The life of Col. John Charles Fremont, and his narrative of explorations and adventures, in Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon and California

University of California • Berkeley

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MB vi

THE LIFE

COL. JOHN CHARLES FREMONT,

AND

HIS NARRATIVE

OF

EXPLORATIONS AND ADVENTURES,

IN

KANSAS, NEBRASKA, OREGON AND CALIFORNIA.

THE MEMOIR

BY

SAMUEL M. SMUCKER, A. M.,

AUTHOR OF "THE LIFE AND REIGN OF CATHERINE IL," "NICHOLAS L OF RUSSIA," ETC.

NEW YORK AND AUBURN:
MILLER, ORTON & MULLIGAN.

New York: 25 Park Row— Anbum: 107 Genesee-st
185G.

Kntttvd according to Act of Congress, in tlie year one thousand eight hundred
and fifty-six,

BY MILLER, ORTON & MULLIGAN,
In tho Clerk's Oflicc of the District Court of the Northern District of New York.

^ AUBURN:

MILLEU, OUTON <fe MULLIGAN,
8TEBEOTYPERS AND PRINTERS.

2173

PREFACE.

JOHN CHARLES FREMONT was the heir of poverty. His
inheritance, however, was the richest of all legacies
— "a sound mind in a sound body." The love and care
of a widowed mother, and the responsibility, as the eld-
est of the group, attendant upon the protection and main-
tenance of an orphaned brother and sister, were the chief
means of his early discipline. Though destitute of the
adventitious aids of wealth or influential connections, his
own sterling qualities were more than a compensation.
He possessed, in an eminent degree, what alone consti-
tute the basis of true greatness, arid of certain and con-
tinuous success — vigorous powers of mind and body,
entire self-reliance, and persevering application to
wisely-*, hosen pursuits.

That he should have risen from a position so humble^
by the unaided influence of his own powers, to one so
conspicuous as that which he now occupies, is at once a
gratifying tribute to his genius and worth, and an ex-
ample full of encouragement to American youth.

In the first great civil contest between freedom and
slavery, he has been selected as the standard-bearer of
the former. From among the scores of experienced,
talented, and noble men, he, the youngest, and in some
respects the least experienced of them all, has been se-
lected, not rashly and in haste, not by excited and in-
considerate men, but by one of the largest, most talent

FREMONT H. S. LIBRARY
Oakland

PREFACE.

ed, august, and deliberate political bodies that ever
convened in this country. Nor was he the choice of a
majority only. With a unanimity as general as it was
marked and hearty, was he selected ; and the selection
is responded to with a zeal and enthusiasm scarcely
paralleled in our political annals.

Why is this so? It is believed the following pages
will furnish the solution. His MEMOIR, exhibiting his
personal characteristics, will show the remarkable vigor
of his mind — the astonishing rapidity with which he
mastered any subject to which his attention was direct-
ed, the resolute and unyielding perseverance with which
he pursued every enterprise, and the unvarying success
which has thus far attended his career. His NARRATIVE
OF ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS, written in the dis-
charge of a professional trust, and before he had any
political aspirations, will be found to corroborate and
strengthen the impressions made by the Memoir. It
will show him brave, resolute, watchful, patient of toil,
securing obedience and order under the most trying
circumstances — persevering, like a second Columbus, in
the face of dangers, difficulties, and privations, to the
glorious consummation of ev-ery trust committed to
him.

May his past be the true augury of his future. As
with his own hand he planted our national banner on
the summit of the Rocky Mountains, that it might wave
over the millions of freemen soon to inhabit their eastern
and western slopes, so may the same hand unfurl the
same banner from the flag-staff of our national capital,
to wave a signal of protection over every acre of our
national domain.

THE LIFE

OF

COL. JOHN C. FREMONT

THE memorable revolution which, toward the close of
the eighteenth century, shook France to her center, which
leveled with the dust the ancient throne of the Bourbons,
idiich swept away almost every venerable institution and
monument of the past, and which deluged the land in inno-
cent blood, was also the means of sending as exiles to other
and distant climes, many of the noblest and best of the sons
of that once fair, chivalrous, and happy country. Before the
impending storm broke forth, some fled to Russia and en-
tered the service of the voluptuous but girled Catherine II.,
at once the Semiramis and the Messalina of the North.
Others, abjuring the religion as well as the country of their
ancestors, turned Mohammedans, and were content to live
under the despotic but stable sovereignty of the Sultan. In
every kingdom of Europe, the bravest, most cultivated, and
most distinguished of Frenchmen, and the "fairest and most
accomplished of Frenchwomen, who had succeeded in escap-
ing the guillotine, were to be found, some living in ob-
scure poverty and distress, and some possessing the means
of subsistence and perhaps of luxuiy, which they had hap-
pily rescued from the wreck of their fortunes. Not a few of
both of these classes of persons found a shelter and a home
in the hospitable domains of this western world ; and they
brought with them to their new residence, in return for the

6 THE LIFE OF

protection thus afforded them, the refinement and intelli-
gence which, in happier days, had adorned the magnificent
saloons of Versailles, or had shone in the elegant and witty
assemblages of Paris, Lyons, and Bordeaux. Among the
persons whom we have just enumerated, belonged John
Charles Fremont, the father of the gifted and distinguished
subject of this memoir, a young man of excellent family
and superior education, who was a native and a resident of
Lyons;

When on his voyage from France to the West Indies, the
father of Col. Fremont, then a very young man, was taken
captive by an English cruiser, and together with the crew
and passengers of the vessel in which he sailed, was impris-
oned on one of the British isles. He had left France for
the purpose, not only of escaping the personal perils which
surrounded him at home, but also of obtaining a permanent
asylum with a relative in St. Domingo. He remained a pris-
oner for some years, until at length he succeeded in making
his escape. His intention then was to return to his native
country, whose political agitations had by that tune been
suppressed by the strong arm of Napoleon. In pursuance
of this purpose he reached Norfolk, in Virginia. He was
poor, and the young exile was compelled to have recourse
for support to those elegant accomplishments which had
been acquired, as matters of amusement, in the days of his
prosperity. While thus engaged, accident threw him into
the society of one of the most beautiful of the daughters of
the Old Dominion. An attachment soon sprang up between
them. Both were handsome, intelligent, and refined, and
both were full of sensibility and romance. In spite of the
opposition of the family of the young lady, the lovers were
married. They immediately commenced to travel, and to
visit those newer and less frequented portions of our coun-
try in the south and west, where the Indian tribes stfll ex-

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 7

isted, and where interesting traces yet remained of the
aboriginal generations. This was a subject which had exci-
ted the interest both of the French refugee and of his youth-
ful bride. During the progress of this journey, their first
child, JOHN CHARLES FEEMONT, was born, on the 21st < ,f
January, 1813, at Savannah in Georgia.

After the birth of several other children, the elder Fre-
mont determined to return with his family to France. This
purpose was defeated by his premature death ; and the
young widow and her fatherless children, being left in some-
what straightened circumstances, were compelled to seek
the best asylum which was within their reach. A brother
of her deceased husband, who had visited this country, had
resided here for some time, and was then about to return
to France. He invited the young widow to accompany
him. She declined to forsake her native country ; and gath-
ering together the small remains of her fortune, removed
to Charleston, South Carolina, as her permanent home, and
devoted herself there to the education of her children, and
to the procuring of a subsistence.

Several years elapsed, and young Fremont had reached
an age sufficiently mature for him to pass beyond his moth-
er's control ; and he was placed in the office of John W.
Mitchell, a distinguished counselor of Charleston. Al-
ready, at this early period, the boy had exhibited unusual
ability, and he also possessed great industry and application.
Mr. Mitchell took more than an ordinary share of interest
in his progress and advancement ; and appreciating the vast
importance of classical knowledge in all who would aspire
to the learned professions, or to intellectual pursuits in after
life, he determined to place his protege under the tuition
of Dr. Robertson, an educated Scotchman, who at that
time gave instructions in the ancient languages to a num-
ber of youths in Charleston.

THE LIFE OF

In this position young Fremont furnished ample evi-
dence of superior talents and application. He was at that
time fourteen years of age, and his venerable teacher him-
self describes him as possessing more than ordinary ability,
that he was studious and attentive, and that he had mas-
tered the rudiments of the Latin language in three weeks.
He was immediately placed in the highest class, which was
then commencing the study of Caesar's Commentaries, and
but a short time elapsed before he had risen to the first
place in the class. His studies in Greek were pursued at
the same time, with the same degree of ardor and success.
During one year's time, he carefully perused quite an ex-
tensive range of classical authors, both Greek and Latin ;
and he exhibited in the progress of his studies a rare de-
gree of penetration and capacity, both for the acquisition
of knowledge, and for the appreciation of the beauties of
those great writers, to whose works his attention had been
directed.

It was the ardent wish of young Fremont's mother that
he should enter the ministry. The bold, energetic, and
daring disposition of the youth, his impatience of control,
and his admiration, which he never disguised, of those war-
like achievements whose descriptions he perused in the
pages of his favorite writers, both ancient and modern, did
not seem propitious to the fulfillment of that purpose. Nor
had young Fremont himself any preference for the future
career thus designated for him.

After pursuing his studies for a year under Dr. Robert-
son, he entered the Junior class of Charleston College, in
1828.* He was then fifteen years of age, and he carried

* This venerable preceptor of Col. Fremont, in the preface to his
translation of Xenophon's Anabasis, published in 1850, takes occasion
to express his sentiments of esteem and affection for his former pupil.
Dr. Robertson adds: " In a letter I received from him very lately, he

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 9

into the new and higher scenes of his studies the same su-
perior qualities which had previously characterized him.
His mother still retained her partiality for the ministry as
the future career of her darling son ; and a year after his
entrance into college he became a communicant of the Epis-
copal church. But nature had not adapted the young ad-
venturer to the quiet pursuits which maternal partiality had
thus designated for him. At this period his studies, in
which he had displayed such remarkable aptitude and abili-
ty, were partially suspended by a more tender and more
powerful attraction. Fremont had become acquainted with
a young lady of remarkable beauty, a native of the West
Indies, whose dark, impassioned loveliness, so characteristic
of the sunny and ardent clime which gave her birth, exer-
cised an irresistible sway over the enthusiastic and inflamma-
ble nature of her lover. The consequence was, that he fre-
quently absented himself from the college to pass hours, and
even days, in her society. His instructors first censured,
then reprimanded, then threatened him. They bore with
his neglect of his studies for a long time, in consequence of
his superior talents and acquirements, and the bright hopes
of the future to which they had given rise. But the magic
spell of the fair West Indian proved more potent than even
the threats of grave instructors and the supplications of par-
tial friends. He still persisted in his irregular absences from

expresses his gratitude to me in the following words : ' I am very far
from either forgetting you or neglecting you, or in any -way losing
the old regard I had for you. There is no time to which I go back
with more pleasure than that spent with JTOU, for there was no time so
thoroughly well spent; and of anything I may have learned, I remem-
ber nothing so well, and so distinctly, as what I acquired with you.'
Here I cannot help saying that the merit was almost all his own. It
is true that I encouraged and cheered him on, but if the soil into which
I put the seeds of learning had not been of the richest quality, they
would never have sprung up to a hundred-fold in the full ear."

10 THE LIFE OF

the college. His example and his immunity from punish-
ment at length became too marked and observed ; and as
the haughty spirit of the offender forbade him either to
apologize for his neglects of duty, or to promise amend-
ment in the future, the faculty at last adopted vigorous
measures, and expelled him from the college.

At this period, other misfortunes afflicted the family of
the Fremonts. The younger son, who had devoted him-
self to the profession of the stage, and a sister, were both
removed by death. The blow was felt heavily by the sur-
viving brother, and he appreciated the lessons which it
taught him. He immediately awoke to a fuller and clearer
sense of the duties of life which were before him, and taught
him the necessity of appropriating his great talents and
abilities to the attainment of aims which were permanent,
noble, and remunerative. Young Fremont, in that moment
of affliction and sad retrospection, started up a new man,
with new energies, and with lofty aspirations, which, to
this hour, have never lost their pristine power and resolu-
tion, or failed to guide and control him. amid the stirring
vicissitudes of his chequered career.

He immediately resumed his studies in private with great
industry and alacrity ; and as he had by this time definitely
abandoned all idea of entering the ministry, he devoted his
undivided attention to those branches of learning which were
more congenial to his taste, and which would be of more
essential service to him in the pursuits to which he had de-
termined to devote himself. He became one of the most
accomplished mathematicians, for his age, in this country.

It was while he was thus perfecting himself in these im-
portant sciences, that a new field of activity was fortunately
opened to him. In 1833, the United States sloop-of-war
Natchez was despatched by President Jackson to the port
of Charleston, in order to suppress the faction of the "Nulli-

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 11

fiers," which at that time convulsed the state of South Caro-
lina, and had its chief stronghold in the state capital. From
Charleston, the Natchez was ordered to cruise along the
coast of South America. Before her departure young Fre-
mont, then twenty years of age, succeeded in obtaining the
post of teacher of mathematics on board; and in that
capacity he sailed upon a voyage of two and a half years' du- •
ration. During this interval his conduct was exemplary,
his habits were studious, and his reputation and character
were deservedly high. On his return to Charleston, at
the termination of the voyage, the faculty of the college
from which he had formerly been expelled, possessed mag-
nanimity enough to do justice to his merits ; and they be-
stowed upon him, as an evidence that he had regained their
confidence and favor, first the degree of Bachelor, and af-
terward that of Master, of Arts.

Immediately afterward Fremont applied for one of the
professorships of mathematics which had recently been es-
tablished in the navy. The examiners met in Baltimore,
and subjected the various candidates to a most rigid and
thorough ordeal. Very few were able to pass it success-
fully : but Fremont was one of those fortunate few. He
was then appointed to the frigate Independence ; but he
had suddenly determined to embrace a new profession, one
in which more scope and latitude would be given to the ener-
gy and activity of his temperament. He commenced his ca-
reer as a surveyor and civil engineer, by acting in the ex-
amination of the railroad route between Charleston and
Augusta. This work being completed, he obtained the ap-
pointment of assistant engineer in a corps organized under
the direction of Capt. G. W. Williams, of the United States
Topographical Engineers, which was commissioned to make
a survey of the route of a proposed railway between
Charleston and Cincinnati. When fulfilling this appoint-

12 THE LIFE OF

ment, he explored the various mountain passes between
South Carolina and Tennessee, and remained actively en-
gaged in this work until the fall of 1837.

During 1838 and 1839, Fremont was employed in two
separate explorations of that vast region which lies between
the Missouri and the Upper Rivers, and north to the Brit-
ish line. He occupied on these occasions the important
post of principal assistant to M. Nicollet, a French savan
of distinction, whom the illustrious Alexander Yon Hum-
boldt characterizes as one of the brightest ornaments of
science. After his return from these expeditions, a year
was occupied in the laborious work of reducing the mate-
rials obtained into available shape, and in the preparation
of maps and other scientific illustrations. During this pe-
riod the facilities which Fremont had enjoyed, of frequent
and confidential intercourse with the distinguished leader
of the expeditions, and with his other scientific associates,
exerted a powerful influence in enlarging his views, in com-
pleting his knowledge, and in giving him a due degree of
confidence in his own abilities and resources.

During the various journeys which Fremont was com-
pelled to make in pursuance of his professional duties and
labors, there was one which introduced him to an acquaint-
ance of a more delicate and romantic nature, and which finally
resulted in a relationship that exerted a permanent and
important influence upon his whole subsequent career.
This person was Miss Jessie Benton, the daughter of the
distinguished senator from Missouri. The young lady,
whose extreme youth at that tune scarcely prepared her to
entertain matrimonial propositions from any quarter, was
possessed of every charm calculated to produce a profound
and lasting impression on the ardent and appreciative na-
ture of Lieut. Fremont. He soon became devotedly at-
tached to her ; nor was that attachment unappreciated or

CO'.. J. C. FREMONT. 13

unreturned. The bold, handsome, daring young officer, as
full of genius as he was of romance and enterprise, was just
the person whom such a young lady as Miss Benton would
inevitably admire, and eventually love, in case they were
thrown into each other's society. The natural conse-
quences ensued. The grave statesman, the lady's father,
in vain protested against an attachment so youthful, so de-
voted, and yet so unwarranted by the future uncertain pros-
pects of the suitor. To the latter, personally, there was no
objection whatever. But to his circumstances and position
in life, there was a great deal. The lovers however were
determined to be united in spite of parental counsel, in spite
of future uncertainties, in spite of fate. While they were
thus contemplating the completion of their resolve, Lieut.
Fremont suddenly received an order from government to
proceed to make an examination of the river Des Moines,
in Iowa, upon the distant banks of which the Sac and Fox
Indians still retained their insecure homes. It is shrewdly
conjectured that this order was made through the cautious
but friendly influence of the father of the beautiful and im-
patient girl. It was in vain. Lieut. Fremont immediately
started to fulfill the duty imposed upon him ; executed it
with rapidity and fidelity ; returned to Washington ; and on
the 19th of October, 1841, in defiance of every opposition
on the part of the parents of the lady, who have long since
joyfully acquiesced in the event, the blooming Rose of the
West was united with the deserving object of her affection.
One of the most magnificent conceptions connected with
the whole history of our country and of humanity, in the
present age, is the gradual and inevitable diffusion of a civi-
lized population throughout the vast domains of the West,
until they even reach the far distant shores of the Pacific.
Whatever instrumentalities may aid hi the accomplishment
of this glorious result, deserve the commendation and praise

14 THE LIFE OF

of every patriot ; and few Americans can boast of possess-
ing a greater, probably none as great, a share in the promo-
tion of this benificent result, as Col. Fremont. For several
years previous to 1843, the tide of emigration continued to
spread like a slow but mighty flood, farther and farther over
those boundless domains ; but many dangers and difficulties
harassed the daring adventurer, as he thus labored heroic-
ally to plant the standard of civilization in the midst of
those primeval solitudes. In 1 842, a thousand of these bold
pioneers started from the confines of Missouri, and trav-
ersed the vast plain which intervened between them and
the foot of the Rocky Mountains. They then crossed that
mighty barrier, after enduring extraordinary privations
and perils, and spread themselves out over the verdant
slope which descended toward the calm billows and the
unvexed shores of the Pacific. The American congress at
this period were singularly averse to taking any measures
which would protect these settlers, both from the hostile
Indians, and from the other hardships incident to their ad-
venturous life. The British Hudson Bay Company were
then the implacable foes of every American colonist ; and
they constantly incited the Indians to the most infamous
outrages upon them.

At length, through the exertions of Mr. Benton, the mat-
ter of the Western territories, and the remoter domains of
the United States, was brought before congress in 1842.
Considerable opposition then existed in the minds even of
distinguished and enlightened statesmen, against any ex-
penditure of time or money, in the promotion of the secu-
rity and welfare of those vast tracts. It was thought that
the time for action had not yet arrived, and that the outlay
would not be remunerative. But through the more enlight-
ened exertions of the grea statesman of Missouri, a pro-
pitious change was effected. A bill was introduced by Mr.

COL. J. 0. FREMONT. 15

Linn, a senator from Missouri, whose purpose was to pro-
tect and encourage emigration to those remote regions
which lay in the valley of the Oregon, and around the
mouth of the Columbia River. The consequence of this
movement was, that soon the emigration vastly increased.
Colonies were planted throughout Oregon, composed of
hardy and industrious settlers ; and the foundations were
then laid, broad and deep, upon which a mighty empire
will hereafter be erected, which will constitute a prominent
portion of the prodigious family of empires which, in the
progress of time, will occupy and adorn this whole conti-
nent. But the chief promotive cause of that very emigra-
tion, was the first expedition of the subject of this memoir,
to the Rocky Mountains, which was undertaken in the
summer of 1842. His purpose was to .establish the
feasibility and safety of an overland communication between
the Atlantic and the Pacific States. The comprehensive plan
of this expedition comprised the whole of those western
territories which lie between the Missouri and the Pacific ;
and the execution of his plan embraced the exploration of
the Rocky Mountains, on one of whose highest peaks, that
of the Wind River, thirteen thousand feet above the level
of the ocean, it was his good fortune afterward to plant the
standard of the immortal stars and stripes.

Before his appointment to this memorable expedition,
Lieut. Fremont had become impressed with the important
and valuable results which such a venture would produce.
He made application to Col. Abert, Chief of the Corps of
Topographical Engineers, for permission to visit the fron-
tier lying beyond the Mississippi. No sooner was the per-
mission granted, than his views and aspirations enlarged ;
and taking back the order to Col. Abert, he had it so al-
tered as to include the Rocky Mountains, and to specify the
South Pass as the point to which his special investigations

16 THE LIFE OF

should be directed. His purpose was to ascertain the most
desirable and feasible point in the line of emigrant travel
across the mountains, in order that greater facilities might
be afforded for the safe and speedy termination of the toils
and dangers of the westward-bound pilgrim. The approval
of the secretary of war was then obtained ; and prepara-
tions were immediately made to carry out the enterprise.
Ample philosophical instruments and all the necessary stores
were provided. Twenty-five voyageurs were placed under
the control of the chief of the expedition. Four months
were occupied in accomplishing the arduous task, and the
fullest success attended the labors of the adventurers.
Lieut. Fremont, with four chosen men, boldly ascended
the highest peak of the Rocky Mountains, an eminence till
then untrodden by the foot of man ; and from his lofty
perch he beheld the unknown origin and fountains, among
the gorges and ravines beneath him, whence flowed those
vast rivers, some of which discharged their mighty bur-
dens into the capacious Pacific, and some into the more
restless bosom of the Mississippi. The minute details of
this successful expedition are contained in the succeeding
pages of this volume, and need not here be further dwelt
upon. But he who peruses this stirring yet simple and sub-
lime narrative, must rise from it with the conviction, that
never have greater devotion and courage, more resolution
and fortitude, or more consummate scientific qualities, been
employed in the service of science, or in the advancement
of the highest and noblest aims of humanity, than were
possessed and displayed by the hero of this narrative.
Over the whole course of his far-extending route, Fremont
made barometrical observations to ascertain the elevations
both of the mountains and of the plains. He took astro-
nomical observations to determine longitudes and latitudes.
He marked the face of the whole country as sterile or fer-

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 17

tile, and made drawings of their most remarkable produc
tions, natural phenomena and appearances, together with
botanical, geological, and other collections. The report
which narrates these achievements has won the praise and
admiration of the learned and cultivated in every clime of
the civilized world.

Humboldt, in his Aspects of Nature, p. 50, says : " The
physical and geognostical views entertained respecting the
western part of North America, have been rectified, in
many respects, by the adventurous journey of Major Long,
the excellent writings of his companion, Edward James, and
more especially by the comprehensive observations of Capt.
Fremont."

The London Athenaeum, of March, 1844, commences a
review of this report in the following complimentary strain :

" The government of the United States did well when, in
furtherance of a resolution to survey the road across the
Great Western Prairie and the Rocky Mountains to the
Oregon territory, it selected Lieut. Fremont for the execu-
tion of the work. We have rarely met with a production
so perfect in its kind as the unpretending pamphlet contain-
ing this report. The narrative, clear, foil, and lively, occu-
pies only seventy-six pages, to which are appended one
hundred and thirty pages, filled with the results of botan-
ical researches, and of astronomical and meteorological ob-
servations. What a contrast does this present to the vo-
luminous emptiness and conceited rhodomontade so often
brought forth by our costly expeditions. The country gone
over by Lieut. Fremont is certainly not the most inter-
esting in the world, nor is it quite new. Yet he is evi-
dently not the man to travel two thousand miles without
observing much which is worthy of being recorded, or to
write a page which is likely to prove tedious in the reading.
His points of view are so well chosen, his delineation has so

•

18 THE LIFE OF

much truth and spirit, and his general remarks are so accu-
•rate and comprehensive, that under his guidance we find
the far-west prairies nearly as fresh and tempting as the
most favored Arcadian scenes, the hallowed groves of
which were never trodden by the foot of squatting emi-
grant or fur trader."

But the daring and adventurous spirit of Lieut. Fremont
could not be content even with the fruition of such expe-
riences. Important as had been the results of his first ex-
pedition, he pined for others which were still greater and
more extensive. He desired to complete his survey across
the continent, not only in order to examine the line of
travel between the state of Missouri and the tide-water re-
gion of the Columbia River, but also to explore that vast
and then unknown region, which lay between the Rocky
Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. This immense tract
comprised the whole western slope of the continent. It
contained more than seven hundred mires square ; and the
journey proposed was one of the boldest and most danger-
ous ever undertaken by an emissary either of commerce,
discovery, or science.

Lieut. Fremont asked and obtained orders from the de-
partment at Washington to undertake this journey. His
instructions directed him only to advance as far as the tide-
water region of the Columbia River. He resolved to ex-
tend his researches into the untraveled solitudes of the west-
ern limits of the continent. But all his aspiraticns and tri-
umphs were very nearly defeated by the jealousy ^/f the gov-
ernment, and the meanness of the imbecile officials who at
that time, but happily only for a very short period, occupied
the posts of influence at Washington. James M. Porter, of
Pennsylvania, was then secretary of war. Scarcely had
Fremont reached the frontier of Missouri, when orders ar-
rived at St. Louis, countermanding the expedition. The

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 19

alleged ground of complaint was that he had prepared him-
self with a military equipment, which the pacific nature of
his journey did not require. It was specially charged as a
heinous offence, that he had procured a small mountain
howitzer from the arsenal at St. Louis, in addition to his
oiner firearms.

But the heroic resolution of the fair daughter of Mis-
souri, his wife, defeated the ignoble aims of those who
would have stopped the young adventurer in his career of
toil and glory. After her husband's departure from St.
Louis, the letters intended for him were opened by her at
his request, and such as needed immediate attention were
sent after him. She perused the communication which con-
tained the unwelcome news from Washington, and resolved
to detain it, and Fremont knew nothing of the contents,
until his return, more than a year afterward.

In May, 1843, Lieut. Fremont commenced this journey,
having twenty-five men under him, and in November he
reached the tide-water region of the Columbia. He care-
fully explored the whole intervening region, and had then
already completed the service ordered by the govern
ment. He might have immediately returned home, and
have chosen for that purpose the most convenient and
secure road. But he had other and nobler aims in view.
When at Fort Vancouver, a guest of Dr. McLaughlin,
governor of the British Hudson Bay Fur Company, he ob-
tained some information in reference to his proposed route,
which was to cross diagonally that great unknown region,
making a line from the Lower Columbia to the Upper Col-
orado, on the Gulf of California. The geography of this
vast region was then entirely unknown. Conjectures ex-
isted as to the probable features of its grand outlines, but
even these he discovered afterward to have been errone-
ous. A large river termed the Buena Ventura, was sup-

20 THE LIFE OF

posed to flow from the base of the Rocky Mountains to the
Bay of San Francisco. But no such body of water existed ;
and the bold adventurer suffered many hardships from the ab-
sence of those resources which the existence of a great river
along his route would have procured. As he journeyed
along he encountered deep snows, and the most rigorous
weather. Hostile Indians hovered around his path. He
sometimes journeyed near dangerous precipices, and over
lofty and rugged mountains. Occasionally from great emi-
nences covered with a deep mantle of perpetual snow, he
looked down upon verdant vales beneath, shut out by the
high barriers of nature from all the rest of the world. One
mule packed with a valuable burden of botanical collec-
tions, slid off from the verge of a cliff half a mile in Ji eight,
and was dashed to pieces in the far-off ravine below. No
rewards could induce the Indians to venture into these
perilous solitudes as guides to the travelers. Soon men
and horses began to sink beneath the unparalleled suffer-
ings of the journey. The slow and mournful procession
of feeble and starving skeletons crawled like a disabled ser-
pent along the dangerous heights of their mountain way in
the dead of winter, surrounded by the deep snows of the
Sierra Nevada, and by all the awful incidents of a march
among the rudest fortresses and solitudes of nature. But
no danger or suffering appalled the resolute spirit of
the bold leader of the expedition. After a journey of
two thousand miles, which for intrepid endurance uncon-
querable determination, and skillful management is not sur-
passed by the achievement of any conqueror, Fremont
and his associates arrived at Sutter's Settlement in the val-
ley of the Sacramento, and there rested and recruited from
the sufferings which they had endured.

Fremont, after a short interval of repose, then resumed
his journey to the still farther south, and explored the val-

COL. J. 0 FREMONT. 'J I

ley of San Joaquin. Thence, crossing the mountains
through a prap, he skirted the Great Basin. As he jour-
neyed through this comparatively unknown world, he made
rich collections in various branches of science. All the
great features of the western slope of our continent were
then scrutinized. The Great Salt Lake, the Utah Lake, the
Little Salt Lake, the present retreat arid future empire of
the Latter Day Saints, and the mountains of Sierra Neva-
da, from whose bowels, till then unviolated, the emigrant
has torn uncounted millions of golden treasure — all these
were examined and explored by this expedition. During
eleven months they were never out of sight of ice and
snow. At length, having accomplished all that he desired,
Fremont returned to his home, after an absence of a year,
bearing the rich fruits of his toils, dangers, and heroism,
in an enlarged and satisfactory acquaintance with the re-
sources of those vast and unappropriated realms, and con-
tributions in botany, mineralogy, geology ; together with
valuable investigations in meteorology, geography, clima-
tology, and other departments of science, as will fully appear
from his own narrative in the following pages of this volume.
It is to the intrepid labors of Fremont that the present in-
habitants of Great Salt Lake valley in Utah owe the pos-
session of their secure and permanent home, where they
practice the peculiar institutions of their religion. For had
not the enlightened and adventurous zeal of Fremont first
invaded and then revealed to the world, that unknown
and remote country, so well adapted by its geographical po-
sition to furnish a retreat from persecution, the Mormons
would never have heard of it ; and when expelled by unpar-
alleled injuries from Nauvoo, they would not have known
whither to turn to escape their persecutors. Nor do the
merits of the case terminate here. If the state of Utah, or
Deseret, after being admitted into the Union, as it proba-

22 THE LIFE OF

bly will be, ever becomes a great community, not because
it is Mormon, but because it is opulent and free ; if it ever
forms a connecting link in the mighty chain which binds
together in eternal amity and prosperity, Maine and Cali-
fornia, together with all the intermediate links ; thp glory
and the praist of that result are in a great measure due to
the labors of Fremont, in discovering the resources of
that virgin clime, and in proclaiming them to the world, as
a rich and remunerative lure to enterprise, industry, and
patriotism.

Brilliant as had been the preceding portion of Col. Fre-
mon^s life, we have now arrived at a period in reference to
which we must detail services which far surpass it. We
are now to narrate the incidents of his third great expe-
dition to the remotest west, which commenced in May,
1845. The line of observation which he had determined
to pursue, would lead him through a province of the Mexi-
can Republic, namely, through the desert parts of Alta
California. The war between the United States and Mexi-
co had not yet begun, but it broke out shortly afterward.
The great distance, however, at which Col. Fremont then
was from his own government, prevented him from ascer-
taining that fact until a considerable period after the com-
mencement of hostilities.

Arriving at the confines of California, Fremont left his
troop of sixty men and two hundred horses behind, and
proceeded alone to Monterey, to obtain permission from the
Mexican authorities to pursue his journey through their
territory. At first the permission was granted, and he was
allowed to pass through the uninhabited part of the valley
of San Joaquin. But very soon that permission was re-
voked, on the ground that Col. Fremont's purpose was not
to make discoveries in geographical and other departments
of science, but to excite rebellion among the American set-

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 23

tiers of the province against the Mexican government. On
this pretext a body of troops were assembled for the pur-
pose of attacking him. Our hero was a stranger to terror,
and fortified himself so skilfully in his camp, that the Mexi-
can commander, after due deliberation, wisely determined
not to venture the hazards of an attack. He withdrew his
forces, but Col. Fremont, being desirous of avoiding all
causes of offense, immediately changed his course and set
out for Oregon. His purpose was to explore a new route
to the Wah-lah-math settlement, and to the tide-water
portion of the Columbia river, through the wild region of
the Tla-math lakes.

He had already entered this romantic region, filled with
lofty mountains, towering precipices and peaks, placid lakes
embosomed in rugged fastnesses, and inhabited by an un-
tamed race of treacherous Indians. It was on the 8th
of May that, as he and his bold company rode along, he
was astonished by the appearance of a startling incident.
Two horsemen, issuing suddenly from one of the gorges
of the mountains, approached him. They proved to be
part of a guard of six American soldiers who were conduct-
ing a United States officer who was bearing dispatches
from Washington to the United States consul at Monte-
rey, and also some papers and a mysterious introduction
for Mr. Fremont to the same official. The two men in-
formed him, that they had been sent forward in order to
obtain assistance from him for the rest of their company,
who were approaching through the mountains, but who
were then in imminent peril from the hostile and treacher-
ous Indians. No time was to be lost. Taking with him
ten picked men, four of whom were Delaware Indians, Fre-
mont rapidly rode forward to meet and protect the oiiicer
and his companions. They passed sixty miles before they
drew bridle ; and when night closed in, they had the happi-

24 THE LIFE OF

ness of meeting, in one of the mountain defiles through
which the trail lay, Lieut. Gillespie, the object of their
search. With indescribable rapture did Fremont peruse
the letters which the officer conveyed to him from his heroic
wife and family in St. Louis, as well as those of a more pub-
lic nature. The import of the latter was, that the govern-
ment of the United States ordered Mr. Fremont to proceed
to California, and there counteract any scheme which might
be set on foot for the purpose of incorporating that terri-
tory with the British empire, and to use his utmost exer-
tions to conciliate the inhabitants, and render them favora-
ble to annexation to the United States.

That night which brought to the young adventurer, amid
the far distant and unknown solitudes of these primeval
mountains, such welcome missives of remembrance and af-
fection from those whom he loved so well, was fraught with
an incident of rare and solemn interest, and one which well
nigh proved to be his last. The camp was pitched upon the
shore of one of the placid lakes which lie embosomed in the
mountains. The horses were as usual picketed with long
halters, near at hand, to feed on the grass. The men, four-
teen in number, were distributed in companies of three,
around different camp fires. A calm, clear night settled
down over the face of nature, and Col. Fremont permitted
all the men, wearied by a ride of sixty miles in one day, to
repose, without appointing a guard. As the night advanced
he himself seated beside one of the fires, perused with ex-
haustless avidity the letters from his family which he had
received. Silence as of the grave prevailed throughout the
vast solitude around him. Toward midnight he heard a
movement among the horses, which gave evidence that
some danger was near ; for it is true that the apprehensive
instincts of these brute creatures under such circumstances
possess a strange degree of accuracy and truthfulness,

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 25

which experienced travelers always treat with considera-
tion. Col. Fremont arose from his seat, and went out to
»,he horses to see the cause of their alarm. He searched hi
rain. The dark, frowning forest around appeared inhabited
by no living thing, and the light of the moon, as she smiled
m silent majesty in the far-off heavens, seemed to render
all concealment impossible even in the leafy thickets of the
trees. He returned to his camp-fire, and apprehensive of
no danger, in consequence of their long march he refused to
awaken any of the men. Soon wearied nature began to as-
sert her power even over his vigorous frame, and he laid
down to sleep. It is said to have been the second time only
during the whole progress of his adventurous life, in which
he failed to appoint a watch during the hours of darkness.
Suddenly a heavy groan aroused the vigilant ear of Kit
Carson. It was the expiring moan of a man through whose
brain the quick tomahawk was cleaving its resistless way.
Carson hi an instant sprang to his feet, and in a voice of
thunder awoke the whole camp. They had been attacked
by a band of Indians, who had followed the company of
Lieut. Gillespie during the entire day, who had treated him
with apparent friendship during the day preceding that,
and had traveled the whcle of their march in order to way-
lay and destroy them. Already the bloody hatchet and the
winged arrow had done fearful work. Basil Lajeunesse, a
bold and enterprising young Frenchman, a friend and favor-
ite of Fremont, was already dead. An Iowa Indian was also
dead, and a Delaware Indian was dying, whose last groan had
opportunely aroused the sleeping camp. Several others af-
terward became the victims of the hostile savages. But
the lonely adventurers fought bravely, and hurled destruc-
tion among their assailants. Many of the latter were slain,
and among them on the next day was found the corpse of the
very Tla-math chief who, several days before, had given Lieut.

26 THE LIFE OF

Gillespie .a salmon in token of amity. When the morning
dawned, Fremont buried his dead so as best to conceal
their remains from violation, and returned toward the rest
of his company, carrying his wounded with him. The
whole country around was by this time infested with hos-
tile Indians ; but they did not venture an attack on the col-
lected force of the expedition. The escape of Col. Fre-
mont from death on this occasion was very narrow, and he
would have been slain when he ventured forth to examine
the horses, had it not been thought by the savages
advisable to wait until a more wholesale slaughter might
be made of the sleeping and defenseless camp.

In accordance with the instructions received from Lient.
Gillespie, Col. Fremont turned back from Oregon toward
California. When he arrived in the valley of the Sacra
mento, he found the country in an unsettled state. Many
of the American residents in that valley had already been
massacred, and British influence was daily becoming
stronger and stronger, so that it seemed highly probable
that very soon that rich province would become an appen-
dage to the British crown. The Americans there, were at
that moment in great peril. The Indians were daily incited
by the Mexicans to attack them. Gen. Castro, a Mexi-
can officer, with a considerable force under his command,
was rapidly approaching to assail them. War had by that
time been proclaimed between the United States and Mexi-
co, and affairs had reached a decisive crisis. The Ameri-
can settlers, fully aware of their danger, sent a deputation
to the camp of Col. Fremont, beseeching him to march im-
mediately to their relief. He acceded to their request, and
invited them all to repair to their head-quarters. They did
so in multitudes, bringing with them arms, horses, and am-
munition. Under the command of Fremont, active offen-
sive and defensive operations were at once begun ; and so

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 27

vigorous and determined were the movements of the Ameri-
cans, that in sixty days all the Northern part of California
was freed from the Mexican authority.*

* Previous to the arrival of Col. Fremont in California, and before
he commenced his active and vigorous operations, the country was
thrown into great excitement, and the serious condition of affairs is
very clearly shown by the following letter from the United States
Consul at Monterey to the Consul at Mazatlan :

" CONSULATE OF THE UNITED STATES, (.
"MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, March 9, 1846. f

"Sir: Enclosed with this you will receive several copies of corres-
pondence in this town for the present week ; also, an official letter
for the captain of any of our ships-of-war you may have in your
port on your receiving this letter. It is impossible to say whether
Senor Castro, the prefects, and the general will attack Capt. Fre-
mont; we expect such will be the case.

" I am just informed by Seuor Arce, the general's secretary, who
has just come in from the general's camp, (San Juan,) that the whole
country will be raised to force Capt. Fremont, if they required so
"Vnauy. Senor Arce further says, the camp of the Americans is near
Mr. Hartwell's rancho, on a high hill, with his flag flying ; of the lat-
ter I am not certain. As you are acquainted with this country and
its people, you will advise with our naval captains on the subject of
sailing immediately for this port.

"Jf the vessel is not actually obliged to go elsewhere, it is my earn-
est desire she sails for Monterey on the receipt of this, although every
thing may end peaceably amongst us.

" Believe me to be, yours sincerely,

" THOMAS 0. LARKIN.

"To JOHN PARROT, Esq., United States Consul, Mazatlan."

Two couriers were sent to Fremont's camp by Mr. Larkin. One,
an American, failed to get through ; the other, a native Californian,
succeeded in reaching his camp, after a narrow escape from being
shot by Fremont's men.

lie brought back a note in pencil, from Captain Fremont, aud re

28 THE LIFE OF

The first achievement of the young commander in the
execution of this purpose, occurred on the llth of June.
A convoy of two hundred horses, intended for the camp of
the Mexicans under Gen. Castro, guarded by an officer and
fourteen men, were surprised and captured by twelve per-
sons, under the command of Fremont. On the 15th of the
same month, he surprised a military post at Sonoma, which
contained nine brass cannon, two hundred and fifty stand
of arms, some officers, some men, and some munitions of
war. From Sonoma, Col. Fremont proceeded to Sacra-
mento ; but he had scarcely arrived at that important point,
when he received information from the garrison at Sono-
ma, that Gen. Castro was approaching to attack it with a
large force. He received this intelligence on the 23d of
June, when he was eighty miles distant from Sonoma. By
two o'clock on the morning of the 25th, he arrived by a

ported that two thousand of his countrymen could not compel him to
leave the country, although his party was so small.

The following is Fremont's note to the consul, dated, +

"MARCH 10,1846.

" My dear Sir: I this moment received your letters, and without
waiting to read them, acknowledge the receipt, which the courier
requires, immediately.

"I am making myself as strong as possible, in the intention that,
if we are unjustly attacked, we will fight to extremity, and refuse
quarter, trusting to our country to avenge our death. No one has
reached our camp, and from the heights we are able to see the troops
(with the glass) mustering at St. John's and preparing cannon. I
thank you for your kindness and good wishes, and would write more
at length as to my intentions, did I not fear that my letter would be
intercepted. We have in no wise done wrong to the people or the
authorities of the country, and if we are hemmed in and assaulted
here, we will die, every man of us, under the flag of our country.
" Very truly yours,

"J. C. FREMONT.

" THOMAS 0. LARKIN, Esq., Consul for the United States, Monterey."

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 29

forced and expeditious march, at Sonoma, having ninety
riflemen under his command, and before the enemy had
yet made theii appearance. Col. Fremont immediately sent
out scouts in the direction in which Gen. Castro was ex-
pected, to reconnoiter his movements. The party of scouts
consisted of twenty men. They soon met a squadron of
seventy dragoons, which were a portion of Castro's force.
They attacked and defeated the Mexicans, took nine pieces
of brass artillery, all the transport boats of- the party, and
very nearly captured De la Torre, their commanding officer,
who made a precipitate retreat.

After this brilliant success, Col. Fremont returned to So-
noma, on the 4th of July. The next day he called a meet-
ing of the settlers in that portion of the country, and ex-
plained to them the position of affairs. He boldly pro-
posed that they should immediately declare themselves in-
dependent of Mexican rule, and establish a free govern-
ment of their own. They enthusiastically embraced the
proposition, executed it, and selected Col. Fremont as their
chief magistrate. He had prepared the way so far success-
fully for the annexation of that valuable country, to the vast
republic whose faithful and patriotic son he was.

The next movement of Col. Fremont was one of still
greater importance and difficulty. Gen. Castro had again
assembled a strong force, and had posted them in an in-
trenchment on the upper or south side of the Bay of San
Francisco. His troops numbered four hundred picked men,
and two pieces of field artillery. On the 6th of July, Col.
Fremont commenced his march from Sonoma. His journey
extended a hundred miles, before he could reach the hos-
tile position. His force numbered only a hundred and sixty
mounted riflemen. After a march of three days he arrived
at the American settlements on the Rio de los Americanos.
Here he learned that Gen. Castro had already abandoned his

30 THE LIFE OF

fortified position, and was retreating southward toward
Ciudad de los Angelos, the Mexican capital of the Califor-
nias, and the residence of their governor-general. This
city was distant four hundred miles from the place where
he then was. Col. Fremont's resolution was instantly taken.
He rapidly pursued the fugitives. On the moment of his
outset he learned the welcome news that war had been de-
clared betwen the United States and Mexico, an event of
which till then he had been ignorant, although it had oc-
curred some weeks previously. He was also informed that
the American squadron then sailing in the adjacent waters,
had already taken Monterey, and would cooperate with him
in his attack on Gen. Castro. Immediately, by an out-
burst of general enthusiasm, both on the part of the inhabi-
tants and the troops, the flag of Californiaii independence
was hauled down, and that of the immortal stars and stripes
was, for the first time, unfurled to the breeze, and made to
float in welcome and stately majesty over those rich and
golden realms of the distant west.

On the 12th of August Com. Stockton and Col. Fre-
mont, with a detachment of marines from the fleet and
the land forces, boldly entered the city of Los Angelos.
They found that, at their approach, the governor-general
of California, Pico, the commander-in-chief, Castro, and
all the Mexican authorities and troops had deserted their
capital. Com. Stockton immediately took possession of
the whole country as a conquest of the United States, and
under the authority of the prevalent and acknowledged
law of nations under such circumstances, appointed Col.
Fremont governor of the territory.

On the 9th of August Gen. Castro continued his flight
from the Mesa toward Sonora. As he passed along he
announced to the whole country the fact, that the irresist-
ible power of the Americans had overthrown the old gov-

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 31

eminent, and had introduced in its stead that of the United
States. He even communicated the fact officially to the
English, French and Spanish consuls, resident in Califor-
nia. So complete was the conquest on the part of the
American adventurers and patriots, that even the official
organ of the Mexican government in their federal capital, an-
nounced on the 16th of October the fact, that the Ameri-
can troops, under Col. Fremont and Com. Stockton, had
been successful at every point, that their triumph was com-
plete, and that the entire loss of California to the Mexi-
can republic had, through these means, been finally con-
summated.

Thus, by means of this series of brilliant and rapid tri-
umphs, more decisive and valuable in their results than
they were bloody or disastrous in their incidents, was this
rich territory snatched, not only from Mexican misrule, but
from the eager grasp of the British government ; it was
thus won to the possession of this great republic, and in-
serted as a gem of priceless value in the diadem of this sis-
terhood of states, this brotherhood of empires. Nor was
the deed accomplished a moment too soon. It was in fact
high time. During several centuries past, from the period
when Admiral Drake sailed through the Californian waters
in command of a British squadron, and claimed that terri-
tory as an English discovery, and even as an English con-
quest, applying to it the name of New Albion, down to
the present tune, California has been regarded by Brit-
ish statesmen, and even by the British people, as a future
possession of the British crown. They were waiting only
until Mexican misrule had made the inhabitants ripe for re-
volt, in order to organize an insurrection, overthrow that
imbecile power, and establish on its ruins the empire of
Victoria. At this very period the British government had
dispatched thither a squadron under the command of Ad-

32 THE LIFE OF

miral Seymour, to watch the movements of the ships and
the partisans of the United States, to prevent the promotion
of American interests, and the establishment of American
supremacy. But the British government had not been quite
prompt enough. They were unfortunately " behind time."
The energy, alacrity, and heroism of Col. Fremont and his
associates stepped in opportunely before them, and snatched
from the opening and eager jaws of the British lion, the
rich morsel which it was just about voraciously to devour.

Subsequently to the conquest and acquisition of the city
of Los Angelos, some farther resistance was made by Mex-
ican residents at different points, to the supremacy of the
United States. But all their efforts were futile. Admiral
Seymour, when he arrived before Monterey with his squad-
ron, and discovered that the momentous deed had already
been consummated which he was commissioned to prevent,
retired without attempting anything. At San Gabriel a bat-
tle of great fury was fought between the American and
Mexican troops, in which victory, as before, perched upon
the standard of the stars and stripes. On this important
occasion the Americans numbered six hundred ; and though
they were compelled to cross a river in face of the enemy's
fire, not only achieved a triumph over the Mexicans, but
also over a considerable body of Spanish Californians, who
formed a portion of the hostile force. Similar results sub-
sequently followed at Mesa, at San Louis Ovispo, and at
Couenga. By this tune the important services and superior
abilities of Col. Fremont had rendered him the most influ-
ential person in California.

Bui during the progress of these events, an unfortunate
dispute had arisen between Com. Stockton and Gen. Kear-
ney, in reference to the chief military command. With the
open consent of both of these officers, Col. Fremont had ex
ercised the powers and functions of the governor of Cali

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 38

fornia ; but Gen. Kearney brought his own authority into
collision with that of Com. Stockton, in such a way as to in-
volve Col. Fremont in their disputes, and compel him reluct-
antly to award a preference to one or the other of them. The
situation was both difficult and dangerous ; and in the end
the action of Col. Fremont offended Gen. Kearney. The
resentment of the latter was long concealed, and did not
break forth until his return to Fort Leavenworth, when ho
ordered Col. Fremont under arrest. The charges made
against him were mutiny, disobedience to orders, and ir-
regular conduct. Col. Fremont returned home under
arrest, and awaited the result of the investigation which
was ordered to take place in reference to the matter, and
which seemed for a time to cast a shade of gloom and dis-
honor over the career and fortunes of one of the most dis-
tinguished and worthy of American citizens and officers.

The nature of the dispute between Com. Stockton and
Gen. Kearney, which involved Col. Fremont in such disa-
greeable consequences, may be stated in a few words.
Com. Stockton was the commander-in-chief of the Ameri-
can forces in the battles which took place in California.
On the 16th of January, 1847, Gen. Kearney addressed a
letter to Com. Stockton, in which the first mention is made
of the assumption of the former to possess the supreme com-
mand in the conquered territory. In that letter Gen.
Kearney says : " I am informed that you are now engaged
in organizing a civil government, and appointing officers for
it in this territory. As this duty has been specially as-
signed to myself, by orders of the president of the United
States^-the original of which I gave to you on the 12th,
and which you returned to me on the 13th, and copies of
which I furnished you on the 26th December, I have to
ask if you have any authority from the president to form
such government and to make such appointments. If you
B* 3

34 THE LIFE OF

have such authority, and will show it to rne, or will furnish
me with a certified copy of it, I will cheerfully acquiesce in
what you are doing. If you have not such authority, I
then demand that you cease all further proceedings relating
to the formation of a civil government for this territory,
as I cannot recognize in you any right in assuming to per-
form duties confided to me by the president."

To this epistle Gen. Kearney received rather an ab-
rupt answer, which, without however complying with the
demand for information made by Gen. Kearney, concluded
with these words : " I will only add, that I cannot do
anything, nor desist from doing anything on your demand,
which I will submit to the president, and ask for your re-
call. In the mean time you will consider yourself sus-
pended from the command of the United States forces in
this place."

During the progress of these disputes, Col. Fremont was
necessarily involved in doubt as to whom he should defer
as the military commander-in-chief of the territory. He ac-
cordingly addressed a letter to Gen. Kearney, Jan. 17,
1847, in which he says : " I have the honor to be in re-
ceipt of your favor of last night, in which I am directed to
suspend the execution of orders which, in my capacity of
military commandant of this territory, I had received from
Com. Stockton, governor and commander-in-chief in Cali-
fornia. I avail myself of an early hour this morning, to
make such a reply as the brief time allowed for reflection
will enable me. I found Com. Stockton in possession of
the country, exercising the functions of military command-
ant and civil governor, as early as July of last year ; and
shortly thereafter I received from him the commission of
military commandant, the duties of which I immediately
entered upon, and have continued to exercise until the pres-
ent moment.

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 35

" I learned, also, in conversation with you, that on the
march from San Diego, recently, to this place, you entered
upon and discharged duties implying an acknowledgment
on your part of supremacy to Com. Stockton.

