those  too  not  less  so,  who  happen 
be  inclosed  within  the  quarters  and  garrisons  of  their  ad- 
rsaries.  Since  this  is  our  ciise,  I  heartily  wish,  in  the  first 
ice,  that  I  liad  always  been  with  you,  as  I  then  told  you 
ten  I  relinquished  the  command  of  Capua,  which  I  did  not 
for  the  sake  of  avoiding  trouble,  but  because  I  saw  that  the 
wn  could  not  be  held  without  an  army,  and  was  unwilling 
at  the  same  accident  should  happen  to  me,  which,  to  my 
rrow,  has  happened  to  some  of  our  bravest  citizens  at  Cor- 
lium :  but  since  it  has  not  been  my  lot  to  be  with  you,  I  wish 
at  I  had  been  made  privy  to  your  counsels ;  for  I  could  not 
Nssibly  suspect,  and  should  sooner  have  believed  any  thing, 
an  that,  for  the  good  of  the  Republic,  under  such  a  leader 
you,  we  should  not  be  able  to  stand  our  ground  in  Italy : 
»r  do  I  now  blame  your  conduct,  but  lament  the  fate  of 
e  Republic;  and  though  I  cannot  comprehend  what  it  is 
lich  you  have  followecl,  yet  I  am  not  the  less  persuaded, 
at  you  have  done  nothing,  but  with  the  greatest  reason. 
ou  remember,  I  believe,  what  my  opinion  always  was ;  first, 
preserve  peace,  even  on  bad  conditions ;  then  al)out  leaving 
e  city;  for  as  to  Italy,  you  never  intimated  a  tittle  t(»  me 


«« 


THK    LIPB 


about  It :  bat  I  do  not  take  upon  ray»elf  to  ihonk  i 
■dvice  oufrht  to  have  been  followeti ;   I  follomd 
llml  for  til*  sake  of  the   Republic,  of  whicb  I  i)«^ 
which  ia  now  overturneti,  so  as  not  to  be  raised  upa)^ 
out  a  ci<ril  and  tnmt  t>erniciou9  war;   I    soui!;ht  jiniJ 
to  be  with  you;  nor  will   i  omit  the  first  oppurlunit^^ 
offers  i>f  effecting  it.    I  easily  perceived,  through  all  thia 
that  I  did  uot  satisfy  tho«c  who  are  fond  of  fighthig:  for  !■ 
no  (MTuple  to  own,  that  1  wished  for  nothing  so  mu^  ■ 
not  but  that  I  liad  the  same  amireheusioiis  fnm  t 
but  I  thought  them  more  tolerable  than  a  dvil  wan 
the  war  was  begun,  when  1  sow  that  eonditioiis  of  p 
offered  to  you,  and  a  full  and  honourable  answer  jrivenB* 
I  bejfau  to  weigh  and  deliberate  well  upon  my  own  Oi 
which,  considering  your  kindness  to  me,  I  fancied  that  I 
easily  explain  to  your  satisfaction :  I  recollected  thatl* 
only  man,  who,  for  the  greatest  services  to  the  p^iB^J 
suffered  a  most  wretched  and  cruel  punishment:  thatllj 
the  only  one,  who,  if  I  offended  bim,  to  whom,  atllx* 
time  when  we  were  in  arms  against  htm,  a  second  t 
and  most  splendid  triumph  was    offered,   should   be  ii 
again  in  all  the  same  struggles ;  so  that  my  person  s 
stand  always  exposed,  as  a  public  mark,  to  the  insults  of 
fligate  citistens :  nor  did  I  suspect  any  of  these  things  tf' 
openly  threjitened  with  them  :  nor  was    I   so   much  S 
them,  if  they  were  really  to  bettit  me,  as  1  judged  it  p 
to  decline  them,  if  they  could  honestlv  be  avoided.     You  Idl 
in  short,  the  stale  of  my  conduct  whde  we  bad  any  hopes  <(1 
peace ;  what  has  since  happened  deprived  me  of  all  p<ne«  » 
do  any  thing:  but  to  those  whom  I  do  r~'  -' "  -='- 


.    CicuU.    (.'oaL— C.l-Uii<LuBMarcd1u«.    L.Corn,  UnluluCnii. 

D  conduct,  which  were  the  most  liable  to  exception, 
'*  I  have  neither  done  aor  omitted  to  do  any  thing, 
Lhas  not  both  a  probable  and  prudent  excuse — and,  in 
i  willing  to  collider  a  little  longer  what  was  right 
t  for  me  to  do  '."     The  chief  ground  of  his  deliberation 
'lat  be  still  thought  a  peace   possible,   in  which  case 
y  and  Csmar  would  be  one  again,  and  he  had  no  mind 
B  Csesar  any  cause  to  be  an  enemy  to  hJm,  when  he  was 
e  a  friend  to  Pompey. 

things  were  in  this  situation,  Cfesar  sent  young 
I  after  the  consul  Lentulus,  to  endeavour  to  persuade 
>  stay  in  Italy,  and  return  to  the  city,  by  the  offer  of 
f  thing  that  could  tempt  him  :  he  called  upon  Cicero  on 
^y,  who  gives  the  follow  ing  account  of  it  to  Atticus : 
tng  Balbus  came  to  me  on  the  twenty-fourth  in  the 
_..  ig,  running  in  all  haste,  b !  private  roads,  after  Lentulus, 
t  letters  and  instructions  from  Catsar,  and  the  olTer  of  any 
ernment,  if  he  will  return  to  Rome ;  but  it  will  have  no 
ct,  unless  they  happen  to  meet :  he  told  me  that  Ciesar 
fed  nothing  so  much  as  to  overtake  Pompey — which  I  be- 
i(  and  to  be  friends  with  him  again — which  1  do  not 
iffs;  and  begin  to  fear,  that  all  his  clemency  means  nothing 

Uat  last,  but  to  give  that  one  cruel  blow.  The  elder 
IS  writes  me  word,  that  C»!Sar  wishes  nothing  more  than 
ive  in  safety,  and  yield  the  first  rank  to  Pompey,  You 
:  bim,  I  suppose,  to  be  in  earnest'." 

'icero  seems  to  think,  that  Lentulus  might  have  been  per- 
led  to  stay,  if  Balbus  and  he  had  met  together;  for  he  had 
>pinion  of^  the  firmness  of  these  consuls,  hut  says  of  ihem 
I,  on  another  occasion,  that  they  were  more  easily  moved 
jvery  wind,  than  a  feather  or  a  leaf.  He  received  another 
;r,  soon  after,  from  Balbus,  of  which  he  sent  a  copy  to  At- 
S,  that  he  might  pity  him,  he  says,  to  see  what  a  aupe  they 
ight  to  make  of  him '. 

"balbus  to  CICERO,  EMPEROR. 

I  CONJURE  you,  Cicero,  to  think  of  some  method  of  making 
tar  and  Pompey  friends  again,  who,  by  the  perfidy  of  cer- 

persons,  are  now  divided;  it  is  a  work  highly  worthy  of 
r  virtue:  take  my  word  for  it,  Csesar  will  not  only  he  in 

<ltiil  pTKlCTiniBuni  nl,  nuoii  non  haWat  Mpiintem  (riciiMtionrin et  plunc  qTiid 

D.  tt  anid  rucirtKluni  mitii  «mi,  diuiiui  cogiiarv  maliii.     lb.  6.  13. 


4I« 


THE    l-irE 


k.ltffc.TM.   O.Sft    < 


your  powrr,  but  think  kinuidf  inlinhilj^  oUgml  to  7<^  Vjl 
iroulu  cliargi?  yourwlf  with  ilu«  abtr-     I  sko^  lie 
Pompey  wuuM  iln  m  too;  bnl,  in  tfa«  prewat  oranM 
b  what  1  wi>ik  ratbvr  tiun  hopr-,  Utat  be  mar  be  biw^ 
lenns:  but,  whenever  he  giveb  over  flying  and  (itwing 
1  ahBll  not  despair,  that  your  BDtbority  may  ixn  '' 
with  him.     Cinvir  takn  it  kindly,  tliat  vou  wen  Ebr 
Mayiiijir  in  Italy,  and  it  was  the  greatest  oblmtlMi 
could  coufiT  upon  nie:  for  I  love  him  as  maat  u  1  d»' 
htmself;  if  he  had  suffered  me  to  talk  to  kin  asfif^' 
used  to  do,  and  not  so  often  shunned  the  opportunitlA 
•ou^ht  of  conferring  with  him,  I  should  have  be«a  test 
tlinn  I  now  um  :  for,  assure  yourself,  that  no  man  am  tv' 
afflicted  than   I,  to  see  one,  who  is  dearer  to  me  ihauB 
acting  his  part  so  ill  in  his  consuMup,  that  he  seems  tab 
thing  nitlier  tlimi  a  consul :  but  should  he  be  disponed  tol 
your  advice,  mid  take  your  word  for  Caetatr's  gooA  int~ 
and  ynua  tlte  rest  of  hb  consulship  at  Home,  I  should 
hope,  tliat,  by  your  authority,  and  at  his  motion,  Pou 
Ctnar  may  be  made  one  again,  with  the  approt»tion 
the  senate.    Whenever  this  can  be  brought  about,  1  shall  tlriift 


that  I  liavo  lived  long  enough:    you  will  entirely  appro"*' 


11 

am  sure,  what  Ctetar  did  at  Corfinium :  iu  an  aflair  of  ihl  I 
aorl,  notliing  conid  fall  out  better,  than  that  it  should  \«  I 
(raiisucted  without  blood.  I  am  extremely  glad,  thai  my  i»-  I 
phi-w'ii  vixit  was  agreeable  to  you :  as  to  what  he  s  " ' 
1  piirt,  ntid  what  Caesar  hjroself  wrote  to  you, 


OP   CICERO.  417 

jji^.7M.   CicSB.   Con>— C.CIaudiuiMimeUiu.   L. Com. Leatulm Cnu. 
'      "CiESAR,  EMPEROR,  TO  CICKBO,  KMPBROH.  - 

lWu£N  I  bad  but  just  tiine  to  see  our  fnenii  Furnius,  nor 
Id  conveniently  Rpeak  with,  nr  bear  him,  was  in  baste,  and 
Iny  marcb,  bavin^  sent  tbe  legions  before  me,  yet  I  could 

rby  without  writing,  and  sending'  him  to  you  with  my 
though  I  have  often  paid  this  duty  before,  and  seem 
Jy  to  pay  it  ofiener,  you  deserve  it  so  well  of  me.  I  de- 
of  you,  in  a  special  manner,  that  as  I  hope  to  be  tn  the 
'  shortly,  I  may  see  you  there,  and  have  the  benefit  of  your 
ice,  your  interest,  your  authority,  your  assiBtance  in  alt 
1^  But  to  return  to  tlie  point :  you  will  pardon  the  baste 
I,  brevity  of  my  letter,  and  team  tbe  rest  from  Furnius." 
iirhidi  Cicero  answered. 

"CICERO,  EMPEROR,  TO  CESAR,  EMPEROR. 

'Upon  reading  your  letter,  delivered  to  me  by  Furnius,  in 
tit  you  pressed  me  to  come  to  the  city,  I  did  not  so  much 
ider  at  what  you  there  intimated,  of  your  desire  to  use  my 
ice  and  authority,  but  was  at  a  loss  to  find  oat  what  you 
int  by  my  interest  and  assistance;  yet  I  flattered  myself 
»  a  persuasion,  that,  out  of  your  admirable  and  sin^lar 
ifom,  you  were  desirous  to  enter  into  some  measures  for 
tbiishin?  the  peac«  and  coneord  of  the  city;  and,  in  that 
If  I  looked  upon  my  temper  and  cliaracter  as  fit  enough  to 
employed  in  such  a  deliberation.  If  the  case  be  so,  and 
1  have  any  concern  for  the  safety  of  our  friend  Pompey, 
1  of  reconciling  him  to  yourself,  and  to  tlie  Republic,  you 
I  certainly  find  no  man  more  proper  for  such  a  work  than  I 
,  who,  from  the  very  first,  have  always  been  the  adviser  of 
ce*  both  to  him  and  the  senate ;  and,  since  this  recourse  to 
W}  have  not  meddled  with  any  part  of  the  war,  but  thought 
I  to  be  really  injured  by  it,  while  your  enemies  and  enviers 
!e  attempting  to  deprive  you  of  those  honours,  which  tbe 
tnan  people  had  granted  you.  But  as,  at  that  time,  I  was 
only  a  favourer  of  your  dignity,  but  im  encourager  also  of 
era  to  assist  you  in  it:  so  now  the  dignity  of  Pompey 
at\y  affects  me :  for,  many  years  ago,  I  made  choice  of  you 
I,  with  whom  to  cultivate  a  particular  friendship,  and  to  be, 
[  now  am,  most  strictly  united.  Wherefore  I  desire  of  you, 
rather  beg  and  implore,  with  all  my  prayers,  that,  in  the 
Ty  of  your  cares,  you  would  indulge  a  moment  to  this 
iwht,  how  by  your  generosity,  I  may  be  permitted  to  shew 
■elf  an  honest,  grateful,  pious  man,  in  remembering  an  act 
the  greatest  kindness  to  me.  If  this  related  only  to  myself, 
honid  hope  still  to  obtain  it  from  you :  but  it  concerns,  I 


iny»i.*lf  to  liave  recoivod  tho  sainc  g^race  i 
ha«l  done:  towards  whom,  if  by  this  you 
grateful,  let  it  bo  your  care,  1  beseech  yc 
too  towards  Pompey  *." 

Cicero  was  censured  for  some  passaj^  \ 
CVsir  took  ciire  to  make  public,  viz.  the  cor 
admirable  wisdom ;  and,  above  all,  the  ack 
bein^  injured  by  his  adversaries  in  the  pre: 
of  wiiich,  he  siiys,  that  lie  wa**  not  sorry  fo 
it,  for  he  himself  had  given  several  copies  ( 
in^  what  had  since  happened,  wiis  pleased 
the  world  how  much  he  had  always  beeu 
an<l  that,  in  urging  Csesar  to  save  his  cou 
his  business  to  use  such  expressions  as  wei 
gain  authority  with  him,  without  fearing  t 
of  flattery,  in  urging  him  to  an  act  for  wl 
have  thrown  himself  even  at  his  feet '. 

He  received  anotlier  letter  on  the  sami 
the  same  time,  written  jointly  by  Balbus 
Csesar's  chief  confidents. 

"  BALBUS  AND  OPPIUS  TO  M.  CICERC 

"  The  advice,  not  only  of  little  men, 
even  of  the  greatest,  is  generally  weighed, 
of  tlie  giver,  but  the  event;  yet,  relying 
we  will  give  you  what  we  take  to  be  the  h\ 
which  you  wrote  to  us ;  whicli,  though  it  s 
prudent,  yet  certainly  flows  from  the  utmc 
tion  to  you.     If  we  did  not  know  from  Cj 


^^B  OP  lu xiio.  419 

I^BA.TOi.    CK.3a.    Coa.— (J.  L'kuiIiusM4Uvtilliu.    L. Corn, Lentului Cnu. 

jf«  part  in  those  deliberations ;  that,  by  your  help,  who  have 
linet  frieiidsliip  with  thein  both,  tlie  whole  aflair  may  be 
Httd  with  ease  aail  dignity :  or  if,  on  the  contrary,  we  be- 
■Kd  that  C»sar  would  tint  do  it,  and  knew  that  he  was 
a^Ved  upon  a  war  with  Pompey,  we  should  never  try  to 
"Qwade  you  to  take  arms  against  a  niaa  to  whom  you  nave 
'  greatest  obligations,  in  the  same  manner  as  we  have  always 
ii^eated  you  not  to  figlit  against  Csesar.  But  rince,  at  pre- 
*'t,  we  can  only  guess  ratlier  than  know  what  CsBsar  will  do, 
bave  nothing  to  offer  but  this,  that  it  does  not  seem  agree- 
V  to  your  dignity,  or  your  fidelity,  so  well  known  to  all, 
ma  you  are  intimate  with  them  both,  to  take  arms  againat 
iner:  and  this  we  do  nut  doubt  but  Caesar,  according  to  his 
■Uanity,  will  highly  approve;  yet  if  you  judge  proper,  we 
ll  write  to  bim,  to  tet  us  know  wimt  lie  will  really  do  about 
t  and  if  he  returns  us  an  answer,  will  presently  send  yon 
tioe,  what  we  think  of  it,  and  give  you  our  word,  that  we 
a  advise  only  what  we  take  to  be  most  suitable  to  your 
nour,  not  lo  Caesar's  views ;  and  are  ])erBuaded,  that  Csesar, 
rtof  his  indulgence  to  his  friends,  will  be  pleased  with  UV 
Us  jtuat  letter  was  followed  by  a  separate  one  from  Balbus> 

"BALBUS  TO  CICEliO,  EMrEROK. 

"Immediately  after  I  had  sent  the  common  letter  from 
ppius  and  myself,  1  received  one  from  Ciesar,  of  which  I 
ve  sent  you  a  copy ;  whence  yon  will  jierceive  how  desirous 

is  of  peace,  and  to  bo  reennciled  with  Pompey,  and  how 
•  removed  from  all  thoughts  of  cruelty.  It  gives  me  an  ex- 
tme  joy,  as  it  certainly  ought  to  do,  to  see  him  in  these  sen- 
uent^  As  to  yourself,  your  fidelity  and  your  piety,  I  am 
tirely  of  the  same  mind,  my  dear  Cicero,  with  yon,  that  you 
OOOt,  consistently  with  your  character  and  duty,  bear  arms 
airut  a  man  to  whom  you  declare  yourself  so  greatly  obliged  : 
tt  Csaar  will  approve  this  resolution,  I  certainly  know,  from 
I  siiiguhtr  humanity ;  and  that  you  will  perfectly  satisfy  him, 
'  taking  no  part  in  the  war  agamst  bim,  nor  joining  yourself 
faia  adversaries :  this  he  will  think  sufficient,  not  only  from 
111,  a  person  of  such  dignity  and  splendour,  but  has  allowed 
eren  to  me,  not  to  be  found  in  that  camp,  which  is  likely  to 

formed  against  Lentidus  and  Pompey,  from  whom  1  have 
eeived  tlie  greatest  obligations:  '  It  was  enough,'  he  said, 
F  I  performed  my  part  to  him  in  the  city  iind  the  gown, 
licJi  I  might  perform  also  to  them  if  I  thought  fit:'  where- 
re,  I  DOW  manage  all  Leiitulus's  afiiiirs  at  Home,  and  dis- 


TOE    LIPS 

;.  CImA*  IbmUak    LC«.U 

dutri^c  my  dutyi  my  fidelity,  my  piety,  to  titan  boA*  Tl 
trutb.  I  dn  not  take  the  hopra  of  an  accomnindatiem  ■ 
now  M>  law,  to  b<-  quite  <]<-s[>crate,  slmx  Cmaai  is'miXm 
in  which  wc  t>ii);lit  to  wish  him  :  one  thing  would  pi 
if  you  think  it  iiropur,  that  you  would  writ«  to  bim,  u 
a  fFuant  from  him,  as  you  did  firom  Pompey,  xt  tht  A 
Muo's  Irial,  witli  my  ajwrobation ;  I  will  andemlw  fol| 
1  rightly  know  Ciesar,  tiial  be  will  sooner  pay  a  K^siiW 
dignity,  tltaii  to  his  own  ioteresL    How  pratlently  twiiw 
tluon,  I  know  not;   but  this  I  cert^nly  know,  thai  <^ 
I  wntc,  I  write  out  of  a  singular  love  and  affection  to  jMil 
li-t  me  die  (m>  a'<  Csesar  may  but  lire)  if  I  hiive  not  «^ 
au  esteem  for  you  that  few  are  equally  dear  to  OK- 
you  have  taken  any  reiiolntion  in  this  affair,  1  wisHlhAp 
would  let  me  know  it,  for  1  am  exceedingly  solidtimll 
you    shontd    discharge    your    duty    to   them    both,  wVi^V 
truth,  1  <un  eoiifident  you  will  discharge.      Take  care  of  n*^ 
hwdlli'." 

The  offer  of  a  guard  was  artfully  insinuatetl;  fot»lJit'|J 
carrivd  an  appearance  of  honour  and  respect  to  Cicero'sfl 
•on,  it  must  uecesKirily  have  made  him  Caesar's  prisooet,! 
deprived  him  of  tlie  liberty  of  retiring,  when  he  found  it  pitfi 
out  of  Italy :  but  he  was  too  wise  to  l>c  caught  by  it,  or  nM 
■noved  in  uny  manner  by  tlie  letters  themselves,  to  entail 
the  least  tliouglit  of  going  to  Rome,  since,  to  a^ist  in  d 
senate,  when  Pompey  and  the  consuls  were  driven  out  et% 
was,  in  reality,  to  take  part  against  them,      \^'hat  gave  Ul  I 
a  more  immediate  uneasiness,  was  the  daily  expectation  of  * 
interview  with  Ciesar  himself,  who  was  now  returning  ftflB 
Brundisium  by  llie  road  of  Fonnijp,  where  he  then  residfti: 


or  cic-iiito.  4»l 

1THI.7M.    Cic.se.    Co«.-C.  ClBu-liui  IiUri'.'llui.     L.Corn.  LentuIuaCriu. 

1.  After  maiiy  things  said,  an  both  sides,  he  bade  me 
9  however,  ana  try  to  make  peace :  '  Shall  I  do  it,'  says  I, 
any  own  way?'  *Do  you  imagine,'  replied  he,  'that  I 
prescribe  to  you?'     *  I  will  move  tlie  senate  then,'  says  I, 

«  decree  against  your  going  to  Spain,  or  transportiiig 

troops  into  Greece,  and  say  a  great  deal  besides,  in  be- 
ng  tlie  case  of  Pompey :'  '  I  will  not  allow,'  replied  he, 
U  things  to  be  said :'  '  So  I  thought,'  says  I,  '  and  for  that 
>n  will  not  come;  because  I  must  either  say  them,  and 
y  more,  which  I  cannot  help  saying,  if  I  am  there,  or  not 
e  at  all.'  The  result  was,  that,  to  shift  off  the  discoorse, 
wished  me  to  consider  of  it;  which  I  could  not  refuse  to  do, 

80  we  parted.  I  am  persuaded,  that  he  is  not  pleased  with 
;  but  I  am  pleased  with  myself:  which  I  have  not  been  be- 
e  of  a  long  lime.  Aa  for  the  rest,  good  gods,  what  a  crew 
faaa  with  him  !  what  a  hellish  band  I  as  you  call  tliem:  what 
eplorablc  affair  !  what  desperate  troops  !  what  a  lamentable 
)g,  to  see  Servius's  son,  and  Titinius's,  wiih  many  more  of 
k  rank,  in  that  camp,  which  besieged  Pompey  f    He  hag 

legions;  wakes  at  all  hours;  fears  nothing:  I  see  no  end 
his  calamity.  His  declaration  at  the  last,  which  I  had  almost 
fot,  was  odious;  that  if  he  was  not  permitted  to  use  my  ad- 
t,  he  would  use  such  as  lie  could  get  from  others,  and  pursue 
neasureg  which  were  for  his  service '."  From  this  confe- 
X,  Cicero  went  directly  to  Arplnum,  and  there  invested 
son,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  with  the  manly  gown:  he  re- 
ed to  carry  nim  along  with  him  to  Ponipey's  camp,  and 
ight  it  proper  to  give  him  an  air  of  manhood  before  he 
Sted  him  into  the  war;  and  since  he  could  not  perform  that 
nnony  at  Rome,  chose  to  oblige  his  countrymen,  by  cele- 
ting  Uiis  festival  in  his  native  city'. 

Vbde  Csesar  was  on  the  road  towards  Rome,  young  Quintus 
ero,  the  nephew,  a  fiery,  giddy  youth,  privately  wrote  to 

to  offer  his  service,  with  a  promise  of  some  information 
ceming  his  uncle;  upon  which  being  sent  for,  and  admitted 
in  audience,  he  assured  Csesar,  that  his  uncle  was  utterly 
Aected  to  all  his  measures,  and  determined  to  leave  Italy 

go  to  Pompey.  The  boy  was  tempted  to  this  rashness  by 
hopes  of  a  considerable  present,  and  gave  much  uneasiness 
it,  both  to  the  father  and  the  uncle,  who  had  reason  to  fear 
e  ill  consequence  from  it':  but  Csesar,  desiring  still  to 
nt  Cicero  from  declaring  against  him,  and  to  qutet  the 


Bgs  mcD  Ciceroni,  qiioniBm  Romi  carcmus,  Arpiui  potiuinium  togam  pnnm  dedi, 

e  maiiidpibui  notirii  fuii  graliini.    Ibid.  19. 

Utt«m  cjui  id  Cninm  miHU  iu  gnviter  tulimup,  n(  tc  quidcm  ctUremiii — 


A.UA.nH.     Ot.M.     Cam. — V   CUbidhs  UunnH.     L.  C«n   I 

appnlMMieai  which  bo  mifflit  entertain  for  wLi: 
look  occwioa  to«i|^ify  to  him,  in  a  kind  letter  h-: 
Out  be  retained  m>  n-M-ntmcrit  of  tiu  refosal  to  c» 
cily.  though  Tulliu  and  St-r\-ius  coraplaiiied,  that  bt 
flhrvH  the  aami-  in<lul?«nce  to  them: — Kiiliculous  i 
Cicero,  wlin,  oTler  sending  their  aoos  to  b«sieg«  P<-,  j 
BrHiul»iuin,  [inMeiul  to  be  scrupulous  about  g«o^  ■■ 
•emit)'. 

Cicero's  behaviour,  however,  and  residence  in  iLoK  _ 
«f  hi^  which  were  iieiirest  to  the  sea,  gare  rise  to  a  gaJ 
report,  tlial  he  was  wHicing  uiiiy  for  a  wind  to  cnrrv  him  M 
to  I'oinjiey;  upon  which,  Ctesar  sent  him  anotW  preiflf 
letter,  to  try,  it  possible,  to  dissuade  him  from  tliat  ste(>. 

"C:KSAIl,    EMl'lLttUK,    TO   CICERO,    EMPEBOR. 

"  TuoL'Gii  1  Derer  imagined  that  you  would  do  snydDf 
rashly,  or  imprudeutly,  yi-(,  moved  by  tlie  commoD  re'ptft  1 
thought  proper  to  write  to  you,  aod  beg  of  you,  by  out  muDsl 
affeclioD,  that  you  would  not  ran  to  a  declining  cause,  utillhr 
you  did  not  thudi  fit  to  go  while  it  stood  firm.  For  ^ou  «fl 
do  tltc  greatest  injury  to  your  friendship,  and  consult  bntl 
for  yourself,  if  you  clo  not  follow  where  fortune  calls;  fwiB 
tilings  seem  to  liave  succeeded  niost  prosperously  for  as,  mMt 
unfortunately  for  them :  nor  will  you  be  thought  to  have  fit- 
lowed  the  cause,  (since  that  was  the  same,  when  you  cboeeV 
withdraw  jourself  from  their  counsels)  but  to  have  t.'ondeiimt' 
somi-  act  of  mine  :  than  which  you  can  do  nothing  that  couU 


Woi 


op  ciCEno.  423 

k  TM.     Cie.  SB.     Com.— C  Cliuiliue  Maitdliu.     L.  Cora.  Lcmuliu  Cnu. 

iKiue, 


*■  If  I  had  not  a  great  esteem  for  you,  and  modi  greater 
leed  thau  you  imafrine,  I  should  not  be  concerned  at  the 
port,  which  is  spread  of  you,  especially  when  I  take  it  to  be 
He.  But,  out  of  die  excess  of  my  Section,  I  cannot  dis- 
aible,  tliat  even  a  report,  thouu^h  false,  makes  some  impreft- 
dn  OR  me.  I  cannot  believe  that  you  are  preparing  to  cron 
1^  sea,  when  you  have  eueh  a  valut^  for  Dolabella,  and  your 
W^ter  TuUia,  that  excellent  woniaa,  and  are  so  mudi  valued 
f  Hfl  all,  to  whom,  in  truth,  your  dignity  and  hononr  are 
pnost  dearer  than  to  yourself;  yet,  I  did  not  think  it  the  part 
t  B  friend,  not  to  be  moved  by  (he  diKonrse  even  of  ill-design- 
te  men,  and  wrote  this  with  the  greater  inclination,  aa  I  take 
^  part  to  be  the  more  difttcult  on  the  account  of  our  late 
Hdness,  occasioned  rather  by  my  jealousy,  than  any  ininiy 
ntn  yon.  For  I  desire  you  to  assure  yourself,  that  nobody  is 
jMrer  to  me  than  you,  excepting  my  Caesar,  and  that  I  know, 
ho,  that  C%sar  reckons  M.  Cicero  in  the  first  class  of  his 
Sends.  Wberofurc  I  beg  of  you,  my  Cicero,  that  you  will 
eep  yourself  free  and  undetermined,  and  despise  the  fidelity 
f  u>at  man  who  first  did  you  an  injury,  that  ne  might  after- 
Wrds  do  you  a  kiudness;  nor  fly  from  him,  who,  Uiough  he 
bould  not  love  you,  which  is  impossible,  yet  will  always  desire 
>  see  you  in  safety  and  splendour.  1  have  sent  Calpurnius 
9  you  with  this,  the  most  intimiile  of  my  fiends,  that  you 
Hgbt  perceive  the  great  concern  which  I  have  for  your  life 
an  dignity '." 

C(eIius  also  wrote  to  him,  on  the  same  subject ;  but  finding, 
y  some  hints  in  Cicero's  answer,  that  he  was  actually  prepar- 
ig  to  run  away  to  Pompey,  he  si'iit  him  a  second  letter,  in  a 
lost  pathetic,  or,  as  Cicero  calls  it,  lamentable  strain  ',  in 
opes,  to  work  upon  him,  by  alarming  all  his  fears. 


"  COJLIUS   TO    CICERO. 


**  Being  in  a  consternation  at  your  letter,  by  which  you 
bew  that  you  are  meditating  nothing  but  what  is  dismal,  yet 
either  tell  me  directly  what  it  is,  nor  wholly  hide  it  from  me, 
presently  wrote  this  to  you.  By  all  your  fortunes,  Cicero, 
y  your  children,  I  beg  and  beseech  you,  not  to  take  any  step 
tfnriDus  to  your  safety :  for  I  call  the  gods  and  men,  and  our 
khip,  to  witness,  that  what  I  have  told,  and  forewarned 
f,  was  not  any  vain  conceit  of  my  own,  but  after  I  had 

•ijU.  10.  B.  '  M.  Coli  cpigtolam  icriptam  miKiabililcr.     Ibiil.  10.  9. 


4M 


A.  t'lk  TVi.    OcM.    r«« 


THE    LIFE 


. .  (IumUuj  Munilu     L.  Cb.  l^^tf 


talk«d  with  C«Mr,  and  understood  from  itim,  how  beff , 
to  net  after  bu  victory,  I  infMnned  you  ot  what  I  hd  U 
If  yoi)  imagine  that  his  conduct  will  always  be  ibea 
diotnlttiiijf  KU  enemies  iutd  ofTerin?  conditions  }in  K 
taken;  he  tliinkx,  and  evt'ii  talks,  of  nothing  liul  wbtti 
and  wvvie,  and  is  gone  away  mucb  out  of  liumoor  i 
•enate,  and  tlioroo^ldy  pruvoked  by  the  oppodtiaa^ 
has  met  witb,  nor  will  tbere  be  any  room  for  meny.  ' 
fore,  if  you  yourself,  your  only  son,  vour  bouse,  yoor  n 
ing  Itopiit,  Ml  ilear  to  vou :  if  1,  if  tbe  worthy  mm,  jti 
in-law,  have  any  weigltt  with  you,  you  should  i 
overturn  our  fortunes,  and  force  us  to  hate  or  to  r 
that  cau»e  in  which  our  safety  consists,  or  to  eniertuia 
impioun  wish  airuinst  your's.  Lastly,  reSect  on  this,  duial 
have  alreudy  given  all  the  offence  which  you  can  gi^i^l 
Riaying  so  long  behind ;  and  now  to  declare  ag^n^  &  ■ 
queror,  whom  you  would  not  offend,  while  his  o" —  ' 
cioubtful,  aiii'  to  fiv  after  those  who  run  auay,  with  n 
would  not  join,  w^iUe  they  were  in  condition  to  res 
utmost  folly.  Take  care,  tliat  while  you  are  ashamed  B 
^prove  yourself  one  of  the  best  citizens,  you  be  not  tooll  _ 
in  determining  what  is  the  best.  But  if  I  cannot  whoUypfr* 
vail  with  you,  yet  wait,  at  least,  till  you  know-  how  we  siKtaJ' 
in  Spain,  which  I  now  tell  you  will  be  onr's,  as  soon  as  C«r 
comes  thither.  What  hopes  they  may  have  when  Spain  is  It* 
I  know  not ;  and  what  your  view  can  be  in  acceding  to  a  de^ 
fate  cause,  by  my  fuitli  I  cannot  find  out.  As  to  the  tliii^ 
which  you  discover  to  me  by  your  silence  about  it,  Caesar  hi 
been  infurnied  of  it;  and,  after  the  first  salutation,  told  mt, 
■nlly,  what  he  had  heard  of  you  ;    1   denied  that  I  knC 


OP  CICBBO.  i96 

TU.    Ck.  sa.    Com.— ('.  CliuliH  Ibnellai.    L.  Con.  Laatolw  Chv. 
ds'b  sdvice,  as  well  aa  Lis  prai^ce,  was  gromided  upon 
m,  which  be  bad  before  advaDced,  in  a  letter  to  Cieero, 
D  a  public  dissension,  as  long  as  it  was  carried  on  by 
;thods,  one  ought  to  take  tite  honeeter  side ;  but  wheo 

to  arms,  the  stronger ;  and  to  judge-that  Uie  best  miieh 

safest '."     Cicero  was  aot  of  Us  opinion,  but  governed 

in  this,  as  be  generally  did,  in  all  other  cases,  by  a 
Y  rule ;  that  where  our  duty  and  oar  safety  interfere, 
jld  adliere  always  to  wliat  is  righ^  whatever  danger  we 
yit. 

0  paid  Cicero  a  friendly  visit  of  two  days,  about  this 
□  his  way  towards  Sicily,  the  command  of  which  Cteaar 
mmitted  to  him.  TheV  convenalioii  turned  on' the 
<y  condition  of  the  times,  and  the  impending  miseries 
war,  in  which  Curio  was  Open,  and  without  any  reserve, 
ng  of  Caesar's  views:  be  exhorted  Cicero  to  choose  some 

place  for  his  retreat ;  assured  htm,  that  C«8ar  would  be 
.  with  it;  offered  him  all  kind  of  acconunodadon  and 
isage  through  Sicily :  made  not  the  least  doubt,  but  that 
would  soon  be  master  of  Spain,  and  then  follow  Pompey 
is  whole  force  ;  and  that  Fompey's  death  would  be  the 

the  war  :  but  confessed  witbal,  that  he  saw  no  pro^>ect 
imering  of  hope  for  the  Hepublic ;  said,  that  Ccesar  was 
roked  by  the  tribune  Metellus,  at  Rome,  that  he  had  a 
7  have  killed  him,  as  many  of  his  friends  advised ;  that 
lad  done  it,  a  great  slaughter  would  have  ensued ;  that 
mency  flowed,  not  from  his  natural  disposition,  but  be- 
le  thought  it  popular :  and  if  he  once  lost  the  affeclioDS 
people,  he  would  be  cruel :  that  he  was  disturbed  to  see 
ople  so  disgusted  by  his  seizing  the  public  treasure ;  and 

he  had  resolved  to  speak  to  them  before  he  left  Rome, 
durst  not  venture  upon  it,  for  fear  of  some  affront;  and 
way,  at  last,  much  discomposed '. 

leaving  tlie  public  treasure  at  Rome  a  prey  to  Ceasar, 
ured,  more  than  once,  by  Cicero,  as  one  of  the  blunders 
friends  ' :  but  it  is  a  common  case,  in  civil  dissensions, 
;  honester  side,    through  the  fear  of  discrediting  their 

by  any  irregular  act,  to  ruin  it  by  an  unseasonable 
ition.     The  public  money  was  kept  in  the  temple  of 

;  and  the  consuls  contented  themselves  with  carrying 
he  keys,  fancying,  that  the  sanctity  of  the  place  would 

it  from  violence ;  especially  when  the  greatest  part  of 


4*>ti  THE     LIFE 

A.riK:«(  t'lcVi  (A — ('.  CUudiut  M4rccllu».  L.  Cora.Lnn^Q«  | 
it  wi»  n  fuiitl  of  a  sacred  kind,  set  apart  by  the  lam  far  i»  Id 
dions  uiilv  of  the  Uut  eslfrency,  or  the  terror  of  a  GallitB»: 
■lion',  f'ompev  va>  iiensible  of  the  mistake,  vbenitmM 
late,  and  !«nt  iiistructions  to  the  consuls  to  go  ba^ndW 
nwuy  this  Kicred  treasure:  but  Ceesar  was  then  tofuaiiati, 
tliHt  they  durst  not  venture  upon  it;  and  LeatulnscoUtf^ 
him  woni,  tli.it  lie  himself  should  first  mareh  against  CssviA 
I'icvuum,  that  tliL'v  mitrht  be  able  to  do  it  with  safety*-  Cw 
had  none  of  these  htii))Ii-s  :  but,  as  Aoon  as  be  came  to  Sa^ 
unlori'd  tlu-  doors  of  tlie  lompio  to  be  broken  open,  inddf 
miiney  to  he  scizeil  for  his  own  u»e ;  and  liad  like  ts  )m 
killed*  the  tribune  Metellus,  who,  trusting-  to  the  authonlf' 
his  office,  wat  silly  enough  to  artpmnt  to  binder  him.  ft 
found  there  an  immense  treasure,  both  in  roin  and  wn^rf 
solid  golrl,  reserved  from  the  spoils  of  conquered  nations,  &■ 
the  time  even  of  the  I'lmic  war  :  "  for  the  Republic,"  n  Vbj 
siiys  "  had  never  been  richer  than  it  was  nt  tliis  day'." 

t'iccro  wai  now  impiitient  to  be  gone,  and  the  moremM 
ae(.*<innt  of  the  inconvenient  ])omp  of  his  laurel,  and  ticM 
and  stvlo  of  emperor ;  which  in  a  time  of  that  jealons)'  wi 
distraction,  ex|io«i'd  him  too  much  to  the  eyes  of  the  ftiSt, 
if  well  ui  to  tiio  tauntu  and  raillery  of  his  enemies  *.  titn- 
"olvi'il  to  cross  the  sea  to  Pompey;  yet  knowing  all  his  motiM 
ti>  be  narrowly  wntcheil,  took  |iains  to  conceal  his  intentioa, 
enpeciall}-  froin  .\)itony,  who  resided,  at  this  time,  in  Ui 
iii-i^liiioiirhiHid,  and  kept  a  strict  eve  upon  him.  He  mt 
him  word,  therefore,  by  letter,  that  he  had  no  design  aponX 


OP   CICERO, 


road  or  not.  Csear  hos  imposed  this  task  upon  me,  not  to 
(for  nny  man  to  go  out  of  Italy.  Wherefore,  it  signifies 
thing  for  me  to  approve  your  resolution,  if  I  have  no  power 
indnlge  you  in  it.  I  would  have  you  write  to  Caesar,  and 
Ik  that  favour  of  him  :  I  do  not  doubt  but  you  will  obtain  it, 
pecially  since  you  promise  to  retiun  a  regard  for  our  friend- 
After  this  letter,  Antony  never  came  to  see  him,  but  sent 
a  excuse,  that  he  was  ashamed  to  do  it,  because  he  took  bim 
t  be  angry  with  him,  giving  him  to  understand,  at  the  same 
tine,  by  1  rebatius,  that  he  had  special  orders  to  observe  bis 
potions '. 

These  letters  give  us  the  most  sensible  proof  of  the  high 
iMeem  and  credit  in  which  Cicero  flourished,  at  this  time,  in 
llwine  :  when  in  a  contest  for  empire,  which  force  alone  was 
to'ifecide,  wc  see  tbe  eU'ieh  on  both  sides  so  solicitous  to  gain 
R  man  to  their  party,  who  had  no  peculiar  skill  in  arms  or 
tolents  for  war :  but  bis  name  and  authority  was  tbe  acmii- 
lidon  which  they  sought ;  since,  whatever  was  the  fate  of  their 
Bins,  -the  world,  tbey  knew,  would  judge  better  of  tbe  cause 
ivhii^  Cicero  espoused.  The  same  letters  will  confute,  like- 
ivke,  in  a  great  measure,  the  common  opinion  of  his  want  of 
resolution  in  all  cases  of  difficulty,  since  no  man  could  shew  a 
HVeter  than  he  did  on  the  present  occasion,  when  against  the 
rmportunities  of  his  friends,  and  all  the  invitations  of  a  suc- 
xeefal  power,  he  chose  to  follow  that  cause  which  be  thought 
the  best,  though  he  knew  it  to  be  tiie  weakest. 

I>aring  Csesar's  absence  in  Spain,  Antony,  who  bad  nobody 
M>  control  him  at  home,  gave  a  free  course  to  Jiis  natural  dis- 
position, and  indulged  himself,  without  reserve,  in  all  the  excess 
at  lewdness  and  luxury.  Cicero,  describing  his  usual  equi- 
pi^e  in  travelling  about  Italy,  says,  "  he  carries  with  bim,  in 
ui  open  chaise,  tbe  famed  actress,  Cytberis ;  his  wife  follows 
in  a  second,  witli  seven  other  close  btters,  full  of  bis  whores 
md  boys.  See  by  what  base  hands  wc  fall ;  and  doubt,  if  you 
can,  whether  Ciesar,  let  him  come  vanquislied  or  victorious, 
trill  not  make  cruel  work  amongst  us  at  bis  return.  For  my 
part,  if  I  cannot  get  a  ship,  I  will  take  a  boat,  to  transport 
myself  out  of  their  reach ;  but  I  shall  tell  you  more  after  I 
iiare  had  a  conference  with   Antony'."      Among   Antony's 

'  IMi 

*  NomiDUiin  de  me  nbi  imperattiiD  dicit  Antoniua,  ncc  me  tamen  ipte  tdhuc  Tident, 
sTrelaiio  MrraTit,    Ibid.  12. 

'Miiiu — ad  mi  miiit.  K  pudon  dctvtritum  ad  mc  Don  veniiae,  quod  ms  libi  luc- 
vaURt.    Ibid.  15. 

a  nperta  porU 


OF    CICERO. 


-C.  CUudiua  Maroitluii. 


lent  anxiety,  and  draw  out  sometbing  which  may 
I  to  me'." 
Btlie  time  of  his  leaving  the  city,  together  with  Pompey 
!  senate,  there  passed  not  a  single  day  in  wiiich  he  did 
B  or  more  letters  to  Atticus ',  the  only  friend  whom 
1  with  tlie  secret  of  his  thoughts.  From  these  letters 
B  that  the  sum  of  Atticus's  advice  to  him  !igree<l  eii- 
'l  his  own  sentiments,  that,  if  Pompey  remained  in 
i  ought  to  join  with  him;  if  not,  should  stay  behind, 
«H^>ect  what  fresh  accidents  might  produce'.  This  was 
j^  ^*  Cioero  had  hitherto  followed:  and  as  to  his  future  cou- 
"^  though  he  seems  sometimes  to  be  a  little  wavering  and 
*^state,  yet  the  result  of  his  deliherations  constantly  turned 
I  ^symu  of  Pompey.  His  personal  atfection  for  the  man,  pre- 
..  ='^^«e  «f  his  cause,  the  reproaches  of  the  better  sort,  who 
^^90iai  to  censure  Uts  tardiness,  and,  above  all,  his  gratitude 
;  fiirours  received,  which  tiad  ever  the  greatest  weight  with 
;r  ^^»  made  him  resolve,  at  all  adventures  to  run  after  him;  and, 
t;  ^SSl>  be  was  displeased  with  his  management  of  the  war, 
^.^  ^fiwithout  any  hopes  of  his  success*;  though  he  knew  him- 
:-..  ^nre  to  be  no  politician,  and  now  perceivea  him,  he  says,  tc 
^  ^AO  general;  yet,  with  all  his  faults,  he  could  not  endure  the 
«^  ^fc(^t  of  deserting  him,  nor  hardly  forgive  himself  for  stay- 
^^Kaq  long  behind  him:  "For,  as  in  love,"  says  he,  "any 
„_^vE|g  dirty  and  indecent  in  a  mistress  wiQ  stifle  it  for  tlie  pre- 
~  nti  so  llie  deformity  of  Pompey's  conduct  put  me  out  of 
^^JBpnour  with  him;  but  now  that  he  is  gone,  my  love  revives, 

■  fel  I  cannot  bear  his  absence  ',"  &c. 
^^-*.  What  held  him  still  a  while  longer,  was  the  tears  of  his 
^  BBuly,  and  the  remonstrances  of   his  daughter  Tullia,  who 
^IWrcated  him  to  wjut  only  the  issue  of  the  Spanish  war,  and 

^'      '  in  hi»  (go  nw  comullationibut  eitrcrne. 

3j£  9.  4.  ''  '     "™  '^"'*'  """"" 

'W      ■  HoJDi  uitcin  ci>jttnl:r  Dim  «aliim  en  cui  .  , 

B'.il^a  iaa  ad  le  litWRu,  Md .    Ibid.  R.  12. 

H        AltsniD  tjbi  eodcm  die  hue  epiitolum  dictnTi,  el  pndie  dedenmi  lucitiDaan  ludinontn. 

■  IWd.  10.  3. 

■  ■  Ego  quidemtibi  DDnnm  nurior,  ti  Pempeiuiluliun  relinqutt.  W  quoque  profugrn; 

■  BiBDDis  enlm  pciiciilo  &d«,n«  Hcinub.  prodenB;  cuiquidempmlcriug  poterii  ptoikue, 

■  ri  mnicrih  &c.    Ibid.  9.  :0. 

■  <  Ic^d  uimi  crimen  homn.    Ibid.  S.  2,  .\  7. 

p  Ntc  mebercule  hoc  fotHo  Heipub.  raiin.  quiia  fundilus  tlelclam  |iiita,  eikI  ncquit 

L       IDA  pnlet  ingnliun  In  eiuu,  qui  nic  Icvavil  iii  incDmnifHlii,  quiliui   ijue  ■fFecont. 
I        lUd.  9.  19. 

Portunntniil  eomniilteudi  omnia.    Sine  nto  connmur  ulU.     81  mtlini  quid  Kcidciit, 

—•-'--   Ibid. ..  a. 


THE    LIFE 


('•«.— C.  OUuJiu*  MwccUiM.    L.  Cora.  Lntnl'uCm. 


ui^l  it  as  the  advice  of  Atdcus '.  He  waa  pasaionatelj  U 
of  tliis  daughter,  and  with  great  reason  ;  for  ahe  was  a  «a«i 
of  lingular  accompliahmcnta,  with  tlie  utmost  j^ection  mi 


piety  to  him.  Speaking  of  her  to  Atticus,  "  How  adrninU^* 
says  he,  "is  her  virtue?  how  doca  she  bear  the  public  calamihr? 
how  lier  (lomeHtic  disgusts  ?  what  a  greatness  of  mind  did  m 
shew  at  my  parting  from  tbem  ?  in  spite  of  the  tendernoi  d 
her  love,  sue  wishes  me  to  do  notliing  but  wiiat  is  r^t,  ui 
for  my  honour '."  Dut  as  to  the  aSair  of  Spain,  he  answmi 
that  whatever  was  the  fate  of  it,  it  eouJd  not  alter  the  case  wilk 
regard  to  himself;  for  if  Caesar  sliould  be  driven  out  of  it,li 
journey  to  Pompey  would  be  less  welcome  and  repnlahK 
since  Curio  himself  would  run  over  to  him  ;  or  if  the  war  «■ 
drawn  into  length,  there  would  be  no  end  of  waiting;  a, 
lastly,  if  Pompcy'a  army  should  be  beaten,  instead  of  sittiic 
still  as  they  odviaed,  he  thought  just  the  contrary,  and  shoufl 
choose  tlie  rather  to  run  away  from  the  violence  of  siici  ■  ' 
victory.  He  resolved,  therefore,  he  says,  to  act  notbii^  ' 
craftily;  but,  whatever  became  of  Spain,  to  find  out  Pompn 
as  soon  aa  he  could,  in  conformity  to  Solon's  law,  who  imvfr  it 
capital  for  n  citizen  not  to  take  |>urt  in  a  civil  dissension '. 

Before  his  going  off,  f^ervius  Sulpicius  sent  him  won],  finni 
Home,  that  he  had  a  great  desire  to  have  a  conference  wilk 
him,  to  consult  in  common  what  measures  they  ought  to  take. 
Cicero  consented  to  it,  in  hopes  to  find  Servius  in  the  saiM 
minil  with  himsoif,  and  to  have  his  company  to  Pompey^ 
camp  :   f.ir,  in  answer  to  Iiis  mcssjiiri-,  he   iiiti ma [■.■(!  Ijia  iiuii 


I 


found  liim  so  timorous  and  desponding;,  and  so  full  of 
raples  upon  every  thing  which  was  proposed,  that,  instead  of 
Hsing  him  to  the  saine  conduct  mth  himself,  he  found  it 
.jpceaaary  to  conceal  his  own  design  from  him.  "  Of  all  the 
ji^eii,"  says  he,  "  whom  I  have  met  with,  he  is  alone  a  greater 
inward  uian  C.  Marcellus,  who  lamenU  liis  having  been 
ponsul,  and  urges  Antony  to  hinder  my  going,  that  he  himself 
any  stay  with  a  better  grace  '." 

K  Cato,  whom  Pompey  had  sent  to  possess  himself  of  Sicily, 
nought  fit  to  quit  that  post,  and  yield  up  tlic  island  to  Curio, 
jvfco  came  likewise  to  seize  it,  on  Csesar's  part,  with  a  superior 
ipvce.  Cicero  was  much  scandalised  at  Cato's  conduct,  beinff 
Wersuaded  that  he  might  have  held  his  possession  without  diffi- 
milty,  and  that  all  honest  men  would  have  flocked  to  him,  espe- 
Ebally  when  Pompey's  Beet  was  so  near  to  support  him  :  for  if 
Wat  had  but  once  appeared  on  the  coast,  and  begun  to  act, 
Curiu  himself,  as  he  confessed,  would  have  run  away  (he  fint 
*•  1  wish,"  says  Cicero,  "  that  Cotta  may  hold  out  Sardinia,  as 
it  is  s^d  he  will :  for,  if  so,  how  base  will  Cato's  act  appear '." 

In  these  circumstances,  while  he  was  preparing  all  things  for 
his  voy^e,  and  wailing  only  for  a  fair  wind,  ne  removed  from  tu« 
Cuman  to  his  Fompeian  vtlla,  beyond  Naples,  which  not  being 
■o  commodious  for  an  embarkment,  would  help  to  lessen  the 
suspicion  of  his  intended  flight '.  Here  he  received  a  private 
message  from  the  officers  of  three  cohorts,  wliich  were  m  gar- 
rison at  Pompeii,  to  beg  leave  to  wait  upon  him  the  day  fol- 
lowing, in  order  to  deliver  up  their  troops  and  the  town  into 
Ilia  luinds;  but,  instead  of  listi'ntng  to  the  oveiliire.  ho  slipped 
away  the  next  morning,  before  dav,  to  avoid  seeing  them; 
since  such  a  force,  or  a  greater,  could  be  of  no  service  there ; 
and  he  was  apprehensive  that  it  was  designed  only  as  a  trap 
for  him  *. 

Thus,  pursuing  at  last  the  result  of  all  his  deliberations, 
and  preferring  the  consideration  of  duty  to  that  of  his  safety, 
be  embarked  to  follow  Pompey  -.  and  tnough,  from  the  nature 

'  Ssnii  eaDriJio  nihil  Bipeiliiur,  Omn«ciption«iooinni  WQlmliioccuminl.  Uduih 
C  MaretUa  co^ovi  timidiorem,  quFm  CoQiiilem  fuiiw  pcrnitet — qni  etiun  ADtaniuin 

«  Curio  meeiim  iiiit^Sicili*  diffidcni,  u  Pompeioi  rnvipiro  capiBct.*    Ibid."?. 

Curio— Pomprii  cluKm  liuicbal :  que  ri  curt,  h  de  SidlTa  nhiturum.     Ibid.  4. 

CalA  qui  Siciliiuu  icnerc  nulla  neguiio  poCuit,  et  >i  tenuitift.  omnes  boni  ad  cum  » 
eontutifBentf  Syracutis  profcctun  at  n.  d.  8.  Kal.   Mali — iiiiiiAin,  quod  aiiint^  CotU 
Swdiobm  Umeal.     Eit  enim  runior.  O,  «  id  fuerit,  lurpcm  CaMnnm  1     Ibid.  16. 
,  •  En  ut  minuereni  •utpicioncm  profMtionii, — profeclue  eiim  in  Poinpcianum  a.  d. 
till  Id.     Utibi  mem,  dum  qun  adnavigandum  opui  cueni,  paiarentUT.    Ibid. 

4  Cuin  td  ^lam  Teniaum,  voniuni  ot  ad  me,  Ccnturionca  (rium  cohortium,  qua 
FMnpcni  lunt,  ms  tcUo  potlridic  ;  hm:  mccuiD  Ninniui  nosier,  vello  cd>  mibi  >e  et  Dp- 
pidBailnden.  At  ord  ciw  poairidie  a  villa  ante  luccm,  ut  me  omntnn  illi  nan  riderenl. 
Qiyd  ttiim  ent  in  tnbiu  cohorlibai  ?  r  "  '  ' 
tM,  at  ImuinmDr.    Omaem  i^tur  tu 


.?qiiid«  plu™?ouo»ppar«tu?— ct  liniulflerip 


A.L'rt>.7M.  Cic.SS.  Cow^^X.  Claadin*  MiRdlUk  L.  Cwn.  Lotnlv  Cw 
of  the  war,  lie  plainly  saw,  and  declared,  that  it  was  a  cnttB- 
tioD  only  for  rule ;  yet  he  thought  Pompey  the  modeater,  it- 
neater,  and  juster  king  of  the  two;  and  if  Ae  did  not  conqi^ 
that  the  very  name  of  the  Roman  people  would  be  exfr 
gnishcd:  or  if  he  did,  that  it  would  still  be  after  the  maantr 
and  pattern  of  Sylla,  with  much  cnieltv  and  blood'.  MTA 
theee  melancholy  reflections,  he  set  sail  on  the  elerentb  d 
June*,  rustling,  m  he  tells  us,  koowinglv  and  willingly iill 
voluntary  destruction,  and  doing  just  what  cattle  do  via 
driven  by  any  force,  running  after  those  of  bis  own  kind; 
<*  For,  as  the  os,"  siiys  he,  "follows  the  herd,  so  I  follow  Ac 
honest,  or  those  at  least  who  are  called  su,  though  it  be  ti 
certain  ruin  V  As  to  his  brother  Quintus,  he  was  so  far  ftw 
desiring  bis  company  in  this  flight,  that  be  pressed  him  to  tw 
in  Italy,  on  account  of  his  personal  obligations  to  Casar,  iM 
the  relation  that  be  bad  borne  to  him :  yet  Quintus  wouU  ari 
be  left  behind;  but  declared  that  he  would  follow  his  broAa 
whithersoever  he  should  lead,  and  think  that  partj'  right 
he  should  choose  for  him*. 

What  gave  Cicero  a  more  particular  abhorrence  of  the  war, 
into  which  lie  u-as  entering,  was,  to  see  Pompey,  on  all  oe» 
sions,  aflecting  to  imitate  Sytia,  and  to  hear  bint  often  BTi 
with  a  superior  air,  '*  could  ijylia  do  such  a  thiii^,  and  canaol 
I  do  it?"  as  if  determined  to  make  Sylla's  victory  the  patten 
of  his  own.  He  was  now  in  much  the  same  circumatancei  in 
which  that  conqueror  had  once  been;  sustaining  tlie  cause  of 
the  senate  by  his  arms,  and  treated  as  an  enemy  by  those 


OP  ciceho.  4otl 

A.Vrh.TtH-    Cic.SS.    Coh^C.  C'lauitiu^  Mu.eUof.    L.  Can.  Lentulai  Cnu. 

ind  threaten iiig  ruin  nnd  proscription  to  all  his  enemies.  This 
Tequently  shocked  Cicero,  as  we  find  from  many  of  his 
etters,  to  consider  with  wiiat  cruelty  and  effusion  of  civil 
ilood  the  success,  even  of  his  own  friends,  would  certunly  be 
itlended  '. 

We  have  no  account  of  the  miiiinor  and  circumstances  of  his 
iroyage,  or  by  what  course  he  stLL-red  towards  Dyrrachium: 
Tor,  irfter  his  leaving  ItaW,  all  liis  coirespondence  with  it  was 
in  great  measure  cut  oif^  £o  that  ^om  June,  in  which  he 
railed,  we  find  an  iiitermissioa  of  about  nine  months  in  the 
series  of  It'ta  letters,  and  not  more  than  four  of  them  written 
m  Atticus  (luring  the  continuance  of  the  war'.  He  arrired, 
liowcver,  safely  in  Pompey's  camp  with  his  son,  his  brother, 
Bud  nephew,  committing  the  fortunes  of  the  whole  family  to 
tlie  issue  of  that  cause  :  and  thtit  he  might  make  some 
amends  for  coming  so  late,  and  gain  the  greater  authority 
with  his  party,  he  furnished  Pompcy,  who  was  in  great  want 
of  money,  with  a  large  sum,  out  of  his  own  stock,  for  the 
public  service '. 

But,  as  he  entered  into  tlio  war  with  reluctance,  so  he  found 
nothing  in  it  but  what  increased  his  disgust :  he  disliked  every 
thin?  which  they  had  done,  or  designed  to  do ;  saw  nothing 
good  amoiifrst  them  but  their  cause ;  and  that  their  own  counseu 
would  ruin  them :  for  all  the  chiefs  of  the  party,  trusting  to 
the  superior  fame  and  authority  of  I'ompey,  ana  dazzled  with 
the  splendour  of  the  troops,  which  the  princes  of  the  east  had 
sent  to  their  assistance,  assured  themselves  of  victory;  and, 
without  reflecting  on  the  different  character  of  the  two  armies, 
would  hear  of  nothing  but  fighting.  It  was  Cicero's  business, 
Uierefore,  to  discourse  this  wild  spirit,  and  to  represent  the 
hazard  of  the  war,  the  force  of  Ccesar,  and  tlie  probability  of 
bis  beating  them,  if  ever  they  ventured  a  battle  with  him: 
but  all  hb  remonstrances  were  slighted,  and  he  himself  re- 
proached as  timorous  and  cowardTy  by  the  other  leaders : 
though  nothing  afterwards  happened  to  them,  but  what  he  had 
often  foretold '.     This  soon  made  him  repent  of  embarking  in 

'  Quun  cnbro  illad,  SylU  potiiit^  ego  non  pnl«nj? — 

Ila  SyOalant  uiimui  *j»B,  et  pmienplunt  diu.  [All.  9.  10.]  Cnious  iiOKlor  Syllini 
iwni  itmilitudmem  concupiiil.  tltuit  noi  \iya.  [Ibid.  7.]  ul  nan  aonniuaiiin  led  gene- 
ntim  proKiiptio  eucl  infonnaU.     Ibid.  11.6. 

»Vid.Jbia.  11.1,2,3.  4. 

•  Bui  ^oo  rebiu  omnibus,  qood  ii  quoquo  in  ungnitui  e«l,  ijiiicuni  »iimui,  cui  nof- 
nain  dedimui  pecuniun  muluun,  opitianlCB  nobis,  caneliluliB  rebut,  «m  rem  etiun 
Imtorifore.  [Ibid.  11.3.]  h  quM  hBbuimui  ruciilutei,  eai  Pompeio  lum,  cum  id  vidt- 
huDDT  ii|iicnteT  fjuerc,  detuIimuB.    Ibid.  13. 

«  QoippBinihitwcquBiceidunl,  necouiBagiirtur,  iilloniodoprobiinlnr.  (Ibid.  II.  4.] 
nibU  booi  pnter  aiuun.  (Ep.  Fun.  7.  S.]  ilaque  czo.  qucm  turn  forlM  illi  viri.  Doinitii 
et  LaataU,  tlmidum  eH«  dieebuit,  ta.  [Iluil.  6.2r;  quo  qiiid«in  in  btllo,  nihil  Bdvmi 
Msddit  noo  pradicratc  me.    Ibid.  6. 

F  f 


4S4 


— C.  Cliii.Ji.ii  Mircrlln. 


ft  CUU60  io  iinprudeiitlr  conducled ;  and  it  uAded  In  bii  i 
eontent,  to  finn  himself  even  blameil  by  Caio  for  c 
tbcm  Mt   nil.   and   deserting   that  iieiitnil    roat,   vthiA  I 
have  i^vpii  him  the  better  opportunity  of  bringing  ^ 
Bccommodittioii '. 

In  tlitH  diwH^roeubie  situation  he  declined  all  emple)-ai 
and  finding  his  counsels  wholly  slighted,  resumed  bin  ■ 
way  of  rKiilery,  and  what  be  could  not  dissuade  by  liiiiii 
rity,  cnilottvonrcd  to  make  ridiculous  hy  his  jestM.    Thiigl 
occnsinn,  aflcrwards,  to  Antony<  in  »  speech  to  the  seoUti 
oenKurc  the  levity  of  his  behaviour  in  the  oitamity  of  >  a 
war,  and  to  reflect  not  only  upon  his  fears,  but  the  i 
ftbleneas  also   of  his  jokes:    to  which  Cicero  answered,  A 
though  their  camp,  indeed,  wiis  full  of  aire  and  anxiety,  -jtM 
in  circumstance*  the  must  turbulent,  there  were  cerbun  B 
Btvnts  of  relaxation,  which  all  men,  who  had  any  hum 
ibem,  were  ^hid  to  lay  hold  on :  but  while  Antony  repros 
him,  both  with  dejection  and  joking  at  the  same  time,  it  ■ 
tiurc  proof  that  lie  had  obse^^■ed  a  proper  temper  and  m 
tion  m  tlirm  both  '. 

Young  Brutus  was  also  in  Pompey's  camp,  where  I 
tinguihhed  himself  by  a  peculiar  zeal :  which  Cicero  iDei 
as  the  more  remarkable,  because  lie  Jiad  always  professed  * 
irrecoiicileable  hatred  to  Fonipey,  as  to  the  murderer  of  litfl 
lather  *.      liut  he  followed  the  cause,  not  the  man :   8acrifici||fl 
all  his  resentments  to  the  service  of  his  country,  and  looki^fl 
now  upon  Pompey  as  the  general  ,'■-'"        ■  ■■  •  ' 


i 


OF   CICEHO.  43i 

ic.SS.    rou.— C.  CUudiui  MiireeUiw.    L.  Con.  Lgntuln*  Cnw. 


mk  only  to  have  been  prudent,  but  necessBrv '.  What  shocked 
tooole  so  much  at  it,  was  tlie  Hiscovery  that  it  made  of  his 
toakness  and  want  of  preparation ;  and  after  the  security, 
b^kh  he  had  all  along  aflfeeted,  anrl  the  defiance  so  oft  de- 
Mred  against  his  adversary,  it  made  him  appear  contemptible 

run  away  at  last  on  tlie  first  approach  of  Qesar :  "  Did  yoa 
^'^er  see,"  says  Ccelius,  "  a  more  silly  creatore  than  this 
OiDpey  of  ynur's :  who,  after  raising  aU  this  bustle,  is  found 
'  be  such  a  trifler  ?  or  did  you  ever  read  or  hear  of  a  man 
■Sre  vigorous  in  action,  more  temperate  in  rictory,  than  our 
*war '  ?" 

Pompey  had  left  Italy  about  a  year  befwe  Csesar  found  it 
iknvenient  to  go  after  him ;  during  which  time  he  had  g;atbere<l 
t  rast  fleet  from  all  the  maritime  states  and  cities  dependant 
to  the  empire,  without  making  any  use  of  it  to  distress  an 
taemy  who  had  no  fleet  at  all :  he  suffered  Sicily  and  Sardinia 
Id  fall  into  Ctesar's  bauds  without  a  blow;  and  the  important 
town  of  Marseilles,  after  having  endured  a  long  siege  for  its 
ifiection  to  his  cause :  but  his  capital  error  was  the  giving  up 
^pun,  and  neglecting  to  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  l>est 
nay  tliat  he  had,  in  a  country  devoted  to  his  interests,  and 
onunodious  for  the  operations  of  his  naval  force :  when  Cicero 
irat  heard  of  this  resolution,  he  thought  it  monstrous'  and,  in 
ruth,  the  committing  that  war  to  liis  lieutenants  against  the 
uperior  genius  and  ascendant  of  Caesar,  was  the  ruin  of  his 
lest  troops  and  hopes  at  once. 

Some  hare  been  apt  to  wonder,  why  CjBsar,  after  forcing 
?ompey  out  of  Italy,  instead  of  crossing  the  sea  after  him, 
rheii  he  was  in  no  condition  to  resist,  should  leave  him  for  the 
pace  of  a  year  to  gather  armies  an<l  fleets  at  his  leisure,  and 
trengtben  himself  with  all  tlie  forces  of  the  east.  But  Ciesar 
>ad  good  reasons  for  what  he  did :  lie  knew,  that  all  the  troops, 
?hicb  could  be  drawn  together  from  those  countries,  were  no 
utch  for  his ;  that  if  he  had  pursued  him  directly  to  Greece, 
nd  driven  him  out  of  it,  as  he  liad  done  out  of  Italy,  he 
bould  have  driven  him  probably  into  Spain,  where,  of  all 
ilaces,  he  desired  the  least  to  meet  him;  and  where,  in  alt 


1  Quorum  dax  ««xm 

rffti- 

(larri- 

snimidTC 

rtii,  cui  nc  Pi«n»  quidtm 

m  ttta  Itiliini  relinc 

fnrirl 

mole,  ei 

Ud.  9,  10. 

^«„do.uh™in 

Cn-  Pom 

ptium  Tidi«li  ?  qui  tonUi 

•  Onudi  faK  claHit 

n  Yi 

clonn 

icmperai 

.ut  IcgiHi 

Altj 

undrt 

>,  Colcli. 

..  Ty«,, 

SHione,  ( 

'•CaWs:'*  ■■'■'■■ 

Xoiuduil  Mfjftna — copUre 


«t 


THE    LIPB 


l.Urti.7M.    Cir.Sa.    Com,— CClniidiui 


L.  CanuLnliiluifia   I 


evpiitM,  Fom]>py  had  a  sure  resource,  as  loog  as  it  mi  a 
BP«sod  by  a  nrm  and  veteran  army:  wbicL  it  was  CiKu'tll 
•iiiess,  tnerefore,  to  destroy,  in  the  first  place,  or 
expect  no  success  from  the  war;  and  there  was  no  opportioiii 
of  destroy  in  i;  it  so  tavounible,  as  when  Pompey  him^'lf  <wi 
Siich  a  dbtanee  from  it.  This  was  t!ie  reason  of  !ii-  n  r.il; 
back  with  so  much  expedition,  to  find,  as  lie  sn'ul. 
without  a  general,  and  return  to  a  general  witJiout  ;hi 
The  event  shewed,  that  he  judged  right ;  for  within  t'ni  !:;;■ 
from  tlie  first  Night  of  his  enemy  in  Spain,  he  made  iiiwIH 
master  of  the  whole  province '. 


A.L'rb.7(lfi.    CiT.G9.    Com.— C.  JuliMCMwII.    P.S«rnliu>  Val»  iMonu 

After  the  reduction  of  Spain,  he  was  created  dictator  t^ 
M.  Lepidits,  then  pnelor  at  Rome,  and  by  his  dietatortal  p*"" 
declared  himself  consul,  with  P.  Serrilius  Isauricus :  bui  t' 
was  no  sooner  invested  with  this  office,  than  he  marched  » 
Bnindisium,  and  embarked  on  the  fourtli  of  January, 
to  find  out  Pompoy.  The  tarrying  about  in  his  person  &t 
supreme  dignity  of  the  empire  added  no  small  authority  tolii) 
cause,  by  making  tlie  cities  and  states  abroad  the  more  caiitiira 
of  acting  against  him,  or  giving  them  a  better  pretence,  »i 

least,  for  opening  their  gates  to  the  consul  of  Itome '■ 

Cicero,  all  this  while  despairing  of  any  good  from  the  *». 
had  been  using  all   his  endeavours  to  dispose    his   friends  to 


OP  ciCERU.  437 

l,.70i.   Clc.M.    CoB^C.JuliuiCmull,    P,  ScTrlliui  V.ti.Twuric*. 

sltips,  and  remove  the  war  into  some  distant  piucc.     Upon 

I  Dolabella,  who  was  with  Csesar,  sent  a  letter  to  Ciiiero, 

t  Pompey's  camp,  exhorting  him,  that  if  Pompey  should  be 

Ten  from  these  quarters,  to  seek  some  other  countryj  be 

lid  sit  down  quietly  at  Athens,  or  any  city  remote  from  the 

r :  tbat  it  was  time  to  think  of  bis  own  safety,  and  be  a  friend 

'faimself,  rather  than  to  others :  that  he  had  now  fully  satia- 

bis  duty,  his  friendship,  and  his  engagements  to  tliat  parly* 

faicfa  be  bad  espoused  in  the  Republic :  that  there  was  nothing 

fit,  but  to  be  where  the  Kepublic  itself  now  was,  rather  than 

following  that  ancient  one  to  be  in  none  at  all — and  that 

sar  would  readily  approve  this  conduct ' :  but  the  war  took 

•quite  difTerent  turn ;  and,  instead  of  Porapey's  running  nway 

'^  mi  Dyirachium,  Caesar,  by  an  unexpected  defeat  before  it) 

IS  forced  to  retire  the  first,  and  leave  to  Pompey  the  credit  of 

mning  him,  as  in  a  kind  of  flight,  towards  Macedonia. 

While  the  two  armies  were  thus  employed,  Coelius,  now 

ntor  at  Rome,  trusting  to  Ills  power,  and  the  success  of  his 

irty,  began  to  publish  several  violent  and  odious  laws,  e»pe- 

blly  one  for  the  cancelling  of  all  debts'.     This  raised  a  great 

tune  in  the  city,  till  he  was  over-ruled  and  deposed  frota  his 

(Bgistracy  by  the  consul  Servilius  and  the  senate:  but,  beinf 

tfide  desperate  by  this  affront,  be  recalled  Milo,  from  bis  exile 

at  Marseilles,  whom  Cfesur  bad  refused  to  restore:    and)  in 

concert  with  him,  resolved  to  raise  some  public  commotion  in 

favour  of  Pompey.     In  this  disposition  he  wrote  bis  last  letter 

to  Cicero;  iu  whicb,  after  an  account  of  his  conversation,  and 

the  service  which  he  was  projecting,  "you  are  asleep,"  says 

he,  "and  do  not  know  how  open  and^weak  we  are  here :  what 

are  you  doing?  are  you  waiting  for  a  battle,  which  is  sure  to 

be  against  you?    I  am  not  acquainted  with  your  troops;  but 

our's  have  been  long  usc<l  to  fight  hard,  and  to  bear  cold  and 

hunger  with   ease'."     But  this  disturbance,  which  began  to 

alarm  all  Italy,  was  soon  ended,  by  the  death  of  the  auttiora  of 

it,  Milo  and  Ccelius,  who  perished  in  their  rash  attempt,  being 

destroyed  by  the  soldiers,  whom  they  were  endeavouring  to 

debauch.     They  bad  both  attached  themselves  very  early  to 

the  interests  and  the  authority  of  Cicero,  and  were  qualified  by 

I  Illnd  uileia  t  w  p«to,  ul,  ti  iaio  ille  ctitnTerit  hoc  pcriciiliiin.  et  M  ■bdidcrit  in  <:1a>- 
MB,  ta  tuii  lebiia  coDiulu :  et  a[i<|iianila  libi  potiut  quam  ciiivii  •»  amicug.  SBtiifiKluin 
«M  JMB  1  (e  Tel  oSicia,  vel  runtliaritali ;  utisfiictuni  ctinm  prtibm.  et  ci  Rcipub.  quam 
tttfroliBbu.  Reliquum  «t>  iibj  nunc  est  Rctpub.  ibi  Hiinua  potius^  quani  dum  vcierem 
{thai  Mqumur.  limui  in  nulla.  Ep.  Fam.  3.  9. 
•  "-».  Comm.  3,  600. 

1  dormidi^  Dec  hmc  adhuc  mibi  viclcniiriL  iDtclligpTO^  qn»m  not  patcamnt,  ct  quam 
-~Ilt_! — quid  istic  fuilii?  |inEliuiii  cipcctittia.quDdfiniiiuiiiiiimeK?  TegCrai 
tL     Ncttri  nldc  dqiugiuuc,  el  iacile  klgvic  el  ouriro  contueTeiinl.     Ep. 


A,  rTb.:iU     ric.59.    t-H.--C.JuUa*CHulI.     P-ScrriliiDTuiilii 

their  tmrts  and  fortunes,  to  bave  made  a  priacipal  figure  in  i 
Hcpuolic,  if  they  had  continued  in  those  setitimenB,  and  I 
Hered  to  his  advice ;  but  their  passions,  pleasures,  and  ai     ' 

fat  the  ascendant;  and,  through  a  factious  and  turbnlentfl 
urried  them  on  to  this  nrctcned  fiite. 
AU  thoughts  of  peace  being  now  laid  aside,  Cicero't  n 
advice  to  Fompey  was  to  draw  the  war  into  length,  nor  ew 
^ve  Cesur  tiie  opportunity  of  a  battle.  Pompey  appm 
this  counsel,  and  pursued  it  for  some  time,  till  he  g^nieiid 
advantage  above  mentioued  before  Dyrrachium ;  which  f^ 
him  sucL  a  confidence  in  his  own  troops,  and  such  a  oonta 
of  Caesar's,  that  "from  this  moment,"  says  Cicero,  "1 
great  man  ceased  to  be  a  jj^eneral ;  opposed  a  raw,  oew-iai 
army  to  the  most  robust  and  veteran  legions ;  was  shameAf 
beiiten  ;  and,  with  tike  loss  of  his  camp,  forced  to  6j  M) 
alone '." 

Had  Cicero's  advice  been  followed,  C»sar  must  inevltdj 
have  been  ruined ;  for  Pompey's  fleet  would  have  cut  off  I 
supplies  from  him  by  sea ;  ana  it  was  not  possible  for  hiff 
8ul»ist  long  at  land,  while  an  enemy,  superior  in  numbai 


troops,  was  perpetually  harassing  him,  and  wasting  the  count 
and  the  report  every  where  spread,  of  his  flying  from  D 
chium,  before  a  victorious  army,  whicli  was  pursuing  him, 
his  march  every  way  the  more  difficult,  and  tlie  people  of  da 
country  more  shy  of  assisting  him;  till  the  despicable i«n> 
that  he  seemed  to  make,  rsisea  such  an  impatience  for  fi^ll^j 
and  assurance  of  victory,  in  the  Pompeian  chiefs,  as  drew  tbdl 


OF    CICEBO.  4ov 

CotL-CJuliuiCmarll.     I>.  Seniliui  Vmth  InmlciB. 


I    himself  approved,  tlian  in  all  the  other  wan  in  whtcL  he 

1   been  engaged.     In  his  wars  against  fweign  enemies,  bis 

iver  was  abstilute,  and  all  liis  motions  depenaed  on  bis  own 

II ;  but  in  this,  besides  several  kings  and  princes  of  the  east^ 

lO  attended  him  in  person,  he  had  with  him,  in  bis  camp, 

Dost  all  the  chief  m^^strates  and  senaton  of  Rome;  men  of 

nal  dignity  with  himself,  who  had  commanded  anniea,  and 

itained  triumphs,  and  expected  a  share  in  all  his  counsela, 

ltd  that  in  their  common  danger,  no  step  should  be  taken,  but 

their  commou  advice :  and,  as  they  were  under  n»  engage- 

nt  to  his   caase,  but  what   was  vohiiitary,  bo  they  were 

%ssarily  to  be  humoured,  lest  through  disgust,  they  sboold 

lert  it.     Now  these  were  all  uneasy  in  their  present  sitna- 

■no,  and  longed  to  be  at  home,  in  the  enjoyment  of  tbeir 

■Kates   and   Jionours;    and,  having  a  confidence  of  victwy, 

■om  the  number  of  their  troops,  and  die  reputation  of  their 

■BWler,  were  perpetually  teasing  Pompey  to  the  resolution  of 

fc  battle;  charging  him  with  a  design  to  protract  the  war  for 

Pbe  sake  of  perpetuating  his  authority,  and  calling  him  another 

Agamemnon,  who  was  proud  of  holdhig  so  many  kings  and 

eenerals  under  his  command ' ;  till,  being  unable  to  witnatand 

Uieir  reproaches  any  longer,  he  was  driven,  by  a  kind  of  shame, 

and  against  his  judgment,  to  the  experiment  of  a  decisive 

action. 

Caesar  was  sensible  of  Pompey's  difficulty,  and  persuaded 
that  he  could  not  support  the  indignity  of  shewing  himself 
aA^id  of  lighting ;  and  from  that  assurance,  exposed  himself 
often  more  rashly  than  prudence  would  otherwise  justify :  for 
his  besieging  I'ompey  at  Dyrrachium,  who  was  master  of  the 
sea,  which  supplied  every  thing  to  him  that  was  wanted,  while 
bis  own  army  ktk  starviuK  at  land  ;  and  the  attempt  to  block 
Op  entrenchments  so  widely  extended,  with  much  smaller 
Dumbers  than  were  employed  to  defend  them,  must  needs  be 
tbougbt  rash  and  extravagant,  were  it  not  for  the  expectation 
of  drawing  Fompey  by  it  to  a  general  engagement:  for  when 
be  conld  not  gain  tnat  end,  his  perseverance  in  the  siege  had 
like  to  have  ruined  him,  and  would  inevitably  have  done  so, 
if  be  had  not  quitted  it,  as  he  himself  afterwards  owned'. 


IKalixiTv* 

lairrdv 

Pa-\i 

«al 

irru, 

!>  £t 

Kdt 

r™p«. 

X.W 

BiA  Tir  -wAii^o 

"nPX' 

Iflar 

B  olxiiuiii  Xoyiaiiii 

B« 

i»- 

mxa 

-.UT,T.. 

App. 

p.  470. 

Jlilit«  otiom 

Bociim 

Tim,  pr 

ndpc 

i  ambitum  ducit  in 

repQ 

Flo 

.  1.  4.  2 

Dio, 

p.  185,    Plut.ia 

tunfe 

■CMMinoni 

nfiri 

ndc  rci  eupidus,  as 

enm 

cui«m,p 

1»«6- 

«.;  nuTuToWdioM  « 

udcdn.  millhtm 

Jlo 

obd 

L»enn 

(Kdn 

idbi. 

>bMMtobidio,q 

"fC: 

icman 

>U!  copiii  nbundlrc 

nt?) 

I>j.^ 

n<:ldtiii>u,&c 

.  4.  c.  2 

'0,uMruT» 

irpi 

Ivpfiaylia  (TTpaii 

«r.i 

iia 

,&t 

App.p 

we. 

A.  t'tb.  7IU.  Ck.  5a.  CoM^-t'.  Juliu*  Cwr  II.  P.  Snriliu  Tuala 
It  muMt  bi-  ubaerved,  likewise,  Uiat,  while  Pompey  idm 
walls  ur  ciitri'iiclimeiits  between  liim  and  Csesar,  not  all  Cm 
viffi>ur,  nor  tlic  course  of  his  veterans,  could  gun  dttlrt 
u(lvaiibi;re  ii^ruiiist  liim;  but,  on  the  contraT7,  that  Caw* 
baffled  ami  ilisappotntefl  in  every  attempt.  Thai,  at  ft» 
distum,  lie  could  make  no  impression  upon  the  tova,  A 
I'ompey  at  full  leisure,  had  secured  his  retreat,  and  a 
liis  tTUO|M :  and  at  Dyirachium,  the  only  considei^le 
wliieh  happened  between  tliem,  was  not  only  disadvaiUM^ 
but  almost  fatal  to  him.  Thus  far,  Pompey  certainly  shevnlift 
self  tlie  greater  captain,  in  not  suffering-  a  force,  which  be 
not  resist  in  the  field,  to  do  him  any  hurt,  or  carry  any  pal 
ajl^inst  him,  since  that  depended  on  tlie  skill  of  tne  seDoA 
By  the  help  of  entrenchments,  he  knew  how  to  make  nil  Hi 
raised  soldiers  a  match  fur  Ceeaar's  veterans :  but  when  he 
drawn  to  encounter  him  on  the  open  plain,  he  fought  wot 
insuperable  o<lds,  by  deserting;  "  his  proper  arms,  as  Cim 
says,  "  of  caution,  counsel,  and  authority,  in  which  he  m 
superior,  and  committing  his  fate  to  swords  and  speai^  wi 
bodily  strength,  in  which  his  enemies  far  excelled  him '." 

Cicero  was  not  preN(.<nt  nt  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  but  nskft 
behind  at  Dyrrachium,  muth  out  of  humour,  as  well  as  out  if 
order.  His  discontent  to  sec  all  things  going  wrong  on  ikri 
side,  and  contrary  to  his  advice,  had  brought  upon  him  aniH 
habit  of  bodv,  and  weak  state  of  health,  which  made  him  de- 
cline all  imblic  command ;  but  he  promised  Pompey  to  ibllo«, 
and  continue  witli  him,  us  soon  as  his  health  permitted  * ;  and  m 
a  pledge  of  his  sincerity,  sent  his  son,  in  the  meanwhile,  oloi^ 


OF  CJCEHO.  441 

A.  tiib.  'Oy     Cic.  59.     Com.— C.  Jullui  Cieur  II.     P.  Sairilm,  Vitli  Inuiicu*. 

(is  sword,  and  would  have  killed  lum  upon  the  spot,  if  Cato 
md  not  prei'ented  it.  This  fact  is  not  meotioned  by  Cicero, 
»efc  seems  to  be  referred  to  in  Iiis  speech  for  Marcelius,  where 
le  says,  tliat  in  tite  very  war  he  had  been  a  perpetual  assertor 
if  peace,  to  the  hazard  even  of  his  life  '.  But  the  wretched 
levrs  from  Pharsalia  threw  them  all  into  such  a  consternatioN, 
liait  they  presently  took  sliippiug,  and  dispersed  themselves 
levefally,  as  their  hopes  or  inctiuations  led  them,  into  the  dif- 
iereBt  provinces  of  the  empire  '.  The  greatest  part,  who  were 
letermined  to  renew  the  war,  went  directly  into  Afric,  the 
general  rendezvoua  of  their  scattered  forces :  whilst  others,  who 
irere  disposed  to  e.Tpect  tlie  farther  issue  of  things,  and  take 
BQcb  measures  as  tortune  offered,  retired  to  Acliaia :  but 
Cioero  was  resolved  to  make  this  the  end  of  the  war  to  himself, 
■nd  recommended  the  same  conduct  to  his  friends,  declaring, 
that  as  they  had  been  no  matcli  for  Csesar  when  entire,  they 
could  not  hope  to  beat  him,  when  shattered  and  broken*: 
■nil  so,  after  a  miserable  campaign,  of  about  eighteen  months, 
he  committed  himself,  without  hesitation,  to  the  mercy  of  the 
conqueror,  and  landed  again  at  Bruudisium  about  the  end  of 
October. 


-A.Ulb.;<»-    Cic«l    C™.— C.Jul.Cn^t  Diclat.  II.     M.  ABtoniuiMog.  Eqiiit. 

SECTION  VIII. 
Cicero  do  sooner  returned  to  Italy,  tlian  he  began  to 
reflect,  that  he  had  been  too  hasty  in  comine  home,  before 
the  war  was  determined,  and  without  any  invitation  from  the 
conqueror ;  and  in  a  time  of  the  general  licence,  had  reason  to 
apprehend  some  insult  from  the  soldiers,  if  he  ventured  to 
appear  in  public  with  his  fasces  and  laurel ;  and  yet  to  drop 
them,  wonld  be  a  diminution  of  that  honour,  which  he  had  re- 
ceived from  the  Roman  people,  and  the  acknowledgment  of  a . 
power  superior  to  the  laws :  he  condemned  himself  therefore, 
for  not  continuing  abroad,  in  some  convenient  place  of  retire- 
ment, till  be  had  been  sent  for,  or  things  were  better  settled '. 

■  MulU  de  iHice  diii,  ct  iu  ipM  bcllu.  oulcm  eliun  cum  cipilii  mci  )wriculo  Kmi, 
Pro  Marcell.  5. 

■  pMicii  uDe  pogt  djebui  ci  Pharuliu  fugi  veninc  LabieDum  :  qui  cum  iateritum 
czercilui  UDDciaTiuel — nive,  eubita  pcrmrili  CDtiKcndiBtii.    Do  Djtid.  I.  33. 

*  HaDc  fga  belli  milii  fincm  feci :  ncc  pntnTi,  cum  intcgri  pott  non  rutucmui,  fnictoi 
nipeiiom  fore.     Ep.  Fun.  7.  3. 

•  ^o  »ero  el  incautc,  ui  Kiibii,  celcrins  quim  oportuit,  feci,  &c.     Ad  Alt.  11.9. 
Oun  TolunUlii  me  me*  nunqiam  pornilebil,  comilii  panilcl.     In  oppido  Bliqua 

lg(b:  iptum  hoc  non  me  nngcreC.  Brundiili  jaccre  in  omnea  pul«s  ett  molntum. 
Pnnioi  ■eesdere,  ot  luadea,  quomodo  sins  licloribut,  quo)  popului  dcdit,  ponuiii?  qui 
mm  bicolumi  A^mi  bod  poHuat.    Ibid.  6. 


A.  l'rb.7(ll>.    Vit.tO.    Com.— C.  Jul.  Cnu  Dictat.  IL    lLABtei■l^.l^ 

What  fcnve  him  the  g^rcater  reason  to  repeot  of  this  «cpt« 
H  messa^  which  lie  received  from  Antony,  wboeorentd^ 
in  ('a>sar'ti  absence,  and  with  the  same  chnrlian  tfA  ^ 
which  he  would  liave  held  him  before  in  Italy  agiinttldi4 
M>eme<l  nuw  diKjioscd  ta  drive  him  out  of  it :  for  he  kbI  !■ 
the  co|>y  of  u  letter  from  Csaaar,  in  which  Ctenr  sigpificd,  iM 
he  had  heard  tliat  Cato  and  Metellua  were  frtnflB^  ^ 
appeared  openly  there,  which  mi^ht  ocfssion  aome  dkh^ 
ance :  wherefore  he  strictly  enjoined,  that  none  ibooU  h 
Buffered  to  come  to  Italy  without  a  special  licence  im 
self.  Antony,  therefore,  desired  Cicero  to  excuse  him,  i 
he  could  not  help  obeying  Cnsar's  commands;  but  Ciccnat 
L.  Lamia  to  osHiirc  him  that  Csraar  had  ordered  DiJabdhi ' 
write  to  him  to  come  to  Italy  as  soon  as  he  pleased;  inAdrt 
he  came  upon  the  Hitthority  of  Dolabella^  letter:  so  tiM 
Antony,  in  the  edict,  wliieh  he  published  to  exclude  the  IW 
peians  from  Itiilv,  excepted  Cicero  byname;  which  added lA 
to  Im  mortification,  since  all  his  desire  was  to  be  connired* 
only,  or  tiicitly  permitted,  without  betn^  personally  din- 
)riii<thod  from  tlie  rest  of  his  party '. 

Diit  he  had  scvend  other  ?ricvnnce8  of  a  domestic  ka^ 
whieli  concurred  also  to  mate  him  unhappy .-  his  bnX^ 
Quiiilus  with  his  son,  after  their  escape  from  Pharsalia,  fat- 
lowed  Cicsar  into  Asia,  to  obt.-un  their  pardon  ft-om  him  ii 
|H>rsoii.  (juiiitiis  liad  particular  reason  to  be  afraid  of  Hi 
resentment,  on  account  of  the  relation  which  he  had  bonie  M 
him,  as  one  of  his  lieutenants  in  Gaul,  where  lie  liad  ben 
treated    by  him  with  great  generosity:  so  that  Cir 


OF  CICERO.  448 

: ;  A.  llTb.  T0«.    He,  GO.  Com.— C.Jul.  Cffisi  DWIM.  II.   H.  Anbmlu*  Miff.  Equh. 

■pother  and  nephew  should  hurt  themselves  lather  than  him, 
\Jm  their  perfidy  ' :  for,  under  all  the  sensts  of  this  provocation, 
Jb  behaviour  was  just  the  reverse  of  their's;  and  narin?  been 
Jbfenned  tbut  Ciesar,  in  a  certain  conversation,  had  t^ar^^ 
0S  brother  with  beiug  the  author  of  tiieir  goin^  away  to 
*~    mpey,  he  took  occasion  to  write  to  him  in  the  following 

'•*  As  for  my  brother,  I  am  not  less  solidtons  for  bb  lafety, 
di  my  own  ;  but,  in  my  present  situation,  dare  not  veatare 
t  rreommeiid  bim  to  you :  all  that  i  can  (wetend  to,  is,  to  beg  ' 
Bt  you  will  not  believe  him  to  have  em  done  any  Hang 
wards  obstructing  ray  ^ood  offices,  and  affectimi  to  yon: 
it  ratiier,  that  he  was  silways  tlie  adviser  of  our  nni<»,  and 
s  companion,  not  the  leaner,  of  my  voyage :  wherefore,  in 
other  respects,  1  leave  it  to  you  to  treat  aim,  as  your  own 
lanity,  and  his  friendship  with  you,  require ;  but  I  intreat 
_  _.,  in  the  most  pressing  manner,  that  I  snay  not  be  the  canse 
f  hurting  him  with  you,  on  any  account  whatsoerer '." 
He  found  himself,  likewise,  at  this  time,  in  some  distress  for 
int  of  money,  which,  in  that  season  of  public  distraction,  it 
i  very  difficult  to  procure,  either  by  borrowing  or  selling; 
sum  which  he  advanced  to  Pompey  had  drained  him ;  and 
his  wife,  by  her  indulgence  to  stewards,  and  favourite  servants, 
bd  made  great  waste  of  what  was  left  at  home ;  and,  instead 
l«f  saving  any  thing  from  their  rents,  iiad  plunged  him  deeply 
D  debt;  so  that  Atticus's  purse  was  the  chief  fund  which  he 
Itad  to  trust  to  for  his  present  support  ^ 

The  conduct  of  Dolabella  was  a  further  morBfication  to  hira; 
who,  by  the  fiction  of  an  adoption  into  a  plebeian  fomily,  had 
obtained  the  tribunate  this  year,  and  was  TaisinD;  great  tumults 
■od  disorders  in  Rome,  by  a  law,  which  he  puMished,  to  ex- 
punge all  debts.  Laws  01  that  kind  had  often  been  attempted 
by  den>erate  or  ambitious  magistrates ;  but  were  always  de- 
tested by  the  better  sort,  and  particularly  by  Cicero,  who  treats 
tb«m  as  pernicious  to  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  states,  and 
sapping  the  very  foundations  of  civil  society,  by  destroying  all 

'  Quiulus  piisit  lilium  Don  •alum  >ui  deprccatorein,  led  ctiaDi  DccuBatorom  mei — 
neqne  tctd  dt«i>lit,  nbicunriue  eat,  omnia  in  memaledict 
tun  incndilnle  ucidit,  Dihil  in  hi>  ouUs  tim  iccTbum. 

id... 

MKt  h*biliiru«— multapoilraPilritconumiliscclcrcPatrom  esse  locutum.  Ibid.  10. 

*  Com  mifai  litters  s  Dalbo  minoie  missn  eB.<ent,  Cswrem  fiittimire,  Quintum  fia- 
trem  litanm  ma  ptorcriioiiia  fuitH,  sic  tnim  aeripsit.     Ibid.  12. 

*  TeUm  coDudcirei  iit  sit,  undc  nobii  iiippcditenlur  lumtui  ncccuarit.  Si  quu  habni- 
nu  fieolutn,  cai  Fompeio,  turn,  com  id  videbaannr  lapientDr  &cere,  detulimua. 
IMIIS. 


bilk  and  creii'n  omonfr  men  '.  No  wooder,  tJiereiiire,  litf^ 
find  tiiin  taking  thU  afinir  m>  much  to  hcut,  xod  coi 
W  lieavily  in  many  of  his  IcUen  to  Atticus,  of  the  E 
of  his  Mn-iii-law,  aa  an  additional  source  of  afflicnona 
mce  to  him  *.  Dolabella  nits  gntatly  erobamsed  it^ 
fertuaea,  and,  while  be  was  with  Caesar  abroad,  KeM 
kA  his  wife  destitute  of  neeessaries  at  home,  and  fi 
ncur  to  her  fiiilier  for  subdiistence.  Cicero,  likerat^  4 
ikrough  the  ditfieultv  uf  the  tim^  or  for  wsot  of  a  ■  ~ 
■ettlement  on  DuIaOelln's  part,  had  not  yet  paid  all  h 
ttinc ;  which  it  was  usual  to  do  at  three  different  f 
within  a  time  limited  by  law  -.  he  had  dischai^ed  the  tn  I 
and  WHS  DOW  preparing  to  make  tlie  third  [Klyment,  wUl'^ 
frequently  anil  pre^iuj^ly  recommends  to  the  care  of  Atb 
But  Dolubella's  whole  life  and  character  were  so  eodi^l 
contrary  to  tlie  manners  and  tem|>er  both  of  Cicero  and  Tobl 
that  a  divorce  ensued  between  them  not  long^  after,  thoustiiil 
•ceount  of  it  is  delivered  so  darkly,  that  it  is  hard  to  Nn*  f 
what  time  or  from  what  side  it  first  arose. 

In  these  circumstances,  Tullia  paid  her   father  a  vlsUK  | 
Brnndisiom,  on  the  thirteenth  of  June :  but  his  ^reat  lore  fi 
her  made  their  meeting  only  the  more  afflicting  to  him  a  tl' 
kbject  state  of  their  fortunes :  "  I  was  so  far,"  says  he,  "fi 
taking  that  pleasure  which  I  ought  to  have  tlone  from  drtl 
virtue,  humanity,  and  piety  of  an  excellent  daughter,  ihtll  | 
was  exceedingly  grieved  to  see  so  desen-ing  a  creature  in  SB ' 
an   iinhnppy  coiidition,  not  by  her  own,   but  wholly   by  mf 
fault:     I    s!tw  no  rcoMon,    therefore,    for  keeping    her  lot 


^^^^F  OF  CICERO.  445 

if.l?A.TOfi.    ricGO,    CoM_C.Jiil.CMarDirtat.  II.    M.  AntoniusMig.  &iLii. 

b^  .St  thia  would  he  his  fate:  I  cannot,  however,  help  griev- 
h-  Bat  it;  for  I  knew  liim  to  be  an  honest,  grave,  and  worthy 
r-  »h'." 

r_     "iThia  was  the  short  and  true  character  of  the  man,  from  one 
&0  perfectly  knew  him;    not  heightened,  as  we  sometimes 
ttd  it,  by  the  shining  colours  of  his  eloquence  ;  nor  depressed 
^-  y  ^le  darker  strokes  of  his  resentment.     Pompey  had  early 
^Oqaired  the  surname  of  the  Great,  by  that  sort  of  merit, 
.  -fflticb,  from  the  constitution  of  the  Republic,  necessarily  made 
Q,^ni  great ;  a  fame  and  success  in  war,  superior  to  what  Rome 
i^iBd  ever  known  in  the  most  celebrated  of  her  generals.     He 
.l>rl  triumphed  at  three  several  times  over  the  three  different 
I  of  tlie  known  world,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa ;  and,  by  his 
iries,  had  almost  doubled  the  extent,  as  well  as  the  reve- 
,  of  the  Roman  dominion;  for,  as  he  declared  to  the  peo- 
jble  on  Ids  return  from  the  Mithridatie  war,  he  had  found  the 
lesser  Asia  the  boundary,  but  left  it  the  middle  of  their  empire. 
He  was  about  six  years  older  tljan  Ciesar;  and  while  Ciesar, 
tnmersed  in  pleasures,  oppressed  with  debts,  and  suspected  by 
jll  honest  men,  was  hardly  able  to  shew  his  head,  Pompey  was 
'^^Tflourishing  in  the  height  of  power  and  glory;  and,  by  the  con- 
/'■ent  of  all  parties,  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Republic.     Thia 
' ' — «  the  post  that  his  ambition  seemed  to  aim  at,  to  be  the  first 
n  in  Rome ;  the  leader,  not  the  tyrant,  of  his  country ;  for 
i  lie  more  than  onee  had  it  in  his  power  to  have  made  himself 
the  master  of  it,  without  any  risk,  if  his  virtue,  or  his  phlegm 
I  at  least,  had  not  restrained  him:  but  he  lived  in  a  perpetual 
expectation  of  receiving,  from  the  gift  of  the  people,  what  be 
did  not  care  to  seize  by  force ;  and,  by  fomenting  the  disorders 
of  the  city,  hoped  to  drive  them  to  the  necessity  of  creating 
bim  dictator.     It  is  an  observation  of  all  the  historians,  that 
while  Cffisar  made  no  difference  of  power,  whether  it  was  con- 
ferred or  usurped ;  whether  over  those  who  loved,  or  those  who 
feared  him  ;  Pompey  seemed  to  value  none  but  what  was  of- 
fered ;  nor  to  have  any  desire  to  govern,  but  with  the  good 
will  of  the  governed.     What  leisure  he  found  from  his  wars, 
he  employed  in  the  study  of  polite  letters,  and  especially  of 
eloquence,  in  which  he  would  have  acquired  great  fame,  if  his 
genius  had  not  drawn  him  to  the  more  dazzling  glory  of  arms : 
yet  he  pleaded  several  causes  with  applause,  in  the  defence  of 
bis  friends  and  clients;  and  some  of  them  in  conjunction  with 
Cicero.     His  language  was  copious  and  elevated;  hb  senti- 


un  Regum  *1  populomm  inimin  occiip*™!,  ut  quocunnue  TeniBcl,  hi 
ID).  Non  poHiim  ejiuouum  nou  dokic:  boniioem  enfm  int(!gTDin  c 
m  ecgnovi.    Ad  Alt.  11.6. 


OF  ctCBito.  447 

A.UHt.Tfx:.   CicM.    Cwa C.Jul.  Cnu  Dictu.  li.    M.  AntooiiuM^. E^oit. 

IJMfi :  the  lather  of  tbc  reigning  priiice  bad  been  h^ljr 
^Uged  to  him  for  liis  protection  at  Home,  and  reetontioii 
1^  ha  kingdom ;  and  the  son  had  scut  a  coonderable  fleet  to 
Eb  •aetstaiice,  tn  the  present  war :  l>ut,  in  HoB  ruin  of  his  tor- 
■nes,  what  gratitude  was  there  to  be  eipected  from  a  oonrt 
Itemed  by  eunuchs  and  mercenary  GriWks?  all  whose  poli- 
iw  tamed,  not  on  the  honour  of  the  kingt  but  the  ettablish* 
■But  of  Uicir  own  power;  which  was  likeFy  to  be  eclipsed  by 
^  admission  of  Pompey.  Hon-  happy  liad  it  been  for  him  to 
tove  died  in  that  sickness,  when  all  Italy  waa  putting  up  vows 
pd  prayers  for  his  safety ;  or  if  he  had  falleo  by  the  chance  <tf 
tar,  on  the  plains  of  Pharsalia,  in  the  defence  of  bis  country's 
pberty,  lie  had  died  still  glorious,  thoui;h  unfortunate:  bat,  as 
■  lie  had  been  reserved  for  an  example  of  tlie  instability  <d 
Iknman  greatness,  he>  who  a  few  days  before  commanded  kiv* 
ttid  consuls,  and  all  the  noblest  of  llome,  was  sentenced  to  me 
Ity  a  council  of  slaves;  murdered  by  a  ba«e  deserter;  cast  OMt 
ittked  and  hea<Uess  on  the  Egyptian  strand;  and,  "when  the 
ivhole  earth,"  as  V'elleius  says,  *'  had  sciu-ce  been  sufficient  for 
bis  victories,  could  not  find  a  spot  upon  it  at  last  for  a  grave." 
Bis  body  was  burnt  on  the  shore  by  one  of  his  freedmeo,  witb 
Ute  planlcs  of  an  old  fishing  boat :  and  his  ashes  being  conveyed 
to  nome,  were  deposited,  privately,  hy  his  wife  Cornelia,  in  a 
Mult  of  his  Albao  villa.  The  Egyptians,  however,  raised  a 
Bonument  to  him  on  the  place,  and  adorned  it  with  figures  of 
Imtss,  which  being  defaced  afterwards  by  time,  and  buried 
almost  in  sand  and  rubbish,  was  sought  out  and  restored  by  the 
Emperor  Hadrian  '. 

*  Hujiu  dri  Gutigium  tanlii  uictibui  fortunii  exiuUC,  ul  primum  n  Africa,  itenim 
B  EoT^H,  tertio  ei  A«a  triumplmrel ;  rl  quo!  partes  tcrr»nim  Orbii  lunt,  lolidem 
bcOTCt  moniimeDU  viclorin  [Veil.  Pit.  2.  40,]  Ut  ip»  in  concione  diiil.  Arimm 
nltiinMn  proTincimiiii  Kcepluc,  mediam  palriie  mlilidiHe.  [Plin.  Hut.7. 26.  Flor. 
I.  5.]  Fotcntia  qua  houorii  causa  ad  eum  dcf«m(iir,  Don  ut  ah  «a  occupantur, 
Dnp^OBai.     [YelL  Pat,  2.  29.    Dio,  p.  176.)     Meui  auUm  n^tulia  Cn.  Pompdui, 

lin  enpiditai  ad  bellicaa  larnlct  atntnxiMet.  Erat  DraiioDt  aalia  amplui :  nm  pru- 
lanter  ndebai:  actio  vcm  cjui  habfbat  ct  in  to«  inunum  aplendcmni,  cl  in  motu 
MDnnam  dignitatem.  [Brut.  354,  lid.  it.  pro  Balb.  I.  3.]  Forma  cii-ellcni,  dod  a, 
IDS  lot  commmdalur  KUtii,  wd  ex  dignitatc  constanli.  (Veil.  Pal.  2.  29.)  lllod 
■■  prabom,  ipaumque  bunorem  ciimiit  frontii.  (Plin.  Hiat.  7.  12.)  Solel  cnim 
lliDd  Bcntiro  et  lnqui.  nequc  tanti^m  va)?re  inEffDio,  ut  non  appareat  quid  cnpiAt 
[E^  Fam.  3.  I.]  lUe  Jnit,  aiixit,  armavit— ills  GaUin  ultcnoiii  adjuncUir— ills 
pnTinciB  pnpagUfir ;  ille  abuntii  in  omnibue  adjutor.  [Ad  Att.  R.  3.]  Alncrat 
f^—ii  III,  eundcm  rcpcnte  limcte  FTpcrat.  [Ibid.  S.]  Ego  nihil  purtcrmi^,  quantum 
been,  nitique  polui,  quin  I'ompeium  a  Casarii  eonjuniiionc  avocircm — idem  tgo. 
Cam  jam  omnea  opci  et  iitas  et  populi  Uomani  Pompciua  ad  Cnarem  detulisact, 
■naue  «  tcntin  cifpiuet,  qus  ego  inlo  mnlto  piovidEram — pacit,  concordiE,  cani- 

Mm,  «[  at  rompoo  et  ilc  Rcpub.  contilia  fucriiut :  qua  li  valuisKnl,  Koapub.  tlarel. 
[nU,  2. 10.)  Muld  totca,  mo  et  initio  no  conjiinfreret  to  eum  Canare,  monuiaa  Pom- 


pdtm,  et  peatCK,  ne  lejuageiM.  &c.    (Ep.  Fam.  S.  G.)    Qi 
-e  pHM  dilinui  do  : — "   --—   — ■ ■"-  ™- 


PharaalK*  fnga  Pafdium  pro- 


TUG    LIFE 


A-Cifc.70C-    (V.W,    C«— 


On  the  news  of  Pompey's  deatJi,  Cesar  wm 
tator  Uie  sniwnd  tiine  in  his   absence,  and   M. 

fnaotter  irf  the  tiwrw,  vrho,  by  virtue  of  tliat  post,  eoi 
tbin^  abwluu-ly  in  Italy.  Cicero  continueo  all  ttie 
Bnin(iiiuuin,  in  a  sitnation  wholly  disagTeeable*  an ' 
him,  he  saj-s.  than  any  punistunent:  for  tbe  air  of 
b^ean  to  affoct  his  health,  and,  to  tbe  uneaanc^s  of 
aditdl  an  ill  6tat«  of  body ' ;  yet,  to  move  nearer  UmM. 
Home,  without  Irave  from  Itis  new  masters,  was  not  tbsdi 
advifdible ;  nor  did  Antony  encourage  it ;  bein^  pleased  iiH( 
we  may  believe,  to  see  him  well  mortified  :  so  that  ht  }aii 
boprs  of  any  ease  or  comfort,  but  in  tbe  expectatioD  of  CMk 
return,  which  made  his  stay  in  that  place  the  more  netui^ 
for  the  opportunity  of  paying  his  early  compliments  to  tiiatf 
landing. 

But  what  g;ave  him  the  ^eatest  uneasiness  wa»,  tobel 
still  in  suspense,  in  what  touched  him  tbe  most  nearly,  the 
of  bis  own  safety,  and  of  Ciesar's  disposition  towards  htm:  if, 
though  all  Csesai's  friends  assured  him  not  only  of  pardon,  kH 
<rf  aQ  kind  of  favour,  yet  he  had  received  no  indmaiioaif 
kindness  from  CVsar  himself,  who  v-txa  so  embarn^ed  ■ 
Egypt,  tliat  he  had  no  leisure  to  think  of  Italy,  and£dMl 
BO  much  as  write  a  letter  thither  from  December  to  June;  li» 

as  he  had  rashly,  and  out  of  gaietj-,  as  it  were,  involved 

there  in  a  most  desperate  war,  to  tlie  hazard  of  afl  his  fonaa4 
he  was  ashamed,  as  Cicero  says ',  to  write  any  thing  about  it 
till  he  had  extricated  himself  out  of  that  difficull 


OF   CICERO.  449 

Ui%.706.   Cic.60.   Com.— G.Jiil.CMtrDictatII.    M.  Antonius  Mag.  Equit. 

lo  his  obedience :  for  Curio  after  he  had  driven  Cato 

6i  SicQy»  being  ambitious  to  drive  Varus  also  out  of 

■ad  having  transported  thither  the  best  part  of  four 

whidi  Cffisar  had  committed  to  him,  was»  after  some 

^_J9De8B  upon  his  landing,  entirely  defeated  and  destroyed. 

Us  whole  army,  in  an  engagement  with  Sabura,  King 

ras  a  young  nobleman  of  shining  parts,  admirably 
nature  to  Mom  that  character,  in  which  his  father 
ler  had  flourished  before  him,  of  one  of  the  prin-* 
enton  of  Rome.  Upon  his  entrance  into  the  Forum, 
committed  to  the  care  of  Cicero;  but  a  natural  pro- 
to  pleasure,  stimulated  by  the  example  and  counsels  of 
peipetual  companion  Antony,  hurried  him  into  aU  the 
mvagance  of  expense  and  debauchery :  for  Antony,  who 
hpsgn  wanted  money,  with  which  Curio  abounded,  was  ever 
Mpqnions  to  his  will,  and  ministering  to  his  lusts,  for  die 
MNOrtanify  of  jgratifying  his  own ;  so  Uiat  no  boy,  purchased 
1^  the  use  of  lewdness,  was  more  in  a  master's  power,  than 
tttony  in  Curio's.  He  was  equally  prodigal  of  his  money, 
pd  Ills  modesty;  and  not  only  of  nis  own,  but  of  other 
iPDle's:  so  that  Cicero,  alludine  to  the  infamous  effeminacy 
rfiis  life,  calls  him,  in  one  of  his  letters,  Miss  Curio.  But 
rhen  the  father,  by  Cicero's  advice,  had  obliged  him,  by  his 
atemal  authority,  to  quit  the  familiarity  of  Antony,  he  re- 
nrmed  his  conduct,  and,  adhering  to  the  instructions  and 
"^'g^tpa  of  Cicero,  became  the  favourite  of  the  city,  the  leader 
if  the  young  nobility,  and  a  warm  assertor  of  the  authority 
if  the  senate,  against  the  power  of  the  triumvirate.  After 
lis  fieither's  death,  upon  his  first  taste  of  public  honours,  and 
idmission  into  the  senate,  his  ambition  ancl  thirst  of  popularity 
mgaged  him  in  so  immense  a  prodigality,  that  to  supply  the 
nag^ificence  of  his  shows  and  plays,  with  which  he  entertained 
lie  city,  he  was  soon  driven  to  the  necessity  of  selling  himself 
»  CsBsar,  having  no  revenue  left,  as  Pliny  says,  but  from  the 
Hscord  of  his  citizens.  For  this,  he  is  considered  commonly, 
ly  the  old  writers,  as  the  chief  instrument,  and  the  trumpet,  as 
t  were,  of  the  civil  war,  in  which  he  justly  fell  the  first  vic- 
;im ;  yet,  after  all  his  luxury  and  debauch,  fought  and  died 
vith  a  courage  truly  Roman,  which  would  have  merited  .1 
setter  fate,  if  it  had  been  employed  in  a  better  cause  ; 
or,  upon  the  loss  of  the  battle,  and  his  best  troops,  being 
idmonished  by  his  friends  to  save  himself  by  flight,  he  an- 
iwered,  "  That,  after  losing  an  army,  which  had  been  com- 
nitted  to  him  by  Csesar,  he  could  never  shew  his  face  to  him 


r 

I- 


If 


.y-i^rf.tiAt.M»l^li>a'i  •r<bh4 


M^j  ■    IT>li      .11  hill     liiiiiiai 


fr 


OF  CICEKU. 


'A.Urti.Tex.   Ch.N.   Coa^-C.jDLaMwDictit.11.    H.  AntaDitiillig.  Bfuil. 

Under  (lii«  anxiety  of  mind,  it  was  an  additional  exaction  to 
D  to  hear  that  lui  reputation  was  attacked  at  Rome,  for  nib* 
Itliiie:  so  hiHtily  to  tbe  conqueror,  or  putdn^  himself  rather 
!b]]  idU  bi<  power.     Some  oondemnea  him  for  not  following 
Mnpcy :  soOfl  more  severely  for  not  going  to  Afric,  as  tbe 
■eatVHt  part  had  done;  others,  for  not  retiring  with  many  <^ 
party  to  lldiaia;  tiU  they  couhl  see  the  farther  prtwrefls  of 
■  war.     Ai  he  was  always  extremely  sensible  of  what  was 
lid  or  hini  li)r  honest  men,  so  he  begs  of  Atdcus  to  be  his  ad- 
jcate ;  nud  girea  him  some  hints,  which  might  be  ui^ed  in 
defeDc«.     Ai  to  tbe  first  charge,  for  not  following  Pompey, 
Miyit,  that  Pcnnpey's  &te  would  extenuate  the  omission  of 
it  «tct>;   of  the  second,  that  though  he  knew  many  biave 
n  to  [if  ill  Afrie,  yet  it  was  hia  opinion,  that  tbe  Republic 
either  cfiiikl,  nor  ought  to  be  defended  by  the  help  of  so  bar- 
krniiR  nti<l  treacherous  a  nation :  as  to  the  third,  he  wishes 
ideod  tliiit  he  had  joined  himself  to  those  in  Achaia,  and 
rts  them  to  be  in  a  better  condition  than  himself,  bc«aii8e 
re  ncrc  many  of  them  tt^ether;  and  whenever  they  re- 
ticfl  to   Italy,  would   be   restored   to  their  own  at  once; 
preas  he  was  confined  like  a  prisoner  of  war  to  Bmn- 
lura,  withmit  tbe  liberty  of  stirring  &om  it  till  C^Bsar  ar- 
IveH'. 
While  be  continued  in  this  uneasy  state,  some  of  his  friends, 
■t  Rome,  contrived   to  Hend   him   a  letter  in  Cs3Br'§   name, 
dated  the  ninth  of  February,  from  Alcxaiidrin,  encouraging 
fcin  to  lay  aside  all  gloomy  apprehensiiuns,  and  expect  every 
thing  that  was  kind  and  friendly  from  him  :  but  it  was  drawn 
in  terms  so  light  and  general,  that  instead  of  giving  him  any 
latisfoction,  it  made  him  only  suspect,  what  he  perceived  after- 
wards to  be  true,  that  it  was  forfred  by  Ualbus  or  Uppiue,  on 
pnrpoite  to  raise  his  spirits,  and  administer  some  little  comfort 
to  him '.     All  his  accounts  however,  confirmed  to  him  the  re- 
port of  Cfesar's  clemency  and  mwleration,  and  his  granting 
pardon,  without  exception,  to  all  who  asked  it ;  and  witit  regard 
to  himself,  Cesar  sent  Qiiintus's  virulent  letters  to  Balbus, 


tud.  1. 13. 

'  Dic«li*r  debdijM  cum  Pompeio  profiriici.    Eiilui  illii 


rideinlur,  qua  •eoiper  ni 


me  cum  Fompeio  pronciicl.    tntui  illiiH  minuit  tjui  oScii  |>T»- 

onsm.      8ed  »   omnibui  nihil  muii  dnidBnlur,  quam  quod  in 

Judido  hoc  iiim  uiui,  nan  esu  bKrWifl  ivxiliia  fulKiiuiiu)  RUtla 

hac  nidhM  habcnl,  quuu  ao*,qnad  etmulti  lunl  una  in  Wd,  ei  cum  in  luliuu  vonerint, 

Ud.  11.  7. 

■  lit  Bieiita  apiitaU  nihil  ronntetur:  nun  ft  eiiguc  KripUeit  ct  magnu  luipicioDH 
kte,  Don  eM  ab  lUo.     Ibid.  IG. 
Bi  qao  ipWUigit,  illud  do  litteni  m.  d.  v.  Id.  Feb.  ditii  (quod  inuw  oot,  atiwn  b 

t>g  2 


OF  CICERO.  453 

A.Ui1ik706.   Cic.60.   CoM«<-JC.Jiil.CMU'Dietat  II.    M.  Antooiiu  Mag.  Equit. 

||lii  hbf  be  says,  worth  hemng ;  since  what  was  given  by  a 
*-Tier,  might  always  be  taken  away  again  at  pleasure  \  But, 
4lwir  meeting,  he  had  no  occasion  to  say  or  do  any  thing 
was  below  his  dignity;  for  Caesar  no  sooner  saw  him, 
he  alighted  and  ran  to  embrace  him ;  and  walked  with 
ahNie^  conversing  very  familiarly  for  several  furlongs '. 
Wtom  tUa  interview,  Cicero  followed  Caesar  towards  llome: 
imposed  to  be  at  Tusculum  on  the  seventh  or  eighth  of 
bober;  and  wrote  to  his  wife  to  provide  for  his  reception 
^B^irrf,  with  a  large  comrany  of  frienos,  who  designed  to  make 
^pome  stay  with  him  '•  From  Tusculum  he  came  aftem^ards  to 
IiMm  city»  with  a  resolution  to  spend  his  time  in  study  and  re- 
'|||Wt»  till  the  Republic  should  be  restored  to  some  tolerable 
IjiiMie;  having  made  his  peace  again,  as  he  writes  to  Varro,  with 
iiJ|ia  oU  friends,  his  books,  who  had  been  out  of  humour  with 
^pbim  fiir  not  obeying  their  precepts;  but,  instead  of  living 
.jgOUietly  with  them,  as  Varro  nad  done,  committing  himself  to 
;<Jpe  Uvbiilent  counsels  and  hazards  of  war,  with  fiuthless  com- 

i.    On  GoBsar's  return  to  Rome  he  appointed  P.  Vatinius  and 
.Q.Fiifios  Caleniis,  consuls  for  the  three  last  months  of  the 

rr:  this  was  a  very  unpopular  use  of  his  new  power,  which 
continued,  however,  to  practise  through  the  rest  of  his 
feign;  creating  these  first  magistrates  of  the  state,  without 
any  regard  to  the  ancient  forms,  or  recourse  to  the  people, 
and  at  any  time  of  the  year ;  which  gave  a  sensible  disgust  to 
the  city,  and  an  early  specimen  of  the  arbitrary  manner  in 
which  he  designed  to  govern  them. 


A«Urt>.707.   Cic.  61.   Coss—C.  Julius  Cssar  III.    M.  .SmiliuB  Lepldus. 

About  the  end  of  the  year,  Caesar  embarked  for  Afric,  to 
pursue  the  war  against  Scipio,  and  the  other  Pompeian  gene- 
rals, who,  assiste(l  by  king  Juba,  held  the  ])(>ssession  of  that 
province  witli  a  vast  army.  As  he  was  sacrificing  for  the  siic- 
cess  of  this  voyage,  the  victim  happened  to  break  loose,  and 
run  away  from  the  altar ;  which  being  looked  upon  as  an  un- 


'  Scd  non  atlducor,  ()ucDi<iuaui  bonum  ullam  salutcm  mi  hi  tauti  fuissc  putare,  ut  coni 
|ieterein  a1>  illo.    Ibid.  l(>. 

Sed— ab  hoc  ipso  quo)  daotur,  ut  a  Domino,  rurauB  in  ejusdcm  sunt  potestatc. 
IlMd.20. 

»  Plttt.  in  Cic. 

>  Efi.  Fam.  14.  20. 

*  Scito  cnim  mo  pofttcaquam  in  nrbcm  venerim,  rcdiisso  cum  vctoribus  aniicis,  id  est, 
com  Ubrb  nostriii  m  gratiam — ^igTios<nHit  mihi,  revocanl  in  cuiiauctudinom  pristiniun, 
teniae,  quod  in  ca  jicrmanst'iiii,  Kipicntiorem,  quam  mo  dicuut  fuibw,  &.c.    Ibia.  9.  1. 


"">  "fn..„   fi  "~'   J  ■ 

I-   ,:  ■:,'•'■.'•  I:;.  „,.,  '  """1  » JT-j  '''">  kiilui J 


•  ■^-:^  ;'^!:-  •-■-:  ;r";  '-■"■■^.J^l^':'"'^^ 


OF  CICERO. 


455 


Vrb.707.    Ck.61.    Cou^C.  Juliui  Cftsar  111.    M.^iiiiliui  Uiudiis. 

Afranius  and  Petreius,  quitted  bis  arms,  and  retired 
lies ;  so  that  his  present  circamstances  were  not  very 
from  those  of  Cicero ;  who,  in  all  his  letters  to  him, 
with  great  freedom,  the  utter  ruin  of  the  state;  and 
that  they  should  live  together  in  a  strict  communica- 
"•tadies,  and  avoid,  at  least,  the  sight,  if  not  the  tongues 
;  yet  so,  that,  if  their  new  masters  should  call  for  tiieir 
settling  the  Republic,  they  should  run  with  plea- 
assist,  not  only  as  architects,  but  even  as  masons,  to 
it  np  again :  or,  if  nobody  would  employ  them,  should 
*  wad  read  the  best  forms  of  government,  and  as  the  learned 
had  done  before  them,  serve  their  country,  if  not  in 
and  Forum,  yet  by  their  books  and  studies,  and  by 
ODg  treatises  of  morals  and  laws  \ 
"this  retreat,  he  wrote  his  book  of  Oratorial  Partitions,  or 
of  ordering  and  distributing  the  parts  of  an  oration,  so 
adapt  them  in  the  best  manner  to  their  proper  end,  of 
and  persuading  an  audience.     It  was  written  for  the 
ion  of  his  son,  now  about  eighteen  years  old,  but  seems 
been  the  rude  draught  only  of  what  he  intended,  or 
lo  have  been  finished,  at  least  to  his  satisfaction ;  since  we 
AC  mention  of  it  in  any  of  his  letters,  as  of  all  his  other 
which  were  prepared  for  the  public. 
'Another  fruit  of  this  leisure  was  his  dialogue  on  famous 
^ JtorS)  called  Brutus,  in  which  he  gives  a  short  character  of 
^^  W  who  had  ever  flourished,  either  in  Greece  or  Rome,  with 
"wnj  reputation  of  eloquence  down  to  his  own  times ;  and  as  he 
^   generally  touches  the  principal  points  of  each  man's  life,  so  an 
attentive  reader  may  find  in  it  an  epitome,  as  it  were,  of  the 
Roman  history.     1  he  conference  is  supposed  to  be  held  with 
^    Bmtus  and  Atticus,  in  Cicero's  garden  at  Rome,  under  the 
.^    statue  of  Plato  %  whom  he  always  admired,  and  usually  imi- 
tated in  the  manner  of  his  dialogues;  and  in  this  seems  to 
have    copied  from   him   the   very  form  of  his  double    title ; 
Brutus,  or  of  F'amous  Orators ;  taken  from  the  speaker  and 
■    the  subject,  as  in  Plato's  piece,  called  Phjedon,  or  of  the  Soul. 
This  work  wjis  intended  as  a  supplement,  or  a  fourth  book  to 
the  three  which  he  had  before  published  on  the   complete 
orator.      But  though  it  was   prepared  and  finished  at   this 

'  Nou  decsse  »i  quia  adliibcrc  volot,  Don  modo  ut  Arcliiteclos,  vcnim  ctiam  ut  fabroSf 
md  sdific«odauL  Kcmpub.  ct  {MJtius  lilwntcr  acciirrcre;  si  lu-uio  uUtnr  opera,  taincn  ct 
•eribcre  ct  U'gcre  -jroXixtia? ;  ct  si  minus  in  curia  at^uc  in  foro,  at  in  litteris  et  libris,  ut 
doctinimi  veteres  ftci'runt,  navarc  Htiupub.  et  dc  nioribus  ct  Icj^ibus  quKrere.  Mihi 
luBc  videntur.     En.  Viuu.  i).  '2, 

•  Cum  idem  placuifcuct  HHb,  turn  in  pnitulo,  propter  Platonis  Statuam  conscdimui. 
Brut.  28. 


Ijti  TIIF    LIFC 

limo,  wliik'    Cuto    was    living,    as    it   i«   intimated  in  n 
|iurt.i  of  it,  yet,  a:>  it  appears   from   tlie  preface,  it  wnM 
iiiudf  |iu)ilic  till  the  year  following',   after  the  deatb  d  li 
tliiuKlitvr  TulHu. 