" I feel, therefore, with great deference to your profes-
sional and personal character, constrained to say that, until
you and Com. Stockton adjust between yourselves the ques-
tion of rank, where I respectfully think the difficulty be-
longs, I shall have to report and receive orders, as hereto-
fore, from the commodore."

After the appointment of Col. Fremont as governor of
California by Com. Stockton, the latter returned with his
troops to his squadron. The assumption by Col. Fremont
of these functions, in defiance of the independent and supe-
rior jurisdiction claimed by Gen. Kearney over the terri-
tory of California, was the basis of the charges which were
afterward brought against him ; although it would be easy
to prove that Gen. Kearney, on his first arrival in Califor-
nia, acknowledged in various ways the supremacy of Com.
Stockton as commander-in-chief of the territory. These
proofs our want of space compels us to exclude, but they
may be found in a work which has recently issued from the
press.*

Of the conduct of Col. Fremont in California, the biogra-
pher of Com. Stockton says : " The ready obedience of
Fremont to the directions of his commander-in-chief, his in-
dustry and perseverance, and the fortitude with which he
contended against great obstacles, entitle him to high
praise, as well as the grateful consideration of his country.
The force which Col. Fremont had levied, and was march-
ing forward to cooperate with Stockton, exercised a salu-
tary influence on the minds of the Californians."

*See Life of Com. R. F. Stockton; New York, 1856; pp. 146, 158^
and 35 of the Appendix.

36 THE LIFE OF

Thus, notwithstanding the brilliant and valuable results
of Col. Fremont's activity in California, no sooner was that
territory incorporated with the government of the United
States, than he was brought home to be tried on grave and
serious charges.* The substance of his alleged offense,
was that Fremont had mutinied because Gen. Kearney
would not appoint him governor of California ; and that in
default of such appointment, he had assumed the office and
prerogatives of governor, and had exercised them. The
evidence produced to show that he had assumed and exer-
cised such powers was, among other things, an instrument
in writing, in which he had undertaken to purchase Bird's
or Pelican Island, near the mouth of San Francisco Bay,
for five thousand dollars, to the use of the United States,
which money was to be drawn from the Federal treasury.

This charge of mutiny was chiefly devised and urged
against Col. Fremont, through the jealousy of some of his
rivals among the officers of the army. The direct answer
to the charge is, not that Fremont had not acted as gov-
ernor of California, and exercised all the functions which
at that time appertained to the office ; but that he lawfully
held the appointment, having received it, first from Com.
Stockton, acting under the approval of government, and
afterward confirmed in the office by Gen. Kearney. But
other proofs were alleged in support of the charge, that
Col. Fremont's exercise of those functions was unauthor-
ized, and the bitterness of professional jealousy urged on
the trial. The result was, that the defendant was found
guilty of all the charges and specifications, though there is
every reason to believe that the decision was by no means

* Further evidence which amply vindicates Col. Fremont from all
V.ame, during his official and professional career in California, will be
found in the "Proceedings of Court Martial of Col. Fremont," pp.
210, 21}

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 37

unanimous. When the verdict was presented to President
Polk for his approval, he replied, after having carefully ex-
amined the papers laid before him, that there was no mutiny
technically proved, but he thought that several inferior char-
ges, which had also been preferred, were proved. He there-
fore sustained the sentence of the court martial in reference
to these ; but in view of the previous meritorious conduct of
Col. Fremont, and his valuable services, the sentence of
dismissal from the service was remitted. He was therefore
discharged from arrest, and ordered to resume his sword,
and report himself for duty. Immediately on receiving this
order, Fremont sent in his resignation as lieutenant-colonel
in the army of the United States; and very justly refused
to receive an act of clemency from the president, which
would by implication admit the justice of the sentence
which had been passed upon him.

A few additional remarks may here be proper, to show
the falsehood and injustice of the charges brought against
Col. Fremont on this occasion. The principal ground of
complaint alleged was, that he had unlawfully assumed and
exercised the prerogatives of governor of California. In
justification of this assumption we have asserted, that Com.
Stockton had, in the exercise of plenary power in the premi-
ses, appointed Col. Fremont to the post. Many other
proofs of the validity of this claim to the office may be
readily adduced, to show that the odium of such a charge
is unjust. Two of Gen. Kearney's own officers, Capt.
Johnson and Lieut. Emory, have themselves, and very
willingly, furnished that evidence. They both kept jour-
nals of the expedition of their commanding officer to Cali-
fornia, and those journals contain entries which entirely
exculpate Col. Fremont. Capt. Johnson asserts, under the
late of October 6th, 1846, that when approaching Cali-
fornia they met Kit Carson, who was carrying a mail of

38 THE LIFE OF

public letters to Washington. He adds that Carson in-
formed them that Col. Fremont, in junction with Com.
Stockton had iust completed the subjugation of California,
and its annexation to the United States as a territory, and
that Col. Fremont had been appointed governor of the
new territory by Com. Stockton. A similar statement in
substance is made in the journal of Lieut. Emory. But
the strongest proof is found in the statement by the heroic
Kit Carson himself. When speaking to Senator Benton on
the subject, he said,* that he had met Gen. Kearney and
his troops near Santa Fe ; that he informed the officer that
California was already conquered, and the services of his
troops not required ; and that Gen. Kearney declared that
he would still go on. Carson then informed him that Col.
Fremont was already appointed governor of California,
and that Gen. Kearney replied, that he was friendly to Col.
Fremont, would not intefere with his functions as governor,
but w^ould in fact assist in confirming him in his authority.
And yet, in spite of these repeated testimonals to the le-
gitimacy of Col. Fremont's assumption of gubernatorial
powers, he was subjected therefor to the disgrace and in-
dignity of a court martial.

Many of the circumstances connected with this court
martial clearly indicate, as already hinted, that it was one
of those frequent attempts -which are instigated by profes-
sional and personal jealousy, to break down the character
and to ruin the prospects of an aspiring and deserving rival.
During his whole professional career as an officer of the
United States government, Col. Fremont has been guilty
of one great fault, which, in the eyes of intellectual weak-
lings, and of the fawning favorites of those in place and
power, is unpardonable. He had not entered the service

»S«* Benton's "Thirty Years View," vol. ii, page 718.

*COL. J. C. FREMONT. 39

through the charmed gate of the military establishment at
West Point. Without having enjoyed the advantages
which an education in that institution "bestows, he had
forced his way into important and responsible trusts, by the
sheer force of his intellectual superiority. And after hav-
ing obtained those posts and appointments, he had executed
the dangerous and difficult commissions which they in-
volved, with a degree of heroism, resolution, and endu-
rance, which have no parallel in the civil history of the
country. As year after year advanced, they only brought
to light new discoveries, and revealed still greater services
which Col. Fremont had achieved, which gave him a
stronger hold on the admiration and gratitude of his coun-
trymen ; which elevated his name and fame to a still higher
eminence among the immortal catalogue of the world's
heroes ; and which were a constant though involuntary re-
proof to the laziness and habitual inefficiency of those who
were associated with him in the service, and who had never
done a single act in that service save to draw and to expend
their salaries.

This court martial was consequently contrived and exe-
cuted solely through the machinations of Col. Fremont's
professional rivals. Under the peculiar circumstances of
the case, it might be technically true that, in a critical mo-
ment, he had acted independently of orders from his supe-
riors, in some of the striking and decisive scenes of the
California war. But that he, of set purpose, ever intended
either to transcend or to disobey orders when given by le-
gitimate authority, is absurd and untrue. And this foul at-
tempt of spiteful jealousy to break the aspiring wing of
that noble bird of Jove which has so boldly mounted to-
ward the sun, and sailed abroad over the snowy summits and
untrodden wastes of the Rocky Mountains, in pursuit of
new discoveries and new worlds, ended, as it deserved to

40 THE LIFE OF %

end, in failing to accomplish its purpose. The Immortal is
fated not to die ; in every case will eventually triumph
over every assault ; and though for a time it may be obscured
by a cloud which imbecile and malignant envy may throw
over it, will eventually rise above it, and achieve its heaven
directed destiny !

Having thus vindicated both his conduct and his inde-
pendence, Col. Fremont's active mind began immediately
to plan new adventures, in order to complete and enlarge
the discoveries which he had already made. His great aim
was the ultimate establishment of a railroad to the Pacific,
as well as the improvement of our geographical knowledge
of the great western territories of our country. He now
made his preparations for his fourth expedition. He selected
for his line of march the head of the Rio Grande del Norte,
which had as yet not been traversed or explored in any of
his preceding journeys.

This expedition turned out to be the most dangerous
and the most disastrous of all his ventures. His route
was surrounded by the hostile and warlike tribes of the
Utah, Apaches, and Isfavahoe Indians, all of whom were
at that time on unfriendly terms with the United States.
His company consisted of thirty-three of his old associates,
who were provided, at his own expense, with one hundred
and twenty picked mules, with excellent rifles, and with
every necessary equipment for the journey. He perferred
to travel in winter, because although his dangers and suffer-
ings from the climate were greater at that season, he
was then better able to discover all the disadvantages
of his route. By the end of November, 1848, Col. Fre-
mont arrived with his company at the Pueblos on the Up-
per Arkansas, at the foot of the Sierra which lay in his
route. They dismounted and traveled on foot through the
vast snow fields before them, often waist deep. After a

COL. J. 0. FREMONT. 41

toilsome march they arrived on the other side, in the beau-
tiful and verdant valley of San Louis. Yet the most diffi-
cult and dangerous portions of the great Sierras lay before
them. By the aid of his telescope the bold adventurer
could discover hi the snowy distance the depression in the
mountains, which the old hunters of those western outskirts
assured him marked the locality of the pass which he
sought. The guide whom Fremont had employed at the
Pueblo San Carlos to accompany him, also entertained the
same erroneous impression. And to the blunders of these
blind leaders, and not to his own want of sagacity, must
be attributed the disasters so fatal and so destructive,
which followed the carrying out of the advice and counsel
they gave.

Against the propriety of this advice Col. Fremont him-
self at first strongly remonstrated. His natural sagacity,
aided by his great experience as a western traveler and ex-
plorer, led him to distrust the safety of that route. After
disputing and arguing with his guide for two hours on the
subject, he yielded ; and the result proved the wisdom of
his apprehensions. The company began to ascend the rug-
ged and frozen heights before them. The snow was deep,
the cold intense, the difficulty of advancing very great.
The angle of elevation was abrupt, and huge crags and rocks
often projected over their way. After a toilsome march
of a whole day, they reached the point where vegetation
ceased. Here they were compelled to spend the first night,
and the intense rigors of the season and of that exposed po-
sition placed them all, man and beast, in very great danger
of being frozen to death. The energetic precautions taken
by Col. Fremont averted so disastrous a result. The night
was passed in safety, but when the cold and cheerless morn-
ing dawned in that exposed and lonely eminence, the real per-
ils of the j ourney began. Soon the whole camp was in

42 THE LIFE OF

motion. The ascfcat before them being more dangerous
and difficult than that of the preceding day, required
greater precautions. Beside this, the depth of the snow in-
creased, and the perils of the precipices were more immi-
nent. Mauls, prepared during the night by the orders of
Col. Fremont, were carried by the first division to beat
down and displace the snow. In this exceedingly exhaust-
ing work the men were compelled frequently to relieve
each other. After a breach had thus been made in the
frozen barrier which opposed their advances, the mules and
baggage were then driven forward. By this process the
height of the mountain was at length reached. The sum-
mit was bare of all vegetation, the cold was intense, the
winds were extremely cutting ; and as the bold adven-
turer gazed around him, he beheld nothing, as far as the
eye could reach, except the snowy wastes and rugged sum-
mits of the mountains, laying in cold and cheerless desola-
tion against the wintry horizon. It was one of the grand-
est, sublimest, but most cheerless situations which could well
be imagined.

The guide had missed the pass ; but that was not the
most serious misfortune which befell the travelers. Sud-
denly a snow storm began to sweep over the heights, and
to rage around them with tremendous fury. Soon the snow
became too deep for the mules to move. In vain the men
attempted to remove the obstructions, and to urge the be-
numbed beasts to continue their advance. So intense was
the cold, that though a hundred and twenty mules were
closely assembled together, the natural warmth of their
bodies proved no protection against the severity of the
atmosphere. They froze stiff and dead as they stood, fell
over like inanimate blocks, and were soon covered from
view by the drifting snow. The condition of the party now
became desperate. To advance was impossible. A sudden

COL. J. C. FREMON7T. 43

retreat alone was practicable. Leaving their baggage be-
hind them, they recrossed the summit, and began to descend
in their former tracks. After proceeding some distance, they
found a shelter under some rocks, and fuel to kindle a fire.
But they were destitute of almost everything, and a long
delay in that retreat was impossible. They were then dis-
tant ten days' travel from the nearest New Mexican settle-
ment. Fremont immediately dispatched thither a guide
and three picked men, for the purpose of obtaining supplies
of food and succor. They were allowed twenty days for
the performance of the journey.

During sixteen long and weary days did Fremont and his
companions await the return of those who had departed. —
By this time their sufferings had become extreme, and he
himself could endure delay no longer. He set out, at-
tended only by three faithful friends, in order to meet the
expected relief. After traveling six days, he reached the
camp of the latter. The men presented a horrible appear-
ance of suffering and despair, and King, the principal of
them, was missing. Fremont immediately inquired for him,
and he was directed to an object lying at a short distance
on the ground. He approached, and found it to be the '
dead body of King, partly devoured. The latter had per-
ished from exposure and suffering, and his starving com-
panions had greedily feasted on his remains. Despair had
overwhelmed them, and they had waited only for death to
release them from their agonies.

Fremont immediately continued his journey, taking the
three survivors with him. He soon came upon traces of
the hostile Indians. Following their trail down the Rio
Del Norte, at that time completely frozen over, they had
the good fortune to discover a single Indian, obtaining wa-
ter from an air-hole. He was adroitly surrounded, and ta-
ken. He proved to be a young chief whom Fremont had

44 THE LIFE Ol1

previously met on one of his former expeditions, though in
a location far distant from the spot where they then were.
The Indian was friendly. He became the guide of the
travelers, procured them four horses, and conducted them
to settlements where their wants were supplied, and where
they were able to procure the means of sending relief to
their associates whom they had left behind.

That relief was desperately needed. One-third of their
entire number had already perished among the snows. The
whole of them had started after the departure of Fremont,
to follow him ; and the frozen and half-devoured remains
of those who had perished along the way, became the land-
marks which designated at intervals the horrors and suffer-
ings which they had endured. Many of those who survived
that terrible occasion were crippled for life, with frozen
hands and feet, and with other painful consequences which
followed their sufferings.

Desperate as was the condition of Col. Fremont after
this disastrous expedition, in those remote regions, he was
not the man even then to abandon his purpose, or give way
to despondency. With unparalleled resolution and con-
stancy of will, he still determined to execute his original in-
tention, and carry out his first project. By prodigious en-
ergy and perseverance, such as he alone possessed, he soon
obtained in that remote region, at Santa Fe, where he had
taken refuge, a new outfit of men, arms, horses and provis-
ions. His party again numbered • thirty men. On this
occasion, as may readily be supposed, he profited deeply by
the stern lessons which experience had taught him. He suc-
ceeded for some time in escaping the attacks of the hostile
Apaches and Navahoes. But he was not always so fortu-
nate. On one occasion a man remained in the rear of the
company, and soon the sharp report of a rifle indicated that
enemies were hovering around them. Two Indians were

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 45

soon discovered in the distance. They were evidently the
scouts of a larger company. To fight with the savages
would have been madness. Col. Fremont at once discerned
that the only way to escape was to simulate friendship ; for
to resist the force which might be brought to assail them
was impossible. The whole country around was very prob-
ably infested by the hostile Indians. He had already tested,
on many grave and critical occasions, his rare powers of
ascendency over the minds both of savage and civilized
men, and he relied on the successful exercise of those pow-
ers on this occasion. Taking his interpreter with him, he
boldly and confidently advanced toward the savages. The
first move of the Indians was to induce him to pass around
the head of a ravine, by which means his connection with
his own company would be intercepted. Even at this ap-
parently treacherous suggestion, Col. Fremont was not dis-
couraged ; he complied, and having approached them, be-
gan to converse in a sociable and friendly way. He soon
gamed their confidence. The wild, untutored savages of
the hills and plains felt the commanding influence of supe-
rior intelligence. Col. Fremont announced his name, but
found that the Indians were not familiar with it. He de-
clared his intentions and purposes, which were friendly and
commendable ; and assured them that he would be a bene-
factor, and not a foe, to them. He then invited them to
his camp. His cordial tone and manner had by this time
so completely disarmed their fears, that they complied with
his request. There they ate, smoked, and drank, and soon
became attached to his person, and friendly to his purposes ;
although one of their tribe had shot at one of his men that
very day, and they had just cause of apprehending severe
punishment for their hostility. The result was, that the
two Indians, thus strangely converted from foes into friends,
by the intrepid resolution and self-possession of Col. Fre-

46 THE LIFE OF

mont, were eventually most serviceable to his interests.
While he and his small company were pursuing their dan-
gerous route in one direction, these Indians adroitly con-
ducted the whole of their tribe in another, and the expedi
tion was thus able to advance through a hostile and danger-
ous country without hinderance or peril. A succeeding
winter concluded the toils and adventures which attended
the accomplishment of the purposes of this memorable ex-
pedition, the begining of which, through the error of the
guide, had been attended with such disastrous results.
He found a secure and practicable route, after great re-
searches and unwearied diligence, which very few men
would have exhibited, which eventually conducted him to
Sacramento, He may thus be said to have thrown open,
with his own hands, the golden gates to the New El Dorado,
which have since glittered from afar upon the vision of so
many adventurers.

The results of this fifth and last expedition of our ad-
venturous hero, were in the highest degree satisfactory.
He revealed safe and easy passes over the mountains, and
through fertile districts of country, the whole of the way
to California. His route lay upon a straight line of the
thirty-eighth and thirty-ninth degrees. It is the same route
which prudence and wise policy dictate as the one, and as
the only one, which is suited for the American Central Pacific
Railway, to be used when the enterprise, energy, and sa-
gacity of the country shall have become ablo to appreciate
the inestimable importance and value of that great na-
tional work.

During his first residence in California, Col. Fremont had
become one of the earliest and largest American proprie-
tors. He at that time purchased the famous Mariposa
grant, which afterward turned out to be fraught rwith
golden treasures. After the termination and completion of

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 47

all his designs of discovery and scientific enterprises, he re»
turned to California. He took a prominent part in the
formation of the constitution of that state, and he was the
principal means of introducing into that document, clauses
which totally exclude the presence and the curse of slavery
from the limits of that State.

In 1850, after the adoption of the constitution, Col. Fre-
mont was elected one of the first senators of California to
the Federal government. He drew the short term of two
years ; but he sat only one term in the United States sen-
ate, in consequence of the delays which took place in the
admission of the state which he represented to the Union.
After the termination of his period of office, he was succeed-
ed by J. B. Weller, a decided pro-slavery candidate. Col.
Fremont then devoted himself to developing the resources
of his immense estate in California. He soon became great-
ly annoyed by claims which were brought against him for
supplies which had been furnished to the United States
troops on his private credit, during the campaign which pre-
ceded the establishment of the authority of the United
States in California. While in England, on private busi-
ness, he was even arrested on one of these claims, and en-
dured a short confinement, in consequence of the indiffer-
ence of the Federal government in discharging liabilities,
which it was not only bound by every obligation of law and
honor to discharge, but liabilities which had been incurred
in executing measures which resulted hi ten thousand fold
more profit to the Union, than the amount expended and
reflmded.

Col. Fremont was destined, after the termination of those
difficulties, to experience others not less harassing and per-
plexing. He was assailed with annoyances, not only from
government, but also from many individuals who resisted
his claims on the great and valuable Mariposa grant. He

48 THE LIFE OF

defended his rights in many courts, from the lowest local
judicatures of the country and state of California, up to the
supreme court of the United States. The decisions were
uniformly in his favor ; and now at last the indisputable title
to that immense possession has been finally determined to
be in him alone, by the highest tribunal in the land. This
decision rendered the bold adventurer, the illustrious " Path-
Finder in the Rocky Mountains," as he has not unaptly
been termed, one of the wealthiest citizens in 'the nation.
With his usual indomitable perseverance in the pursuit of
his purposes, with his unsurpassed sagacity and shrewdness,
he has triumphed over these last difficulties, and now en-
joys the well-deserved fruits of his labors.

On the 18th of June, 1856, Col. Fremont, who had
recently removed to the city of New York, was nominated
by the National Republican Convention assembled in Phila-
delphia, as their candidate fop the presidency of the United
States. Senator Dayton, of New Jersey, received their suf-
frages as nominee for the vice presidency. Several other
candidates were placed before the convention, as competi-
tors of Col. Fremont, whose claims were maintained by
their respective partisans with great earnestness. But the
minds of the great majority of the delegates were convinced
from the first of the superior merits and greater availability
of Col. Fremont ; and he received on the first ballot three
hundred and fifty-nine votes, against one hundred and ninety
nine. After the decision was made known, the choice was
rendered unanfcnoue, and thus Col. Fremont was placed be-
fore the world imcler the most favorable circumstances, as the
candidate of a great and influential party, for the first office
in the gift of any free people in the world.*

* The following were the different votes cast by the delegates of
the various states which they represented : 1
For Fremont — Maine, 13; New Hampshire, 15 ; Vermont, 15;

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 49

This convention was much the largest, the most influen-
tial, and the most intelligent which had ever yet assembled
to represent the sentiments and interests of the Republican
party in the United States. The nomination of so young a
man as Col. Fremont, under such circumstances, is an event
both remarkable in itself, and in the highest degree flatter-
ing to him. He is the youngest man, and the one least iden-
tified with political intrigue and party strife, who has ever
yet been a candidate for the presidency, in the United
States. It is an inquiry both of interest and importance, to
ascertain the grounds on which this strange preference has
been based, and to trace the causes which thus led to a re-
sult which, however satisfactory to the agents who produced
it, may have surprised those who were not familiar with the
subject.

It is urged hi behalf of Col. Fremont, that his political
sentiments are eminently wise and just in reference to the
slavery question. These sentiments he has boldly, and con-
sistently avowed from the beginning of his career till the

Massachusetts, 39; Rhode Island, 12; Connecticut, 18; New York,
93; New Jersey, 7: Pennsjdvania, 10; Maryland, 4 ; Ohio, 30; In-
diana, 18; Illinois, 14; Michigan, 18; Wisconsin, 15 ; Iowa, 12;
Kansas, 9 ; California, 12 ; Kentucky, 5. Total, 359.

For McLean — Maine 11; New York, 3; New Jersey, 14 ; Pennsyl-
vania, 71 ; Delaware, 9; Mary-land, 3; Ohio, 39 ; Indiana, 21 ; Illi-
nois, 19; Minnesota, 3; Nebraska, 3. Total, 196.

For Sumner-»-New York, 2.

For Seward — New York, 1.

Virginia had declined casting any vote when called upon. Michi-
gan, before casting her vote, said the first choice of the delegation
had been Mr. Seward, but finding that the sense of the Convention
was unmistakably in favor of Fremont, she had decided to cast her
vote for the favorite. Wisconsin intimated a similar predilection for
Mr. Seward, but that her second choice was Mr. Chase, and her third,
Mr. Sumner. H*sr vote was cast for Fremont. The District of P »•
lumbia, when called upon, declined voting.

C 4

50 THE LIFE OF

present time. On the 17th of March last, he addressed the
following letter to Governor Robinson, which it will be
seen, conclusively establishes Col. Fremont's ardent sympa-
thy with the freemen of Kansas :

York, 176 Second Avenue, March 17, 1856.

"MY DEAR SIR: Your letter of February reached me in
Washington some time since. I read it with much satisfac-
tion. It was a great pleasure to find that you retained so
lirely a recollection of our intercourse in California. But
my awn experience is, that permanent and valuable friend-
ships are most often formed in contests and struggles. If a
man has good points, then they become salient, and we
know each other suddenly *

" I had both been thinking and speaking of you latterly.
The .Banks .balloting in the House and your movements in
Kansas had naturally carried my mind back to our one hun-
dred and forty odd ballots in California, and your letter
came seasonably an,d fitly to complete the connection. We
were defeated then; but that contest was only an incident
in a great struggle, and the victory was deferred, not losA.
You have carried to another field the same principle, with
courage and ability to maintain it ; and I make you my sin-
cere congratulations on your success — incomplete so far, but
destined in the end to triumph absolutely.

" I had been waiting to see what shape the Kansas ques-
tion would take in congress, that I might be enabled to give
you some views in relation to the probable result. Nothing
yet has been accomplished ; but I am satisfied that in the
end congress will take efficient measures to lay before the
American people the exact truth concerning your affairs.
Neither you nor I can have any doubt what verdict the
people will pronounce, upon a truthful exposition. It is to
be feared, from the proclamation of the president, that he

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 51

intends to recognize the usurpation in Kansas, as the legiti-
mate government, and that its sedition law, the test oath,
and the means to be taken to expel its people as aliens, will
all directly or indirectly be supported by the army of the
United States. Your position will undoubtedly be diffi-
cult, but you know I have great confidence in your firm-
ness and prudence. When the critical moment arrives, you
must act for yourself— no man can give yOu counsel. A
true man will always find his best counsel in that inspira-
tion which a good cause never fails to give him at the in-
stant of trial. All history teaches us that great results are
ruled by a wise Providence, and we are but units in the
great plan. Your action will be determined by events as
they present themselves, and at this distance I can only say
that I sympathize cordially with you ; and that, as you
stood by me firmly and generously when we Were defeated
by the Nullifiers in California, I have every disposition to
stand by you in the same way in your battle with them in
Kansas.

" You see that what I have been saying is more a reply
to the suggestions which your condition makes to me, than
any answer to your letter, which more particularly regards
myself. The nptices which you had seen of me, in connec-
tion with the presidency, came from the partial disposition
of friends, who think of me more flatteringly than I do of
myself, and do not, therefore, call for any action from us.
Repeating that I am really and sincerely gratified in the
renewal of our old friendship, or rather in the expression
of it, which I hope will not hereafter have so long an inter-
val, I am yours, very truly,

"J. C. FREMONT.

"Gov. CHARLES ROBINSON, Lawrence, Kansas."

In April, 1856, he was invited to attend, at the great
Kansas meeting which was held in the New York Taber-

62 THE LIFE OF

nacle ; and although unable to comply with the invita-
tion, he sent a reply to the committee which clearly stated
his opinions on this vital question. Said he : " I heartily
concur in all movements which have for their object to re-
pair the mischiefs arising from the violation of good faith
in the repeal of the Missouri compromise. I am opposed
to slavery in the abstract, and upon principle, sustained and
made habitual by long settled convictions. While I feel in-
flexible hi the belief that it ought not to be interfered with
where it exists under the shield of state sovereignty, I am
as inflexibly opposed to its extension on this continent be-
yond its present limits."

ISTor are these sentiments of opposition to slavery new,
or of recent origin. To Col. Fremont's decided devotion
to Freedom in California, he owes his defeat as a candidate
for reelection to the United States senate. In that contest,
the propagandists of slavery, made the issue paramount and
distinct, and he who now bears the Republican standard
was sacrificed, simply because he would not consent to di-
vide California, and thus countenance the formation of an-
other slave state. Gov. Robinson, then a member of the
California legislature, though opposed to him politically,
wus his firm friend and supporter in that memorable con-
test ; and the attachment thus 'formed between them has
ever since continued. Had Col. Fremont possessed the
pliant and truculent virtue of many professional politicians,
he might to-day be enjoying the favors of those who so
liberally reward, and so gratefully remember their devo-
tees, but he never would have become the standard-bearer
of freedom, or have enjoyed the confidence of the friends
of liberty.

The political doctrines both of Col. Fremont and of the
great party which has nominated him for the presidency,
may be most clearly learned from the elaborate platform

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 53

vrhich was adopted and proclaimed by the latter, at their
convention in Philadelphia, in June, which we append be-
low.* This document embraces, beside the slavery ques-
tion, all the great issues which now agitate the country;
and sets forth boldly, clearly, and fully the sentiments of a
vast, intelligent, and influential portion of the naticn in ref-

* "This Convention of Delegates, assembled in pursuance of a call
addressed to the people of the United States, without regard to past
political differences or divisions, who are opposed to the repeal of the
Missouri Compromise ; to the policy of the present Administration ;
to the extension of Slavery into free Territory ; in favor of the admis-
sion of Kansas as a Free State; of restoring the action of the Federal
Government to the principles of Washington and Jefferson; and for
the purpose of presenting candidates for the offices of President a"d
Vice President, do

"1. Resolve, That the maintenance of the principles promulgated m
fehe Declaration of Independence and embodied in the Federal Consti-
tution, are essential to the preservation of our Republican institutions,
and that the Federal Constitution, the rights of the States, and the
union of the States, shall be preserved.

" 2. Resolved, That with our Republican fathers we hold it to be a
self-evident truth that all men are endowed with the unalienable right
to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that the primary ob-
ject and ulterior design of our Federal Government were to secure
those rights to all persons witlwn its exclusive jurisdiction; that as
our Republican fathers, when they had abolished Slavery in all our
National Territory, ordained that no person shou-ld be deprived of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, it becomes our
duty to maintain this provision of the Constitution, against all at-
tempts to violate it for the purpose of establishing Slavery in the Uni-
ted States, by positive legislation prohibiting its existence or exten-
sion therein. That we deny the authority of Congress, or of a Terri-
torial Legislature, of any individual or association of individuals, to
give legal assistance to Slavery in any Territory of the United States,
while the present Constitution shall be maintained.

"3. Resolved, That the Constitution confers upon Congress sover-
eign power over the Territories of the United States for their govern-
ment, and that in the exercise of this power it is both the right and

54 THE LIFE OF

erence to them. Should the event of the final decision at
the ballot-box place the helm of state in the hands of those
who profess these sentiments, and endorse this platform,
they will doubtless be vigorously carried out and executed.
The convention which nominated Col. Fremont to the

the duty of Congress to prohibit in the Territories those twin relics
of barbarism — Polygamy and Slavery.

"4. Resolved, That while the Constitution of the United States was
ordained and established by the people in order ' to ^form a more
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide
for the common defense, and secure the blessings of Liberty,' and
contains ample provisions - for the protection of the life, liberty and
property of every citizen, the dearest constitutional rights of th«
people of Kansas have been fraudulently and violently taken from
them ;

"Their Territory has been invaded by an armed force ;

"Spurious and pretended Legislative, Judicial and Executive officers
have been set over them, by whose usurped authority, sustained by
the military power of the Government, tyrannical and unconstitutional
laws nave been enacted and enforced;

"The rights of the people to keep and bear arms have been
infringed;

"Test oaths of an extraordinary and entangling nature have been
hnposed as a condition of exercising the right of suffrage and holding
office;

" The right of an accused person to a speedy and public trial by
an impartial jury has been denied;

" The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, has been
violated ;

" They have been deprived of life, liberty, and property without due
process of law ;

"That the freedom of speech and of the press has been abridged;

'• The right to choose their representatives has been made of no
effect;

"Murders, robberies, and arsons have been instigated and encour-
oged, and the offenders have been allowed to go unpunished ;

"That all thes<* things have been done with the knowledge, sano-

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 55

presidency, was, as wo have said, the most distinguished for
talents and eminence which had ever assembled to repre-
sent the Republican or Anti-Slavery party in the United
States. There were among them seven governors and
ex-governors of states, three lieutenant-governors, and thir

tion, and procurement of the present Administration, and that for
this high crime against the Constitution, the Union, and humanity,
•we arraign that Admiaistration, the President, his advisers, agents,
supporters, apologists and accessories, either before or after the facts,
before the country and before the world ; and tliat it is our fixed
purpose to bring the actual perpetrators of these atrocious outrages,
and their accomplices, to a sure and condign punishment hereafter.

"5. Resolved, That Kansas should be immediately admitted as a
State of the Union, with her prese'nt Free Constitution, as at once the
most effectual way of securing to her citizens the enjoyment of the
rights and privileges to which they are entitled, and of ending the
civil strife now raging in her Territory.

6. " Resolved, That the highwayman's plea that ' might makes right,'
embodied in the Ostend Circular, was in every respect unworthy of
American diplomacy, and would bring shame and dishonor upon
any Government or people that gave it their sanction.

7. "Resolved, That a Railroad to the Pacific Ocean by the most
central and practical route, is imperatively demanded by the inter-
ests of the whole country, and that the Federal Government ought
to render immediate and efficient aid in its construction ; and as an
auxiliary thereto, the immediate construction of an emigrant route on
the line of the railroad is necessary.

8. " Resolved, That appropriations by Congress for the improve-
ment of rivers and harbors, of a national character, required for the
accommodation and security of our existing commerce, are authorized
by the Constitution, and justified by the obligation of Government
to protect the lives and property of its citizens.

9. " Resolved, That we invite the affiliation and co-operation of the
men of all parties, however differing from us in other respects, in sup-
port of the principles herein declared, and believing that the spirit
of our institutions, as well as the Constitution of our country, guaran-
tees liberty of conscience and equality of rights among citizens, w«
oppose all legislation impairing their security."

56 THE LIFE OF

ty-six members and ex-members of congress. And what-
ever may be the developments of the future, it cannot be
denied that new interest and new energy have been infused
by them into the political opponents of the institution of
slavery, and of its extension and establishment in the new
territories and new states of the Confederacy.

The nomination of Col. Fremont was received with unu-
sual enthusiasm throughout that vast community who had
been represented by the Philadelphia convention. The
prevalent enthusiasm was even carried over into the ranks
of some who had not before been recognized as belonging
to that organization. The " American National Club" of
the city of New- York, immediately after the Republican
nominations were made, by a series of clear and decided
resolutions, expressed their determination to recognize in
the "aggressions of the South upon Northern interests, as
exemplified in the repeal of the Missouri compromise, which
Henry Clay and his compatriots enacted to remain invio-
late forever, in a bloody and cowardly attack upon a North-
ern representative in the United States senate, to restrain
freedom of speech, the inalienable prerogative of an Amer-
ican freeman, and in the cruel butcheries of the free-state
American settlers in the territory of Kansas, to facilitate
the spread of an institution which, is a blight and curse to
a free people, an attempt on the part of the South to form
and maintain a sectional party, the tenets of which are re-
pugnant to the feelings of every true American freeman."
They then denounced the nomination of Mr. Fillmore as an
unwarrantable concession to the South, whose aggressions
have already become intolerable ; and conclude by declar-
ing that they find the only true and consistent representa-
tives of republican principles in the nominees of the Amer-
ican Republican Convention held at Philadelphia.

The advocates of Col. Fremont assert that he possesses

COL. J. C. FREMONT. f>7

many rare and valuable qualifications for the office for which
they have designated him. These qualifications may be de-
fined as being personal, sectional, and general. His personal
qualifications are said to consist in his superior sagacity,
energy, and independence of character. Many ancient dem-
ocrats suppose that in him they would behold a revival ot
the inflexible determination, the bold and unflinching con-
sistency, of the departed hero of New Orleans. It is un-
doubtedly true, that the personal traits of Col. Fremont re-
semble, in no inconsiderable degree, the character of him
who crashed with an iron hand the scorpion head of Nullifi-
cation in South Carolina, who assailed and destroyed the
United States Bank when in the plenitude of its power,
who removed the deposits in spite of the opposition of a
terrified and hostile nation, and who, by many great deeds
of fearless determination, won for himself the honorable
and unambiguous epithet of " Old Hickory." Certain it is,
that if ever Col. Fremont becomes president of the United
States, the ignoble and disgraceful reign of the supple, back-
stairs politicians will have come to a premature end.

It is said that Col. Fremont is in himself a most eminent
representative of the youthful republic whose citizen he is.
Like his country, he is young in years, and possesses the
elastic energy which is the characteristic of youth alone.
Like it, he has been nurtured in the midst of storms, has
boldly breasted the mountain winds, and has grown up to
greatness, consequence, and wealth, in opposition to many
unfavorable influences. Like it, he is ambitious 'of honora-
ble success; and entertains bright and glowing anticipa-
tions of still further advancement in the future. Such a
man, placed at the head of American affairs, might natu-
rally be supposed to presage future energy and progress in
national improvement and glory.

Col. Fremont is also the friend and patron of the internal

06 THE LIFE OF

improvement system. He may not have had the large expe-
rience as a statesman which has distinguished the great
names that adore our country's history. No such quality is
claimed for him. But it is asserted that his observant saga-
city has made him familiar with the diversified wants of the
various portions of the Confederacy, and that an opportu-
nity only is wanting to enable him to display the same great
qualities at a statesman which have characterized him as an
explorer, as a soldier, as the executive officer of a turbulent
and new-born territory. It is with confidence asserted, that
the same limited experience as a statesmen, previous to his
elevation to the presidency, characterized the boldest, ablest
and most successful of all presidents ; and that if Jackson
became greater in the executive chair of the nation than he
had been at the head of her armies, the same experience
would be developed by his proposed imitator and successor.
This view of the subject is rendered more probable by
the fact, that other personal qualities of Col. Fremont, are
his industrious self-culture, and his life-long endeavor to en-
rich his mind, and improve his natural powers with valua-
ble knowledge. It is true that he never studied within the
walls of the national school at West Point ; but we question
whether, to a man of his native energy and sagacity, such a
deprivation has ever been an injury. He has been his own
instructor. He is emphatically a self-made man. His hab-
its have been thoughtful and studious from his youth. His
venerable instructor, Dr. Robertson, narrates how, when a
mere boy, Fremont's superior intelligence and industry at-
tracted his attention ; how in the space of one short year
his pupil had mastered Caesar, Cornelius Nepos, Sallust,
Virgil, Horace, and portions r>F Livy ; how during the
same period he made himself familiar with all the Graeca
Minora, a portion of the Gneca Majori, and four books of
the Illiad ; how his capacious memory retained all that he

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 59

had ever read ; how he seemed even to acquire knowledge,
and to comprehend things by intuition ; how, when he pe-
rused the simple but sublime account given by Herodotus
of the memorable battle -of Marathon, which saved the lib-
erties of Greece from a tyrant's grasp, young Fremont
caught the generous inspiration of his author, and proved
his just appreciation of the great theme, in verses which his
instructor " read with pleasure and admiration at the strong
marks of genius" stamped upon his production. And even
during the very short and unpropitious period which Col. Fre-
mont spent in the senate, he obtained the passage of several
laws for working the gold mines of California, which settled
one of the most difficult questions of the time ; which pre-
vented the mines on the public domains from being farmed
out on the old destructive Spanish principle, so as to derive
a revenue to the government, but none to the individual la-
borer; and which subdivided the gold-bearing territory
into minute portions, and granted permits to actual miners
to work them on easy, secure, and favorable conditions,
which led thousands of poor men on to the possession of
wealth.

Among the sectional qualities of Col. Fremont — by which
we mean, those qualities which commend him to the par-
ticular party whose nominee he is — may be named the fact
that, through his agency, California was admitted to the
Union as a free state. Unquestionably this merit is, to the
opponent of the further extension of slavery, a very impor-
tant one. At the period of the admission of California to
the Union, Col. Fremont was the most influential citizen of
that territory. His influence would have been decisive
whichever way it might be directed. Guided by an honest
aversion to the further extension of the area of slavery, ho
used his authority in favor of freedom. He stayed the on-
ward tide which was then sweeping that institution, with

60 THE LIFE OF

mighty and far-reaching surges, over the immense realms
which were from year to year incorporated into the Confed-
eracy, in the far south-west and west. It was he who said
fiercely and resolutely to that dark flood : here shall thy
proud waves be stayed ! And they were stayed.

To men who regard not only the present existence oi
slavery as a great national evil, but especially to men who con-
sider its farther extension in new territories as a still greater
one, such a service as this, rendered at that critical moment
when the fate of California hung trembling in the uncertain
balance, deserves to be rewarded with no inconsiderable
boon. For such a service, the uneasy and responsible emi-
nence which has already unfortunately proved the grave-
yard wherein lie buried the reputations of not a few aspir-
ing statesmen, is surely not too high or rich a remuneration.

With such antecedents before them, that immense body
of American citizens, belonging to several different politi-
cal parties, who harmonize in opposing the further exten-
sion of slavery, suppose- that, by supporting Col. Fremont,
they ensure the future triumph of the one great principle
which they maintain as paramount to all others. And un-
questionably they are right. The securest barrier which
could possibly be reared against the future admission of
slave territories and slave states to this Union, would be
the election of Col. Fremont. In case that event occurred,
it is not hazarding too much to say, that Kanzas would be
admitted to the Union with her present free constitution ;
that effectual means would very soon be adopted to secure
to her citizens the peaceable enjoyment of their rights,
privileges, and property ; that congress would exercise its
unquestionable authority to legislate for the territories so
as to exclude slavery from their limits in future ; that such
outrages as have been perpetrated in Kanzas — the freedom
of speech, the ballot-box and the press infringed, the right

COI,. J. a KKKMONT. f)l

of the people to bear arms restricted, the deprivation of
life, liberty, and property without due process of law, the
right freely to choose their own representatives invaded —
that such outrages would be suppressed and punished with
a degree of energy and rigor which would forcibly remind
people of the days of Gen. Jackson, when a man occupied
the office of the chief magistracy who both knew his duty
and was not afraid to execute it.

Among the general qualifications for this post which, it is
urged, Col. Fremont possesses — qualifications which com-
mend him to the favor of the whole nation — may be named
the fact that, though the nominee of a Republican conven-
tion, he is not identified with the abolition movement. He
differs essentially from the fo inner nominees of the abolition
party. He ^cognizes the existence of slavery where it al-
ready prevails, and strenuously asserts the necessity of pre-
serving the rights of the Southern states in reference to
this subject. But he is as strenuously opposed to the future
extension of slavery in new states and new territories. And
in maintaining this cardinal doctrine, Col. Fremont repre-
sents the sentiments of the great majority of intelligent and
patriotic Americans of every party, not only in the North,
but also throughout the whole of the South. This great
and wise doctrine is at once conservative and progressive.
It centers in itself the wisdom, prudence, and patriotism of
both of these principles. It guarantees the security of ex-
isting institutions, to eradicate which would be to revolution-
ize, destroy, and uproot the very foundation of great and
prosperous states, and thus effect much more injury than
the result produced would effect good. At the same time,
the Fremont doctrine, taking an enlarged and sagacious
view of things, discerns, that while an evil already tho-
roughly interwoven into the frame-work of society may
safely and of necessity be allowed to remain, that is no

62 THE LIFE OF

reason why that evil should be freshly introduced into the
very life, and constitution of new states and territories. It
asserts that, because an old man who has long indulged in
an ancient and pernicious habit may be allowed to continue
so to do, since to change him might be to destroy him,
that is no reason why young, vigorous, and healthy men
should follow his example, and become inoculated with the
same moral vices. For the first time in the history of our coun-
try, this cardinal doctrine is now prominently and distinctly
put before the nation for their general adjudication at the
ballot-box, and now, for the first time, candidates for the
highest Federal offices are designated, who are known to
entertain and represent that doctrine.

Against these qualifications of Col. Fremont, several ob-
jections and charges have been made.j more suo, by his po-
litical opponents. One of these is, that he is a Roman
Catholic. Even granting the truth of this charge, we as-
sert, that the very mention of such an objection is a dis-
grace to those who are guilty of it. It need not be said
that among the greatest privileges which American free-
men enjoy, is a perfect equality of religious rights and
privileges, and that no man's religion, whatever it be, shall
disqualify him for civil franchises. It is this great prin-
ciple which has placed in the highest executive, judicial,
and representative offices, men of every religious creed now
known in Christendom. But in this case, the assertion in
reference to Mr. Fremont is false, possessing no shadow of
truth. He was baptized, educated, and confirmed in the
Protestant Episcopal churoh; and has never been connected
with any other, during the whole course of his life.

There is but one fact which possesses the least show of
truth and reason in it, in favor of the charge of Col.
Fremont's Romanism. It is, that he was married by a
Roman Catholic priest, Father Van Horseigh. Because

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 63

this event occurred, many years since, the bold and absurd
inference is drawn from it, that he must needs be a Roman
Catholic.

We assert that the inference is perfectly unjustifiable.
We have already stated that the marriage of Col. Fremont
with the accomplished and beautiful daughter of Col. Ben-
ton, was executed in opposition to the wishes of the family
of the bride. The fact is, that it was a runaway match,
achieved with the utmost adroitness and precipitancy by
the lovers. A moment's delay would have defeated their
purpose. In great life-emergencies like these — for such
they seem to be to the ardent imaginations of the parties
concerned — there is neither time nor disposition to inquire
into the theological dogmas of a clerical functionary. In
the case of Col. Fremont, Father Van Horseigh was the
most convenient and the most suitable person who, at the
termination of the rapid flight of the fugitives from the
reach of the bride,'s father, could have been employed to
perform the marriage ceremony. Thus it was, and thus
only, that Col. Fremont was married by a Roman Catholic
priest. This was not only the first, but also the last occa-
sion in which he has had any intercourse or connection
with the clergy or the ordinances of that church. He has,
during his whole life, attended the services of the Episco-
pal church. His mother's family, the Whitings of Glouces-
ter county, Virginia, are all connected with that church.
She herself, after her de"ath in 1847, at Aiken, South Caro-
lina, was laid to repose in the graveyard belonging to that
church. And all the children of Col. Fremont have been
successively baptized into the communion of that church.
The youngest of his family received that rite in St. Mark's
church, in the city of New York, not fifteen months ago
Such are the indisputable facts connected with Col. Fre-
mont's ecclesiastical relations.

64 THE LIFE OF

Another objection urged against him is, that he harmo.
nizes in sentiment with the exclusive and proscriptive doc-
trines of the American party. But whatever may be the
convictions of Col. Fremont in reference to that subject,
they are secondary to the greater doctrine which he repre-
sents in reference to the further extension of slavery. It is
not of primary consequence to inquire what his opinions are
in reference to the tariff, in reference to Central America,
in reference to the relations of the United States toward
Denmark or England. On all these points, his great saga-
city and his undoubted patriotism would guide him in
every emergency which might arise. But what his princi-
ples and conduct would be on those points, are irrelevant is-
sues in the contest for the presidency. So also the harmony
of the Republican candidate with the Americans, though
not an irrelevant, is a secondary consideration. High over
all and above all, towers the colossal question of the further
and illimitable extension of slavery on this continent, and
the nation is now to declare whether that institution shall
spread throughout the fair and rich domains of the West,
from Missouri to the distant placid waves of the Pacific
Ocean; or whether it shall be restricted to its present
limits. This is the paramount issue which will ultimately
divide all parties in the United States. If that division be
not clearly and distinctly defined in the canvass which de-
cides Col. Fremont's fate, it soon will be. Everything
tends that way. All minor principles are being absorbed
in this great one. On the one or the other side of this
question all parties are gradually marshaling themselves.
Other agitations have their transient hour of prominence ;
they then take their positions in the rear, or vanish entirely
from view. But there still remains, prominently and im-
movably in the foreground, amid all changes and all party
vicissitudes, the colossus Institution which gives peculiarity

COL. .1. C. FllEMONT. (15

and distinctiveness to the Republic ; and there it will re-
main, as changeless as the great features of nature, until
the issue is met, and a final disposition is made of it.

Still another objection has been advanced against Col.
Fremont, which deserves notice. It is said that, during
the twenty-one days in which he occupied a seat in the
United States senate, he cast a vote which was not regarded
at that time as opposed to slavery, and which was not con-
sistent with the principles of which he is at present the
champion and the exponent. This vote was given against
a proposition to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia,
subject to a popular decision on the subject.

The history of the whole matter is as follows : On the
12th of September, a bill was introduced into the senate to
suppress the slave trade in the District. Gov. Seward
moved to strike out the whole of that bill from its enacting
clause, and to substitute another, abolishing slavery entirely
in the District. The latter bill was lost by a vote of forty-
five to five, Col. Fremont voting against it. But the most
able and distinguished advocates of freedom then in the
senate were associated with him in that vote, — Roger S.
Baldwin, of Connecticut, John Davis, of Massachusetts,
Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, Truman Smith, of Connecticut,
and R. C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts. The principle
which guided the action of these statesmen on this occa-
sion, was this : Fully aware that the proposition of Senator
Seward, to abolish slavery entirely in the District, would cer-
tainly be defeated, they chose to concentrate their energies
on the accomplishment of what was feasible — the abolition
of the slave trade in the District. On the 16th of Septem-
ber, the original bill was taken up and passed by the sen-
ate, Col. Fremont and Senator Dayton voting in its favor,
together with all the northern senators.

But other votes were given by Col. Fremont during hi*

G6 THE LIFE OF

connection with the senate, which clearly show the con-
sistency of his principles, and the perfect identity of hia
position then with his position n^w. On the 14th of Sep-
tember a bill was proposed, providing that, if a free person
should entice or assist a slave to run away, or should harbor
a runaway slave, he should be imprisoned in the peniten-
tiary of the District for five years. Against this proposi-
tion Col. Fremont voted, together with twenty-five other
senators, and defeated it. When another amendment was
proposed to authorize the corporations of the District of
Columbia to prohibit free negroes from coming within their
limits, under penalty of imprisonment and fine, which was
also defeated by a vote of twenty-eight to twenty, Col.
Fremont voted against it. On the 28th of September Sen-
ator Mason, of Virginia, moved to strike out the clause in
the navy bill which abolished flogging in the navy, and all
the anti-slavery senators voted against it. They thought
that American seamen could be better disciplined than by
imitating the brutal and savage usages which characterize
human bondage wherever it exists, and Col. Fremont voted
against the motion. It would thus appear, that on every
occasion Col. Fremont was found in company with the anti-
slavery senators, and that the same consistency character-
ized his votes and his conduct throughout, which charac-
terized theirs.

It is not unworthy of remark, that many singular coinci-
dences exist between the past career of Col. Fremont, and
the earlier portion of the life of the great Father of his
Country ; coincidences which are at least interesting in a
historical point of view, if in no other. Both of these re-
markable men combined great energy and heroism of ac-
tion, with great intelligence and sagacity of thought. Both
of them, in early youth, lost the benefit of parental counsel,
and were afterward reared under the influence of a mother's

COL. J. G. FREMONT. G7

eare alone. Both of them first displayed their talents, and
won the impartial praises of their countrymen, as land sur-
veyors and civil engineers ; and thus laid the foundations,
broad and deep, of that practical wisdom, and that sagacity
of thought, which have marked them through the whole of
their subsequent careers. Neither of these men was edu-
cated in a government school, nor enjoyed the advantages
of such an institution as West Point ; but both had amply
compensated themselves for that loss by private studies, and
by the practical application of their knowledge. Both of
them were called by the government from the civil to the
military service ; and they both gave evidence from the be-
ginning that they had been fitted by nature for the con-
duct of great and difficult affairs. Col. Fremont's military
career in California, if not so remarkable as his adventures
as a discoverer, is worthy of exalted praise. Nor does the
parallel terminate here. After the end of their military ser-
vice, both of these men were invested with important ex-
ecutive powers which they administered with eminent wis-
dom and success. And now, at an early age unparalleled
in the history of the government, Col. Fremont has been
chosen by a great and powerful party, as their representa-
tive and standard-bearer in a contest second in importance
to none which has occurred since the establishment of the
Federal government.

Such are the history, the qualities and the principles of
the Republican candidate for the presidency. His career
has been a most eventful one, and his fortunes have been
varied and trying. As a young and daring pioneer, he has
penetrated the depths of untrodden forests, has climbed the
snow-covered mountain, has traced the route of great riv-
ers, and has opened up new pathways to emigration, com-
merce, and enterprise. As a soldier, he has fought with he-
' roism and bravery, has honored the flag of his country in

68 THE LIFE OF

every conflict, has led that standard often to victory, and
has tempered the ardor of triumph by a clemency as rare
as it was undeserved. As a legislator, he has proposed and
carried through only such measures as protected the inter-
ests of individual labor and industry, in opposition to the
grasping aims of great capitalists, demanding exclusive
franchises. As the governor of a new and unsettled terri-
tory, he displayed rare energy, sagacity and impartiality,
and won the praises of thousands of brave men whom he
governed, and aroused the well-merited fears of the turbu-
lent and dissolute. Though still a young man, comparative-
ly, he has made himself, by his own indomitable qualities,
one of the foremost heroes of the present generation. Few
living men have voluntarily braved as great hardships, or
made as great sacrifices in pursuit of useful, benevolent and
patriotic purposes as he. The incidents of his life surpass
ki strange contrasts and striking vicissitudes the most vis-
ionary dreams of romance. His triumphs heretofore have
been achieved over the domains of nature, over unpropi-
tious and opposing circumstances and influences, and over
the enemies of his country's glory and power. The future
may reveal to him still greater and more remarkable experi-
ences. He may yet happily realize the glowing anticipa-
tions of the poet, as uttered in the following graceful stanzas,
which would do no discredit even to bards and minstrels of
immortal name:

" Champion of Freedom ! hail to thee !

A million eyes with pride will flame,
To see the Goddess Liberty

Adorn her standard with thy name; —
That glorious flag of stripes and stars,

Borne westward by thy daring hand,
Through tempests and o'er mountain bars,

And planted on Pacific's strand.

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 69

"Columbus of the golden Westl

As he returned from Salvador,
So thou, by jealousy oppressed,

Thy path of honor traveled o'er.
But Time is just; and Glory now

With busy fingers joyful weaves
A diadem to grace thy brow,

Of myrtle boughs and laurel leaves.

"Young Alexander of the agel

Lay thou aside the sword and shield,
Leave tempest's wrath and Indian rage,

To serve upon $ nobler field;
That field thy country's sacred soil —

The Canaan of the human race —
Made by the revolution's toil

True Freedom's only dwelling-place."

COL FREMONT'S LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE.

THE following letter, accepting the nomination tendered
him by the Philadelphia convention, is a concise, yet full
and frank avowal of the political opinions and purposes of
its author. It will be seen that he cordially adopts the
declaration of principles contained in the noble resolutions
of the convention that nominated him, deprecates, spe-
cially, the fillibustering propensities x>f those who are deter-
mined to extend the area of slavery, pays an eloquent com-
pliment to the dignity of " Free labor — the natural capital
wnich constitutes the real wealth of this great country, and
creates that intelligent power in the masses, alone to be re-
lied on as the bulwark of free institutions ;" and declares
himself decidedly in favor of admitting Kansas as a free
tote.

70 THE LIFE OF

Thus, while he adopts the entire PLATFORM OF FKEE-
DOM as his own, he does not deem it necessary to discuss
in detail each of its separate principles ; but contents him-
self with a particular exposition of two of the more impor-
tant— that which concerns the harmony of our foreign re-
lations, and that which has already involved us in the hor-
rors of civil strife.

NEW-YORK, July 8, 1856.

GENTLEMEN: You call me to a high responsibility by placing me ia
the van of a great movement of the People of the United States, who,
without regard to past differences, are uniting in a common effort to
bring back the action of the Federal Government to the principles of
Washington and Jefferson. Comprehending the magnitude of the
trust which they have declared themselves willing to place in my
hands, and deeply sensible of the honor which their unreserved con-
fidence, in this threatening position of the public affairs, implies, I
feel that I cannot better respond, than by a sincere declaration that,
in the event of my election to the Presidency, I should enter upon the
execution of its duties with a single-hearted determination to promote
the good of the whole country, and to direct solely to this end all the
power of the Government, irrespective of party issues and regardless
of sectional strifes. The declaration of principles embodied in the re-
solves of your convention, expresses the sentiments in which I have
been educated, and which have been ripened into convictions by per-
sonal observation and experience. With this declaration and avowal,
I think it necessary to revert to only two of the subjects embraced in
those resolutions, and to these only because events have surrounded
them with grave and critical circumstances, and given to them especial
importance.

I concur in the views of the Convention deprecating the Foreign
policy to which it adverts. The assumption that we have the right
to take from another nation its domains because we want them, is an
abandonment of the honest character which our Country has acquired.
To provoke hostilities by unjust assumptions, would be to sacrifice the
peace and character of the Country, when all its interests might be
more certainly secured and its objects attained by just and healing
counsels, involving no loss of reputation. International embarrass-
ments are mainly the results of a secret diplomacy, which aims tc

COL. J. C. FREMONT. 71

keep from the knowledge of the People the operations of the Govern-
ment. This system is inconsistent with the character of our institu-
tions, and is itself yielding gradually to a more enlightened public
opinion, and to the power of a free press, which, by its broad dissemi
imtion of political intelligence, secures in advance to the side of jus-
tice the judgment of the civilized world. An honest, firm and open
policy in our foreign relations, would command the united support of
the nation, whose deliberate opinions it would necessarily reflect.

Nothing is clearer in the history of our institutions than the design
of the nation, in asserting its own independence and freedom, to avoid
giving countenance to the Extension of Slavery. The influence of
the small but compact and powerful class of men interested in Slavery,
who command one section of the country and wield a vast political
control as a consequence in the other, is now directed to turn back
this impulse of the Revolution and reverse its principles. The Ex-
tension of Slavery across the Continent is the object of the power
which now rules the Government; and from this spirit has sprung
those kindred wrongs in Kansas so truly portrayed in one of your
resolutions, which prove that the elements of the most arbitrary gov-
ernments have not been vanquished by the just theory of our own.

It would be out of place here to pledge myself to any particular
policy that has been suggested to terminate the sectional controversy
engendered by political animosities, operating on a powerful class
banded together by a common interest. A practical remedy is the
admission of Kansas into the Union as a Free State. The South
should, in my judgment, earnestly desire such consummation. It
"would vindicate its good faith. It would correct the mistake of the
repeal ; and the North, having practically the benefit of the agreement
between the two sections, would be satisfied, and good feeling be
restored. The measure is perfectly consistent with the honor of the
South, and vital to its interests. That fatal act which gave birth to
this purely sectional strife, originating in the scheme to take from
Free Labor the country secured to it by a solemn covenant, cannot be
too soon disarmed of its pernicious force. The only genial region of
the middle latitudes left to the emigrants of the Northern States for
homes, cannot be conquered from the Free Laborers who have long
considered it as set apart for them in our inheritance, without pro-
voking a desperate struggle. Whatever may be the persistence of
the particular class which seems ready to hazard everything for th«
•uccess of the unjust scheme it has partially effected, I firmly b«lievc

72 THE LIFE OF

that the great heart of the nation, which throbs with the patriotism
of the- Freemen of both sections, will have power to overcome it.
They will look to the rights secured to them by the Constitution of
the Union as the best safeguard from the oppression of the class
which, by a monopoly of the Soil and of Slave Labor to till it, might
in time reduce them to the extremity of laboring upon the same terms
with the Slaves. The great body of Non-Slaveholding Freemen, in-
cluding those of the South, upon whose welfare Slavery is an oppres-
sion, will discover that the power of the General Government over
the Public Lands may be beneficially exerted to advance their inter-
ests and secure their independence: knowing this, their suffrag.es
will not be wanting to maintain that authority in the Union, which
is absolutely essential to the maintenance of their own liberties, and
which has more than once indicated the purpose of disposing of the
Public Lands in such a way as would make every settler upon them
a freeholder.

If the People intrust to me the administration of the Government,
the laws of Congress in relation to the Territories shall be faithfully
executed. All its authority shall be exerted in aid of the National
will, to reestablish the peace of the country on the just principles
which have heretofore received the sanction of the Federal Govern-
ment, of the States, and of the People of both sections. Such a policy
would leave no aliment to that sectional party which seeks its ag-
grandizement by appropriating the new Territories to capital in the
form of Slavery, but would inevitably result in the triumph of Free
Labor — the natural capital which constitutes the real wealth of thia
great country, and creates that intelligent power in the masses, alone
to be relied on as the bulwark of free institutions.

Trusting that I have a heart capable of comprehending our whole
country, with its varied interests, and confident that patriotism ex-
ists in all parts of the Union, I accept the nomination of your Con-
vention, in the hope that I may be enabled to serve usefully its cause,
which I consider the cause of Constitutional Freedom.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. C. FREMONT.

To Messrs. H. S. LANE, and others, Committee, <fec.

A NARRATIVE

OK

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS,

IN THE COUNTRY LYING BETWEEN

THE MISSOURI RIVER AND THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS,

IU,

ON THE LINK OF

THE KANSAS AND GREAT PLATTE RIVERS.

TO COLONEL J. J. ABERT,

CHIEF OF THE COEPS OK TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS :

SIR : Agreeably to your orders to explore and report upon
the country between the frontiers of Missouri and the South
Pass in the Rocky Mountains, and on the line of the Kansas
and Great Platte rivers, I set out from Washington city on the
2d day of May, 1842, and arrived at St. Louis by way of New
York/ the 22d of May, where the necessary preparations were
completed, and the expedition commenced. I proceeded In a
steamboat to Chouteau's landing, about four hundred miles by
water from St. Louis, and near the mouth of the Kansas river,
whence we proceeded twelve miles to Mr. Cyprian Chouteau's
trading-house, where we completed our final arrangements for
the expedition.

Bad weather, which interfered with astronomical observa-
tions, delayed us several days in the early part of June at this
post, which is on the right bank of the Kansas nver, about
ten miles above the mouth, and six beyond the western bound,
ary of Missouri. The sky cleared oft* at length and wo werr

72 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

enabled to determine our position, in longitude 90C 25' 46", and
latitude 39° 5' 57". The elevation above the sea is about 700
feet. Our camp, in the mean time, presented an animated and
oustling scene. All were busily engaged in completing the
necessary arrangements for our campaign in the wilderness,
and profiting by this short stay on the verge of civilization, to
provide ourselves with all the little essentials to comfort in the
nomadic life we were to lead for the ensuing summer months.
Gradually, however, every thing — the materiel of the camp —
men, horses, and even mules— ^settled into its place ; and by
the 10th we were ready to depart ; but, before we mount oui
horses, I will give a short description of the party with which
I performed the service.

I had collected in the neighborhood of St. Louis twenty-one
men, principally Creole and Canadian voyageurs, who had be-
come familiar with prairie life in the service of the fur compa-
nies in the Indian country. Mr. Charles Preuss, a native of
Germany, was my assistant in the topographical part of the sur-
vey ; L. Maxwell, of Kaskaskia, had been engaged as hunter,
and Christopher Carson (more familiarly known, for his ex-
ploits in the mountains, as Kit Carson) was our guide. The
persons engaged in St. Louis were :

Clement Lambert, J. B. L'Esperance, J. B. Lefevre, Ben-
jamin Potra, Louis Gouin, J. B. Dumes, Basil Lajeunesse,
FranQois Tessier, Benjamin Cadotte, Joseph Clement, Daniel
Simonds, Leonard Benoit, Michel Morly, Baptiste Bernier,
Honore Ayot, Francois La Tulipe, Francis Badeau, Louis
Menard, Joseph Ruelle, Moise Chardonnais, Auguste Janisse,
Raphael Proue.

In addition to these, Henry Brant, son of Col. J. B. Brant,
of St. Louis, a young man of nineteen years of age, and Ran-
dolph, a lively boy of twelve,- son of the Hon. Thomas H.
Benton, accompanied me, fot1 the development of mind and
body such an expedition would give. We were well armed
and mounted, with the exception of eight men, who conducted
as many carts, in which were packed our stores, with the bag-
gage and instruments, and which were drawn by two mules.
A few loose horses, and four oxen, which had been added to

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 73

our stocK of provisions, completed the train. We set out on
the morning of the 10th, which happened to be Friday, a
circumstance which our men did not fail to remember and re-
call during the hardships and vexations of the ensuing jour-
ney. Mr. Cyprian Chouteau, to whose kindness, during our
stay at his house, we were much indebted, accompanied us
several miles on our way, until we met an Indian, whom he
had engaged to conduct us on the first thirty or forty miles,
where he was to consign us to the ocean of prairie, which, we
were told, stretched without interruption almost to the base of
the Rocky Mountains.

From the belt of wood which borders the Kansas, in which
we had passed several good-looking Indian farms, we suddenly
emerged on the prairies, which received us at the outset with
some of their striking characteristics ; for here and there rode
an Indian, and but a few miles distant heavy clouds of smoke
were rolling before the fire. In about ten miles we reached
the Santa Fe road, along which we continued for a short time,
and encamped early on a small stream — having traveled about
eleven miles. During our journey, it was the customary
practice to encamp an hour or two before sunset, when the
carts were disposed so as to form a sort of barricade around a
circle some eighty yards in diameter. The tents were pitched,
and the horses hobbled and turned loose to graze ; and but a
few minutes elapsed before the cooks of the messes, of which
there were four, were busily engaged in preparing the evening
meal. At nightfall, the horses, mules, and oxen were driven
in and picketed, — that is, secured by a halter, of which one
end was tied to a small steel-shod picket, and driven into the
ground ; the halter being twenty or thirty feet long, which en-
abled them to obtain a little food during the night. When \\v
had reached a part of the country where such a precaution
became necessary, the carts being regularly arranged for de-
fending the camp, guard was mounted at eight o'clock, con-
sisting of three men, who were relieved every two hours — the
morning-watch being horse-guard for the day. At daybreak
the camp was roused, the animals turned loose to graze, and
breakfast generally over between six and seven o'clock, when

74 COL. FREMONT S NARRATIVE OF

we resumed our march, making regularly a halt at noon for
one or two hours. Such was usually the order of the day,
except when accident of country forced a variation ; which,
however, happened but rarely. We traveled the next day
along the Santa Fe road, which we left in the afternoon, and
encamped late in the evening on a small creek, called by the
Indians, Mishmagwi. Just as we arrived at camp, one of the
horses set off at full speed on his return, and was followed by
others. Several men were sent in pursuit, and returned with
the fugitives about midnight, with the exception of one man,
who did not make his appearance until morning. He had
lost his way in the darkness of the night, and slept on the
prairie. Shortly after midnight it began to rain heavily, and,
as our tents were of light and thin cloth, they offered but lit-
cle obstruction to the rain : we were all well soaked, and glad
when morning came. We had a rainy march on the 12th,
but the weather grew fine as the day advanced. We encamp-
ed in a remarkably beautiful situation on the Kansas bluffs,
which commanded a fine view of the river valley, here from
four to five miles wide. The central portion was occupied
by a broad belt of heavy timber, and nearer the hills the
prairies were of the richest verdure. One of the oxen was
killed here for food.

We reached the ford of the Kansas late in the afternoon of the
14th, where the river was two hundred and thirty yards wide,
and commenced, immediately, preparations for crossing. I
had expected to find the river fordable ; but it had swollen by
the late rains, and was sweeping by with an angry current,
yellow and turbid as the Missouri. Up to this point the road
we had traveled was a remarkably fine one, well beaten, and
level — the usual road of a prairie country. By our route, the
ford was one hundred miles from the mouth of the Kansas
river. Several mounted men led the way into the stream to
swim across. The animals were driven in after them, and in
a few minutes all had reached the opposite bank in safety,
with the exception of the oxen, which swam some distance
down the river, and, returning to the right bank, were not got
over till the next morning. In the mean- time, the carts had

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 75

ocen unloaded and dismantled, and ar. India-rubber boat, which
I had brought with me for the survey of the Platte river,
placed in the water. The boat was twenty feet long and five
broad, and on it were placed the body and wheels of a cart,
with the load belonging to it, and three men with paddles.

The velocity of the current, and the inconvenient freight,
rendering it difficult to be managed, Basil Lajeunesse, one of
our best swimmers, took in his teeth a line attached to the
boat, and swam ahead in order to reach a footing as soon as
possible, and assist in drawing her over, [n this manner six
passages had been successfully made, and as many carts with
their contents, and a greater portion of the party, deposited 01
the left bank ; but night was drawing near, and, in our anx-
iety to have all over before the darkness closed in, I put upon
the boat the remaining two carts, with their accompanying
load. The man at the helm was timid on water, and in his
alarm capsized the boat. Carts, barrels, boxes, and bales,
were in a moment floating down the current ; but all the men
who were on the shore jumped into the water, without stopping
to think if they could swim, and almost every thing — even
heavy articles, such as guns and lead — was recovered.

Two of the men who could not swim came nigh being
drowned, and all- the sugar belonging to one of the messes
wasted its sweets on the muddy waters ; but our heaviest loss
was a large bag of coffee, which cbntained nearly all our pro-
vision. It was a loss which none but a traveler in a strange
and inhospitable country can appreciate ; and often afterward,
when excessive toil and long marching had overcome us with
fatigue and weariness, we remembered and mourned over our
loss in the Kansas. Carson and Maxwell had been much
in the water yesterday, and both, in consequence, were taken
ill. The former continuing so, I remained in camp. A num-
ber of Kansas Indians visited us to-day. Going up to one of
the groups who were scattered among the trees, I found one
sitting on the ground, among some of the men, gravely and
fluently speaking French, with as mucli facility and as little
embarrassment as any of my own party, who were nearly all
of French origin.
1*

76 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

On all sides was heard the strange language of his own peo-
ple, wild, and harmonizing well with their appearance. !
listened to him for some time with feelings of strange curiosity
and interest. He was now apparently thirty-five years of age j
and, on inquiry, I learned that he had been at St. Louis when
a boy, and there had learned the French language. From one
of the Indian women I obtained a fine cow and calf in ex-
change for a yoke of oxen. Several of them brought us vege-
tables, pumpkins, onions, beans, and lettuce. One of them
brought butter, and from a half-breed near the river, I had the
good fortune to obtain some twenty or thirty pounds of coffee.
The dense timber in which we had encamped interfered with
astronomical observations, and our wet and damaged stores
required exposure to the sun. Accordingly, the tents were
struck early the next morning, and, leaving camp at six
o'clock, we moved about seven miles up the river, to a hand-
some, open prairie, some twenty feet above the water, where
the fine grass afforded a luxurious repast to our horses.

During the day we occupied ourselves in making astrono-
mical observations, in order to lay down the country to this
place ; it being our custom to keep up our map regularly in
the field, which we found attended with many advantages.
The men were kept busy in drying the provisions, painting the
cart covers, and otherwise completing our equipage, until the
afternoon, when powder was distributed to them, and they
spent some hours in firing at a mark. We were now fairly
in the Indian country, and it began to be time to prepare for
the chances of the wilderness.

17th. — The weather yesterday had not permitted us to make
the observations I was desirous to obtain here, and I therefore
did not move to-day. The people continued their target fir.
ing. In the steep bank of the river here, were nest* of innu-
merable swallows, into one of which a large prairie snake had
got about half his body, and was occupied in eating the young
birds. The old ones were flying about in. great distress, dart-
ing at him, and vainly endeavoring to drive him off. A shot
wounded him, and, being killed, he was cut open, and eighteen
young swallows were found in his body. A sudden storm

\

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 77

that burst upon us in the afternoon, cleared away in a brilliant
sunset, followed by a clear night, which enabled us to deter-
mine our position in longitude 95° 38/ 05", and in latitude
39° 06' 40".

A party of emigrants to the Columbia river, under the
charge of Dr. White, an agent of the government in Oregon
Territory, were about three weeks in advance of us. They
consisted of men, women, and children. There were sixty-
four men, and sixteen or seventeen families. They had a con-
siderable number of cattle, and were transporting their house-
hold furniture in large, heavy wagons. I understood that
there had been much sickness among them, and that they had
lost several children. One of the party who had lost his
child, and whose wife was very ill, had left them about one
hundred miles hence on the prairies ; and as a hunter, who
had accompanied them, visited our camp this evening, we
availed ourselves of his return to the States to write to our
friends.

The nrvorning of the 18th was very unpleasant. A fine rain
was falling, with cold wind from the north, and mists made
the river hills look dark and gloomy. We left our camp at
seven, journeying along the foot of the hills which border the
Kansas valley, generally about three miles wide, and extreme-
ly rich. We halted for dinner, after a march of about thii-
teen miles, on the banks of one of the many little tributaries
to the Kansas, which look like trenches in the prairie, and are
usually well timbered. After crossing this stream, I rode
off some miles to the left, attracted by the appearance of a
cluster of huts near the mouth of the Vermilion. It was a
large but deserted Kansas village, scattered in an open wood,
along the margin of the stream, chosen with the customary
Indian fondness for beauty of scenery. The Pawnees had at-
tacked it in the early spring. Some of the houses were burnt,
and others blackened with smoke, and weeds were already
getting possession of the cleared places. Riding up the Ver-
milion river, I reached the ford in time to meet the carts, and
crossing, encamped on its western side. The weather con-
tinued cold, the thermometer being this evening as low as 40° •

78 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE or

but the night was sufficiently clear for astronomical observa-
tions, which placed us in longitude 96° 04' 07", and latitude
39° 15' 19". At sunset, the barometer was at 28-845, ther-
mometer 64°.

We breakfasted the next morning at half-past five, and left
our encampment early. The morning was cool, the ther-
mometer being at 45°. Quitting the river bottom, the road
ran along the uplands, over a rolling country, generally in
view of the Kansas from eight to twelve miles distant. Many
large boulders, of a very compact sandstone, of various shades
of red, some of them of four or five tons in weight, were scat-
tered along the hills ; and many beautiful plants in flower,
amongv which the amorpha canescens was a characteristic, fen-
livened the green of the prairie. At the heads of the ravines I
remarked, occasionally, thickets of saix longifolia, the most
common willow of the country. We traveled nineteen miles
and pitched our tents at evening on the head- waters of a small
creek, now nearly dry, but having in its bed several fine
springs. The barometer indicated a considerable rise in the
country — here about fourteen hundred feet above the sea — arid
the increased elevation appeared already to have some slight
influence upon vegetation. The night was cold, with a heavy
dew ; the thermometer at 10 p. M. standing at 46°, barometer
28-483. Our position was in longitude 96° 14' 49", and lati-
tude 39° 30' 40".

The morning of the 20th was fine, with a southerly breeze
and a bright sky ; and at seven o'clock we were on the march.
The country to-day was rather more broken, rising still, and
covered everywhere with fragments of silicious limestone,
particularly on the summits, where they were small, and
thickly strewed as pebbles on the shore of the sea. In these
exposed situations grew but few plants ; though, whenever the
soil was good and protected from the winds, in the creek bot-
toms and ravines, and on the slopes, they flourished abundant-
iy ; among them the amorpha, still retaining its characteristic
place. We crossed, at 10 A. M., the Big Vermilion, which
has a rich bottom of about one mile in breadth, one-third of
which is occupied by timber. Making our usual halt at noon.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 70

after a day's march of twenty-four miles, we reached the Big
Blue, and encamped on the uplands of the western side, near
a small creek, where was a fine large spring of very cold wa-
ter. This is a clear and handsome stream, about one hundred
and twenty feet wide, running with a rapid current, through a
well-timbered valley. To-day antelopes were seen running
over the hills, and at evening Carson brought us a fine deei .
Longitude of the camp 96° 32' 35", latitude 39° 45' 08".
Thermometer at sunset 75°. A pleasant southerly breeze
and fine morning had given place to a gale, with indications
of bad weather ; when, after a march of ten miles, we halted
to noon on a small creek, where the water stood in deep pools.
In the bank of the creek limestone made its appearance in a
stratum about one foot thick. In the afternoon, the people
seemed to suffer for want of water. The road led along a high
dry ridge ; dark lines of timber indicated the heads of streams
in the plains below ; but there was no water near, and the day
was oppressive, with a hot wind, and the thermometer at 90°.
Along our route the amorpha has been in very abundant but
variable bloom — in some places bending beneath the weight of
purple clusters ; in others without a flower. It seemed to love
best the sunny slopes, with a dark soil and southern exposure.
Everywhere the rose is met with, and reminds us of cultivated
gardens and civilization. It is scattered over the prairies in
small bouquets, and, when glittering in the dews and waving
in the pleasant breeze of the early morning, is the most beau-
tiful of the prairie flowers. The artemisi.a, absinthe, or prairie
sage, as it is variously called, is increasing in size, and glit-
tering like silver, as the southern breeze turns up its leaves to
the sun. All these plants have their insect inhabitants, vari-
ously colored — taking generally the hue of the flower on which
they live. The artemisia has its small fly accompanying it
through every change of elevation and latitude ; and wherever
I have seen the asclepias tulerosa, I have always remarked,
too, on the flower a large butterfly, so nearly resembling it
in color as to be distinguishable at a little distance only by
the motion of its wings. Traveling on, the fresh traces of
the Oregon emigrants relieve a little tlm innpi!n«ss of the road;

80 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

and to-night, after a march of twenty-two miles, we baited on
a small creek which had been one of their encampments. As
we advanced westward, the soil appears to be getting more
sandy ; and the surface rock, an erratic deposite of sand and
gravel, rests here on a bed of coarse yellow and gray and very
friable sandstone. Evening closed over with rain and its usual
attendant hordes of mosquitoes, with which we were annoyed
for the first time.

22d. — We enjoyed at breakfast this morning a luxury, very
unusual in this country, in a cup of excellent coffee, with
cream from our cow. Being milked at night, cream was thus
had in the morning. Our mid-day halt was at Wyeth's creek,
in the bed of which were numerous boulders of dark, ferru-
ginous sandstone, mingled with others of the red sandstone
already mentioned. Here a pack of cards, lying loose on the
grass, marked an encampment of our Oregon emigrants ; and
it was at the close of the day when we made our bivouac in
the midst of some well-timbered ravines near the Little Blue,
twenty-four miles from cur camp of the preceding night.
Crossing the next morning a number of handsome creeks, with
water clear and sandy beds, we reached, at 10 A. M., a very
beautiful wooded stream, about thirty-five feet wide, called
Sandy creek, and sometimes, as the Ottoes frequently winter
there, the Otto fork. The country has become very sandy, and
the plants less varied and abundant, with the exception of the
dfliorpha, which rivals the grass in quantity, though not so for-
ward as it has been found to the eastward.

At the Big Trees, where we had intended to noon, no water
was to be found. The bed of the little creek was perfectly
dry, and on the adjacent sandy bottom, cacti, for the first time,
made their appearance. We made here a short delay in search
of water ; and after a hard day's march of twenty-eight miles,
encamped, at 5 o'clock, on the Little Blue, where our arrival
made a scene of the Arabian Desert. As fast as they arrived,
men and horses rushed into the stream, where they bathed and
drank together in common enjoyment. We were now in the
range of the Pawnees, who were accustomed to infest this part
of the country, stealing horses from companies on their way

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 81

to the mountains ; and, when in sufficient force, openly attack-
ing and plundering them, and subjecting them to various kinds
of insult. For the first time, therefore, guard was mounted
to-night. Our route the next morning lay up the valley,
which, bordered by hills with graceful slopes, looked uncom-
monly green and beautiful. The stream was about fifty feet
wide, and three or four deep, fringed by cotton-wood and wil-
low, with frequent groves of oak, tenanted by flocks of
turkeys. Game here, too, made its appearance in greater
plenty. Elk were frequently seen on the hills, and now and
then an antelope bounded across our path, or a deer broke
from the groves. The road in the afternoon was over the
upper prairies, several miles from the river, and we encamped
at sunset on one of its small tributaries, where an abundance
of prele (equisetum) afforded fine forage to our tired animals.
We had traveled thirty-one miles. A heavy bank of black
clouds in the west came on us in a storm between nine and
ten, preceded by a violent wind. The rain fell in such tor-
rents that it was difficult to breathe facing the wind ; the
thunder rolled incessantly, and the whole sky was tremulous
with lightning — now and then illuminated by a blinding flash,
succeeded by pitchy darkness. Carson had the watch from
ten to midnight, and to him had been assigned our young
compagnons de voyage, Messrs. Brant and R. Benton. This
was their first night on guard, and such an introduction did
not augur very auspiciously of the pleasures of the expedi-
tion. Many things conspired to render their situation un-
comfortable ; stories of desperate and bloody Indian fights
were rife in the camp ; our position was badly chosen, sur-
rounded on all sides by timbered hollows, and occupying an
area of several hundred feet, so that necessarily the guards
were far apart ; and now and then I could hear Randolph, as
if relieved by the sound of a voice in the darkness, calling out
,o the sergeant of the guard, to direct his attention to some
imaginary alarm ; but they stood it out, and took their turn
regularly afterwards.

The next morning we had a specimen of the false alarms to
which all parties in these wild regions are subject. Proceed-

82 COL. FREMONT'^ NARRATIVE OF

ing up the valley, objects were seen on the opposite hills,
which disappeared before a glass could be brought to beai
upon them. A man who was a short distance in the rear,
came springing up in great haste, shouting " Indians ! Indians !"
He had been near enough to see and count them, according to
his report, and had made out twenty-seven. I immediately
halted ; arms were examined and put in order ; the usual pre-
parations made ; and Kit Carson, springing upon one of the
hunting horses, crossed the river, and galloped off into the
opposite prairies, to obtain some certain intelligence of their
movements.

Mounted on a line horse, without a saddle, and scouring bare
headed over the prairies, Kit was one of the finest pictures ot
a horseman I have ever seen. A short time enabled him to
discover that the Indian war-party of twenty-seven consisted
of six elk, who had been gazing curiously at our caravan as
it passed by, and were now scampering off at full speed.
This was our first alarm, and its excitement broke agreeably
on the monotony of the day. At our noon halt, the men were
exercised at a target ; and in the evening we pitched our tents
at a Pawnee encampment of last July. They had apparently
killed buffalo here, as many bones were lying about, and the
frames where the hides had been stretched were yet standing.
The road of the day had kept the valley, which is sometimes
rich and well timbered, though the country generally is sandy.
Mingled with the usual plants^ a thistle (carduus leucographus)
had for the last day or two made its appearance ; and along
the river bottom, tradescantia (virginica) and milk plant (as-
depias syriaca*) in considerable quantities.

* This plant is very odoriferous, and in Canada charms the traveler,
especially when passing through woods in the evening. The French there
eat the tender shoots in the spring, as we do asparagus. The natives
make a sugar of the flowers, gathering them in the morning when they
arc covered with dew, and collect the cotton from their pods to fill then
beds. On account of the silkiness of this cotton, Parkinson calls the plan!
Virginian silk. — London's Encyclopedia of Plants.

The Sioux Indians of the Upper Platte eat the young pods of this plat,*
Boiling them with the meat of the buffalo.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 83

Our march to-day had been twenty-one miles, and the as-
tronomical observations gave us a chronometric longitude of
98° 22' 12", and latitude 40° 2G' 50". We were moving
forward at seven in the morning, and in about five miles
reached a fork of the Blue, where the road leaves that river,
and crosses over to the Platte. No water was to be found on
the dividing ridge, and the casks were filled, and the animaU
here allowed a short repose. The road led across a high and
level prairie ridge, where were but few plants, and those prin-
cipally thistle, (carduus leucographus,) and a kind of dwarf
artemisia. Antelope were seen frequently during the morning,
which was very stormy. Squalls of rain, with thunder and
lightning, were around us in every direction ; and while we
were enveloped in one of them, a flash, which seemed to scorch
our eyes as it passed, struck in the prairie within a fe\v hun-
dred feet, sending up a column of dust.

Crossing on the way several Pawnee roads to the Arkansas,
we reached, in about twenty-one miles from our halt on the
Blue, whaf is called the coast of the Nebraska, or Platts river.
This had seemed in the distance a range of high and broken
hills ; but on a nearer approach was found to be elevations of
forty to sixty feet into which the wind had worked the sand.
They were covered with the usual fine grasses of the country,
and bordered the eastern side of the ridge on a breadth of about
two miles. Change of soil and country appeared here to have
produced some change in the vegetation. Cacti were numer-
ous, and all the plants of the region appeared to flourish
among the warm hills. Among them the amorpha, in full
bloom, was remarkable for its large and luxuriant purple
clusters. From the foot of the coast, a distance of t\vo miles
across the level bottom brought us to our encampment on the
shore of the river, about twenty miles below the head of Grand
Island, which lay extended before us, covered with dense and
heavy woods. From the mouth of the Kansas, according to
our reckoning, we had traveled three hundred and twenty-
eight miles ; and the geological formation of the country wo
had passed over consisted of lime and sand stone, covered by
the same erratic deposite i F sand and gravel which forms the

84 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

surface rock of the prairies between the Missouri and Missis,
sippi rivers. Except in some occasional limestone boulders,
had met with no fossils. The elevation of the Platte valley
above the sea is here about two thousand feet. The astrono-
mical observations of the night placed us in longitude 98° 45'
49", latitude 40° 41' 06".

27th. — The animals were somewhat fatigued by their march
of yesterday, and, after a short j< urney of eighteen miles
along the river bottom, I encamped near the head of Grand
Island, in longitude, by observation 99° 05' 24", latitude 40°
39X 32". The soil was here light but rich, though in some
places rather sandy ; and, with the exception of scattered
fringe along the bank, the timber, consisting principally of
poplar, (populus moniliefera,) elm, and hackberry, (celtis cras-
sifolia,) is confined almost entirely to the islands.

28th. — We halted to noon at an open reach of the river,
which occupies rather more than a fourth of the valley, here
only about four miles broad. The camp had been disposed
with the usual precaution, the horses grazing at a little dis-
tance, attended by the guard, and we were all sitting quietly
at our dinner on the grass, when suddenly we heard the start-
ling cry, " Du rnonde !" In an instant, every man's weapon
was in his hand, the horses were driven in, hobbled and
picketed, and horsemen were galloping at full speed in the
direction of the new-comers, screaming and yelling with the
wildest excitement. " Get ready, my lads !" said the leader
of the approaching party to his men, when our wild-looking
norsemen were discovered bearing down upon them — "nous
allons attraper des coups de baguette." They proved to be a
small party of fourteen, under the charge of a man named
John Lee, and, with their baggage and provisions strapped to
their backs, were making their way on foot to the frontier.
A brief account of their fortunes will give some idea of navi-
gation in the Nebraska. Sixty days since, they had left the
rnouth of Laramie's fork, some three hundred miles above, in
barges laden with the furs of the American Fur Company.
They started with the annual flood, and, drawing but nine,
inches water, hoped U make a speedy and prosperous voyage

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 85

to St. Louis ; but, after a lapse of forty days, found them
selves only one hundred and thirty miles from their point of
departure. They came down rapidly as far as Scott's bluffs,
where their difficulties began. Sometimes they came upon
places where the water was spread over a great extent, and
here they toiled from morning until night, endeavoring to drag
their boat through the sands, making only two or three miles
in as many days. Sometimes they would enter an arm of the
i iver, where there appeared a fine channel, and, after descend-
ing prosperously for eight or ten miles, would come suddenly
upon dry sands, and be compelled to return, dragging their
boat for days against the rapid current ; and at others, they
came upon places where the water lay in holes, and, getting
out to float off their boat, would fall into water up to their
necks, and the next moment tumble over against a sandbar.
Discouraged at length, and finding the Platte growing every
day more shallow, they discharged the principal part of their
cargoes one hundred and thirty miles below Fort Laramie,
which they secured as well as possible, and, leaving a few
men to guard them, attempted to continue their voyage, laden
with some light furs and their personal baggage. After fifteen
or twenty days more struggling in the sands, during which
they made but one hundred and forty miles, they sunk their
barges, made a cache of their remaining furs and property in
trees on the bank, and, packing on his back what each man
could carry, had commenced, the day before we encountered
them, their journey on foot to St. Louis. We laughed then at
their forlorn and vagabond appearance, and, in our turn, a
month or two afterwards, furnished the same occasion for
merriment to others. Even their stock of tobacco, that sine
qua nan of a voyageur, without which the night fire is gloomy,
was entirely exhausted. However, we shortened their home-
ward journey by a small supply from our own provision.
They gave us the welcome intelligence that the buffalo were
abundant some two days' march in advance, and made us a
present of some choice pieces, which were a very acceptable
change from our salt pork. In the interchange of news, and
tne renewal of old acquaintanceshios, we found wherewithaJ

86 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

to. fill a busy hour ; then we mounted our horses and the)'
shouldered their packs, and we shook hands and parted.
Among them, I had found an old companion on the northern
prairie, a hardened and hardly served veteran of the mountains,
who had been as much hacked and scarred as an old mous-
tache of Napoleon's " old guard." He flourished in the sobri-
quet of La Tulipe, and his real name I never knew. Finding
that he was going to the States only because his company was
bound in that direction, and that he was rather more willing to
return with me, I took him again into my service. We trav-
eled this day but seventeen miles.

At our evening camp, about sunset, three figures were dis-
covered approaching, which our glasses made out to be Indians.
They proved to be Cheyennes — two men, and a boy of thir-
teen. About a month since, they had left their people on the
south fork of the river, some three hundred miles to the west-
ward, and a party of only four in number had been to the
Pawnee villages on a horse-stealing excursion, from which
they were returning unsuccessful. They were miserably
mounted on wild horses from the Arkansas plains, and had no
other weapons than bows and long spears ; and had they been
discovered by the Pawnees, could not, by any possibility, have
escaped. They were mortified by their ill-success, and said
the Pawnees were cowards, who shut up their horses in their
lodges at night. I invited them to supper with me, and Ran-
dolph and the young Cheyenne, who had been eyeing each
other suspiciously and curiously, soon became intimate friends.
After supper we sat down on the grass, and I placed a sheet
of paper between us, on which they traced, rudely, but with a
certain degree of relative truth, the water-courses of the coun-
try which lay between us and their villages, and of which I
desired to have some information. Their companions, they
told us, had taken a nearer route over the hills ; but they had
mounted one of the summits to spy out the country, whence
they had caught a glimpse of our party, and, confident of good
treatment at the hands of the whites, hastened to join company.
Latitude of the camp 40° 39' 51".

We made the next morning sixteen miles. I remarked thai

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 87

the ground was covered in many places with an efflorescence
of salt, and the plants were not numerous. In the bottoms
were frequently seen tradescantia, and on the dry lenches
were carduus, cactus, and amorpha. A high wind during the
morning had increased to a violent gale from the northwest,
which made our afternoon ride cold and unpleasant. We had
the welcome sight of two buffaloes on one of the large islands,
and encamped at a clump of timber about seven miles from
our noon halt, after a day's march of twenty-two miles.

The air was keen the next morning at sunrise, the ther-
mometer standing at 44°, and it was sufficiently cold to make
overcoats very comfortable. A few miles brought us into the
midst of the buffalo, swarming in immense numbers over the
plains, where they had left scarcely a blade of grass standing.
Mr. Preuss, who was sketching at a little distance in the rear,
had at first noted them as large groves of timber. In the sight
of such a mass of life, the traveler feels a strange emotion of
giandeur. We had heard from a distance a dull and confused
murmuring, and, when we came in view of their dark masses,
there was not one among us who did not feel his heart beat
quicker. It was the early part of the day, when the herds
are feeding ; and everywhere they were in motion. Here and
there a huge old bull was rolling in the grass, and clouds of
dust rose in the air from various parts of the bands, each the
scene of some obstinate fight. Indians and buffalo make the
poetry and life of the prairie, and our camp was full of their
exhilaration. In place of the quiet monotony of the march,
relieved only by the cracking of the whip, and an " avance
done ! enfant de garce !" shouts and songs resounded from
every part of the line, and our evening camp was always the
commencement of a feast, which terminated only with our de.
parture on the following morning. At any time of the night
might be seen pieces of the most delicate and choicest meat,
roasting en appolas, on sticks around the fire, and the guard
were never without company. With pleasant weather and no
enemy to fear, an abundance of the most excellent meat, and
no scarcity of bread or tobacco, they were enjoying the oasis
of a voyagcur's life. Three cows were killed to-day. Kit

88 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Carson had shot one, and was continuing the chase in the midst
of another herd, when his horse fell headlong, but sprang up
and joined the flying band. Though considerably hurt, he
had the good fortune to 1,/eak no bones ; and Maxwell, who
was mounted on a fleet hunter, captured the runaway after a
hard chase. He was on the point of shooting him, to avoid the
loss of his bridle, (a handsomely mounted Spanish one,) when
he found that his horse was able to come up with him. An'^
rnals are frequently lost in this way ; and it is necessary to
keep close watch over them, in the vicinity of the buffalo, in
the midst of which they scour off to the plains, and are rarely
retaken. One of our mules took a sudden freak into his head,
and joined a neighboring band to-day. As we were not in a
condition to lose horses, I sent several men in pursuit, and re-
mained in camp, in the hope of recovering him ; but lost the
afternoon to no purpose, as we did not see him again. Astro-
nomical observations placed us in longitude 100° 05' 47/x,
latitude 40° 49' 55y

JULY.

1st. — Along our road to-day the prairie bottom was more
elevated and dry, and the river hills which border the right
side of the river higher, and more broken and picturesque in
the outline. The country, too, was better timbered. As we
were riding quietly along the bank, a grand herd of buffalo,
some seven or eight hundred in number, came crowding up
from the river, where they had been to drink, and commenced
crossing the plain slowly, eating as they went. The wind
was favorable ; the coolness of the morning invited to exercise ;
the ground was apparently good, and the distance across the
prairie (two or three miles) gave us a fine opportunity to
charge them before they could get among the river hills. It
was too fine a prospect for a chase to be lost ; and, halting for
a few moments, the hunters were brought up and saddled, and
Kit Carson, Maxwell, and I, started together. They wer«

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 89

now somewhat less than half a mile distant, and we rode easily
along until within about three hundred yards, when a sudden
agitation, a wavering in the band, and a galloping to and fro
of some which were scattered along the skirts, gave us the in-
timation that we were discovered. We started together at a
hand gallop, riding steadily abreast of each other ; and here
the interest of the chase became so engrossingly intense, that
we were sensible to nothing else. We were now closing upon
them rapidly, and the front of the mass was already in rapid
motion for the hills, and in a few seconds the movement had
communicated itself to the whole herd.

A crowd of bulls, as usual, brought up the rear, and every
now and then some of them faced about, and then dashed on
after the band a short distance, and turned and looked again,
as if more than half inclined to fight. In a few moments,
however, during which we had been quickening our pace, the
rout was universal, and we were going over the ground like a
hurricane. When at about thirty yards, we gave the usual
shout, (the hunter's pas de charge,) and broke into the herd.
We entered on the side, the mass giving way in every direc-
tion in their heedless course. Many of the bulls, less active
and fleet than the cows, paying no attention to the ground, and
occupied solely with the hunter, were precipitated to the earth
with great force, rolling over and over with the violence of the
shock, and hardly distinguishable in the dust. We separated
on entering, each singling out his game.

My horse was a trained hunter, famous in the West under
the name of Proveau ; and, with his eyes flashing and the
foam flying from his mouth, sprang on after the cow like a
tiger. In a few moments he brought me alongside of her, and
rising in the stirrups, I fired at the distance of a yard, the ball
entering at the termination of the long hair, and passing near
the heart. She fell headlong at the report of the gun ; and,
checking my horse, I looked around for my companions. At
a little distance, Kit was on the ground, engaged in tying his
horse to the horns of a cow he was preparing to cut up. Among
the scattered bands, at some distance below, I caught a glimpse
of Maxwell ; and while I was looking, a light wreath of smoke

90 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

curled away from his gun, from which I was too far to heai
the report. Nearer, and between me and the hills, towards
which they were directing their course, was the body of the
herd ; and, giving my horse the rein, we dashed after them.
A thick cloud of dust hung upon their rear, which filled my
mouth and eyes, and nearly smothered me. In the midst of
this I could see nothing, aod the buffalo were not distinguish-
able until within thirty feet. They crowded together more
densely still as I came upon them, and rushed along in such a
compact body, that I could not obtain an entrance— the horse
almost leaping upon them. In a few moments the mass divided
to the right and left, the horns clattering with a noise heard
above every thing else, and my horse darted into the opening.
Five or six bulls charged on us as we dashed along the line,
but were left far behind ; and, singling out a cow, I gave her
my fire, but struck too high. She gave a tremendous leap,
and scoured on swifter than before. I reined up my horse,
and the band swept on like a torrent, and left the place quiet
and clear. Our chase had led us into dangerous ground. A
prairie-dog village, so thickly settled that there were three or
four holes in every twenty yards square, occupied the whole
bottom for nearly two miles in length. Looking around, I saw
only one of the hunters, nearly out of sight, and the long, dark
line of our caravan crawling along, three or four miles distant.
After a march of twenty-four miles, we encamped at nightfall,
one mile and a half above the lower end of Brady's Island.
The breadth of this arm of the river was eight hundred and
eighty yards, and the water nowhere two feet in depth. The
island bears the name of a man killed on this spot some years
ago. His party had encamped here, three in company, and
one of the number went off to hunt, leaving Brady and his
companion together. These two had frequently quarreled,
and on the hunter's return he found Brady dead, and was told
that he had shot himself accidentally. He was buried here on
the bank ; but, as usual, the wolves tore him out, and some
human bones that were lying on the ground we supposed were
his. Troops of wolves that were hanging on the skirts of the.
buffalo, kept up an uninterrupted howling during the night

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 91

venturing almost into carnp. In the morning, they were sitting
at a short distance, barking, and impatiently waiting our de-
parture, to fall upon the bones.

2d. — The morning was cool and smoky. Our road led
closer to the hills, which here increased in elevation, present-
ing an outline of conical peaks three hundred to five hundred
feet high. Some timber, apparently pine, grows in the ravines,
and streaks of clay or sand whiten their slopes. We crossed,
during the morning, a number of hollows, timbered principally
with box, elder, (acer negundo,) poplar, and elm. Brady's
Island is well wooded, and all the river along which our road
led to-day, may, in general, be called tolerably well timbered.
We passed near the encampment of the Oregon emigrants,
where they appeared to have reposed several days. A variety
of household articles were scattered about, and they had pro^
ably disburdened themselves here of many things not absolute,
ly necessary. I had left the usual road before the mid-day
halt, and in the afternoon, having sent several men in advance
to reconnoitre, marched directly for the mouth of the South
fork. On our arrival, the horsemen were sent in and scattered
about the river to search for the best fording-places, and the
carts followed immediately. The stream is here divided by an
island into two channels. The southern is four hundred and
fifty feet wide, having eighteen or twenty inches water in the
deepest places. With the exception of a few dry bars, the bed
of the river is generally quicksands, in which the carts began
to sink rapidly so soon as the mules halted, so that it was ne-
cessary to keep them constantly in motion.

The northern channel, two thousand two hundred and fifty
feet wide, was somewhat deeper, having frequently three feet
water in the numerous small channels, with a bed of coarse
gravel. The whole breadth of the Nebraska, immediately be-
low the junction, is five thousand three hundred and fifty feet.
All our equipage had reached the left bank safely at six o'clock,
having to-day made twenty miles. We encamped at tnc point
of land immediately at the junction of the North and South
forks. Between the streams is a low rich prairiej extending
from their confluence eighteen miles we'-twardly to the bor-

92 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

dering hills, where it is five and a half miles wide. It is oov-
ered with a luxuriant growth of grass, and along the banks is
a slight and scattered fringe of cottonwood and willow. In the
buffalo-trails and wallows, I remarked saline efflorescences, to
which a rapid evaporation in the great heat of the sun probably
contributes, as the soil is entirely unprotected by timber. In
the vicinity of these places there was a bluish grass, which the
cattle refuse to eat, called by the voyageurs " herbe salee,"
(salt grass.) The latitude of the junction is 41° 04' 47", and
longitude, by chronometer and lunar distances, 100° 49' 43".
The elevation above the sea is about two thousand seven hun-
dred feet. The hunters came in with a fat cow ; and, as we
had labored hard, we enjoyed well a supper of roasted ribs
and boudins, the chef-d'oeuvre of a prairie cook. Mosquitoes
thronged about us this evening ; but, by ten o'clock, when the
thermometer had fallen to 47°, they had all disappeared.

3d. — As this was to be a point in our homeward journey, I
made a cache (a term used in all this country for what is hid-
den in the ground) of a barrel of pork. It was impossible to
conceal such a proceeding from the sharp eyes of our Chey-
enne companions, and I therefore told them to go and see what
it was they were burying. They would otherwise have not
failed to return and destroy our cache in expectation of some
rich booty ; but pork they dislike and never eat. We left our
camp at nine, continuing up the South fork, the prairie-bottom
affording us a fair road ; but in the long grass we roused myri.
ads of mosquitoes and flies, from which our horses suffered
severely. The day was smoky, with a pleasant breeze from
the south, and the plains on the opposite side were covered
with buffalo. Having traveled twenty-five miles, we en-
camped at six in the evening ; and the men were sent across
the river for wood, as there is none here on the left bank.
Our fires were partially made of the lois de vache, the dry ex-
crement of the buffalo, which, like that of the camel in the
Arabian deserts, furnishes to the traveler a very good substi-
tute for wood, burning like turf. Wolves in great numbers
surrounded us during the night, crossing and reel ossing from

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 93

the opposite herds to our camp, and howling and trotting about
in the river until mornirtg.