As  at  tilt;  (>|>ciiiui{  of  the  war,  we  found  Cicero  io  debt  k 
C'i«sur,  so  now  wi'  ineut  with  several  bints,  in  his  letlai,<( 
C'it-sir's  iK-iiJt;  iiiilt'liteil  to  him.  It  arose,  probably,  frai 
inortirit^c  iluit  Cicero  liad  upon  the  cxinliscaitNl  estate  of  mm 
lVtm))i'iaii.  wliiL-li  CVsir  hail  seized;  but  of  what  kind  nm 
it  Hus  C'lL-iTi)  Will  ill  puiii  for  bis  money;  he  saw  but  tee 
ways,  lie  >ays,  i>f  i;i;riii)^  it;  by  purcliasinff  the  aBle' 
(\i->ar'>  iiui-tioii.  iir  takiiiET  mi  a.'^si^mciit  on  the  piircli>ie,a 
iiiin|ii>niuliu^  tor  li:iif  with  the  brokers  or  money-jobboi  rf 
iliu^i'  tiim*.  ulio  woiilil  ailvanco  tlic  money  on  uiose  tsM 
Till.'  tir>i  ho  (U'L-liinii  to  Ix.'  Iiuse,  and  that  he  would  rather  ]m 
his  ik-bt.  iliaii  tiiiiL-h  any  thing  confiscated :  the  seamd  k 
thoHirht  liuzitnlous,  and  that  iiolKxly  would  pay  anythtnEB 
Mich  uiii-ertaiii  timc^ :  the  third  he  liked  the  best,  but  d«no 
Attiviis's  advice  upon  it '. 

lie  luiw  at  hist  parteil  with  his  wife  Terentia,  whose  has 
uiid  conduct  hail  luiifr  been  uneasy  to  him  :  this  drew  upon 
some  ci-iisurc,  fur  putting  away  a  wife,  who  bad  lived  with 
above  thirty  yearn,  the  mithful  partner  of  Iiia  b«^  and  ftutn    . 
and  the  mother  of  two  children,  extremely  dear  to  him.    Bat 
siic  wa»  u  woman  of  an  imperious  and  turbulent  spirit,  expen- 
sive and  ne^li^cnt  in  her  private  affaini,  busy  and  intri^ai^ 
'  1  tlie  public,  and,  in  the  height  of  her  husband' 


'='■  .  OF  CICERO.  467 

A.Urfab707.    Cie.61,    Com.-~€.  JuUm  Cmu  HI.    M.  ^miiius  Lepidua. 

jm>bablv,  to  drop  it\      What  gave  his  enemies  the 

er  faandle  to  rally  him  was,  his  marrying  a  handsome 

^  woman,  named  rnblia»  of  an  age  disproportioned  to  his 

to  whom  he  was  guardian ;  but  she  was  well  allied  and 

;:  oircnmstances  very  convenient  to  him  at  this  time^  as  he 

in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  who  congratulated  with  liim  on 

to  year  giving  me  joy,''  says  he,  ''for  what  I  have 

I  know  you  wtth  it:  out  I  should  not  have  talcen  any 

step  m  Boeh  wretched  times,  if  at  my  return,  I  had  not 

id  my  private  aflSdrs  in  no  better  condition  than  those  of 

RefnibHc.    For  when,  through  the  wickedness  of  those, 

m  my  infinite  kindness  to  them,  ought  to  have  had  the 

concern  for  my  welfare,  I  found  no  safety  or  ease  from 

ir  intrigues  and  perfidy  within  my  own  walls,  I  thought  it 

to  secure  myself  by  the  fidelity  of  new  alliances 

ke  treachery'  of  the  old '." 

returned  victorious  from  Afric,  about  the  end  of  July, 
ikgr  d|e  way  of  Sardinia,  where  he  spent  some  days :  upon  which 
jCMOva  says,  pleasantly,  in  a  letter  to  Varro,  he  nad  never  seen 
^(Aiit  ten  of  his  before,  which,  though  one  of  the  worst  that  he 
Iw^  lie  does  not  yet  despise '•  Ine  uncertain  event  of  the 
Afrjcan  war  had  kept  the  senate  under  some  reserve ;  but  they 
BOW  began  to  push  their  flattery  beyond  all  the  bounds  of 
decency,  and  decreed  more  extrav^ant  honours  to  Caesar,  than 
w«re  ever  given  before  to  man,  which  Cicero  oft  rallies  with 
great  spirit:  and,  being  determined  to  bear  no  part  in  that 
servile  adulation,  was  treating  about  the  purchase  of  a  house 
at  Nwles,  for  a  pretence  of  retiring  still  farther  and  oftener 
from  Rome.  But  his  friends,  who  knew  his  impatience  under 
their  present  subjection,  and  the  free  way  of  speakine  which 
he  was  apt  to  indulge,  were  in  some  pain  lest  he  should  forfeit 
the  good  graces  of  Csesar  and  his  favourites,  and  provoke  them 

'  Do  Pompeii  m^ni  filia  tibi  roscripsi,  nihil  mo  hoc  tempore  ct^tarc.  Altcnm  voro 
Ulam,  quam  tu  scribis,  patonosti.    Niliil  vidi  fcedius.    Ibid.  12. 11. 

*  Ep.  Fam.  4.  14. 

In  cagcc  of  divorce,  where  there  were  cliildren,  it  was  the  custom  for  each  party  to  make 
a  settlement,  by  will,  on  tlicir  common  offspring,  proportionable  to  their  several  estates : 
which  is  the  meaning  of  Cicero*s  pressing  Atticus  so  often,  in  his  letters,  to  put  Tcrentia 
in  mind  of  making  her  will,  and  depositing  it  in  safe  Lands.    Ibid.  11.  21,  22.  24: 

13.  la 

Terentia  is  said  to  have  lived  to  the  ago  of  an  hundred  and  three  years;  [Val.  Max. 
a  IS.  Plin.  Hist.  7.  48.]  and  took,  as  St.  Jerome  says,  for  her  second  husband,  Ciccro^s 
«nemy,  Sallust ;  and  Messtila  for  her  tliird.  Dio  Cassius  ^ves  her  a  fourth,  Vibius  Rufus ; 
who  waa  consul  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  and  valued  himself  for  the  possession  of  two 
tUngii.  which  had  belonged  to  tlie  two  greatest  men  of  tlie  age  before  him,  Cicero*B  wife, 
and  CsBnr's  chair,  in  which  he  ^-as  killed.  Dio,  p.  612.  Ilieron.  Op.  To.  4.  par.  2. 
p.  190. 

*  lUud  ciiim  adhuc  pncdium  suum  non  insiicjdt :  ncc  ulliim  habet  detenus,  scd  tamcn 
non  coniemnit.    Ep.  Fam.  9,  7. 


4.> 


M.  .Atiillui  LcpJu, 


t<jM  tiir  l>y  tLr  keenness  of  bis  raillery- '.  1'hey  pKa§eil  kim  M 
acct>in[n<»liii>  hiin«ell  to  tbe  tunes,  uid  to  use  more  caudm  ii 
Lit  ili70>utv>.  oiu)  to  reside  more  at  Rome,  Mpecally  wka 
Uievir  «a>  iIhti'.  who  would  interpret  the  distance  and  redot 
uhii-ii  hf  a.'Ttvitil.  as  a  proof  of  hb  avenion  to  him. 

Ijui  Lis  :ui«iieiN,  on  this  occasion,  will  shew  the  real  rtatctf 
'i.U  «<.'niimL-:it<aiiil  i»nduct  towards  C'esartas  wellasof  Caurt 
t»war<l«  liim.  Writing  on  thU  subject  to  l^pirius  Pata^k 
says.  "You  aiv  of  D{>imon,  t  perceive,  that  it  will  not  be  it 
Itivetl  to  mo.  a.*  I  ihi>ut:ht  it  mifht  be,  to  quit  theae  afiinrf 
tilt'  dty:  you  ti-U  me  of  Caiulu^  and  those  times;  bnt  ^K 
■imiliiu.ie  haie  tLi>y  (o  those  '  I  m)-setf  was  unwilling',  at  iH 
time,  to  Mir  from  clio  tfuard  of  the  state:  for  I  then  sat  attht 
lielm.  and  hii.l  the  rudder,  but  am  now  scarce  tlioug^ht  woAj 
to  work  at  tho  pump  :  nould  the  senate,  think  you,  tms  fenr 
ilevree)^  if  1  should  live  at  Naples?  While  I  am  still  at  Rone, 
and  attend  the  t'orum,  ilieir  decrees  are  all  drawn  at  on 
friend'"  hou$e:  utui.  whenever  it  come$  into  his  bead,  mynaiK 
U  «et  down,  as  if  preseut  M  drawing  them :  so  that  I  hear  &om 
Armenia  and  Syri;i  of  decrees,  said  to  be  made  at  my  mocion, 
of  whioh  1  had  never  heard  a  syllable  at  home.  Oo  not  take 
nie  to  Ih'  ill  je^t :  f»T  1  a«iure  you  that  I  hare  received  letten 
iroiu  kiiic^  from  the  remotest  parts  of  the  earth,  to  thank  me 
for  civilly  them  the  title  of  kin^ :  when,  so  far  from  knowia; 
that  uny  #uch  title  iiad  been  decreet!  to  them,  I  knew  not  em 
ili.it  liiere  were  any  ^iuch  men  in  bein^.  What  is  then  to  be 
»liy.  as  loiiif  a>  onr  master  of  manners  continues  here^ 


OF  CICEUO.  450 

A.  Urb.  707.    Cic.(>l.    Com<-C.  Julius  Cesar  III.     M.  /Knulius  liCpidus.      . 

efer,  I  say,  can  be  done  by  art,  towards  acquiring  their  good 

.  graoes,  I  have  already  done  it  witli  the  greatest  care;  nor,  as  I 
beUeTe,  without  success:  for  I  am  so  much  courted  by  all,  who  are 
in  any  deg^ree  of  favour  with  Csesar,  that  I  begin  to  fancy  that 
dley  love  me :  and  though  real  love  is  not  easily  distinguished 
frMn  fidse,  except  in  the  case  of  danger,  by  which  the  sincerity 
of  it  may  be  tried,  as  of  eold  by  fire ;  for  all  other  marks  are 

.  oommon  to  both ;  yet  I  nave  one  argument  to  persuade  me 
that  they  really  love  me ;  because  both  my  condition  and  theirs 

.  is  muhf  as  puts  them  under  no  temptation  to  dissemble ;  and 
as  tar  him^  who  has  all  power,  I  see  no  reason  to  fear  any  thing, 

,  nnkn  that  all  things  become  of  course  uncertain,  when  justice 
and  riffht  are  once  deserted ;  nor  can  we  be  sure  of  any  thing 
that  £pends  on  the  will,  not  to  say  the  passion  of  another. 
Yet  I  have  not,  in  any  instance,  particularly  offended  him,  but 
behaved  myself  all  along  with  the  greatest  moderation  :  for,  as 
OBce  I  took  it  to  be  my  duty  to  speak  my  mind  freely  in  diat 
city,  which  owed  its  freedom  to  me ;  so  now,  since  that  is  lost, 
to  speak  nothing  that  may  offend  him,  or  his  principal  friends : 
but  if  I  would  avoid  all  offence,  of  things  said  facetiously,  or 
by  way  of  raillery,  I  must  give  up  all  reputation  of  wit ;  which 
I  would  not  refuse  to  do,  if  I  could.  But  as  to  Csesar  himself, 
he  has  a  very  piercing  judgment;  and  as  your  brother  Servius, 
whom  I  take  to  have  been  an  excellent  critic,  would  readily 
say,  *  this  verse  is  not  Plautus's,  that  verse  is ;'  having  formed 
his  ears,  by  great  use,  to  distinguish  the  peculiar  style  and 
manner  of  different  poets,  so  Caesar,  I  hear,  who  has  already 
collected  some  volumes  of  apophthegms,  if  any  thing  be  brought 
to  him  for  mine,  which  is  not  so,  presently  rejects  it;  which  he 
now  does  the  more  easily,  because  his  friends  live  almost  con- 
tinually with  me ;  and  in  the  variety  of  discourse,  when  any 
thing  drops  from  me,  which  they  take  to  have  some  humour 
or  spirit  in  it,  they  carry  it  always  to  him,  with  the  other  news 
of  the  town,  for  such  are  his  orders :  so  that  if  he  hears  any 
thing  besides  of  mine,  from  other  persons,  he  does  not  regard 
It.  1  have  no  occasion,  therefore,  for  your  example  of  ^T^no- 
raaus,  though  aptly  applied  from  Accius :  for  what  is  the  envy 
which  you  speak  of?  or  what  is  tliere  in  me  to  be  envied  now? 
but  suppose  there  was  every  thing :  it  has  been  the  constant 
opinion  of  philosophers,  the  only  men,  in  my  judgment,  who 
have  a  right  notion  of  virtue,  that  a  wise  man  has  nothing 
more  to  answer  for,  than  to  keep  himself  free  from  guilt; 
of  which  I  take  myself  to  be  clear,  on  a  double  account; 
because  I  both  pursued  those  measures  which  were  the  justest, 
and  when  I  saw  that  I  had  not  strength  enough  to  carry  them, 
did  not  think  it  my  business  to  contend  by  force  with  those 

•2 


A.  I'tb,  Tie      rk.61.     C.«_t\  Juiiu,  c 

who  were  too  strong  for  me.  It  is  certain,  thereftm, 
minot  be  blnmcd,  id  what  cvacema  tie  part  of  aeeoia 
«»  tlmt  is  now  left,  is  not  to  say  or  do  any  thine  Tooligtli 
mbly  apuiist  tJ.e  men  in  power;  which  I  take  also  » he ik 
part  of  a  w«e  man.  As  for  U.e  rest,  wUt  people  mavKMr 
to  be  «ud  by  me,  or  how  he  may  take  it,  or  with  wW»» 
my  th.ee  live  witli  me,  who  uow  so  assidaously  court  o^k 
M  not  m  my  power  to  answer.  1  comfort  myself,  tiiaM 
With  the  consciousness  of  my  former  conduct,  and  the  uA- 
relion  of  my  present :  and  shall  apply  vour  sinulilude  bm 
Acciiw,  not  only  to  the  «»se  of  envy.  Gut  of  formne,  -iiit 
comidcr  as  light  and  weak,  and  what  ought  to  be  repelldit 
a  firm  and  K''<^at  mind,  as  waves  by  a  rock.  For  usee  h 
Greek  history  is  full  of  examples,  how  the  wisest  men  bit 
endured  tyrannies  at  Alliens  or  Syracuse ;  and,  wli«i  &0 
dU«8  were  enslaved,  have  lived  themselves  in  some  M- 
sure  free,  why  may  not  I  tliink  it  possible  to  mauiiab  n 
rank  so.  as  neither  to  offend  the  mind  of  any,  or  hurt  atjm 
dienity '  ?"  &c 

I'setUB  having  heard,  that  Cseaar  was  going  lo  diride  vaat 
lands  in  his  neighbourhood  to  the  soldiers,  began  to  be  ahvi 
for  his  own  estate,  and  writta  lo  Cicero,  to  know  how  ba  tliM 
distribution  would  extend :  to  which  Cicero  answers,  "  Are  ooi 
you  a  pleasant  fellow,  who,  when  Balbua  has  just  been  viA 
you,  osK  me  what  will  become  of  those  (owns  and  their  lauds' 
ns  if  either  1  knew  any  thing  tliat  BiUbus  docs  not;  or  if  aim? 
lime,  I  chance  to  know  any  thing,  I  do  not  know  it  from  him: 


OF  CICERO.  461 

A.  XJA.  TV!.    Cie.  61.    Com«— C.  Jalius  Ccnr  HI.    M.  ^milins  I^dus. 

Republic^  as  he  himself,  perhaps,  may  desire,  and  we  all 

' '  to  wish,  yet  he  has  linked  himself  so  with  others,  that 

not  the  power  to  do  what  he  would.     But  I  proceed  too 

^^  inr  I  am  writing  to  you :  be  assured,  however  of  this, 

not  only  I,  who  have  no  part  in  their  counsels,  but  even 

"ddef  himself  does  not  know  what  will  happen.    We  are 

to  him,  he  to  the  times :  so  neither  can  he  know  what 

ibam  will  require,  nor  we  what  he  may  intend  S"  &a 

diie6  of  the  Csesarian  party,  who  courted  Cicero  so 

at  this  dme,  were   Balbus,   Oppius,   Matins,   Pansa, 

j^  Dolabella :  they  were  all  in  tibe  first  confidence  with 

■,  yet  professed  tne  utmost  affection  for  Cicero;  were 

mcnning  at  his  levee,  and  perpetually  engaged  him  to 

irith  ihem;  and  the  two  last  employed  themselves  in  a 

exercise  of  declaiming  at  his  house,  for  the  benefit  of  his 

of  which  he  gives  the  following  account  in  his 

way,  to   Pffitus : — "  Hirtius  and  Dolabella  are  my 

in  speaking;  my  masters  in  eating:  for  you  have 

, I  guess,  how  they  declaim  with  me,  1  sup  with  them.'* 

Jb  another  letter  he  tells  him,  that  as  king  Dionysius,  when 
tttffen  oat  of  Syracuse,  turned  schoolmaster  at  Cormth,  so  he, 
Iwring  lost  his  kingdom  of  the  Forum,  had  now  opened  a  school 
r— to  which  he  merrily  invites  Psetus,  with  the  offer  of  a  seat 
md  cushion  next  to  himself,  as  his  usher'.  But  to  Varro, 
seriously,  "  I  acquainted  you,"  says  he  "  before,  that  I 
intimate  with  them  all,  and  assist  at  their  counsels :  I  see 
no  reason  why  I  should  not — for  it  is  not  the  same  thing  to 
bear  what  must  be  borne,  and  to  approve  what  ought  not  to  be 
approved.*'  And,  agsun  :  **  I  do  not  forbear  to  sup  with  those 
who  now  rule :  what  can  I  do  ?  we  must  comply  with  the 
times  V 

The  only  use  which  he  made  of  all  this  favour  was,  to  screen 
himself  from  any  particular  calamity  in  the  general  misery  of 
the  times,  and  to  serve  those  unhappy  men,  who  were  driven 
from  their  country  and  their  families,  for  their  adherence  to 
that  cause,  which  he  himself  had  espoused.  Csesar  was  desi- 
rous, indeed,  to  engage  him  in  his  measures,  and  attach  him 

"  Ibid.  17. 

*  Hirtiam  ego  et  Dolabellam  dicendi  discipulos  haboo,  ccenandi  magistros :  puto  cnim  to 
ttidiMe— 411m  ftpud  me  dcclainitarc,  me  apuu  cos  coenitarc.     Ibid.  \i\. 

Ut  DkmTrius  Tyrannns,  cum  Syracusis  pulsus  cssct,  Corinthi  dicitur  ludum  apcniifiAo, 
lie  <igo— amisso  recmo  forcnM,  ludum  quai»i  habere  cceperim — sella  tibi  erit  in  ludo,  tun- 
qam  hjpodida«cuTo,  proxima  :  cam  puivinuH  scquetur.     Ibid.  IB. 

s  Oftentavi  tibi,  mo  istis  esse  familiarem,  et  consiliis  eonim  intercssc.  Quod  e^  cur 
n'liili  nlbil  video.  Non  rnini  est  idem,  ferre  si  quid  fcrcndum  est,  et  ])robnre,  si  quid 
IHofanidiim  non  est.    Ibid.  6. 

Non  denno  apud  istos,  qui  nunc  dominantur,  cicnitare.  Quid  faciani  ?  tempori  sen'i- 
cndnm  est.    Ibid.  7- 


4'»'-'  THE     LIFE 

*,  1  ;.   :■■:.     I   .    '^l      ■  u«~l     J  ui.  ..(.>«,  Ill,     M    ,Ka,.!i*  Lf?.!:-. 

in«fif:!>l\  M  hii  intcrosta:  but  lie  would  bear  no  part  na 
a>liiii[:i«t:3Uoii,  rsiablwhrd  on  tbe  ruins  of  bis  caunDj:  m 
ever  cuTod  to  l>e  acquainted  with  tbeir  alfain,  or  to  innt 
« hat  tliey  were  iloinff :  *o  that,  whenever  he  enured  ■• 
tL^ir  ciiiiiit^U  a<(  lie  siiftiilies  above  to  Varro.  it  was  crnly^ 
the  (.'Oh'  »i  *4iinf  csilixl  Aiend  required  it,  for  whose  Ktnt 
he  scrui-'.eii  n«>  mo.tii«  of  soliciting',  and  attending  even  Ciw 
him^it :  tli<iu;;h  ht.*  wa^  sometimes  shocked,  as  be  eomjilinK 
by  the  diiSi-ulty  ol  acce<^  and  the  indig-nity  of  waitin^nia 
aii:ei.-banit>er:  ii»t.  imlteil.  tliroufrh  Csesar's  fault,  vlia  w 
al«':iy«  re.-iiiy  to  ::ivi>  liini  audience,  but  fri>m  ibe  inultipEalf 
<>t  his  adiiin.  by  wktwe  hands  all  the  fovours  of  the  «BfBi 
»ire  <i;.;H'n*od  ■-  Titus,  in  a  letter  to  Ampius,  whose pote 
hi-  iu.i  i'riK,'iirt-ti.  " I  haie  i^ulicited  your  causi-." says  he,  "box 
eaiTorij  tl.an  my  prf^ent  situation  would  well  justify :  fiirin 
ile»:r»-  :o  mi-  you.  am!  my  constant  love  for  you,  ninstanh- 
ou-!j  cu'.tiiniMl  oil  viHir  part,  overruled  nil  regard  to  tfc< 
pr(>t-::t  «iak  t.vinlititoi  of  my  power  and  interest  Emr 
tiiiii;  t: jt  ri-l^itt*  to  your  roturn  and  safety  is  promi$e<1,  obb- 
ftrmiii.  r.xeii.  ;iii'i  wiilioil:  I  «aw.  know,  was  present  at  ewrj 
stop :  :"i'r.  t-y  £•.•"■}  luck.  I  have  ull  C'je««ir's  friends  eiignged  » 
me  by  an  i>!<i  aiN]iuiintance  and  friendship :  so  that,  next  I* 
hini.  t:  i-y  i>,iv  the  lir*>t  re^mrd  tn  me.  Paiisa,  Hirtius,  Balbo. 
^V:-!'.;^  >rt:i:;-s  l\»:iimiiis.  take  all  occasions  to  ^ve  me  prodf 
of  ;;-,<:r  »:::_':i'.jr  irTi'i'tion,  If  ibis  Lad  been  sought  and  |H»- 
e::r.  i  -'v  ■.in.  I  rlixuil  liave  no  reason,  as  thiniips  now  slan^  f> 
!v,ii  I  have  ilone  nothing- with  the  view  of 


OF  CICERO.  463 

A.Uri>.707.   Cic.61.   C0M..-C.  Joliiit  C«nr  III.   M.^ffimOiotLepklut. 

tm  way  of  life,  he  says,  ^<  Ekurly  in  the  morning,  I  receive 
fiompumeni»  of  many  honest  men,  but  melancholy  ones,  as 
of  these  eay  conquerors;  who  shew  indeed  a  very 
and  affectionate  regard  to  me.  When  these  visits  are 
I  shut  myself  up  in  my  library,  either  to  write  or  read : 
aoiaie»  also^  come  to  hear  me,  as  a  man  of  learning,  be- 
I  am  somewhat  more  learned  than  they :  the  rest  of  my 
I  give  to  the  care  of  my  body;  for  I  have  now  bewailed 
itry  longer,  and  more  heavily,  than  any  mother  ever 
.  lier  only  son  ^" 
is  certain,  that  there  was  not  a  man  in  the  Republic  so 
Bolarly  engaged,  both  bv  principle  and  interest,  to  wish 
to  its  liberty,  or  who  haa  so  much  to  lose  by  the  subver- 
of  it  as  he:  for,  as  lons^  as  it  was  fi^verned  by  civil 
and  stood  upon  the  foundation  of  its  laws,  he  was, 
lly,  the  first  citizen  in  it;  had  the  chief  influence  in 
;  the  chief  authority  with  the  people :  and,  as  all  his 
and  fortunes  were  grounded  on  the  peace  of  his  country, 
jiil  his  labours  and  studies  were  perpetually  applied  to 
{Komotion  of  it :  it  is  no  wonder,  therefore,  in  the  pre- 
dtuation  of  the  city,  oppressed  by  arms,  and  a  tyran- 
power,  to  find  him  so  particularly  impatient  under  the 
fiapnmoB  misery,  and  expressing  so  keen  a  sense  of  the  dimi- 
^■Utttion  of  his  dignity,  and  the  disgrace  of  serving,  where  he 
':■  liid  been  used  to  govern. 

CSnsar,  on  the  other  hand,  though  he  knew  his  temper  and 
principles  to  be  irreconcileable  to  his  usurped  dominion,  yet, 
oat  of^inendship  to  the  man,  and  a  reverence  for  his  character, 
was  determined  to  treat  him  with  the  greatest  humanity ;  and, 
by  all  the  marks  of  public  favour,  to  make  his  life  not  only 
tolerable,  but  easy  to  him :  yet,  all  that  he  could  do,  had  no 
other  effect  on  Cicero,  than  to  make  hira  think  and  speak 
sometimes  favourably  of  the  natural  clemency  of  their  master : 
Mmd  to  entertain  some  hopes  from  it,  that  he  would  one  day  be 
persuaded  to  restore  the  public  liberty :  but,  exclusive  of  that 
hope,  he  never  mentions  his  government,  but  as  a  real  tyranny ; 
or  his  person,  in  any  other  style,  than  as  the  oppressor  of  his 
country* 

But  he  gave  a  remarkable  proof,  at  this  time,  of  his  being 
no  temponser,  by  writing  a  book  in  praise  0/  Cato ;  which  he 
pnablished  within  a  few  months  after  Cato's  death.     He  seems 

'  Hae  k;itiir  est  none  vita  nostra.  Mano  salutamus  domi  et  bonos  viros  multos,  sed 
ti)slai»  et  bot  UbIos  victorcs;  qui  mc  quidcm  pcrofficioso  ct  peramanter  observant.  Ubi 
Mlatatlo  defliudt,  litteris  me  involve,  aut  scribo  aut  lego.  Veniunt  etiam  qui  me  audiant, 
■  dk)ctnin  hominem,  quia  paullo  sum,  quam  ipsi,  doctior.     Inde  cor|K)ri  omne  tem- 


ppt  datnr.    Patriam  elnxi  jam  gravius  et  diutius  quam  ulla  mater  unicum  filinm. 
1bU.9.20. 


THR     I.IPE 


to  Itave  Ikvii  K'ft  n  giinnliati  In  C'ato's  son :  as  be  wu  abo  ■ 
yniiiig  l.iicuUus  CuUt's  nephew  * :  and  this  testimony  of  Cdi'i 
fn<>ti(lKlu|)  niul  jud^pnt  of  him,  mi^ht  induce  Iiim  tlieaME 
rontlily  to  jmy  tliis  linnour  lo  his  memory.  It  was  a  BBttffi 
however,  of  iiti  small  deli  Iteration,  in  ubat' manner  he  oogkli 
treat  the  Milijoct;  his  friends  advised  Iiim  not  to  be  too  eqiU 
uiid  parlieuliir,  in  the  detail  of  Cato's  jiralses ;  but  b)  coiM 
himM-lf  with  ii  frenenti  encomium,  for  foar  of  irritating  Cas 
liy  imshin^  the  ai^meiit  too  ^r.  In  a  letter  to  AtticDi,k 
t-»ll!i  this  "  an  Archimeilean  problem ;  but  I  cannot  hit  npa 
any  thing,"  says  he,  "that  those  friends  of  yinir's  will  nJ 
with  jiloitiiire,  or  even  with  patience ;  besides,  if  I  sliould  inf 
till-  neeiiiint  of  Cato's  votes  and  speeches  in  tlie  senate,  aai  « 
lii.o  pnlitind  conduct  in  the  state,  and  give  a  slight  commeD^r 
tuin  only  of  his  eoiisUincy  and  gravity,  even  this  may  be  man 
than  they  will  care  to  hear :  but  the  man  cannot  he  praised,  > 
he  deservi>tt,  unless  it  l>c  particularly  explained,  how  he  fac- 
t'lhl  nil  that  has  hap|K-ne<l  to  lis :  how  he  took  arms  to  pr^ 
vent  itH  happening :  and  parted  with  life  rather  titan  see  it 
happen '."  These  wen-  the  topint  which  he  resolved  to  ft- 
play  with  all  his  fon-c ;  and  from  the  accounts  ^ven  of  ik 
work  by  antiquity,  it  ap)>ear<i,  that  he  had  spared  no  foiH 
to  adorn  it,  but  extolled  Cato's  virtue  and  diameter  to  the 


The  hook  was  soon  spread  into  all  hands:  and  Csfsar,  m- 
ii'ud   of  expressing  any   resentment,   atletrted    to   be  maA 
ci!  witli  it ;  yet  declared,  that  he  would  answer  it:  i^  ". 


OF  CICERO.  465 

A.Urb.707.    Cic.61.    Com.-^.  Julius  Caesar  III.    M.  iEmilius  Lepidus. 

Hne  mistakes  in  his  account  of  the  transactions,  in  which  Cato 
id  been  concerned,  especially  in  the  debates  on  Catiline's 
lot;  in  which  he  had  given  him  the  first  part  and  merit,  in 
BTOgation  even  of  Cicero  himself  ^ 

Csesar's  answer  was  not  published  till  the  next  year,  upon 
is  return  from  Spain,  after  the  defeat  of  Pompey's  sons.  It 
■8  a  laboured  invective ;  answering  Cicero's  book,  paragraph 
Y  paragraph,  and  accusing  Cato  with  all  the  art  and  force  of 
■  rbetoric,  as  if  in  a  pubhc  trial  before  judges ' :  yet  with  ex- 
reBsions  of  great  respect  towards  Cicero ;  whom,  for  his  vir- 
les  and  abihties,  he  compared  to  Pericles  and  Theramenes  of 
.tbens':  and  in  a  letter  upon  it  to  Balbus,  which  was  shewn, 
f  his  order,  to  Cicero,  he  said,  that  by  the  frequent  reading 
:  Cicero's  Cato,  he  was  grown  more  copious ;  but,  after  he  had 
mA  Brutus's,  thought  himself  even  eloquent  \ 

These  two  rival  pieces  were  much  celebrated  in  Home ;  and 
id  their  several  admirers,  as  different  parties  and  interests 
imxMed  men  to  favour  tlie  subject  of  the  author  of  each :  and 

18  certain,  that  they  were  the  principal  cause  of  establishing 
id  propagating  that  veneration  which  posterity  has  since  paid 
» the  memory  of  Cato.  For  his  name  being  thrown  into  con- 
oversy,  in  that  criticiil  period  of  the  fate  of  Rome,  by  the 
titron  of  liberty  on  the  one  side,  and  the  of)pressor  of  it  on 
le  other,  became,  of  course,  a  kind  of  political  test  to  all  sue- 
ceding  ages,  and  a  perpetual  argument  of  dispute  between  the 
iends  of  liberty  and  the  flatterers  of  power.  But  if  we  con- 
der  his  character  without  prejudice,  lie  wtis  certainly  a  great 
id  worthy  man :  a  friend  to  truth,  virtue,  liberty ;  yet  falsely 
leasuring  all  duty  by  the  absurd  rigour  of  the  stoical  rule,  he 
as  generally  distippointed  of  the  end,  which  he  sought  by  it, 
le  happiness  both  of  his  private  and  public  life.  In  his  pri- 
ite  conduct,  he  was  severe,  morose,  inexorable;  banishing  all 
le  softer  affections,  as  natural  enemies  to  justice,  and  as  sug- 
esting  false  motives  of  acting,  from  favour,  clemency,  and 
impassion ;  in  public  affairs  he  was  the  same ;  had  but  one 
de  of  policy,  to  adhere  to  what  was  right :  without  regard  to 
mes  or  circumstances,  or  even  to  a  force  that  could  control 

'  Catonem  primum  scntcntiam  puUt  de  animadversiono  dixisse ;  quam  omncs  ant« 

cerant  pra?ter  Csesarem,  &c.     Ad  Att.  12.  21. 

From  thia  and  other  particulars,  M-hich  are  mentioned  in  the  same  letter,  we  may 

•erre,  that  Sallust  had  probably  taken  his  accoimt  of  the  debates  npon  Cutiline*s  Ac- 

Dsplices,  from  Brutus's  Life  of  Cato,  and  chosen  to  copy  even  his  mistakes,  rather  than 

jnitice  to  Cicero  on  that  occasion. 

■  Ciceronis  libro— quid  aliud   Dictator  Caesar,  quam  rcscripta  orationo,  velut  apud 

iic«  re«pondit?    Tacit.  Ann.  4.  34.  it.  Quintil.  3.  7. 

»  Plut.  m  Cic. 

*  Legi  epiatolam :  mnlta  do  meo  Catonc,  quo  stepis&ime  legendo  se  dicit  copiosiorcm 

turn:  Bruti  Catone  Iccto,  se  libi  visum  discrtum.    Ad  Att.  13.  46. 

H    h 


OF   CICERO.  467 

Jib.  707.   Cic.61.    Coss.-^.  Julius  C«sur  III.   M.  ^milius  Lepidui. 

sero,  as  it  appears  from  his  letters,  was  forced  to  use  all 
ind  authority  to  persuade  him  to  return,  and  take  the 
of  that  grace,  which  they  had  been  labouring  to  attain 
K  But  how  the  affair  was  transacted,  we  may  learn 
tcero's  account  of  it  to  Serv.  Sidpicius,  who  was  then 
ul  of  Greece — "  Your  condition,"  says  he,  "  is  better 
ur's,  in  this  particular,  that  you  dare  venture  to  write 
rievances,  we  cannot  even  do  that  with  safety:  not 
i  any  fault  of  the  conqueror,  than  whom  nothing  can 
s  moderate,  but  of  victory  itself,  which,  in  civil  wars, 
fB  insolent:  we  have  haa  the  advantage  of  you,  how- 
i  one  thing ;  in  being  acquainted,  a  little  sooner  than 
th  the  pardon  of  your  colleague  Marcellus :  or  rather 
in  seeing  how  the  whole  affair  passed;  for  I  would 
m  believe,  that,  from  the  beginning  of  these  miseries, 
since  the  public  right  has  been  decided  by  arms,  there 
Jiing  been  done,  besides  this,  with  any  dignity.  For 
bimself,  after  having  complained  of  the  moroseness  of 
las,  for  so  he  called  it,  and  praised,  in  the  strongest 
the  equity  and  prudence  of  your  conduct,  presently  de- 
beyond  all  our  hopes,  that  whatever  onence  he  had 
d  m>m  the  man,  he  could  refuse  nothing  to  the  inter- 
of  the  senate.  What  the  senate  did  was  this :  upon  the 
ti  of  Marcellus,  by  Piso,  his  brother  Caius  having  thrown 
'  at  Caesar's  feet,  they  all  rose  up,  and  went  forward,  in 
licating  manner,  towards  Caesar:  in  short,  this  day's 
ppeared  to  me  so  decent,  that  I  could  not  help  fancying 
Jaw  the  image  of  the  old  Republic  reviving :  when  all, 
re,  who  were  asked  their  opinions  before  me,  had  re- 
thanks  to  Caesar,  excepting  Volcatius,  (for  he  declared, 
would  not  have  done  it,  though  he  had  been  in  Mar- 
place,)  I,  as  soon  as  I  was  called  upon,  changed  my 
for  I  had  resolved  with  myself  to  observe  an  eternal 
,  not  through  any  laziness,  but  the  loss  of  my  former 
' ;  but  Caesar's  greatness  of  mind,  and  the  laudable  zeal 
jenate,  got  the  better  of  my  resolution.  I  gave  thanks, 
re,  to  Caesar,  in  a  long  speech,  and  have  deprived  my- 
r  it,  I  fear,  on  other  occasions,  of  that  honest  quiet, 
was  my  only  comfort  in  these  unhappy  times :  but  since 
hitherto  avoided  giving  him  offence,  and  if  I  had  always 
led  silent,  he  would  have  interpreted  it,  perhaps,  as  a 
)f  my  taking  the  Republic  to  be  ruined,  I  shall  speak 
J  future  not  often,   or  rather,  very  seldom ;    so  as  to 

»  Ibid.  4.  7,  8,  0. 

H  h  2 


:  tM  k       -  ■ 
■  ■ii>rf*i»i 


:— llblaa  U>c 


Bi  t  II  ••  •  ■■■iiTir  ,  Ok  Caar  i.<L.fci  Mai 
Ifal  I  ir  ■■  rf  .WA  W aMtUBxJ  ..nan  ki|i>ad 
IHH.  m  h.  i^gaia  a  a  Irtacr  a  tae  ctf  Csu's  pni 
Am^*.  "nm,  iWidbit.  ke  imaainili.  mftnvs  a  ' 
^OTn  A^liaalaipc*cfc,rafct^ifiint  ofanold  R 
arf  ..  naa.a.U.  aaa  nil  xhink  h  flCnnee,  (bat  M  f 


Cam^-C.  SvHat  Cau  III.    H.  JEmillu  Upidni. 

<M  eiids  of  your  uatare  by  a  lattety  of  living'*  you  nay  then 
lU  us,  if  you  please,  that  you  have  lived  long  enouga :  yet 
.-liat  is  it,  after  all,  that  we  cao  really  call  long,  of  wUct  tfiere 
1  an  end  7  For  when  that  end  is  once  come,  all  part  pleasure 
I  to  be  reckoned  eH  nothing,  rince  no  more  of  it  is  to  be  ez- 
lected.  Thtiugh  jroor  mind,  I  know,  was  never  content  with 
bese  narrow  boutuls  of  life,  which  nature  has  assigned  to  na^ 
lut  inflamed  always  with  an  ardent  love  of  immoitality:  not 
9  liua,  indeed,  to  be  considered  as  your  life,  which  ia  comprised 
to  this  body  und  breath ;  but  that — that,  I  say,  is  your  life, 
wiiicli  is  to  flourish  in  the  memory  of  all  ages :  which  posterity 
ttrill  cherish,  and  eternity  itself  propagate.  It  is  to  this  that 
raa  must  attend ;  to  this  that  you  must  form  yourself;  which 
na  many  things  ab-eady  to  admire,  yet  wants  something  still, 
(jiat  il  may  jDruise  in  you.  Posterity  will  be  amazed  to  hear 
lad  read  of  your  commands,  provinces;  the  Rhine,  the  ocean, 
tbe  Nile;  your  inaamemble  battles,  incredible  victories,  infl- 
ate Dionnmeuts,  splendid  triumphs ;  but,  unless  this  dty  be 
Mtabli^hed  again  by  yoor  wisdom  and  counsels,  your  name 
indeed  will  wander  tax  and  wide ;  yet  will  have  no  certain  seat 
it  place  at  last  where  to  Sz  itself.  There  will  be  also  amongst 
those,  who  are  yet  nnbom,  the  same  controversy  that  has  bmn 
unongst  us ;  wlien  some  will  extol  your  actions  to  the  skies, 
Vthers,  perhaps,  will  find  something  defective  in  them ;  and, 
that  one  thing  above  all,  if  you  should  not  extinguish  this 
Same  of  civil  war,  by  restoring  liberty  to  your  country :  for 
the  one  may  be  baked  upon  as  tJie  effect  of  &ite,  but  the  other 
»  the  certain  act  of  wisaom.     Pay  a  reverence,  therefor^  to 


those  judges,  who  will  pass  judgment  upon  you  in  ages  to 
Bome,  ana  with  less  partiality,  perhaps,  than  we;  since  Uiey 
1  neither  be  biassed  by  affection  or  party,  nor  prejudiced 


by  hatred  or  envv  to  you :  and  though  this,  as  some  falsely 
Imagine,  should  tnen  have  no  relation  to  you,  yet  it  concerns 
jTou  certmnly,  at  the  present,  lo  act  in  such  a  manner,  that  no 
gblivion  may  ever  obscure  the  lustre  of  your  praises.  Various 
»«re  the  inclinations  of  the  citJzens,  and  their  opinions  wholly 
livided ;  nor  did  we  differ  only  in  sentiments  and  wishes,  but 
In  arms  also  and  camps ;  the  merits  of  the  cause  were  dubious, 
ind  the  contention  between  two  celebrated  leaders ;  many 
loubted  what  was  the  best;  many  what  was  convenient ;  many 
vfaat  was  decent;  some  also  what  was  lawful',"  &c. 

But  though  Csesar  took  no  step  towards  restoring  the  Re- 
public, he  employed  himself  this  summer  in  another  work  of 
\  benefit  to  mankind,  the  reformation  of  the  kalendar ; 

■  Pro  H.  MucoU.  a,  9, 10. 


A.  1'>IM7.  Cic.fil.  Com— C.  JoUdi  Cmw  III.  U.  jEmlUm  Ltpta. 
by  accommodating  the  course  of  the  year  to  the  exact  on 
of  tliv  sun  ;  from  whicli  it  Iiad  vai'ied  so  widely,  as  to  oeca 
li  straii<j^  confusion  in  all  tlieir  accounts  of  time. 

The  Homan  year,  from  tlie  old  institution  of  Nnina,  n 
lunar ;  Imrrowod  from  the  Greeks ;  amongst  whom  it 
of  three  liumlreil  and  fifty-four  days:  Ntima  added  one  man  ■ 
Uicm,  to  make  the  whole  number  odd,  which  was  thought  it 
more  fortunate:  and  to  fill  up  the  deficiency  of  his  year,  lo4t 
measure  of  the  sohir  course,  inserted  likewise,  or  interadiliit 
after  the  manner  of  the  Greeks,  an  extraordinary  montb  d 
twenty-two  days  cverj-  second  year,  and  twenty-three  eraj 
fourth,  between  the  twenty-third  and  twenty-fourth  dsji  a 
February ' :  he  committed  tiic  care  of  intercalating  this  maa^ 
and  the  sui)criiiimcrary  (Uty,  to  the  college  of  priests ;  whot  b 

EroccHs  of  time,  partly  by  a  negligent,  partly  a  superstition 
ut  chiefly  by  an  arbitrary  abuse  of  their  trust,  used  eithertD 
drop  or  insert  them,  as  it  was  found  most  convenieot  to  that-  1 
selves  or  their  friends,  to  make  the  current  year  longer  or  1 
shorter*.     Thus  Cicero,  when  harassed  by  a  perpetual  counc   1 
of  pleading,  prayed  that  there  might  be  no  intercalatioD  to 
lengthen  his  fatigue ;  and  when  proconsul  of  Cilitna,  pic  Til 
Atticus  to  exert  all  his  interest  to  prevent  any  intercaladca 
within  the  year ;  that  it  might  not  protract  his  ^venunent, 
and  retard  his  return  to  Rome '.    Curio,  on  the  contrary,  when 
he  could  not  persuade  the  priests  to  prolong  the  year  of  kit 
tribunate  by  an  intercalation,  made  that  a  pretence  for  abau- 
doninff  the  senate,  and  going  over  to  Caesar  *. 

This  licence  of  intercalating  introduced  the  confusion  ^wve- 


OF    CIC£RO.  471 

A.  Urb.  707.    Cic.  61.    Cobs^-C.  JaliuB  Cesar  III.    M.  ^militts  Lepidos. 

was  supposed  to  be  three  hundred  and  sixty-iive  days  and  six 
lioiirsy  so  he  divided  the  days  into  twelve  artificial  months,  and 
to  supply  the  deficiency  ot  the  six  hours,  by  which  they  fell 
ahort  of  the  sun's  complete  course,  he  ordered  a  day  to  be 
intercalated  after  every  four  years,  between  the  twenty-third 
and  twenty-fourth  of  February  \ 

But  to  make  this  new  year  begin,  and  proceed  regularly,  he 
was  forced  to  insert  into  the  current  year,  two  extraordinary 
months,  between  November  and  December ;  the  one  of  thirty- 
three,  the  other  of  thirty-four  days ;  besides  the  ordinary  inter- 
calary month  of  twenty-three  days,  which  fell  into  it  of  course; 
whicn  were  all  necessary  to  fill  up  the  number  of  days  that 
were  lost  to  the  old  year,  by  the  omission  of  intercalations, 
and  to  replace  the  months  in  their  proper  seasons '.  All  this 
was  effected  by  the  care  and  skill  of  Sosigenes,  a  celebrated 
astronomer  of  Alexandria,  whom  Caesar  had  brought  to  Rome 
for  that  purpose ' ;  and  a  new  kalendar  was  formed  upon  it  by 
Flavius,  a  scribe,  digested  according  to  the  order  of  the  Roman 
fisstivals,  and  the  old  manner  of  computing  their  days  by 
Kalends,  Ides,  and  Nones :  which  was  published  and  autho- 
rized by  the  dictator's  edict,  not  long  after  his  return  from 
Afiric.  This  year,  therefore,  was  the  lon^^cst  that  Rome 
had  ever  known,  consisting  of  fifteen  montlis,  or  four  hun- 
dred and  forty-five  days,  and  is  called  the  last  of  the  con- 
fusion \  because  it  introduced  the  Julian,  or  solar  year,  with 
the  commencement  of  the  ensuing  January,  which  continues 
in  use  to  this  day  in  all  Christian  countries,  without  any  other 
variation  than  that  of  the  old  and  new  style  ^ 

Soon  after  the  affair  of  Marcellus,  Cicero  had  another  occa- 
sion of  trying  both  his  eloquence  and  interest  with  Ccesar  in 
the  cause  of  Ligarius,  who  was  now  in  exile  on  the  account  of 

*  This  (lay  was  culled  Biii«cxtu9,  from  its  hvius  a  repetition  or  duplicate  of  the  Sixth 
of  the  Kalends  of  March,  which  fell  always  on  the  *24th ;  and  hence  our  Intercalary  or 
Leap-year  is  still  called  Bisi^extile. 

*  Quo  autem  niagis  in  posteruni  ex  Kalendis  Januariis  nobis  teniponim  ratio  con- 
gmeret  inter  Novembrera  et  Deccmbreiu  mensem  adjecit  duos  alios  :  fuitquc  is  annus 
-—XT.  mensium  cum  Intercalario,  qui  ex  consuetudine  eum  annum  inciderat.  Sueton. 
J.  Cses.  40. 

»  Plin.  Hist.  N.  18.  25. 

*  Adnitente  6ibi  M.  Flavio  scriba,  qui  8i;ript08  dies  singulos  itaad  Dictatorcm  dotulit ; 
ut  et  ordo  eonim  inveniri  facillimc  posset,  et  invento  cert  us  status  perseveraret  — caque 
re  fikctum  est,  ut  annus  confusionis  ultimus  in  quadringentos  quadraginta  tres  dies  ten- 
deretur.     Macrob.  Saturn.  1.  14.     Dio,  227. 

Macrobius  makes  this  year  to  consist  of  443  days,  but  he  should  have  said  445,  bincc, 
according  to  all  accounts,  ninety  days  were  added  to  the  old  yjar  of  355. 

*  This  difference  of  the  old  and  new  style  was  occasioned  by  a  regulation  made  by 
Pope  Gregory,  A.  D.  1582;  for  it  having  been  obsened,  that  the  computation  of  the 
Vernal  Equinox  was  fallen  back  ten  days  from  the  time  of  the  council  of  Nice,  when 
it  was  found  to  be  on  the  2Ut  of  March ;  according  to  which  all  the  festivals  of  the 
chiirrh  were  then  solemnly  settled  ;  Pope  Hregory,  by  the  advice  of  astronomers,  caused 
ten  days  to  be  entirely  sunk  and  thrown  out  of  the  current  year,  between  the  4th  and 
l^h  of  October. 


THE    LIFE 


A.l'r1>.:«:.    (V.til.     t-Mi^C-.  JuliuiCsMrlll.     M.  iCailinLtfUM 

liis  linviiijr  Ihtii  in  iirms  against  Caesar,  in  the  African  wi 
ill  H'liii-li  Tw  ltii<l  btiriie  a  cuiisideralile  cnmmand.  His  two  b 
tliiTs  hnwovcr,  liail  always  bron  on  C»sar's  side ;  and  bav 
n>c.i>iiimi.-iidi'd  Jiy  I'aiisa,  and  warmly  sui>norted  by  CicensU 
iiliimst  |ircvaiU-i]  for  liiii  par<1on,  of  vrlitch  Cicero  gira  it 
fiilliiwlnir  a(.-i>t>iirit  in  a  IcttiT  to  Ligorius  liimself. 

"CICFltO    Tl)    Lir.ARll'S. 

■'  I  n'ot'i.i)  liavc  you  to  l>c  assured  tbat  I  employ  myiiUi 
|wiiiR,  labour,  can*,  study,  in  procuring  your  restoiatioii ;  fa 
M  I  liavi-  ori-r  luid  (lie  frrcntost  afFecdon  for  you,  so  the  at 
|riilar  iiictv  aud  \nvi-  of  your  brotliers,  for  whom,  as  well  • 
yourself,  I  have  al»';iyf<  {irofo^'sod  the  utmost  esteem,  neiB 
sulfcr  me  to  ix-^rlcet  any  o]ijinrt unity  of  my  duty  and  seiWi 
to  you.  Itiit  what  I  urn  now  doing,  or  bavc  aone,  I  wodl 
have  vou  k-arn  from  tlii'ir  Ii-tturs,  ratncr  than  mine;  but  lak 
what  1  ho[io,  anil  take  to  be  certain  in  your  affair,  tbat  I  dnot 
j  tu  actiuaiiit  you  with  myself;  for  if  juiy  man  be  timorouii 
greal  and  diin^crous  evoiirs,  and  fearing  always  the  voi4 
ratlior  than  ho|iiii;;  the  best,  I  am  ho ;  and  if  this  be  a  &11K 
eoiifoss  myself  not  to  be  free  from  it;  yet,  on  the  I«enfj* 
Hevi'itth  of  November,  when,  at  tlic  desire  of  your  brothen, 
1  hail  ht-en  early  with  Ciesar,  aud  hud  gone  through  the  trou- 
lile  iiiid  iixligiiity  of  pelting  ucceiss  aud  audience,  when  yooi 
brothers  anil  relations  had  thrown  themselves  at  his  feet,  iDd 
1  had  s;iid  what  jour  cituse  and  circumstances  required,  1 
cfinio  awiiv,  ]icrsnniU'd  that  your  pardon  was  certaiu ;  whicb 
ed,    not   only   from   Careur's    discourse,    which 


-."."Vrf 


MMM^pt4Mt«^ 


L-*       *• 


>  (     V  w 


OF  CICBBO.  473 

'%       A.IM.707.    Ole.ei.    Ccmm-G.  JnUai Cnv III.    M.  AmiUtii  LepUiu. 

priTafiely  enooanffed  the  proeecutiim,  and  ordered  the 

to  W  tried  in  Ae  Forum,  woere  he  sat  upon  it  in  person, 

*  ^^yepo^seMedWaingt  the  criminal,  and  determined  to 

on  any  plaunbk  pretence  for  condemning  him ;  bat 

ot  Cicero's  eloquence,  exerted  with  all  hu  skill,  in  a 

Yrfudi  he  had  much  at  heart,  got  the  better  of  dl  his 

and  extorted  a  pardon  from  him  against  his  wilL 

merit  of  this  speech  is  too  well  known,  to  want  to  be 

npon  here :  tnose  who  read  it,  will  find  no  reason  to 

Cicero  with  flattery:  bat  the  free  i^irit  which  it  breathes, 

fiioe  of  that  power  to  which  it  was  suing  for  mercy,  most 

a  great  idea  of  the  art  of  the  speaker,  who  could  deliver 

bmd  truths  without  offence,  as  well  as  of  the  ^nerosity 

iSm  judge,  who  heard  them  not  only  with  patience,  but 

:Obaenre^  Csesar,"  says  he,  ^'with  what  fidelity  I  plead 
's  cause,  when  I  betray  even  my  own  by  it.  O  that 
demency,  worthy  to  oe  celebrated  by  every  kind  of 
letten,  monuments !  M.  Cicero  defends  a  criminal 
Tou,  by  proving  him  not  to  Lave  been  in  those  send- 
iliy  m  which  he  owns  himself  to  have  been :  nor  does  he  yet 
your  secret  thoughts,  or,  while  he  is  pleading  for  another, 
t  may  occur  to  you  about  himself.  See,  I  say,  how  little 
mt  k  afraid  of  you.  See,  with  what  a  courage  and  gaiety  of 
.apeaking  your  generosity  and  wisdom  inspire  me.  I  will  raise 
my  voice  to  sucn  a  pitch,  that  the  whole  Roman  people  may 
hmr  me.  After  the  war  was  not  only  begun,  Caesar,  but  in  a 
great  measure  finished,  when  I  was  driven  by  no  necessity,  I 
went  by  choice  and  judgment  to  join  myself  with  those  who 
had  taken  arms  against  you.  Before  whom  do  I  say  this? 
why  before  him,  who,  though  he  knew  it  to  be  true,  yet  re- 
atvmd  me  to  the  Republic,  before  he  had  even  seen  me ;  who 
wrote  to  me  from  Kgypt,  that  I  should  be  the  same  man  that 
I  had  always  been ;  and  when  he  was  the  only  emperor  within 
the  dominion  of  Rome,  suffered  me  to  be  tne  otner ;  and  to 
hold  my  laurelled  fiasces,  as  long  as  I  thought  them  worth 
holding  \  Do  you  then,  Tubero,  call  Ligarius's  conduct 
wicked?  for  what  reason  ?  since  that  cause  has  never  yet  been 
called  by  that  name:  some,  indeed,  call  it  mistake;  others 
fisor;  those  who  speak  more  severely,  hope,  ambition,  hatred, 
obatinacy ;  or,  at  the  worst,  rashness ;  but  no  man,  besides  you, 
haa  ever  cslled  it  wickedness.  For  my  part^  were  I  to  invent 
fli  proper  and  genuine  name  for  our  calamity,  I  should  take  it 
fsr  a  lund  of  ratality  that  had  possessed  the  unwary  minds  of 

1  Pro  Ligar.  3. 


died  vitli  him.  When  did  we  ever  heair 
vou,  Cwsar  ?  or  what  other  riew  had  yo 
clefcnd  yourself  from  injury? — you  consid 
not  as  a  war,  but  a  secession;  not  as  an  ho 
sion :  where  both  sides  wished  well  to  the  1 
a  difference,  partly  of  counsels,  partly  of 
from  the  common  good  :  the  dignity  of  tl 
equal;  though  nor,  perhaps,  of  those  wh( 
causi*  was  then  dubious,  since  there  was  i 
might  approve  on  either  side;  but  now, 
thought  the  best,  which  the  gods  have  fav^< 
experience  of  your  clemency,  who  can  be 
victory,  in  which  no  man  fell,  who  was  not 

This  speech  was  soon  made  public,  and 
all:  Atticus  was  extremely  pleased  with  it, 
in  recommending  it ;  so  that  Cicero  says 
letter,  "  you  have  S4>ld  my  Ligarian  speed 
write  for' the  future,  I  will  make  you  the  pi 
"  your  authority)  I  perceive,  has  made  my 
for  Balbus  and  Oppius  write  me  word,  tl 
fully  taken  with  it,  and  have  sent  a  cop; 
success  which  it  met  witli  made  Tubero  as 
tJiat  he  made  in  it ;  so  that  he  applied  to  C 
thing  insertcil  in  his  favour,  with  the  men 
some  of  his  family,  who  were  Cicero's 
Cicero  excused  himself,  because  the  spe( 
nor  had  he  a  mind,  he  says,  to  make  any  i 
conduct'. 

Ligarius  was  a  man  of  distinguished  ze 
his  country :  which  was  the  reason  both 
preserve,  and  of  Csesiir's  aversion  to  rest 

TPtiirn.  lip  liv«*d   in    oroat  ponfidpiipp   with 


■v^V  a  fit  person  to  betraput  intiw  coupiraeyi^*iBttCtenr; 
^  ltt»  bapiiening  to  b«  taken  iU  near  the  time  of  its  ezeeatioD, 
rr'4l*n  Brutus,  in  a  rint  to  him,  bcgaa  to  latneot  that  he  waa 
a  -l^Uen  »ick  in  a  very  onln^y  hour,  Ligariua,  rawnc  hinnelf 
_^  dwniitlj  upon  his  elbow,  and  taking  Brutus  by  ue  hand, 
„_-  tplied :  "  Vet  Gtill,  Brntus,  if  you  mean  to  do  any  thiiur 
^j  for^y  of  yourself,  I  am  well':"  nor  did  he  dinppoint  Bratu» 
,  l|rinion  of  hiiD,  for  we  find  him  afterwards  in  the  list  of  Uie 
K.  JOMpirators. 

^f  In  the  end  of  ilie  year,  Casar  was  called  away  in  grsat 
,  ,  auibe  into  Spain,  to  oppose  the  attempts  of  Fompey's  sons, 
^  .jrtio,  by  the  credit  of  their  fother's  nam^  were  become  maatov 
un  of  all  that  province ;  and  with  the  remains  of  tlie  troops 
lich  Labienus,  Varus,  and  the  oUier  cjiiefi^  who  esc^ed, 
.  d  gathered  up  fitnn  Afnc,  were  once  more  in  eondition  to 
^^^y  the  fortune  of  the  field  with  him :  where  the  great  danger 
jto  which  be  was  exposed,  frcnn  this  last  effort  of  a  bruen 
^ '  'y,  »liews  how  desperate  his  case  must  have  been,  if  Pompey 
self,  with  an  entire  and  Teteran  army,  had  first  Blue 
_  ice  of  this  countiT  for  the  scene  of  the  war. 
Cicero  all  this  while  passed  his  time,  with  little  satisbctioiif 
home,  being  disappmnted  of  the  ease  and  comfort  whidi  he 
—  -tted  from  his  new  marriage :  his  children,  as  we  may  ima> 

,  while  tlieir  onTi  mother  was  living,  would  not  ^iBily  bear 

itfa  a  young  mother-in-law  in  the  house  with  them.  The  son 
q>eaa1ly,  was  pressing  to  get  a  particular  appointment  settled 
'jfer  his  muintenance,  and  to  have  leave  also  to  go  to  Spain, 
'«tid  make  a  campaign  under  CGesar,  whither  his  cousin  Quintus 
was  already  gone.  Cicero  did  not  approve  this  project,  and 
sndeavouretl  by  all  means  to  dissuade  him  from  it;  representing 
to  hJm,  that  it  would  naturally  draw  a  just  reproach  upon  them, 
for  not  thinking  it  enough  to  quit  their  former  party,  unless 
tliey  fought  against  it  too ;  and  that  he  would  not  be  pleased 
to  see  his  cousin  more  regarded  there  than  himself;  and  pro- 
muing,  witlial,  if  he  would  consent  to  stay,  to  make  him  an 
ample  and  honourable  allowance  *.  This  diverted  him  from 
the  thoughts  of  Spain,  though  not  from  the  desire  of  removing 
from  his  fittlier,  and  taking  a  separate  house  in  the  dty,  with 
a  distinct  family  of  his  own :  but  Cicero  thought  it  best  to  send 
him  to  Athens,  in  order  to  spend  a  few  years  in  the  study  of 
philosophy  and  polite  letters;  and,  to  make  the  proposal  agrec- 


lam,  ijuihI  tibi,  me  (creri  TituperUianem  :  nii 
•tm  conlmriii  ?  driii<le  fare  iit  angenliir,  cum 
ictnr.     Vclim  nagit  libcnliuto  uti  mn  qiuu 


476  TUB  LIFE 

A.lil..7im    (V.ia.-C.Jul.C»»rltkt.llI,    M.^iniliu.Lcindiii.Jli(.&,=. 

ulile,  otTiTi-d  liim  an  appointment,  tliat  would  enable  binii 
live  as  spK-udiillv  as  uiiy  of  the  Komaii  iiobilityt  who  da 
rfsidi.-d  tliuri-.  ItibiiluN,  Acidiuus,  or  Messala  *.  This  iAm 
was  accfiitiHl,  and  mum  after  executed  ;  aird  young  Cicenw 
M'lit  to  Athens,  witli  two  of  his  futlicr's  freJdmen,  I-TBlb 
Montunus,  and  TulUus  Murcianiis,  as  the  iiiteiidantsaii<Ico» 
bL'llors  (if  las  ^enend  conduct,  nliilc  the  particular  direcliaDif 
hii  studies  was  left  to  the  principal  philosophers  of  the  plw; 
und,  above  all.  tu  C'nitippus,  the  chief  of  the  peripttcft 
Meet'. 

In  this  uneuKv  Mute,  both  of  his  private  and  public  lift,  k 
WON  itppresiicd  by  a  new  ami  most  cruel  afflietton,  the  Aa&i 
hit  beloved  (lau>rhl<T  Tullia  ;  whieh  happened  soon  after  la 
illvorce  from  Ditlulx-llu,  whose  manners  and  humour  were» 
lirely  dtsafn'veablc  tu  lu-r.  C'i<.-ero  harl  laiij;  been  deliberad^ 
with  himself  und  his  fritiuls,  whether  TuTlia  should  not  fall 
send  the  divtirec;  but  u  prudential  regard  to  Oolabella's  pwnt, 
uiid  iiiterctit  with  Osar,  whieh  was  of  use  to  him  in  tlxa 
timi.%  M?t>ms  to  have  withheld  liim '.  I'he  case  was  the  am 
with  Doliibella:  he  was  willin^f  (.'uough  to  part  M-ith  TulliOf  bit 
did  not  Citre  to  break  with  Cieeru,  whose  friendship  was  a  creA 
to  liiiu,  and  whom  gratitude  obliged  him  to  observe  and  mc^ 
ence ;  since  Ciivro  hud  twice  defended  and  preserved  tiim  ■ 
eajiital  euuscs ' :  so  that  it  seems  most  probable,  that  the  di>iire( 
Wiis  of  an  amicable  kind,  and  executed  at  lust  by  the  consent 
uf  both  side^:  for  it  gave  no  apparent  interruption  to  the  fiieni- 
ship  between  Cicero  and  Dolaoella,  which  they  carried  on  wilk 


.^A.1m.  Cic.fi^-C.  Jal.CMnDiet.lll.   H.  JEmUIni  LcpMar   M^.Kfalt. 

ited  turn  in  lier  case  pat  an  end  to  her  life*  to  the  inex- 
esnhle  grief  of  her  fBther\ 

We  have  no  accoitnc  of  the  iniu  of  this  birth,  which  writers 
nfoiuid  with  tLat  which  happened  three  years  before,  when 
>  was  detivered,  at  the  end  of  seven  months,  of  a  pany  male 
ild:  but  whether  it  was  from  the  first,  or  the  second  time  4^ 
r  lying  in,  it  is  evident  that  she  left  a  son  by  DolabeLla,  who 
irrivecThcr,  and  whom  Cicero  mendons  more  than  once,  io 
(  his  letters  to  Atticus,  by  the  name  of  Lentolus*:  denrinp 
\m  to  visit  the  cliild,  and  see  a  dae  care  taken  of  him,  and  to 
eiga  him  what  number  of  aerrants  he  ttionght  pn^r*. 
Tullia  was  about  two  and  thirty  years  (Mat  the  time  ot  her 
Bath ;  and,  by  the  few  hints  which  are  left  of  her  chaneter, 
^ears  to  have  been  an  excellent  and  admirable  woman :  she 
as  most  atTectionately  and  piously  observant  of  her  &ther; 
od,  to  the  usual  graces  of  oer  sex,  having  added  the  mor« 
E^d  accomplishmenu  of  knowledge  and  polite  letters,  was 
DuUilied  to  be  the  companion,  as  well  as  the  delight  of  his 
re ;  and  was  justly  esteemed  not  only  as  one  of  the  best,  bnt 
le  moat  learned  of  the  Roman  ladies.     It  is  not  stranse, 
isrefiiwe,  that  the  loss  of  such  a  daughter,  in  the  prime  of  her 
fe,  and  the  most  comfortless  season  of  his  own,  shoald  affect 
im  with  all  timt  grief  which  the  greatest  calamity  could  int- 
torint  mi  a  teminT  naturally  timid  and  desponding. 
-    Piuisrcli  tells  us,  tliat  the  philosophers  came  from  all  parts 
to  comfort  him ;  but  that  can  hardly  be  true,  except  of  niose 
who  lived  in  Rome,  or  in  his  own  femily;  for  his  first  care  was, 
to  shun  all  company  as  much  as  he  could,  by  removing  to 
Attictu'a  house ;  where  he  lived  chiefly  in  die  library,  endea- 
vouring to  relieve  his  mind,  by  turning  over  every  book  which 
he  coiud  meet  with,  on  the  subject  of  moderating  grief;  but 


■  Tba  ^«*i  nuns  wero  Pablioa  Camcliut  Lentulni  Dokbella :  tha  two  UM  beiM 
maiDH,  uqairad,  perhtpt,  b;  adoption,  ud  diatingiiUung  the  diSennt  bimcbe*  « 
«  CornelUn  fmmil}'. 

'  Volhn  tliquindo.  cam  nit  tanm  commoduni,  Lentalam  pnenun  Tim,  cique  da 
'  "    qua  dlri  Tidebilur,  iCtribuu.     Ad  Alt.  12.  3" 


Qw>d  Lmtaliim  iiiTiii*,  nldg  nvtum.     lUd  30.     Vid.  ctiim  13. 

1I.B.MT.  "--'-  ■■-->--" ■-•  -'-' ■  -"- 

*lilMarf  of .  — , . 

a,  and  wd  in  child-bed  at  hia  hoiuc-    In  if  hich 


t.  Mr.  BitIb  deeUm  himHlf  aanDiKd,  to  find  AKanini 
rfof  Tullis,uta  tell  na,  llitt,iner  Piio'i  doUh,  ■ 


tbm  liea.  Bal  Plutucli  cnnaniK  the  wne  uxount ;  wd  Ihi  DiiMtke  will 
nit,'  U  lut,  not  on  Aaconiui,  but  on  Mr.  Bijla  hjnuelf,  who  did  Dot  trttrtt,  (mat  tha 
nlbwilT  of  thoH  uicienta.  that  Untului  »u  one  of  DoUbclla'a  nunca,  hy  whkfa  h« 
-WM  oiled  iDdifhmnllr,  aa  mil  la  bj  anj  of  the  rcat.  See  Bajl.  DictJOD.  Artie  Tullla. 
Mt,k. 

*  Ma  HiM  nan  dcfuiaae  tn  tcalia  ea,  nihil  enim  de  maTDn  minuendo  (b  nllo  Kilplnin 
Mt.4Diidg|Dniindoiiiitii>ltgBiiiii.    Ad  All.  12.14. 


47 iH  THE    LIFE 

A,  Irhrin.  CiP.fi2.-~C'.J>il.CnvDk(.III.  M.  ABuUuiLcpdu.  Mif-EfO. 

fiiiiliii;!  liH  rcsulciicc  licre  too  public,  and  a  greater  KMrtk 
liiin  tliaii  he  cuiilil  bear,  lie  retired  to  Astuni,  one  of  his  Mb 
near  Aiittum,  a  little  isbind  on  the  Latian  shore,  at  the  noA 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  covered  with  wood^  and  gnmi 
cut  out  into  sliady  walks ;  a  scene  of  all  others,  the  fittot  li 
iudul)^  mclaucholy,  ami  where  he  could  ^ve  a  free  cooncb 
hiii  grief.  "  Hen-,"  says  he,  *'  I  live  without  the  tpttA  rf 
man :  every  moruiiiK  early  I  liidc  myself  in  the  thickest  of  At 
iroo«l,  and  never  cuinc  out  till  the  eveniiif^ :  next  to  youiKl( 
nothiu);  is  so  dear  to  mc  a^  this  solitude  :  my  whole' coiiB^ 
satioii  is  with  my  books ;  yet  that  is  sometimes  interrnj^  h 
my  tears,  which  I  resist  as  well  as  I  can,  but  am  not  yetdw 
to  do  ntucli  '." 

Atticus  urged  him  to  quit  this  retirement,  and  divert  hinwl 
with  business,  and  the  company  of  bis  friends ;  and  pnt  Ua 
getitlv  in  mind,  that,  by  afflicting  himself  so  immodenitelyi  he 
would  hurt  his  cliariicter,  and  give  people  a  handle  to 
his  weakness:  to  wliicli  he  makes  the  followine  answer: 

*<  As  to  wliat  you  write,  that  you  are  afraid  lest  the  esMi 
of  my  erief  should  lessen  my  credit  and  authority,  I  do  Ml 
know  wliat  men  would  have  of  mc.  Is  it,  that  I  should  Ml 
grieve?  tliat  is  impossible ;  or  tliat  I  should  not  be  opmmd 
with  grief?  who  was  ever  less  so?  When  I  took  rentes ^ 
your  house,  «-as  any  man  ever  denied  access  to  me?  or  dianT 
one  ever  come,  who  had  reason  to  complain  of  me  ?  I  west 
from  yim  to  Astura,  where  those  gay  sparks,  wlio  find  &idt 
Willi  me,  are  not  able  even  to  read  so  much  as  I  have  written 


OF  CItiBBO.  479 

>      JLUfrftB.   CK.63.-C.Jal.CBMrDiDl.UI.  lf..SmiU>uLtpUai.  H^.B^bH. 
will  never  part  witli  my  oonstancy  and  fimmeas,  either  of  mind 
or  speech ',"  &c 

All  his  other  frieii<ls  were  rfry  ^dons,  likewise,  in  making 
their  camplimcnts  of  condolence,  and  administerinir  aivuments 
ot  comfort  to  hitn :  ainon  j  the  tett,  Casear  Umaelf,  m  the  harry 
c^  his  aSidrs.  in  Spain,  wrote  him  a  letter  on  the  occasion,  dated 
froiD  Hispalis,  the  last  af.  April*.  Bmtus  wrote  another,  so 
friendly  and  affectionute.that  it  KT^atly  moved  him ' :  Lncceius, 
kko,  one  of  tlie  most  eAteemecT  writers  of  that  age,  sent  him 
two ;  tlie  first  to  condole,  the  second  to  expostulate  with  him  for 
perseverine;  to  cherish  an  unmanly  and  useless  grief:  but  the 
following  Tetter  of  Scr.  Solpidns  is  thought  to  be  a  master- 
piece of  the  consolatory  kind. 

"  tIER.  SITLPICIUS  TO  H.  T.  CICEBO. 

**  I  WAS  exceedingly  concerned,  as  indeed  I  ought  to  be,  to 
hear  of  the  death  of  yoar  dtuighter  TuUia;  which  Z  looked 
upon  as  an  affliction  common  to  lu  both.  If  I  had  been  with 
yon,  I  would  have  made  it  my  business  to  convince  yon  vhat 
a  real  share  I  take  in  your  gnef.  Thongh  that  kind  of  con- 
solation b  but  wretched  iiud lamentable,  as  it  ia  to  be  performed 
by  irieiids  arid  relutioos,  who  are  overwhelmed  with  grief,  and 
cannot  enter  upon  tlicir  task  without  tears,  and  seem  to  want 
oorofoTt  rattier  tliemselves,  than  to  be  in  condition  to  admi- 
nister it  to  others.  I  resolved,  therefore,  to  write  to  yon,  id 
abort,  what  occurred  upon  it  to  my  own  mind;  not  that  I 
imagined,  that  the  sitnic  things  would  not  occur  also  to  yon, 
but  that  the  force  of  your  grief  might  possibly  hinder  yoar 
"'    I  to  them.     What  reason  is  there,  then,  to  disturb 


TffOnelf  so  immoderately  on  this  melancholy  occasion?  Con- 
iUut  how  fortune  has  already  treated  us ;  how  it  has  deprived 
1M  vi  what  ought  to  be  as  dear  to  us  as  children ;  our  country, 
eredi^  dignity,  honours.  After  so  miserable  a  loss  as  Has, 
what  addition  can  it  possibly  make  to  our  grief,  to  snffer  one 
BaUbrtune  more?  or  how  can  a  mind,  after  being  exercised  in 
■tKh  trials,  not  grow  callous,  and  think  every  thing  else  of  in- 
tanor  value?  Bnt  is  it  for  your  daughter's  s^e  that  you 
grieve?  yet  how  often  must  you  necessarily  reflect,  as  I  my- 
■atf  frequently  do,  that  those  cannot  be  said  to  be  hardly  dealt 
villi,  whose  lot  it  has  been,  in  these  times,  without  suffering 
■Bf  affliction,  to  exchange  life  for  death.     For  what  is  there, 

■IHd.«. 

*  A  Cmm  litlCTM  »ccqri  comobariM,  JtMi  piid.  K>1.  Miii,  HimJi.    Urid.  18.X. 

*  Bnti  UUant  taiutm  st  piiid«at«r  cl  Mnice,  multu  tmmeu  mihl  laetiniu  ittiiltTanl. 

iyi.M,iL 


4SI)  THE    LIFE 

.\  I  i>.  rtKI.    L'l' >^;— ('.Jul.('TUrDl.-I.III      M.-Cfnilintl^Juv   Tlm.^ai. 

in  niir  |irL-s<.'iiI  viroiiniKtiiiicfs,  tliuC  could  give  her  any  gntf 
iiiviiulioii  M  liri'i'  w)i;it  busiiu'ss?  wliat  liopcs?  whatprnprt 
u(  r<Mnfiirt  beforo  la-r  '  wits  it  to  pass  her  days  in  the  muiM 
Miiti>,  with  wHiiv  yixiiig  miiii  of  the  first  qiiiJity?  (foiyai,! 
kimn-,  on  tlic  atriHiiit  of  ymir  cli<;iiity,  mifrlit  liave  chosen «tit 
•.uii-iii-Uiw  yiiii  |ilcu^til  i>iit  of  all  our  youtli,  to  whose  Gil(% 
you  iiiijrlit  »iMy  liavi-  inLttiil  ]ier:)  was  it  then  for  the  sale* 
bciiriiK^  fliiliirt'ii,  uhiiiii  she  mi^rht  hare  liud  the  pleasure  U« 
fli»itrishiM<r!tl'T<'ruAri(s  in  t  lie  en  joy  men  t  of  their  patenulfa- 
tniic^  iiiitl  r!Mii;r  ^riiiliiiilly  to  all  the  hoiiounf  of  the  state,  id 
usiiij;  the  lilMTty.  to  wliit-h  tiu-y  were  born,  in  the  protectioorf 
their  fricniU  1111(1  I'liontNi'  but  what  io  there  of  all  this,  wUd 
WiiN  uitt  ralicii  away.  U-lore  it  was  oven  ^ivcn  to  her?  Bolit 
is  an  evil,  ynu  will  siv,  (o  lose  our  vhihlren  :  it  is  so;  yetilii 
much  ijrcater  ti)  siiffi-r  what  we  ikiw  endure.  I  eannotbc^ 
im-iitioriinir  one  thiu^r,  whieh  has  given  mo  no  small  coidbi^ 
and  ni:iy  hel]i  aUo,  |H'iluips,  to  militate  your  grief.  On  bt 
retnrri  from  .Asia,  us  1  wils  Mailing  from  .l-'girta  luvsards  Megm, 
I  lH><rau  to  C(nil('m])lalu  the  prospeet  of  the  coantnes  arouinl 
ii>e:  .l^iriria  was  bi-hiiid,  Me^rn  before  nie;  I'ineeus  on  ifc* 
ri-rhl,  Corinih  uii  the  left;  all  whiih  towns,  onec  famous  ibI 
nuiirishiiiir,  now  lie  overturned,  and  buried  in  their  ruins :  upm 
this  si;;ht  I  eouhl  nut  but  think  presently  witliin  myself,  aw! 
how  do  we  jiiHir  mortals  fiel  aud  vex  ourselves,  if  any  of  OH 
friends  li;i|>]u'ii  to  die,  ur  to  be  killed,  whose  life  is  yet'so  short, 
v>\ivu  till'  ijireas-rs  uf  so  many  inilile  cities  He  here  expo«J 
bi-liire  OK'  in  one  view?     Whv  wilt  thou  not  then  commaiid 


OF   CICERO.  481 

ik«Uik706.  Cic62.— C.Jul. Cawar Diet. III.  M. iEmilius Lcpidui.   Mag.  Equit. 

mi  are  Cicero^  one  who  has  been  used  always  to  prescribe  and 
^pre. advice  to  others;  nor  imitate  those  paltry  physicians,  who 
IjWttend  to  cure  other  people's  diseases,  yet  are  not  able  to 
^~^^~  their  own;  but  surest  rather  to  yourself  the  same  lesson, 
'  yoa  would  ^ve  m  the  same  case.  There  is  no  grief  so 
irhich  length  of  time  will  not  alleviate :  but  it  would  be 
il  in  you  to  wait  for  that  time,  and  not  to  prevent  it  by 
pjna  wisdom :  besides,  if  there  be  any  sense  in  the  dead,  such 
warn  her  love  and  piety  to  you,  that  she  must  be  concerned  to 
9pB  bow  much  you  afflict  yourself.  Give  this  therefore  to  the 
iJBoeased;  give  it  to  your  friends;  give  it  to  your  country; 
JSjflit  it  may  have  the  benefit  of  your  assistance  and  advice, 
imenever  tnere  shall  be  occasion.  Lastly?  since  fortune  has 
now  made  it  necessary  to  us  to  accommodate  ourselves  to  our 
present  situation,  do  not  give  any  one  a  handle  to  tliink  tliat 
yon  are  not  so  much  bewailing  your  daughter,  as  the  state  of 
flie  times,  and  the  victory  of  certain  persons.  I  am  ashamed 
lo  write  any  more,  lest  I  should  seem  to  distrust  your  pru- 
dence ;  and  will  add,  therefore,  but  one  thing  farther^  and 
conclude.  We  have  sometimes  seen  you  bear  prosperity  nobly, 
with  great  honour  and  applause  to  yourself;  let  us  now  sec 
that  you  can  bear  adversity  with  the  same  moderation,  and 
without  thinking  it  a  greater  burthen  than  you  ought  to  do : 
leet,  in  the  number  of  all  your  other  virtues,  this  one,  at  last, 
be  thought  to  be  wanting.  As  to  myself,  when  1  understand 
that  your  mind  is  y^rown  more  calm  and  composed,  I  will  send 
you  word  how  all  tilings  go  on  here,  and  what  is  the  state  of  the 
province.     Adieu  *." 

His  answer  to  Sulpiciiis  was  the  same  in  effect  with  what  he 
gave  to  all  his  friends ;  that  his  ciise  was  different  from  all  the 
examples,  which  he  had  been  collecting  for  his  own  imitation, 
of  men  who  had  borne  tlic  loss  of  children  with  firmness ;  since 
they  lived  in  times  when  their  dignity  in  the  state  was  able,  in 
great  measure,  to  compensate  their  misfortune :  ^'  But  for  me," 
says  he,  ^^  after  1  had  lost  all  those  ornaments  which  you  enu- 
merate, and  which  1  had  acquired  with  the  utmost  pains,  I 
liave  now  lost  the  only  comfort  that  was  left  to  me.  In  this 
ruin  of  the  Republic,  my  thoughts  were  not  diverted  by 
serving  either  my  friends  or  my  country ;  1  had  no  inclination 
to  the  Forum ;  could  not  bear  the  sight  of  the  senate ;  took 
myself,  as  the  case  in  truth  was,  to  have  lost  all  the  fruit  of  my 
industry  and  fortunes :  yet,  when  I  reflected,  that  all  this  was 
common  to  you,  and  to  many  others,  as  well  as  to  myself,  and 
was  forcing  myself  therefore  to  bear  it  tolerably,  1  had  still,  in 

*  Ep.  Fam.  1.  .^. 
1  1 


4811  THE    LIFE 

A  lTrk.TU(l.   Ok.tS— C.Ji>l.(.-<ruiD<cI  III      M    .CaiLiu  Lq-^o.   N^llt* 

Tiillia,  MHiicwliia  always  to  recur  to,  in  wbicli  I 
<|uie»cc;  luid  ii)  whose  sweet  conversation  I  oouid  dn^di 
caTM  ami  troubles :  but  by  this  last  croel  woiukI,  all  i^  k( 
whifli  fteemrd  to  Ix;  healed,  are  broken  out  a^n  afre^:  ft 
a»  I  then  eould  relieve  the  uneasiness  which  Uie  Rfpublicw 
me,  liy  what  I  found  at  home ;  so  I  cannot  now,  in  the  nfr 
titin  which  I  feet  at  home,  find  any  remedy  abruail )  tut 
firiveii,  iw  well  from  my  house  as  the  Forum ;  since  wtt 
my  house  can  case  my  [lublic  grief,  nor  the  public  my 
one '." 

The  remonstrances  of  his  friends  had  but  little  effect  vtf 
him ;  nil  the  relief  that  he  found  was  from  reading  and  nnins 
in  which  he  continually  employed  himself;  and  did  viMW 
man  luid  ever  done  before  him,  draw  up  a  treatise  of  mdl 
tioii  for  himself;  from  which  he  professes  to  have  receiredt 
rreatcst  comfort ;  though  he  wrote  it,  he  owns,  at  a  time  i^ 
III  the  opinion  of  the  philosophers,  he  n-aa  not  so  vise  U  ll 
ought  to  have  been:  " But  I  did  violence,"  says  he,"taaf 
nature;  to  make  tlie  greatness  of  my  sorrow  give  place  tern 
f^eatiietis  of  the  medicine :  though  I  acted  a^iist  the  adiid 
<if  fhrysippus,  who  dissuades  the  aj>plication  of  any  rem^R 
the  first  assaults  of  grief."  In  this  work  he  chiefly  imilitd 
Cruutor,  the  academic,  who  had  left  a  celebrated  piece  on  dt 
subject ;  yet  he  inserted  also  whatever  pleased  him,  frsd 


OP  CICERO.  483 

A.Ui^70e.  Cic.G2.— C.Jul.CvMrDict.III.   M. /Emiiius  Le|)idu9.   Mog.Kquit. 

WXjBSted  the  project  of  a  more  effectual  consecration,  by 

ilBMHig  a  temple  to  her,  and  erecting  her  into  a  sort  of  deity. 

]ilrM  an  opinion  of  the  philosophers,  which  he  himself  con- 

JiBtly  fim>ured,  and,  in  his  present  circumstances,  particularly 

frililffed,  that  the  souls  of  men,  were  of  heavenly  extraction, 

jjfUi  umt  the  pare  and  chaste,  at  their  dissolution  from  the 

Jj^dy^  retumea  to  the  fountain  ^om  which  they  were  derived, 

:ffk  sabsist  eternally  in  the  fruition  and  participation  of  the 

EXfine  Nature;  whilst  the  impure  and  corrupt  were  left  to 

mnrel  below  in  the  dirt  and  darkness  of  these  inferior  regions. 

Be  declares,  therefore,  that  as  the  wisdom  of  the  ancients  had 

fliailBecrated  and  deified  many  excellent  persons  of  botli  sexes, 

wiume  temples  were  then  remaining ;  the  progeny  of  Cadmus, 

of  Amphitryon,  of  Tyndarus ;  so  be  would  perform  the  same 

hononr  to  Tullia;  who,  if  any  creature  had  ever  deserved  it, 

wm  of  all  the  most  worthy  of  it.     ^^  I  will  do  it,  therefore," 

mfB  hcj  *^  and  consecrate  thee,  thou  best  and  most  learned  of 

i#omen,  now  admitted  into  the  assembly  of  the  gods,  to  the 

rMurd  and  veneration  of  all  mortals  ^" 

In  his  letters  to  Atticus  we  find  the  strongest  expressions  of 
his  resolution  and  impatience  to  see  this  design  executed :  ''  I 
irill  have  a  temple,"  says  he ;  ^^  it  is  not  possible  to  divert  me 
from  it — if  it  be  not  finisiied  this  summer,  I  shall  not  think 
myself  dear  of  guilt — I  am  more  religiously  bound  to  the 
ex^€!Ution  of  it,  tlian  any  man  ever  was  to  the  performance  of 
his  vow  *."  He  seems  to  have  designed  a  fabric  of  great  mjig* 
oifioence;  for  he  had  settled  the  plan  with  his  architect,  and 
contracted  for  pillars  of  Chian  marble,  with  a  sculptor  of  that 
isle;  where  both  the  work  and  the  materials  were  the  most 
esteemed  of  any  in  Greece'.  One  reason  that  determined 
bim  to  a  temple  rather  than  a  sepulchre,  was,  that  in  the  one 

•  Non  enim  omnilms  illi  sapirntcs  arbitrati  sunt  cundcm  rursiim  in  rrrluin  paicro. 
Stun  Titiu  et  sccleribus  rontaminatos  rlcprimi  in  tcnebras,  tittiuc  in  r(pno  jaccrc  do- 
merunt ;  casto«  autcra  animos,  puros,  inteirrog,  incomiptos,  bonis  rtiani  studiis  atquc 
irtfbuf  expolitos  Icni  qiiodam  ar  facili  lapsu  ad  deus,  id  cAt,  ad  natiiram  sui  siniilcin 
lervolorc.    Fragm.  Consolat.  ex  Lactantio. 

Cum  vero  ct  marcs  ct  foeminas  coniplurcs  ex  hominibiis  in  deoruni  numero  C8«(; 
lidMunus  et  corum  in  urbibns  atquc  a^s  augustissiina  templa  voncreinur,  asscntiauiur 
WTum  Mpientiie,  quorum  in^cuii^  et  inventis  omnem  vitam  Ic^bus  et  institutis  exoul- 
aun  constitutomquc  habcnius.  Quod  si  ulhim  unquam  animal  coni»crrandum  fuil, 
llud  profecto  fuit.  Si  C'aduii,  aut  Ampliitryonis  progenies,  aut  Tyndari  in  cadum 
:ollenaa  fama  fuit,  hnic  idem  honos  eerte  dicandus  est.  Quod  quidem  faeiam ;  teque 
muiium  optimam  doctistiimamque,  approl>:mtibi]<t  diis  ipsis,  in  eorum  ru'tu  locatam, 
id  opinionem  omnium  mortalium  consecrabo.  Ibid. — Vid.  Tusc.  Disp.  I.  1.  c.  11.  12. 
SO.  Si. 

■  Fanum  fieri  volo,  ncquc  mihi  erui  potest.  [Ad  Att.  12.  3<).]  Redeo  ad  P'anuni, 
nifai  hMC  sstate  absolutum  crit — scclerc  me  lilieratum  non  putabo.  flbid.  41.]  Ego  uie 
inajore  reli({iono,  quam  quisquam  fuit  iillius  voti,  obstrictuni  jmto.     Ibid.  43. 

»  Dc  Fano  illo  dico — ncquc  de  gcnere  dubito,  placet  eniui  uiihi  Clnatii.  [Ibid.  IH.j 
Tu  tamrn  rum  Apelln  Cbio  confire  dc  columni**.    [Ibid.  19.1     Vid.  Plin.  U'M.  N.  IV'k 

I  i   -2 


I  ITrb.Tnfl,    Cic  m  -C.Jui.CKMrnicl.lII.    M.-«m 


19  Lr;nili».   Mm.  EqiA 


he  was  not  limited  in  tlie  expense,  wtiereas,  in  the  other,  ht 
was  confined  l>y  law  to  a  certain  sum,  which  he  could  not  «- 
cccd  without  the  forfeiture  of  the  same  sum  also  to  the  pubJie: 
yet  this,  as  lie  tells  us,  was  not  the  chief  motive,  but  a  reMln- 
tion,  that  be  had  taken,  of  making  a  proper  apotheosis '.  Tht 
only  difficulty  was,  to  find  a  place  that  suited  his  purpose:  )m 
first  thought  was  to  purchase  ctrtain  gardens  cross  the  Tiber, 
whicb,  lymg  near  the  city,  and  in  the  public  view,  were  dke 
most  likely  to  draw  a  resort  of  votaries  to  his  new  temple.  Bt 
presses  Atticus,  therefore,  to  buy  them  for  him,  at  any  raW, 
without  regard  to  his  circumstances ;  since  he  would  sell,  W 
mortgage,  or  be  content  to  live  on  tittle,  rather  than  be  di»- 
appointed.  Groves  and  remote  places,  he  says,  werepr^lB 
only  for  deities  of  an  established  name  and  religion ;  but  fit 
the  deification  of  mortal-s  public  and  open  situations  wm 
necessary,  to  strike  the  eyes,  and  attract  the  notice  of  do 
people.  But  he  found  so  many  obstructions  in  all  his  attemla 
of  pnrchasing,  that,  to  save  trouble  and  expense,  Atticm  i^ 
visetl  him  to  ouild,  at  last,  in  one  of  his  own  villas ;  to  whi^  ' 
lie  seemed  inclined,  lest  the  summer  should  pass  without  dmag 
any  thing  t  yet  he  was  irresolute  still,  which  of  hb  villas  lie 
should  choose,  and  discouraged  by  reflecting  c       '       * 


the  change  of 


musters  to  which  all  private  estates  were  exposed,  in  a 
aiou  of  ages,  which  might  defeat  the  end  of  his  building,  and 
destroy  the  honour  of  his  temple,  by  converting  it  to  other 
uses,  or  suffering  it  to  fall  into  ruins'. 


OF  CIC£RO.  485 

A.Urb.706.   Cic62.»€.  Jul.  ORsar  Diet.  III.   M.  ^miliut  Lcpidus.  Mng.Equit. 

But  after  all  his  eagerness  and  solicitude  about  this  temple, 
t  was  never  actually  built  by  him ;  since  we  find  no  mention 
if  it  in  any  of  the  ancient  writers :  which  could  not  have  been 
emitted,  if  a  ftibric  so  memorable  had  ever  been  erected  ^  It 
6  likely  that,  as  his  grief  evaporated,  and  his  mind  grew  more 
:alm,  he  began  to  consider  his  project  more  philosophically, 
uid  to  perceive  the  vanity  of  expecting  any  lasting  glory  from 
luch  monuments,  which  time  itself,  in  Uie  course  of  a  few  ages, 
must  necessarily  destroy :  it  is  certain,  at  least,  that,  as  he 
nade  no  step  towards  building  it  this  summer,  so  Csesar's 
leatb,  which  happened  before  the  next,  gave  fresh  obstruction 
;o  it,  by  the  hurry  of  affairs,  in  which  it  engaged  him ;  and 
;hoiigh  he  had  not  still  wholly  dropped  the  thoughts  of  it, 
l>ut  continued  to  make  a  preparation,  and  to  set  apart  a  fund 
For  it%  yet,  in  the  short  ana  busy  scene  of  life,  which  re- 
mained to  hiin,  he  never  had  leisure  enough  to  carry  it  into 
execution. 

He  was  now  grown  so  fond  of  solitude,  that  all  company 
nras  become  uneasy  to  him ;  and  when  his  friend  Philippus,  the 
(ather-in-law  of  Octavius,  happened  to  come  to  his  villa,  in 
that  neighbourhood,  he  was  not  a  little  disturbed  at  it,  from 
the  apprehension  of  being  teazed  with  his  visits ;  and  he  tells 
Atticus,  witli  some  pleasure,  that  he  had  called  upon  him  only 
to  pay  a  short  compliment,  and  went  back  aguin  to  Rome,  with- 
out giving  him  any  trouble  ^  His  wife  Publilia  also  wrote 
liim  word,  that  her  mother  and  brother  intended  to  wait  upon 
him,  and  that  she  would  come  along  with  them,  if  he  would 
a^ive  her  leave,  which  she  begged  in  the  most  earnest  and  sub- 
missive terms : but  his  answer  was,  that  he  was  more  in- 

[iisposed  than  ever  to  receive  company,  and  would  not  havo 

XMwit.  Equidem  jam  nihil  cgco  vectigalibus,  ct  parvo  contentus  esse  possum.  Cogito 
interdum  trans  Tibcrim  hortos  aliquos  pararc,  et  quidem  ob  banc  caiisam  maximc ;  nihil 
snim  video  q\iod  tam  celebrc  esse  posset.  [Ad  Att.  12.  19.]  dc  hortis,  ctiom  atquc  etiam 
te  Togo,  [Ibid.  22.]  ut  s«epe  locuti  siimus,  commutationes  dominorum  rcformido.  [Ibid. 
56.J  celcbritatcm  require.     Ibid.  37. 

*  Ckelius  Rhodiginus  tells  us,  that  in  the  time  of  SixtuB  the  4th,  there  was  found  near 
Rome,  on  the  Appian  way,  over  against  tlie  tomb  of  Cicero,  the  body  of  a  woman,  whoso 
bair  was  dressed  up  in  networic  of  gold,  and  which,  from  the  inscription,  was  thought  to 
be  the  body  of  Tullia.  It  was  entire,  and  so  well  preserved  by  spices,  as  to  have  suffered 
ao  injurj*  from  time;  yet,  when  it  was  removed  into  the  city,  it  mouldered  away  in  three 
Isji.  But  this  was  only  the  hasty  conjecture  of  some  learned  of  that  time,  which,  for 
mmt  of  authority  to  support  it,  soon  vanished  of  itself;  for  no  inscription  was  ever  pro- 
luced  to  confirm  it,  nor  nas  it  been  mentioned,  that  I  know  of,  by  any  other  author,  that 
there  was  any  sepulchre  of  Cicero  on  the  Appian  way.  Vid.  CopI.  Rhod,  Lection,  antiq. 
1. 3.  c.  24. 

'  Quod  ex  istis  fructuoeis  rebus  receptum  est,  id  ego  ad  illud  fanum  seposiUim  puta- 
bam.     Ad  Att.  15. 15. 

•  Mihi  adhuc  nihil  prius  fuit  hac  solitudine,  quam  vereor,  nc  Philippus  toUat :  heri 
enhn  Tetperi  vencrat.    Ibid.  12.  \6. 

Qaod  eram  veritus,  non  obturbavit  Philippus :  nam  ut  heri  mc  salutavit,  statim  Romara 
profectut  est.    Ibid.  18. 


-I'^i;  THE    LIFE 

I.  I  i'..  :«■■■.  I  ,,.  i,J,_f.  Jiil.C-:,^arIliit.  III.   M.  .diiiliu)  l^i-idbi.  Mu.E^ili 

tlii'iii  ciimp;  iiiid  U'M  they  ^IioiiUl  come  without  leave,  be  iesx 
Atticii"  (u  w;i(cli  llivir  inotion^^,  aiid  f^ive  him  notice,  that  in 
ini^ht  oiiitrivi'  to  iivoiil  thorn  '.  A  doiiiul  so  perempton'  t»- 
linii>i  ivliat  I'hitiircli  siiys  that  hU  wifi;  was  now  in  disgnn 
with  him,  uii  ik(^'(^^>iii)t  of  lior  carriage  towards  his  daughter,  ud 
ti>r  NiH'iiiiii^  to  ri'miee  at  her  death  ;  a  crime  which,  id  tiie  t» 
denit'ss  of  his  amictioii  npiicared  to  him  so  heinous,  tbatk 
could  nut  bear  the  tlioujrhts  of  seciiif^  her  any  inore;iid 
lhoiii;h  it  w;u  ini-uiivi-nient  ti>  him  to  piu-t  with  her  fommeit 
thii  time,  yet  he  ri'solveil  to  send  lier  a  divorce,  as  a  pn^ 
sacritici-  to  the  hutioiir  of  TuUia'. 

Itnitiis,  lik('»'isL-,  about  this  time,  took  a  resolution  of  pnin^ 
jiwiiy  liix  wife  t'huidia,  for  tlii>  sake  of  takiiiir  Porcia,  BibuW* 
ividiiw,  and  his  uncle  C'ato's  ilaugltter.  But  he  vas  avA 
I'l'Ti-iiirt-d  fur  this  sicji;  since  Claudia  had  no  stain  upon  kf 
i-iiarai-icr,  was  nobly  born,  the  sister  of  Appius  Claudius,  ind 
tiiarly  al'lL-d  to  l'oiii|i('y;  so  that  his  mother.  Servilia,  thou^ 
I'alo's  sifter,  sci'ius  to  Imvc  been  averse  to  the  divorce,  aM 
strongly  in  the  inleri'stsofCkuidia,a}raiuRt  her  niece.  Cicirro't 
ailviei-  niton  it  was  'I'lit  if  lirutus  km  resolved  upon  the  thing. 
Ill-  sbiinhl  do  it  out  of  hand,  as  the  l>est  way  to  put  an  eudu 
|ii  Djile's  liilkini;,  by  sliewing  that  it  was  not  done  out  of  lerilr 
■•r  i<iin|)l:iisiniL'u  to  the  times,  but  to  take  the  daufrhter  of  Cato, 
itlio>e  name  was  now  highly  uopular':  which  Brutus  soon 
afti-r  eomnlied  with,  and  made  Pureia  his  wife. 

'riii-re  lia|i[iened  another  accident  this  summer,  which  naxi 
I  ^rral  alarm  in  the  city ;  the  sUrprtsino;  death  of  MarcellUs, 


OF  CICEHO.  487 

A.L*ib.7l>B.  Clcfia.— CJuLCwDld.  Ill,  M. 'Smiliui  Lcfiidui.  Mug.  Equil. 
■*  *<BKBV,    BtnLPICIUS   TO    H.   T.    CICERO. 

J^  "  Tholigu  I  know  that  the  news,  which  I  am  going  to  tell 
.you,  will  not  be  sereeable,  yet  dnce  chance  and  nature  govern 
?^e  lives  of  iiB  all,  I  thought  it  my  duty  to  acquaint  you  with 
X'fite  fact,  ill  ulial  manner  soever  it  happened.  On  the  twenty- 
''t^coad  of  M.iy  i  came  by  eea  from  Epidaurug  to  Pineeusi  to 
''  keet  iny  utUtAgue  Marcellus,  and  for  the  sake  of  his  company, 
'  '  f  with  him  there.  The  next  day,  when,  i  took 
i,  with  design  to  go  from  Athens  into  Bc^otia, 
aining  part  of  my  jurisdicdon,  he,  aa  he  told 
1  to  set  awl,  at  the  same  time,  towards  Italy. 
I  day  foltdwing,  about  four  in  the  morning  when  I  was 
L  pre]>ariii-r  to  set  out  &om  Athens,  his  friend,  F.  Fostumius, 
me  to  let  me  know,  that  Marcellus  was  stabbed  by  his  com- 
P.  Magius  Cilo,  after  supper,  and  had  received  two 
^  till.'  une  in  his  stomach,  the  odier  in  his  head  near  the 
It  he  was  in  hopes.sull  that  he  might  live ;  that  Maguu 

dy  killed  himself;  and  that  Marceflus  sent  him  to  intorm 

lit  ue  case,  and  to  desire  that  I  would  bring  some  phyu- 
■OMN  to  him.  I  got  some  together  immediately,  and  went 
Away  with  them  before  break  of  day :  but  wheu  I  was  come  near 
Pineeus,  Acidiiius's  boy  met  me  with  a  note  from  bis  master, 
Jul  which  it  was  signified,  that  Marcellus  died  a  little  before 
day.  Thus  a  great  man  was  murdered  by  a  base  villain ;  and 
hct  whom  his  very  enemies  had  spared  on  the  account  of  his 
digfnity,  received  Iiis  death  from  the  hands  of  a  friend.  I  went 
forward,  however,  to  his  tent,  where  I  found  two  of  his  freed- 
men,  and  a  few  of  his  slaves  ;  all  the  rest,  they  said,  were  fled, 
being  in  a  terrible  frij^ht,  on  the  account  of  their  master's 
murder.  I  was  forced  to  carry  his  body  with  me  into  the  city, 
In  the  same  litter  in  which  I  came,  and  by  my  own  servants, 
where  I  provided  a  funeral  for  him,  as  splendid  as  the  con- 
dition of  Athens  woukl  allow.  I  cotdd  not  prevail  with  the 
Athenians  to  grant  a  place  of  burial  for  him  within  the  city : 
tbey  said,  that  it  was  forbidden  by  their  religion,  and  had 
never  been  indulged  to  any  man :  but  they  readily  granted 
what  was  the  most  desirable  in  the  next  place,  to  bury  him  in 
any  of  their  public  schools  tliat  I  ])Ieased.  I  cliose  a  place, 
therefore,  the  noblest  in  the  universe,  the  School  of  the  Aca- 
demy, where  I  burnt  him ;  and  have  since  given  orders  that 
the  Athenians  should  provide  a  marble  monument  for  him  in 
the  same  place.  Thus  I  have  faithfully  performed  to  him 
both  when  living  aiul  dead,  every  duty  which  our  partnership 


THE    LIFE 


>r  Diet.  HI.   M.^CiDiliiuLcpidiu.  II«.E 


ill  iif1ii>e,  ami  my  iKirticular  relation  to  Lim  required.    A£a. 
The  tliirtieth  of  May,  from  Athena '." 

M.  Marcelliiii  wai  tlie  head  uf  a  family,  which,  for  a  neat- 
sinri  of  many  nf^esi  had  made  the  first  figure  in  Rome,  uid  w 
himself  adorned  with  all  the  \-irtues  that  could  qualify  hisli 
sustain  that  dignity  wliidi  lie  derived  from  his  noble  aneetfn, 
He  had  formed  himself  in  a  particular  manner  for  the  im, 
where  he  soon  iicquire<l  great  mme  ;  and,  of  ail  the  ontnirf 
his  time,  tfcems  to  hare  approached  the  nearest  to  Cicero  k> 
self,  ill  the  eliaiacter  of  a  complete  speaker.  Hia  manocr  i 
speaking  was  elegant,  strong,  and  copious;  with  a  sweetacarf 
voice,  and  proiiricty  of  action,  that  added  a  grace  and  luftnh 
every  thiiiir  that  he  said.  He  was  a  constant  admirer  mi 
imitator  ofXTicero ;  of  tlie  same  principles  in  peace,  and  ob  it 
same  side  in  war :  so  that  Cicero  laments  his  absence,  mit 
toss  of  a  companion  ami  partner  in  their  common  studies  vi 
lalmurs  of  life.  Of  alt  the  magistrates,  he  was  the  fieicot 
onposer  of  C»«ar's  powc^r,  and  the  most  active  to  reduce  it; 
his  high  spirit,  and  the  ancient  glorjr  of  his  house,  made  la 
impatient  under  the  thought  of  receiving  a  master ;  and  wbn 
the  battle  of  Pliur^nlia  seemed  at  last  to  liave  imposed  one  upa 
them,  he  retired  to  Mitylenc,  the  usual  resort  of  men  of  leaia- 
ing;  there  to  spend  the  rest  i)f  his  days  in  a  studious  retieit; 
remote  from  arms,  and  the  hurry  of  war:  and  determined 
neither  to  seek  nor  to  accept  any  grace  from  tlie  coiiquem. 
Here  Itnitu-^  paid  him  a  visit,  and  found  him,  as  he  gave  an 
account  to  Cicero,  as  })erft.>ctly  easy  and  happy,  under  all  the 
misery  of  the  times,  from  the  consciotisnesa  of  his  ii 


OF  CICERO.  489 

A.  Urb.  708.  Cic  62.— C.  JnL  Cctar  Diet.  III.  M.  ^milius  Lepidus.  Mag.  Equit. 

Magius,  who  killed  bim,  was  of  a  fEunily  which  had  borne 
■ome  of  the  public  offices,  and  had  himself  l>een  qusestor ' ;  and, 
lynriiu^  attacked  himself  to  the  fortunes  of  ^'laroellus,  and  fol- 
lowedThim  through  the  wars  and  his  exile,  was  now  returning 
^rith  him  to  Italy.  Sulpicius  gives  no  hint  of  any  cause  that 
indnoed  him  to  commit  this  horrid  act :  which,  by  the  imme- 
diate death  of  Magius,  could  never  be  clearly  Imown.  Cicero's 
eonjecture  was,  that  Magius,  oppressed  with  debts,  and  appre- 
lieiiding  some  trouble  on  that  score  at  his  return,  had  been 
vamng  Marcellus,  who  was  his  sponsor  for  some  part  of  them, 
to  fumish  him  with  money  to  pay  the  whole ;  and,  by  receiv- 
ii^  a  denial,  was  provoked  to  the  madness  of  kUline  his  patron '. 
Others  assign  a  different  reason,  as  the  rage  of  jealousy,  and 
the  impatience  of  seeing  others  more  favoured  by  Marcellus 
thaa  hmiself  *• 

At  soon  as  the  news  reached  Rome,  it  raised  a  general  con- 
atemation ;  and  from  the  suspicious  nature  of  the  times,  all 
people's  thoughts  were  presently  turned  on  Csesar,  as  if  he 
were  privately  the  contriver  of  it :  and  from  the  wretched  fate 
of  so  illustrious  a  citizen,  every  man  be^an  to  think  himself  in 
danger :  Cicero  was  greatly  shocked  at  it,  and  seemed  to  con- 
aider  it  as  the  prelude  of  some  greater  evil  to  ensue:  and 
Atticus,  signifying  his  concern  upon  it,  advises  him  to  take  a 
more  particular  care  of  himself,  as  being  the  only  consular 
senator  left,  who  stood  exposed  to  any  envy  *.  But  Caesar's 
friends  soon  cleared  him  of  all  suspicion ;  as,  indeed,  the  fact 
itself  did,  when  the  circumstances  ciime  to  be  known,  and  fixed 
the  whole  guilt  of  it  on  the  fury  of  Magius. 

There  appeared,  at  this  time,  a  bohl  impostor,  who  began  to 
make  a  g^eat  noise  and  figure  in  Italy,  by  assuming  the  name, 
and  pretending  to  be  the  grandson  of  Caius  Marius ;  but  ap- 
prehending that  Csesar  would  soon  put  an  end  to  his  preten- 
sions, and  treat  him  as  he  deserved,  he  sent  a  pathetic  letter 
to  Cicero,  by  some  young  fellows  of  his  company,  to  justify 
his  claim  and  descent,  and  to  implore  his  protection  against  the 
enemies  of  his  family;  conjuring  him,  by  tlieir  relation,  by  the 
poem  which  he  had  formerly  written  in  praise  of  Marius,  by 
the  eloquence  of  L.  Crassus,  his  mother's  father,  whom  he  had 
likewise  celebrated,  that  he  would  undertake  the  defence  of  his 

»  ViU.  Wgh.  Annul.  A.  V.  GJ>1. 

*  Qiianquani  nihil  liabco  quod  dubitem,  nisi  ipsi  Mapio  quro  fncrit  causa  amcutire. 
Pro  quo  quidcm  ctiuni  sponsor  Sunii  factus  est.  Nimiruui  id  fuit.  Solvcndo  enini  non 
cnrat.  Credo  cum  a  Marrollo  potiif«sc  aliquid,  ct  illuui,  ut  erat,  constantius)  rcs^puudisiic. 
Ad  Att.  13.  ]0. 

^  Indi^natus  aliquem  amicoruni  ah  co  sihipn»;fen'i.     Val.  M:oc.  9.  1 1. 

♦  MiDime  niiror  tc  ct  graviter  ferrc  do  Murcello,  ct  plura  vcrcri  poriculi  genera.  Quis 
ciiim  hor  timeret,  quod  ncquc  ocriderat  antca,  nee  videbatur  aatura  fciTC,  ut  oGcidoro 
poMet.    Omnia  igiturmetucnda,&c.    Ad  Att.  13.  10. 


I 


490  THE    LIPB 

A.  I'*'^  TM   C>c.  «3_r.Jsl.CMuDici.lll.  "    "-'•'      '-['■-   "-|  ■ 

emme :  Cicvro  aiuwered  lum  rery  ^frsTely,  tbat  be  cou 
want  a  pntroo,  when  fau  kiasman,  Csesar,  so  exc«Uei 
mtrrous  a  nan,  wna  iraw  the  master  of  all ;  yet  tWt  I 
•ooutd  bo  ntuiy  to  fiirour  him '.  But  Caesar,  at  biN  \ 
knovrini;  bim  to  t>e  a  cheat,  bajiished  him  out  of  Italy; 
iminui  of  being  what  he  preteuded  to  be,  he  was  (mm 
onlv  m  fiurier,  whose  true  name  was  Uerophilus  *. 

Ariaratbes,  th«  brother  and  ptesumptire  heir  of  A 
zai>H.  kin?  of  Cappadocia,  came  to  Itome  tlik  yeoTi 
Cicero  htdd  a  particular  fripudship  «-ith  hiij  fitmily,  aud 
consul,  bad,  by  a  decree  of  the  senate,  conferred  uf 
bthcr  the  houour  of  the  regal  tille,  be  thought  proper  i 
a  wrranl  to  meet  him  on  tlie  rood,  and  ini>-ite  bim  to  his 
but  be  Mas  already  engaged  by  Sestius,  whose  office  i 
wtu  to  n-iKiTe  foreign  princes  and  ambassadors  at  the 
expeuftc,  which  Cicero  was  not  displeased  with  in  the  i 
italc  of  \u»  domestic  aff^rs:  "  He  comes,"  saj-s  he,  *'I 
to  jHirchaite  some  kingdom  of  Cxssa,  for  be  has  not  atf 
a  HHit  of  land  of  his  own  '." 

Cicero's  wbdc  time,  during  bis  solitude,  was  empio' 
reading  and  wriliiier :  this  was  the  business  both  of  his  da 
nig)iW :  it  is  inerodible,  he  says,  bow  much  he  wrote,  an 
little  he  slept;  and  if  he  had  not  fallen  into  that  way  of  i 
ing  hi*  time,  he  should  not  have  known  what  to  do  will 
u-lf  *.  HLs  studies  were  chiefly  philosophical,  which  li 
been  fond  of  from  bis  youth,  and.  after  a  long  inierm 
med  with  great  ardour;  having  taken  a  resolui 


OF   CICERO.  491 

—  ^Urh.  706.  Cic.  62.^0.  Jnl.  Csmr  Diet.  III.   M.  iEmilitts  Lepidui.  Mag.  Equit. 

jltiHid  every  help  to  Festrain  and  correct  them.  <<The  cala- 
^''^  of  the  city,  says  he,  <*  made  this  task  necessary  to  me : 
!  in  the  confusion  of  civil  arms,  I  could  neither  defend  it 
my  old  way ;  nor,  when  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  be 
_  ^  eoold  I  find  any  thine  better,  on  which  to  employ  myself. 
Mhr-  ehizens,  therefore,  wul  pardon,  or  rather  lliank  me,  that 
WbcB  the  government  was  rallen  into  the  power  of  a  single 

EMNit  I  neither  wholly  hid,  nor  a£9icted  myself  unnecessarily, 
^  acted  in  such  a  manner  as  to  seem  anery  at  the  man,  or 
limes;  nor  yet  flattered  or  admired  the  fortune  of  another, 
gjias  to  be  displeased  with  my  own.  For  I  had  learnt  from 
4nBto  md  philosophy,  that  these  turns  and  revolutions  of  states 

r-mtuial:  sometimes  into  the  hands  of  a  few,  sometimes  of 
many,  sometimes  of  one :  as  this  was  the  case  of  our  own 
Aqrablic^  so,  when  I  was  deprived  of  my  former  post  in  it,  I 
Itetdok  myself  to  these  studies,  in  order  to  relieve  my  mind 
flram  the  sense  of  our  common  miseries,  and  to  serve  my 
MVDtry,  at  the  same  time,  in  the  best  manner  that  I  was  able : 
fiv  my  books  supplied  the  place  of  my  votes  in  the  senate ; 
Old  of  my  speeches  to  the  people ;  and  I  took  up  philosophy, 
wm  a  substitute  for  my  management  of  the  state  \" 

He  now  published,  therefore,  in  the  way  of  dialogue,  a  book, 
wliich  he  oJled  Hortensius,  in  honour  of  his  deceased  friend ; 
where,  in  a  debate  of  learning,  he  did,  what  he  had  often 
done  in  contests  of  the  bar,  undertake  the  defence  of  pliiloso])hy 
against  Hortensius,  to  whom  he  assigned  the  part  of  arraign- 
ing it  *•  It  was  the  reading  of  this  book,  long  since  unfortu- 
nately lost,  which  first  inflamed  St.  Austin,  as  he  himself 
somewhere  declares,  to  the  study  of  the  Christian  philosophy ; 
and  if  it  had  yielded  no  other  fruit,  yet  happy  it  was  to  tlie 
world  that  it  once  subsisted,  to  be  the  instrument  of  raising  up 
so  illustrious  a  convert  and  champion  to  the  church  of  Christ  \ 

He  drew  up  also,  about  this  time,  in  four  books,  a  particular 
account  and  defence  of  the  philosophy  of  the  Aciidemy,  the 
sect  which  he  himself  followed ;  being,  as  he  says,  of  all  others, 
the  most  consistent  with  itself,  and  the  least  arrogant,  jis  well 


>  Diviii.  2.2.— ilcFiu.  l.;5. 

'  Coliortuti  sMiiiuH^  lit  iiKixinu*  potuiuius,  ad  pbilusopliiu;  studiuni  co  libro^  qui  est 
inficripius,  llortcii^iu^.  ])c  Diviii.  2.  I. 

Nos  ftutem  univci-sau  pliilusopliiu)  vitupuratoribus  rcspoudimus  in  llortcnsio.     Tusc, 
Di»p.2.2. 

*  It  b  certaiu  that  all  the  Lalin  Fathers  iii.ido  jrreat  use  of  (.'irero's  wntiujrs,  and 
I'^pcciaJly  Jerome,  who  was  not  m>  trniteful  as  Austin  in  acknowledginj:  the  benefit;  for, 
liAving  conceived  m»uu-  f-cruplc>  on  that  score  in  iii^  declinin^r  ap:e.  In*  endeavoiuvd  ti> 
discoungo  hiH  diseij>]ei<  tVuiu  ir:ulin<;  thrin  at  all  ;  and  derhiitil,  that  he  liad  not  taken 
cither  Cicero  or  Alaro,  <n-  anv  heathen  \»:iur  into  lii>«  han«ls  for  above  fifteen  yt'ars;  foi 
uLich  his  adveituirv  Hiifrmus  raljut^  him  \crv  u\erel>.  Vid.  Ilierou.  Op.  Tom.  4.  {ku 
2.  p.  414.  it.  par.  1.  p.  2}^.     P^lict.  IJeucdirt. 


A.  L'rb.TOa  CicG'X— C.  JuLCbu  DIcl.lII.  M.  .SmiKiuLrpMo.  1^^ 
a>  most  cicgniit '.  He  had  before  published  a  wori^  oa  Ac 
nme  subject,  in  two  books :  the  one  called  Catnlin,  the  ads 
Lumllus;  but,  coiisidering^  that  the  arg^timent  was  notnaJ 
to  the  charnctt^TS  of  the  speakers,  who  were  not  potiaiii^ 
remarkable  for  any  study  of  that  sort,  he  waa  tbioldiif  N 
cboiif^e  tliem  to  Cato  aiid  Brutus;  when  Atticus,  happcniYli 
sijjntfy  to  liim  that  Varro  had  expressed  a  desire  tobe  ioMli^ 
in  some  of  hta  writing  he  presently  reformed  his  scheme^  wi 
enlarged  it  into  four  books,  which  be  addressed  to  Vani 
taking  upon  himself  the  part  of  Philo,  of  defending  the  nil- 
dples  of  the  Aradcmy,  and  assigning-  to  Varro  that  of  lot 
ochus,  of  omwsing  and  confuting  them,  and  intrtidudng  AUM 
as  the  moacnttor  uf  the  dispute.  He  finished  tbe  whole  nA 
great  accuracy ;  so  as  to  make  it  a  present  worthy  of  Vm; 
and  if  lie  was  nut  deceived,  he  says,  by  partiality  and  self-lonr 
too  common  in  such  cases  there  was  nothing  on  the  lubjcd 
equal  to  it,  even  among  the  Greeks  *.  All  these  fonr  btm 
excepting  part  of  the  nrst,  are  now  lost;  whilst  the  second  Iwik 
of  (lie  first  edition,  which  he  took  some  pains  to  suppren,R- 
mains  still  entire,  under  its  original  title  of  LucuUus. 

He  published,  likewise,  this  year,  one  of  the  noblest  of  b 
works,  and  on  tlic  noblest  subject  in  plMlosophy,  his  tretfiKi 
railed  De  Finibus,  or  of  tlie  chief  good  and  ill  of  man;  wriltci 
in  Aristotle's  manner  * ;  in  whit?li  he  explained,  witb  great  elt- 
gance  and  perspicuity,  the  several  opinions  of  all  the  andnt 
tieetsun  that  most  important  ciuestiun.  It  is  there  inquired,  be 
tidls  us,  what  is  the  chief  end  to  which  all  the  views  of  life 


OF  CICERO.  493 

A.1Mi7M.  Oie.6S.—C. Jul. Cmw Diet ni.  M. .fimfliiu Lepidui,  Mag.Equit. 


StooioB,  asserted  bv  Cato,  and  opposed  by  Cicero,  in  a 
debate^  npon  tneir  meeting  accidentally  in  Lucnllns's 
The  fiftn  contains  the  opinions  of  the  Old  Academy, 
PeripatetiGS}  explained  by  Piso,  in  a  third  dialogue, 
'  to  be  held  at  Athens,  in  the  presence  of  Cicero,  his 
QointQS,  consm  Ludas,  and  Atticns.  The  critics 
'ohserred  some  impropriety  in  this  last  book,  in  midcing 
tefer  to  the  other  two  dialogues,  of  which  he  had  no  diare, 
eonU  not  be  presumed  to  have  any  knowled^  K  But 
smy  inaecnracy  of  that  kind  be  reaUir  found  m  this,  or 
other  of  his  works,  it  may  reasonably  be  excused  by 
iraltiolicity  of  afl^rs,  which  scarce  allowed  him  time  to 
mnim  less  to  revise  what  he  wrote :  and,  in  dialogues  of 
'^tevtfa,  composed  by  piece-meal,  and  in  the  short  intervals 
"Iff  Insure^  it  cannot  seem  strange,  that  he  should  sometimes 
^ftqrat  his  artificial,  to  resume  his  proper  character ;  and  enter 
^■Mvertendy  into  a  part,  which  ne  Jbad  assigned  to  another. 
'Sb  addressed  this  work  to  Brutus,  in  return  for  a  present  of 
tite'same  kind,  which  Brutus  had  sent  to  him  a  little  before, 
a  treaUte  vpcn  virtue^ 

Not  long  after  he  had  finished  this  work,  he  published 
flnMher  of  equal  gravity,  called  his  Tusculan  Disputations,  in 
live  books  also,  upon  as  many  different  questions  in  philosophy, 
Ae  most  important  and  useful  to  the  happiness  of  numan  life. 
The  first  teaches  us  how  to  contemn  the  terrors  of  death,  and 
to  look  upon  it  as  a  blessing,  ratiier  than  an  evil ;  the  second, 
to  support  pain  and  affliction  with  a  manly  fortitude;  the  third, 
to  appease  all  our  complaints  and  uneasmess  under  the  acci- 
dents of  life ;  the  fourth,  to  moderate  all  our  other  passions ; 
the  fifth,  to  evince  the  sufficiency  of  virtue  to  make  man  happy. 
It  was  his  custom,  in  the  opportunities  of  his  leisure,  to  take 
«ome  friends  with  him  into  the  country ;  where,  instead  of  amus- 
ing themselves  with  idle  sports  or  feasts,  tlieir  diversions  were 
wholly  speculative :  tending  to  improve  the  mind,  and  enlarge 
the  understanding.  In  this  manner  he  now  spent  five  days  at 
his  Tusculan  Vilm,  in  discussing  with  his  fnends  the  several 
questions  just  mentioned :  for,  after  employing  the  mornings 
in  declaiming  and  rhetorical  exercises,  they  used  to  retire,  in 
the  afternoon,  into  a  gallery  called  the  Academy,  which  he 
had  built  for  the  purpose  of  philosophical  conferences :  where, 
afiber  the  manner  of  the  Greeks,  he  held  a  school,  as  they 
called  it,  and  invited  the  company  to  call  for  any  subject,  that 
they  desired  to  hear  explainea ;  which  being  proposed,  accord- 

I  Vid.  Pne&t.  Davis,  in  Lib.  de  Fin.  '  De  Fin.  1.  3. 


THE    Lll-t: 


iit^lvi  bv  Homc  of  the  audiencei  became  inunediatGly  it 
argument  of  lliat  day's  delntt?.  These  five  coDfenatet,  m 
diul<it(uos,  he  ctiUcctcd  afternards  into  wTitinjr,  iii  die  rtn 
wnnlH  and  manner  in  which  they  roally  passed,  and  puUiika 
them  under  the  title  of  his  Tuscuiaii  UisputatiaDS,  fnm  it 
name  of  the  \illa  in  which  they  were  held  '. 

He  wrote  ulw  a  little  piece,  in  the  way  vf  a  Funcr^  Ea» 
mium,  in  ymW  of  I'lnri-ia:  the  M>ter  of  Cato,  the  wife  rf 
DomitiuK  AlienoUirlins  C'sp«ar\  iii(irt;il  enemy:  wh  I  eh  dun 
how  little  he  was  still  disposed  to  court  the  times.  Vanoai 
I  .olliiio  attempted  the  same  subject ;  anfl  Cicero  desires  Atdm 
to  nend  him  tlieir  comjMtsitions :  hut  all  the  three  are  now  Imt: 
tliouirh  ficero  t<Kik  the  pains  to  revise  and  eorreet  Iiis  aiidsMi 
copies  of  it  nflerwiinls  to  Domitius  the  son,  and  BrntiH  it 
nephew  of  that  I'oreta  '. 

Ciesar  contirined  all  this  while  in  Spain,  pursuing  the  hh 
of  Pomjioy.  aiul  proviiliiif;  for  the  future  peace  and  setilemefll 
of  tin!  province ;  whence  lie  paid  Cicero  the  i-omplinienl  «£ 
iiendin)r  him  an  account  rif  his  success  with  hia  own  hani 
Ilirtius  also  gave  him  early  infelHi^nce  of  the  defeat  aod 
flight  of  the  two  hroihers ;  which  was  not  disagreeable  to  hin; 
for  tliimgli  he  was  nut  much  concorncd  about  the  event  of  ibe 
war.  unci  exiiecteii  no  gomi  from  it  on  cither  side,  vet  the  oot- 
ninn  which  he  hud  i-unceivcil  of  the  fierceness  and' violence  (tf 
the  young  Pompcys,  especially  of  the  elder  of  them,  Cntens. 
engaged  liis  wishes  ratlier  for  C^sar.  In  a  letter  to  Atticniv 
"Hirtius,"  says  he,  *'wrote  me  word,  that  Sextos  Pompeylwi 


OF   CICERO.  495 

^     A.  Dibb  708.  Ck.  63.^0.  Jul.  Ckmt  Diet.  III.  If.  .SmiUfu  Leindus.  Mag.  Equit. 

always  thcMight  that  we  lauffhed  at  him:  I  am  afraid, 
ke  shoold  take  it  into  his  head  to  repay  our  jokes,  in  his 
manner,  with  the  sword  ^" 

'  Qointns  Cicero,  who  made  the  campaign  along  with 
linking  to  please  his  company,  and  to  make  his  for- 
dia  better  amcmgst  them,  beean  to  play  over  his  old 
and  to  abuse  his  uncle  again  in  all  places.  Cicero,  in 
asoomit  of  it  to  Atticus,  says,  <<  there  is  nothing  new,  but 
Hirtias  has  been  quarreuing  in  my  defence,  with  our 
Quintns,  who  takes  all  occasions  of  saying  every  thing 
«f  me,  and  especially  at  public  feasts ;  and  when  he  has 
»  with  me,  faOs  next  upon  his  &ther ;  he  is  thought  to  say 
BO  eredible,  as  that  we  are  both  irreconcilable  to  Caesar: 
should  trust  neither  of  us ;  and  even  beware  of  me : 
would  be  terrible,  did  I  not  see  Uiat  our  king  is  persuaded 
I  have  no  spirit  left  V 
Tv^\At&n8  was  always  endeavouring  to  moderate  Cicero's  im- 
under  the  present  government,  and  persuading  him 
(Ojooiply  more  cheerfully  with  the  times,  nor  to  reject  the 
of  Csesar,  which  was  so  forwardly  offered  to  him; 
■<siild  upon  his  frequent  compkints  of  the  slavery  and  indignity 
4tif''hh  present  condition,  he  took  occasion  to  observe,  what 
Cfeero  could  not  but  own  to  be  true ;  that  if  to  pay  a  particular 
fSmirt  and  observance  to  a  man,  was  the  mark  of  slavery,  those 
in  power  seemed  to  be  slaves  rather  to  him,  than  he  to  them  *. 
With  the  same  view  he  was  now  pressing  him,  among  his 
othier  works,  to  think  of  something  to  be  addressed  to  Caesar ; 
but  Cicero  had  no  appetite  to  this  task ;  he  saw  how  difficult  it 
would  be  to  perform  it,  without  lessening  his  character,  and 
descending  to  flattery ;  yet  being  urged  to  it  also  by  other 
friends,  he  drew  up  a  letter,  which  was  communicated  to  Hir- 
tins  and  Balbus,  for  their  judgment  upon  it,  whether  it  was 
proper  to  be  sent  to  Csesar  r  The  subject  seems  to  have  been 
some  advice,  about  restoring  the  peace  and  liberty  of  the 
Republic,  and  to  dissuade  him  from  the  Parthian  war,  which 
he  intended  for  his  next  expedition,  till  he  had  finished  the 
more  necessary  work  of  settling  the  state  of  things  at  home. 