4th. — The morning was very smoky, the sun shining dimly
and red, as in thick fog. The camp was roused by a salute
at daybreak, and from our scanty store a portion of what our
Indian friends called the " red fire-water" served out to the
men. While we were at breakfast, a buffalo-calf broke through
the camp, followed by a couple of wolves. In its fright, it had
probably mistaken us for a band of buffalo. The wolves were
obliged to make a circuit round the camp, so that the calf got
a little the start, and strained every nerve to reach a large
herd at the foot of the hills, about two miles distant ; but first
one and then another, and another wolf joined in the chase, un-
til his pursuers amounted to twenty or thirty, and they ran
him down before he could reach his friends. There were
lew bulls near the place, and one of them attacked the wolves
and tried to rescue him ; but was driven off immediately, and
the little animal fell an easy prey, half devoured before he was
dead. We watched the chase with the interest always felt for
the weak ; and had there been a saddled horse at hand, he
would have fared better. Leaving camp, our road soon ap-
proached the hills, in which strata of a marl like that of the
Chimney rock, hereafter described, made their appearance. It
is probably of this rock that the hills on the right bank of the
Platte, a little below the junction, are composed, and which are
worked by the winds and rains into sharp peaks and cones,
giving them, in contrast to the surrounding level region, some-
thing of a picturesque appearance. We crossed, this morning,
numerous beds of the small creeks which, in the time of rains
and melting snow, pour down from the ridge, bringing down
with them, always, great quantities of sand and gravel, which
have gradually raised their beds four to ten feet above the level
of the prairie, which they cross, making each one of them a
miniature Po. Raised in this way above the surrounding
prairie, without any bank, the long yellow and winding line of
their beds resembles a causeway from the hills to the river.
Many spots on the prairie are yellow with sunflower, (helinn-
thus.)

COL. FREMONT'S NAUHATIYE OF

As we were riding slowly along this afternoon, clouds of dust
in the ravines, among the hills to the right, suddenly attract-
ed our attention, and in a few minutes column after column of
buffalo came galloping down, making directly to the river.
By the time the leading herds had reached the water, the
prairie was darkened with the dense masses. Immediately
before us, when the bands first came down into the valley,
stretched an unbroken line, the head of which was lost among
the river hills on the opposite side ; and still they poured down
from the ridge on our right. From hill to hill, the prairie bot-
tom was certainly not less than two miles wide ; and, allowing
the animals to be ten feet apart, and only ten in a line, there
were already eleven thousand in view. Some idea may thus
be formed of their number when they had occupied the whole
plain. In a short time they surrounded us on every side, ex-
tending for several miles in the rear, and forward as far as the
eye could reach ; leaving around us, as we advanced, an open
space of only two or three hundred yards. This movement of
the buffalo indicated to us the presence of Indians on the North
fork.

I halted earlier than usual, about forty miles from the junc-
tion, and all hands were soon busily engaged in preparing a
feast to celebrate the day. The kindness of our friends at St.
Louis had provided us with a large supply of excellent pre-
serves and rich fruit-cake ; and when these were added to a
macaroni soup, and variously prepared dishes of the choicest
buffalo-meat, crowned with a cup of coffee, and enjoyed with
prairie appetite, we felt, as we sat in barbaric luxury around
our smoking supper on the grass, a greater sensation of enjoy-
ment than the Roman epicure at his perfumed feast. But
most of all it seemed to please our Indian friends, who, in the
unrestrained enjoyment of the moment, demanded to know if
our " medicine-days came often." No restraint was exercised
at the hospitable board, and, to the great delight of his elders,
our young Indian lad made himself extremely drunk.

Our encampment was within a few miles of the place where
the road crosses to the North fork, and various reasons led me
to divide my party at this point. The North fork was the priri-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATION, S. 95

cipul object of my survey ; but I was desirous to ascend the
South brunch, with a view of obtaining some astronomical po-
sitions, and determining the mouths of its tributaries as fur as
St. V rain's fort, estimated to be some two hundred miles far-
ther up the river, and near to Long's Peak. There 1 hoped to
obtain some mules, which I found would be necessary to re-
lieve my horses. In a military point of view, I was desirous
to form some opinion of the country relative to the establish-
ment of posts on a line connecting the settlements with the
south puss of the Rocky Mountains, by way of the Arkansas
and the South and Laramie forks of the Platte. Crossing the
country northwestwardly from St. Vrain's fort, to the Ameri-
can Company's fort at the mouth of the Laramie, would give
me some acquaintance with the aflluents which head-in the
mountain between the two ; I therefore determined to set out
the next morning, accompanied by four men — Maxwell, Der-
nier, Ayot, and Basil Lajeunesse. Our Cheyenr.es, whose
village lay up this river, also decided to accompany us. The
party I left in charge of Clement Lambert, with orders to cross
to the North fork ; and at some convenient ptace, near to the
Coutte des Frenes, make a cache of every thing not absolutely
necessary to the further progress of our expedition. From this
point, using the most guarded precaution in his march through
the country, he was to proceed to the American Company's
fort at the mouth of the Laramie's fork, and await my arrival,
which would be prior to the 16th, as on that and the following
night would occur some occultations which I was desirous to
obtain at that place.

5th. — Before breakfast all was ready. We had one led
horse in addition to those we rode, and a pack-mule, destined to
carry our instruments, provisions, and baggage ; the last two
articles not being of great weight. The instruments consisted
of a sextant, artificial horizon, &c., a barometer, spy-glass, and
compass. The chronometer I of course kept on my person. I
had ordered the cook to put up for us some flour, i-oifee. and

, and our rillrs were to furnish tin- rest. One bla:
in addition to his saddle and saddle blanket, furnished th<
lerials lor each man's brd, and everv one w»ai pi \id*-d with e

96 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE or

change of linen. All were armed with rifles or double-bar-
relled guns j and, in addition to these, Maxwell and myself
were furnished with excellent pistols. Thus accoutred, \vo
took a parting breakfast with our friends, and set forth.

Our journey the first day afforded nothing of any interest.
We shot a buffalo towards sunset, and having obtained some
meat for our evening meal, encamped where a little timber af-
forded us the means of making a fire. Having disposed cur
meat on roasting-sticks, we proceeded to unpack our bales in
search of coffee and sugar, and flour for bread. With the ex-
ception of a little parched coffee, unground, we found nothing.
Our cook had neglected to put it up, or it had been somehow
forgotten. Tired and hungry, with tough bull-meat without
salt, (for we had not been able to kill a cow,) and a little bit-
ter coffee, we sat down in silence to our miserable fare, a very
d.sconsolate party ; for yesterday's feast was yet fresh in our
memories, and this was our first brush with misfortune. Each
man took his blanket, and laid himself down silently ; for the
worst part of these mishaps is, that they make people ill-humor-
ed. To-day we had traveled about thirty-six miles.

6th. — Finding that our present excursion would be attended
with considerable hardship, and unwilling to expose more per-
sons than necessar^, I determined to send Mr. Preuss back to
the party. His horse, too, appeared in no condition to sup-
port the journey ; and accordingly, after breakfast, he took
the road across the hills, attended by one of my most trusty
men, Bernier. The ridge between the rivers is here about
fifteen miles broad, and I expected he would probably strike
the fork near their evening camp. At all events he would not
fail to find their trail, and rejoin them the next day.

We continued our journey, seven in number, including the
three Cheyennes. Our general course was southwest, up the
valley of the river, which was sandy, bordered on the northern
side of the valley by a low ridge ; and on the south, after
seven or eight miles, the river hills became higher. Six miles
from our resting-place we crossed the bed of a considerable
stream, now entirely dry — a bed of sand In a grove of wil
lows, near the mouth, were the remains < f a considerable fort,

ADVKXTl'KKS AM) EXPLORATIONS. 07

constructed of trunks of large trees, li wa.. »pparrniu- very
old, and had probably been the scene of some hostile rm-oim-
ter among the roving tribes. Its solitude formrd an impres-
sive contrast to the picture which our imaginations involunta-
rily drew of the busy scene which had hern enacted hen-.
The timber appeared to have been much more extensive for-
merly than now. There were but few trees, a kind of long,
leaved willow, standing ; and numerous trunks of large trees
were scattered about on the ground. In many similar places
I had occasion to remark an apparent progressive decay in the
timber. Ten miles farther we reached the mouth of Lodgf,
Pole creek, a clear and handsome stream, running through a
broad valley. In its course through the bottom it has a uni
form breadth of twenty-two feet and six inches in depth. A
few willows on the banks strike pleasantly on the eye, by
heir greenness, in the midst of hot and barren sands.

The amorpha was frequent among the ravines, but the sun-
flower (he/ianthus) was the characteristic ; and flowers of deep
warm colors seem most to love the sandy soil. The impres-
sion of the country traveled over to-day was one of dry and*
barren sands. We turned in towards the river at noon, and
gave our horses two hours for food and rest. I had no other
thermometer than the one attached to the 'barometer, which
stood at 89°, the height of the column in the barometer being
UG-'J.'J") at meridian. The sky was clear, with a high wind
from the south. At 2 we continued our journey ; the wind
had moderated, and it became almost unendurably hot, and
our animals suffered severely. In the course of the afternoon,
the wind rose suddenly, and blew hard from the southwest,
with thunder and lightning, and squalls of rain ; these were
jlown against us with violence by the wind ; and, halting. we
lurned our backs to the storm until it blew over. Antelope
were tolerably frequent, with a large gray hare; but the
former were shy, and the latter hardly worth the delay of
stopping to shoot them; so, as the evening drew Dear;
ngain had recourse to an old bull, and encamped at SHMM «»i>
un island in the Platte.

We ate our meat with a good relish this evening. l'.»r we

08 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

were all in fine health, and had ridden nearly all of a iDng
summer's day, with a burning sun reflected from the sands.
My companions slept rolled up in their blankets, and the In-
dians lay in the grass near the fire ; but my sleeping-place
generally had an air of more pretension. Our rifles were tied
together near the muzzle, the butts resting on the ground, and
a knife laid on the rope, to cut away in case of an alarm.
Over this, which made a kind of frame, was thrown a large
India-rubber cloth, which we used to cover our packs. This
made a tent sufficiently large to receive about half of my bed,
and was a place of shelter for my instruments ; and as I was
careful always to put this part against the wind, I could lie
here with a sensation of satisfied enjoyment, and hear the wind
blow, and the rain patter close to my head, and know that I
should be at least half dry. Certainly I never slept more
soundly. The barometer at sunset was 26*010, thermometer
at 81°, and cloudy ; but a gale from the west sprang up with
the setting sun, and in a few minutes swept away every cloud
from the sky. The evening was very fine, and I remained up
.to take astronomical observations, which made our position in
latitude 40° 51' 17X/, and longitude 103° 07' 00".

7th. — At our camp this morning, at six o'clock, the barom-
eter was at 26-183, thermometer 69°, and clear, with a light
wind from the southwest. The past night had been squally,
with high wi js, and occasionally a few drops of rain. Our
cooking did not occupy much time, and we left camp early.
Nothing of interest occurred during the morning. The same
dreary barrenness, except that a hard marly clay had re-
placed the sandy soil. Buffalo absolutely covered the plain, on
both sides of the river, and whenever we ascended the hills,
scattered herds gave life to the view in every direction. A small
drove of wild horses made their appearance on the low river
bottoms, a mile or two to the left, and I sent off one of the In-
dians (who seemed very eager to catch one) on my led horse,
a spirited and fleet animal. The savage manoeuvred a little to
get the wind of the horses, in which he succeeded — approach-
ing within a hundred yards without being discovered. The
chase for a few minutes was interesting. My hunter easih

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 99

overtook and passed the hindmost of the wild drove, which the
Indian did not attemp to lasso ; all his efforts being directed to
capture the leader. But the strength of the horse, weakened
by the insufficient nourishment of grass, failed in a race, and
all the drove escaped. We halted at noon on the bank of
the river, the barometer at that time being 26-192, and the
thermometer 103°, with a light air from the south and clear
weather.

In the course of tne afternoon, dust rising among the hills,
at a particular place, attracted our attention ; and, riding up,
we found a band of eighteen or twenty buffalo bulls engaged
in a desperate fight. Though butting and goring were be-
stowed liberally, and without distinction, yet their efforts were
evidently directed against one — a huge, gaunt old bull, very
lean, while his adversaries were all fat and in good order. He
appeared very weak, and had already received some wounds ;
and, while we were looking on, was several times knocked
down and badly hurt, and a very few moments would have put
an end to him. Of course, we took the side of the weaker
party, and attacked the herd; but they were so blind \\\\\
rage, that they fought on, utterly regardless of our presence
although on foot and on horseback we were firing, in open
view, within twenty yards of them. But this did not last long.
In a very few seconds, we created a commotion among them.
One or two, which were knocked over by the balls, jumped up
and ran off into the hills ; and they began to .retreat slowly
along a broad ravine to the river, fighting furiously as ;hey
went. By the time they had reached the bottom, we had
pretty well dispersed them, and the old bull hobbled off to lie
down somewhere. One of his enemies remained on the ground
where we had first fired upon them, and we stopped there for
a short time to cut from him some moat for our supper. \V«»
had neglected to secure our horses, thinking it an nnnr<.
precaution in their fatigued condition ; but our mule took it
into his head to start, and away he went, followed at full
speed by th* pack-horse, with all the ha-r^ai^ and instruments
on his back. They were recovered and brought baek.
a chase of a mi'e. Fortu ately, every tiling was well secure!,

100 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

so that nothing, not even the barometer, was in the least in-
jured.

The sun was getting low, and some narrow lines of timber,
four or five miles distant, promised u-s a pleasant camp, where,
with plenty of wood for fire, and comfortable shelter, and rich
grass for our animals, we should find clear cool springs, instead
of the warm water of the Platte. On our arrival, we found
the bed of a stream fifty to one hundred feet wide, sunk some
thirty feet below the level of the prairie, with perpendicular
banks, bordered by a fringe of green cottonwood, but not a
drop of water. There were several small forks to the stream,
all in the same condition. With the exception of the Platte
bottom, the country seemed to be of a clay formation, dry, and
perfectly devoid of any moisture, and baked hard by the sun.
Turning off towards the river, we reached the bank in about a
mile, and were delighted to find an old tree, with thick foliage
and spreading branches, where we encamped. At sunset, the
barometer was at 25-950, thermometer 81°, with a strong
wind from S. 20° E., and the sky partially covered with heavy
masses of cloud, which settled a little towards the horizon by
ten o'clock, leaving it sufficiently clear for astronomical obser-
vations, which placed us in latitude 40° 33' 26", and longitude
103° 30X 37".

8th. — The morning was very pleasant. The breeze was
fresh from S. 50° E., with few clouds; the barometer at six
o'clock standing at 25-970, and the thermometer at 70°. Since
lea\ ing the forks our route had passed over a country alter-
nate ly clay and sand, each presenting the same naked waste.
On leaving camp this morning, we struck again a sandy
region, in which the vegetation appeared somewhat more vig-
orous than that which we had observed for the last few days ;
and on the opposite side of the river were some tolerably large
groves of timber.

Journeying along, we came suddenly upon a place where
the ground was coverea with horses' tracks, which had been
made since the rain, and indicated the immediate presence of
Indians in our neighborhood. The buffalo, too, whicn the day
before had been so numerous., were nowhere in sight — anothei

ADVENTUHKS AND EXPLORATION'S. 101

•rare indication that there were people near. Riding on, we
discovered the carcass of a buffalo recently Iqlled — perhaps
the day before. We scanned the horizon carefully with the
glass, but no living object was to be seen. For the next mile
or two, the ground was dotted with buffalo carcasses, which
showed that the Indians had made a surround here, and were
in considerable force. We went on quickly and cautiously,
keeping the river bottom, and carefullyavoiding the hills; but
we met with no interruption, and began to grow careless again.
We had already lost one of our horses, and here Basil's mule
showed symptoms of giving out, and finally refused to advance,
being what the Canadians call reste. He therefore dismounted,
and drove her along before him ; but this was a very slow way
of traveling. We had inadvertently got about half a mile in
advance, but our Cheyemies, who were generally a mile or
two in the ivur, remained with him. There were some dark-
lool\in<; objects among the hills, about two miles to the left,
here low and undulating, which we had seen for a little time,
and supposed to be buffalo coming in to water; but, happening
to look behind, Maxwell saw the Cheyennes whipping up
furiously, and another glance at the dark objects showed them
at once to be Indians coming up at speed.

Hail we been well mounted and disencumbered of instru-
ments, we might have set them at defiance ; but as it was, we
were fairly caught. It was too late to rejoin -our friends, and
we endeavored to gain a clump of timber about half a mile
ahead ; but the instruments and tired state of our horses did
not allow us to go faster than a steady canter, and they were
^aininjj on us fast. At first, they did not appear to be more
than fifteen or twenty in number, but group after group darted
into view at the top of the hills, until all the little emiiiem" s
seamed in motion ; and, in a few minutes from the time they
:i :'si discovered, two or three hundred, naked to the bn » eli-
el >:h, were sweeping across the prairie. In a few hundred
vards we discovered that the timber we were endeavoring to
make was on the opposite side of the river; anil beti
could reach the bank, down came the Indians upon us.

I am inclined to think that in a few seconds more the lead-

K. S. LIBRARY
Oakland !

102 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

ing man, and perhaps some of his companions, would have
rolled in the dust ; for we had jerked the covers from our
guns, and our fingers were on the triggers. Men in such
cases generally act from instinct, and a charge from three
hundred naked savages is a circumstance not well calculated
to promote a cool exercise of judgment. Just as he was about
to fire, Maxwell recognised the leading Indian, and shouted to
him in the Indian language, "You're a fool, G — damn you —
don't you know me ?" The sound of his own language seemed
\o shock the savage ; and, swerving his horse a little, he passed
us like an arrow. He wheeled, as I rode out towards him, and
gave me his hand, striking his breast and exclaiming " Ara-
paho !" They proved to be a village of that nation, among
whom Maxwell had resided as a trader a year or two pre-
viously, and recognised him accordingly. We were soon in
.he midst of the band, answering as well as we could a multi-
tude of questions ; of which the very first was, of what tribe
were our Indian companions who were coming in the rear ?
They seemed disappointed to know that they were Cheyennes,
for they had fully anticipated a grand dance around a Pawnee
scalp that night.

The chief showed us his village at a grove on the river six
miles ahead, and pointed out a band of buffalo on the other
side of the Platte, immediately opposite us, which he said they
were going to surround. They had seen the band early in
the morning from their village, and had been making a large
circuit, to avoid giving them the wind, when they discovered
us. In a few minutes the women came galloping up, astride
on their horses, and naked from their knees down and the hips
up. They followed the men, to assist in cutting up and carry-
ing off the meat.

The wind was blowing directly across the river, and the
chief requested us to halt where we were for awhile, in order
to avoid raising the herd. We therefore unsaddled our horses,
and sat down on the bank to view the scene ; and our new ac-
quaintances rode a few hundred yards lower down, and began
crossing the river. Scores of wild-looking dogs followed,
looking like troops of wolves, and having, in fact, but ver-«

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 111.' I

little of the dog in their composition. Some of them remained
with us, and I checked one of the men, whom I found aiming
at one, which he was about to kill for a wolf. The day had
become very hot. The air was clear, with a very slight
"bret se; and now, at 12 o'clock, while the buronreter stood at
25-920, the attached thermometer was at. 10S3 Our <
enries had learned that with the A rapaho village were about
twenty lodges of their own, including their own families,
they therefore immediately commenced making their oilette.
After bathing in the river, they invested themselves in some
handsome calico shirts, which I afterwards learned they hac
stolen from my own men, and spent some time in arranging
their hair and painting themselves with some vermilion I had
j v '• iliem. While they were engaged in this satisfactory

ner, one of their half-wild horses, to which the crowd of

prancing animals which had just passed had recalled the ftve-
dom of her existence among the wild droves on the prairie,
suddenly dashed into the hills at the top of her speed. She
was their pack-horse, and had on her back all the worldly
wealth of our poor Cheyennes, all their accoutrements, and all
(lie little articles which they had picked up among us, with
some few presents 1 had given them. The loss which they
seemed to regret most were their spears and shields, and some
tobacco which they had received from me. However, they
bore it all with the philosophy of an Indian, and laughingly
continued their toilette. They appeared, however, to be a
little mortified at the thought of returning to the village in
such a sorry plight. "Our people will laugh at us," said one
of them, " returning to the village on foot, instead of driving
'jack a drove of Pawnee horses." He demanded to know if I
loved my sorrel hunter very much ; to which I replied, he was
the object of my most intense affection. Far froei being able
to give. I was myself in want of horses; and any
of parting with the few I had valuable, was met with a per-
emptory refusal. In the mean time, the slaughter was about
i.» commence on the other side. So soon as they reaehed it,
(he Indians separated into two bodies. One party proceeds!
directlv across tin; nrairie, towards the hills in n.n extender

104 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

line, while the other went up the river ; and instantly as they
had given the wind to the herd, the chase commenced. The
buffalo started for the hills, but were intercepted and driven
back towards the river, broken and running in every directioi ,
The clouds of dust soon covered the whole scene, preventing
us from having any but an occasional view. It had a verj
singular appearance to us at a distance, especially when look-
ing with the glass. We were too far to hear the report of the
guns, or any sound ; and at every instant, through the clouds
of dust, which the sun made luminous, we could see for a
moment two or three buffalo dashing along, and close behind
them an Indian with his long spear, or other weapon, and in-
stantly again they disappeared. The apparent silence, and
the dimly seen figures flitting by with sue rapidity, gave it a
kind of dreamy effect, and seemed more liKe a picture than a
scene of real life. It had been a large herd when the cerne
commenced, probably three or four hundred in number ; but,
though I watched them closely, I did not see one emerge from,
the fatal cloud where the work of destruction was going on.
After remaining here about an hour, we resumed our journey
in the direction of the village.

Gradually, as we rode on, Indian after Indian came drop,
ping along, laden with meat ; and by the time we had neared
the lodges, the backward road was covered with the returning
horsemen. It was a pleasant contrast with the desert road we
had been traveling. Several had joined company with us, an \
one of the chiefs invited us to his lodge. The village con
sisted of about one hundred and twenty-five lodges, of which
twenty were Cheyennes ; the latter pitched a little apart from
the Arapahoes. They were disposed in a scattering manner
on both sides of a broad, irregular street, about one hundred
and fifty feet wide, and running along the riyer. As we rode
along, I remarked near some of the lodges a kind of tripod
frame, formed of three slender poles of birch, scraped very
clean, to which were affixed the shield and spear, with some
other weapons of u chief. All were scrupulously clean, the
spear-head wrs burnished bright, and the shield white and
stainless. It reminded me of the days of feudal chivalry ;

ADVKNTCIIKS AND KXIM.Oi; ATiO.NS. 1U,~>

and when, as I rode hy, I yielded to the passing impuls* .
touched one of the spotless shields with the muzzle of my gun,
I almost expected a grim warrior to start from the lodge and
resent my challenge. The master of the lodge spread out a
robe for rne to sit upon, and the squaws set before us a large
wooden dish of buffalo meat. He had lit his pipe in the meal
while, and when it had been passed around, we commenced
our dinner while he continued to smoke. Gradually, however,
five or six other chiefs came in, and took their seats in silence.
When we had finished, our host asked a number of questions
relative to the object of our journey, of whi^h I made no con
cealment ; telling him simply that I had made a visit to see
the country, preparatory to the establishment of military posts
on the way to the mountains. Although this was information
of the highest interest to them, and by no means calculated to
please them, it excited no expression of surprise, and in no
way altered the grave courtesy of their demeanor. The
others listened and smoked. I remarked, that in taking the
pipe for the first time, each had turned the stem upward, with
a rapid glance, as in offering to the Great Spirit, before he put
it in his mouth. A storm had been gathering for the past
hour, and some pattering drops in the lodge warned us that wo
had some miles to our camp. An Indian had given Max?
well a bundle of dried meat, which was very acceptable, as
we had nothing ; and, springing upon our horses, we rode off
at dusk in the face of a cold shower and driving wind. We
found our companions under some densely foliaged old trees,
about three miles up the river. Under one of them lay the
trunk of a large cotton wood, to leeward of which the men
had kindled a fire, and we sat here and roasted our meat in
tolerable shelter. Nearly opposite was the mouth of one
of the most considerable affluents of the South fork, la Fourche
(tux Castors, (Beaver fork,) heading off in the ridge to the
southeast.

9th. — This morning wo caught the first faint glimpse of the
Rocky mountains, about sixty miles distant. Though a t
bly bright day, there was a slight mist, and we were just able
10 discern the snowy summit of " Long's peak," (" les dcu*

106 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

oreil/es" of the Canadians,) showing like a cloud near the
horizon. I found it easily distinguishable, there being a per.
ceptible difference in its appearance from the white clouds that
were floating about the sky. I was pleased to find that among
the traders the name of " Long's peak" had been adopted and
become familiar in the country. In the ravines near this
place, a light brown sandstone made its first appearance.
About 8, wre discerned several persons on horseback a mile or
two ahead, on the opposite side of the river. They turned in
towards the river, and we rode down to meet them. We found
them to be two wjiite men, and a mulatto named Jim Beck-
with, who had left St. Louis when a boy, and gone to live with
the Crow Indians. He had distinguished himself among them
by some acts of daring bravery, and had risen to the rank of
chief, but had now, for some years, left them. They were in
search of a band of horses that had gone off from a camp
some miles above, in charge of Mr. Chabonard.. Two of them
continued down the river, in search of the horses, and the
American turned back with us, and we rode on towards the
camp. About eight miles from our sleeping-place, we reached
Bijou's fork, an affluent of the right bank. Where we crossed
it, a short distance from the Platte, it has a sandy bed about
four hundred yards broad ; the water in various small streams.
a few inches deep. Seven miles further brought us to the camp
of some four or five whites, (New Englanders, I believe,) who
had accompanied Captain Wyeth to the Columbia river, and
were independent trappers. All had their squaws with them,
and I was really surprised at the number of little fat, buffalo-
fed boys that were tumbling about the camp, all apparently of
the same age, about three or four years old. They were en-
camped on a rich bottom, covered with a profusion of rich
grass, and had a large number of fine-looking horses and
mules. We rested with them a few minutes, and in about two
miles arrived at Chabonard's camp, on an island in the Platte
On the heights above, we met the first Spaniard I had seen in
the country. Mr. Chabonard was in the service of Bent and
St. Vrain's company, and had left their fort some forty or
iif'ty miles above, in the spring, with boats laden with. the fur*

ADVKN'ITl.'KS AM) EXPLORATIONS. 107

j»f the last year's trade, lie had met the same lortune as the
voyageurs on the North ii)rk ; and, finding it impossible to
proceed, had taken up his summer's residence on this island,
which he had named St.. Helena. The river hills appeared to
be composed entirely of sand, and the Platte had lost the
muddy character of its waters, and here was tolerably clear.
From the mouth of the South fork, I had found it occasionally
broken up by small islands; and at the time of our journey,
which was at a season of the year when the waters were at a
favorable stage, it was not navigable for any thing drawing
six inches water. The current was very swift — the bed (,f
the stream a coarse gravel. From the place at which we had
encountered the Arapahoes, the Platte had been tolerably well
fringed with timber, and the island here had a line grove of
very large cotton woods, under whose broad shade the tents
were pitched. There was a large drove of horses in the op-
posite prairie bottom ; smoke was rising from the scattered fires,
and the encampment had quite a patriarchal air. Mr. C. re-
ceived us hospitably. One of the people was sent to gather
mint, with the aid of which he concocted very good julep •,
and some boiled buffalo tongue, and coflee with the luxury
of sugar, were soon set before us. The people in his employ
were generally Spaniards, and among them I saw a young
Spanish woman from Taos, whom I found to be Beckwith's
wife.

10th. — We parted with our hospitable host after breakfast
tin1 next morning, and readied St. V rain's fort, about forty-five
miles from St. Helena, late in the evening. This post is situ-
ated on the South fork of the Platte, immediately under the.
mountains, about seventeen miles east of Long's peak. It is
on the right bank, on the verge of the upland prairie. I
forty feet above tin; river, of which the immediate valley i*
about six hundred yards wide. The stream is divided into
various branches by small islands, among which it runs with
a swift current. The bed of the river is sand and gravel, the
water very clear, and here may !>•• called a mountain-si /
This ivgion appears to be entirely free from the lin.oti.nes and
marls which give to the Lower Platte its yellow and dirty color.

108 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

The Black Iwlls lie between the stream and the mountains,
whose snowy peaks glitter a few miles beyond. At the fort
we found Mr. St. Vrain, who received us with much kindness
and hospitality. Maxwell had spent the last two or three years
between this post and the villaf* of Taos ; and here he was at
home, and among his friends. Spaniards frequently came
over in search of employmen4; ; and several came in shortly
after our arrival. They usually obtain about six dollar^ a
month, generally paid to them in goods. They are very use
ful in a camp, in taking care of horses and mules ; and I en
gaged one, who proved to be an active, laborious man, and was
of very considerable service to me. The elevation of the
Platte here is five thousand four hundred feet' above the sea.
The neighboring mountains did not appear to enter far the re-
gion of perpetual snow, which was generally confined to the
northern side of the peaks. On the southern, I remarked very
little. Here it appeared, so far as I could judge in the dis-
tance, to descend but a few hundred feet below the summits.

I regretted that time did not permit me to visit them ; but
the proper object of my survey lay among the mountains far-
ther north ; and I looked forward to an exploration of their
snowy recesses with great pleasure. The piney region of the
mountains to the south was enveloped in smoke, and I was in-
formed had been on fire for several months. Pike's peak is
said to be visible from this place, about one hundred miles to
the southward ; but the smoky state of the atmosphere prevent-
ed my seeing it. The weather continued overcast during my
stay here, so that I failed in determining the latitude, but ob-
tained good observations for the time on the mornings of the
llth and 12th. An assumed latitude of 40° 22' 30" from the
evening position of the 12th, enabled me to obtain for a toler-
ably correct longitude, 105° 12' 12".

12th. — The kindness of Mr. St. Vrain enabled me to obtain
a couple oi horses aj •] three good mules ; and, with a further
addition to our party of the Spaniard whom I had hired, and
l. wo others, who were going to obtain service at Laramie's fork,
we resumed our journey at ten, on the morning of the 12th.
Ve had been ab)' t. procure nothing at the post in the way

ADVl-N'ITUES AND EXPLORATIONS. 111'.!

>f provision. An expected supply from Tans had not yet ar-
rived, and a few pounds of coili-r was all that could he spa rod
to us. In addition to this we had dried meat enough for the
first day; on the next, we expected to find buffalo. Kmm this
post, according to the estimate of the country, the fort at the
mouth of Laramie's fork, which was our next point of destina-
tion, was nearly due north, distant about one hundred and
twenty-five miles.

For a short distance our road lay down the valley of the
Platte, which resembled a garden in the splendor of fields of
varied flowers, which filled the air with fragrance. The only
timber I noticed consisted of poplar, birch, cottonwood, and
willow. In something less than three miles we crossed Thomp-
son's creek, one of the affluents to the left bank of the South
fork— ^a fine stream about sixty-five feet wide, and thre.
deep. Journeying on, the low dark line of the Black hills
lying between us and the mountains to the left, in about ten
miles from the fort, we reached Cache a la Poudre, where we
halted to noon. This is a very beautiful mountain-stream,
about one hundred feet wide, flowing with a full swift current
over a rocky bed. We halted under the shade of some cotton-
woods, with which the stream is wooded scatteringly. In the
tipper part of its course, it runs amid the wildest mountain
scenery, and, breaking through the Black hills, falls into the
IMatte about ten miles below this place. In the course of our
late journey, I had managed to become the possessor of a very
untractable mule — a perfect vixen — and'her I had turned over
lo my Spaniard. It occupied us about half an hour to-day to
get the saddle upon her ; but, once on her back, Jose could not
be dismounted, realizing the accounts given of Mexican horses
and horsemanship, and we continued our route in the after-
noon.

At e\ei,i;iLr, wo encamped on Crow creek, having tr:r.
about twenty-eight miles. None of the party were wi-11 ac-
cjuainted with the country, and I had great dilliculty in I
turning what were the names of the streams \\ B crO8» d t»
the North and South forks of the IMutte. This I suppc
be Crow croek. It is what is called a salt stream, and [\\f

110 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

water stands in pools, having no continuous course. A fine
grained sandstone made its appearance in the banks. The oh
servations of the night placed us in latitude 40° 42', longitude
104° 57' 49". The barometer at sunset was 25-231 ; attached
thermometer at 66°. Sky clear, except in the east, with a
light wind from the north.

13th. — There being no wood here, we used last night the
bois de vache, which is very plentiful. At our camp this
morning, the barometer was at 25-235 ; the attached thermoN
eter 60°. A few clouds were moving through a deep-blue
sky, with a light wind from the west. After a ride of twelve
miles, in a northerly direction, over a plain covered with innu-
merable quantities of cacti, we reached a small creek in which
there was water, and where several herds of buffalo were
scattered about among the ravines, which always afford good
pasturage. We seem now to be passing along the base of a
plateau of the Black hills, in which the formation consists of
marls, some of them white and laminated ; the country to the
left rising suddenly, and falling off gradually and uniformly to
the right. In five or six miles of a northeasterly course, we
struck a high ridge, broken into conical peaks, on whose sum-
mits large boulders were gathered in heaps. The magnetic
di -ection of the ridge is northwest and southeast, the glittering
w -ite of its precipitous sides making it visible for many miles
ti the south. It is composed of a soft earthy limestone and
marls, resembling that hereafter described in the neighbor,
hood of the Chimney rock, on the North fork of the Platte,
easily worked by the winds and rains, and sometimes moulded
into very fantastic shapes. At the foot of the northern slope
was the bed of a creek, some forty feet wide, coming, by fre-
quent falls, from the bench above. It was shut in by high,
perpendicular banks, in which were strata of white laminated
marl. Its bed was perfectly dry, and the leading feature of
' the whole region is one of remarkable aridity, and perfec*
freedom from moisture. In about six miles we crossed the
bed of another dry creek ; and, continuing our ride over a high
level prairie, a little before sundown we came suddenly upon
«*. beautiful creek, which revived us with a feeling of delightec

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATION i. Ill

Airpnse by the pleasant contrast of the deep verdure
banks with the parched desert we hud passed. We had suf.
fered much to-day, both men and horses, for want of water;
having met with it but once in our uninterrupted march of
forty miles; and an exclusive meat diet creates much thirst.

" Les beslias Lienen mucha hajnbre," said the young Spaniard,
inquiringly : " y l± genie tambien," said I, " antiago, we'll cam
here." A stream of good and clear water ran winding abo
through the little valley, and a herd of buffalo were quiet,
feeding a little distance below. It was quite a hunter's para-
dise ; and while some ran down towards the band to kill one
for supper, others collected bois de vache for a fire, there beini^
no wood ; and I amused myself with hunting for plants among
the grass.

It will be seen, by occasional remarks on the geological
formation, that the constituents of the soil in these regions are
good, and every day served to strengthen the impression in
my mind, confirmed by subsequent observation, that the barren
appearance of the country is due almost entirely to the ex-
treme dryness of the climate. Along our route, the country had
seemed to increase constantly in elevation. According to the
'ndication of the barometer, we were at our encampment f>, 1 10
feet above the sea.

The evening was very clear, with a fresh breeze from the
>,outh, 50° east. The barometer at sunset was 524-802. the
thermometer attached showing 68°. I supposed this to be a
fork of Lodge Pole creek, so far as I could determine from our
uncertain means of information. Astronomical observations
gave for the camp a longitude of 104° 39/ 31", and latitude
41° 08' 31".

14th. — The wind continued fresh from the same quarter in
the morning ; the day being clear, with the exception of a U-w
clouds in the horizon. At our camp, at six o'clock, the In -ujht
of the barometer was 24-830, the attached thermometer 61°.
Our course this morning was directly north by compass, the
variation being 15° or 10° easterly. A ride of lour mile*
brought us to Lod^e Pole cr«vk, which we 1: at thr

mouth of the South fork ; crossing c i the way two di v M:

112 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

in eighti 311 miles from our encampment of the past night, we
reached a high bleak ridge, composed entirely of the same
earthy limestone and marl previously described. I had never
seen any thing which impressed so strongly on my mind a
feeling of desolation. The valley, through which ran the
waters of Horse creek, lay in view to the north, but too far to
have any influence on the immediate view. On the peak of
the ridge where I was standing, some seven hundred feet
above the river, the wind was high and bleak ; the barren and
arid country seemed as if it had been swept by fires, and in
every direction the same dull ash-colored hue, derived from
the formation, met the eye. On the summits were some
stunted pines, many of them dead, all wearing the same ashen
hue of desolation. We left the place with pleasure; and,
after we had descended several hundred feet, halted in one of
the ravines, which, at the distance of every mile or two, cut
the flanks of the ridge with litth Bushing streams, wearing
something of a mountain character. We had already begun
to exchange the comparatively barren lands for those of a
more fertile character. Though the sandstone formed the
broken banks of the creek, yet they were covered with a thin
grass ; and the fifty or sixty feet which formed the bottom land
of the little stream were clothed with very luxuriant grass,
among which 1 remarked willow and cherry, (cerasus vir
gimana,) and a quantity of gooseberry and currant bushes oc
cupied the greater part.

The creek was three or f< jur feet broad, and about six inches
deep, with a swift current of clear water, and tolerably cool
We had struck it too low down to find the cold water, which
we should have enjoyed nearer to its sources. At two, p. M.,
the barometer was at 25-050, and the attached thermometer
104°. A day of hot sunshine, with clouds, and moderate
breeze from the south. Continuing down the stream, in abou'
four miles we reached its mouth, at one of the main branche;
of Horse creek. Looking back upon the ridge, whose direc
dot. appeared to be a little to the north of east, we saw it
seamed at frequent intervals with the dark lines of wooded
streams, affluents of the river that flowed so far as we coulJ

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 1 1 i>

see along its base. We crossed, in tin? space of twelve miles
from our noon halt, three or four forks of Horse cree/c, and
encamped at sunset on the most easterly.

The fork on which we encamped appeared to have followed
an easterly direction up to this place ; but here it makes a
very sudden bend to the north, passing between two ranges of
precipitous hills, called, as I was informed, Goshen's hole.
There is somewhere in or near this locality a place so called,
but I am not certain that it was the place of our encampment.
Looking back upon the spot, at the distance of a few miles to
the northward, the hills appear to shut in the prairie, through
which runs the creek, with a semicircular sweep, which migh
very naturally be called a hole in the hills. The geological
composition of the ridge is the same which constitutes the rock
of the Court-house and Chimney, on the North fork, which ap-
peared to me a continuation of this ridge. The winds and
rains work this formation into a variety of singular forms. The
pass into Goshen's hole is about two miles wide, and the hill
on the western side imitates, in an extraordinary manner, a
massive tbrtified place, with a remarkable fulness of detail
The rock is marl and earthy limestone, white, without the
least appearance of vegetation, and much resembles masonry
at a little distance; and here it sweeps around a level ar. ;i
two or three hundred yards in diameter, and in the form of a
half moon, terminating on either extremity in enormous bas-
tions. Along the whole line of the parapets appear domes
and slender minarets, forty or fifty feet high, giving it every
appearance of an old fortified town. On the waters of White
river, where this formation exists in great extent, it presents
appearances which excite the admiration of the solitary voy-
aireur, and fl>rm a frequent theme of their conversation wh'en
speaking of the Wonders of the country. Sometimes it •
the perfectly illusive appearance of a large city, with in:
ons streets and magnificent buildings, among which the ('
ilians never fail to see their cabaret — and sometin:
the form of a solitary house, with many lari^e chambers, into
which they drive their horses at night, and sleep in these n:u-
iral defences perfectly secure from any attack of prowling

114 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

savages. Before reaching our camp at Goshen s hole, in
crossing the immense detritus at the foot of the Castle rock, we
were involved amidst winding passages cut by the waters of
the hill ; and where, with a breadth scarcely large enough
for the passage of a horse, the walls rise thirty and forty feet
perpendicularly. This formation supplies the discoloration of
the Platte. At sunset, the height of the mercurial column was
25-500, the attached thermometer 80°, and wind moderate
from S. 38° E. Clouds covered the sky with the rise of the
moon, but I succeeded in obtaining the usual astronomical ob-
servations, which placed us in latitude 41° 43X 13", and longi-
tude 104° 24' 36".

15th. — At six this morning, the barometer was at 25-5151
the thermometer 72° ; the day was fine, with some clouds
looking dark on the south, with a fresh breeze from the same
quarter. We found that in our journey across the country
we had kept too much to the eastward. This morning, ac-
cordingly, we traveled by compass some 15 or 20 to the west
of north, and struck the Platte some thirteen miles below Fort
Laramie. The day was extremely hot, and among the hills
the wind seemed to have just issued from an oven. Our
horses were much distressed, as we had traveled hard ; and
it was with some difficulty that they were all brought to the
Platte, which we reached at one o'clock. In riding in towards
the river, we found the trail of our carts, which appeared to
have passed a day or two since.

After having allowed our animals two hours for food and
repose, we resumed our journey, and towards the close of the
day came in sight of Laramie's fork. Issuing from the rivei
hills, we came first in view of Fort Platte, a post belonging to
Messrs. Sybille, Adams & Co., situated immediately in the
ooint of land at the junction of Laramie with the Platte. Like
the post we had visited on the South fork, it was built of earth,
and still unfinished, being enclosed with walls (or rather
houses) on three of the sides, and open on the fourth to the
river. A few hundred yards brought us in view of the post
of the American Fur Company, called Fort John, or Laramie.
This was a large post having more the air of military con

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. ilf)

struction than the fort at tin- motiih of the river. It is on .ho
left bank, on a rising ground sonic twenty-live, fret above the
water ; and its lofty walls, whitewashed and picketed, with
the large bastions at the angles, gave it quite an imposing ap-
pearance in the uncertain light of evening. A cluster of
lodges, which the language told us belonged to Sioux Indians,
was pitched under the walls ; and, with the fine background
of the Black hills and the prominent peak of Laramie moun-
tain, strongly drawn in the clear light of the western sky,
win1 re the sun had already set, the whole formed at the mo-
ment a strikingly beautiful picture. From the company at
St. Louis I had letters for Mr. Boudeau, the gentleman in
charge of the post, by whom I was received with great hospi-
tal ity and an efficient kindness, which was invaluable to me
during my stay in the country. I found our people encamped
on the bank, a short distance above the fort. All were well
and, in the enjoyment of a bountiful supper, which coffee and
Dread made luxurious to us, we soon forgot the fatigues of the
fust ten days.

16th. — I found that, during my absence, the situation of af-
fairs had undergone some change; and the usual quiet and
somewhat monotonous regularity of the camp had given place
to excitement and alarm. The circumstances which occasion-
ed this change will be found narrated in the following extract
from the journal of Mr. Preuss, which commences with the
day of our separation on the South fork of theJPlatte :

• • nth. — We crossed the plateau or highland between the two
forks in about six hours. I let my horse go as slow as he
liked, to indemnify us both for the previous hardship; and
about noon we readied the North fork. There was no sign
that our party had passed ; we rode, therefore, to some pine
. unsaddled the horses, and stretched our limbs on the
f^rass, awaiting the arrival of our company. After remaining
here \\\<> hours, my companion became impatient, mounted his
e au.-iiii, and rode oil" down the river to SIT if he could dis-
our people. I felt so marode yet, that it was a horrible
idea to me to bestridr that saddle again ; so I lay still. I knew
they could not come any other \\.iv. and flu ! my ••oinpanion,

ilG COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Dne of the best men of the company, would not abandon me
The sun went down — he did not come. Uneasy I did not feel
but very hungry. I had no provisions, but I could make *>
fire ; and as I espied two doves in a tree, I tried to kill one.
But it needs a better marksman than myself to kill a little bird
with a rifle. I made a fire, however, lighted my pipe — this
true friend of mine in every emergency — lay down, and let
my thoughts wander to the far east. It was not many minutes
after when I heard the tramp of a horse, and my faitnful com-
panion was by my side. He had found the party, who had
been delayed by making their cache, about seven miles below.
To the good supper which he brought with him I did ample
justice. He had forgotten salt, and I tried the soldier's substi-
tute in time of war, and used gunpowder ; but it answered
badly — bitter enough, but no flavor of kitchen salt. I slept
well ; and was only disturbed by two owls, which were at-
tracted by the fire, and took their place in the tree under which
we slept. Their music seemed as disagreeable to my compan-
ion as to myself; he fired his rifle twice, and then they let
us alone.

" 7th. — At about 10 o'clock, the party arrived ; and we con-
tinued our journey through a country which offered but little
to interest the traveler. The soil was much more sandy than
in the valley below the confluence of the forks, and the face
of the country no longer presented the refreshing green which
had hitherto characterized it. The rich grass was now found
only in dispersed spots, on low grounds, and on the bottom land
of the streams. A long drought, joined to extreme heat, had
so parched up the upper prairies, that they were in many
places bald, or covered only with a thin growth of yellow and
poor grass. The nature of the soil renders it extremely sus-
ceptible to the vicissitudes of the climate. Between the forks,
and from their juncijon to the Black hills, the formation con-
sists of marl and a soft earthy limestone, with granitic sand-
stone. Such a formation cannot give rise to a sterile soil ;
and, on our return in September, when the country had been
watered by frequent rains, the valley of the Platte looked like
a garden ; so rich was the verdure of the grasses, and ^o lux

A I) VENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 117

uriant tho bloom of abundant (lowers. Th- \\ii-! sage be-ons
to make its appearance, and timber is so scarce that \\ •••
erally made our fires of the boisde, vache. With the exe-
of now and then an isolated tree or two, standing like a light-
house on the river hank, there is none to be seen.

" 8th. — Our roa-d to-day was a solitary one. No Jame madp
its appearance — not even a buffalo or a stray antelope ; and
nothing occurred to break the monotony until about 5 o'clock,
when the caravan made a sudden halt. There was a galloping
in of scouts and horsemen from every side — a hurrying to and
fro in noisy confusion ; rifles were taken from their covers;
bullet pouches examined : in short, there was the cry of ' In-
dians,' heard again. I had become so much accustomed to
these alarms, that they now made but little impression on me ;
and before I had time to become excited, the new-comers wi-rn
ascertained to be whites. It was a large party of traders and
trappers, conducted by Mr. Bridger, a man well known in the
history of the country. As the sun was low, and there v
fine grass patch not far ahead, they turned back and encamped
for the night with us. Mr. Bridger was invited to supper;
and, after the table-cloth was removed, we listened with «
interest to an account of their adventures. What they had
met, we would be likely to encounter; the chances which L id
befallen them, would probably happen to us ; and we looked
upon their life as a picture of our own. lie informed us that
the condition of the country had become exceedingly dangerous.
The Sioux, who had been badly disposed, had broken out into
open hostility, and in the preceding autumn his part}' had en-
countered them in a severe fiigairnncut, in which a number
of lives had been lost on both sides. United with the
yenne and Gros Venire Indians, they were scouring the upper
country in war parties of great force, and were at this time in
the neighborhood of the Jifil JJuttcs, a famous landmark, which
was directly in our path. They had declared war a]
living thing that should be found westward «.f that ;
though the main object was to attack a large camp of u
and Snake Indians, who h:id ;i reiide/vous in the Sweet \\
valley. Availing him.- If of hU intimate kno\\ ledge of tin-

118 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Country, he had reached Laruiijie by uu unusual route through
the Black hills, and avoided coming into contact with any of
the scattered parties. This gentleman offered his services to
accompany us as far as the head of the Sweet Water ; but the
absence of our leader, which was deeply regretted by us all,
rendered W impossible for us to enter upon such arrangements.
In a camp consisting of men whose lives had been spent in
this country, I expected to find every one prepared for occur
rences of this nature ; but, to my great surprise, I found, OF
the contrary, that this news had thrown them all into the great-
est consternation ; and, on every side, I heard only one excla
mation, * 11 riy aura pas de vie pour nous.' All the night,
scattered groups were assembled around the fires, smoking
their pipes, and listening with the greatest eagerness to exag-
gerated details of Indian hostilities ; and in the morning I found
the camp dispirited, and agitated by a variety of conflicting
opinions. A majority of the people were strongly disposed to
return ; but Clement Lambert, with some five or six others
professed their determination to follow Mr. Fremont to the ut-
termost limit of his journey. The others yielded to their re-
monstrances, and somewhat ashamed of their cowardice, con
eluded to advance at least as far as Laramie fork, eastward"of
which they were aware no danger was to be apprehended.
Notwithstanding the confusion and excitement, we were very
early on the road, as the days were extremely hot, and we
were anxious to profit by the freshness of the morning. The
soft marly formation, over which we were now journeying,
frequently offers to the traveler views of remarkable and pic-
turesque beauty. To several of these localities, where the
winds and the rain have worked the bluffs into curious shapes,
the voyageurs have given names according to some fancied
resemblance. One of these, called the Court-house, we passed
about six miles from our encampment of last night, and towards
noon came in sight of the celebrated Chimney rock. It looks,
at this distance of about thirty miles, like what it is called —
the long chimney of a steam factory establishment, or a shot
tower in Baltimore. Nothing occurred to interrupt the quiet
of the day, and we encamped on the river, « ftft" a march o

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 119

twenty-four miles. Buffalo had become very scarce, and but
one cow had been killed, of which the meat had been cut into
thin slices, and hung around the carts to dry.

" 10th. — We continued along the same fine plainly beaten
road, which the smooth surface of the country afforded us, for
a distance of six hundred and thirty miles, from the frontiers
of Missouri to the Laramie fork. In the course of the day we
met some whites, who were following along in the train of Mr.
Bridger ; and, after a day's journey of twenty-four miles, en-
camped about sunset at the Chimney rock. It consists of mar]
and earthy limestone, and the weather is rapidly diminishing
its height, which is not more than two hundred feet above the
river. Travelers who visited it some years since, placed its
height at upwards of 500 feet.

"llth. — The valley of the North fork is of a variable
breadth, from one to four, and sometimes six miles. Fifteen
miles from the Chimney rock we reached one of those places
where the river strikes the bluffs, and forces the road to make
a considerable circuit over the uplands This presented an
escarpment on the river of about nine hundred yards in length,
and is familiarly known as Scott's bluffs. We had made a
journey of thirty miles before we again struck the river, at a
place where some scanty grass afforded an insufficient pas-
turage to our animals. About twenty miles from the Chimney
rock we had found a very beautiful spring of excellent and
cold water ; but it was in such a deep ravine, and so small,
that the animals could not profit by it, and we therefore halted
only a few minutes, and found a resting-place ten miles fur-
.her on. The plain between Scott's bluffs and Chimney rock
was almost entirely covered with drift-wood, consisting princi-
pally of cedar, which, we were informed, had been supplied
from the Black hills, in a flood five or six years since.

" 12th. — Nine miles from our encampment of yesterday we
crossed Horse creek, a shallow stream of clear water, about
seventy yards wide, falling into the Platte on thp :ight bank.
Il was lightly timbered, and great quantities of drift-wood were
piled up on the banks, appearing to be supplied by the creek
from above. After a journey of twentv-six miles, we encamped

120 COL. FREMONT S NARRATIVE OF

on a rich bottom, which afforded fine grass to our animuls
Buffalo have entirely disappeared, and we live now upon the
dried meat, which is exceedingly poor food. The marl and
earthy limestone, which constituted the formation for several
days past, had changed, during the day, into a compact white
or grayish-white limestone, sometimes containing hornstone ;
and at the place of our encampment this evening, some strata
in the river hills cropped out to the height of thirty or forty
feet, consisting of fine-grained granitic sandstone ; one of the
strata closely resembling gneiss.

" 13th. — To-day, about four o'clock, we reached Fort La-
ramie, where we were cordially received. We pitched our
camp a little above the fort, on the bank of the Laramie river,
in which the pure and clear water of the mountain stream
looked refreshingly cool, and made a pleasant contrast to the
muddy, yellow waters of the Platte."

I walked up to visit our friends at the fort, which is a quad-
rangular structure, built of clay, after the fashion of the Mexi-
cans, who are generally employed in building them. The
walls are about fifteen feet high, surmounted with a wooden
palisade, and form a portion of ranges of houses, which entire,
ly surround a yard of about one hundred and thirty feet
square. Every apartment has its door and window, — all, of
course, opening on the inside. There are two entrances, op-
posite each other, and midway the wall, one of which is a
large and public entrance ; the other smaller and more pri-
vate— a sort of postern gate. Over the great entrance is a
square tower with loopholes, and, like the rest of the work,
built of earth. At two of the angles, and diagonally opposite
each other, are large square bastions, so arranged as to sweep
the four faces of the walls.

This post belongs to the American Fur Company, and, at
the time of our visit, was in charge of Mr. Boudeau. Two of
the company's clerks, Messrs. Galpin and Kellogg, were with
him, and he had in the fort about sixteen men. As usual,
these had found wives among the Indian squaws ; and, with
the usual accompaniment of children, the place had quite a
populous appearance. It is hardly necessary to say, that tho

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11>1

object of the establishment is trade with the neighboi ing tribes,
who, in the course of the year, generally make two or threo
visits to the fort. In addition to this, traders, with a small
outfit, are constantly kept amongst them. The articles of
trade consist, on the one side, almost entirely of buftalo robes ;
and, on the other, of blankets, calicoes, guns, powder and lead,
with such cheap ornaments as glass beads, looking-glasses,
rings, vermilion for painting, tobacco, and principally, and in
spite of the prohibition, of spirits, brought into the country in
the form of alcohol, and diluted with water before sold. While
mentioning this fact, it is but justice to the American Fur
Company to state, that, throughout the country, I have always
found them strenuously opposed to the introduction of spiritu-
ous liquors. But in the present state of things, when the
country is supplied with alcohol — when a keg of it will pur-
chase from an Indian every thing he possesses — his furs, his
lodge, his horses, and even his wife and children — and when
any vagabond who has money enough to purchase a mule can
go into a village and trade against them successfully, without
withdrawing entirely from the trade, it is impossible for them
to discontinue its use. In their opposition to this practice, the
company is sustained, not only by their obligation to the laws
of the country and the welfare of the Indians, but clearly, also,
on grounds of policy ; for, with heavy and expensive outfits,
they contend at manifestly great disadvantage against the nu-
merous independent and unlicensed traders, who enter the
country from various avenues, from the United States and
from Mexico, having no other stock in trade than some kegs of
liquor, which they sell at the modest price of thirty-six dollars
per gallon. The difference between the regular trader and
the coureur des bois, (as the French call the itinerant or ped-
dling traders,) with respect to the sale of spirits, is here, as it
always has been, fixed and permanent, and growing out of the
nature of their trade. The regular trader looks ahead, and
has an interest in the preservation of the Indians, and in the
regular pursuit of their business, and the preservation of their
arms, horses, and every thing necessary to their future and
permanent success in hunting : the coureur des bois has no

122 COL. FREMO.NTS NARRATIVE OF

permanent interest, and gets what he can, and for what he can,
from every Indian he meets, even at the risk of disabling him
from doing any thing more at hunting.

The fort had a very cool and clean appearance. The great
entrance, in which I found the gentlemen assembled, and which
was floored, and about fifteen feet long, made a pleasant,
shaded seat, through which the breeze swept constantly ; for
this country is famous for high winds. In the course of the
conversation, I learned the following particulars, which will
explain the condition of the country. For several years the
Cheyennes and Sioux had gradually become more and more
hostile to the whites, and in the latter part of August, 1841,
had had a rather severe engagement with a part) of sixty men,
under the command of Mr. Frapp of St. Louis. The Indians
lost eight or ten warriors, and the whites had their leader and
four men killed. This fight took place on the waters of Snake
river ; and it was this party, on their return under Mr. Bridger,
which had spread so much alarm among my people. In the
course of the spring, two other small parties had been cut off
by the Sioux — one on their return from the Crow nation, and
the other among the Black hills. The emigrants to Oregon
and Mr. Bridger's party met here, a few days before our arri-
val. Divisions and misunderstandings had grown up among
them ; they were already somewhat disheartened by the fa-
tigue of their long and wearisome journey, and the feet of their
cattle had become so much worn as to be scarcely able to
travel. In this situation, they were not likely to find encour-
agement in the hostile attitude of the Indians, and the new and
unexpected difficulties which sprang up before them. They
were told that the country was entirely swept of grass, and that
few or no buffalo were to be found on their line of route ; and,
with their weakened animals, it would be impossible for them
to transport their heavy wagons over the mountains. Under
these circumstances, they disposed of their wagons and cattle
at the forts ; selling them at the prices they had paid in the
States, and taking in exchange coifee and sugar at one dollai
a pound, and miserable worn-out horses, which died before
they reached the mountains. Mr. Boudeau informed me that

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 123

he had purchased thirty, and the lower fort eighty head of fine
cattle, some of them of the Durham breed. Mr. Fitzpatrick
whose name and high reputation are familiar to all who inter
est themselves in the history of this country, had reached La-
ramie in company with Mr. Bridger ; and the emigrants were
fortunate enough to obtain his services to guide them as far as
the British post of Fort Hall, about two hundred and fifty miles
beyond the South Pass of the mountains. They had started
for this post on the 4th of July, and immediately after their de-
parture, a war party of three hundred and fifty braves set out
upon their trail. As their principal chief or partisan had lost
some relations in the recent fight, and had sworn to kill the
first whites on his path, it was supposed that their intention
was to attack the party, should a favorable opportunity offer ;
or, if they were foiled in their principal object by the vigilance
of Mr. Fitzpatrick, content themselves with stealing horses and
cutting off stragglers. These had been gone but a few days
previous to our arrival.

The effect of the engagement with Mr. Frapp had been
greatly to irritate the hostile spirit of the savages; and imme-
diately subsequent to that event, the Gross Ventre Indians had
united with the Oglallahs and Cheyennes, and taken the field
in great force — so far as I could ascertain, to the amount of
eight hundred lodges. Their object was to make an attack on
a camp of Snake and Crow Indians, and a body of about one
hundred whites, who had made a rendezvous somewhere in the
Green river valley, or on the Sweet Water. After spending
some time in buffalo hunting in the neighborhood of the Medi-
cine Bow mountain, they were to cross over to the Green river
waters, and return to Laramie by way of the South Pass and
the Sweet Water valley. According to the calculation of the
Indians, Mr. Boudeau informed me they were somewhere near
the head of the Sweet Water. I subsequently learned that the
party led by Mr. Fitzpatrick were overtaken by their pursuers
near Rock Independence, in the valley of the Sweet Water ;
but his skill and resolution saved them from surprise; and,
small as his force was, they did not venture to attack him
openly. Here they lost one of their party by an accident, and

124 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

continuing up the valley, they came suddenly upon the large
village. From these they met with a doubtful reception. Long
residence and familiar acquaintance had given to Mr. Fitzpat-
rick great personal influence among them, and a portion of
them were disposed to let him pass quietly ; but by far the
greater number were inclined to hostile measures ; and the
chiefs spent the whole of one night, during which they kept the
little party in the midst of them, in council, debating the ques-
tion of attacking them the next day ; but the influence of " the
Broken Hand," as they called Mr. Fitzpatrick, (one of his
hands having been shattered by the bursting of a gun,) at
length prevailed, and obtained for them an unmolested pass-
age ; but they sternly assured him that this path was no longer
open, and that any party of the whites which should hereafter
be found upon it would meet with certain destruction. From
all that I have been able to learn, I have no doubt that the
emigrants owe their lives to Mr. Fitzpatrick.

Thus it would appear that the country was swarming with
scattered war parties ; and when I heard, during the day, the
various contradictory and exaggerated rumors which were in-
cessantly repeated to them, I was not surprised that so much
alarm prevailed among my men. Carson, one of the best and
most experienced mountaineers, fully supported the opinion
given by Bridger of the dangerous state of the country, and
openly expressed his conviction that we could not escape with-
out some sharp encounters with the Indians. In addition to
this, he made his will ; and among the circumstances which
were constantly occurring to increase their alarm, this was the
most unfortunate ; and I found that a number of my party had
become so much intimidated, that they had requested to be
discharged at this place. I dined to-day at Fort Platte, which
has been mentioned as situated at the junction of Laramie river
with the Nebraska. Here I heard a confirmation of the state-
ments given above. The party of warriors, which had started
a few days since on the trail o? the emigrants, was expected
back in fourteen days, to join the village with which their fam-
ilies and the old men had remained. The arrival of the latter
'vas hourly expected ; and some Indians have just come in wh

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 125

had left them on the Laramie fork, about twenty miles above.
Mr. Bissonette, one of the traders belonging to Fort Platte,
urged the propriety of taking with me an interpreter and two
or three old men of the village ; in which case, he thought
there would be little or no hazard in encountering any of the
war parties. The principal danger was in being attacked be-
fore they should know who we were.

They had a confused idea of the numbers and power of our
people, and dreaded to bring upon themselves the military force
of the United States. This gentleman, who spoke the lan-
guage fluently, offered his services to accompany me so far as
the Red Buttes. He was desirous to join the large party on
its return, for purposes of trade, and it would suit his views, as
well as my own, to go with us to the Buttes ; beyond which
point it would be impossible to prevail on a Sioux to venture,
on account of their fear of the Crows. From Fort Laramie to
the Red Buttes, by the ordinary road, is one hundred and thirty,
five miles ; and, though only on the threshold of danger, it
seemed better to secure the services of an interpreter for the
partial distance, than^to have none at all.

So far as frequent interruption from the Indians would allow,
we occupied ourselves in making some astronomical calcula-
tions, and bringing the general map to this stage of our jour-
ney ; but the tent was generally occupied by a succession of
our ceremonious visiters. Some came for presents, and others
for information of our object in coming to the country ; now
and then, one would dart up to the tent on horseback, jerk off
his trappings, and stand silently at the door, holding his horse
by the halter, signifying his desire to trade. Occasionally a
savage would stalk in with an invitation to a feast of honor, a
log feast, and deliberately sit down and wait quietly until 1
was ready to accompany him. I went to one ; the women
And children were sitting outside the lodge, and we took our
seats on buffalo robes spread around. The dog was in a largo
pot over the fire, in the middle of the lodge, and immediately
on our arrival was dished up in large wooden bowls, one of
which was handed to each. The flesh appeared very glutinous,
with something of the flavor and appearance of mutton. Feel-

126 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

ing something move behind me, I looked round, and found tha
I had taken my seat among a litter of fat young puppies. Had
I been nice in such matters, the prejudices of civilization might
have interfered with my tranquillity ; but, fortunately, I am
not of delicate nerves, and continued quietly to empty my
platter.

The weather was cloudy at evening, with a moderate south
wind, and the thermometer at six o'clock 85°. I was disap-
pointed in my hope of obtaining an observation of an occultation,
which took place about midnight. The moon brought with
her heavy banks of clouds, through which she scarcely made
her appearance during the night.

The morning of the 18th was cloudy and calm, the thermom-
eter at six o'clock at 64°. About nine, with a moderate wind
from the west, a storm of rain came on, accompanied by sharp
thunder and lightning, which lasted about an hour. During
the day the expected village arrived, consisting principally of
old men, women, and children. They had a considerable num-
ber of horses, and large troops of dogs. Their lodges were
pitched near the fort, and our camp was constantly crowded
with Indians of all sizes, from morning until night, at which
time some of the soldiers generally came to drive them all oil
to the village. My tent was the only place which they re-
spected. Here only came the chiefs and men of distinction,
and generally one of them remained to drive away the women
and children. The numerous strange instruments, applied to
still stranger uses, excited awe and admiration among them ;
and those which I used in talking with the sun and stars they
looked upon with especial reverence, as mysterious things of
" great medicine."

Of the three barometers which I had brought with me
thus far successfully, I found that two were out of order,
and spent the greater part of the 19th in repairing them—
an operation of no small difficulty in the midst of the inces.
sant interruptions to which I was subjected. We had tho
misfortune to break here a large thermometer, graduated to
show fifths of a degree, which I used to ascertain the tempera-
hire of boiling water, and with which I had promised myself

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 127

some interesting experiments in the mountains. We had but
one remaining, on which the graduation extended sufficiently
high ; and this was too small for exact observations. During
our stay here, the men had been engaged in making numerous
repairs, arranging pack-saddles, and otherwise preparing for
the chance of a rough road and mountain travel. All things
of this nature being ready, I gathered them around me in the
evening, and told them that " I had determined to proceed the
next day. They were all well armed. I had engaged the
services of Mr. Bissonette as interpreter, and had taken, in the
circumstances, every possible means to ensure our safety. In
the rumors we had heard, I believed there was much exagger-
ation ; that they were men accustomed to this kind of life and
to the country ; and that these were the dangers of every-day
occurrence, and to be expected in the ordinary course of their
service. They had heard of the unsettled condition of the
country before leaving St. Louis, and therefore could not make
it a reason for breaking their engagements. Still, I was un-
willing to take with me, on a service of some certain danger,
men on whom I could not rely ; and I had understood that
there were among them some who were disposed to cowardice
and anxious to return ; they had but to come forward at onco,
and state their desire, and they would be discharged, with the
amount due to them for the time they had served." To their
honor be it said, there was but one among them who had the
face to come forward and avail himself of the permission. I
asked him some few questions, in order to expose him to the
ridicule of the men, and let him go. The day after our de
parture, he engaged himself to one of the forts, and set off with
a party to the Upper Missouri. I did not think that the situa-
tion of the country justified me in taking our young compan-
ions, Messrs. Brant and Benton, along with us. In case of
misfortune, it would have been thought, at the least, an net of
great imprudence ; and therefore, though reluctantly, I delrr-
mined to leave them. Randolph had been the life of the camp,
and the "petit gar$on" was much regretted by the men, to
whom his buoyant spirits had afforded great amusement.
They all, however, agreed in the propriety of leaving him al

[28 V.OL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the fort, because, as they said, he might cost the lives of some
of the men in a fight with the Indians.

21st. — A portion of our baggage, with our field-notes and
observations, and several instruments, were left at the fort.
One of the gentlemen, Mr. Galpin, took charge of a barometer,
which he engaged to observe during my absence ; and I in
trusted to Randolph, by way of occupation, the regular wind
ing up of two of my chronometers, which were among the in.
struments left. Our observations showed that the chronometer
which I retained for the continuation of our voyage had pre-
served its rate in a most satisfactory manner. As deduced
from it, the longitude of Fort Laramie is 7h Ol/ 21", and from
mnar distance 7h01'39//; giving for the adopted longitude
104° 477 43". Comparing the barometrical observations made
during our stay here, with those of Dr. G. Engleman at St
Louis, we find for the elevation of the fort above the Gulf of
Mexico 4,470 feet. The winter climate here is remarkably
mild for the latitude ; but rainy weather is frequent, and the
place is celebrated for winds, of which the prevailing one is the
west. An east wind in -summer, and a south wind in winter,
are said to be always accompanied with rain.

We were ready to depart ; the tents were struck, the mules
geared up, and our horses saddled, and we walked up to the
fort to take the stirrup cup with our friends in an excellent
home-brewed preparation. While thus pleasantly engaged,
ssated in one of the little cool chambers, at the door of whicL
a man had been stationed to prevent all intrusion from the In
dians, a number of chiefs, several of them powerful, fine-looking
men, forced their way into the room in spite of all opposition.
Handing me the following letter, they took their seats in si-
lence : —

" FORT PLATTE, Juillet 21, 1842.

" MR. FREMONT : — Les chefs s'dtant assembles pre"sentement me disent
de vous avertir de ne point vous mettre en route, avant que le parti de
jeunes gens, qui est en dehors, soient de retour. De plus, ils me disent qu'ils
sont tres-certains qu'ils feront feu a la premiere rencontre. Ils doivent 6tre
de retour dans sept a huit jours. Excusez si je vous fais ces observations,
mais il me semble qu'il est moi. devoir de vous avertir du danger. M6me

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 129

•Jo pins, les chefs sont les porteurs de ce billet, qui vous dofeudent de partir
avant le rctour des guerriers.

" Je suis votre obe'issant serviteur,

"JOSEPH BISSONE'ITE,

" Par L. B. CHARTRAIN.

" Les noms de quelques chefs. — Le Chapeau de Loutre, le Casseur da
^leches, la Nuit Noir la Queue de Boeuf."

[Translation.]

" FORT PLATTE, July 21, 1842.

" MR. FREMONT: — The chiefs having assembled in council, have just told
me to warn you not to set out before the party of young men which is now
out shall have returned. Furthermore, they tell me that they are very sure
they will fire upon you as soon as they meet you. They are expected back
in seven or eight days. Excuse me for making these observations, but it
seems my duty to warn you of danger. Moreover, the chiefs who prohibit
your setting out before the return of the warriors are the bearers of this note
" I am your obedient servant,

"JOSEPH BISSONETTE,

" By L. B. CHARTRAIN.

" Names of some of the chiefs. — The Otter Hat, the Breaker of Arrows,
the Black Night, the Bull's Tail."

After reading thfe, I mentioned its purport to my compan-
ions ; and, seeing that all were fully possessed of its contents,
one of the Indians rose up, and, having first shaken hands with
me, spoke as follows :

" You have come among us at a bad time. Some of our
people have been killed, and our young men, who are gone to
the mountains, are eager to avenge the blood of their relations,
which has been shed by the whites. Our young men are bad,
and, if they meet you, they will believe that you are carrying
goods and ammunition to their enemies, and will fire upon
you. You have told us that this will make war. We know
that our great father has many soldiers and big guns, and we
are anxious to have our lives. We love the whites, and are
desirous of peace. Thinking of all these things, we have de-
termined to keep you here until our warriors return. We are
glad to see you among us. Our father is rich, and we expect-
ed that you would have brought presents to us — horses, guns,
9

130 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

and blankets. But we are glad to see you. We look upon
your coming as the light which goes before the sun : for you
will tell our great father that you have seen us, and that we
are naked and poor, and have nothing to eat ; and he will send
us all these things." He was followed by others to the same
effect.

The observations of the savage appeared reasonable ; but I
was aware that they had in view only the present object of de-
taining me, and were unwilling I should go further into the
country. In reply, I asked them, through the interpretation
of Mr. Boudeau, to select two or three of their number to ac-
company us until we should meet their people — they should,
spread their robes in my tent, and eat at my table, and on their
return I would give them presents in reward of their services.
They declined, saying, that there were no young men left in
the village, and that they were too old to travel so many days
on horseback, and preferred now to smoke their pipes in the
lodge, and let the warriors go on the war-path. Besides, they
had no power over the young men, and were afraid to interfere
with them. In my turn I addressed them.

"You say that you love the whites ; why have you killed
so many already this spring ? You say that you love the
whites, and are full of many expressions of friendship to us ;
but you are not willing to undergo the fatigue of a few days*
ride to save our lives. We do not believe what you have
said, and will not listen to you. Whatever a chief among uy
tells his soldiers to do, is done. We are the soldiers of the
great chief, your father. He has told us to come here and see
this country, and all the Indians, his children. Why should
we not go ? Before we came, we heard that you had killed
his people, and ceased to be his children ; but we came among
you peaceably, holding out our hands. Now we find that the
stories we heard are not lies, and that you are no longer his
friends and children. We have thrown away our bodies, and
will not turn back. When you told us that your young men
would kill us, you did not know that our hearts were strong
and you did not see the rifles which my young men carry iir
their hands, We are few, and you are many, and may kiJ

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 131

us all j but there will be much crying in your villages, for
many of your young men will stay behind, and forget to re-
turn with your warriors from the mountains. Do you think
that our great chief will let his soldiers die, and forget to cover
their graves ? Before the snows melt again, his warriors will
sweep away your villages as the fire does the prairie in the
autumn. See ! I have pulled down my white houses, and my
people are ready : when the sun is ten paces higher, we shall
be on the march. If you h«v« any thing to tell us, you will
say it soon."

I broke up the conference, as I could do nothing with these
people ; and, being resolved to proceed, nothing was to be
gained by delay. Accompanied by our hospitable friends, we
returned to the camp. We had mounted our horses, and our
parting salutations had been exchanged, when one of the chiefs
(the Bull's Tail) arrived to tell me that they had determined
to send a young man with us ; and if I would point out the
place of our evening camp, he should join us there. " The
young man is poor," said he ; " he has no horse, and expects
you to give him one." I described to him the place where I
intended to encamp, and, shaking hands, in a few minutes we
were among the hills, and this last habitation of whites shut
out from our view.

The road led over an interesting plateau between the North
fork of the Platte on the right, and Laramie river on the )eft.
A.1 the distance of ten miles from the fort, we entered the sandy
bed of a creek, a kind of defile, shaded by precipitous roc^s,
down which we wound our way for several hundred yards, to
a place where, on the left bank, a very large spring gushes
with considerable noise and force out of the limestone rock.
It is called the "Warm Spring," and furnishes to the hitherto
dry bed of the creek a considerable rivulet. On the opposite side,
a little below the spring, is a lofty limestone escarpment, partially
shaded by a grove of large trees, whose green foliago, in con-
trust with the whiteness of the rock, renders this a picturesque
locality. The rock is fossiliferous, and, so far as I was able to
determine the character of the fossils, belongs to the carbonif-
erous limestone of the Missouri river, and is probably the

132 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

era limit ol' that formation. Beyond this point I mot with no
fossils of any description.

I was desirous to visit the Platte near the point where it
leaves the Black hills, and therefore followed this stream, for
two or three rr.'les, to its mou*^, where I encamped on a spot
which afforded good grass ami prele (equisetum) for our ani-
mals. Our tents having been found too thin to protect our-
selves and the instruments from the rains, which in this ele-
vated country are attended with cold and unpleasant weather,
I had procured from the Indians at Laramie a tolerably large
lodge, about eighteen feet in diameter, and twenty feet in
height. Such a lodge, when properly pitched, is, from its
conical form, almost perfectly secure against the violent winds
which are frequent in this region, and, with a fire in the centre,
is a dry and warm shelter in bad weather. By raising the
lower part, so as to permit the breeze to pass freely, it is con-
verted into a pleasant summer residence, with the extraordina-
ry advantage of being entirely free from musquitoes, one of
which I never saw in an Indian lodge. While we were en-
gaged very unskilfully in erecting this, the interpreter, Mr.
Bissonette, arrived, accompanied by the Indian and his wife.
She laughed at our awkwardness, and offered her assistance,
of which we were frequently afterwards obliged to avail our
selves, before the men acquired sufficient expertness to pitch
it without difficulty. From this place we had a fine view of
the gorge where the Platte issues from the Black hills, changing
its character abruptly from a mountain stream into a river of
the plains. Immediately around us the valley of the stream
was tolerably open ; and at the distance of a few miles, where
the river had cut its way through the hills, was the narrow
cleft, on one side of which a lofty precipice of bright red rock
rose vertically above the low hills which lay between us.

22d. — In the morning, while breakfast was being prepared,
I visited this place with my favorite man, Basil Lajeunesse.
Entering so far as there was footing for the mules, we dis-
mounted, and, tying our animals, continued our way on foot.
Like the whole country, the scenery of the river had under-
gone an entire change, and was in this place the most beautiful

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 133

/ have ever seen. The breadth of the stream, generally near
that of its valley, was from two to three hundred feet, with a
swift current, occasionally broken by rapids, and the water
perfectly clear. On either side rose the red precipices, and
sometimes overhanging, two and four hundred feet in height,
crowned with green summits, on which were scattered a few
pines. At the foot of the rocks was the usual detritus, formed
of masses fallen from above. Among the pines that grew here,
and on the occasional banks, were the cherry, (cerasus vir~
giniana,) currants, and grains de bceuf, (shcpherdia argentea.)
Viewed in the sunshine of a pleasant morning, the scenery
was of a most striking and romantic beauty, which arose from
the picturesque disposition of the objects, and the vivid con-
trast of colors. I thought with much pleasure of our approach-
ing descent in the canoe through such interesting places ; and,
in the expectation of being able at that time to give to them a
full examination, did not now dwell so much as might have been
desirable upon the geological formations along the line of the
river, where they are developed with great clearness. The
upper portion of the red strata consists of very compact clay,
in which are occasionally seen imbedded large pebbles. Be-
low was a stratum of compact red sandstone, changing a little
above the river into a very hard silicious limestone. There is
a small but handsome open prairie immediately below this place,
on the left bank of the river, which would be a good locality for
a military post. There are some open groves of cottonwood on
ihe Platte. The small stream which comes in at this place is
well timbered with pine, and good building rocV is abundant.

If it is in contemplation to keep open the communication
with Oregon territory, a show of military force in this country
is absolutely necessary ; and a combination of advantages ren-
il'-rs the neighborhood of Fort Laramie the most suitable place,
on the line of the Platte, for the establishment of a military
post. It is connected with the mouth of the Platte and the
Upper Missouri by excellent roads, which are in frequent use,
and would not in any way interfere with the range of the buf-
falo, on which the neighboring Indians mainly depend for sup-
port. It would render any posts on the Lower Platle unneces

134 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

sary ; the ordinary communication between it and the Missouri
being sufficient to control the intermediate Indians. It would
operate effectually to prevent any such coalitions as are now
formed among the Gros Ventres, Sioux, Cheyennes, and other
Indians, and would keep the Oregon road through the valley
of the Sweet Water and the South Pass of the mountains con-
stantly open. It lies at the foot of a broken and mountainous
region, along which, by the establishment of small posts in the
neighborhood of St. Vrain's fort, on the South fork of the
Platte, and Bent's fort, on the Arkansas, a line of communica-
tion would be formed, by good wagon-roads, with our southern
military posts, which would entirely command the mountain
passes, hold some of the most troublesome tribes in check, and
protect and facilitate our intercourse with the neighboring
Spanish settlements. The valleys of the rivers on which they
would be situated are fertile ; the country, which supports
immense herds of buffalo, is admirably adapted to grazing;
and herds of cattle might be maintained by the posts, or obtained
from the Spanish country, which already supplies a portion of
their provisions to the trading posts mentioned above.

Just as we were leaving the camp this morning, our Indian came
up, and stated his intention of not proceeding any further until
he had seen the horse which I intended to give him. I felt
strongly tempted to drive him out of the camp ; but his pres-
ence appeared to give confidence to my men, and the interpreter
thpught it absolutely necessary. I was therefore obliged to do
what he requested, and pointed out the animal, with which he
seemed satisfied, and we continued our journey. I had ima-
gined that Mr. Bissonette's long residence had made him ac-
quainted with the country ; and, according to his advice, pro-
ceeded directly forward, without attempting to gain the usual
road. He afterwards informed me that he had rarely ever
lost sight of the fort; but the effect of the mistake was to
involve us for a day or two among the hills, where, although
we lost no time, we encountered an exceedingly rough road.

To the south, along our line of march to-day, the main chain
of the Black or Laramie hills rises precipitously. Time did
not permit me to visit them ; but, from comparative informa-

ADVENTURES ANL> EXPLORATIONS. 1 ,")

lion, the ntlgc is composed of the coarse sandstone or conglom-
erate hereafter described. It appears to enter the region of
clouds, which are arrested in their course, and lie in masses
along the summits. An inverted cone of black cloud (cumu-
us) rested during all thf forenopn on the lofty peak of Lara-
mie mountain, which I estimated to be about two thousand
reet above the fort, or six thousand five hundred above
ihe sea. We halted to noon on the Fourche Amere, so
called from being timbered principally with the Hard amere,
(a species of poplar,) with which the valley of the little stream
is tolerably well wooded, and which, with large expansive
summits, grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet.

The bed of the creek is sand and gravel, the water dispersed
over the broad bed in several shallow streams. We found
here, on the right bank, in the shade of the trees, a fine spring
of very cold *vater. It will be remarked that I do not men-
tion, in this portion of the journey, the temperature of the air,
oand, springs, &c. — an omission which will be explained in
the course of the narrative. In my search for plants, I was
well rewarded at this place.

With the change in the geological formation on leaving Fort
Laramie, the whole face of the country has entirely altered its
appearance. Eastward of that meridian, the principal objects
which strike the eye of a traveler are the absence of timber,
nnd the immense expanse of prairie, covered with the verdure
of rich grasses, and highly adapted for pasturage. Wherever
they are not disturbed by the vicinity of man, large herds of
buffalo give animation to this country. Westward of Laramie
river, the region is sandy, "and apparently sterile ; and the
place of the grass is usurped by the artemisia and other odorif-
erous plants, to whose growth the sandy soil and dry air of this
elevated region seem highly favorable.

One of the prominent characteristics in the face of the coun-
try is the extraordinary abundance of the artemisias. They
grow everywhere — on the hills, and over the river bottoms,
in tough, twisted, wiry clumps; and, wherever the beaten
track was left, they rendered the progress of the carts rough
and slow. As the country increased in elevation on our ad

136 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

vance to the west, they increased in size ; and the whole air
is strongly impregnated and saturated with the odor of cam-
phor and spirits of turpentine which belongs to this plant.
This climate has been found very favorable to the restoration
, of health, particularly in cases of consumption ; and possibly
the respiration of air so highly impregnated with aromatic
plants may have some influence.

Our dried meat had given out, and we began to be in want
of food ; but one of the hunters killed an antelope this even-
ing, which afforded some relief, although it did not go far
among so many hungry men. At eight o'clock at night, after
a march of twenty-seven miles, we reached our proposed en-
campment on the Fer-a-Cheval, or Horse-shoe creek. Here
we found good grass, with a great quantity ofprele, which fur-
nished good food for our tired animals. This creek is well
timbered, principally with Hard amere, and, with the exception
of Deer creek, which we had not yet reached, is the largest af-
fluent of the right bank between Laramie and the mouth of the
Sweet Water.

23d. — The present year had been one of unparalleled drought,
and throughout the country the water had been almost dried
up. By availing themselves of the annual rise, the traders
had invariably succeeded in carrying their furs to the Mis-
souri ; but this season, as has already been mentioned, on both
forks of the Platte they had entirely failed. The greater num-
ber of the springs, and many of the streams, which made halt-
ing places for the voyageurs, had been dried up. Everywhere
the soil looked parched and burnt, the scanty yellow grass
crisped under the foot, and even the hardest plants were de-
stroyed by want of moisture. I think it necessary to mention
this fact, because to .he rapid evaporation in such an elevate-d
region, nearly five thousand feet above the sea, almost wholly
unprotected by timber, should be attributed much of the sterile
appearance of the country, in the destruction of vegetation, and
the numerous saline efflorescences which covered the ground.
Such I afterwards found to be the case.

I was informed that the roving villages of Indians and trav-
elers had never met with difficulty in finding abundance of

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS.

grass for their horses ; and now it was after great search that
we were able to find a scanty patch of grass sufficient to keep
them from sinking ; and in the course of a day or two they
began to suffer very much. We found none to-day at noon ;
and, in the course of our search on the Platte, came to a grove
of cottonwood, where some Indian village had recently en-
camped. Boughs jof the cottonwood yet green covered the
ground, which the Indians had cut down to feed their horses
upon. It is only in the winter that recourse is had to this means
of sustaining them ; and their resort to it at this time was a
striking evidence of the state of the country. We followed
their example, and turned our horses into a grove of young
poplars. This began to present itself as a very serious evil,
for on our animals depended altogether the further prosecution
of our journey.

Shortly after we had left this place, the scouts came gallop,
ing in with the alarm of Indians. We turned in immediately
towards the river, which here had a steep, high bank, where
we formed with the carts a very close barricade, resting on
the river, within which the animals were strongly hobbled and
picketed. The guns were discharged and reloaded, and men
thrown forward under cover of the bank, in the direction by
which the Indians were expected. Our interpreter, who, with
the Indian, had gone to meet them, came in, in about ten min-
utes, accompanied by two Sioux. They looked sulky, and
we could obtain from them only some confused information.
We learned that they belonged to the party which had been on
the trail of the emigrants, whom they had overtaken at Rock
Independence, on the Sweet Water. Here the party had dis-
agreed, and came nigh fighting among themselves. One portion
were desirous of attacking the whites, but the others were op-
posed to it ; and finally they had broken up into small bands, and
dispersed over the country. The greatest portion of thorn had
gone over into the territory of the Crows, and intended to re-
turn by way of the Wind River valley, in the hope of being
able to fall upon some small parties of Crow Indians. The
remainder were returning down the Platte, in scattered par-
lies of ten and twenty ; and those whom we had encountered

138 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

belonged to those who had advocated an attack on the emi-
grants. Several of the men suggested shooting them on the
spot ; but I promptly discountenanced any such proceeding.
They further informed me that buffalo were very scarce, and
little or no grass to be found. There had been no rain, and
innumerable quantities of grasshoppers had destroyed the
grass. The insects had been so numerous since leaving Fort
Laramie, that the ground seemed alive with them ; and in
walking, a little moving cloud preceded our footsteps. This
was bad news. No grass, no buffalo — food for neither horse
nor man. I gave them some plugs of tobacco, and they went
off, apparently well satisfied to be clear of us ; for my men
did not look upon them very lovingly, and they glanced suspi-
ciously at our warlike preparations, and the little ring of rifles
which surrounded them. They were evidently in a bad -hu-
mor, and shot one of their horses when they had left us a
short distance.

We continued our maich, and after a journey of about
twenty-one miles, encamped on the Platte. During the day,
I had occasionally remarked among the hills the psoralea escu-
lenta, the bread root of the Indians. The Sioux use this root
very extensively, and I have frequently met with it among
them, cut into thin slices and dried. In the course of the
evening we were visited by six Indians, who told us that a large
party was encamped a few miles above. Astronomical obser-
vations placed us in longitude 104° 59' 59", and latitude
42° 29' 25".

We made the next day twenty-two miles, and encamped on
the right bank of the Platte, where a handsome meadow afford-
ed tolerably good grass. There were the remains of an old
fort here, thrown up in some sudden emergency, and on the
opposite side was a picturesque bluff of ferruginous sandstone.
There was a handsome grove a little above, and scattered
groups of trees bordered the river. Buffalo made their ap-
pearance this afternoon, and the hunters came in, shortly after
we had encamped, with three fine cows. The night was fine,
and observations gave for the latitude of the camp, 42° 47' 40".

25th. — We made but thirteen miles this day, and encamped

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 139

about noon in a pleasant grove on the right bank. Low scaf-
folds were erected, upon which the meat was laid, cut up into
thin strips, and small fires kindled below. Our object was to
profit by the vicinity of the buffalo, to lay in a stock of provi-
sions for ten or fifteen days. In the course of the afternoon
me hunters brought in five or six cows, and all hands were
kept busily employed in preparing the meat, to the drying of
which the guard attended during the night. Our people had
recovered their gayety, and the busy figures around the bla-
zing fires gave a picturesque air to the camp. A very serious
accident occurred this morning, in the breaking of one of the
barometers. These had been the object of my constant solici-
tude, and, as I had intended them principally for mountain
service, I had used them as seldom as possible, taking them
always down at night, and on the occurrence of storms, in or-
der to lessen the chances of being broken. I was reduced to
one, a standard barometer of Troughton's construction. This
I determined to preserve, if possible. The latitude is 42° 5V
35", and by a mean of the results from chronometer and
lunar distances, the adopted longitude of this camp is 105°
50 45".

26th. — Early this morning we were again in motion. We
had a stock ot provisions for fifteen days carefully stored away
in the carts, and this I resolved should only be encroached
upon when our rifles should fail to procure us present support.
I determined to reach the mountains, if it were in any way
possible. In the mean time, buffalo were plenty. In six
miles from our encampment (which, by way of distinction, we
3hall call Dried Meat camp) we crossed a handsome stream,
called La Fourche Boisce. It is well timbered, and, among
the flowers in bloom on its banks, I remarked several asters.

Five miles further, we made our noon halt on the banks of
the P'atte, in the shade of some cotton woods. There were
here, as generally now along the river, thickets of hippopha,
the grains de bceuf of the country. They were of two kinds —
one bearing a red berry, (the shepherdia argentea of Nuttall ;)
the other a yellow berry, of which the Tartars are said to
make a kind of rob.

140 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

By a meridian observation, the latitude of the place was 42°
50' OS". It was my daily practice to take observations of the
sun's meridian altitude ; and why they are not given, will ap-
pear in the sequel. Eight miles further we reached the mouth
of Deer creek, where we encamped. Here was acunaance
of rich grass, and our animals were compensated for past pri-
vations. This stream was at this time twenty feet broad, and
well timbered with cottonwood of an uncommon size. It is
the largest tributary of the Platte, between the mouth of the
Sweet Water and the Laramie. Our astronomical observations
gave for the mouth of the stream a longitude of 106° 08' 24",
and latitude 42° 52' 24".

•27th. — Nothing worthy of mention occurred on this day ; we
traveled later than usual, having spent some time searching foi
grass, crossing and recrossing the river before we could find
a sufficient quantity for our animals. Towards dusk we en.
camped among some artemisia bushes, two and three feet in
height, where some scattered patches of short tough grass af-
forded a scanty supply. In crossing, we had occasion to ob-
serve that the river was frequently too deep to be forded,
though we always succeeded in finding a place where the wa-
ter did lot enter the carts. The stream continued very clear,
with two or three hundred feet breadth of water, and the sandy
bed and banks were frequently covered with large round peb-
bles. We had traveled this day twenty-seven miles. The
main chain of the Black hills was here only about seven miles
to the south, on the right bank of the river, rising abruptly to
the height of eight and twelve hundred feet. Patches of green
grass in the ravines on the steep sides marked the presence of
springs, and the summits were clad with pines.

28th. — In two miles from our encampment, we reached the
place where-the regular road crosses the Platte. There was
two hundred feet breadth of water at this time in the bed,
which has a variable width of eight to fifteen hundred feet-
The channels were generally three feet deep, and there were
large angular rocks on the bottom, which made the ford in
some places a little difficult. Even at its low stages, tnis river
cannot be crossed at random, and this has always been used

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 141

as the best ford. The low stage of the water the present year
had made it fordable in almost any part of its course, where
access could be had to its bed.

For the satisfaction of travelers, I will endeavor to give some
description of the nature of the road from Laramie to this
point. The nature of the soil may be inferred from its geo-
logical formation. The limestone at the eastern limit of this
section is succeeded by limestone without fossils, a great va-
riety of sandstone, consisting principally of red sandstone and
fine conglomerates. The red sandstone is argillaceous, with
compact white gypsum or alabaster, very beautiful. The
other sandstones are gray, yellow, and ferruginous, sometimes
very coarse. The apparent sterility of the country must
therefore be sought for in other causes than the nature of the
soil. The face of :he country cannot with propriety be called
hilly. It is a succession of long ridges, made by the nu-
merous streams which come down from the neighboring moun-
tain range. The ridges have an undulating surface, with
some such appearance as the ocean presents in an ordinary breeze.

The road which is now generally followed through this re-
gion is therefore a very good one, without any difficult ascents
to overcome. The principal obstructions are near the river,
where the transient waters of heavy rains have made deep ra-
vines with steep banks, which render frequent circuits neces-
sary. It will be remembered that wagons pass this road only
once or twice a year, which is by no means sufficient to break
down the stubborn roots of the innumerable artemisia bushes.
A partial absence of these is often the only indication of the
track ; and the roughness produced by their roots in many
places gives the road the character of one newly opened in a
wooded country. This is usually considered the worst part of
the road east of the mountains ; and, as it passes through an
open prairie region, may be much improved, so as to avoid the
greater part of the inequalities it now presents.

From the mouth of the Kansas to the Green River valley,
west of the mountains, there is no such thing as a mountain road
on the line of communication

142 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

We continued our way, and four miles beyond the ford In-
dians were discovered again ; and I halted while a party were
sent forward to ascertain who they were. In a short time they
returned, accompanied by a number of Indians of the Oglallah
band of Sioux. From them we received some interesting in
formation. They had formed part of the great village, which
they informed us had broken up, and was on its way home.
The greater part of the village, including the Arapahoes,
Cheyennes, and Oglallahs, had crossed the Platte eight or ten
miles below the mouth of the Sweet Water, and were now be-
hind the mountains to the south of us, intending to regain the
Platte by way of Deer creek. They had taken this unusual
route in search of grass and game. They gave us a very
discouraging picture of the country. The great drought, and
the plague of grasshoppers, had swept it so that scarce a blade
of grass was to be seen, and there was not a buffalo to be
found in the whole region. Their people, they further said,
had been nearly starved to death, and we would find their road
marked by lodges, which they had thrown away in order to
move more rapidly, and by the carcasses of the horses which
they had eaten, or which had perished by starvation. Such
was the prospect before us.

When he had finished the interpretation of these things, Mr.
Bissonette immediately rode up to me, and urgently advised
that I should entirely abandon the further prosecution of my
exploration. " Le meilleure avis que je pourrais vous donner
Jest de virer de suite" " The best advice I can give you, is
to turn back at once." It was his own intention to return, as
we had now reached the point to which he had engaged to at-
tend me. In reply, I called up my men, and communicated
to them fully the information I had just received. I then ex-
Dressed to them my fixed determination to proceed to the end
of the enterprise on which I had been sent ; but as the situa-
tion of the country gave me some reason to apprehend that it
might be attended with an unfortunate result to some of us, I
would leave it optional with them to continue with me or to
return.

Among them were some five or six who I knew would re-

ADVENTURES AND 3XPLORA.TION8. 143

main. We had still ten days' provisions ; and should no game
oe found, when this stock was expended, we had our horses
and mules, which we could eat when other means of subsist-
ence failed. But not a man flinched from the undertaking.
" We'll eat the mules," said Basil Lajeunesse ; and thereupon
we shook hands with our interpreter and his Indians, and
parted. With them I sent back one of my men, Dumes, whom
the effects of an old wound in the leg rendered incapable 01'
continuing the journey on foot, and his horse seemed on the
point of giving out. Having resolved to disencumber ourselves
immediately of every thing not absolutely necessary to our fu-
ture operations, I turned directly in towards the river, and
encamped on the left bank, a little above the place where our
council had been held, and where a thick grove of willows offered
a suitable spot for the object I had in view.

The carts having been discharged, the covers and wheels
were taken off, and, with the frames, carried into some low
places, among the willows, and concealed in the dense foliage in
such a manner that the glitter of the iron-work might not attract
the observation of some straggling Indian. In the sand, which
had been blown up into waves among the willows, a large hole
was then dug, ten feet square and six feet deep. In the mean
time, all our effects had been spread out upon the ground, and
whatever was designed to be carried along with us separated
and laid aside, and the remaining part carried to the hole and
carefully covered up. As much as possible, all traces of our
proceedings were obliterated, and it wanted but a rain to ren-
der oilr cache safe beyond discovery. All the men were
now set at work to arrange the pack-saddles and make up the
packs.

The day was very wan.- and calm, and the sky entirely
clear, except where, as usual along the summits of the moun-
tainous ridge opposite, the clouds had congregated in masses.
Our lodge had been planted, and, on account of the heat, tho
ground-pins had been taken out, and the lower part slightly
raised. Near to it was standing the barometer, which swung
in a tripod frame; and within the lodge, where a small fire
had been built, Mr. Preuas was occupied iu observing the

J44 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

temperature of boiling water. At this instant, and without
any warning until it was within fifty yards, a violent gust of
wind dashed down the lodge, burying under it Mr. Preuss and
about a dozen men, who had attempted to keep it from being
earned away. I succeeded in saving the barometer, which
the lodge was carrying off with itself, but the thermometer
was broken. We had no others of a high graduation, none of
those which remained going higher than 135° Fahrenheit.
Our astronomical observations gave to this place, which we named
Cache camp, a longitude of 106° 38' 26", latitude 42° 50' 53".

29th. — All our arrangements having been completed, we left
the- encampment at 7 o'clock this morning. In this vicinity the
ordinary road leaves the Platte, and crosses over to the Sweet
Water river, which it strikes near Rock Independence. Instead
of following this road, I had determined to keep the immediate
valley of the Platte so far as the mouth of the Sweet Water, in
the expectation of finding better grass. To this I was further
prompted by the nature of my instructions. To Mr. Carson
was assigned the office of guide, as we had now reached a part
of the country with which, or a great part of which, long resi-
dence had made him familiar. In a few miles we reached the
Bed Buttes, a famous landmark in this country, whose geologi-
cal composition is red sandstone, limestone, and calcareous
sandstone and pudding-stone.

The river here cuts its way through a ridge ; on the eastern
side of it are the lofty escarpments of red argillaceous sand-
stone, which are called the Red Buttes. In this passage the
stream is not much compressed or pent up, there being a bank
of considerable though variable breadth on either side. Im-
mediately on entering, we discovered a band of buffalo. The
hunters failed to kill any of them ; the leading hunter being
thrown into a ravine, which occasioned some delay, and ir- the
mean time the herd clambered up the steep face of the ridge.
It is sometimes wonderful to see these apparently clumsy ani-
mals make their way up and down the most broken precipices.
We halted to noon before we had cleared this passage, at a
spot twelve miles distant from Cache camp, where we found

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 145

an abundance of grass. So far, the account of the Indians
was found to be false. On the banks were willow and cherry
trees. The cherries were not yet ripe, but in the thickets
were numerous fresh tracks of the grizzly bear, which are
very fond of this fruit. The soil here is red, the composition
being derived from the red sandstone. About seven miles
brought us through the ridge, in which the course of the river
is north and south. Here the valley opens out broadly, and
high walls of the red formation present themselves among the
hills to the east. We crossed here a pretty little creek, an
affluent of the right bank. It is well timbered with cotton-
wood in this vicinity, and the absinthe has lost its shrub-like
character, and becomes small trees six and eight feet in height,
and sometimes eight inches in diameter. Two or three miles
above this creek we made our encampment, having traveled
to-day twenty-five miles. Our animals fared well here, as
there is an abundance of grass. The river bed is made up
of pebbles, and in the bank, at the level of the water, is a
conglomerate of coarse pebbles, about the size of ostrich eggs,
and which I remarked in the banks of the Laramie fork. It
is overlaid by a soil of mixed clay and sand, six feet thick.
By astronomical observations, our position is in longitude 106°
54' 32", and latitude 42° 38'.

30th. — After traveling about twelve miles this morning, we
reached a place where the Indian village had crossed the river.
Here were the poles of discarded lodges and skeletons of
horses lying about. Mr. Carson, who had never been higher
up than this point on the river, which has the character of be-
ing exceedingly rugged, and walled in by precipices above,
thought it advisable to encamp near this place, where we were
certain of obtaining grassland to-morrow make our crossing
among the rugged hills to the Sweet Water river. According-
ly we turned back and descended the river to an island near
by, which was about twenty acres in size, covered with a
luxuriant growth of grass. The formation here I found highly
interesting. Immediately at this island the river is again shut
up in the rugged hills, which come down to it from the main
ridge in a succession of spurs three or four hundred foot high,

146 COL. FREMONT^S NARRATIVE OF

and alternated with green level prairillons or meadows, bordered
on the river banks with thickets of willow, and having many
plants to interest the traveler. The island lies between two
of these ridges, three or four hundred yards apart, of which
that on the right bank is composed entirely of red argillaceous
sandstone, with thin layers of fibrous gypsum. On the left
bank, the ridge is composed entirely of silicious pudding-stone,
the pebbles in the numerous strata increasing in size from the
top to the bottom, where they are as large as a man's head,
So far as I was able to determine, these strata incline to the
northeast, with a dip of about 15°. This pudding-stone, or
conglomerate formation, I was enabled to trace through an ex-
tended range of country, from a few miles east of the meridian
of Fort Laramie to where I found it superposed on the granite
of the Rocky mountains, in longitude 109° 00'. From its ap-
pearance, the main chain of the Laramie mountain is composed
of this rock ; and in a number of places I found isolated hills,
which served to mark a former level which had been probably
swept away.

These conglomerates are very friable, and easily decom-
posed ; and I am inclined to think this formation is the source
from which was derived the great deposite of sand and gravel
which forms the surface rock of the prairie country west of
the Mississippi.

Crossing the ridge of red sandstone, and traversing the little
prairie which lies to the southward of it, we made in the after-
noon an excursion to a place which we called the Hot Spring
Gate. This place has much the appearance of a gate, by
which the Platte passes through a ridge composed of a white
and calcareous sandstone. The length of the passage is about
four hundred yards, with a smooth green prairie on either
side. Through this place, the stream flows with a quiet cur-
rent, unbroken by any rapid, and is about seventy yards wide
between the walls, which rise perpendicularly from the water.
To that on the right bank, which is the lower, the barometer
gave a height of three hundred and sixty feet. This place
will be more particularly described hereafter, as we passed
through it on our return

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 147

We saw here numerous herds of mountain sheep, ana fre-
quently heard the volley of rattling stones which accompanied
their rapid descent down the steep hills. This was the first
place at which we had killed any of these animals ; and, in
consequence of this circumstance, and of the abundance of
these sheep or goats, (for they are called by each name,) we
gave our encampment the name of Goat Island. Their flesh
is much esteemed by the hunters, and has very much the
flavor of Alleghany mountain sheep. I have frequently seen
the horns of this animal three feet long and seventeen inches
in circumference at the base, weighing eleven pounds. But
two or three of these were killed by our party at this place,
and of these the horns were small. The use of these horns
seems to be to protect the animal's head in pitching down pre-
cipices to avoid pursuing wolves — their only safety being in
places where they cannot be followed. The bones are very
strong and solid, the marrow occupying but a very small por-
tion of the bone in the leg, about the thickness of a rye straw.
The hair is short, resembling the winter color of our common
deer, which it nearly approaches in size and appearance. Ex-
cept in the horns, it has no resemblance whatever to the goat.
The longitude of this place, resulting from chronometer and
lunar distances, and an occultation of Arietis, is 107° 13' 29",
and the latitude 42° 33' 27". One of our horses, which had
given out, we left to receive strength on the island, intending
to take her, perhaps, on our return.

31st. — This morning we left the course of the Platte, to
cross over to the Sweet Water. Our way, for a few miles,
lay up the sandy bed of a dry creek, in which I found several
Interesting plants. Leaving this, we wended our way to the
summit of the hills, of which the peaks are here eight hundred
feet above the Platte, bare and rocky. A long and gradual
slope led from these hills to the Sweet Water, which we reached
in fifteen miles from Goat Island. T madf- vm eany encamp-
ment here, in order to give the nuniers an opportunity to procure
a supply from several bands of buffalo, which made their ap-
pearance in the valley near by. The stream is about sixty

148 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

feel wide, and at this time twelve to eighteen inches deep, with
a very moderate current.