*  Pefeam,  nisi  sollicitns  sum  ?  ac  malo  vetcrem  oc  clemcntem  dominum  babcre,  qiiam 
DOmm  et  cnidelcm  cxperiri.  Scis,  Cnseus  quain  sit  fatuus ;  scis,  quoniodo  cnidcOitatoni 
Tiftutem  puU^t;  scis,  quum  sc  semper  a  nobis  dcrisum  putct.  Vcrcor,  no  nos  rustico 
gladio  Telit  AvrifivKT^pitrai,     Ep.  Fam.  15.  19. 

*  Novi  sane  nihil,  nisi  llirtium  cum  Quinto  acenrime  pro  me  litigasso ;  omnibus  cum 
iflcis  fiicere,  niAximcquo  in  conviviis  ;  cum  multa  dc  me,  turn  rcdirc  ad  patrcm  :  nihil 
■Dtem  ab  eo  tarn  d^to^icrrotv  dici,  qiiam  alienissimos  nos  esse  a  Cassarc;  fidcm  nobis 
liabendaiii  non  esse :  me  vcro  cavonuuni :  fpofiipdv  t/y,  nisi  vidcrem  scire  Ui^m,  uic 
•Bimi  Bifail  habere.    Ad  Att.  13.  37. 

'  Et  ti  meherculc,  ut  tu  intclligis,  magis  mihi  isti  serviunt,  si  obscrvare  senrire  est. 
WA.49. 

1*2 


1 


A.L'rtL70t.  Ck-Cl— C.J«LC^P»«.I11.  W  1  M  l|l  »»8|» 
llMTff  was  Dotliin^  in  it^  be  aav^  ham  «iat  H^ffcl  onw  m 
dw  best  of  dtizeiu.  It  was  ^iw»s^  tawniLi,  vitb  «■  m^ 
,  that  though  AtXienc  aeeawd  Blawd  witfc  i^  T*  <k 

r  two  dnret  not  adme  tbe  maJ^g  m,  m^em  iMMe  pMM 
wttn  altrfrd  w  Moftened,  wludi  Hagmmed  Gcrwtt  so  nacK  V 
W  rwtttw^  iwt  to  write  at  all:  and  wkea  Attkus  m  d 
Bviaff  him  to  be  more  compUisuit,  hr  aaswcretl  wU  gM 
•pirit  la  two  or  three  lelten  '. 

**  As  for  the  letter  to  Caesar,"  «y*  b«,  -^  I  was  alwaji  " 
wilUtifC  tliat  thvv  should  6nt  read  it ;  for  athermiae,  I  iai 
bc>eci  uatittng  iii  civility  to  lbe^^  aod,  if  I  bad  haMKMll 
give  offence,  exjiosed  myself  also  to  du^er.  Tiwy  M 
dealt  inj^nuously  and  kindly  with  lae,  in  oot  oooccalii^ 
they  thou|(ht;  but  what  pleases  me  the  iiMMt  is,  that 
quiring  so  many  alterations,  they  gire  me  an  ejccase  fii^ 
writing  at  all.  As  to  the  Parthian  war,  wbat  bad  I 
sider  about  it,  but  that  which  1  thoug-ht  would  please  bia?B 
what  subject  was  there  else  for  a  letter,  but  flatter)?  ari" 
had  a  mind  to  adv-ise,  what  1  really  took  to  be  the  best,  a  ._ 
I  have  been  at  a  loss  for  words?  there  is  no  occasou,  ihocA^ 
for  any  letter :  for  where  there  is  do  great  matter  u>  be  ffiotk 
and  a  slip,  though  not  ((real,  may  make  us  uneasy,  what  mw 
is  there  to  run  any  risk  ?  especially  when  it  is  nalunl  Gar  bia 
to  think,  that  as  1  wrote  noUiing  to  him  before,  so  I  thwU 
have  written  nothing  now,  had  not  the  n-ar  been  wholly  cwM: 
besides,  I  am  afraid  lest  he  should  imagine  tliat  I  sent  |U>«* 
sweelt'ner  for  my  Calo:  in  short,  I  was  heartily  asharatd  tf 


OF  CICBRO.  497 


^I7rb.706.   Cic.G2.—C. Jul. CiDMr Diet. III.   M. ^luUius Lepidut.   Mag.Equit. 

it  Oq  an  occasion  of  such  dignity,  words  can  never 
iting ;  but  what  can  I  do  on  my  subject  ?  Yet  I  had 
I9  as  it  were,  out  of  the  block,  some  faint  resemblance 
imi^ ;  but  because  there  were  some  thine;s  hinted  in  it, 
better  than  what  we  see  done  every  day,  it  was  disliked: 
not  at  all  sorry  for  it ;  for  had  the  letter  gone,  take  my 
finr  it»  I  should  have  had  cause  to  repent,  ("or  do  you 
that  very  scholar  of  Aristotle,  a  youth  of  the  greatest 
and  the  greatest  modesty,  after  he  came  to  be  odled  a 
^  grown  proud,  cruel,  extravagant?  Do  vou  imagine  that 
man,  raoKcd  in  the  processions  of  the  gods,  and  enshrined 
^e  same  temple  with  Romulus,  will  be  pleased  with  the 
style  of  my  letters?  It  is  better  that  he  be  dis- 
ribted  at  my  not  wnting,  than  at  what  I  write :  in  a  word,  let 
PB  do  what  he  pleases ;  for  that  problem,  which  I  once  pro- 
ioaed  to  ^ou,  and  thought  so  difficult,  in  what  way  I  should 
fmase  lum,  is  over  wlSi  me ;  and  in  truth,  I  now  wish  more 
^Std  the  effect  of  his  resentment,  be  it  what  it  will,  than  I 
IMS  before  a&aid  of  it '."  **  I  beg  of  you,  therefore,"  says  he 
i  another  letter,  **let  us  have  no  more  of  this,  but  shew  our- 
iilfiea  at  least  half  free,  by  our  silence  and  retreat '." 
"FVmn  this  little  fact,  one  cannot  help  reflecting  on  the  fetal 
Beets  of  arbitrary  power  upon  the  studies  and  compositions  of 
lien  of  genius,  and  on  the  restraint  timt  it  necessarily  lays  on 
be  free  course  of  good  sense  and  truth  among  men.  It  had 
et  scarce  shewn  itself  in  Kome,  when  we  see  one  of  the 
Teatest  men,  as  well  as  the  greatest  wits,  which  that  Republic 
ver  bred,  embarrassed  in  the  choice  of  a  subject  to  write 
pon ;  and,  for  fear  of  offending,  choosing  not  to  write  at  all ; 
nd  it  was  the  same  power,  which,  from  this  beginning,  gra- 
oally  debased  the  purity  both  of  tlie  Roman  wit  and  language, 
■om  the  perfection  of  efogjince,  to  which  Cicero  had  advanced 
liem,  to  that  state  of  rudeness  and  barbarism,  which  we  find  in 
leproductions  of  the  lower  emj)ire. 

ihis  was  the  present  stjite  of  things  between  Caesar  and 
*icero ;  all  the  marks  of  kindness  on  Caesar's  part,  of  coldness 
nd  reserve  on  Cicero's.  Csesar  was  determined  never  to  part 
ith  his  power,  and  took  the  more  pains,  for  that  reason,  to 
lake  Cicero  easy  under  it ;  he  seems,  indeed,  to  have  been 
nnewhat  afraid  of  him ;  not  of  his  engaging  in  any  attempt 
gainst  his  life;  but  lest,  by  his  insinuations,  his  railleries, 
nd  his  authority,  he  should  excite  others  to  some  act  of 
idence:   but  what  he  more  especially  desired  and  wanted, 


I  IUd.13.28. 

'  Obicero,  abjiciunui  Uta :  et  •emiliberi  kaltem  simus;  quod  aBiequemar  et  ticendo, 

ilAtcndo.    Ibid.  31. 

K  k 


IftH' 


^■V:  Ttie    LIFK 

A.rr«.7«.   fvei-r.JJ  C««I>«1   HI.    M.JRma 

was  to  draw  fniai  bim  »oine  public  tesdmony  of  hu  if. 
don;  and  t»  ht  recmnmend^d  by  his  writing  to  the  nnal 
paMcriiy. 

Cicero,  on  ti>e  otbn-  hand,  perceii'ing  no  step  takrn 
tkfl  c«t*b[t«kin«nt  of  the  Republic,  hut  more  anil  more  nitf 
every  day  to  df«psir  of  it,  grew  still  more  iiidiffereiil  ta«*ll 
tbin^  rUe  ;  the  restoration  of  public  liberty  was  tlii-  onhi 
dition  on  which  he  cotild  entertain  any  friendship  witb  t^ 
or  think  and  •■peak  of  him  with  any  respect :  witliout  tbal(l»f 
&TOiir  coutd  ebltire  him;  since,  to  receive  them  from  smMT" 
««t  4tD  affrmit  toliis  former  dignity,  and  but  a  ^^leiidid  bafs ; 
of  serriiiide :  books  therefore,  were  his  only  comfort :  for  <(•■ 
he  conversed  witb  ihem,  he  found  him>ie)f  ens\,  and  itaH 
himself  Irce:  thus,  in  a  letter  to  Cassius,  touching  upoRlk 
miter)-  of  the  times,  he  adds — "  What  is  become  then,  voo«I 
mj,  of  philosophy  '  why,  yours  is  in  tlie  kitchen  ;  but'nuDti 
troublt-tome  to  me :  for  I  am  ashamed  to  live  a  slave ;  andfiogl 
myself  therefore  to  be  doing  something  else,  that  I  may  ' 
he;ir  the  reproach  of  Plato '. ' 

During  Cjesar's  stay  in  Spain,  Antony  set  forwaid  &• 
Ilxly  to  jxty  his  compliments  to  him  there,  or  to  rnee:  bin  i 
lean  on  the  road  in  his  return  towards  home  :  but  when  be  U 
madp  aboni  half  of  the  journey,  he  met  witb  some  despat^Mi 
which  obli;^  bim  to  turn  baclc,  in  all  liaste,  to  Rome,  lb 
raised  a  new  alarm  in  the  cit)- :  and  especially  among  4* 
FiMnprians,  who  were  afraid  that  Ciesar,  having  now  snbiliu^ 
all  oppositiui),  was  resolved,  after  the  example  of  former  csa- 


^»iik  OP  CICERO.  499 

.    VikZOa.  Ck.e2— C.JuLCMuDktlll.  M.iBmiliuiLepiduf.  Mag.Equit. 

~  mcconnt  of  his  debaucbes  and  extravagances  in  Italy,  and 
iMred  to  shew  himself  the  sole  master,  nor  suffer  any  con- 
dlietion  to  his  will,  sent  peremptory  orders  to  L.  Piancus, 
"  prsBtor,  to  require  the  immediate  payment  of  Antony,  or 
to  levy  the  money  upon  his  sureties,  according  to  the 
of  tlieir  bond.  This  was  the  cause  of  his  quicK  return, 
rent  that  disgrace  from  falling  upon  him,  and  find  some 
of  complying  with  Csasar's  commands :  it  provoked  him, 
to  soen  a  degree,  that,  in  the  hctight  of  his  resent- 
he  18  said  to  have  entered  into  a  desi^  of  taking  away 
'■  life ;  of  which  Csesar  himself  ccunplained  openly  in  the 
• 

war  being  ended  in  Spain,  by  the  death  of  Cnseus 
and  the  flight  of  Sextus,  Caesar  finished  his  answer 
1^8  Cato,  in  two  books,  which  he  sent  immediately  to 
in  order  to  be  published.  This  gave  Cicero,  at  last, 
%b  wgoinent  of  a  letter  to  him,  to  return  thanks  for  Uie  great 
MlHj  with  which  he  had  treated  him  in  that  piece,  and  to  pay 
ifc  eompUments  likewise,  in  his  turn,  upon  the  elegance  of 
be  eompoation.  This  letter  was  communicated  again  to  Bal- 
M  and  Oppius,  who  declared  themselves  extremely  pleased 
Ml  It,  and  forwarded  it  directly  to  Csesar.  In  Cicero's  ac- 
iwnt  of  it  to  Atticus,  ''  I  forgot,"  says  he,  ^^  to  send  you  a 
•py  of  what  I  wrote  to  Caesar :  not  for  the  reason,  which  you 
npect,  that  I  was  asliamed  to  let  you  see  how  well  1  could 
atter:  for,  in  truth,  I  wrote  to  him  no  otherwise  than  as  if  I 
fas  writing  to  an  equal ;  for  I  really  have  a  good  opinion  .of 
is  two  books,  as  I  told  you,  when  we  were  togettier;  ^nd 
Tote,  therefore,  both  without  flattering  liim,  and  vet  so,  that 
e  will  read  nothing,  1  bolieve,  with  more  pleasure'." 


A.  Urb.708.    Cic.62.    Cons.— Q.  Faliiis  Maximus.    C.  Trcboniui. 

CiESAR  returned  to  Rome  about  the  end  of  September; 
hen  divesting  himself  of  the  consulship,  he  conferred  it  on 
im   Fabius   Maximus  and   C.  Trebonius,    for  the    three   re- 

•  Appellatns  es  dc  pccunia,  qiiam  pro  domo,  pro  hortia,  pro  nectiono  dcbeUas. — ct  ail 
et  ad  pr»de8  tiios  miiitCH  nii»it.  [Phil.  2.  29.]  idcirc-o  url)cm  torrore  noctumo,  ItnliHrn 
■Itomm  dicnim  mctu  pertiirlmsti — nc  L.  I Mancns  praties  tuon  vcndvret  [Ibid.  li\.]  quiii 

•  iprit  tcuiporibiis  domi  Cff»ari»  pcnuissor,  ah  isto  misHiis,  depi-cbensus  dicclMitur  cmc 
im  ties.     Ue  quo  CvMir  in  Sonatii,  apcrtc  in  tc  invehvns,  qucfttus  est.     Ibid.  '2iK 

•  Conicripsi  de  his  libris  c[>iAto]am  Ca-sari,  quae  deferretur  ad  DolabcUain  :  «ed  ejus 
Ccmplnm  misi  ad  Ualbum  et  Oppium,  itcripsiquo  ad  eon,  ut  turn  deferri  ad  nolabellani 
iberent  bmm  litteras,  ei  ipei  exeinplum  probaMcnt,  ita  mihi  rcscripserunt^  nihil  unquani 
i  Mne  melius.    Ad  Att.  13.  50. 

Aa  CaeMKin  qiiam  mini  epifttolam,  ejus  excmplum  fucrit  me  tum  tibi  luittere  ;  nee  id 
lit  ^iiod  iiitpicarii,  at  me  puderct  tui — nee  mchcrcuTe  Bcripsi  aliter,  ac  si  'rp69  l<rov 
■tn>q«c  acribenm.  B(»e  enim  existimo  de  iUis  libris,  ut  tibi  coram.  Itaque 
ffiMi  et  d««Xaic«vT««,  et  tamen  sir,  ut  nihil  earn  exisUmem  lectunim  libeotiui. 
bUTsi. 

Kk  2 


500  TIIF.    LIFE 

Alib.TIN)     <V.(i-J.    CiM- — Q.  FiUu.  M>iiBU<.    C  Ttfkni 

maining  months  of  the  ypar'.  His  first  care,  after  Ui 
wm  to  entertain  the  city  with  the  most  splendid  tnmi^i 
Uome  had  ever  seen ;  but  the  people,  instead  of  vtmiiai 
api)Uu(ling  i^  as  he  expected,  were  sullen  and  nW;  ^^^ 
HHlering  it,  an  it  really  was,  a  triumph  orer  theiiisetni|i 
chased  by  the  loss  of  their  libertv,  and  the  destrocM  ■  I 
best  and  noblest  fiunilies  of  the  Republic  They  \ai  U 
^ven  the  same  proof  of  their  discontent  at  the  CdM 
games,  whore  C'sesnr's  statue,  by  a  decree  of  the  MHt^' 
carried  in  the  pn)cc8sion,  along  with  those  of  theg>A=| 
they  gave  none  of  their  usual  acclamations  to  the  fn* 
deities,  as  they  passed,  lest  they  should  be  thon^t  ti  | 
them  to  Ciesar.  Atticus  sent  an  account  of  it  to  CiMrti 
says,  iu  answer  to  him,  "  Your  letter  i 
the  show  was  so  sad  : — the  people,  bowc 

who  would  not  clap  even  the  goddess  Victory,  L.. 

BO  bad  a  iieighbotir '."  C'sesar,  however,  to  make  amenbti 
the  unpopularity  of  his  triumph,  and  to  put  the  people 'l 
good  humour,  entertained  the  whole  city,  soon  after,  i 
something  more  substantial  than  shon-s — two  public  ^H 
with  plenty  of  the  most  esteemed  and  costly  n-ines  irfC 
and  Falernum*. 

Soon  after  C'lesar's  triumph,  the  consul  Fabius,  one  d 
lieutenants  in  S]viin,  was  allowed  to  triumph  too,  for  tb( 
duction  of  some  parts  of  that  province,  which  had  reW 
but  the  magnificence  of  Caesar  made  Fabius's  triumph  ^ 
contem[>lll'le;  for  his  models  of  the  conquered    toH-ns  ' 


■ount  of  it  toCuo*! 
;r  was  agreeable,  w| 
lowever,  Lehavei  ln^ 
)  Victory,  for  the  i^' 


^ 


OF   CIC£RO.  501 

A.  Urb.  70S.    Cic.  62.     Com. — Q.  Fabiui  Maximiis.    C.  Trebouius. 

muTB  was  necessary  \  But  whatever  it  was,  as  his  friends 
kmg  been  urginr^  the  same  advice,  and  persuading  him 
stum  to  public  wairs,  he  consented,  at  last,  to  quit  his 
E-ement  and  come  to  the  city :  where,  soon  after  Csesar*^ 
he  had  an  opportunity  of  employing  his  authority 
eloquence,  where  he  exerted  them  always  with  the 
pleasure,  in  the  service  and  defence  of  an  old  fiiend, 
Deiotarus. 
Ub  prince  had  already  been  deprived,  by  Ceesar,  of  part 
*~  dominions,  for  his  adherence  to  Pompey,  and  was  now 
imr  of  losing  the  rest,  from  an  accusation  preferred 
Uist  nim  by  his  grandson,  of  a  design  pretended  to  have 
S&  formed  oy  him  against  Caesar's  life,  when  Csesar  was 
^Wained  at  his  house,  four  years  before,  on  his  return  from 
^ypL  The  charge  was  groundless  and  ridiculous;  but, 
dinr  his  present  disgrace,  any  charge  was  sufficient  to  ruin 
ft;  and  Csssar's  countenancing  it,  so  far  as  to  receive  and 
fir  it^  shewed  a  strong  prejudice  against  the  king,  and  that 
I  wanted  only  a  pretence  for  stripping  him  of  all  that  re- 
lined  to  him.  Brutus  likewise  interested  himself  very  warmly 
die  same  cause;  and  when  he  went  to  meet  Csesar  on  his 
id  from  Spain,  made  an  oration  to  him,  at  Nicaea,  in  favour 
Deiotarus,  with  a  freedom  which  startled  Csesar,  and  gave 
n  occasion  to  reflect  on  what  he  had  not  perceived  so  clearly 
Fore,  the  invincible  fierceness  and  vehemence  of  Brutus's 
nper*.  The  present  trial  was  held  in  Caesar's  house,  where 
eero  so  manifestly  exposed  the  malice  of  the  accuser,  and 
i  innocence  of  the  accused,  that  Caesar,  being  determined 
t  to  acquit,  yet  ashamed  to  condemn  him,  chose  the  expe- 
snt  of  reserving  his  sentence  to  farther  deliberation,  till  be 
>uld  go  in  person  into  the  east,  and  inform  himself  of  the 
lole  affair  upon  the  spot.  Cicero  says,  that  Deiotarus, 
ither  present  nor  absent,  could  ever  obtain  any  favour  or 
uity  from  Caesar :  and  that  as  often  as  he  pleaded  for  him, 
lien  he  was  always  ready  to  do,  he  could  never  persuade 
esar  to  think  any  thing  reasonable  that  he  asked  for  him '. 
e  sent  a  copy  of  his  oration  to  the  king ;  and,  at  Dolabella's 

Ecce  tibi,  orat  Lijtidus,  ut  vcniam.  Opinor  augurcs  nil  habere  ad  Tcmplum  effan- 
D.    Ad  AU.  13.  42. 

dBj^vLs  ad  Die  heri — litteras  nii&it.     Rogat  magnopcre  ut  fim  Kalend.  in  Senatu;  me 
ibi  et  Cflraari  vchementer  pratum  esse  focturum.    Ibid.  47. 

Ibid.  14.  1.  The  Jesuits,  Catrou  and  Runille^  take  Nica?a,  where  Bnitus  made  this 
sdi,  to  be  the  capital  of  Bithynia^  Dciotarus's  kingdom  :  but  it  was  a  city  on  the  Li- 
fam  oout  still  called  Nice,  where  Bruttis  met  Catar  on  his  last  return  from  Soain,  and 
m  he  WH  not  able  to  prevail  for  Deiotarus,  Cicero  was  forced  to  undertake  tne  cause 
oon  tt  Cesar  came  to  Rome.     Vid.  Hist.  Tom.  17.  p.  01.  not. 

Qoii  enim  cuiquam  inimicitior,  quam  Deiotaro  Caesar? — a  quo  nee  praesens^  nee 
BBS  Rex  Deiotarus  quidquam  cqui  boni  iuipetravit — ille  nunquam.  semper  enim 
mti  tffm  Deiotaro,  quirquam  sibi,  quod  nos  pro  illo  postularemus,  aequum  dixit 
Bii.    Philip.  2.  37. 


MB  TUB     lAFK 

jt.t<h.n>.    Ck.«1    Cm U    Fkbn*  MuiaiiM.    C 

rcqocM,  gave  wiutlirr  Ukewne  to  him :  excudnf  il  v  t  M 
paHomuior.  ukI  hnrilly  worth   tianscribing :   "halJ 
■ind,"  mys  be,  **  to  make  a  slig-fat  present  to  my  M  b' 
liHl^  «f  «Mne  ttaSt  inH«^  ypt  such  as  his  preseon  ■' 
IB  at'." 

SiM«  little  tine  after  litis  trial,  Cipssr,  to  die«Ui4 
^■He  in  Cicero,  innteil  himself  to  spend  a  day  with  tin  »b  I 
hoMM  in  tbr  rountr^-,  and  chose  the  third  day  of  the  Smt  I 
mAk  for  hi*  visit:  3  season  alvrays  dedicatwl  to  mirdi  «i  I 
fcaattne  amoo^t  frionds  and  relations  *.  Cicero  ^t^  Ann  | 
the  following  arcouiK  trf  the  entertain ment,  and  hi)"  ^^ 
pajfted  between  iliem  r — ■'  O  this  guesL"  saj-s  he,  ''  ithom  I  •  I 
■audi  dreaded  '.  yet  I  had  no  reason  to  repent  of  him:  ftrW  I 
was  well  pleased  with  his  reception.  ^Mien  he  came  the  el ' 
ifig  beibre,  on  the  eighteenth,  to  my  nei^rhbour  Phili  ' 
boase  was  so  crowded  with  soldiers,  that  there  was  s 
nwaa  Mt  emptv  for  Ctesar  U>  sup  in  ;  tbere  were  aboal  !■ 
tboMWid  of  tkem,  which  gave  me  no  small  pain  for  the  its  ] 
^If :  bot  Barba  Cassias  reliered  me ;  for  fie  assigned  oc  t 
nard,  and  made  the  rest  encamp  in  the  field  :  so  that  n  I 
hwMii  was  clear.  On  the  nineleentli,  be  staid  at  Phil;|^f  A  I 
one  in  the  sfiernooo,  but  saw  uobodv  ;  was  settljn^r  a«vim^  I 
I  fallen,  with  Balbus;  then  look  a  walk  on  the  slioVe:  balW  | 
after  two;  heard  the  venes  on  Mamurra',  at  which  Lc  nen*  I 
changed  countenance:  was  rubbed,  anointed,  sat  down  »  | 
table.  Ha^nng  taken  a  vomit  jnst  before,  he  ate  and  i 
fr«-ly.  and  n-,i,>  very  cheerful ' :  the  supper  was  good  .'1 


OF  CICERO.  503 

A.  Urb.  708.    Ck.  62.    Com«-42.  Fabiui  Maximus.    C.  Treboniuf. 

.  *  Bat  onr  diicoime  at  table,  ai  we  ate, 

-         '  For  taste  and  Masoning  stul  ezcellM  our  meat  '.* 

ywjriffs  CsBsar's  table,  his  friends  were  plentifully  provided 
p.  J09  ihree  other  rooms;  nor  was  there  any  thing  wanting  to 
||(,  jEneedmen  of  lower  rank,  and  his  slaves :  but  the  better  sort 
elegantly  treated.  In  a  word,  I  acquitted  myself  like  a 
f.  yet^  he  is  not  a  guest  to  whom  one  would  say,  at  parting, 
T.  iSlU  upon  me  again,  as  you  return :  once  is  enough :  we 
^  '"  a  word  on  business,  but  many  on  points  of  literature : 
^  he  was  delighted  with  his  entertainment,  and  passed 
agreeably.  He  talked  of  spending  one  day  at  Puteoli; 
at  Baisd.  Thus  you  see  the  manner  of  my  receiving 
somewhat  troublesome,  indeed,  but  not  uneasy  to  me.  I 
fltay  here  a  little  longer,  and  dien  to  Tusculum.  As  he 
"^  hf  Dolabella's  villa,  his  troops  marched  close  by  his 
I  nde,  on  the  right  and  left;  which  was  done  no  where 
I  had  this  from  pi^icias  \" 

the  last  of  December,  when  the  consul  Trebonius  was 
his  colleague,  Q.  Fabius,  died  suddenly ;  and  his  death 
declared  in  the  morning,  C.  Caninius  Rebilus  was 
by  Caesar  to  the  vacancy  at  one  in  the  afternoon,  whose 
vas  to  continue  only  through  the  remaining  part  of  that 
This  wanton  profanation  of  the  sovereign  dignity  of  the 
tpire,  raised  a  general  indignation  in  the  city ;  and  a  consu- 
Ijpite  so  ridiculous  gave  birth  to  much  raillery,  and  many  jokes, 
iFhich  are  transmitted  to  us  by  the  ancients  ;  of  which,  Cicero, 
irho  was  the  chief  author  of  them,  gives  us  the  following  spe- 
simen,  in  his  own  account  of  the  fact. 

"CICERO   TO    CURIUS. 

I  NO  longer  either  advise  or  desire  you  to  come  home  to  us, 
>ut  want  to  fly  some  whither  myself,  where  I  may  hear  neither 
iie  name  nor  the  acts  of  these  sons  of  Pelops.  It  is  incredible 
low  meanly  I  think  of  myself,  for  being  present  at  these  trans- 
ictions.  You  had  surely  an  early  foresight  of  what  was  coming 
Wf  when  you  ran  away  from  tliis  place :  for  though  it  be  vexa- 

Bflve  plentifully ;  and  by  empt}inc:  themselves  presently  after  it,  prevented  any  hurt 
Vmn  repletion.  '  Thus  \  itellius,  who  was  a  famous  fflutton,  is  said  to  have  preserved 
lis  Hie  by  constant  vomits,  wliilc  he  destroyed  all  Lis  companions,  who  did  not  use 
Im  suae  caution.  [Sueton.  12.  Dio,  fj5.  734.]  And  the  practice  was  thought  so 
jifcetual  for  Btrougthening  the  constitution,  that  it  was  the  constant  regimen  of  all 
:1m  AthletO!,  or  professed  wrchtlers,  trained  for  the  public  shows,  in  order  to  make 
them  wore  robust.  So  that  C^rpsar  s  vomiting  before  dinner  was  a  sort  of  compliment  to 
CSeero,M  it  intimated  a  roeolution  to  pass  the  day  cheerfully,  and  to  eat  and  drink  frcelv 
■fctb  liiiii. 

'  Hut  h  a  citation  from  Lucilius,  of  au  hexameter  verse,  with  (mrt  of  a  second,  which 
It  MOt  4ietinguiBhed  fiom  the  text,  in  the  editions  of  Ciccro*B  Letters. 

Sed  ftene  cucU)  tt  condiio  senitoM  hono^  ei  si  (fuari*  libenter. 

■  Ad  Att.  18.  52.  '  Matrob.  Saturn.  2,  3.    Pio,  p.  236. 


"'   V'^i,,,^  II,:'     ":  "'lkii-Z.''"'""'mv 

/'•"■'■■.ta..,!.  i,".'.^"  "■'  /■law-; /;  ■M«"»..<.  »i; 

S  ,7'-'"  «"o  'S'!'  '"''  »    o  t; '"■(■'^  -^ 

factf  /'.''•'"•'■l  mi:'"",  """"'.I  ferwi  "'"  ""  ' 
""■  *<.'">»r  or  ,1,™ ">  "ratur™ „„,,  "'  "ny  stil;    '.„ 


hut.,       ""••""me  t,„-|      .."^■'■fst?     E-  -'  ;"rair,  fr 
""■  *<.'">»r  of  ,1,™ ">  "ratur™ „„,,  "'  "ny  stil;    '.„ 


OP  CICERO. 


Oc.Gl.    Ci>M.-C.jDliiuCn 


;MmBeirso  norticularly,  when  he  passed  by  his  villa.    Dola- 

Jb  was  sensibly  touched  with  this  affront,  and  came  fuii  of 

ycnuttion  to  tlie  senate;  where,  not  darin|;  to  vent  his  spleen 

^        Cffisar,  he  eatertained  the  assembly  with  a  severe  speech 

■insi  Antony,  which  drew  on  many  warm  and  an^^ry  words 

^^      4weei)  them ;  till  Ciesar,  to  end  the  dispute,  promised  to 

H^  the  co[i«iilship  to  Dolabella,  before  he  went  to  the  Par- 

lian  war:   but  Antony  protested,  that,  by  his  authority  as 

agiu,  he  would  disturb  that  election,  whenever  it  shoula  be 

Stvmpted ' ;  ami  declared,  without  any  scruple,  that  tlie  ground 

~  '  f  Itis  ijiiaTTel  with  DoUbella,  was  for  having  caught  him  in  an 

-■     ttmipt  to  debauch  his  wife  Antonia,  the  daughter  of  his  uncle : 

'     hivoeli  that  wa^  thought  to  be  a  calumny,  contrived  to  colour 

-  lis  nivorce  witli  her,  and  his  late  marriage  with  Fulvia,  the 

-  iridow  of  Clodius'. 

0        Cwsar  was  now  in  the  height  of  all  his  glory,  and  drened, 

-~    u  Fiorus  gays,  in  all  his  trappings,  like  a  victim  destined  to 

'  '^BcriBce'.     He  had  received  from  the  senate  the  most  eztra- 

^  Vsgant  honours,  both  human  and  divine,  which  flattery  could 

^  '^Invent ;  a  temple,  altar,  priest ;  his  image  carried  in  processioo 

^^i-with  the  gods ;  his  statue  among  the  king^ ;  one  of  tne  months 

•*  fnUled  after  his  name,  and  a  perpetual  dictatorship \     Cicero 

"'•endeavoured  to  restrain  the  excess  of  thb  complaisance,  widiin 

^J  Ae  bounds  of  reason  *,  but  in  vain ;  since  Csesar  was  more 

'4tferward  to  receive,  than  they  to  give ;  and,  out  of  the  guety  of 

'3  bis  pride,  and  to  try,  as  it  were,  to  what  length  their  adulation 

'J  would  reach,  when  he  was  actually  possessed  of  every  thing 

■>     which  carried   with  it  any  real  power,    was  not  content  atifi 

without  a  title,  which  could  add  nothing  but  envy,  and  popular 

odium,  and  wanted  to  be  called  a  king.     Plutarch  thinks  it  a 

strange  instance  of  folly  in  the  people,  to  endure  witli  patience, 

all  the  real  effects  of  kingly  government,  yet  dechire  such  an 

abhorrence  to  the  name.     But  tlie  folly  was  not  so  strange  in 

the  people  as  it  was  in  Cssar :  it  is  natural  to  the  multitude  to  be 

governed  by  names,  rather  than  things,  and  the  constant  art  of 

parties  to  keep  up  that  prejudice;  but  it  was  un pardon uble,  in  so 

great  a  man  as  Csesar,  to  lay  so  much  stress  on  a  title,  which, 

so  br  from  being  an  honour  to  him,  seemed  to  be  a  diminution 

rather  of  that  superior  dignity  which  he  already  enjoyed. 

Among  the  other  compliments  that  were  paid  to  him,  there 


1  Cum  Cw«  ffl 

iwndiwct,  H 

,  p^„ 

sOium 

pr,.fiti.cF 

rclur 

Dolibellun  Con.nl. 

■m  rMs 

ut  Augiitc 

Jcnlol 

'     S^« 

e  dilll.  ul  cotnitbi  . 

:«.pi<:ii. 

TCliiD|«(l<re»lvit 

liare  poMcl, 

idQUC 

8Cf«t 

.     Philip.  2. 32, 

1  »Fn*lu— h 

bic»D 

"urn  DolkbclU 

4B«li]>coMnric 

™oiiiri 

ri».'i>.    Philip.  2.  3B. 

*  fhr.  ib.  8ur« 

lut  i,xM»,  i 
m.  J.  l>t.  i 

""■'"■■ 

'  "'""'  '" 

nuns  (.«. 

1.2.52. 

TH£    UF£ 


wan;,   ,„.„.  ,-  "  ''^     '-'.—,    j,- 

,-,1]    j   I        "'"^'fHifv  <i|'  I  '-'w-fi-    \i  ^,, 


rilv  ,.      ,   «*''  of  tt.  L-  °="  '"U* 


OF   CICERO.  507 

.  I'rb.  709.    (;ic.  (»3.    Co«.--C.  Juliui  Cmv  V.     M.  Antouiu*. 

appointed  Dolabella  to  take  his  own  place,  as  consul 

current  year ;  named  A.  Hirtius  and  C.  Pansa  for  con- 

Ae  next;  and  D.  Brutus  and  Cn.  Plancus  for  the  fol- 

year  :  but  before  his  departure,  he  resolved  to  have  the 

atle  conferred  upon  him  by  the  senate,  who  were  too 

le  of  his  power,  and  obsequious  to  his  will,  to  deny  him 

ling:  ana  to  make  it  the  more  pabtable,  at  the  same 

to  the  people,  he  caused  a  report  to  be  industriously 

Ated  through  the  city,  of  ancient  prophecies  found  in 

9»ylline  books,  that  the  Parthians  could  not  be  conquered 

a  king;  on  the  strength  of  which,  Cotta,  one  of  the 

of  those  books,  was  to  move  the  Semite  at  their  next 

ing,  to  decree  the  title  of  king  to  him '.     Cicero,  speak- 

Mkerwards  of  this  design,  says — It  was  expected  tliat  some 

»jM  testimonies  would  be  produced,  to  shew  that  he,  wliom 

uid  felt  in  reality  to  be  a  king,  should  be  called  also  by 

^name,  if  we  would  be  safe;  but  let  us  make  a  bargain  witli 

^  keepers  of  those  oracles,  that  they  bring  any  thing  out  of 

^Bi  rather  than  a  king,  which  neither  the  gods  nor  men  will 

^  endure  again  at  Rome '. 

One  would  naturally  liave  expected,  after  all  the  fatigues 
^dangers  through  which  Csesar  had  made  his  way  to  empire, 
iat  he  would  have  chosen  to  spend  the  remainder  of  a  declin- 
te  life  in  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  all  the  honours  and  pleasures 
kroich  absolute  power,  and  a  command  of  the  world,  could 
bestow :  but,  in  the  midst  of  all  this  glory,  he  was  a  stranger 
itill  to  ease :  he  saw  the  people  generally  disiiifeeted  to  him, 
Lud  impatient  under  bis  government;  and  though  amused 
L  while  with  the  splendour  of  his  shows  and  triiini|)hs,  yet  re- 
gretting severely,  in  cool  blood,  the  price  that  they  had  paid 
or  them ;  the  loss  of  their  liberty,  with  the  lives  of  the  best 
jid  noblest  of  their  fellow-citizens.  This  expedition  therefore 
tgainst  the  Parthians,  seems  to  have  been  a  political  pretext 
or  removing  himself  from  the  murmurs  of  the  city,  and  leav- 
ng  to  his  ministers  the  exercise  of  an  invidious  power,  and 
he  task  of  taming  the  spirits  of  the  populace ;  whilst  he,  by 
employing  himself  in  gathering  fresh  laurels  in  the  east,  and 
extending  the  bounds  and  retrieving  the  honour  of  the  empire 
Lgainst  its   most  dreaded   enemy,  might  gradually  reconcile 


*  Etiamnc  Consulos  ct  Tribunos  plchis  in  bicnniuiii,  qvios  illc  voluit  ?     A»l  Att.  14. 6. 

'  Pmximo  autein  Sonutu,  L.  Cottam  qulinlcciinviruni  '-cnti-ntijim  (iirtuniin  ;  iit  quo- 
liaoi  libris  fatalibus  contiiionlur,  Partho!)  iioii  nisi  u  Kcjro  \h>^^c  vinci,  Cuwar  Kcx  up]>el- 
arctur.     Sucton.  c.  70.    Dio,  n.  *247. 

'  Qaoruni  inteqircs  nupcr  fal»aqua'<liim  )i<»ininnm  funi.i  ilictunw*  in  S<'natu  ]mtabatur, 
nun,  qiicin  n*  vera  Ri*Kcm  huU'bainuA,  :ii)|M-llHi)(liini  qiioouc  ct«si'  |{r(;cni,  ^i  "-alvi  cm^c 
reUcmuA — cum  antistitibus  u^anius,  ut  quid  vis  |)otiiii^  c-x  'u\W  libris,  quani  Hc^cm  piufr- 
rtnt,  qucni  Kt>nm'  ]»o»tIiac  ncc  Dii  nc(  Imiiiiui!*  ibsc  paticiitiii.     I>c  Divin.  '2.  .M. 


OF  CICERO.  509 

A.  Urb.  709.    Oc  6a.    Com.— C.  Julius  C«ar  Y.    M.  Antoniut. 


y,  yet,  firom  a  certain  pride  and  gnyity  of  temper, 
die  severity  of  the  stoic,  and  to  imitate  his  uncle 
;to  which  he  was  wholly  unequal :  for  he  was  of  a  mild, 
^nif  and  compassionate  disposition ;  averse  to  every  thing 
and  was  often  forced,  by  the  tenderness  of  his  nature, 
the  rigour  of  his  principles.  While  his  mother  lived 
greatest  familiarity  with  Caesar,  he  was  constantly 
i  to  the  opposite  party,  and  firm  to  the  interests  of 
:  for  the  sake  of  which  he  followed  Pompey,  whom  he 
and  acted  on  that  side  with  a  distinguisDcd  zeaL  At 
.battle  of  Pharsalia,  Csesar  gave  particular  orders  to  find 
and  preserve  Brutus ;  being  desirous  to  draw  him  from  the 
*t  of  a  cause  that  was  likely  to  prove  &tal  to  him,  so  that 
Cato^  with  the  rest  of  the  chiefs,  went  to  renew  the  war 
AbiCf  he  was  induced,  by  Caesar's  generosity,  and  his 
^8  piayers,  to  lay  down  his  arms,  and  return  to  Italy. 
endeavoured  to  oblige  him  by  all  the  honours  which  his 
ooold  bestow:  but  the  indignity  of  receiving  from  a 
^  what  he  ought  to  have  received  from  a  free  people, 
him  much  more  than  any  honours  could  oblige ;  and 
ruin,  in  which  he  saw  his  friends  involved,  by  Csesar's 
^^Mnpcd  dominion,  gave  him  a  disgust,  which  no  &vours  could 
liainpensate.  He  observed,  tliererore,  a  distance  and  reserve 
ilnoogh  Caesar's  reign ;  aspired  to  no  share  of  his  confidence, 
ar  part  in  his  councils ;  and,  by  the  uncourtly  vehemence 
y/nin  which  he  defended  the  rights  of  King  Deiotarus,  con- 
rinoed  Caesar  that  he  could  never  be  obliged,  where  he  did  not 
find  himself  free.  He  cultivated,  all  the  while,  the  strictest 
friendship  with  Cicero,  whose  principles,  he  knew,  were  utterly 
averse  to  the  measures  of  the  times,  and  in  whose  free  con- 
versation he  used  to  mingle  his  own  complaints,  on  the  unhappy 
state  of  the  Republic,  and  the  wretched  hands  into  which  it 
was  &llen  :  till,  animated  by  these  conferences,  and  confirmed 
by  the  general  discontent  of  all  the  honest,  he  formed  the  bold 
design  of  freeing  his  country  by  the  destruction  of  Caesar. 
He  nad  publicly  defended  Milo's  act  of  killing  Clodius,  by  a 
mAzim  which  he  maintained  to  be  universally  true,  that  those 
who  lived  in  defiance  of  the  laws,  and  cannot  be  brought  to  a 
trial,  ought  to  be  taken  off  without  a  trial.  The  case  was  ap- 
plicable to  Caesar  in  a  much  higher  degree  than  to  Clodius, 
whose  power  had  placed  him  above  the  reach  of  the  law,  and 
left  no  way  of  punishing  him,  but  by  an  assassination.  This, 
therefore,  was  Brutus's  motive ;  and  Antony  did  him  the 
justice  to  say,  that  he  was  the  only  one  of  the  conspiracy 
who  entered  into   it    out   of   principle ;    that  the    rest  from 


THE     I.IF£ 


)tr'»-al(>  inalUv.  rtMC  uj)  aj^iiist    (he  man.  lie  alone  a^guM  it 
tyruiit '. 

t".  C'lwsiu'  was  ilCTcrnded  likou-ine  fmm  a  fiuniiv  not  !■ 
liiintturiiMu  or  nncicnt,  nor  1pm  zeulouH  for  the  public  liberty 
tlmii  ltriitiis'<^:  wIkikp  anct<KTur,  Sp.  C'li^sius,  after  a  triimfk 
am!  (Iiri<i>  ciniMilsliips,  is  said  to  Iiuve  bet>ii  condpmiw(l,H 
jnit  (u  (lt>!tili  by  l)i»  own  ijiclior,  for  nimin^-  at  a  dominion.  Hr 
K)ii'wt.tl  a  r<-iiiiirk:ibl(>  iiislaiicv,  wbi>ii  a  hoy,  of  Iiiij  liigb  ifA 
and  low  uf  libtTlv:  for  he  ffovo  N\-lla*A  son,  Faii§tus,  ■  ba 
on  the  oar,  fur  1>riti;idne,  umoiifr  hi*j  school -fellou^s  of  1* 
btlier'i>  jrrratness  and  aunolute  jKiwer ;  and  when  Poaqm 
cuUmI  tho  bnvM  betnre  him,  to  ^^ve  an  accniiiit  of  their  quincL 
he  deeliirod.  in  his  {)res<>nee,  that  if  Fauittus  should  oart  • 
repent  tlio  wonls.  he  would  rejioitt  the  hlow.  I]e  was  qnoW 
to  Cra^^iis  ill  the  I'iirihiiin  war,  where  lip  greatly  ^.i^naUid 
hutli  his  (.-iiiiratro  and  skill :  and  if  Crassus  had  hillowei!  b 
lulviue,  would  hax~e  |)ri<MTvc4l  the  whole  army ;  but.  after  that 
miserable  defeat,  he  niiidc  irood  his  rptreat  into  S\Tia,  whh 
the  reiiiaiii!'  of  the  briitcon  le^itin^s ;  and  when  the  fVthius, 
flushed  with  siiei-i-'*.  pursiied  him  rhiiber,  iwon  after,  »H 
bhipked  him  n]>  in  Antioch,  lie  )iTeserred  tluit  pity  and  pn- 
viiipp  from  tiillin;;  into  their  hands;  and,  wnteliin^  bi^  oppor- 
tunity, (piiiied  a  eonsidenddc  victory  over  them,  with  tbe 
desrriirtion  of  their  <reTieriil.  In  the  civil  war,  after  the  battle 
of  Piiiir'aliii.  Iif  wiiicd  with  seventy  ships  to  the  poast  of  Am 
to  FLiise  frt-h  forei-i  in  that  country,  and  rcnow  the  war  at^aiosl 
IV^iir:  I'lit.  iis  tilt'  hismrian!!  tell  us,  liappeniiijr  to  me^'t  witb 


BBBHBW^^^^i^  j 


OF    CICERO.  511 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic  63.    CoMr— C.  Julius  CsMr  V.    M.  Antonius. 

ate  shore  before  he  was  aware,  so  that,  seeing  his  project 
»d,  and  Csesar  secured  in  a  country,  where  all  people  were 
jbclwing  for  him,  he  thought  it  best  to  make  his  own  peace 
by  going  over  to  him  with  his  fleet.     He  married  Tertia, 
liiter  of  Brutus,  and  though  differing  in  temper  and  phi- 
diy,  was  strictly  united  with  him  in  friendship  and  politics, 
the  constant  partner  of  all  his  counsels.     He  was  brave, 
y*  lesmed;  yet  passionate,  fierce,  and  cruel :  so  that  Brutus 
^Mi0  die  more  amiable  ifriend — he  the  more  dangerous  enemy. 
^|pr  Us  latter  years  he  deserted  the  stoics,  and  became  a  convert 
ifito  EUooTus,  whose  doctrine  he  thought  more  natural  and  rear 
4l(Bfnible;  constandv  maintaining,  that  the  pleasure  which  their 
^inetiBr  recommended,  was  to  be  found  only  in  the  habitual 
jlppMlice  of  justice  and  virtue.     While  he  professed  himself, 
^4jJMrefare,  an  Epicurean,  he  lived  like  a  stoic ;  was  moderate 
•fa' pleasures,  temperate  in  diet,  and  a  water-drinker  through 
»&fe»     He  attached  himself  very  early  to  the  observance  of 
•Ooero^  as  all  the  young  nobles  did,  who  liad  any  thing  great 
HIT -laudable  in  view :  this  friendship  was  confirmed  by  a  con- 
•Ibniuty  of  their  sentiments  in  the  civil  war,  and  in  Csesar's 
Teign;   during  which,  several  letters  passed  between  them, 
wnttea  with  a  freedom  and  familiarity,  which  is  to  be  found 
»anly  in  the  most  intimate  correspondence.     In  these  letters, 
though  Cicero  rallies  his  Epicureanism,  and  change  of  prin- 
ciples, yet  he  allows  him  to  have  acted  always  with  the  greatest 
honour  and  integrity ;  and  pleasantly  says,  that  he  should  begin 
to  think  that  sect  to  have  more  nerves  than  he  imagined,  since 
Cassias  had   embraced   it.      The   old  writers  assign  several 
frivolous  reasons  of  disgust,   as   the   motives   of  his   killing 
Csesar:  that  Caesar  took  a  number  of  lions  from  him,  which 
he  had  provided  for  a  public  show;  that  he  would  not  give 
him  the  consulship ;  that  he  gave  Brutus  the  more  honourable 
prsetorship,  in  preference  to  him.      But  we  need  not  look 
fiurther  for  the  true  motive,  than  to  his  temper  and  principles : 
for  his  nature  was  singularly  impetuous  and  violent,  impatient 
of  contradiction,  and  much  more  of  subjection,  and  passionately 
fond  of  glory,  virtue,  liberty :  it  was  from  these  qualities  that 
Csesar  apprehended  his  danger ;  and,  when  admonished  to  be- 
ware of  Antony  and  Dolabella,  used  to  say,  that  it  was  not  the 
fay,  the  curled,  and  the  jovial,  whom  he  had  cause  to  fear, 
at  the  thoughtful,  the  pale,  and  the  lean;  meaning  Brutus 
and  Cassius  \ 


^  C.  Cuiiai  in  ea  familia  natus,  qua?  non  mcxio  dominatum,  scd  nc  potentiam 
qiridMn  cujuaqiiam  forrc  potuit.  [Philip.  2.  1 1.]  Qiiera  ubi  iminuin  magistratu 
Milt]  damnatumque  constat.  Sunt  qui  jiatrem  actorcm  ejus  Rupnlicii  fcrant.  £ura, 
eofuta  domi   causa,  verberassc  ac  necasBe,  poruliumquc  filii  C'ercri  cooBccraTisse. 

2 


THE    LIFC 


T1k>  uoxt  ill  nntliority  to  Brutus  uiid  Cassius,  tlioiigliniT 
difrfn-nt  frum  tliem  in  charac-tvr,  were  Decimus  BrutBH 
('.  Trrlxxiius:  they  liad  both  been  constancy  denned  k 
(.'M>siir,  anil  uiTe  singulurly  favourer!,  advanced,  and  rntraritf 
by  liiiii  ill  all  Ids  wars:  so  that,  when  Cseaar  marched  GntaM 
ISjuiiii,  he  loft  them  to  eummaiid  the  sief^e  of  Manri)I»- 
lu-iitii!!  by  sell,  Trehoiiius  by  land ;  in  wjjjch  tiiey  acqninJ 
themselves  with  the  irrvatL-st  eouraj^e  and  abilitj-,  and  redimJ 
thut  stroiif;  {ihiCL-  to  the  necessity  uf  surrendering  at  discniM 
Decimus  was  uf  the  «amc  &mily  with  his  namesake,  Mam; 
and  C'iPsiir,  ai  if  jeuhiiis  of  a  name  thiit  inspired  an  areisoofe 
kiiifT!!,  waH  |Nirticidarly  solicitous  to  ^in  them  both  to  liis  ■• 
terettt,  and  seemed  to  have  succeeded  to  liis  wish  in  DedoiB; 
who  furwiirdly  embraced  his  friendship,  uiirl  accepted  all  IJI 
favours;  bcin^  mimed  by  him  to  the  command  of  Cisalfaie 
Ciuiil,  atiil  to  the  consuUhip  of  the  following  year,  and  tk 
second  heir  even  of  his  estate,  in  failure  of  the  first.  He  seeM 
to  have  had  no  peculiar  ehamcter  of  virtue,  or  putriotisra,  nx 
any  correspondence  with  Cieero,  before  tlie  act  of  killiaj; 
Ciesur;  so  thut  people,  instead  of  expecting  it  from  him,  were 
surprised  at  his  doin{r  ii ;  yet  he  was  brave,  generous,  ma^ 
iiificent,  and  lived  with  irreat  splendour,  in  the  enjoyment  of 
an  immense  fortune ;  for  he  kept  a  numerous  band  of  gladiatm 
at  his  own  expense,  for  the  diversion  of  the  city;  and,  aflrr 
Ciesar's  death,  spent  ntiont  four  hundred  thousand  pounds  of 
his  own  miiiiev,  in  maintaining  an  army  against  Antony  '. 

Treboiiiiis  had  no  family  to  boast  of,  but  was  wholly  a  ne* 


OF   CICERO.  613 

A.  Urb.  709.    Ck.  6S.    Com^-X:.  Juliui  Catw  V.    M.  Antoniu*. 


jDia  and  the  creature  of  Cesar's  power,  who  produced  him, 
poagh  all  the  honours  of  the  state^%  his  late  consulship  of 
ree  months.  Antonv  calls  him  the  son  of  a  buffoon;  but 
CBTO,  of  a  splendid  knight  He  was  a  man  of  parts,  pru- 
nce,  integrity,  humanity ;  was  conversant  also  in  the  politer 
to,  and  had  a  peculiar  turn  to  wit  and  humour ;  for,  after 
fesar^s  death,  he  published  a  volume  of  Cicero's  sayings,  which 
t  had  taken  the  pains  to  collect;  upon  which  Cicero  compli- 
Biits  hun»  for  having  explained  them  with  great  elegance, 
id  given  them  a  fresh  rorce  and  beauty,  by  his  humorous 
inner  of  introducing  them.  As  the  historians  have  not  sug- 
■ted  any  reason  that  should  move  either  him  or  Decimus  to 
e  resolution  of  killing  a  man,  to  whom  they  were  infinitely 
iliged,  so  we  may  reasonably  impute  it,  as  Cicero  does,  to  a 
"catnees  of  soul,  and  superior  love  of  their  country,  which 
■de  them  prefer  the  liberty  of  Rome  to  the  friendship  of  any 
an;  and  cnoose  rather  to  be  the  destroyers,  than  the  partners 
'  a  tyranny  \ 

The  rest  of  the  conspirators  were  partly  young  men  of  noble 
oody  eager  to  revenge  the  ruin  of  their  fortunes  and  families : 
atly  men  obscure,  and  unknown  to  the  public ' ;  yet,  whose 
lehty  and  courage  had  been  approved  by  Brutus  and  Cassius. 
;  was  agreed  by  them  all,  in  council,  to  execute  their  design 
.  the  senate,  which  was  summoned  to  meet  on  the  Ides,  or 
fiteenth  of  March :  they  knew,  that  the  senate  would  applaud 

when  done,  and  even  assist,  if  there  was  occasion,  m  the 
nng  it';  and  there  was  a  circumstance  which  peculiarly  en- 
inraged  them,  and  seemed  to  be  even  ominous ;  that  it  hap- 
ined  to  be  Pompey's  senate-house,  in  which  their  attempt 
as  to  be  made,  and  where  Csesar  would,  consequently,  fall  at 
le  foot  of  Pompey's  statue,  as  a  just  sacrifice  to  the  manes  of 
lat  great  man  *,  They  took  it  also  for  panted,  tliat  the  city 
ould  be  generally  on  their  side;  yet,  for  their  greater  security, 
K  Brutus  gave  orders  to  arm  his  gladiators  that  morning,  as 

for  some  public  show,  that  they  might  be  ready,  on  the  first 

*  Scnme  filium  appellat  Antoniua.  Quasi  vero  ignotis  nobis  fuerit  Bplendidns  Rqiies 
nnaiiiis  Trebonii  pater.  [Philip.  13.  10.]  Trcbonii — consilium,  ingeniuni,  humani- 
sm, innoceutiam,  magnitudinem  animi  in  patria  liberanda  quia  ignoi-nt?  [Philip.  11.4.] 
ler  ute,  qnero  mihi  niisisti,  quantam  habet  dcclarationem  amoris  tui  ?  primum,  quml 
d  facetum  yidetur  quicquid  ego  dixi,  quod  aliis  fortasse  non  item :  dcinde,  quod  ilia 
«  ftceta  sunt,  sive  sic  fiunt  narrantc  tc  vcnu!itis»iTna.  Quin  ctiam  ante<|uani  su\  me 
nittur,  risiis  omnis  paenc  consumitur,  &c.  [Ep.  P'am.  15. 21.  it.  1*2. 16.J  Qui  libertatem 
poU  Romani  unius  amicitifle  precposuit,  depulsorque  dominatus,  quam  particcps  csso 
iloit.    Philip.  2.  11. 

*  In  tot  hominibus,  partim  obscuris,  partim  adolescentibus,  &c.    Philip.  2.  11. 

*  A9  *rwv  /iovXfVTctfV,  tl  Kal  fiii  irpofidQouVj  irpoOv/tofv,  ^c  Xivuv  t6  ipyov^ 
vamtK^^fiiimv.    Ann.  499. 

4  Fmftpwm  Senatns  laibus  Martiis  in  Pompeii  curiam  edictut  est,  facile  temput  «t 
■nrtalcrunt.    Sueton.  80. 

hi 


Tlin    LI  IK 


M.  Aiiiuitf 


iintin-,  U>  NCi-iiri!  till-  iiveiiufs  uf  tlie  sciuto.  and  tlefeiid  tlita 
t'niin  uiiy  Mulileii  viuleAe ;  ami  I'ompey's  tliratre,  wliich  i^ 
juhioil  III  Itis  !9ri>utL>-housc,  beiiii;  tlip  properest  place  for  ik 
vxtTUsc  of  till*  k;liuliaturH,  wuiiKI  cuvor  all  suKpinon  that  nigb 
otliLTwisc  iiri^i-  from  them.  I'lii?  only  deliberation  that  pa- 
pU'Xi'd  tli('iii„  iiiiil  nil  uliich  tlicy  were  much  divided,  nt, 
whfihiT  ilicy  >Iiiiiihl  iii>t  kill  Antony  also,  »nd  Lepidos,  l»- 
^■ihi-r  with  I'lt'Str;  cspi'mlly  Atitotiy,  ilie  more  aiubitiotsrf 
thi-  tmi,  and  ihf  iHori-  likih"  to  cri-ate  fresh  ilaii^r  to  tk 
omiiuiiiini'akh.  Cansiiis,  with  a  maiurtty  uf  the  coiiipaov. «s 
wiiniily  t'lT  killirn;  him;  hut  the  twu  i!rutii!>es  a^wanDlyo^ 
]i(i!<i'd,  mid  liiiiilly  uvt-rndi'd  it :  they  alleged,  tliuC  to  shed'taon 
tihiotl  liinii  wa-  musMtTy.  would  di--^r.ice  their  cause,  and  iitw 
upon  them  mi  inipiitiiiii)n  of  cruelty :  iind  of  uetiiiif  not  ■ 
|iarriots,  hut  ii-s  tlie  )iartis:in$  of  I'otnpey ;  not  so  much  to  tnt 
the  eity.  as  to  reveiiire  tliemselves  on  their  etieniiL>!S  and  pi 
the  diiniiiiion  of  it  iiiti)  their  luiiuU.  l)ut  what  weighed  wiA 
them  the  miut.  wa--  a  vain  iiersiiasioii,  that  Antony  Vould  ht 
irael.iMe,  »ii<l  ea-<ily  reeoiieiled.  a.i  soon  us  the  alfuir  was  ant: 
but  thit  h'tiity  proved  tlieir  ruiu:  and,  by  leu\'ing  their  woA 
imperteet.  dtleatei)  all  the  benefit  of  it;  as  we  tind  Cum 
afterwards  nt'teii  ri'pniachinir  them  in  his  letters  >. 

Many  pr<iili>;ies  are  mentioned  by  the  historians  to  ban 
iriven  wariiii)^  of  t'sewir's  death';  which,  liavinjj  been  foi^ 
by  some,  and  eredidouslv  received  hv  others,  were  copied,  ai 
ii^iuil,  by  all.  ti>  Ktrike  tlie  iiiia<;ination  of  their  readers,  aai 
'  e  an  awful  attention  to  an  event,  in  which  the  g- 


OF   CICERO.  515 

A.Urb.709.    Cie.  63.    Com-X.  Julius  CaeMtr  V.    M.  ADtoniui. 

TheaefactBj  tlioiifi;h  ridiculed  by  Cicero,  were  publicly  affirmed 
told  believed  at  £e  time,  and  seem  to  have  raised  a  general 
nMrar  thioagh  the  diVj  of  some  secret  danger  that  threatened 
Bmma^u  life;  so  that  his  friends,  being  alarmed  at  it,  were 
mdeavouring  to  instil  the  same  apprehension  into  CsBsar  him- 
Mlf :  and  hu  succeeded  so  far,  as  to  shake  his  resolution  of 
that  day  to  the  senate,  when  it  was  actually  assembled, 
summons,  in  Pompey's  senate-house ;  till  D.  Brutus, 
nDyinff  those  fears  as  unmanly  and  unworthy  of  him,  and 
jing,  uat  his  absence  would  lie  interpreted  as  an  afiront  to 
ilto  awembly,  drew  him  out  against  his  will,  to  meet  his 
faitbed  fiUe  ^ 

1^  In  the  mominfip  of  the  fatal  day,  M.  Brutus  and  C.  Cassius 
jfipeaored,  accormng  to  custom,  in  the  Forum,  sitting  in  their 
■nsteian  tribunals,  to  hear  and  determine  causes;  where, 
■oi^  they  had  daggers  under  their  g^wns,  they  sat  with  the 
jpne  calmness,  as  if  they  had  nothing  upon  their  minds ;  till 
||mb  iwws  of  Caesar's  coming  out  to  the  senate  called  them 
limy  to  the  performance  of  their  part  in  the  tragical  act, 
•lucli  they  executed,  at  last,  with  sucn  resolution,  that,  through 
be  eagerness  of  stabbing  Caesar,  they  wounded  even  one 
MuHker*. 

Thus  fell  Csesar,  on  the  celebrated  Ides  of  March,  after  he 
bttd  advanced  himself  to  a  height  of  power,  which  no  con- 
jacror  had  ever  attained  before  him ;  though,  to  raise  the 
B](^ty  fabric,  he  had  made  more  desolation  in  the  world,  than 
iny  man,  perhaps,  who  ever  lived  in  it.  He  used  to  say,  that 
hb  conquests  in  Gaul  had  cost  about  a  million  and  two  hun- 
ired  thousand  lives ' ;  and  if  we  add  the  civil  wars  to  the 
iooount,  they  could  not  cost  the  Republic  much  less,  in  the 
more  valuable  blood  of  its  best  citizens :  yet  when,  through  a 
perpetual  course  of  faction,  violence,  rapine,  slaughter,  he  had 
Baae  his  way  at  last  to  empire,  he  did  not  enjoy  the  quiet 
pMBession  of  it  above  five  months  ^ 

He  was  endowed  with  every  great  and  noble  quality  that 

BBtnili  so,  SB  to  make  them  correspond  with  the  circiinistances  of  the  sacrificer,  and  the 
idmonition  which  they  intended  to  eive.  [De  DiNin.  ib.]  But  this  was  laughed  at  by 
dM  iiatuniliets  aa  wholly  unphilosophical,  who  thought  it  absurb  to  imagine,  that  the 
IMtjT  could  either  annihilate  or  create ;  cither  reduce  any  thing  to  nothing,  or  form  any 
diliif  out  of  nothing.  What  seems  the  most  probable,  is,  that  if  the  facts  really  hap- 
pesed,  they  were  contrived  by  CoMsar's  friends,  and  the  heart  conveyed  away  by  some 
Hrtifice,  to  give  them  a  better  pretence  of  enforcing  their  admonitions,  and  putting  Cassar 
Upon  !ut  guard  against  dan^a^rs,  which  they  really  apprehended,  from  quite  (ufferent 
IWMHiSf  turn  the  pretended  denunciations  of  the  gods. 
>  Plot,  in  J.  Ces. 

*  lb.  in  Brut  App.  2.  505. 

*  Undeeies  centena  et  nonaginta  duo  hominum  millia  occisa  pnsliis  ab  eo— -quod  ita 
eM0  MaftMUfl  est  ipse,  bcllorum  civilium  stragem  non  prodendo.     Plin.  Hist.  7.  25. 

*  IfefM  flli  tanto  viro — plnsquam  qninque  mensium  principalis  quiet  contigit.     Veil . 
PU.9.W. 

l12 


TRE   LIFE 


».  Anc 


ciiul'l  exalt  liiiin;»i  n.iiurt!.  and  trive  a  man  tLe  ascendaniH 
MK-iiTv:  funiit-il  til  cxivi  ill  [leaL-e.  a<  well  a^  war :  providm 
ill  o'liii-L-i:  l\'arli-»  ia  ucnun :  uiiii  v\ecming  what  he  U 
ro-iiUi-'l  uitli  nil  iiiiiazin^  (.vurity  :  ifc-iierous  beyond  measn 
to  111*  fri>-iiil»:  |il.u-.tMf  to  liis  L-iiomii^:  and  fur  parts,  Uaa- 
ill:;.  i-]<ii|iii'iKv,  Mvini-  iiiiVrior  V  uiiy  man.  tlis  oradDOSvoe 
udiiiirt-d  lor  t«»  (luiiliiii-^  whivh  tire  »«Mom  found  togeddi 
••tri'ii^tli  and  i'Kva'i>'>':  Ciiero  runks  Iiiin  amon<^  the  gmlal 
uFitror-  tliat  Iluiiit'  cvi-r  bn-d :  and  Quiiiiilian  Mty^  that  k 
stKikL*  witli  tliL-  ■^iii)i<  fi>ri-e  with  wliicli  he  foti^lit;  aiid  ifbelal 
ik-v<itfd  liiiii-t-lf  to  llii.-  b;ir,  would  have  been  the  only  na 
fa|>idik'  iif  riv.illijur  (.'iivni.  Nor  was  Le  a  roaster  only  of  tkc 
ptililer  uris.  but  L-i>iiv(.>r>>ant  alM  wiik  the  most  absuW  nl 
critic*:)!  puns  of  liMriiiti<r:  and  ainmi:;  other  works  which  W 
puhli->beil,  addrc^M-d  two  hooks  to  Cieero,  on  (heanalt^rf 
Imi'^ia;;!',  or  thi>  art  of  spiMkiii^  and  wrttint;  correctly '.  & 
wa»  a  nioft  HbiTalpiiiroii  of  wit  and  U'uruiii];,  wheresoever  thrf 
were  I'onnil ;  and,  out  of  hi«  love  of  those  talents  would  readlf 
iranloii  tliose  wlio  had  einploved  thetn  aipiinst  iiimself ;  ri^dy 
jud^in;/,  lliat  bv  makiiiir  kuoL  men  his  friends,  he  should  dm 
praises  from  the  Mime  fouiitaui,  from  which  he  Lad  been 
asperxed.  Iliii  i-apital  )>iission»i  were  ambition,  and  love  tt 
phikKiire,  wliii'h  he  indulged  in  their  turns  to  the  grMtot 
excels:  yet  the  first  Wiis  always  predominant,  to  which  he 
ctiiild  ewslly  sacritiee  all  the  eliarnis  of  the  second,  and  dn* 

1de:L>>ure  even  from  toils  and  danj^ers,  when  the)'  ministered  W 
lis    ^lory.      l-'or    he  tboutcbt    tyranny,    as    Cicero    says,   tbt  1 


OP  CICERO.  517 

A.Crt..709,    Cites.    C«i~C.Jullu.CwiirV.     M.  Anlonlu), 

^of  die  firet  citiEens  of  Roinej  but,  dis<lauiing  the  condition 

"ftsntgect,  he  could  never  rest  till  he  had  made  himself  a 

IJtTch.     la  acting  tliis  last  part,  his  usual  prudence  seemed 

iul  him,  as  if  the  height,  to  which  he  waa  mounted,  had 

Tied  bis  head,  and  made  him  giddy ;  for,  by  a  vain  ostentai- 

It  of  his  power,  Le  destroyed  the  stability  of  it ;  and,  as  men 

rUn  liffi   by  living  too  fast,  so,  by  an  intemperance  of 

;iimg,  he  brought  Ms  reign  to  a  violent  end '. 

fi  was  a  common  question  after  his  death,  and  proposed  aa 

loMem  by  Livy,  whether  it  was  of  service  to  the  Republic 

_t  l>e  had  ever  been  born '.     The  question  did  not  turn  on 

b  ample  merit  of  his  acts,  for  that  would  bear  no  dispute, 

"i  on   the  accidental  effects  of  them;  their  prududng  the 

tlMDent  under  Augustus,  and  the   beue6ts  of  that  govem- 

!Dt,  which  was  the  consequence  of  his  tyranny.     Suetonius, 

)  treats  the  characters  of  the  Caesars  with   that  freedom, 

the  happy  reigns  in  which  he  lived  indulged,  upon 

nng  the  exact  sum  of  the  virtues  and  vices,  declares  him, 

I  the  whole,  to  have  been  justly  killed  * :  which  appears  to 

e  been  the  general  sense  of  the  best,  the  wisest,  and  the 

t  disinterested  in  Rome,  at  the  time  when  the  foot  waa 

ninitted. 

^The  only  question  which  seemed  to  admit  any  dispute  was, 

ether  it  ought  to  have  been  committed  by  those  who  were 

t  leaders  in  it ' :  some  of  whom  owed  their  lives  to  Csesar, 

)  others  had  been  loaded  by  him  with  honours  to  a  degree 

_^  helped  to  increase  the  popular  odium ;  particularly  D. 

prutus,  who  was  the  most  cherished  by  him  ot  tiicm  all,  and 

*  DeCWua  et  ipw  iu  judii:a-411um  oi 


H  Tcnui  do  Ph<niluii  habcbmt 

iVcin  tiviulandam  eat  jut,  npmndi  ffratin 
Violandam  eit :  alia  Ttlmt  pklattm  oitan.  [Offiv.S.Sl.] 

rertcndam  Rcmpublicam  Mhriiini  accoiilne.  [Quintil. 
in  imperii!  n«|ue  in  iniM<i»lnilibii>  prmlitit — in  OtJKa 
Tcrts  cxpilavil:  urbn  diriiit,  tppiui  ob  ptwlain  <[ubiii 

._ _,,...ii  M   sacrilpgiiH  onera  bcllDrum  eiviUuni — mtlinuit. 

■.&  M.  Tid.  ii.  Dio,  p.  -2()«. 

■■"  ~      cNUur.  QuMi.  1.  5,  m.  p.  766. 

.. — ni  fccta,  dicUqut  ejui,  ut  et  nbaiu)  dominBtiooe  et  Jure 


C.76. 


I  B  D.  Julio 


518 


THE    LIFE 


hfl  b;  k»  will,  the  second  heir  of  his  estate  ' :  iin,  uf 
BmtBiH.  it  «ms  HOC  Msrcm,  as  it  U  commouSy  ii 
iMt  DvctmiM,  wbo  was  the  AiYomite,  aod  vrlioM  oai 
eampincy  surprised  people  tlie  luost*.  But  ibit 
spiTcd  only  Cor  >  different  Itandfe  to  tbe 
,  for  Bfrgntriaing  either  their  crime  or  tba 
•  frieiMU  changed  them  irith  base  ingratitude,  fi 
their  bencbdor,  and  abusing^  the  iKiver  which  be  hi 
to  dkft  destruction  wf  the  giver.  I'he  other  side  ga^ 
tnry  tttm  to  il,  extolled  the  greater  virtue  of  the  met 
htimf  diverted,  hy  pnraie  considerations,  from  doing 
public  benefit;  licero  takes  it  always  in  this  view, 
tkat  the  RepnUic  was  the  more  iodebted  to  tbem, 
iatwg  ike  raokmon  good  to  the  friendship  of  any  m 
wrnnt;  Ihu,  as  to  the  kindness  of  giWng  them  theii 
M  ihe  kindness  only  of  a  robber,  who  had  liret  do 
ik  ptet  ««>ng>  by  nsurpiog  the  power  to  take  it: 
Aselnd  been  any  stain  of  ingratitude  in  the  act,  tt 
r  Wre  acquired  so  mudi  glory  by  it;  and  tli 
lend,  ind(4d,  at  some  of  tiiem,'  for  doing  it,  rat 
r  IBAgined  that  they  wonld  hare  done  it :  yet  be 
tbtm  BO  muih  the  more,  for  being  regardless  of  &to 
IWt  night  shew  their  regard  to  their  country  ', 

inmc  of  Cwsar's  friends,  particularly  Pansa  and 
■dviMed  him  alwa>-s  to  keep  a  standing  guard  of  j 
tnKip«,  for  the  defence  of  his  person;  alleging  that 
soquired  by  arms  mugl  necessarily  be  maintained  by  - 


OF  CICERO.  519 

A.  Urb.  709.    Civ.  63.    Com_C.  Juliut  CaMor  V.    M.  Antouius. 

1^  government  together :  whereas  Caesar,  by  dismissing  the 
'  retaining  the  other,  committed  a  dangerous  solecism 
^ :  for  he  strengthened  the  popular  odium,  and  oon- 
his  own  danger,  while  he  weakened  his  defence, 
aade  several  good  laws  during  his  administration,  all 
[I  to  enforce  the  public  discipline  and  extend  the  penal- 
fimaer  laws. — The  most  considerable,  as  well  as  the 
■wfalj  of  them  was,  that  no  prsetor  should  hold  any 
■^  more  than  one  year,  nor  a  consul  more  than  two  . 
lat  a  regofttion  that  had  been  often  wished  for,  as 
msyBf  in  the  best  of  times,  and  what  one  of  the  ablest 
of  the  old  Republic  had  declared  to  be  its  chief 
^9  not  to  suffer  great  and  arbitrary  commands  to  be  of 
fi^uation,  but  to  limit  them  at  least  in  time,  if  it  was  not 
it  to  limit  them  in  power ' :  Caesar  knew,  by  expe- 
_.,  tbat  the  prolongation  of  these  extraordinary  commands, 
tiM  habit  ot  ruling  kingdoms,  was  the  readiest  way,  not 
>lo  inspire  a  contempt  of  the  laws,  but  to  give  a  man  the 
to  subvert  them ;  and  he  hoped,  therefore,  by  this  law, 
vent  any  other  man  from  doing  what  he  himself  had 
and  to  secure  his  own  possession  from  the  attempts  of 
invaders. 


n'- 


SECTION  IX. 

A.  Urb.  709.     Cic.  63.     Coss. — M.  Antonius.     P.  Cornelius  Dolabella. 


Cjcebo  was  present  at  the  death  of  Caesar  id  the  senate ; 
^here  he  had  the  pleasure,  he  tells  U9,  to  see  the  tyrant  perish 
as  he  deserved  *.  By  this  accident,  he  was  freed  at  once  from 
all  subjection  to  a  superior,  and  all  the  uneasiness  and  indig- 
nity or  managing  a  power,  which  every  moment  could  oppress 
Lull.  He  was  now,  witliout  competition,  the  first  citizen  in 
Rome;  the  first  in  that  credit  and  authority  both  with  the 
senate  and  people,  which  illustrious  merit  and  services  will 
necessarily  give  in  a  free  city.  The  conspirators  considered 
him  as  such,  and  reckoned  upon  him  as  their  sure  friend  :  for 
they  had  no  sooner  finished  their  work,  than  Brutus,  lifting 

'  Vid.  Sir  U.  Savile's  Dissertat.  dc  Militia  Roni.  at  the  end  of  his  translation  of 
Tbdtos. 

•  Philip.  1.  8.    Sucton.  J.  Cas.  4*2,  43. 

s  <2«HB  lex  melior,  utiiior,  optima  etiaiu  Repub.  sjppius  flagitata,  quam  ne  Pnrto- 
riBpRmneic  plus  quaiii  annum,  neve  plus  quam  biennium  consulares  obtincrcntur  ? 

Fiiifip.  i.a 

Mnnerciif  ^milius — roaxiniam  aut«m,  ait,  ejus  cu^todiani  esse,  si  magna  imperia 
ArtDfUi  HOD  e«u;nt,  et  tcmporis  modus  imponeretur,  quibus  juris  iroponi  non  poB*et. 
liv.  1. 4. 34. 

4  QiU  wihi  attiilerit  ista  domini  mutatio,  pneter  hetitiam  quaui  oculis  cepi,  juito 
iBtoma  Tjnani  ?    Ad  Alt.  14. 14. 


<-...»_M.  .Am 


P  (."i-nwiiui  Wilrli 


ii|i  liiii  )iliiuily  tli>;:i;i'r.  ciilled  out  upon  liim  by  name.  M  »■ 
•;r:niiliiti>  witli  liim  mi  the  recovery  of  their  libeny':aiuliki 
(Itrv  iili  rail  mtt  presently  after,  into  the  Forum,  wid  U 
(b;;<;i.-i>  i"  ilu'ir  hunils,  proclaiming  liberty  to  the  citr,  Ak 
pr^'i-Uiimi-il,  ;it  tho  sairn*  tiino,  the  uamc  of  Cicero;  in^ 
III  ri't-(iiiiiiK'iiil  tht-  ju-tice  of  their  ucr  by  the  credit  of" 
;i|'|ir(iliittii)ii  '. 

This  )riLvc  Antony  a  pretence  to  charge  him  aftemrd^i 
pu))li(.-,  with  hfiii^  ]irivv  to  the  conspiracy,  anil  the  piin^ 
:ii1vi->or  (if  it ' :  but  it  is  certain  that  he  Vas  not  at  ill  ■■ 
<|ii:iiiiteil  with  it:  tor  though  he  hud  the  strictest  friend^ 
uiih  thi-  cliivf  actnrs,  anil  they  the  greatest  confiilence  m'lit, 
y<-t  his  affc,  eharactcr,  and  dignity,  rendered  him  nholkuil 
III  bi-iir  a  part  in  nil  attempt  of  that  nature,  and  to 
hiiiL-iflf  ill  an  iiflitir  so  iWperate,  with  a  number  of  mea,  w^ 
excepting  a  few  of  their  leaders,  were  all  either  too  young  * 
he  Iru^sted,  or  t04i  tihscure,  even  to  be  kiion-n  by  hiin '.  Hi 
eoulil  liare  been  of  little  ur  nu  service  to  them  in  the  execntiM 
of  the  act,  yet  iif  much  greater  in  justifyiiij^  it  aflenranb  ti 
the  cit\',  fur  having  liaa  nu  share  in  it,  nor  any  peisonl 
interest,  to  inaku  his  authuritv  suspected.  Tlie^e  were  Ae 
Irne  reason^,  withoni  doubt,  why  Brntus  and  Casaiu:]  ctid  nut 
impart  the  ilesi^n  to  him:  had  it  been  from  any  other  motire, 
a-i  some  writers  liave  suggested,  or  hail  it  admitted  any  intei* 
preiatiun  iiijuriou<i  to  his  honour,  he  must  have  been  often 
repniiiehod  with  it  by  Antony,  and  his  other  adversaries  of 
thoKc  time-s  who  were  so  studious  to  invent  and  propagate  any 


A.VA.T!».    Cfc^eS.   CdM^-Jf.  Antooiw.    P.  Conwliiu  DokbOI*. 


np  tc 


W.V  imagine,  in  tlieir  private  conversatioD ;  he  knew  the  fierce 
na  baugiity  spirit  of  Brntas  and  Cbbuu§,  sad  their  impatieiira 
T  a  master;  and  cidtiTBted  ■  strict  correspoadeace  vith  them 
lotb,  at  tills  time,  aA  if  for  the  opportunity  of  exciting  them  to 
ome  act  of  vigour.  On  the  new§,  that  AtticoB  lent  him,  imT 
J«aar's  iinu^^  Dein^  placed  in  the  temple  of  Quiriniu,  adjoio- 
;  to  that  of  tlie  ^xiden  Saloa;  "I  had  rather,"  aa^  he, 
i&ve  liim  the  comrade  of  Romulus,  than  of  the  eoddeas 
Safety ' :"  referring  to  RtHDuloB's  fate  of  beinx  kiUecTin  the 
senate.  In  aiiothi:'!-  letter,  it  seems  to  be  intimated,  that 
Atticus  and  lie  h^  been  contriving,  or  talking  at  least 
tc^etlker.  Low  lirutus  mieht  be  spirited  up  to  some  ^tempt 
ot  that  kind,  by  setting  before  him  the  &me  and  glory  of  his 
ancestors :  "  Does  Urutus  then  tell  us,"  saya  he,  "  that  Cnsar 
brings  with  him  ^lad  tidings  to  honest  men  ?  where  will  he 
find  them  ?  unless  lie  hanes  himself.  But  how  securely  is  he 
now  entrenched  on  all  Maes?  What  use  then  of  your  fine 
invention  ;  tlie  picture  of  old  Brutus  and  Ahala  with  the 
verses  under,  which  I  saw  in  your  gallery?  Yet,  what  after 
all  can  he  do'!'"'  One  cannot  help  observing,  likewise,  in  his 
pittx»  addressed  ationt  this  time  to  Brutus,  how  artfully  h« 
nils  into  a  lamentation  of  the  times,  and  of  the  particular  un- 
lu^ipiness  of  Bruius  himself,  in  being  deprived  by  them  of  all 
tlw  nopes  and  iisc  of  his  great  talents;  putting  him  in  mind, 
at  the  same  time,  of  his  double  descent  from  ancestors,  who 
had  acquired  immortal  glory  by  delivering  Rome  from  servi- 
tade.     Thus  he  concludes  his  treatise  on  famous  orators. 

"  When  I  look  upon  you,  Brutus,  I  am  grieved  to  see  your 
yvoth,  running,  as  it  were,  in  full  career  throi^h  the  midst  of 
fflory,  stopped  short  by  the  wretched  fate  of^your  country. 
This  grief  sits  heavy  upon  me,  and  on  our  common  friend 
Atticus,  the  partner  of  my  affection,  and  good  opinion  of  you ; 
we  heartily  wish  you  well ;  wish  to  see  you  reap  the  fruit  of 
your  virtue,  and  to  live  in  a  republic,  that  may  give  you  the 

',   *  Bmn  rimov  Quirino  mala,  quim  SiJuU.    Ibid.  12. 15. 

■  line  niiiieUt  Bmtiit,  ilium  id  banni  fira»?  tiayylKia:  ted  ubiem?  Lid  fi)Mc  H 
tiMfiBdHF  hie  utem  ut  itultum  ot '.  uhi  igilur  ipikoriYiiriua  illud  tuum  qaod  ndi  in 
Twtbnane.  AhalunclBnitum.'  snl  quit!  faciit  ?     IbiClS.  40. 

Firtbnone  tg  tuppotcd  la  denota  soDie  nwm  or  gillsir  In  Bmtiii'i,  or  mon  pnibablj 
ta  Atlleiii'i  LaiiK,  ulomed  irilli  the  iiongn  or  portniU  of  tfac  great  men  of  Roma, 
«a»dcr  neh  of  whicb,  u  C:oriir.-!JiiB  Ncpoi  Iclla  ui,  [in  Tit.  Atl.  c.  IR.]    Acticui  bul 

■waaoiliuii  where  the  coiitprnpUiion  a(  IhcK  ligurei  of  old  Bnitiia  uiil  Ahils,  joined 
tmSbat  in  one  pielurf,  with  tbt  vcnet  under,  lild  given  i  handle  perhaps  lo  «  conyer- 
mAw  batwecn  Cicao  and  bim,  how  Bnitns  might  bo  Incited,  bj  the  eiimple  of  thaw 
MMMMnUn,  to  dinolvc  the  t>Tanny  of  Cinar.  It  leema  alio,  very  probable,  that 
liiim  iililmii  if  Attictu'i  invention,  u  Clecro  colli  it,  mJEbt  give  occarion  la  tba 
ftm^iad  osbiue  of  Ihkt  tjlver  medal  or  denaiiiii.  vhirh  it  Mill  extant,  inth  the 
WlH|laaiiM*aTthoie  two  old  patriot*:  Bmtu*  on  the  one  aide,  Ahala  on  t^  othei. 
Vtiniim.  Monll.  in  Fua.  Juni*.  Tab.  1.  1. 


TlIC     LIFE 


ii|>(iiiriiiiiity.  Mill  "Illy  t»i  r»'i  ive.  Imt  to  ijicre»>  die 
mill  iiH-iimrv  i»f  the  twit  noble  fiunilicj  from  Hlticb  vou4_.  . 
—  I'iir  till'  iWum  was  wlinily  y.mr's;  V"»ur's  all  list  ammi 
niory  :  >iiii.  of  all  tlit  yoiiii^-  plearfers,  brou^t 
inily  :i  i.iJi:,'!"'  ri-i»ly  fomu'il  by  rhe  oxorcise  of  speikii^hl 
liailciirii-ln.''!  your  iir.ittiry  bv  tbo  furniture  uUo  of  tbeiMl 
urt>  :  mill,  by  ilic  ln-lp  of  t/ie  siitne  arts,  hud  joinedui)» 
fi>L-iiiiii  (if  t'li>(|ik'iici>  till-  ornamont  of  erery  virtue.  Via 
iliiuMv  sorry,  iltcri'foro.  uii  your  account,  that  youmtfc 
Iwm-Kt  of  tfio  ri'piiWio : — tiit*  republic  of  vou  :  but  thou(kii 
mlitUM  mill  of  tlit>  city  oxtiii^uisln's  the  iisc  nf  your  ifiBli^ 
i(it  on  Mill.  l)nitii->.  ti>  pumup  y<iur  usual  studies,"  &c 

'I'lu'**-  jiafsiycs  si'cin  to  tfivi*  a  roiisiiiiable  ground  to  btfiflt 
tliiit  Cii.vni.  l!i(iui;h  u  htriiii<ri>r  to  the  particiiLir  couiisebafii 
i-tiii->|nniii>r>.  luiil  yi-t  si  iteiu'ral  notion  of  their  desigii.i**^ 
iis  MiintJ  sliiiri-  ill  proinoiinir  it.  In  bis  replv  to  AntanJ 
eluirne,  ho  dufs  iioi  iIl-iiv  his  expectation  of  ir,  freely  omsb 
joy  for  it,  and  ilianks  liim  for  j;iviii<r'  biin  an  Jionour,  wluiik 
hail  not  inoriled,  of  lu'artiiL>;  a  [lurt  in  it.  He  calls  it  tbe  MK 
^Uirious  ail  whii-h  liad  over  been  dune,  not  onIvintbu,hi 
in  any  otiior  city  :  in  wliicli  men  were  more  forward  to  dsi 
a  hlwro  which  thoy  had  not.  than  to  dts^^omble  that  which  iktj 
liad:  that  Hrutu>*s  roawni  for  not  calling  upon  bia,  vH  b 
>itriiify,  that  ho  hiis  then  emubtinir  bis  praises,  bv  an  act.  Bit 
unlike  to  what  he  Imd  done :  that  if  to  wish  Cse^r's  death  m 
a  crime,  to  rejoi(.-o  at  it  vas  the  same ;  there  being  no  diffn^ 
enco  between  the  adviser  and  the  approver:    yet,   excepta 


-  OF  CICKRO.  b'2'i 

A.  Urb.  70f^     Cic.  G.T     Cuss. — M.  Antonius.     I*.  Cuiucl:ua  Dolabfiiit. 

)  Forum ;  where,  in  the  Hrst  heat  of  joy,  for  the  death  of 
-  9  tyrant,  several  of  the  young  nobility,  who  had  borne  no 
H  in  the  conspiracy,  joined  themselves  to  the  company,  with 
'mds  in  their  nands,  out  of  an  ambition  to  be  thought  part- 
us in  the  act ;  but  they  paid  dear  afterwards  for  that  vanity, 
tif  without  any  share  of  the  glory,  were  involved  in  the  ruin 
Uch  it  drew  upon  all  tlie  rest     Brutus  designed  to  have 
joken  to  the  citizens  from  the  rostra ;  but,  perceiving  them 
^  be  in  too  ereat  an  agitation  to  attend  to  speeches,  and  being 
dnoertun   what  way  Uie   popular   humour  might  turn,   and 
CMnrinflp  that  there  were  great  numbers  of  Csesar's  old  soldiers 
B  the  city,  who  had  been  summoned  from  all  parts  to  attend 
to  the  Parthian  war,  he  thought  proper,  with  his  accom- 
under  the  guard  of  Decimus's  gladiators,  to  take  refuge 
a  the  capitoP.      Being  here  secured  from  any  immediate 
riolence,  he  summoned  the  people  thither  in  the  afternoon ; 
nd  in  a  speecli  to  them,  which  he  had  prepared,  justified  his 
KSty  and  explained  the  motives  of  it,  and  in  a  pathetic  manner, 
izhorted  tnem  to  exert  themselves  in  the  defence  of  their 
MMintry,  and  maintain  the  liberty  now  offered  to  them,  against 
ill  the  abettors  of  the  late  tyranny.     Cicero  presently  followed 
tiiem  into  the  capitol,  with  the  best  and  greatest  part  of  the 
lenate,  to  deliberate  on  the  proper  means  of  improving  this 
luq[>eful  beginning,  and  establishing  their  liberty  on  a  solid  and 
lasting  foundation. 

Antony,  in  the  mean  while,  shocked  by  the  hardiness  of  the 
wetf  and  apprehending  some  danger  to  his  own  life,  stripped 
himself  of  his  consular  robes,  and  fled  home  in  disguise,  where 
he  began  to  fortify  his  house,  and  kept  himself  close  all  that 
day  %  till,  perceiving  the  pacific  conduct  of  the  conspirators, 
be  recovered  his  spirits,  and  appeared  again  the  next  morning 
in  public. 

While  things  were  in  this  situation,  L.  Cornelius  Cinna, 
one  of  the  praitors,  who  was  nearly  allied  to  Cjesar,  made  a 
speech  to  the  people  in  praise  of  the  conspirators;  extolling 
tneir  act  as  highly  meritorious,  and  exhorting  the  multitude  to 
invite  them  down  from  the  capitol,  and  reward  them  with  the 

tyrant.  Then*  wiis  a  incilal  likewise  struck  on  tliis  occasjiou,  with  the  !»auie  device, 
which  is  still  extant.  The  thoujrht,  however,  wjis  not  new  ;  for  f^atuniiniis,  in  his 
•edition,  when  he  had  p<»sH-'>e(l  himself  of  the  capitol,  exalted  a  cap  als-o  on  the  ton 
of  a  B]H^ar,  afi  a  token  ot  liherty  to  all  the  i<laves  who  would  join  with  him  :  and  though 
Mariu»,  in  hi«*  sixtli  coimul>hip,  destroyed  him  for  tlmt  net,  hy  a  decree  of  the  senate, 
vet  he  himself  U6ed  the  same  ex[K>dient  afterwards  to  invite  the  hIuvch  to  take  arms  with 
him  acainst  Sylla,  who  wm  maix-hing  with  liir>  armv  into  the  city,  to  attack  him.  Vol. 
Mtz.  8.  6. 

"  A|ip.  2.  p.  503.     Dio,  p.  2.50.     Pint,  in  Ca-s.  et  Bnit. 

•  Qoatuafuga?  qu«?  formido  pniH'laro  illo  die?  qua*  propter  c<mscieutiam  scelcruni 
denmtio  Title  ?  cum  ex  ilia  fuga — clam  tc  domum  rccepisti.  Philip.  'J.  3.5.  Vid.  Die. 
p.2W.     App.502,50d. 


"•HE  Lire 


OF   CICERO.  525 

Urli.709.    Cic  6S.    CMk— M.  Anloniof.    P.  Conkeliiu  Dol«belU. 

_  that  it  would  be  sufficient  of  itself  to  effect  all  that 
mxpeeted  from  it,  and  draw  an  universal  concurrence  to 

'  »noe  of  their  common  liberty ;  and  taking  it  for  granted 
Btar's  frte,  in  the  height  of  all  his  greatness,  would 

any  of  his  partizans  from  aiming  at  the  same  power : 
.plaeed  withal  a  great  confidence  in  Cicero's  authority,  of 
&  they  assured  themselves  as  their  own,  and  were  not 
Ipointed ;  for,  from  this  moment,  he  resolved,  at  all  adven- 
%  to  support  the  credit  of  the  men  and  their  act,  as  the 
BiBieans  left  of  recovering  the  republic  He  knew  that  the 
^  were  all  on  their  side ;  ana,  as  lone  as  force  was  re« 
idy  that  they  were  masters  of  the  city.  His  advice,  there- 
iwaSf  to  use  their  present  advantage,  and,  in  the  conster- 
BO  oi  Cffisar^s  party,  and  the  zeal  and  union  of  their  own, 
ifimtos  and  Cassius,  as  praetors,  should  call  the  senate  into 
cqpitol,  and  proceed  to  some  vigorous  decrees,  for  the 
rity  of  the  public  tranauillity  K  But  Brutus  was  for 
dung  calmlv,  and  with  all  due  respect  to  the  authority  of 
Bonsul ;  and,  having  conceived  hopes  of  Antony,  proposed 
pending  a  deputation  to  him,  to  exhort  him  to  measures  of 
se;  Cicero  remonstrated  against  it,  nor  would  be  prevailed 
t  to  bear  a  part  in  it ;  he  told  them,  plainly,  toat  there 
d  be  no  safe  treaty  with  him ;  that,  as  long  as  he  was 
id  of  them,  he  would  promise  every  thine ;  but  when  his 
I  were  over,  would  be  like  himself,  and  perform  nothing :  so 
I  while  the  other  consular  senators  were  going  forwards  and 
Lwards  in  this  office  of  mediation,  he  stuck  to  his  point,  and 
1  with  the  rest  in  the  capitol,  and  did  not  see  Antony  for 
two  first  days '. 

lie  event  confirmed  what  Cicero  foretold :  Antony  had  no 
ights  of  peace,  or  of  any  good  to  the  republic ;  his  sole 
f  was  to  seize  the  government  to  himself,  as  soon  as  he 
lid  be  in  condition  to  do  it:  and  then,  on  pretence  of 
»nging  Csesar's  death,  to  destroy  all  those  who  were  likely 

[ipose  him.  As  his  business,  therefore,  was  to  gain  time, 
issembling  and  deceiving  the  republican  party  into  a  good 
don  of  him ;  so  all  his  answers  were  mild  and  moderate, 
essing  a  sincere  inclination  to  peace,  and  no  other  desire 
I  to  see  the  republic  settled  again«on  its  old  basis.  Two 
)  passed  in  mutual  assurances,  from  both  sides,  of  their 

Icministi  me  clainaro,  illo  ipso  primo  Capitolino  die,  Scnatum  in  Capitolium  a 
iribua  vocari  ?  Dii  imoiortalca,  quip  turn  opera  ciiSci  potueriint,  loctantibus  onini- 
noia,  etiam  Mtt  bonis,  fractis  latronibusr'    Aa  Att.  14. 10. 

Heebiua  iIUb  in  Capitolino  liberatoribus  nostris,  cum  me  ad  te  ire  vellcnt  ut  ad 
i— d—B  Rempub.  te  adhortarcr,  quoad  mctueros,  omnia  tc  promi«8unim,  simtil  ac 
t-teilnes,  similem  te  futurum  tui.  Itaquc  cum  ceteri  Conaulares  irent,  redirent, 
ilsBtbnwiisi;  neqne  te  illo  die,  neqne  postcro,  vidi.    Philip.  2.  35. 


(lis|KR«itiitn  to  cnticonl  ant)  amity ;  and  Anioiiy  lumBm^k 
M'Datc  on  llip  thinl  to  adjtist  the  coii<iitioiis  (rf  h.  ini  tM 
thcin  by  sorau  solemn  acL  Here  Cicero,  as  tLe  btHMt 
tioii  of  a  lastiiifc  quiet,  moved  the  a&tembly,  In  t)itfint|N 
after  the  example  of  Athens,  to  denee  ft  i^eneral  uutfjit 
act  iif  ublivion,  for  all  that  vbs  past;  to  which  1^^^ 
mnu^ly  ngreetl.  Antony  seemed  to  be  all  eocmIdcs;  tim 
nothing  liut  healing  measures;  and  for  a  proof  of  hitaB^ 
moved,  tliat  tlie  conspirat^int  should  be  invited  tonkcfMs 
tlieir  delibetaiious,  and  sent  hw  son  ta  an  liosI^faM 
xat'ety  i  upon  which  tliey  all  came  down  irum  the  capitol;* 
llriitus  supi>ed  with  Lepidiis,  Cassiua  tvith  Antony,  iilV 
day  ende<l  to  the  universal  Joy  of  the  citv.  «lio  imagini'M 
their  lilierty  van  now  crowiieif  with  certiuu  peace '. 

There  were  several  ihinu:«<  however,  very  artfully  pnf* 
and  carried  hy  Antony,  on  the  pretence  of  public  coim 
wliifh  ho  aftcruanU  nuiile  a  most  [lemicious  use;  paiticWf  I 
a  decree  for  the  confirnuition  of  all  Ciei^r's  acts:  thitaM^I 
wa»  suspected  by  many,  who  stuck  upon  it  for  sometioi^* 
called  u|mn  Antony  to  explain  it,  and  specify  how  fat  it  ■ 
to  extend :  he  assured  them,  that  no  other  acts  w^rt  art 
than  what  were  known  to  every  body,  and  entered  pnbWti 
l'ie*.ir's  n«iister:  thevasketl  if  any  persons  were  to  MiSW 
fnnn  exile i*  He  said,  one  only,  and  no  more:  whell«< 
iinmuiiitios  were  j^ro'itcd  to  cities  or  countries?  He  ame 
ind  consented,  that  it  should   pass  with  a  restnd 


Urb.  ~03.    Clc.  69.    Coo— H.  Autooiui.    )>.  Cenuliiu  DolibdU. 

to  tliem.     But  Brutus  and  bis  friends  had  private 
for  entertaining  a  better  opinion  of  Antony  tnan  his 
il  conduct  would  justify:  Qraar  had  used  him  rougtil/ 
'cral  occasions';  and  they  knew  bis  reB^ntmeot  of  it; 
U.  lie  had  been  ene;aeed  with  Trebonius,  on  Csesar's  hut 
.%.  icom  Spain,  in  a  design  against  his  iife :  and,  thougii  he 
~  '  perform  that  engagement,  yet  they  thought  it  an  ob- 
y  as  well  as  a  proof  of  liis  cootmuing  in    die  same 
thai  he  tiad  not  discovered  it,  which   was  the  reason 
ir  spiuiiig   him,  when  Csesar  was  killed,  and  of  Tre^ 
*s  talcing  him  aside,  on  pretence  of  business,  lest  hia 
^rv>ur,  on  that  occasion,  might  provoke  them  to  kill  him 

^vst,  as  Cicero  often  laments,  they  had  already  ruined  their 

"     *^y  ^'^'"S  Antony  leisure  to  recollect  himself,  and  gather 

t  about  him,  by  which  he  forced  upon  them  severaTother 

~B  against  their  will ;  one  of  tbem  in  favour  of  the  veteraa 

»,  whom  he  had  drawn  up,  for  that  purpose,  in  arms 

It  the  senate':  and  another  still  worse,  for  the  allowance 

k  public  funeral  to  Caesar;  which  Atticus  had  been  remoD- 

Itng  against,  both  to  Cicero  and  Brutus,  as  pernicious  to 

'  peace  of  the  city ;  but  it  was  too  late  to  prevent  it :  Antony 

lltcsolved  upon  it,  and  bad  provided  all  things  for  it,  as  the 

X  opportunity  of  inflaming  the  soldiers  and  the  popuUce, 

— "'""T  gome  commotionB  to  the  disadvantiffie  of  tke  Re- 

luse:  in  which  he  succeeded  so  wel^  that  Brutus 

iCassius  had  no  small  difGculty  to  defend  their  lives  and 

tea  from  the  violence  of  this  mob'.     In  this  tumult,  Hel- 

)  Cinna,  one   of  the  tribunes,  and  a  particular  friend  of 

a  torn  in  pieces  by  the  rabble ;  being  mistaken,  un- 

kily,  for  the  prsetor  of  that  nume,  who,  as  it  is  said  above, 

extolled  the  act  of  killing  Cfesar  in  a  speech  from  the 

a:  this  so  alarmed  all  those  who  had  any  similitude  of 

B  with  any  of  the  conspirators,  that  Cuius  Casca,  another 

nator,  thought  fit^  by  a  public  advertisement,  to  signify  the 

Uttinction  of  his  person  and  principles  from  Publius  Casca, 

a  gave  the  firat  blow  to  Ceesar '. 


■  Pbaip.  3.  S9. 

"h  trjsi  awrilii  to 
.    Ibid.  14. 


nivr 


L  14. 10. 14.     Plut.  in  Bnit. 


rrib.ri.MfQii, 


:ta  noitn  cum  bciboi 
a  peldu,  jiapulj  mui- 


THE    LIFE 


Wo  ari'  imt  to  iina);iiie,  however,  as  it  is  «BniDoolvbA^ 
(liiit  tli»"it'  viuU'iiws  were  owiii^r  to  the  ^neial  indigMW* 
ilii<  ciiixoiis  ii^^uiiixt  tliD  murdercni  of  Ci»ar,  eidifd  ok 
tlic  !«in'ctadf  <if  his  body,  or  the  oloquence  of  AnWB^'  ^ 
iiuiili>  t)it>  fiiiii-ral  onitiiin :  fur,  it  is  certain,  tbat  C'mu,mv 
liio  w  li(ik>  u-i^ii,  (.Mulil  never  draw  from  the  people  wp* 
M>;iiitii-.ttiiiii  lit'  tlieir  fiivour;   but,  on  (he  cnnmrr.n* 
htitiiilv   mnriitit'd.  liv   tlie  iHTpetiutl  tlemonstraiiiMii  rf ". 
halreil  niiil  disitlTeciion  to  liim.     Tlie  case  was  the  MC* 
liis  lii'iitli :  till'  niemnrv  of  liis  tyranny  was  ihIious.  ini  ■• 
uiul  I'a-iNiiis,  rill-  real  fiivoiiritcs  of  the  city:  asapjitaEriai 
niva^ioii-s  wlit-ri-vor  tlieir  frei^  and  (renuiiie  sense  couUW* 
clun-d.  ill   llie  (niblie  shows  and  theatres';  whith  Ciwi** 
■liieiitly  appeal-i  to.  as  n  proiier  encouraneinent  W  ill  •• 
ini'ii,  to  aei  with  Miirit  anil  rigour,  in  the  tlrfeii«rf'j| 
eoniniiin   liberty.      >Vliat  hii|i]>oiioil,  therefore,  at  tW  fn 
wiui  tlie  effect  of  artifice  and  taction :  the  work  of  a  tttn^ 
ndible:  thi'  gn-ate«t  [lart  slaves  and  »tran^ers,  listedaMf 
[»irei)  for  vioiemT,  a>^inst  a  partv   unarmed,  auil  jP"^^ 
{■acilic  ^-DiiiiscU,  and  plactn>r  all  their  trust  and  secunty**, 
justice  (if  their  cause.     Cicen)  calls  it  a  conspinin'  of  Crf 
freednu'ii ',  who  were  the  chief  managers  of  the  tumA-* 
which  tlie  Jews  seem  to  Iiave  borne  a  eunsideralile  i*!-* 
lint  of  liatri'd  to   I'ompoy,  for  his  affront   to  tlieir  Aj* 
ti-nijih',  were  /I'almislv  attacheil  to  C'a»ar,  and,  above  »' 
other  fi>ri'i(rMi'rs  in   (tome,  distin<i;uishvd   tlieinsclves  bj 
•(  iif  their  ijrief  for  bis  death ;  m)  as  to  spend 


OF  CICERO.  529 

).  709.   Cic.  63.    Cow.— M.  Antonias.    P.  CorneliiM  DoUbelU. 

;  he  did  not  think  it  poasible  for  any  of  them  to  be 
ey  all,  therefore,  Quitted  Home:  Trebonius  stole 
tely  for  Asia,  to  take  pomession  of  that  province, 
before  been  assigned  to  him ;  being  afraid  of  being 
by  the  intrigues  of  Antony:  D.  Brutus,  for  the 
n,  possessed  himself  of  the  Cisalpine  or  Italic  Gaul, 

been  conferred  upon  him  likewise  by  Csesar,  in 
lengthen  himself  there  against  all  events,  and  by 
)urhood  to  Rome,  to  encourage  and  protect  all  die 
liberty:  M.  Brutus,  accompanied  by  Cassius,  re- 
le  of  his  villas  near  Lanuvium,  to  deliberate  about 
I  conduct,  and  to  take  such  measures,  as  the  acci- 
le  times  and  the  motions  of  their  enemies  should 
ssary. 

oon  as  the  conspirators  were  gone,  Antony  resumed 
nd,  as  if  the  late  violences  baa  been  accidental  only, 
dden  transport  of  a  vile  mob,  professed  the  same 

as  before,  and  affected  to  speak  with  the  greatest 
Brutus  and  Cassius ;  and,  by  several  seasonable  acts 
y  him  to  the  senate,  appeared  to  have  nothing  so 
rart  as  the  public  concord :  among  other  decrees,  he 
,  which  was  prepared  and  drawn  up  by  himself,  to 

ever,  the  name  and  office  of  Dictator :  this  seemed 
e  pledge  of  his  good  intentions,  and  gave  an  uni- 
faction  to  the  senate ;  who  passed  it,  as  it  were,  by 
1,  without  putting  it  even  to  the  vote ;  and  decreed 

of  the  house  for  it  to  Antony,  who,  as  Cicero 
told  him,  had  fixed  an  indelible  infamy,  by  it,  on 
declaring  to  the  world,  that,  for  the  odium  of  his 
t,  such  a  decree  was  become  both  necessary  and 

Iso  left  Rome  soon  after  Brutus  and  Cassius ',  not  a 

fied  t6  see  things  take  so  wrong  a  turn,  by  the  in- 

their  friends  ;  which  gave  him  frequent  occasion  to 

e  Ides  of  March  had  produced  nothing  which  pleased 

mc  Hirtius  fuit ;  qua  mentc  Antonius  csiiet,  deinonstravit,  pcs!«inia 
lisAima.  Nam  ro  neqiie  mihi  provinciam  dare  posse  aicbat,  ncqiic  arhitrari, 
ic  queniquam  noAtrum,  adco  cabc  uiilitum  concitatos  aiiimon  et  i>lehiN. 
que  CMC  faUum  puto  vos  animadvertere— placitum  est  mihi  postulare,  ut 
e  Roma;  publico  prsraidio  :  quod  illos  nobis  conccssuros  non  puto.     Kp. 

,  q«a»  vim  jam  rojrio?  potrstatis  olwcdcrat,  funditus  c  Rcpiib.  sustulit.  He 
18  auidcro  diximus — eiquc  ampli^tHimis  verbis  jkt  S.  C  pratias  egimus — 
n  illwd,  quod  Dictatui-o:  nomeu  snstulisti  :  haec  inusta  est  a  tc — niortiio 
ignomiiiiam  scmpitcniam,  &.c.     Philip.  ].  1. 15. 

tcneri  urbem  a  parricidi!«  vidcrem,  nee  te  in  ea,  nee  CasRium  tuto  esse 
irmiB  opprcssaui  nb  Antonio,  mihi  quoque  ip^i  esse  excedenduro  putavi. 

M  m 


THE    LIFE 


liim.  hut  the  fact  of  tlti>  day ;  which  wa"  execi 
muiily  vijrtiur,  but  ituppurted   by  childish  co 
pasM.At  throuiflk  the  coiiiitr\',  he  found  nodiiii. 
rvjiiiciii?  in  ull  tlie  ^rvM  towns,  on  the  accc 
death :  '*  It  ix  iinnosKihlc  to  expre»»,"  says  lie,  ' 
is  cvi-ry  where :  liow  uU  peojile  flock  iiboiit  mi 
thcv  are  tn  he-.ir  an  ncciiiiiit  of  it  from  me:  yet, 
n<ilitie>  tlo  we  [iur»iip !    What  a  solecii^in  do  we 
ae  afniitl  of  ihoM>,  whom  wc  have  siiMucd:  to  ile 
for  who«e  tUiith  ue  rejoice:  to  suiTer  tyranny  I 
the  tvmni  14  killoil :   iiiul  the  ropuhlic  to  W  lo! 
libiTty  is  weovi-n'ii '." 

Attii-iis  sent  him  word  of  snmo  remnrkiihle  appl 
wa<  ;<ivi>n   to  thi'  famed  comedian,  Puliliiis  for  r^ 
•tiu<l  ujioii  the  Ma^e,  in  favour  of  the  (mbHc  liberty 
L.  C'uM^ius  the  brother  of  the  ctuii^|i)nttor.  then  one 
huncs  was  rewived  wirli  iiitinite  aechmiatioos  upon  hi 
into  the  theatre';  uhieli  cunvinenl  liim  only  the  ni 
mistaki*  of  tlieir  trioiidji  in  sitting  still,  and  truslin 
merit  of  their  «iiise,  while  their  oncnites  were  u»n;[< 
destroy  rhem.     Thi<)  ^renoratl  incliiialion,  which  decln 
!>o  freely  on  the  side  of  liberty,  obliged  Antony  to 
iiiution,  and,  ns  far  as  poMiblo,  to  ]>er8uade  the  cit\ 
was  on  the  mime  side  too :  fur  which  end  he  did  anott 
at  this  time,  both  prudent  and  popular,  in  piitdng  to 
impostor  MariuH,  who  was  now  returned  to  Rome. 
as  he  ^ve   out,    the  doalb   of  J  ' 
siifnalis 


OF    CICERO.  531 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.     Cost. — M.  Antonius.     P.  Cornelius  DolabelU. 

rence  with  him  about  this  time,  which  passed  to  mutual 
iction^ 

these  arts,  Antony  hoped  to  amuse  the  conspirators,  and 
e  them  to  lay  aside  all  vigorous  counsels;  especially, 
he  most  apprehended,  that  of  leaving  Italy,  and  seizing 

provinces  abroad,  furnished  with  troops  and  money : 
I  might  put  them  into  a  condition  to  act  offensively :  with 
une  view  he  wrote  an  artful  letter  to  Cicero,  to  desire  his 
fit  to  the  restoration  of  S.  Clodius,  the  chief  agent  of  P. 
ins,  who  had  been  several  years  in  banishment,  for  out- 
I  committed  in  the  city;  chiefly  against  Cicero  himself, 
kose  account  he  was  condemned.     Antony,  by  his  mar- 

with  Fulvia,  the  widow  of  P.  Clodius,  became  the  pro- 
r  of  all  that  family,  and  the  tutor  of  young  Publius,  her 
which  gave  him  a  decent  pretence  of  interesting  himself 
lis  afiair.  He  assures  Cicero,  that  he  had  procured  a 
m  for  S.  Clodius  from  Caesar ;  but  did  not  intend  to  have 

use  of  it,  till  he  had  obtained  his  consent :  and,  though 
ooffht  himself  now  obliged  to  support  all  Caesar's  acts,  yet 
MiKl  not  insist  on  this  against  his  leave — that  it  would  be 
iliration  to  young  Publius,  a  youth  of  the  greatest  hopes, 
;  hmi  see,  that  Cicero  did  not  extend  his  revenge  to  his 
r's  friends.  "  Permit  me,"  says  he,  "  to  instil  these  sen- 
its  into  the  boy ;  and  to  persuade  his  tender  mind,  that 
'els  are  not  to  be  perpetuated  in  families:  and  though 

condition,  I  know,  is  superior  to  all  danger;  yet  you 
1  choose,  I  fancy,  to  enjoy  a  quiet  and  honourable,  rather 
a  turbulent  old  age.  Lastly,  I  have  a  sort  of  right  to 
his  favour  of  you ;   since  I  never  refused  any  thing  to 

if  I  do  not  however  prevail  with  you,  I  will  not  grant 
Clodius ;  that  you  may  see  how  crreat  your  authority  is 
me:  shew  yourself  the  more  placable  on  that  account'." 
uero  never  hesitated  about  giving  his  consent,  to  what 
ny  could  and  w^ould  have  done  without  it :  the  thing  itself 
lew  was  scandalous,  and  the  pardon  said  to  be  granted  by 
T  a  forgery ;  and  that  Caesar  would  never  have  done  it,  or 
ed  it  to  be  done ;  and  so  many  forgeries  of  that  kind  be- 
o  be  published  every  day  from  Caesar's  books,  that  he  was 
it  tempted,  he  says,  to  wish  for  Caesar  again  \     He  an- 

tonii  colloquium  cum  nostris  Heroibus  pro  re  nata  non  incommodum.     Ad 

.«. 

id.  14.  after  letter  the  13th. 

toniuB  ad  me  scripsit  de  restitutione  S.  Clodii :  qnani  bonorifice  quod  ad  mc  at- 

C  ipsius  litteris  cognosces — quam  dissolute,  quam  tuniiter,  quamque  ita  pcmiciose, 

lanqtuun  etiam  Ceeear  desidcraiidus  esse  videatur,  facile  existimabis ;  qusD  enim 

itmqaun  neqne  fecisset,  neque  paseus  eflset,  ea  nunc  ex  falm  ejus  coininentunii 

M  m  2 


forcwl  til  con^idiT  liim  iia  an  onemy '. 

Aiitiiny  niiulL*  him  but  a  cold  re|>ly 
ill  tlio  inran  tiinr,  uf  somi'tliiii^  whi 
liis  coiidm-t.  IIo  told  liiin  only  tliat ) 
wore  uirropiible  to  liim,  iiiid  might,  li 
sure  to  himself. 

t'loopatra,  the  (iiiocii  of  Esfj-pt,  wi 
was  killed;  but  boiiitf  ti<rrifii,>d  by  thii 
sequent  disorders  of  the  city,  she  i 
l^eat  prcci {libit ton.  Her  niitlinrity  o 
wliosc  house  she  was  lodirpd,  made  be 
the  Ui>inaui3,  wluim  she  seems  to  have 
iiij;  with  her  own  Egyptians ;  as  the  s\ 
and  the  sluvcs  uf  a  master,  whom  she  c 
a  conference  with  her  iii  Ciesar's  gard 
noK4  of  her  behaviour  gave  him  no  s 
his  taste  and  chiiracter,  she  made  hii 
present,  very  agreeable,  but  disoblig 
perfonniiif;  it:  he  does  not  tell  us  wl 
(lints,  which  he  drops,  it  seems  to  ha 
cities  from  Kirvpt,  for  the  ornament 
furniture  whicli  he  was  peculiarly  P 
being  mortified  by  Ca>sar's  fati',  she 
to  him,  by  her  ministers,  for  his  assist 
that  she  was  recommcn<ling  to  the  sri 
to  be  ooncenicil.  The  afliiir  seems  t> 
faiit  son,  whom  she  pretendwl  to  be  C 
name,  and  van  labouring  to  g<>t  him 
Rome,  and  declared  the  heir  of  her 

?ear  following,  both  by  Antony  and  < 
riends  were  generally  sciuidarized  at 


OF  CICEBO.  533 

'    A.l'ib.709.   t&.  63.     Cow.— M.  AotODiui.     P.Caindiui  DoUbelU. 

^      li  while  to  write  a  book,  to  prove  tbat  the  child  could 

"  'In  Ciesar's  *.     Cleopatra  had  beeo  w^ting;  to  accompany 

■""■p  into  the  east,  in  order  to  preserve  her  influence  over 

which  was  very  great;  for,  after  hia  death,  IlelvtusCinDa, 

»>of  the  tribunes,  owned,  tJiat  he  had  a  law  ready  prepared, 

I  delivered  to  him  by  Ctesar,   with  orders  to  publish  it,  as 

~t  as  he  was  gone,  for  granting  to  him  the  liberty  of  taking 

at  number  of  wives,  and  of  what  condition  he  thought  fit, 

the  sake  of  propagating  children  *.     This  was  contrived, 

~'iably,  to  save  Cleopatra's  honour,  and  to  legitimate  his 

9  by  her ;  since  polygamy,  and  the  marriage  ofa  stranger, 

--■?i*  prohibited  by  the  laws  of  Rome. 

^CSccro  touches  these  particulars  in  several  places,  though 

-  ^Rltly  and  abruptly,  according  to  the  style  of  his  Letters  to 

Milieus.     **  Tl>e  flight  of  the  queen,"  says  he,  <*  gives  me  no 

I  should  be  glad  to  hear  what  fcU'ther  news  there  is  of 

,  and  her  young  Cnsar.     1  hato  the  queen :   her  agent, 

nouiue,  the  witness  and  sponsor  of  her  promises  to  mc) 

V8  that  I  have  reason :  they  were  things  only  proper  for  a 

1  of  letters,  and  suitable  to  my  character ;  so  that  I  should 

t  scruple  to  proclaim  them  from   the  rostra.      Her  other 

0att  t^tra,  is  not  only  a  rascal,  but  has  been  rude  to  me.     I 

V  him  at  my  house  bnt  once,  and  when  I  asked  him, 

,  what  commands  he  had  for  me,  he  said,  that  he  came 

_     I  for  Atticus.     As  to  the  pride  of  the  queen,  when  I  saw 

||f''bi  the  gardens,  I  can  never  think  of  it  without  resentment: 

"i  have  nothing,  therefore,  to  do  with  them :  they  take  me 

K^'liave  neither  spirit,  nor  even  feeling  left'." 

L  Antony  having  put  his  affairs  into  the  best  train  that  he 

■Id,  and  appointed   the  first  of  June  for  a  meeting  of  the 

"  .  '  1  order  to  deliberate  on  the  state  of  the  Itepublic, 

the    opportunity   of  that    interval    to    make  a  progress 

Itfarongh  Italy,  for  the  sake  of  visiting  the  quarters  of  the  veteran 

■^Uiers,  and  engaging  them  to  his  service,   by  all  sorts  of 

Oram  C.  Oppina,  qiiui  phot  dcfrinionc  ai  pnlrocinio  r«  pbctcI,  librura  cdidii, 
«  CbsuU  Hliuiu,  quem  Cleoiiain  dical.  Sueloa.  J.  Cm.  Si,  rid.  IJio.  p.  ajT. 

I  HcItIiib  CinikB^ — eoDfeffiiJi  nt,  babuiflU  te  »mptUD  poniUiniqiio  Icgcm^  quAm  Ca«ar 
rre  jniniHlciini  ipae  nbcsapt,  nt  iixurct  liborurum  quicnndoniin  ciuu  auni  ct  quol 
lecre  nllet,  liccnit.    Suiion.  ib.  Din,243. 

»  Ripnie  fom  milii  oon  molnii.  (Ail  An.  14,  B.]  do  Rpfnm  Ttlim,  BWnceHaoi  do 
fii-j"-  iJIu.  iiC  i3).]  RtgiDBiu  odi.     Mc  |uie  fiiccre  kiI  sponior  jitomiiu  _. 


sa4 


TUe     LJFE 


11*708,    Ck-O.    C-, 


P.  Can<li<a  DofaMk 


bribe*  and  proniisps.     He  left    the  goYenunait  at  Acd 

IkilabeUa,  whom  Csewr,    upon    bis   inteiided  "■ 

Fartliia,  bail  il<-)a)^ed  and    Dominated   to    tJte 
llioiii;h  AntMDV  bail  protested  tt^raixiftt  that  dni^ 
wtlrnl   to  obstruct  its  effect,   yet,   aJter   Cxma'% 
D'llabolla,  by  the  adi-anta^  of  tiie   ^neral  coDfiuiMh 
Uie  vmi^i*  of  (be  office,  aiid  aasutned  tlie  babtt  and  A 
of  tbe  <Minul.  Antony  quietly  received  aud  ackDovMgoi  Ik 
as  bucli.  at  the  next  meeting  of  tbe  senate  '.  -* 

Ckcro  Wl  always  kept  up  a  fair  oorrespondeiKe  ■iift' 
■on-in-lai*.  though   he  bad   long  known  bira  to  beyaiM 
virtue  and  gvod  principles:  but  he    bad   iiom-  greater  nH 
than  ever  for  in)>inuatin£  binuelf,  as  far  as  he  was  afalp,  tMli 
coufidence,  in  order  to  cne'<^  bim,  if  possible,  to  llie  intoHl 
of  the  Kepublic,  ami  use  liim  as  a  check   upon  the  deH|:atf 
kis  colleague  Antony  ;  in  which  he  bad  the  greater  prrxpea^ 
mccess  un  the  account  of  their  declared  enmity  to  eadi  ete 
DobbelU  greatly  confirmed  these  bopos;  and  as  »oon  a«  Anun 
had  left  the  city,  made  all  honest  men  tbink  themselves  satti 
him  bv  exerting  a  most  severe,  as  well   as  seasonable,  tAi 
discipline,  upon  tbe  disturbers  of  the  public  tranquillity, 
the  mob,  headed  by  the  impostor  Marius,  and  tbe  freetlma 
Cssar,  liad  erected  an  altar  in  the   Forum,  on  the  spot  i 
eschar's  body  was  burnt,   with  a  pillar  of   Niinaidian  m 
twenty  feet  high,  inscribed  to  the  father  of  bis  country, 
they  performed  daily  sacrifices  and  <)i>-ine  rites,  and  the  hi 
rshipping  at  this  new  altar  bepin  to  spread  itself 


OF  CICERO.  535 

A.  Urb.  7U9.    Cic.  63.     Com.— M.  Antuniua.    P.  Cornelius  DolabelU. 


of  his  counsels :  in  a  letter  upon  it  to  Atticus :  ^<  O  my 

OUfable  Dolabella !"  says  he,   "  1  now  call  him  mine :  for, 

ttanra  me,  I  had  some  doubt  of  him  before ;  the  fact  affords 

of  &;reat  speculation ;  to  throw  them  down  the  rock ;  to 

demolish  the  pillar;  pave  the  area;  in  short,  it  is 

He  has  extinguished  all  appearance  of  that  regret  for 

r^  which  was  spreading  every  nay  so  fast,  that  I  began  to 

'  end  some  danger  to  our  tyrant-killers:  but  I  now  agree 

ijtfc  you«  and  conceive  better  hopes,"  &c. '     Again  :  ^^  O  the 

■sve  act  of  Dolabella !  what  a  prospect  does  it  give  us  !     I 

nMr  oease  praising  and  exhorting  him — Our  Brutus,  I  dare 

Vy  might  now  walk  safely  through  the  Forum,  with  a  crown 

flroM  upon  his  head ;  for  who  dares  molest  him,  when  the 

^k  or  the  cross  is  to  be  their  fate  ?  and  when  the  very  lowest 

'   the  people  give  such  proofs  of  their  applause  and  appro- 

Itjoa  '  r'     He  wrote^  at  the  same  time,  from  Baise,  the  follow- 

^  letter  to  Dolabella  himself. 

"  CICERO  TO  DOLABELLA,  CONSUL. 

«*  Though  I  was  content,  my  Dolabella,  with  your  glory,  and 
saped  a  sufficiency  of  pleasure  from  it,  yet  I  cannot  but  own, 
ttut  it  gives  me  an  inexpressible  joy,  to  find  the  world  ascribing 
»  me  also  some  share  in  your  praises.  I  have  met  with  no- 
ody  here,  though  I  see  so  much  company  every  day,  (for 
biere  are  many  worthy  men  now  at  this  place,  for  the  sake  of 
heir  healtli,  and  many  of  my  acquaintimce  from  the  great 
owns)  who,  after  extolling  you  to  the  skies,  do  not  give  thanks 
iresently  to  me ;  not  doubting,  as  they  all  say,  but  it  is  by  my 
>Tecepts  and  advice,  that  you  now  shew  yourself  to  be  this  ad- 
nirable  citizen,  and  singular  consul:  and  though  I  could  assure 
;hem,  with  great  truth,  that  wliat  you  are  doing  flows  wholly 
Tom  yourself,  and  your  own  judgment,  and  that  you  want  not 
the  advice  of  any  one ;  yet  I  neither  wholly  a«?sent,  lest  I  should 
lerogate  from  your  merit,  by  making  it  seem  to  proceed  from 
^^^""^■^■^~~  ^-^™^^-^^"^^— ^^— ^^—i ^11^— ^-^ 

Mntrorenias  qu.asdiiiu,  iutt-rposito  j»cr  Crpsarera  jurcjurando,  distralicrc  pcrsevcravit. 
Sueton.  J.  Cacs.  8.3. 

Manabat  onim  illiid  in:)liini  ui-li.tniiin.  ct  ila  con'obomltatur  qiiotidic,  ut  ego  qiiidcm  ct 
nrbi  ctotio  diffidrrcm  urbaim.     Iv».  Fain.  \'2.  1. 

Nam  cum  wiijcut  in  uihr  inHiiitnni  iiialiiin — ct  quotidie  mairis  niairi^qnc  pcnliti 
boniines,  cum  tui  fciniililms  M'rvi«j,  trcti»  ct  Urmplis  urbi-  luinarcntur  ;  talin  aniinsiaversio 
Tnit  Dolaht'lla*,  rum  in  audnrc*  soch  ntosquc  scn'o*,  turn  in  iiiipuros  ct  ncfarioB  rivc«, 
taliBque  cvcThio  illius  cxocratn?  colnmna',  A:c.  IMiiliji.  l.*2 — rtx'ordurc,  quato,  Dola- 
licUa, conscnsiim  ilium  thcatri.     Vid.  ib.  1*2. 

»  A«l  Att.  14.  15. 

•  O  T>oUbcIl«  Dottri  ApiaTtiav  I  quanta  c<t  AvaOKvpiitris  !  cquidom  loudnre  cum  et 
Iwitari  non  dcsisto — mihi  quidcm  vidctxir  Brutus  nostcr  jam  vcl  coronam  aurcam  per 
forum  feire  posse,  quii»  cnim  audcat  violare,  proiK>Mia  crucc  aut  saxo  ?  prarscrtim  tantis 
ii]Mifi1>tis,tMitaapprol»ationc  infimonim?     Ibid.  id. 


THE  LIFE 


-M.  .\iiiu.iiu..     P.V-t 


my  nmiise);  nor  do  I  strongly  deny  it,  hoin? mj-^di, p 
more  >rrotft)y  of  frlorj-  than  I  ouj^htto  be.  fiutthatoi 
Ih:  n  (limiiiutioii  to  you,  whicli  was  an  honour  erea  k 
inouiiiiiti,  till?  king  of  kings,  to  hai-e  a  Nestor  for  !■ 
•lelliir:  whilo  it  will  he  ^lunous  to  me,  to  see  &  yomfi 
(lif  st-liwlur,  as  if  were,  of  my  discipJine,  floumliingmni 
of  an)ik.ii4c.  I-  C»sar,  when  I  vvited  him  laldr  t 
Na)Hes,  tliuugli  iipiiresscd  with  pain  in  every  peat  olii 
yet,  before  he  lian  even  saluted  me,  could  not  foHNS 
out,  (1  my  Ciccru  !  I  eongratulnte  with  you  on  accoU 
authority  whicti  you  linvc  n-ith  DoIabclU  ;  for  if  I  had  fl 
credit  Willi  my  Kistcr's  son,  Antony,  we  should  all  now  I 
but  a<  to  your  Dolabella,  I  both  eongratulate  with  hi 
llmiik  him ;  since,  from  the  time  of  your  consulship^  h 
oidy  OIK',  whom  we  i-aii  truly  call  a'  consul ;  he  then  e 
upon  your  act,  and  the  manner  of  it ;  and  declared  that 
was  ever  gri*ator,  nothiiifr  nobler,  nntliin?  more  salutar 
state ;  mm  tliU,  indeed,  is  the  common  ^-oiec  of  all.  Al 
thercfiire,  I  bejj  of  you,  to  take  some  share,  thoi^ 
faUe  one,  in  the  possession  of  anotlier  man's  glory ;  ai 
mc,  ill  some  deforce,  into  a  [tarliiersliip  of  vour  praisei 
to  be  serious,  my  Dulabella,  for  hitlicrto  I  liave  been  j 
would  sooner  tmiisfiT  all  the  credit  that  I  have  to  ' 
really  have  any,  than  rob  you  of  any  part  of  youi's 
I  liuvc  always  had  that  sincere  affection  for  you,  to  wl 
liave  been  no  stranger,  so  now  I  am  so  clianned  by  ] 
cou<)uct,  that  HO  love  was  ever  more  ardent.      For,  bel 


^S^^^  OF  CICERO.  537 

bJ.''-      j(.l'rh,T»9    Ck  i::i     Com.— M.  ADtonlui.    P.  CotndiiH  DakkillL 

f  r  pMi  Karce  ever  hiippened  to  aay  man ;  tbat* .  by  the  utmost 

r«  WtrUy  of  pimisliing,  instead  of  acquiiing  odnnn,  you  are  be- 

e<  {OP^  popular :  and  not  only  with  the  better  sort,  but  the  very 

i.tfMamt  of  die  city.     If  this  was  owing  to  fortune,  I  should 

a:,|NlgTatutatc  your  felicity;  but  it  was  owing  to  the  greatness  of 

i^four  counige,  as  well  as  of  your  parts  and  wisdom.     For  I  have 

Q  fwul  your  speech  to  ihe  people :  nothing  was  ever  more  pm- 

.  l«3tt :  you  cnt^T  so  <leliberately  and  OTadually  into  the  reason 

*,  nf  your  act,  and  retire  from  it  so  arnblly,  that  the  case  itself, 

'  'n  die  opinion  nf  all,  appears  to  be  ripe  for  punishment.     Yoo 

kkve  freed  us,  tliercfore,  both  from  our  danger  and  our  fears, 

il  have  <ione  an  act  of  the  greatest  service,  not  only  to  the 

Ment  times,  but  fur  the  example  of  it  also  to  posterity.     You 

o  to  consider,  that  the  republic  now  rests  upon  your  shoulders : 

i  that  it  is  your  part,  not  only  to  protect,  but  to  adorn  those 

at,   from   wliom  we  have  received   this  beginning  of  our 

Kberty:  but  of  this  we  shall  talk  more  fully  when  we  meet 

un,  as  I  hope  we  shall  shortly ;  in  the  mean  while,  since  you 

i  the  common  guardian,  both  of  the  republic,  and  of  us  all, 

ike  care,  my  dear  Dolabella,  that  you  guard  more  e^iecially 

■onr  own  safety '." 

In  this  retreat  from  Rome,  be  had  a  mind  to  make  an  ex- 

lliunion  to  Greece,  and  pay  a  visit  to  his  son  at  Athens,  whose 

Keondnct  did  not  pleasi!  him,  and  seemed  to  require  his  presence 

Vto  reform  and  set  it  right '.     But  the  news  m  Dolabella's  be- 

Khaviour,  and  the  hopes  which  it  gave,  of  gmning  the  only  thing 

bthat  was  wanted,  a  head  and  leader  of  vaeh  cause,  armed  with 

Lthe  authority  of  the  state,  made  him  resolved  to  stay,  at  least 

I?  till  after  the  first  of  June,  lest  his  absence  should  be  interpreted 

M  a  kind  of  desertion ;  nor  did  be  ever  intend,  indeed,  to  leave 

Italv,  till  he  could  do  it  without  censure,  and  to  the  full  satis- 

&ction  of  Brutus,  whom  he  was  determined  never  to  desert  on 

any  occasion  *. 

He  had  frequent  meetings  and  conferences  all  this  while 
with  his  old  friends  of  the  opposite  party,  tlie  late  ministers  of 
Caesar's  power;  I'ansa,  Hirtjus,  Balbus,  Matius,  &c:  but 
Csesar's  death,  on  which  their  sentiments  were  very  different 
from  his,  had,  in  a  ^eat  measure,  broken  their  former  confi- 
dence; and,  though  tiie  popularity  of  the  act  made  them  some- 

'  Bp.  Fun.  9. 14. 

*  Quod  initio  vilds  cHo  uti!o  u]  conannationom  Ciceronii,  me  illuc  renin.  (Ad 
AU.  14.  IS.]  Htgnimtemi  Ciceronii,  iclmcn  |>Diiu>,  tcI  mehcrcule  utriiuqac,  me  Id- 
iKmini  dbccnti.     Ibid.  16. 

*  NsDC  Kutem  lidcmur  hahituri  ducem,  quod  unum  Mumcitiin  boDique  deodennt. 

itfaLse. 


.1.  lrt>.:<M.    (It.  c:i.    Cu. M-  Auioniu*.     P.  Cundiui  MAdk 

wliut  >tiy  of  tipvukiiif;  tbeir  mintU  freely  about  it,  j-etbeMhl 
|Kri-i-h<.'tl  ll)ut  tbey  wore  utterlv  <I»plt.>ase(i  wiihit,  andnonl 
til  want  Bii  (iruuiun  of  ri'veiitrmir  it.  Pansa  and  Hiid^Hl 
li;t>  in-va  Ktti>),  wiTC  iiomiiiaiei]  ))y  Cwsar  to  the  consnUf  4 1 
the  iitfxt  year.  uimI,  us  Caesar's  acts  were  ratified  by  the  xi^  I 
«i'rc  tc  siieeeeil  tti  it  of  i-uiirto.  This  made  Brutus  and  Cmh  I 
iirfss  liciTO  variivstly  to  ^iii  them.  If  {»os»il>le,  to  the  nf^  I 
ticiui  M(ie:  but  csiiei-iully  Hiriiiis,  whom  they  most  sunpecaL  I 
Hut  Cieeni  seeniM  to  liave  bad  little  bopt4  of  succe«:lii  I 
.-uvDiiiit  of  them  to  Attieus,  is,  that  there  was  not  one  of  te  I 
wbi>  (li<l  not  dreiid  [ivucc  mitre  than  uur;  that  tfaey  weTep»  I 
)M-tiiiiily  lani(>iitiii>;  rlif  miserable  end  of  so  j^reat  a  iflan,al  I 
dei'hirii'it;  tliut  tbi-  Ui-)iubliL'  was  ruiiifd  by  it ;  that  all  bism  1 
u oulil  liL-  niadu  void,  its  soon  us  i)co|ili'*s  feurs  ni're  over, ai  j 
thui  t-li-iiii-iii-y  ivtiEt  hi*  ruin :  bince,  if  it  ha<l  not  (■■.•en  for  ibf^  1 
be  i'duld  not  l):ive  jierished  in  such  a  manner:  ai>d  of  HiiDM  ] 
in  ]tiiriii-ulur:  '*Iic  wurmly  l(ivc«  him,"  Sitys  he,  ''wbaB 
Urutuo  htiibbi-tl :  ai  to  tbeir  dt<!iirin|r  nie  to  make  him  bettet,  I 
am  diiiiitr  my  endeavour:  he  talks  very  honestly,  but  livH 
witli  Uiilbus:  wild  tulk'^  honestly  ttm:  bon-  far  they  are  K> be 
tni-i.il.  you  niii-ii  ci>n-iilor '." 

Hut  lit'  idi  tlii'.  M't  of  nii'ii,  Mntius  was  the  most  ojieuanl 
exi>lidl  in  c(iniU'mniii;f  the  act  of  tlie  coiis])iratnr$,  so  as  to  put 
Cii'To  out  of  humour  with  biui,  u«  a  man  irreconcileable to 
the  liberty  of  the  Ilt>i)ublic.  Cicero  called  upon  him,  on  his  nj 
from  Home  Into  the  country,  and  found  him  sullen,  despoudiw 
and  farebodtn^  nothing  btit  wnn  Slid  desolation,  as  the     -' — 


-.m. 


i.t'rb-T(HI.     ClB.«3.     CaK^H.  Antmhn.     P.CgntUui  Dohbelk. 

p«4b<  man  be  ensy  onougfa  to  foi^ve  it,  it  ii  lu^  thoogfa  I  do 
^■paiwMtion  but  diat  he  really  hates  me '." 
-^MTMre  were  sereral  reasoiw,  however,  which  made  it  neoes- 
kmW  to  these  men  to  court  Cicero,  at  dii§  time,  as  much  as 
)  =fMrt  for,  if  the  Republic  happeued  to  recover  itself,  he  wai 
r  OT'SlI  men  the  moat  capable  to  protect  them  on  that  ride :  if 
K  ttM|  Cb«  most  ftble  to  assut  them  against  Antony,  who»e  design* 
a  -  M«d  Miocesa  the)'  dreaded  atill  more ;  for,  if  they  must  have  a 
^  DC*  master,  they  were  disposed,  for  the  sake  of  Ctesar,  to 
^u.Mc^r  his  heir  aiid  nephew  Octavius.  We  find  Hirtius  and 
i^ntSB,  therefore,  very  Bsaiduoaa  in  their  observance  of  him: 
<,xA«y  spent  a  great  part  of  the  summer  with  him  at  different 
:^  times,  in  hia  villas,  giving  him  the  stroogest  assurances  ^ 
■,;tbrlr  p'kmI  intentioas  and  diqiosition  to  peace,  and  that  be 
t  aJtoulrTbe  the  arbiter  of  their  futnre  coosulship:  and,  thongh 
the  coutiiiued  stilt  to  have  some  distrust  of  Hirtius,  yet  Pansa 
I'WiioUy  persuaded  him  that  he  was  sincere '. 

Bmtiis  and  Ciissius  continued  still  near  Lanavinm,  io  the 
Hehbourhood  of  Cicero's  villa,  at  Astura,  of  which,  at  Cicero's 
i  ilesire,  they  somi?rimes  made  use  *.  Being  yet  irresolute  what 
measures  tiiey  should  take,  they  kept  themselves  quiet  and 
retired,  expecting  what  time  and  chance  would  offer,  and  wait- 
inf;  particularly  to  see  wliat  humour  the  consuls  would  be  in  at 
'Seoccct  meeting  of  the  senate,  with  regard  to  themselves  and 
te  repnblic:  aucl,  since  they  were  driven  from  the  discharge  of 
diefr  praitorahip,  in  the  city,  they  contrived  to  put  the  people 
!d  mind  of  them,  from  time  to  time,  by  their  edicts,  in  which 
.  tbmr  made  the  strongest  professions  of  their  pacific  disposition, 
■M  declared  that  their  conduct  should  give  no  handle  for  a  civil 
war,  and  that  they  would  submit  to  a  perpetual  esile,  if  it  would 
contribute  in  any  manner  to  the  public  concord,  being  content 
with  the  consciousness  of  their  act,  as  the  greatest  honour  which 
tfaey  could  enjoy*.  Their  present  design  was  to  come  to  Rome  on 

>  De  BniU  nntra-^irmRDi  Klititin  dii^cre.  Mi^i  nftrt  hie  quid  niit :  fed  qnio- 
quid  nit,  -nldo  rult.  idque  eum  HniouulreitiiK,  cum  pro  DL'ioloni  Hiaem  diierit, 
vmlde  ftlieaienler  fiim  viiiim,  ct  libcrc  diccre.  Alqiic  fliam  proiime  cum  SfflUi 
rapto  ipud  Bum  fiiincn,  cxpectsmaQue  wdent  qaowl  vocanr,  diiiwe  aum ;  igo  dubl- 
Icm  qahi  auDimo  in  odio  >im,  iiim  Itl.  Cicero  sednt.  nee  aun  commodo  me  convenjre 
poentP    Alqui  li  quiHusm  cetfacilit,  hie  cit  ^  tuucii  non  dubito,  quin  me  nule  oderit. 

i5d.M.i. 

■  Com  Pmnu  nil  in  Pompduio.  la  iilane  niihi  prcibabat,  as  bene  •entin  BL  cupora 
piecni,dtc.    Ibid.  14.20,  il.  15.  1. 

*  Talim  mehcreule  Aitura  Btolut.  (Ibid.  U.  11.]  Brutumapud  me  fuiaao  giudao : 
«Mo  et  libenUr  tOnit  al  au  din.    Ibid.  15.  3. 

TeiUti  edictia,  libentcr  an  vcl  in  |irci>etiiD  ciilio  victuroa,  diun  Rdpiib.  conitarat 
-""i,  ntc  nlUm  belli  civilia  pivlntum  miteriam,  pluiimam  aiU  bonorla  one  In 
CDDwaenda  bcti  aui,  &c.    IVcll.  Pat.  S.  fi2.]    Rdictum  Bniti  et  C«aii  probo.    [Ad  AlL 
1^  00.1    Da  quibna  tn  bonam  ■pern  le  knbcn  algniAot  propter  edlctnrum  himumitalem. 


THE   LIFE 


P.  Conwliu'  D-^Mk 


tlic  first  (if  JiiiH>,aii<l(uki-  tlieir  places  in  tlie  senati*,  if  it  ibi 
Ih-  tliini^lit  iulvMiible,  or  tu  present  themselves,  at  lent,  in 
ruKtrii,  uii<l  try  tlip  uflTvi'tiniis  uf  the  people,  for  whom  Bnitna  I 
|ire|Hmiikriis[)i'c(.-li.    Tliey  sviit  to  know  Cicero's  opinion  lidii  I 
nn>ji-i't,  with  tiie  coiiy  alw  of  that  npceeh  which  BnitUM^  I 
III  the  eupitol,  on  the  <by  of  Cnsar's  deatli,  be^fju^n?  his  nrd  I 
iiihI  correction  of  it,  in  onler  to  it^  l»eiii^  publi^hi:^    Geoii  | 
ill  hid  iicvoiiiit  of  it  to  Atticus,  says,  '*  1  Jie  oration  it  di 
u)i  with  the  utniust  viegaiico  botli  of  sentimetita  and  stvte;nl  I 
werr  1  to  hiiiKlIc  the  Nnhject,  I  should    work  it  up  vilh  ]   ~ 
lire.     You  know  the  character  of  the  speaker;  for  which  n 
1  coiilil  not  correct  it:  for,  in  the  i^tyle  in   which  our  ftitri  1 
would  excel,  anil  acconting  to  the  i<Ica  which  he  has  formtd^  | 
the  biwt  niiinncr  of  spciiking,  he  has  Kiicceetied  so  weU,lkl  I 
iiothiiifT  could  lie  better :  iiiit,  whether  I  am  in  the  right «  it  1 
wroii);,  I  am  of  a  cgutte  different  taste.     I  wisb,  Lowefer,  ikl  ' 
you  wotilil  read  it,  if  you  lutve  nut  already,  uiitl  let  me  knt* 
what  you  think  of  it;  tliou)rh  1  am  afraid,  lest,  through  the  pre-   ' 
judice  of  your  name,  you  should  shew  too  uiucfa  of  the  attic  is 
your  judgment:  yet,  if  you  remember  the  tliumler  of  DenMi- 
theiii-M,  you  will  jiercciic  that  the  grejitcst  force  may  coont 
with  the  perfection  of  attic  elegance'." 

Atticiis  did  not  like  the  s^ieecb;  he  thought  the  manner  Um 
cold  and  s[iiritlcss  for  so  great  an  occasion,  iukI  be^^  of 
Cicero  to  draw  up  anotlier,  to  be  published  in  Urutiis's  name; 
but  Cii-ero  would  not  consent  to  it,  thinking  the  thiiif  itself 
improper,   aJid  knowing;  that  IJrutuS  would  take  it  ill*.     In 


OF    CICERO.  541 

A.  Urb.  709.     Cic.  63.     Cost M.  Antoniui.     P.  Cornelius  I)olal»ella. 

.  t  may  be  in  his  power  to  make  a  speech  at  all :  for  if  ever  he 
mn  appear  again  with  safety  at  liome,  we  have  gained  the 
fictory^''  ^ 

In  this  interval  a  new  actor  appeared*  on  the  stage,  who, 
.though  hitherto  but  little  considered,  soon  made  the  first 
fig^ure  upon  it,  and  drew  all  people's  eyes  towards  him,  the 

Ioong  Octavius,  who  was  left,  by  his  uncle  Csesar,  the  heir  of 
18  name  and  estate.  He  had  been  sent,  a  few  months  before, 
to  ApoUonia,  a  celebrated  academy,  or  school  of  learning,  in 
Macedonia,  there  to  wait  for  his  uncle,  on  his  way  to  the 
Farthian  war,  in  which  he  was  to  attend  him  :  but  the  news  of 
Cnsar's  death  soon  brought  him  back  to  Italy,  to  try  what 
fortunes  he  could  carve  for  himself,  by  the  credit  of  his  new 
name,  and  the  help  of  his  uncle's  friends.  He  arrived  at 
Naples  on  the  eighteenth  of  April,  whitiier  Balbus  went  the 
next  morning  to  receive  him,  and  returned  the  same  day  to 
Cicero^  near  Cumse,  having  first  conducted  Octavius  to  the 
adjoining  villa  of  his  father-in-law,  Philip :  Hirtius  and  Pansa 
were  witn  Cicero  at  the  same  time,  to  whom  tliey  immediately 
presented  Octavius,  with  the  strongest  professions,  on  the  part 
of  the  young  man,  that  he  would  be  governed  entirely  by  his 
direction  •." 

The  sole  pretension  which  he  avowed,  at  present,  was  to 
assert  his  right  to  the  succession  of  his  uncle's  estate,  and  to 
claim  the  possession  of  it :  but  this  was  thought  an  attempt  too 
hardy  and  dangerous  for  a  mere  boy,  scarce  yet  above  eighteen 
years  old :  for  the  republican  party  had  great  reason  to  be 
jealous  of  him,  lest,  with  the  inheritance  of  the  estate,  he 
should  grasp  at  the  power  of  his  uncle;  and  Antony  still  more, 
who  haa  destined  that  succession  to  himself,  and  already  seized 
the  effects,  lest,  by  the  advantage  of  all  that  wealth,  ()ctavius 
might  be  in  a  condition  to  make  head  against  him.  The 
mother,  therefore,  and  her  husband  Philip,  out  of  concern  for 
his  safety,  pressed  him  to  suspend  his  claim  for  a  while,  and 
not  assume  an  invidious  name,  before  he  could  see  what  turn 
the  public  affairs  would  take;  but  he  was  of  too  great  a 
spirit  to  relish  any  suggestions  of  caution ;  declaring  it  base  and 
infamous  to  think  himself  unworthy  of  a  name  of  which  Caesar 
had  thought  him  worthy ' :  and  there  were  many  about  him 
constantly  pushing  him  on,  to  threw  himself  upon  the  affections 

»  Ibid.  14.  20. 

*  Octavius  Noupoliin  vcuit  a.  d.  xiiii  Kal.ibi  cum  Balbus  mane  postridic  ;  codcmquo 
die  mecuu  in  Cumano.  [Ibid.  10.]  Ilic  raocura  Balbus,  llirtius,  PauM.  Mmlo  veiiit 
Octavius,  et  quidt-ni  in  proximam  villam  Pbilipni,  milii  totusdi-ditus.  Ibid.  1 1. 

*  Non  placebat  Atiie  matii,  Pbilip|K)<juo  vitnco,  adiri  nomon  inviditisr  fortuna*  Ca»sa- 
rii — tprevit  coelivtis  nnimu»  Imniana  consilia — dictitnuB,  nrfas  v»»i\  quo  nomine  Cscsari 
digniu  etset  visus,  sibimct  ipsum  vidch  indignum.     Veil.  I*at.  2.  UO. 


1 

v\ 

jj4'i                                              TilE  LIPB 

of  Ibe  city,  and  llio  army,  before  his  i 
fielvcB  loo  «tn>uK  fur  liim;  bo  that  be  wi 
Biid  lo  filter  iiil«  action;  IwJnji  determ 
oci  the  credit  of  hi<  name,  and  the   fi 
uncle. 

Brfore   he    loft    the   country,    CJcei 
Atticus  says,  "  Octovius  is  still  with 
the  RTcatest  respect  and  friendship :  hi.-. 
niiHte  of  Ctmai :  Philip  does  not;  nor  1 
is  not  passible  for  him,  in  my  opinion, 
there  are  so  many  about  him  who  thr 
frienda :  tbey  declare,  that  what  they  h 
forgiven.      \Vbal  will  he  die  case,  llii 
comes  to  Rome,  where  our  deliverers  « 
who  yet  must  ever  be  famous,  nay, 
sciousncss  of  tlieir  act :  but  as  for  us, 
we  shall  be  undone.      I  tongr,  therefore, 
may  hear  uo  more  of  these  I'elopidtE ',' 

As  soon  as  Oetivius  came  to  Rome, 
people   by  one  of  the  tribunes,  and  n 

Brutui,  wlio  were  perpetually  making 
to  inflame  tlie  mob  against  him:  "Re 
"  what  I  tell  you :  this  cuslom  of  set 
much  cherishetl,  that  those  heroes  of  oi 
live,  indeed,  in  immortal  glory,  yet  not 
daiiirer :    iheir  great  comfort,  however 
,.  „.'',.  ..i.._;,....    ..... .  1...,  ...1.... f„_. 

1 

■ 

OF    CICERO.  ^143 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Cow_M.  AntoniuB.    P.  Comeliut  Dulabella. 

eoiine  upon  himself  \  In  these  shows,  Octavius  broiight 
out  the  golden  chair,  which,  among  the  other  honours  decreet! 
to  CoBsar,  when  living,  was  ordered  to  be  placed  in  the  theatres 
«nd  circus,  as  to  a  deity,  on  all  solemn  occasions '.  But  the 
tribunes  ordered  the  chair  to  be  taken  away,  upon  which  the 
body  of  the  knights  testified  their  applause  by  a  general  clap. 
A.tticus  sent  an  account  of  this  to  Cicero,  which  was  very 
aopreeable  to  him ' :  but  he  was  not  at  ail  pleased  with  Octa- 
vius's  conduct,  since  it  indicated  a  spirit  determined  to  revive 
the  memory,  and  to  avenge  the  death  of  Caesar ;  and  he  was 
the  less  pleased  to  hear,  also,  that  Matius  had  taken  upon  him 
the  care  of  these  shows*;  since  it  confirmed  the  suspicion 
which  he  had  before  conceived  of  Matius,  and  made  him  ap- 
prehensive tliat  he  would  be  an  ill  counsellor  to  young  Oct^i- 
▼ius,  in  which  light  he  seems  to  have  represented  him  to 
Brutus.  Matius  was  informed  of  these  suspicions,  and  com- 
plained to  their  common  friend  Trebatius,  of  Cicero's  unkind 
opinion  and  unfriendly  treatment  of  him,  which  gave  occasion 
to  the  following  apology  from  Cicero,  and  the  answer  to  it 
from  Matius,  which  is  deservedly  valued,  not  only  for  the 
beauty  of  its  sentiments  and  composition,  but  for  preserving 
to  us  a  name  and  character,  which  was  almost  lost  to  history, 
of  a  most  esteemed  and  amiable  person,  who  lived  in  the  first 
degree  of  confidence  with  Csesar,  and  for  parts,  learning,  and 
virtue,  wiis  scarce  iuferior  to  any  of  that  age. 

Cicero  takes  pains  to  persuade  Matius  that  he  had  ssnd 
nothing  of  him  but  what  was  consistent  with  the  strictest  fri(»nd- 
ehip;  and,  to  gain  the  easier  credit  with  him,  prefaces  his 
apology  with  a  detail  and  acknowledgment  of  Matius's  per- 
petual civilities,  and  observance  of  him  through  life,  even  when 
m  the  height  of  his  power  and  credit  with  Caesar :  but  when  he 
comes  to  the  point  of  the  complaint,  he  touches  it  very  tenderly, 
and  observes  only,  in  general,  that  as  Matius's  dignity  exposed 
every  thing  which  he  did  to  public  notice,  so  the  malice  of  the 
world  interpreted  some  of  his  acts  more  hardly  than  they  de- 
served :  that  it  was  his  care  always  to  give  the  most  favourable 
turn  to  them. — "  But  you,"  says  he,  "  a  man  of  the  great(»st 
learning,  are  not  ignorant,  that,  if  Csesar  was  in  fact  a  king,  as 
I  indeed  looked  upon  him  to  have  been,  there  arc  two  ways  of 
considerin&r  the  case  of  your  dutv :  either  that,  which  I  com- 
monly  take,  of  extolling  your  fidelity  and  humanity,  in  shewing 

^  LndoB  autcm  victorur  Cirsaris  non  audentibus  fuceiv,  quibiih  obtigcrnt  id  muniis, 
ipae  edidit.     Stieton.  Aug.  \0.  Dio,  p.  272. 
3  Dio,  44. 243. 

•  De  Sella  CsF^Miis,  lienc  Tribimi.    Piwclaros  ctiuni  xiv  unlinfs.     Ad  Att.  15. 3. 

♦  Ludonim   tju«    apparatus,    et    Matiu«    ar    i'oslumiuR  procnratoro<   non   placcnt, 
IMd.  2. 

2 


^^  aa^  ^MCtMB  CTCB  w>  ■  arm  incna .  «•  vtc  "-^^ 
^^  •a*i«  ^»»  A>t  t^  libcrtv  of  oiu-  caunlr;  ^4 
pMfcml'w  tW  bfe  of  any  friencl.      1  wish  tW  jMlil 


«,^  «^M  M^  1  Bied  U>  defettd  vou  in  Uiese  WDM 
%mAtn  M*  two  lUi^  e^>ecially,  that  make  ike  10 
BMt  a^  ,«H^  ftwtv.  wUdi  BO  man  speaks  of  men  m* 
«rM*«'<i««G^tlM  1;  dMt  yon.  of  all  Cffisar'sbia 
Ae  BMl  vcOvv,  b«d  is  fi—arling  Uie  cinl  wai,  uu  a 
itfUi^  Ae  licMry :  n  «UiA  1  Iutc  mot  with  nobody  4 
Ml  a|;t«c  «i&  aw','  Ik. 
■  MiLTir»  TO  acuto. 

m-jmv  «c  gTMt  pleasure,  by  '("toniJ^S 
■  m3I  4>t  famurable  o|imioii  of  mc  wun  IN 
^ti  miAei ;  anl  though  I  had  nevet  twW 
^  k,  JVC  far  Ike  bwli  ralue  that  I  set  upon  it, 
**  '     M  Aat  it  cfatMM  remain   always  inviolBl>le:l 
MTwIf  dat  I  haA  clone   uothing  which  cm 
>  aaBMce  to  say  bone^  nuui ;  aod  did  iiot  is 
■taprnwoof  yMir  great  and  excellent » 
caaUbe  M^Bced  to  take  any  without  reason, 
»  am»  wka  ^^  aliHtvs  prof(.'$«0(l,  and  »titl  ct 
jpaad  will  to  you.      Since  all  this  t] 


MBIW  I  WH^  tt,  I  will  now  e^re  an  answer  to  those 
inm  wUdi  tou  vtm^Mt  to  your  cfaamctor,  oi 
a  and  triend^ip,  bare  so  often  del 


■■  ■»  Mnnccr  W  wkai  has  been  »id  of  me  by  certain  p 
«ae>  C«nr^  dealb :  ih<>y  call  it  a  crime  in  me,  tliut  1  am  n 
•eracd  far  tbe  kas  of  an  intimate  frieod,  and  sorry  thst  A 
■■■  wbov  I  Wed  la.'i  wiih  ^m  unhappy  a  iiate  :  they  say.  <' 


OF   CICERO.  545 

Ufl>.709.    Ok.  63.    Cofis.— M.  Antonius.    P.  Comeliat  Dokbelk. 

as  if  it  had  been  for  myself.  Is  it  possible,  there- 
me,  who  laboured  to  procure  the  safety  of  all,  not  to 
med  for  the  death  of  him  from  whom  I  used  to  pro- 
7  espedallv,  when  the  very  same  men,  who  were  the 
~  oiaking  liim  odious,  were  the  authors,  also,  of  destroy- 
^j  But  I  shall  have  cause,  they  say,  to  repent  ror 
to  condemn  their  act.  Unheard-of  insolence  I  that  it 
be  allowed  to  some  to  glory  in  a  wicked  action,  yet  not 
even  to  grieve  at  it  without  punishment !  but  this 
.'ways  free  even  to  slaves,  to  fear,  rejoice,  and  grieve  by 
own  will,  not  that  of  another ;  which  yet  Uiese  men,  who 
the  authors  of  liberty,  are  endeavouring  to  ex- 
U8  by  the  force  of  terror.  But  they  may  spare  their 
for  no  danger  shall  terrify  me  from  performing  my 
^  and  the  offices  of  humanity !  since  it  was  always  my 
^  ^n,  that  an  honest  death  was  never  to  be  avoided,  often 
^  to  be  sought  But  why  are  they  angry  with  me,  for 
^  only  that  they  may  repent  of  their  act?  I  wish  that 
world  may  regret  Caesar's  death.  But  I  ought,  they 
a  member  of  civil  society,  to  wish  tlie  good  and  safety  of 
Yiqiublic.  If  my  past  life  and  future  hopes  do  not  already 
'9  that  I  wish  it,  without  my  saying  so,  I  will  not  pretend 
it  by  argument.  I  beg  of  you,  therefore,  in  the 
t  terms,  to  attend  to  facts  rather  than  to  words ;  and  if 
ink  it  the  most  useful  to  one  in  my  circumstances,  that 
18  right  should  take  place,  never  imagine  that  I  can  have 
y  anion  or  commerce  with  ill-designing  men.  I  acted  the 
part  in  my  youth,  where  to  mistake  would  have  been 
^)ittdonable ;  shall  I  then  undo  it  all  again,  and  renounce  my 
^frinciples  in  my  declining  age?     No;  it  is  my  resolution  to 

00  nothing  that  can  give  any  offence,  except  it  be  when  I 
lament  the  cruel  fate  of  a  dear  friend  and  illustrious  man.     If 

1  were  in  different  sentiments,  I  would  never  disown  what  I 
was  doing;  lest  I  should  be  thought,  not  only  wicked  for 
pursuing  what  was  wrong,  but  false  and  cowardly  for  dis<- 
aembling  it.  But  I  undertook  the  care  of  the  shows,  which 
young  Caesar  exhibited  for  the  victory  of  his  uncle:  this  was 
an  a&ir  of  private,  not  of  public  duty;  it  was  what  I  ought 
to  have  performed  to  the  memory  and  honour  of  my  dead 
friend;  and  what  I  could  not,  therefore  deny  to  a  youth  of 
the  greatest  hopes,  and  so  highly  worthy  of  Caesar.  But  I  go 
often  also  to  the  consul  Antony's,  to  pay  my  compliments :  yet 
you  will  find  those  very  men  go  oftcner  to  ask  and  receive 
favours,  who  reflect  upon  me  for  it,  as  disaffected  to  my 
country.  But  what  arrogance  is  this  !  When  Caesar  never 
hindered  me  from  visiting  whom  I  would;  even  those  whom 

N  n 


OF  CICERO.  647 

•kTOd.    Cic.63.    Co88«— M.  Antoniut.    P.  Cornelius  Dolabellm. 

.lie  mischief,  but  knew  no  remedy :  Antony  had  the 

.  d  their  own  decree  had  justified  it :  Cicero  complains 

fly,  in  many  of  his  letters,  and  declares  it  a  thousand 

ter  to  die  than  to  suffer  it  \     ^^  Is  it  so,  then  ?"  says 

aU  that  our  Brutus  lias  done  come  to  this,  that  ne 

re  at  last  at  Lanuvium,  that  Trebonius  might  steal 

rough  private  roads,  to  his  province  ?    That  all  tlie 

bSngBf  sayings,  promises,  thoughts  of  C^var,  should 

mter  force  now  than  when  he  himself  was  living?" 

di  he  charges  to  that  mistake  of  the  first  day,  in  not 

ing  the  senate  into  the  capitol,  where  they  might  have 

«t  they  pleased,  when  their  own  party  was  uppermost, 

m  robbera,  as  he  calls  them,  dispersed  and  dejected '. 

Iff  the  other  acts  which  Antony  confirmed,  on  the  pre- 

weir  being  ordered  by  CsBsar,  he  granted  the  freedom 

rty  to  all  Sicily,  and  restored  to  king  Deiotarus  all  his 

dominions.     Cicero  speaks  of  this  with  ^eat  indig- 

"O  my  Atticus,"  says  he,  "the  Ides  of  March  have 

I  nothing  but  the  joy  of  revenging  ourselves  on  him, 

fB  had  reason  to  hate — it  was  a  l)rave  act,  but  left  im- 

■--you  know  what  a  kindness  I  have  for  the  Sicilians — 

iteem  it  an  honour  to  be  their  patron  :  Caesar  granted 

lany  privileges,  which  I  did  not  dislike;  though  his 

Item  the  rights  of  Latium  was  intolerable :  yet  that  was 

to  what  Antony  has  done,  who,  for  a  large  sum  of 

has  published  a  law,  pretended  to  be  made  by  the  dic- 

;  an  assembly  of  the  people,  though  we  never  heard  a 

of  it  in  his  life-time,   which  makes  them  all  citizens  of 

Is  not  Deiotarus's  case  just  the  same  ?     He  is  worthy 

rf  any  kingdom,  but  not  oy  the  grant  of  Fulvia :  there 

ousand  instances  of  the  same  sort '."     When  this  last 

hung  up,  as  usual,  in  the  capitol,  among  the  public 

mis  of  the  city,  the  forgery  appeared  so  eross,  that  the 

in  the  midst  of  their  concern,  could  not  help  laughing 

towing  that  Caesar  hated  no  man  so  much  as  Deiotarus. 

bargain  was  made  in  Fulvia's  apartments,  for  the  sum 

ky  thousand  pounds,  by  the  king's  agents  at  Rome, 

consulting   Cicero,  or  any   other   of  their   master's 

yet  the  old  king,  it  seems,  was  beforehand  with  them, 

sooner  heard  of  Caesar's  death,  than  he  seized  upon  his 

ns  again  by  force.     "  He  knew  it,"  says  Cicero,  "  to 


im.  12. 1.    Ad  Att.  U.  9. 

'vroP  hoe  roeus  et  tuns  Brutus  cgit,  ut  T^nuvii  essct  ?  ut  Trebonius  itineribns 
eisoeretiir  in  provinciam  ?  ut  omnia  facta,  scripta,  dicta,  promissa,  cogitate 
II  fa^rent,  quam  si  ipse  viveret?  &c.    Ad  Att.  U.  10, 

Nn  2 


Iiim,  alHivv  ttin-i-  iiiiiulroil  ilinu 
tltLUi  a  forini^Iit  uftur  it,  lio  liuil  f 
riuTU  wiis  aiiolluT  iii-raiiiv  of 
irrciittT  i)fffmv  M  till'  litv,  Iiis 
uiadi  V.v<ir  liiul  <l.-]i.<«llotl,  t'ur 
iiu'iit.  ill  till-  ti-ni|ili'  of  Otiis,  aniu 
iiixl  a  halt' ..f  our  iiioiicy,  Wm.K's 
friHii  liN  )>rivaU-  rri-a>urt>,  hail  lU 
|iiiti-([  at  iil)uiit  atioiliiT  million. 
Miiii.  if  wi>  coiisidiT  tlio  va«tii<>S!i  t 
tlniwii,  the  oxti-iit  uf  the  Koinan 
of  all  intni,  the  most  raiKiciouN  in 
ing  to  tht>  miinni^r  in  wVidi  it  H-a 
iltMilly  treasure,  ttsitlivrcil  from 
>iihJLrts;  «-liit.-li,  if  ir  woro  mtt  i 
the  triio  owuLTs  mi^flit  lii>ve  hv 
|iiililic,  tottiiril-i  fusiiitf  thorn  of  tin 
Itnt  Antony,  ulio  followi-.l  C 
M-i-iiro  it  to  hiin>^clf :  the  use  of  it 
ho  h:m  now  in  condition  tooiitlnd 
jiiiroh;uii-  that  ho  mailc  with  it,  vii 
who  hud  long  hooii  upiirosst-il  wit 
whom,  hy  u  jtiirt  of  tliisi  moiioy,  . 
Kluin;  in  tho  plumlor  of  the  om| 
Ctcoro  and  tho  ropublican  t>:irty,  ii 
WHS  an  actinisitioii  worth  aiiv  prii 
nation  l>oth  of  tho  oity  ana  the 
him ;  tlio  town  of  i'uteoH,  ono  < 
Italy,  linil  lutoly  chosen  the  two  II 
patrons',  and  there  wutitotl  noth 
whole  empire  in  that  ouiiso :  Dola' 


*•  OF   CICERO.  649 

^ -JLl7fb.709.   Ck.es.   Coes.— M.  Antonim.    P.  Corneliat  DoUbella. 

:|^:tfll  bribed,  as  Cicero  sajrs,  by  force  of  money,  he  not 

*  but  OTertumed  the  republic  \ 

proceedings,  which  were  preparatory   to  the  ap- 

ttieetiog  or  the  senate,  on  the  first  of  Jone,  began  to 

itui^s  eyes,  and  convince  him  of  the  mistake  of  his 

BS,  and  fiiToorable  thoughts  of  Antony :  he  now 

Aere  was  no  good  to  be  expected  from  him,  or  from 

'^s  itself,  under  his  influence;  and  thought  it  time. 

In  concert  ^th  Cassius,  to  require  an  explicit  ao- 

Us  intentions,  and  to  expostuhite  with  him  gently  in 

letter: — 

I7TU8  AND  CASSIUS,   PRiBTORS,   TO   M.   ANTONIU8, 

CONSUL. 

we  were  not  persuaded  of  your  sincerity  and  good  will 
should  not  have  written  this  to  you ;  which  out  of  the 
ition  that  you  bear  to  us,  you  will  take,  without 
,hi  good  part  We  are  informed  that  a  great  multitude 
ransoloiers  is  already  come  to  Rome,  and  a  much 
expected  there  on  the  first  of  June.  If  we  could  har- 
^^JOijr  suspicion  or  fear  of  you,  we  should  be  unlike  our- 
lAr;  yet  surely,  after  we  had  put  ourselves  into  your  power, 
^by  your  advice,  dismissed  the  friends  whom  we  had  about 
Pbam  the  great  towns,  and  that  not  only  by  public  edict, 
private  letters,  we  desire  to  be  made  acquainted  with 
ogns,  especially  in  an  affair  which  relates  to  ourselves. 
of  you,  therefore,  to  let  us  know  what  your  intentions 
regard  to  us.  Do  you  think  that  we  can  be  safe  in 
a  crowd  of  veterans,  who  have  thoughts,  we  hear,  even  of 
the  altar,  which  no  man  can  desire  or  approve  who 
our  safety  and  honour  ?  That  we  had  no  other  view 
I  the  first  but  peace,  nor  sought  any  thin^  else  but  the 
Uic  liberty,  the  event  shews.  Nobody  can  deceive  us  but 
%  which  is  not  certainly  agreeable  to  your  virtue  and  integ- 
f ;  but  no  man  else  has  it  in  his  power  to  deceive  us.  We 
lied,  and  shall  trust  to  you  alone.  Our  friends  are  under 
-  greatest  apprehensions  for  us ;  for  though  they  are  per- 
ped  of  your  integrity,  yet  they  reflect,  that  a  multitude  of 
inais  may  sooner  be  pushed  on  to  any  violence  by  others, 
Fxestrained  by  you.  We  desire  an  explicit  answer  to  all 
wnlais:  for  it  is  silly  and  trifling  to  tell  us,  that  the  veterans 
^**^  together,  because  you  intend  to  move  the  senate  in 
m  June:  for  who  do  you  think  will  hinder  it,  when 

■te,  cnod  earn  Rempub.  me  uictoro  dofeadere  ccepiaiety  mm  mode  de- 
fMnhy  led  edun  quantam  in  ipso  fuit,  erertcrit.    Ad  Att.  16. 15. 


Ob 


TUE    LIFE 


— N.  .Vatvniiu. 


1 


;■.  romcHiu  OoakiB. 


h  IB  certain  tlmt  we  shall  not? — Nobody  ought  to  think  mm 
fond  of  life,  when  nothing^  can  happen  lo  us,  but  frith  tlu  nr 
aod  confuMon  of  all  things  '." 

During  Cicero's  stay  in  tlie  country,  n-faere  he  had  a  peReid 
r«sortof  oia  friends  to  him,  and  where  his  thoughts  seemed  ttt* 
always  employed  on  the  republic,  yet  he  found  leisure  to  *i* 
several  of  those  philosophical  pieces,  which  still  suImHi  boib  h 
the  pleasure  ana  benent  of  mankind.  For  he  now  compirJ 
his  Treatise  on  the  Nature  of  the  Gods,  in  three  books,  i^ 
dressed  to  Brutus;  containing  the  opinions  of  ail  tbe  phDm- 
phers  who  had  ever  written  any  thing  on  that  argumeiil:l" 
which  he  bespeaks  the  attentiou  of  his  readers,  as  to  a  siMid 
of  the  last  importance ;  which  would  inform  tJiem,  whai  w; 
ought  to  think  of  religion,  piety,  sanctity,  ceremonies,  ^ 
(NUhs,  temples,  &c.  since  all  these  were  included  in  ihalsii^ 
()uestion  of  the  gods  *.  He  drew  up,  likewise,  his  discmiM 
on  Divination,  or  the  foreknowledge  and  prediction  of  faWt 
events,  and  the  several  ways  by  which  it  was  supposed  to U 
aequired  or  communicated  to  man :  where  he  expLuns,  in  fn 
books  whatever  could  be  said  for  and  against  the  actual  eiirt- 
encc  of  the  thing  itself.  Both  these  nieces  are  written  in  df 
way  of  dialogue ;  of  which  he  gives  tne  following  account:— 
"  Since  Carneades,"  says  he,  "  has  argued  both  acutely  ibi) 
copiously  against  divination,  in  answer  to  the  Stoics,  I  ^ 
flow  inquiring  what  jitdgmeut  we  ought  to  form  concerning  ii 
and,  for  fear  of  giving  my  assent  rashly  to  a  thiug,  either  fai'^ 


OF   CICERO.  551 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Cose. — M.  Antonius.    P.  Cornelius  Dokbclla. 

both  worthy  to  be  known  to  all,  and  peculiarly  adapted 
le  case  of  their  particular  intimacy :  ^^  For,  as  I  have 
dy  written  on  age,  an  old  man  to  an  old  man ;  so  now,  in 
person  of  a  sincere  friend,  I  write  on  friendship  to  my 
i/*  This  is  written  also  in  dialogue,  the  chief  speaker  of 
k  is  XiSelius :  who,  in  a  conversation  with  his  two  sons-in- 
Fannios  and  Scsevola,  upon  the  death  of  P.  Scipio,  and 
Bnemorable  friendship  that  had  subsisted  between  them, 

•ccasion^  at  their  desire,  to  explain  to  them  the  nature 
benefits  of  true  friendship.  Scaevola,  who  lived  to  a  great 
and  loved  to  retail  his  old  stories  to  his  scholars,  used  to 
e  to  them,  with  pleasure,  all  the  particulars  of  this  dialogue 
h  Cicero,  having  committed  to  his  memory,  dressed  up 
wards  in  his  own  manner,  in  the  present  lorm  \  Thus 
agreeable  book,  which,  when  considered  only  as  an  in- 
ion  or  essay,  is  one  of  the  most  entertaining  pieces  in 
piity,  must  needs  affect  us  more  warmly,  when  it  is  found  at 
to  l>e  a  hbtory,  or  a  picture  drawn  from  the  life,  exhibiting 
reel  characters  and  sentiments  of  the  best  and  greatest  men 
tome.  He  now  also  wrote  his  discourse  on  Fate ;  which 
the  subject  of  a  conversation  with  Hirtius,  in  his  villa  near 
ftoli,  where  they  spent  several  days  together  in  May :  and 
I  supposed  to  have  finished,  about  the  same  time,  a  trans- 
Hi  ot  JPlato's  famous  dialogue,  called  Timseus,  on  the  Nature 
Orifi^n  of  the  Universe. 

lat  he  was  employing  himself  also  upon  a  work  of  a  dif- 
nt  sort,  which  had  been  long  upon  his  hands — A  History 
lis  Own  Times,  or  rather  of  his  own  conduct ;  full  of  free 
severe  reflections  on  those  who  had  abused  their  power,  to 
oppression  of  the  republic,  especially  Caesar  and  Cr&ssus. 
9  he  calls  his  Anecdote :  a  work  not  to  be  published,  but  to 
ihewn  only  to  a  few  friends,  in  the  manner  of  Theopompus 
iistorian,  famed  for  his  severe  and  invective  style  *•    Atticus 

urging  him  to  put  the  last  hand  to  it,  and  to  continue  it 
n  trough  Caesar's  government ;  but  he  chose  to  reserve 

last  part  for  a  distinct  history,  in  which  he  desig^ned  to 
licate,  at  large,  the  justice  of  killing  a  tyrant  We  meet 
I  several  hints  of  this  design  in  his  letters:  in  one  to  Atticus, 
ays,  "  I  have  not  yet  polished  my  Anecdote  to  my  mind : 
o  what  you  would  have  me  to  add,  it  will  require  a  second 
tme ;  but,  believe  me,  I  could  speak  more  freely  and  with 

)kiui  mihi  res  turn  omnium  cognitionc,  turn  nostra  fumiliaritato  visa  c^t — Bcd  ut 
•dienem  tenex  do  Senoctutc,  sic  hoc  libro  ad  amicum  amiciafiimua  dc  Amicitia 
i— et  com  SGaevola— exposuit  nobis  sennoncm  Lslii  de  amicitia,  habitum  ab  illo 
0,  et  cum  altero  genero  C.  Fannio,  &c.    De  Amicit.  1. 
U  Alt.  2. 6.    Dum.  Halic  Procem.  1. 


K'lts  (laii)r<,>r  iij^iiat  tliat  (ictostoti  partvi  wliiUt  tie  h'raiitliiB- 
M'lf  w:is  itlivo.  tliuii  now,  wlion  lie  is  dead.  For  m,  I  kiH* 
nut  nliy<  iiidiilifoil  inp  winnlfrfully:  but  now,  wliich  var»eRr 
wf  >iir,  wo  »Tv  ntlU'd  1>uck,  nut  utily  tu  Caesar's  acts,  but  tab 
very  tliuujriits." — Again :  "  I  do  not  well  undvrHMid  «'lul  m 
would  liave  tin,-  write:  is  it,  tliiit  the  tymnt  was  killed acconiiv 
to  tlii*  Ktrict  luwK  of  justice  ?  Of  that  I  shnll  both  speal  w 
writf  niv  thoughts  fully  on  atiuther  occasion  K"  His  <Ab 
iViciidd  uW  soi-iii  to  liavo  Imd  f<otnc  notice  of  this  work:  forTR- 
iHtniuss  in  a  li-ttcr  to  liini  fmm  Athens,  after  reminding  bin  tf 
his  prumisL',  lu  give  him  a  )d:iL-e  in  some  of  his  writings,  tU^ 
"  ]  do  not  iliiuin.  but  tliiit  if  you  write  any  thin^r  on  tk  dob 
of  Cit^ir,  you  will  ^ivc  me  not  the  least  i^harc,  both  of  tl^iA 
and  of  your  nfTuction  '."  Dion  Cassius  s:iys,  that  he  delivmJ 
this  hook,  sealed  np,  to  his  son,  uith  strict  orders  not  to  ml 
or  )>ublish  it  till  after  his  death ;  bnt,  from  this  time,  be  nn« 
saw  his  son,  and  left  tin-  [dece  probably  unfinished:  tho^ 
Mime  i-o[>ies  of  it  afterwards  got  abroad,  from  wbicli  his  ceo- 
luentator,  Asivnins,  has  quoted  several  |>urticulars  *. 

In  the  enil  of  May  he  heg:m  to  move  tou-ards  Rome,  ii 
order  to  a.vM»t  at  the  t^enate  on  the  firtit  of  June,  and  pro)ioid 
to  be  at  'I'uBcnlum  on  the  twenty-sixth,  of  which  he  got 
Alliens  luitice.  There  jiossed  all  the  while  a  constant  con^ 
nierct.'  of  letters  between  hiui  ami  Brutus,  who  desired  a  fO- 
sonal  eonferenee  with  him  at  Luiinvium:  in  which  Cic«n 
resolved  to  humour  him,  thoujfh  he  did  not  think  it  pnidentil 
that  time,  when,  without  any  }>&rttcular  use,  it  would  only  gnt 


OF   CICERO.  553 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Coes. — M.  AntoniuB.    P.  Cornelius  Dolabella. 

desperately  against  all  those  who  did  not  favour  them ;  Grse- 
oeius  also  admonished  him,  on  the  part  of  C.  Cassius,  to  be 
upon  his  guard,  for  that  certain  armed  men  were  provided  for 
attempt  at  Tusculum.  All  these  informations  deter- 
him  at  last  not  to  venture  to  the  senate,  but  to  withdraw 
lumself  from  that  city,  where  he  had  not  only  flourished,  he 
BKys,  with  the  gpreates^  but  lived  even  a  slave,  with  some  dig- 
Bity^  The  major  part  of  the  senate  followed  his  example, 
and  fled  out  of  the  city,  for  fear  of  some  violence,  leaving  the 
eoDSuky  with  a  few  of  their  creatures,  to  make  what  decrees 
they  thought  fit '. 

This  turn  of  affairs  made  Cicero  resolve  to  prosecute  what 
lie  bad  long  been  projecting,  his  voyage  to  Greece,  to  spend  a 
few  months  with  his  son  at  Athens.  He  despaired  of  any 
good  from  these  consuls,  and  intended  to  see  Rome  no  more 
tdl  their  successors  entered  into  office,  in  whose  administration 
ke  began  to  place  all  his  hopes.  He  wrote  therefore  to  Dola- 
bella, to  procure  him  the  grant  of  an  honorary  lieutenancy ; 
and  lest  Antony,  an  angry  man,  as  he  calls  him,  should  think 
himself  slighted,  he  wrote  to  him  too  on  the  same  subject. 
Dolabella  immediately  named  him  for  one  of  his  own  lieu- 
tenants, which  answered  his  purpose  still  better,  for,  without 
obliging  him  to  any  service,  or  limiting  him  to  any  time,  it  left 
bim  at  fiill  liberty  to  go  wherever  he  pleased ;  so  that  he  rea- 
dily accepted  it,  and  prepared  for  his  journey  '•  He  heard,  in 
the  mean  while,  from  Balbus,  that  tlie  senate  would  be  held 
again  on  the  fifth :  when  commissions  would  be  granted  seve- 
rally to  Brutus  and  Cassius,  to  buy  up  corn  in  Asia  and  Sicily, 
for  the  use  of  the  republic :  and  that  it  would  be  decreed  also, 
at  the  same  time,  that  provinces  should  be  assigned  to  them 
with  the  other  praetors,  at  the  expiration  of  the  year  *. 

Their  case,  at  this  time,  was  very  remarkable :  it  being 
wholly  new  in  Rome  to  see  praetors  driven  out  of  the  city, 

'  Hirtius  jam  in  Tusculano  est :  raihiquc,  ut  absim,  vchcmcnter  auctor  est ;  ct  illo 
quidem  pcriculi  causa— Varro  autcm  nostcr  ad  mc  cpistolamuisit — in  qua  scriptum  crat, 
▼etcnuiM  COB,  qui  rcjiriantur — ^improbiseimc  loqui ;  ut  magno  periculo  Komffi  sint  futuri, 
qui  ab  eorum  partibus  dissentire  videantur.    Ibid.  5. 

Gneceius  aa  mc  scripsit,  C.  Cassium  ad  se  scripsissc,  bomincs  comparari,  qui  in  Tus- 
culanum  armati  mittcrcntur. — Id  quidem  mihi  non  videbatur ;  scd  cavcndum  tamcn. 
Ibid.  8. 

Mihi  Tcro  delibcratum  est,  nt  nunc  quidem  est,  abcssc  ex  ca  urbc,  in  qua  non  mode 
flomi  cum  summa,  verum  etiam  servivi  rum  aliqua  dignitatc.     Ibid.  5. 

'  Kalendis  Juniis  cum  in  Senatum,  ut  crat  constitutuui,  venire  vclleinus,  metu  pcr- 
tanriti  repente  diffugimus.    Pbilip.  2.  42. 

'  Etiam  scripsi  ad  Antonium  dc  legatione,  ne,  si  ad  DolabcUam  solum  scripsissem, 
faicundus  homo  commovcrctur.  [Ad  Att.  15.  8.]  Sed  licus  tu, — Dolabella  mc  sibi 
lqpaTit,&c.    Ibid.  11. 

4  A  Balbo  reddito!  mihi  littera;,  fore  Nonis  Senatum,  ut  Brutus  in  Asia,  Cassius  in 
Sidlia,  fimmentum  emendum  et  ad  urbeni  mittcndum  curarent.  O  rem  miscram! 
aitL  eodem  tempore  decretum  iri,  uti  iis  et  rcliquis  Protoriis  provinciao  decernantur. 


C>c.C3.    C-<n.— M.  Anl..ui 


P.  CmcLtu  DvltWIi. 


where  tlicir  rvsitlence  was  absolutely  necessary,  and  nmlil  oat 
If^dlly  be  disDfiised  with  for  above  ten  days  in  tlie  year:  btf 
Antony  rouiltly  jirocurvd  a  decree  to  absolve  tbem'from  ik 
Jitwii ' ;  beitiK  kI'**^  t*>  ^^'  i^^^  iu  a  situation  so  contemptU^ 
stripped  uf  tlivir  power,  and  sufferiu^  a  kind  of  exile,  ui 
depending;,  as  it  were,  upon  him  fur  their  protecdoa:  iki 
friends,  thprvfure,  at  Home,  had  been  soliciting  the  aenaltir 
some  cxtruonliniu-y  employment  to  be  granted  to  then,  > 
cover  the  appearance  of  a  tlielit,  and  the  disgrace  of  linngB 
baniahnient^  when  invested  with  cme  of  the  first  ma^straoMrf 
the  republic'. 

This  WHS  the  fi^ound  of  the  commission  just  mentioned,  ti 
buv  corn;  which sceme<1,  however,  to  be  below  their  chanem 
and  contrived  as  an  affront  to  them  by  Antony,  who  affmil 
still  to  speak  of  them  always  with  the  greatest  respect*.  Btl 
their  friends  thought  any  thing  better  for  them  than  to  sit  tSl 
in  Italy,  where  tlieir  persons  were  exposed  to  danger  fma  tk 
veteran  soldiers,  who  were  all  now  in  motion  ;  and  that  Ht 
employment  would  be  a  security  to  them  for  the  preseat,  • 
well  as  an  opportunity  of  providing  for  their  future  safely,  iif 
enabling  them  to  execute  wliat  they  were  now  meditating,  ■ 
design  of  seizing  some  pro'inces  abroad,  and  arming  then* 
selves  in  defence  of  the  republic;  which  n-as  what  their  ea^ 
mies  were  most  afraid  of,  and  chained  them  with  pubiiciv,  in 
order  to  make  tbtim  odious.  Cicero,  in  the  mean  time,  at  tbor 
desire,  had  again  recommended  their  iiiteresta  to  Uirtiu^  who 
gave  liim  the  following  answer : — 


OF  CICERO.  555 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Goes*— M.  Antonius.    P.  Corncliiis  Dolabella. 

"^  of  what  may  be  expected  from  them."  Cicero  sent  him  word, 
'  ^hftt  he  would  be  answerable  for  their  attempting  nothing 
'  deqwrate :  and  was  informed,  at  the  same  time,  by  Balbus, 
diat  Serrilia,  Brutus's  mother,  had  undertaken  that  they  should 
-  not  leave  Italy  \ 

Senrilia,  tnough  sister  to  Cato,  had  been  one  of  Ceesar's 
nbtresses,  and,  next  to  Cleopatra,  the  most  beloved  of  them 
all:  in  the  civil  war,  he  gave  ner  several  rich  &rms  out  of  his 
Pompeian  confiscations,  and  is  said  to  have  bought  a  single 
jewel  for  her  at  the  price  of  about  £50,000 '.  She  was  a  woman 
dtijpmt  and  intrigue,  in  great  credit  with  the  Csesarean  party, 
ud  at  this  very  time  possessed  the  estate  and  villa  of  Pontius 
Aqnila,  one  of  the  conspirators,  which  had  been  confiscated, 
ana  granted  to  her  by  Csesar.  Cicero  reckons  it  among  the 
•(decifflns  of  the  times,  that  the  mother  of  the  tyrant-killer 
should  hold  the  estate  of  one  of  her  son's  accomplices ' ;  yet 
the  had  such  a  share  in  all  the  counsels  of  Brutus,  that  it  made 
CSoero  the  less  inclined  to  enter  into  them,  or  to  be  concerned 
with  one  whom  he  could  not  trust :  ^'  When  he  is  influenced 
•o  much,"  says  he,  "  by  his  mother's  advice,  or  at  least  her 
entreaties,  why  should  1  interpose  myself^ ?" 

At  their  desire,  however,  he  went  over  to  them  at  Antium, 
to  assist  at  a  select  council  of  friends,  called  to  deliberate  on 
what  was  proper  for  them  to  do,  with  regard  to  this  new  com- 
mission. There  were  present,  among  others,  Favonius,  Ser- 
▼ilia,  Portia,  Brutus's  wife,  and  his  sister  Tertulla,  the  wife  of 
Cassius :  Brutus  was  much  pleased  at  his  coming ;  and,  after 
the  first  compliments,  begged  him  to  deliver  his  opinion  to  the 
company,  on  the  subject  of  their  meeting.  Upon  which  he 
presently  advised,  what  he  had  been  considering  on  the  road, 
that  Brutus  should  go  to  Asia,  and  undertake  the  affair  of  the 
com ;  that  the  only  thing  to  be  done  at  present  was,  to  provide 
for  their  safety ;  that  tlieir  safety  was  a  certain  benefit  to  the 
republic. — Here  Cassius  interrupted  him,  and,  with  great 
fierceness  in  his  looks,  protested  that  he  would  not  go  to 
Sicily,  nor  accept  as  a  favour  what  was  intended  as  an  ailront ; 
but  would  go  to  Achaia. — Brutus  said  that  he  would  go  to 
Rome,  if  Cicero  thought  it  proper  for  him :  but  Cicero  de- 
clared it  impossible  for  him  to  oe  safe  there : — "  But,  sup- 
posing," says  he,  "  that  I  could  be  safe :"  "  Why  then,"  says 

*  Cui  rescripsi  nihil  illoB  callidius  coffitarc,  idque  confirmavi — Balbus  ad  mo — Scrvi- 
liain  confirmaro  non  disccssuron.     Ad  Alt.  15. 6. 

'  Ante  alias  dilexit  M.  Bruti  niatrcm  Scrviliam,— cui  Bexagies  H.  S.  margaritam 
mercatoB  ett,  &c.    Sucton.  J.  Csm.  50. 

*  Qain  etUm  hoc  ipeo  temporo  multa  itn-ovoXoiKa :  Pontii  Neapolitanum  a  roatro 
tynunoctoni  pouideri.    Ad  Att.  14. 21 . 

*  Matrit  consilio  cum  utatur,  vel  etiam  precibuB,  quid  mc  intciponam  ?    Ibid.  15. 10. 


5S6  THE  LIFE 

A-Vrb-TW.    Cic.fiS,    ru«»^M,  .\nt..niin.     P.  CorarUa*  I>obH-:ii. 

Cicero,  "  I  kIiouI*!  adi-ise  it  liy  all  mean*,  as  tbe  best  tU^ 
wUicIi  yoii  could  do,  and  better  tliaii  any  pronnce."  After 
inucb  tmcoiirso,  and  coni].)laiiiing-  for  the  loss  of  thnr  oppM- 
(uiiities,  for  wliic-li  CusitiiM  laid  all  the  blame  on  D.  Bnit», 
Ciivro  said,  that  though  tliat  wns  true,  yet  it  was  in  rain  ■ 
talk  of  what  was  past;  aitd,  as  the  case  then  stood,  bear 
nothing  left  hut  to  fulluw  liis  advice  :  tu  whieh  thev  all  at  hi 
tM>cniea  tu  a^roo,  espccijdly  when  ServJlia  undertook,  by  Iw 
mediation,  to  |rct  the  affair  of  the  corn  left  out  of  their  ctn- 
mbtftioii :  and  llrutus  consented  that  the  plays  and  shom,  cii 
which  he  was  t»  entertain  the  city,  shortly,  as  pnetor,  shouU 
l>e  jjivcn  tiy  proxy  in  his  absence,  Cicero  look  his  lean, 
pleased  with  nothing  in  tbe  conference  but  the  conscioiMOM 
of  having  ilone  his  duty ;  for  as  to  the  rest,  he  gave  up  all,  bt 
says,  for  lost;  found  tlin  vessel,  not  only  broken,  but  snatieml 
to  pieces ;  and  neither  prudence,  reason,  nor  <Icsi^i  in  nhu 
tln'y  were  doing :  so  that  if  he  had  any  doubt  before,  be  bid 
none  now,  but  longed  to  fret  abroad  as  soon  as  possible  '. 

Oetavius,  upon  his  coming  to  Rome,  was  very  rougUr 
received  by  AntonVi  who,  despising  Ids  age  and  want  i 
experience,  was  so  far  from  treating  liim  as  Csesur's  heir,  or 
giving  him  possession  of  his  estate,  that  he  openly  threatened 
and  tliwartcd  him  in  all  his  pretensions,  nor  would  suffer  him 
to  be  chosen  tribune,  to  which  he  aspired,  with  tbe  seeming 
favour  of  the  people,  iu  the  room  of  that  Ciniia  who  was  killra 
at  t'wsar's  fimeral  *.  This  necessarily  drew  the  rc^rd  of  the 
republican  party  towards  him,  and  Cicero  began   to   take  ibi 


OF  CICERO.  557 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Coss.— M.  Antonius.    P.  Cornelias  DoUbcUa. 

•  pony  which  interrupted  him  at  his  house  near  Baise,  he  re- 
moved to  his  Pompeian  viila»  on  the  south  side  of  Naples. 
Here  he  began  his  Book  of  Offices,  for  the  use  and  instruction 
of  his  son,  designed,  he  says,  to  be  the  fruit  of  this  excursion  : 
be  composed  also  an  Oration,  adapted  to  the  state  of  the  times, 

,  and  sent  it  to  Atticus,  to  be  suppressed  or  published  at  his 
discretion,  promising  him,  witlial,  to  finish,  and  send  him,  in  a 
tlhoit  time,  his  secret  history,  or  Anecdote,  in  the  manner  of 

'/  Heiadides,  to  be  kept  close  m  his  cabinet  \ 

Before  he  could  leave  Italy,  he  was  obliged  to  return  to 
Tuscnlum,  to  settle  his  private  affairs,  and  provide  his  equi- 
page, and  wrote  to  Dolabella,  to  give  orders  for  the  mules  and 
other  necessaries,  which  the  government  used  to  furnish  to 
those  who  went  abroad  with  a  public  character '«  Here  Atti- 
cus and  he  took  leave  of  each  other  with  all  possible  marks  of 
the  most  sincere  and  tender  affection.  The  unsettled  condition 
of  the  times,  and  the  uncertainty  when,  or  in  what  circum- 
Btances,  they  should  meet  again,  raised  several  melancholy 
reflections  in  tliem  both,  which,  as  soon  as  they  parted,  drew 
many  tears  from  Atticus,  of  which  he  gave  Cicero  an  account 
in  his  next  letter,  with  a  promise  to  follow  him  into  Greece. 
Cicero  answered  him  with  equal  tenderness :  ^^  It  moved  me," 
says  he,  "  to  hear  of  the  tears  which  you  shed  after  you  left 
me :  had  you  done  it  in  my  presence,  I  should  have  dropped, 
perhaps,  all  thoughts  of  my  journey.  That  part,  however, 
pleases  me,  where  you  comfort  yourself  with  the  hopes  of  our 
meeting  again  shortly ;  which  expectation,  indeed,  is  what 
chiefly  supports  me.  I  will  write  to  you  perpetually;  give  you 
an  account  of  every  thing  wliich  relates  to  lirutus ;  send  you, 
very  shortly,  my  Treatise  on  Glory,  and  finish  for  you  the 
other  work,  to  be  locked  up  with  your  treasure  %"  &c. 

'  Noshic  <f>i\oiTo<f>9vfitua  (quid  enim  uliud?)  ct  to.  Trtpl  tov  KadriK0ifT09  maffnifico 
ezplicamuB,  irpoor^cDi/oD/AciKjuo  Ciceroni ;  qua  do  re  cnim  potius  pater  filio  ?  Iiciodo 
alia.  Quid  qiurrcs  ?  Extabit  opera  [KTC^nationis  hujus. — K^o  autem  in  Pompeianum 
propcrabani,  non  quod  lioc  loco  rpiidquaui  pulchrius,  Bed  interpcUatores  illic  minuB 
Dioie»ti — . 

Orationcra  tibi  misi.  Ejus  custodicndas  et  profercndao  arbitrium  tuum— -jam  probo 
*UpaK\iidiov,  pitpsertim  cum  tu  tautoi)erc  dclectere — enitar  igitur.  Ad  Att.  lo.  13.  it.  14. 

*  Ibid.  18. 

'  Te,  ut  a  me  discesscras,  lacr}-masse,  moleste  ferebam.  Quod  fii  me  pncscnto  fecissea, 
confiilinm  totius  itinerib  rortiiSJ>c  niutassem.  Sed  illud  prsrclarc,  quod  te  consolata  est 
•pOD  brevi  tempore  congredieridi :  quae  quidem  expectatio  nie  maximc  sustcntut.  Mc« 
tibi  littenc  non  deerunt.  Dc  ISruto  scribam  ad  to  omnia.  Librum  tibi  celcriter  uiittam 
de  Gloria.     Excudam  aliquid 'UpaicXct^toi/,  quod  lateat  in  thcsauiis  tuis.     Ibid.  27. 

N.B.  The  Treatise,  hrrc  mentioned,  on  Glor}-,  which  he  sent  soon  after  to  Atticns, 
and  piiblisihed  in  two  hook?^  was  actual ly  preserN'ed,  und  subbistiu^%  long  after  the  inven- 
tioD  of  printing,  yet  hap]>ened  to  pcris^i,  unhappily,  for  want  of  being  produced  into 
public  lig|it  by  the  help  uf  that  ndiuiniUe  art. — Kainiundua  8u]>erantiu8  made  a  present 
of  it  to  Fctrarch,  who,  a»  he  tt-Uii  the  story,  iu  one  of  hift  epitttles,  lent  it  to  his  school- 
master, who  being  old  uud  po«)r,  pawned  it,  for  the  relief  of  his  necessities,  into  some 
unknown  band,  whence  Petrarch  could  never  recover  it,  upon  the  old  man*8  death. 


HoK  THE     LIFE 

.t.  [>)>.  Ti<;>.    C'K- '».    Cam.— M.  AoloiiiiK.     I>.  Confliui  DiUuJ. 

These  little  passives  from  ^miliar  lett«ts,  illuitnte  ■ 
rffeciually  ilie  n^al  cliaractera  of  men,  than  any  of  tbeii  m» 
speduiiM  and  public  acts. — It  is  commonly  tbou^t  tbenrttf 
a  Btatvsoiuii  t(i  itivost  himself  of  every  thing'  natural,  ualMi 
every  {Ktsiiiiiii  that  ili*es  not  serve  Jiis  interest  or  amtnliia;- 
but  fiere  we  sec  u  ijuite  tlilTerent  character  :  one  of  thefMB  I 
Htiitesmen  of  the  world  rlieriahing^  and  eulti^'^Dng  inliiBri  I 
(hi-  soft  and  Mx^iul  affections  of  luve  and  frientlsbip,  aiknoik  | 
(hem  to  be  doMgned  equally  by  nature,  for  tlie  comfHt,isia  ] 
of  public  a.%  jirirate  life. 

Atticu^,  bke»-ise,  whose  philosophy  n-as  as  incompatiUe  a 
ambition  with  all  affcetiuns  thut  did  not  terminate  in  liind^ 
was  frequi-iirly  drawn,  by  the  goodness  of  Lis  nature,  tocond 
the  vieiousiiesi  of  bis  principle.  He  had  often  reproved  Gem 
fur  an  excess  of  love  to  his  ihiiurhter  Tullia,  yet  he  do  ioohi 
^t  a  little  .\ttica  of  his  own,  tban  be  began  to  discover  it 
siine  fondness,  which  gave  Cicero  occasion  to  repay  his  ivUoj 
with  great  politeness.  "  1  rejoice,"  says  he,  "to  percent 
that  \  ou  take  so  much  delight  in  vour  little  girl.  I  love  ks 
already  myself,  and  know  her  to  be  amiable,  though  I  h»e 
never  seen  her. — .-Vdieu  then  to  Patro,  and  all  your  Epicmca 
seho«d.*'  In  another  letter:  "  I  am  mightily  pleased  n-ith  ^ 
fondness  tliat  you  express  tor  your  little  daughter ;  and  to  m 
yuu  ftH'l,  at  last,  that  tlie  love  of  our  children  does  notflo* 
from  habit  or  fashion,  but  from  nature :  for  if  that  be  not  tt, 
there  can  he  no  natural  conjunction  between  one  man  and  u- 
otbrr,  without  whicli  ail  society  must  necessarily  he  dissolved  '.' 


":  OF  CICERO.  559 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Cotk— M.  Antonius.    P.  CorncIiuB  Dolabclk. 

.  4  would  be  very  improper  for  him,  who  had  not  been  in  Rome 
.inoe  it  was  filled  with  soldiers,  not  so  much  out  of  regard  to 
iSm  danger  as  his  dignity,  to  run  thither  on  a  sudden  to  see 
ilaya :  that,  in  such  times  as  these,  though  it  was  reputable  for 
duMe  to  eive  plays,  whose  office  required  it,  yet  for  his  seeing 
Anin,  as  It  was  not  necessary,  so  neither  would  it  be  thought 
farnnt — \  He  was  heartily  solicitous,  however,  that  they 
nUit  meet  with  all  imaginable  encouragement,  and  charged 
Jkftama  to  send  him  a  particular  account  of  what  passed,  on 
iacli  day,  from  their  first  opening. 

The  success  of  them  answered  all  their  hopes,  for  they  were 
TCCeived  with  an  incredible  applause  by  all  ranks,  though 
Antony's  brother  Caius,  as  the  next  praetor  in  office,  presided 
at  them :  one  of  the  plays  was  Tereus,  a  tragedy  of  Accius ; 
wUch,  having  many  strokes  in  it  on  the  characters  and  acts  of 
^frants,  was  infinitely  clapped  by  the  people.  Atticus  per- 
mmed  his  part  to  Cicero,  and  sent  him  a  punctual  account  of 
wliat  passed  every  day ;  which  he  constantly  communicated  to 
Sratos,  who  was  now  in  his  neighbourhood — in  Nesis,  a  little 
jale,  on  the  Campanian  shore,  uie  seat  of  young  Lucullus. — 
In  his  answer  to  Atticus,  ^^  Your  letters,"  says  he,  ^^  were  very 
meceptable  to  Brutus :  I  spent  several  hours  with  him,  soon 
after  I  received  diem :  he  seemed  to  be  delighted  with  the 
account  of  Tereus  ;  and  thought  himself  more  obliged  to  the 
poet  Accius,  who  made  it,  than  to  the  prsetor  Antony,  who 
presided  at  it  But  tlie  more  joy  you  send  us  of  this  sort,  the 
more  indignation  it  gives  me  to  see  the  Roman  people  employ 
their  han£  in  clapping  plays,  not  in  defending  the  repuolic 
This,  perhaps,  may  provoke  our  enemies  to  discover  them- 
selves, before  they  intended  it ;  yet,  if  they  be  but  mortified, 
I  care  not  by  what  means  ^"  In  a  speech  made  afterwards  to 
the  senate,  he  urges  this  judgment  of  the  city,  as  a  proper 
lesson  to  Antony,  to  teach  him  the  way  to  glory.  "  O  happy 
Brutus,"  says  he,  "  who,  when  driven  from  Rome,  by  force  of 
arms,  resided  still  in  the  hearts  and  bowels  of  his  citizens,  who 

>  In  quibufi  iinum  alienum  Bnmiua  sua  prudcntia^  id  est  illud,  ut  spectem  ludos  suos. 
Reflcripsi  scilicet,  primuin  mc  jam  profectum,  ut  non  intei^rum  sit.  Dcin  ATonrvoTaTotf 
eMe,  me,  aui  Romam  omnino  post  hsec  arma  non  accesserini,  neque  id  tarn  periculi  mei 
CMua  fecenm,  quam  dignitatis,  subito  ad  ludos  venire.  Tali  enim  tempore  ludos  faccro 
nil  honestum  est,  cui  neccsse  est :  spectare  mihi,  ut  non  est  necesse,  sic  nc  honestum 
•aSdom  est.  £lquidem  illos  celcbrari,  et  esse  quam  gratissimos  mirabiliter  cupio. 
Imd.  15.  26. 

'  Brute  tutt  littcrac  grata^  erant.  Fui  enim  apud  ilium  multas  boras  in  Ncside,  cum 
ptnllo  ante  tuas  litteras  acccpi»seui.  Delectari  roihi  Tcreo  vidcbatur;  ct  habere  majorcm 
Aedo,  quam  Antonio,  gratiani.  Mihi  autcm  quo  hrtiora  sunt,  co  plus  stomachi  et 
molestke  est,  populum  Itomanum  manus  suas,  non  in  defcndcnda  Repub.  sed  in  plan- 
dendo  contumere.  Mihi  quidcni  videntur  istorum  animi  inccndi  etiam  ad  repnesentan- 
dam  improbitatem  siiam.  Scd  tamen  duni  modo  doleant  aliquid,  doleant  quodlibet. 
IMd.  16. 2. 

15 


THE    LIFE 


tnndc  tliomM-lvv^  umptiilH  for  t)ic  absence  of  their  deliverer,  tif 
thfir  {)L'r|H'tu;il  n]>{ilauie!!>  and  acclamations  '." 

Itut  tliiTL*  wnt  (1110  tiling,  wliirti,  throuzli  the  inadreiteiKj 
of  KriitiisN  niaiiut^i'rs,  or  tho  coiitrii'mice  uf  the  prsptar  Actoaf, 
guvf  llrutus  »iino  iiiipniiiiieM ;  tliat,  in  tLe  edict  for  pnidii» 
1)1^  liis  shuwN,  tlic  moiitli,  instead  of  Quiiitilis,  was  stj'led  Jiiji 
by  iw  iK'w  iiiiiiu*,  lati'ly  jfiven  to  it  in  honour  of  CassorifiK^ 
niiNoil  great  s)>i>ciilatii)ii,  and  was  tliou^rht  strange,  that  Bmti^ 
by  fdict,  sliuiikl  iii-k  now  lodge  mid  confirm  an  act,  coutriredk 
|ii>qit>luiiti:  tliu  lioTiiiur  uf  tyranny.  Thix  little  circumsum 
grvatly  distiirbi'il  liiin,  iinatfiiiing,  tliat  it  would  be  reflect^ 
u|tii[i  :is  a  moan  condi-sci-nsion  :  and  since  it  could  not  be  le- 
nu'difil  as  Iti  the  plays,  he  resolved  to  correct  it  for  the  restttf 
the  shows ;  and  )^>vc  immediate  orderN,  tliat  the  huntings  if 
the  wild  beatt^,  whieli  were  to  follow,  sliould  be  procIaicDU  fit 
the  thirteenth  of  Qinntilis '. 

While  Cicero  continued  in  those  jtarts,  he  spent  the  greatot 
share  of  his  time  with  Itnitns:  anil  as  they  were  one  day  to- 
jri'ther,  L.  I.ibo  came  to  tliom,  with  letters  jii^it  received  Inni 
yinni^  S.  I'oin]iey,  his  son-in-law,  with  proposals  of  an  accon- 
iniiilatioii,  adiln-ssiod  to  the  consuls,  on  wliich  he  desired  thA 
opinion.  Citvro  thmij^ht  tlioin  drawn  up  u'ith  great  gntvitr 
an<l  pro]>riely  of  e\pri^s»ion,  excejttiujr  a  few  inaccuracies,  ana 
adviMod  only  to  clianire  the  address;  and,  instead  of  the  consuls, 
to  whom  ahino  they  were  directed,  to  add  the  other  inagistnilc^ 
with  the  senate  and  ]>eoplc  of  Home,  lest  the  consuls  should 
suppress  thorn,  as  belonging  only  to  themselves.    These  lettot 


OF  CICERO.  561 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Com^— M.  Antonius.    P.  CorneliuB  Dolabella. 

iwn  off  from  attendiiic^  to  the  main  point  in  view,  the  event 
afiairs  in  Italy;  for  which  purpose,  on  pretence  of  the  public 
iet,  he  made  the  offer  of  a  treaty  and  honourable  terms  to 
impey,  and  that,  on  condition  of  laying  down  his  arms,  and 
ittmg  the  province,  he  should  be  restored  to  all  his  estates 
d  honours,  and  have  the  command  of  the  whole  naval  power 
Rome,  in  the  same  manner  as  his  fether  had  it  before  him  : 
.  which  was  proposed  and  recommended  to  the  senate  by 
stony  himself  \  Where,  to  preserve  a  due  respect  to  Csesar^ 
ts,  by  which  Pompey's  estates  had  been  confiscated,  it 
»  decreed,  that  the  same  sum  for  which  they  had  been 
Id,  should  be  given  to  him  by  the  public  to  enable  him  to 
rehase  them  again.  This  amounted  to  above  five  millions 
d  a  half  of  our  money,  exclusive  of  his  jewels,  plate,  and 
miture;  which  being  wholly  embezzled,  he  was  content  to 
(6  '•  On  these  terms,  ratified  by  the  audiority  of  the  senate, 
impey  actually  quitted  Spain,  and  came  to  Marseilles.  The 
Diect  was  wisely  concerted  by  Lepidus  and  Antony;  for 
ule  he  carried  a  show  of  moderation,  and  disposition  to 
ace,  it  disarmed  a  desperate  enemy,  who  was  in  condition  to 
re  a  great  obstruction  to  their  designs,  and  diversion  to  their 
1181,  at  a  time  when  the  necessity  of  their  interests  required 
?ir  presence  and  whole  attention  at  home,  to  lay  a  firm 
mdation  of  their  power,  in  the  heart  and  centre  of  the 
ipire. 

There  happened  an  incident  at  this  time  of  a  domestic  kind 
kich  gave  some  pleasure  both  to  Cicero  and  Atticus :  the  un- 
pected  conversion  of  their  nephew  Quintus.  He  had  long 
o  deserted  his  father  and  uncle,  and  attached  himself  wholly 
Caesar,  who  supplied  him  liberally  with  money :  on  Caesar's 
ath  he  adhered  still  to  the  same  cause,  and  was  in  the  utmost 
afidence  witli  Antony ;  and,  as  Atticus  calls  him,  his  right 
nd  * ;  or  the  minister  of  all  his  projects  in  the  city :  but  upon 
ne  late  disgust,  he  began  to  make  overtures  to  his  friends, 
coming  over  to  Brutus,  pretending  to  have  conceived  an 
borrence  of  Antony's  designs ;  and  signifying  to  his  father, 
xt  Antony  would  have  engaged  him  to  seize  some  strong 
Bt  in  the  city,  and  declare  him  dictator,  and,  upon  his  refusal. 


Jbp.  p.  528.    Dio,  1.  45.  475. 

BMTis  enim  actis  Caeearis,  quae  concordia;  causa  dcfendimus,  Pompeio  sua  domui 
sIlkiMmqae  non  minoris,  quam  Antoniusemit,  rediraet — decrevistis  tantam  pccuniam 
npcio,  quantam  ex  bonis  patriis  in  pra;da)  dissipatione  inimicus  victor  reaegisset — 
a,  ttieiituiD,  yeatem,  supellcctilem,  vinum  amittct  a^quo  animo,  quae  ille  helluo  dissi- 
it  atqne  illud  eepties  millies,  ouod  adolcscenti,  Patris  conscripti,  spopondistis,  iU 
ciibetur,  ut  videatnr  a  vobis  Cn.  Pompeii  filius  in  patrimonio  buo  collocatus.    Philip. 

Quintus  filius,  ut  scribis,  Antonii  est  deztella.    Ad  Alt.  14. 20. 

O  O 


-i.  Vik  r*».    rw.  6X     Coo^-M. 

wss  brcomv  Itis  enemy  >.  Tlie 
<<ame<l  kU  MR  to  Cicero,  to  pei 
lo  bcff  bis  intercession  also  witli 
bnt  Cteens  who  knew  the  fickl 
gave  little  credit  to  liim;  Inking 
to  draw  money  from  them :  yet,  i 
he  wrote  wbat  they  desitM  to 
letter,  at  Uie  Game  lime,  with  hit 
"  Our  nephew  Quiutus,"  aa 
Catn.  Both  bis  failier  and  be 
woubl  undertake  for  him  to  vo 
beliere  bim,  till  you  yourself  ua 

E'  -e  him,  therefore,  such  a  lette 
it  not  mot'e  you,  for  I  havt 
ima^ne  that  I  um  moved  roys 
may  perform  what  he  promises; 
us  all.  1  will  say  nothing  more 
But  young  Quintus  got  tht 
suspiciouD;  and,  after  spending 
viiiced  him,  by  bis  whole  beha 
was  in  earnest:  so  that  be  not 
affectionatelv  to  Atticus,  but  pi 
make  the  ufrer  of  bis  service  t 
not  wholly  persuaded  me,"  says 
him  is  certajuly  true,  I  should  i 
to  tell  you;  for  I  carried  the 
was  so  well  satisfied  with  him, 


OF  CICERO.  563 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  G3.    Coas.  — M.  Antonius.     P.  Cornelius  Dolabclla. 

I  and  sincerity,  was  so  hardy,  before  tlie  end  of  the  year,  as 
ondertake  to  accuse  Antony  to  the  people,  for  plundering 
temple  of  Opis  K  But  this  accident  of  changing  his  party, 
ich  gave  so  much  ioy  at  present  to  the  whole  family,  though 
ng  rather  to  a  giddiness  of  temper  than  any  good  principle, 
red  &tal,  not  long  after,  both  to  the  young  man  and  his 
ler ;  as  it  seems  to  have  been  the  most  probable  cause  of 
tr  being  proscribed  and  murdered  the  year  following,  by 
lony's  order,  together  with  Cicero  himself. 
Dicero  was  now  ready  for  his  voyage,  and  had  provided  three 
le  yachts  or  gallies  to  transport  himself,  and  his  attendants : 
;  as  there  was  a  report  of  legions  arriving  daily  from  abroad, 
L  of  pirates  also  at  sea,  he  thought  it  would  be  safer  to  sail 
company  with  Brutus  and  Cassius,  who  had  drawn  together 
eet  of  good  force,  which  now  lay  upon  the  coast*.  He  gave 
era!  hints  of  this  design  to  Brutus,  who  received  it  more 
lly  than  he  expected ;  and  seemed  uncertain  and  irresolute 
oit  the  time  of  his  own  going.  He  resolved,  therefore,  to 
bark  without  ikrtlier  delay,  though  in  some  perplexity  to  the 
9  about  the  expediency  of  the  voyage,  and  jealous  of  its 
ng  censured,  as  a  desertion  of  his  country:  but  Atticus 
ft  up  his  spirits,  by  assuring  him,  constantly,  in  his  letters, 
t  all  people  approved  it  at  Rome,  provided  that  he  kept  his 
rd  of  returning  by  the  first  of  the  new  year '. 
He  sailed  slowly  along  the  coast  towards  Rhegium,  going 
ore  every  night  to  lodge  with  some  friend  or  client :  he 
mt  one  day  at  Velia,  the  native  place  of  Trebatius ;  whence 
wrote  a  kind  letter  to  him,  dated  the  nineteenth  of  July, 
ising  him  by  no  means  to  sell  that  family  estate,  as  he  then 
igned,  situated  so  healthfully  and  agreeably,  and  affording 
onvenient  retreat  from  the  confusion  of  the  times,  among  a 
>ple,  who  entirely  loved  him  *.  At  this  place  he  began  his  trea- 
t  of  Topics,  or  the  art  of  finding  arguments  on  any  question : 
ras  an  abstract  of  Aristotle's  piece  on  the  same  subject;  which 
ebatius  happening  once  to  meet  with  in  Cicero's  Tusculan 
•ary,  had  begged  of  him  to  explain.    But  Cicero  never  found 

<Mntii8  scribit,  ee  ex  Nonis  iis,  quibus  nos  magoft  gessimus,  ^dcm  Opis  explicatu- 
/idqiie  ad  populnm.     Ibid.  14. 

Lmiones  enim  adventare  dicuntur.  Ilaec  antem  navigatio  habet  qaasdam  suspicionct 
Bl£  Itaque  constituebam  uti  outyjcKola.  Paratiorem  offendi  Brutum,  auam  audie- 
■  Nam  Caasii  claMem,  que  plane  belta  est,  non  niimero  ultra  frctum.  ibid.  16. 4. 
Brnlo  cum  ame  injeciuem  de  bfioirXola^  non  ]>erinde  atauc  ego  putaram,  arnpcro 
I  Mt— {IMd.  5.J  Consilium  mcum  quod  ais  quotidie  mogis  laudari,  non  moleste  fero ; 
ttiriwiiigTif,  ri  quid  ad  me  scriberes.  Ego  enim  in  varies  sermones  incidcbam.  Quin 
aiSteirco  tnhebam,  ut  quam  diutissime  mtegrum  esset.  [Ibid.  2.  It.  Ep.  Fani.  11. 
Seribb  enim  in  coelnm  fcrri  urofcctionem  meam,  sed  ita,  si  ante  Ksl.  Jan.  rcdeam. 
d  aoidem  eeite  enitar.  [Ibia.  6.]  Ea  mente  discessi,  ut  adcssem  Kalendis  Jan. 
I  imtiiim  coMndi  Sonatus  fore  videbatur.  Philip.  1 .  2* 
1^.  Fmd.  7.  20. 

O  o2 


U64  THE    LIFE 

A.  Tit.   7W.    CV.S3      C«M— H.  Anloaiu.     P  Ccnr^iui  [VJ 

Ickun  tnt  it  till  this  vovage,  id  which  be  was  remini 
tank  by  tl»e  st|H)t  of  Velu;  and  tbooeh  he  had  oeitber 
nor  anv  mImv  book  to  help  him,  he  arew  it  up  from  hi< 
■od  finished  it  as  he  sailed,  before  he  came  to  RbegiuD 
he  •enl  it  to  Trebalius  *'itb  a  letter  dated  the  twent 
He  eiciLoes  the  obscurity  of  it  from  the  nature  of  the  i 
rvqiiiria^  ETpM  Mtteiilion  to  understand,  aird  great  a 
t»  rediicT  it  tu  {>raclice:  in  which,  however,  he  pr 
aaaist  bim,  if  he  lived  to  return,  and  found  the  repi 
BHting*. 

Id  llie  wne  voya^,  happening  to  be  lookine  ovet 
tne  !■«  ll>e  Academic  Philosophy,  he  observed  the  j 
the  third  btKik  to  t>e  the  same  that  be  bad  prefixed  t« 
on  (ilor>-,  which  he  had  lately  sent  to  Atticus.  I 
Cdstom.  It  seems  to  prepare  at  leisure  a  number  oi 
proems,  adapted  to  the  general  view  of  his  studies, : 
to  be  applied  to  any  of  his  works,  which  be  should  i 
pabttih ;  so  that  by  mistake  he  bad  used  this  pre& 
without  rementbering  it :  he  composed  a  new  one, 
on  ship-board,  fur  the  piece  on  Glory,  and  sent  it  ti 
with  (irden  to  bind  it  up  with  bis  copy  in  the  plai 
former  pre&ce'.  So  wonderful  was  bis  industry  ar 
letters,  that  neither  the  inconvenience  of  sailing, 
alwa>^  hated,  nor  the  busy  thoughts  which  must  neet 
upon  him,  on  leaving  Italy  in  such  acoujunclure,  coa 
the  Rilm  and  regular  pursuit  of  his  studies. 

From    lihegium,  or  rathci    ' 


OF   CICERO.  565 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Coss. — M.  Antonius.    P.  Cornelius  DolabcUn. 

him,  and  under  his  special  protection ;  but  he  was  unwilling 
to  giye  umbrage  or  suspicion  to  those  at  Rome,  of  having  any 
news  abroad,  which  concerned  the  republic  M  he  set  sail, 
Aerefiore,  again  the  next  morning  towards  Greece,  but  was 
driren  back,  by  contrary  winds,  to  Leucopetra;  and,  after  a 
90eond  attempt,  with  no  better  success,  was  forced  to  repose 
Mmself  in  the  villa  of  his  friend  Valerius,  and  wait  for  the 
^TOortonity  of  a  fair  wind '. 

Here  the  principal  inhabitants  of  the  country  came  to  pay 
Uiii  their  compliments :  some  of  them  fresh  from  Rome,  who 
koaght  great  news  of  an  unexpected  turn  of  affairs  there, 
towards  a  general  pacification ;  tnat  Antony  seemed  disposed 
to  listen  to  reason,  to  desist  from  his  pretensions  to  Gaul, 
avbmit  to  the  authority  of  the  senate,  and  make  up  matters 
with  Brutus  and  Cassius,  who  had  written  circular  letters  to  all 
the  principal  senators,  to  be^  their  attendance  in  the  senate  on 
Ae  first  of  September,  and  that  Cicero's  absence  was  parti- 
ealarly  regretted,  and  even  blamed,  at  such  a  crisis '.  This 
ureeable  account  of  things  made  him  presently  drop  all 
tDOoghts  of  pursuing  his  voyage,  in  which  he  was  confirmed 
Skewise  by  letters  Irom  Atticus,  who,  contrary  to  his  former 
advice,  pressed  him  now,  in  strong  and  pathetic  terms,  to  come 
haiA  again  to  Rome. 

He  returned,  therefore,  by  the  same  course  which  he  had 
before  taken,  and  came  back  to  Velia  on  the  seventeenth  of 
August:  Brutus  lay  within  three  miles  of  it,  with  his  fleet,  and 
Leering  of  his  arrival,  came  immediately  on  foot  to  salute  him  : 
he  declared  himself  exceedingly  pleased  with  Cicero's  return ; 
owned  that  he  had  never  approved,  though  he  had  not  dis- 
suaded, the  voyage,  thinking  it  indecent  to  sfive  advice  to 
a  man  of  his  experience,  but  now  told  him,  plainly,  that  he 
had  escaped  two  great  imputations  on  his  character ;  the  one, 
of  too  hasty  a  despair  and  desertion  of  the  common  cause ;  the 
other  of  the  vanity  of  going  to  see  the  Olympic  games.  This 
last,  as  Cicero  says,  would  liave  been  shameful  for  him,  in  any 
state  of  the  republic ;  but,  in  the  present,  unpardonable ;  and 
professes  himself,  therefore,  greatly  obliged  to  the  winds,  for 

*  Kalendifl  sextil.  vcni  Syracusas — qxiw  tamcn  urbs  mihi  conjunctissinia,  plus  una  mo 
aoetc  cupiens  rctincre  non  potuit.  Veritua  sum,  nc  mcus  repciitinus  ad  meos  nccessa- 
iIm  adTentufl  tuspicionis  aliquid  affcrrct,  si  essem  commoratus.    Pliilip.  1 .  3. 

*  Cum  me  ex  Sicilia  ad  Lcuco[>ctram,  (^uod  est  promontorium  agri  Rhcgini,  venti 
drtiiliMi  lit  :  ab  eo  loco  consccndi,  ut  transmittercm  ;  ncc  itamultum  provectus,  rcjcctus 
mtro  turn  in  eum  ipsiim  locum — [Ibid.]  ibi  cum  ventum  cxTM^ctarem :  erat  cnim  villa 
TaloriK  nostii,  ut  familiaritcr  esscm,  et  libt-ntcr.     Ad  Att.  ](>.  7. 

*  Rhegini  quidam,  illustrcs  bomincs  eo  venerunt,  Roma  sane  recentcs— btrc  aflTcrrbant, 
•llctom  BruU  et  CaMii ;  et  fore  frequentem  Scnatum  Kal.;  a  Bruto  et  C'assio  littvras 
■liHU  ait  Consulares  ct  Pnctorios,  ut  adcssent,  rogare.  Summam  bpcm  nunrialkaut, 
fbre,  ut  Antonius  cedcrct,  res  conveniret,  nostri  Romam  rcdirent.  Addebaut  etiun  me 
dcadenri,  subaccuBari,  &c.    Ibid. 


TBE    LtFB 


t.  63      C«*— M.  , 


P.  r<>n>c<:n  DaUcik 


I 


ErrMtTvine  tdm  from  suc^  an  infamy,  and  like  good  d 
Inwinjf  bim  bock  to  th«  service  of  his  muntn,' '. 

Brulus  informeit  liim,  likewise,  of  what  iad  pasted 
Rcnntr,  <)ti  tbe  fir^t  of  August,  and  bow  PUo  hiul  9^ 
liinwelf,  by  a  brave  and  honest  speech,  aiid  Mine  lii 
motioDN  in  favuur  of  the  public  liberty,  in  nbich  d<^ 
ihfl  cuuruge  to  KectMiit  bim:  he  produced  also  AnCou}'') 
and  their  answer  to  it,  which  pleased  Cicero  very  nuct 
oo  the  vholc,  though  be  «-a«  still  satisfied  with  his  resolui 
rctumiitg,  yet  lie  found  no  such  reason  for  it  as  his  HtU  i 
K«itce  had  su^irgested,  nor  any  hopes  of  doiiis  much  sen 
UtHne,  where  there  was  not  one  senator  who  had  the'  a 
to  support  Piso,  nor  Piso  bimself  the  resolution  toap[ 
the  Muale  again  Uie  next  day. 

This  was  the  last  conference  that  he  ever  had  with  I: 
^bu,  toy^tber  witL  Caseins,  left  Italy  soon  after  it :  the] 
both  lA  succeed,  of  course,  as  all  pnetors  did,  at  the  exp 
of  their  office,  to  the  government  of  some  province,  whii 
assigned  to  them  either  by  lot,  or  by  an  extraordinary 
of  the  senate.  Ciesar  had  iutenden  Macedonia  for  th 
and  Syria  for  tlie  other ;  but  as  these  were  two  of  the 
important  commands  of  the  empire,  and  would  throw  s 
power  into  tlieir  hands  at  a  time  when  their  enemies 
taking  measures  to  destroy  them,  so  Antony  contrived 
two  other  provinces  decreed  to  tbcm  of  an  inferior  k 
Crete  to  Brutus,  and  Cyrene  to  Cassius,  and  by  a  law  < 
people,  procured  Macedonia  and  Syria  to  be  conferred 
bimself,  and  his  colleague.  Dolabella;  in  conse< 


OF    CICERO.  667 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Coaa. — M.  Antoniui.     P.  Cornelius  Dolabclla. 

tratus  to  Macedonia,  Cassias  to  Syria,  where  we  shall  soon 
.■  tare  CMcasion  to  give  a  farther  account  of  their  success  \ 

Cicero,  in  the  meanwhile,  pursued  his  journey  towards 
Icmie,  where  he  arrived  on  the  last  of  the  month ;  on  his  ap- 
iMach  to  the  city,  such  multitudes  flocked  out  to  meet  him, 
kat  tke  whole  day  was  spent  in  receiving  the  compliments  and 
joogratulations  of  his  friends,  as  he  passed  along  to  his  house  '• 
XIm  lenate  met  the  next  morning,  to  which  he  was  particu- 
larly snmmoDed  by  Antony,  but  excused  himself  by  a  civil 
mmamgef  as  being  too  much  indisposed  by  the  £eitigue  of  his 
journey.  Antony  took  this  as  an  affront,  and,  in  great  ra^e, 
dureatened,  openly  in  the  senate,  to  order  his  house  to  be 
polled  down,  if  he  did  not  come  immediately  :  till,  by  the  in- 
lerpoeition  of  the  assembly,  he  was  dissuaded  from  using  any 
vmence'. 

The  business  of  the  day  was  to  decree  some  new  and  extra- 
tpdinary  honours  to  the  memory  of  Ceesar,  with  a  religious 
fqiplieation  to  him,  as  to  a  divinity ;  Cicero  was  determined 
ant  to  concur  in  it,  yet  knew  that  an  opposition  would  not  only 
le  fruitless,  but  dangerous ;  and  for  that  reason  staid  away. 
Antony,  on  the  other  hand,  was  desirous  to  have  him  there, 
fmcyine  that  he  would  either  be  frightened  into  a  compli- 
ance, which  would  lessen  him  with  his  own  party,  or,  by  op- 
posing what  was  intended,  make  himself  odious  to  the  soldiery ; 
nut  as  he  was  absent,  the  decree  passed  without  any  contra- 
diction. 

The  senate  met  again  the  next  day,  when  Antony  thought 
fit  to  absent  himself,  and  leave  the  stage  clear  to  Cicero  * ;  who 
accordingly  appeared,  and  delivered  tlie  first  of  those  speeches, 
which,  in  imitation  of  Demosthenes,  were  called  afterwards  his 
Philippics — he  opens  it  with  a  particular  account  of  the  motives 
of  his  late  voyage  and  sudden  return ;  of  his  interview  with 
Brutus,  and  his  regret  at  leaving  him :  '^  at  Vclia,"  says  he, 
*'  I  saw  Brutus :  with  what  griei  I  saw  him,  I  need  not  tell 
you ;  I  could  not  but  think  it  scandalous  for  me  to  return  to  a 
city,  from  which  he  was  forced  to  retire,  and  to  find  myself 
safe  in  any  place,  where  he  could  not  be  so ;  yet  Brutus  was 
not  half  so  much  moved  with  it  as  I,  but  supported  by  the  con- 
sciousness of  his  noble  act,  shewed  not  the  least  concern  for  his 
own  case,  while  he  expressed  the  greatest  for  your's." — He 
then  declares,  that  he  came  to  second  Piso ;  and,  in  case  of  any 

■  Plut.  in  Brut.  App.  627.  633.    Philin.  2. 13. 38.  .^^^"V  "^  ^*^- 

>  Camqac  do  vialangucrcm,  mihiquc  ilispliccruin,  mibi  pro  amicitia  qui  hoc  ci  dicoret, 

It  Ule,  vobifl  audicntlbus,  cum  fabris,  se  domuui  incam  vcnturuni  esse  dixit,  &c.    Philip. 

1. 5. 
*  Vcni  postridie,  ipse  non  veiiit.    Tbid.  5.  7. 


I 


BccMenU,  of  wbicli  many  seemed  to  surround  him,  td 
thai  (lay'«  speech  as  a  monument  of  his  perpetual  fidt 
bin  country '.  Ikfore  lie  enters  upon  the  stale  of  the  it{ 
be  takra  uccaMoo  to  complain  of  the  unprecedented  riiilt 
Aiitiuiv'v  IreAtnient  of  bim  tlie  day  before,  who  would  w 
been  Dctlcf  pleased  with  bim,  bad  he  been  presem: 
»Ii(>ulil  iierer  bare  consented  to  pollute  the  republic  < 
(leiehtabte  a  religion,  and  blend  the  bonoun  of  ibe  goi 
tboae  of  a  dead  mati :  be  prays  the  gods  to  for^ve  be 
senate  and  the  people  for  their  forced  consent  to  il— i 
woubl  never  have  aecreed  it,  ibougli  it  bad  been  to  old 
bimaelf.  wbo  first  delivered  Rome  from  regal  tyranuV) 
tlir  diKtaiice  of  five  centuries,  had  propagated  a  race  & 
naiae  stock,  to  do  ilieir  country  the  same  service '.  He 
tbanks  to  Piso  for  wbat  be  bad  said  in  that  placetbe 
liefurt! :  wishes  tliat  he  bad  been  present  to  second  bin 
reproves  ibe  other  consulars  for  Detrayinjr  their  digui 
deserting  bim. — Aa  to  the  public  af^rs,  be  dwells  cbi 
Antony's  abuse  of  their  decree,  to  cotifirm  Caesar's  ac 
clares  biinself  still  for  the  cunfirniadon  of  tbem,  not  ' 
liked  tbem,  but  for  tlie  sake  of  peace  ;  yet,  of  the  geoui 
onl}',  such  as  Cx«ar  himself  bad  completed ;  not  the  un' 
notes  and  memorandums  of  his  pocket  books ;  not  ever 
of  bis  writing ;  or  what  be  baa  not  even  written,  but  •■ 
only,  and  tliut  witliout  a  voucher — be  charges  Antonv 
strange  inconsistency,  in  pretending  such  a  zeal  for  ( 
acts  yet  violating  the  most  solemn  and  authentic  of  the 


OF  CICERO.  669 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  63.    Cots.— M.  Antoniui.    P.  Corneliui  Dokbella. 

agaiiMt  his  will,  though  free  from  personal  injury ;  if  so,  he 
BiiiBt  bear  it  as  well  as  he  could — then,  after  touching  on  their 
jAnndering  the  Temple  of  Opis,  of  those  sums  which  might 
liaEV€  been  of  great  service  to  the  state,  he  observes,  that  wlmt- 
ever  the  vulgar  might  think,  money  was  not  the  thing  which 
diey  aimed  at ;  that  their  souls  were  too  noble  for  that,  and  had 
gtcater  designs  in  view  * ;  but  they  quite  mistook  the  road  to 
glory,  if  they  thought  it  to  consist  in  a  single  man's  haviuj^ 
anore  power  than  a  whole  people — that  to  be  dear  to  our  citi- 
tensy  to  deserve  well  of  our  country,  to  be  praised,  respected, 
beloved,  was  trulv  glorious;  to  be  feared  and  hated,  always 
invidious,  detestable,  weak,  and  tottering — that  Caesar's  fate 
was  a  warning  to  them,  how  much  better  it  was  to  be  loved 
dum  to  be  feared :  that  no  man  could  live  happy,  who  held  life 
an  such  terms  that  it  might  be  taken  from  him,  not  only  with 
impunity,  but  with  praise '.  He  puts  them  in  mind  of  the 
Bany  public  demonstrations  of  tne  people's  disaffection  to 
them,  and  their  constant  applauses  and  acclamations  to  those 
who  opposed  them,  to  which  he  begs  them  to  attend  with  more 
oare,  in  order  to  learn  the  way  how  to  be  truly  great  and  glo- 
lioua. — He  concludes,  by  declaring,  that  he  had  now  reaped 
tiie  fiiU  fruit  of  his  return,  by  giving  this  public  testimony  of 
hia  constant  adherence  to  the  interests  of  his  country  :  that  he 
would  use  the  same  liberty  oftcner,  if  he  found  that  he  could 
do  it  with  safety :  if  not,  would  reserve  himself,  as  well  as  he 
could,  to  better  times,  not  so  much  out  of  regard  to  himself,  as 
to  the  republic. 

In  speaking  afterwards  of  this  day's  debate,  he  says,  that 
whilst  the  rest  of  the  senate  behaved  like  slaves,  he  alone 
shewed  himself  to  be  free ;  and  though  he  spoke,  indeed,  witli 
leas  freedom  than  it  had  been  his  custom  to  do,  yet  it  was  with 
more  than  the  dangers,  with  which  he  was  threatened,  seemed 
to  allow '.  Antony  was  greatly  enraged  at  his  speech,  and 
summoned  another  meeting  of  the  senate  for  the  nineteenth, 
where  he  again  required  Cicero's  attendance,  being  resolved 
to  answer  him  in  person,  and,  justify  his  own  conduct :  for 
which  end  he  employed  himself,  during  the  interval,  in  pre- 
paring the  materials  of  a  speech,  and  declaiming  against  Cicero, 
in  his  villa  near  Tibur.  The  senate  met  on  tne  appointed 
day,  in  the  Temple  of  Concord,  whither  Antony  came  with  a 
strong  guard,  and  in  great  expectation  of  meeting  Cicero, 
whom  he  had  endeavoured,  by  artifice,  to  draw  thither :  but 

»  IWd.  12.  a  Ibid.  14. 

>  LocntiM  turn  do  Repub.  minufi  cquidcm  libcre,  quam  mca  consuetudo,  libcrius  ta- 
rn quam  pcriciili  minan  postulabant.     Ibid.  5.  7. 
In  tumma  reUquorum  servitute  liber  unus  fui.    £p.  Fam.  12.  25. 


—X.  ^DUsiH.     P.  C«n>rl."ii 


ikH«li  Cicero  kinwelf  was  rvady  and  desitwa  to  go,  vet  ki 
frirwlA  vvvTTuW  aoal  kept  bim'at  home,  being  ippce^wn 
of  sume  <le>iifn  intended  against  his  life  '. 

Aniony's  H>eecli  coatiniiMl  iheir  appreliensions,  in  wUdk 
fuuivii  out  the  overflouinffs  of  his  spleeo  widi  md  ht 
tfalu**  him.  ikat  Cicvro,  alludiog-  to  wbat  he  haddtiwailM 
before,  in  public,  savi.  that  he  seemed  once  more  n^li 
!f«ew  than  to  speak  '.  He  produced  Cicero's  letter  to  liii 
about  the  restoration  of  S.  Clodius.  in  which  Cicero  >cki» 
ledired  him.  nt,>t  only  for  bi^  friend!,  but  a  good  atizen;  •! 
the  irtit-r  W3*  a  ranlutadun  of  his  speech,  and  Cicera  baidki 
rean-aik  tor  tjuairetlin^  with  him  noir,  than  the  pretendcJw 
ric*  ol'  the  fmhlic '.  But  the  chief  thing  witL  which  he  afi 
kirn  was.  hi*  beiiii^  not  only  prir\-  to  the  murder  of  C»v,  W 
ike  contriver  of  it  as  well  as  the  author  of  ererv  step,  i^ 
tke  coD^piiaton  had  since  taken  ;  by  this  he  hoped  to  inS^ 
tke  Mldiers  to  «ome  riolence.  whom  he  had  planted  far  te 
purpose  about  the  avenues  of  the  temple,  and  within  hemj 
tna  of  their  debater  Cicero,  in  his  account  of  it  to  Cmw^ 
sas^  thai  he  «hould  not  scruple  to  own  a  share  in  the  act,  if  ki 
vxiuiii  have  a  &hare  in  the  glory :  but  that,  if  he  haii  rcilr 
been  concerned  in  it,  they  should  never  hare  left  the  wot 
halt'  tini^hed*. 

He  had  resided  all  this  while  in  Rome,  or  the  oeiglibaa^ 
hM<il:  but  as  a  breach  with  Antony  nas  now  inevitable,  k 
ihouf  ht  i[  necessary,  for  his  security',  to  remove  to  a  Ci^** 
di-amv,  I.   -..■[ii,j  'A  liU  vill^'  near  Naples.      Here  he  comj 


OF  CICERO.  57 1 

A.Urb.709.    Cie.63.    Com.~M.  ADtonius.    P.  Comeliui  Dokbelk. 

MMMe  €£  fi  rupture,  for  wkicb  alone  the  piece  was  calculated, 
,»|ieir  Antony  or  the  republic  must  perish ;  and  he  was  deter- 
ed  to  risk  his  own  life  upon  the  quarrel,  nor  bear  the  in- 
lity  of  outliving  a  second  time  the  liberty  of  his  country. 
sent  a  copy  of  this  speech  to  Brutus  and  Cassius,  who 
Mte  infinitely  pleased  with  it :  tliey  now  at  last  clearly  saw, 
Pfilft  A>itonv  meditated  nothing  but  war,  and  that  their  aifairs 
WWe  ffrowmg  daily  more  and  more  desperate ;  and  being  re- 
■ohrecC  therefore,  to  leave  Italy,  they  took  occasion,  a  little 
pfbte  their  departure,  to  write  the  following  letter  in  com- 
to  Antony. 


f^HKUTUS  AND  CASSIUS,   PRiETORS,   TO  ANTONY,   CONSUL. 

f'lv  you  are  in  good  health,  it  is  a  pleasure  to  us.  We 
Jpre  read  your  letter,  exactly  of  a  piece  with  your  edict,  abu« 
fliirey  threatening,  wholly  unworthy  to  be  sent  from  you  to  us. 
For  our  part,  Antony,  we  have  never  done  you  any  injury ; 
nor  imagined  that  you  would  think  it  strange,  that  praetors,  and 
inen  of  our  rank,  snould  require  any  tiling  by  edict  of  a  consul: 
bpt  if  you  are  angry  that  we  have  presumed  to  do  it,  give  us 
leftTC  to  be  concerned,  that  you  would  not  indulge  tliat  pri- 
'vilflge,  at  least,  to  Brutus  and  Cassius :  for  as  to  our  raising 
troopsi  exacting  contributions,  soliciting  armies,  sending  ex- 
preanes  beyond  sea ;  since  you  deny  that  you  ever  compmined 
<rf  it,  we  believe  you ;  and  take  it  as  a  proof  of  your  good  in- 
tention :  we  do  not,  indeed,  own  any  such  practices ;  yet  tliink 
it  strange,  when  you  objected  nothing  of  that  kind,  that  you 
opuld  not  contain  yourself  from  reproaching  us  with  the  death 
of  Ctesar.  Consider  with  yourself,  whether  it  is  to  be  endured, 
that,  for  the  sake  of  the  public  quiet  and  liberty,  prsetors 
cannot  depart  from  their  rights  by  edict,  but  the  consul  must 
presently  threaten  tliem  wiUi  arms.  Do  not  tliink  to  frighten 
us  with  such  threats ;  it  is  not  agreeable  to  our  character  to  be 
moved  by  any  danger :  nor  must  Antony  pretend  to  command 
those,  by  whose  means  he  now  lives  free.  If  there  were  other 
reasons  to  dispose  us  to  raise  a  civil  war,  your  letter  would 
have  no  effect  to  hinder  it :  for  threats  can  have  no  influence 
on  those  who  are  free.  But  you  know,  very  well,  that  it  is 
not  possible  for  us  to  be  driven  to  any  thing  against  our  will ; 
and,  for  that  reason,  perhaps,  you  tlireaten,  tliat  whatever  we 
do,  it  may  seem  to  be  the  effect  of  fear.  These,  then,  are  our 
sentiments:  we  wish  to  see  you  live  with  honour  and  splendour 
in  a  free  republic ;  have  no  desire  to  quarrel  with  you ;  yet 
value  our  liberty  more  than  your  friendship.  It  is  your  busi- 
ness to  consider  a^in  and  again  what  you  attempt,  and  what 
you  can  maintain ;  and  to  reflect,  not  how  long  CsesiU"  lived, 


d72  THE    LIFE 

A.  Itl.,  7<».    fir.ta.    Cow — M.  Antuniii;.     P.  CoruLu  IMibkik 
but  liuw  short  a  time  he  reigned  :  we  pray  the  g«b,  dsn 
cuuiiwU  muy  be  salutary,  both  to  the  republic  ami  to  yonid 
if  not,  wisli,  at  least,  that  tlipy  may  hurt  you  as  litdeva 
voiiM^t  with  the  Kafft\'  ami  di^rnity  of  the  republic'." 

Octavius  |ierceivef{,  by  this  time,  that  there  «'a>  notluijl 
be  tloiie  fur  hitn  in  the  dty  against  a  consul,  armed  nth  laa 
imu'er,  both  civil  and  military' ;  and  was  so  iar  proroliedBfi 
ill  mufrv  which  lie  h;ul  received,  that  in  order  to  obliiii,l 
Ktrata^ein,  what  lie  couM  not  ^iti  by  force,  he  formed  ■  do) 
ajjraiii>l  Autuny'it  life,  urid  uctiiully  provided  certain  slini 
assassinate  liiin,  wlin  were  discovered  and  seized  <ntt  it 
|Nii;riiard4  in  Antnny's  house,  as  they  were  uratchin^  an  OM 
riinity  to  exceiite  their  plot.  The  stor%-  was  sujiposei,  I 
many,  to  be  forced  bv  AiititiiV;  to  justify  his  trearaaA 
OctaviiH,  and  \m  deprfv-iiig  him  of  the  estate  of  his  uiicte;  i 
all  men  of  sense,  as  Cicero  s;(ys  l>oth  believed  and  applni 
it :  and  the  greatest  part  of  the  old  writers  treat  it  as  an  i 
doubted  iavt'. 

Tliey  were  both  of  them  eouallv  suspected  by  the  tea 
but  AnioiiY  more  immediately  dreaded,  on   account  of  his 

Iierior  |>ower,  and  supposi'd  credit  with  the  soldiers,  wboa 
uid  served  with,  through  all  the  late  wars,  and  on  sen 
occwinnN  commanded.  Here  his  chief  strength  lay;  and 
ingratiate  himself  the  more  with  tliem,  he  be^n  to  ded 
himsi-lf  more  and  more  openly  every  day  a^inst  the  0 
spiratopt:  thrt'aCening  them  in  his  edicts,  and  discoveriiq 
reiioliirioii  to  revenge  the  deatli  of  Csesar ;  to  whom  he  erec 


C 


OF  cicEuo.  573 

A.Urb.709.    CIc.GS.    Com.— M.  AnUmioi.    P.  Conieliiu  Dobbelk. 

:   and,  by  outbidding  Antony,  in  all  his  offers  and 

^^ to  them,  met  with  neater  success  than  was  expected,  so 

(to  draw  together,  in  a  snort  time,  a  firm  and  regular  army 
Teterans,  completely  fiirnished  with  all  necessaries  for  pre- 
m%  tervice.  But  as  he  had  no  public  character  to  justify  this 
IfHldiust,  which,  in  regular  times,  would  hare  been  deemed 
lEMMmable,  so  he  paid  the  greater  court  to  the  republican 
clde6»  in  hopes  to  get  his  proceedings  authorized  by  the 
;  and,  by  the  influence  of  his  troops,  procure  the  com- 
l  of  the  war  to  himself:  he  now,  therefore,  was  continually 
pinaiing'  Cicero,  by  letters  and  friends,  to  come  to  Rome, 
•nd  rapport  him,  with  his  authority,  against  their  common 
enemy,  Antony ;  promising  to  govern  himself,  in  every  step, 
by  his  advice. 

But  Cicero  could  not  yet  be  persuaded  to  enter  into  his 
afiirs :  he  suspected  his  youth  and  want  of  experience,  and 
that  he  had  not  strength  enough  to  deal  with  Antony :  and, 
above  all,  that  he  had  no  good  disposition  towards  the  eon- 

S'  mtors :  he  thought  it  impossible  that  he  should  ever  be  a 
nd  to  them,  and  was  persuaded  rather,  that,  if  ever  he  got 
tbe  opper  hand,  his  uncle's  acts  would  be  more  violently  en- 
foroeo,  and  his  death  more  cnielly  revenged,  than  by  Antony 
himself  \  These  considerations  witlihela  him  from  an  union 
with  him,  till  the  exigencies  of  the  republic  made  it  absolutely 
necessary ;  nor  did  he  consent  at  last,  without  making  it  an 
express  condition,  that  Octavius  should  employ  all  his  forces  in 
defence  of  the  common  liberty,  and  particularly  of  Brutus  and 
bis  accomplices,  where  his  chief  care  and  caution  still  was,  to 
arm  him  only  with  a  power  sufficient  to  oppress  Antony,  yet  so 
checked  and  limited,  that  he  should  not  be  able  to  oppress  the 
republic. 

This  is  evndent  from  many  of  his  epistles  to  Atticus:  "I 
had  a  letter,"  says  he,  "  from  Oetaviaiius,  on  the  first  of  No- 
vember: his  designs  arc  great:  he  has  drawn  over  all  the 
veterans  of  Casilinum  and  Calatia;  and  no  wonder; — he  gives 
sixteen  pounds  a  man.  He  proposes  to  make  the  tour  of  the 
otlier  colonies :  his  view  plainly  is,  to  have  the  command  of  the 
war  against  Antony;  so  that  we  shall  be  in  arms  in  a  few  days. 
But  which  of  them  shall  we  follow?  Consider  his  name;  his 
age :  he  begs  to  have  a  private  conference  with  me  at  Capua 
or  near  it :  it  is  childish  to  imagine  that  it  could  be  private :  I 
gave  him  to  understand,  that  it  was  neither  necessary  nor  prac- 

>  Valde  tibi  M^ontinr,  si  multiim  pofwit  Octavianus,  niulto  finiiius  acta  Tyranni  coni- 
probatiim  iri,  quam  in  Telluric,  atqiic  id  contra  Brutnni  fore — sttl  in  isto  Juvrnc  quan- 
quam  aninn  Kuti»,  auctoiitaliv  {lariim  est.     Ad  Att.  hi.  11. 


A.XtU?'!'.    Cio.ia.     (■».._M   Anion™.     P.  Comtlin)  DohWli 

timlilo.  Ill-  *fut  ti>  me  one  Cfpcina  of  Volaterne,  who  bnneb 
won),  that  Antony  wa«  comhiff  towards  the  city,  with  tlh>  Ir^ 
of  the  Alaud-v' :  that  lit>  niised  contributions  from  all  the  gitH 
tnwii^  ami  mnrohoil  uiih  cohiurs  Hi^plared  :  he  ssVeA  myiJ- 
vicv.  whothiT  111-  >liii)i)(l  ailvaiicc  before  h!m  to  Rome,  liik 
thivo  thi>il«aii<l  veterans  nr  ktv[t  the  post  of  Capua,  and  (fpfm 
hi«  pntffrt""*  thfri\  nr  sT"  I"  the  three  Macedonian  Ipgionvrii 
were  inan-hini:  aloiii:  tlie  upper  coast,  and  are,  as  he  bo]>M,ii 
hi«  ititerrst^thiv  uoulil  not  take  AiitonvV  moner,  istla 
i'^pcin.-t  sav^  hut  evt-ii  atfronteil  and  left  )itm,  whife  he  «a 
speaking  tU  them.  In  !>him,  he  offers  himsell*  for  our  leadff, 
ami  thtiik«  iSia!  ui>  nu^^ht  to  «iipiH>rt  liim.  I  ad\-i$ed  him tD 
inare!:  to  ll.'nii-:  for  he  seems  likely  to  have  the  nKsne 
('.•.■fii-  I'll  hi*  -i.'.f.  ami.  if  he  makes  i^omI  what  he  pronuse^ 
the  ivtUT  <i»n  i.<o.  (>  lirutus,  where  iart  thou  1'  What  an  i^ 
jviniitiiij  Ai»n  t!iiiu  li^e  .■'  I  did  not.  indeed,  foresee  thi&  T*l 
thou4:l>t  that  *<tmetliiii;r  lik*  it  would  happen.  Give  me  \ob 
ailviee :  -hall  I  iimii'  away  to  Itome,  »t;iy  where  I  am,  or  ifr 
tire  to  ArpiiHim  f  where  I  shall  be  the  saft.>$t.  I  had  ratber 
be  :ii  K>>nt>'.  lot  if  any  thiii^  should  be  done.  I  should  be 
w-.nited:  ri-iolve.  therefore,  for  me:  I  never  was  in  greater 
peri>le\iiy  '.'" 

Ajraiu : — "  1  hail  two  letters,  the  same  day,  from  Octavitu: 
he  |in,*«e«  me  to  i-ome  immediately  to  Rome :  is  T^sdred,  be 
say*,  to  ilo  noil.inj  ntiiioiit  the  senate.  1  tell  Mm.  that  there 
rtui  Ih-  no  *e:';ue  tiii  tl.e  first  of  Jannarw  which  1  lak*  to  be 
true;  he  a.?<!*.  alvi.  nor  withnui  my  ailvice. — In  a  word,  he 
—I  hajig  bi*cjk :    I  eannot  tntM  hfc 


OP  ctcERO.  576 

A.  Urb.  709.    Cic.  G3.    Com.— M.  Antoniut.    P.  Corneliin  Dohbella. 

undertake  his  affairs ;  to  come  to  him  at  Capua ;  to  save  the 
a  second  time :  he  resolves  to  come  directly  to  Rome. 


u 


Uiy*d  to  the  fight,  ^tis  shameful  to  refuse. 

Whilst  fear  yet  prompts  the  safer  part  to  choose.** — Horn.  H.  t;. 


*'  He  has  hitherto  acted,  and  acts  still  with  vigour,  and  will 
oome  to  Rome  with  a  great  force.  Yet  he  is  but  a  boy :  he 
thinks  the  senate  may  be  called  immediately:  but  who  will 
CMMne?— or,  if  they  do,  who,  in  this  uncertainty  of  affairs,  will 
declare  against  Antony  ? — ^he  will  be  a  good  guard  to  us  on 
Che  first  of  January ;  or,  it  may  come,  pemaps,  to  blows  before. 
7he  great  towns  favour  the  boy  strangely :  they  flock  to  him 
from  all  parts,  and  exhort  him  to  proceed :  could  you  ever  have 
dioiight  It  ^  ?  There  are  many  other  passages  of  the  same  kind, 
expressing  a  diffidence  of  Octavius,  and  inclination  to  sit  still, 
and  let  them  fight  it  out  between  themselves ;  till  the  exigency 
of  affidrs  made  their  union  at  last  mutually  necessary  to  each 
other. 

In  the  hurry  of  all  these  politics,  he  was  prosecuting  his 
etodies  still,  with  his  usual  application,  and,  besides  the  second 
Philippic,  already  mentiouea,  now  finished  his  book  of  Offices, 
or  the  Duties  of  Man,  for  the  use  of  his  son ' ;  a  work  admired 
by  all  succeeding  ages,  as  the  most  perfect  system  of  heathen 
morality,  and  the  noblest  effort  and  specimen  of  what  mere 
reason  could  do,  towards  guiding  man  through  life  witli  inno- 
cence and  happiness.  He  now  also  drew  up,  as  it  is  thought, 
his  Stoical  Paradoxes,  or  an  illustration  of  the  peculiar  doctnnes 
of  that  sect,  from  the  examples  and  characters  of  their  own 
countrymen,  which  he  addressed  to  Brutus. 