The adjoining prairies are sandy, but the immediate rivei
bottom is a good soil, which afforded an abundance of soft
green grass to our horses, and where I found a variety of in-
teresting plants, which made their appearance for the first
time. A rain to-night made it unpleasantly cold ; and there
was no tree here, to enable us to pitch our single tent, the
poles of which had been left at our Cache camp. We had,
therefore, no shelter except what was to be found under cover
of the absinthe bushes, which grew in many thick patches, one
or two and sometimes three feet high.

AUGUST.

1st. — The hunters went ahead this morning, as buffalo ap-
peared tolerably abundant, and I was desirous to secure a
small stock of provisions ; and we moved about seven miles
up the valley, and encamped one mile below Rock Indepen-
dence. This is an isolated granite rock, about six hundred
and fifty yards long, and forty in height. Except in a depres
sion of the summit, where a little soil supports a scanty growth
of shrubs, with a solitary dwarf pine, it is entirely bare.
Everywhere within six or eight feet of the ground, where the
surface is sufficiently smooth, and in some places sixty or
eighty feet above, the rock is inscribed with the names of
travelers. Many a name famous in the history of this country,
and some well known to science, are to be found mixed among
those of the traders and travelers for pleasure and curiosity,
and of missionaries among the savages. Some of these have
been washed awav by the rain, but the greater number are still
very legible. Tne position of this rock is in longitude 107°
56', latitude 42° 29' 36". We remained at our camp of August
1st until noon of the next day, occupied in drying meat. By
observation, the longitude of the place is 107° 25' 23", latitude
12° 29' 56".

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 149

2d. — Five miles above Rock Independence we came to a
place called the Devil's Gate, where the Sweet Water cuts
through the point of a granite ridge. The length of the pas-
sage is about three hundred yards, and the width thirty-five
yards. The walls of rock are vertical, and about four hundred
feet in height ; and the stream in the gate is almost entirely
choked up by masses which have fallen from above. In the
wall, on the right bank, is a dike of trap-rock, cutting through
a fine-grained gray granite. Near the point of this ridge crop
out some strata of the valley formation, consisting of a grayish
micaceous sandstone, and fine-grained conglomerate, and marl.
We encamped eight miles above the Devil's Gate. There
was no timber of any kind on the river, but good fires were
made of drift wood, aided by the bois de vache.

We had to-night no shelter from the rain, which commenced
with squalls of wind about sunset. The country here is ex-
ceedingly picturesque. On either side of the valley, which is
five miles broad, the mountains rise to the height of twelve
and fifteen hundred or two thousand feet. On the south side,
the range appears to be timbered, and to-night is luminous with
fires — probably the work of the Indians, who have just passed
through the valley. On the north, broken and granite masses
rise abruptly from the green sward of the river, terminating in
a line of broken summits. Except in the crevices of the rock,
and here and there on a ledge or bench of the mountain, where
a few hardy pines have clustered together, these are perfectly
bare and destitute of vegetation.

Among these masses, where there are sometimes isolated
hills and ridges, green valleys open in upon the river, which
sweeps the base of these mountains for thirty-six miles.
Everywhere its deep verdure and profusion of beautiful
flowers is in pleasing contrast with the sterile grandeur of the
rock and the barrenness of the sandy plain, which, from the
right bank of the river, sweeps up to the mountain range that
forms its southern boundary. The great evaporation on the
sandy soil of this elevated plain, and the saline efflorescences
which whiten the ground, and shine like lakes reflecting in the
gun, make a soil wholly unfit for cultivation.

i50 <JOL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

3d. — We were early on the road the next morning, travel-
ing along the upper part of the valley, which is overgrown
with artemisia. Scattered about on the plain are occasional
small isolated hills. One of these which I have examined,
about fifty feet high, consisted of white clay and marl, in
nearly horizontal strata. Several bands of buffalo made their
appearance to-day, with herds of antelope ; and a grizzly bear
— the only one we encountered during the journey — was seen
scrambling up among the rocks. As we passed over a slight
rise near the river, we caught the first view of the Wind River
mountains, appearing, at this distance of about seventy miles,
to be a low and dark mountainous ridge. The view dissipated
in a moment the pictures which had been created in our minds,
by many descriptions of travelers, who have compared these
mountains to the Alps in Switzerland, and speak of the glit-
tering peaks which rise in icy majesty amidst the eternal
glaciers nine or ten thousand foet into the region of eternal
snows. The nakedness of the river was relieved by groves
of willows, where we encamped at night, after a march of
twenty-six miles; and numerous bright-colored flowers had
made the river bottom look gay as a garden. We found here
a horse, which had been abandoned by the Indians, because
his hoofs had been so much worn that he was unable to travel ;
and during the night a dog came into the camp.

4th. — Our camp was at the foot of the granite mountains,
which we climbed this morning to take some barometrical
heights ; and here among the rocks was seen the first magpie.
On our return, we saw one at the mouth of the Platte river.
We left here one of our horses, which was unable to proceed
arther. A few miles from the encampment we left the river,
which makes a bend to the south, and traversing an undula-
ting country, consisting of a grayish micaceous sandstone and
fine-grained conglomerates, struck it again, and encamped
after a journey of twenty-five miles. Astronomical observa-
tions placed us in latitude 42° 32' 30", and longitude 108°
30' 13".

5th. — The morning was dark, with a driving rain, and
disagreeably cold We continued our route as usual ; but thft

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 151

weather became so bad, that we were glad to avail ourselves
of the shelter offered by a small island, about ten miles above
our last encampment, which was covered with a dense growth
of willows. There was fine grass for our animals, and the
timber afforded us comfortable protection and good fires. In
the afternoon, the sun broke through the clouds for a short
time, and the barometer at 5 p. M. was 23*713, the thermometer
60°, with the wind strong from the northwest. We availed
ourselves of the fine weather to make excursions in the neigh-
borhood. The river, at this place, is bordered by hills of the
valley formation. They are of moderate height ; one of the
highest peaks on the right bank being, according to the barom-
otcr, one hundred and eighty feet above the river. On the
left bank they are higher. They consist of a fine white clayey
sandstone, a white calcareous sandstone, and coarse sandstone
or pudding-stone.

6th. — It continued steadily raining all day ; but, notwith-
standing, we left our encampment in th^ afternoon. Our ani-
mals had been much refreshed by their repose, and an abun-
dance of rich, soft grass, which had been much improved by
the rains. In about three miles, we reached the entrance of a
kanyon, where the Sweet Water issues upon the more open
valley we had passed over. Immediately at the entrance, and
superimposed directly upon the granite, are strata of compact
calcareous sandstone and chert, alternating with fine white and
reddish-white, and fine gray and red sandstones. These strata
dip to the eastward at an angle of about 18°, and form the western
limit of the sandstone and limestone formations on the line of
our route. Here we entered among the primitive rocks. The
usual road passes to the right of this place ; but we wound, or
rather scrambled, our way up the narrow valley for several
hours. Wildness and disorder were the character of this
scenery. The river had been swollen by the late rains, nnJ
came rushing through with an impetuous current, three or
four feet deep, and generally twenty yards broad. The vallejr
was sometimes the breadth of the stream, and sometimes
opened into little green meadows, sixty yards wido, with open
groves of aspen. The stream was bordered throughout with

152 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

aspen, beech, aad willow ; and tall pines grew on the sides and
summits of the crags. On both sides the granite rocks rose
precipitously to the height of three hundred and five hundred
feet, terminating in jagged and broken pointed peaks ; and
fragments of fallen rock lay piled up at the foot of the preci-
pices. Gneiss, mica slate, and a white granite, were among
the varieties I noticed. Here were many old traces of beaver
on the stream ; remnants of dams, near which were lying
trees, which they had cut down, one and two feet in diameter
The hills entirely shut up the river at the end of about five
miles, and we turned up a ravine that led to a high prairie,
which seemed to be the general level of the country. Hence,
to the summit of the ridge, there is a regular and very gradual
rise. Blocks of granite were piled up at the heads of the ra-
vines, and small bare knolls of mica slate and milky quart2
protruded at frequent intervals on the prairie, which was
whitened in occasional spots with small salt lakes, where the
water had evaporated, and left the bed covered with a shining
incrustation of salt. The evening was very cold, a nonnwesl
wind driving a fine rain in our faces ; and at nightfall we de-
scended to a little stream, on which we encamped, about two
miles from the Sweet Water. Here had recently been a very
large camp of the Snake and Crow Indians ; and some large
poles lying about afforded the means of pitching a tent, and
making other places of shelter. Our fires to-night were made
principally of the dry branches of the artemisia which covered
the slopes. It burns quickly, and with a clear, oily flame, and
makes a hot fire. The hills here are composed of hard, com-
pact mica slate, with veins of quartz.

7th. — We left our encampment with the rising sun. As we
rose from the bed of the creek, the snow line of the mountains
stretched gradually before us, the white peaks glittering in the
sun. They had been hidden in the dark weather of the last
few days, and it had been snowing on them, while it rained in
the plains. We crossed a ridge, and again struck the Sweet
Water — here a beautiful, swift stream, with a more open val-
ley, timbered with beech and cottonwood. It now began to
lose itself in the many small forks which make its head ; and

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 153

we continued up the main stream until near noon, when we left
it a few miles, to make our noon halt on a small creek among
the hills, from which the stream issues by a small opening.
Within was a beautiful grassy spot, covered with an open grove
of large beech-trees, among which I found several plants that I
had not previously seen.

The afternoon was cloudy, with squalls of rain ; but the weath-
er became fine at sunset, when we again encamped on the Sweet
Water, within a few miles of the SOUTH PASS. The country over
which we have passed to-day consists principally of the compact
mica slate, which crops out on all ridges, making the uplands ve-
ry rocky and slaty. In the escarpments which border the creeks,
it is seen alternating with a light-colored granite, at an inclination
of 45*; the beds varying in thickness from two or three feet to
six or eight hundred. At a distance, the granite frequently has
the appearance of irregular lumps of clay, hardened by exposure.
A variety of asters may now be numbered among the character-
istic plants, and the artemisia continues in full glory ; but cacti
have become rare, and mosses begin to dispute the hills with them.
The evening was damp and unpleasant — the thermometer, at
ten o'clock, being at 36°, and the grass wet with a heavy dew.
Our astronomical observations placed this encampment in longi-
tude 109° 21' 32", and latitude 42° 27' 15".

Early in the morning we resumed our journey, the weather
still cloudy with occasional rain. Our general course was west,
as I had determined to cross the dividing ridge by a bridle-
path among the country more immediately at the foot of the
mountains, and return by the wagon road, two and a half miles
to the south of the point where the trail crosses.

About six miles from our encampment brought us to the
summit. The ascent had been so gradual, that, with all the
intimate knowledge possessed by Carson, who had made the
country his home for seventeen years, we were obliged to watch
very closely to find the place at which we had reached the
culminating point. This was between two low hills, rising on
either hand fifty or sixty feet When I looked back at them,
from the foot of the immediate slope on the western plain, their

154 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

summits appeared to be about one hundred and twenty feel
above. From the impression on my mind at this time, and sub-
sequently on our return, I should compare the elevation which
we surmounted immediately at the Pass, to the ascent of the
Capitol hill from the avenue, at Washington. It is difficult
for me to fix positively the breadth of this Pass. From the
broken ground where it commences, at the foot of the Wind
River chain, the view to the southeast is over a champaign
country, broken, at the distance of nineteen miles, by the
Table rock ; which, with the other isolated hills in its vicinity,
seem to stand on a comparative plain. This I judged to be its
termination, the ridge recovering its rugged character with the
Table rock. It will be seen that it in no manner resembles the
places to which the term is commonly applied — nothing of the;
gorge-like character and winding ascents of the Alleghany
passes in America ; nothing of the Great St. Bernard and
Simplon passes in Europe. Approaching it from the mouth
of the Sweet Water, a sandy plain, one hundred and twenty
miles long, conducts, by a gradual and regular ascent, to the
summit, about seven thousand feet above the sea; and the
traveler, without being reminded of any change by toilsome
ascents, suddenly finds himself on the waters which flow to the
Pacific ocean. By the route we had traveled, the distance
from Fort Laramie is three hundred and twenty miles, or nine
hundred and fifty from the mouth of the Kansas.

Continuing our march, we reached, in eight miles from the
Pass, the Little Sandy, one of the tributaries of the Colorado,
or Green river of the Gulf of California. The weather had
grown fine during the morning, and we remained here the rest
of the day, to dry our baggage and take some astronomical
observations. The stream was about forty feet wide, and two
or three deep, with clear water and a full swift current, over
a sandy bed. It was timbered with a growth of low bushy and
dense willows, among which were little verdant spots, which
gave our animals fine grass, and where I found a number of
interesting plants. Among the neighboring hills I noticed
fragments of granite containing magnetic iron. Longitude of
the camp was 109° 37' 59", and latitude 42° 27' 34"

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 155

9th. — We made our noon halt on Big Sandy, another tribu-
tary of Green river. The face of the country traversed was
of a brown sand of granite materials, the detritus of the neigh-
boring mountain. Strata of the milky quartz cropped out, and
blocks of granite were -cattered about, containing magnetic
iron. On Sandy creek the formation was of parti-colored
sand, exhibited in escarpments fifty to eighty feet high. Ir
the afternoon we had a severe storm of hail, and encamped at
sunset on the first New Fork. Within the space of a few
miles, the Wind mountains supply a number of tributaries
to Green river, which are called the New Forks. Near our
camp were two remarkable isolated hills, one of them suffi-
ciently large to merit the name of mountain. They are called
the Two Buttes, and will serve to identify the place of our en
campment, which the observations of the evening placed in
longitude 109? 58' 11", and latitude 42° 42' 46". On the
right bank of the stream, opposite to the large hill, the strata
which are displayed consist of decomposing granite, which
supplies the brown sand of which the face of the country is
composed to a considerable depth.

10th. — The air at sunrise is clear and pure, and the morning
extremely cold, but beautiful. A lofty snowy peak of the moun-
tain is glittering in the first rays of the sun, which have not
yet reached us. The long mountain wall to the east, rising
two thousand feet abruptly from the plain, behind which we
see the peaks, is still dark, and cuts clear against the glowing
sky. A fog, just risen from the river, lies along the base of
the mountain. A little before sunrise, the thermometer was
at 35°, and at sunrise 3.3°. Water froze last night, and fires
are very comfortable. The scenery becomes hourly more in-
teresting and grand, and the view here is truly magnificent ;
but, indeed, it needs something to repay the long prairie jour-
ney of a thousand miles. The sun has shot above the wall,
and makes a magical change. The whole valley is glowing
and bright, and all the mountain peaks are gleaming like sil-
ver. Though these snow mountains are not the Alps, they
have their own character of grandeur and magnificence, and
ooubtless will find pens and pencils to do them justice. In

156 COL. FUEMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the scene before us, we feel how much wood impioves a view.
The pines on the mountain seemed to give it much additional
beauty. I was agreeably disappointed in the character of the
streams on this side of the ridge. Instead of the creeks, which
description had led me to expect, I find bold, broad streams,
with three or four feet water, and a rapid current. The fork
on which we are encamped is upwards of a hundred feet wide,
timbered with groves or thickets of the low willow. We
were now approaching the loftiest part of the Wind River
chain ; and I left the valley a few miles from our encamp,
ment, intending to penetrate the mountains as far as possible
with the whole party. We were soon involved in very broken
ground, among long ridges covered with fragments of granite.
Winding our way up a long ravine, we came unexpectedly in
view of a most beautiful lake, set like a gem in the mountains.
The sheet of water lay transversely across th« direction we
had been pursuing ; and, descending the steep, rocky ridge,
where it was necessary to lead our horses, we followed its
banks to the southern extremity. Here a view of the utmost
magnificence and grandeur burst upon our eyes. With noth-
ing between us and their feet to lessen the effect of the whole
height, a grand bed of snow-capped mountains rose before us,
pile upon pile, glowing in the bright light of an August day.
Immediately below them lay the lake, between two ridges, cov-
ered with dark pines, which swept down from the main chain
to the spot where we stood. Here, where the lake glittered in
the open sunlight, its banks of yellow sand and the light foli-
age of aspen groves contrasted well with the gloomy pines.
" Never before," said Mr. Preuss, " in this country or in
Europe, have I seen such grand, magnificent rocks." I was
so much pleased with the beauty of the place, that I determined
to make the main camp here, where our animals would find
goo</ pasturage, and explore the mountains with a small party
of men. Proceeding a little further, we came suddenly upon
the outlet of the lake, where it found its way through a nar-
row passage between low hills. Dark pines which overhung
the stream, and masses of rock, where the water foamed along,
gave it much romantic beauty. Where we crossed, which

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 157

was immediately at the outlet, it is two hundred and fifty feet
wide, and so deep that with difficulty we were able to, ford it.
Its bed was an accumulation of rocks, boulders, and broad slabs,
and large angular fragments, among which the animals fell
repeatedly.

The current was very swift, and the water cold, and of a
crystal purity. In crossing this stream, I met with a great
misfortune in having my barometer broken. It was the only
one. A great part of the interest of the journey for me was
in the exploration of these mountains, of which so much had
been said that was doubtful and contradictory ; and now their
snowy peaks rose majestically before me, and the only means
of giving them authentically to science, the object of my anx-
ious solicitude by night and day, was destroyed. We had
brought this barometer in safety a thousand miles, and broke
it almost among the snow of the mountains. The loss was felt
by the whole camp — all had seen my anxiety, and aided me
in preserving it. The height of these mountains, considered
by many hunters and traders the highest in the whole range,
had been a theme of constant discussion among them ; and all
had looked forward with pleasure to the moment when the in
strument, which they believed to be as true as the sun, should
stand upon the summits, and decide their disputes. Their
grief was only inferior to my own.

The lake is about three miles long, and of very irregular
width, and apparently great depth, and is the head-water of
the third New Fork, a tributary to Green river, the Colorado
of the west. In the narrative I have called it Mountain lake. I
encamped on the north side, about three hundred and fifty
yards from the outlet. This was the most western point at
which I obtained astronomical observations, by which this
place, called Bernier's encampment, is made in 110° 08' 03"
longitude from Greenwich, and latitude 43° 49' 49".
The mountain peaks, as laid down, were fixed by bearings
from this and other astronomical points. We had no other
compass than the small ones used in sketching the country ;
but from an azimuth, in which one of them was used, the va-
nVion of the compass is 18° east. The correction made in

COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

our field-work by the astronomical observations indicates tha4-
this is a very correct observation.

As soon as the camp was formed, I set about endeavoring to
repair my barometer. As I have already said, this was a
standard cistern barometer, of Troughton's construction. The
glass cistern had been broken about midway ; but as the in-
strument had been kept in a proper position, no air had found
its way into the tube, the end of which had always remained
covered. I had with me a number of vials of tolerably thick
glass, some of which were of the same diameter as the cistern,
and I spent the day in slowly working on these, endeavoring
to cut them of the requisite length ; but, as my instrument was
a very rough file, I invariably broke them. A groove was
cut in one of the trees, where the barometer was placed during
the night, to be out of the way of any possible danger, and in
the morning I commenced again. Among the powder-horns
in the camp, I found one which was very transparent, so that
its contents could be almost as plainly seen as through glass.
This I boiled and stretched on a piece of wood to the requisite
diameter, and scraped it very thin, in order to increase to the
utmost its transparency. I then secured it firmly in its place
on the instrument, with strong glue made from a buffalo, and
filled it with mercury, properly heated. A piece of skin,
which had covered one of the vials, furnished a good pocket,
which was well secured with strong thread and glue, and then
the brass cover was screwed to its place. The instrumen
was left some time to dry ; and when I reversed it, a few
hours after, I had the satisfaction to find it in perfect order ;
its indications being about the same as on the other side of the
lake before it had been broken. Our success in this little
incident diffused pleasure throughout the camp; and we im-
mediately set about our preparations for ascending the moun-
tains.

A& - ^ill be seen on reference to a map, on this short moun
tain chain are the head-waters of four great rivers on the con-
tinent, namely : the Colorado, Columbia, Missouri, and Platte
rivers. It had been my design, after ascending the mountains,
to continue our route on the western side of the range, nnd

ADVENTUKES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15(J

crossing through a pass at the northwestern end of the chain,
about thirty miles from our present camp, return along the
eastern slope, across the heads of the Yellowstone river, and
join on the line to our station of August 7, immediately at the
foot of the ridgo. In this way, I should be enabled to include
the whole chain, and its numerous waters, in my survey ; but
various considerations induced me, very reluctantly, to aban-
don this plan.

I was desirous to keep strictly within the scope of my in-
structions, and it would have required ten or fifteen additional
days for the accomplishment of this object ; our animals had
become very much worn out with the length of the journey ;
game was very scarce ; and, though it does not appear in the
course of the narrative, (as I have avoided dwelling upon tri-
fling incidents not connected with the objects of the expedition,)
the spirits of the men had been much exhausted by the hardships
and privations to which they had been subjected. Our provisions
had wellnigh all disappeared. Bread had been long out of the
question ; and of all our stock, we had remaining two or three
pounds of coffee, and a small quantity of macaroni, which had
been husbanded with great care for the mountain expedition
we were about to undertake. Our daily meal consisted of dry
buffalo meat, cooked in tallow ; and, as we had not dried this
with Indian skill, part of it was spoiled; and w-hat remained
of good, was as hard as wood, having much the taste and ap-
pearance of so many pieces of bark. Even of this, our stock
was rapidly diminishing in a camp which was capable of con-
suming two buffaloes in every twenty-four hours. These ani-
mals had entirely disappeared ; and it was not probable that we
should fall in with them again until we returned to the Sweet
Water.

Our arrangements for the ascent were rapidly completed.
We were in a hostile country, which rendered the greatest
vigilance and circumspection necessary. The pass at the
north end of the mountain was greatly infested by Blackfeet,
and immediately opposite was one of their forts, on the edge of
a little thicket, two or three hundred feet from our encamp-
ment. We were posted in a grove of beech, on the margin of

160 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the lake, and a few hundred feet long, with a narrow prairillon
on the inner side, bordered by the rocky ridge. In the upper
en-d of this grove we cleared a circular space about forty feet
in diameter, and, with the felled timber, and interwoven
branches, surrounded it with a breastwork five feet in height.
A gap was left for a gate ou the inner side, by which the ani-
mals were to be driven in and secured, while the men slept
around the little work. It was half hidden by the foliage, and
garrisoned by twelve resolute men, would have set at defiance
any band of savages which might chance to discover them in
the interval of our absence. Fifteen of the best mules, with
fourteen men, were selected for the mountain party. Our pro-
visions consisted of dried meat for two days, with our little
stock of coffee and some macaroni. In addition to the ba-
rometer and thermometer, I took with me a sextant and spy-
glass, and we had of course our compasses. In charge of the
camp I left Bernier, one of my most trustworthy men, who
possessed the most determined courage.

12th. — Early in the morning we left the camp, fifteen in
number, well armed, of course, and mounted on our best
mules. A pack-animal carried our provisions, with a coffee-
pot and kettle, and three or four tin cups. Every man had a
blanket strapped over his saddle, to serve for his bed, and the
instruments were carried by turns on their backs. We enter-
ed directly on rough and rocky ground ; and, just after cross-
ing the ridge, had the good fortune to shoot an antelope. We
haord the roar, and had a glimpse of a waterfall as we rode
along, and, crossing in our way two fine streams, tributary to
the Colorado, in about two hours' ride we reached the top of
the first row or range of the mountains. Here, again, a view
of the most romantic beauty met our eyes. It seemed as if,
from the vast expanse of uninteresting prairie we had passed
over, Nature had collected all her beauties together in one
chosen place. We were overlooking a deep valley, which was
entirely occupied by three lakes, and from the brink to the
surrounding ridges rose precipitously five hundred and a thou-
sand feet, covered with the dark green of the balsam pine, re-
lieved on the border of the lake with the light foliage of the

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 161

aspen. They all communicated with each other, and the green
of the waters, common to mountain lakes of great depth, showed
that it would be impossible to cross them. The surprise mani-
fested by our guides when these impassable obstacles suddenly
barred our progress, proved that they were among the hidden
treasures of the place, unknown even to the wandering trappers
of the region. Descending the hill, we proceeded to make our
way along the margin to the southern extremity. A narrow strip
of angular fragments of rock sometimes afforded a rough path-
way for our mules, but generally we rode along the shelving
side, occasionally scrambling up, at a considerable risk of tum-
bling back into the lake.

The slope was frequently 60° ; the pines grew densely to-
gether, and the ground was covered with the branches and
trunks of trees. The air was fragrant with the odor of the
pines ; and I realized this delightful morning the pleasure of
breathing that mountain air which makes a constant theme of
the hunter's praise, and which now made us feel as if we had
all been drinking some exhilerating gas. The depths of this
unexplored forest were a place to delight the heart of a bota-
nist. There was a rich undergrowth of plants, and numerous
gay-colored flowers in brilliant bloom. We reached the outlet
at length, where some freshly-barked willows that lay in the
water showed that beaver had been recently at work. There
were some small brown squirrels jumping about in the pines,
and a couple of large mallard ducks swimming about in thestream.

The hills on this southern end were low, and the lake looked
like a mimic sea, as the waves broke on the sandy beach in the
force of a strong breeze. There was a pretty open spot, with
fine grass for our mules ; and we made our noon halt on the beach,
under the shade of some large hemlocks. We resumed our
journey after a halt of about an hour, making our way up the
ridge on the western side of the lake. In search of smoother
ground, we rode a little inland ; and, passing through groves of
aspen, soon found ourselves again among the pines. Emerging
from these, we struck the summit of the ridfije above the upper
end of the lake.

162 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

We had reached a very elevated point, and in tho valley be-
low, and among the hills, were a number of lakes of different
levels; some two or three hundred feet above others, with
which they communicated by foaming torrents. Even to our
great height the roar of the cataracts came up, and we could
see them leaping down in lines of snowy foam. From this
scene of busy waters, we turned abruptly into the stillness of
a forest, where we rode among the open bolls of the pines, over
a lawn of verdant grass, having strikingly the air of cultivated
grounds. This led us, after a time, among masses of rock,
which had no vegetable earth but in hollows and crevices,
though still the pine forest continued. Towards evening we
reached a defile, or rather a hole in the mountains, entirely shut
in by dark pine covered rocks.

A small stream, with scarcely perceptible current, flowed
through a level bottom of perhaps eighty yards width, where
the grass was saturated with water. Into this the mules were
turned, and were neither hobbled nor picketed during the night,
as the fine pasturage took away all temptation to stray ; and we
made our bivouac L the pines. The surrounding masses were
all of granite. While supper was being prepared, I set out on
an excursion in the neighborhood, accompanied by one of my
men. We wandered about among the crags and ravines until
dark, richly repaid for our walk by a fine collection of plants,
.many of them in full bloom. Ascending a peak to find the place
of our camp, we saw that the little defile in whrch we lay, com-
municated with the long green valley of some stream, which,
here locked up in the mountains, far away to the south, found
its way in a dense forest to the plains.

Looking along its upward course, it seemed to conduct, by a
smooth gradual slope, directly towards the peak, which, from
long consultation as we approached the mountain, we had de-
cided to be the highest of the range. Pleased with the dis-
covery of so fine a road for the next day, we hastened down to
the camp, where we arrived just in time for supper. Our
table-service was rather scant ; and we held the meat in our
hands, and clean rocks made good plates, on which we spread

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 163

dur macaroni. Among all the strange places on which we
had occasion to encamp during our long journey, none have left
so vivid an impression on my mind as the camp of this even-
ing. The disorder of the masses which surrounded us — the
little hole through which we saw the stars over head — the dark
pines where we slept — and the rocks lit up with the glow of
our fires, made a night-picture of very wild beauty.

13th. — The morning was bright and pleasant, just cool
enough to make exercise agreeable, and we soon entered the
defile I had seen the preceding day. It was smoothly carpeted
with soft grass, and scattered over with groups of flowers, of
which yellow was the predominant color. Sometimes we were
forced, by an occasional difficult pass, to pick our way on a
narrow ledge along the side of the defile, and the mules were
frequently on their knees ; but these obstructions were rare,
and we journeyed on in the sweet morning air, delighted at
our good fortune in having found such a beautiful entrance to
the mountains. This road continued for about three miles,
when we suddenly reached its termination in one of the grand
views which, at every turn, meet the traveler in this magnifi-
cent region. Here the defile up which we had traveled open-
ed out into a small lawn, where, in a little lake, the stream
had its source.

There were some fine asters in bloom, but all the flowering
plants appeared to seek the shelter of the rocks, and to be of
lower growth than below, as if they loved the warmth of the
soil, and kept out of the way of the winds. Immediately at
our feet, a precipitous descent led to a confusion of defiles, and
before us rose the mountains, as we have represented them in
the annexed view. It is not by the splendor of far-oflf views,
which hove lent such a glory to the Alps, that these impress
the mind ; but bv a gigantic disorder of enormous masses, and
a savage sublimity of naked rock, in wonderful contrast with
innumerable green spots of a rich floral beauty, shut up in
their stern recesses. Their wildness seems well suited to
the character of the people who inhabit the country.

I determined to leave our animals here, and make the rest
of our way on foot. The peak appeared so near, that there

164 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

was no doubt of our returning before night ; and a few men
were left in charge of the mules, with our provisions and
blankets. We took with us nothing but our arms and instru-
ments, and, as the day had become warm, the greater part
left our coats. Having made an early dinner, we started
again. We were soon involved in the most ragged precipices,
nearing the central chain very slowly, and rising but little.
The first ridge hid a succession of others ; and when, with
great fatigue and difficulty, we had climbed up five hundred
feet, it was but to make an equal descent on the other side ;
all these intervening places were filled with small deep lakes,
which met the eye in every direction, descending from one
level to another, sometimes under bridges formed by huge
fragments of granite, beneath which was heard the roar of the
water. These constantly obstructed our path, forcing us to
make long detours; frequently obliged to retrace our steps,
and frequently falling among the rocks. Maxwell was pre-
cipitated towards the face of a precipice, and saved himself
from going over by throwing himself flat on the ground. We
clambered on, always expecting, with every ridge that we
crossed, to reach the foot of the peaks, and always disappointed,
until about four o'clock, when, pretty well worn out, we
reached the shore of a little lake, in which was a rocky island.
We remained here a short time to rest, and continued on
around the lake, which had in some places a beach of white
sand, and in others was bound with rocks, over which the way
was difficult and dangerous, as the water from innumerable
springs made them very slippery.

By the time we had reached the further side of the lake, we
found ourselves all exceedingly fatigued, and, much to the
.satisfaction of the whole party, we encamped. The spot we
had chosen was a broad flat rock, in some measure protected
from the winds by the surrounding crags, and the trunks of
fallen pines afforded us bright fires. Near by was a foaming
torrent, which tumbled into the little lake about one hundred
and fifty feet below us, and which, by way of distinction, wo
have called Island lake. We had reached the upper limit of
the piney region ; as, above this point, no tree was to be seen,

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 165

and patches of snow lay everywhere around us, on ihe cold
sides of the rocks. The flora of the region we had traversed
since leaving our mules was extremely rich, and, among the
characteristic plants, the scarlet flowers of the dodecalheon den-
tatum everywhere met the eye, in great abundance. A small
green ravine, on the edge of which we were encamped, was
filled with a profusion of alpine plants, in brilliant bloom.
From barometrical observations, made during our three days'
sojourn at this place, its elevation above the Gulf of Mexico is
10,000 feet. During the day, we had seen no sign of animal
life ; but among the rocks here, we heard what was supposed
to be the bleat of a young goat, which we searched for with
hungry activity, and found to proceed from a small animal of
a gray color, with short ears and no tail — probably the Sibe
rian squirrel. We saw a considerable number of them, and.
with the exception of a small bird like a sparrow, it is the only
inhabitant of this elevated part of the mountains. On our
return, we saw, below this lake, large flocks of the mountain-
goat. We had nothing to eat to-night. Lajeunesse, with
several others, took their guns, and sallied out in search of a
goat ; but returned unsuccessful. At sunset, the barometei
stood at 20-522 ; the attached thermometer 50°. Here we
had the misfortune to break our thermometer, having now only
that attached to the barometer. I was taken ill shortly after
we had encamped, and continued so until late in the night,
with violent headache and vomiting. This was probably
caused by the excessive fatigue I had undergone, and want of
food, and perhaps, also, in some measure, by the rarity of the
air. The night was cold, as a violent gale from the north had
sprung up at sunset, which entirely blew away the heat of the
fires. The cold, and our granite beds, had not been favorable
to sleep, and we were glad to see the face of the sun in the
morning. Not being delayed by any preparation for break-
fast, we set out immediately.

On every side, as we advanced, was heard the roar of waters,
and of a torrent, which we followed up a short distance, until
ft expanded into a lake about one mile in length. On the
northern side of the lake was a bank of ice, or rather of snow

166 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

covered with a crust of ice. Carson had been our guide into
the mountains, and, agreeably to his advice, we left this little
valley, and took to the ridges again, which we found ex-
tremely broken, and where we were again involved among
precipices. Here were ice-fields ; among which we were all
dispersed, seeking each the best path to ascend the peak.
Mr. Preuss attempted to walk along the upper edge of one of
these fields, which sloped away at an angle of about twenty
degrees; but his feet slipped from under him, and he went
plunging down the plain. A few hundred feet below, at
the bottom, were some fragments of sharp rock, on which he
landed ; and, though he turned a couple of somersets, fortu-
nately received no injury beyond a few bruises. Two of the
men, Clement Lambert and Descoteaux, had been taken ill,
and lay down on the rocks, a short distance below ; and at this
point I was attacked with headache and giddiness, accompanied
by vomiting, as on the day before. Finding myself unable to
proceed, I sent the barometer over to Mr. Preuss, who was in
a gap two or three hundred yards distant, desiring him to reach
the peak if possible, and take an observation there. He found
himself unable to proceed further in that direction, and took an
observation, where the barometer stood at 19-401 ; attached ther-
mometer 50°, in the gap. Carson, who had gone over to him,
succeeded in reaching one of the snowy summits of the main
ridge, whence he saw the peak towards which all our efforts
had been directed, towering eight or ten hundred feet into the
air above him. In the mean time, finding myself grow rather
worse than better, and doubtful how far my strength would
carry me, I sent Basil Lajeunesse, with four men, back to the
place where the mules had been left.

We were now better acquainted with the topography of the
country, and I directed him to bring back with him, if it were
in any way possible, four or five mules, with provisions and
blankets. With me were Maxwell andAyer; and after we
had remained nearly an hour on the rock, it became so un-
pleasantly cold, though the day was bright, that we set out on
our return to the camp, at which we all arrived safely, strag-
gling in one after the other. I continued ill during the after-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 167

noon, but became better towards sundown, when iny
was completed by the appearance of Basil and four men, all
mounted. The men who had gone with him had been too
much fatigued to return, and were relieved by those in charge
of the horses ; but in his powers of endurance Basil resembled
more a mountain-goat than a man. They brought blankets
and provisions, and we enjoyed well our dried meat and a cup
of good coffee. We rolled ourselves up in our blankets, and,
with our feet turned to a blazing fire, slept soundly until
morning.

15th. — It had been supposed that we had finished with the
mountains ; and the evening before it had been arranged that
Carson should set out at daylight, and return to breakfast at
the Camp of the Mules, taking with him all but four or five
men, who were to stay with me and bring back the mules and
instruments. Accordingly, at the break of day they set out.
With Mr. Preuss and myself remained Basil Lajeunesse, Clem-
ent Lambert, Janisse, and Descoteaux. When we had se-
cured strength for the day by a hearty breakfast, we covered
what remained, which was enough for one meal, with rocks,
in order that it might be safe from any marauding bird, and,
saddling our mules, turned our faces once more towards the
peaks. This time we determined to proceed quietly and
cautiously, deliberately resolved to accomplish our object if it
were within the compass of human means. We were of opin-
ion that a long defile which lay to the left of yesterday's route
would lead us to the foot of the main peak. Our mules had
been refreshed by the fine grass in the little ravine at the
Island camp, and we intended to ride up the defile as far as
possible, in order to husband our strength for the main ascent.
Though this was a fine passage, still it was a defile of the most
rugged mountains known, and we had many a rough and steep
slippery place to cross before reaching the end. In this place
the sun rarely shone ; snow lay along the border of the small
stream which flowed through it, and occasional icy passages
made the footing of the mules very insecure, and the rocks
and ground were moist with the trickling waters in this spring
c( mighty rivers. We soon had the satisfaction to find our-

168 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

selves riding along the huge wall which forms the central
summits of the chain. There at last it rose by oil r sides, a
nearly perpendicular wall of granite, terminating 2,000 to
3,000 feet above our heads in a serrated line of broken, jagged
cones. We rode on until we came almost immediately below
the main peak, which I denominated, the Snow peak, as it ex
hibited more snow to the eye than any of the neighboring suru-
mits. Here were three small lakes of a green color, each,
perhaps, of a thousand yards in diameter, and apparently very
deep. These lay in a kind of chasm ; and, according to the
barometer, we had attained but a few hundred feet above the
Island lake. The barometer here stood at 20-450, attached
thermometer 70°.

We managed to get our mules up to a little bench about a
aundred feet above the lakes, where there was a patch of good
grass, and turned them loose to graze. During our rough ride
to this place, they had exhibited a wonderful surefootedness.
Parts of the defile were filled with angular, sharp fragments
of rock, three or four and eight or ten feet cube ; and among
these they had worked their way, leaping from one narrow
point to another, rarely making a false step, and giving us no
occasion to dismount. Having divested ourselves of every
unnecessary encumbrance, we commenced the ascent. This
time, like experienced travelers, we did not press ourselves,
but climbed leisurely, sitting down so soon as we found breath
beginning to fail. At intervals we reached places where a
number of springs gushed from the rocks, and about 1800 feet
above the lakes came to the snow line. From this point our pro-
gress was uninterrupted climbing. Hitherto I had worn a
pair of thick moccasins, with soles of parfldche, but here I put
on a light, thin pair, which I had brought for the purpose, as
now the use of our toes became necessary to a further ad-
vance. I availed myself of a sort of comb of the mountain,
which stood against the wall like a buttress, and which the
wind and the solar radiation, joined to the steepness of the
smooth rock, had kept almost entirely free from snow. Up
this I made my way rapidly. Our cautious method of ad-
vancing at the outset had spared my strength ; and, with the

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 169

t

exception of a slight disposition to headache, I felt no remains
of yesterday's illness. In a few minutes we reached a point
where the buttress was overhanging, and there was no other
way of surmounting the difficulty than by passing around one
side of it, which was the face of a vertical precipice of several
hundred feet.

Putting hands and feet in the crevices between the blocks, I
succeeded in getting over it, and, when I reached the top,
found my companions in a small valley below. Descending
to them, we continued climbing, and in a short time reached
the crest. I sprang upon the summit, and another step would
have precipitated me into an immense snow-field five hundred
feet below. To the edge of this field was a sheer icy preci-
pice ; and then, with a gradual fall, the field sloped off for
about a mile, until it struck the foot of another lower ridge.
I stood on a narrow crest, about three feet in width, with an
inclination of about 20° N. 51° E. As soon as I had gratified
the first feelings of curiosity, I descended, and each man as-
cended in his turn ; for I would only allow one at a time to
mount the unstable and precarious slab, which it seemed a
breath would hurl into the abyss below. We mounted the
barometer in the snow of the summit, and, fixing a ramrod in
a crevice, unfurled the national flag to wave in the breeze
where never flag waved before. During our morning's ascent,
we had met no sign of animal life, except the small sparrow-
like bird already mentioned. A stillness the most profound
and a terrible solitude forced themselves constantly on the
mind as the great features of the place. Here, on the sum-
mit, where the stillness was absolute, unbroken by any sound,
and solitude complete, we thought ourselves beyond the region
of animated life ; but while we were sitting on the rock, a
solitary bee (bromus, the humble-bee) came winging his flight
from the eastern valley, and lit on the knee of one of the
men.

It was a strange place, the icy rock and the highest poak
of the Rocky mountains, for a lover of warm sunshine and
flower* ; and we pleased ourselves with the idea that he was
the first of his species to cross the mountain barrier— a solitary

170 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

pioneer to foretell the advance of civilization. 1 believe that
a moment's thought would have made us let him continue his
way unharmed ; but we carried out the law of this country,
where all animated nature seems at war ; and, seizing him
immediately, put him in at least a fit place — in the leaves of a
large book, among the flowers we had collected on our way.
The barometer stood at 18*293, the attached thermometer at
44° ; giving for the elevation of this summit 13,570 feet above
the Gulf of Mexico, which may be called the highest flight
of the bee. It is certainly the highest known flight of that
insect. From the description given by Mackenzie of the
mountains where he crossed them, with that of a French
officer still farther to the north, and Colonel Long's measure-
ments to the south, joined to the opinion of the oldest traders
of the country, it is presumed that this is the highest peak of
the Rocky mountains. The day was sunny and bright, but a
slight shining mist hung over the lower plains, which interfered
with our view of the surrounding country. On one side we
overlooked innumerable lakes and streams, the spring of the
Colorado of the Gulf of California ; and on the other was the
Wind River valley, where were the heads of the Yellowstone
branch of the Missouri; far to the north, we could just dis-
cover the snowy heads of the Trois Tetons, where were the
sources of the Missouri and Columbia rivers ; and at the
southern extremity of the ridge, the peaks were plainly visible,
among which were some of the springs of the Nebraska or
Platte river. Around us, the whole scene had one main,
striking feature, which was that of terrible convulsion. Paral-
lel to its length, the ridge was split into chasms and fissures ;
between which rose the thin lofty walls, terminated with slender
minarets and columns. According to the barometer, the little
crest of the wall on which we stood was three thousand five
hundred and seventy feet above that place, and two thousand
seven hundred and eighty above the little lakes at the bottom,
immediately at our feet. Our camp at the Two Hills (an as-
tronomical station) bore south 3° east, which, with a bearing
afterwards obtained from a fixed position, enabled us to locate
the peak. The bearing of the Trois Tetons was north 50°

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 171

west, and the direction of the central ridge of the Wind River
mountains south 39° east. The summit rock was gneiss, sue-
ceeded by sienitic gneiss. Sienite and feldspar succeeded in
our descent to the snow line, where we found a feldspathic
granite. I had remarked that the noise produced by the ex-
plosion of our pistols had the usual degree of loudness, but
was not in the least prolonged, expiring almost instanta-
neously.

Having now made what observations our means afforded, we
proceeded to descend. We had accomplished an object of
laudable ambition, and beyond the strict order of our instruc-
tions. We had climbed the loftiest peak of the Rocky moun-
tains, and looked down upon the snow a thousand feet below ;
and, standing where never human foot had stood before, felt
the exultation of first explorers. It was about two o'clock
when we left the summit, and when we reached the bottom, the
sun had already sunk behind the wall, and the day was draw-
ing to a close. It would have been pleasant to have lingered
here and on the summit longer ; but we hurried away as rapidly
as the ground would permit, for it was an object to regain our
party as soon as possible, not knowing what accident the next
hour might bring forth.

We reached our deposite of provisions at nightfall. Here
was not the inn which awaits the tired traveler on his return
from Mont Blanc, or the orange groves of South America,
with their refreshing juices and soft fragrant air ; but we found
our little cache of dried meat and coffee undisturbed. Though
the moon was bright, the road was full of precipices, and the
fatigue of the day had been great. We therefore abandoned
the idea of rejoining our friends, and lay down on the rock,
and, in spite of the cold, slept soundly.

16th. — We left our encampment with the daylight. We
saw on our way large flocks of the mountain -goat looking
down on us from the cliffs. At the crack of the rifle, they
would bound off among the rocks, and in a few minutes make
their appearance on some lofty peak, some hundred or a thou-
sand feet above. It is needless to attempt any further descrip-
tion of the country ; the portion over which we traveled this

172 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE or

morning was rough as imagination could picture it, and to us
seemed equally beautiful. A concourse of lakes and rushing
waters — mountains of rocks naked and destitute of vegetable
earth — dells and ravines of the most exquisite beauty, all kept
green and fresh by the great moisture in the air, and sown
with brilliant flowers, and everywhere thrown around all the
glory of most magnificent scenes, — these constitute the features
of the place, and impress themselves vividly on the mind of
the traveler. It was not until 11 o'clock that we reached the
place where our animals had been left, when we first attempted
the mountains on foot. Near one of the still burning fires we
found a piece of meat, which our friends had thrown away,
and which furnished us a mouthful — a very scanty breakfast.
We continued directly on, and reached our camp on the moun-
tain lake at dusk. We found all well. Nothing had occurred
to interrupt the quiet since our departure, and the fine grass
and good cool water had done much to re-establish our animals.
All heard with great delight the order to turn our faces home-
ward ; and towards sundown of the 17th, we encamped again
at the Two Buttes.

In the course of this afternoon's march, the barometer was
broken past remedy. I regretted it, as I was desirous to com-
pare it again with Dr. Engleman's barometers at St. Louis,
to which mine were referred ; but it had done its part well,
and my objects were mainly fulfilled.

19th. — We left our camp on Little Sandy river about seven
in the morning, and traversed the same sandy, undulating
country. The air was filled with the turpentine scent of the
various artemisias, which are now in bloom, and, numerous as
they are, give much gayety to the landscape of the plains.
At ten o'clock, we stood exactly on the divide in the pass,
where the wagon-road crosses ; and, descending immediately
upon the Sweet Water, halted to take a meridian observation
of the sun. The latitude was 42° 24' 32".

In the course of the afternoon we saw buffalo again, and at
our evening halt on the Sweet Water the roasted ribs again
made their appearance around the fires ; and, with them, good
humor, and laughter and song, were restored to the camp

ADVENTUHEti AND EXPLORATIONS. 173

Our coffee had been expended, but we now made a kind of tea
from the roots of the wild-cherry tree.

23d. — Yesterday evening we reached our encampment at
Rock Independence, where I took some astronomical observa-
tions. Here, not unmindful of the custom of early travelers
and explorers in our country, I engraved on this rock of tlie
Far West a symbol of the Christian faith. Among the thickly
inscribed names, I made on the hard granite the impression of
a large cross, which I covered with a black preparation of
India-rubber, well calculated to resist the influence of wind
and rain. It stands amidst the names of many who have long
since found their way to the grave, and for whom the huge
rock is a giant gravestone.

One George Weymouth was sent out to Maine by the
Earl of Southampton, Lord Arundel, and others ; and in the
narrative of their discoveries, he says : " The next day we
ascended in our pinnace that part of the river which lies more
to the westward, carrying with us a cross — a thing never
omitted by any Christian traveler — which we erected at the
ultimate end of our route." This was in the year 1605 ; and
in 1842 I obeyed the feeling of early travelers, and left the
impression of the cross deeply engraved on the vast rock one
thousand miles beyond the Mississippi, to which discoverers
have given the national name of Rock Independence.

In obedience to my instructions to survey the river Platte,
if possible, I had determined to make an attempt at this place.
The India-rubber boat was filled with air, placed in the water,
and loaded with what was necessary for our operations ; and I
embarked with Mr. Preuss and a party of men. When we
had dragged our boat a mile or two over the sands, I abandoned
the impossible undertaking, and waited for the arrival of the
party, when we packed up our boat and equipage, and at nine
o'clock were again moving along on our land journey. We
continued along the valley on the right bank of the Sweet
Water, where the formation, as already described, consists of
a grayish micaceous sandstone, and fine-grained conglomerate,
and marl. We passed over a ridge which borders or consti-
tutes the river hills of the Platte, consisting of huge blocks.

174 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

sixty or eighty feet cube, of decomposing granite. The cemen*
which united them was probably of easier decomposition, and
has disappeared and left them isolate, and separated by small
spaces. Numerous horns of the mountain-goat were lying
among the rocks ; and in the ravines were cedars, whose
trunks were of extraordinary size. From this ridge we
descended to a small open plain, at the mouth of the Sweet
Water, which rushed with a rapid current into the Platte,
here flowing along in a broad and apparently deep stream,
which seemed, from its turbid appearance, to be considerably
swollen. I obtained here some astronomical observations, and
the afternoon was spent in getting our boat ready for naviga-
tion the next day.

24th. — We started before sunrise, intending to breakfast at
Goat island. I had directed the land party, in charge of Ber-
nier, to proceed to this place, where they were to remain, should
they find no note to apprize them of our having passed. In
the event of receiving this information, they were to continue
their route, passing by certain places which had been desig-
nated. Mr. Preuss accompanied me, and with us were five
of my best men, viz. : C. Lambert, Basil Lajeunesse, Honore
Ayot, Benoist, and Descoteaux. Here appeared no scarcity
of water, and we took on board, with various instruments and
baggage, provisions for ten or twelve days. We paddled down
the river rapidly, for our little craft was light as a duck on the
water ; and the sun had been some time risen, when we heard
before us a hollow roar, which we supposed to be that of a fall,
of which we had heard a vague rumor, but whose exact locality
no one had been able to describe to us. We were approach-
ing a ridge, through which the river passes by a place called
" canon," (pronounced kanyon,) — a Spanish word, signifying a
piece of artillery, the barrel of a gun, or any kind of tube ;
and which, in this country, has been adopted to describe the
passage of a river between perpendicular rocks of great height,
which frequently approach each other so closely overhead as
to form a kind of tunnel over the stream, which foams along be-
low, half choked up by fallen fragments. Between the mouth
of the Sweet Water and Goat island, thpre is probably a fall

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 175

of three hundred feet, and that was principally made in the
canons before us ; as, without them, the water was compara-
tively smooth. As we neared the ridge, the river made a
sudden turn, and swept squarely down against one of the walls
of the canon, with great velocity, and so steep a descent that it
had, to the eye, the appearance of an inclined plane. When
we launched into this, the men jumped overboard, to check the
velocity of the boat ; but were soon in water up to their necks,
and our boat ran on. But we succeeded in bringing her to a
small point of rocks on the right, at the mouth of the canon.
Here was a kind of elevated sand-beach, not many yards
square, backed by the rocks ; and around the point the river
swept at a right angle. Trunks of trees deposited on jutting
points, twenty or thirty feet above, and other marks, showed
that the water here frequently rose to a considerable height.
The ridge was of the same decomposing granite already men,
tioned, and the water had worked Uie surface, in many places,
into a wavy surface of ridges and holes. We ascended the
rocks to reconnoitre the ground, and from the summit the pas-
sage appeared to be a continued cataract, foaming over many
obstructions, and broken by a number of small falls. We saw
nowhere a fall answering to that which had been described to
us as having twenty or twenty-five feet ; but still concluded
this to be the place in question, as, in the season of floods, the
rush of the river against the wall would produce a great rise ;
and the waters, reflected squarely off*, would descend through
the passage in a sheet of foam, having every appearance of a
large fall. Eighteen years previous to this time, as I have
subsequently learned from himself, Mr. Fitzpatrick, somewhere
above on this river, had embarked with a valuable cargo of
beaver. Unacquainted with the stream, which he believed
would conduct him safely to the Missouri, he came unexpect-
edly into this canon, where he was wrecked, with the total loss
of his furs. It would have been a work of great time and
labor to pack our baggage across the ridge, and I determined
to run the canon. We all again embarked, and at first
attempted to check the way of the boat ; but the water swept
through with so much violence that we narrowly escaped being

176 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OP

swamped, and were obliged to let her go in the full force ol
the current, and trust to the skill of the boatmen. The dan-
gerous places in this canon were where huge rocks had fallen
from above, and hemmed in the already narrow pass of the
river to an open space of three or four and five feet. These
obstructions raised the water considerably above, which was
sometimes precipitated over in a fall ; and at other places,
where this dam was too high, rushed through the contracted
opening with tremendous violence. Had our boat been made
of wood, in passing the narrows she would have been staved ;
but her elasticity preserved her unhurt from every shock, and
she seemed fairly to leap over the falls.