Antony  left  Rome  about  the  end  of  September,  in  order  to 
'meet,  and  engage  to  his  service,  four  legions  from  Macedonia, 
which  had  been  sent  thither  by  Caesar,  on  their  way  towards 
Parthia,  and  were  now,  by  his  orders,  returning  to  Italy.  He 
thought  himself  sure  of  them,  and  by  their  help  to  be  master 
of  the  city :  but,  on  his  arrival  at  Brundisium  on  the  eighth  of 
October,  three  of  the  legions,  tg  his  great  surprise,  rejected  all 
his  offers,  and  refused  to  follow  him.  This  affront  so  enraged 
him,  that,  calling  together  all  the  centurions,  whom  he  sus- 
pected to  be  the  authors  of  their  disaffection,  he  ordered  them 
to  be  massacred  in  his  own  lodgings,  to  the  number  of  three 
hundred,  while  he  and  his  wife  Fulvia  stood  calmly  looking  on, 
to  satiate  their  cruel  revenge  by  the  blood  of  these  brave  men  : 
after  which  he  marched  back  towards  Rome  by  the  Appian 
Road,  at  the  head  of  the  single  legion  which  submitted  to  liim, 

»  Ibid.  11.  «  Ibid. 


-M.  Anfaniaa.     P.  CotwliH  IMriclk 


whilit  the  other  three  took  their  route  along  the  Adriatic  eai^ 
without  di?(.-larin|:  yet  for  any  ude  *, 

He  retiirne<l  full  of  tage  both  against  Octayius  ud  lb 
republicans,  and  detcrminea  to  make  what  use  he  could  d  tk 
remainder  of  his  eoiisuUhip,  in  wresting  the  provinces  wi 
military  commands  out  of  tne  hands  of  bis  enemies,  udfr 
tributirie  them  to  his  friends.  He  published,  at  the  ssme&s^ 
several  fierce  and  threatening  edicts,  in  which  he  gave  Ooini 
the  name  of  Nnartaciis ;  reproached  him  with  the  if^noblom 
of  hi*  birth ;  cliurged  Cicero  with  being  the  author  of  all  Is 
counsels;  iibuseil  youii^  Quiiitus  as  a  perfidious  wretdt.«li 
had  offered  to  kill  both  his  father  and  uncle  ;  forbade  threeri 
the  tribunes  on  pain  of  death,  to  appear  in  the  senate,  Q.  (jt- 
Mus,  the  brother  of  the  conspirator,  Carfulenus,  and  Caiiatns'< 
In  tliis  humour,  he  summoneil  tlie  senate  on  the  twenty-fiiBtA  ' 
of  October,  with  severe  threats  to  those  who  should  tixM 
themnelves ;  yet  he  liinisetf  neg;lected  to  come,  and  adiounid 
it,  by  edict,  to  the  twenty-eighth :  but  while  all  people  XR 
in  expectation  of  some  extraordinary  decrees  from  him,  sndif 
one  particularly,  which  he  had  prepared,  to  declare  y""*f 
Cipsor  a  public  enemy ',  he  happened  to  receive  the  news  till 
two  of  tlie  legions  from  Brundisinm,  the  fourth,  and  that  whid 
was  Killed  the  martial,  had  uctually  declared  for  Octavius,  aai 
posted  themselves  at  Alba,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Home'. 
This  shocked  him  so  much,  tliat  inst^d  of  prosecuting  vkt 
he  had  projecletl,  he  only  huddled  over,  what  nobody  oppose^ 
a  decree  of  a  supplication  to  Lepidus;  and  the  same  eveninf* 


OF  CICERO.  577 

A.Uili.709.    Ole.63.    Oo«.--M.  Aatoniui.    P.  CameUm  DoUbcllt. 

i|K  with  precipitation,  to  put  himself  at  the  head  of  his 
Hpiy^  and  jpossesB  himself,  dv  force,  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  as- 
IJHwd^to  him  by  a  pretended  law  of  the  people  against  the 
BTitf  the  senate '• 

the  news  of  his  retreat,  Cicero  presently  quitted  his 
and  the  country,  and  set  out  towards  Rome :  he  seemed 
ji^-Aft  called  by  the  voice  of  the  republic  to  take  the  reins 
re  into  his  hands.     The  field  was  now  open  to  him : 
li  not  a  consul,  and  scarce  a  single  protor  in  the  city, 
IMPiivnr  troops  firom  which  he  could  apprehend  danger.     He 
tahmi  en  the  ninth  of  December,  and  immediately  con- 
with  Pansa,  for  Hirtius  lay  very  ill,  about  the  mear 

m  proper  to  be  taken  on  their  approaching  entrance  into 

li0<ooiMiiUiip« 

SflAm  his  leaving  the  countrv,  Oppius  had  been  with  him, 
1^  press  him  again  to  undertake  the  affairs  of  Octavius,  and 
h^iiioteetion  of  his  troops;  but  his  answer  was,  that  he  could 
~  iOonaent  to  it,  unless  he  were  first  assured  that  Octavius 
not  only  be  no  enemy,  but  even  a  friend  to  Brutus : 
he  eonid  be  of  no  service  to  Octavius  till  the  first  of 
fmKOUjf  and  there  would  be  an  opportunity  before  that  time 
if:  toying  Octavius's  disposition  in  tke  case  of  Casca,  who  had 
HMD  named  by  Csssar  to  the  tribunate,  and  was  to  enter  upon 
t  on  the  tenth  of  December :  for,  if  Octavius  did  not  oppose 
NT  disturb  his  admission,  that  would  be  a  proof  of  his  good 
intentions'.  Oppius  undertook  for  all  this,  on  the  part  of 
Octavius,  and  Octavius  himself  confirmed  it,  and  suffered 
Caaca,  who  gave  the  first  blow  to  Caesar,  to  enter  quietly  into 
his  office. 

The  new  tribunes,  in  the  mean  time,  in  the  absence  of  the 
superior  magistrates,  called  a  meeting  of  the  senate  on  the 
oineteenth :  Cicero  had  resolved  not  to  appear  there  any  more, 
till  he  should  be  supported  by  the  new  consuls :  but  happening 
to  receive  the  day  before  the  edict  of  D.  Brutus,  by  which  he 
■proiMbited  Antony  the  entrance  of  his  province,  and  declared 
that  he  would  defend  it  against  him  by  force,  and  preserve  it 
in  its  duty  to  the  senate,  he  thought  it  necessary,  for  the  public 


'  Figere  fettinans  S.  C.  je  Bupplicatione  per  discenionem  fecit—.  PracUra  tamen 
8b  Oli.  eo  ipM  die  vcspertina ;  provinciarum  relij^oia  soiiitio — L.  Lentulus  et  P.  Naso 
.-^■Ibmi  16  habere  provinciani,  nullam  Antonii  sortitionem  fuissc  judicarunt.    Ibid. 

at,  10. 

*  00d  lit  leribii,  eertitsimtim  esse  video  discrimen  Cairn  nostri  Tribunatum  :  dc  qao 
ipto  ^Uxi  Oppio,  cum  me  hortaretiir,  ut  adoloscentcmque  totamquo  causam, 
[ae  ▼vtemionmi  complecterer,  me  nullo  modo  facere  posse,  ni  mihi  exploratum 
eum  non  modo  non  inimicum  tyrannoctonis,  vonim  etiam  amicum  fore ;  cum  ille 
dieenst,  ite  fatumm.  Quid  igitur  festinamus?  inqnam.  Illi  enim  mca  opera  ante  Kal. 
Jun,  nihil  opus  est.  Nob  antem  ante  Id.  Dceemb.  ejus  voluntatem  perspiciemua  in 
Caaou    MQi  valde  aaieiuuB  est.    Ad  Ati.  16. 15. 

P  p 


578  "fu^  L.1PB 

*.Cik.7<».     Cic.CX     ('«.-M.  AniwMU.    P.  Cmicliia 

wrvioe,  and  the  tireAent  encoiira^tnrnt  of  Brulm,  to  p 
U  BOOH  fes  p4N«ible,  some  public  declaration  in  lib  &tci 
went,  therefore,  to  tlic  senate  very  et^ly,  wliidi,  beisg: 
served  by  tin-  other  senators,  presently  drew  togietbnifl 
bouue,  in  expeetatioD  of  bearing  his  sentiments  in  so  n 
critical  it  Mtuation  of  public  atfaits '. 

He  saw  the  war  actually  commenced  in  the  very  bo*M 
llalyt  on  tlie  success  of  which  depended  the  fate  of  Ronenl 
Oatil  would  certauily  be  lost,  and  with  it,  probably.  tKeK 
lie,  if  Brutus  was  not  supported  against  tlie  supenot  fgi 
Antony:    that  tlicre  was   no  way  of  doing  it  so  leailfa 
effectual,   as   by   employing  Octavius   and   his   troopi:  f 
though  the  entrusting  liim  with  that  commission  would  di 
a  dangerous  power  into  his  hands,  yet  it  would  be  cootnUi| 
by  the  equal  power  and  superior  authority  of  the  two  a 
who  were  i«  be  joined  with  him  in  the  same  command.         V* 

The  senate  being  assembled,  the,  tribunes  acquainted  ium,\ 
that  the  business  of  tliat  meeting  was,  to  proviile  a  guard  {*lc 
the  security  of  the  new  consuls,  and  the  protection  of  ^1| 
•enate,  in  the  freedom  of  their  debates  i  but  that  thcv  S"^^^ 
liberty  withal  of  taking  the  whole  state  of  the  repuitlw  M 
consideration.  Upon  this  Cicero  opened  the  debate,  and  m 
presented  to  them  tlie  danger  of  their  present  condition,  a 
the  necessity  of  speedy  and  resolute  counsels  agaiast  an  e 
who  lost  no  time  in  attempting  their  ruin.  That  they  L 
been  ruined,  indeed,  before,  haa  it  not  been  for  the  conngtl 
and  virtue  of  young  Ciesar,  wbo,  contrary  to  all  expectadoit  1 
and  witiiout  being  even  desired  to  do,  what  no  man  thoa^  I 
possible  for  him  to  do,  had,  by  his  private  authority  and  et  | 
pense,  raised  a  strong  army  of  veterans,  and  baffled  the  desigw 


OF  CICERO.  579 

A.Uib.709.    ClceS.    Cotk— M.ABtoiiiut.    P.  Comeliui  DoktbolU. 

«B  bora  lor  the  good  of  the  republic;  the  imitator  of  his 
«lon;  naYf  had  even  exoeeded  their  merit;  for  the  first 
las  expdied  a  proud  king — ^he  a  fellow  subject,  far  more 
id  and  profligate ;  that  Tarquin,  at  the  time  of  his  expid- 
I  was  actnalfy  making  war  for  the  people  of  Rome;  but 
mjf  on  the  contraryi  had  actually  begun  a  war  against 
k  Tliat  it  was  necessary,  therefore,  to  confirm  by  public 
ority,  what  Brutus  had  done  by  private,  in  preserving  the 
iaee  of  Ghanl,  the  fibwer  of  Italy,  and  the  bulwark  of  the 
k9\  Then,  after  largely  inveighingr  acainst  Antony's 
jMter^  and  enumerating^  particularly  idl  Us  cruelties  and 
mess,  he  exhorts  them,  in  a  pathetic  manner,  to  act  with 
age  in  defence  of  the  republic,  or  die  bravely  in  the  air 
H:  that  now  was  the  time  either  to  recover  their  Uberty, 
I  five  fiir  ever  slaves :  that  if  the  &tal  day  was  come,  and 
m  was  destined  to  perish,  it  would  be  a  shame  for  them, 
iDvernon  of  the  world,  not  to  fall  with  as  much  courage  as 
wfioit  were  used  to  do,  and  die  with  dignity,  rather  than 
with  di8^;nioe.  He  puts  them  in  mind  of  the  many  aiiU 
Bgtts  which  they  had  towards  encouraging  their  hopes  and 
[atioo;  the  body  of  the  people,  alert  and  eager  in  the 
a;  young  Cnsar  in  the  guard  of  the  city;  JBrutus  of 
1 ;  two  consuls  of  the  greatest  prudence,  virtue,  concord 
reen  themselves;  who  had  been  meditating  nothing  else, 
uany  months  past,  but  the  public  tranquillity:  to  all  which 
iromises  his  own  attention  and  vigilance,  both  day  and 
it,  for  their  safety '.  On  the  whole,  therefore,  he  gives 
vote  and  opinion,  that  the  new  consuls,  C.  Pansa  and 
iirtius,  should  t^e  care  that  the  senate  may  meet  with 
rity  on  the  first  of  January :  that  D.  Brutus,  emperor  and 
ttl  elect,  had  merited  greatly  of  the  republic,  by  defending 
mthority  and  liberty  of  the  senate  and  people  of  Rome : 
his  army,  the  towns  and  colonies  of  his  province,  should 
oblidy  thanked  and  praised  for  their  fidehty  to  him ;  that 
ould  be  declared  to  be  of  the  last  consequence  to  the  re* 
lic^  that  D.  Brutus  and  L.  Plancus  (who  commanded  the 
ler  Graul),  emperor  and  consul  elect,  as  well  as  all  others 
had  the  command  of  provinces,  should  keep  them  in  their 
'  to  the  senate,  till  successors  were  appointed  by  the  senate : 
since,  by  the  pains,  virtue,  and  conduct  of  youn^  Csesar, 
the  assistance  of  the  veteran  soldiers  who  followed  liim,  the 
lilio  had  been  delivered,  and  was  still  defended  from  the 
lest  dangers;  and  since  the  mardal  and  fourth  legions, 
nr  that  excellent  citizen  and  quaestor,  Egnatuleius,  had 

»  niid.  4,  5.  *  Ibid.  14,  Ac. 

pp  2 


A.UiKTOO.    Ck.63.    Co«^-M.  Antoaiu.     P.  CnwUta  DohUk 

voluntarily  dedared  for  the  authority  of  the  senate,  id 
liberty  of  tbe  people,  th&t  the  senate  should  take  tpeai 
that  aue  hououra  and  thanka  be  paid  to  them  for  Aor 
nent  services ;  and  that  the  new  consuls,  on  thor  ert 
into  office,  should  make  it  their  first  business  to  gee  d 
executed  in  proper  form :  to  all  which  the  house  unaoiai 
agreed,  and  ordered  a  decree  to  be  drawn  confomnUjI 
(pinion. 

From  the  senate  he  passed  directly  to  tfae  Fonira,  ■! 
speech  to  the  people,  crsve  an  account  of  what  bad  psw 
begins,  by  signifying  nis  ioy  to  see  so  great  a  concount 
him,  greater  than  be  had  ever  remenibered,  a  snre  <■ 
their  good  inclinations,  and  an  encouia^ment  both  tok 
deavours  and  his  hopes  of  recovering  the  republic  TV 
repeals  with  some  variation,  what  ne  had  delivered  i 
senate,  of  the  praises  of  Csesar  and  Brutus,  and  the  * 
designs  of  Antony :  that  the  race  of  the  Brutuses  wis 
to  them  by  the  special  providence  of  the  gods,  for  the  per 
defenders  and  deliverers  of  the  republic  * :  that,  by  wb 
senate  had  decreed,  they  had,  in  fact,  though  not  in  e 
words,  declared  Antony  a  public  enemy  :  that  they  mui 
sider  him,  therefore,  as  such,  and  no  longer  as  consul 
they  had  to  deal  with  an  enemy,  with  whom  no  terms  of 
could  be  made;  who  thirsted  not  so  much  after  theii 
as  their  blood :  to  whom  no  sport  was  so  agreeable, 
see  citizens  butchered  before  his  eyes:  that  the  gods, 
ever,  dy  j><>rtents  and  priKliLries,  ^ecmorf  to  forctel  lii.s  ■ 
downfall,  since  such  a  consent  and  union  of  all  ranks  i 


OP  CICERO.  581 

A.  UrK  709.    Cic.  63.    Cobs.— M.  Antonius.    P.  Cornelius  DoUbclk. 

Aurioff  arms  and  troops  for  the  ^uard  of  the  new  consuls, 
the  defence  of  the  state :  and  me  new  levies  were  carried 
rith  the  greater  diligence,  for  the  certain  news  that  was 
\ght  to  Rome,  that  Antony  was  actually  besie^ng  Modena, 

which  Brutus,  unable  to  oppose  him  in  the  field,  had 
wn  himself,  with  all  his  forces,  as  the  strongest  town  of  his 
ince,  and  the  l>est  provided  to  sustain  a  siege.  Young 
ar,  in  the  meanwhile,  without  expecting^  the  orders  of  the 
te,  but  with  the  advice  of  Cicero,  by  which  he  now 
amed  himself  in  every  step,  marched  out  of  Rome,  at  the 
1  of  his  troops,  and  followed  Antony  into  the  province,  in 
r  to  observe  his  motions,  and  take  all  occasions  of  dis- 
itng  him :  as  well  as  to  encourage  Brutus  to  defend  himself 

Tiffour,  till  the  consuls  could  brin^  up  the  grand  army, 
th  uiey  were  preparing  for  his  relief. 


SECTION  X. 

A,  Urb.710.    Cic.  64.    Coss.— C.  Vibius  Paiwa.    A.  Hirtius. 

N  the  opening  of  the  year,  the  city  was  in  great  expecta- 

to  see  what  measures  their  new  consuls  would  pursue: 

had  been  at  school,  as  it  were,  all  the  summer  to  Cicero, 

ling  the  plan  of  tlieir  administration,  and  taking  their  les- 

ot  government  from  him,  and  seem  to  have  been  brought 

rely  into  his  general  view,  of  establishing  the  peace  and 

•ty  of  the  republic,  on  the  foundation  of  an  amnesty.    But 

:  great  obligations  to  Csesar,  and  long  engagements  with 

party,  to  which  they  owed  all  their  fortunes,  had  left  some 

pies  in  them,  which  gave  a  check  to  their  zeal,  and  dis- 

d  them  to  act  with  more  moderation  against  old  friends, 

the  condition  of  the  times  would  allow ;  and,  before  the 

^riment  of  arms,  to  try  the  gentler  method  of  a  treaty, 

li  these  sentiments,  as  soon  as  tliey  were  inaugurated,  they 

red  into  a  deliberation  with  the  senate,  on  the  present 

i  of  the  republic,  in  order  to  perfect  what  had  been  resolved 

1  at  their  last  meeting,  and  to  contrive  some  farther  means 

he  security  of  the  public  tranquillity.     They  both  spoke 

great  spirit  and  firmness,  offering  themselves  as  leaders, 

sserting  the  liberty  of  their  country,  and  exhorting  the 

nbly  to  courage  and  resolution  in  the  defence  of  so  good  a 

e  * :  and  when  they  had  done,  they  culled  upon  Q.  Fufius 

t  oratio  Consulum  aniinuni  mcum  eroxit,  speuiquo  attulit  noD  modo  salutis  con- 
dm,  verum  ctiam  dignitatis  pristinae  recupcmnds.     Ibid.  5. 1 . 


OVZ  THE    LIFE 

A  I'lkTI";     CicSt.     Cva.— C.  T»a>  P^     J 

Calnw.  t9  ikfirer  bis  •endmeiits  the  finL  He  UM 
eoBsnl  fasr  tor  (wAxe,  by  Cksmt's  Domiiutiim,  sd  ^i 
fatbcr-in-bw  to   PuhBt   whi^    br  emtooL,  wtt         "  ' 

grasad  for  pa>~in^  bim  tint  comptiiDeot :  Cicero'j 

alnadr  «ell  linown :  be  was  for  tbe  sbortest  and  nvlifllfljf 
W  «xniii£  at  tb«ir  rod,  by  drdario^  Antony  a  pobGe  oM 
■ad.  wiihoat  loss  of  time,  acting  jgaitft  )iini  bv  opca  Wt 
b«  tbk  was  Dot  relebed  by  the  cobsoIs,  who  cafled,  &!^ 
^xm  C«l«nus,  to  speak  fint,  tbat,  aa  be  was  a  fart  foolfe 
AmoDT.  and  sore  to  be  on  tbe  moderate  side,  be  nuftlU 
MHK  sentiia^nts  of  that  sort  ioto  tbe  senate,  before  UMstf 
^t6e  a  contrary  impresBMi.  Caleaos's  opinion,  ihiiilH 
na,  that  before  they  proceeded  to  acts  of  hosdlitf,  If 
ihoald  send  an  emb»nr  to  Antonv,  to  admonish  hha  kl^ 
(ist  from  his  attempt  upon  Gaui.  and  sulHnit  to  the  H^^ 
at  the  senate  :  Kso  and  several  others  were  of  the  sameH^ 
alleging  it  to  be  unjust  and  cruel  to  condemn  a  man,  t^Af 
had  fim  heard  what  he  had  to  sav  for  himself. 

Bat  Cicero  opposed  this  motioD  with  great  wamd,irt 
only  as  «-ain  and  foolish,  but  dan<^roiis  and  pemidous:  hi4- 
dared  it  dishotiourable  to  treat  with  anv  one,  who  ma  b  ■■ 
against  his  countr}',  until  he  laid  them  down,  and  mni  it 
peace :  in  vhich  case  no  man  would  be  more  modetale  ■ 
Miuiiable  than  huo^lf :  that  they  had  in  effect  prodaimedUi 
■^ling  left  but  to  coiifinn  it  b»  i 
■~  -.-:  e.  ;'iie  of  the  great  towmoflttlyi 
li   lii^ir  consulelect,   ami  geaer^ 


ir  OP  tncBBO.  583 

nee  of  the  consticotion  of  the  repablic,  the  n»je«ty  <rf  the 
omao  people,  and  the  diadpline  of  thdr  anceston':  that 
Astever  was  tlie  porpow  of  their  mrnrnge,  it  would  agt&y 
tthit^:  if  to  beg  him  to  be  quiet,  he  would  deqiiae  it;  if  to 
•mmand  him,  he  vronld  not  obey  it:  that»  without  any  poa- 
ble  good,  it  would  be  a  eertain  damage;  would  Decenarily 
■eate  delay  and  obatrnctioD  to  the  <q>eTations  of  the  war: 
aeck  the  zeal  of  tiie  army ;  damp  the  ^irits  of  the  pei^l^ 
'faom  tliey  novr  ^w  lo  briBk  and  eager  in  the  cause :  taat  the 
.Te&test  revolutions  oS  affiiin  were  effected  often  by  trifling 
Dcidents ;  and,  above  all,  in  dril  wan,  whidi  were  generally 
rovemed  by  popular  tnmoar:  that  bow  visoroos  aoever  their 
nstructions  were  to  the  ambassadors,  that  they  would  be  little 
i^nrded :  the  very  name  of  an  embassy  implied  a  diffidence 
aw  fear,  which  was  sufficient  to  cool  the  ardour  of  th«r 
nends*:  they  migbt  order  him  to  retire  frtmi  Modena;  to 
|int  the  province  of  Gaul;  but  this  was  not  to  be  obtained  by 
ivorda,  but  extorted  by  anna :  that  while  the  ambassadora  were 
going  and  coming,  people  would  be  in  doubt  and  auspense 
■boot  the  success  of  their  negociation ;  and,  under  the  ezpeo- 
bitioD  of  a  doubtful  war,  wlwt  pn^resa  could  they  hope  to 
make  in  their  levies?  that  his  opinion,  therefore,  was,  to  make 
no  farther  mention  of  an  embassy,  but  to  enter  instantly  into 
action:  that  there  should  be  a  cessation  of  all  civil  busmess; 
paUic  tumult  proclaimed ;  the  shops  shut  up ;  and  that,  instead 
of  tbeir  usual  eown,  they  should  all  put  on  the  sagum,  or  habit 
t^  war :  and  that  levies  of  soldiers  should  be  made  in  Rome, 
and  through  Italy,  without  any  exception  of  privilege  or  dis- 
mission from  service  :  that  the  very  fame  of  this  vigour  would 
restrain  the  madness  of  Antony,  and  let  the  world  see  that  the 
case  was  not,  as  lie  pretended,  a  struggle  only  of  contending 
|Mfftiei,  but  a  real  war  against  the  commonwealth:  that  the 
wlKrie  republic  should  be  committed  to  the  consuls,  to  take 
I  that  it  received  no  detriment:  that  pardon  should  be 
red  to  those  of  Antoi^s  army,  who  should  return  to  their 
./  before  the  first  of  February :  that  if  they  did  not  come 
mis  resolution  now,  they  would  be  forced  to  do  it  afterwards, 
MMD  it  would  be  too  late,  perhaps,  or  less  effectual '. 

.'fhiswaithe  sum  of  what  he  advised  as  to  their  conduct 
Ipmrda  Antony :  he  next  proceeded  to  the  other  subject  of 
Avr  debate~'Uie  honoura  which  were  ordered  to  be  decreed  at 
AA  last  meeting,  and  began  with  D.  Brutus,  as  consul  elect; 
in  fimnir  of  whom,  besides  many  high  expressions  of  prmse,  he 
ptoposed  a  decree  to  this  effect : — Whereas  D.  Brutus,  em-> 


intvb 
vmis 


THE    LIFE 


pcrWi  cwMiul  cl«ct,  now  liolds  the  piwnnw  rf  (iaiU 
l»wer  of  tlie  senate,  and  pt^ople  of  Rome ;  aad  by  At 
MMMtaucv  of  die  towns  and  colonies  of  bis  proriMC,  h 
loti<rtWr  K  gieat  armv  in  a  short  time;  thai  he  Im 
tki»  ri^titly  and  regularly,  and  for  tiie  sernoe  of  thefl 
that  it  is  the  sense,  therefore,  of  the  senate  and  f 
tbv  rvfMiblic  has  been  relievevt,  in  a  most  diffinll  a 
by  the  pwns  coutisei,  virtue  of  I>.  Bnitns,  i 
eWt,  and  by  the  incredible  zeal  and  c 
vinre  of  Gonl.     He  mored  also  for  an  extraordiavr  ^ 


M.  i^-pidiiN,  who  hud  no  pretension  to  it,  iiKle«<i,  A 
Nervicea,  but.  being  now  at  the  head  of  the  best  am^ ittl 
empire,  was  in  condition  to  do  the  most  good  or  ill  ta  ikiil 
wny  man.  'I'hifi  was  the  ground  of  the  compliment;  farfcl 
foith  being  suspected,  and  his  union  with  Antonv  draM| 
Ucvro  hoped,  by  tJiis  testimony  of  tbeir  confidence,  (an 
him  in  tlie  inlereulA  of  the  senate  ;  bnt  Ite  seems  tu  he  hlril'l 
ti>  ilf  for  a  pretext  of  merit  to  ground  his  decree  opoaihl 
takes  notice,  that  Lepidus  was  alwa>-s  moderate  in  power,  iril 
a  friend  to  liWrty  :  tliat  he  gave  a  signal  proof  of  it,  "ki  I 
Antony  offered  Uie  diadem  to  Caesar;  for,  hy  tumii^anyl*  I 
face,  be  publicly  testified  his  arersion  to  slarery,  and  thu  111  I 
compliance  with  the  times  was  throii|;)i  necessiir,  not  Aaa:  ' 
that,  since  Caesar's  death,  he  liad  practised  the  same 
tivn ;  and  when  a  bloody  war  wait  rev-ived  in  Spain, 
put  an  end  to  it,  by  the  methods  of  prudence  and  humaoin,  | 
nufacr  than  by  arms  and  the  sword,  and  consented  to  tiierc 
ration  of  ^.  I'ompev  ' ;  for  which  reason  he  proposed  the  fdl* 
lowing  decree: — VMiereas  the  republic  hiw  often  been  wdl  , 
and  luippily  iidminislereil  by  ^J-  Lepidiis,  the  chief  priests  ' 


"  OF   CICERO.  685 

A.Urb.7lO.    Cic.64.    Coas.-^.  Vibius  Panu.    A.  Hirtlus. 

jDuniasion  and  command  over  his  troops,  without  which  he 

hU  be  of  no  use  to  them,  and  that  he  should  have  tlie  rank 

mi  all  the  rifi^hts  of  a  proprsetor,  not  only  for  the  sake  of  his 

imitv,  but  me  necessary  management  of  their  affairs,  and  the 

iwiniatration  of  the  war ;  and  then  offers  the  form  of  a  decree: 

•M^Whereas  C.  Csesar,  the  son  of  Caius,  priest,  proprsetor,  has, 

•  the  utmost  distress  of  the  republic,  excited  and  enlisted 

fMeran  troops,  to  defend  the  liberty  of  the  Roman  people ; 

APod  whereas  the  martial  and  fourth  legions,  under  the  leading 

mid  authority  of  C.  Ceesar,  have  defended,  and  now  defend  the 

Ii0pnbli<^  ana  the  liberty  of  the  Roman  people ;  and  whereas 

4C  Cosar  is  gone,  at  the  head  of  his  army,  to  protect  the  pro- 

jmoe  of  Gaul ;  has  drawn  together  a  body  ot  horse,  archers, 

dephants,  under  his  own  and  the  people's  power ;  and,  in  the 

9ttd8t  dangerous  crisis  of  the  republic,  has  supported  the  safety 

Mod  dignity  of  the  Roman  people ;  for  these  reasons,  the  senate 

decrees,  that  C.  Caesar,  the  son  of  Caius,  priest,  proprsetor, 

be  henceforward  a  senator,  and  vote  in  the  rank  and  place  of  a 

prater;  and  that,  in  soliciting  for  any  future  magistracy,  the 

MUne  r^ard  be  had  to  him,  as  would  have  been  had  by  law,  if 

Jbe  had  been  qusestor  the  year  before  \     As  to  those   who 

ftlioaght  these  honours  too  great  for  so  young  a  man,  and 

apprehended  danger  from  his  abuse  of  them,  he  declares  dieir 

raprehensions  to  be  the  effect  of  envy  rather  than  fear,  since 

the  nature  of  things  was  such  that  he,  who  hud  once  got  a 

taste  of  true  glory,  and  found  himself  universally  dear  to  the 

senate  and  people,  could  never  think  any  other  acquisition 

equal  to  it :  lie  wishes  that  J.  Caesar  had  t^iken  the  same  course, 

when  young,  of  endearing  himself  to  the  senate  and  honest 

men ;  but,  by  neglecting  that,  he  spent  the  force  of  his  great 

genius  in  acquiring  a  vain  popularity,  and,  having  no  regard 

to  the  senate,  and  the  better  sort,   opened  himself  a  way  to 

power  which  the  virtue  of  a  free  people  could  not  bear :  that 

there  was  nothing  of  this  kind  to  be  feared  from  the  son,  nor, 

after   the  proof  of  such  admirable   prudence  in  a  boy,  any 

eround  to  imagine  that  his  riper  age  would  be  less  prudent : 

for  what  greater  folly  could  there  be,  than  to  prefer  a  useless 

power,  an  invidious  greatness,   the  lust  of  reigning,  always 

slippery  and  tottering,  to  true,  weighty,  solid  glory  ?     If  they 

suspected  him  as  an   enemy  to  some  of  their  best  and  most 

valued  citizens,  they  might  lay  aside  those  fears ;  he  had  given 

up  all  his  resentments  to  the  republic  :  made  her  the  modera- 

trix  of  all  his  acts ;  that  he  knew  the  most  inward  sentiments 

of  the  youth  ;  would  pawn  his  credit  for  him  to  the  senate  and 

«  Ibul.  17. 


586  THS    UPB 

A.l'ik710-  CicM. 
people ;  would  proiuM,  engage,  imdeTtake,  that  ^  «dl 
■Inrays  be  the  nine  that  be  now  was :  such  aa  they  iImmU  «tt 
and  denre  to  see  him  ■.  He  proceeded  also  to  em  >  P^ 
testitnonial  of  pnisc  and  thanks  to  L.  ^patofein^  m  H 
iideUtj-  to  the  republic,  in  bringing  over  the  fomlh  Lepoaia 
"  '        ivea,  that   it      "  •-   •  ->- 


Antony  to  Casar ;  and 


:  mig^t  be  gnoMll 


I,  for  that  piece  of  service,  to  sue  for  and  bM  soy  ■» 
tracy  three  years  before  the  legal  time '.  Lastly,  ss  H  ■ 
veteran  troops,  which  had  FoIIowmI  the  authority  of  Cassr  al 
dte  senate,  and  especially  the  martial  and  fourth  legioH,  b 
moved,  that  an  exemption  from  service  should  be  decreed  k 
them  and  their  chiloren,  except  in  the  case  of  a  gilBe  * 
domestic  tumult ;  and  that  the  consuls  C,  Pansa  and  A.  fr 
tins,  or  one  of  them,  should  provide  lands  in  Campsnii,  ■ 
dsewbere,  to  be  divided  to  them ;  and  that,  as  soon  m  Ik 
present  war  was  over,  they  should  all  be  dischai^ed,  ssdpfl» 
tnally  receive  whatever  sums  of  money  C.  Cnsar  had  prooM 
to  them  when  they  iirat  declared  for  him. 

This  was  the  substance  of  his  speech,  in  the  latter  psit  4 
which,  the  proposal  of  honours,  the  senate  readily  agreed  «iA 
him ;  and  though  those,  which  were  decreed  to  Odans, 
seemed  so  extraordinary  to  Cicero  himself,  that  he  thoiwbt  it 
proper  to  make  an  apology  for  them,  yet  diere  were  otha% 
of  the  first  rank,  who  thought  them  not  great  enough ;  so  Ihil 
Fhilinpus  added  the  honour  of  a  statue ;  Ser.  Sirlpirius  sal 
Servilius  the  privilege  of  suing  for  any  magistracy,  still  earlio 
tliiili    CictTO   liaA    I'ruiiHjsod '.      But  tbt'   assembly   was  mudl 


(^  OF  CICBRO.  687 

^T  A.Vri».nO.   010.64.    Com,^^.TMmfaMt.    A.  Hirtitt. 


S'flabidiiflf  L.  Puo^  and  L.  PhiHppiis :  bat  their  eominiarioo 
Ikttndly  limited,  and  drawn  np  by  Cicero  himself:  giving 
iki  BO  power  to  treat  with  Antony,  but  to  cany  to  him  only 
.  mi'tamnptory  eommanda  of  the  senate,  to  qoit  the  si^  of 
jpMMAa^  and  desist  finom  all  hostilities  in  Gam ;  they  had  in* 
'oni^  likewise,  after  the  delivenr  of  their  message,  to 
with  D.  Bmtits  in  Modena,  and  signify  to  him  and  * ' 


-dial  die  senate  and  the  pemle  haia  a  grateful  sense  of 
aarnoes,  whk^  wonld  one  day  be  a  great  honour  to 


1 


«^Tha  nnosoal  length  of  these  debates  greatly  raised  the 
tiaridslty  of  the  city,  and  drew  the  wlurie  Imy  en  the  people 
Ae  Fonun,  to  expect  the  issne ;  where,  as  they  baa  done 
not  long  before,  they  coold  not  forbear  calling  ont  upon 

BiO  with  me  vcnce,  to  come  and  give  them  an  aooonnt  of 

itm  deliberations'.  He  wen^  therrfore,  directly  from  the 
MBSle  into  the  rostra,  produced  by  Appuleius,  the  tribune, 
said  acquainted  them,  in  a  q>eedi,  with  the  result  of  their 
ijabates, — ^that  the  senate,  excepting^  a  few,  after  diey  had 
MDOd  firm  for  three  days  to  his  opinion,  had  g^ven  it  up  at 
with  less  gravity,  indeed,  tnan  became  them,  yet  not 
ily  or  shamefully,  having  decreed  not  so  much  an  embassy 
M  a  denunciation  of  war  to  Antony,  if  he  did  not  obey  it; 
which  carried,  indeed,  an  appearance  of  severity ;  and  he  wished 
only  that  it  had  carried  no  delay :  that  Antony,  he  was  sure, 
would  never  obey  it,  nor  ever  submit  to  their  power,  who  had 
never  been  in  bis  own :  that  he  would  do  therefore,  in  that 
plaoe^  what  he  had  been  doing  in  the  senate ;  testify,  warn, 
and  declare  to  them,  beforehand,  that  Antony  would  perform 
no  part  of  what  their  ambassadors  were  sent  to  require  of  him 
«— tnat  he  would  still  waste  the  country,  besiege  Modena,  and 
not  suffer  the  ambassadors  themselves  to  enter  the  town,  or 
speak  with  Brutus :  "  Believe  me,''  says  he,  '<  I  know  the 
violence,  the  impudence,  the  audaciousness  of  the  man :  let 
our  ambassadors  then  make  haste,  which  I  know  they  are 
resolved  to  do :  but  do  you  prepare  your  military  habit ;  for  it 
18  a  part  also  of  our  decree,  that,  if  he  does  not  comply,  we 
must  all  put  on  that  garb :  we  shall  certainly  put  it  on :  he 
will  never  obey :  we  shall  lament  the  loss  of  so  many  dajrp, 
which  might  have  been  employed  in  action  '•     I  am  not  afraid, 

'  Qnamquam  non  est  ilk  legatio,  sed  denunciatio  belli,  nisi  parueriU-^nittuntur  cnim 
mi  nancient,  ne  oppugnet  Consulem  dettgnatum,  ne  Mutinam  obeidcat,  no  ProTinciam 
dnopulctiir.    Philip.  6.  2. 

Dantar  nuuidata  legatif,  ut  D.  Brutum,  militesaoe  cjui  adcant,  &c.  Ibid.  S. 

*  Quid  eso  de  univeno  populo  R.  dicam  ?  qui  pleno  ac  referto  foro  bit  me  una  mento 
atqoe  voce  in  concionem  vocavit.    Ibid.  7. 8. 

*  Ilnd.  6. 1, 2, 3. 


588  THE   LIFE 

A.  l'Tb.71U.  CV.64.  Com.— C.  ViUiu  PuuB.  A.  Hiidui. 
when  he  cornea  to  hear  how  I  have  declared  this  befoTeliatid, 
that,  for  the  sake  of  confuting  me,  he  should  change  hia  mio4 
and  submit.  He  will  never  do  it ;  will  not  envy  me  tUi 
glory  ;  will  choose  rather,  that  you  i^ould  think  me  wise  thn 
him  modest"  He  obsen'es,  that  though  it  would  hare  been 
better  to  send  no  message,  yet  some  good  would  flow  fron  it 
to  tlie  republic ;  for  when  the  ambassadors  shall  make  die  re- 
port, which  thpy  surely  uill  make,  of  Antony's  refusal  to  obey 
the  people  and  senate,  who  can  be  so  perveTse,  as  to  look  npan 
him  any  longer  as  a  citizen  ? — "  Wherefore  wait,"  says  be, 
*'  with  patience,  citizens,  the  return  of  the  ambassadon,  and 
digest  the  inconvenience  of  a  few  days:  if  on  their  return  they 
hrmg  peace,  call  me  prejudiced;  if  war,  provident '."  Then, 
after  a.s.<inr!ng  them  of  hia  perpetual  vigilance  for  their  safe^, 
and  applauaing  their  wondertiil  alacrity  in  the  cause,  and 
declaring,  that  of  all  the  assemblies  which  he  had  seen,  he  had 
never  known  so  full  a  one  as  tlie  present,  he  thus  concludes; 
"  The  season  of  liberty  is  now  come,  my  citizens,  much  later, 
indeed,  than  became  tlie  people  of  Rome;  but  bo  ripe  now, 
tliat  it  cannot  be  deferred  a  moment.  What  we  have  LithertB 
sufTered  was  owing  to  a  kind  of  fatality,  which  we  have  borne 
as  well  as  we  could :  but  if  any  such  case  should  happen  again, 
it  must  be  owing  to  ourselves :  it  is  not  possible  for  the  people 
of  Home  to  he  slaves,  whom  the  gods  have  destined  to  the 
command  of  all  nations :  the  aKiir  b  now  reduced  to  the  last 
extremity ;  the  struggle  is  for  liberty ;  it  is  your  part  either  to 
conquer,  which  will  surely  be  (lie  fruit  of  your  piety  and  < 


OF  CICBRO.  589 

A.Urii.710.    Cie.6i.    Coas.  ~>0.  Tibius  Paoflu    A.  Uiniui. 

Antony's  refusal  to  comply  with  what  was  enjoined ;  contriving 

Sedous  answers  for  him,  and  representing  them  as  a  reason- 
le  ground  of  an  accommodation,  in  hopes  to  cool  the  ardour 
of  the  city  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war :  Calenus  was  at  the 
head  of  tiiis  party,  who  kept  a  constant  correspondence  with 
Antony,  and  took  care  to  publish  such  of  his  letters  as  were 
proper  to  depress  the  hopes  and  courage  of  his  adversariesy  and 
keep  up  the  spirits  of  his  friends  K 

Cicero^  dierefore,  at  a  meeting  of  the  senate,  called  in  'this 
interval  about  certain  matters  ot  ordinary  form,  took  occasion 
to  rouse  the  zeal  of  the  assembly,  by  warning  them  of  the 
mischief  of  these  insinuations.  He  ooserved,  tliat  the  aflSurs 
then  proposed  to  their  deliberation  were  of  little  consequence, 
though  necessary  in  the  common  course  of  public  business, 
abont  the  Appian  way,  the  coin,  the  Luperci,  which  would 
easilv  be  adjusted ;  but  that  his  mind  was  called  off  from  the 
consideration  of  them  by  the  more  important  concerns  of  the 
republic :  that  he  had  always  been  afraid  of  sending  the 
embassy :  and  now  every  booy  saw  what  a  languor  the  expeo- 
tation  of  it  had  caused  in  people's  minds,  and  what  a  handle  it 
had  given  to  the  practices  of  those,  who  grieved  to  see  the 
senate  recovering  its  ancient  authority ;  the  people  united  with 
them;  all  Italy  on  the  same  side ;  their  armies  prepared;  their 
generals  ready  to  take  the  field :  who  feign  answers  for  Antony, 
and  applaud  uiem  as  if  they  had  sent  ambassadors  not  to  give, 
but  receive  conditions  from  him.  Then,  after  exposing  the 
danger  and  iniquity  of  such  practices,  and  rallying  the  prin- 
cipd  abettor  of  them,  Calenus,  he  adds,  that  he,  who  all  his 
life  had  been  the  author  and  promoter  of  civil  peace ;  who 
owed  whatever  he  was,  whatever  he  had  to  it ;  his  honours, 
interest,  dignity,  nay,  even  the  talents  and  abilities  which  he 
was  master  of ;  ^^Yetl,"  says  he,   ''the  perpetual  adviser  of 

teace,  am  for  no  peace  with  Antony :" — where,  perceiving 
imself  to  be  heardf  with  attention,  he  proceeds  to  explain  at 
large,  through  the  rest  of  his  speech,  that  such  a  peace  would 
be  dishonourable,  dangerous,  and  could  not  possibly  subsist : 
he  exhorts  the  senate,  therefore,  to  be  attentive,  prepared,  and 
armed  beforehand;  so  as  not  to  be  caught  by  a  smooth  or 
suppliant  answer,  and  the  false  appearance  of  equity:  that 
Antony  must  do  every  thing  which  was  prescribed  to  him, 
before  he  could  pretend  to  ask  any  thing :  if  not,  that  it  was 
not  the  senate  which  proclaimed  war  against  him,    but  he 

'  nie  litteru  ad  te  mittat  de  tpe  sua  tecundarum  rerum  ?  oas  tu  l«tuB  proferas? — 
deacribendaa  etiam  des  improbis  ciyibos? — eorum  aiigeas  animoB?  bonofum  tpeni,  vir- 
tutemque  debilitea  ?    IbkL  7.  2. 


A.  t'ck.  Till.     ikC  <ii.    Com C.  TiUm  Pub.     A.  Uiitiu 

against  tlie  Honuui  people.  ■'  Bat  for  you,  &tliera,  1  give  ;« 
wBrning,"  suys  he :  "  the  question  before  you  concenu  Ac 
libortj'  of  tht>  neoiile  of  Rome,  which  u  entrusted  to  your  cue; 
it  concerns  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  every  honest  mu;  it 
conccrna  your  own  authority;  which  you  wfll  for  ever  low,  if 
you  <iu  not  retrieve  it  now.  I  admonish  you  too,  Panai;  for 
though  you  want  no  advice,  in  which  you  excel,  yet  the  bol 
pilots,  ill  ^eat  storms,  are  sometimes  admonisheci  by  pancA- 
gers :  never  suffiT  thnt  noble  provision  of  arms  and  troopti 
which  you  have  made,  to  come  to  nothing :  vou  have  such  u 
opportunity  before  you,  as  no  man  ever  had :  by  tliis  firmnm 
of  the  senate,  this  abcrity  of  the  equestrian  order,  this  ardov 
of  the  people,  you  have  it  in  your  power  to  free  the  republit 
for  ever  from  fear  ami  danger '." 

The  consuls,  in  the  mean  while,  were  taking  care  that  the 
expectation  of  the  effect  of  the  embassy  should  not  supermlc 
their  preparations  fur  war;  and  agreed  between  themselni, 
that  one  of  them  should  march  immediately  to  Gaul,  with  Uw 
troops  which  were  idready  provided,  and  the  other  stay  behiul 
to  perfect  the  new  lenes,  which  were  carried  on  with  greit 
success,  botli  in  the  city  and  the  country  ;  for  all  the  cafutil 
towns  of  Italy  were  vyinj;  with  each  other  in  voluntary  con- 
tributions of  money  ami  soldiers,  and  in  decrees  of  in6uny  and 
disgrace  to  those  wbu  refused  to  list  themselves  into  the  public 
ser^'ice '.  The  first  part  fell  by  lot  to  Hirtius  ' ;  who,  tuough 
but  lately  recovered  from  a  dangerous  indisposition,  marched 
awsy,  wi'thoHl  )o-.  of  tiiiiv,  nt  tht^  head  of  a  brjive  army;  and 


OF  CICERO.  591 

A.Uib.710.    Cic.64.    Cou.— C.  VibiuB  Pania.    A.  Hiitiui. 

riflon ;  his  horse  were  routed  in  the  action,  and  some  of  them 
alain  ^"  And  in  all  his  letters  to  Cicero,  he  assured  him,  that 
he  would  undertake  nothing  without  the  greatest  caution;  in 
answer,  probably,  to  what  Cicero  was  constantly  inculcating, 
not  to  expose  himself  too  forwardly,  till  Pansa  could  come  up 
to  him '. 

The  ambassadors  returned  about  the  beginning  of  February, 
baring  been  retarded  somewhat  longer  than  they  intended,  by 
the  d^th  of  Ser.  Sulpicius,  which,  happening  when  they  were 
just  arrived  at  Antony's  camp,  left  the  embassy  maimed  and 
imperfect,  as  Cicero  says,  by  the  loss  of  the  best  and  ablest 
man  of  the  three  '•  The  report  which  they  made  to  the  senate, 
answered  exactly,  in  every  point,  to  what  Cicero  had  foretold ; 
— that  Antony  would  perform  no  part  of  what  was  required, 
nor  suffer  them  even  to  speak  with  Brutus,  but  continued  to 
batter  the  town  with  ereat  fury  in  their  presence :  he  offered, 
however,  some  conditions  of  his  own,  which,  contrary  to  their 
instructions,  they  were  weak  enough  to  receive  from  him,  and 
kiy  before  die  senate :  the  purport  of  tliem  was,  that  the  senate 
aliould  assign  lands  and  rewaras  to  all  his  troops,  and  confirm 
all  the  other  grants  which  he  and  Dolabella  had  made  in  their 
eonsnlship :  that  all  his  decrees,  from  Caesar's  books  and  papers, 
should  stand  firm :  that  no  account  should  be  demandea  of  the 
money  taken  from  the  temple  of  Opis,  nor  any  inquiry  made 
into  the  conduct  of  the  seven  commissioners,  created  to  divide 
the  lands  to  the  veteran  soldiers ;  and  that  his  judiciary  law 
should  not  be  repealed.  On  these  terms,  he  offered  to  give 
up  Cisalpine  Gaul,  provided  that  he  might  have  the  greater 
Gaul  in  exchange  for  five  years,  with  an  army  of  six  legions, 
to  be  completed  out  of  the  troops  of  D.  Brutus  *• 

Pansa  summoned  the  senate  to  consider  the  report  of  the 
ambassadors,  which  raised  a  general  indignation  through  tlie 
city,  and  gave  all  possible  advantage  to  Cicero,  towards  oring- 
ing  the  house  into  his  sentiments :  but,  contrary  to  expecta- 
tion, he  found  Calenus's  pcirty  still  strong  enough  to  give  him 
much  trouble,  and  even  to  carry  some  points  against  nim ;  all 
tending  to  soften  the  rigour  of  his  motions,  and  give  them  a 

'  Dejeci  prBudium,  Claterna  potitus  sum,  fugati  equitcs,  pnelium  commiMum,  occia 
aUqiiot.    Ibid.  8.  2. 

'  Hirtiiis  nihil  nisi  considerate,  ut  mihi  crcbris  littcriB  significat,  acturui  vidobatur. 
£p.  Fam.  12. 5. 

*  Cum  Scr.  Sulpicius  state  illos  antciret,  sapicntia  orones,  subito  creptus  c  caussa 
totam  Irgationem  orbam  et  debilitatani  rcliqiiit.    Philip.  U.  1. 

*  Ante  Consulis  oculosquc  legatorum  tormentis  Mutinam  yerbcravit — no  punctum 
<|iiidem  temporis,  cum  legati  ade8«ent,  oppugnatio  respirant — cum  illi  contempti  et  re- 
ject] revertijuent,  dixissentoue  Senatui,  non  modo  ilium  e  Gallia  non  discessisse,  uti 
censnisaemuB,  sed  ne  a  Mutma  quidcm  reccsaiase,  potestatem  tibi  D.  Bruti  conreniendi 
non  tiiissc,  &c«  vid.  Ibid.  8.  7,  8,  9. 


592  THE    LIFE 

A.  Vrh.  no.     fie.  M.     I'm 

turn  more  fuvouiablv  towards  Antony.  He  moved  tlie 
to  (lecTPP,  tliat  a  war  or  reix>llion  was  actually  ctramii 
thuy  curried  it  for  a  tumiilc :  he  urged  them  to  declare  AnloH 
unt-nemy;  tliey  cirri cd  it  for  the  softer  term  of  adremv  : 
lie  propose<l  that  all  persons  should  be  prohibited  from  gMg 
to  Antony;  they  excepted  Vorius  Cotyln,  one  of  hit  Ii» 
teuants,  who  whs  then  in  tlie  senate,  takins'  notes  of  emj 
thin^  which  passed.  In  these  votes  Pansa  himself,  and  all  V 
consular  senators,  concurred :  oven  L.  Csesar,  who,  tboivk  i 
true  friend  to  lilwrty,  yet,  being  Antony's  uncle,  thought  oia- 
self  obliged,  by  decency,  to  vote  on  the  milder  side  '. 

Itut  Cicoro,  ill  his  turn,  easily  threw  out,  what  was  wanlf 
pressed  on  the  other  side,  the  proposal  of  a  second  embMT; 
and  curried,  likewise,  the  iDaiii  question,  of  requiring  at 
citizens  to  chungc  their  ordinary  gown  for  the  sagum,  or  hibit  ' 
of  war  :  by  which  tliey  decreed  the  thing,  while  they  reJMll^ 
the  name.  In  all  decrees  of  this  hind,  the  consular  senitci^ 
on  the  account  of  their  dignity,  were  excused  ftxim  cbangiflg 
their  habit ;  but  Cicero,  to  inculcate  more  sensibly  the  diota 
of  the  republic,  resolved  to  vraive  his  privilege,  and  wear  At 
same  robe  with  tlie  rest  of  the  city '.  In  a  letter  to  Camm, 
he  gives  the  following  short  account  of  the  state  of  things  tt 
thiH  time ; — "  We  liavc  excellent  consuls,  but  most  shamsM 
consulars :  a  brave  senate,  but  the  lower  they  are  in  dignity, 
the  braver  :  nothing  firmer  and  better  lluin  the  people,  and  all 
Italy  universally:  but  nothing  more  detestable  and  in&moM 
thau  our  anibast^durs,  I'hilip  and  Piso,  who,  whon  sent  only  U  I 


OF    CICERO.  593 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.64.    Com.— C.  Vibius  Pansa.     A.  Hirtius. 

war :  that  the  word  tumult,  which  they  had  preferred,  either 
earned  in  it  no  real  difference,  or  if  any,  implied  a  greater 
perturbation  of  all  things ' :  he  proved,  from  every  step  that 
Antony  had  taken  and  was  taking ;  from  every  thing  which 
the  senate,  the  people,  the  towns  of  Italy  were  domg  and 
decreeing  against  him,  that  they  were  truly  and  properly  in  a 
state  of  civil  war ;    the  fifth  which  had  happened  in  their 
memory,  and  the  most  desperate  of  them  all ;  being  the  first 
which  was  ever  raised,  not  by  a  dissension  of  parties,  con- 
tending for  a  superiority  in  the  republic,  but  against  an  union 
of  all  parties,  to  enslave  and  oppress  the  republic '.     He  pro- 
ceeds to  expostubte  with  Calenus,  for  his  obstinate  adherence 
to  Antony,  and  exposes  the  weakness  of  his  pretended  plea 
for  it— a  love  of  peace,  and  concern  for  the  lives  of  the  citi- 
SEens :  he  puts  him  in  mind,  that  there  was  no  juster  cause  of 
taking  arms,  tlian  to  repel  slavery ;  that  several  other  causes 
indeed  were  just,  but  this  necessary;  unless  he  did  not  take 
himself  to  be  affected  by  it,  for  the  hopes  of  sharing  the 
dominion  with  Antony :  if  so,  he  was  doubly  mistaken ;  first, 
for  preferring  a  private  interest  to  the  public ;  secondly,  for 
thinlung  any  thing  secure,  or  worth  enjoying  in  a  tyranny ; 
that  a  regard  for  the  safety  of  citizens  was  a  laudable  principle ; 
if  he  meant  the  good,  the  useful,  the  friends  to  their  country  : 
but  if  he  meant  to  save  those,  who,  though  citizens  by  nature, 
were  enemies  by  choice ;  what  difference  was  there  between 
him  and  such  citizens  ?   That  their  ancestors  had  quite  another 
notion  of  the  care  of  citizens ;  and  when  Scipio  Nasica  slew 
Tiberius  Gracchus,  when  Opimius  slew  Caius  Gracchus,  when 
Marius  killed    Saturninus,    they   were   all   followed   by   the 

Seatest  and  the  best  both  of  the  senate  and  the  people  :  that 
e  difference  between  Calenus's  opinion  and  his  was  not 
trifling,  or  about  a  trifling  matter ;  the  wishing  well  only  to 
this  or  that  man ;  that  he  wished  well  to  Brutus,  Calenus  to 
Antony ;  he  wished  to  see  a  colony  of  Rome  preserved,  Cale- 
nus to  see  it  stormed :  that  Calenus  could  not  deny  this,  who 
was  contriving  all  sorts  of  delay,  which  could  distress  Brutus 
and  strengthen  Antony  *.  He  then  addressed  himself  to  the 
other  consulars,  and  reproached  them  for  their  shameful  beha- 
viour the  day  before,  in  voting  for  a  second  embassy,  and  said, 
that  when  the  ambassadors  were  sent  against  his  judgment,  he 
comforted  himself  with  imagining,  that,  as  soon  as  they  should 
return,  despised  and  rejected  by  Antony,  and  inform  the  senate 
that  he  would  neither  retire  from  Gaul,  nor  quit  the  siege  of 
Modena,  nor  even  suffer  them  to  speak  with  Brutus ;  that,  out 

>  Philip.  8.  1.  -'  Ibid.  3.  3  Ibid.  4— (). 

1^4 


THE    LIFE 


»f  iiuli^imlioii,  they  sliould  all  arm  tlicmsel^'es  immediately  ■ 
tlie  ilcffiuf  «f  Brutus;  but.  on  the  contrary,  they  were  gnwi 
nion-  ilti[>iriie<l,  to  hear  of  AntunyS  aufiaciousness ;  and  thor 
ambaKxatluns  iiistoiid  uf  count)^,  whiclt  tliey  ought  to  ban 
brought,  liiul  bruu;;ht  hai-k  nothing  but  fear  to  tbem  *.  "Good 
CJml."  says  he,  "  what  is  become  of  the  virtue  of  our  incefr 
ton'f — W'lii'ii  Pdiiiliiis  wa«  sent  ambassador  to  Antiochus  "d 
onleretl  liim.  in  tlie  name  of  the  senute,  to  depart  from  Ale^ 
andriii,  whieli  lie  wm  then  be»ic-;riii^,  upon  the  kinff's  defeniog 
to  answer,  and  contrivinir  delays,  he  <irew  a  circle  round  him 
witli  liis  statT,  anil  baric  him  !;ivc  his  answer  instant)y<  befm 
he  stirred  mil  nf  that  place,  or  he  would  return  to  the  Minte 
wiiliout  ir."  IK'  ilicn  recites  and  ridicules  the  several  demaodi 
mmle  by  Antony:  their  arroffance,  slnpi<Iity,  absurditv:  aal 
'rcpriives  I'ino  and  I'liiliji,  men  of  such  dignity,  for  the'mmt- 
tiess  of  bringing  back  cinnlitionv,  when  they  were  sent  only  l> 
carry  commands :  he  ciiinphiins  that  tliey  paid  more  respect 
to  Antony's  ambassador,  Cotyhi,  than  he  to  their's :  for,  instead 
of  hhntting  the  gute^  nf  the  city  against  kim,  as  they  ouj^fat  to 
have  done,  they  admitteil  him  into  that  very  temple,  where 
tlie  senate  tlu-n  sat;  where,  the  day  before,  be  was  takiiw 
notes  of  what  every  man  said,  and  was  caressed,  invited,  m 
entertainctl,  hy  stnne  of  the  principal  setmtors,  who  had  tm 
little  n'gard  to  their  dignitv,  too  nmch  to  their  danger.  Bot 
what,  after  all,  was  the  danger,  which  must  ^ud  either  in 
liberty  or  death  ?  the  one  always  desirable,  the  other  im- 
avoidable  ;  while  to   fly   from    death  basely   was    worse   diaii 


OF  CICERO.  595 

A.  L'rb.  71U.   Cic.  ti4.    Cos*.— C.  Vibiiit  Pania.    A.  Hirtius. 

senate  in  their  favour ;  but  if  any  person,  from  this  time,  should 
go  over  to  Antony,  except  Cotyla,  that  the  senate  would  con- 
sider him  as  an  enemy  to  liis  country. 

The  public  debates  beings  thus  adjusted,  Pansa  called  the 
senate  together  affain  the  next  day,  to  deliberate  on  some 
proper  honours  to  be  decreed  to  the  memory  of  8er.  Sulpicius, 
who  died  upon  the  embassy :  he  spoke  largely  in  his  praise, 
and  advised  to  pay  him  all  the  honours  which  had  ever  been 
decreed  to  any,  wno  had  lost  their  lives  in  the  service  of  their 
country — a  public  funeral,  sepulchre,  and  statue.  Servilius, 
who  spoke  next,  agreed  to  a  funeral  and  monument,  but  was 
aeainst  a  statue,  as  due  only  to  those  who  had  been  killed  by 
violence,  in  the  discharge  of  their  embassies.  Cicero  was  not 
content  with  this,  but  out  of  private  friendship  to  the  man,  as 
well  as  a  regard  to  the  public  service,  resolved  to  have  all  the 
honours  paia  to  him,  which  the  occasion  could  possibly  justify : 
in  answer,  therefore,  to  Servilius,  he  sheweo,  with  his  usual 
eloquence,  that  the  case  of  Sulpicius  was  tlie  same  with  the 
case  of  those  who  had  been  killed  on  the  account  of  their  em- 
bassies :  that  the  embassy  itself  had  killed  him :  that  he  set 
out  upon  it  in  so  weak  u  condition,  that  though  he  had  some 
hopes  of  coming  to  Antony,  he  had  none  of  returning :  and 
when  he  was  just  arrived  to  the  congress,  expired  in  the  very 
act  of  executmg  his  commission  ^ :  that  it  was  not  the  manner, 
but  the  cause  of  the  death,  which  their  ancestors  regarded :  if 
it  was  caused  by  the  embassy,  they  granted  a  public  monu- 
ment, to  encourage  their  fellow-citizens,  in  dangerous  wars,  to 
undertake  that  employment  with  cheerfulness:  that  several 
statues  had  been  erected  on  that  account ;  which  none  had  ever 
merited  better  than  Sulpicius :  that  there  could  be  no  doubt 
but  that  the  embassy  had  killed  him ;  and  that  he  had  carried 
out  death  along  with  him,  which  he  might  have  escaped  by 
staying  at  home,  under  the  care  of  his  wife  and  children ' :  but 
when  ne  saw,  that  if  he  did  not  obey  the  authority  of  the 
senate,  he  should  be  unlike  to  himself,  and,  if  he  did  obey, 
must  necessarily  lose  his  life,  he  chose,  in  so  critical  a  state  of 
the  republic,  rather  to  die  than  seem  to  decline  any  service 
which  he  could  possibly  do  :  that  he  had  many  opportunities  of 
refreshing  and  reposin^r  himself  in  the  cities  through  which  he 
passed,  and  was  pressea  to  it  by  his  colleagues ;  but,  in  spite  of 
bis  distemper,  persevered  to  death  in  the  resolution  of  urging 
his  journey,  and  hastening  to  perform  the  commands  of  the 
senate :  that  if  they  recollected  now  he  endeavoured  to  excuse 
himself  from  the  task,  when  it  was  first  moved  in  the  senate. 


»  Ibid.  9.  1.  =»  Ibid.  3. 


THE    LIFE 


tlii-y  inu-it  iioihIh  tKiiik,  tliut  th'ia  honour  to  bim,  when  dead, 
was  lint  u  iii'ci'ssarv  amend:*  for  the  injury  which  they  hid 
(lmii>  tu  hitii  whi>ii  living:  for,  though  it  was  Iiursh  to  be  aid, 
yet  ho  mii-t  !<iy  ir,  that  it  was  they  who  bad  killed  hun,  by 
uvi<rrulinf{  his  ptcusc,  when  they  saw  it  grounded,  not  out 
fci^nixl,  l>iit  fi  real  sickiiusN ;  and  when,  to  their  remottstranct, 
Ihi.-  consul  I'lni^ta  joined  his  exhortation,  with  a  gravitv  lad 
force  of  Hiieech,  wliieii  Iti^  earn  had  not  learnt  to  bear ;  "  'l^hen,* 
i>ay«  he,  '*he  took  his  son  and  roe  aside,  and  professed,  tlntht 
eoiild  not  help  [>referriiig  your  authority  to  bis  own  life :  wt, 
tlirou;rh  admiration  of  his  virtue,  durst  not  venture  tooppoK 
hi^  will :  his  sun  was  tenderly  moved,  nor  was  my  coneen 
nuieh  levs;  vet  txitii  of  u^  were  obliged  to  give  waytotke 
frrl'iltne^s  of  liis  mind,  and  the  force  of  his  reasoning :  when,  to 
the  jiiy  of  yon  all,  he  pmmised  that  he  would  do  whatever  rn 

Iireseribed,  nor  would  decline  the  danger  of  that  vote,  of  wnid> 
ic  himself  had  been  the  t>ro|)oger :  restore  life,  therefore,  to  him 
from  whom  you  have  taken  it :  for  the  life  of  the  dead  is  in  the 
memory  of  the  living :  take  care  that  he  whom  you  iinwillin^y 
sent  tu  liiii  death,  receive  an  immortality  from  yon  :  for,  if  too 
decree  a  statue  to  )iim  in  tlic  rostra,  the  remembrance  of  hli 
embassy  will  remain  to  all  posterity — '."  Then,  after  illot- 
tratin^  the  great  virtues,  talonts,  and  excellent  character  of 
Suljiieius,  he  observes,  tliat  all  these  would  be  perpetuated  br 

their  own  merit  and  effects,  and  that  the  statue  wa»<  tlie  n '' 

■nent  rather  o 
tJu- 


[?r  of  the  patitudc  of  the  senate,  than  of  the  fame  of 

of  a  pubLc  rather  than  of  a  private  si)>;ni(ic;ition  ;  ta 


OF  CICERO.  597 

A.  UrK  710.    Cic.  0*4.     Co«9.— C.  Vibius  Paiisa.     A.  Ilirtiua. 

whom  he  kept  up  a  perpetual  friendship.     They  went  through 
their  exercises  together  when  young,  both  at  Rome  and  at 
Rhodes,  in  the  celebrated  school  of  Molo :  whence  he  became 
an  eminent  pleader  of  causes,  and  passed  through  all  the  great 
offices  of  the  state,  with  a  singular  reputation  of  wisdom,  learn- 
ing, integrity;   a  constant  admirer   of  the   modesty   of  the 
ancients;  and  a  reprover  of  the  insolence  of  his  own  times. 
When  he  could  not  arrive  at  the  first  degree  of  fame  as  an 
orator,  he  resolved  to  excel  in  what  was  next  to  it,  the  character 
of  a  lawyer ;  choosing  rather  to  be  the  first  in  the  second  art, 
than  the  second  only  in  the  first;  leaving,  therefore,  to  his 
friend  Cicero  the  field  of  eloquence,  he  contented  himself  with 
such  a  share  of  it,  as  was  sufficient  to  sustain  and  adorn  the 
profession  of  the  law.     In  this  he  succeeded  to  his  wish,  and 
was  far  superior  to  all  who  had  ever  professed  it  in  Rome ; 
being  the  first  who  reduced  it  to  a  proper  science,  or  rational 
system ;  and  added  light  and  method  to  that,  which  all  others 
before  him  had  taught  darkly  and  confusedly.     Nor  was  his 
knowledge  confined  to  the  external  forms  or  the  effects  of  the 
municipal  laws ;  but  enlarged  by  a  comprehensive  view  of  uni- 
▼ersal  equity,  which  he  made  the  interpreter  of  its  sanctions, 
and  the  rule  of  all  his  decisions;  yet  he  was  always  better 
pleased  to  put  an  amicable  end  to  a  controversy,  than  to  direct 
a  process  at  law.     In  his  political  behaviour,  he  was  always  a 
friend  to  peace  and  liberty;  moderating  the  violence  of  opposite 
parties,  and  discouraging  every  step  towards  civil  dissension ; 
and,  in  tlie  late  war,  was  so  busy  in  contriving  projects  of  an 
accommodation,  that  he  gained  the  name  of  the  peace-maker. 
Through  a  natural  timidity  of  temper,  confirmed  by  a  profes- 
sion and  course  of  life  averse  from  arms,  though  he  preferred 
Pompey's  cause  as  the  best,  he  did  not  care  to  nght  for  it:  but 
taking  Caesar  to  be  the  strongest,  suffered  his  son  to  follow 
that  camp,  while  he  himself  continued  quiet  and  neuter :  for 
this  he  was  honoured  by  Csesar,  yet  could  never  be  induced  to 
approve  his  government.     From  the  time  of  Caesar's  death,  he 
continued   still   to   advise   and   promote   all  measures   which 
seemed  likely  to  establish  the  public  concord;   and  died,  at 
last,  as  he   had  lived,  in  the  very  act  and  office  of  peace- 
making'. 


*  Non  facile  qucm  dixcrim  plus  studii  qunm  ilium  ct  ad  dicendum,  et  ad  omncs  bo- 
nurura  rcrum  discipiinas  adhibuissc :  nam  ct  in  iisdcm  cxercitationibuB  incuntc  (Ptate 
fuimuK  ;  ct  postea  Hbodum  una  ille  ctiam  profcctus  cut,  quo  mclior  esset  et  doctior:  et 
indc  ut  rcdut,  videtur  mihi  in  Bccunda  arte  primus  esse  maluisse,  quum  in  prima  se- 
cundus — Bcd  fortasac  maliiit,  id  quod  eat  adeptu««,  longe  omnium  non  rjuadem  modo 
fttatis,  »ed  corum  etiam  qui  fuissent  in  jure  civili  esse  princeps — -iuris  civilig  ma^^rnum 
u»nm  et  upud  Sca;volaju  ct  apud  multos  fuissc,  artcm  in  hoc  uno— hie  eniui  attulit  banc 
artcm— quasi  luccm  ad  ea,  qua;  confuse  ab  aliis  aut  rcspondebantur  ant  agebantur. 


I*  Puiu.     A.  Iliniui. 


Tlie  senate  bad  heard  iiotliing  of  Brutua  and  Cawiiu,  fron 
tite  time  of  their  leaving;  Italy,  till  Brutus  now  sent  paUie 
lettfrs  to  the  otiii'uls,  fnv'"i?  u  particular  account  of  his  tmatm 
a^^iiiist  Antony's  brother,  C'aius,  iii  securing;  Macedonia,  lUf- 
ricum,  and  Greece,  with  all  tlie  several  armies  in  duwe  com^ 
tries,  to  the  interests  of  the  republic:  that  C.  Antony  wair^ 
tired  to  Apollonia,  with  seven  cohorts,  where  a  good  acconat 
would  soon  be  given  of  him  :  tliat  n  legion,  under  L.  P'lao,  )ai 
surrendered  itself  to  young  Cicero,  the  commander  of  im 
horse :  tliat  Dolubella's  liorse,  which  n-as  marching  in  two  lep^ 
rote  bodies  towanls  Syria,  the  one  in  Thessaly,  the  other  b 
Macedonia,  hat)  deiHTted  their  leaders,  and  joined  themHlm 
to  him :  that  VatJnius  had  opened  tlic  gates  of  Dyrracfaium  1» 
him,  anti  given  up  the  town  with  his  troops  into  his  famidi; 
that  in  all  these  transactions,  Q.  Hortensius,  the  procoiuulirf 
Macedonia,  had  been  particularly  serviceable  lu  disposing  Ae 
provinces  and  tlieir  armies  to  declare  for  the  cause  of^ liberty '. 
I'ansa  no  sooner  received  tlie  letters,  than  he  summoned  tke 
senate,  to  acquaint  them  with  the  contents,  which  raised  an  in- 
credible joy  through  the  whole  city  '.  After  the  letten  were 
read,  Pntisu  spoke  largely  in  the  praises  of  Brutus ;  extolled 
his  conduct  and  services;  and  moved,  tliat  public  honours  ami 
thanks  should  be  decreed  to  him :  and  then,  according  to  lui 
custom,  called  upon  his  father-in-law,  Calenus,  to  decure  hii 
sentiments  the  first ;  wlio,  in  a  premeditated  speech,  delivered 
from  writing,  acknowledged  Brutus's  letters  to  be  well  and 
properly  drawn  ;  but  since  what  he  had  done  was  done  withoitt 


OF    CICBRO.  599 

A.  Urb.  710.    Gic.  64.    Cots.-^.  Vibim  Pum.    A.  Hirtius. 

and  began  with  giving  the  thanks  of  the  house  to  Pansa,  for 
calling  them  tc^ether  on  that  day,  when  they  had  no  expec- 
tation of  it;  and  not  deferring  a  moment  to  give  them  a  sliare 
of  the  joy  which  Brutus's  letters  had  brought  He  observes, 
that  Pansa,  by  speaking  so  largely  in  the  praise  of  Brutus, 
had  shewn  that  to  be  true,  which  lie  had  always  taken  to  be  so, 
that  no  man  ever  envied  another's  virtue,  who  was  conscious  of 
lits  own :  that  he  had  prevented  him,  to  whom,  for  his  intimacy 
with  Brutus,  that  task  seemed  particularly  to  belong,  from 
saying  so  much  as  he  intended  on  that  subject  Then  ad- 
dressing himself  to  Calenus,  he  asks,  what  could  be  the  mean- 
ing of  that  perpetual  war  which  he  declared  against  the 
Srutuses  ?  why  he  alone  was  always  opposing,  when  every  one 
else  was  almost  adoring  them  ?  that  to  talk  of  Brutus's  letters 
being  rightly  drawn,  was  not  to  praise  Brutus,  but  his  se- 
cretary :  when  did  he  ever  hear  of  a  decree  in  tliat  style,  that 
letters  were  properly  written  ?  yet  the  expression  did  not  fall 
from  him  by  chance,  but  was  designed,  premeditated,  and 
brought  in  writing  ^  He  exhorts  him  to  consult  with  his  son- 
in-law,  Pansa,  oftener  than  with  himself,  if  he  would  preserve 
his  character  :  professes  that  he  could  not  help  pitying  him,  to 
Lear  it  given  out  among  the  people  that  there  was  not  a  second 
vote  on  the  side  of  him,  who  gave  the  first ;  which  would  be 
the  case,  he  believed,  in  that  day's  debate.  "  You  would  take 
away,"  says  he,  "  the  legions  from  Brutus,  even  those  which 
lie  has  drawn  off  from  the  traitorous  designs  of  C.  Antony,  and 
engaged  by  his  own  authority  in  the  public  service :  you  would 
have  him  sent  once  more,  as  it  were,  into  banishment,  naked 
and  forlorn :  but  for  you,  fathers,  if  ever  you  betray  or  desert 
Brutus,  what  citizen  will  you  honour?  whom  will  you  favour? 
unless  you  think  those,  who  offer  kingly  diadems,  worthy  to 
be  preserved;  those  who  abolish  the  name  of  king,  to  he 
abandoned."  He  proceeds  to  display,  with  great  force,  the 
merit  and  praises  of  Brutus ;  his  moderation,  mildness,  patience 
of  injuries :  how  studiously  he  had  avoided  every  step  which 
could  give  a  handle  to  civil  tumults :  quitting  the  city  ;  living 
retired  in  the  country  ;  forbidding  the  resort  of  friends  to  him; 
and  leaving  Italy  itself  lest  any  cause  of  war  should  arise  on  his 
account:  that  as  long  as  he  saw  the  senate  disposed  to  bear 
every  thing,  he  was  resolved  to  bear  too ;  but  when  he  per- 
ceived them  inspired  with  a  spirit  of  liberty,  he  then  exerted 
himself  to  provide  them  succours  to  defend  it':  that  if  he  had 
not  defeated  the  desperate  attempts  of  C.  Antony,  they  had 
lost  Macedonia,  Illyncum,  and  Greece ;  the  hist  of  which  af- 

»  Ibid.  2.  «  Ibid.  3,  4. 

15 


A.  \iV  Tin.  tic.  tH,~ViM.—C.  Viliiw  Tub.  A.  Hintub 
I'liriK'il  eillivr  a  commodiouij  retreiit  for  Antony,  when 
nui  of  ItulV)  or  tlie  best  opportunity  of  invading  it:  wliichnow, 
by  Brutus  a  muita^cment,  itoing  strongly  provided  with  tcoa^ 
NirftdKtl  out  iu  Htm*,  as  it  were,  and  offered  its  help  to  Italy'. 
Tlmt  Caius'ii  murcli  tliroiurli  the  provinces  was  to  plunda  tW 
allies;  to  scatter  wiLttc  ann  devolution  wherever  he  pBSBed;to 
employ  thf  armies  of  the  Iloman  people  against  toe  peopk 
themselves :  whereas  Dnitus  made  it  a  law,  wheresoever  be 
came,  to  dispense  liffht,  hope,  and  security  to  all  around 
in  short,  tliiit  the  ono  g-.ithered  forces  to  preserve,  the  other  ti 
overturn  tlie  rejiuhlic :  tliat  the  i>oUUers  themselves  could  jndee 
iif  thin,  as  well  us  the  senate;  as  they  had  declared,  by  that 
desertion  of  C.  Antony,  who,  by  that  time,  either  wis,  v 
wonhl  $non  be,  nnitns's  prisoner',  tiiat  tliere  wns  no  appre- 
hension of  danger  from  Brntus's  power :  that  his  Icgious,  hit 
morceniiries,  hit  horMO,  and,  above  all,  himself,  was  wIioUt 
theirs ;  formed  for  the  service  of  the  republic,  as  well  by  lii» 
own  exei-llent  virtue,  as  a  kind  of  fatality  derived  from  hit 
ancestors,  both  <ui  the  father's  and  the  mother's  side  :  that  dom 
could  ever  blame  him  for  any  thing,  unless  for  too  great  > 
backwardness  and  aversion  to  war ;  an<l  his  not  humouring  the 
ardonr  of  all  Italy  in  their  thirst  of  liberty :  that  it  was  a  WB 
fear  wliieli  some  pretended  to  entertain,  tliat  the  veterau 
would  be  disgusted  to  see  Brutus  at  the  head  of  an  army,  as  if 
there  were  any  <lilference  between  his  army,  and  the  armies  of 
Hirtius,  I'arisii,  O.  Brutus,  Octavius ;  all  of  which  had  severally 
received  public  honours  for  tlieir  defence  of  the  people  of 


OF  CICERO.  601 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Coss C.  Vibiui  Pansa.     A.  HirUui. 

18  true,  and  becoming  my  character  to  speak ;  tliat  if  the  reso- 
lutions of  this  body  must  be  governeci  by  the  will  of  the 
veterans ;  if  all  our  words  and  acts  must  be  regulated  by  their 
humour,  then  it  is  high  time  to  wish  for  death;  which,  to 
Roman  citizens,  was  ever  preferable  to  slavery  ^ :"  that  since 
80  many  chances  of  death  surroimded  them  all,  both  day  and 
night.  It  Tiv'as  not  the  part  of  a  man,  much  less  of  a  Roman,  to 
scruple  the  giving  up  that  breath  to  his  country,  which  he  must 
necessarily  give  up  to  nature ' :  that  Antony  was  the  single  and 
common  enemy  of  them  all ;  though  he  haa,  indeed,  his  brother 
LfUdus  with  him,  who  seemed  to  be  born  on  purpose  that 
Marcus  might  not  be  the  most  infamous  of  all  mortals :  that  he 
had  a  crew  also  of  desperate  villains  gaping  after  the  spoils  of 
the  republic :  that  the  army  of  Brutus  was  provided  against 
these ;  whose  sole  will,  thought,  and  purpose,  was  to  protect 
the  senate  and  the  liberty  of  the  people ;  who,  after  trying  in 
vain  what  patience  would  do,  found  it  necessary,  at  last,  to 
oppose  force  to  force ' :  that  they  ought,  therefore,  to  grant  the 
same  privilege  to  M.  Brutus,  which  they  had  granted  before  to 
Decimus,  and  to  Octavius;  and  confirm,  by  public  authority, 
what  he  had  been  doing  for  them  by  his  private  counsel. — For 
which  purpose  he  proposed  the  following  decree : — Whereas 
by  the  pjiins,  counsel,  industry,  virtue  of  Q.  Ca?pio  Brutus  *, 
proconsul,  in  the  utmost  distress  of  the  republic,  the  province 
of  Macedonia,  Illyricum,  and  Greece,  with  all  their  legions, 
armies,  horse,  are  now  in  the  power  of  the  consuls,  senate,  and 
people  of  Rome ;  that  Q.  Csepio  Brutus,  proconsul,  has  acted 
lierein  well,  and  for  the  good  of  the  republic,  a»;reeably  to  his 
character,  the  dignity  of  his  ancestors,  and  to  his  usual  manner 
of  serving  the  commonwealth,  and  that  his  conduct  is,  and  ever 
will  be,  acceptable  to  the  senate  and  people  of  Rome.  That 
Q.  Csepio  Brutus,  proconsul,  be  ordered  to  protect,  guard,  and 
defend  the  province  of  Macedonia,  Illyricum,  and  all  Greece, 
and  command  that  army  which  he  himself  has  raise<l;  that 
whatever  money  he  wants  for  military  service  he  may  use  and 
take  it  from  any  part  of  the  public  revenue,  where  it  can  best 
be  raised,  or  borrow  it  where  he  thinks  proper,  and  impose 
contributions  of  grain  and  forai^e,  and  take  care  to  draw  all  his 
troops  as  near  to  Italy  as  possible  :  and  whereas  it  appears,  by 
the  letters  of  Q.  Caepio  Brutus,  proconsul,  that  the  public  ser- 
vice has  been  greatly  advanced,  by  the  endeavours  and  virtue 
of  Q.  Hortensius,  proconsul ;  and  that  ho  concerted  all  his  mea- 

»  Ibia.  ,0.  a  ibid.  10.  »  Ibiil.  11. 

•  M.  Brutus,  as  appears  from  tlic  style  of  thin  decree,  bad  boon  adopted  lately  by  bis 
inothefK  brother,  Q.  iSorviliup  (Vpin,  whose  name,  according  to  custom,  hcuow  ansumed, 
with  the  posscsBion  of  his  imcle^s  estate. 


602  THE    LIFE 

A.  UA-TIU.    Cic.U.   Caw_C.  Vibiui  PuM.    A.  HictiBi. 

9ures  with  Q.  Cepio  Brutus,  proconsul*  to  the  great  bcDefit  4 
the  commonwealtn ;  that  Q.  Hortensius,  proconsul,  l»i  ttXel 
therrin  rifrhtlvi  regulHrty,  and  for  the  public  good ;  and  thuit 
is  the  will  of  the  senate,  lliat  Q.  Hortensius,  proconsul,  vid 
hix  quspstors,  proqusesCors,  and  lieutenants,  hold  the  proriiM 
of  Niacedonia,  till  a  successor  be  appointed  by  the  senate. 

Cicero  sent  this  speech  to  Brutus,  n-ith  that  also  whiehW 
made  on  the  first  of  January :  of  which  Brutus  says,  in  usnr 
to  him,  "  1  have  rend  your  two  orations,  the  one,  on  the  first  of 
January,  the  other  on  tlie  subject  of  my  letters,  against  C^ 
Icnus:  you  expect  now,  without  doubt^  that  I  should  pnuK 
them :  1  am  at  a  loss  what  to  praise  the  most  in  them;  yov 
courage,  or  your  abilities  :  1  allow  you  now  in  earnest  to  all 
them  Philippics,  as  you  intimated,  jocosely,  in  a  former  letter'.' 
— Thus  the  name  of  Philippics,  which  seems  to  have  befll 
thrown  out  at  first  in  gaiety  and  jest  only,  being  takes  up  Bod 
propagated  by  his  friends,  became,  at  last,  the  fixed  and  stand* 
ing  title  of  these  orations  :  which  yet,  for  several  a^es,  wnt 
calleil,  we  find,  indifTi-rently,  either  Philippics  or  Antoniaot*. 
Brutus  declared  himself  so  welt  pleased  wim  tiiese  two,  whiil 
he  hod  seen,  that  Cicero  promised  to  send  him,  afterwards,  all 
the  rest '. 

Brutus  when  he  first  left  Italy,  sfuled  directly  fur  Atheit^ 
where  he  spent  some  time  in  concerting  measures,  how  to  mike 
himself  muster  of  Greece  and  Macedonia,  which  was  the  grnt 
design  tluit  he  had  in  view.  Here  he  gathered  about  him  all 
lobility  and  gentry  of  Rome,  who,  for  the  oppo^ 


OF  CICERO.  603 

A.  l>b.  710.    Cic.  G4.    Cobs.— C',  Vibiu*  Punsa.     A.  Hirtius. 

jostice  to  signify,  both  in  his  private  and  public  letters  to 
xlmne.  In  writing  to  Cicero,  "  Your  son,"  says  he,  "  recom- 
mends  himself  to  me  so  effectually,  by  his  industry,  patience, 
acdvity,  greatness  of  mind,  and,  in  short,  by  every  duty,  that 
he  seems  never  to  drop  the  remembrance  of  wliose  son  he  is ; 
wherefore,  since  it  is  not  possible  for  me  to  make  you  love  him 
more  than  you  do  already,  yet  allow  thus  much  to  my  judg- 
menty  as  to  persuade  yourself,  tliat  he  will  have  no  occasion  to 
borrow  any  share  of  your  glory,  in  order  to  obtain  his  father's 
honours  ^/' — This  account,  given  by  one  who  was  no  flatterer, 
may  be  considered  as  the  real  character  of  the  youth  :  which  is 
confirmed,  likewise,  by  what  Lentulus  wrote  of  him  about  the 
same  time :  ^^  I  could  not  see  your  son,"  says  he,  ^^  when  I  was 
last  with  Brutus,  because  he  was  gone  with  the  horse  into 
winter  quarters :  but,  by  my  faith,  it  gives  me  ereat  joy,  for 
your  sake,  for  his,  and  especially  my  own,  thatlie  is  in  such 
esteem  and  reputation  :  for  as  he  is  your  son,  and  wortlty  of 
you,  I  cannot  but  look  upon  him  as  my  brotlier '." 

Cicero  was  so  full  of  the  greater  affairs,  which  were  the 
snbject  of  his  letters  to  Brutus,  that  he  had  scarce  leisure  to 
take  notice  of  what  was  said  about  his  son :  he  just  touches  it, 
however,  in  one  or  two  letters :  '*  As  to  my  son,  if  his  merit  be 
as  great  as  you  write,  I  rejoice  at  it  as  much  as  I  ought  to  do : 
or  if  you  magnify  it,  out  of  love  to  him,  even  that  gives  me  an 
incredible  joy,  to  perceive  that  he  is  beloved  by  you  \"  Again ; 
**  I  desire  you,  my  dear  Brutus,  to  keep  my  son  with  you  as 
much  as  possible  :  he  will  find  no  better  school  of  virtue,  than 
in  the  contemplation  and  imitation  of  you  *" 

Though  Brutus  intimated  nothing  in  his  public  letters  but 
what  was  prosperous  and  encouraging,  yet,  in  his  private  ac- 
counts to  Cicero,  he  signified  a  great  want  of  money  and 
recruits,  and  begged  to  be  supplied  with  both  from  Italy, 
especially  with  recruits :  either  by  a  vote  of  the  senate,  or,  if 
that  could  not  be  had,  by  some  secret  management,  without  the 
privity  of  Pansa :   to  which   Cicero  answered,  "  You  tell  me 

■  Cicero  filius  tuus  sic  niihi  se  probat,  industria,  paticiitia,  labore,  animi  mafniitinlinc. 
omni  denique  officio,  ut  pn>r»ii!i  nunqunm  diinittcre  vidoatur  cogitationein,  nijiis  sit  filius. 
Qusre  quoniam  efficcrc  non  pustsum,  ut  pluris  faciuK  euin,  qui  tibi  est  airiM>iinMs,  illud 
tribne  judicio  meo,  ut  tibi  penuadeas:,  non  fore  illi  abutcndum  gloria  tua,  ut  udipiBcatur 
honorefl  patcrnos.  Kal.  Apr.     Ad  Brut.  2.  3. 

'  Filium  tuum,  ad  Bruiuni  cum  veni,  vidcrc  non  potui,  ideo  quod  jaui  in  biWma  cum 
equitibus  erat  profcctus.  Scd  mcdius  lidiui-  ca  o.iM*  i:»m  opinionc,  ct  tua  ctipsius,  ct  in 
nrimis  mra  cauMi  gaudco.  FratriB  cnim  loco  raibi  cut,  qui  vx  tc  natus,  toque  dignus  est. 
Vale.    1111  Kal.  Jun.    Ep.  Fam.  12.  14. 

•  De  Cicerone  meo,  et  si  tantimi  eat  in  co,  quantum  scribi*,  tantnra  scilicet,  quantum 
debco,  gaudco  :  ct  &i,  quod  amas  eum,  eo  majora  facis  ;  id  ipsum  incrcdibilitcr  g-.iudco,  a 
to  eum  diligi.    Ad  Bnit.  2.  6. 

*  Ciceroncm  mcum,  mi  Brute,  vclira  quani  plnrimum  tecum  ha1)€as.  VirtntiR  disci- 
nlinam  ineliorcm  reperiet  nullum,  quam  contcmplationem  atquc  imitationem  tui.  XIll 
Kal.  Mali.     Ibid.  7. 


I.  I'rfj.  7lU,    Tic.  VA.     CoM^-C.  Vibii 


>  Pu^k    A.  Hituin. 


tlmt  you  want  two  necessary  things,  recruits  aod  money;  it ■ 
fliflicult  to  help  you.  1  know  no  other  way  of  raising  qwda 
whicli  can  he  of  use  to  you,  but  what  the  senate  has  deocH, 
of  borrowiiifT  it  from  tlic  cities.  As  to  recruits,  I  do  not  tee 
w)iut  can  be  done :  fur  Pansa  is  so  far  from  granting  any  iktt 
oi  liis  army  or  recruits  to  you,  that  he  is  even  uneasy  to  imk 
many  volunteers  guin^  over  to  you :  his  reason,  I  take  it,  i^ 
that  he  thinks  no  forces  loo  great  for  the  demands  of  our  tSat 
ill  Italy  :  fur  as  to  what  miiiiy  suspect,  that  lie  has  no  mind  It 
sec  you  too  strong,  I  have  no  suspicion  of  it '." — Paosa  secM 
to  have  I>ecn  much  in  the  ri^ht,  for  refusing  to  part  witkaof 
troops  ont  of  Italy,  where  the  stress  of  the  war  now  lay,  on  tu 
success  of  which  the  futc  of  the  whole  republic  depeuaed. 

But  there  came  news  of  a  different  kin<l,  about  the  am 
time,  to  Uuine,  of  l>olubellu'3  successful  exploits  in  Asia.  He 
left  the  city,  as  it  Is  said  above,  before  tlie  expiratioa  at  im 
consulship,  to  possess  himself  of  Syria :  which  had  been  it 
lotted  tu  liim  by  Antony's  management :  and  taking  hia  «ff 
throu<rh  Greece  and  Macedonia,  to  gather  what  money  ■» 
troops  he  could  raise  in  those  countries,  he  passed  ot'er  iaio 
Ai-ia,  in  hopes  of  inducing  that  province  to  abandon  Trebonin^ 
and  declare  for  hun :  having  sent  his  emissaries,  therefore, 
before  him,  to  prepare  for  his  reception,  he  arrived  befbic 
Kmynia,  where  rrebonins  resided,  without  any  show  of  hoi- 
tility,  or  forces  sufficient  to  give  any  great  alaiin,  preteudiig 
to  (lesire  noUiing  mure  than  a  free  passage  through  the  cooatr^ 
to  his  own  province.     Tn-bonius  refused  to  admit  him  into  at 


OF   CICERO.  605 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Co-ts. — C.  ViWus  Pansa.     A.  Hirtiiis. 

at  Smyrna  before  day,  found  it,  as  he  expected,  negligently 

guarded,  and  without  any  apprehension  of  an  assault;  so  tliat 
18  soldiers,  by  the  help  of  ladders,  presently  mounting  the 
ivalls,  possessed  themselves  of  it  witliout  opposition,  and  seized 
Xrebonius  himself  in  his  bed,  before  he  knew  any  thing  of  his 
danger'. 

iJolabella  treated  him  with  the  utmost  cruelty :  kept  him 
two  days  under  torture,  to  extort  a  discovery  of  all  the  money 
in  his  custody ;  then  ordered  his  head  to  be  cut  off,  and  carried 
about  on  a  spear ;  and  his  body  to  be  dragged  about  the  streets, 
and  thrown  into  the  sea '.  This  was  the  first  blood  that  was 
spilt  on  the  account  of  Caesar's  death ;  which  was  now  revenged 
in  kind  upon  one  of  the  principal  conspirators,  and  the  only  one 
who  was  of  consular  rank.  It  had  been  projected,  without 
doubt,  in  concert  with  Antony,  to  make  the  revenge  of  Caesar's 
death  the  avowed  cause  of  their  arms,  in  order  to  draw  the  ve- 
terans to  their  side,  or  make  them  unwilling,  at  least,  to  act 
against  them :  and  it  gave  a  clear  warning  to  Brutus  and  his 
associates,  what  tliey  were  to  expect,  if  their  enemies  pre- 
vailed, as  well  as  a  sad  presage  to  all  honest  men,  of  the  cruel 
effects  and  merciless  fury  of  the  impending  war. 

On  the  news  of  Trebonius's  death,  the  senate  was  summoned 
by  the  consul,  where  Dolabella  was  unanimously  declared  a 

Sublic  enemy,  and  his  estate  confiscated.  Calenus  himself 
rst  proposed  the  vote,  and  said,  that  if  any  thing  more  severe 
Goula  be  thought  of,  he  would  be  for  it :  the  indignation  of  the 
city  was  so  inflamed,  that  he  was  forced  to  comply  with  the 
popular  humour,  and  hoped,  perhaps,  to  put  some  difficulty 
upon  Cicero,  who,  for  his  relation  to  Dolabella,  would,  as  he 
imagined,  be  for  modeniting  the  punishment.  But  though 
Calenus  was  mistaken  in  this,  he  was  concerned  in  moving 
another  question  which  grejitly  perplexed  Cicero,  about  the 
choice  of  a  general,  to  manage  this  new  war  against  Dolabella. 
Two  opinions  were  proposed  :  the  one,  that  P.  Servilius  should 
be  sent  with  an  extraordinary  commission ;  the  other,  that  the 
two  consuls  should  jointly  prosecute  that  war,  with  the  pro- 
vinces of  Syria  and  Asia  allotted  to  them.  This  was  very 
agreeable  to  Pansa,  and  pushed,  therefore,  not  only  by  his 


'  App.  3.  p.  542. 

•  Consecutus  eat  Dolabella,  nulla  suspicionc  belli. — Sccutae  collocutioncs  fumiliarcs 
earn  Trcbonio ;  coniitlexusque  suroina'  bcnevolentia? — noctumiis  iiitroitus  in  Siiiviiiani, 
qiUBi  in  hosthim  urbem ;  oppressus  Treboniiis — iiitcrficei-c  captum  statini  iioluit,  nc 
nimif,  credo,  in  victoria  libcralis  viderctur.  Cum  verboruin  contumcliis  optimum 
virnm  inccsto  ore  laccrasset,  turn  vcrbcribus  ac  tomientis  quarstionem  habuit  jn-cuniae 
publicSf  idquc  per  biduum.  Post  cervicibus  fractis  caput  aWidit,  idquc  adfixum  pentari 
juwit  in  pilo;  rcliquuni  connw  tractuni  ac  laniutuui  abjecit  in  marc,  &c.    riiilip.  11. 

•>    H 


THE    UFK. 


I'uM. — V.  Viluui  Pnut.     A.  EIJniuL 


friends,  but  by  all  Antony's  party,  wbo  &D«ed  that  h  wonM 
take  off  the  attention  of  the  consuls  from  the  war  of  Ittif; 
giro  Dolabella  time  to  strengthen  himself  in  Asia;  laiKt 
coldness  betweoii  the  consuls  and  Cicero,  if  he  rentured  to  b^ 

re  it ;  and,  above  all,  put  a  public  affront  upon  Casnia;  no^ 
liis  presence  in  those  parts,  seemed  to  have  the  best  pr^ 
tension  to  that  commission.  The  debate  continued  tlinngk 
the  first  day,  without  comln^r  to  any  i^ue ;  and  was  adjoiniH 
tn  the  next.  In  the  meanwhile,  Cassius's  mother-in-lav,  Si^ 
vilia,  and  other  friends,  were  endeavouring  to  pret^  wH 
Cicero  to  drop  the  opposition,  for  fear  of  altenatin'  Ptns: 
but  in  vain;  for  he  resolved,  at  all  hazards,  to  defend  llw 
honour  of  Cassius ;  and  when  the  debate  was  resumed  the  neit 
morning,  exerted  all  his  interest  and  eloquence  to  pnmtea 
decree  in  his  favour. 

He  began  his  speech  by  observing  that,  in  their  prorat 
grief  for  the  lamentable  fete  of  Trcbonius,  the  republic,  bw- 
evcr.  would  reap  some  good  from  it,  since  they  now  saw  the    i 
barlKirous  cruelty  of  those  who  had  taken  arms  against  tks    , 
country :  for  of  the  two  chiefs  of  the  present  war,  the  one,  br 
efft'otiiig  uliat  he  wished,  had  discovered  what  the  other aimta 
at '.     That  thev  both  meant  nothing  less  than  the  death  mi 
destruction  of  all  honest  men ;  nor  would  be  satisfied,  it  seemed 
with  simple  deiitii,  for  tliat  was  the  punbhment  of  nature,  bat 
thought  the  rack  and  tortures  due  to  their  revenge  :  that  vhtt 
Uolnbella  had  executed,  was  the  picture  of  what  Antony  ifr  \ 
tended  :  that  they  were  a  true  pair,  exactly  matclicd,  marchi 


OF   CICERO.  607 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic  64.    Com.— C.  Vibiut  Fanta.     A.  Hirtiuf. 

what  liifl  very  adversaries  could  not  object  to  him  with  modesty. 
Yety  this  man,  good  gods  !  was  once  mine :  for  I  was  not  very 
curious  to  inquire  into  his  vices :  nor  should  I  now,  perhaps, 
have  been  his  enemy,  had  he  not  shewn  himself  an  enemy  to 
yon,  to  his  country,  to  the  domestic  gods  and  altars  of  us  all ; 
nay,  even  to  nature  and  humanity  itself  \"  He  exhorts  them, 
from  this  warning  given  by  Dolabella,  to  act  with  the  greater 
viffour  against  Antony :  for  if  he,  who  had  about  him  but  a  few 
oi  those  capital  incendiaries,  the  ringleaders  of  rapine  and  re- 
bellion, durst  attempt  an  act  so  abominable,  what  barbarity 
ivere  they  not  to  expect  from  Antony,  who  had  the  whole 
crew  of  them  in  his  camp  ?  the  principal  of  whom  he  describes 
by  name  and  character;  and  adds,  that  as  he  had  often  dissented 
unwillingly  from  Calenus,  so  now,  at  last,  he  had  the  pleasure 
to  agree  with  him,  and  to  let  them  see,  that  he  had  no  dislike 
to  the  man,  but  to  the  cause :  that,  in  this  case,  he  not  only 
concurred  with  him,  but  thanked  him  for  propounding  a  vote 
■o  severe  and  worthy  of  the  republic,  in  decreeing  Dolabella 
an  enemy,  and  his  estate  to  be  confiscated '.  Then,  as  to  the 
Becond  point,  which  was  of  greater  delicacy,  the  nomination  of 
a  gener&l  to  be  sent  against  Dolabella,  he  proceeds  to  give  his 
reasons  for  rejecting  the  two  opinions  proposed ;  the  one,  for 
sending  Servilius,  the  other,  for  the  two  consuls :  of  the  first, 
be  says,  that  extraordinary  commissions  were  always  odious 
where  they  were  not  necessary,  and  wherever  they  had  been 
gpnnted,  it  was  in  cases  very  different  from  this :  that  if  the 
commission  in  debate  should  be  decreed  to  Servilius,  it  would 
seem  an  affront  to  all  the  rest  of  the  same  rank,  that  being 
equal  in  dignity,  they  should  be  thought  unworthy  of  the  same 
honour :  that  he  himself,  indeed,  had  voted  an  extraordinary 
commission  to  young  Caesar;  but  Caesar  had  first  given  an  ex- 
traordinary protection  and  deliverance  to  them :  that  they  must 
either  have  taken  his  army  from  him,  or  decreed  the  command 
of  it  to  him ;  which  could  not,  therefore,  be  so  properly  said  to 
be  given,  as  not  taken  away  :  but  that  no  such  commission  had 
ever  been  granted  to  any  one,  who  was  wholly  idle  and  un- 
employed '.  As  to  the  second  opinion,  of  decreeing  that  pro- 
vince to  the  consuls,  he  shews  it  to  be  both  against  tiie  dignity 
of  the  consuls  themselves,  and  against  the  public  service :  that 
when  D.  Brutus,  a  consul  elect,  was  actually  besieged,  on  the 
preservation  of  whom  their  common  safety  depended;  and 
when  a  dreadful  war  was  on  foot,  already  entrusted  to  the  two 
consuls,  the  very  mention  of  Asia  and  Syria,  would  give  a 
handle  to  jealousy  and  envy ;  and,  though  tlie  decree  was  not 

»  Ibid.  4.  ■  Ibid. .%  6.  >  Ibid.  7.  8. 


UU8  THE    LIFE 

A.lrb.  Tin.    Ci..lil.     Cvs- C.  Vibiui  Pum.     A,  Uiniuk 

ti>  take  ytlacv  till  1>.  Rrutus  should  first  be  relieved,  yet  a  k> 
commii«ioi>  would  necessarily  take  off  some  part  of  tknr 
tliou^Uts  anil  attention  from  the  old.  Then  addressing  luinidf 
lo  I'aiisu,  he  wiys,  that  though  his  mind,  be  knew,  wu  intot 
on  delivering;  D.  Brntus,  yet  the  nature  of  things  would  fiirce 
him  to  turn  it  sometimes  towards  Dolabella;  and  that,  if  It 
had  more  minds  than  one,  they  should  all  be  directed  tai 
nluiDv  fixed  on  Mixlcna':  that,  for  his  own  part,  he  had » 
hiirneil,  in  his  consnishi)),  a  rich  and  well  furnished  proriiiee, 
that  nothiiiir  mi^ht  interrupt  his  endeavours  to  quench  tbt 
flame  which  was  then  rai«i-d  in  his  country :  he  wished  dm 
I'nnsa  wiiuld  imitate  liitn,  wliom  he  used  to  eommend :  that  if 
the  consuls,  however,  desired  to  liave  provinces,  as  other  grol 
men  lta<l  usually  done,  let  them  first  brinfjr  D.  Brutus  aft 
liome  to  them ;  u  ho  ought  to  be  guarded  with  the  same  cut 
M  the  image  that  fell  from  heaven,  and  was  kept  in  the  temple 
of  \'esta,  in  the  safety  of  which  they  were  all  safe:  that  mi 
decree  would  create  great  deUy  and  obstruction  to  the  mr 
against  Dulabclla;  which  required  a  general  prepared,  equipped^ 
and  already  invested  with  command  ;  one  who  bad  auilioiitf, 
reputation,  an  army,  and  a  resolution,  tried  in  the  senicedf 
his  country ' :  that  it  must,  therefore,  either  be  Brutui  « 
Cassias,  or  Ixtth  of  them:  that  Brutus  could  not  be  spared  fraa 
Macedonia,  where  he  was  quelling  tiie  last  efforts  of  the  {wdaa, 
and  oppressing  C.  Antony,  who,  with  the  remains  of  a  broken 
army,  wus  still  in  iMtsscssion  of  some  considerable  places:  tbt 
he  hail  )ini8uc<l  that  work,  if  be  found  it  of  use  to  tke 


OF    CICERO.  GOD 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  f»4.     Cosa. — C.  Viliiim  I*ansa.     A.  Ilirtiub. 

posed  a  decree  to  this  eflfect :  that  whereas  the  senate  has  do^ 
clared  P.  Dolabella  to  be  an  enemy  of  tlie  Roman  people,  and 
ordered  him  to  be  pursued  by  open  war ;  to  the  intent  that  lie 
may  suffer  the  punishment  due  to  him,  both  from  gods  and 
men ;  it  is  die  will  of  the  senate,  that  C.  Cassius,  proconsul, 
shall  hold  the  province  of  Syria,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  he 
had  obtained  it  by  right  of  law;  and  that  he  receive  die  sevenil 
armies  from  Q.  Marcius  Crispus,  proconsul;  L.  Statins  Mar- 
cos, proconsul ;  A.  Allienus,  lieutenant ;  which  they  are  hereby 
required  to  deliver  to  him :  that  with  these,  and  what  other 
forces  he  can  procure,  he  shall  pursue  Dolabella  both  by  land 
and  sea:  that,  for  the  occasions  of  the  war,  he  shall  have  a 
power  to  demand  ships,  seamen,  money,  and  all  things  useful 
to  him,  from  whomsoever  he  thinks  fit,  in  Syria,  Asia,  Bithynia, 
Pontes :  and  that,  whatever  province  he  comes  into  in  prose- 
cuting the  war,  he  shall  have  an  authority  superior  to  that  of 
the  proper  governor ;  that  if  king  Deiotarus,  tlie  father,  or  the 
son,  shall  assist  C.  Cassius,  proconsul,  with  their  troops,  as  they 
have  oft  assisted  the  Roman  people  in  other  wars,  their  con- 
duct will  be  acceptable  to  the  senate  and  people  ;  that  if  any  of 
the  other  kings,  tetrarchs,  and  potentates,  shall  do  the  like,  the 
senate  and  people  will  not  be  unmindful  of  their  services : 
that^  as  soon  as  the  public  affairs  were  settled,  C.  Pansa  and 
A.  Hirtius,  the  consuls,  one  or  both  of  them,  should  take  the 
first  opportunity  of  moving  the  senate  about  the  disposal  of  the 
consular  and  praetorian  provinces ;  and  that  in  the  mean  while, 
they  should  all  continue  in  the  hands  of  those  who  now  held 
them,  till  successors  were  appointed  by  the  senate  *. 

From  the  senate,  Cicero  went  directly  into  the  Forum,  to 
give  the  people  an  account  of  the  debate,  and  recommen<l  to 
them  the  interests  of  Cassius :  hither  Pansa  followed  him,  and 
to  weaken  the  influence  of  his  authority,  declared  to  the  citizens, 
that  what  Cicero  contended  for,  was  against  the  will  and  advice 
of  Cassius's  nearest  friends  and  relations :  of  which  Cicero  gives 
the  following  account  in  a  letter  to  Cassius : — 

"M.    T.    CICERO    TO    C.    CASSIUS. 

**  With  what  zeal  I  defended  your  dignity,  both  in  the 
senate  and  with  the  people,  I  would  have  you  learn  rather  from 
your  other  friends  than  from  me.  My  opinion  would  easily 
have  prevailed  in  the  senate,  had  not  Pansa  eagerly  opposed 
it.  After  I  liad  proposed  that  vote,  I  was  produced  to  the 
people  by  Servilius,  the  tribune,  and  said  every  thing  which  1 

» Tbia.  12,  tt... 
K  r 


1 


610  THE   LIFE 

could  nf  you,  witb  a  stren^fUi  of  roice  that  filled  ibe  Foran, 
■n^  with  BDch  a  clamour  and  approbation  of  the  people,  dull 
had  uevH  ftp«i  the  lihe  before.  Yon  will  pardon  me,  I  Im 
for  doings  it  against  the  will  of  your  mother-in-laff.  Tlr 
timariMtt  woman  was  afraid  that  Pansa  would  be  dlagoXei 
Pansa,  indeed,  declaretl  to  the  afsembly,  that  botn  jm 
notber  and  brother  were  agunst  it ;  but  that  did  not  nuwe  ■( 
I  had  other  con^deratJons  more  at  heart :  my  r^ard  naK 
the  republic,  to  which  I  have  always  wished  well,  and  U  yta 
dignity  and  glorj-.  But  there  is  one  thing^  wbicb  I  enluml 
ujMMi  in  the  senate,  and  menlJoned  aUo  to  the  people,  in  wiudi 
I  must  (le«tre  you  to  make  mv  words  gfood  :  for  I  proniiwi 
and  in  a  manner  assured  them,  that  you  ueitber  had,  nor  wtuM 
wait  for  our  decrees;  but  would  defend  the  republic  yomselfil 
yoor  own  way:  and  though  we  had  beard  nothing,  either  wbcn 
you  were,  or  what  forces  you  had  ;  yet  I  took  it  for  gnntsA 
that  all  the  forces  in  those  parts  were  your's ;  and  ww  confi- 
dent, that  vou  had  already  recovered  the  province  of  Aril  tt 
the  repubbc:  let  it  be  your  care  to  outdo  yourself,  in  eodor 
Touring  still  to  advance  your  own  glory.      Adieu  '." 

As  to  the  issue  of  the  contest,  some  writers  tell  as  tlutil 
ended  as  Cicero  desired:  but  it  is  evident,  from  the  letter  jiM 
recited,  and  more  clearly  sdll  from  other  letters,  that  Paraa'i 
authority  prevailed  against  him  for  granting  the  commisiciii  to 
tlie  consuls'.  Cassius,  however,  as  Cicero  advised  and  d*- 
elared,  had  little  regard  to  what  they  were  decreeing  at  Roaie: 
but  undertook  the  whole  alfair  himself,  and  soon   put  an  nul 


OF   CICERO.  ()11 

A.  Urb.  710.     C'ic.  G4.    Cow.— C.  Vibiua  Paiwa.    A.  Hirlius. 

designed  it  to  be,  a  standing  monument  to  posterity,  that  the 
safety  of  tlie  republic  bad  been  the  constant  object  of  his 
counsels. 

D.  Brutus  was  reduced  by  this  time  to  such  straits  in  Mo- 
dena,  that  his  friends  began  to  be  greatly  alarmed  for  him ; 
taking  it  for  granted,  that  if  he  fell  into  Antony's  hands,  he 
wonld  be  treated  no  better  than  Trebonius.     Ihe  mention, 
therefore,  of  a  pacification  being  revived  in  tlic  senate,  and 
recommended  by  Pansa  himself,  upon  an  intimation  given  by 
Antony's  friends,  that  he  was  now  in  a  disposition  to  submit  to 
reason,  Cicero,  out  of  a  concern  for  Brutus's  safety,  consented 
to  the  decree  of  a  second  embassy,  to  be  executed  by  himself 
and  Servilius,  ti^cther  with  three  other  consular  senators :  but 
finding,  upon  recollection,  that  there  appeared  no  symptoms  of 
any  change  in  Antony,  and  that  his  friends  produced  no  proofs 
of  it,  nor  any  tiling  new  in  his  conduct,  he  was  convinced  that 
he  had  made  a  fiilse  step,  and  that  nothing  more  was  intended 
than  to  gain  time;  which  was  of  great  use  to  Antony,  as  it 
would  retard  the  attempts  of  relieving  Modena,  and  give  an 
opportunity  to  Ventidius  to  join  him,  who  was  marching  to- 
wards him  at  that  time,  with  three  legions.     At  the  next  meet- 
ing, therefore,  of  the  senate,  he  retracted  his  opinion,  and 
declared  against  the  late  decree,  as  dangerous  and  insidious ; 
and,  in  a  warm  and  pathetic  speech,  pressed  tliem  to  rescind 
it     He  owns  that  it  was  indecent  for  one,  whose  authority 
they  had  so  often  followed  in  the  most  important  debates,  to 
declare  himself  mistaken  and  deceived ;  yet  his  comfort  was, 
that  it  was  in  common  with  them  all,  and  with  a  consul  of  the 
greatest  wisdom :    that  when   Piso  and  Calenus,  who  knew 
Antony's  secret,  the  one  of  whom  entertiiined  his  wife  and 
children  at  his  house,  the  other  was  perpetually  sending  and 
receiving  letters  from  him,  began  to  renew,  wliat  tliey  had  long 
intermitted,  their  exhortations  to  peace ;  and  when  the  consul 
thought  fit  to  exhort  the  same  thing,  a  man  whose  prudence 
could  not  easily  be  imposed  upon,  whose  virtue  approved  no 
peace,  but  on  Antony's  submission,  whose  greatness  of  mind 
preferred  death  to  slavery,  it  was  natural  to  imagine,  tliat  there 
was  some  special  reason  for  all  this,  some  secret  wound  in  An- 
ton3r's  afbirs,  which  the  public  was  unacquainted  with ;  espe- 
cially when  it  was  reported,  that  Antony's  family  was  under 
some  unusual  affliction,  and  his  friends  in  the  senate  betrayed 
a  dejection  in  their  looks:  for  if  there  was  nothing  in  it,  why 
should  Piso  and  Calenus,  above  all  otliers ;  why  at  that  time  ; 
why  so  unexpectedly,  so  suddenly,  move  for  peace  ?  yet  now, 
when  they  had  entangled  the  senate  in  a  pacific  embassy,  they 
both  denied  that  there  was  any  thing  new  or  particular,  which 

R  r  2 


THE    LIFE 

:in.    CK.«t.    V.m.—C.VAm 


I 


iiulucod  tliem  to  it':  that  there  could  be  no  occasion, ibiK- 
fore,  for  new  measures,  when  there  was  nothing  new  in  it 
case  itself:  that  thoy  w<.'re  drawn  in,  and  deceived  bv  Antonr'f 
friends,  who  were  serving  Itis  private,  not  the  public  inteieit'. 
that  he  had  ticcn  it  from  the  first,  though  but  darkly,  hii  et»- 
cern  for  llrutiis  bavint;  dazzled  his  eyes,  for  whose  fibeitVi  ifi 
substitute  vouht  be  accepted,  he  wouhl  freely  offer  himielf  to 
be  shut  up  in  his  place:  that  if  Antony  would  humble himwlt 
and  sue  to  them  for  any  thiii^,  be  sliould,  perhaps,  he  fm 
hearing  him  ;  but  wliilc  lie  stood  to  his  arms,  and  acted  vSr^ 
Mvely,  their  business  was  to  resist  force  by  force.  But  they 
would  tell  him,  perhaps,  that  the  thing  was  not  in  their  pon^ 
since  an  embasNy  was  actually  decreed.  "  But  what  is  i^* 
says  lie,  "  tliat  is  not  free  to  the  wise,  which  it  is  possible  tt 
retrieve?  it  is  the  case  of  every  man  to  err,  but  the  part  imlj 
of  a  fool  to  persevere  in  error  :  if  we  have  been  drawn  »mtj 
by  false  and  fiillacioua  hopes,  let  us  turn  airain  into  the  ffXf ; 
for  the  surest  harbour  to  a  penitent  is  a  cnanee  of  his  en- 
duct '."  He  then  shows  how  the  embassy,  so  %r  from  beiog 
of  service,  would  certainly  hurt,  nay,  had  already  hurt  the 
republic,  by  checking  the  zeal  of  the  towns  and  colonies  of 
Italy,  and  the  courage  of  the  legions,  which  bad  declared  Eur 
them,  who  could  never  be  eager  to  fight,  while  the  senate  «■ 
sounding  a  retreat*.  That  nothing  was  more  unjust,  than  M 
determine  any  thing  about  peace,  without  the  consent  of  those 
who  were  carrying  on  the  war;  and  not  only  without,  bnt 
auaiiiht  tlieir  coiiseut:   liiat  lliniuii  and  Ci«»itr  had  no  lliuii^liB 


OF   CICERO.  613 

A.VtV.710.    Cic64.    Coss^^C.  Vibius  Pansa.    A.  Hirtius. 

robe  of  war,  taken  arms,  sent  out  all  the  youth  of  Italy ;  that, 
iritli  a  most  flourishing  and  numerous  army,  we  should  send  an 
embassy  at  last  for  peace ;  and  must  1  bear  a  part  in  that  em- 
bassy, or  assist  in  that  council,  where,  if  I  differ  from  the  rest, 
the  people  of  Rome  can  never  know  it  ?  so  that,  whatever  con- 
cseasions  are  made  to  Antony,  or  whatever  mischief  he  may  do 
hereafter,  it  must  be  at  the  hazard  of  my  credit."  He  then 
shows,  that  if  an  embassy  must  needs  be  sent,  he,  of  ail  men, 
vms  the  most  improper  to  be  employed  in  it :  that  he  had  ever 
been  against  any  embassy ;  was  the  mover  of  their  taking  the 
babit  of  war;  was  always  for  the  severest  proceedings  both 
against  Antony  and  his  associates ;  that  all  that  party  looked 
upon  him  as  prejudiced,  and  Antony  would  be  offended  at  the 
sight  of  liim  .  That  if  they  did  not  trouble  themselves  how 
Antony  might  take  it,  he  begged  them  at  least  to  spare  him 
the  pam  of  seeing  Antony,  winch  he  should  never  be  able  to 
bear ;  who,  in  a  speech,  lately,  to  his  parricides,  when  he  was 
distributing  rewards  to  the  boldest  of  them,  had  promised 
Cicero*s  estate  to  Petissius :  that  he  should  never  endure  the 
sight  of  L.  Antony,  whose  cruelty  he  could  not  have  escaped, 
but  by  the  defence  of  his  walls  and  gates,  and  the  zeal  oi  his 
native  town :  that  though  he  might  oe  able  to  command  him- 
self, and  dissemble  his  uneasiness  at  the  sight  of  Antony  and 
his  crew,  yet  some  regard  should  be  had  to  his  life ;  not  that 
he  set  any  value  upon  it  himself,  but  it  ought  not  to  be  thought 
despicable  by  the  senate  and  people  of  Home ;  since,  if  he  did 
not  deceive  himself,  it  was  lie  who,  by  his  watchings,  cares, 
and  votes,  had  managed  matters  so,  that  all  the  attempts  of 
their  enemies  had  not  hitherto  been  able  to  do  them  any 
harm  *.  That  if  his  life  had  been  oft  attempted  at  home, 
where  the  fidelity  of  his  friends,  and  the  eyes  of  all  Rome 
were  his  guard ;  what  might  he  not  apprehend  from  so  long  a 
journey?  that  there  were  three  roads  from  Rome  to  Modena; 
the  Flaminian,  along  the  upper  sea ;  the  Aurelian,  along  the 
lower ;  the  Cassian,  in  the  middle :  that  they  were  all  of  them 
beset  by  Antony's  allies,  his  own  utter  enemies :  the  C«issian, 
by  Lento :  the  Flaminian,  by  Ventidins ;  the  Aurelian,  by  the 
whole  Clodian  family*.  That  he  would  stay,  therefore,  in  the 
city,  if  the  senate  would  give  leave,  which  was  his  proper  seat, 
his  watch,  and  station :  that  others  might  enjoy  camps,  king- 
doms, military  commands ;  he  would  take  care  of  the  city,  and 
the  affairs  at  home,  in  partnership  with  them :  that  he  did  not 
refuse  the  charge,  but  it  was  the  people  who  refused  it  for 
him ;  for  no  man  was  less  timorous,  though  none  more  cautious 

i  Ibid.  7.  «  Ibid.  8.  '  Ibid.  9. 


THE     LIFE 
ctil,     CoOT^ — C.  VibiwPuwu     A.  H 


tbaii  he :  that  a  statesoian  ouf^ht  to  leave  bebind  kim  a  na^ 
tion  of  i^lory  in  iyiag,  not  the  repnia^  of  enrnjai  mji 


1  ouffht  to  leave  bebiad  him  a 
not  the  repmai^  of  ernir  an 
'  Who,"  says  he,  "  does  not  bewail  the  death  of  TnbiHl 


yet  there  ore  Mrnie  who  sav,  though  it  is  haid  indeed  Uwfi^ 
that  he  k  the  lew  to  be  pided,  for  not  keeping  a  bettci  gwl 
MgaiDst  a  base  and  detestable  vili^n :  for  wue  men  tell  a^  dri 
he  who  professes  to  guard  the  lives  of  othen,  ought,  m  lb 
fint  place,  to  keepaguard  upon  his  own'."  That)  if  be-all 
happen  to  escape  at!  the  snares  of  the  road,  Antony's  np 
was  so  furious,  that  he  would  never  suffer  him  to  return  am 
from  the  con^ms :  that,  when  he  was  a  young  volunteer,  ii 
the  wars  of  Italy,  he  was  present  at  a  conference  of  Cn.  iW 
pcy,  die  consul,  and  P.  ^'ettius,  the  general  of  the  Marsi,  bcU 
between  the  two  camps ;  there  was  no  fear,  no  suspicion,  as 
any  violent  hatred,  on  either  side :  that  there  was  an  interring 
likewise,  between  Sylla  and  Scipio,  in  their  civil  wars^  wha% 
though  faith  was  not  strictly  observed,  yet  no  violence  ■■ 
offered ' :  bat  the  case  was  different  in  treating  with  Antaa^ 
where,  if  others  could  be  safe,  he,  at  least,  could  not:  dal 
Antony  would  never  come  into  their  camp,  niuch  less  tbeyak 
his :  that,  if  they  transacted  affitirs  by  letter,  his  opinion  woiU 
always  be  one  and  the  same ;  to  reduce  every  thing  to  the  «9 
of  the  senate :  that  this  would  be  misrepresented  to  the  vet» 
rans,  as  severe  and  perverse ;  and  might  excite  them,  perh^ 
to  some  violence.  "  Let  my  life,  therefme,"  says  he,  "  be  i^ 
ser\-ed  to  the  service  of  my  country,  as  long  as  either  digaky 
or  nature  will  allow :  let  my  death  tall  by  the  necessary  couraa 
offiitp;   or  if  !  must  meet  it  aooHer,  let  mc  mopt  it  with 


OF   CICERO.  615 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Coss.— C.  Vibiut  Tania.     A.  Hirtiu*. 

jVouriiiflr  also,  by  his  letters,  to  shake  the  resolution  of  Hir- 
ills  and  Octavius,  and  draw  them  off  from  the  cause  which 
JiBjr  were  now  serving :  but  tlieir  answers  seem  to  have  been 
.iluvt  and  firm;  referring  him  constantly  to  the  autliority  of 
lie  senate :  yet,  as  things  were  now  drawing  towards  a  crisis, 
om  made  one  effort  more  upon  them ;  and,  in  the  following 
soqpostolatory  letter,  reproached  them,  with  great  freedom,  for 
dsserdng  their  true  interest,  and  suffering  themselves  to  be 
ddpedp  and  drawn  in  by  Cicero,  to  revive  the  Pompeian 
OBDSe,  and  establish  a  power,  which,  in  the  end,  would  destroy 
them. 

"  ANTONIUS  TO  HIRTIU8  AND  C^SAR. 

^  Upon  the  news  of  Trebonius's  death,  I  was  equally  af- 
foeted  both  with  joy  and  with  grief.     It  was  matter  of  real 
jojr  to  me,  to  see  a  villain  suffer  the  vengeance  due  to  the 
asaes  of  the  most  illustrious  of  men ;   and  that,  within  the 
circle  of  the  current  year,  the  Divine  providence  has  displayed 
itselff  by  the  punisnment  of  parricide,  inflicted  already  on 
soniei  and  reaay  to  fall  upon  the  rest.     But,  on  the  other 
liand,  it  is  a  subject  of  just  grief  to  me,  that  Dolabella  should 
be  declared  an  enemy,  because  he  has  killed  a  murderer ;  and 
that  the  son  of  a  buffoon  should  be  dearer  to  the  people  of 
Rome  tlian  Caesar,  the  father  of  his  country :  but  tlie  cruellest 
reflection  of  all  is,   that  you,  Hirtius,  covered  with  Caesar's 
fiftvours,  and  left  by  him  in  a  condition  which  you  yourself 
wonder  at ;  and  you  too,  young  man,  who  owe  every  thing  to 
his  name,  are  doing  all  which  is  in  your  power,  that  Dolabella 
maybe  thought  justly  condemned;  that  this  wTetch  be  deli- 
vered from  the  siege ;  and  Cassius  and  Brutus  be  invested  with 
all  power.    You  look  upon  the  present  state  of  things  as  people 
did  upon  the  past ;  call  Pompey's  camp  the  senate ;  have  made 
the  vanquished  Cicero  your  captain  ;  are  strengthening  Mace- 
donia with  armies ;  have  given  Africa  to  Varus,  twice  a  pri- 
soner ;  have  sent  Cassius  into  Syria ;  suffered  Casca  to  act  as 
tribune ;    suppressed   the   revenues   of  the  Julian   Luperci ; 
abolished  the  colonies  of  veterans,  established  by  law  and  the 
decree  of  the  senate ;  promise  to  restore  to  the  people  of  Mar- 
seilles, what  was  taken  from  tliem  by  right  of  war ;  forget  that 
a  Pompeian  was  made  incapable  of  any  dignity  by  Hirtius's 
law ;  have  supplied  Brutus  with  Appuleius's  money;  applauded 
the  putting  to  death  Pectus  and  Menedemus,  Caesar's  friends, 
whom  he  made  free  of  the  city ;  took  no  notice  of  Theopompus, 
when,  stripped  and  banished'  by  Treboiiius,  he  fled  to  Alex- 
andria: you  see  Ser.  Galba  in  your  camp,  armed  with  the 
same  poignard  with  which  he  stabbed  Caesar ;  have  enlisted  my 


THE    U¥£ 


A.  Irh. 710.    Cie.  tj 
OtbvT 


soltliera,  and  oibvt  veterans,  on  pretence  of  destroying  tUi 
who  killed  Caesar;  and  then  employ  tbem,  before  theykM 
wluii  they  nrc  doing,  agaiust  their  quasstor,  or  their  Eoo^ 
or  tht'ir  comrades :  wtiat  liave  you  not  done,  which  nan 
liiinxclf,  wore  hu  alive,  or  his  son,  if  he  could,  would  jM  iti 
In  short,  you  deny  that  any  peace  can  be  made,  nnkslMl 
Brutus  nt  liberty,  or  supply  him  with  provisions:  can  Ail 
please  those  veterans,  who  have  not  yet  declared  themtdml 
for  as  to  your  part,  yuu  have  sold  yourselves  to  the  Sitiati 
and  {Miisonod  honours  of  tlie  senate.  But  you  come,  yoo^, 
to  nre!ier\*e  tlic  troops  which  are  btrsief^ed.  I  am  not  ^ual 
their  being  saved,  or  Koin|^  wherever  you  please:  if  tbef  ml 
hut  leave  him  to  perish,  who  has  deserved  it.  You  write  K 
word,  that  the  mention  of  concord  has  been  revived  in  tli 
senate,  and  five  consular  ambassadors  appointed;  it  is  hud ■ 
lielieve,  that  those,  who  huve  driven  me  to  this  extremity  «te 
1  ulTered  the  fiurest  conditions  and  was  willing  to  renut  M> 
l>urt  of  tlicm,  should  do  any  thing  witii  moderation  or  hu^ 
nity :  nor  is  it  probable,  that  the  same  men,  who  voted  Dilfr 
bcUa  an  enemy  fur  a  most  laudable  act,  can  ever  for^re  M^ 
who  am  in  the  same  sentiments  with  him.  Wherefore,  it  il 
your  business  to  reflect,  which  of  the  two  is  the  more  eligibly 
ur  more  useful  to  our  common  interest ;  to  revenge  the  oetfk 
of  Trcbunius,  or  of  Csesar:  and  which  the  more  equitabk; 
for  us  to  act  against  each  other,  that  the  Pompeiao  causey  m 
often  defeated,  may  recover  itself;  or  to  join  our  forces  lest  m 
become,  at  hLxt,  the  sport  of  our  enemies ;  who,  which  of  n 
soever  may  happen  to  fall,  are  sure  to  be  gainers.     But  fortune 


OF  CICERO.  617 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.64.    Cos§.— C.  Vibius  Ptnwi.     A.  Hirtius. 