In this way we passed three cataracts in succession, when*
perhaps 100 feet of smooth water intervened ; and, finally
with a shout of pleasure at our success, issued from our ton
nel into the open day beyond. We were so delighted with tht
performance of our boat, and so confident in her powers, tba>
we would not have hesitated to leap a fall often feet with her.
We put to shore for breakfast at some willows on the right'
bank, immediately below the mouth of the canon ; for it was
now eight o'clock, and we had been working since daylight,
and were all wet, fatigued, and hungry. While the men were
preparing breakfast, I went out to reconnoitre. The view was
very limited. The course of the river was smooth, so far as I
could see ; on both sides were broken hills ; and but a mile or
two below was another high ridge. The rock at the mouth
of the canon was still the decomposing granite, with great
quantities of mica, which made a very glittering sand.

We re-embarked at nine o'clock, and in about twenty min-
utes reached the next canon. Landing on a rocky shore at its
commencement, we ascended the ridge to reconnoitre. Port-
age was out of the question. So far as we could see, the jag
ged rocks pointed out the course of the canon, on a winding
line of seven or eight miles. It was simply a narrow, dark
chasm in the rock ; and here the perpendicular faces were
much higher than in the previous pass, being at this end two
to three hundred, and further down, as we afterwards ascer-
tained, five hundred feet in vertical height. Our previous

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 177

•uccess had made us bold, and we determined again to run
the canon. Every thing was secured as firmly as possible ;
and having divested ourselves of the greater part of our cloth-
ing, we pushed into the stream. To save our chronometer
from accident, Mr. Preuss look it, and attempted to proceed
along the shore on the masses of rock, which in places were
piled up on either side ; but, after he had walked about five
minutes, every thing like shore disappeared, and the vertical
wall came squarely down into the water. He therefore wait-
ed until we came up. An ugly pass lay before us. We had
made fast to the stern of the boat a strong rope about fifty feet
long ; and three of the men clambered along among the rocks,
and with this rope let her slowly through the pass. In several
places high rocks lay scattered about in the channel ; and in
the narrows it required all our strength and skill to avoid sta-
ving the boat on the sharp points. In one of these, the boat
proved a little too broad, and stuck fast for an instant, while
the water flew over us ; fortunately, it was but for an instant,
as our united strength forced her immediately through. The
water swept overboard only a sextant and a pair of saddle-
bags. I caught the sextant as it passed by me ; but the sad-
dle-bags became the prey of the whirlpools. We reached the
place where Mr. Preuss was standing, took him on board, and,
with the aid of the boat, put the men with the rope on the suc-
ceeding pile of rocks. We found this passage much worse
than the previous one, and our position was rather a bad one.
To go back was impossible ; before us, the cataract was a
sheet of foam ; and shut up in the chasm by the rocks, which,
in some places, seemed almost to meet overhead, the roar of
the water was deafening. We pushed off again ; but, after
making a little distance, the force of the current became too
great for the men on shore, and two of them let go the rope.
Lajeunesse, the third man, hung on, and was jerked headfore-
most into the river from a rock about twelve feet high ; and
down the boat shot like an arrow, Basil following us in the
rapid current, and exerting all his strength to keep in mid
channel — his head only seen occasionally like a black spot in
the white foam. Mow far we went, I do not exactly Know ;

178 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

but we succeeded in turning the boat into an eddy below.
"'Cre Lieu," said Basil Lajeunesse, as he arrived immediate
ly after us, " Je crois bien que fai nage un demi mile." He
had owed his life to his skill as a swimmer, and I determined
to take him and the two others on board, and trust to skill and
fortune to reach the other end in safety. We placed ourselves
on our knees with the short paddles in our hands, the most
skilful boatman being at the bow ; and again we commenced
our rapid descent. We cleared rock after rock, and shot past
fall after fall, our little boat seeming to play with the cataract
We became flushed with success, and familiar with the danger ;
and, yielding to the excitement of the occasion, broke forth into
a Canadian boat-song. Singing, or rather shouting, we dash-
ed along, and were, I believe, in the midst of the chorus, when
the boat struck a concealed rock immediately at the foot of a
fall, which whirled her over in an instant. Three of my men
could not swim, and my first feeling was to assist them, and
save some of our effects ; but a sharp concussion or two con-
vinced me that I had not yet saved myself. A few strokes
brought me into an eddy, and I landed on a pile of rocks on
the left side. Looking around, I saw that Mr. Preuss had
gained the shore on. the same side, about twenty yards below ;
and a little climbing and swimming soon brought him to my
side. On the opposite side, against the wall, lay the boat bot-
tom up ; and Lambert was in the act of saving Descoteaux,
whom he had grasped by the hair, and who could not swim ;
" Lache pas," said he, as I afterwards learned, " lache pas,
cher frere." " Grains pas," was the reply : "je m'en vais
mourir avant que de te Idcher." Such was the reply of cour-
age and generosity in this danger. For a hundred yards be-
low the current was covered with floating books and boxes,
bales and blankets, and scattered articles of clothing ; and so
strong and boiling was the stream, that even our heavy in-
struments, which were all in cases, kept on the surface, and the
sextant, circle, and the long black box of the telescope, were
in view at once. For a moment, I felt somewhat dishearten-
ed. All our books — almost every record of the journey — our
journals and registers of astronomical and barometrical obser-

*

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 179

rations — had been lost -in a moment. But it was no time to
indulge in regrets ; and I immediately set about endeavoring to
save something from the wreck. Making ourselves understood
as well as possible by signs, (for nothing could be heard in
the roar of the waters,) we commenced our operations. Of
every thing on board, the only article that had been saved was
my double-barreled gun, which Descoteaux had caught and
clung to with drowning tenacity. The men continued down
the river on the left bank. Mr. Preuss and myself descended
on the side we were on ; and Lajeunesse, with a paddle in his
hand, jumped on the boat alone, and continued down the can-
on. She was now light, and cleared every bad place with
much less difficulty. In a short time he was joined by Lam-
bert, and the search was continued for about a mile and a half,
which was as far as the boat co.uld proceed in the pass.

Here the walls were about five hundred feet high, and the
fragments of rocks from above had choked the river into a hol-
low pass, but one or two feet above the surface. Through
this and the interstices of the rock, the water found its way.
Favored beyond our expectations, all of our registers had been
recovered, with the exception of one of my journals, which
contained the notes and incidents of travel, and topographical
descriptions, a number of scattered astronomical observations,
principally meridian altitudes of the sun, and our barometri-
cal register west of Laramie. Fortunately, our other journals
contained duplicates of the most important barometrical obser-
vations which had been taken in the mountains. These, with
a few scattered notes, were all that had been preserved of our
meteorological observations. In addition to these, we saved
the circle ; and these, with a few blankets, constituted every
thing that had been rescued from the waters.

The day was running rapidly away, and it was necessary
to reach Goat island, whither the party had preceded us, be-
fore night. In this uncertain country, the traveler is so much
in the power of chance, that we became somewhat uneasy in
regard to them. Should any thing have occurred, in the brief
interva. of our separation, to prevent our rejoining them, our
situation would be rathe: a desperate one. We had not a

180 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

morsel of provisions — our arms and ammunition were gone — and
we were entirely at the mercy of any straggling pa/iy of sav-
ages, and not a little in danger of starvation. We therefore
set out at once in two parties, Mr. Preuss and myself on the
left, and the men on the opposite side of the river. Climbing
out of the canon, we found ourselves in a very broken country,
where we were not yet able to recognise any locality. In the
course of our descent through the canon, the rocks, which at
the upper end was of the decomposing granite, changed into a
varied sandstone formation. The hills and points of the ridges
were covered with fragments of a yellow sandstone, of which
the strata were sometines displayed in the broken ravines
which interrupted our course, and made our walk extremely
fatiguing. At one point of the canon the red argillaceous sand-
stone rose in a wall of five hundred feet, surmounted by a
stratum of white sandstone ; and in an opposite ravine a col-
umn of red sandstone rose, in form like a steeple, about one
hundred and fifty feet high. The scenery was extremely pic-
turesque, and notwithstanding our forlorn condition, we were
frequently obliged to stop and admire it. Our progress was
not very rapid. We had emerged from the water half naked,
and, on arriving at the top of the precipice, I found myself
with only one moccasin. The fragments of rock made walk,
ing painful, and I was frequently obliged to stop and pull out
the thorns of the cactus, here the prevailing plant, and with
which a few minutes' walk covered the bottoms of my feet.
From this ridge the river emerged into a smiling prairie, and,
descending to the bank for water, we were joined by Benoist.
The rest of the party were out of sight, having taken a more
inland route. We crossed the river repeatedly — sometimes
able to ford it, and sometimes swimming — climbed over the
ridges of two more canons, and towards evening reached the
cut, which we here named the Hot Spring gate. On our pre-
vious visit in July, we had not entered this pass, reserving it
for our descent in the boat ; and when we entered it this even-
ing, Mr. Preuss was a few hundred feet in advance. Heated
with the long march, he came suddenly upon a fine bold spring
gushing from the rock, about ten feet above the river. Eager

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 181

to enjoy the Crystal water, he threw himself down fo / a hasty
draught, and took a mouthful of water almost boiling hot. He
said nothing to Benoist, who laid himself down to dank; but
the steam from the water arrested his eagerness, and he es-
caped the hot draught. We had no thermometer to ascertain
the temperature, but I could hold my hand in the water just
long enough to count two seconds. There are eight or ten of
these springs discharging themselves by streams large enough
to be called runs. A loud hollow noise was heard from the
rock, which I supposed to be produced by the fall of water.
The strata immediately where they issue is a fine white and
calcareous sandstone, 'covered with an incrustation of common
salt. Leaving this Thermopylae of the west, in a short walk
we reached the red ridge which has been described as lying
just above Goat island. Ascending this, we found some fresh
tracks and a button, which showed that the other men had al-
ready arrived. A shout from the man who first reached the
top of the ridge, responded to fiom below, informed us that our
friends were all on the island; and we were soon among them.
We found some pieces of buffalo standing around the fire for
us, and managed to get some dry clothes among the people.
A sudden storm of rain drove us into the best shelter we could
find, where we slept soundly, after one of the most fatiguing
days I have ever experienced.

25th. — Early this morning Lajeunesse was sent to the wreck
for the articles which had been saved, and about noon we left
the island. The mare which we had left here in July had
much improved in condition, and she served us well again for
some time, but was finally abandoned at a subsequent part of
the journey. At 10 in the morning of the 26th we reached
Cache camp, where we found every thing undisturbed. We
disinterred our deposite, arranged our carts which had been
left here on the way out ; and, traveling a few miles in the
afternoon, encamped for the night at the ford of the Platte.

27th. — At mid-day we halted at the place where we had
taken dinner on the 27th of July. The country which, when
we passed up, looked as if the hard winter frosts had passed
over it, had now assumed a new face, so much of vernal fresh

182 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

ness had been given to it by the rains. The Platte was ex-
ceedingly low — a mere line of water among the sandbars. W«
reached Laramie fort on the last day of August, after ail
absence of forty-two days, and had the pleasure to find our
friends all well. The fortieth day had been fixed for our re-
turn ; and the quick eyes of the Indians, who were on the
lookout for us, discovered our flag as we wound among the
hills. The fort saluted us with repeated discharges of its
single piece, which we returned with scattered volleys of our
small-arms, and felt the joy of a home reception in getting
back to this remote station, which seemed so far off as we
went out.

SEPTEMBER.

On the morning of the 3d September we bade adieu to out
kind friends at the fort, and continued our homeward journey
down the Platte, which was glorious with the autumnal splen-
dor of innumerable flowers in full and brilliant bloom. On
the warm sands, among the helianihi, one of the characteristic
plants, we saw great numbers of rattlesnakes, of which five
or six were killed in the morning's ride. We occupied our-
selves in improving our previous survey of the river ; and, as
the weather was fine, astronomical observations were generally
made at night and at noon.

We halted for a short time on the afternoon of the 5th with
a village of Sioux Indians, some of whose chiefs we had met
at Laramie. The water in the Platte was exceedingly low ;
in many places, the large expanse of sands, with some oc-
casional stunted tree on its banks, gave it the air of the sea-
coast ; the bed of the river being merely a succession of sand-
bars, among which the channel was divided into rivulets of a
few inches deep. We crossed and recrossed with our carts
repeatedly and at our pleasure ; and, whenever an obstruction
barred our way in the shape of precipitous bluffs that came
down upon the river, we turned directly into it, and made our

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 183

way along the sandy bed, with no other inconvenience than
the frequent quicksands, which greatly fatigued our animals.
Disinterring on the way the cache which had been made by
our party when they ascended the river, we reached without
accident, on the evening of the 12th of September, our old
encampment of the 2d of July, at the junction of the forks.
Our cache of the barrel of p^rk was found undisturbed, and
proved a seasonable addition to our stock of provisions. At
this place I had determined to make another attempt to descend
the Platte by water, and accordingly spent two days in the
construction of a bull boat. Men were sent out on the evening
of our arrival, the necessary number of bulls killed, and their
skins brought to the camp. Four of the best of them were
strongly sewed together with buffalo sinew, and stretched over
a basket frame of willow. The seams were then covered with
ashes and tallow, and the boat left exposed to the sun for the
greatei part of one day, which was sufficient to dry and con-
tract the skin, and make the whole work solid and strong. It
had a rounded bow, was eight feet long and five broad, and
drew with four men about four inches water. On the morning
of the 15th we embarked in our hide boat, Mr. Preuss and
myself, with two men. We dragged her over the sands for
three or four miles, and then left her on a bar, and abandoned
entirely all further attempts to navigate this river. The names
given by the Indians are always remarkably appropriate ; and
certainly none was ever more so than that which they have
given to this stream — "The Nebraska, or Shallow river."
Walking steadily the remainder of the day, a little before dark
we overtook our people at their remaining camp, about twenty-
one miles below the junction. The next morning we crossed
the Platte, and continued our way down the river bottom on
the left bank, where we found an excellent, plainly- beaten
road.

On the 18th we reached Grand Island, which is fifty-two
miles long, with an average breadth of one mile and three-
quarters. It has on it some small eminences, and is sufficiently
elevated to be secure from the annual floods of the river. As
has been already remarked, it is well timbered, with an excel-

OOL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

lent soil, ai d recommends itself to notice as the best point for
a military position on the Lower Platte.

On the 22d we arrived at the village of the Grand Paw-
nees, on the right bank of the river, about thirty miles above
the mouth of the Loup fork. They were gathering in their
corn, and we obtained from them a very welcome supply of
vegetables.

The morning of the 24th we. reached the Loup fork of the
Platte. At the place where we forded it, this stream was four
hundred and thirty yards broad, with a swift current of clear
water ; in this respect, differing from the Platte, which has a
yellow muddy color, derived from the limestone and marl for-
mation, of which we have previously spoken. The ford was
difficult, as the water was so deep that it came into the body
of the carts, and we reached the opposite bank after repeated
attempts, ascending and descending the bed of the river, in
order to avail ourselves of the bars. We encamped on the
left bank of the fork, in the point of land at its junction with
the Platte. During the two days that we remained here for
astronomical observations, the bad weather permitted us to ob-
tain but one good observation for the latitude — a meridian alti-
tude of the sun, which gave for the latitude of the mouth of
the Loup fork, 41° 22' II".

Five or six days previously, I had sent forward C. Lambert,
with two men, to Bellevue, with directions to ask from Mr. P.
Sarpy, the gentleman in charge of the American Company's
establishment at that place, the aid of his carpenters in con-
structing a boat, in which I proposed to descend the Missouri.
On the afternoon of the 27th we met one of the men, who had
been dispatched by Mr. Sarpy with a welcome supply of pro-
visions and a very kind note, which gave us the very gratify-
ing intelligence that our boat was in rapid progress. On the
evening of the 30th we encamped in an almost impenetrable
undergrowth on the left bank of the Platte, in the point of land
at its confluence with the Missouri — 315 miles, according to
our reckoning, from the junction of the forks, and 520 from
Fort Laramie. From the junction we had found the bed of
>he Platte occupied with numerous islands, many of them

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 185

very large, and all well timbered ; possessing, as well as the
bottom lands of the river, a very excellent soil. With the
exception of some scattered groves on the banks, the bottoms
are generally without timber. A portion of these consist of
low grounds, covered with a profusion of fine grasses, and are
probably inundated in the spring ; the remaining part is high
river prairie, entirely beyond the influence of the floods. The
breadth of the river is usually three-quarters of a mile, except
where it is enlarged by islands. That portion of its course
which is occupied by Grand island has an average breadth,
from shore to shore, of two and a half miles.

OCTOBER.

1st. — I rose this morning long before daylight, and heard
with a feeling of pleasure the tinkling of cow-bells at the set-
tlements on the opposite side of the Missouri. Early in the
day we reached Mr. Sarpy's residence ; and, in the security
and comfort of his hospitable mansion, felt the pleasure of
being within the pale of civilization. We found our boat on
the stocks; a few days sufficed to complete her; and, in the
afternoon of the 4th, we embarked on the Missouri. All our
equipage — horses, carts, and the materiel of the camp — had
been sold at public auction a* Bellevue. The strength of my
party enabled me to man the ooat with ten oars, relieved every
hour ; and we descended rapidly. Early on the morning of
the 10th, we halted to make some astronomical observations
at the mouth of the Kansas, exactly four months since we had
left the trading- post of Mr. Cyprian Chouteau, on the same
river, ten miles above. On our descent to this place, we had
employed ourselves in surveying and sketching the Missouri,
making astronomical observations regularly at night and at
mid-day, whenever the weather permitted. These operations
on the river were continued until our arrival at the city of St.
Louis, Missouri, on the 17th. At St. Louis, the sale of our

186 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

remaining effects was made ; and, leaving that city oy steam-
boat on the 18th, I had the honor to report to you at the city
of Washington on the 29th of October.

Very respectfully, sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. C. FREMONT

4

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS

The Longitudes given in the subjoined Table are referred to the
meridian of Greenwich.

For the .determination of astronomical positions, we were
provided with the following instruments :

One telescope, magnifying power 120.

One circle, by Gambey, Paris.

One sextant, by Gambey, Paris.

One sextant, by Troughtori.

One box chronometer, No. 7,810, by French.

One Brockbank pocket chronometer.

One small watch with a light chronometer balance, No.
4,632, by Arnold and Dent. «

The rate of the chronometer, 7,810, is exhibited in the fol-
lowing statement :

" NEW YORK, May 5, 1842

" Chronometer No. 7,810, by French, is this day at noon —

" Slow of Greenwich mean time, - - - 11' 4"

" Fast of New York mean time, - - 4h. 45' 1"

" Loses per day, 2".7

"ARTHUR STEWART, 74 Merchants' Exchange."

An accident among some rough ground in the neighborhood
of the Kansas river, strained the balance of this chronometer,
fNo. 7,810,) and rendered it useless during the remainder of
the campaign. From the 9th of June to the 24th of August,
inclusively, the longitudes depend upon the Brockbank pocket
chronometer ; the rate of which, on leaving St. Louis, wa*

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS.

187

touiteen seconds. The rate obtained by observations at Fort
Laramie, 14".05, has been used in calculation.

From the 24th of August until the termination of the jour-
ney, No. 4,632 (of which the rate was 35".79) was used for
the same purposes. The rate of this watch was irregular, and
I place little confidence in the few longitudes which depend
upon it, though, so far as we have any means of judging, they
appear tolerably correct.

Table of Latitudes and Longitudes, deduced from Observations
made during the Journey.

Date.

Station.

Latitude.

Longitude.

1842.
May 27

Veg . mi/i. sec.
OQ 07 04

Dig. mtn. tec.

lune 8
16
18

Uhouteau's lower trading-post, Kansas river,
Left bank of Kansas river, 7 miles above the ford,

39 05 57
39 06 40
39 15 19

94 25 46
95 38 05
96 04 07

19

39 30 40

96 14 49

20

TO 45 08

96 32 35

25

40 26 50

98 22 12

26

40 41 Ofi

98 45 49

27

40 39 32

99 05 24

28

40 39 51

on

100 05 47

uly 2

Junction of north and south forks of the Nebraska

41 05 05

100 49 43

g

40 51 17

103 07

7

40- 53 26

103 30 37

jj

40 21' 35

105 12 12

12

40 41 59

104 57 49

13

41 08 30

104 39 37

41 40 11

104 24 36

16
23

Fort Laramie, near the mouth of Laramie's fork,.

42 12 10
42 39 25

104 47 43
104 59 59

24

42 47 40

25

26

North fork of Platte river, Dried Meat camp,

42 51 35
42 50 08

105 50 45

26

no

North fork of Platte river, mouth of Deer creek, . .

42 52 24
42 50 53

] 06 08 24
106 38 26

\* u !• i ri>i r)ver' *^c'ie camp,

42 38 01

106 54 32

30

42 33 27

107 13 29

^ng. 1

Sweet Water river, one mile below Rock Inde-

42 29 56

107 25 23

4

Sweet Water river,

42 32 31

108 30 W

7
8

Sweet Water river,
Little Sandy creek, tributary to the Colorado of

42 27 15
42 27 34

109 21 32
109 37 59

•

42 42 46

109 58 11

10

42 49 49

110 08 03

15
19

Highest peak of the Wind River mountains,

42 24 32

19

42 22 22

20

42 31 46

.. >

42 26 10

£>•>

42 29 36

83

42 27 18

30

49 "M 94

torse siioc crecK, noon na i,

188 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Table of Latitudes and Longitudes — Continued.

Date.

Station.

Latitude.

Longitude.

1842.
Sept. 3

Deg. min. *tc.
42 01 40

Deg. min. tec

5

North fork oi' Platte river, near Scott's bluffs,
North fork of Platte river, right bank, six miles

41 54 38
41 43 36

8
9

North fork of Platte river, mouth of Ash creek,. - .

41 17 19
41 14 30

10

41 10 16

16

40 54 31

16

40 5° 34

17

40 42 38

18

40 40 21

19

40 39 44

20

riatie river, en D^n*c» ••*

20

40 54 02

21

41 05 37

23

41 20 20

23

41 22 52

25

41 22 11

28

41 09 34

29

41 02 15

Oct. 2

Beilevue, at the post of the«American Fur Corn-

41 08 24

95 20

4

Left bank of the Missouri, opposite to the right

41 02 11

5

40 34 08

g

40 27 08

6

g

Missouri river, niuath of Nishnabatona river, ....

40 16 40
39 36 02

10

Missouri river, mouth of the Kansas river,

39 06 03

A NARRATIVE

OF

THE EXPLORING EXPEDITION

TO

OREGON AND NORTH CALIFORNIA.

TO COLONEL J. J. ABERT,

CHIEF OF THE COEP8 OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS :

».

SIR : — In pursuance of your instructions, to connect the re-
connoisance of 1842, which I had the honor to conduct, with the
surveys of Commander Wilkes on the coast of the Pacific
ocean, so as to give a connected survey of *he interior of our
continent, I proceeded to the Great West early in the spring
of 1843, and arrived, on the 17th of May, at the little town of
Kansas, on the Missouri frontier, near the junction of the Kan-
sas river with the Missouri river, where I was detained near
two weeks in completing the necessary preparations for the
extended explorations which my instructions contemplated.

My party consisted principally of Creole and Canadian
French, and Americans, amounting in all to thirty-nine men;
among whom you will recognise several of those who were
with me in my first expedition, and who have been favorably
brought to your notice in a former report. Mr. Thomas Fitz-
patrick, whom many years of hardship and exposure, in the
western territories, had rendered familiar with a portion of the
country it was designed to explore, had been selected as our
guide; and Mr. Charles Preuss, who had been my assistant in

t" previous journey, was again associated with me in the same
opacity, on the present expedition. Agreeably to your di-
Bctions, Mr. Theodore Talbot, of Washington city, had been
•

190 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

attached to the party, with a view to advancement in his pro.
fession ; and at St. Louis I had been joined by Mr. Frederick
D wight, a gentleman of Springfield, Massachusetts, who availed
himself of our overland journey to visit the Sandwich Islands
and China, by way of Fort Vancouver.

The men engaged for the service were : Alexis Ayot, Fran-
cis Badeau, Oliver Beaulieu, Baptiste Bernier, John A. Camp-
bell, John G. Campbell, Manuel Chapman, Ransom Clark,
Philibert Courteau, Michel Crelis, William Creuss, Clinton
Deforest, Baptiste Derosier, Basil Lajeunesse, Francois Lajeu-
nesse, Henry Lee, Louis Menard, Louis Montreuil, Samuel
Neal, Alexis Pera, FranQois Pera, James Power, Raphael
Proue, Oscar Sarpy, Baptiste Tabeau, Charles Taplin, Bap-
tiste Tesson, Auguste Vasquez, Joseph Verrot, Patrick White,
Tiery Wright, Louis Zindel, and Jacob Dodson, a free young
colored man of Washington city, who volunteered to accom-
pany the expedition, and performed his duty manfully through-
out the voyage. Two Delaware Indians — a fine-looking old
man and his son — were engaged to accompany the expedition
as hunters, through the kindness of Major Cummins, the excel-
lent Indian agent. L. Maxwell, who had accompanied the
expedition as one of the hunters in 1842, being on his way to
Taos, in New Mexico, also joined us at this place.

The party was generally armed with Hall's carbines, which
with a brass twelve-pound howitzer, had been furnished to me
from the United States arsenal at St. Louis, agreeably to the
orders of Colonel S. W. Kearney, commanding the third mili-
tary division. Three men were especially detailed for the
management of this piece, under the charge of Louis Zindel, a
native of Germany, who had been nineteen years a non-com-
missioned officer of artillery in the Prussian army, and regu-
larly instructed in the duties of his profession. The camp
equipage and provisions were transported in twelve carts,
orawn each by two mules ; and a light covered wagon, mounted
on good springs, had been provided for the safer carriage of
instruments. These were :

One refracting telescope, by Frauenhofer.

One reflecting circle, by Gambey.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 191

Two sextants, by Troughton.

One pocket chronometer, No. 837, by GofFe, Falmouth.

One pocket chronometer, No. 739, by Brockbank.

One syphon barometer, by Bunten, Paris.

One cistern barometer, by Frye and Shaw, New York.

Six thermometers, and a number of small compasses.

To make the exploration as useful as possible, I determined,
in conformity to your general instructions, to vary the route to
the Rocky mountains from that followed in 1842. The route
was then up the valley of the Great Platte river to the South
Pass, in north latitude 42° ; the route now determined on was
up the valley of the Kansas river, and to the head of the Ar-
kansas river, and to some pass in the mountains, if any coulJ
be found, at the sources of that river.

By making this deviation from the former route, the problem
of a new road to Oregon and California, in a climate more
genial, might be solved ; and a better knowledge obtained of
an important river, and the country it drained, while the great
object of the expedition would find its point of commencement
at the termination of the former, which was at that great gate
in the ridge of the Rocky mountains called the South Pass, and
on the lofty peak of the mountain which overlooks it, deemed
the highest peak in the ridge, and from the opposite side of
which four great rivers take their rise, and flow to the Pacific
or the Mississippi.

Various obstacles delayed our departure until the morning
of the 29th, when we commenced our long voyage ; and at
the close of a day, rendered disagreeably cold by incessant
rain, encamped about four miles beyond the frontier, on the
verge of the great prairies.

Resuming our journey on the 31st, after the delay of a day
to complete our equipment and furnish ourselves with some of
the comforts of civilized life, we encamped in the evening at
Elm Grove, in company with several emigrant wagons, con-
stituting a party which was proceeding to Upper California,
under the direction of Mr. J. B. CHlds, of Missouri. The
wagons were variously freighted with goods, furniture, and
farming utensils, containing among other things an entire set

192 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

of machinery for a mill which Mr. Childs designed erecting
on the waters of the Sacramento river, emptying into the bay
of San Francisco.

We were joined here by Mr. Wm. Gil pin of Mo., who, in-
tending this year to visit the settlements in Oregon, had been
invited to accompany us, and proved a useful and agreeable
addition to the party. -

JUNE-

From Elm Grove, our route until the third of June was
nearly the same as that described to you in 1842. Trains of
wagons were almost constantly in sight ; giving to the road a
populous and animated appearance, although the greater por-
tion of the emigrants were collected at the crossing, or already
on their march beyond the Kansas river. Leaving at the ford
the usual emigrant road to the mountains, we continued our
route along the southern side of the Kansas, where we found
the country much more broken than on the northern side of
the river, and where our progress was much delayed by the
numerous small streams, which obliged us to make frequent
bridges. On the morning of the 4th we crossed a handsome
stream, called by the Indians Otter creek, about 130 feet wide,
where a flat stratum of limestone, which forms the bed, made
an excellent ford. We met here a small party of Kansas and
DelawarB Indians, the latter returning from a hunting and
trapping expedition on the upper waters of the river ; and on
the heights above were five or six Kansas women, engaged in
digging prairie potatoes, (psoralea esculenta.) On the after-
noon of the 6th, whilst busily engaged in crossing a wooded
stream, we were thrown into a little confusion by the sudden
arrival of Maxwell, who entered the dimp at full speed at the
head of a war party of Osage Indians, with gay red blankets,
and heads shaved to the scalp lock. They had rur him a
distance of about nine miles, from a creek on which we had
encamped the day previous, and to which he had return*^ :n

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 193

search of a runaway horse belonging to Mr. Dwight, which
had taken the homeward road, carrying with him saddle,
bridle, and holster-pistols. The Osages were probably igno-
rant of JUT strength, and, when they charged into the camp,
drove off a number of our best horses ; but we were fortunately
well mounted, and, after a hard chase of seven or eight miles,
succeeded in recovering them all. This accident, which oc-
casioned delay and trouble, and threatened danger and loss,
and broke down somo good horses at the start, and actually
endangered the expedition, was a first fruit of having gentle-
men in company — very estimable, to be sure, but who are not
trained to the care and vigilance and self-dependence which
such an expedition required, and who are not subject to the
orders which enforce attention and exertion. We arrived on
the 8th at the mouth of the Smoky-hill fork, which is the prin -
cipal southern branch of the Kansas ; forming here, by its
junction with the Republican, or northern branch, the main
Kansas river. Neither stream was fordable, and the necessity
of making a raft, together with bad weather, detained us her^
until the morning of the llth ; when we resumed our journey
%long the Republican fork. By our observations, the junction
Df the streams is in lat. 39° 30' 38", long. 96° 24' 36", and
at an elevation of 926 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. For
several days we continued to travel along the Republican,
through a country beautifully watered with numerous streams,
and handsomely timbered ; and rarely an incident occurred to
vary the monotonous resemblance which one day on the prairies
here bears to another, and which scarcely require a particular
description. Now and then, we caught a glimpse of a small
herd of elk ; and occasionally a band of antelopes, whose
curiosity sometimes brought them within rifle range, would
circle round us and then scour off into the prairies. As we
advanced on our road, these became more frequent ; but as
we journeyed on the line usually followed by the trapping and
hunting parties of the Kansas and Delaware Indians, game of
every kind continued very shy and wild. The bottoms which
form the immediate valley of the main river, were generally
about three miles wide ; having a rich soil of black vegetable

194 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

mould, and, for a prairie country, well interspersed with wood.
The country was everywhere covered with a considerable
variety of grasses, occasionally poor and thin, but far more
frequently luxuriant and rich. We had been gradually and
regularly ascending in our progress westward, and on the
evening of the 14th, when we encamped on a little creek in
the valley of the Republican, 265 miles by our traveling road
from the mouth of the Kansas, we were at an elevation of
1,520 feet. That part of the river where we were now en-
camped is called by the Indians the Big Timber. Hitherto our
route had been laborious and extremely slow, the unusually
wet spring and constant rain having so saturated the whole
country that it was necessary to bridge every water-course,
and, for days together, our usual march averaged only five or
six miles. Finding that at such a rate of travel it would be
impossible to comply with your instructions, I determined at
this place to divide the party, and, leaving Mr. Fitzpatrick
with twenty-five men in charge of the provisions and heavier
baggage of the camp, to proceed myself in advance, with a
light party of fifteen men, taking with me the howitzer and the
light wagon which carried the instruments.

Accordingly, on the morning of the 16th, the parties sepa-
rated : and, bearing a little out from the river, with a view of
heading some of the numerous affluents, after a few hours'
travel over somewhat broken ground, we entered upon an ex-
tensive and high level prairie, on which we encamped towards
evening at a little stream, where a single dry cottonwood af-
forded the necessary fuel for preparing supper. Among a
variety of grasses which to-day made their first appearance, I
noticed bunch-grass, (festuca,) and buffalo-grass, (sesleria dac-
tyloides.) Amorpha canescens (lead plant) continued the char-
acteristic plant of the country, and a narrow-leaved fathyrus
occurred during the morning, in beautiful patches. Sida cocci-
nea occurred frequently, with a psoralea near psoralea floribun-
da, and a number of plants not hitherto met, just verging into
bloom. The water on which we had encamped belonged to
Solomon's fork of the Smoky-hill river, along whose tributaries
we continued to travel for several days.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 195

The country afforded us an excellent road, the route being
generally over high and very level prairies ; and we met with
no other delay than being frequently obliged to bridge one of the
numerous streams, which were well timbered with ash, elm,
coltonwood, and a very largt oak — the latter being occasion-
ally five and six feet in diameter, with a spreading summit.
Sida cocdnea is very frequent in vermilion-colored patches on
the high and low prairie ; and I remarked that it has a very
pleasant perfume.

The wild sensitive plant (schrankia angustata) occurs fre-
quently, generally on the dry prairies, in valleys of streams,
and frequently on the broken prairie bank. I remark that
the leaflets close instantly to a very light touch. Amorpha,
with the same psoralea, and a dwarf species of lupimts, are the
characteristic plants.

On the 1 9th, in the afternoon, we crossed the Pawnee road
to the Arkansas, and traveling a few miles onward, the mo-
notony of the prairies was suddenly dispelled by the appear-
ance of five or six buffalo bulls, forming a vanguard of im-
mense herds, among which we were traveling a few days af-
terwards. Prairie dogs were seen for the first time during
the day ; and we had the good fortune to obtain an antelope
for supper. Our elevation had now increased to 1,900 feet.
Sida cocdnea was the characteristic on the creek bottoms, and
buffalo grass is becoming abundant on the higher parts of the
ridges.

*21st.- — During the forenoon we traveled up a branch of the
cree<k on which we had encamped, in a broken country, where,
however, the dividing ridges always afforded a good road.
Plants were few; and with the short sward of the buffalo-
grass, which now prevailed everywhere, giving to the prai-
ries a smooth and mossy appearance, were mingled frequent
patches of a beautiful red grass, (aristida pattens,) which had
made its appearance only within the last few days.

We halted to noon at a solitary cottonwood in a hollow,
near which was killed the first buffalo, a large old bull.

Antelope appeared in bands during the day. Crossing here
to the affluents of the Republican, we encamped on a fork,

196 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

about forty feet wide and one foot deep, flowing with a swift
current over a sandy bed, and well wooded with ash-leaved
maple, (negundo fraxinifMum,) elm, cottonwood, and a few
white oaks. We were visited in the evening by a very vio-
lent storm, accompanied by wind, lightning, and thunder ; a
cold rain falling in torrents. According to the barometer, our
elevation was 2,130 feet above the gulf.

At noon, on the 23d, we descended into the valley of a prin
cipal fork of the Republican, a beautiful stream with a dense
border of wood, consisting principally of varieties of ash, forty
feet wide and four deep. It was musical with the notes of
many birds, which, from the vast expanse of silent prairie
around, seemed all to have collected here. We continued
during the afternoon our route along the river, which was
populous with prairie dogs, (the bottoms being entirely occu-
pied with their villages,) and late in the evening encamped on
its banks. The prevailing timber is a blue-foliaged ash, (frax
inus, near jP. Americana,) and ash-leaved maple. With thest
werefraxinus Americana, cottonwood, and long-leaved willow
We gave to this stream the name of Prairie Dog river. Ele
vation 2,350 feet. Our road on the 25th lay over high smooth
ridges, 3,100 feet above the sea; buffalo in great numbers,
absolutely covering the face of the country. At evening we
encamped within a few miles of the main Republican, on a
little creek, where the air was fragrant with the perfume of
artemisia filifolia, which we here saw for the first time, and
which was now in bloom. Shortly after leaving our encamp-
ment on the 26th, we found suddenly that the nature of the
country had entirely changed. Bare sand-hills everywhere
surrounded us in the undulating ground along which we were
moving, and the plants peculiar to a sandy soil made their
appearance in abundance. A few miles further we entered
the valley of a large stream, afterwards known to be the Re-
publican fork of the Kansas, whose shallow waters, with a
depth of only a few inches, were spread out over a bed of yel-
lowish white sand 600 yards wide. With the exception of one
or two distant and detached groves, no timber of any kind was
to be seen ; and the features of the country assumed a desert

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 197

Character, with which the broad river, struggling for existence
imong the quicksands along the treeless banks, was strikingly
in keeping. On the opposite side, the broken ridges assumed
almost a mountainous appearance ; and fording the stream,
we continued on our course among these ridges, and encamp-
ed late in the evening at a little pond of very bad water, from
which we drove away a herd of buffalo that were standing in
and about it. Our encampment this evening was 3,500 feet
above the sea. We traveled now for several days through a
broken and dry sandy region, about 4,000 feet above the sea,
where there were no running streams ; and some anxiety was
constantly felt on account of the uncertainty of water, which
was only to be found in small lakes that occurred occasional-
ly among the hills. The discovery of these always brought
pleasure to the camp, as around them were generally green
flats, which afforded abundant pasturage for our animals ; and
here we usually collected herds of the buffalo, which now were
scattered over all the country in countless numbers.

The soil of bare and hot sands supported a varied and exu-
berant growth of plants, which were much farther advanced
than we had previously found them, and whose showy bloom
somewhat relieved the appearance of general sterility. Cross-
ing the summit of an elevated and continuous range of rolling
hills, on the afternoon of the 30th of June, we found ourselves
overlooking a broad and misty valley, where, about ten miles
distant, and 1,000 feet below us, the South fork of the Platte
was rolling magnificently along, swollen with the waters of the
melting snows. It was in strong and refreshing contiast with
the parched country from which we had just issued; and when,
at night, the broad expanse of water grew indistinct, it almost
seemed that we had pitched our tents on the shore of the sea.

JULY.

Traveling along up the valley of the river, here 4,000 feet
above the sea, in the afternoon of July 1J we caught a far and
uncertain view of a faint blue mass in the west, at the sun sank

198 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE or

behind it ; and from our camp in the morning, at the mouth of
Bijou, Long's peak and the neighboring mountains stood out
into the sky, grand and luminously white, covered to their
bases with glittering snow.

On the evening of the 3d, as we were journeying along the
partially overflowed bottoms of the Platte, where our passage
stirred up swarms of musquitoes, we came unexpectedly on an
Indian, who was perched upon a bluff, curiously watching the
movements of our caravan. He belonged to a village of Og-
lallah Sioux, who had lost all their animals in the severity of
the preceding winter, and were now on their way up the Bijou
fork to beg horses from the Arapahoes, who were hunting buf-
falo at the head of that river. Several came into our camp at
noon ; and, as they were hungry, as usual, they were provided
with buffalo-meat, of which the hunters had brought in an
abundant supply.

About noon, on the 4th of July, we arrived at the fort, where
Mr. St. Vrain received us with his customary kindness, and
invited us to join him in a feast which had been prepared in
honor of the day.

Our animals were very much worn out, and our stock of
provisions entirely exhausted, when we arrived at the fort;
but I was disappointed in my hope of obtaining relief, as I found
it in a very impoverished condition ; and we were able to pro-
cure only a little unbolted Mexican flour, and some salt, with
a few pounds of powder and lead.

As regarded provisions, it did not much matter in a country
where rarely the day passed without seeing some kind of game,
and where it was frequently abundant. It was a rare thing to
lie down hungry, and w had already learned to think bread a
luxury; but we could not proceed without animals, and GUI
own were not capable >f prosecuting the journey beyond the
mountains without relief.

I had been informed that a large number of mules had re-
cently arrived at Taos, from Upper California ; and as our
friend, Mr. Maxwell, was about to continue his journey to that
place, where a portion of his family resided, I engaged him to
purchase for me ten or twelve mules, with the understanding

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 199

that he should pack them with provisions and other necessaries,
and meet me at the mouth of the Fontaine-qui-bouil, on the
Arkansas river, to which point I would be led in the course of
the survey.

Agreeably to his own request, and in the conviction that his
habits of life and education had not qualified him to endure the
hard life of a "oyageur, I discharged here one of my party,
Mr. Oscar Sarpy, having furnished him with arms and means
of transportation to Fort Laramie, where he would be in the
line of caravans returning to the States.

At daybreak, on the 6th of July, Maxwell was on his way
to Taos ; and a few hours after we also had recommenced our
journey up the Platte, which was continuously timbered with
cotton wood and willow, on a generally sandy soil. Passing on
the way the remains of two abandoned forts, (one of which,
however, was still in good condition,) we reached, in ten miles,
Fort Lancaster, the trading establishment of Mr. Lupton.

His post was beginning to assume the appearance of a com-
fortable farm : stock, hogs, and cattle, were ranging about on
the prairie — there were different kinds of poultry ; and there
was a wreck of a promising garden, in which a considerable
variety of vegetables had been in a flourishing condition ; but
it had been almost entirely ruined by the recent high waters.
I remained to spend with him an agreeable hour, and set off in
a cold storm of rain, which was accompanied with violent thun-
der and lightning. We encamped immediately on the river,
sixteen miles from St. Vrain's. Several Arapahoes, on their
way to the village which was encamped a few miles above us,
passed by the camp in the course of the afternoon. Night sel
in stormy and cold, with heavy and continuous rain, which
lasted until morning.

7th. — We made this morning an early start, continuing to
travel up the Platte ; and in a few miles frequent bands of
horses and mules, scattered for several miles round about,
indicated our approach to the Arapaho village, which we found
encamped in a beautiful bottom, and consisting of about one
Hundred and sixty lodges. It appeared extremely populous,
with a great number of children — a circumstance which indi

200 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

cated a regular supply of the means of subsistence. The
chiefs, who were gathered together at the farther end of the
village, received us (as probably strangers are always received
to whom they desire to show respect or regard) by throwing
their arms around our necks and embracing us.

It required some skill in horsemanship to keep the saddle
during the performance of this ceremony, as our American
horses exhibited for them the same fear they have for a bear,
or any other wild animal. Having very few goods with me, I
was only able to make them a meager present, accounting for
the poverty of the gift by explaining that my goods had been
left with the wagons in eharge of Mr. Fitzpatrick, who was
well known to them as the White Head, or the Broken Hand.
I saw here, as I had remarked in an Arapaho village the pre-
ceding year, near the lodges of the chiefs, tall tripods of whit-
poles supporting their spears and shields, which showed it to be
a regular custom.

Though disappointed in obtaining the presents which had
been evidently expected, they behaved very courteously ; and,
after a little conversation, I left them, and, continuing on up
the river, halted to noon on the bluff, as the bottoms are almost
inundated ; continuing in the afternoon our route along the
mountains, which were dark, misty, and shrouded — threatening
a storm ; the snow peaks sometimes glittering through the
clouds beyond the first ridge.

We surprised a grizzly bear sauntering along the river,
which, raising himself upon his hind legs, took a deliberate
survey of us, that did not appear very satisfactory to him, and
he scrambled into the river and swam to the opposite side. We
halted for the night a little above Cherry creek ; the evening
cloudy, with many musquitoes. Some indifferent observations
placed the camp in lat. 39° 43' 53X/, and chronometric long.
105° 24' 34".

8th. — We continued to-day to travel up the Platte : the morn-
ing pleasant, with a prospect of fairer weather. During the
forenoon our way lay over a more broken country, with a
gravelly and sandy surface ; although the immediate bottom
of the river was a good soil, of a dark and sandy mould,

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 201

•esting upon a stratum of large pebbles, or rolled stones, as at
Laramie fork. On our right, and apparently very near, but
probably 8 or 10 miles distant, and two or three thousand feet
above us, ran the first range of the mountains, like a dark
corniced line, in clear contrast with the great snowy chain
which, immediately beyond, rose glittering five thousand feet
above them. We caught this morning a view of Pike's peak ;
but it appeared for a moment only, as clouds rose early over
the mountains, and shrouded them in mist and rain all the day.
In the first range were visible, as at the Red Buttes on the
North fork, very lofty escarpments of red rock. While travel-
ing through this region, I remarked that always in the morning
the lofty peaks were visible and bright, but very soon small
white clouds began to settle around them — brewing thicker and
thicker as the day advanced, until the afternoon, when the
thunder began to roll ; and invariably at evening we had more
or less of a thunder storm. At 11 o'clock, and 21 miles from
St. Vrain's fort, we reached a point in this southern fork of the
Platte, where the stream is divided into three forks ; two of
these (one of them being much the largest) issuing directly
from the mountains on the west, and forming, with the eastern-
most branch, a river of the plains. The elevation of this
point is about 5,500 feet above the sea ; this river falling 2,800
feet in a distance of 316 miles, to its junction with the North
fork of the Platte. In this estimate, the elevation of the junc-
tion is assumed as given by our barometrical observations in
1842. On the easternmost branch, up which we took our way,
we first came among the pines growing on the top of a very
high bank, and where we halted on it to noon ; quaking asp
(populus tremuloides) was mixed with the cotton wood, and
there were excellent grass and rushes for the animals.

During the morning there occurred many beautiful flowers,
which we had not hitherto met. Among them, the common
blue flowering flax made its first appearance ; and a tall and
handsome species of gilia., with slender scarlet flowers, which
appeared yesterday for the first time, was very frequent
to-day.

We had found very little game since leaving the fort, and

202 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

provisions began to get unpleasantly scant, as we had haa no
meat for several days; but towards sundown, when we had
already made up our minds to sleep another night without
supper, Lajeunesse had the good fortune to kill a fine deer,
which he found feeding in a hollow near by ; and as the rain
began to fall, threatening an unpleasant night, we hurried to
secure a comfortable camp in the timber.

To-night the camp fires, girdled with appolas of fine venison,
looked cheerful in spite of the stormy weather.

9th. — On account of the low state of our provisions and the
scarcity of game, I determined to vary our route, and proceed
several camps to the eastward, in the hope of falling in with
the buffalo. This route along the dividing grounds between
the South fork of the Platte and the Arkansas, would also
afford some additional geographical information. This morn-
ing, therefore, we turned to the eastward, along the upper
waters of the stream on which we had encamped, entering a
country of picturesque and varied scenery ; broken into rocky
hills of singular shapes ; little valleys, with pure crystal water,
here leaping swiftly along, and there losing itself in the sands ;
green spots of luxuriant grass, flowers of all colors, and timber
of different kinds — every thing to give it a varied beauty, ex-
cept game. To one of these remarkably shaped hills, having
on the summit a circular flat rock two or three hundred yards
in circumference, some one gave the name of Poundcake,
which it has been permitted to retain, as our hungry people
seemed to think it a very agreeable comparison. In the after-
noon a buffalo bull was killed, and we encamped on a small
stream, near the road which runs from St. Vrain's fort to the
Arkansas.

JOth. — Snow fell heavily on the mountains during the night,
and Pike's peak this morning is luminous and grand, covered
from the summit, as low down as we can see, with glittering
white. Leaving the encampment at 6 o'clock, we continued
our easterly course over a rolling country, near to the high
ridges, which are generally rough and rocky, with a coarse
conglomerate displayed in masses, and covered with pines.
The rock is very friable, and it is undoubtedly from its d°-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 203

composition that the prairies derive their sandy and gravelly
formation. In six miles we crossed a head- water of the Kioway
river, on which we found a strong fort and coral that had been
built in the spring, and halted to noon on the principal branch
of the river. During the morning our route led over a dark
and vegetable mould, mixed with sand and gravel, the charac-
teristic plant being esparcette, (onobrychis saliva,) a species of
clover which is much used in certain parts of Germany for
pasturage of stock — principally hogs. It is sown on rocky
waste ground, which would otherwise be useless, and grows
very luxuriantly, requiring only a renewal of the seed about
once in fifteen years. Its abundance here greatly adds to the
pastoral value of this region. A species of antennaria in
flower was very common along the line of road, and the creeks
were timbered with willow and pine. We encamped on Bijou's
fork, the water of which, unlike the clear streams we had
previously crossed, is of a whitish color, and the soil of the
bottom a very hard, tough clay. There was a prairie dog
village on the bottom, and, in the endeavor to unearth one of
the little animals, we labored ineffectually in the tough clay
until dark. After descending, with a slight inclination, until
it had gone the depth of two feet, the hole suddenly turned at
a sharp angle in another direction for one more foot in depth,
when it again turned, taking an ascending direction to the next
nearest hole. I have no doubt that all their little habitations
communicate with each other. The greater part of the people
were sick to-day, and I was inclined to attribute their indis-
position to the meat of the bull which had been killed the
previous day.

Hth. — There were no indications of buffalo having been
recently in the neighborhood ; and, unwilling to travel far-
ther eastward, I turned this morning to the southward, up
the valley of Bijou. Esparcette occurred universally, and
among the plants on the river I noticed, for the first time du-
ring this journey, a few small bushes of the absinthe of the
voyageurs, which is commonly used for firewood, (artcmisia
tridentata.) Yesterday and to-day the road has been orna-
mented with the showy bloom of a beautiful lupinus, u charac-

204 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

teristic in many parts of the mountain region, on which were
generally great numbers of an insect with very bright colors,
(litta vesicaloria.)