I  can  forgive  the  injuries  of  my  friends,  if  they  themselves 
are  disposed  either  to  forget  tliem,  or  prepared,  in  conjunc- 
tion  with  me,  to  reveng^e  the  death  of  Csesar :  I  cannot  be- 
lieve that  any  ambassadors  will  come ;  when  they  do,  I  shall 
know  what  they  have  to  demand  \"  Hirtius  and  Csesar, 
instead  of  answering  this  letter,  sent  it  directly  to  Cicero,  at 
Rome,  to  make  what  use  of  it  he  thought  fit  with  the  senate, 
or  the  people. 

In  this  interval,  Lepidus  wrote  a  public  letter  to  the  senate, 
to  exhort  them  to  measures  of  peace,  and  to  save  the  effusion 
of  civil  blood,  by  contriving  some  way  of  reconciling  Antony 
and  his  friends  to  the  service  of  their  country ;  without  giving 
the  least  intimation  of  his  thanks  for  the  public  honours,  which 
they  had  lately  decreed  to  him.  This  was  not  at  all  agreeable 
to  the  senate,  and  confirmed  their  former  jealousy  of  his  dis- 
affection to  the  republic,  suid  good  understanding  with  Antony. 
They  agreed,  however,  to  a  vote  proposed  by  Serviliiw,  that 
Lepidus  should  be  thanked  for  his  love  of  peace,  and  care  of 
the  citizens,  yet  should  be  desired,  not  to  trouble  himself  any 
feurther  about  it,  but  to  leave  that  affair  to  them ;  who  thought 
there  could  be  no  peace,  unless  Antony  should  lay  down  his 
arms,  and  sue  for  it  This  letter  gave  Antony's  friends  a  fresh 
handle  to  renew  their  instances  for  a  treaty,  for  the  sake  of 
obliging  Lepidus,  who  had  it  in  his  power,  they  said,  to  force 
tliem  to  it;  which  put  Cicero  once  more  to  the  trouble  of  con- 
futing and  exposing  all  their  arguments.  He  told  them,  tliat 
he  was  ever  afraid,  from  the  first,  lest  an  insidious  offer  of  peace 
should  damp  the  common  zeal,  for  the  recovery  of  their  liberty: 
that,  whoever  delighted  in  discord,  aud  the  blood  of  citizens, 
ought  to  be  expelled  from  the  society  of  human  kind  :  yet  it 
was  to  be  considered,  whether  there  were  not  some  wars, 
wholly  inexpiable ;  where  no  peace  could  be  made,  and  where 
a  treaty  of  peace  was  but  a  stipulation  of  slavery ' :  that  the  war 
now  on  foot  was  of  this  sort ;  undertaken  against  a  set  of  men 
who  were  natural  enemies  to  society ;  whose  only  pleiisure  it 
was  to  oppress,  plunder,  and  murder  their  fellow-creatures ; 
and  to  restore  such  to  the  city,  was  to  destroy  the  city  itself. 
That  they  ought  to  remember  what  decrees  they  ha(l  already 
made  against  them,  such  as  had  never  been  made  agiiinst  a 
foreign  enemy,  or  any  with  whom  there  could  be  peace  :  that 
since  wisdom,  as  well  as  fortitude,  was  expected  from  men  of 
their  rank,  though  these  indeed  could  hardly  be  separated,  yet 
he  was  willing  to  consider  them  separately,  and  follow  what 
wisdom,  the  more  cautious  and  guarded  of  die  two,  prescribed. 


•  Via.  I'hilii).  10.  13,  &c.  «  Ibid.  13.  1.  3  Ibid.  2. 


THE   LIFE 


-  U  visdoM.  t^a."  tty«  he,  ^  should  cfMnmaiKl  me  to  Ul 
C  *^  ^f  V  ^^  •  to  decree  notfainir  at  the  hamd  d  mj 
Wki :  !0  &TV4C  All  danirer.  thougli  slavery  ne  snre  to  he  H 
camtfq:«fc<e:  I  «oui<i  reject  that  wisdom,  be  it  erer  w  lenad: 
's«i  i*  ::  te>eb«9  u<  to  {.irefenre  our  lirn,  our  fortnnei,  W 
fw"  in  yet  lo  »>  to  think  thetD  iDferior  to  liberty ;  to  wik  h 
«vy  laetE  ao  ioajrer  than  we  can  do  it  in  a  free  rejinblic;  hI 
it  zmr:  viii  oct  liberty  for  them,  but  to  throw  them  all  ffif 
>«  JMrty.  »  eKn«iD^  lu  only  to  greater  mischief  withoatk; 
I  awGJii  ihe:i  li^eo  to  her  voice,  and  obey  her  as  a  god'.* 
Tu:  s^-'  sas  had  a  ereater  respect  for  Lepidus  than  hrawtf; 
^k£  ;£.-.'«rt  there  had  been  an  <dd  friendship  between  'itiu, 
i«t  ac  wl=eid  hiiDL.  not  so  much  for  that,  as  his  services  lo  Ac 
;«9i:k>  is  i^retaiiin^  oith  voting  Pompev  to  lav  down  hit  111% 
»ai  eve  ij*  coimin-  trom  the  mi<!er)'  of  a  cruel  war:  thatAl 
m«Sor  ':.ad  laany  pledges  of  fidelity  from  Lepidus;  hismri 
MbL-TT.  greaz  honours.  hieh-priesthooL  many  parts  of  tk 
dCT  aiiL-«T«<&  by  him  arid  hU  ancestors,  his  wife,  children,  gnri 
tgrt&an.  r^re  iram  any  taint  of  civil  blood,  no  citizen  ew 
acv  Aa=y  mserred  ^y  him :  that  such  a  man  mieht  or  ii 
-aa^nest.  ^c*.  coujd  Deter  wilfully  be  an  enemv  to  his  couotiy. 
r%ti  !.>  oe<?f  of  peace  wa»  laudable,  if  he  could  make  in 
a  MM«  *vr  t£if3  now.  as  when  he  restored  Pompey  to  thofc 
iW:  foe  ;=.»  they  ha>i  decreed  him  greater  honours  than  iti 
'*<«:  £-T<=  Evf-.Ye  TO  iUiy  man.  a  statue  with  a  splendid  insetip- 
•j.ei.  *»:  a  rr'i3:ri  evea  in  absence '. — That,  by  Rood  fortnnc, 


OF  CICERO.  619 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Con^-C.  Vibius  Pansa.    A.  Hirtius. 

Jb  own  ^  Tliat  if  he  interposed  bis  authority  witliout  arms, 
hat  WM  indeed  the  more  laudable,  but  would  hardly  be  thought 
leeenarv :  for,  though  his  authority  was  as  great  with  them  as 
hat  of  tne  noblest  citizen  ought  to  be,  yet  the  senate  was  not 
mmindfiil  of  their  own  dignity ;  and  there  never  was  a  graver, 
imer,  stouter  senate  than  the  present  That  tliey  were  all 
lo  incensed  against  the  enemies  of  their  liberty,  that  no  man's 
mthoritycould  repress  their  ardour,  or  extort  their  arms  from 
them.  That  they  hoped  the  best,  but  would  rather  suffer  the 
irorat  than  live  slaves  '•  That  there  was  no  danger  to  be  appre- 
bended  from  Lepidus,  since  he  could  not  enjoy  the  splendour 
jf  his  own  fortunes,  but  with  the  safety  of  all  honest  men. 
riiat  nature  first  makes  men  honest,  but  fortune  confirms  them : 
Sdt  though  it  was  the  common  interest  of  all  to  promote  the 
lafety  oi  the  public,  vet  it  was  more  particularly  of  those  who 
were  happy  in  their  fortunes.  That  nobody  was  more  so  than 
Lqpidus,  and  nobody,  therefore,  better  disposed :  of  which  the 
people  saw  a  remarkable  instance,  in  the  concern  which  he  ex- 
pressedy  when  Antony  offered  a  diadem  to  Caesar,  and  chose 
to  be  his  slave  rather  than  his  colleague ;  for  which  single  act, 
if  he  had  been  guilty  of  nothing  else,  he  had  richly  deserved 
the  worst  punishment*.      Then,  after  inveighing,  as   usual, 

ydnst  Antony,  through  several  pages,  he  declared  all  thoughts 
peace  with  him  to  be  vain ;  and,  for  a  fresh  proof  of  it,  pro- 
duced his  last  letter  to  Hirtius  and  Octavius,  and  read  it 
publicly  to  the  assembly :  not  that  he  thought  it  worth  reading, 
tie  says,  but  to  let  them  see  his  traitorous  views  openly  avowed 
emd  confessed  by  himself.  He  read  it  to  them  paragraph  by 
paragraph,  with  his  own  comment  and  remarks  upon  it ;  rally- 
ing all  along,  with  great  wit  and  spirit,  the  rage,  the  extrava- 
gance, the  inconsistency,  the  folly,  and  the  inaccuracy  of  each 
sentence.  On  the  whole,  he  says,  that  if  Lepidus  liad  seen  it, 
he  would  neither  have  advised,  or  thought  any  peace  with  him 
possible,  ^rhat  fire  and  water  would  sooner  unite,  than  the 
Antonies  be  reconciled  to  the  republic.  That  the  first  and 
best  thing,  tiierefore,  was  to  conquer ;  the  second,  to  decline 
no  danger  for  the  liberty  of  their  country :  that  there  was  no 
third  thing,  but  the  last  and  worst  of  all,  to  submit  to  the 
utmost  baseness,  through  a  desire  of  living.  For  which  reasons, 
he  declared  his  concurrence  with  Servilius,  in  the  vote  upon 
Lepidus's  letters ;  and  proposed  an  additional  decree,  either  to 
be  joined  to  the  other,  or  published  separately. — That  Pompey 
the  Great,  the  son  of  Cnseus,  in  offering  his  service  and  his 
troops  to  the  senate  and  people  of  Uome,  had  acted  agreeably 

>  Ibid.  6.  »  Ibid.  7.  »  Ibid.  «. 


TUE    UPE 

A.  I'rti  719.    Cie,  64.     Cwt — C.  ViUM  pMai,    A.  ITirhb. 


e^ 


to  the  counec  and  zeal  of  his  father  and  ancestors;  and  talk 
awn  virtiM!,  industry,  and  eo«>d  disposition  to  the  republic:] 
that  the  thing  was  ^^leful  and  acceptable  U>  the  mdUk  i 
pfvple,  and  would  hereafter  be  an  honour  to  him&elt 

After  [he  debate,  which  ended  as  Cicero  wished,  heteatl 
following  short  letter  to  Lepidus,  which,  by  the  coldnes  ■ 
neglifrence  with  which  it  was  drawn,  seems  to  be  dedgnoll 
let  Lepidus  see,  liial  they  were  perifectly  easy  and  u 
Kome,  whatever  measures  he  might  think  fit  to  take. 

"CICERO   TO    LEPIDUS. 

*'  While  out  of  the  great  respect  which  I  bear  to  you,  I« 
making  it  my  particular  care  to  advance  your  dignit}'  as  oA 
u  possible,  it  was  a  concern  to  me,  to  see  that  you  did  ■! 
think  it  worth  while  to  return  your  thanks  to  the  seuate,  fix  At 
extraordinary  honours  which  they  have  lately  conferred  oMi 
you.  1  rejoice,  however,  that  you  are  so  desirous  of  miia^ 
peace  among  citizens:  if  you  can  separate  that  peace  fw 
olavery,  you  will  consult  both  the  good  of  the  republic,  W 
your  own  dignity  :  hut  if  the  effect  of  it  be,  to  restore  a  da- 
Derate  man  to  an  arbitrary  dominion,  I  would  have  yoa  H 
Know,  that  ail  men  of  sense  have  taken  a  resolndoii  to  prefff 
death  to  servitude.  You  will  act  more  wisely,  therefore,  m  aij 
judgment,  if  you  meddle  no  farther  with  that  affiiir  of  peart; 
which  is  not  agreeable  either  to  the  senate  or  the  people,  or» 
any  honest  man  :  but  you  will  hear  enough  of  this  from  others. 
or  be  informed  of  it  by  i 


letters,  and  wilf  be  directed  by  ywu 


OF   CICERO.  62\ 

A.  UriK  710.    Cic.  G4.    Cos8.^C.  Vibius  Pansa.    A.  Hirtiug. 

Lepidus's  also,  were  received,  you  will  understand  from  that 

Dellent  man  your  brother,  and  trom  Furnius ',''  &c. 

C.  Antony,  whom  we  mentioned  above  to  have  retreated 
with  seven  cohorts  to  Apollonia,  not  daring  to  wait  for  Brutus's 
animal,  who  was  now  advancing  towards  liim,  marched  out  to 
Bathrotum,  to  seek  his  fortune  elsewhere,  in  quarters  more 
secare  and  remote :  but  being  overtaken  and  attacked  on  his 
march  by  a  part  of  Brutus's  army,  he  lost  three  of  his  cohorts 
in  the  action ;  and  in  a  second  engagement  with  another  body 
of  troops,  which  young  Cicero  commanded,  was  entirely  routecl 
and  taken  prisoner :  wliich  made  Brutus  absolute  msister  of  the 
country,  without  any  further  opposition  ^  This  fresh  success 
gave  occasion  for  a  second  letter  from  Brutus  to  the  senate ;  of 
which  Cicero  makes  the  following  mention :  ^^  Your  letter," 
says  he,  "  which  was  read  in  the  senate,  shews  the  counsel  of 
ihe  general,  the  virtue  of  your  soldiers,  the  industry  of  your 
officers,  and  in  particular  of  my  Cicero.  If  your  friends  had 
lieen  willing  to  move  the  senate  upon  it,  and  if  it  had  not 
jfidlen  into  most  turbulent  times,  since  the  departure  of  Pansa, 
some  just  and  proper  honour  would  have  been  decreed  for  it 
to  the  gods '/' 

The  taking  C.  Antony  prisoner  put  Brutus  under  some 
difficulty  in  what  manner  he  should  treat  him :  if  he  set  him 
at  liberty,  to  which  he  wiLs  inclined,  he  had  reason  to  appre- 
hend fresh  trouble  from  him,  both  to  himself  and  the  republic: 
if  he  kept  him  prisoner  in  his  camp,  he  was  afraid,  lest  some 
sedition  might  be  raised  on  his  account,  and,  by  his  intrigues, 
in  his  own  army  :  or,  if  he  put  him  to  death,  that  it  would  be 
thought  an  act  of  cruelty,  which  his  nature  abhorred.  He 
consulted  Cicero,  therefore,  upon  it,  by  letter.  "  C.  Antony," 
says  he,  ^^  is  still  with  me ;  but,  in  truth,  I  am  moved  with  the 
prayers  of  the  man,  and  afraid  lest  the  madness  of  some  should 
make  him  the  occasion  of  some  mischief  to  me.  I  am  wholly 
at  a  loss  what  to  do  with  him.  If  I  knew  your  mind,  I  should 
be  at  ease :  for  I  should  think  that  the  best  which  you  ad- 
vised *."  Cicero's  advice  was,  to  keep  him  under  a  safe  guard, 
till  they  knew  the  fate  of  D.  Brutus  in  Modena  *.     Brutus, 


»  n>id.  6.  «  Pint,  in  Brut. 

'  Tu9  littenp,  qn»  in  Senatu  reritata*  sunt,  ct  Inipomtoris  conMliura  ct  niilitum  vir- 
tiitein,et  indiiHtriam  tnoriim,  in  quibuft  Ciceronis  mci^  declarant.  (j|uod  »i  tiiis  placuifs^ot 
de  his  litteris  rcferri,  et  niM  in  tcmpns  turbuIcntisBiniiim  po<.t  disccs^iiin  Pansa;  incidis- 
•entfhonofl  qnoauc  Justus  nc  dcbitus  Diis  immortalibus  decrctuH  I'gsct.  Ad  Brut.  2.  7. 

*  Antonius  adhuc  est  nobisnuui :  sml  mcdius  fidiiis  et  inovoor  hoiuinis  precibus,  et 
timeo  ne  ilium  aliquonim  furor  excipiat.     Plane  irstuo.     Quod  hi  siireni   nuid   liln 

flarerct,  sine  sollieitndine  cssem.     Id  enim  optimum  esse  ]>er9ua!»uni  essi-t  mihi.     Ad 
hid.  5. 

^  Quod  me  do  Antonio  consulis :  quoa<l  Bniti  exitum  eoiniorimus,  custodiendum  puto. 
Ibid.  4. 


TUE    LIFE 


I.  l*(U  710,    Ck.  6*.    Vot. 


] 


iHtwevpr,  treated  him  with  great  lenity,  atid  seemed  miidi& 
po«4^d  to  |i^ve  him  his  liberty:  for  which  purpose  he  not  Mif 
wrote  to  the  senate  about  it  himself,  but  permitted  AotODf 
write  too,  and  with  the  style  of  proconsul;  which  surprised  M 
•hocked  all  hU  frientU  at  Kome,  and  especially  Cicero,  ^ 
•Xpostutates  with  him  for  it  iu  tlie  following  terms : 

•'On  the  thirteenth  of  April,"  says  he,  "your  meseDm 
Pilus,  brought  lis  two  letters,  the  one  in  your  oatne,  the  one 
in  Antony's,  and  gave  tliem  to  Servilius,  the  tribune;  k 
to  Cornutus,  the  pnptor.  They  were  read  in  the  sentM. 
Antony,  proconsul,  raised  as  much  wonder  as  if  it  had  bca 
Dolabella,  emperor ;  from  whom  also  there  came  an  esfMM} 
but  nobody,  like  your  Pilus,  was  so  hardy  as  to  produce  di 
letters,  or  deliver  tiiem  to  the  magistrates.  Your  letteraH 
read;  short  indeed,  hut  extremely  mild  towards  Antony:  d? 
■ntate  was  amazed  at  it.  For  my  part,  I  did  not  know  bw 
to  acL  Should  1  affirm  it  to  be  forged — what  If  you  sbodl 
own  it?  Should  I  admit  it  to  be  genuine — that  was  notftf 
your  honour.  I  chose,  therefore,  to  be  silent  that  day.  (H 
the  next,  when  the  affair  had  made  some  noise,  and  l^Iart 
carriage  had  given  offence,  1  i>egHii  the  debate;  said  mo^ll 
proconsul  Antony:  Sextius  performed  hia  part,  and  obsentt 
to  me,  afterwards,  in  private,  what  danger  his  son  and  miK 
would  be  liable  to,  if  they  had  really  taken  up  arms  aguiuti 
proconsul. — Vou  know  the  man  :  he  did  justice  to  the  caMfc 
Others  also  spoke,  but  our  friend  Labeo  took  notice  that  yo» 
seal  was  not  put  to  the  letter;  nor  any  date  added  '   ' 


OF   CICERO.  G23 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  G4.    Cws.— C.  Vibius  Pansa.     A.  llirtiu*. 

opinion,  but  cannot  depart  from  my  own ;  tlie  world  expects 
from  you  nothing  either  remiss  or  cruel :  it  is  easy  to  mode- 
rate the  matter,  by  severity  to  the  leaders, — generosity  to  the 
aoldien  \'' 

Cicero  had  now  done  every  thing  that  human  prudence 
csoold  do  towards  the  recovery  of  the  republic:  for  all  that 
vigour,  with  which  it  was  making  this  last  effort  for  itself,  was 
entirely  owing  to  his  counsels  and  authority.     As  Antony  was 
the  most  immediate  and  desperate  enemy  who  threatened  it, 
so  he  had  armed  against  him  the  whole  strength  of  Italy,  and 
raised  up  a  force  sufficient  to  oppress  him.     Young  Octavius, 
next  to  Antony,  was  the  most  formidable  to  the  friends  of 
liberty ;  but,  from  the  contrast  of  their  personal  interests,  and 
their  jealousy  of  each   other's  views,    Cicero   managed   the 
opportunity  to  employ  the  one  to  the  ruin  of  the  other ;  yet  so 
as  to  provide,  at  the  same  time,  against  any  present  clanger 
fiom  Octavius,  by  throwing  a  superiority  of  power  into  the 
liands  of  the  consuls ;  whom,  from  being  the  late  ministers  of 
Cnsar^s  tyranny,  he  had  gained  over  to  the  interests  of  liberty. 
Bat  besicies  the  difficulties,  which  he  had  to  struggle  with  at 
bome,  in  bringing  matters  to  this  point,  he  had  greater  dis- 
couragements abroad,   from   the   commanders  of  the  several 
provinces:  they  were  all  ])romoted  to  those  governments  by 
ICwsar,  the  proper  creatures  of  his  power,  and  the  abettors  of 
his  tyranny  *;  and  were  now  full  of  hopes  either  of  advancing 
themselves  to  dominion,  or  to  a  share  of  it,  at  least,  by  espous- 
ing the  cause  of  some  more  powerful  pretender.     Men  of  this 
turn,  at  the  head  of  great  and  veteran  armies,  would  not  easily 
be  persuaded  to  submit  to  a  senate  which  tliey  had  been  taught 
to  despise,  or  to  reduce  the  military  power,  which  had  long 
governed  all,  to  a  dependance  on  the  civil.  Yet  Cicero  omittecl 
no  pains  of  exhorting  them,  by  letters,  and  inviting  them,  by 
honours,  to  prefer  the  g\or\  of  saving  their  country,  to  all  other 
views  whatsoever.     Those,  whom  he  most  distrusted,  and  for 
that  reason  most  particularly  pressed,  were  Lepidus,  I^ollio, 
and  Plancus ;  who  by  the  strength  of  their  armies,  and  their 
possession  of  Gaul  and  Spain,  were  the  best  qualified  to  serve 
or  to  distress  the  republicim  cause.     He  had  little  hopes  of 
the  two  first ;  yet  managed  them  so  well,  by  representing  the 
strength  of  the  honest  party,  the  unanimity  of  the  senate,  of 
the  consuls,  and  all  Italy,  that  he  forced  them,  at  least,  to  dis- 
semble their  disaffection,  and  make  great  professions  of  their 
duty;  and,  above  all,  to  stiind  neuter  till  the  affairs  of  Italy 

»  Adnnit.2.  7. 

*  Vide«  Tvranni  Satellites  in  Imperii^  :  ▼idw  rjiifdoiii  cxercittis;  ^idcs  in  l.itcrc  vote- 
ranoft.    Ad  Att.  14.  5. 


eM 


I.  VA.  710     Cic  M.    Co«.^_C. 


were  decideil,  on  which  the  (ate  of  the  republic  seemeri  dii* 
to  depend.  Nay,  he  seems  to  have  drawn  Plaiicus  enon^ 
into  his  measures  ;  as  ap]>ears  from  fais  account  of  hitn  ti 
Brutus ',  and  from  Plaiicus's  own  letters,  in  which  he  pnt 
the  strongest  as-tiiraiice  of  his  fidelity,  and  offers  to  lad  ka 
troops  to  the  relief  of  Modena ;  and  was  actually  upon  la 
march  ton-ards  it,  when  he  heard  upon  tJie  road  of  Anant"! 
drfeaL — Not  long  before  which,  Cicero  sent  him  the  fuUoviiif 
letter: 

"CICEBO    TO    PLANCVS. 

"Though  I  understand,  from  the  account  of  my  frirai 
Funiius,  what  your  design  and  resolution  was,  with  reganl  B 
the  republic ;  yet  after  readiu?  your  letters,  I  was  able  to  fc™ 
%  dearer  judeaient  of  your  whole  purpose.  Wherefore,  thoiiek 
Uie  fate  of  the  commonwealth  depends  wholly  on  one  balU| 
which  will  be  decided,  I  believe,  when  you  are  reading  tUl 
letter,  yet  you  have  acquired  great  applause,  by  the  t^' 
&me,  which  was  every  where  spread,  of  your  good  intendoW 
aod  if  there  bad  been  a  consul  at  Home,  the  senate  by  decntj 
ing  some  considerable  honour  to  you,  would  have  declared  '-^" 
acceptable  your  endeavours  and  preparations  were.  But 
time  is  not  only  not  yet  past,  but  was  not  in  my  jadgmOt 
even  ripe :  for  after  all,  that  alone  passes  with  nie  for  hono^ 
which  b  conferred  on  great  men,  not  for  the  hopes  of  futmii 
but  the  experience  of  past  services.  If,  tlien,  tliere  he  aBf 
republic,  in  which  honour  can  have  its  proper  lustre,  take  mr 


OF    CICERO.  ()25 

A.  Urb.  710.     Cic.  64.    Com^C.  Vibiiu  Pani*.     A.  Hirtiu*. 

extraordinary  honours,  at  the  motion  of  Cicero,  ^ho  sent 
llim  the  following  account  of  it. 

"CICERO   TO   PLANCUS. 

**  Though,  out  of  reeard  to  the  republic,  my  greatest  joy 
oaght  to  be,  for  your  bnnging  such  relief  and  help  to  it,  in  a 
time  almost  of  extremity ;  yet,  may  I  so  embrace  you  after 
Ticfeory  and  the  recovery  of  our  liberty,  as  it  is  your  dignity, 
diat  gives  me  the  chief  part  of  my  pleasure ;  which  already  is, 
and  ever  will  be,  I  perceive,  as  great  as  possible.  For  I  would 
not  have  you  think  that  any  letters  were  ever  read  in  the 
senate  of  greater  weight  than  your's;  botli  for  the  eminent 
merit  of  your  services,  and  the  gravity  of  your  words  and  sen- 
timents: which  was  not  at  all  new  to  me,  who  was  so  well 
acquainted  witli  you,  and  remembered  tlie  promises  of  your 
letters  to  me,  and  understood  the  whole  purpose  of  your  coun- 
oeky  from  our  Furnius :  but  they  appeared  ^eater  to  tlie  senate 
than  was  expected ;  not  that  they  ever  had  any  doubt  of  your 
inclinations,  but  did  not  fully  understand  how  much  you  were 
able  to  do,  or  how  far  you  would  expose  yourself  in  the  cause. 
.When  M.  Varisidiift,  therefore,  brought  me  your  letters,  very 
early  on  the  seventh  of  April,  I  was  transported  with  joy  upon 
rea£ng  them ;  and,  as  a  great  multitude  of  excellent  citizens 
were  then  waiting  to  attend  my  going  abroad,  I  instantly  gave 
them  all  a  part  of  my  pleasure.  In  the  mean  while,  our  friend 
Munatius,  according  to  castom,  came  to  join  me :  I  presently 
shewed  him  your  letter,  of  which  he  knew  nothing  before ;  for 
Varisidius  came  first  to  me,  as  you,  he  said,  had  ordered  him ; 
soon  after,  the  same  Munatius  returned  to  me  with  tlie  other 
two  letters ;  that  which  you  had  sent  to  him,  and  that  to  the 
senate :  we  resolved  to  carry  tlie  last  directly  to  the  praetor, 
Cornutus,  who,  by  the  custom  of  our  ancestors,  supplies  the 
place  of  the  consuls  in  their  absence.  The  senate  was  imme- 
diately called,  and,  upon  tlie  fame  and  expectation  of  your 
letters,  made  up  a  full  house.  After  they  were  read,  a  scruple 
of  religion  was  objected  to  Cornutus,  from  the  report  of  the 
guardians  of  the  Chickens,  that  he  had  not  duly  consulted  the 
auspices ;  which  was  confirmed  likewise  by  our  college :  so  that 
the  affair  was  adjourned  to  the  next  day.  On  that  day  I  had 
a  great  contest  about  your  dignity,  with  Servilius,  who  pro- 
cured, by  his  interest,  to  have  his  opinion  declared  the  first : 
but  the  senate  left  him,  and  all  went  the  contrary  way:  but 
when  they  were  coming  into  my  opinion,  which  was  delivered 
the  second,  the  tribune,  Titiiis,  at  his  request,  interposed  his 
negative:  and  so  the  debate  w,i8  put  off  again  to  the  day 
following.     Servilius  came  prepared  to  support  his  opposition, 

8  s 


THE     LIKE 


A.IJtfc.  T1«.     CSc,( 


iheiig))  n{rnin«t  Jupitor  Mmvelf,    in   whone  temple  ibe  liaif 

CHoil :  in  wliui  miinner  1  haiidlpd  him,  and  what  a  stnie;l(  I 
1  to  tlirow  olT  Titiiis's  negative,  1  would  liave  you  lem 
nther  from  oiIilt  people's  letters  :  take  this,  however,  ha 
mine,  tlmt  the  scaale  could  not  possibly  act  with  more  ^nriiT, 
linnness,  and  regard  to  your  honour,  ttian  it  did  on  tlii^  oco- 
•ion ;  nor  b  the  senate  more  friendly  to  you  than  the  irbgl» 
city;  for  the  body  of  the  people,  and  all  ranks  and  onimij 
men,  are  wonderfully  united  in  the  defence  of  ibe  repohfic. 
Go  on,  therefore,  as  you  have  begun,  and  reeommeml  na 
name  to  immorodity  :  and  for  all  these  things,  nhich  from  li» 
Tain  bwlges  of  outward  splendour,  carry  a  shew  of  giorr— 
rfenpise  them  ;  look  upon  them  as  trifling,  transitory',  penshin;. 
True  honour  h  pineed  singly  in  virtue ;  which  is  illustntci) 
with  most  advantage  hy  great  services  to  our  cotmirv.  Yw 
Imtc  the  best  opportunity  for  this  in  the  world  :  which,  dwr 
ymi  have  embraced,  persevere  and  go  through  with  it,  tbal  tbt 
Tepnhlic  may  not  owe  less  to  you,  than  yon  to  the  repii^: 
you  will  find  me  not  only  the  favourer,  but  the  ad\-aneer  of 
your  dignity  :  tliis  I  take  myself  to  owe  both  to  tlie  republic^ 
which  is  dearer  to  me  than  my  life,  and  tt^our  friendship,  * 
April  the  eleventh '." 

PLanciu  answered   him,    not   long  after,    to   the    foUoirilg 
effect 


OF   CICERO.  G27 

A.  L'rb.  7lO.     Cif.  W,     (.'(»-»». — C.  Vibius  Paniu.     A.  Uirti«i<. 

twenty-^ixtk  of  April ;  sent  a  thousand  horse  before  me,  by  a 
^lllllrter  way  from  Vienna.     As  for  myself,  if  I  am  not  hin- 
dered by  Lepidus,  none  shall  complain  of  my  want  of  expedi- 
:  if  he  opposes  me  on  my  road,  I  shall  take  my  measures 
the  occasion  :  the  troops  which  I  brin^r,  are,  for  number, 
and  fidelity,  extremely  firm.     I  bog  the  continuance  of 
affection,  as  lon^  as  you  find  yourself  assured  of  mine. 

^  ■.  ^ySoIUo,  likewise,  who  now  commanded  the  farther  Spain, 
..    vift  three  good  legions,  though  he  was  Antony's  particular 
■  friend,  yet  made  tlie  strongest  professions  to  Cicero,  of  his 
-resolution  to  defend  the  republic  against  all  inyaders.     In  one 
.^f^ff  his  letters,  after  excusing  himself,   for  not  haying  written 
'earlier  and  oftener,  he  says,  ^^  Both  my  nature  and  studies 
jdraw  me  to  the  desire  of  peace  and  liberty ;  for  which  reason  I 
:->aIway8  lamented  the  occasion  of  the  late  war;  but  as  it  was  not 
'    'poesible  for  me  to  be  of  no  party,  because  I  had  great  enemies 
:  !| every  where,  I  ran  from  that  camp,  where  I  could  not  be  safe 
from  the  treachery  of  an  enemy ;  and  being  driyen  whither  I 
.  Ifait  desired,  freely  exposed  myself  to  dangers,  that  I  might 
ii^  make  a  contentptible  figure  among  those  of  my  rank.     As 
fii^  Ceesar  himself,   I   loved  him  witn  the  utmost  piety  and 
fidelity,  because  he  treated  me  on  the  foot  of  his  oldest  friends, 
!Aough    known   to    him  only  in   the  height   of  his  fortunes. 
VWhen  I  was  at  liberty  to  act  after  my  own  mind,  I  acted  so, 
'  j|hat  the  best  men  should  most  applaud  me :  what  I  was  coni- 
E^Vinanded  to  do,   I  did  so  as  to  shew  that  it  was  done  by  com- 
inand,  and  not  by  inclination.     The  unjust  odium,  which   I 
•  Buffered  on  that  account,  has  sufficiently  convinced  me,  how 
sweet  a  thing  liberty  is,  and  how  wretched  is  life  under  the 
dominion  of  another.     If  the  contest  then  be,  to  bring  us  all 
again  under  the  power  of  one,  whoever  that  one  be,  I  profess 
myself  his  enemy:  nor  is  there  any  danger  which  I  would 
decline,   or  wish   to  avoid,  for  the  sake  of  liberty.     But  the 
consuls  have  not,   either  by  decree  or  letters,  given  me  any 
orders  what  to  do ;  I   have  had  but  one  letter  from   Pansa, 
since  the  Ides  of  March  ;  in  which  he  exhorts  me  to  signify  to 
the  senate,  that  I  and  my  army  would  be  in  their  power ;  but 
r  when  Lepidus  was  declaring  openly  to  his  army,  and  writing 
to  every  body,  that  he  was  in  the  same  sentiments  with  An- 
tony, that  step  would  have  been  wholly  absurd  and  improper 
for  me :  for  how  could  I  get  forage  for  my  troops  against  his 
will,  in  marching  through   his  province  ?  or,  if  I   liad  sur- 
mounted all  other  difficulties,  could  I  fly  over  the  Alps,  which 

1  Ep.  Fftm.  10.  f). 

K  s  2 


wpTV  |M>ssPfKed  liy  his  garrisons  i     Nobody  will  dvnjr,  tW  I 
declaretl  pultlicly  to  my  soldiers,  at   Corduba,   tWt  I  wmU 
not  deliver  the  province  to  any  man,    unless  he  were  tnmm^ 
iiioned  by  the  senate  :  wherefore    you  are   to  look  upon  OM  m  \ 
owe,  who,  in  the  first  place,  am  extremely  desirous  of  pot^ 
and  the  safety  of  all  the  citizens ;  in  the  second,  prepared  ij   ; 
assert  my  own  and  my  country's  liberty.      I  am  more  ploM    ' 
than  you  can  imagine,  that  my  friend  Gallus  is  so  dear  to  jn: 
I  envy  him  for  walking  and  joking  with    you :  you  will  ^  * 
perhaps,  at  what  rate  1  value  that  privilejj^;  yon  shall  \am 
ny  experience,  if  ever  it  he  in  our  power  to  live  in  quiet;  fcr 
I  will  never  stir  one  stop  from  you.     1  am  surprised  that  yot 
never  si^ified,  in  your  letters,  how  I  should  be  able  to  do  tk> 
most  service,  by  sUiying  in  the  province,  or  brinjring  myann 
into  llalv.     For  my  ]>art,  though  to  stny  be  more  san,  ai^ 
less  troulilesome ;  yet,  since  1  Nee  tliat,  in  such  a  time  aitU%- 
there  is  more  want  of  legions  than  of  provinces,  whidi  my' 
easily  be  rei-overed ;  1  am  resolved,  aa  things  now  stxaA,  In- 
come away  with  my  army — from  Corduba,   the  fifteeath  » 
March '." 

There  are  several  letters  also  sti:i  extant,  written  at  4^  j 
time,  from  Cicero  to  Cornificius,  who  governed  Afric;  exbllV  ' 
ing  him,  in  the  same  maimer,  to  firmness  in  the  defence  of  Af 
republic,  and  to  guard  his  province  from  all  invaders,  «fc». 
should  attE-mpt  to  extort  it  from  him  :  and  this  man,  after  d|fe 
WiL«  the  only  commander,  who  kept  Ins  word  with  him,  i^fl 
performed  his  pnrt  to  his  country-;  and  lost  his  life,  at  tait,  ^1 


OF    C1C£R0.  &2D 

V 

I 


A.  Urb.  710.   Cic.  W.    Co«9.— C.  Vibiii*  Pautm.     A.  Hiriius. 
"CICERO   TO    BRUTUS. 

''From  Plancus's  letters,  of  which  a  copy,  I  imagine,  has 
been  aent  to  you,  you  will  perceive  his  excellent  disposition 
ike  republic,  with  the  condition  of  his  legions,  auxi- 
and  whole  forces.  Your  own  people  have  informed 
ym^  I  ffuess,  by  diis  time,  of  the  levity,  inconstancy,  and 
perpetud  disaffection  of  your  friend  Lepidus;  who,  next  to 
Iiie  own  brother,  hates  you,  his  near  relations,  the  most  We 
are  anxious  with  an  expectation,  which  is  now  reduced  to  the 
last  crisis :  all  our  hopes  are  fixed  on  the  delivery  of  D.  Brutus, 
for  whom  we  have  been  in  great  apprehension.  For  my  part, 
I  have  business  enough  on  my  hands  at  home,  with  the  mad- 
man Servilius;  whom  I  have  endured  longer  then  became  my 
digni^ :  but  I  did  it  for  the  sake  of  the  republic,  lest  I  should 
s  the  disaffected  a  leader,  not  well  affected,  indeed,  himself, 
noble,  to  resort  to ;  which,  nevertheless,  they  still  do.  But 
it  not  for  alienating  him  wholly  from  the  republic;  I  have 
ir^ut  an  end  to  my  forbearance  of  him  :  for  he  began  to  be 
K^i^aoient,  that  he  looked  upon  no  man  as  free.  But,  in 
ieus*s  debate,  he  was  strangely  mortified ;  and,  after  two 
■  days'  contest,  was  so  roughly  handled  by  me,  that  he  will  be 
the  modester,  I  dare  say,  for  the  future.  In  the  midst  of  our 
eontention,  on  the  nineteenth  of  April,  I  had  letters  delivered 
to  me,  in  the  senate,  from  our  friend  Lentiilus  in  Asia,  with 
#n  account  of  Cassias,  the  legions,  and  Syria ;  which,  when  I 
.  jfcad  presently  in  public,  Servilius  sunk,  and  many  more  be- 
iddes;  for  there  are  some  of  eminent  rank,  who  think  most 
%iekedly ;  but  Servilius  was  most  sensibly  chagrined,  for  tlie 
senate's  agreeing  to  my  motion  about  rlancus.  The  part 
which  he  acts  is  monstrous  \" 

The  news,  which  is  mentioned  in  this  letter  to  have  been 
aent  by  Lentulus  of  Cassius's  success,  was  soon  after  confirmed 
by  particular  letters  to  Cicero  from  Brutus  and  Cassius  them- 
selves, signifying  that  Cassius  had  possessed  himself  of  Syria 
before  Dolabella  arrived  there ;  tliat  the  generals,  L.  Murcus, 
and  Q.  Crispus,  had  given  up  their  armies  to  him ;  that  a 
separate  legion,  under  Ca^cilius  Bassus,  had  submitted  to  him 
against  the  will  of  their  leader :  that  four  other  legions,  sent 
by  Cleopatra  from  Egypt,  to  the  assistance  of  Dolabella, 
under  his  lieutenant  Ailienus,  had  declared  for  him :  and,  lest 
the  first  letter  should  miscarry,  as  they  often  did  from  such  a 
distance,   by  passing  througn  the  enemy's  quarters,  Cassius 

1  Ad  Brut.  2.  2. 


THE  LIFE 


Milt  him  ft  Mcond,  with  a  more  full  and  distinct 
pwUcuUn. 

"CimUS,  PROCOIfSCL,  TO  HIS   FRIEND  CICEflO. 

**  Ir  you  are  in  health,  it  is  a  pleasure  to  me :  1 1 
wry  well.  1  huve  read  your  letter,  in  which  I  perceived  ft 
wood^Tfnl  affection  for  me ;  for  you  not  only  wish  me  "A 
which  ttidi^ed  you  have  always  done,  both  for  my  own  dkf 
and  the  republic's;  but  entertain  an  uncommon  couoero  nd 
■oliciiade  for  me.  Wherefore,  as  I  imagined,  iu  the  fint 
place,  tliat  tou  would  think  it  impossible  for  me  to  sil  *iSi, 
and  xee  the  republic  oppressed  ;  and,  in  the  second,  lhi% 
whenerrr  yoii  supposed  me  to  be  in  action,  you  would  k 
•ulicitouH  alHiut  mv  safety  and  success  ;  so,  as  «oon  as  I  <Rl 
naibler  of  the  legions  which  Allienus  brought  from  iLfvpt- 1 
lonediately  wrote  to  you,  and  sent  several  expresses  toRoaf : 
]  wrote  letters  also  to  the  senate,  but  forbade  the  dehnirjl 
diem  Ull  they  had  been  first  shewn  to  you.  If  these  IdH 
have  not  reached  you,  I  make  no  doubt  but  that  DoiaUH 
who  by  the  wicke<l  murder  of  Trebonius,  is  master  of  i^| 
has  seized  my  messengers,  and  intercepted  them.  1  bat^^ 
the  armies  which  were  in  Syria  under  my  command;  |j|| 
having  been  forced  to  sit  still  a  while,  till  1  had  discharged  iq* 
promises  to  them,  am  now  ready  to  take  the  field.  I  oeg« 
you  to  lake  my  honour  and  interests  under  your  spedat  aif^ 
V  tliat  I  have  never  refused  any  danger 


OF   CICERO.  631 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Com.— C.  Vibiui  Paiita.    A.  Hirtiui. 

weight  with  you.  Take  my  word  for  it,  the  army  which  I 
have  is  the  senate's,  and  every  honest  man's,  and,  above  all, 
your^B :  for,  by  hearing  perpetually  of  your  good  disposition, 
they  have  conceived  a  wonderful  affection  for  you ;  an<l,  when 
tbey  come  to  understand  that  you  make  their  interests  your 
mecial  care,  they  think  tliemselves  indebted  to  you  for  every 
UUDg;  Since  I  wrote  this,  I  have  heard  that  Dolabella  is 
oome  into  Cilicia  with  all  his  forces  :  I  will  follow  him  thither, 
and  take  care  that  you  shall  soon  be  informed  of  what  1  have 
done.  I  wish  only  that  my  success  may  be  answerable  to  my 
good  intentions.  Continue  the  care  of  your  health,  and  your 
kve  to  me  ^" 

Brutus,  who  had  sent  this  good  news  before  to  Cicero,  as 
well  as  to  his  mother,  and  sister  Tertia,  charged  the  latter  not 
to  make  it  public  till  they  had  first  consulted  Cicero,  whether 
it  was  proper  to  do  so  or  not  ^  He  was  afraid  lest  the  great 
prosperity  of  Cassius  might  give  umbrage  to  the  Caesarian 
party,  and  raise  a  jealousy  in  the  leaders,  who  were  acting 
against  Antony,  that  the  republican  interest  would  grow  too 
Mcouff  for  them.  But  Cicero  sent  him  word  that  tlie  news 
was  already  known  at  Rome,  before  his  letters  arrived ;  and 
tlftough  there  was  some  ground  for  his  apprehensions,  yet  on 
the  whole,  they  thought  it  more  advisable  to  publish  than  to 
suppress  it  \ 

xhus  Cicero,  as  he  declared  to  the  senate,  by  his  letters, 
expresses,  and  exhortations,  was  perpetually  exciting  all,  who 
bad  power  or  command  in  any  part  of  the  empire,  to  the 
oommon  defence  of  their  liberty  * ;  and,  for  his  pains,  had  all 
the  rage  and  malice  of  the  factious  to  struggle  with  at  home. 
Tliese  were  particularly  troublesome  to  him  at  this  time,  by 
spreading  false  reports  every  day  from  Modena,  of  Antony's 
success,  or,  what  was  more  to  be  apprehended,  of  his  union 
with  tlie  consuls  against  D.  Brutus :  which  raised  such  a  terror 
through  the  city,  that  all  honest  men  were  preparing  to  run 
away  to  Brutus  or  Cassius  \  Cicero,  however,  was  not  dis- 
heartened at  it,  but  in  the  general  consternation,  appeared 
csheerful  and  easy ;  and,  as  he  sends  word  to  Bvutiis;  halt  a 
perfect  confidence  in  the  consuls,  while  the  majority  of  his 

»  Ep.  Fam.  12.1-2.  vid.  ib.  11. 

'  E^o  scrips!  ad  Terti.am  sororcm  et  matrem,  no  prius  cdcrent  hoc,  qnod  optime  ac 
felicissime  ges&it  C':ii<!»iu!i,  qviam  tiium  consilium  co(niovi*8cnt.     Ad  Bnit.  2.  5. 

•  Video  tc  verituiu  esse,  id  quod  verendura  fiiit,  no  aniini  partiiini  Ca?«^ris^vchenicn- 
ter  commovercntur.  Sed  auteqiiara  tuas  littcras  accepimus,  audita  res  crat  et  pervul- 
gmta.     Ibid.  6. 

«  Meis  litteris,  meis  nunciis,  mcis  cohortationibus,  omnes,  qui  ubiquc  essent,  ad  patria: 
pnetidium  excitatos.     Philip.  14.  7. 

*  Triduo  vero  aut  quatriduo — timorc  auodam  perculsa  civitas  tola  ad  tc  se  cum  con- 
jiigibnt  et  liberis  effundcbat.    Ad  Brut.  ^,  vid.  it.  Ep.  Fam.  12.  2. 


jL  t  A  n*     r^-U.     ('•A—C.  llWa.  P.AA     A-HuOH. 

iri»«fc  <btnMUd  tb«ii ;  *nd,  from  tbe  number  and  ftni 
•C  tWn  trmpA,  h^  but  GnW  doubt  of  tbeir  victory,  if 
iWy  CBBC  ta  ■  bcUtle  with  Aoiany  '.  But  what  UHiduJ 
anv  w^mUy,  was  a  story  kept  Dp  for  Mifue  days  with  ^ 
fadMliy*  Am  ke  had  foraK>d  a  design  to  make  hinsetf  n 
flf  Ae  citTt  •od  dedare  himself  dictator,  and  would  afft 
flMdT  W1&  the  &!««»  wilhiD  a  day  or  two.  The  KpvX,i 
««MaAa*  a*  H  was,  seenM  to  have  disturbed  him  ;  but  ^H 
Mylfim>  ibe  tnbane,  one  of  bis  warm  friends,  was  tiWM 
fmm  tm  mafias  it,  and  justify  him  in  a  ^[>eech  to  the  pHf^  ■ 
Ikmj  wd  crkd  oat,  with  one  roice,  that  Cicero  bad  nevM  M4 
■W  daigti«d  10  do,  any  thing,  bat  what  was  the  best  and  bM  . 
WmMm  !•  the  republic  ' :  this  gave  him  sotue  comfert;  bft. 
«Ih  bnwlrl  kim  much  greater  was,  the  certain  news  of  I 
VfaMKT  pmad  orer  Aatony,  at  Modeoa,  which  arrived  «itUi 
m  ft)*  Man  wha  Appuleius'6  speech '. 

TW  Age  of  Moaena,  wfaidi  bsted  near  four  montlis,  mm 
warn  af  Ac  nost  memorable  in  all  antiquity-,  for  the  vieiVI 
WA  «r  tbe  attack  and  the  defence.  Antony  had  inresled  ttl^ 
clMily,  aad  pwtcd  himself  so  adrantag^ousfy,  that  no  suocom 
•mU  be  tkrvwn  into  it :  and  Brutus,  tbot^h  redact  tn  iKc 
■IBOM  Knits,  defended  it  still  with  the  greaieiit  rEsniiiDon. 
Tke  aid  writers  hare  recorded  some  ^tratagvms,  which  are  aitl 
la  have  been  put  in  practice  on  this  otxsksion,  how  Uirtiffi 
provided  men  skilled  in  diving,  with  letters  written  on  lead, 
la  pms  into  the  towns  under  the  rirer  which  runs  thniu|:)i 
tl ;  till  .\ntonr  obstracted  that  passage,    by    nets   and  Ira^-' 


OF    CICERO.  633 

A.  Urb.  710.     Cic.  64.    Coss. — C.  Vibius  Pau^a.     A.  Uirtius. 

G«lba,  one  of  the  conspirators  against  Csesar,  who  bore  a  prin- 
cipal part  and  command  in  it 

"  GALBA  TO  CICERO. 

*<  Ok  the  fifteenth  of  April,  the  day  on  which  Pansa  was  to 
arrive  in  Hirtius's  camp  (in  whose  company  I  was^  for  I  went 
a  hundred  miles  to  meet  him,  on  purpose  to  hasten  his  march), 
Antony  drew  out  two  of  his  legions,  the  second,  and  thirty- 
fifth,  and  two  praetorian  cohorts ;  the  one  his  own,  the  other  Si- 
lanns's  with  part  of  the  £vocati\  and  came  forward  to  us, 
imagining  that  we  had  nothing  but  four  legions  of  new  levies. 
But  in  the  night,  to  secure  our  march  to  the  camp,  Hirtius  had 
sent  us  the  martial  legion,  which  I  used  to  command,  and  two 
prsetorian  cohorts.  As  soon  as  Antony's  horse  appeared  in 
sight,  neither  the  martial  legion  nor  the  praetorian  cohorts 
could  be  restrained  from  attacking  them;  so  that  when  we 
could  not  hold  them  in,  we  were  obliged  to  follow  them  against 
our  wills.  Antony  kept  his  forces  within  Castel  Franco': 
and,  being  unwilling  to  have  it  known  that  he  had  his  legions 
with  him,  shewed  only  his  horse  and  light- armed  foot.  When 
Pansa  saw  the  martial  legion  running  forward  against  his 
orders,  he  commanded  two  of  the  new  raised  legions  to  follow 
him.  As  soon  as  we  got  through  the  straits  of  the  morass 
and  the  woods,  we  drew  up  the  twelve  cohorts  in  order  of  battle. 
Xhe  other  two  legions  were  not  yet  come  up.  Antony  im- 
mediately brought  all  his  troops  out  of  the  village,  ranged 
likewise  in  order  of  battle,  and,  without  delay,  engaged  us. 
At  first  they  fought  so  briskly  on  both  sides,  that  nothing 
could  possibly  be  fiercer ;  though  the  right  wing,  in  which  I 
was,  with  eiglit  cohorts  of  the  martial  legion,  put  Antony's 
tliirty-fifth  legion  to  flight  at  the  first  onset,  and  pursued  it 
above  five  hundred  paces  from  the  place  where  the  action 
began :  wherefore,  observing  the  enemy's  horse  attempting 
to  surround  our  wing,  I  began  to  retreat,  and  ordered  the 
liirht-armed  troops  to  make  head  as^ainst  the  Moorish  horse 
and  prevent  their  coming  upon  us  behind.  In  tlie  mean 
while,  I  perceived  myself  in  the  midst  of  Antony's  men,  and 
Antony  himself  but  a  little  way  behind  me ;  upon  which,  with 
my  shield  thrown  over  my  shoulder,  I  pushed  on  my  horse 
with  all  speed  towards  the  new  legion  that  was  coming  to- 
wards us  from  the  camp :  and,  whilst  Antony's  men  were 
pursuing  me,  and  our's,  by  mistake,  throwing  javelins  at  me, 

*  The  Evocati  were  a  choice  body  of  veteran  soldiers,  who  after  their  dismiifsion  from 
service,  bcinff  yet  \'igoron8  and  fit  for  war,  were  invited  to  it  again,  .as  a  sort  of  volunteers, 
by  the  consul  or  general,  and  distinguished  from  the  rest  by  peculiar  privileges. 

^  Ad  ^'on^m  Gallonim  :  now  called  Castel  Frsmco,  a  small  village  on  the  ^miliau 
way,  between  Modcna  and  Bologna.    Cluver.  Ital.  Ant.  1.  1.  c.  28. 


TUB    LIFE 


1  was  presorvtHl,  I  kiiiiw  not  Iiow,  by  being  presentlv  knm 
Id  uiir  Kuldien.  Csesar'!)  prteturian  cohort  sustained  tbefi|^ 
ti  lull;;  tiiiit' on  the  .Kmiliuit  rui(<l :  but  our  left  winE[,  vUA . 
wus  tliv  wi-ukcr,  cuiisi>riii<;  of  two  cuiiurts  of  the  moniiil  legk^ 
and  tli(>  pnelorian  of  llirtius,  bpu;an  to  give  ground,  beings^ 
rnuncioi)  by  Antony's  horse,  in  which  he  is  very  stntf. 
Wlieri  all  our  mnks  lisiH  made  ffood  their  retrent,  1  Tetraui 
myself  the  Lwt  to  our  camj).  Antony,  as  the  conqueror,  &o- 
vimI  that  he  could  take  it ;  but  upon  trial,  lost  many  of  bi^  mn 
in  the  attempt,  without  being  able  tu  4I0  no  any  hurt.  Hinin, 
in  the  meiui  time,  hearing  of  the  engagement,  marched  o« 
with  twenty  veteran  cohorts  and  mooting  Antony  on  bij  re- 
turn, entirely  nuiteil  and  put  to  flight  his  whole  army,  in  At 
Tery  same  place  where  they  had  fought  before  at  Castel 
Franco.  Alxuit  ten  at  night,  Antony  regained  his  camp  U 
Modenii,  with  all  his  horse.  Ilirtius  retired  to  that  camp 
which  Pansa  luul  (luitted  in  the  morning,  and  where  be  left  tbf 
two  legions,  whicli  .\nlony  attacked.  Thus  Antony  has  lost 
the  greater  p<irt  of  his  vetcnm  troops  vet  not  without  ^^ome  ton 
of  our  pnettirian  cohorts  i>"d  the  martial  legion  :  we  took  lira 
of  Antonv'H  eagles,  and  sixty  standanls;  and  have  gaiiiedi 
considerable  mlvanhige '." 

Hesiitt.>s  tliiH  letter  from  Galba,  there  came  letters  also  se- 
verally from  the  two  etuiiiuls  and  Octavius;  conlinning  the 
other  acctmnt,  with  the  addition  of  some  fartlier  particulars: 
that  Pansa  fighting  bravely  at  the  head  of  his  troops  had  re- 
ceived two  dangerous  wounds  and  wa.*  carried  off  the  field  to 
Bologiia  :  that  Hirtius  had  scarce  lost  a  singli 


OF  CICEBO.  G35 

A.  Urfo.  710.     Cic.  64.    Com. — C.  Vibliis  Pan«u.     A.  Hirtiuf. 

The  news  reached  Rome  on  the  twentieth  of  April,  wlierc 
id  an  incredible  joy,  and  the  greater  we  may  imagine. 
18  late  terrors,  which  they  had  suffered  from  contrary  re- 
The  whole  body  of  the  people  assembled  presently 
It  Cicero's  house,  and  carried  him  in  a  kind  of  triumph  to 
-4e  capitol,  whence,  on  their  return,  they  placed  him  in  the 
rostra,  to  give  them  an  account  of  the  victory ;  and  then  con- 
ducted him  home  with  infinite  acclamations  :  so  that,  in  a  letter 
upon  it  to  Brutus,  he  says,  that  he  reaped,  on  that  day,  the 
fall  fruit  of  all  his  toils,  if  there  be  any  fruit  in  true  and  solid 

The  day  following  the  senate  was  summoned  by  Cornutus, 
the  pr»tor,  to  deliberate  on  the  letters  of  the  consuls  and  Oc- 
tavius:  Servilius's  opinion  was,  that  the  city  should  now  quit 
the  sagum,  and  take  the  common  gown  again :  and  that  a 
public  thanksgiving  should  be  decreed  jointly  to  the  honour  of 
the  consuls  and  Octavius.  Cicero  spoke  next,  and  declared 
strongly  against  quitting  the  sagum,  till  D.  Brutus  was  first 
delivered  from  the  siege  :  that  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  put  it 
off,  till  they  should  see  him  in  safety,  for  whose  sake  they  had 

fut  it  on  :  that  the  motion  for  quitting  it,  flowed  from  envy  to 
).  Brutus ;  to  deprive  him  of  the  glory  that  it  would  be  to  his 
name,  to  have  it  delivered  to  posterity,  that  the  people  of  Home 
had  put  on  the  sagum  for  the  danger,  and  resumed  the  gown 
for  the  preservation  of  one  citizen :  he  advised  them,  therefore, 
to  continue  in  their  former  mind,  of  thinking  the  whole  danger 
and  stress  of  the  war  to  depend  on  D.  Brutus ;  and  though 
there  was  rea<?on  to  hope,  that  he  was  already  safe,  or  would 
shortly  be  so,  yet  they  should  reserve  the  fruit  of  that  hope  to 
fact  and  the  event,  lest  they  should  be  found  too  hasty  in 
snatching  the  favour  of  the  gods,  or  foolish  in  contemning  the 
power  of  fortune ',  Then,  as  to  the  decree  of  the  thanks- 
giving, he  urges  Servilius  with  omitting  two  things  in  his  vote, 
which  ought  necessarily  to  have  accompanied  it;  the  giving 
Antony  the  title  of  enemy,  and  their  own  generals  of  emperors. 
**  The  swords  of  our  soldiers  are  dyed,"  says  he,  "  or  rather 
moistened  only,  as  yet,  with  blood:  if  it  was  the  blood  of 
enemies  it  was  an  act  of  the  utmost  piety ;  if  of  citizens,  the 
most  detestable  wickedness ;  how  long  then  shall  he,  who  has 
outdone  all  enemies  in  villany,  go  without  the  name  of  enemy? 
he  is  now  waging  an  inexpiable  war  with  four  consuls,  with  the 


>  Cum  hcntcmo  die  mc  ovantem  ac  propc  trijiitipliantem  populus  Komanus  in  Capi- 
tolium  (lomo  tulerit,  domum  indc  reduxcrit  ?     Philip.  14.  o. 

Quo  cjiiidem  die  maenonim  mconim  laboruni, — fnictuin  ccpi  maximum  ;  si  modo  cBt 
aliquis  Iructu*  ex  jwlijfa  vcraquc  gloria,  &c.     Ad  Brut.  3. 

2  Philip.  14.  l.*2. 

15 


:iiiil '^■^•..-'--  -.>    i-    u.  ■    o-Ktes-i^s  that   DoLiiieUA 

.  wliicli  ii--  VJtr- :t.--.i;  -     v-^,'.-i  ■■wii,  u-as  dune  bv Utr 

I'tlitn".  wlwt  :.t:  .v.  .,..;  lia-v  -i.xie  to  this  city,  by AT; 

,.;■  ihi- ]U'i>|ilf  "t   I'j:-ai.»:    L.j[i'.'^t  uixl  cxwllent  me^  ^ 

:.ri-i->>f  ihp«i-:;aEe,ui'i  pcoj'ie:  wham  L.Aonm. 

.:i-jracf  of  hU  *j>t;i.ir>.  put  to  iWth  by  all  t£e 

•\   ."      Tliiit  tIar.iii:'>aJ  was  iii-ver  so  barbarmi 

:.-    '.   -      ;.    til  Piirina.       IIo   conjures  tbem  to  r^ 

■•     '1  \    'U:iA  all  bteii   u-rrihcd,  for  two  din 

•  .  .-.iri'inl  about  the  city  ;  and  were  ei- 

X-         ■■.'   iL-ath,    or    lamditi'ible   flight:  anJ 

I  ■  ■?■■:■  moil  eiiotiiies,  from  uliom  ttty 

■    .   ^-         lie   tlieii    pTu[K>seil  to  eiilarm 

.  -    :  :..t  :l.,i:;k>:,'iviiij-.  since  it  wa^nntinbt 

■  ,ii  ti>  throe  jfOJitralji  jointly:  to  whum,  ill  the 

.  ill-  wdiilil  ^ivc  the  title  of  oinjierors.  stiic-u  ih^re  had 

a  sujijilicatioii  decrcfii    without    it  for  twenty  yea* 

\...;  >i  rviliii*  <lumlJ  either  not  Itave  decreed  it  ;U  all, 

;    .   ..' :  iiiuuit'  to  tlmse,  to  whom  even  new  aiij 

•  ■■■■..>  -  .  -.    ■.,:i-' '.     Tljat  if,  acooniin:;  to  the  [ireHU 

.     ■  ;  ■  ■.  .T-T  was  ciiininoiilv  jjiveii,  for  killiii^i 

■  >  ■..  ^:l.>,  liaiils,  or  Thnieiaiis;  how  cuuld 

■  •  ■.  ■■.    ,  .   »i   many  le>;)i>ris   «erc  routed,  uud 

■.'.,:.•  •...:  ••  IW  with    what  liunours"  »ays  he, 

_-,•;.■.:■,::-  >":..'iiiil  our  deliverers  iheinselves  be re- 

r.'  ?..:-.  ri:'.-.;-;!'.   wiicii   yesterciay,    on   the  account  of 

>  riaae.  the  people  of  Home  carried  me  into  tt* 


OF   CICERO.  f)37 

A.  Urb.  710.    Ci.-.  C4.     C't.*«.  -C.  Vil.iufi  Puiisa.     A.  Hirtiuji. 

the  thing  itself  was  manifest,  and  the  whole  affair  should  be 
bid  open  in  proper  time.     That  he  had  said  all  this,  not  to 
|Nirffe  himself  to  them,  to  whom  he  should  be  sorry  to  want  an 
•pouig^,  but  to  admonish  certain  persons,  of  jejune  and  narrow 
vunds,  to  look  upon  the  virtue  of  excellent  citizens,  as  the 
cAject  of  their  imitation,  not  of  tlieir  envy ;  since  the  republic 
vai^A  wide  field,  where  the  course  of  glory  was  open  to  many  ^ : 
ftbal  if  any  man  contested  with  him  the  first  place  in  the  govern- 
nenty  he  acted  foolishly  if  he  meant  to  do  it  by  opposing  vice 
to  virtue :  that  as  the  race  was  gained  by  running  the  fastest, 
so  virtue  was    only    to  be    conquered  By  a  superior  virtue: 
that  they  could  never  get  the  better  of  him  by  bad  votes ;  by 
good  ones,  perhaps,  they  might,  and  he  himself  should  be  glad 
of  it:  that  the  people  of  Rome  were  perpetually  inquinng, 
how  men  of  their  rank  voted  and  acted,  and    formed    their 
jadmient  of  them  accordingly :  that  they  all  remembered  how 
in  JJecember  last,  he  was  the  author  or  the  first  step  towards 
Te<»vering  their  liberty :  how  from  the  first  of  January,  he  had 
been  continually  watching  over  the  ssifety  of  the  commonwealth : 
how  his  house  and  his  ears  were  open  day  and  night  to  the 
advices  and  informations  of  all  who  came  to  him :  bow  his 
opinion  always  was  against  an  embassy  to  Antony :  how  he  had 
always  voted  him  an  enemy,  and  their  present  state  a  war :  but 
as  on;  as  he  mentioned  an  enemy  or  u  war,  the  consuls  had  al- 
ways  dropped  his  motion,  from  tiie  number  of  those  tliat  were 
proposed ';  which  could  not,  however,  be  done  in  the  piesent 
case,  because  he,  who  hud  already  voted  a  thanksgiving,  had 
unwarily  voted  Antony  an  enemy ;  since  a  thanksgiving  had 
never  been  decreed  but  against  enemies,  and  never  asked  or 
granted  in  what  was  properly  a  civil  war:  that  they  should 
either  have  denied  it,  or  mast  of  course  decree  those  to  be 
enemies,  for  whose  defeat  it  was  granted.     Then,  after  flour- 
ishing on  the  particular  merit  of  the  three  generals,  Pansa, 
Hirtius,  Octavius,  and  shewing  how  well  they  had  each  de- 
served the  name  of  emperor,  he  decrees  a  thanlcsgiving  of  fifty 
days  in  the  name  of  the  three  jointly*.     In  the  last  place  he 
proceeds  to  speak  of  the  rewards  due  to  the  soldiers,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  honours  to  be  paid  to  those  who  had  lost  their 
lives  in  the  defence  of  their  country.     For  these  he  proposes 
a  splendi<l  monument  to  be  erected  in  common  to  them  all,  at 
the  public  cliari^e,  with  their  names  and  services  inscribed ;  and, 
in  recommending  it,  breaks  out  into  a  kind  of  funeral  eulogium 
upon  them  : — "  O  happy  death,"  says  he,   "  which,  when  due 
to  nature,  was  paid  to  your  country  !  for  I  cainiot  but  look 

»  ibid.  6.  «  Ibid.  7.  ^  n.id.«,fl,  10, 11. 


ii|ioii  y< 


THE    I.IFI; 


11  as  hum  for  voiir  ciuiiirrv  !   wbosu   name  is 


'venie- 


i\  fruiii  Mar:<;  iis  if  tlie  saini.-  (rod,  who  gave  birtli  tolUi 
fits',  fur  tW  ipuii)  of  tiatioiis  I':"'  i^iven  birth  also  to  yon,  fcr 
tlie  ^fOdil  of  ttiis  city.  Death  iti  ili^-lit  is  scandalous;  in  rkan 
|[lurioiw:  wliiToforo,  wliiUt  [hnso  iiiipi(ju«  wretches,  whom  yn 
hk'w,  will  suffer  tlio  pmiisliiin,'Jit  of  tlieir  parricide  in  tbciB- 
fi'mul  ivjrimis,  yuu  ulio  breathed  your  last  in  victory,  bn 
obtained  tlie  jilacc  and  seat  of  tlic  piuus.  The  life  given  tov 
by  natnre  i-  sliurt,  but  the  meinnry  <»f  a  life  well  ^jwntcfW- 
laiitinir :  if  it  ^'i^rc  not  loiiircr  than  this  life,  who  would  be  a 
niiul,  ai  the  expi'iiso  of  tlio  ^reate^t  paiiis  and  (tanger«,  to  a«- 
lend  for  llie  )>riKe  nf  glory?  your  lot,  therefore,  is  bapfK, 
O  ytm.  while  you  lived,  the  bravest,  now  the  holiest  nfgoldiin: 
for  the  fame  of  voar  virtue  can  never  be  h>st,  cither  lirik 
foi)Tetfiihicss  of  tliof-e  who  are  now  alive,  or  the  silence  of  thw 
who  Nliidl  cnnic  heresifter ;  since  the  senate  and  people  of  R«r 
have  raiited  to  you  as  it  were,  with  their  own  lian(l^ani» 
mortal  uitinunient.  There  have  been  many  threat  and  tiuaoiB 
armies  in  the  I'nnic,  (liiltic,  Italic  wars;  yet  no  >iicli  lionnr 
was  ever  done  to  any  of  them.  I  wish  that  we  eould  stills 
fj^valer,  miicc  von  have  done  the  greatest  services  to  iis:vm 
drove  Aiitniiy,  mad  uiih  rajr^,  from  the  city  :  yon  repnl-ied  im 
when  he  attempted  to  rotuni:  a  fabric,  therefore,  shall  tx 
erected,  or  ma:;nilicfiit  work,  and  letters  onfjravod  upon  it,  tke 
etennd  witncitses  of  yiiar  Divine  virtue ;  nor  will  those  wiio  sN 
or  hear  of  yotir  monnment  ever  cease  talkiriir  of  yoa:  so  tbit 
iiutead  of  this  frail  and  inoTtal  condition  of  life  -— 


OF   CICERO.  639 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Cosa. — C.  Vibius  Pausa.     A.  llirtius. 

hazards,  to  relieve  it :  and,  after  two  or  three  days  spent  in 
finding  the  most  likely  place  of  breaking  through  the  intrench- 
ments,  tliey  made  their  attack  with  such  vigour,  that  Antony, 
rather  than  suffer  the  town  to  be  snatcheo  at  last  out  of  his 
hand,  chose  to  draw  out  his  legions,  and  come  to  a  general 
battle.  The  fight  was  bloody  and  obstinate;  and  Antony's 
men,  though  obliged  to  give  ground,  bravely  disputed  every 
inch  of  it,  till  D.  Brutus,  taking  the  opportunity,  at  the  same 
time,  to  sally  out  of  the  town,  at  the  head  of  his  garrison, 
helped  greatly  to  determine  and  complete  tlie  victory.  Hirtius 
pushed  his  advantage  with  great  spirit,  and  forced  his  way  into 
Antony's  camp ;  but,  when  he  had  gained  the  middle  of  it, 
was  unfortunately  killed  near  the  general's  tent:  Pontius 
Aquila,  one  of  the  conspirators,  was  killed  likewise  in  the  same 
place:  but  Octavius,  who  followed  to  support  them,  made  good 
their  attempt,  and  kept  possession  of  the  camp,  with  the  entire 
defeat  and  destruction  of  Antony's  best  troops :  while  Antony 
himself,  with  all  his  horse,  ficd  with  great  precipitation  towards 
the  Alps.  Some  writers  give  a  different  relation  of  this  action, 
bat,  from  the  facts  and  circumstances  of  it,  delivered  by  Cicero, 
this  appears  to  be  the  genuine  account.  The  consul  Pansa 
died  the  day  following,  of  his  wounds,  at  Bologna  \ 


SECTION  XI. 

A.  Urb.  710.     Cic.  G4. 

The  entire  defeat  of  Antony's  army  made  all  people  pre- 
sently imagine  that  the  war  wjis  at  an  end,  and  the  liberty  of 
Rome  est'ibiished:  which  would,  probably,  have  been  the  case, 
if  Antony  had  either  perished  in  the  action,  or  the  consuls 
survived  it :  but  the  death  of  the  consuls,  though  not  felt  so 
sensibly  at  first,  in  the  midst  of  their  joy  for  the  victory,  gave 
the  fatal  blow  to  all  Cicero's  schemes ;  and  was  the  immediate 
cause  of  the  ruin  of  the  republic  ^  Hirtius  was  a  man  of 
letters  and  politeness ;  intimately  entrusted  with  Caesar's  coun- 
sels, and  employed  to  write  his  acts :  but  as  he  was  the  proper 
creature  of  Csesar,  and  strongly  infected  with  party,  so  his  views 

*  Cum  alia  laudo,  ct  paudco  accidisse,  turn  quod  IJniti  eniplio  non  solum  i|)bi  balu- 
tari*  fuit,  sod  ftiaiii  inaxiujo  ad  victoriam  adjnmonto.     Ad  Brut.  4. 

Ibi  Hirtium  quoquc  iwriissc  t»t  Pontiura  Aquilam,  &c.  Ep.  Fam.  10.  33.  vid.  it. 
ibid.  11. 13.  ct  Ai)p.  1.  3.  p.  372. 

'  Hirtium  qui«(em  ct  Paiisyim— in  Consulatu  Reip.  salutares,  alicno  saiio  tempore 
anii^imu<>.     E]i.  Faro.  1*2.  2.>. 

Panaa  amis>o,  quantuni  dctrimcnti  Re«pub.  acceporit,  non  te  pnrtcrit.  Ibid.  11.. 0. 
Quaiito  yit  in  periculo  Respub.  quani  {lotero  breviwimc  exponam.  Primum  omnium, 
quantam  perturbationem  rcnim  urbanarum  afferatobitus  Consulum,  &c.     Ibid.  10. 


640 


THE    UFE 


3 


wettt  all  bent  Hii  iu|>porting  tlie  power  lliat  had  raised 
utid  serving  li»  patron,  not  the  public.  In  the  bc^i 
therefore,  of  the  civil  war,  when  he  was  tribune  of  the 
lie  ]iiihlished  u  law,  to  exclude  all  who  were  in  an 
Pompey,  from  uny  employment  or  office  in  the  $(sre':  wh 
made  him  parlicularly  obnoxious  to  the  Pompeiiins,  uho  o 
itidered  him  as  tlicir  most  inveterate  enemy.  V&asa,  wk 
&t]ier  hod  been  proscribed  by  Svila  %  was  attached  witb  (^ 
leal  to  CwKir,  as  to  the  head  ana  reWver  of  the  Mariiui  CH 
and  served  him  ID  all  his  wars,  with  sing^ular  alTectian  i 
fidelity :  he  was  a  grave,  sincere,  and  worthy  man  ;  and  ba 
naturally  more  mwlerale  and  benevoleot  ibaii  Hirriut,  n 
touched  u'itli  ihe  ruin  of  his  country,  and  the  miseries  of  tf 
oppressed  Pompeiuns :  many  of  whom  he  relieved  by  li 
humanity,  and  restored,  by  his  intere.st,  to  the  city  and  the 
wtates*.  This  made  him  very  popular,  and  gained  himtl 
catecm  of  all  the  honetit:  so  that  Cassius,  in  defending  t 
Epicureanism  to  Cicero,  alleges  Pansa  as  an  example  of  tk« 
genuine  Epicureans,  who  placed  their  pleasure  or  chief  good] 
virtuous  acts '.  Before  their  entrance  into  the  cousul^ip,  Qot 
tiis  Cicero  gave  a  most  viTetched  account  of  Uiem  boiJi,ai 
n  lewd,  luxurious  pair;  not  fit  to  be  trusted  with  the  comim 
of  a  paltry  town,  much  less  of  the  emuire;  and  says,  that; 
they  were  not  removed  from  the  helm,  the  republic  would  o 
tainly  be  lost;  since  Antony  would  easily  draw  them  iolotf 
partuersliip  of  his  crimes:  for,  when  he  served  with  themil 
Gaol,  he,  "had  seen  incredible  instances  of  their  effemJium- a 


OF  CICERO.  (14  1 

A.  Uib.  710.     fir.  (.'4. 

to  proceed  to  extremities,  till  pacific  measures  were  found 
ineffectual.  This  gave  Cicero  some  reason  to  blame,  but  never 
to  distrust  tbem;  to  complain  of  their  phlegm  and  want  of 
▼igoar,  as  detrimental  to  the  common  cause :  yet,  while  they 
were  generally  suspected  by  others,  he  always  thought  them 
mncere,  though  they  did  not,  in  all  cases,  act  up  to  his  wishes. 
The  event  confirmed  his  judgment  of  them ;  for  they  both  not 
only  exposed,  but  lost  their  lives,  with  the  greatest  courage, 
in  the  defence  of  the  republic,  and  shewed  themselves  to  be 
die  Tery  men  which  Cicero  had  constantly  affirmed  them  to 
be;  and  though  he  imputes  some  little  blame  to  Hirtius,  yet  of 
Fknsa  he  declares,  that  he  wanted  neither  courage  from  the 
lint,  nor  fidelity  to  the  last  \ 

If  they  had  lived  to  reap  the  fruits  of  their  victory,  their 
power  and  authority  would  have  been  sufficient  to  restrain 
Octavius  within  the  bounds  of  his  duty,  and  sustain  the  tot- 
tering republic,  till  Urutus  and  Cassius  could  arrive  to  their 
nssistance,  and  Plancus  and  D.  Brutus  unite  themselves  in  the 
same  cause,  and  give  it  a  firm  establishment  in  their  consul- 
flbip  in  the  next  year ;  all  whose  armies,  together  with  the 
African  legions,  were  far  superior  to  any  force  that  could 
bave  been  brought  against  them.  But  the  death  of  the  two 
consuls  placed  Octavius  at  once  above  control,  by  leaving  him 
master  of  both  their  armies,  especially  of  all  the  veterans,  who 
were  disaffected  to  D.  Brutus,  and  could  not  be  induced  to 
follow  him ;  and  it  fell  out  so  lucky  and  aj)posite  to  all  Octa- 
Tius's  views,  as  to  give  birth  to  a  general  j)ersuasion,  that  they 
had  received  foul  play,  and  were  both  of  them  killed  by  his 
contrivance  :  for  he  was  observed  to  be  the  first  man  who  took 
up  Hirtius's  body  in  the  camp,  where  some  imagined  him  to 
have  been  killed  by  his  own  soldiers ;  and  Pansa's  physicifin, 
Glyco,  was  actually  thrown  in  prison,  by  Torquatus,  Pansii's 

fusestor,  upon  a  suspicion  of  liaving  poisoned  his  wounds'. 
Int  the  chief  ground  of  that  notion  seems  to  have  lain  in  the 
fortunate  coincidence  of  the  fact  with  the  interests  of  Octavius : 

*  Quales  tibi  sape  ecripsi  Consulcs,  talcs  cxtitcrunt.  [Ad  Brut.  3.]  Erat  in  Scnatti  satis 
▼ehemens  ct  accr  Pansa;  cum  in  c.Ttcros  hujus  poncris,  turn  maxime  in  soccnim ;  cui 
Consuli  non  animus  ab  initio,  non  R<lcs  ad  cxtromum  dcfuit.  Bellum  ad  Mutinain 
gerebatur  ;  niliil  ut  in  Cnraaro  reprchcndcrcs,  nonnulla  in  Ilirtio.    Ibid.  10. 

N.  B. — Several  medals  'were  struck  by  tlie  senate,  on  the  occaeion  of  this  victory,  par- 
ticularly one  in  honour  of  Pansa,  exhibiting  the  head  of  the  Goddess  Liberty  crownc*! 
with  laurel,  and  the  inscription,  LIBERTAT18;  and  on  the  reverse,  Rome  bitting  u|)on 
the  spoils  of  enemies,  holding  a  spear  in  her  right  hand,  and  a  dagger  in  her  left,  with 
her  (oot  upon  the  globe,  and  victory  flying  towards  her,  tp  crown  her  with  laurel ;  and  tlic 
iDwription,  C.  PANSA.  C.  F.  C.  5f.     See  Morel.  Fam.  Rom. 

'  Rumor  increbuit,  ambos  opera  ejus  occisos  :  ut  Antonio  fnguto,  Repub.  Consulibus 
orbata,  solus  victorcs  exercitus  occuparct.  PanBB  quidem  adeo  suspccta  mors  fuit,  ut 
Glyco  medicus  custoditus  sit,  quasi  vencnum  Tulncri  indidissct.  Sueton.  Aug.  11.  Dio, 
1.  46.  317.    App.  p.  572. 

T  t 


viniu- :  I  »i-h  lliai  I  iiuiv  irnvi-rii 
..t  l...ii,.iirati.li"»v.T.:.<'l  Jmvi*  li 
mu.-i,  lu.-.|.T..wr  I  .1..  n..(  .Iv-i.i 
vi,..,i,.t.  .-»„i  d.tVliv  l)V  1.1.-.  tl,;,t 
i,Ji»;  ;.ml.  i<i  Tnilh.  it' i..- k-i.I  n.. 
ilu-  .■it>.  ;.ll  i.a.i  Wct>  l..-r--.- 
i;ni»  iliiily  i  lit  in- ami  rimri'  uiitni 
mill  iiii)<I<>r<>  llmru'-.  in  i-wry  it.' 
luily.  a-  ill.'  «>iily  lUiii^  wliicli'i-oii 
cirL-um^taiuv-  :  ami  to  onfiiro'  lii- 
a  Viit.-  al-ii  III'  ilir  >i'iiate,  to  csill  li 
llie.li-f.-iKOuttIifni>iil.lic'. 

At  K»iiu\  LdVM'vtT,  till'  -ri'iu'i-ji 
atti'titiiti)  to  tlio  liiv^  uf  tlii'ir  l-o 
won.'  sti  (U'jriti-il,  fur  Mime  tiiiio,  tl 
o]>|>t>«itioii  ill  ilio  ■"Ciiait:  wIkto  I 
bmioiirs  ou  ilio  (Unvasoit.  lUriiifi. 
an  ovatii>ii  tu  (.'le^ir,  ami  aildi-d 
(hnHk'><>;iviii^,  iii  Lmmur  of  1). 
happetiiiiir  to  fall  upnii  liis  birlli-il 
hi«  iiami'  ^lioulil  hv  asi-ribfil  t'vcr 
or  public  kalondurs,  for  a  perneii 
Aiituiiy's  aiUiGTCiit:!  vere  olmt  (U<c1 
ber  ServiUus  liimself  inelii<Wii  \' 
Cassius  tlio  commaml  uf  tin?  war 
Citvni  joiiicd  Brutus,  in  rase  tli 
the  re]>ubliv '. 


OF    CICERO.  043 

A.  Urb.  710.     Cir.  O'J. 

The  decree  of  an  ovation  to  Octavius  was  blamed  bv  Brutus 
and  his  friends ' ;  yet  seems  to  have  been  wisely  and  artfully 
designed :  for,  while  it  carried  an  appearance  of  honour,  it 
would  regularly  have  stripped  him  of  his  power,  if  he  had  made 
|pe  of  it:  since  his  commission  was  to  expire  of  course,  and 
Ids  anny  to  be  dissolved,  upon  his  first  entrance  into  the  city : 
init  the  confusion  of  the  times  made  laws  and  customs  of  little 
leffect  with  those  who  had  the  power  to  dispense  with  them. 
■  The  commanders  abroad  were  so  struck  >\'ith  Antony's 
^Sefeat,  that  they  redoubled  their  assurances  to  Cicero  of  their 
flrmness  and  zeal  for  the  common  cause.  Lepidus  especially, 
who  had  suffered  two  of  his  lieutenants,  Silanus  and  Culleo,  to 
carry  succours  to  Antony,  at  Modena,  labours  to  excuse  it  in 
'^  civil  and  humble  strain,  and  to  persuade  Cicero,  that  they 
Ind  done  it  against  his  orders;  and  though,  for  their  former 
sriation  to  him,  he  was  unwilling  to  punish  them  with  the  last 
Iteverity,  yet  he  had  not  since  employed  them,  or  received  them 
imren  into  his  camp.  He  acquaints  him  that  Antony  was  arrived 
3a  his  province  with  one  legion,  and  a  great  multitude  of  men 
vaarmed,  but  with  all  his  horse,  which  was  very  strong;  and 
j^at  Ventidius  had  joined  him  with  three  legions:  that  he  was 
HBTching  out  against  him  with  all  his  forces,  and  that  many  of 
Antony's  horse  and  foot  daily  deserted  him.     That,  for  him- 

Ef,  he  would  never  be  wanting  in  his  duty  to  the  senate  and 
\  republic:   thanks  him  for  not  giving  credit  to  the  false 
^reports  which  were  spread  of  him,  and  above  all  for  the  late 
j||onours  that  he  had  decreed  to  him  :  begs  him  to  expect  every 
iBiing  from  him  which  could  be  expected  from  an  honest  man, 
ilpld  to  take  him  under  his  special  protection '. 
^'     PoUio,  still  more  explicitly  :  that  there  was  no  time  now  for 
loitering,  or  expecting  the  orders  of  the  senate :  that  all  who 
wiahed   to  preserve  the  empire,  and  the  very  name  of  the 
Jtoman  people,  ought  to  lend  their  present  help :  that  nothing 
%a8  more  dangerous,  than  to  give  Antony  leisure  to  recollect 
lAmaelf:  that  f(>r  his  part,  he  would  neither  desert  nor  survive 
the  republic;  was  grieved  only  for  his  being  at  such  a  distance, 
that  he  could  not  come  so  soon  as  he  wished  to  its  relief,  &c. 

Plancus  sent  word,  that  he  was  taking  all  possible  care  to 
Impress  Antony,  if  he  came  into  that  country.  That  if  he 
came  without  any  considerable  body  of  troops,  lie  should  be 
able  to  give  a  good  account  of  him,  though  he  should  be  re- 


bflllam.  Cui  rnni  c*prm  asRciiMiP,  <lerrcvi  hoc  axnpliiis,  ut  t»,  si  arMtiairre  utile — ^prrfu*- 
querrrr  hollo  nolnltrllant,  \.c.     Hiiil.  .5.  it.  1."). 

'  Sufepicoi  ilhui  niinus  tibi  probari,  quod  nb  tiiis  faniiliarihu* — imn  prolMitur,  quod  u\ 
OTsnti  introire  CH>ftari  liccn't,  diTrovcriiu.     Ibid,  1.5. 

9  Ep.  Fwn.  10.  34.  a  I  hid.  iW. 

T  t  2 


■  ■Ju'i!  .a:  ■■**;lr«i-  uinn  ii  >i;!ii  H 
if  Ar  •..■■J  -■.■..liiii  evir  riv..>-iT  ^ri 
V!i-.  -  ■.  ;;.,■  ri>i'ul>iif  kik:1\  c-yy.' 
iMr!..!."^.>.  W.  "lit  H.mi.-.  ;Hi:i 
Li'w,i<rii'i  wiih  a  tew  uiiarmi'ii, 
a!i)iit>i  iTuki'ii-lieanetl ;  liui  if  it  b 
tint  Villi  i'a:::Mr  tiffht  him  ^i^iiin 
Sfoiii'i..  ]i.ivo  i!.v]  from  M.KioiKi.  I. 
*«,it  I'f  i!.f  Mar.  WliiTofii.v.  nun 
»Lt!  :!ii*v  vn:i':  jomo  iv.-ii  oimipl 
hi'.n :  an<{  think  that  )k>  iniirht  have 


OF  ciCEUO.  645 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  (>4. 

|cceal  ground  of  complaint     The  trutli  of  the  case  is,  he  who 

rMBes  Antony  puts  an  end  to  the  war.    What  the  force  of 
iSi  it  is  better  for  you  to  consider,  than  for  me  to  write 
"'^^^  explicitly  V 

Brutus,  in  his  answer,  gives  him  the  reasons,  why  he 
not  follow  Antony  so  soon  as  he  wished :  ^'  I  had  no 
f^"  says  he,  ^^  no  carriages ;  did  not  know  that  Hirtius  was 
hsid  no  confidence  in  Caesar  before  I  met  and  talked 
iitli  bim :  thus  the  first  day  passed.  The  next  morning  early 
firaB  sent  for  by  Pansa  to  Bologna ;  but,  on  the  road,  met 
with  an  account  of  his  death :  I  ran  back  to  my  little  army,  for 
lO  I  may  truly  call  it:  it  is  extremely  reduced,  and  in  sad  con- 
ation for  want  of  all  things :  so  that  Antony  gained  two  days 
ft  me,  and  made  much  greater  journeys  in  flying,  than  I  could 
pursuing;  for  his  troops  went  straggling,  mine  in  order, 
lerever  he  passed  he  opened  all  the  prisons,  carried  away 
men,  and  stopped  no  where  till  he  came  to  the  Fords. 

Elace  lies  between  the  Apennine  and  the  Alps ;  a  most 
:  country  to  march  through :  when  I  was  thirty  miles 
A  him,  and  Ventidius  had  already  joined  him,  a  copy  of  his 
jch  was  brought  to  me,  in  which  he  begs  of  his  soldiers  to 
>w  him  across  the  Alps ;  and  declares,  that  he  acted  in  con- 
with  Lepidus :  but  the  soldiers  cried  out,  especially  those 
Ventidius,  for  he  has  a  very  few  of  his  own,  that  they  would 
IritheT  conquer  or  perish  in  Italy,  and  began  to  beg,  that  he 
would  go  to  Pollen tia :  when  he  could  not  over-rule  them,  he 
pat  off  his  march  to  the  next  day.  Upon  this  intelligence,  I 
jently  sent  five  cohorts  before  me  to  Pollen  tia,  and  followed 
jm  myself  with  the  army :  my  detachment  came  to  the 
;e  an  hour  before  Trebellius,  with  Antony's  horse ;    this 

give  me  an  exceeding  joy;   for  I  esteem  it  equal  to  a  vic- 
ryV'&c. 
In  another  letter  he  says,  that  if  Caesar  would  have  been 

Sersuaded  by  him  to  cross  the  Apennine,  he  could  have  re- 
uced  Antony  to  such  straits,  that  he  must  have  been  destroyed 
by  want,  rather  than  the  sword ;  but  that  they  could  neither 
command  Caesar,  nor  Caesar  his  own  troops;  ooth  which  cir- 
cumstances were  very  bad ',  &c.  This  authentic  account  from 
D.  Brutus  confutes  two  facts,  which  are  delivered  by  an  old 
historian,  and  generally  received  by  all  the  modems:  first, 
that  Octavius,  after  the  victory,  refused  to  have  any  conference 
with  D.  Brutus ;  and  that  Brutus  for  that  reason,  forbade  him 


»  Ep.  Fain.  11.12.  '  11.1.1.13. 

*  Quod  81  D)o  Cssar  audistot,  atque  Ai>onnmum  tnuittisset,  iu  Untas  angiiitias  Aiito- 
nium  compulisficm,  ut  inopia  potiua  quam  ferro  conficeretur.  Scd  ncoae  CiBnri  impenui 
poteat,  nee  Cmai  cxerciiui  auo :  qnod  utrumqiie  peMdmum  oit.    Una.  10. 


TUB     LIFE 


to  «hUt  Ilia  iiraviTic-c?,  or  to  pursue  Antony:  wcondly,  di 
I'tinsii.  ill  hU  taot  inninents  aeut  for  Octaviu^  aiiil  adnMlil 
M  :iii  union  witli  Anuiiiv,  n^iii^t  tlie  senate'.  Foritiiai 
(lenr,  tliut,  on  ilio  verv  ()ay  of  the  victory,  there  wasaetodfl 
eoTifereiiee  between  tde  two  first ;  which'  passed  in  so aaMl 
a  manner,  ns  tneasc  llriiins  of  the  Jealousy  M'hich  hehadbM' 
coiiverved  of  OctHviun :  unci  Ptinsii's  death  happened  so  H^ 
the  next  morning,  that  it  luft  no  room  for  the  pretended  atm 
and  8pi>ech,  which  U  made  for  liiin  to  Octa^'ius:  espen^ 
MHce  it  a)ipear»,  on  the  contrary,  that,  instead  of  Uctan^ 
I'ansa  really  sent  for  1).  Drutus,  when  he  found  himself  djii^ 
aa  if  disposed  rather  to  communicate  somethinu  for  (he  serria 
of  that  cause,  in  which  he  had  lost  his  life.  But  both  Ai 
stories  were,  undoubtedly,  for^d  afterwards,  to  sare  Od» 
\-iua'8  honour,  and  aive  a  better  colour  to  that  sudden  Au^ 
of  measures,  which,  from  this  hour,  he  waa  determined  I 
pulque  *. 

C.  Antoiiv  was  still  a  prisoner  with  M.  Brutus,  whose ' 
ftencG  eai       ' 


e  him  an  opportunity  of  practising  upon  the  » 
iiiiii  laisiii);  a  sedition  in  the  eamti,  which  created  no  nal 
trouble  to  Brutus.  The  soldiers,  however,  soon  repented  ( 
their  nL«hness,  and  killeii  the  authors  of  it;  and  would  hir 
killed  Antony  too,  if  Brutus  would  have  delivered  him  int 
their  hands;  hut  he  could  not  be  induced  to  take  his  lift 
though  this  was  the  second  offence  of  the  same  hind ;  but,  pn 
tendin{r  that  he  would  order  him  to  be  thrown  into  the  sd 
sent  him  lo  Ik*  seiiirtd  on  sliiji  board,   eitliiT  from  doing  o 


OF   CiCERO.  047 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.64. 

exerted  rather  in  preventing  civil  wars,  than  in  revenging 
Ives  on  the  vanquished,  i  differ  widely  from  you,  Bru- 
I  not  that  I  yield  to  you  in  clemency ;  but  a  salutary  seve- 
is  always  preferable  to  a  specious  show  of  mercy.  If  we 
[fo  fond  of  pardoning,  there  will  be  no  end  of  civil  wars : 
yoa  are  to  look  to  that;  for  I  can  say  of  myself,  what  Plau- 
■  old  man  says  in  the  Trinummus, — ^life  is  almost  over  with 
;  it  is  you  who  are  the  most  interested  in  it  You  will  be 
le,  Brutus,  believe  me,  if  you  do  not  take  care :  for  you 
Mill  not  always  have  the  people,  nor  the  senate,  nor  a  leader  of 
iSkm  senate,  the  same  as  now.  Take  this,  as  from  the  Pythian 
evade ;  nothing  can  be  more  true  \" 

,  Bmtus's  wife,  Porcia,  notwithstanding  the  tragical  story, 
%liidi  the  old  writers  have  dressed  up,  of  the  manner  of  her 
Vlfing  herself  upon  the  news  of  her  husband's  unhappy  fate  % 
diedy  most  probably,  about  this  time  at  Rome,  of  a  lingering 
^illness.  She  seems  to  have  been  in  a  bad  state  of  health  when 
itus  left  Italy ;  where  she  is  said  to  have  parted  from  him 
the  utmost  grief  and  floods  of  tears,  as  if  conscious  that 
was  taking  her  last  leave  of  him :  and  Plutarch  says,  that 
was  a  letter  of  Brutus  extant  in  his  days,  if  it  was 
mine,  in  which  he  lamented  her  death,  and  complained  of 
firiends  for  neglecting  her  in  her  last  sickness :  this,  how- 
ever, is  certain,  that  in  a  letter  to  Atticus,  he  gives  a  hint  of 
Porcia's  indisposition,  with  a  slight  compliment  to  Atticus  for 
his  care  of  her  * :  and  the  followmg  letter  of  condolence  to  him 
from  Cicero,  can  hardly  be  applied  to  any  other  occasion,  but 
that  of  her  death. 

"  CICERO  TO  BRUTUS. 

**  I  SHOULD  perform  the  same  oflice  which  you  formerly  did 
in  my  loss,  of  comforting  you  by  letter,  did  I  not  know,  that 
you  cannot  want  those  remedies  m  your  grief,  with  which  you 
relieved  mine.  I  wish  only,  that  you  may  now  cure  yourself 
more  easily,  than  at  that  time  you  cured  me :  for  it  would  be 
strange,  in  so  great  a  man  as  you,  not  to  be  able  to  practise, 
what  ne  had  prescribed  to  another.  As  for  me,  not  only  the 
reasons,  which  you  then  collected,  but  your  very  authority  de- 
terred me  from  indulging  my  sorrow  to  excess.  For  when 
you  thought  me  to  benave  myself  with  greater  softness  than 
became  a  man;  especially  one,  who  used  to  comfort  others, 
you  chid  me  with  more  severity  than  it  was  usual  for  you  to 
express;  so  that,  out  of  a  reverence  to  your  judgment,  I  roused 

*  Ad  Brut.  2. 

'  App.  1.  iv.  669.    Dio,  1.  47.  356.    VsJ.  Max.  4.  6. 

'  Vaietudinem  Porcise  meae  Ubi  cune  esse,  non  miror.    Ad  Brut.  17. 


THE     LIFC 


invM.'lt ;  aiitl,  by  tlic  accession  of  your  authority,  took  nq 
tiling  tKat  1  Itad  leiinit  or  read,  or  heard  on  that  sobjcc^i 
luivc  the  (freatcr  weight.  Yet  my  piirt,  Hrutus,  at  thil  w 
was  only  ti>  act  agrceal>ly  to  tluty  and  to  nature ;  hut  )Ws« 
we  saVi  is  to  be  acted  on  tlie  stn^o,  and  before  the  pcvltl 
For  wlicii  the  eyes  not  oaly  of  your  army,  but  of  all  tMiBj 
nay,  of  all  the  world,  are  upon  yuu,  it  is  wholly  indecnt  ■ 
one)  by  whom  we  other  mortals  are  made  the  stouter,  vlt 
tray  any  dejection  or  want  of  courage.  Vou  hare  mSad, 
in({ee<l,  a  great  loss  {fi>r  you  have  lost  tliat,  whicli  has  nMH 
itn  felhtw  on  earth);  and  must  be  allowed  to  grieve  iuiiIrn 
cruel  a  blow;  lest  to  want  all  sense  of  grief  should  be  tbw^ 
int>rc  wretclicd  than  f^ief  itself;  but  to  do  it  with  modentioi 
ill  both  useful  to  otliers,  and  necessary  to  yourself.  I  wod 
w  rite  more,  if  this  was  not  already  too  much  :  w-e  expect  jv 
and  your  anny :  without  which,  tliouirh  all  other  things  sucoee 
to  our  wishes,  we  shall  hanlly  ever  be  free '." 

As  the  time  of  choosing  magistrates  now  drew  on,  aiiif  ni 
tieidarly  of  filling  up  the  colleges  of  priests,  in  wlJch  aa 
were  many  vacancies,  so  Brutus  was  sending  home  many  < 
his  young  utibles  to  appear  as  candidates  at  the  cleetion :  tk 
two  llihiiiuses,  Duniitius,  (.'ato,  Lentulus;  whom  be  several! 
recommeiiilK  to  Cicero's  protection.  Cicero  was  desirous,  ih: 
his  son  also  shoidd  come  with  them  to  be  elected  a  priest;  ar 
wrote  to  llrntus,  to  know  his  mind  about  it ;  and,  if  he  tbougl 

I>ropcr,  to  st>n<l  him  uway  imme<liatcly  ;  for  though  he  migl 
le  chosen  in  absence,  yet  his  success  would  be  much  easier 


OF   CICERO.  649 

I 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64. 

Cicero^  and  Lis  friends  at  Rome.  Dolabeila,  after  his  success 
against  Trebonius,  having  pillaged  that  province  of  its  monevy 
and  of  all  tilings  useful  for  war,  marched  forward  to  execute 
his  g^nd  design  upon  Syria,  for  which  he  had  been  making  all 
this  preparation :  but  Cassius  was  beforehand  with  him,  and 
liaving  got  possession  of  that  country,  and  of  all  the  armies  in 
it,  was  much  superior  to  him  in  force.  Dolabella,  however, 
miade  his  way,  with  some  success  through  Cilicia,  and  came 
before  Antioch  in  Syria,  but  ^-as  denied  admittance  into  it ; 
and,  after  some  vain  attempts  to  take  it,  being  repulsed  with 
loss,  marched  to  Laodicea ;  which  had  before  invited,  and  now 
opened  its  gates  to  him.  Here  Cassius  came  up  with  him,  and 
presently  invested  the  place ;  where,  after  he  had  destroyed 
JDolabella's  fleet,  in  two  or  three  naval  engagements,  he  shut 
him  up  closely  by  sea  as  well  as  land ;  till  Dolabella,  seeing 
no  way  to  escape,  and  the  town  unable  to  hold  out  any  longer, 
killed  himself,  to  prevent  his  falling  alive  into  Cassius's  hands, 
and  suffering  the  same  treatment  which  he  had  shewn  to  Tre- 
bonius :  but  Cassius  generously  ordered  his  body  to  be  buried, 
with  that  of  his  lieutenant  Octavius,  who  killed  himself  also 
with  him  ^ 

D.  Brutus  was  now  at  last  pursuing  Antony,  or  rather  oIh 
serving  the  motions  of  his  flight :  he  had  with  him,  besides  his 
own  forces,  the  new  legions  of  the  late  consuls,  while  all  the 
veterans  put  themselves  under  the  command  of  Octavius ;  so 
that,  after  Antony  was  joined  by  Ventidius,  with  three  legions, 
Brutus  was  hardly  strong  enough  either  to  fight  with  him,  or, 
what  he  rather  aimed  at,  to  hinder  his  crossing  the  Alps  to  Le- 
pidus.  He  desired  Cicero,  therefore,  to  write  to  Lepidus,  not 
to  receive  him,  though  he  was  sure,  he  SJivs,  that  Lepidus 
would  never  do  any  thing  that  was  right ;  ancl  wishes,  likewise, 
that  Cicero  would  confirm  Plancus ;  since,  by  some  of  Antony's 
papers,  which  fell  into  his  hands,  he  perceived  that  Antony  had 
not  lost  all  hopes  of  him,  and  thought  himself  sure  of  Le])idus 
and  PoUio:  of  which  he  gave  Plancus  immediate  notice,  and 
signified  that  he  was  coming  forward  with  all  expedition  to 
join  with  him '.  But  he  complains  much,  in  all  his  letters,  of 
his  want  of  money  and  the  sad  condition  of  his  army,  which 
was  not  contemptible  for  the  number,  but  the  kind  of  his 
troops;  being,  for  the  most  part,  new-raised  men,  bare,  and 

»  Ep.  Fam.  12, 13. 15.    App.  1. 4.  625.    Dio,  1.  47.  344. 

'  In  primis  rogo  tc,  ad  hominem  ventosissimum  Lepidum  mittas,  ne  bellum  nobis 
redintcgrarc  possit,  Antonio  sibi  ronjuncto. — Mihi  pcrsuasissimum  est,  Lepidum  recto 
forturum  nunqaam — Plancum  quoquc  confirmetis,  oro;  quom  tpero,  pulso  Antonio, 
Rcipub.  non  dcfatonini.    £p.  Fam.  11.9. 

Antoniua  ad  Lenidum  proficiMitur,  ne  de  PLanco  quidcm  ipem  adhuc  abjecit,  ut  ex 
libellis  8ui8  animaaverti,  qui  in  me  incidenmt.    Ibid.  11. 


Tin:  Lit--i: 


.„bl'i.'i 
,.„1.!k 

II!    IIIK 


I  :>'u  lliiiiirv  .  "1  i-iuumt,"  s;i\>  lie,  "  iiiaiuiaia  nj 
,iiiv  liiiniiT.  \Mi.  II  1  rir*t  iiiiiltTtook  tolVicikw- 
i.;,.l  iil,..v.-  tlir.-v  luiii.lro.l  tlu.ii^.u.l  i»,uiuU  I'lniywi 
\  ;  i>iil  :im  iiiiu  >o  t';ir  tVi>in  iMviiii;  .iiiv  tliiuu'' li^l 
■..:v.-.l  all  mv  triomU  in  .lol.t  f-r  iiu-.  '  1  kivt- wva 
i.l..  I-..r:-o.nM.l.r  witli  « lu.t  .liffitiiliv.    1^1 


na^iiri-s  ..f  \  arr.i.  I  voiild  ii.tt  support  rht"  expui'i>o\"  H( 
lii-in-iU  till' roll ir.'.  a  pr.'^viit  Mipjily  ut'  inmicy,  iiiiti  >omtWt- 
ran  U'ui.iii-.  f.]ii-iial!v  tlio  loiirili  and  intirtia],  wliitli  tuiinuotJ 
^tUl«illilKtawi:s.  Tlii.*  «a<  .K-LTi'L-a  to  him  rea.UIy  k  lii 
M'liatf.  at  [!u'  luoTinii  nf  Dni-iis  ami  I'aiilliiK,  Le[ii(iu!i' 
broili.r';  Kut  tiivro  «ri>tL-  liiiii  woril.  tliat  uU  wJio  knew iii« 
l.-i:u.ii-  til.'  I.f'l.  alfiniu-.!.  iljat  rli.'v  woiil.l  not  l)t-  iii.lucoJ,  b 
any  KTin*.  to -itvi-  tiiuliT  liim:  that  moiify,  howevoT,  slioal 
tvrtaiiily  bf  ]>ri>vidoil  I'nr  liiiii:  ami  LiincIutL-s  Ity  oljwniui 
tliat  it' *Li-['iiliis  jh.mUl  Kwivo  Aiir.iity,  it  woulil' thnm  tlwi 
apiiii  intii  i;ri-in  ililfioultii- :  Imt  tliai  it  was  l{rutu<'s  p;in  i 
takt?  (.-arc  tliui  tliey  --Iu'hUI  liavo  no  i.-nii>f  to  fear  tlit-  evoiit:  to 
as  to  Itiin'vlf.  tlial  lio  toiilil  not  posvilily  do  more  tlian  lie  hi 
already  done,  hut  wi^lioJ  to  see  1>.  Ilrutus  the  greatest  ai 
iniM  illii-iriou'^  of  ini'it*. 

I'iaiiciis.  iis  it  is  liiiLtfd  abuvi-.  »a<  carryin-r  on  a  iie^oeiatic 
«itli  Lrpidiis.  to  unite  tlieir  I'unvs  aii;aiii«,t  AiHony:  it  v, 
niaiiaiTL'd,  <m  riaiicuN-^  side,  by  ruriiiiis :  on  Lpjiidii^'s  by  I^ 
teren*!*,  one  ol'  hi"  lien  ten  ants,  a  true  friend  to  the  republi 
and  i!eah>ns  to  eti-rn^rt;  ]ii«  ireneral  to  its  interests ;  .-ind  Lepiili 
himself  diasemhleid  so  well,  as  to  persuade  them  of  liis  sinceritj 
"'  .....       rreat  haste.  '    " 


OF   CICERO.  651 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  G4. 

and  the  city,  tlian  to  a  desperate  abandoned  robber;  in 
:h  case  he  might  depend  on  mv  service  and  assistance  for 
ecasions :  I  transacted  the  affair  by  Laterensis.    He  pawned 
fiaith,  that,  if  he  could  not  keep  Antony  out  of  his  province, 
vould  pursue  him  by  open  war :  begged  that  I  would  come 
join  forces  with  him ;  and,  so  much  the  more,  because  An- 
^  was  said  to  be  strong  in  horse,  whereas  Lepidus's  could 
lly  be  called  indifferent :  for,  not  many  days  before,  even 
of  his  small  number,  ten,  who  were  recKonea  his  best,  came 
'  to  me.     As  soon  as  I  was  informed  of  this,  I  resolved, 
out  delay,  to  support  Lepidus  in  the  execution  of  his  good 
Dtions.     I  saw  of  what  benefit  my  joining  him  would  be, 
3r  for  pursuing  and  destroying  Antony's  horse  with  mine, 
)r  correcting  and  restraining,  by  the  presence  of  my  army, 
[corrupt  and  disaffected  part  of  Lepidus's.     Having  made  a 
^e,  therefore,  in  one  day,  over  the  Isere,  a  very  great 
r,  in  the  territory  of  the  AJlobroges,  I  passed  with  my 
y  on  the  12th  of  May :  but  having  been  informed  that  Li. 
9ny  was  sent  before,  with   some  horse  and  cohorts,  to 
im  Julii,  I  had  sent  my  brother,  the  day  before,  with  four 
sand  horse,  to  meet  with  him,  intending  to  follow  myself. 
Teat  journeys,  with  four  legions,  and  the  rest  of  my  horse, 
out  the  heavy  baggage.     If  we  have  any  tolerable  fortune 
he  republic,  we  shall  here  put  an  end  to  the  audaciousness, 
e  desperate,  and  to  all  our  own  trouble :  but  if  the  robber, 
I  hearing  of  my  arrival,  should  run  back  again  into  Italy,  it 
be  Brutus's  part  to  meet  with  him  there:  who  will  not  be 
ing,  I  know,  either  in  counsel  or  courage:  but  if  that 
Id  happen,  I  will  send  my  brother  also  with  the  horse,  to 
w  and  preserve  Italy  from  being  ravaged  by  him.     Take 
of  your  health,  and  love  me  as  ilove  you  *." 
lit  Lepidus  was  acting,  all  the  while,  a  treacherous  part, 
^  determined  at  all   hazards   to  support   Antony  ;   and 
D;h  he  kept  him  at  a  distance  for  some  time,  and  seemed  to 
>n8trained,  at  last,  by  his  own  soldiers,  to  receive  him: 
that  was  only  to  save  appearances,  till  he  could  do  it  with 
ntage  and  security  to  them  both :  his  view  in  treating  with 
cus  was,  probably,  to  amuse  and  draw  him  so  near  to 
i,  that  when  he  and  Antony  were  actually  joined,  they 
it  force  him  into  the  same  measures,  without  his  being  able 
3lp  it,  or  to  retreat  from  them.     When  he  was  upon  the 
,  therefore,  of  joining  camps  with  Antony,  he  sent  word 
ancus,  who  was  within  forty  miles  of  him,  to  stay  where 
en  was,  till  he  should  come  up  to  him :  but  Plancus,  sus- 

•  Ibid.  10. 15. 


tlitfir  Carol's  im  ilv  twi'my-ei^lith 
marclit'il  fwrwar'l  towanU  liiin  :  of 
till  till  y  »iTf  ii'iiif  williiii  twenty  i 
lir«.t  iiiti-liicfin'o  "I  ir?  In"  rotn-atc 
Imv><.  ;>ii.{  iTxko  <l«H)i  tlio  bri<iif( 
it.  (lot  W  inii:!ir  Icitv  ifi*iiro  to  "ili 
an.!  ii'iii  tluiii  * iili  lii*  I'nIliMifiio  I). 
ill  [hrct  ii;iy<  :  ilut  LaUTOiisi*.  wini- 
I'vor  ai'liiiinvli-iljii'.  whtii  liL'  finiinl 
lai<l  vidlfiit  )iaiiiU  u}iiiii  liim««lf :  bi 
act.  was  iliiui^Iii  liUi-iy  In  livo:  ho  il 
Ih-  wilt  t>i  Iiiin  >vitli  his  fDrct,';*:  v 
[H>rEk>n.  that  his  army.  Ik>wvvi.t.  ii 
It-rv*!  wiis  so  inui'h  i-oiiccnitfil  in  it : 
thi'  rt'beU  n-;i>  iidw  drawn  into  on 
against  iln-in  nith  thi-  whute  force  u 

Thi*  day  after  tliis  iiniiin  with 
short  h'ttiT  to  the  !^eiiate,  wherein  ht 
wilniss,  that  lie  hud  iinthinir  mi  n 
safety  and  liberty  :  of  which  he  shoi 
proofs  liad  not  f<irtnnc  prevented  lii 
ai;eiuTal  iniuiiiy  and  sedition,  had 
so  )n'*''''it  n  niultitiiile  of  eiti/t>ns  unii 
■eeehes  them,  that,  laying  aside  all 
wnuhl  con-'uU  th«  ^oihI  of  the  whole 
rinl  diKseiisiori,  treat  his  clemenc; 
criminal  atid  tndioroiis'. 

D.  Drutus  on  the  oilier  hand,  jo' 
who  acted  with  him  fur  some  time 
aflection  of  the  whole  jirovinee  on  t 
nified  in  their  enmmoii  letleri  to  I) 


OF    CICERO.  G53 

A.  Irh.  710.     Cic.  «J4. 

forces:  in  my  camp,  there  are  three  veteran  legions,  with  one 
new,  but  the  best  of  ail  others  of  tiiat  sort :  in  Brutns's,  one 
veteran  legion,  another  of  two  years  standing,  eiglit  of  new 
levies :  so  that  onr  whole  army  is  great  in  number,  little  in 
strength :  for  what  small  depemlance  there  is  on  a  fresh  soldier 
we  have  oft  experienced  to  our  cost.     If  the  African  troops, 
which  are  veteran,  or  Caesar's  should  join  us,  we  should  wil- 
lingly put  all  to  the  hazard  of  a  battle :  as  I  saw  Caesar's  to  be 
the  nearest,  so  I  have  never  ceased  to  press  him,  nor  he  to 
assure  me,  that  he  would  come  instantly,  though  I  perceive 
that  he  had  no  such  thought,  and  is  quite  gone  off  into  other 
measures :  yet^  I  have  sent  our  friend  Furnius  a^in  to  him, 
with  letters  and  instructions,  if  he  can  possibly  do  any  good 
with  him.     You  know,  my  dear  Cicero,  that,  as  to  the  love  of 
young  Ca^,sar,  it  belongs  to  me  in  common  with  you :  for,  on 
the  account  either  of  my  intimacy  with  his  uncle,  when  alive, 
it  was  necessary  for  me  to  protect  and  cherish  him ;  or  because 
he  himself,  as  far  sis  I  have  been  able  to  observe,  is  of  a  most 
moderate  and  gentle  disposition ;  or  that,  after  so  remarkable  a 
friendship  with  C.  Caesar,  it  would  be  a  shame  for  me  not  to 
love  him,  even  as  my  own  child,  whom  he  had  adopted  for  his 
son.     But  what  I  now  write,  I  write  out  of  grief,  rather  than 
ill-will :  that  Antony  now  lives ;  that  Lepidus  is  joined  with 
him ;  that  they  have  no  contemptible  army ;   that  they  have 
hopes,  and  dare  pursue  them,  is  all  entirely  owing  to  Caesar. 
I  will  not  read  what  is  long  since  passed:  but  if  he  had  come 
at  the  time,  when  he  himself  declared  that  he  would,  the  war 
would  have  been  either  now  ended,  or  removed,  to  their  great 
disadvantai^e,  into  Spain,  a  [)rovince  utterly  averse  to  them. 
What  motive,  or  whose  counsels  drew  him  off  from  a  part  so 
glorious,  nay,  so  necessary  too,  and  salutary  to  himself,  Jind 
turned  him  so  absurdly  to  the  thoughts  of  a  two  months'  con- 
sulship, to  the  terror  of  all  people,   1  cannot  possibly  compre- 
hend.    His  friends  seem  capable  of  doing  much  good  on  this 
occasion,  both  to  himself  and  the  republic;  and,   above  all 
others,  you,  to  whom  he  has  greater  obligations  than  any  man 
living,  except  myself;  for  I  shall  never  forget,  that  I  am  in- 
debted to  you  for  the  greatest.     1  have  given  orders  to  Furnius 
to  treat  with  him  on  these  affairs ;  and  if  I  had  as  much  autho- 
rity with  him  as  I  ought,  should  do  him  great  service.     We,  in 
the  mean  time,  have  a  very  hard  part  to  sustain  in  the  war : 
for  we  neither  think  it  safe  to  venture  a  battle,  nor  yet,  by 
turning  our  backs,  to  give  the  enemy  an  opportunity  of  doing 
greater  mischief  to  the  republic :  but  if  either  Caesar  would  re- 
gard his  honour,  or  the  African  legions  come  quickly,  we  shall 
uiakc  you  all  easy  from  this  quarter.     I  beg  you  to  continue 


TUF    LIFE 


;i;T''it'niu  m  ini".  ; 


kI    . 


i^-lf  iLat  I  nm  ^trictli 


Ytiiir  - '. 

l.'|»<ii  tli<-  news  of  l.opi'lu^V  iiiiiun  u-itli  Autoiiy,  tlte^enw. 
after  Miiui'  littli-  iirni'  »|H'iit  in  cuiiMHerinir  the  effects  ol  u, 
IhIiii;  I'lKMuniiTc-it  liy  tlu' i-oiiconl  of  ]>.  Brutu<i  ami  PiaodB. 
iiixl  (lij'i-ri'tiii^  oil  till?  tiili-Hiy  ntllieir  uitited  forces,  voted  Le- 
liiiiu-i  all  viu-my.  on  ilie  lliinierli  tif  June  :  and  (U-molisheii  [he 
ijili  *tiinie  wliii'li  tliiv  ii.iil  l;itL'!v  erectoil  t<»  him  ;  reiJervins;  stil] 
a  lilierly  t«  liiiii  aiu)' liis  adiieri'iit-.  vf  returiiiiivr  ro  tlieir  iluty 
by  tlie  tir*i  of  Si.jiti'iiiIxT '-,  Lejiidii^'s  wifo  wn^  M.  Bhiiib'! 
M»t«:  Ijy  whom  he  liiiil  mhi*,  wlioso  furtimes  were  wewssirily 
ruiiicil  )>y  till- i-ote.  wliieh  cmili-ieiiroii  tlie  fiither'^  i>>tati? :  fat 
whii'ii  rea-'iii  Servili;!.  tlielr  irrjiiulmuther,  and  C;L-.-iiisV  *if*. 
tln'ir  aniit.  •iolieiti-il  ficero  very  eiirnc'-lly,  cither  that  tljc  (i.*- 
crtH-  it>elf  iidjiiil  not  juiss,  or  tluit  the'  chihlren  sht-ulil  I'S 
exivjited  ttut  of  il:  hiil  C'ieero  could  not  C(>n«ont  to  oMi^ 
them  :  for  Miiee  the  tir>.t  was  thought  noeL"i-iarv,  the  setoiiif  iij- 
luwnl  of  eoiir«« :  lio  gave  Brutus  however,  a  j>artieiiliir  acconnt 
of  the  cu«e  l)V  letter. 


eiiLitii  TO  iiciTrs 
"Tiniiijii  I  «.tsjiisr  iroin^to  write  to\ 


"Tiniiijii  I  «.ts  jiisr  iroin^to  write  ro  you  by  Mes^alaCor- 
viiiui.  yet  I  would  not  let  our  friend  Voius  ooine  withmita 
letter.  The  repiililic,  Brutus,  is  now  in  tlie  iirinost  ilaager. 
atid  after  we  hiid  eoniiuered.  we  are  forced  ai^itin  to  d^Uu  liy 
the  |>ertiily  ami  iniuliiess  of  ^I.  Le[>idu>i.  On  wliich  oceii-ioti. 
with  which  I  have  charired  in\'self  of  the 
V  things  to  make  me   uaeasv.  yet  noiliing 


OF  CICERO.  655 

A.  L:rb.  710.     Cic.  0-1. 

crimes  of  their  parents :  but  it  was  wisely  contrived  by  the 
laws,  that  the  love  of  their  children,  should  make  parents  more 
affectionate  to  their  country.  Wherefore,  it  is  Lepidus  who  is 
cruel  to  his  children,  not  he  who  adjudges  Lepidus  an  enemy; 
for  i^  laying  down  his  arms,  he  were  to  be  condemned  only  of 
violence,  in  which  no  defence  could  be  made  for  him,  his 
C!hildren  would  suffer  the  same  calamity  by  the  confiscation  of 
his  estate.  Yet,  what  your  mother  and  sister  are  now  soliciting 
against,  in  favour  of  the  children,  the  very  same,  and  much 
ivorse,  Lepidus,  Antony,  and  our  other  enemies,  are,  at  this 
very  moment,  threatening  to  us  all.  Wherefore,  our  greatest 
hope  is  in  you  and  your  army;  it  is  of  the  utmost  consequence, 
both  to  the  republic  in  general,  and  to  your  honour  and  glory 
in  particular,  that,  as  I  wrote  to  you  before,  you  come  as  soon 
as  possible  into  Italy,  for  the  republic  is  in  great  want,  not  only 
of  your  forces,  but  of  your  counsels.  I  served  Vetus,  with 
pleasure,  as  you  desired  me,  for  his  singular  benevolence  and 
Guty  to  you :  I  found  him  extremely  zealous  and  affiectionate 
both  to  you  and  the  republic :  I  shall  see  my  son,  1  hope,  very 
soon ;  for  I  dej)end  on  his  coming  with  you  quickly  to  Italy  \" 

Brutus,  before  he  had  received  this  letter,  having  heard 
from  other  friends,  what  they  were  designing  at  Rome  against 
Lepidus,  wTote  about  the  same  time,  and  on  the  same  subject, 
to  Cicero. 

"  BRUTUS  TO  CICERO. 

"  Other  people's  fears  oblige  me  to  entertain  some  appre- 
hensions, myself,  on  Lepidus's  account :  if  he  should  withclraw 
himself  from  us  (which  will  prove,  I  hope,  a  rash  and  injurious 
suspicion  of  him),  I  beg  and  beseech  you,  Cicero,  conjuring 
you,  by  our  friendship,  and  your  affection  to  me,  to  forget  that 
my  sister's  children  are  Lepidus's  sons,  and  to  consider  me  in 
the  place  of  their  father.  If  I  obtain  this  of  you,  you  will  not 
scruple,  I  am  sure  to  do  whatever  you  can  for  them.  Other 
people  live  diff'erently  with  their  friends ;  but  I  can  never  do 
enough  for  my  sister's  children  to  satisfy  either  my  inclination 
or  my  duty.  But  what  is  there  in  which  honest  men  can 
oblige  me  (if  in  reality  I  have  deserved  to  be  obliged  in  any 
thing),  or  in  which  I  can  be  of  service  to  my  motlier,  sister, 
and  the  boys,  if  their  uncle  Brutus  has  not  as  much  weight 
with  you  and  the  senate  to  protect,  as  their  father  Lepiclus 
to  hurt  them?  I  feel  so  much  uneasiness  and  indignation, 
that  I  neither  can  nor  ought  to  write  more  fully  to  you :  for 
if,  in  a  case  so  important  and  so  necessary,  tliere  could  be 

^  Ad  Brut.  12. 


..'■\  .nv.i-i"ii  t''>r  Wi-riU  t.t  oxcitf  ami  confirm  yon,  tlieto  i-  no 
Ltijif  iliLii  viui  will  ili>  uiiut  I  wiTili,  iiii<)  wlint  is  ]iro(>er.  Do 
mil  i-.\|'i'it.  til.' Ml  ire.  iiiiy  Imi'j  jinivers  from  me:  coD.«id«T 
(•Illy  w!i.it  I  ;im.  uti<l  thiit  1  'ni;;!!!  tu  otjtitiit  it,  either  &od 
tirtTtt,  u  m;iii  ilu'  ino-t  iiitiiiiiiii.'iy  uiiitcit  with  mo :  or,  witboot 
rt-^TJ'''  '"  '"T  ('li^iitf  t'rii'iiil-lii(>.  from  a  t-onstilur  senator  it 
*iK-li  ("iia:niico  :  (ir:iv  soml  mo  word  as  t-oon  as  vou  can  whu 
y..>i  rtx.lvf  to  .1...     Jnly  tl.o  firM '." 

t'iivTo  pi'ruciviiiij,  fri>ni  tliis  U-tti'r,  wluit  lie  luiii  no  notion 
of  iH'fortf.  how  ijrfiii  a  -tros  HrutiK  luid  on  iirocuriiig  thi« 
fuvtmr  for  his  nephew*,  jircvailetl  wiili  the  soiKite  to  sMsuetiA 
till.'  execution  of  their  ael,  us  far  as  it  reliitod  to  them,  tilt  tlit 
time*  w.re  more  <ettlt-il '. 

I..'j'iilii- uiiil  Aiitiiiiy  were  im  sooner  joined,  tlinii  a  curre«- 
|>iiuileiitv  wji-  -ft  oil  loot  lutwi-eii  tln'iii  aiid  Octuvius;  who, 
from  the  d.iitli  of  tlie  eiui^ul-,  hlieweil  lint  little  regard  to  the 
nuthoTttv  I'f  (.'iiiTo.  or  tlie  -enate  :  and  wjinted  oiilv  a  iiretence 
for  breakin-r  with  then..  He  waited,  li-wever.  a  « Idle,  to  »« 
what  l-eeanif  of  Aiitoiiv.  till  findin;;  Idiii  received  iind  -iup- 
I'.Tted  I'v  l.ei>idn<.  lie  \"£iui  to  tljiiik  it  Ids  l>e>t  scheme  to 
enter  inm  the  le:i.:iie  uirh  them:  and  In  iinutir  in  ivhar soeined 
t,i  lie  i!i'-r,'  j>  enliarly  hi»  own  part,  t!ie  de^ijrn  of  reveiiffin' 
the  deaih  of  hi-  mule.  Instead,  tlicrefore,  of  [misccutin^f  the 
war  ii:-.y  I.iriher.  h.'  wii-  iv:-iia'.d  l-y  hi*  friernls  to  make  h 
ileiiuiKii  M]'  the  e.'n-'ul-hii'.  tlnuiifh  he  na-  not  vet  above  twenty 
y.ar*  ..Id.  Thi*  vt,-|>  shoekedaiid  teirifiid  the  city  ;  not  that 
t!ie  eii:;-i;:-hi]>  vidd  :,ive  him  any  imwi-r  which  Iiis  arm v  had 
i»iK  idreidy  given,  hut  as  it  indicated  a  liang'eroiis  an^  i 


OF   CICERO.  (>57 

A.  I'rb.  710.     Cic.  fi  I. 

^rould  Lave  exposed  him  only  to  more  immediate  dai)):>;er  and 
insults  from  the  soldiers,  whose  fastidious  insolence  in  their 
demands,  mi'hs  grown,  as  he  complains,  insupportable  \     Some 
old  writers  say*  what  the  moderns  take  implicitly  from  them, 
that  he  was  duped,  and  drawn  in  by  Octavius,  to  favour  his 
pretensions  to  the  consulship,  by  the  hopes  of  bein^  made  his 
eolleaeue,  and  governing  him  in  the  office  '•     But  the  contrary 
18  evident  from  several  of  his  letters ;  and  that  of  all  men,  he 
'was  the  most  averse  to  Octavius's  design,  and  the  most  active 
in  dissuading  him  from  pursuing  it.  Writing  upon  it  to  Brutus  : 
••  As  to  CfiBsar,"  says  he,  "  who  has  been  governed  hitherto  by 
my  advice,  and  is  indeed  of  an  excellent  disposition,  and  won- 
derful firmness,  some  people,  by  most  wickea  letters,  messages, 
and  fiillacious  accounts  of  things,   have  pushed  him   to   an 
assured  hope  of  the  consulship.     As  soon  as  I  perceived  it,  I 
never  ceased  admonishing  him  in  absence,  nor  reproaching  his 
friends  who  are  present,  and  who  seem  to  encourage  his  ambi- 
don ;  nor  did  I  scruple  to  lay  open  the  source  of  those  traitor- 
ous counsels  in  the  senate ;  nor  do  I  ever  remember  the  senate 
or  the  magistrates  to  have  behaved  better  on  any  occasion : 
for,   it  never  happened   before,  in  voting  an   extraordinary 
honour  to  a  powerful,  or  rather  most  powerful   man    (since 
■  power  is  now  measured  by  force  and  arms),  that  no  tribune,  or 
any  other  magistrate,  nor  so  much  as  a  private  senator,  would 
move  for  it :  yet,  in  the  midst  of  all  this  firmness  and  virtue, 
the  city  is  greatly  alarmed  :  for  we  are  abused,   Brutus,  both 
by  the  licentiousness  of  the  soldiers,  and  the  insolence  of  the 
general.     Every  one  demands  to  have  as  much  power  in  the 
state,  as  he  has  means  to  extort  it :  no  reason,  no  moderation, 
no  law,  no  custom,  no  duty  is  at  all  regarded,  no  judgment  or 
opinion  of  the  citizens,  no  shame  of  posterity  %"  &c. 


A,  Urb.  710.    Cic.  G4.    Coss.— C.  CtDSar  Octayianue.    Q.  PcUius. 

What  Cicero  says  in  this  letter,  is  very  remarkable,  that, 
in  all  this  height  of  young  Cjesar's  power,  there  was  not  a 
magistrate,  not  so  mucli  as  a  single  senator,  who  would  move 
for  tlie  decree  of  his  consulship :  the  demand  of  it,  therefore, 
was  made  by  a  deputation  of  his  officers ;  and  when  the  senate 
received  it  more  coldly  than  they  expected,  Cornelius,  a  cen- 
turion, throwing  back  his  robe,  and  shewing  them  his  sword, 
boldly  declared,  that  if  they  would  not  make  him  consul,  that 
should.     But  Octavius  himself  soon  put  an  end  to  their  scru- 

'  Tlliiilitiuir.  Urulo,  imimi  inilitiiin  (IrliriiH,  tiiiii  lmporatnri'«  iii^oiciitia.     Ihi«l.  10. 
«  rhjt.  ill  Cic.  3  Ad  Brut,  10. 

U  U 


THE    LIFE 


ple«,  by  marching  with  his  legions  in  an  hostile  maimer  to  t 
city  ' ;  where  he  was  chosen  Consul,  with  Q.  Pedii»,  his  k'~ 
nmi),  aiid  coheir  in  purt  of  his  uncle's  estate,  in  the  n 
Sexiilis;  vhich,  on  the  account  of  this  fortunate  beginmn^d 
bis  honours,  was  called  afterwards,  from  bis  owa  ) 
Angustus  '. 

The  tirst  act  of  his  ma^tracy  was  to  secure  all  the  aMt  j 
Boney,  which   be  found  in  Rome,  and  make  a  dividena  al  t  J 
to  his  soldiers.     He  complained   loudly   of  the  senatet  t^  J 
instead  of  paying  his  army  the  rewards  which  they  had  d 
to  them,  tJiey  were  contriving  to  harass  tliem  with  perpe&ril 
loils,  and  to  engage  them  in  fresh  wars  against  Lepidm  aJ  i 
Antony ;  and,  likewise,  that  in  the  commission  granted  to  tti  ] 
senators,  to  provide  lands  for  the  legions  after  the  war,  ilxy  1 
had  not  named  him '.     But  there  was  no  just  ground  for  V)J  J 
mch  complaints:  for  those  rewards  were  not  decreed,  nor  i»-J 
teoded  to  be  distributed,  till  the  war  was  quite  ended ;  and  till 
Icsving  Csisar  out  of  the  commission  was  not  from  anv  n 
tioular  slight,  but  a  general  exception   of  all,  who  I 
command  of  armies,  as  improper  to   be    employed  in  SBob4 
charge;  tiiough  Cicero,  indeed,  was  of  a  different  opinioii,M 
preeseil  for  their  being  talien  in.    D.  Brutus  and  Plancus  « 
excluded  as  well  as  C»sar ;  and  both  of  them  seem,  hke« 
to  have  been  disgusted  at  it:  so  that  Cicero,  who  v 
the  number,  in  order  to  retrieve   tlie  imprudence  of  a 
which  gave  such  offence,  would  not  suffer  his  colleagues  t 
do  any  thing  of  moment,   but  reserved  the  whole  aSair  to  drt  * 


OF  CICERO.  liljy 

A.  Urb,  710.     Cic.  (>4.     Co«». — C.  C'T«ar  Ocuviaiiu-     l^.  IVdiu-. 

have  reported  every  where,  aiid  believed  in  the  worse  sense. 
jy,  Brutus  gave  Cicero  the  first  notice  of  it  in  the  following 
letter: — 

**D.  BRUTUS,  EMPEROE,  CONSUL-ELECT,  TO  M.  T.  CICERO. 

•*  What  I  do  not  feel  on  my  own  account,  my  love  and 
obligations  to  you  make  me  feel  on  your*s :  that  is,  fear.  For 
after  I  had  been  often  told,  what  I  did  not  wholly  slight, 
I^abeo  Seg^lius,  a  man  always  like  himself,  just  now  informs 
^ «  ne,  that  he  has  been  with  Caesar,  where  there  was  much  dis- 
oonrse  on  you :  that  Caesar  himself  had  no  other  complaint 
i^;aiiist  you,  but  for  a  certain  saying,  which  he  declared  to 
have  been  spoken  by  you;  that  the  young  man  was  to  be 
praised,  adorned,  taken  off* ;  but  he  would  not  be  so  silly,  he 
«ud,  as  to  put  it  into  any  man's  power  to  take  him  off.  This, 
I  dare  say,  was  first  carried  to  him,  or  forged  by  Segulius 
himself,  and  did  not  come  from  the  young  man.  Segulius  had 
m  mind,  likewise,  to  persuade  me,  that  the  veterans  talk  most 

igrily  against  you ;  and  that  you  are  in  danger  from  them ; 

id  that  the  chief  cause  of  their  anger  is,  because  neither 

ir  nor  I  am  in  the  commission  of  the  ten,  but  all  things 

-transacted   by  your  will   and  pleasure  :    upon   hearing  this, 

"lough  I  was  then  upon  my  march,  I  did  not  think  it  proper 

to  pass  the  Alps,  till  I  could  first  learn  how  matters  were  going 

amongst  you  *,"  &c. 

To  this  Cicero  answered, 

"  The  gods  confound  that  Segulius,  the  greatest  knave  that 
is,  or  was,  or  ever  will  be.  What !  do  you  imagine,  that  be 
told  his  story  only  to  you  and  to  Caesar?  he  tola  the  same  to 
every  soul  that  he  could  speak  with :  I  love  you,  however,  my 
Brutus,  as  I  ought,  for  acquainting  me  with  it,  how  trifling 
soever  it  be :  it  is  a  sure  sign  of  your  affection.  For  as  to 
what  Segulius  says,  of  the  complaint  of  the  veterans,  because 
you  and  Caesar  were  not  in  the  commission,  I  wish  that  I  was 
not  in  it  myself;  for  what  can  be  more  troublesome? — but 
when  I  proposed  that  those  who  had  the  command  of  armies 
should  be  included  in  it,  the  same  men,  who  used  to  oppose 
every  thing,  remonstrated  against  it;  so  that  you  were  exi- 
cepted,  wholly  against  my  vote  and  opinion  ',"  &c. 

Ar  for  the  story  of  the  words,  he  treats  it,  we  see,  as  too 
contemptible  to  deserve  an  apology,  or  the  pains  of  disclaiming 
it;  and  it  seems,  indeed,  incredible,  that  a  man  of  his  prudence 
could  ever  say  them.     If  he  had  harboured  such  a  thought,  or 

'  Tjaiidandum  allo1c^<:(.'nten1,  ornanduni,  tollendum.     Which  I.i&t  word  »i^iiificM,  either 
to  raise  to  houoiiis,  or  to  take  awav  life. 
«  Ed.  Fmh.  11.20.  MI>id.21. 

u  ii2 


Iiail  been  tcmptetl,  on  any  occasion,    to  throw  out  sudt  a  U 
wc  nii^ht  have  expected  to  find  it  in  his  letters  to  Bintnca 
on  tlie  contrary,  lie  speaks  always  of  Octavius   in  tenaifi 
ad^-antageoiis,  even  where  he  was  likely  to  give  disgoat^ 
But  nouiine  was  more  common  than  to  have  sayii^  IT 
for  bis,  whidi  he  had  never  spoken  :  and  this  was  one  fli 
lort;  contrived  to  instil  a  jealousy  into  Octavius,  or  t6n 
htm  a  handle,  at  least,  for  breaking  with  Cicero,  which,  a 
present  circumstances,  he  was  glad  to  lay  hold  of:  and  ■ 
the    story   was    once   become  public,    and    supposed    to  hafl 
guned  credit  with  Octavius,  it  is  not  stnm^e  to  lind  it  taka 
up  by  the  writers  of  the  following  ages,  Velleius  and  Suetonim, 
though  not  witliout  an  intimation  from  the  latter  of  its  r- 
pected  credit '. 

While  the  city  was  in  the  utmost  consternation,  o 

■pprOBcli,  with  his  armv,  two  veteran  legions  from  1 

pMwd  tu  arrive  iu  the   Fiber,  and  were  received  as  a  bqc 
aent  to  them  from  Heaven  ;  but  this  joy  lasted   not  long 
presently  after  their  landing,   being  corrupted   by   the  ( 
Midlers,  they  deserted  the  senate,  who  sent   for  them, 
joiaed  themselves  to  C»»r.     Pollio,  likewise,  about  the  s 
time^  with  two  of  Lis  best  legions  from  Spain,   came  to  t 
SMastance  of  Antony  and  Lepidus;  so  that  all  the  veterai 
ibe  western  part  of  the  empire  were  now  plainly  forming  tl 
•elves  into  one  ImmIv,  to  revenge  tlie  death  of  their  old  g 
The  consent  of  all  these  armies,  and  the  unexpected  I 
Antony's  niTairs,  stai^gered  the  fidelity  of  Plancus,  i 


^4i 


m^  OF  cicBRO.  661 

^  f 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Coss. — C»  Caesar  OcUvianus.    Q.  Pediui. 
K 

Several  of  the  old  writers  have  reproached  his  memory  uith 
Ss:il  dameful  cowardice,  in  the  manner  of  suffering  his  death, 
P<jiinworthy  of  the  man  who  had  killed  Caesar,  and  commanded 
^'^imiies.  But  their  accounts  are  so  various,  and  so  inconsistent 
^witb  the  character  of  his  former  life,  that  we  may  reasonably 
raspect  them  to  be  forged  by  those  who  were  disposed  to  throw 
'    all  kinds  of  contumely  on  the  murderers  of  Csesar  '. 

But  what  gave  the  greatest  shock  to  the  whole  republican 
^   party,  was  a  law  contrived  by  Caesar,  and  published  by  his 
[.    colleague,  Pedius,  to  bring  to  trial  and  justice  all  those  who 
had  been  concerned  either  in  advising  or  effecting  Caesar*8 
death :  in  conseauence  of  which,  all  the  conspirators  were  pre- 
sently impeached,  in  form,  by  diffierent  accusers ;  and,  as  none 
of  them  ventured  to  appear  to  their  citations,  they  were  all 
condemned,  of  course ;  and,  by  a  second  law  interdicted  from 
fire  and  water :  Pompevj  also,  tliough  he  had  borne  no  part  in 
:  T  tbat  act,  was  added  to  the  number,  as  an  irreconcileable  enemy 
^  io  the  Caesarian  cause :  after  which,   Caesar  to  make  amends 
i;  lor  the  unpopularity  of  his  law,  distributed  to  tlie  citizens  the 

]^;acies  which  his  uncle  had  left  them  bv  will  *. 
L  Cicero  foresaw  that  things  might  possibly  take  this  turn,  and 
f^  Plancus  himself  prove  treacherous;  and  for  that  reason,  was 
f  constantly  pressing  Brutus  and  Cassius  to  hasten  to  Italy  as 
the  most  efiectual  means  to  prevent  it;  every  step  that  Csesar 
'.  took  confirmed  his  apprehensions,  and  made  him  more  impor- 
tunate with  them  to  come,  especially  after  the  union  of  Antony 
and  Lepidus.  In  his  letters  to  Brutus,  "  Fly  to  us,"  says  he, 
"  I  beseech  you,  and  exhort  Cassius  to  the  same ;  for  there  is 
no  hope  of  liberty,  but  from  your  troops '.  If  you  have  any 
regard  for  the  republic,  for  which  you  were  born,  you  must  do 
it  instantly ;  for  the  war  is  renewed  by  the  inconstancy  of  Le- 
pidus; and  Caesar's  army,  which  was  the  best,  is  not  only  of 
no  service  to  us,  but  even  obliges  us  to  call  for  your's;  as  soon 
as  ever  you  touch  Italy,  there  is  not  a  man,  whom  we  can  call 
a  citizen,  who  will  not  immediately  be  in  your  camp.  We  have 
D.  Brutus,  indeed,  happily  united  with  Plancus :  out  you  are 
not  ignorant  how  changeable  men's  minds  are,  and  how  in- 
fected with  party,  and  how  uncertain  the  events  of  war :  nay, 
should  we  conquer,  as  I  hope  we  shall,  there  will  be  a  want  of 
your  advice  and  authority,  to  settle  all  affairs.  Help  us,  there- 
fore, for  God's  sake,  and  as  soon  as  possible ;  and  assure  your- 
self that  you  did  not  do  a  greater  service  to  your  country  on 

>  Scncc.  Ep.  8-2.  543.    Dio,  1. 16.  325.    Val.  Max.  9. 13. 
«  App.  1.  3.  mi,    Dio,  46.  322. 

'  Qiiauiobrem  ndTola,  obtecro — hortare  idem  per  litterai  Curium.    Spot  libertatit 
nutquam  niei  in  vefttronim  castrorum  principiis  est.    Ad  Brut.  10. 


1 

\ 

1 

(ill-i                                        THE  LIPB 

A.  rrb.  Tin      C-K  64      C«.— CC-«i 

the  Ides  of  March,  wlien  you  freed  Ji 
will  ilo  by  coming  quickly  '." 

After  many  remonstrances  of  tie  1 
Uic  following  tetter : — 

"l-ICERO  to  BRUTUS. 

"  After  I  WI  ofteu  exhorted  yo 
soon  us  possible  to  tlie  relief  of  the 
lumy  into  Italy,  aud  never  ima^rined  t 
any  "scruples  about  it,  1  was  desired  b 
dilijft'nt  woman,  your  mother,  all  whos 
employed  on   you,  that  1  would  comt 
fourth  of  July ;  which  I  did,  as  I  ougl 
I  came,  1  found  Casoi,   Labeo,  and  I 
presently  entered  into  Uie  affair,  and  as 
we  iihould  send  for  you  to  Italy;  and  ' 
for  you  to  come,  or  lo  continue  abn 
took  to  be  the  most  for  your  honour  ai 
out  loss  of  time,  you  should  bring  pre* 
and  declinin)r  state.     For  what  miitchi 
from  tliat  war,  where  the  eonijuering  i 
a  flying  enemy  ?  wiiere  a  general,  u 
sesaod  of  the  highest  honours,  and  tl 
n  Wi'ife,  children,  and  near  relation  ti 
against  the  commonwealtli  ?     I  may  a 
concord  of  the  senate  and  people,  the 
disorder  within  the  walls?  But  the  gn 

1 

■ 

OF  CICERO.  663 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Cou^— C.  Canar  Octaviunuk.     C^.  Pcdius. 

gines  at  work  to  hold  fast  the  young  man,  lest  I  incur  the  im- 

Smtation  of  rashness.  Though  what  rashness  is  it  after  all  ? 
or,  in  reality,  I  bound  him,  for  whom  I  was  engaged,  more 
strongly  than  myself:  nor  has  the  republic,  as  yet,  any  cause 
to  repent  that  I  was  his  sponsor :  since  he  has,  hitherto,  been 
the  more  firm  and  constant  in  acting  for  us,  as  well  from  his 
own  temper  as  for  my  promise.  The  greatest  difficulty  in  the 
republic,  if  I  mistake  not,  is  the  want  of  money :  for  honest 
men  grow  every  day  more  and  more  averse  to  the  name  of 
tribate;  and  what  was  gathered  from  the  hundredth  penny, 
where  the  rich  are  shamefully  rated,  is  all  spent  in  rewarding 
the  two  legions.  There  is  an  infinite  expense  upon  us,  to  sup- 
port the  armies,  which  now  defend  us ;  and  also  yours ;  for  our 
Cassius  seems  likely  to  come  sufficiently  provided.  But,  I 
long  to  talk  over  this,  and  many  other  things,  with  you  in  per- 
son ;  and  that  quickly.  As  to  your  sister's  children,  I  did  not 
wait,  Brutus,  for  your  writing  to  me :  the  times  Uiemselves, 
since  the  war  will  be  drawn  into  length,  reserve  the  whole  affair 
to  you :  but  from  the  first,  when  I  could  not  foresee  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  war,  I  pleaded  the  cause  of  the  children  in  the 
senate,  in  a  manner,  which  you  have  been  informed  of  I 
guess  by  your  mother's  letters:  nor  can  there  ever  be  any 
case,  where  I  will  not  both  say  and  do,  even  at  the  hazard  of 
my  life,  whatever  I  think  agreeable  either  to  your  inclination, 
or  to  your  interest.     The  twenty-sixth  of  July  \" 

In  a  letter,  likewise,  to  Cassius,  he  says,  "  We  wish  to  see 

Eou  in  Italy,  as  soon  as  possible ;  and  shall  imagine,  that  we 
ave  recovered  the  republic,  when  we  have  you  with  us.  We 
had  conquered  nobly,  if  Lepidus  had  not  received  the  routed, 
disarmed,  fugitive  Antony :  wherefore  Antony  himself  was 
never  so  odious  to  the  city,  as  Lepidus  is  now :  for  he  began  a 
war  upon  us,  from  a  turbulent  state  of  things ;  this  man  from 
peace  and  victory.  We  have  the  consuls  elect  to  oppose  him : 
m  whom  indeed  we  have  great  hopes;  yet  not  without  an 
anxious  care  for  the  uncertain  events  of  battles.  Assure  your- 
self, therefore,  that  all  our  dependance  is  on  you  and  your 
Brutus;  that  you  are  both  expected,  but  Brutus  immedi- 
ately »,"  &c. 

But,  after  all  these  repeated  remonstrances  of  Cicero,  neither 
Brutus  nor  Cassius  seem  to  have  entertained  the  least  thought 
of  coming  with  their  armies  to  Italy.  Cassius,  indeed,  by  bemg 
more  remote,  could  not  come  so  readily,  and  was  not  so  much 
expected  as  Brutus;  who,  before  the  battle  of  Modena,  had 
drawn  down  all  his  legions  to  the  sea-coast,  and  kept  them  at 

>  Ibid.  1».  »  E|>.  Fam.  12.  10. 


OF  CICERO.  665 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Coat*— C.  Caesar  OcUvianus.    Q.  Pedius. 

ipirithout  a  head,  by  the  death  of  the  consuls,  and  there  is  an 
incredible  scarcity  of  money  in  the  treasury;  which  we  are 
gathering,  however,  from  all  quarters,  to  make  good  our  pro- 
mises to  the  troops,  that  have  deserved  it  of  us ;  which  cannot 
be  done,  in  my  opinion,  without  a  tribute  \"    This  tribute  was 
a  sort  of  capitation  tax,  proportioned  to  each  man's  substance, 
but  had  been  wholly  disused  in  Rome,  from  the  conquest  of 
Macedonia,  by  Paulus  ^milius,  which  furnished  money  and 
rents  sufficient  to  ease  the  city  ever  after  of  that  burthen,  till 
the  necessity  of  the  present  times  obliged  them  to  renew  it*. 
But  from  what  Cicero  intimates  of  the  general  aversion  to  the 
revival  of  it,  one  cannot  help  observing  the  fatal  effects  of  that 
indolence  and  luxury,  which  had  infected  even  the  honest  part 
of  Rome ;  who,  in  this  utmost  exigency  of  the  republic,  were 
shocked  at  the  very  mention  of  an  extraordinary  tax ;   and 
^irould  not  part  with  the  least  share  of  their  money  for  the  de- 
fence even  of  their  liberty:   the  consequence  of  which  was, 
what  it  must  always  be  in  the  like  case,  that,  by  starving  the 
cause,  they  found,  not  only  their  fortunes,  but  their  lives  also, 
soon  after,  at  the  mercy  of  their  enemies.     Cicero  has  a  re- 
flection in  one  of  his  speeches,  that  seems  applicable  also  to  the 
present  case,  and  to  be  verified  by  the  example  of  these  times. 
•*The  republic,"  says  he,  "is  attacked  always  with  greater 
vigour,  than  it  is  defended ;  for  the  audacious  and  profligate, 
prompted  by  their  natural  enmity  to  it,  are  easily  impelled  to 
act  upon  the  least  nod  of  their  leaders :  whereas  the  honest,  I 
know  not  why,  are  generally  slow,  and  unwilling  to  stir ;  and 
neglecting  always  the  beginnings  of  things,  are  never  roused 
to  exert  tnemselves,  but  by  the  last  necessity  :  so  that  through 
irresolution  and  delay,  when  they  would  be  glad  to  compound 
at  last  for  their  quiet,  at  the  expense  even  of  their  honour,  they 
commonly  lose  them  both '." 

This  observation  will  serve  to  vindicate  the  conduct  of  Cas- 
fdus  from  that  charge  of  violence  and  cruelty,  which  he  is  said 
to  have  practised,  m  exacting  money,  and  other  necessaries, 
from  the  cities  of  Asia.  He  was  engaged  in  an  inexpiable  war, 
where  he  must  either  conquer  or  perish  with  the  republic  it- 
self; and  where  his  legions  were  not  only  to  be  supported,  but 
rewarded :  the  revenues  of  the  empire  were  exhausted ;  con- 

'  De  Bomtu,  qucm  te  in  rem  militarem  facerc  et  fccissc  dicis,  nihil  sane  possum  tibi 
opitulari,  propterea  quo<i  et  orbus  Scnatus,  Consulibns  amissis,  ct  incredibiles  angiistiA 
pecunia;  pubbcae,  &c.    Ibid.  12.  30. 

'  At  Perse  Rego  devicto  Paulus,  com  Mtcedonicis  opibus  veterem  atque  bere- 
ditariam  Urbis  nostra  paupcrtatem  eo  nsquo  satia&set,  ut  illo  temporo  primum  po- 
pulus  Romanus  tributi  praestondi  onere  se  libemet.  Val.  Max.  4.  a.  it.  Plin.  Hist. 
N.  33.  3. 

3  Pro  Scxtio,  47. 


OF  CICERO.  667 

A.  Urb.710.    Cic.6*4.    Com C.  CaB«r  Octeviinus.    Q.  Pediut. 

ptetation ;  and  would  certainly  have  gained  his  end,  had  lie 
]H>C  been  prevented  by  accidents  which  could  not  be  foreseen. 
'Vm  It  is  evident,  from  the  facts  above-mentioned,  that  he  was 
always  jealous  of  Csesar,  and,  instead  of  increasing^,  was  con- 
triving some  check  to  his  authority,  till,  by  the  £ath  of  the 
eonsub,  he  slipped  out  of  his  hands,  and  became  too  strong  to 
be  managed  by  him  any  longer.  Brutus,  by  being  at  such  a 
cUstance,  was  not  well  apprized  of  the  particular  grounds  of 
mmting  those  honours ;  but  Decimus,  who  was  all  the  while 
m  Italy,  saw  the  use  and  necessity  of  Uiem,  and  seems  to  hint, 
in  some  of  his  letters,  that  they  oug^t  to  have  decreed  still 
gpreater\ 

But  whatever  Brutus,  or  any  one  else,  may  have  said,  if  we 
reflect  on  Cicero's  conduct,  from  the  time  oi  Csesar's  death  to 
his  own,  we  shall  find  it,  in  all  respects,  uniform,  great,  and 
^orious;  never  deviating  from  the  grand  point  which  he  had  in 
▼lew,  the  liberty  of  his  country :  whereas,  if  we  attend  to  Bru- 
tus^s,  we  cannot  help  observing  in  it  something  strangely  va- 
rious and  inconsistent  with  itself.  In  his  outward  manners  and 
behaviour,  he  affected  the  rigour  of  a  stoic,  and  the  severity 
of  an  old  Roman ;  yet,  by  a  natural  tenderness  and  compassion, 
was  oft  betrayed  into  acts  of  effeminate  weakness.  To  restore 
the  liberty  of  his  country,  he  killed  his  friend  and  benefactor ; 
and  declares,  that,  for  the  same  cause,  he  would  have  killed 
even  his  father ' :  yet  he  would  not  take  Antony's  life,  though 
it  was  a  necessary  sacrifice  to  the  same  cause.  When  Dola- 
bella  had  basely  murdered  Trebonius,  and  Antony  openly 
approved  the  act,  he  could  not  be  persuaded  to  make  reprisals 
on  C.  Antony ;  but,  through  a  vain  ostentation  of  clemency, 
suffered  him  to  live,  though  with  danger  to  himself.  When  his 
brother-in-law,  Lepidus,  was  declared  an  enemy,  he  expressed 
an  absurd  and  peevish  resentment  of  it,  for  the  sake  of  his 
nephews,  as  if  it  would  not  have  been  in  his  power  to  have 
repaired  their  fortunes,  if  the  republic  was  ever  restored ;  or  if 
not,  in  their  father's.  How  contrary  is  this  to  the  spirit  of  that 
old  Brutus,  from  whom  he  derived  his  descent,  and  whom  in 
his  general  conduct,  he  pretended  to  imitate !  He  blames 
Cicero  for  dispensing  honours  too  largely,  yet  claims  an  infi- 
nite share  of  them  to  himself ;  and  when  he  had  seized,  by  his 
private  authority,  what  the  senate,  at  Cicero's  motion,  con- 
firmed to  him,  the  most  extraordinary  command  which  had 

*  Mirabiliter,  mi  Bratc,  Intor,  mea  consilia,  meas<^ae  sententJas  a  te  probitri,  do 
Decern  Tins,  do  omando  adolcscentc.    Ep.  Fam.  11. 14.  it  20. 

' Non  concesserim,  quod  in  illo  non  tuli,  sed  ne  patri  qnidem  meo,  si  reyiviscat, 

lit,  paticote  me,  plus  Icgibun  ao  Senatu  possit.  [Ad Brut  16.]  Sed  dominimi,  ne  paren- 
tcm  quidem,  majorei  nostri  voluerunt  esse.    Ibid.  17. 


OF  CICERO.  G()9 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  0*4.    Coi^.—  C.  CoHar  OctnvbniiA.     (^.  Pcdiuw. 

you  know  already  yourself,  but  that  I  cannot  pass  over  in 
silence  such  an  excellence  of  all  good  qualities)  I  wuuUl  not 
liave  you  imagine^  I  say,  that,  for  probitv,  constancy,  and  zeal 
for  the  republic,  there  is  any  one  equuf  to  him ;  so  that  elo- 
quence, in  which  he  wonderfully  excels,  scarce  finds  a  place 
among  his  other  praises :  since,  even  in  that,  his  wisdom  sliincs 
the  most  eminent,  by  his  having  formed  himself  with  so  much 
judgment  and  skill  to  the  truest  manner  of  speaking.  Yet  his 
industry,  all  the  while  is  so  remarkable,  that  he  sponds  so  much 
of  his  time  in  study,  that  he  seems  to  owe  but  little  to  his  parts 
which  still  are  the  greatest.  But  1  am  carried  too  far  by  my 
love  for  him ;  for  it  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  epistle  to  praise 
Messala,  especially  to  Brutus,  to  whom  his  virtue  is  not  less 
known  tlian  to  myself;  and  these  very  studies,  which  I  am 
praising  still  more :  whom  when  I  could  not  part  with  without 
regret,  I  comforted  myself  by  reflecting,  that  by  his  going 
away  to  you,  as  it  were  to  my  second  self,  he  both  discharged 
his  duty,  and  pursued  the  truest  path  to  glory.  But  so  much 
for  that '.  I  come  now,  after  a  long  interval,  to  consider  a 
certain  letter  of  your's,  in  which,  while  you  allow  me  to  have 
done  well  in  many  things,  you  find  fault  with  me  for  one ; 
that,  in  conferring  honours  I  was  too  free,  and  even  prodigal. 
You  charge  nie  with  this;  others,  proi)al)ly,  with  being  too 
severe  in  punishing,  or  you  yourself,  perhaps,  with  both:  if  so, 
I  desire  that  my  judgment  and  sentiments  on  each  may  be 
clearly  explained  to  you:  not  that  I  mean  to  justify  myself  by 
the  authority  of  Solon,  the  wisest  of  the  seven,  and  the  only 

'  Publius  Valerius  Mi^sala  (.'nrviims,  of  wlioiii  (.'iroro  here  give*  so  fine  a  eharaeter, 
yma  oneof  tlie  n<)ble>tf  as  well  as  the  umst  a(;(-oTii|ili?>he(l  persons  ot  liis  age,  mIiu  lived  Ions: 
afterwardB,  the  general  favourite  of  all  ]fai'ties,  and  n  prineijul  oniauient  of  August us'h 
court.  Being  in  arms  with  Urutus,  he  was  pro'-eribed,  of  eourse,  liy  the  triuiRvii-ute« 
yet  vas  excepted  soon  after  h\  a  Kpecial  edict,  but  nfu.-ed  tlie  I»cnefit  of  that  |[rmce,  and 
adhered  to  the  cause  of  lilK-rty  till  he  saw  it  ex[>ire.  with  hisi  fnend.  After  the  battle  of 
Philippi,  the  troo]»^  that  ivniained  freely  offered  iheiUhelviM*  to  his  command  ;  hut  lie 
chose  to  accept  peace,  to  which  he  was  invited  by  the  conqueror*,  and  surrendered  hini- 
■clf  to  Antony,  with  whom  he  had  a  j)articular  acqtiaintanei.-.  When  C.T«ir  was  defeated, 
not  loup  after,  by  S.  Ponipev,  on  the  coast  of  Sirily,  being  in  the  utmost  distrc&ft  and 
danger  of  life,  he  committed  liimself,  with  one  domestic,  to  tlie  fidelity  of  Messala;  who, 
instead  of  revenging  himsidf  on  one  who  hail  so  latelv  |  ros<'i-il>ed  and  set  a  price  u|h»u 
his  head,  generously  pi-otccted  and  preserved  him.  Ffe  continued  still  ni  the  friendship 
of  Antony,  till  the  tcundal  of  Antony's  life,  and  slavish  ob«-equiouj>ne:»!t  to  C'leojiatni. 
threw  hinj  wholly  into  the  interests  ot'  (.'a-^^ir,  by  whom  he  was  declare«l  consul  in  An- 
tony's place,  greatly  entrusted  in  the  bsittlc  ijf  Actium,  and  honouie«l  at  last  with  a 
trinmpii,  for  reducing  the  rebellious  Gauls  to  their  obedience.  He  is  celebrated  by  nil 
writers,  as  one  of  the  first  onvUirs  in  Rome ;  and  having  been  the  disciple  of  Cicero,  was 
thought  by  some,  to  excel  even  his  nia&ter,  in  the  swcH-tness  and  correctness  of  his  stvle; 
prcser\ing  always  a  dignity,  and  demonstniting  his  nobiliiv  hv  the  very  manner  oj*  bin 
Bi>eaking.  To  tlie  jierfecuini  of  his  eloquence  he  had  added  all  the  acconiplishuient>i  of 
the  other  liberal  arts  ;  was  a  gieat  admin-r  of  StKT.itc!-,  and  the  severer  studies  of  phi- 
losophy, yet  an  eminent  patron  of  all  the  wit*  and  iK)et«»  of  those  times.  Tibullu«i  was 
the  constant  companion  of  all  his  foreign  cxi»cdilionb,  which  he  celebrates  in  his  elegies  : 
[)!ie  of  lii«i  odes,  calls  f<»r  his  choictfst  wines,  for  the  entert:iinmcnt  of  so 


and  Ilomce,  in  oiui 

noble 

hist 

rerv 


le  a  guest.     Vet  thi*.  pidiie  and  amiable  man,  im]»aired  hv  sickness,  and  worn  out  at 
hy  age,  is  said  t«)  liave  outlived  his  sen"<cs  and  mcmorv,  till  he  hiul  forgotten  even  hi* 

rerv  name.     See  A  pp.  p.  fill.  7  :W.     Tacit.  Dial.  1».     t^intil.  10.  1,    Tibiil.  Elcg.  lib, 

I.  7.     Hor.  Cami.  3. "Jl.     Plin.  Hist.  N.  7. 24. 


OF    CICERO.  07  I 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.     Com. — C.  Capear  Octavianus.     Q.  Ptnliiifi. 

what  honour  was  not  really  due  to  him  ?  though  I  gave  him 
nothing  yet  but  the  praise  of  words,  and  Uiat  but  mo<lerate. 
I  decreed  him,  indeed,  a  legal  command:  which,  though  it 
seemed  honourable  to  one  of  that  age,  was  yet  necessary  to  one 
who  had  an  army :  for  what  is  an  army  without  the  command 
of  it  ?  Philip  voted  him  a  statue ;  Servius  the  privilege  of 
suing  for  offices  before  the  legal  time,  which  was  shortened 
still  by  Servilius;  nothing  was  then  thought  too  much ;  but  we 
are  apt,  I  know  not  how,  to  be  more  liberal  in  fear,  tlian  grate- 
ful in  success.  When  D.  Brutus  was  delivered  from  the  siege, 
■a  day  of  all  others  the  most  joyous  to  the  city,  which  hap- 

Eened  also  to  be  his  birth-day,  I  decreed,  that  his  name  should 
e  ascribed  for  ever  to  tliat  day,  in  the  public  calendars.  In 
which  I  followed  the  example  of  our  ancestors,  who  paid  the 
same  honour  to  a  woman,  Larentia ;  at  whose  altar  your  priests 

S^rform  sacred  rites  in  the  Velabrum :  by  giving  this  to  D. 
rutus,  my  design  was,  to  fix  in  the  calendars  a  perpetual 
memorial  of  a  most  acceptable  victory :  but  I  perceived,  on 
that  day,  that  there  was  more  malevolence  than  gratitude  in 
many  of  the  senate.  During  these  same  days,  I  poured  out 
honours  (since  you  will  have  it  so)  on  the  deceased  Hirtius, 
Pansa,  and  Aquila :  and  who  can  find  fault  with  it,  but  those 
who,  when  fear  is  once  over,  forget  their  past  danger  ^  But 
besides  the  grateful  remembrance  of  services,  there  was  an  use 
ill  it,  which  reached  to  posterity :  for  I  was  desirous,  that  there 
should  remain  an  eternal  monument  of  the  public  hatred  to  our 
most  cruel  enemies.  There  is  one  thing,  I  doubt,  which  does 
not  please  you ;  for  it  does  not  please  your  friends  here ;  who, 
though  excellent  men,  have  but  little  experience  in  public 
affairs ;  that  I  decreed  an  ovation  to  Caesar :  but,  for  my  part 
(though  I  may  perhaps  be  mistaken,  for  I  am  not  one  of  those 
who  approve  nothing  but  what  is  my  own),  I  cannot  but  think, 
that  1  have  advised  nothing  more  prudent  during  this  war. 
Why  it  is  so,  is  not  proper  to  be  explained,  lest  I  De  thought 
to  hlave  been  more  provident  in  it  than  gratefuK  But  even 
this  is  too  much :  let  us  pass,  therefore,  to  other  things.  I 
decreed  honours  to  D.  Brutus;  decreed  them  to  Plancus:  they 
must  be  men  of  great  souls,  who  are  attracted  by  glory :  but 
the  senate  also  is  certainly  wise,  in  trying  every  art  tliat  is 
honest,  by  which  it  can  engage  any  one  to  the  service  of  the 
republic.  But  I  am  blamed  in  the  case  of  Lepidus :  to  whom 
after  I  had  raised  a  statue  in  the  rostra,  I  presently  threw  it 
down.  My  view  in  that  honour,  was  to  reclaim  him  from  des- 
perate measures ;  but  the  madness  of  an  inconstant  man  got 
the  better  of  my  prudence :  nor  was  there  yet  so  much  harm  in 


Ttir.     MFK 


.    «.P<^ 


...  _.  „  ir„»l  III  fii-niolisliinir  tlie  jitatue.     Hut  1  breaid 

>iij3  ,>'m-mog  liuriours  ;    unrl    must  sav  a  woni  or  m 

iwi.;  rijniJiiih-iiK ;  for   I    iiave    ofa-ii    observed  from  voa- 

*a.pi.wi)'«'"'-'*'*'"*''f  awjuirinir  a  rcputarion  of  ciemnrt. 

M  ^MmltBl^•nlof  tboso  whum  yoii   Imvi'  cumjiiered  in  nr. 

l',-^isopit,'  nothing  tu  be  »luiie   bv  vou,  but  whatbTOdt 

^^,^;  wr  111  .•mittlie  puiiisliiinf  of  wiekednes-i  (whichutoll 

-ariMW?'.  tlwugli  It  iic  toleralile  in   orber  cwses  J  IimrfMie 

j^j^iKB  ia  tliH  n-ar.     Otall  the  civil  wars  that  liave  Iwiiii 

■r »««>■'  ''"^"^  *■"*  ""'  ""'''  '"  wliidi  wJiat  M<!i'  «tfr«-« 

iji  iMtr.  Iliere  wouM  nnt  Imvo  remained  ^..me  form  ..t".i  cwt- 

»*.,jliii:  yet,  in  tliis,  wliat  sort  of  a  republic  we  arc  likf  m 

i,„.i,«e  conquer.  I  w.>ul(i  not  easily  affirm:  but  it  nin 

t^un-<i*>^  art-  sure  to  have  none.      Mv  votes,  itierefwr. 

tfftv^eK  auauiRt  Antony;  severe  atrainst  Lepidii*;  not  frai 

Bffi'i'  «*'  i^'vcnjte,  but  to  deter  iiieked  eirizens.  at  |>re«ni, 

j|,^Maliui^  Tar  agamst  thoir  ountry;  aiid  lo  loav.'  aii«- 

^  10  fwtentv,  that  none  hereafter  sJionlil  imiraie  suci 

Btfi«K.    let,  this  very  vote  was  not  more  mmc,  rJ.,iii  ii  ra 

(fliTT  hody'« :  in  wbidi  there  seems,  I  own.  to  be  suraetliin/ 

^ihaithe  punishment  slioiilil  reaeb  to  cbiKiren  who  haw 

Mwwthinjr  tniii'servc  it:  bur  the  constitution  is  both  aiicwnt, 

^  It lil  otii-s:  for  even  Tbemistocles's  children  were  tcAucA 

B  -Kt;  and  snicc  the  sinne  punishment  fniis  upun  eiti^eni 

a»»!*iftl  of  public  crimes,  how  was  it  jiossible   for  us  lo  Iw 

pnrwtle  towards  enemies-'     IJut  bow  ca,.  that  man  com- 

;rf:  rf  me,  who,  il  he  Jiad  conipicred,  must    needs  confw!, 

Bwwlt!  have  treated  me  even  with  more  seve 


OF  CICERO.  ()73 

A.  Urb.  710.    Cic.  64.    Crvss. — C.  Cee«ar  Octavianiis.    Q.  Pcdius. 

le^  than,  as  some  think,  to  my  own  constancy ;  but  it  is  my 
erire  both  to  be,  and  to  appear  constant,  in  nothing  so  much 
■  in  loving  you  \'* 

"BRUTUS   TO    CICERO. 

••I  HAVE  read  a  part  of  your  letter  which   you  sent  to 
IXslavius,  transmitted  to  me  by  Atticus.     Your  zeal  and  con- 
3em  for  my  safety  gave  me  no  new  pleasure ;  for  it  is  not  only 
sommon,  but  our  daily  news,  to  hear  something  which  you 
have  said  or  done  with  your  usual  fidelity  in  the  support  of  my 
honour  and  dignity.     \  ct  that  Hume  part  of  your  letter  affected 
me  with  the  most  sensible  grief  which  my  mind  could  possibly 
receive.     For  you  compliment  him  so  highly  for  his  services 
to  the  republic,  and  in  a  strain  so  suppliant  and  abject,  tliat, — 
what  shall  I  say  ?     I  am  ashamed  of  the   wretched  state  to 
which  we  are  reduced — yet  it  must  be  said — you  recommend 
my  safety  to  him  !  to  which,  what  death  is  not  preferable  ?  and 
plidnly  shew,  that  our  servitude  is  not  yet  abolished,  but  our 
master  only  changed.     Recollect  your  words,  and  deny  them, 
if  you  dare,  to  be  the  prayers  of  a  slave  to  his  king.     1  here  is 
one  tiling,  you  say,  which  is  required  and  expected  from  him, 
•that  he  would  allow  those  citizens  to  live  in  safety,  of  whom 
all  honest  men  and  the  people  of  Rome  think  well.     But  what 
if  he  will  not  allow  it?     Shall  we  be  tlie  less  safe  for  that?    It 
is  better  not  to  be  safe  than  to  be  saved  by  him.     For  my  part 
I  can  never  think  all  the  gods  so  averse  to  the  preservation  of 
the  Roman  people,  that  OcUivius  must  be  entreated  for  the 
life  of  any  one  citizen ;  much  less  for  the  deliverers  of  the 
world.     It  is  a  pleasure  to  me  to  talk  thus  magnificently ;  and 
it  even  becomes  me  to  those,  who  know  not  either  what  to  fear 
for  any  one,  or  what  to  ask  of  any  one.     Can  you  allow  Octa- 
vius  to  have  this  power,  and  yet  be  his  friend  ?  or  if  you  have 
any  value  for  me,  would  you  wish  to  see  nic  at  Rome,  when  I 
must  first  be  recommended  to  the  boy,  that  he  would  permit 
me  to  be  there  ?  what  reason  can  you  have  to  thank  him,  if 
you  think  it  necessary  to  beg  of  him  that  he  would  grant  and 
suffer  us  to  live  in  safety  ?  or  is  it  to  be  reckoned  a  kindness, 
that  he  chooses  to  see  himself,  riither  than  Antony,  in  the  con- 
dition to  have  such  petitions  addressed  to  him  ?  one  may  sup- 
plicate, indeed,  the  successor,  but  never  the  abolisher  of  a 
tyranny,  that  those  who  have  deserved  well  of  the  republic 
may  he  safe.     It  was  this  weakness  and  despair,  not  more 
blameable,  indeed,  in  you  than  in  all,  which  first  pushed  Caesar 
to  the  ambition  of  reigning ;  and,  after  his  death,  encouraged 

'  \A  Brut.  15. 
X  X 


gm^m  OF   CICERO.  675 

A.  Urb.  710.     Gic.  64.     Coss.  -C.  Ca?«ar  Octavumus.     Q.  Pediii*. 

and  liberty  ?  Do  you  fancy,  that  to  live  at  Rome  is 
>e  safe?  It  is  the  thing  and  not  the  place,  which  must 
ire  that  to  me :  for  I  was  never  safe  while  Csesar  lived,  till 
i  lutd  resolved  on  that  attempt :  nor  can  I,  in  any  place,  live 
ill  exile,  as  long  as  I  hate  slavery  and  affronts  above  all  other 
imb*  Is  not  this  to  fall  back  again  into  the  same  state  of 
cburkness ;  when  he,  who  has  taken  upon  him  the  name  of  the 
tynmtf  (though  in  the  cities  of  Greece,  when  the  tyrants  are 
pcrtmyed,  their  children  also  perish  with  them,)  must  be 
^Oitfeated,  that  the  avengers  of  tyranny  may  be  safe?  Can  I 
wish  to  see  that  city,  or  think  it  a  city,  which  would  not 
ipt  liberty  when  offered,  and  even  forced  upon  it,  but  has 
more  dread  of  the  name  of  their  late  king,  in  the  person  of  a 
boy,  than  confidence  in  itself;  though  it  has  seen  that  very 
lung  taken  off,  in  the  height  of  all  his  power,  by  the  virtue  of 
a  few  ?  As  for  me,  do  not  recommend  me  any  more  to  your 
CsBsar,  nor  indeed  yourself,  if  you  will  hearken  to  me.  Vou 
set  a  very  high  value  on  the  few  years  which  remain  to  you 
at  that  age,  if,  for  the  sake  of  them,  you  can  supplicate  that 
boy.  But  take  care,  after  all,  lest  what  you  have  done,  and 
are  doing,  so  laudably  against  Antony,  instead  of  being  praised, 
as  the  effect  of  a  great  mind,  be  charged  to  the  account  of  your 
liear ;  for,  if  you  are  so  pleased  with  Octavius,  as  to  petition 
bim  for  our  safety,  you  will  be  thought  not  to  have  disliked  a 
master,  but  to  have  wanted  a  more  friendly  one.  As  to  your 
praising  him  for  the  things  that  he  has  hitherto  done,  I 
entirely  approve  it;  for  they  deserved  to  be  praised,  provided 
that  he  undertook  them  to  repel  other  men's  power,  not  to 
advance  his  own.  But,  when  you  adjudge  him  not  only  to 
have  this  power,  but  that  you  ought  to  submit  to  it  so  far  as  to 
entreat  him  that  he  would  not  destroy  us,  you  pay  him  too 
great  a  recompence ;  for  you  ascribe  that  very  thing  to  him, 
which  the  republic  seemea  to  enjoy  through  him  ;  nor  does  it 
ever  enter  into  your  thoughts,  that  if  Octavius  be  worthy  of 
any  honours,  because  he  wages  war  with  Antony,  that  those, 
who  extirpated  the  very  evil  of  which  these  are  but  the  relics, 
can  never  be  sufficiently  requited  by  the  Roman  people, 
though  they  were  to  heap  upon  them  every  thing  which  they 
could  bestow :  but  see  how  much  stronger  people's  fears  are 
than  their  memories,  because  Antony  still  lives,  and  is  in 
arms !  As  to  Caesar,  all  that  could  and  ought  to  be  done 
is  past,  and  cannot  be  recalled.  Is  Octavius,  then,  a  person 
of  so  great  importance,  that  the  people  of  Rome  are  to 
expect  from  him  what  he  will  determine  upon  us  ?  or  are  we 
of  so  little,  that  any  single  man  is  to  be  entreated  for  our 
safety  ?     As  for  me,  may  I  never  return  to  you,  if  ever  I 

X  x2 


OF  cicEiu).  677 

A.  Ui-b.  710.    Cic.  64.    Co« C.  C««u  Octoviaim-,.    Q.  Pctliu>. 

.  If  we  compare  these  two  letters,  we  shall  perceive  in  Cicero's 
an  extensive  view  and  true  judgment  of  tilings,  tempered  with 
llie  greatest  politeness  and  affection  for  his  friend,  and  an  un- 
imlling^ess  to  disgust,  where  he  thought  it  necessary  even  to 
fchme.  In  Brutus's,  a  churlish  and  morose  arrogance,  claim- 
ing infinite  honours  to  himself,  yet  allowing  none  to  any  body 
else;  insolently  chiding  and  dictating  to  one  as  much  superior 
to  him  in  wiscfom  as  he  was  in  years ;  the  whole  turning  upon 
that  romantic  maxim  of  the  stoics,  enforced  without  any  regard 
to  times  and  circumstances — that  a  wise  man  has  a  sufficiency 
<^  all  things  within  himself.  There  are,  indeed,  many  noble 
sentiments  in  it,  worthy  of  old  Rome,  which  Cicero,  in  a 
proper  season,  would  have  recommended  as  warmly  as  he ;  yet 
they  were  not  principles  to  act  upon  in  a  conjuncture  so  criti- 
cal; and  the  rigid  application  of  them  is  the  less  excusable  in 
Brutus,  because  he  Iiimself  did  not  always  practise  what  he 
arofessed,  but  was  too  apt  to  forget  both  the  stoic  and  the 
'lUnnan. 

»        

Octavius  had  no  sooner  settled  the  affairs  of  the  city,  and 
inbdued  the  senate  to  his  mind,  than  he  marched  back  towards 
Gaul,  to  meet  Antony  and  Lepidus,  who  had  already  passed 
the  Alps,  and  brought  their  armies  into  Italy,  in  order  to  have 
a  personal  interview  with  him,  which  had  been  privately  con- 
certed, for  settling  the  terms  of  a  triple  league,  and  dividini>; 
the  power  and  provinces  of  the  empire  among  themselves.  All 
the  three  were  natural  enemies  to  each  other,  competitors  for 
empire,  and  aiming  severally  to  possess  what  could  not  be 
obtained  but  with  the  ruin  of  the  rest:  their  meeting,  there- 
fore, was  not  to  establish  any  real  amity  or  lasting  concord, 
for  tliat  was  impossible,  but  to  suspend  their  own  quarrels  for 
the  present,  and  with  common  forces  to  oppress  their  common 

which  he  complains  liad  been  tnic ;  that  Cicero  had  reproached  Casca  with  the  teurdei* 
of  Cnar,  and  called  him  an  assassin.  "  I  do  not  know,  says  he,  '*  what  I  can  write  to 
you,  hut  this — that  the  ambition  and  licentiousness  of  the  l>oy  has  been  inflamed,  rather 
than  restrained,  by  Cicero,  who  carries  his  indulgence  of  him  to  such  a  length,  as  not  to 
refrain  from  abuses  upon  Casca,  and  such  as  must  return  doubly  upon  himself,  who  has 

Eut  to  death  more  citizens  than  one,  and  must  first  own  himself  to  be  an  assassin,  before 
e  can  reproach  Casca  with  what  be  objects  to  him/*  [Ep.  ad  Bnit.  17.}  Manutius 
professes  himself  unable  to  conceive  how  Cicero  should  CTer  call  Casca  a  murden^r,  yet 
cannot  coUcct  any  thing  less  from  Bnitus^s  words.  But  the  thing  is  impossible,  and 
ineonsistent  with  every  word  that  Cicero  had  been  saying,  and  cyerv  act  that  ho  had 
been  doing,  from  the  time  of  Cwsar's  death  :  and  in  relation  particularly  to  Casca,  we 
have  seen  above,  how  he  refused  to  enter  into  any  measures  with  Octavius,  but  upon  the 
express  condition  of  his  suffering  Casra  to  take  quiet  possession  of  the  tribunate  :  it  is 
certain,  therefore,  that  Brutus  had  either  been  misinformed,  or  was  charaing  Cicero 
with  the  consequential  meaning  of  some  saying,  which  'wus  never  intended  by  him  :  in 
adrising  Casca  perhaps,  to  manage  Octavius,  m  that  heiglit  of  his  power,  with  more 
temper  and  moderation,  lest  ho  should  otherwise  be  provoked  to  consider  him  as  an 
assassin,  and  treat  him  as  such  ;  for  an  intimation  of  that  kind  would  have  been  sufficient 
to  the  fierce  spirit  of  Brutus,  for  taking  it  as  a  direct  condemnation  of  Casca*s  act  of 
stabbing  Cesar,  to  which  Cicero  had  always  given  the  highest  applause. 


OF    CIC£RO.  671) 

A.  Lrb.  710.    Cic.  64.     Co^s C.  Conftr  OcUvianus.    Q.  Pcdiu». 

ppy  union  of  their  chiefs;  which,  at  the  desire  of  the  soldiers, 
iS  ratified  likewise  by  a  marriag^,  agreed  to  be  consummated 

3tween  Octavius  and  Claudia,  the  daughter  of  Antony's  wife 

'nlvia,  by  her  first  husband  P.  Clodius. 
The  last  thing  that  they  adjusted  was  the  list  of  a  proscrip- 

lOiiy  which  they  were  determined  to  make  of  their  enemies. 

(liiiy  as  the  writers  tell  us,  occasioned  much  difliculty  and 
-  fsrm  contests  amongst  them ;  till  each  of  them,  in  his  turn, 

onaeiited  to  sacrifice  some  of  his  best  friends  to  the  revenge 

ind  resentment  of  his  colleagues.  The  whole  list  is  said  to 
lATe  consisted  of  three  hundred  senators  and  two  thousand 
^lUghtSi  all  doomed  to  die,  for  a  crime  the  most  unpardonable  to 
ftyrant^^their  adherence  to  the  cause  of  liberty.  They  re- 
senred  the  publication  of  the  general  list  to  their  arrival  at 
Rome)  excepting  only  a  few  of  the  most  obnoxious,  the  heads 
of  the  republican  party,  about  seventeen  in  all,  the  chief  of 
whom  was  Cicero.  These  they  marked  out  for  immediate 
destruction,  and  sent  their  emissaries  away,  directly,  to  surprise 
Vid  murder  them,  before  any  notice  could  reach  them  of  their 
danger :  four  of  this  number  were  presently  taken,  and  killed, 
in  tne  company  of  their  friends,  and  the  rest  hunted  out  by  tlie 
soldiers  in  private  houses  and  temples ;  which  presently  filled 
the  city  with  an  universal  terror  and  consternation,  as  if  it  had 
been  taken  by  an  enemy :  so  that  the  consul,  Pedius,  was 
forced  to  run  about  the  streets  all  the  night,  to  quiet  the  minds, 
and  appease  the  fears,  of  the  people ;  and,  as  soon  as  it  was 
light,  published  the  names  of  the  seventeen  who  were  princi- 
pally sought  for,  with  an  assurance  of  safety  and  indemnity  to 
all  others  :  but  he  himself  was  so  shocked  and  fati§[ued,  by  the 
horror  of  this  night's  work,  that  he  died  the  day  following  *. 

We  have  no  hint  from  any  of  Cicero's  letters  (for  none  re- 
main to  us  of  so  low  a  date),  what  his  sentiments  were  on  this 
interview  of  the  three  chiefs,  or  what  resolution  he  had  taken 
in  consequence  of  it.  He  could  not  but  foresee  that  it  must 
needs  be  fatal  to  him,  if  it  passed  to  the  satisfaction  of  Antony 
and  Lepidus ;  for  he  had  several  times  declared,  that  he  ex- 

S?cted  tiie  last  severity  from  them,  if  ever  they  got  the  better, 
ut  whatever  he  had  cause  to  apprehend,  it  is  certain,  that  it 
was  still  in  his  power  to  avoid  it,  by  going  over  to  Brutus,  in 
Macedonia ;  but  he  seems  to  have  thought  that  remedy  worse 
than  the  evil ;  and  had  so  great  an  abhorrence,  of  entering 
again,  in  his  advanced  age,  into  a  civil  war,  and  so  little  value 
for  the  few  years  of  life  which  remained  to  him,  that  he  declares 
it  a  thousand  times  better  to  die,  than  to  seek  his  safety  from 

»  i\pi>.  1.  4.  init.  Dio,  p.  326.    Plut.  in  Anton,  ct  Cic.  Veil.  Pat.  2.  C5. 


OF    CICERO.  681 

A.  Urb.710.     Cic.  64.    Com.— C.  Omar  OcUvianus.    Q.  Pedius. 

fully,  that,  by  conquering  at  Modena,  he  would  have  made 
liimself,  probably,  tne  sole  master  of  Rome;  while  the  only 
difference  of  bein^  conquered,  was  to  admit  two  partners  with 
Lim  into  the  empire :  the  one  of  whom,  at  least,  he  was  sure 
always  to  govern. 

Octavius's  conduct  was  not  less  politic  or  vigorous :  he  had 
great  parts,  and  an  admirable  genius,  with  a  dissimulation 
aoflScient  to  persuade,  that  he  had  good  inclinations  too.  As 
liis  want  of  years  and  authority  made  it  impossible  for  him  to 
aacceed  immediately  to  his  uncle's  power,  so  his  first  business 
was  to  keep  the  place  vacant,  till  he  should  be  more  ripe  for 
it ;  and  to  give  the  exclusion,  in  the  mean  while,  to  every  body 
else.  With  this  view,  he  acted  the  republican  with  great 
gpravity ;  put  himself  under  the  direction  of  Cicero ;  and  was 
wholly  governed  by  his  advice,  as  far  as  his  interest  carried 
him ;  that  is,  to  depress  Antony,  and  drive  him  out  of  Italy ; 
who  was  his  immediate  and  most  dangerous  rival.  Here  he 
stopped  short,  and  paused  awhile  to  consider  what  new  mea- 
sures this  new  state  of  things  would  suggest :  when,  by  the 
unexpected  death  of  the  two  consuls,  findmg  himself,  at  once, 
the  master  of  every  thing  at  home,  and  Antony,  by  the  help 
of  Lepidus,  rising  again  tlie  stronger  from  his  fall,  he  saw  pre- 
sently that  his  best  chance  for  empire  was  to  content  himself 
with  a  share  of  it,  till  he  should  be  in  condition  to  seize  the 
whole ;  and  from  the  same  policy  with  which  he  joined  himself 
with  the  republic,  to  destroy  Antony,  he  now  joined  with 
Antony,  to  oppress  the  republic,  as  the  best  means  of  securing 
and  advancing  his  own  power. 

Lepidus  was  the  dupe  of  them  both ;  a  vain,  weak,  incon- 
stant man  ;  incapable  of  empire,  yet  aspiring  to  the  possession 
of  it ;  and  abusing  the  most  glorious  opportunity  of  serving  his 
country,  to  the  ruin  both  of  his  country  and  himself.  His  wife 
was  the  sister  of  M.  Brutus,  and  his  true  interest  lay  in  ad- 
hering to  that  alliance  :  for  if,  by  the  advice  of  Laterensis,  he 
had  joined  with  Plancus  and  D.  Brutus,  to  oppress  Antony, 
and  give  liberty  to  Rome,  the  merit  of  that  service,  added  to 
the  dignity  of  his  family  and  fortunes,  would  necessarily  have 
made  him  the  first  citizen  of  a  free  republic.  But  his  weak- 
ness deprived  him  of  that  glory :  he  flattered  himself,  that  the 
first  share  of  power,  which  he  seemed  at  present  to  possess, 
would  give  him,  likewise,  the  first  share  of  empire :  not  con- 
sidering, that  military  power  depends  on  the  reputation  and 
abilities  of  him  who  possesses  it :  in  which,  as  his  colleagues 
far  excelled  him,  so  they  would  be  sure  always  to  eclipse,  and 
whenever  they  thought  it  proper,  to  destroy  him.  This  ho 
found  afterwards  to  be  the  case,  when  Caesar  forced  him  to  beg 


OF  CICERO.  ba3 

,.  I'rb.  710.    Cie,  Hi.     Com.— C.  Cmm  OcUTiuiiii.     Q.  Ptdiui, 

■or  Ilis  safety  than  ttiemselres,  forced  him  into  his  litter 
Jtable  chair,  and  carried  him  away  towards  the  ship, 
wli  the  private  ways  and  walks  of  his  woods;  having  just 
,  that  soldiers  were  already  come  into  the  country  in 
tf  him,  and  not  far  from  the  vilhu  As  soon  as  they  were 
H,  the  soldiers  arrived  at  the  house,  and  perceiving  nim  to 
fled,  pursued  immediately  towards  the  sea,  and  overtook 
m  in  the  wood.  Their  leader  was  one  Popilius  Ltenas,  a 
Ife.ribune  or  colonel  of  the  army,  whom  Cicero  had  formerly 
itefended  and  preserved  in  a  capital  cause.  As  soon  as  the 
■oldieTS  appeared,  the  servants  prepared  themselves  to  firht, 
being  resolved  to  defend  their  master's  life  at  the  hazard  of 
th^  own  :  but  Cicero  commanded  them  to  set  him  down,  and 
to  make  no  resistance':  then  looking  upon  his  ezecutioncrs 
with  a  presence  and  firmness,  which  almost  daunted  them,  and 
ihnuting  his  neck  as  forwardly  as  he  could  out  of  the  litter,  he 
bade  them  do  their  work,  and  take  what  thev  wanted :  upon 
which  they  presently  cut  oS  his  head,  and  both  his  hands,  and 
returned  with  them,  in  all  haste  and  gnat  joy,  towards  Home, 
SB  the  most  a^eeable  present  which  they  coiiM  possibly  carry 
to  Antony.  Popilius  charged  himself  with  the  conveyance, 
without  reflecting  on  the  infamy  of  carrying  that  head  which 
had  saved  his  own':  he  found  Antony  in  the  Forum,  sur- 
rounded with  guards  and  crowds  of  people  :  but  upon  shewing 
from  a  distance  the  spoils  wliich  he  brought,  he  was  rewarded 
iHion  the  spot,  with  the  honour  of  a  crown,  and  about  eight 
thousand  pounds  sterling.  Antony  ordered  the  head  to  be 
fixed  upon  the  rostra,  between  the  two  hands :  a  sad  spectacle 
to  the  city,  and  what  drew  tears  from  every  eye ;  to  see  those 
mangled  members,  which  used  to  exert  themselves  so  glori- 
ously from  that  place,  in  defence  of  their  lives,  the  fortunes, 
and  the  liberties  of  the  Roman  people,  so  lamentably  exposed 
to  the  scorn  of  sycophants  and  traitors.  The  deaths  of  the 
rest,  says  an  historian  of  that  age,  caused  only  a  private  and 
particular  sorrow,  but  Cicero's  an  universal  one  :  it  was  a 
triumph  over  the  republic  itself;  and  seemed  to  confirm  and 
establish  the  perpetual  slavery  of  Home.  Antony  considered 
it  as  such,  and  satiated  with  Cicero's  blood,  declared  the  pro- 
scription at  an  end. 


itii  oinital  Mrroa  Ibrtilpr  fiilrliurqiic  pantoa  fiiiBSe  u]  dimicimdum  :  iprnm  dcpoui 
an,  tt  quictoipati,  quod  aonini^iuci^ret,  jiiuiiK.     Lit.  Fnigm,  Ibid. 
'*  iircin*,  Innquun  opiini»  ipoliu  iImct  in  urbfm  rerenut  nl.     Ncque  ci  Kclei- 
urtanti  ouui  iiiccumt,  illuil  k  c»nul  (em,  fliiod  pro  cipilii  cjm  quondim  ptroni- 
___     V«l.  M«.fi.3. 


Coidiu  mfiud  Svncc]    Civitu  UcnmM  (vnere  non  poluit,  qunm  rccinun  Cicnonit  a|nit 
in  illii  HID  nttxii  videntur.    L.  Flor.  i.  6. 


'(••M'fl.. 

iiwif  ih."  <.rUi 
1  rriiuir.-.!  rl,. 

..r    01    Cit.. 
■  (-1(1(1  iJH  J  C*; 

i-iri|irn»r*i 

,1;;;;!;;:!:.^; 

.,r  (  i.-.rc.' 
'fic  fioy  I 

OP  CICERO.  685 

took  the  ixK>k  into  his  hands,  and  turning  over  a  great 

*  it^  «re  it  back  again,  and  said,  This  was  a  learned 

J  dmd,  and  a  lover  of  his  country  \ 

the  succeeding  generation,   as  the   particular  envy  to 

Bubeided,  by  the  death  of  those  whom  private  interests 

nal  quarrels  had  engaeed  to  hate  him  when  living, 

le  him  when  dead,  so  his  name  and  memory  began  to 

out  in  its  proper  lustre  :  and  in  the  reign  even  of  Tibe- 

^ivhen  an  eminent  senator  and  historian,  Cremudus  Cord  us, 

emned  to  die  for  praising  Brutus,  yet  Paterculus  could 

brbear  breaking  out  into  the  following  warm  expostulation 

Antony,  on  the  subject  of  Cicero's  death :  <<  Thou  hast 

nothing,  Antony;  hast  done  nothingr,  I  say,  by  setting  a 

«iiM  on  that  divine  and  illustrious  heao,  and  by  a  detestable 

•ward)  procuring  the  death  of  so  great  a  consul  and  preserver 

it*  the  republic     Thou  hast  snatched  from  Cicero  a  trouble- 

i<me  being ;  a  declining  age ;  a  life  more  miserable  under  thy 

Ittpiiiiion,  than  death  itself;  but,  so  far  from  diminishing  the 

of  his  deeds  and  sayings,   thou  hast  increased  it     He 

,  and  will  live,  in  the  memory  of  all  ages ;  and,  as  long  as 

system  of  nature,  whether  by  chance  or  Providence,  or 

^irliat  way  soever  formed,  which  he  alone,  of  all  the  Romans, 

JMnprehended  in  his  mind,  and  illustrated  by  his  eloquence, 

-ffkeili  remain  entire,  it  will  draw  the  praises  of  Cicero  along 

with  it :  and  all  posterity  will  admire  his  writings  against  thee, 

eurse  thy  act  against  him '." 

From  this  period,  all  the  Roman  writers,  whether  poets  or 
historians,  seem  to  vie  with  each  other  in  celebrating  the 
praises  of  Cicero,  as  the  most  illustrious  of  all  their  patriots, 
and  the  parent  of  the  Roman  wit  and  eloquence ;  who  had 
done  more  honour  to  his  country,  by  his  writings,  than  all 
their  conquerors  by  their  arms,  and  extended  the  bounds  of 
their  learning  beyond  those  of  their  empire  *.  So  that  their 
yery  emperors,  near  three  centuries  after  his  death,  began  to 
reverence  him  in  the  class  of  their  inferior  deities  * :  a  rank 


'  Plut  vit.  Cic.  There  ia  another  story  of  tlic  same  kind  recorded  by  Macrohias,  to 
shew  Augustuses  moderation  with  regard  also  to  Cato  :  that  Augustus  Deing  one  day  in 
the  house  which  had  belonged  to  Cato,  where  the  master  of  it,  out  of  compliment  to  his 
great  guest,  took  occasion  to  reflect  on  Cato*s  perverseness,  he  stopped  him  short,  by 
saying,  that  he  would  suffer  no  change  in  the  constitution  of  his  city,  was  a  good  citizen, 
and  honest  man :  but  by  this  character  of  Cato*s  honesty,  he  gave  a  severe  wound  to 
his  own,  who  not  only  changed  but  usurped  the  government  of  his  country.  Macrob. 
Saturn.  2.  4. 

«  Veil.  Pat.  2.  66. 

»  Facundia;,  Latiarumque  literarum  parens— atque — omnium  triumphornm  lauream 
adepte  majorem,  quanto  plus  est  ingenii  Romani  terminos  in  tantum  promovisse,  quam 
imperii.    Plin.  Hist,  7.  30. 

Qui  effecit,  ne  quorum  arma  viccramus,  eorum  ingenio  vinceremur.    Veil.  Pat.  2.  34. 

*  Lamprid.  vit.  Alex.  Sever,  c.  31. 


,  :.  .     ]\i-  c^>ii-Titiitki[i    nil' 


:,■,.  /.■■»«■.  ...i„r,.  he  .■.,.,!,(  „„t  i.av,;;'.- 
. ..  s .- ...I.  :,■,.■  i;iii.,.-cm-<.  „1-  his  lif,.  t.f  ( .  ■, :., 
.  .-..■f.i.i  stiiit '. 
~  ,>.«..  1„-  „,„  ,.,11  .,,,,1  ,|,,,„|^r^  „.;,,,  ,_  .,^^. 
....  1-1  i...  1,  „,„r>..  wore  ro^jular  a,„|  ,„,,,:.. 
'■■■'"'"""  """  '"Siiity  u.  il,^.  |„s,.  „.;,!,  ,,  j^.-„:. 
■"~  »"u  „.;■,.„„;,  ,l,a,  i„,,,ri„i„I  i,„,,.  „,„,:„ 
'"-'■•■■tkiri   wa,  iijituniHy   (vo-ik    ve-  ■*- 

.,., .., .-  „  „        ■""■'"  °'  "■  '"  '"  ■■■"■•'"'■  '■■'»■ »  «! 
.'  ■■  '-■' '  ""'  "K'T  ;ii-iiv,..  a^  iv,-il  av  rh,.  n... .    , 

..      .,1    1J-..1      l,„     |„«ly     „„„i,,,,,|      J.i^.fl^.      .  •,./■- 

.,...•,.],  a  !,.„    INrn.  i.v,.rv  ,N,v  i:i    l.ii    „ ,,  i  .„   '  7 

^:..v-■i.T  w  I,., ,.,.!,,.  ,v„„,  ,i,v  h,i;„„„  ,„■  ,;;;■,;^":  „■ 
■  ':"?;;  iT  -""''"'■'y  -»-■.■  i,i,„.,.if  u,^  ^„.„.|,;  „. ;  / 

.i.3:u;p;-;f  ;z;r-!;h::iS-r,p: 

^„.r.:a*  an  uuU-x  ,,i  il,^.  ,„i,i,i,   ),^.  ,,|,^,,_..",      ;'-"•}  ^' 

^.:,.i:u.i.n.K.k..l()ili,..„.aimH|..Mv  -m,,1  .V.  /''  "■  '" 
■  ...r..:i(i  ;»u!  i-li:it.ii-ri-r;  a  inTpotiiiil  .'-i,.;  ■  '^'■'*"'--'  ■'*'^'- 
..;.■..:..;..■.- ..I'  paiii-;  tViv  t>,.in  tin-  uffc^-t] 


OF  CICERO.  687 


r 


U  liis  cares,  and  relieve  himself  from  all  his  struggles  in  the 
senate  and  the  Forum  \  The  same  affection,  in  an  inferior 
deffree,  was  extended  also  to  his  slaves ;  when,  by  their  fidelity 
■nd  services,  they  had  recommended  themselves  to  his  favour. 
We  have  seen  a  remarkable  instance  of  it  in  Tiro,  whose  case 

'    WW  no  otherwise  different  from  the  rest,  than  as  it  was  dis- 

"  tingaished  by  the  superiority  of  his  merit  In  one  of  his 
letters  to  Atticus,  **  I  have  nothing  more,"  says  he,  **  to  write ; 
aaad  my  mind,  indeed,  is  somewhat  ruffled  at  present ;  for 

'  Sositheus,  my  reader,  is  dead ;  a  Jiopeful  youth,  which  has 
afflicted  me  more  tlian  one  would  imagine  the  death  of  a  slave 
oadbt  to  do  \" 

He  entertained  very  high  notions  of  friendship,  and  of  its 
excellent  use  and  benefit  to  human  life ;  which  he  has  beauti- 
fully illustrated  in  his  entertaining  treatise  on  that  subject, 
where  he  lays  down  no  other  rules,  than  what  he  exemplified 
bv  his  practice.  For  in  all  the  variety  of  friendships,  in  which 
fai8  eminent  rank  engaged  him,  he  was  never  charged  with 
deceiving,  deserting,  or  even  slighting  any  one,  whom  he  had 
once  called  his  friend,  or  esteemed  an  honest  man.  It  was  his 
delight  to  advance  their  prosperity,  to  relieve  their  adversity ; 
the  same  friend  to  both  fortunes ;  but  more  zealous  only  in 
'the  bad,  where  his  help  was  the  most  wanted,  and  his  services 

■-  the  most  disinterested;  looking  upon  it  not  as  a  friendship, 
but  a  sordid  traffic  and  merchandize  of  benefits,  where  good 
offices  are  to  be  weighed  by  a  nice  estimate  of  gain  and  loss '. 
He  calls  gratitude  the  mother  of  virtues ;  reckons  it  the  most 
capital  of  all  duties ;  and  uses  the  words,  grateful  and  good,  as 
terms  synonymous,  and  inseparably  united  in  the  same  cha- 
racter. His  writings  abound  with  sentiments  of  this  sort,  as 
his  life  did  with  the  examples  of  them  * ;  so  that  one  of  his 
friends,  in  apologizing  for  the  importunity  of  a  request, 
observes  to  him,  with  great  truth,  that  the  tenor  of  his  life 
would  be  a  sufficient  excuse  for  it :  since  he  had  established 
such  a  custom,  of  doing  every  thing  for  his  friends,  that 
they  no  longer  requested,  but  claimed  a  right  to  command 
him '. 

*  Ut  tantuni  rcquictis  habcam,  quantum  cum  uxorc,  et  filiola  et  mcllito  Cicerone 
consumitnr.    Ad  Att.  1.  18. 

*  Nam  pucr  festivus,  anagnostes  uostcr,  Sositheus  deceaserat,  meque  plus  quam  senri 
mon  debere  videbatur,  commovcrat.     Ibid.  12. 

»  Ubi  ilia  Bancta  amicitia?  si  non  ipse  amicus  per  so  amatur  toto  pcctorc.  [De  Leg.  1. 
18.]  quam  si  ad  fructum  nostrum  referemus,  non  ad  illius  commoda,  quern  diligimus,  non 
crit  ista  amicitia,  sed  mercatura  qusedam  utilitatum  suorum.     De  Nat.  Deer.  1.  44. 

4  Cum  omnibus  virtutibus  mo  affectum  esse  cupiam,  tamcn  nihil  est  quod  malini, 
quam  me  et  gratum  esse  et  videri.  Est  enim  hsc  una  virtus  non  solum  mvcima,  sed 
etiam  mater  virtutum  omnium — qu»  potest  esse  jucunditas  vitae  sublatis  amicitiis  ?  quie 
porro  amicitia  potest  esse  inter  ingratos  ?    Pro  Plane.  33.  De  Fin.  2. 22. 

^  Nam  quod  ita  consueris  pro  amicis  laborare,  non  jam  sic  sperant  abs  te,  led  etiam 
ttc  imperant  tibi  £uniliarcs.    E^,  Fam.  6,  7. 


OF   CICERO.  689 

again  at  noon,  as  all  others  ffenerally  did,  and  as  it  is  com- 
monly practised  in  Rome  to  tnis  day  K 

But  thoufirh  he  was  so  temperate  and  studious,  yet,  when  he 
was  enjgraged  to  sup  with  others,  either  at  home  or  abroad,  he 
laid  asMe  his  rules,  and  forgot  the  invalid ;  and  was  gay  and 
sprightly,  and  the  very  soul  of  the  company.  When  friends 
were  met  together,  to  heighten  the  comforts  of  social  life,  he 
thought  it  mhospitable,  not  to  contribute  his  share  to  their 
common  mirth,  or  to  damp  it  by  a  churlish  reservedness.  But 
he  was  really  a  lover  of  cheerful  entertainments ;  being  of  a 
nature  remarkably  facetious,  and  singularly  turned  to  raiUery ': 
a  talent,  which  was  of  great  service  to  him  at  the  bar,  to  cor- 
rect the  petulance  of  an  adversary,  relieve  the  satiety  of  a 
tedious  cause,  divert  the  minds  of  the  judges,  and  mitigate  the 
rigour  of  a  sentence,  by  making  both  the  bench  and  audience 
merry  at  the  expense  of  the  accuser '. 

This  use  of  it  was  always  thought  fair,  and  greatly  applauded 
in  public  trials :  but  in  private  conversations,  he  was  charged 
sometimes,  with  pushing  his  raillery  too  far ;  and,  through  a 
consciousness  of  his  superior  wit,  exerting  it  often  intempe- 
tately,  without  reflecting  what  cruel  wounds  his  lashes  in- 
flicted *.  Yet,  of  all  his  sarcastical  jokes,  which  are  trans- 
'nitted  to  us  by  antiquity,  we  shall  not  observe  any,  but  what 
were  pointed  against  characters,  either  ridiculous  or  profligate ; 
such  as  he  despised  for  their  follies,  or  hated  for  their  vices ; 
and  though  he  might  provoke  the  spleen,  and  quicken  the 
malice  of  enemies,  more  than  was  consistent  with  a  regard  to 
his  own  ease,  yet  he  never  appears  to  have  hurt  or  lost  a  friend, 
or  any  one  whom  he  valued,  by  the  levity  of  jesting. 

It  is  certain,  that  the  fame  of  his  wit  was  as  celebrated  as 
that  of  his  eloquence,  and  that  several  spurious  collections  of 
his  sayings  were  handed  about,  in  Rome,  m  his  life-time  * ;  till 
his  friend  Trebonius,  after  he  had  been  consul,  thought  it  worth 
while  to  publish  an  authentic  edition  of  them,  in  a  volume 
which  he  addressed  to  Cicero  himself*.     Caesar,  likewise,  in 

*  Nunc  quidcm  propter  intennissionem  forcnsis  openD,  et  lucubrationes  detnzi  et 
meridifttiones  addidi,  quibiiB  uti  aiitea  non  eolebam.     De  Div.  2.  58.  " 

'  Effo  autem,  existimes  quod  lubet,  mirifice  capior  facetiis,  maxime  nostratibus.  [Ep. 
Fam.  9.  15.]  Nee  id  ad  voluptatem  rcfero,  sed  ad  communitatem  vita  attjue  victus, 
remiamonemque  animonim,  qiue  maxime  sermoue  efficitur  familiari,  qui  est  in  convivua 
dalci8Bimu»---{Ibid.  24.]  cunvivio  delector.  Iln  loquor  quod  in  solum,  ut  didtur,  et 
gsmitum  etiam  in  risus  maximos  transfero.    [Ibid.  2d.] 

*  — Suavis  est  et  vchementer  saepe  utilis  jocus  et  &cetin — ^multum  in  cauais  persspo 
lepore  et  facetiis  profici  vidi.    De  Orat.  2. 54. 

QosB  risum  juoicis  movendo  et  illos  tristes  solvit  afltectus,  et  animum  ab  intentionc 
lerum  frequenter  avertit,  et  aliquando  etiam  reficit,  et  a  satietate  vcl  a  fatigatione  re- 
noTat.    Quintil.  I.  6.  c.  3. 

«  Nostcr  vcro  non  solum  extra  indicia,  sed  in  ipsis  etiam  orationibus  habitus  est  ni- 
mius  risus  affectator.     Ibid.  vid.  Plut. 

*  Ais  enim,  ut  em  discesserim,  omnia  omnium  dicta— in  me  conferri.  Ep.  Fam.  7* 
32.  it.  9.  16. 

c  Liber  iste,  quem  mihi  mtsisti,  quantana  habet  declarationem  amoris  tui  ?  primum, 

Yy 


OF  CICERO.  691 

ivith  him,  in  their  excursions  from  Rome.  But,  besides  these, 
tliat  may  properly  be  reckoned  seats,  with  large  plantations 
and  gardens  around  them,  he  had  several  little  inns,  as  he  calls 
them,  or  baiting  places,  on  the  road,  built  for  liis  accommoda- 
tion, in  passing  from  one  house  to  another  \ 

His  Tusculan  house  had  been  Sylla's,  the  dictator,  and  in 
one  of  its  apartments  had  a  painting  of  his  memorable  victory 
near  Nola,  in  the  Marsic  war,  in  which  Cicero  had  served  under 
liim  as  a  volunteer ' :  it  was  about  four  leagues  from  Home,  on 
the  top  of  a  beautiful  hill,  covered  with  the  villas  of  the  nobi- 
lity, and  affording  an  agreeable  prospect  of  the  city,  and  the 
country  around  it,  with  plenty  of  water  flowing  through  his 
grounds,  in  a  large  stream  or  canal,  for  which  he  paid  a  rent  to 
tne  corporation  of  Tusculum*.     Its  neighbourhood  to  Rome 

EUm  the  opportunity  of  a  retreat  at  any  hour,  from  the 
es  of  the  bar,  or  the  senate,  to  breathe  a  little  fresh  air, 
}  divert  himself  with  his  friends  or  &mily :  so  that  this 
was  the  place  in  which  he  took  the  most  delight,  and  spent  the 
greatest  share  of  his  leisure ;  and,  for  that  reason,  improved 
and  adorned  it  beyond  all  his  other  houses  *. 

When  a  greater  satiety  of  the  city^  or  a  longer  vacation  in 
the  Forum,  disposed  him  to  seek  a  calmer  scene,  and  more  un- 
disturbed retirement,  he  used  to  remove  to  Antium,  or  Astura. 
At  Antium  he  placed  his  best  collection  of  books,  and,  as  it 
was  not  above  tliirty  miles  from  Rome,  he  could  have  doily* 
intelligence  there  of  every  thing  that  passed  in  tlie  city.  As- 
tura was  a  little  island,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  about  two  leagues  further  towards  the  south,  between 
the  promontories  of  Antium  and  Circseum,  and  in  the  view  of 
them  both, — a  place  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  soli- 
tude, and  a  secure  retreat, — covered  with  a  tliick  wood,  cut 
out  into  shady  walks,  in  which  he  used  to  spend  the  gloomy 
and  splenetic  moments  of  his  life. 

In  the  height  of  summer,  the  mansion-house,  at  Arpinum, 
and  the  little  island  adjoining,  by  the  advantage  of  its  groves 

I  Ego  acccpi  ill  Diversorinlo  Sinueuaito,  tuas  litteras.    Ibid.  14.  8. 
'  Idque  etiam  iu  vilk  sua  Tusculana,  qu«c  postea  fuit  Cicerooia,  Sylla  pinxit.     Plin. 
Hut.  Nat  22.  6. 

*  Ego  Tuaculanis  pro  Aqua  Crabra  voctigal  pendam,quia  a  Municipio  fundum  accept. 
Con.  Rnll.  3.  2. 

*  QuiB  mihi  antea  idffna  misiiti, — ca  omnia  in  Tusculanum  dq>ortabo. — [Ad  Att.  1. 4.] 
No*  ex  omnibus  laboribus  et  molestiis  uno  iUo  in  loco  conquicscimus.  [Ibid.  5.]  Not 
Tntculano  ita  delectamur,  ut  noblsmet  ipsis  tum  denique,  cum  illo  venimus,  placeamus. 
Ibid.  6. 

The  situation  of  this  Tusculan  house,  which  had  been  built,  perhaps,  by  »Sylla,  con- 
finns  what  Seneca  has  observed  of  the  villas  of  all  the  other  neat  captains  of  Rome— 
M arius,  Pompcy,  Caesar ;  thai  they  were  placed  al%vay8  on  hills,  or  the  highest  ground 
that  they  could  find,  it  being  thought  more  military,  to  command  the  view  of  the  country 
beneath  them,  and  that  houses  so  situated  had  the  appearance  of  a  camp,  rather  than  a 
^lla— [Senec.  Epist.  61 .]— But  this  deligfatfal  spot  is  now  possessed  by  a  convent  of 
monks,  called  Grotu  Fenrata,  where  they  stiU  shew  the  remains  of  Cicero's  columns  and 
fine  buildings,  and  the  ducts  of  water  that  flowed  through  his  gardens. 

vy  2 


OF  CICERO.  693 

The  place,  which  all  its  pride  from  Cicero  drew. 

Repairs  this  honour,  to  his  memory  duo ; 

That,  since  his  works  throughout  the  world  arc  sprcail, 

And  with  such  eagerness  by  all  aro  read, 

New  sprinss  of  hoJins  quality  should  rise. 

To  ease  th  increase  of  labour  to  the  eyes. 

The  furniture  of  his  houses  was  suitable  to  the  elegance  of 
liis  taste  and  the  magnificence  of  his  buildings ;  his  ralleries 
were  adorned  with  statues  and  paintings  of  Uie  best  Grecian 
masters,  and  his  vessels  and  moveables  were  of  the  best  work 
and  choicest  materials.  There  was  a  cedar  table  of  his  re- 
maining in  Pliny's  time,  said  to  be  the  first  which  was  ever 
Been  in  Rome,  and  to  have  cost  him  eighty  pounds'.  He 
thought  it  the  part  of  an  eminent  citizen  to  preserve  an  uni- 
formity of  character  in  every  article  of  his  conduct,  and  to 
illustrate  his  dignity  by  the  splendour  of  his  life.  This  was 
the  reason  of  the  great  variety  of  his  houses,  and  of  their 
•ituation  in  the  most  conspicuous  parts  of  Italy,  along  the 
course  of  the  Appian  road ;  that  they  might  occur  at  every  stage 
to  the  observation  of  travellers,  and  lie  commodious  for  the  re- 
eepdon  and  entertainment  of  his  friends. 
, , «  The  reader,  perhaps,  when  he  reflects  on  what  the  old  writers 
'  liave  said,  of  the  mediocrity  of  his  paternal  estate,  will  be  at  a 
loss  to  conceive  whence  ail  his  revenues  flowed,  that  enabled 
him  to  sustain  the  vast  expense  of  building  and  maintaining 
such  a  number  of  noble  houses :  but  the  solution  will  be  easy, 
when  we  recollect  the  great  opportunities  that  he  had  of  im- 
proving his  original  lortunes.  The  two  principal  funds  of 
wealth  to  tlie  leading  men  of  Rome,  were, — first,  the  public 
magistracies  and  provincial  commands ;  secondly,  the  presents 
of  kings,  princes,  and  foreign  states,  whom  they  had  obliged 
by  their  services  and  protection :  and  though  no  man  was  more 
moderate  in  the  use  of  these  advantages  than  Cicero,  yet,  to 
one  of  his  prudence,  economy,  and  contempt  of  vicious  plea- 
sures, these  were  abundantly  sufficient  to  answer  all  his  ex- 
penses ' :  for,  in  his  province  of  Cilicia,  after  all  the  memorable 
instances  of  his  generosity,  by  which  he  saved  to  the  public  a 
full  million  sterling,  which  all  other  governors  had  applied  to 
their  private  use,  yet,  at  the  expiration  of  his  year,  ne  left  in 
the  hands  of  the  publicans,  in  Asia,  near  twenty  thousand 
pounds,  reserved  from  the  strict  dues  of  his  government,  and 
remitted  to  him  afterwards  at  Rome  *•  But  there  was  another 
way  of  acquiring  money,  esteemed  the  most  reputable  of  any, 

1  Extat  hodie  M.  Ciceronis,  in  ilia  naupertatc,  et  quod  maps  mirum  est,  illo  aovo 
empta  H.  S.  X.  [Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  13.  15.]  nullius  ante  Ciceromanam  vetustior  mcmoria 
est.     Ihid.  16. 

'  Panra  sunt,  qua  desunt  nostris  quidcm  moribus,  ct  ca  sunt  ad  cxplicandum  expcdi- 
tissima,  mode  valcainus.     Ad  Quint.  2.  15. 

'  Ego  in  cistophoro  in  Asia  habco  ad  H.  S.  bis  ct  vicics,  hujus  pccuuiao  pcnuutatioue 
fidcm  nostnun  facile  tuebcre.    Ad  Att.  11. 1. 


OF  CICERO.  695 

the  fatvour  of  the  ladies,  whose  company  he  used  to  frequent 
wlien  young,  and  with  many  of  whom,  of  the  first  quality,  he 
was  o(ft  engaged,  in  his  riper  years,  to  confer  about  the  inte- 
rette  of  their  husbands,  brothers,  or  relations,  who  were  absent 
lirom  Rome :  yet  we  meet  with  no  trace  of  any  criminal  gal- 
lantry or  intrigue  with  any  of  them.  In  a  letter  to  Psetus, 
towards  the  end  of  his  life,  he  gives  a  jocose  account  of  his 
tupping  with  their  friend  Volumnius,  an  Epicurean  wit,  of  the 
fint  class,  when  the  famed  courtesan,  Cytneris,  who  had  been 
Volomnius's  slave,  and  was  then  his  mistress,  made  one  of  the 
company  at  table  :  where,  afiter  several  jokes  on  that  incident, 
he  says  that  he  never  suspected  that  she  would  have  been  of 
the  party ;  and  though  he  was  always  a  lover  of  cheerful  enter- 
tainments, yet  nothing  of  that  sort  had  ever  pleased  him  when 
young,  much  less  now,  when  he  was  old  \  There  was  one 
lady,  nowever,  called  Cserellia,  with  whom  he  kept  up  a  par- 
ticolar  fiuniliarity  and  correspondence  of  letters ;  on  which  Dio, 
as  it  has  been  already  hinted,  absurdly  grounds  some  little 
•candal,  though  he  owns  her  to  have  been  seventy  years  old* 
She  is  frequently  mentioned  in  Cicero's  letters,  as  a  lover  of 
books  and  philosophy,  and,  on  that  account,  as  fond  of  his 
company  and  writings ;  but  while,  out  of  complaisance  to  her 
•ex,  and  a  regard  to  her  uncommon  talents,  he  treated  her 
always  with  respect;  yet,  by  the  hints  which  he  drops  of  her 
to  Atticus,  it  appears  that  she  had  no  share  of  his  affections,  or 
any  real  authority  with  him '. 

His  failings  were  as  few  as  were  ever  found  in  any  eminent 
genius ;  such  as  flowed  from  his  constitution,  not  his  will,  and 
were  chargeable  rather  to  the  condition  of  his  humanity,  than 
to  the  fault  of  the  man.  He  was  thought  to  be  too  sanguine 
in  prosperity,  too  desponding  in  adversity,  and  apt  to  persuade 
himself,  in  each  fortune,  that  it  would  never  have  an  end'. 
This  is  Pollio's  account  of  him,  which  seems,  in  general,  to  be 
true ;  Brutus  touches  the  first  part  of  it,  in  one  of  his  letters  to 
him,  and  when  things  were  going  prosperously  against  Antony, 

Euts  him  gently  in  mind,  that  he  seemed  to  trust  too  much  to 
is  hopes*:  and  he  himself  allows  the  second,  and  says,  that  if 
any  one  was  timorous  in  great  and  dangerous  events,  appre- 
hending always  the  worst,  rather  than  hoping  the  best,  he  was 

*  Me  vcro  uihil  istorum  nc  juvencm  quidcm  inovit  unquam,  ne  nunc  Bcnem.  Ep. 
Fain.  9.  26. 

'  Mirifice  Cfierellia,  Rtudio  videlicet  philosophia;  flag^rans,  dcscribit  a  tuia :  istos  ipsos  dc 
Finibus  habet— [Ad  Att.  13.  21.]  Canpellia  facile  satisfcci ;  nee  valde  laborarc  visa  est : 
ctoi  ilia  ego  certe  non  laborareni.  Ibid.  15.  1.  it.  12.  51. 14. 19.  Fam.  13.  72.  Quintil. 
6. 3.  Dio,  3(12. 

'  Utinam  modcratius  secundas  res,  ct  fortius  adversas  ferre  potuisset :  namqno 
ntnequc  cum  vcnerant  ci,  mutari  caa  non  posse  rebatur.  Asin,  Poll,  apud  Sen. 
Suasor.  (>. 

*  Qua  in  re,  Cicero,  vir  optiinc  ac  fortissimc,  niiliique  mciito  et  mco  nomine  ct 
Reipub.  carissime,  nimis  credere  vidcris  spci  tuap.    Brut,  ad  Cic.  4 


OF   CICERO.  697 

ever  been  born  ^  This  is  the  notion  that  he  inculcates  every 
where  of  true  glory ;  which  is  surely  one  of  the  noblest  prin- 
ciples that  can  inspire  a  human  breast;  implanted  by  God 
in  our  nature,  to  dignify  and  exalt  it;  and  always  found  the 
strongest  in  the  best  and  most  elevated  minds ;  and  to  which 
we  owe  every  thin^  great  and  laudable  that  history  has  to  offer 
to  us,  through  all  tne  ages  of  the  heathen  world.  ^<  There  is 
not  an  instance,"  says  Cicero,  ^<  of  a  man's  exerting  himself 
ever  with  praise  and  virtue  in  the  dangers  of  his  country,  who 
was  not  drawn  to  it  by  the  hopes  of  glory,  and  a  regard  to  pos- 
terity '•"  <^  Give  me  a  boy,  says  Quintilian,  '^  whom  praise 
excites,  whom  glory  warms :  for  such  a  scholar  was  sure  to 
answer  all  his  hopes,  and  do  credit  to  his  discipline '.  ^^  Whether 
posterity  will  have  any  respect  for  me,"  says  Pliny,  <<  I  know 
not;  but  am  sure  that  I  have  deserved  some  from  it:  I  will 
not  say  by  my  wit,  for  that  would  be  arrogant ;  but  by  the 
zeal,  by  the  pains,  by  the  reverence,  which  I  have  always  pud 
to  it  *." 

It  will  not  seem  strange  to  observe  the  wisest  of  the  ancients 
pushing  this  principle  to  so  great  a  length,  and  considering 

Slory  as  the  amplest  reward  oi  a  well-spent  life  *,  when  we  re- 
ect,  that  the  greatest  part  of  them  had  no  notion  of  any  other 
reward  or  futurity;  and  even  those,  who  believed  a  state  of 
happiness  to  tlie  good,  yet  entertained  it  with  so  much  diffi- 
dence, that  they  indulged  it  rather  as  a  wish  tlian  a  well- 
grounded  hope ;  and  were  glad,  therefore,  to  lay  hold  on  that, 
which  seemed  to  be  within  their  reach,  a  futurity  of  their  own 
creating :  an  immortality  of  fame  and  glory  from  the  applause 
of  posterity.  This,  by  a  pleasing  fiction,  they  looked  upon  as 
a  propagation  of  life,  and  an  eternity  of  existence ;  and  nad  no 

*  Si  quisquam  fuit  unqiiam  remotiis  et  natura,  et  magis  etiam,  ut  mihi  qnidcm  scntire 
videor,  rationc  atque  doctrina,  ab  inani  laudc  ct  sermonibus  vulgi,  ego  profecto  is  Bum. 
Kp.  Fam.  15.  14. 

Eat  enim  gloria — conscnticns  laus  bonorum;  incomipta  vox  bene  judicantium  do  cx- 
ccllente  virtute :  ca  virtuti  resonat  tanauam  imago  :  qiuc  quia  rccte  mctorum  plerumquc 
comes  est,  non  est  bonis  viris  repudianaa.    Tusc.  Qusest.  3.2. 

Qui  autem  bonam  famam  bonorum,  quae  sola  vera  gloria  nominari  potest,  expctimt, 
aliis  otium  quierero  debent  et  voluptatcs,  non  sibi.  Sudandum  est  his  pro  comrounibus 
comroodis,  adeunds  inimicitioi,  subeunda;  sa^e  pro  Rcpub.  tempcstates.  Cum  multis 
audacibus,  improbis,  non  nunquam  etiam  potentious,  dimicuidunri.    Pro  Scxt.  66. 

Canim  esse  civcm,  bene  dc  Repub.  mcrcri,  laudari,  coli,  diligi,  gloriosum  est— quaro 
ita  gubcrna  Rempub.  nt  natum  esse  to  cives  tui  gaudeant :  sine  quo  nee  bcatus,  nee 
clams  quisquam  esse  potest.     Philip.  1.  14. 

'  Neque  quisquam  nostrum  in  Rcipub.  pcriculis,  cum  laude  ac  virtute  versatur,  quin 
spo  posteritatis,  fructuquc  ducatur.    Pro  C.  Rabir.  10. 

*  Miiii  dctur  ille  puer,  quem  laus  exdtet,  quem  gloria  juvet.  Hie  erit  alendus  arobitu 
— in  hoc  desidiam  nunquam  verebor.     Quintil.  1.  3. 

4 Poetcris  an  alioua  cura  nostri,  nescio.     Nos  certe  mercmur,  ut  sit  aliqua :  nou 

dico,  ingenio ;   id  emm  superbum ;   sed  studio,  scd  labore,  sed  revcrontia  postenim. 

Plin.  Ep.  ,   .     J         . 

*  Scd  tamen  ex  omnibus  pracmiis  virtutis,  si  csset  nabenda  ratio  pnemionmi,  am- 
plissimum  esse  pnemium  glorium.  Esse  banc  unam  qua;  brcvitatcm  vitie  postcritatis 
mcmoria  consolaxetur.    Pro  Mil.  35. 


OF  CICERO.  699 

he  said  any  thine  glorious  of  himself,  it  was  not  through 
ii  fimdness  of  praise,  but  to  repel  an  accusation ' :  that  no  man 
kAo  bad  been  conversant  in  great  affiiirs,  and  treated  with  par- 
tlililar  envy,  could  refiite  the  contumely  of  an  enemy,  without 
IMdUng  upon  his  own  praises ;  and,  after  all  his  labours  for 
dw  common  safety,  if  a  just  indignation  had  drawn  from  him 
«t  any  time,  what  might  seem  to  be  vain-glorious,  it  might 
reasonably  be  forgiven  to  him ' :  that  when  others  were  silent 
about  him,  if  he  could  not  then  forbear  to  speak  of  himself, 
ibal^  indeed,  would  be  shameful;  but  when  he  was  injured, 
aecosedi  exposed  to  popular  odium,  he  must  certainly  be 
allowed  to  assert  his  liberty,  if  they  would  not  suffer  him  to 
retain  his  dignity  '•  This  then  was  the  true  state  of  the  case, 
as  it  is  evident  from  the  facts  of  his  history — he  had  an  ardent 
lore  of  glory,  and  an  eager  thirst  of  praise :  was  pleased,  when 
firing,  to  hear  his  acts  applauded ;  yet  more  still  with  imagui- 
hig,  that  they  would  ever  be  celebrated  when  he  was  dead :  a 
paflrion,  which,  for  the  reasons  already  hinted,  had  always  the 
greatest  force  on  the  greatest  souls :  but  it  must  needs  raise 
our  contempt  and  indignation,  to  see  every  conceited  pedant, 
and  trifling  declaimer,  who  know  little  of  Cicero's  r^  cha- 
racter, and  less  still  of  their  own,  presuming  to  call  him  the 
vainest  of  mortals. 

But  there  is  no  point  of  light,  in  which  we  can  view  him 
with  more  advantage  or  satisfaction  to  ourselves,  than  in  the 
contemplation  of  his  learning,  and  the  surprising  extent  of  his 
knowledge.  This  shines  so  conspicuous  in  all  the  monuments 
which  remain  of  him,  that  it  even  lessens  the  dignity  of  his 
general  character :  while  the  idea  of  the  scholar  absorbs  that  of 
tne  senator ;  and,  by  considering  him  as  the  greatest  writer, 
we  are  apt  to  forget  that  he  was  the  greatest  magistrate  also  of 
Rome.  We  learn  our  Latin  from  him  at  school ;  our  style  and 
sentiments  at  the  college :  here  the  generality  take  their  leave 
of  him;  and  seldom  think  of  him  more,  but  as  an  orator,  a 
moralist,  or  philosopher  of  antiquity.  But  it  is  with  characters 
as  with  pictures ;  we  cannot  judge  well  of  a  single  part  without 
surveying  the  whole ;  since  the  perfection  of  each  depends  on 
its  proportion  and  relation  to  the  rest;  while,  in  viewing  them 
altogeUier,  they  mutually  reflect  an  additional  grace  upon  each 

'  QuiB  unquam  audivit,  cum  ego  de  me  nisi  coactus  ac  necessario  dicerem? — dicendam 
igitur  est  id,  quod  non  dicerem  nisi  coactus  :  nihil  enim  unquam  de  me  dixi  sublatius 
asciscendfle  laudii  causa  potius,  auam  criminia  depellendi.    Pro  Dom.  35,  36. 

^  Potest  qui?oiiam  vir  in  rebus  magnis  cum  invidia  Tersatus,  satis  grariter  contra 
inimici  contumeliam,  sine  sua  laude  rcspondere  ? — 

Quanquam  si  me  tantis  laboribus  pro  communi  salute  pcrfunctum  efTcrret  aliquando 
ad  gloriam  in  refutandis  maledictis  improborum  hominum  animi  quidam  dolor,  quis  non 
ignosceret?  De  Harusp.  reap.  8. 

'  Si,  cum  csteri  de  nobis  silent,  non  etiam  nosmct  ipsi  tacemus,  g^vo.  Sed  si  Icdimur, 
si  accusarour,  si  in  invidiam  vocamur.  profecto  concedetis,  ut  nobis  libertatem  retinere 
liceat,  si  minus  liceat  dignitatem.    Pro  Syll.  29. 


701 


ROF  CICERO. 
lositioiis  afford  more  pleasure  than  tlie  epistles  of 
t)iey  touch  the  Jieart  of  the  reader,  by  laying  open 
writer.  The  letters  of  eminent  wits,  eminent 
—  .».<„  ....linent  statesmen,  are  all  esteemed  in  their  several 
P  is ;  but  t)iere  never  was  a  collection  that  excelled  so  much, 
ererjr  kind,  as  Cicero's;  for  the  purity  of  style,  the  impor- 
ince  of  the  matter,  or  the  dignity  of  the  persons  concerned  in 
iiani.  We  have  about  a  thousand  still  remaining,  all  written 
after  he  was  forty  years  old ;  which  are  but  a  stnall  part,  not 
aeij  of  what  he  wrote,  but  of  what  were  actually  publisned  after 
kit  death,  bv  his  servant  Tiro.  For  we  see  many  volumes  of 
diem  quoted  by  the  ancients,  which  are  utterly  lost;  as  the  first 
book  of  his  letters  to  Licinius  Calvus ;  the  first  also  to  Q.  Axius; 
aaecond  book  to  his  son;  a  second  also  to  Com.  Nepos;  a  third 
book  to  J.  CsBsar;  a  third  to  Octavius;  and  a  third  also  to 
Pansa;  an  eighth  book  to  M.  Brutus ;  and  a  ninth  to  A.  Hirtius. 
Of  all  which,  excepting  a  few  to  J.  Csesar  and  Brutus,  we  hare 
nothing  more  left,  than  some  scattered  phrases  and  sentences, 
ssthered  from  the  citations  of  the  old  critics  and  grammarians*. 
What  makes  these  letters  still  more  esdmable  is,  that  he  had 
never  desi^rned  them  for  the  public,  nor  kept  any  copies  of 
them;  for  toe  year  before  his  death,  when  Atticus  was  making 
itome  inquiry  about  them,  lie  sent  him  word  tliat  he  had  made 
no  collection ;  and  that  Tiro  had  preserved  only  about  seventy  *. 
Here  then  we  may  expect  to  see  the  genuine  man,  without 
disguise  or  affectation ;  especially  in  his  letters  to  Atticus :  to 
whom  he  talked  with  the  same  frankness  as  to  himself;  opened 
the  rise  and  progress  of  each  thought ;  and  never  entered  into 
any  affiiir  witnout  his  particular  advice :  so  that  these  may  be 
eonudered  as  the  memoirs  of  his  times ;  cont^ing  the  most 
authentic  materials  for  the  histoiy  of  that  age,  and  laying  open 
the  grounds  and  motives  of  all  the  great  events  that  happened 
in  it* :  and  it  is  the  want  of  attention  to  them,  that  makes  the 
generality  of  writers,  on  these  times,  so  superficial  as  well  as 
erroneous :  while  they  choose  to  transcribe  the  dry  and  imper- 
fect relations  of  the  later  Greek  historians,  rather  than  take  tlie 
ptuns,  to  extract  the  original  account  of  &cts  &om  one,  who 
was  a  principal  actor  in  them. 

In  his  &miliar  letters,  he  affected  no  particular  elegance  or 


csntn  Epicuima,  de  eodBm  oleo  el 

Deinde  cnm,  Hmna  reptltlo,  umiil ^ -  .      .. 

■d  Ic  Kiipd  ippouU  Kcundi  menn.    [Ibid.  U.  6.  21.  15.  13.]    Hoc  paralluluii 
'---  '    ■     '  ««lut»iionu,     AdBnit.  1.  "  ' 


c  frumrnti  of  hi>  lellen  in  the  edition)  o 
m  EpIiIaUmm  aiill 


miraymrt.    Sed  tubal  Tiro  iuitu  npliuginti. 
Ad  Att.  16.  5.   ' 

>  Qun  qui  legit  aon  multum  dsideicl  liiitorimm  conteitun  « 
BOim  amnU  At  itndiii  principiun,  Tiiiii  dnrum,  at  mntttionibui  Rei 
nt  nihil  in  hii  non  tfftaA.    Com,  Nep.  tit.  Alt.  16. 


OF  CICERO.  703 

But  his  letters  are  not  more  valuable  on  any  account,  than 
for  their  being  the  only  monuments  of  that  sort  which  remain 
to  us  from  free  Rome.  They  breathe  the  last  words  of  expir- 
ing liberty,  a  great  part  of  them  having  been  written  in  the 
very  crisis  of  its  ruin,  to  rouse  up  all  the  virtue  that  was  left  in 
the  honest  and  the  brave,  to  the  defence  of  their  country.  The 
advantage  which  they  derive  from  this  circumstance  will  easily 
be  observed,  by  comparing  them  with  the  epistles  of  the  best 
and  greatest  who  flourished  afterwards  in  imperial  Rome. 
Plin^s  letters  are  justly  admired  bfr  men  of  taste :  they  shew 
the  scholar,  the  wit,  the  fine  gentleman;  yet  we  cannot  but 
observe  a  poverty  and  barrenness  through  the  whole,  that 
betrays  the  awe  of  a  master.  All  his  stories  and  reflections 
terminate  in  private  life;  there  is  nothing  important  in  politics: 
no  great  affairs  explained :  no  account  of  the  motives  of  public 
counsels :  he  had  borne  all  the  same  offices  with  Cicero,  whom, 
in  all  points,  he  affected  to  emulate  ^ :  yet  his  honours  were  in 
effect  but  nominal ;  conferred  by  a  superior  power,  and  ad- 
ministered by  a  superior  will ;  and,  with  the  old  titles  of  consul 
and  proconsul,  we  want  still  the  statesman,  the  politician,  and 
the  magistrate.  In  his  provincial  command,  where  Cicero 
governed  all  things  with  a  supreme  authority,  and  had  kings 
attendant  on  his  orders,  Pliny  durst  not  venture  to  repair  a 
bath,  or  punish  a  fugitive  slave,  or  incorporate  a  company  of 
masons,  till  he  had  hrst  consulted  and  obtained  the  leave  of 
Trajan  *. 

His  historical  works  are  all  lost :  the  Commentaries  of  his 
Consulship,  in  Greek ;  the  history  of  his  own  affairs,  to  his 
return  from  exile,  in  Latin  verse,  and  his  Anecdotes :  as  well 
as  the  pieces  that  he  published  on  natural  history;  of  which 
Pliny  quotes  one  upon  the  wonders  of  nature,  and  another  on 
perfumes '.  He  was  meditating,  likewise,  a  general  history  of 
Rome,  to  which  he  was  frequently  urged  by  his  friends,  as  the 
only  man  capable  of  adding  that  glory  also  to  his  country,  of 
exceUing  the  Greeks  in  a  species  of  writing,  which  of  all  others, 
was  at  that  time  the  least  cultivated  by  the  Romans  *.     But 

ro«,  is  so  illufitrious,  that  I  am  under  a  neceatity  of  recommending  manj  people  to  you : 
but  though  it  is  mv  duty  to  with  well  to  all  whom  1  recommend,  yet  I  do  not  live  upon 
the  wmc  foot  of  fncndBhip  with  them  all  "  &c.     Ibid.  13.  70,  71. 

*  Ijeetaris,quod  honorihuB  ejus  insistam,  quem  emulari  in  studiis  eupio.  Plin.  Ep.  4.  8. 

*  Prusenset,  Domine,  balneum  habent  et  sordidum  et  Tetus ;  id  itaque  indnlgentia  tua 
restituere  dcsiderant.    Ep.  1. 10.  34. 

Quorum  ego  supplicium  distulif  ut  tc  conditorem  disciplinie  militaris,  firmatoremque, 
consulerem  de  mouo  poence.     Ibid.  38. 

Tu,  Domine,  despice  an  instituendum  putes  collegium  Fabrorum,  duntaxat  hominum 
CL.     Ibid.  42. 

»  Cicero  in  Admirandis  posuit,  &c.  Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  31.  2.  Quod  Admirandis  suis 
inseruit  M.  Cicero.  Ibid.  c.  4.  In  monumentis  M.  Ciceronis  invenitur;  Ungucnta  gra- 
tiora  esae,  quro  terram,  quam  au»  crocum  sapiant.     Ibid.  13.  3.  17.  5. 

«  Poatulatur  ate  jamdiu,  rel  flagiutur  potius  historia :  sic  enim  putant,  te  iDam  trac- 
tante,  effici  posse,  ut  in  hoc  etiam  genere  Unscia  nihil  cedamus — abest  enim  historia  lit- 
teria  nostris.     De  Leg.  1 .  2,  3. 


OF  CICERO.  705 

md  two  bad  lines  picked  oat  by  the  malice  of  enemies,  and 
teansmitted  to  posterity,  as  a  specimen  of  the  rest,  have  served 
to  damn  many  thousands  of  good  ones.  For  Plutarch  reckons 
him  among  the  most  eminent  of  the  Roman  poets ;  and  Pliny 
the  Younger  was  proud  of  emulating  him  m  his  poetic  cha- 
ncier ' :  and  Quintilian  seems  to  charge  the  cavils  of  his  cen- 
siirers  to  a  principle  of  malignity '.  But  his  own  verses  carry 
Ae  surest  proof  of  their  merit;  being  written  in  the  best 
manner  of  that  age  in  which  he  lived,  and  in  the  style  of  Lu- 
cretias,  whose  poem  he  is  said  to  have  revised  and  corrected 
fat  its  publication,  after  Lucretius's  death  ^  This,  however, 
is  certain,  that  he  was  the  constant  friend  and  eenerous  patron 
of  ail  the  celebrated  poets  of  his  time  * ;  of  Accius,  Archias, 
Chilius,  Lucretius,  Catullus;  who  pays  his  thanks  to  him  in 
the  following  lines,  for  some  favour  that  he  had  received  from 
him:— 

TuUy,  most  eloquent  bj  far 

Of  all  who  have  been,  or  who  are. 

Or  who  in  ages  still  to  come 

Shall  rise  of  aU  the  sons  of  Rome. 

To  thee  Catullus  srateful  sends 

His  warmest  thanKs,  and  recommends 

His  humble  muse,  as  much  below 

All  other  poets  he,  as  thou 

All  other  patrons  dost  excel. 

In  power  of  words  and  spcalung  well  s. 

But  poetry  was  the  amusement  only,  and  relief  of  his  other 
studies :  eloquence  was  his  distinguishing  talent,  his  sovereign 
attribute :  to  this  he  devoted  all  the  faculties  of  his  soul,  and 
attained  to  a  degree  of  perfection  in  it,  that  no  mortal  ever 
surpassed :  so  that,  as  a  polite  historian  observes,  Rome  had 
but  few  orators  before  him  whom  it  could  praise,  none  whom 
it  could  admire  \  Demosthenes  was  the  pattern  by  which  he 
formed  himself;  whom  he  emulated  with  such  success^  as  l\i 
merit  what  St  Jerome  calls  that  beautiful  eloge — Demot.thenes 

*  Sed  ego  vercar,  ne  me  non  satis  dcccat,  quod  decuit  M.  TuUium.    Ep.  1.  5.  3. 

'  In  carminibus  utinam  pepercisset,  qua  non  desierunt  carpcre  maligni.    Quintil. 

*  Euseb.  Chronic. 

*  Adjicis  M.  Tullium  mira  bcnignitate  poctanim  ingenia  fovissc.  Plin.  Ep.  3.  15. 
Vt  ex  familiari  ejus  L.  Accio  pocta  audire  sum  solitus.  [Brut.  197.]  Lucretii  poemata, 
nt  scribis,  lita  sunt  multis  luminibus  ingenii,  m\ilt»  tamen  artis.  Ad  Quint.  2.  1 1 . 
Vid.  Ad  Att.  1.  9. 16. 

s  Disertissime  Romuli  nepotum, 
Quot  sunt,  quot(}ue  fuere,  Marce  Tulli, 
Quotque  post  aliis  erunt  in  annis  ? 
Gratias  tioi  maximas  Catullus 
A  git,  pessimus  omnium  poeta, 
Tanto  pessimus  omnium  poeta 
Quanto  tu  optimus  onmium  patronuSd'^-Catull.  47. 

*  At  oratio— ita  universa  sub  principe  opens  sui  erupit  Tullio ;  ut  delectari  ante  cum 
paucissimis,  mirari  vero  neminom  poMis.    Veil.  Pat.  1.  17. 

Z  Z 


704 

be  nev 

Atuiu 

bertU 

H« 

f«r 
eW 

ihf 
di 

ar 
1 


-,,.:>ir •'"''*''/"'  tf'ory  of  heintr  tlie  first,  tLoun 
,„;,,..^cv/n'Hi^  tlif  only  onitur  '.      'i'Jii?  treiiitte,: 
^_/^ivrwam/  maimer  of"  tliiiin  WIi  were  inudi 
■,  ,i,-,;.ilf(Wii«  of  that  Brent,  sublime,  and  c«n^ 
-■^..i./m-h  (liciiifieil  every  subject,  and  (r*ve  it  aKi 
*  .  ifjHi)  of  wUicli  it  was  capable:  it  was  dial  r.ws 
•'^.^Tuiiiijt,  as  t\ie  ancients  «il I  it,  where  there  wjk  nmti 
'i,:ii»tuil  or  deficient;  iimbinsf  eitlier  tn  be  aiMeii 
^xjiA:  their  \wrfcction'i  were,  in  all   iMJints  so  Irarea 
■;jiui  yet  fto  wmilar,  that  tho  critit.-*  are  not  avreiii 
^^gdi'  til  uivc  the  preference:  Quintiliiui,  indi-eil,  tlie  nu 
.^m  nf  riu-rii,  lias  friv>'n  il,  on  the  whule,  to  Cicero:  I 
^'jiullicrs  kivf  thoii;jlit,  t'itvro  hail  not  all  thi'  lit  no*,  i 
^rtrj-.  iir,  a-s  III-  himself  nilU  it,  the  thunder  of  Doimwiieui 


^tfwlli'il  hiin  in  lite  e<i)iioiLMies<i  uiid  eletrunuv  of  li 
il  rarii'iv  of  liis  sentimeiirs ;  ami.  abovo  all.  iit  all 


f  his  (lifi.'u 
all  ihe  vi. 
(ii-rfiis  wit,aiid  smarliu'ssof  his  raiJlery.  l)>3inii>l!ioi)i'N  t 
(AiwT  ii»cose  or  facetious  in  him;  yet,  by  attoinpiingsoni 
o'sff)  ttf  iwt.  shewed  that  the  thinir  it«-lf  ili'il  not  dis]ilca<e,  \i 
^iiiit  uehmir  to  him:  for,  a<  Loii^iniis  s;i\-s,  uheiiever 
^fOeA  to  be  i>!eas!iiit,  lie  made  liiiiiself  riiliciiloiis:  un.l  if , 
biipciied  to  rui<c  a  luti^rh,  it  was  chiefly  upon  limse 
Haereas  t'icero,  from  a  i>er|ictiiid  fund  of  «-it  and  ridim' 
bd  tlie  power  always  to  ijieasc,  when  he  found  himself  ma!: 
IDCOiiiinee;  and  could  put  his  jnil^es  into  ^;ood  humuiir,  wh 
lie  had  cause  to  be  afraid  of  their  so\eritv :  so  thai,  bv i 
opportuuitv  of  a  well-limed  .joke,  he  is  saiif  to  have  |ireseiT 
naiiv  nf  his  clients  from  manifest  ruin '. 
Ycl 


OF  CICERO.  707 

^Itn  of  oratory  consisted  in  a  frugality  of  words,  and  In 

^  ^Bng  our  sentiments  into  tlie  narrowest  compass'.     The 

^Vpatroiia  of  this  taste  were  M.  Brutus,  Licinius  Calvus, 

.lus  Pullio,  and  Sallust;  whom  Seneca  seems  to  treat  as 

aatLor  of  the  obscure,  abrupt,   and  sententious   style '. 

icero  often  ridicules  these  pretenders  to  Attic  elegance ;  as 

^■dg;ing  of  eloquence,  not  by  the  force  of  the  art,  but  their 

Mni  weakness,  and  resolving  to  decry  what  they  could  not  at- 

'ftiiii,  and  to  admire  nothin?  but  what  they  could  imitate  * :  and 

^ongh  their  way  of  speaking,  he  says,  might  please  the  ear  of 

-Aoritic  or  a  scholar,  yet  it  was  not  of  that  sublime  and  sonorous 

Idndt  whose  end  was  not  only  to  instruct,  but  to  more  an 

Midience :  an  eloquence,  born  for  the  multitude ;  whose  merit 

%M  always  shewn  by  its  effects,  of  exciting  admiration,  and 

.  cactorting  shouts  of  applause ;  and  on  which  there  nerer  was 

any  difference  of  judgment  between  the  learned  and  the  popu- 

kce*. 

This  was  the  genuine  eloquence  that  prevailed  in  Home  as 
bw  as  Cicero  lived :  his  were  the  only  speeches  that  were 
rriiahed  or  admired  by  the  city ;  while  those  Attic  orators,  as 
Aey  called  themselves,  were  generally  despised,  and  frequently 
deserted  by  the  audience  in  the  midst  of  their  harangues  . 
-  But  after  Cicero's  death,  and  the  ruin  of  tlie  repubhc,  the 
Roman  oratory  sunk,  of  course,  with  its  liberty,  and  a  false 
species  universally  prevailed  :  when,  instead  of  that  elate, 
copious,  and  flowing  eloquence,  which  launched  out  freely 
into  every  subject,  there  succeeded  a  guarded,  dry,  senten- 
tious kind :  full  of  laboured  turns  ana  studied  points ;  and 
proper  only  for  the  occasion  on  which  it  was  employed — the 
making  panegyric  and  servile  compliments  to  their  tyrants. 
This  change  of  style  may  be  observed  in  all  their  writers 
from  Cicero's  time  to  the  Younger  Pliny,  who  carried  it  to  its 
Dtmost  perfection  in  his  celebrated  panegyric  on  the  Emperor 
Trajan:  which,  as  it  is  justly  admirea  for  the  el^ance  of 

esse  Allicofl  credunt,  tcnnn  ct  lucldofl  ct 
idim  cloquenliK  rruimlilBtc  contentoa,  u  muuDi  kiduct  iotR  ul- 
Jninlil.  12.  10. 
nute,  UDputatffi  »Dt«nti»,  et  verlM  mte  cixpectAtum  cadcnda,  cC 


'  ItuDQ  cobli  moneadi  Bunt  li, — ^ui  int  did  k  deudennt  Atticot,  aut  ipai  Attire 
Tolantdinre,  ut  minntur  DcmHthoDCm  miiime — tldquCDtiunque  ipgiui  viribiu,  nan 
hnbecillilat*  iiu,  mctbntur.    Natii:  etiua  tantmn  quiaque  liudut,  qninniDi  h  poue 

•nmlinilit^        n„l    •UH  via   Tllu^.  Oninit.  3.  1. 

colligcret,  etiun  Tcnim 
•at.    lliquo  cju«  omtio  nimii  religion*  tXV 
-...^.-  *.-. .—_ *trii :  %  uauttitQdine  uitem  et  >  foro,  cui  nmt 

Brut.  410. 

Itique  nunquun  ie  bono  OrAlon  et  non  bono  doctia  nominibut  cum  populo  diiHnaiu 
fnitTic    Ibid.  297. 

1  At  cum  bli  Altici  dicut,  non  mufo  ■  corona,  quod  nt  ipauai  muonbile,  Hd  rtiaiu 
■b  Advonti*  ralinqunntnr.    Ibid.  417. 

z  «  2 


r 


OF    CICERO.  709 


subjects,  so  his  metliod  was  not  to  assert  any  opinion 
^)wn,  but  to  refute  the  opinions  of  others,  and  attack  the 
s  in  vogue ;  as  the  first  step  towards  preparing  men  for 
reception  of  truth,  or  what  came  the  nearest  to  it,  probabi- 
,  K    While  he  himself,  therefore,  professed  to  know  nothing, 

J  used  to  sift  out  the  several  doctrines  of  all  the  pretenders 
^  science,  and  then  teaze  them  with  a  series  of  questions  so 
eontrived,  as  to  reduce  them,  by  the  course  of  their  answers, 
to  an  evident  absurdity,  and  tue  impossibility  of  defending 
what  they  had  at  first  afiSrmed  *!' 

But  Flato  did  not  strictly  adhere  to  the  method  of  his 
master,  Socrates :  and  his  followers  wholly  deserted  it :  for, 
instead  of  the  Socratic  modesty  of  affirming  nothing,  and 
examining  every  thing,  they  turned  philosopny,  as  it  were, 
into  an  art;  and  formed  a  system  of  opinions,  which  they 
delivered  to  their  disciples,  as  the  peculiar  tenets  of  their 
■ect '.  Plato's  nephew,  Speusippus,  who  was  left  the  heir  of 
Us  school,  continued  his  lectures,  as  his  successors  also  did,  in 
the  Academy,  and  preserved  the  name  of  Academics ;  whilst 
Jkristotle,  the  most  eminent  of  Plato's  scholars,  retired  to 
another  Gymnasium,  called  the  Lyceum;  where,  from  a  cus- 
tom which  he  and  his  followers  observed,  of  teaching  and  dis- 
puting as  they  walked  in  the  porticoes  of  the  place,  they 
obtained  the  name  of  Peripatetics,  or  the  walking  philosophers. 
These  two  sects,  though  differing  in  name,  agreed  generally  in 
things,  or  in  all  the  principal  points  of  their  philosophy :  they 
placed  the  chief  happiness  of  man  in  virtue,  with  a  competency 
of  external  goods;  taught  the  existence  of  a  God,  a  provi- 
dence, the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  a  future  state  of  rewards 
and  punishments  \ 

This  was  the  state  of  the  Academic  school  under  five  suc- 
cessive masters,  who  governed  it  after  Plato,  Speusippus, 
Xenocrates,  Polemo,  Crates,  Grantor ;  till  Arcesilas,  the 
sixth,  discarded,  at  once,  all  the  systems  of  his  predecessors, 
and  revived  the  Socratic  way  of  affirming  nothing,  doubting  of 
all  tilings,  and  exposing  the  vanity  of  the  reigmng  opinions  *. 

He  alleged  the  necessity  of  making  this  reformation,  from  that 

*  E  quibas  nos  id  potiaeiniuin  consecuti  Buinus,  quo  Socratem  iisum  arbitrabamur : 
ut  Dostram  ipei  sententiam  tegercnuis,  errorc  alios  levaremus ;  et  in  omiii  disputatiune, 
quid  essct  simillimuin  vcri  quaercremuB.     Tubc.  Quoet.  5.  4.  it.  1 .  4. 

*  Socrates  enim  pcrcunctando  atquc  interrogando  elicerc  solebat  opinioncs  conitn, 
quibuscum  disterebat.    Do  Fin.  2.  1. 

'  Illam  autem  Socraticam  dubitationem  do  omnibus  rebus,  ot  nulla  adfirmationc  adhi- 
Irita  consuctudinem  distercndi  reliquemnt.  Ita  facta  est,  quod  minimc  Socrates  proba- 
bly mrs  qmsdam  Philosophin,  ct  rcrum  ordo  et  deacriptio  discipline.    Academ.  1.  4. 

<  Sed  item  fous  erat  utrisque,  et  eadem  rerum  expetcndanim  fugiendanimque  par- 
titio.  [Academ.  1.  4.  6.  8.]  Poripatcticot  ct  Acadcmicos,  nominibus  diffcrcntes,  ro 
congruoutes.     Ibid.  2.  5. 

*  Arcesilas  primum,  ex  van  is  Platonis  libris,  scrmonibusqite  Socraticis  hoc  roaxime 
uripuit,  nihil  esse  ccrti,  quod  aut  scusibus  aut  animo  percipi  possit.    Dc  Oiat.  3.  18. 


OP  CICERO.  711 

removed  from  wisdom  '  ?"  Again :  **  We  do  not  pretend  to 
WKj;  that  there  is  no  such  thing  as  truth ;  but  that  all  truths 
have  some  fistlsehoods  annexed  to  them,  of  so  near  a  resem- 
blance and  similitude,  as  to  afford  no  certain  note  of  distinc- 
tion, whereby  to  determine  our  judgment  and  assent:  whence 
it  follows,  also  of  course,  that  there  are  many  things  probable ; 
which,  though  not  perfectly  comprehended,  yet,  on  account 
of  their  attractive  and  specious  appearance,  are  sufficient  to 
govern  the  life  of  a  wise  man  *"  In  another  place,  ^*  there  is 
no  difference,"  says  he,  '^  between  us  and  those,  who  pretend 
to  know  things — but  that  they  never  doubt  of  the  truth  of 
what  they  maintain  ;  whereas  we  have  many  probabilities, 
which  we  readily  embrace,  but  dare  not  affirm.  By  this  we 
preserve  our  juq^ment  free  and  unprejudiced,  and  are  under 
no  necessity  of  defending  what  is  prescribed  and  enjoined  to 
iis :  whereas,  in  the  other  sects,  men  are  tied  down  to  certain 
doctrines,  before  they  are  capable  of  judging  what  is  the  best ; 
and,  in  the  most  infirm  part  of  life,  c&awn  either  by  the  autho- 
rity of  a  friend,  or  charmed  with  the  first  master  whom  they 
happen  to  hear,  they  form  a  judgment  of  things  unknown  to 
them ;  and  to  whatever  school  they  chance  to  be  driven  by  the 
tide,  cleave  to  it  as  fast  as  the  oyster  to  the  rock '." 

Thus  the  Academy  held  the  proper  medium  between  the 
rigour  of  the  stoic  and  the  indifference  of  the  sceptic;  the 
stoics  embraced  all  their  doctrines,  as  so  many  fixed  and  im- 
mutable truths,  from  which  it  was  infamous  to  depart;  and, 
by  making  this  their  point  of  honour,  held  all  their  disciples  in 
an  inviolable  attachment  to  them.  The  sceptics,  on  the  other 
hand,  observed  a  perfect  neutrality  towards  all  opinions ;  main- 
taining all  of  them  to  be  equally  uncertain;  and  that  we  could 
not  affirm  of  any  thing,  that  it  was  this  or  that;  since  there 

»  Dc  Offic.2. 2.  '  Dc  Nat.  Deor.  1.  5. 

'  Acadcni.  2.  3.— N.  B.  This  sketch  of  the  principles  of  the  Academy,  may  enable 
08  to  decide  that  famous  contest  among  the  critics,  about  the  rcadinff  o£^  the  following 
passage  in  Cicero's  treatise  on  the  Nature  of  the  Gods:  [I.  1.  1.] — De  qua  tarn  variw 
sunt  doctissimorum  hominum,  tamque  discrcpantes  scntentitu,  ut  magno  su^imento  esse 
debcat,  causam,  id  est,  principium  philosophic  esse,  scientiam ;  [inscientiam ;]  pruden- 
terquc  Academicos  a  rebus  incertis  assensionem  cohiouisse.  The  question  is,  whether  wo 
thould  read  scientiam  or  inscientiam  :  the  greatest  part  of  the  editions  and  MSS.  give 
us  the  first ;  but  Aldus  Manutius  and  Dr.  Daries  prefer  the  second ;  which  I  take  to  bo 
the  true  reading.  For  Cicero's  meaning  in  this  place  is,  from  the  dissensions  of  the 
lesmed,  on  a  subject  of  so  great  importance,  to  illustrate  a  fundamental  maxim  of  his 
sect,  that  the  natural  obscurity  of  things,  and  man's  consdonsnoes  of  his  ignorance,  was 
the  first  cause  or  incitement  to  the  study  of  philosophy. — Plato  had  expressed  the  same 
sentiment  before  him,  where  he  says,  that  to  wonder  at  things  was  the  common  affection 
of  a  philosopher,  and  what  alone  gave  rise,  or  a  beginning  to  philosophy  itself:  [in 
TheiDt.  p.  155.  Edit.  Scrr.]  whence  Circro  draws  this  inference,  which  he  frequently 
inculcates  in  other  parts  of  his  works,  that  the  Academy,  therefore,  acted  prudently,  in 
urithholding  its  assent,  and  maintaining,  that  there  was  no  such  thing  as  science,  or 
absolute  certainty  within  the  reach  of  man.  If  this  then  be  the  sense  of  the  passage, 
as  it  appears  evinently  to  be,  it  necessarily  requires  inscientiam  to  make  it  consistent. — 
See  the  translation  of  L'Abbc  D'Olivct,  aed  his  notes  on  the  place,  and  Edit.  Davis. 
Cantab. 


OF  CICERO.  715 

of  service  to  the  cause  whidi  they  have  undertaken  to  defend  '• 
In  his  orations,  therefore,  where  we  often  meet  with  the  sen- 
tences and  maxims  of  philosophy,  we  cannot  alwim  take  them 
for  his  own,  but  as  topics  applied  to  move  his  aumence,  or  to 
add  an  air  of  gravity  wad  prooability  to  his  speech  '. 

His  letters,  indeed,  to  familiar  friends,  and  especially  those 
to  Atticus,  place  the  real  man  before  us,  and  lay  open  his  very 
heart,  yet,  in  these,  some  distinction  must  necessarily  be 
observed ;  for,  in  letters  of  compliment,  condolence,  or  re- 
commendation, or  where  he  is  soliciting  any  point  of  impor- 
tance, he  adapts  his  arguments  to  the  occasion :  and  uses  such, 
as  would  induce  his  friend  the  most  readily  to  grant  what  he 
desired.  But  as  his  letters,  in  general,  seldom  touch  upon  any 
questions  of  philosophy,  except  slightly  and  incidentally,  so 
tliey  will  afford  very  little  help  to  us,  in  the  discovery  of  his 
philosophical  opinions,  which  are  the  subject  of  the  present 
inquiry,  and  for  which  we  must  wholly  recur  to  his  philoso- 
phical works. 

Now  the  general  purpose  of  these  works  was  to  give  a 
history,  rather  of  the  ancient  philosophy,  than  any  account  of 
his  own ;  and  to  explain  to  his  fellow-citizens,  in  their  own 
language,  whatever  the  philosophers  of  all  sects,  and  in  all 
ages,  had  taught  on  every  important  question,  in  order  to 
enlarge  their  minds,  and  reform  their  morals ;  and  to  employ 
himself  the  most  usefully  to  his  country,  at  a  time  when  arms 
and  a  superior  force  had  deprived  him  of  the  power  of  serving 
it  in  any  other  way '.  This  he  declares  in  his  treatise  called 
De  Finibus,  or  on  the  chief  good  or  ill  of  man ;  in  that  upon 
the  Nature  of  the  Gods ;  in  his  Tusculan  Disputations ;  and 
in  his  book  on  the  Academic  Philosophy:  in  all  which  he 
sometimes  takes  upon  himself  the  part  of  a  Stoic ;  sometimes 
of  an  Epicurean ;  sometimes  of  the  Peripatetic ;  for  the  sake 
of  explaining,  with  more  authority,  the  different  doctrines  of 
each  sect :  and,  as  he  assumes  the  person  of  the  one,  to  con- 
fute the  other;  so,  in  his  proper  character  of  an  Academic,  he 
sometimes  disputes  against  them  all :  while  the  unwary  reader, 
not  reflecting  on  the  nature  of  dialogues,  takes  Cicero  still  for 
the  perpetual  speaker ;  and,  under  that  mistake,  often  quotes 


I  Quintil.  11.  1. 

*  Tliough  his  orations  arc  not  always  the  proper  vouchers  of  his  opinions,  yet  they 
arc  the  hcst  testimonies  that  can  bo  allcffcd  for  the  truth  of  facts ;  especially  those 
which  were  spoken  to  the  senate  or  the  people,  where  he  refers  to  the  acts  and  characters 
of  persons  then  living  before  an  audience,  that  was  generally  as  well  acquainted  with 
them  as  himself  ;  and  it  is,  in  such  cases,  chiefly,  that  I  hiy  any  great  stress  u^wn  them. 

»  Nam  cum  otio  langucremus,  et  si  esset  Reipub.  status,  ut  eam  unius  consilio  atque 
cura  gubomari  iicc4?8sc  esset,  primum  ipsius  Rcipub.  causa  philosr)phiam  nostris  homini- 
bus  expHcandani  putavi ;  magni  existimans  interesse  ad  decus  et  ad  laudem  civitatis,  res 
tarn  graves,  taniqiie  praeclaras  Latiiiis  etiam  littcris  contincri.  Dc  Nat.  Dcor.  1.  4.  it. 
Acadcm.  1.  5.  Tusc.  Quaist.  1.1.  De  Fin.  1.  3,  4. 


OF    CICERO.  717 

visible  world ;  and  declares  that  person  unworthy  of  the  name 
of  man,  who  can  believe  all  this  to  have  been  made  by  chance, 
when,  with  the  utmost  stretch  of  human  wisdom,  we  cannot 
penetrate  the  depth  of  that  wisdom  which  contrived  it  \ 

He  believed  also  a  Divine  providence,  constantly  presiding 
over  the  whole  system,  and  extending  its  care  to  all  the  prin- 
cipal members  of  it :  with  a  peculiar  attention  to  the  conduct 
and  actions  of  men ;  but  leaving  the  minute  and  inferior  parts 
to  the  course  of  his  general  laws.  This  he  collected  from  the 
nature  and  attributes  of  the  Deity ;  his  omniscience,  omnipre- 
sence, and  infinite  goodness ;  that  could  never  desert  or  neglect 
what  he  had  once  produced  into  being :  and  declares  that  with- 
out this  belief,  there  could  be  no  such  thing  as  piety  or  re- 
ligion in  the  world  ^ 

He  held,  likewise,  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  its 
separate  existence  after  death,  in  a  state  of  happiness  or 
misery.  This  he  inferred  from  tliat  ardent  thirst  of  immor- 
tality, which  was  always  the  most  conspicuous  in  the  best  and 
most  exalted  minds ;  from  which  the  true  specimen  of  their 
nature  must  needs  be  drawn  :  from  its  unmixed  and  indivisible 
essence ;  which  had  nothing  separable  or  perishable  in  it : 
from  its  wonderful  powers  and  faculties;  its  principle  of  self- 
motion  ;  its  memory,  invention,  wit,  comprehension ;  which 
were  all  incompatible  with  sluggish  matter  *. 

The  stoics  fancied,  that  the  soul  was  a  subtilized,  fiery  sub- 
stance, which  survived  the  body  after  death,  and  subsisted  a 
long  time,  yet  not  eternally;  but  was  to  perish  at  last,  in  the 
general  conflagration.  In  which  they  allowed,  as  Cicero  says, 
the  only  thing  that  was  hard  to  conceive ;  its  separate  existence 

'  Nee  Dens  ip9c — alio  modo  intelligi  potest,  nisi  mens  soluta  qusdam  et  libera, 
•egregata  ab  omiii  concretione  mortali,  omnia  sentiens  et  movens,  ipsaque  pnrdita  motu 
eempiteruo.  [Tusc.  QuGcst.  1.  27.]  Sed  omncs  gentes  una  lex  et  sempitema  et  immor- 
talis  continebit,  unusqne  erit  quasi  magister,  et  imperator  omnium  Deus.  Fragm.  lib. 
3.  de  Kcpub. 

Ut  porro  firmissimum  hoc  adferri  videtur,  cur  Deos  esse  crcdamus,  quod  nulla  gens 
tarn  fera,— cujus  mentem  non  imbucrit  Deomm  opinio — omni  autcm  in  re  consensio 
omnium  gentium  lex  natunc  putanda  est.  [Tusc.  Qua^t.  1.  14.]  Haec  igitur  et  talia 
innumcrabilia  cum  cernimus,  possumusne  dubitare,  quin  his  pnrait  aliquis  vel  effector, 
(si  hajc  nata  sunt,  ut  Platoni  videtur,)  vel,  (si  semper  fuerunt,  ut  Aristoteli  placet) 
moderator  tanti  opens  et  muncris  ?  [Ibid.  28.]  Id  est  primnm,  quod  inter  omnes,  nisi 
admodum  impios,  convcnit,  mihi  quidem  ex  animo  exuri  non  potest,  esse  Deos.  [Nat. 
Deor.  3.  3.]  Esse  pnestantcm  aliquam,  ffitemamque  naturam,  et  eam  suspiciendam, 
admirandamquo  hominura  generi,  pulchritudo  mundi,  ordoque  rerum  c(elc«tium  cogit 
confiteri.  [De  Divin.  2.  7^.]  Qua?  quanto  consilio  gerantur,  nullo  consilio  assequi 
possumus.     De  Nat,  Deor.  2.  38. 

*  De  maxima  autem  re,  eodem  modo ;  divina  mentc  atouo  natura  mundum  univer- 
Bum  atque  mnximas  ejus  partes  administrari.  [De  Fin.  4.  o.]  Quam  vim  animum  esse 
dicunt  mundi,  eandemque  esse  mentem  sapicntiamque  perfectam  ;  quem  Deum  appel- 
lant, omniumque  rerum,  quae  sunt  ei  subjects,  quasi  prudentiam  quandam,  procnrantem 
ccelestia  maxime,  deinde  in  terris  ea,  quae  pertinent  ad  homines.  Acadcm.  1,  8.  Vid. 
Nat.  Deor.  1.2.  44.  2.  66,  3.  36. 

»  Quod  quidein  ni  ita  se  haberet,  ut  animi  immortales  e«8ent,  baud  optimi  cujusque 


OF   CICERO.  719 

they  had  given  many,  he  should  have  been  persuaded,  he  says, 
by  their  sole  authority  \  Socrates,  therefore,  as  he  tells  us, 
declared,  in  his  dying  speech,  that  there  were  two  ways  ap- 
pointed to  human  souk,  at  their  departure  from  the  body :  that 
those  who  had  been  immersed  in  sensual  pleasures  ana  lusts, 
and  had  |>olluted  themselves  with  private  vices,  or  public 
crimes  against  their  country,  took  an  obscure  and  devious 
road,  remote  from  the  seat  and  assembly  of  the  gods ;  whilst 
those  who  had  preserved  their  integrity,  and  received  little  or 
no  contagion  from  the  body,  from  which  they  had  constantly 
abstracted  themselves,  and,  in  the  bodies  of  men,  imitated  the 
Hfe  of  the  gods,  had  an  easy  ascent  lying  open  before  them  to 
those  gods,  from  whom  they  derived  their  being  '• 

From  what  has  already  been  said,  the  reader  will  easily 
imagine  what  Cicero's  opinion  must  have  been  concerning  the 
religion  of  his  country :  for  a  mind,  enlightened  by  the  noble 
principles  just  stated,  could  not  possibly  narbour  a  thought  of 
the  truth  or  divinity  of  so  absurd  a  worship :  and  the  liberty, 
which  not  only  he,  but  all  the  old  writers  take,  in  ridiculing 
the  characters  of  their  gods,  and  the  fictions  of  their  infernal 
torments  %  shews,  that  tliere  was  not  a  man  of  liberal  educa- 
tion, who  did  not  consider  it  as  an  engine  of  state,  or  political 
system ;  contrived  for  the  uses  of  government,  and  to  keep  the 
people  in  order :  in  this  light  Cicero  always  commends  it,  as  a 
wise  institution ;  singularly  adapted  to  the  genius  of  Rome ; 
and  constantly  inculcates  an  adherence  to  its  rites,  as  the  duty 
of  all  good  citizens  *. 

Their  religion  consisted  of  two  principal  branches ;  the  ob- 
servation of  the  auspices,  and  the  worship  of  the  gods :  the  first 
was  instituted  by  Romulus;  the  second  by  his  successor,  Numa; 


>  Ibid.  21.  de  Amicit.  4.  »  Ibid.  30. 

s  Die  quffiso,  num  te  ilia  tenent?  triceps  apud  inferos  Cerberus?  Coeyti  fremitus? 
trantvectio  Acherontis? — adeone  me  delirare  censes  ut  ista  crcdam  ?  [Ibid.  1.  5,  G.  21.] 
Qoie  anus  tam  cxcors  inveniri  potest,  quae  ilia,  qutt  quondam  credebfuitur,  apud  inferos 
portenta  extimescat  ?     Do  Nat.  Deor.  2.  2. 

*  Ordiar  ab  Haruspicina,  quam  ego  Reipub.  causa  communisqne  religionis  colcndam 
censeo.  [De  Divin.  2.  12.J  Nam  et  Majorum  instituta  tueri  sacris  csoremoniisque  reti- 
nendis  sapientis  est.    Ibid.  72.     De  Leg.  2.  12,  13. 

N.B.  There  is  a  reflection  in  Polybius,  exactly  conformable  to  Cicero^s  sentiments  on 
this  subject.  "  The  greatest  advantage,"  says  he,  "which  the  Roman  government  seems 
to  have  had  over  other  states,  is  the  opinion  publicly  entertained  by  them  about  the  gods ; 
and  that  very  thing,  which  is  so  generally  aecried  by  other  mortals,  sustained  the  Re- 
public of  Rome :  I  mean  superstition.  For  this  was  carried  by  them  to  such  a  height, 
and  introduced  so  effectually,  both  in  the  private  lives  of  the  citizens,  and  the  public 
af^rs  of  the  city,  that  one  cannot  help  being  surprised  at  it.  But  I  take  it  all  to  have 
been  contrived  for  the  sake  of  the  populace.  For  if  a  society  could  be  formed  of  wise 
men  only,  such  a  scheme  would  not  be  necessary  :  but  since  the  multitude  is  always 
giddy,  and  agitated  by  illicit  desires,  wild  resentments,  violent  passions ;  there  was  no 
way  left  of  restraining  them,  but  by  the  help  of  such  secret  terrors  and  tragical  fictions. 
It  was  not  therefore  without  great  prudence  and  foresight,  that  the  ancients  took  care  to 
instil  into  them  these  notions  of  the  gods  and  infernal  punishments,  which  the  modems 
on  the  other  hand,  are  now  rashly  and  absurdly  endeavouring  to  extirpate.^  Polvb. 
1.  6.  p.  497. 

8 


OF  CICERO.  7:21 

ing  of  each  sign  might  be  determined  and  applied  to  the  event, 
that  was  signified  by  it.  This  they  called  artificial  divination, 
in  distinction  from  the  natural ;  which  they  supposed  to  flow 
from  an  instinct,  or  native  power,  implanted  in  the  soul,  which 
it  exerted  always  with  the  greatest  efficacy,  when  it  was  the 
most  free  and  disengaged  from  the  body,  as  in  dreams  and 
madness  ^  But  this  notion  was  generally  ridiculed  by  the 
other  philosophers :  and  of  all  the  college  of  augurs,  there  was 
but  one,  at  this  time,  who  maintained  it,  Appius  Claudius; 
who  was  laughed  at  for  his  pains  by  the  rest,  and  called  the 
Pisidian ' :  it  occasioned,  however,  a  smart  controversy  between 
him  and  his  colleague,  Marcellus,  who  severally  published 
books  on  each  side  of  the  question ;  wherein  Marcellus  asserted 
the  whole  afiair  to  be  the  contrivance  of  statesmen ;  Appius,  on 
the  contrary,  that  there  was  a  real  art  and  power  of  divining, 
subsisting  in  the  augural  discipline,  and  taught  by  the  augural 
books '.  Appius  dedicated  this  treatise  to  Cicero  * :  who, 
though  he  preferred  Marcellus's  notion,  yet  did  not  wholly 
agree  with  either,  but  believed,  that  augury  might  probably 
be  instituted,  at  first,  upon  a  persuasion  of  its  divinity;  and 
when,  by  the  improvement  of  arts,  and  learning,  that  opinion 
was  exploded  in  succeeding  ages,  yet  the  thing  itself  was 
wisely  retained,  for  the  sake  of  its  use  to  the  republic  *. 

But  whatever  was  tlie  origin  of  the  religion  of  Rome, 
Cicero's  religion  wasundoubtedly  of  heavenly  extraction;  built, 
as  we  have  seen,  on  the  foundation  of  a  God,  a  Providence, 
and  immortality.  He  considered  this  short  period  of  our  life 
on  earth,  as  a  state  of  trial,  or  a  kind  of  school ;  in  which  we 
were  to  improve  and  prepare  ourselves  for  that  eternity  of 
existence,  which  was  provided  for  us  hereafter ;  that  we  were 
placed  therefore  here  by  the  Creator,  not  so  much  to  inhabit 
the  earth,  as  to  contemplate  the  heavens ;  on  which  were  im- 
printed, in  legible  characters,  all  the  duties  of  that  nature, 
which  was  given  to  us.  He  observed,  that  this  spectacle  be- 
longed to  no  other  animal  but  man ;  to  whom  God,  for  that 
reason,  had  given  an  erect  and  upright  form ;  with  eyes  not 

^  Duo  sunt  enim  divinandi  genera,  quorum  alterum  artis  est,  alterum  natunp— est 
enim  vis  et  natiira  quicdam,  que,  cum  observatis  lonffo  tempore  significationibus,  turn 
aliqno  ioBtinctu,  inilatuque  divino  futura  praenunciat.     l)e  Div.  1.  6.     Vid.  it.  ibid.  18. 

^  Quern  irridcbant  Collegas  tui,  eumque  tum  Pisidam,  turn  Soranum  Augurom  esse 
dicebant.     Ibid.  47. 

The  I^fidians  were  a  barbarous  people  of  lesser  Asia;  famous  for  their  superstitious 
observation  of  the  auspices,  or  their  divination  by  the  flight  of  birds.  Do  Div.  1.  41, 4*2. 

»  Sed  est  in  Colleifio  vestro  inter  Marcellum  et  Appium,  optimos  Augurcs,  maffna 
dissensio : — cum  alten  placeat,  auspicia  ista  ad  utilitatem  Reipub.  composita ;  altcri  dis- 
ciplina  vestra  quasi  divinare  prorsus  posse  videatur.    De  Leg,  2.  13.  ^ 

*  lUo  libro  Augurali,  quern  ad  me  amantissimc  scriptum,  suavissimum  misisti.  Ep. 
Fam.  3.  4. 

4  Non  enim  sunius  ii  nos  Augures,  qui  avium,  reliquorumque  signorum  observatione 
futura  dicamus  :  et  tamen  credo  Romulum,  qui  urbem  auspicato  condidit,  habuisst*  opi- 
nionem,  esse  in  providendis  rebus  augurandi  scientiam,  Edrabat  multit  in  rebus  Anti- 
quitas,  &c.     De  Div.  2.  S3. 

3  A 


OF   CICERO.  793 

^WH*aar.;  which  never  loses  its  influence  with  th^  »~J .    ^ 

tlie  people:  nor  are  we  to  J  2i.>^^^  m  the  whole  or  in 
imter  of  it,  but  itself:  nor  can  there  be  ouJ  ^®  ^n?^  or 
another  at  Athens ;  one  now,  another  hereafter ;  ratSL?**^®'" 
eternal,  immutable  law,  comprehends  all  natifma,  at  all  timSs^ 
under  one  common  Master  and  Governor  of  all,  God.     He  is 
Ike  inventor,  propounder,  enacter  of  this  law :  and  whosoever 
will  not  obey  it,  must  first  renounce  himself,  and  throw  off  the 
nature  of  man :  by  doing  which  he  will  suffer  the  greatest  pu- 
nishment, though  he  should  escape  all  die  other  torments  which 
are  commonly  believed  to  be  prepared  for  the  wicked  '•" 

In  another  place  he  telb  us,  that  the  study  of  this  law  was 
the  only  thing  which  could  teach  us  that  most  important  of  all 
lessons,  said  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Pythian  oracle,  to  know 
ourselves ;  that  is,  to  know  our  true  nature  and  rank  in  the 
universal  system;  the  relation  that  we  bear  to  all  other  beings; 
and  the  purposes  for  which  we  were  sent  into  the  world. 
^'  When  a  man,"  says  he,  ^^  has  attentively  surveyed  the  hea- 
vens, the  earth,  the  sea,  and  all  things  in  them;  observed 
whence  they  sprung,  and  whither  they  aU  tend ;  when  and  how 
they  are  to  end;  what  part  is  mortal  and  perishable,  what 
Divine  and  eternal :  when  he  has  almost  reached  and  touched, 
as  it  were,  the  Governor  and  Ruler  of  them  all,  and  discovered 
himself  not  to  be  confined  to  the  walls  of  any  certain  place, 
but  a  citizen  of  the  world,  as  of  the  common  city;  in  this  mag- 
nificent view  of  things ;  in  this  enlarged  prospect  and  know- 
ledge of  nature ;  good  gods,  how  win  he  learn  to  know  him- 
self!  How  will  he  contemn,  despise,  and  set  at  nought  all 
those  things,  which  the  vulgar  esteem^^e  most  splendid  and 
glorious  * ! 

These  were  the  principles  on  which  Cicero  built  his  religion 
and  morality ;  which  shine,  indeed,  through  all  his  writings, 
but  were  largely  and  explicitly  illustrated  by  him  in  his  trea- 
tises on  Government  and  on  Laws ;  to  which  he  added,  after- 
wards, his  Book  of  Offices,  to  make  the  scheme  complete : 
volumes  which,  as  the  elder  Pliny  says  to  the  emperor  Titus, 
ought  not  only  to  be  read,  but  to  be  got  by  heart*.     The  first 

nils  excogitatam,  ncc  Scitum  aliquod  ewe  popaloron,  icd  iBteniain  quiddun,  quod  uni- 
versum  mundnm  rcgeret,  impcrandi,  proIuDcndique  wpicntia,  &c.     Ibid.  &c. 

«  Pingm.  lib.  3.  dc  Rcpub.  ex  Lwjtantio.  *  De  Leg.  1. 23. 

'  Qua  Tolumina  ejus  ediscenda  non  modo  in  manibus  habenda  quotidie,  uosti.  Pracf. 
ad  Hist.  Nat. 

;^  a2 


OF    CICERO.  7'25 

where  he  is  supposed  to  declare  his  mind  with  the  greatest 
frankness  \  But  in  all  the  passages  brought  to  support  this 
objection,  where  he  is  imagined  to  speak  of  death  as  the'  end 
of  all  things  to  man,  as  they  are  addressed  to  friends  in  dis* 
tress,  by  way  of  consolation,  so  some  commentators  take  them 
to  mean  nothing  more  than  that  death  is  the  end  of  all  things 
here  below,  and  without  any  further  sense  of  what  is  done 
upon  earth :  yet  should  they  be  understood  to  relate,  as  per- 
haps they  may,  to  an  utter  extinction  of  our  being ;  it  must  be 
oteervcd,  that  he  was  writing,  in  all  probability,  to  Epicu- 
reans ',  and  accommodating  his  arguments  to  the  men ;  by 
offering  such  topics  of  comrort  to  them  from  their  own  philoso- 
phy, as  they  themselves  held  to  be  the  most  effectual.  But  if 
this  also  should  seem  precarious,  we  must  remember  always 
that  Cicero  was  an  Academic ;  and  though  he  believed  in  a 
future  state,  w^as  fond  of  the  opinion,  and  declares  himself  re- 
solved never  to  part  with  it ;  yet  he  believed  it  as  probable 
only,  not  as  certain  ' :  and  as  probability  implies  some  mixture 
of  doubt,  and  admits  the  degrees  of  more  and  less,  so  it  admits 
also  some  variety  in  the  stability  of  our  persuasion :  thus,  in  a 
melancholy  hour,  when  his  spirits  were  depressed,  the  same 
argument  would  not  appear  to  him  with  the  same  force ;  but 
doubts  and  difficulties  get  the  ascendant,  and  what  humoured 
his  present  chagrin,  find  the  readiest  admission.  The  passages 
alleged  were  all  of  this  kind,  written  in  the  season  of  his  de- 
jection, when  all  things  were  going  wrong  with  him,  in  the 

'  Sa^pissime  ct  led  ct  audiyi,  nihil  mali  esse  in  morte ;  in  qua  si  resideat  sensns, 
immortalitas  ilia  potnis,  quam  mors  ducenda  est :  sin  sit  ainissus,  nulla  videri  niiscria 
debeat,  quae  non  sentiatur.  [Rp.  Fum.  5.  16.]  Ut  hoc  saltern  in  maxirais  malis  boni 
consequamur,  ut  mortem,  quam  etiam  beati  contemnere  debeamus,  proptcrea  quod 
nullum  sensum  essct  habitura,  nimc  sic  affecti,  non  modo  contemnere  deoeamus,  sed 
etiam  optare.  [Ibid.  21.]  Sed  ban:  consolatio  levis ;  ilia  gravior,  qua  te  uti  spero,  ego 
certo  utor :  nee  enim  dum  ero,  an^r  nlla  re,  cum  omni  vacem  culpa ;  et  si  non  cro, 
sensu  omnino  carebo.  [Ibid.  6.  37\  Deinde — si  jam  vocer  ad  exitum  vitae,  non  ah  ea 
Rep.  avellar,  qua  carendum  esse  doieam,  praesertim  cum  id  sine  ullo  sousu  futurum  sit. 
[Ibid.  4.]  Una  ratio  videtur,  quicquid  cvcnerit,  ferre  moderate,  prawcrtim  cum  omnium 
renmi  mors  sit  extremum.  [Ibid.  21.]  Sed  de  ilia — ^fors  vidcrit,  aut  si  quis  est,  qui 
cuTot  Deus.    Ad  Att.  4. 10. 

N.B.  By  this  illustration  of  Cicero's  moral  principles,  wo  learn  the  force  of  that  rule, 
which  he  frequently  prescribes,  of  following  nature,  as  the  sure  and  unerring  guide  of 
life  :  [De  Leg.  1.  6'.  de  Senect.  2.  de  Amicit.  6.]  by  which  he  means  that  law  or  will 
of  God,  displayed  in  the  nature  of  things ;  not,  as  some  are  apt  to  interpret  him,  the 
dictates  of  our  unruly  passions,  which  are  falsely  called  natural ;  being  the  motions  only 
of  vitiated  appetites,  and  the  creatures  of  habit,  not  of  nature  :  the  gratification  of  which, 
as  he  tells  us,  is  more  contrary  to  nature,  and  consequently  more  to  be  avoided  than 
poverty,  pain,  or  even  death  itself.     [Offic.  3.  6,  6,] 

*  This  will  appear  to  be  a  very  probable  supposition,  when  we  recollect  that  the  gene- 
rality of  the  Roman  nobility,  and  of  Cicero  s  friends,  were  of  the  Kpicurean  sect ;  and 
particularly  the  family  of  Torquatus,  to  whom  two  of  these  very  letters  are  addrosfe*!. 
Accurate  ouondam  a  L.  Torquato,  homine  omni  doctrina  erudite,  defensa  est  Epicuri 
sententia  ae  voluptate,  a  meque  ei  responsum.     De  Fiu.  1 .  5. 

'  Quod  si  in  hoc  crro,  quo<l  auimos  liominum  immortales  esse  credam,  lubcnter  erro. 
Nee  mihi  hunc  errorem,  quo  delector,  dum  vivo,  extorqueri  volo.  Cato  23.  Geram 
tibi  morem,  et  ea,  quae  vis,  ut  potero,  cxplicabo  :  nee  tamen  quasi  Pythius  Apollo,  certa 
ut  sint  et  fixa  quap  dixcro :  sed  ut  homuuculus  unus  e  multis,  probabilia  conjectura 
sequens.    Tusc.  Qusst.  1.  .0. 


OF  CICERO.  727 

4»ty  ^ ;  so  it  was  his  oonstanl  aim  to  unite  the  different  orders 
of  the  state  into  one  common  interest,  and  to  inspire  them 
with  a  mutual  confidence  in  each  other,  so  as  to  balance  the 
•apremacv  of  the  people,  by  the  authority  of  the  senate ;  that 
the  one  should  enact,  but  the  other  advise;  the  one  have  the 
last  resort,  the  other  the  chief  influence '.  This  was  the  old 
constitution  of  Rome,  by  which  it  had  raised  itself  to  all  its 
grandeur,  whilst  all  its  misfortunes  were  owing  to  the  contrary 
principle — of  distrust  and  dissension  between  these  two  rival 
powers :  it  was  the  great  object,  therefore,  of  his  policy,  to 
throw  the  ascendant,  m  all  airairs,  into  the  hands  of  tne  senate 
and  the  magistrates,  as  far  as  it  was  consistent  with  the  rights 
and  liberties  of  the  people ;  which  will  always  be  the  general 
view  of  the  wise  and  honest  in  all  popular  governments. 

This  was  the  principle  which  he  espoused  from  the  begin* 
ning,  and  pursued  to  the  end  of  his  life :  and  though,  in  some 
passages  of  his  history,  he  may  be  thought,  perhaps,  to  have 
deviated  from  it,  yet,  upon  an  impartial  review  of  the  case,  we 
shall  find  that  his  end  was  always  the  same,  though  he  had 
chaoffed  his  measures  of  pursuing  it  when  compelled  to  it  by 
the  violence  of  the  times,  and  an  overruling  force  and  a  neces- 
sary regard  to  his  own  safety ;  so  that  he  might  say,  with  great 
truth,  what  an  Athenian  orator  once  said,  in  excuse  of  his  in- 
constancy, that  he  had  acted,  indeed,  on  some  occasions,  con- 
trary to  himself,  but  never  to  the  republic ' :  and  here  also  his 
Academic  philosophy  seems  to  have  shewed  its  superior  use  in 

{practical,  as  well  as  in  speculative  life,  by  indulging  tliat 
iberty  of  acting  which  nature  and  reason  require,  and  when 
the  times  and  things  themselves  are  changed,  allowing  a  change 
of  conduct,  and  a  recourse  to  new  means,  for  the  attainment  of 
the  same  end. 

The  three  sects,  which,  at  this  time,  chiefly  engrossed  tlie 
philosophical  part  of  Rome,  were  the  Stoic,  the  Epicurean, 
and  the  Academic;  and  the  chief  ornaments  of  each  were, 
Cato,  Atticus,  and  Cicero,  who  lived  together  in  strict  friend- 
ship, and  a  mutual  esteem  of  each  other's  virtue ;  but  the 
di£^rent  behaviour  of  these  three  will  shew,  by  &ct  and 
example,  the  different  merit  of  their  several  principles,  and 
which  of  them  was  the  best  adapted  to  promote  the  good  of 
society. 

The  stoics  were  the  bigots  or  enthusiasts  in  philosophy,  who 
held  none  to  be  truly  wise  or  good  but  themselves ;  placed 


potestas  in  populo,  aucturitas  in  Scnatu  sit,  tcneri  illc  moderatus  ct  concon  civiutis 
status.     Dc  Leg.  3.  12.  it.  Ibid.  17. 
9  Pint,  dc  Dcmade,  in  vit.  DcmML  p.  851.    Edit.  Par. 


OF   CICERO.  729 

po8e,  in  tbe  midst  of  rural  siiades  and  pleasant  gardens.  This 
was  the  scheme  that  Atticus  followed :  he  had  all  the  talents 
that  could  qualify  a  man  to  be  useful  to  society,  great  parts, 
learning,  jud^ent,  candour,  benevolence,  generosity,  the 
same  love  of  nis  country,  and  the  same  sentiments  in  politics 
with  Cicero  S  whom  he  was  always  advising,  and  urging  to  act, 
yet  determined  never  to  act  himself,  or  never,  at  least,  so  far 
as  to  disturb  his  ease,  or  endanger  his  safety.  For  though  he 
was  so  strictly  united  with  Cicero,  and  valued  him  above  all 
men,  yet  he  managed  an  interest  all  the  while  with  the  oppo- 
site faction,  and  a  friendship  even  with  his  mortal  enemies, 
Clodius  and  Antony ;  that  he  might  secure  against  all  events 
the  grand  point,  which  he  had  in  view,  the  peace  and  tran- 
quillity of  his  life.  Thus  two  excellent  men,  by  their  mistaken 
notions-of  virtue,  drawn  from  the  principles  of  their  philosophy, 
were  made  useless  in  a  manner  to  their  country ;  each  in  a 
different  extreme  of  life ;  the  one  always  acting  and  exposing 
himself -to  dangers,  without  the  prospect  of  doing  good;  the 
other,  without  attempting  to  do  any,  resolving  never  to  act 
at  all. 

Cicero  chose  the  middle  way  between  the  obstinacy  of  Cato, 
and  the  indolence  of  Atticus :  he  preferred  always  the  readiest 
road  to  what  was  right,  if  it  lay  open  to  him ;  if  not,  took  the 
next,  that  seemed  likely  to  bring  him  to  the  same  end ;  and  in 
politics  as  in  morality,  when  he  could  not  arrive  at  the  true, 
contented  himself  with  the  probable.  He  often  compares  the 
statesman  to  the  pilot ;  whose  art  consists  in  managing  every 
turn  of  the  winds,  and  applying  even  the  most  perverse  to  the 
progress  of  his  voyage;  so  as  by  changing  his  course,  and 
enlarging  his  circuit  of  sailing,  to  arrive  with  safety,  though 
later,  at  his  destined  port ' :  he  mentions,  likewise,  an  obser- 
vation, which  long  experience  had  confirmed  to  him,  that  none 
of  die  popular  and  ambitious,  who  aspired  to  extraordinary 
commands,  and  to  be  leaders  in  the  republic,  ever  chose  to 
obtain  their  ends  from  the  people,  till  they  had  first  been 
repulsed  by  the  senate  *.  This  was  verified  by  all  their  civil 
dissensions,  from  the  Gracchi  down  to  Csesar ;  so  that  when  he 
saw  men  of  this  spirit  at  the  head  of  the  government;  who,  by 
the  splendour  of  their  lives  and  actions,  had  acquired  an  ascen- 

*  In  Rcpub.  ita  est  versatuB,  ut  semper  optimarum  partium  ct  esset,  et  existimarctur  ; 
iiequc  tamen  sc  civilibtis  fluctibus  committcrct.     Corn.  Nep.  vit.  Att.  6. 

•  Nnnquam  enim  proestantibus  in  Repub.  gubernanda  vins  laudata  est  in  una  sententia 
perpctna  perniansio :  sed  ut  in  navigando  tempestati  obsequi  artis  est,  ctiamsi  portum 
tcncre  non  qucas  :  cum  vcro  id  possis  mutata  vclificatione  asscqui,  Btultum  est  cum 
tenerc  cunum  cum  periculo  quern  ccperis,  potius  quam,  co  commutato,  quo  velis  tan- 
dem penrenirc,  &c.     Ep.  Fam.  1.  9. 

'  Nemincm  unquam  est  hie  ordo  amplexus  honoribus  ct  beneficiis  suis,  qui  uUam 
dignitatem  pnestabiliorem  ea,  quam  per  vos  osset  adeptus,  putarit.  Nemo  unquam  hie 
potuit  esse  princeps,  qui  malueiit  esse  popularis.  De  provin.  Consular.  16.  it.  Philip. 
5.  18. 


OF   CICERO.  731 

called  untimely,  but  was  the  proper  end  of  such  a  life ;  which 
must  have  been  rendered  less  glorious,  if  it  had  owed  its 
preservation  to  Antony.  It  was,  therefore,  what  he  not  only 
expected,  but,  in  the  circumstances  to  which  he  was  reduced, 
what  he  seems  even  to  have  wished  ^  For  he,  who  before  had 
been  timid  in  dangers,  and  desponding  in  distress,  yet,  from 
the  time  of  Caesar's  death,  rousea  by  the  desperate  state  of  the 
republic ',  assumed  the  fortitude  of  a  hero ;  discarded  all  fear ; 
despised  all  danger ;  and  when  he  could  not  free  his  country 
from  a  tyranny,  provoked  the  tyrants  to  take  that  life,  which 
be  no  longer  cared  to  preserve.  Thus,  like  a  g^at  actor  on 
the  stage, lie  reserved  himself,  as  it  were,  for  the  last  act:  and 
after  he  had  played  his  part  with  dignity,  resolved  to  finish  it 
with  glory. 

The  character  of  his  son  Marcus  has  been  delivered  down 
to  us  in  a  very  disadvantageous  light;  for  he  is  represented, 
generally,  both  by  the  ancients  and  modems,  as  stupid  and 
vicious,  and  a  proverb  even  of  degeneracy';  yet  wnen  we 
come  to  inquire  mto  the  real  state  of  the  fact,  we  shall  find  but 
little  ground  for  so  scandalous  a  tradition. 

In  iiis  early  youth,  while  he  continued  under  the  eye  and 
discipline  of  his  father,  he  gave  all  imaginable  proofs  both  of 
an  excellent  temper  and  genius:  was  modest,  tractable,  dutiful; 
diligent  in  his  studies,  and  expert  in  his  exercises :  so  that,  in 
the  Pharsalic  war,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  acquired  a  great 
reputation  in  Pompey's  camp,  by  his  dexterity  of  riding, 
throwing  the  javelin,  and  all  the  other  accomplishments  of  a 
young  soldier  .  Not  long  after  Pompey's  death  he  was  sent 
to  Athens ;  to  spend  a  few  years  in  the  study  of  philosophy  and 
polite  letters,  under  Cratippus,  the  most  celebrated  philosopher 
of  that  time ;  for  whom  Cicero  afterwards  procured  the  free- 
dom of  Rome  ^  Here,  indeed,  upon  his  first  sally  into  tlie 
world,  he  was  guilty  of  some  irregularity  of  conduct,  and  ex- 
travagance of  expense,  that  made  nis  father  uueasy ;  into  which 
he  was  supposed  to  have  been  drawn  by  Gorgias,  his  master  of 
rhetoric,  a  lover  of  wine  and  pleasure ;  whom  Cicero,  for  that 
reason,  expostulated  with  severely  by  letter,  and  discharged 
from  his  attendance  upon  him.  But  the  young  man  was  soon 
made  sensible  of  his  folly,  and  recalled  to  his  duty,  by  the  re- 

'  Nullum  locmn  praBtcnnitto  munendi,  agendi,  providendi ;  hoc  drniquc  animo  sum, 
nt  si  in  hac  cura  ataue  administratione,  vita  mihi  poncnda  sit,  pnL>claru  actum  mccum 
putcm.    Ep.  Fani.  d.  24. 

'  Sed  plane  animus,  oui  dnbiis  rebus  fonitan  fucrit  infirmior,  dcsperatis,  confirmatus 
c»t  multum.     Ibid.  5.  2i. 

*  Ciccronem  filium  qua)  res  Consulcm  fecit,  nisi  pater  ?  Scnec.  de  Bcnef.  4.  30.  Nam 
virtutes  omncs  al>emnt ;  stupor  ct  \-itia  aderant.     Lipsii  Not.  ad  locum. 

-*  Quo  in  bcUo  cum  te  rom{K'iuA  als  altcri  prvfccissct,  magnam  laudem  et  a  siimnio 
iro,  et  ab  exrrcitu  consequeban*,  equitando,  jaculando,  omni  militari  laborc  tolorando. 
Offic.  2.  13. 

4  Plut.  in  vit.  Cic. 


OF  CICERO^  -  733 

in  the  emnire, ,  JUi-^r^^y  came  at  last  on  tte  forty-sixth 
jty  olter  they  left  you.  Their  arriTitl  wa§  extremely  a^eeable 
to  me :  for  my  father's  most  indulgent  and  affectionate  letter 
gave  me  an  exceeding  joy,  which  was  still  highly  increased 
by  the  receipt  also  of  your's;  so  that  instead  of  being  sorry 
^OT  my  late  oniis>>ien  of  writing,  I  was  rather  pleased  that  my 
****'  ^^ad  afforded  me  so  particular  a  proof  of  your  humanity, 
■"eat  pleasure,  therefore,  to  me,  that  you  accept  my 
'eadily.  I  do  not  doubt,  my  dearest  Tiro,  but  that 
,  which  are  now  brought  of  me,  give  you  a  real 
I.  It  ehidl  be  my  care  and  endeavour,  that  thb 
ime  of  me  shall  every  day  come  more  and  more  con- 
you ;  and,  Mnee  you  promise  to  be  the  trumpeter  of 
i,  you  muy  venture  to  do  it  with  assurance ;  for  the 
,1  of  my  youth  have  mortified  me  so  sensibly,  that  my 
'&•  not  only  ahhor  the  facts  themselves,  but  my  ears 
uvea  endure  the  mention  of  them.  I  am  perfectly 
j^ibat,  in  alt  this  regret  and  solicitude,  you  have  borne 
/T'd  share  with  me ;  nor  is  it  to  be  wondered  at ;  for 

J'ou  wish  me  all  success,  for  my  sake,  you  are  engaged 
o  it  for  your  own ;  since  it  was  always  my  resolution 
le  you  the  partner  of  every  good  that  may  befal  me. 
lave  before,  therefore,  been  the  occasion  of  sorrow  to 
o  it  shall  now  be  my  business  to  double  your  joy  on  my 
nt.     You  must  know  that  I  live  in  the  utmost  intimacy 
Cratippus,  and  like  a  son,  rather  than  a  scholar;  for  I  not 
hear  his  lectures  with  pleasure,  but  am  infinitely  delighted 
his  conversation,     I  spend  whole  days  with  him,  and  fre- 
itly  also  a  part  of  the  night;  for  I  prevail  with  him,  as 
n  as  I  can,  to  sup  with  me;  and  in  our  familiar  chat,  as  we 
at  table,  the  night  steals  upon  us,  without  thinking  of  it, 
lilst  he  lays  aside  the  severity  of  his  philosophy,  and  jokes 
longst  us  with  all  the  good  humour  imaginable.     Contrive, 
ererore,  to  come  to  us  as  soon  us  possible,  and  see  this  agree- 
lle  and  excellent  man.     For  what  need  1  tell  you  of  Brut- 
tius?  whom  1  never  part  with  out  of  my  sight.     His  life  is  re- 
gular and  exemplary,  and  his  company  the  most  entertaining : 
Be  has  the  art  of  introducing  questions  of  literature  into  con- 
versation, and  seasoning  philosophy  with  mirth.     I  have  hired 
a  lodging  for  him  in  the  next  house  to  me,  and  support  his 

Eoverty,  as  well  as  I  am  able,  out  of  my  narrow  income.  I 
ave  begun  also  to  declaim  in  Greek,  under  Cassius,  but  choose 
to  exercise  myself  in  Latin  with  Bruttius.  I  live,  likewise,  in 
great  familiarity,  and  the  perpetual  company  of  those,  whom 
Cratippus  brought  with  him  from  Mitylene,  who  are  men  of 
learning,  and  highly  esteemed  by  him.  Epicrates,  also,  the 
leading  man  at  Athens,  and  Leonidas,  spend  much  of  their 


OF  CICERO.  735 

in  the  empire.  This  was  the  last  refuse  of  the  poor  repub- 
licans, where  yonnff  Cicero  was  received  again  with  particular 
honours,  and  continued  fighting  still  in  the  defence  of  his 
country's  liberty ;  till  Pompey,  by  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the 
triumvirate,  obtained,  as  one  of  the  conditions  of  it,  the  pardon 
and  restoration  of  all  the  proscribed  and  exiled  Romans,  who 
were  then  in  arms  with  him  K 

Cicero,  therefore,  took  his  leave  of  Pompey,  and  returned 
to  Rome  with  the  rest  of  his  party,  where  he  lived  for  some 
time  in  the  condition  of  a  private  nobleman,  remote  from  affairs 
and  the  court  of  the  emperor ;  partly  through  the  envy  of  the 
times,  averse  to  his  name  and  pnnciples ;  partly  through  choice, 
and  his  old  zeal  for  the  republican  cause,  which  he  retained  still 
to  the  last  In  this  uneasy  state,  where  he  had  nothing  to 
rouse  his  virtue,  or  excite  ois  ambition,  it  is  not  strange  that 
he  sunk  into  a  life  of  indolence  and  pleasure,  and  the  intem- 
perate love  of  wine,  which  began  to  be  the  fashionable  vice  of 
this  age,  from  the  example  of  Antony,  who  had  lately  pub- 
lished a  volume  on  the  triumphs  of  his  drinking.  Voung 
Cicero  is  said  to  have  practised  it  likewise  to  great  excess,  and 
to  have  been  famous  for  the  quantity  that  he  used  to  swallow 
at  a  draught :  "  As  if  he  had  resolved,"  says  Pliny,  "  to  deprive 
Antony,  the  murderer  of  his  father,  of  the  glory  of  being  the 
first  drunkard  of  the  empire  *." 

Augustus,  however,  paid  him  the  compliment,  in  tlie  mean 
while,  to  make  him  a  priest,  or  augur ',  as  well  as  one  of  those 
magistrates  who  presided  over  the  coinage  of  the  public  money ; 
in  regard  to  which  there  is  a  medal  still  extant,  with  the  name 
of  Cicero  on  the  one  side,  and  Appius  Claudius  on  the  other, 
who  was  one  of  his  collea^es  in  this  office  *.  But  upon  the 
last  breach  with  Antony,  Augustus  no  sooner  became  the  sole 
master  of  Rome,  than  he  tooK  him  for  his  partner  in  the  con- 
sulship;  so  that  his  letters,  which  brought  the  news  of  the 

»  App.  p.619.  713u 

*  Niiuirum  banc  gloriam  auferre  Cicero  voluit  interfectori  patris  ruI,  Antonio.  Is 
enim  ante  eum  avidissime  anprchenderat  banc  palmam  ;  edito  etiam  voluminc  de  sua 
ebrletate.    Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  14  22. 

'  AiM>.  p.619. 

*  Vid.  And.  MorelL  Thesaur.  Nrnnitm.  inter  Numm.  Consul.  Goltzii.   Tab.  33,  4. 
Tbne  snperintendants  of  tbe  public  coinage  were  called  Treviri  orTriumTiri  Monetalcs, 

and  in  medals  and  old  inscriptions  are  described  tbus:  III.  VIR.  A.  A.  A.  F.  F.  tliat 
is,  Auro,  xVifrento,  ^ro  Flando,  Fcriundo.  Their  number  had  always  been  three,  till 
J.  Csrsar,  as  it  appears  from  sereral  medals,  enlarced  it  to  four :  whence,  in  the  coin  of 
Cicero,  just  mentioned,  we  find  him  called  1 1 II.  VlR.  There  was  another  magistrate 
also,  of  lower  rank,  at  Rome,  called  Treviri  Capitales.  who  tried  and  judged  all  capital 
crimes  among  foreigners  and  slaves,  or  even  citizens  of  inferior  condition  :  in  allusion  to 
which  Cicero  has  a  pleasant  joke  in  ouc  of  his  letters  to  Trcbatius,  when  he  was  attend- 
ing Canar  in  his  wars  against  tbe  Treviri,  one  of  the  most  fierce  and  warlike  nations  of 
Ganl : — "  I  admonish  you,**  says  be,  **  to  keep  out  of  the  way  of  those  Treviri ;  they  are 
of  the  capital  kind,  I  hear :  I  wish,  rather,  that  they  were  the  coiners  of  gold  and  silver."' 
Kp.  Fam.7.13. 


OF    CICERO.  737 

of  wine  and  passion,  he  threw  a  cup  at  the  head  of  A^ippa ; 
who^  next  to  Augustus,  bore  the  chief  sway  in  Rome  •  He 
was  provoked  to  it,  probably,  by  some  dispute  in  politics,  or 
iiisult  on  the  late  champions,  and  vanquished  cause  of  the 
republic  At  another  time,  during  his  government  of  Asia, 
one  Cestius,  who  was  afterwards  praetor,  a  flatterer  of  the 
timesy  and  a  reviler  of  his  father,  having  the  assurance  to 
come  one  day  to  his  table,  Cicero,  after  he  had  inquired  his 
name,  and  understood  that  it  was  the  man  who  used  to  insult 
the  memory  of  his  father,  and  declared  that  he  knew  nothing 
of  polite  letters,  ordered  him  to  be  taken  away,  and  publicly 
whipped '. 

His  nature  seems  to  have  been  gay,  frank,  and  generous ; 
peculiarly  turned  to  arms  and  martial  glory ;  to  which,  by  the 
unhappy  fate  of  his  country,  he  had  been  trained  very  young ; 
and  at  an  age  that  is  commonly  dedicated  to  the  arts  oi  peace 
and  studies  of  learning,  had  served,  with  much  honour  to  him- 
self, in  three  successive  wars,  the  most  considerable  in  all  his- 
tory— of  Pharsalia,  Philippi,  and  Sicily.  If  his  life,  therefore, 
did  not  correspond  with  the  splendour  of  his  father^s,  it  seems 
chargeable  to  his  misfortune  rather  than  his  fault;  and  to  the 
miserable  state  of  the  times,  which  allowed  no  room  for  the 
attainment  of  his  father's  honours,  or  the  imitation  of  his  vir* 
tues ;  but  if  he  had  lived  in  better  times,  and  a  free  republic, 
though  he  would  not  have  been  so  eminent  a  scholar,  or  orator, 
or  statesman,  as  his  father,  yet  he  would  have  excelled  him 
probably,  in  that  character,  which  conferred  a  more  substantial 
power  and  dazzling  glory,  the  fame  of  a  brave  and  accomplished 
general. 

The  characters  of  Q.  Cicero,  the  brother,  of  his  son  Quintus, 
and  of  Atticus,  have  been  so  frequently  touched  in  the  course 
of  this  history,  that  there  is  but  little  occasion  to  add  any  thing 
more  about  them.  The  two  first,  as  we  have  already  said, 
upon  the  news  of  their  being  proscribed,  took  their  leave  of 
Cicero  in  his  flight  towards  the  sea,  and  returned  to  Rome,  in 
order  to  furnish  themselves  with  money  and  other  necessaries 
for  a  voyage  to  Macedonia.  They  hoped  to  have  executed 
this  before  the  proscription  could  take  eflect,  or  to  lie  con- 
cealed, at  least  for  a  short  time,  in  the  city,  without  the  danger 
of  a  discovery :  but  the  diligence  of  Antony's  emissaries,  and 
the  particular  instructions  that  they  had  received  to  make  sure 
of  the  Ciceros,  eluded  all  their  caution  and  hopes  of  conceal- 
ment. The  son  was  found  out  the  first ;  who  is  said  to  have 
been  more  solicitous  for  the  preservation  of  his  father,  than  to 


'  Marcoquc  Agrippn  a  temulcnto  scypimm  impactiini.     Pliu.  ITist.  Nat.  14.  2*2, 
'  M.  Sencc,  Suasor.  6. 


OF   CICBRO.  739 

lest,  in  that  revolution  of  afiairs,  and  extinction  of  the  public 
liberty,  they  should  ever  be  produced  to  his  hurt,  or  the  dimi- 
nution of  his  credit  with  their  new  masters. 

But  his  interest  with  the  reigninc^  powers  was  soon  esta- 
blished on  a  more  solid  foundation  than  that  of  his  personal 
merit,  by  the  marriage  of  his  only  daughter  with  M.  Agrippa : 
which  was  first  proposed  and  brought  about  by  Antony.  This 
introduced  him  to  the  friendship  and  familiarity  of  Augustus, 
whose  minister  and  favourite  Agrippa  was;  and  to  whom  he 
himself  became  afterwards  nearly  allied,  by  the  marriage  of 
his  grand-daughter  with  his  successor  Tiberius^.  Thus  he 
added  dignity  to  his  quiet ;  and  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  in  the 
very  manner  in  which  he  wished,  happy  and  honourable ;  and 
remote  from  all  trouble  or  the  apprehension  of  danger.  But 
that  he  still  lives  in  the  fame  and  memory  of  ages,  is  en- 
tirely owing  to  the  circumstance  of  his  havmg  been  Cicero's 
friend ;  for  this,  after  all,  was  the  chief  honour  of  his  life : 
and  as  Seneca  truly  observed,  it  was  the  epistles  of  Cicero 
which  preserved  him  from  oblivion ;  and  neither  his  son 
Agrippa,  nor  grandson  Tiberius,  nor  great  grandson  Drusus, 
would  have  been  of  any  service  to  him,  if  Cicero's  name, 
by  drawing  Atticus's  along  with  it,  had  not  given  him  an  im- 
mortality *. 

*  Atque  hanim  nnptiarum,  non  enim  est  celandum,  conciliator  fuit  Antonius.  [Tbid. 
12.]  Nata  est  autem  Attico  neptis  ex  A)(rippa.  Hanc  Cesar  vix  anniculam,  Tiborio 
Claudio  Neroni,  Drusilla  nato,  privigno  sue  acspondit.  Quae  conjunctio  necessitudincm 
corum  sanxit.     Ibid.  19. 

'  Nomen  Attici  periro  Ciceronis  epistolao  non  sinunt.  Nihil  illi  profuisset  gencr 
Agrippa  et  Tiberius  progener,  et  Drusus  pronepos  :  inter  tarn  magna  nomina  tacetur, 
niti  Cicero  ilium  upplicuisiet.    Senec.  Ep.  21. 


Sb*2 


INDEX. 


ACADEMY,  a  school  of  philosophy  at 
Athens ;  an  account  of  its  name,  ondn, 
and  situation,  Note^  page  708,  its  doc- 
trines, ibid.  New  Academy ;  its  dis- 
tinction from  the  Old,  710,  its  principles 
and  method  of  philosophizing,  ibid,  kept 
the  proper  medium  between  the  Stoic 
and  the  Sceptic,  711,  the  most  rational 
of  all  secU,  7 12,  best  adapted  to  the  pro- 
fession of  an  orator,  713,  almost  deserted 
in  Cicero's  time — why,  ibid,  the  notion 
of  a  third  or  Middle  Academy  ground- 
less, Note^  ibid,  the  Academic  principles 
the  best  calculated  for  practical  fife ;  com- 
nared  with  those  of  the  Stoics,  and  the 
Emciireans,  727,  &c. 

Aculeo,  C.  married  Cicero's  aunt,  1.  His 
two  sons  bred  up  with  Cicero,  6. 

Adoiition,  the  condition  and  effects  of  it, 
187. 

iEdilos,  the  nature  and  duties  of  their 
office,  73,  often  ruined  themselves  by  the 
expense  of  their  shows,  ibid. 

iEdiieship,  or  tribunate,  a  necessary  step 
to  the  superior  dignities,  50. 

^schylus,  of  Cnido«,  an  eminent  rheto- 
rician, attended  Cicero  in  his  travels, 
29. 

^Ssopus,  the  tragedian,  applies  several  paa- 
sap;s  of  his  parts  in  acting  to  the  case  of 
Cicero,  251. 

Afranius,  L.  consul,  his  character,  175. 

Agrarian  laws.  si»me  account  of  them,  99. 

A^culture,  the  most  liberal  employment 
in  old  Rome,  5. 

Ahcnobarbus,  L.  Domitius,  repulsed  from 
the  consulship  by  the  triumvirate,  300. 

Alaude,  the  name  of  a  legion  raised  by 
Caesar,  an  account  of  it,  Note^  blA. 

Albinovanus,  M.  Tullius,  a  friend  of  Clo- 
dius,  accuses  P.  Sextius  of  pubKc  violence, 
285.  ^ 

Allobroges,  their  ambassadors  solicited  to 
enter  into  Catiline's  plot,  127,  are  ex- 
amined in  the  senate,  128,  1^29. 

Amanus,  a  mountainoos  part  of  Cilicia,  sub- 
dued by  Cicero,  373. 


Antiochus,  a  philosopher  of  the  Old  Aca* 
demy,  with  whom  Cicero  lodged  at 
Ath/»nB,  27. 

Antiochus,  Idng  of  Comaaene ;  his  petition 
to  the  senate  reiected  by  Cicero*8  in- 
fluence, 313,  sends  notice  to  Cfonro,  that 
the  ParthiaiiB  had  passed  the  Eapbratei, 
366. 

AntoniuB,  C.  candidate  for  the  consulship ; 
guilty  of  open  bribery — supported  by 
UrasBUs  and  Caesar,  92, 93.  chosen  consul 
with  Cicero,  96^  and  wnolly  managnl 
by  him,  98,  sent  out  with  an  army 
against  Catiline,  122,  is  unwilling  to 
fight,  143,  condemned  to  exile  for  his 
oppressions  in  Macedonia,  186,  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  by  young  Cicero, 
621,  raises  a  sedition  in  Brutus's  camp, 
confined  by  him  on  chipboard,  646. 

Antonius,  M.  grandfather  of  the  triumvir; 
his  head  fixed  upon  the  rostra  by  C. 
Marius,  15. 

Antonius,  M.  the  father  of  the  triumvir, 
invades  Crete,  but  ia  defeated,  and  diet 
with  disgrace,  44. 

Antonius,  M.  tribune,  makes  an  invective 
oration  against  Pompey,  898,  opposes 
all  decrees  against  Cssar,  399,  flies  to 
Caesar's  camp,  ibid,  his  character,  ibid, 
his  flight  the  pretext  of  the  war,  401,  ex- 
cludes all  the  Pompeians  from  Italy, 
except  Cicero,  442,  declared  master  of 
the  norse  to  Caesar,  448.  his  luxurious 
manner  of  living,  compelled  by  Caesar  to 
pay  for  his  purcnase  ot  Pompev's  houses, 
498,  499,  made  consul  with  CWr,  504, 
quarrels  with  Dolabeila,  ibid,  offers  a 
regal  diadem  to  Caesar,  506,  preserved 
by  the  two  Drutvses,  when  Caesar  was 
killed,  514,  dissembles  his  real  yiews, 
manages  Lepidus  to  his  interests,  524, 
deludes  the  conspirators,  525,  contrives 
the  tumult  at  Caesar's  funeral,  527, 
makes  a  progress  through  Italy,  to  solicit 
the  veteran  soldiers,  5^33,  his  pernicious 
use  of  the  decree  for  confirming  Cnsar's 
acta,  546,  seizes  the  public  treasure,  548, 
bribes  Dolabeila  to  his  interests,  ibid, 
treats  Octavius  with  contempt,  556,  re- 


INDBX* 


cuUr  xoaI,  4S4,  wvites  the  life  of  Cato, 
464,  [wto  aw»7  his  wife  Claudia,  and 
Burriea  Poraa,  Cato*i  daaghter,  486, 
makes  an  oration  to  Ccsar^  m  fevour  of 
King  DeiotaruB,  501,  chief  of  the  conspi- 
iBcjr  against  Casar, — his  character,  508, 
his  descent  from  old  L.  Brutus  asserted, 
and  the  stor^  of  his  being  Caosar^s  son 
confuted,  ibid.  Nate ;  speaks  to  the 
people  in  the  Capitol  a^er  Csasar^s  death, 
523,  driTen  out  of  the  city  bj  Antonyms 
management,  retires  witn  Castius  to 
Lanuvium,  529,  expostulates  with  An- 
tony by  letter,  549,  nolds  a  select  coun- 
cil, 5m,  his  shows  and  plays  received 
with  applause  by  the  dty,  559,  prepares 
to  seize  Macedonia  by  force,  566,  sends 
an  account  of  his  success  in  that  expe- 
dition, 598,  takes  C»  Antony  prisoner, 
621,  treats  him  with  lenity,  ioid.  dis- 
pleased with  the  ovation  decreed  to 
Octavius,  643,  secures  C.  Antony  on 
Clipboard,  646,  cannot  be  persuaded  to 
come  to  Italy,  663,  his  oehaviour  in 
Greece,  666,  displeased  with  Cicero*s 
measures,  666, 667,  his  conduct  compared 
with  Cicero*s;  inconsistent  with  itself, 
667,  668, 677. 

Brutus,  L.  a  medal  with  his  head  on  one 
side,  and  Ah^  on  the  other ;  a  conjec- 
ture on  the  reason  of  it,  Nvie^  521. 

Bursa,  T.  Munatius  Plancus,  accused  by 
Cicero,  and  condemned  to  banishment, 
353. 


C. 


Csrellia,  a  learned  lady  and  correspondent 
of  Cicero,  695. 

Caesar,  J.  nearly  allied  to  C.  Marius ;  mar- 
ries Cornelia,  Cinna^s  daughter,  refuses 
to  pat  her  away ;  is  deprived  of  her  for- 
tune and  the  priesthooa  by  Sylla,  21,  re- 
tires into  the  country,  Ib  discovered  bv 
Sylla*8  soldiers;  obtains  his  life  with 
difficulty ;  Sylla  s  pi'ediction  of  him,  ibid, 
gains  a  civic  crown  at  the  sicffe  of  Mity- 
lenc,  31,  zealous  to  restore  tee  power  of 
the  tribunes,  71,  made  use  of  them  to 
overturn  the  republic,  72,  excelled  all 
men  in  the  magnificence  of  his  shows, 
74,  a  zealous  promoter  of  the  Manilian 
law,  84,  suspected  of  a  conspiracy  against 
the  state,  8o,  revives  the  Marian  cause ; 
persecutes  the  asents  of  Sylla's  cruelty ; 
out  spares  Catiline,  94,  suborns  T.  La- 
bienus  to  accuse  C.  Rabirius,  106,  whom 
he  condemns,  ibid,  elected  high  priest, 
108,  votes  for  saving  the  lives  of  Cati- 
line's accomplices,  137,  in  danger  of  being 
killed  for  it,  144,  supporU  Metellus 
against  Cicero ;  his  attempts  aflninst  Ca- 

^  tulus,  150,  suspended  from  his  office, 
151,  his  suspension  reversed,  152,  im- 
peached by  L.  Yettius  and  Q.  Curius,  of 
Catiline's  plot,  156,  takes  his  revenge  on 
them  both,  ibid,  puts  away  his  wife,  IGl, 
bin  behaviour  on  the  trial  of  Clodius, 
163,  invites  Pompcy  to  make  himself 


mattaff  <^f  the  repabHc,    167,  supports 
Clodius  against  Cicero,  179,  returns  with 
glory  ftm  Spain,  181,  chosen  consul . 
with  Bibulus,  182,  forms  a  ^le  league 
with  Pompey  and  Craasus,  182, 183,  pro- 
cures Cloaius*s  adoption,  187,  carries  an 
Agrarian  law  by  vicMenoe,  188,  gains  the 
fevour  of  the  knights ;    sends  Cato  to 
prison,  189,  ratifies  Pomp^*s  acts   in 
Asia,  and  humbles  LucuUus,  ibid,  fdgns 
a  quarrel  with  Clodius,  190,  provoked  by 
the  edieta  of  Bibulus,  196, 197,  suborns 
Yettius  to  swear  a  plot  upon  young 
Curio,  and  the  nobles  of  tne  <q>posite 
oarty,  199,  strangles  Yettius  in  prison, 
200,  endeavonrs  to  force  Cicero  to  a  de- 
pendance  upon  him ;  oflters  to  make  him 
nu  lieutenant  in  Gaul,  202,  provoked  by 
Cicero*s    refusal,   assists    Clodius,    and 
throws  the  blame  on  Cicero,  ibid,   re- 
conciles Piso  to  Clodius,  206,  condemns 
the  proceedings  of  Cicero  wainst  Lentu- 
Ins  and  the  rest,  211,  the  kgalitv  of  his 
acts  questioned  in  the  senate,  2l6,  goes 
to  his  province  of  Gaul,  ibid,  congratu- 
lates Clodius  upon  his  manasement  of 
Cato,  2^,  consents  to  Cicero  s  restora- 
tion upon  certain  conditions,  239,  240 
has  his  province  prolonged  to  him  by 
Cicero*s  assistance,  284,  has  an  interview 
with  Pompey  at  Luca,  287,  reconciles 
Pompey  and  Crassus,  300,  his  second  ex- 
pedition  into  Britain,    319,   extremely 
kind  to  Q.  Cicero,  322,  presses  Cicero 
to  defend  Yatinius  327,  and  also  Ga- 
binius,  330,  bears  the  loss  of  his  daughter 
Julia  with  firmness,  and  prepares  himself 
for  a  breach  with  Pompey,  334,  335, 
alarms  the  city  with  the  prospect  of  a 
civil  war,  357,  pleased  with  the  coldness 
between  Cicero  and  Cato,  labours  to  in- 
crease it,  377,  puts  an  end  to  the  Gallic 
war,  385,  bribes  Paulus  and  Curio  to  his 
interests.  389,  ordered  by  the  senate  to 
dismiss  nis  army,  399,  passes  the  Rubi- 
con, 402,  offers  terms  of  peace,  404,  is 
not  sincere  in  it,  405,  the  nature  of  his 
attempt  considered,  406,  takes  Corfinitim, 
and  treats  his  prisoners  vn\h  generosity, 
410,  presses  Cicero  to  stand  neuter,  416, 
417,  seizes  upon  the  public  treasure,  425, 
marches  into  Spain  and  defeats  Pompey's 
lieutenants,  436,  created  dictator,  makes 
himself  consul, jroes  after  Pompey,  ibid, 
besieges  him  at  Dyrrachium  witnout  suc- 
cess, quits  the  siege,  436,  437,  gains  a 
complete  victory  at  Pharsalia,  440,  his 
conauct  and  Pompey's  compared,  ibid, 
declared    dictator  a  second   time,   448, 
writes  kindly  to  Cicero,  452,  has  an  in- 
terview with  him,  ibid,  disgusts  the  citv 
by  his  manner  of  creating  consuls,  453, 
embarks  for  Africa,  ibid,  the  time  of  his 
cmbarkment    cleared    from    a   seeming 
contradiction  between  Cicero  and  Hir- 
tius,  454,  Note ;   he  returns  victorious, 
is  extmvag-.intly  flattered  by  the  senate, 
457,  his  reg:iru  for  Cicero,  463,  answers 
Cicero's  Cato,  465,  grants  the  petition  of 


INDEX. 


Buft,  6,  pUeed  in  a  public  icliool  under  a 
Greek  matter,  7,  committed  to  the  poet 
Archias :  much  addicted  to  poetrr ;  pub- 
Ushea  a  poem  while  a  boy,  8,  takes  the 
manlr  gown,  ibid,  pat  under  the  care  of 
Q.  Mac.  SccTola,  the  augur,  afterwards 
of  ScsBTola,  the  hi^priest;  acquires  a 
complete  knowledge  of  the  laws,  9,  his 
manner  of  improving  himself  10,  he 
translates  Aratus^s  Phenomena  into  Latin 
▼erse ;  publishes  a  poem  in  honour  of  C. 
Marius,  11,  another  called  Limon;  his 
poetical  genius  scarce  inferior  to  his  ora- 
torial;  studies  philosophy,  ibid,  is  fond 
of  PluDdrus  the  Epicurean;  deserts  the 
principles  of  that  sect,  ibid,  makes  a  cam- 
paign with    the  consul  Cn.  Pompeius 
Strabo,  in  the  Marsic  war;  is  present  at  a 
conference  between  the  consul  and  the 
general  of  the  Marsi,  12,  serres  as  to- 
lunteer  under  Sylla,  relates  a  remark- 
able action,  at  which  he  was  present,  ibid, 
sees  the  entry  of  C.  Marius  into  Rome, 
15,  writes  his  rhetorical  pieces,  18,  scho- 
lar to  Philo,  the  Academic ;  resumes  his 
oratorial  studies  under  Molo  the  Rho- 
dian,  18,  studies  logic  with  Diodotus  the 
Stoic ;  declaims  in  Latin  and  Greek  with 
M.  Fiso  and  Q.  Pompeius,  ibid,  puts 
himself  a  second  time  under  Molo,  22, 
improTCs  his  language  by  the  conver* 
sation  with  the  ladies,  23,  offers  himself 
to  the  bar,  ibid,  undertakes  the  cause  of 
P.  Quinctius,  24,  defends  S.  Roscius  of 
Ameria,  ibid,  is  applauded  for  it  by  the 
whole  city,  25,  defends  the  rights  of  cer- 
tain towns  of  Italy  to  the  freedom  of 
Rome,  which  Sylla  bad  taken  from  them, 
27,  travels  into  Greece  and  Asia,  ibid, 
lodges  at  Athens,  with  Antiochus,  ibid, 
meets  there  with  Atticus,  pursues  his 
rhetorical  studies  under  Demetrius  the 
Syrian  ;  is  initiated  into  the  EHeusiuian 
mysteries,  28,  ffoes  over  into  Asia,  where 
he  is  attended  by  the  principal  orators  of 
that  country,  29,  visits  Rnodes  on  his 
return,  where  he  studies  philosophy  with 
Posidonius,  and  declaims  in  Greek,  with 
Molo,  ibid,  comes  back  to  Rome,  after 
an  excursion  of  two  years,  30,  his  travels 
the  only  scheme  of  travelling  with  credit, 
ibid,  the  story  of  his  ionmey  to  the  Del- 
phic Oracle  suspected,  35,  is  made  quies- 
tor,  pleads  the  cause  of  Roscius  the  come- 
dian, 36,  he  marries  Terentia,  40,  en- 
ters upon  the  quscstorship  of  Sicily,  ibid. 
? greatly  honoured  by  the'Sicilians,  pleads 
or  some  young  officers  of  ^uiJity,  41, 
finds  out  the  tomb  of  Archimedes,  un- 
known to  the  Syracusaos,  42,  his  return 
to  Italy,  43,  resolves  to  reside  constantly 
in  Rome,  43,  strictly  observes  the  Cincian 
law,  49,  ukes  tM  the  usual  ways  of  re- 
commending himself  to  the  peoule,  50, 
is  elected  curule  SMlilo ;  undertakes  the 
prosecution  of  Verres,  51,  52,  goes  to 
Sicily  in  search  of  facts  and  evidence 
against  him :  his  reception  at  Syracuse, 
54,  &c.  and  at  Messana,  56,  defeats  all 
the  projects  of  Verres,  by  a  new  way  of 


proceeding,  and  forces  him  into  exile,  57, 
offends  the  nobility  by  it,  58,  secures  the 
affection  of  the  citizens,  is  supplied  with 

Srovisions  during  his  sedileship  by  the 
acilians,  74,  defends  Cadna  and  Fon- 
teius,  76,  declared  prstor  in  three  diffe- 
rent assemblies,  80,  condemns  Licinius 
Macer,  81,  ascends  the  rostra  the  first 
time,  in  defence  of  the  Manilian  law,  83, 
defends  A.  Cluentius,  84,  frequents  the 
school  of  Gnipho,  85,  defends  Manilius, 
ibid,  refuses  to  accept  any  province,  87, 
takes  great  pains  in  suing  for  the  consul- 
ship, ibid,  employs  Atticus  to  purchase 
statues  and  other  curiosities  for  him  at 
Athens,  88,  defends  G.  Cornelius,  90, 
inclined  to  defend  CaUline,  91,  changes 
his  mind,  ibid,  uppears  a  candidate  for 
the  consulship,  92,  delivers  his  speech 
called  in  Toga  Candida;  defends  Q. 
Crallius,  93,  nroclaimed  consul  bv  the  ac- 
clamation of^  the  whole  people,  95,  has  a 
son  bom  to  him,  96,  draws  his  colleague, 
C.  Antonius,  from  his  old  engasements, 
to  the  interests  of  the  reoublic,  98,  unites 
the  equestrian  order  witn  the  senate,  99^ 
opposes  Rullns's  Asrarian  law.  100,  ujp- 
peases  the  people,  m  a  tumult  against 
Otho,  103,  persuades  the  sons  of  the 
proscribed  to  bear  their  condition  with 
patience,  104,  defends  C.  Rabirius,  105, 
publishes  a  new  law  against  bribery,  108, 
charges  Catiline  with  traitorous  designs, 
109,  is  ordered  to  take  care  that  the  re- 
public receives  no  harm,  ibid,  is  informed 
DvCuriuB  of  all  Catiline*s  measures,  113, 
114,  summons  the  senate  to  the  temple  of 
Jupiter,  1 14,  decrees  a  reward  to  the  first 
discoverer  of  the  plot,  ibid,  drives  Cati- 
line out  of  the  city  by  a  resolute  speech, 
118,  bis  second  speech  against  Catiline, 
ibid,  defends  L.  Munena,  122,  and  C. 
Piso,  127,  instructs  the  ambassadors  of 
the  Allobroffes  how  to  convict  the  con- 
spirators, 128,  has  public  thanks  and 
a  supplication  decreed  to  him,  for  pre- 
serving the  city,  130, 131,  his  third  speech 
against  Catiline,  131,  publishes  copies  of 
the  trial  and  confession  of  the  conspira- 
tors, 133,  his  fourth  speech  against  Cati- 
line, 136,  stifles  the  mformation  against 
Ciesar,  145,  declared  the  Father  of  his 
Country,  receives  honours  firom  all  the 
towns  of  Italy,  ibid,  makes  a  law  to  limit 
the  Legatio  libera,  146,  helps  to  procure 
a  triumph  for  L.  Lucullus,  ibid,  decrees 
a  thanksgiving  of  ten  days  to  Pompey, 
147,  not  suffei^  by  the  tribune  Metellus 
to  speak  to  the  people,  at  the  expiration 
of  his  consulship,  148,  publishes  an  ora- 
tion sffainst  Metellus,  151,  writes  to  Q. 
Metelfus  about  his  brother's  treatment  of 
him, ibid,  his  letter  to  Pompey,  155,  gives 
evidence  against  Autronius,  156,  defends 
P.  Svlla,  157,  buys  a  house  on  the  Pala- 
tine hill,  158, 159,  histestim  ony  against 
Clodius,  163,  defends  the  poet  Archias, 
166,  his  judgment  of  Cato,  174,  mode- 
rates Pompe]rs  Agrarian  law  to  the  satis- 
faction of  both  parties,  176,  not  permitted 


I1IDEX. 


ibkL  is  dhplffiM>d  with  Cftto,  for  veftMbiff 
his  Tote  to  it,  377,  teodt  hi*  too  and 
uephew  to  Kiatff^  Deiotarat**  cosit,  378, 
goyerna  his  yto^mce  with  tiBgiikr  mode- 
ration uid pvohit^, 878,  379L^BgQ8tt his 
predeeesaor  Appias  hy  it^  880,  resolves 
to  assist  Appias,  when  impeached  hw  his 
son-in-law  Dolabella,  884,  begs  of  the 
consuls,  hy  letter,  not  to  prolong  his 
government,  389,  oommits  his  province 
to  his  qmestor,  390,  calk  at  Rhodes  on 
his  return,  391,  is  much  affscted  bjr  the 
news  of  Hortenaiui**  death,  ibid,  arrives 
at  Athens,  393,  resohrea  to  sue  for  a 
triumph,  394,  385,  has  an  interview  with 
Pompejr,  396,  solicits  an  aeeommodation 
between  him  and  Casar,  808,  arrives  at 
Rome,  ibid,  has  the  command  of  Capua, 
committed  to  him,  but  resigns  it,  402, 
403,  has  an  interview  with  GsMar,  420, 
prcMed  bjr  C«sar,  Antony,  Ae.  not  to 
follow  Pompev,  422,  &c.  resolves  to  go 
after  him,  4t&,  has  a  oonference  with 
Serviiis  Sulpidns,  431,  joins  Ponpey, 
433,  his  behaviour  in  the  camp,  and  sen- 
timents of  the  war,  434,  ioine  of  bis  jokes 
npon  the  managonent  of  it,  Mifo.  ibid, 
he  reiuaes  the  command  at  Dyrrunium, 
aaer  the  battle  at  Pharsalia,  4i0,  had  tike 
to  have  been  killed  for  it  bjr  young  Pom- 
pey,  441,  retuma  to  Italy,  ibid,  finda  his 
domestic  affairs  in  great  disorder,  443, 
uneasy  in  hia  residence  at  Brundiainm, 
448,  received  kindly  by  Caeaar,  retuma 
to  Rome,  453,  resumea  hia  atudies,  and 
enters  into  a  strict  friendship  with  Yarro, 
454,  puts  away  his  wife  Terentia,  456  ,mar- 
ries  Publia,  457,  his  railleries  on  Ciesar^s 
administration,  Nute^  458,  careaaed  by 
Cffiaar  and  his  friends,  461,  462,  writes  a 
book  in  praise  of  Cato,  463,  publishes  his 
Orator,  466,  returns  thanks  to  Caesar  for 
the  pardon  of  M.  Marcellus,  ibid,  de- 
fends Ligarius,  473,  sends  his  son  to 
Athens,  476,  exceedingly  afflicted  by  the 
death  of  his  daughter,  ibid,  resolves  to 
build  a  temple  to  her,  483,  484,  his  rea- 
iions  for  it,  Nute^  484^  applies  himself 
closely  to  the  study  of  philosophy,  490, 
publiMies   a    piece    called    Hortennus, 
another  on  the  Philosophy  of  the  Aca- 
demy, 491,  his  treatise  De  FinHmt^  492, 
his  tusculan  DispuUtions,  493,  writes  a 
funeral    encomium    on    Porcia,   Cato^s 
sister,  494,  is  pressed  to  write  something 
to  CflBsar,  but  discouraged  by  the  diffi- 
culty of  it,  495,  496,  defends  king  Deio- 
tanis,  501,  entertains  Cnsar  at  his  house, 
.502,  how  fox  accessary  to  Cssear^s  death, 
520,  uigesthe  conspirators  to  suuport  that 
act  by  vigorous  measures,  52o,  leaves 
Rome  dissatisfied  with  the  indolence  of 
hb  friends,  529,  disgusted  by  Cleopatra, 
in  an  interview  with  her,  532,  endea- 
vours to  draw  Hirtius  and  Pansa  to  the 
intci-ests  of  the  republic,  538,  writes  his 
treat iM>  on  the  Nature  of  the  Gods,  550 
on  Divination,  ibid,  on  the  Advantages 
of  Old  Age,  ibid,  on  Friendship,  ibid. 


on  Fate,  551,  hit  Anecdote,  ibid,  ap- 
proaches toward!  Rome,  bat  k  diaanaded 
from  enieriny  it,  652;  obtatna  an  hono- 
rary lientenaoey,  and  reaolvea  to  viait  hia 
•on  at  Athena,  558,  labours  to  reconcile 
Hirtina  to  the  conauntors,  554,  aaaista 
at  a  conferenee  witn  Brutua  and  hia 
friends,  555,  begins  to  cheriah  Octaviua 
as  a  check  to  Antonr,  556,  berina  hia 
Book  of  Offices,  557,  takes  hta  leave 
of  Atticna  with  ^peat  tendemeaa,  ibid, 
prondaea  to  aend  hnn  his  piece  on  Glory, 
ibid,  some  aceonnt  of  that  piece.  Note, 
ibid,  seta  forward  towarda  Athena,  563, 
writea  hia  treatise  of  Topics  at  aea, 
ibid,  hia  manner  of  writing  prefacea, 
iVole,  564,  encouraged  by  good  news 
from  Rome,  he  drops  tlie  poraoit  of 
hia  voywe,  565,  baa  an  interview  with 
Brutua,  ibid,  and  arrivea  at  Rome,  567, 
delxven  the  firat  of  hia  Phitimdca,  ibid, 
retirea  to  Naplea,  compoaea  hia  aecond 
Philippic,  570,  conaenta  to  lupport  Oct»- 
vina  on  certain  eonditiona,  5/3,  finiahes 
hia  Book  of  Officea,  5/5,  writea  his 
Stoical  Paradoxes,  ibid,  cornea  back  to 
Rome,  upon  Antony's  leaviiu^  it,  577, 
ap^s  his  third  Philippic, 578,  nia  fourth, 
5)90,  pnbliahea  hia  aecond  Phitipptc.  ibid. 
apeaka  hia  fifth,  582,  called  for  by  the 
people,  to  give  them  an  account  of  the 
deliDerationa  of  the  senate,  speaks  his 
sixth  Philippic.  587,  his  seventh,  589, 
(^yposed  by  Calenus,  in  all  his  motions 
against  Antony:  procures  a  decree  to 
put  on  the  sagum,  or  habit  of  war,  592, 
speaks  his  eighth  Philippic,  ibid,  his 
ninth,  595,  his  tenth,  599,  his  eleventh, 
606,  his  statue  of  Minerva,  dedicated  in 
the  Capitol,  struck  by  tightning,  and  re- 
paired by  the  senate,  610,  speaks  his 
twelfth  rhilippic,611,his  thirteenth,  6 17, 
his  noble  struggle  in'  defence  of  the  re- 
public, 623,  his  pains  to  engage  Lepidus, 
Pollio,  and  Plancus,  in  the  same  cause, 
ibid,  mortifies  Servilius  in  the  senate, 
629,  disturbed  by  a  report  of  his  design- 
ing'to  make  himself  master  of  the  city, 
6^,  carried  in  triumph  to  the  Capitol, 
on  the  news  of  Antonyms  defeat,  635, 
speaks  his  fourteenth  Philippic,  ibid. 
presses  Brutus  to  come  into  Italy,  642, 
decrees  an  ovation  to  Octavius.  with 
public  honours  to  Hirtius.  Pansa,  Aquila, 
&c.  ibid,  expostulates  with  D.  Brutus  on 
Antony's  escape,  644,  blames  M.  Bru- 
tus's  clemency  to  C.  Antony,  647,  utter- 
ly averse  to  the  consulship  of  Octavius, 
657,  presses  Brutus  and  Cassius  to  hasten 
to  Italy,  661,  his  conduct  from  the  time 
of  C«sar*8  death  vindicated,  and  com- 
jiared  with  Bmtus^s,  667,  his  own  ac- 
count of  it  in  a  letter  to  Brutus,  668, 
cleared  from  a  calumny,  intimated  in  a 
letter  of  Brutus,  Notc^  676,  677,  pro- 
scribed by  the  triumvirate,  679,  might 
have  escaped  into  Macedonia,  ibid,  had 
early  notice  of  his  danger ;  embarks  at 
Astura,   682,    preferred  death    to    the 


rcolt  M^iu;  aatm  Rama  with  ■  npa- 

"he  imrd.  15,  k^lcd  in  >  mntinv  of  hi* 
■aldien,  19. 
Ciniu,  L.  Conielint,  pTator^  ipplmnds  the 
•ct  of  killing  Gnu,  in  n  tumi  to  the 
imlB,  523,  in  duger  of  hii  life  from 

Olkilr  HelTini,  tribune,  miiUken  for  L. 

jflhineliu  ClTiTA,  and  tern  to  c^vcev  bv 

^e  nbble,  537. 
Cupiaa,  tribune,  hnten  br  Clodiui,  247. 
Cine  erovn,  whu,  &c.  31. 
ClHricil  milen,  whir  »  allsd,  SI,  Mite. 
CUopntim,    Queen    of   &jpt.    Bin  from 
■>— 1  npon  theilntb  cif  Chu,  532,  her 


ISDEX. 

ConMili;  ^  mnhod  of  ebooajng  them. 


Cloda*.  P.  ,        ,  , 

the  mjiteriei  of  the  Dotia  Da^  ibid, 
hii  trul  for  l^  ilud.  &e.  becoujei  ■ 
dcclind  enamr  to  Cicero,  165,  hi(  pro- 
ject to  |M  hinucif  cboten  tribune,  by 
the  nwaai  of  *o  (doptioii,  179,  ibe  Uw 
of  hit  idopttan  cirrisd  b)'  the  uaiituice 
of  Oht  ud  Pam]Uy.  186,  hit  pRtended 
■loarel  with  Cnar,  190,  ii  elected  ■ 
tribnna,  and  thnUen*  <Seato,  201,  mo- 
miMt  Poanr  to  be  it  hie  derotioii,  903, 
does  BDt  toBa  Kbnloi  to  ipc^  to  the 
people  on  laring  dawn  of  the  conniUbip, 
ibid.  b«nini  irith  n»  and  Oibiuhu  to 
oppceia  Cieeco,  20S,  endoroun  to  giin 
tbe  peoda  bf  popniir  Inn,  307,  iniulta 
CieeR>,l908,  prodnni  the  eoiuiilt  to  rire  , 
tbdionsion  on  C^cero'ieoniulihip,  211, 
re»li  the  Xliui  ud  Foriu  Uw>,  212, 
pabluhee  &  law  for  Ciceroni  heniahment, 
216,  demoUilM  Cieero't  haow*,  21B, 
peraecntM  hit  wife  and  children,  ibid. 
poiKni  Q.  Seiua  Poaiumtu,  for  leftuing 
to  tell  hit  houK  to  him,  219,  procnrco  a 
Uw  to  dewxe  Ptolemjr,  king  of  Cjprai-, 
charge*  Cats  with  the  eiecotion  of  It, 
222,  Ac  u  eougntnlated  upon  it  bj 
Cmu,  223,  affront*  Pompey.  bj  leiiiOB 
Tinniiet  hii  priuner,  233,  fotnu  a  plot 
IgAlut  Pompej'a  life.  234,  atlKki  the 
triuniTimte  end  Gibiniua,  243,  244. 
driTea  Fabiidiu  and  Ciapiua  the  Iribonei 
out  of  the  Forum  with  great  slaughter. 
247,  &e.  impCKhed  br  HHd,  Kreeneij 
bj  Metellni,  249,  endeaToun  to  n>K 
frnh  tumolti  agtinit  Cicero,  260,  oppo- 
Ki  the  reatitution  of  hi*  Palatine  houte. 
261,  Sx,  eammiti  great  ontnget  againtt 
Cicen  and  Mile,  272,  choaen  aidile,  279, 
Impeachet  Hilo,  280,  appllea  the  aniwer 
ofthehani^ce>loUiecueofCiccra,293. 
impcacbM  the  tribune«,SuBbna«.C.  Cato, 
and  Pneiliiii,  S25,  killed  I9  Milo,  S45. 
Clodiin,  Sext.  tried  ud  Wiihed  foi  hi? 

Tiolence*  at  Clodiua'i  funelai.  353. 
Caliu*,  H.  hi*  chander;  defended  b; 
Cicero,  296, 297,  (end*  the  aewi  of  Romi.' 
to  Cicero,  363,  cfaoKQ  mlile,  and  deuic- 
Cicerg  to  nipple  him  with  wild  beuU  for 
hit  thowt,  387,  preetei  Cicero  to  remuii 
neuter  in  the  citU  war,  423,  hi*  death  and 
character,  437,  438. 


defended  bj  Cicero,  SO. 
(]omilidu>,    proeontnl  oi   nine,  rvcnvra 
letiera  from  Cicero,  wid  tn»  the  only 

llbeitj,  628. 
Corradn*,  a«b,   hia  life 

Cotla,  «B  orator  of  the  i ,  _., 

hb  way  of  ipeaking,  37,  obtaio)  the  con- 
■iil>hiu,  3S,  mo*H  the  lenata-  to  rpcal 
Cicen,  346. 

OratauB,  L.  the  finl  otalor  of  hi*  timi 
directed  the  method  of  Cicero'*  edna 


end  to  the  Servile  war.  46,  hi*  richei, 
and  manner  of  imiaii^  them,  48,  ebotm 
cental  with  Pompey,  49,  mppoaed  to  be 
in  a  conipiiBCT  with  Catiline,  Csaar, 
Ac.  anmarta  Piaa  againit  Pomp  "" 
accoaed  ot  a  Cflnrepondence  pritt 
line,  144,  corrupt*  the  judge*  in  CIo- 
dioiTi  trial,  164.  diacompoae*  Pompey  by 

hit  ea*leni  expedition,  in  defiance 

aniirice*,  30S,  recondlcd  to  Cicer 

hit  'ieath,  340. 
Ciaaiu*,  P.  the  ton ;  hit  death  and  charar- 

ler,341. 
Cratippu*.    the   Peiipatciic,    preceptor    to 

yountt  Cicero  at  Alhcni,  476,  731. 
Cromntiut,  Cordut,  put  to  death  by  'Rbc- 

riot,  for  preiiingBrului,  636. 
Crete,  anbjected  to  the  Ronuna,  4&. 


Curio,  C.  Scri\»niuB,  1 


c,  197,  d»n  biiKKir 


the  charge  of  a  plot. 


bangeihlt  party,  and  declare*  for  Cnor, 
88,  fliet  to  Coar't  camp,  39S,  drivet 
^ato  out  of  Sicily,  it  dealroyed  with  hit 
'hole  army  in  Afric,  449,  hit  chencter, 


■o  by  I^ulvis 
Ca»ar,  ar  " 

rewud  decreed  to  the  Brtt  dl 


cuiet  Cawr,  and 


lamatippui,  piBloi  of  the  city,  kill*  the 

Slncipal    tenatort    by  order  of  youug 
uixa,  20, 


lIuiMpicn,  tbdr  Miiver  eeneerniag  or- 

uin  prodigiei,  293,  iheic  office  ind  cli»- 

racler,  730. 
Helvii,   Cicen'i  mother;  rich  and  well 

dnccnded  ;   ncTcr  gnce    muiKioned  by 

Cicero ;  I  ilory  told  of  her  br  Qnin- 

lu>,  1,  2. 
Hcrmatheu!  uil  Uemeneln,  whit  (art  of 

^m.  89. 

the  gnndKn  of  C.  MuiiiB ;  bwiithed  by 
Cnu,  490,  491,  put  to  dcMh  by  An- 
tony, 530. 
Hirtiut  write*  *gi1iut  Ckero'i  CUo,  464, 

cen  in  Spun,  494,  deftudt  Cicero  *g*iait 
hi*  nephfiw  Quintiu,  195,  muclin  with 
hb  tnay  iguwi  Antony,  590,  0in>  t, 
eonddinble  rictorj  OTer  him,  ^,  to- 
tsllj  rout*  him  in  >  Kcond  enauement 
in  which  he  hinuclf  wu  kilMCsSS,  hii 
dunclsr,  ibid. 
HiitoTy  of  the  lim  of  grcmt 

nl  hiMoiy, 

autboT'i  method 

•ent  Hutory,  xiL  gaunt  rale  of  wnling 

Borue,  a  fumgt  in  him  QlnMnted,  JVsd, 
320. 

Hortennnt,  the  reigniui  ontorat  the  W; 
■  ToluDteer  in  the  Manic  war;  com- 
maad*  a  regiment,  12,  raieea  Cioero't 
emulation,  IS,  hil  way  of  ^naking,  37, 
called  the  PlajCT,  Tram  hit  tbeMiical 
KtiOD,  49,  the  king  of  the  forum,  £3, 
oppoae*  the  Qahiniaii  Uw,  77,  nit- 
pected  hj  C^eero  of  tnachery  tewardi 
bim,  220.  hil  death  and  chacactei,  391, 


Idolatly,  one  of  iti  aources  intimated,  JVirfr, 

Jeroialem  beneged  and  taken  br  Fompej, 
167. 

Jewi,  thrir  number  and  credit  at  Rome, 
194,ualoua1yittiaie<l  to  Can;  hated 
Fompej  for  nil  affront  to  their  temple, 


It  erer  known  ii 

Rome,  339. 
Juba,  kinji,  nip 

Alric,ib1d. 
JnUa,  Cmu'i  danghter,   mi 

wife,  diea  in  childbed ;  the  a 


fequGDcet  of  bee  death,  <! 


unhappv  < 
l,3S£ 


KalendiT,  Romao,  nformed  by  C 


UUmiu,  T.  triboDe,  mbonied  by  Cinar, 
to  aeenM  C.  Rahirini,  106,  opcni  CVmr'n 
way  to  the  higb-ptieMbood,  IDS,  onu  of 
CMar'llieutcnantai  nrolti  to  Pamper, 
403. 

L«lk,  the  wife  of  ScbtoU,  the  lugnr,  emi- 
itMt  for  her  olegince  of  ipeaking,  23. 

lAiMWuii,  lieutenant  to  Ijcpidui,  infomia 
Plancm  of  hit  treachery,  652,  [lyi  vio- 
lent kinda  upon  liitnwlf;  ibid. 

Law,  railed  iti  profesnort  to  the  highoti 
honD-in,  9,  Cmcian,  37,  Gabinian.  77, 
of  L.  Otho,  79,  Calpumian,  80,  Miniliiui, 
83,  Papiui,  90,  Stim  Ind  Foiiau.  213. 

Iawi,  lome  new  onei  occadon  diiturb- 
inco  in  the  city,  77,  two  proposed  by 


•on, 141. 

Lcsatio  liben,  what,  146. 

LcDtnlai,  F.  Comeliui,  eoniul,  m< 
the  lenate  far  iho  mtoniioD  of  Cii 
•US,  the  chief  pnimoter  of  Cicero'i 
tan,  260,  ambitioui  of  the  commii 
of  repluing  King  Ptolemy,  274,  le 
hil  aWri  to  Cicero,  lud  leti  out 
Cilicia,  276,  is  rcfuKd  the  privilor 
naloring  Plolcm>,  378,  taken 


dbyCm 


,410. 


by  Antonv ;  ■cjzcs  tlie  high-pricBt- 
ftei  Cssar-i  ilcslh,  524,  affcn  ho- 
tlo  tennl  to  8,  Ponjiwj,  660,  Ml, 
to  the  lenale  to  exhort  Ilicm  to 
e  with  Antony,  617,  sulpccled  of 


understanding  with  h 


,  ibid. 
>  him. 
Flu.- 


643,  acta  a  treacheroua  nart  with  Flui 
CUB,  md  joioa  campa  wiiii  Antony,  6SL, 
declared  a  public  enemy,  654,  formi  the 
league  of  the  lecond  triumTinte  with 
Cnar  and  Antony,  677,  678,  proKiibca 

680,  a  weak  man, — Iho  dupe  of  hit  two 
colleagure, — doaeited  hit  tme  intcrett^ 
fitriikpC'l  ul'  liiv  liigELLly  by  OcUviu^,  Ir-il. 

rfitcij  of  Cicero  to  Alticui,  77,  !«!,  3!. 
171,  2.T0,  241,  298,  3.W,3fi9,37I,  '672, 
373.  374,  379,  3B0,  390,  391,  394,  395, 
396,  401,  404,  408,  409,  411,  415,  430. 
436,  427,  420,  439,  430,  431,  433,  444, 
464,  470,  483,  490,  494.  495,  491),  497. 
499,503,  521,  S33,  535,  538,  539.  540, 
542,  547,  551,  552,  657,  558,  550,  562, 
573,  574, 575. 

.«ticrj  of  CicPiD  to 
Aminut,  462. 
Ap^ui,38I. 

D.Bmtui,644,650,65g. 
M.  Brutut,  603,  601, 621,  622, 629, 
646,  647,654,657,  661,  662,668. 
CEHr,J.S17,417,413. 


642, 


UTDEX. 


ig,  of  Stratonica,  an  Asiatic  orator, 
ipanics  Cicero  in  his  travels,  29. 
of  Anagnia,  erects  a  statue  to  Clo- 
224. 

,  P.  Valerius,  his  character,  669.^ 
s  subdues  Crete,  46,  baffled  by  Se?^ 
,  4(>,  liiuders  the  people  from  pass- 
d^ouent  on  Rabinus,  108. 
s,  Q.  Ncpos,  tribune,  wiU  not  suffer 
)  to  speak  to  the  people,  on  laying 
the  consulship,  148,  supported  by 
'  against  Cicero,  loO,  suspended 
lis  office,  151,  flies  to  Pompey,  ibid, 
d  consul,  promises  to  promote  Ci- 
restoration,  235,  acts  a  double  part, 
oDsents  at  last  to  Cicero*s  return, 
attacked  by  Clodius^s  mob,  261, 
vours  to  screen  Clodius  from  a  trial, 
nakes  his  peace  with  Cicero,  and 
•ut  for  I^Mun,  276,  endeavoiiit  to 
r  Cfesar  from  seizing  ibm  pablk 
re,  426. 

s,  Q.  Csedlius,  consul,  his  ehancter, 
ommitted  to  prison  by  FUtIiu  the 
ic,  176,  declares  his  abhoRonce  of 
us's  adoption,  179,  dies  suddenly, 
sed  to  be  poisoned,  203, 204. 
ribune,  mipeacbes  Clodius,  249, 
{ladiators  to  defend  himself  against 
bid.  endeavours  to  bring  him  to  a 
271,  is  impeached  by  him,  280,  mar- 
•\au9ta,  the  daughter  of  SyUa,  312, 
.^lodiiis,  845,  is  defended  by  Cicero, 
banished,  352,  his  death  and  char 
,  437,  438. 

ates,  king  of  Pontus,  his  character, 
s  war  upon  the  Romans,  14,  con- 
Athens.  18,  treats  M.  Aquilius 
:ruelty,  ol,  renews  the  war  against 
;,  45,  driven  out  of  his  kingdom  of 
IS,  82,  his  death,  147. 
c,  a  city  of  Lesbos,  destroyed  by 
lennus,  restored  by  Pompey,  31. 
,  sustains  a  si^  against  Antony, 

ic  Rhodian,  a  celebrated  teacher  of 
encc,  gives  lectures  to  Cicero,  18, 
rst  who  was  ever  permitted  to  speak 
i  Roman  senate  in  Greek,  22. 
lit,  Mr.  his  translation  of  the  letters 
ticus,  recommended,  Pr^  xviii. 
the  Mife  of  L.  Crassus,  famous  for 
cacy  in  the  Latin  tongue,  23. 
k,   L.  consul-elect,  accused  of  bri- 
defended  by  Cicero,  122. 


N. 

of  Roman  families,  an  account  of 
oridn,  4. 

,  L.  tribune,  moves  the  senate  to 
:e  their  habit  on  Cicero^s  account, 
nakes  a  motion  to  recal  him,  232. 
ilators,  their  ofllce,  51. 

O. 

nal  crown,  what,  736. 


Octavius,  called  afterwards  Augustus,  bom 
in  Cicero*s  consulship,  147,  presented  to 
Cicero  by  Hirtius  and  Pansa,  541,  re- 
solves to  assert  his  rights  against  the 
■dvioe  of  his  mother,  ibid,   makes  a 

:^BS0eh  to  the  people  finom  the  rostra, 

\m2|  exhibits  paolic  Aows  in  hononr  of 

Hb  vncle,  ibid,  thwarted  in  his  preten- 
siom  by  Antony,  556,  forms  a  design 
agaiiai  Antonyms  life,  572,  raises  forces, 
and  pmnues  to  be  governed  by  Cicero, 
573,  espoused  by  the  senate,  upon  the 
recommaidation  of  Cicov,  38o,  joins 
with  fib»  consuls,  and  marches  a^nst 
Anton^f,  590,  gains  a  complete  victory 
over  mm,  639,  suqiccted  of  the  deaths 
of  Hirtius  and  Pansa,  641,  has  an  ova- 
tion decreed  to  him,  642,  forms  the  d&- 
rign  of  sdzing  the  empire,  644,  demands 
the  consulship,  656,  cnosen  consul  with 
Q.  Pedius,  66B,  seeks  occasion  of  quar- 
rellixw  with  the  senate  and  Cicero,  ibid, 
proviaes  a  law  to  bring  to  jiutice  all  the 
conrairators  against  Caosar,  661,  forms 
the  league  of  the  second  triumvirate  with 
Antony  and  Lepidus,  677,  his  reluctance 
to  sacrifice  Cicero,  feigned  and  artificial, 
680,  more  cruel  tlian  his  colleagues, — a 
summary  view  of  his  conduct  m>m  the 
time  of  Cessar^s  death,  681. 

Octavius,  Cn.  deposes  Cinna,  and  is  killed, 
15. 

Orator,  his  profession,  what,  10,  not  mer- 
cenary, paid  with  the  public  honours  and 
preferments,  37. 

Oratory  of  Rome  sunk  with  its  liberty,  707, 
a  £slse  species  of  it  supported  by  the  au- 
thority of  Pliny,  ibid. 

Oratory  and  poetry  nearly  allied,  704. 

Orestinus,  L.  Mucins,  the  tribune,  hinders 
the  promulgation  of  a  law  against  briber}*, 
93,  joins  with  the  enemies  of  Cicero, 
after  having  been  defended  by  him, 
ibid. 

Osaces,  the  JParthian  leader,  mortally 
wounded,  372. 

Otho,  L.  publishes  a  law  for  assigning 
separate  seats  in  the  theatres  to  the 
knights,  79,  his  appearance  in  the  theatre 
occasions  a  riot,  1U3. 


P. 


Pansa,  consul,  brought  entirely  into  Ci- 
cero^s  views,  581,  lays  Brutus*s  letters 
before  the  senate,  598,  opposes  Cicero*s 
motion  in  favour  of  C.  Cassius,  609, 
recommends  pacific  measures,  and  a 
second  embassy  to  Antony,  611,  marches 
with  his  army  to  join  with  Hirtius 
and  Octavius  against  Antony,  614,  en- 
gages with  him,  633,  his  death  and  char 
racter,  639,  640. 

Papirius  PsBtus,  an  eminent  wit  and  cor- 
respondent of  Cicero,  375. 

Papius,  C.  publishes  a  law  to  oblige  all 
strazigers  to  quit  the  city,  90. 

3c 


f^ftMu*  nM  the  Eiuhntn,  3CT. 
nn  ('.  t'wM'V  i»  .VntHKh,  bill  an 
bvhiiniMlbnrnlnM,3T2. 

Punciano,  ihe  fpfBi    DMiuu  of 

hulut.  L.  Amiliiu,  codmI,   bril 
Faiftlett 


Uork  I  rUlD,  the  tint  dimut  gT  t 

routnl  I      iivt  Bdhciv  u>  the  S^rat 

I      hi> foUonfn  ilcsminl. ii 


;  riutiiu,    Bnt 


e,  :i«. 


nvkned  Ik 


Aia.hiDi: 
PtTprrna,  lieuwnant 
he  kill)  bi  tnschi 

Crf  imprv,  46,  47. 
Pdrriw,  iiiim  Aaiun 


x»ul,  ibrvkrd  br  tbe  Icnvn  .  . 

'rimion.ilksiiubb.'nW.Gi!!.  .  Pluiurb  mmiioni  nnit  pnUpctMCt- 
vliv  K  csIM,  tlirir  •liw.  I  emi'i  hinh,  1,  lovca  to  tBinrivn  Am 
um«  iritb  thoM  of  the  UIJ  ,  inlubiitorv,  iUd.  a  chunKlct  oCbimam 
TU».  [      miln  nn  Kooud  VUin.—Pnf.  liii. 

Scrtoriar,  itlmin  '  Polliii  promiKst'tcrm  to  ilcfcnd'ihf  libsn 

r  ihe  npiiblic.  fi'JT,   rnicaD  ihc  maa 

milh    ABtusi  nl 


0  fiplil  with  Ci- 
c  uh]  hii  whole 

c  rf  Cicew't 


Am  nuMn  in  philniiub;,  II. 
Mfapu,    MM   .MbMid^r    u>    A 

as},  inom  dlh  Antony'!  uuinr 
IW*,  Ml  muMOt  Aodemk,  mii 

CkwB,le. 
*-   ■  ■    deged  tod  Ukcn  b;  < 

iniDg  bj  11 


374. 


Fkidiuu,  faauju*  for 
A".*,  Til. 

PS»,  Co.  obuiu  tb«  goTBrBionn  of  Spiiu, 
eulfln  lata  aa  co^pgeiDent  ignnet  Lbe 

Pioo,  li.  Puiriui,  eoml,  a  EiTooiilr  of  F. 
CUin,  hii  dnnelcr,  166. 

Kb,  L.  Cmlpumiiu,  iluiod  Manl.  blhci- 
In-low  to  CawjiiTa  Ciccn  mnki  of 
bii  eonfidena,  2&,  joint  with  ChxUni 

'-■ajwJf,  211),  211,      ""*" 

la  nippon  Clodi 


nmiKiuv,  C'u.   Sinbo,  cnntol.  bikm  tt 
PuiiijvT  tbe  Gnu,  13. 

oiu]-nii>.  fn.  joini  Syll*  with  IhrH  Ir- 
««,  IV.  TciuU  l^ado'*  had  ta  t^Dl,  , 
30,  nrtuTni  Tietorww  fian  AbK^^ 
lul*d  bT  %IU  with  Ae  tilU  of  JtaM. 
douMMli  ft  niDBiph  ■enon  Sjlk-i  ail, 
— triuDplu  to  tin  jaiy  of  ihe  rnf^k- 
the  Gm  of  tlio  Eqmtrisi  ordiE.  ^ 
hulnoindibathoHwi,— Uotbo^U 
cu-  dnn  by  eleiduuti,  SL  Uh  wkk 
g.  CUulu  iu  tbo  wu  HUM  U.  U- 

JKlni.  34,cirdcn  M.  Brmn*  u  k  killi4 
i.  joined  with  Q.  Mrtdln  a  te  av 
■gvnn  Sntoriai,  4A,  oaden  Pibthv  " 
be  killed,  and  hdi  pqn*  to  be  land, 
47.  Iiimuphi  ■  ncoiul  iima,  iboi^  lO 
■  prima  cilJirD,-~b  doetod  oaisJ  it 
hit  absence, Had,  befeie  tlmiwmdii  hi. 
4B,  taKm  the  tribaok^  psm.  7Ul 
;r»t  diuBuihin,  7B,  Snidie*  tte  m  I 
■BiBH  ibc  pirua  ID  fvur  ■uolb.JI^     I 

obtaiiu  the  il  of  the  Ulhrib-     J 

lie  wsr  bj   tbc   ManDiu  In,  ^B.     ' 


INDEX. 


fanic  motion  in  the  wnate,  3S3,  recom- 
mcndfl  it  to  the  iM>o]iIe,  '253,  has  Uie  ud- 
miiriKtration  of  tiie  com  and  proTinont 
of  thfi  cinmrcffranted  to  him  at  Cicero*a 
motion,  2ul,  262,  is  desirous  to  obtain  ^b 
commiadon  for  restoring  king  Ptolemy 
278,  spcdu  in  defenee  of  Milo,  280, 2Bi7 
is  Touffbly  handled  bj  Bibulus,  Cnrio, 
VInpmuA,  and  G.  Cato,— joins  liiritb  Ci- 
ear#  against  thorn,  281, 282,  reconciled  to 
OtMana  by  Cvsar,  and  extorts  the  eon- 
sulship  fmm  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus, 
900,  fl^ns  his  new  theatrf ,  305,  and  ex- 
hibits some  magnificent  shows  in  it,  ibid. 
ui;gct  Cicero  to  defend  Qabinins,  330, 
death  of  his  infe  Jnlia,  334,  declared  the 
sin^  consul,  and  publishes  several  new 
iKm,  347,  the  enemy  of  Milo,  348,  mai^ 
ries  Cwnelia,  preserves  Scipio  from  an 
impMchment,  treats  Mvpsseus  with  inhn- 
manity,  353,  defends  Bursa,  urepana  an 
inscription  for  his  teniple  of  Venns,  355, 
ready  to  break  with  Ca»ar,  357,  extorts 
laif^o  snoui  from  king  Ariobananes,  369, 
Ills  constitution  poculiariy  subject  to 
fevers,  391,  publicly  praTM  for  by  all 
the  towns  of  Italy,  ibid,  confers  with 
Cicero,  896,  avene'to  an  accommodati(« 
with  Cassar,  397,  secures  Gcaar's  gla- 
diators at  Cspua,  403,  dissembles  his 
design  of  quitting  Italy,  407,  sensible  of 
his  mistakiD  in  leaving  the  public  trea- 
sures at  Rome  a  prey  to  Cvsar,  426,  his 
manaffnnent  censured  bjr  Cicero,  432, 
&c.  the  difficult  part  which  he  had  to 
art,  438,  439,  his  conduct  compared 
with  Ca!sar*s,  439,  440,  is  defeated  at 
Fharsalia,  440,  his  death  and  character, 
444,  &c 

Pomoey,  the  son,  attempts  to  kill  Cicero, 
440,  Sextus  and  Cnrus  put  to  fli^t  by 
CsGsar,  494,  Sextus  sends  proposals  of  an 
accommodation  to  the  consuls,  560. 

Pontinius,  C.  triumphs  over  the  AUolwoges, 
335. 

Popilius  Jjmnfi,  preserved  bv  Cicero  in  a 
capital  cause,  is  sent  by  Antony  to  Idll 
him,  683,  he  cuts  off  his  head  and  hands, 
carries  them  to  Antony,  and  is  rewarded 
for  it,  ibid. 

Porcia,  Cato^fl  daughter,  Bibu1us*s  widow, 
married  to  Dnitus,  486,  dies  before  him 
of  a  lingering  illness,  647. 

Posidoniiis,  a  learned  stoic,  master  and 
friend  of  Cicero,  29,  a  reflection  on  the 
story  of  his  stoical  fortitude,  A'o/e,  ibid. 

Pnctorship,  some  account  of  it,  81. 

Priests,  called  together  to  determine  the 
affair  of  Cicero^  house,  264,  the  judges 
in  all  rases  relating  to  religion  ;  of  the 
first  nobility,  720. 

Procilius,  tribune,  condemned  for  killing  a 
citizen,  32.5. 

Prodigies  that  prece<led  Catiline's  con- 
spiracy, !)2,  a  statue  of  Komulus  and 
Kemu's  struck  with  lightning;  C'irero^a 
and  Virgirs  description  of  it,  Xi4i\  ibid, 
the  story  of  a  prodigy  contrived  by  Cicero 


and  Terentia,  134,  prodigies  preceding 
the  death  of  Caraar,  5i4. 

Pro«;ription  of  citizens,  first  inventcil  by 
Sylk,  20. 

Provincea,  the  n>vemmftit  of  them  eagerly 
denred  by  the  nobility,  357,  their  op- 
frassive  manner  of  governing  them,  ibid. 

ONam^,  king  of  Cyprus,  deposed  by 
Clodius*a  law,  puts  an  end  to  his  life, 
223. 

Ptolemy,  kin|^  of  E^^pt,  solicits  to  be  re- 
stored to  his  kingdom  by  a  Roman  armv, 
274. 

PutcoU,  a  considerable  port  of  Italy,  43. 


Q. 

QoRStors,  the  nature  of  the  office ;  the  first 
step  to  the  public  honours ;  gives  an  ad- 
mission into  the  senate,  38. 

Qninetios,  L.  a  turbulent  tribune,  en- 
deavours to  get  the  acts  of  Sylla  reversed, 
43. 

Quinctias,  P.  defended  by  Cieero,  24. 


R. 


Rabirius,  C.  accused  by  T.  Labienus,  105, 
defended  by  Cicero,  J06. 

Rabirius,  Postumus,  defended  by  Cicero, 
832. 

Racilius,  tribune,  moves  for  the  impeach- 
ment of  Clodius,  276. 

Rcbilius,  C.  Caniniu^,  named  consul  by 
Cffisar  for  a  few  hours,  503. 

Religion  of  old  Rome,  an  enciiie  of  state  ; 
a  summary  account  of  it,  7tl',  its  consti- 
tution contrived  to  support  the  intcretits 
of  the  senate,  720. 

Religion,  natural,  the  most  perfect  scheme 
of  it  does  not  supersede,  but  demon- 
strate, the  benefit  of  a  Divine  revelation. 
Note,  726. 

Romans,  a  summary  account  of  their  con- 
stitution and  government,  Prrf,  xix. 
free  from  briber}',  till  after  the  timeB  of 
the  Crracchi,  xxii,  xxiii.  exact  in  the 
education  of  their  children,  6,  their  cor- 
ruption in  the  government  of  provinrcs, 
52,  used  to  give  answers  to  foreicrners  in 
Jjatin,  Nott,  56,  seldom  used  capital 
punishments,  134. 

Roscius,  a  famoiis  comedian,  his  cause 
defended  by  Cicero,  36,  a  character  of 
him  by  Cicero  ;  his  daily  pay  for  acting, 
ibid. 

Roscius,  S.  of  Ameria,  accuseil  of  the  mur- 
tler  of  his  father ;  defended  by  Cicero, 
and  acquitted,  24. 

Rufus,  Q.  Pompcius,  banished  for  the  dis- 
orders of  his  tribunate,  35!). 

Rulliis,  P.  Scrviliiifi,  tribune,  publishes  an 
Agrarian  law,  99,  100,  opposed  by  Ci- 
cci"o,  100. 

Rutilius,  consul,  killed  in  the  Mon^ic 
\»-ar,  12. 

3c2 


V 


INDEX. 


priTet  J.  Cnar  of  the  priesthood,  us- 
-williDgly  grants  him  his  life, — ^his  pre- 
dictum   concerning   liiin,    21,    declarod 
i        dictator,  ibid,  makes  gre»t  alterations  te 
'         the  state,  22,  |^ves  Pompcv  the  titlovpf 
Magnus, — is  disgusted  at  !^ompey*8  fl^ 
inandof  a  triumph,  31,  his  death  1^ 
character,  32,  33. 
Syi^^use  and  Messana  refuse  to  join  ^th 
^m  other  cities  of  Sicily  in  the  mipeach- 
ment  of  Verrcs,  53. 
Senate,  had  the  sole  prcrogatiTO  of  distri- 
buting the  provinces,  till  Csesar  wrests  it 
from  them,  284. 


T. 


Tirqnhiius,  his  evidence  against  Crassus, 
TOted  to  be  false.  144. 

Terentia,  wife  of  Cicero,  rich  and  noble, 
46,  jealooa  of  Clodius^s  Bistar* — urses 
Cicero  to  give  evidence  affainst  him,  163, 
dramed  mm  the  temple  of  Vesta  by 
ClcMiua^s  order,  219,  bean  the  misfor- 
tunes of  her  family  with  ffreat  spirit, 
237,  offers  her  estate  to  sale  to  supply 
their  necessities,  238,  meets  Cicero  at 
Brundisium,  396,  divorced  from  him, 
456,  her  character,  ibid,  lived  to  a  re- 
markable age.  Note,  457. 

Thcophrastus,  his  works  brought  into  Italy 
by  SylU,  19. 

Thermus,  Q.  demolishes  Mitylene,  81. 

Tiburani,  give  hoeta^  to  Cicero,  375. 

Tiro,  Cicero*8favounte  slave,  some  account 
of  him,  394. 

Torouatus  accuses  P.  Com.  Sylla  of  con- 
spiring with  Catiline,  156. 

Translations  of  the  classic  writers,  how  to 
be  performed,  Pr^.  xiii. 

Travels  of  Cicero,  the  pattern  of  b<>neficial 
travelling,  30. 

Trcbatius  recommended  to  Csnar  by  Ci- 
cero, 317,  his  character,  &c.  318,  ral- 
lied by  Cicero  for  turning  Epicurean, 
362. 

Trcbonius,  tribune,  publishes  a  law  for  the 
assignment  of  provinces  for  five  years  to 
the  consuls,  308,  one  of  the  conspirators 
affainst  Cesar,  his  character,  512,  goes  to 
his  government  of  Asia,  529,  is  taken  by 
surprise,  and  cruelly  murdered  by  Dola- 
bella,604,605. 

Tribunes,  their  power  carried  to  the 
greatest  excess  by  the  (Jracchi,  Pref. 
xxii.  abridged  by  oylla,  *22,  restored  by 
Pompey,  /I,  the  common  tools  of  the 
ambitious,  72. 

Triumphs,  the  nature  and  conditions  of 
them,  ATo/e,  357. 

Triumvirate,  the  first,  by  whom  formed, 
and  with  what  views,  183,  second,  the 
place  and  manner  in  whicli  the  three 
chiefs  met,  678,  the  conditions  of  their 
union, — ^they  proscribe  Cicero,  with  nix- 
teen  more,— and  afterwards  three  hun- 
dred senators,  and  two  thousand  knights, 
678,  679, 


Triumviri,  or  Treviri  Monetalcs,  what  thev 

were.  Note,  735. 
Tubcro,  Q.  prosecutes  Ligarius,  473. 
Tullia,  Cicero*8  daughter,  when  bom,  40, 

marries  C.  Piso  Fnigi,  96,  his  death  and 

chancter,  256,  meets  her  father  at  Bmn- 

diaiam,   ilnd.    marries    Crassipes,    290, 

^,  puts  from  him  and  marries  Dolabella, 

^  taS,  separated  from  Dolabella,  444,  her 

death  and  character,  476,  477,  a  stor}*  of 

her  body  being  found  on  the  Appian 

way,  Note,  485. 
Tullius»  the  name  of  Cicero*B  family ;  its 

derivation,  4. 
Tuaculan  vilU :  preferred  by  Cicero  to  the 

vest  of  his  villas,  88. 
Tyrannio,  a  learned  Greek,  entertained  bv 

Cicero,  290. 


V. 


Yarro,  M.  Terentius,  enters  into  a  strict 
union  with  Cicero;  his  character,  454, 
455. 

Yarius,  P.  seizes  Afric  on  the  part  of  the 
republic,  448. 

Yatinius,  the  tribune,  Caesar^s  creature, 
186,  heads  Caesar's  mob  against  Bibulus, 
188,  attacks  the  house  of  Bibulus,  197. 
appears  a  witness  against  P.  Sextius,  and 
is  severely  lashed  by  Cicero,  28(),  niiule 

Snutor,  to  the  exclusion  of  M.  Cato,307, 
efended  by  Cicero,  326,  his  character, 

327. 
Verres,   C.  prator  of  Sicily;  accusc<l  by 

Cicero  of  great  oppression  and  cnielty, 

52,    is  convicted    and  banished,   57,  a 

si>ecimen   of   his  crimes,    58,    &c.    his 

(k>ath,  71. 
Vettius,  the  general  of  the  Man»i,  holds  a 

conference  with  the  Roman  consul,  Cn. 

Pompeius,  12. 
Vettius,   L.    accuses   Ca'sar  of  Catiline'-* 

plot,  156,  is  imprisoned  and  mi»erably 

used  by  hi;n,  ibid,  employed  by  him  to 

cliarge  Curio,  Sec.  with  a  dcHigri  against 

Pompey's  life,  199,  strangled  by  huii  in 

prison,  200. 
Victims    in    sacrificing  found    soinctinics 

without  heart  or  liver;  how  ar«ountfd 

for,  A'b^e,  514,  515. 
Villas  of  the  Roman  generals  used  tu  be 

on  hills.  Note,  691. 
Virgilius,  C.  refuses  to  admit  Cicero  into 

Sicily,  224. 
Vomiting,    immediately  bt'fore  and  after 

dinner;  a  custom  among  the  Romans, 

Notr,  502,  503. 
Vulturcius,  one  of  Catiline's  connpiratore, 

128,  gives  evidence  to  the  senate  against 

his  accomplices,  129. 


W. 


"War,  Man»ic,  otherwise  railed  Italic,  So- 
cial, 11,  part  of  tho  education  of  the 
nobility  ;  a  fame  in  it  the  surest  wav  to 


y. 


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