As we were riding quietly along, eagerly searching every
hollow in search of gacae, we discovered, at a little distance in
the prairie, a large grizzly bear, so busily engaged in digging
roots that he did not perceive us until we were galloping down
a little hill fifty yards from him, when he charged upon us with
such sudden energy that several of us came near losing GUI
saddles. Being wounded, he commenced retreating to a rocky
piny ridge near by, from which we were not able to cut him
off, and we entered the timber with him. The way was very
much blocked up with fallen timber ; and we kept up a run-
ning fight for some time, animated by the bear charging among
the horses. He did not fall until after he had received six rifle
balls. He was miserably poor, and added nothing to our stock
of provisions.

We followed the stream to its head in a broken ridge, which,
according to the barometer, was about 7,500 feet above the
sea. This is a piny elevation, into which the prairies are
gathered, and from which the waters flow, in almost every di-
rection, to the Arkansas, Platte, and Kansas rivers ; the lattei
stream having here its remotest sources. Although somewhat
rocky and broken, and covered with pines, in comparison
with the neighboring mountains, it scarcely forms an inter-
ruption to the great prairie plains which sweep up to their
bases.

We had an excellent view of Pike's peak from this camp, at
the distance of forty miles. This mountain barrier presents
itself to travelers on the plains, which sweep almost directly
to its bases — an immense and comparatively smooth and grassy
prairie, in very strong contrast with the black masses of timber,
and the glittering snow above them. With occasional exceptions,
comparatively so very small as not to require mention, these
prairies are everywhere covered with a close and vigorous growth
of a great variety of grasses, among which the most abundant
is the buffalo grass, (sesleria dactyloides.) Between the Platte
and Arkansas rivers, that part of this region which forms the

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 205

basin drained by the waters of the Kansas, with which our
operations made us more particularly acquainted, is based upon
a formation of calcareous rocks. The soil of all this country
is excellent, admirably adapted to agricultural purposes, and
would support a large agricultural and pastoral population. A
glance at the map, along our several lines of travel, will show
you that this plain is watered by many streams. Throughout
the western half of the plain, these are shallow, with sandy
beds, becoming deeper as they reach the richer lands ap-
proaching the Missouri river; they generally have bottom
lands, bordered by bluffs varying from fifty to five hundred
feet in height. In all this region the timber is entirely con-
fined to the streams. In the eastern half, where the soil is a
deep, rich, vegetable mould, retentive of rain and moisture, it
is of vigorous growth, and of many different kinds ; and
throughout the western half it consists entirely of various spe-
cies of cotton wood, which deserves to be called the tree of the
desert — growing in sandy soils, where no other tree will grow —
pointing out the existence of water, and furnishing to the trav-
eler fuel, and food for his animals. Add to this that the west-
ern border of the plain is occupied by the Sioux, Arapaho, and
Oheyenne nations, with the Pawnees and other half-civilized
tribes in its eastern limits, for whom the intermediate country
is a war-ground, and you will have a tolerably correct idea of the
appearance and condition of the. country. Descending a some-
what precipitous and rocky hillside among the pines, which
rarely appear elsewhere than on the ridge, we encamped at its
foot, where there were several springs, which you will find
laid down upon the map as one of the extreme sources of the
Smoky Hill fork of the Kansas. From this place the view ex-
tended over the Arkansas valley, and the Spanish peaks in the
south beyond. As the greater part of the men continued sick,
I encamped here for the day, and ascertained conclusively,
from experiments on myself, that their illness was caused by
the meat of the buffalo bull.

On the summit of the ridge, near the camp, were several
rock-built forts, which in front were very difficult of approach,
and in the rear were protected by a precipice entirely beyond

206 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the reach of a rifle-ball. The evening was tolerably clear,
with a temperature at sunset of 63°. Elevation of the camp
seven thousand and three hundred feet.

Turning the next day to the southwest, we reached, in the
course of the morning, the wagon-road to the settlements on the
Arkansas river, and encamped in the afternoon on the Fon-
taine-qui-bouit (or Boiling Spring) river, where it was fifty feet
wide, with a swift current. I afterwards found that the spring
and river owe their names to the bubbling of the effervescing
gas in the former, and not to the temperature of the water,
which is cold. During the morning a tall species of gilia, with
a slender white flower, was characteristic ; and, in the latter
part of the day, another variety of esparcette, (wild clover,)
having the flower white, was equally so. We had a fine sun-
set of golden brown ; and, in the evening,- a very bright moon,
with the near mountains, made a beautiful scene. Thermom-
eter, at sunset, was 69°, and our elevation above the sea 5,800
feet.

13th. — The morning was clear, with a northwesterly breeze,
and the thermometer at sunrise at 46°. There were no clouds
along the mountains, and the morning sun showed very clear-
ly their rugged character.

We resumed our journey very early down the river, follow-
ing an extremely good lodge-trail, which issues by the head of
this stream from the bayou Salade, a high mountain valley be-
hind Pike's peak. The soil along the road was sandy and
gravelly, and the river well timbered. We halted to noon
under the shade of some fine large cottonwoods, our animals
luxuriating on rushes, (equisetum hyemale,} which, along this
river, were remarkably abundant. A variety of cactus made
its appearance, and among several strange plants were numer-
ous and beautiful clusters of a plant resembling mirdbilis jala-
pa, with a handsome convolvulus I had not hitherto seen,
(calystegia.) In the afternoon we passed near the encampment
of a hunter named Maurice, who had been out into the plains
in pursuit of buffalo calves, a number of which I saw among
some domestic cattle near his lodge. Shortly afterwards, a
party of mountaineers galloped up to us — fine-looking and

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS, 207

nardy men, dressed in skins, and mounted on good fat horses ;
among them were several Connecticut men, a portion of
Wyeth's party, whom I had seen the year before, and others
were men from the western state-.'.

Continuing down the river, we encamped at noon on the
14th, at its mouth, on the Arkansas river. A short distance
above our encampment, on the left bank of the Arkansas, is a
pueblo, (as the Mexicans call their civilized Indian villages,)
where a number of mountaineers, who had married Spanish
women in the valley of Taos, had collected together and
occupied themselves in farming, carrying on at the same time
a desultory Indian trade. They were principally Americans,
and treated us with all the rude hospitality their situation ad-
mitted ; but as all commercial intercourse with New Mexico
was now interrupted, in consequence of Mexican decrees to
that effect, there was nothing to be had in the way of provis-
ions. They had, however, a fine stock of cattle, and furnished
us an abundance of excellent milk. I learned here that Max-
well, in company with two other men, had started for Taos on
the morning of the 9th, but that he would probably fall into
the hands of the Utah Indians, commonly called the Spanish
Yutes. As Maxwell had no knowledge of their being in the
vicinity when he crossed the Arkansas, his chance of escape
was very doubtful ; but I did not entertain much apprehension
for his life, having great confidence in his prudence and cour-
age. I was further informed that there had been a popular
tumult among the pueblos, or civilized Indians, residing near
Taos, against the "foreigners" of that place, in which they had
plundered their houses and ill-treated their families. Among
those whose property had been destroyed, was Mr. Beaubien,
father-in-law of Maxwell, from whom I had expected to ob-
tain supplies, and who had been obliged to make his escape to
Santa Fe".

By this position of affairs, our expectation of obtaining sup-
plies from Taos was cut off. I had here the satisfaction to
meet our good buffalo-hunter of 1842, Christopher Carson,
whose services I considered myself fortunate to secure again ;
and as a reinforcement of mules was absolutely necessary, I

208 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

dispatched him immediately, with an account of our necessi-
ties, to Mr. Charles Bent, whose principal post is on the Ar-
kansas river, about seventy-five miles below Fontaine-qui-bouit.
He was directed to proceed from that post by. the nearest route
across the country, and meet me, with what animals he should
be able to obtain, at St. Vrain's fort. I also admitted into the
party Charles Towns, a native of St. Louis, a serviceable man,
with many of the qualities of a good voyageur. According to
our observations, the latitude of the mouth of the river is 38°
15' 23", its longitude 104° 58' 30", and its elevation above
the sea 4,880 feet.

On the morning of the 16th, the time for Maxwell's arrival
having expired, we resumed our journey, leaving for him a
note, in which it was stated that I would wait for him at St.
Vrain's fort, until the morning of the 26th, in the event that he
should succeed in his commission. Our direction was up the
Boiling Spring river, it being my intention to visit the cele
brated springs from which the river takes its name, and which
are on its upper waters, at the foot of Pike's peak. Our ani
mals fared well while we were on this stream, there bein£
everywhere a great abundance of prele. Ipomea leptopliylla
in bloom, was a characteristic plant along the river, generally
in large bunches, with two to five flowers on each. Beautifu ,
clusters of the plant resembling mirabilis jalapa were numer
ous, and glycyrrhiza lepidota was a characteristic of the bot
toms. Currants nearly ripe were abundant, and among tlv.
shrubs which covered the bottom was a very luxuriant growtt,
of chenopodiaceous shrubs, four to six feet high. On the ai
ternoon of the 17th we entered among the broken ridges at th*1
foot of the mountains, where the river made several forkn
Leaving the camp to follow slowly, I rode ahead in the after,
noon in search of the springs. In the mean time, the clouds,
which had been gathered all the afternoon over the mountains,
began to roll down their sides ; and a storm so violent burs-i
upon me, that it appeared I had entered the storehouse of the
thunder-storms. I continued, however, to ride along up the
river until about sunset, and was beginning to be doubtful of
finding the springs before the next day, when I came suddenly

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 209

upon a large smooth rock, about twenty yards in diameter,
where the water from several springs was bubbling and boil-
ing up in the midst of a white incrustation, with which it had
covered a portion of the rock. As this did not correspond with
the description given me by the hunters, I did not stop to taste
the water, but dismounting, walked a little way up the river,
and, passing through a narrow thicket of shrubbery bordering
the stream, stepped directly upon a huge white rock, at the
foot of which the river, already become a torrent, foamed
along, broken by a small fall. A deer which had been drink-
ing at the spring was startled by my approach, and, springing
across the river, bounded off up the mountain. In the upper
part of the rock, which had apparently been formed by deposi-
tion, was a beautiful white basin, overhung by currant bushes,
in which the cold clear water bubbled up, kept in constant mo-
tion by the escaping gas, and overflowing the rock, which it had
almost^ntirely covered with a smooth crust of glistening white.
[ had all day refrained from drinking, reserving myself for the
spring ; and as I could not well be more wet than the rain had
already made me, I lay down by the side of the basin, and
drank heartily of the delightful water. The spring is situated
immediately at the foot of lofty mountains, beautifully timber-
ed, which sweep closely round, shutting up the little valley in
a kind of cove. As it was beginning to grow dark, I rode quickly
down the river, on which I found the camp a few miles below.

The morning of the 18th was beautiful and clear ; and, all
the people being anxious to drink of these famous waters, we
encamped immediately at the springs, and spent there a very
pleasant day. On the opposite side of the river is another lo-
cality of springs, which are entirely of the same nature. The
water has a very agreeable taste, which Mr. Preuss found very
much to resemble that of the famous Selter springs in the grand
duchy of Nassau, a country famous for wine and mineral wa-
ters ; and it is almost entirely of the same character, though
still more agreeable than that of the famous Bear springs, near
Bear river of the Great Salt lake. The following is an analy-
sis of an incrustation with which the water had covered a piece
of wood lying on the rock :

210 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Carbonate of lime, - - • 92*25

Carbonate of magnesia, ...... 1-21

Sulphate of lime, \

Chloride of calcium, > - - - . -'- -23

Chloride of magnesia, *

Silica,

Vegetable matter, --.----
Moisture and loss, .......

100-00

At eleven o'clock, when the temperature of the air was
73°, that of the water in this was 60-5° ; and that of the upper
spring, which issued from the flat rock, more exposed to the sun,
was 69°. At sunset, when the temperature of the air was 66°,
that of the lower springs was 58°, and that of the upper 61°.

19th. — A beautiful and clear morning, with a slight breeze
from the northwest ; the temperature of the air at sunrise be-
ing 57-5°. At this time the temperature of the lower spring
was 57-8°, springs was 58°, and that of the upper 54*3°.

The trees in the neighborhood were birch, willow, pine, and
an oak resembling quercus alba. In the shrubbery along the
river are currant bushes, (ribes,) of which the fruit has a sin-
gular piny flavor ; and on the mountain side, in a red gravelly
soil, is a remarkable coniferous tree, (perhaps analies,) having
the leaves singularly long, broad and scattered, with bushes of
spircea ari<zfolia. By our observations, this place is 6,350
feet above the sea, in latitude 38° 52' 10", and longitude
1 05° 22' 45".

Resuming our journey on this morning, we descended tho
river, in order to reach the mouth of the eastern fork, which I
proposed to ascend. The left bank of the river here is very
much broken. There is a handsome little bottom on the right,
and both banks are exceedingly picturesque — strata of red
rock, in nearly perpendicular walls, crossing the valley from
north to south. About three miles below the springs, on the
right bank of the river, is a nearly perpendicular limestone
rock, presenting a uniformly unbroken surface, twenty to forty
feet high, containing very great numbers of a large univalve
phell, which appears to belong to the genus inoceramus.

In contact with this, to the westward, was another stratum

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 211

of limestone, containing fossil shells of a different character ;
and still higher up on the stream were parallel strata, consist,
ing of a compact somewhat crystalline limestone, and argilla^
ceous bituminous limestone in thin layers. During the morn-
ing, we traveled up the eastern fork of the Fontaine-qui-br>uii
river, our road being roughened by frequent deep gullies tim-
bered with pine, and halted to noon on a small branch of the
stream, timbered principally with the narrow-leaved cotton wood,
(populus angustifolia,) called by the Canadians Hard amere. On
a hill near by, were two remarkable columns of a grayish-white
conglomerate rock, one of which was about twenty feet high, and
two feet in diameter. They are surmounted by slabs of a dark
ferruginous conglomerate, forming black caps, and adding very
much to their columnar effect at a distance. This rock is very
destructible by the action of the weather, and the hill, of which
they formerly constituted a part, is entirely abraded.

A shaft of the gun-carriage was broken in the afternoon ;
and we made an early halt, the stream being from twelve to
twenty feet wide, with clear water. As usual, the clouds had
gathered to a storm over the mountains, and we had a showery
evening. At sunset, the thermometer stood at 62°, and our
elevation above 'the sea was 6,530 feet.

20th. — This morning (as we generally found the mornings
under these mountains) was very clear and beautiful, and the
air cool and pleasant, with the thermometer at 44°. We con-
tinued our march up the stream, along a green sloping bottom,
between pine hills on the one hand, and the main Black hills
on the other, towards the ridge which separates the waters of
the Platte from those of the Arkansas. As we approached the
diving ridge, the whole valley was radiant with flowers ; blue,
yellow, pink, white, scarlet, and purple, vie with each other
in splendor. Esparcette was one of the highly characteristic
plants, and a bright-looking flower (gaillardia aristata) was
very frequent ; but the most abundant plant along our road to-
day, was geranium maculatum, which is the characteristic plant
on this portion of the diving grounds. Crossing to the waters of
the Platte, fields of blue flax added to the magnificence of this
mountain garden ; this was occasionally four feet in height,

212 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

which was a luxuriance of growth that I rarely saw this al
most universal plant attain throughout the journey. Continu-
ing down a branch of the Platte, among high and very steep
timbered hills, covered with fragments of rock, towards even-
ing we issued from the piny region, and made a late encamp,
ment near Poundcake rock, on that fork of the river which we
had ascended on the 8th of July. Our animals enjoyed the
abundant rushes this evening, as the flies were so bad among
the pines that they had been much harassed. A deer was
killed here this evening ; and again the evening was overcast,
and a collection of brilliant red clouds in the west was follow-
ed by the customary squall of rain.

AcJiillea millefolium (milfoil) was among the characteristic
plants of the river bottoms to-day. This was one of the most
common plants during the whole of our journey, occurring in
almost every variety of situation. I noticed it on the lowlands
of the rivers, near the coast of the Pacific, and near to the
snow among the mountains of the Sierra Nevada.

During this excursion, we had surveyed to its head one of
the two principal branches of the upper Arkansas, 75 miles in
length, and entirely completed our survey of the South fork of
the Platte, to the extreme sources of that portion of the river
which belongs to the plains, and heads in the broken hills of
the Arkansas dividing ridge, at the foot of the mountains.
That portion of its waters which were collected among these
mountains, it was hoped to explore on our homeward voyage.

Reaching St. Vrain's fort on the morning of the 23d, we
found Mr. Fitzpatrick and his party in good order and excel-
lent health, and my true and reliable friend, Kit Carson, who
had brought with him ten good mules, with the necessary
pack-saddles. Mr. Fitzpatrick, who had often endured every
extremity of want during the course of his mountain life, and
knew well the value of provisions in this country, had watch-
ed over our stock with jealous vigilance, and there was an
abundance of flour, rice, sugar, and coffee, in the camp; and
again we fared luxuriously. Meat was, however, very scarce ;
and two very small pigs, which we obtained at the fort, did
nol go far among forty men. Mr. Fitzpr trick had been

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 213

here a week, during which time his men had been occupied in
refitting the camp ; and the repose had been very beneficial to
his animals, which were now in tolerably good condition.

I had been able to obtain no certain information in regard
to the character of the passes in this portion of the Rocky
Mountain range, which had always been represented as im-
practicable for carriages, but the exploration of which was in-
cidentally contemplated by my instructions, with the view of
finding some convenient point of passage for the road of emi-
gration, which would enable it to reach, on a more direct line,
the usual ford of the Great Colorado — a place considered as
determined by the nature of the country beyond that river. It
is singular, that immediately at the foot of the mountains, I
could find no one sufficiently acquainted with them to guide
us to the plains at their western base ; but the race of trap-
pers, who formerly lived in their recesses, has almost entirely
disappeared — dwindled to a few scattered individuals — some
one or two of whom are regularly killed in the course of each
year by the Indians. You will remember, that in the previous
year I brought with me to their village near this post, and hos
pitably treated on the way, several Cheyenne Indians, whom
I met on the Lower Platte. Shortly after their arrival here,
these were out with a party of Indians, (themselves the princi-
pal men,) which discovered a few trappers in the neighboring
mountains, whom they immediately murdered, although one
of them had been nearly thirty years in the country, and was
perfectly well known, as he had grown gray among them.

Through this portion of the mountains, also, are the cus-
tomary roads of the war parties going out against the Utah
and Shoshonee Indians ; and occasionally parties from the
Crow nation make their way down to the southward along
this chain, in the expectation of surprising some straggling
lodges of their enemies. Shortly before our arrival, one of
their parties had attacked an Arapaho village in the vicinity,
which they had found unexpectedly strong ; and their assault
was turned into a rapid flight and a hot pursuit, in which they
had been compelled to abandon the animals they had rode
and escape on their war-horses.

214 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Into this uncertain and dangerous region, small parties of
three or four trappers, who now could collect together, rarely
ventured ; and consequently it was seldom visited and littla
known. Having determined to try the passage by a pass
through a spur of the mountains made by the CacJie-a-la-Pou-
dre river, which rises in the high bed of mountains around
Long's peak, I thought it advisable to avoid any encumbrance
which would occasion detention, and accordingly again sepa-
rated the party into two divisions — one of which, under the
command of Mr. Fitzpatrick, was directed to cross the plains
to the mouth of Laramie river, and, continuing thence its route
along the usual emigrant road, meet me at Fort Hall, a post
belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, and situated on Snake
river, as it is commonly called in the Oregon Territory, al-
though better known to us as Lewis's fork of the Columbia,
The latter name is there restricted to one of the upper forks
of the river.

Our Delaware Indians having determined to return to their
homes, it became necessary to provide this party with a good
hunter ; and I accordingly engaged in that capacity Alexander
Godey, a young man about 25 years of age, who had been in
this country six or seven years, all of which time had been
actively employed in hunting for the support of the posts, or
in solitary trading expeditions among the Indians. In courage
and professional skill he was a formidable rival to Carson, and
constantly afterwards was among the best and most efficient of
the party, and in difficult situations was of incalculable value.
Hiram Powers, one of the men belonging to Mr. Fitzpatrick's
party, was discharged at this place.

A French engagt, at Lupton's fort, had been shot in the
back on the 4th of July, and died during our absence to the
Arkansas, 'fhe wife of the murdered man, an Indian woman
of the Snake nation, desirous, like Naomi of old, to return to
her people, requested and obtained permission to travel with
my party to the neighborhood of Bear river, where she expected
to meet with some of their villages. Happier than the Jewish
widow, she carried with her two children, pretty little half.
oreeds, who added" much to the liveliness of the camp. Hei

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 215

baggage was carried on five or six pack-horses ; and I g^ive her
a small tent, for which I no longer had any use, as I had
procured a lodge at the forU

For my own party I selected the following men, a number
of whom old associations had rendered agreeable to me :

Charles Preuss, Christopher Carson, Basil Lajetmesse, Fran-
<jois Badeau, J. B. Bernier, Louis Menard, Raphael Proue,
Jacob Dodson, Louis Zindel, Henry JLee, J. B. Derosier, Frao-
9013 Lajeunesse, and Auguste Vasquez.

By observation, the latitude of the post is 40° 16' 33"f and
its longitude 105° 12' 23", depending, with all ther other Ion-
gitudes along this portion of the line, upon a. subsequent occul-
tation of September 18, 1843, to which they are referred by
the chronometer. Its distance from Kansas landing, by the
road we traveled, (which, it will be remembered, was very
winding along the lower Kansas river,) was 750 miles. The
rate of the chronometer, determined oy observations at this
place for the interval of our absence, during this month,
was '33-T2", which you will hereafter see did not sensibly
change during the ensuing month, and remained nearly con-
stant during the remainder of our journey across the continent.
This was the rate used in referring to St. Vrain's fort, the
longitude between that place and the mouth of the Fontaine-
qui-bouit.

Our various barometrical observations, which are better
worthy of confidence than -the isolated determination of 1842,
give, for the elevation of the fort above the sea, 4,930 feet
The barometer here used was also a better one, and less liable
to derangement.

At the end of two days, which was allowed to- my ani:
mals for necessary repose, all the arrangements had b*>en
completed, and on the afternoon of the 26th we resumed our
respective routes. Some little trouble was experienced in
crossing the Platte, the .waters of which were still kept up by
rains and melting snow ; and having traveled only about four
miles, we encamped in the evening on Thompson's creek, where
we were very much disturbed by musquitoes.

The following days we continued our march westward over

216 GOL. FREMONT'S NARRATIV.E OF

comparative plains, and, fording the Cache-a-la-Poudre on the
morning of the 28th, entered the Black hilk', and nooned on
this stream in the mountains beyond them. Passing over a
fine large bottom in the afternoon, we reached a place where
the river was shut up in the hills ; and, ascending a ravine,
made a laborious and very difficult passage around by a gap,
striking the river again about dusk. A little labor, however,
would remove this difficulty, and render the road to this point
a very excellent one. The evening closed in dark with rain,
and the mountains looked gloomy.

29th. — Leaving our encampment about seven in the morn-
ing, we traveled until three in the afternoon along the river,
which, for the distance of about six miles, runs directly th'rough
a spur of the main mountains.

We were compelled by the nature of the ground to cross
the river eight or nine times, at difficult, deep, and rocky
fords, the stream running with great .force, swollen by the
rains— a true mountain torrent, only forty or fifty feet wide.
It was a mountain valley of the narrowest kind — almost a
chasm — and the scenery very wild and beautiful. Towering
mountains rose round about ; their sides sometimes dark with
forests of pine, and sometimes with lofty precipices, washed
by the river ; while below, as if they indemnified themselves
in luxuriance for the scanty space, the green river-bottom was
covered with a wilderness of flowers, their tall spikes some-
times rising above our heads as we rode among them. A pro-
fusion of blossoms on a white flowering vine, (clematis lasianthi,)
which was abundant along the river, contrasted handsomely
with the green foliage of the trees. The mountains appeared
to be composed of a greenish-gray and red granite, which in
some places appeared to be in- a state of decomposition, making
a red soil.

The stream was wooded with cottonwood, box-elder, and
cherry, with currant and serviceberry bushes. After a some-
what laborious day during which it had rained incessantly,
we encamped near the end of the pass at the mouth of a small
creek, in sight of the great Laramie plains. It continued to
rain heavily, and at evening the mountains were hid »n mists ;

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 217

but there was no lack of wood, and the large fires ure made to
dry our clothes were very comfortable ; and at night the hunters
came in with a fine deer. Rough and difficult as we found the
pass to-day, an excellent road may be made with a little labor.
Elevation of the camp 5,540 feet, and distance from St. Vrain's
fort 56 miles.

30th. — The day was bright again ; the thermometer at sun-
rise 52° ; and leaving our encampment at eight o'clock, in
about half a mile we crossed the Cache-d-la-Poudre river for
the last time ; and,- entering -a smoother country, we traveled
along a kind of vatton, bounded on the right by red buttes and
precipices, while to the left a high rolling country extended to
a range of the Black hills, beyond which rose the great moun-
'ains around Long's peak.

By the great quantity of snow visible among them, it had
probably snow'ed heavily there the previous day,' while it had
rained on us in the valley.

We halted at noon on a small branch ; and in the afternoon
traveled over a high country, gradually ascending towards a
range of buttes, or high hills covered with pines, which forms
the dividing ridge between the waters we had left and those of
Laramie river.

Late in the evening we encamped at a spring of cold water,
near the summit of the ridge, having increased our elevation
to 7.520 feet. During the day we had traveled 24 miles. By
some indifferent observations, our latitude is 41° 02' 19". A
species of hedeome was characteristic along the whole day's
route.

Emerging from the mountains, we entered a region of bright,
fair weather. In my experience in this country, I was forci-
bly impressed with* the JifFerent character of the climate on
opposite sides of the Rocky Mountain range. The vast prairie
plain on the east is like the ocean ; the rain and clouds from
the constantly evaporating snow of the mountains rushing down
into the heated air of the plains, on which you will have occa-
sion to remark the frequent storms of rain we encountered du-
ring our journey.

3lst. — The morning was clear; temperature 48°. A fine

'JI8 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

rolling road, among piny and grassy hills, brought us this morn-
ing into a large trail where an Indian village had recently
passed. The weather was pleasant and cool ; we were dis-
turbed by neither musquitoes nor flies; and the country was
certainly extremely beautiful. The slopes and broad ravines
were absolutely covered with fields of flowers of the roost ex-
quisitely beautiful colors. Among those which had not hith-
erta made their appearance, and which here were character
istic, was a. new delphinium, of a green and lustrous metallic
blue color, mingled with compact fields of several bright-col-
ored .varieties of astragalus, which were crowded together in
splendid profusion. This trail conducted us, through a remark-
able defile, to a little timbered creek, up which we wound our
way, passing by a singular and massive wall of dark-red gran-
ite. The formation of the country is a red feldspathic granite,
overlaying a decomposing mass of the same, rock, forming the
soil of all this region, which everywhere is red and gravelly,
and appears to be of a great floral fertility.

As we emerged on a small tiibutary of the Laramie river,
.coming in sight of its principal stream, the flora became per-
iectly magnificent ; and we congratulated ourselves, as we
rode along our pleasant road, that we had substituted this for
the- uninteresting country between Laramie hills and the Sweet
Water valley. We had no meat fox .supper last night or break-
fast this morning, and were glad to see Carson come in at noon
with a good antelope. ,

A meridian observation of the sun placed us in latitude
41° 04' 06/x. In the evening we encamped on the Laramie
river, which is here very thinly timbered with scattered groups
of cottonwood at considerable intervals. From our camp, we
are able to distinguish the gorges, in which are the sources of
Cache-a-la-Poudre and Laramie rivers j and the Medicine Bow
mountain, towards the point of which we are directing GUI
course this afternoon, has been in sight the greater part of tho
day. By observation the latitude was 41° 15' 02", and longi-
tude 106° 16' 54". The same beautiful flora continued till
about four in the afternoon, when it suddenly disappeared, with
the red soil, which became sandy, and of a whitish-gray color,

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 219

The evening was tolerably clear ; temperature at sunset 64°.
The day's journey was 30 miles.

AUGUST.

1st. — The morning was calm and clear, with sunrise tem-
perature at 42°. We traveled to-day over a plain, or open
rolling country, at the foot of the Medicine Bow mountain ;
the soil in the morning being sandy, with fragments of rock
abundant, and in the afternoon, when we approached closer
to the mountain, so stony that we made but little way. The
beautiful plants' of yesterday reappeared occasionally ; flax in
bloom occurred during the morning, and esparcette in luxu-
riant abundance was a characteristic of the stony ground in the
afternoon. The camp was roused into a little excitement by
a chase after a buffalo bull, and an encounter with a war
party of Sioux and Cheyenne" Indians about 30 strong. Hares
and antelope were seen during the day, and one of the latter
was killed. The Laramie peak was in sight this afternoon.
The evening was clear, with scattered clouds ; temperature
62°. The day's journey was 26 miles.

2d. — Temperature at sunrise 52°, and scenery and weather
made our road to-day delightful. The neighboring mountain
is thickly studded with pines, intermingled with the brighter
foliage of aspens, and occasional spots like lawns between the
patches of snow among the pines, and here -and there on the
heights. Our route below lay over a comparative plain, cov-
ered with the same brilliant vegetation, and the day was clear
and pleasantly cool. During the morning, we crossed manv
streams, clear and rocky, and broad grassy \alleys, of a strong
black soil, washed down from the mountains, and producing
excellent pasturage. These were timbered with the red wil-
low and long-leaved cottpnwood, mingled with aspen, as wo
approached the mountain more nearly towards noon. Espar-
cette was a characteristic, and flax occurred frequently in
bloom. We halted at noon on the most western fork of Lara

220 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

mie river — a handsonie stream about sixty feet wide and two
feet deep, with clear water and a swift current, over a bed
composed entirely. of boulders or roll-stones. There was a
large open bottom here, on which were many lodge poles lying
about : and in the edge of the surrounding timber were three
strong forts, that appeared to have been recently occupied. At
this place I became first acquainted with the yampah, (anethum
graveolens,) which I found our Snake woman engaged in dig-
ging in the low timbered bottom of the oreek. Among the
Indians along the Rocky Mountains, and more particularly
among the Shoshonee or Snake Indians, in whose territory it
is very abundant, this is considered the best among the roots
used for food. To us it was an interesting plant — a little link
between the savage and civilized life. Here, among the In-
dians, its root is a common article of food, which they take
pleasure in offering to strangers ; while with us, in a consider-
able portion of America and Europe, the seeds are used to
flavor soup. It. grows more abundantly, and in greater luxu-
riance, on one of 'the neighboring tributaries of the Colorado,
than in any other part of this region ; and on that stream, to
which the Snakes are accustomed to resort every year to pro-
cure a supply of their .favorite plant, they have bestowed the
name of Yampah river. Among the trappers it is generally
Known as Little Snake river ; but in this and other instances,
where it illustrated the history of the people inhabiting the
country, I have preferred to retain on the map the aboriginal
name. By a meridional observation, the latitude is 41° 45' 59"
In the afternoon we took our way directly across the spurs
from the point of the mountain, where we had several ridges
to cross ; and, although the road was not rendered bad by the
nature of the ground, it was made extremely rough by the stiff*
tough bushes of artemisia tridentata,* in this country commonly
called sage.

* The greater portion of our subsequent journey was through a region
where this shrub constituted the tree of the country; and, as it will often
he mentioned in occasional desc/ iptions, the word artemisia only will b«
used, wkhout the specific r une.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATION 3. 221

This shrub now began to make its appearance in compact
fields ; and we were about to quit for a long time this country
of excellent pasturage and brilliant flowers. Ten or twelve
buffalo bulls were seen during the afternoon; and we were
surprised by the appearance of a large red ox. We gathered
around him as if he had been an old acquaintance, with all
our domestic feelings as much awakened as if we had come in
sight of an old farm-house. He had probably made, his escape
from some party of emigrants on Green river ; and, with a
vivid remembrance of some old green field, he was pursuing
the straightest course for the frontier that the country admitted.
We carried him along with us as a prize ; and, when it was
found in the morning that he had wandered off, I would not
let him be pursued, for I would rather have gone through a
starving time of three entire days, than let him be killed after
he had successfully run the gauntlet so far among the Indians.
I have been told by Mr. Bent's people of an ox born and rais-
ed at St. Vrain's for^ which made his escape from them at
Elm grove, near the frontier, having come in that year with
the wagons. They were on their way out, and saw occasion-
ally places where he had eaten and laid down to rest ; but did
not see him for about 700 miles, when they overtook him on
the road, traveling along to the 'fort, having unaccountably
escaped Indians and every other mischance.

We encamped at evening on the principal fork of Medicine
Bow river, near to an isolated mountain called the Medicine
Butte, which appeared to be about 1,800 feet above the plain,
from which it rises abruptly, and was still white, nearly to its
base, with a great quantity of snow. The streams were tim-
bered with the long-leaved cotton wood and red willow ; and
during the afternoon a species of onion was very abundant. J
obtained here an immersion of the first satellite of Jupiter,
which, corresponding very nearly with the chronometer,
placed us in longitude 106° 47' 25". The latitude, by obser
vation, was 41° 37' 16"; elevation above the sea, 7,600 feet,
and distance from St. Vrain's fort, 147 miles.

3d. — There was a white frost last night; the morning is
clear and cool. We were early on the road, haviag break.

222 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

fasted before sunrise, and in a few miles' travel entered the
pass of the Medicine Butte, through which led a broad trail,
which had been recently traveled by a very large party. Im-
mediately in the pass, the road was broken by ravines, and we
were obliged to clear a way through groves of aspens, which
generally made their appearance when we reached elevated
regions. According to the barometer, this was 8,300 feet ; and
while we were detained in opening a road, I obtained a meri-
dional observation of the sun, which gave 41° 35' 48" for the
latitude of the pass. The Medicine Butte is isolated by a
small tributary of the North fork of the Platte, but the moun-
tains approach each other very nearly ; the stream running at
their feet. . On the south they are smooth, with occasional
streaks of pine ; but the butte itself is ragged, with escarp-
ments of red feldspathic granite, and dark with pines; the
snow reaching from the summit t within a few hundred feet
of the trail. The granite here was more compact and durable
than that in the formation which we had passed through a few
days before to the eastward of Laramie. Continuing our way
over a plain on the west side of the pass, where the road was
terribly rough with artemisia, we made our evening encamp-
ment on the creek, where.it took a northern direction, unfavor-
ably to the course we were pursuing. Bands of buffalo were
discovered as we came down uport tho plain ; and Carson
brought into the camp a cow which had the fat on the fleece
two inches thick. Even in this country of rich pasturage and
abundant game, it is rare that a hunter chances upon a finei
animal. Our voyage had already been long, but this was the
first good buffalo meat we had obtained. We traveled to-day
26 miles.

4th. — The morning was clear and calm ; and, leaving the
creek, we traveled towards the North fork of the Platte, over
a plain which was rendered rough and broken by ravines.
With the exception of some thin grasses, the sandy soil here
was occupied almost exclusively by artemisia, with its usual
turpentine odor. We had expected to meet with some difficulty
in crossing the river, but happened to strike it where there was
a very excellent ford, and halted to noon on the left bank, two

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 223

hundred miles from St. Vrain's fort. The hunters brought in
pack-animals loaded with fine meat.. According to our imper-
fect knowledge of the country, there should have been a small
affluent to this st earn a few miles higher up ; and in the after,
noon we continued pur way among the river hills, in the ex-
pectation of encamping upon ii in the evening. The ground
proved to be so exceedingly difficult, broken up into hills, ter-
minating in escarpments and broad ravines, five hundred or
six hundred feet deep, with sides so precipitous that we could
scarcely find a place to descend, that, towards sunset, I turned
directly in towards the river, and, after nightfall, entered a sort
of ravine. We were obliged to feel our way, and clear a road
in the darkness ; the surface being much broken, and the pro-
gress of the carriages being greatly obstructed by the artemi-
sia, which had a luxuriant growth of four to six feet in height.
We had scrambled along this gulley for several hours, during
which we had knocked off the carriage-lamps, broken a ther-
mometer and several small articles, when, fearing to lose some-
thing of more importance, I halted for the night at ten o'clock
Our animals were turned down towards the river, that they
might pick up what little grass they could find ; and after a
little search, some water was found an a small ravine, and im-
proved by digging. We lighted up the ravine with fires of
artemisia, and about midnight sat down to a supper which we
were hungry enough to find delightful — although the buffalo-
meat was crusted with sand, and the coffee was bitter with the
wormwood taste of the artemisia leaves.

A successful day's hunt had kept our hunters occupied until
late, and they slept out, but rejoined us at daybreak, when,
finding ourselves only about a mile from the river, we followed
the ravine down, and camped in a cottonwood grove on a beau-
tiful grassy bottom, where our animals indemnified themselves
for the scanty fare of. the past night. It was quite a pretty
and pleasant place ; a narrow strip of prairie, about five hun-
dred yards long, terminated at the ravine where we entered
by high precipitous hills closing in upon the river, and at the
upper end by a ridge of low rolling hills.

In the precipi ous bluffs were displayed -. succession of

224 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

strata containing fossil vegetable remains, and several beds of
coal. In some of the beds the coal did not appear to be per-
fectly mineralized, and in some of the seams it was compact,
and remarkably lustrous. In these latter places, there were
also thin layers of a very fine white salts? in powder. As we
had a large supply of meat in the camp, which it was necessary
to dry, and the surrounding country appeared to be well stocked
with buffalo, which it was probable, after a day or two, we
would not see again unf1 our return to the Mississippi waters,
I determined to make here a provision of dried meat, which
would be necessary f-u* our subsistence in the region we were
about entering-, which was said to be nearly destitute of game.
Scaffolds were accordingly soon erected, fires made, and the meat
cut into thin slices to be dried ; and' all were busily occupied,
when the camp was thrown into a sudden tumult, by a charge
from about seventy mounted Indians, over the low hills at the up-
per end of the little bottom. Fortunately, the guard, who was
between them and our animals, had caught a glimpse of an In-
dian's head, as he "raised himself in his stirrups to look over the
hill, a moment before he made the charge, and succeeded in turn-
ing the band into the camp, as the Indians charged into the bottom
with the usual yell. Before they reached us, the grove on the
verge of the little bottom was occupied by our people, and the In-
dians brought to a sudden halt, which they made in time to save
themselves from a howitzer shot, which would undoubtedly have
been very effective in such a compact body ; and further pro-
ceedings, were interrupted by their signs for peace. They
' proved to be a war party of Arapaho and Cheyenne Indians,
and informed us that they had charged upon the camp under
the belief that we were hostile Indians, and had discovered
their mistake only at the moment of the attack — an excuse
Which policy required us to receive as true, though under the
full conviction that the display of our little howitzer, and our
favorable position in the grove, certainly saved our horses, and
probably ourselves, from iheir marauding intentions. They
had been on a war party, 'and had been defeated, and were
consequently in the state of mind which aggravates their innate
thirst fcr plunder and blood. Their excuse, however, was

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 2'1'j

(aken in good part, and the usual evidences of friendship inter
changed. The pipe went round, provisions were spread, and
the tobacco and goods furnished the customary presents, which
they look for even from traders, and much more from govern-
ment authorities.

They were returning from an expedition against the Sho-
shonee Indians, one of whose villages they had surprised, at
Bridger's fort, on Ham's fork of Green river, (in the absence
of the men, who were engaged in an antelope surround,) and
succeeded in carrying off their horses, and taking several
scalps. News of the attack reached the Snakes immediately,
who pursued and overtook them, and recovered their horses ;
and, in the running fight which ensued, the Arapahoes had
lost several men killed, and a number wounded, who were
coming on more slowly with a party in the rear. ""Nearly all
the horses they had brought off were the property of the whites
at the fort. A fter remaining until nearly sunset, they took their
departure ; and the excitement which their arrival had afforded
subsided into our usual quiet, a little enlivened by the vigilance
rendered necessary by the neighborhood of our uncertain
visitors. At noon the thermometer was at 75°, at sunset 70°,
and the evening clear. Elevation* above the sea 6,820 feet ;
latitude 41° 36' 00"; longitude 107° 22/ 27".

6th. — At sunrise -the thermometer was 46°, the morning
being clear and calm. We traveled to-day over an extremely
rugged country, barren and uninteresting — nothing to be seen
but artemisia bushes ; and, in the evening, found a grassy
spot among the hills, kept green by several springs, where we
encamped late. Within- a few hundred yards was a very
pretty little stream of clear cool water, whose green banks
looked refreshing among the dry, rocky hills. The hunters
brought in a fat mountain sheep, (ovis montana.)

Our road the next day was through a continued and dense
field of artemisia, which now entirely covered the country in
such a luxuriant growth that it was difficult and laborious for
a man on foot to force his way through, and nearly impractica-
ble for our light carriages. The region through which we
were traveling was a high plateau, constituting the dividing

226 COL, FREMONT?S NARRATIVE OF

ridge between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, a
extending to a considerable distance southward, from the neigh-
borhood of the Table rock, at the southern side of the South
Pass. Though broken up into rugged and rocky hills of a dry
and barren nature, it has nothing of a mountainous character ;
the small streams which occasionally occur belonging neither
to the Platte nor the Colorado, but losing themselves either in
the sand or in small lakes. From an eminence, in the after-
noon, a mountainous range became visible in the north, in
which were recognised some rocky peaks belonging to the
range of the Sweet Water valley ; and, determining to aban-
don any further attempt to struggle through this almost im-
practicable country, we turned our course directly north, to-
wards a pass in the valley of the Sweet Water rivei*. A shaft
of the gun-carriage was broken during the afternoon, causing
a considerable delay ; and it was late in an unpleasant even-
ing before we succeeded in finding a very poor encampment,
where there was a little water in a .deep trench of a creek, and
some scanty grass among the shrubs. All' the game here con-
sisted of a few straggling buffalo bulls, and during the day
there had been but very little grass, except in some green
spots where it had collected around springs or shallow lakes.
Within fifty miles of the Sweet Water, the country changed
into a vast saline plain, in many places extremely level, occa-
sionally resembling the flat sandy beds of shallow lakes.
Here the vegetation consisted of a shrubby growth, among
which were several varieties of chenopodiaceous plants ; but
the characteristic shrub was Fremontia vermicularis, with
smaller saline shrubs gro.wing with singular luxuriance, and
in many places holding exclusive possession of the ground.

On the evening of the 8th we encamped on one- of these
fresh-water lakes, which the traveler considers himself fortu-
nate to find ; and the next day, in latitude, by observation, 42°
20' 06/v, halted to noon immediately at the foot of the southern
side of the range which walls in the Sweet Water valley, on
the head of a small tributary to that river.

Continuing in the afternoon our course down the stream,
which here cuts directly through the ridge, forming a very

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 227

practicable pass, we entered the valley ; and, after a march
of about nine miles, encamped on .our familiar river, endeared
to us by the acquaintance of the previous expedition — the night
having already closed in with a cold rain-storm. Our camp
was about twenty miles above the Devil's gate, which we had
been able to see in coming down the plain ; and, in the couise
of the night, the clouds broke away around Jupiter for a short
time, during which we obtained an emersion of the first satel-
lite, the result of which agreed very nearly with the chronom-
eter, giving for the mean longitude 107° 50' 07" ; elevation
above the sea 6,040 feet ; and distance from St. Vrain's fort,
by the road we had just traveled, 315 miles.

Here passes the road to Oregon ; and the broad smooth
highway, where the numerous heavy wagons of the emigrants
had entirely beaten and crushed the artemisia, was a happy
exchange to our poor animals, for the sharp rocks and tough
shrubs among which they had been toiling so long ; and we
moved up the valley rapidly and pleasantly. With very little
deviation from our route of the preceding year, we continued
up the valley ; and on the evening of the 12th encamped on
the Sweet Water, at a point where the road turns off to cross
to the plains of Green river. The increased coolness of the
weather indicated that we had attained a greater ejevation,
which the barometer here placed at 7,220 feet ; and during the
night water froze in the lodge.

The morning of the 13th was clear and cold, there being a
white-frost, and the thermometer, a little before sunrise, stand-
ing at 26-5°. Leaving this encampment, (our last on the wa-
ters which flow towards the rising sun,) we took our way along
the upland, towards the dividing ridge which separates the
Atlantic from the Pacific waters, and crossed it by a road
some miles further south than the one we had followed on our
return in 1842. We crossed very near the Table mountain,
at the southern extremity of the South Pass, which is near
twenty miles in width, and already traversed by several differ-
ent roads. Selecting, as well as 1 could, in the scarcely dis-
tinguishable ascent, what might be considered the dividing
ridge in this remarkable depression in the mountain, I took a

228 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

barometrical observation, which gave 7,490 feet for the eleva.
tion above the Gulf of Mexico. vYou will remember that, in
my report of 1842, I estimated the elevation of this pass at
about 7,000 feet ; a correct observation with a good barometer
enables me to give it with more precisipn. Its importance,
as the great gate through which commerce and traveling
may hereafter pass between the valley of the Mississippi and
the North Pacific, justifies a precise notice of its locality and
distance from leading points, in addition to this statement of its
elevation. As stated in the report of 1842, its latitude, at the
point where we crossed, is 42° 24' 32"; its longitude 109°
26' 00" ; its distance from the mouth of the Kansas, by the
common traveling route, 962 miles ; from the mouth of the
Great Platte, along the valley of that river, according to our
survey of 1842, 882 miles ; and its distance from St. Louis
about 400 miles more by the Kansas, and about 700 by
the Great Platte route ; these additions being steamboat con-
veyance in both instances. From this pass to the mouth of the
Oregon is about 1,400 miles by the common traveling route ;
so that under a general point of view, it may be assumed to be
about half-way between the Mississippi and the Pacific ocean,
on the common traveling route. Following a hollow of slight
and easy descent, in which was very soon formed a little trib-
utary to the Gulf of California, (for the waters which flow west
from the South Pass go to this gulf,) we made our usual halt
four miles from the pass, in latitude, by observation, 42° 19'
53". Entering here the valley of Green river — the great
Colorado of the West — and inclining very much to the south-
ward along the streams which form the Sandy river, the road
led for several days over dry and level uninteresting plains ;
to which a low scrubby growth of artemisia gave a uniform
dull grayish color ; and on the evening of the 15th we en-
camped in the Mexican territory, on the left bank of Green
river, 69 miles from the South Pass, in longitude 110° 05' 05",
and latitude 41° 53' 54", distant 1,031 miles from the mouth
of the Kansas. This is the emigrant road to Oregon, which
bears much to the southward, to avoid the mountains about the
western heads of Green river — the Rio Verde of the Spaniards.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 229

16th. — Crossing the river, here about 400' feet w:de, by a
very good ford, we continued to descend for seven or eight
miles on a pleasant road along the right bank of the stream,
of which the islands and shores are handsomely timbered with
cotton wood. The refreshing appearance of the broad river,
with its timbered shores and, green wooded islands, in contrast
to its dry and sandy plains, probably obtained for it the name
of Green river, which was bestowed on it by the Spaniards
who first came into this country to trade some 25 years ago.
It was then- familiarly known as the Seeds-ke-dee-agie, or
Prairie Hen (tetrao urophasianus) river ; a name which it re-
ceived from the Crows, to whom its upper waters belong, and
on which this bird is still very abundant. By the Shoshonee
and Utah Indians, to whom belongs, for a considerable distance
below, the country where we were now. traveling, it was called
the Bitter Root river, from a great abundance in its valley of
a plant which affords them one of their favorite roots. Lower
down, from Brown's hole to the southward, the river runs
through lofty chasms, walled in by precipices of red rock ;
and even among the wilder tribes which inhabit that portion of
its course, I have heard it called by Indian refugees from the
California settlements the Rio Colorado. We halted to noon
at the upper end of a large bottom, near some old houses,
which had been a trading post, in lat. 41° 46' 54". At this
place the elevation of the river above the sea is 6,230 feet.
That of Lewis's fork of the Columbia at Fort Hall is, accord-
ing to our subsequent observations, 4,500 feet. The descent
of each stream is rapid, but that of the Colorado is but little
known, and that little derived from vague report. Three
hundred miles of its lower part, as it approaches the Gulf of
California, is reported to be smooth and tranquil ; but its upper
part is manifestly broken into many falls and rapids. From
many descriptions of trappers, it is probable that in its foaming
course among its lofty precipices it presents many scenes of
wild grandeur ; and though offering many temptations, and
often discussed, no trappers have been found bold enough to
undertake a voyage which has so certain a prospect of a fatal
termination. The Indians have strange stories of beautiful

230 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

valleys abounding with beaver, shut up among inaccessible
walls of rock in the lower course of the river ; and to which
the neighboring Indians, in their occasional wars with the
Spaniards and among themselves, drive their herds of cattle
and flocks of sheep, leaving them to pasturer in perfect se-
curity. ,

The road here leaves the river, which bends considerably to
the east; and in the afternoon we resumed our westerly
course, passing over a somewhat high and broken country ;
and about sunset, after a day's travel of 26 miles, reached
Black's fork of the Green river — a shallow stream, with a
somewhat sluggish current, about 120 feet wide, timbered prin-
cipally with willow, and here and there an occasional large
tree. At three in the morning I obtained an observation of an
emersion of the first satellite of Jupiter, with other observations.
The heavy wagons have so completely pulverized the soil, that
clouds of fine light dust are raised by the slightest wind, ma-
king the road sometimes very disagreeable.

17th. — Leaving our encampment at six in the morning, we
traveled along the bottom1, which is about two miles wide,
bordered by low hills, in which the strata contained handsomo
and very distinct vegetable fossils. In a gully a short distance
farther up the river, and underlying these, was exposed a
stratum of an impure or argillaceous limestone. Crossing on
the way Black's fork, where it is one foot deep and forty wide,
with clear water and a pebbly bed, in nine miles we reached
Ham's fork, a tributary to the former stream, having now
about sixty feet breadth, and a few inches depth of water. It
is wooded with thickets of red willow, and in the bottom is a
tolerably strong growth of grass. The road here makes a
traverse of twelve miles across a bend of the river. Passing
in the way some remarkable hills, two or three hundred feet
high, with frequent and -nearly vertical escarpments of a green
stone, consisting of an argillaceous carbonate of lime, alter-
nating with strata of an iron-brown limestone, and worked into
picturesque forms by wind and rain, at two in the afternoon
we reached the river again, having made to-day 21 miles.
Since crossing the great dividing ridge of the Rocky moun-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 23 L

tains, plants have been very few in variety, the country being
covered principally with artemisia.

18th. — We passed on the road, this morning, the grave of
one of the emigrants, being the second we had seen since fail-
ing into their trail ; and halted to noon on the river, a short
distance above.

The Shoshonee woman took leave of us here, expecting to
tind some of her relations at Bridget's fort, which is only a
mile or two distant, on a fork of this stream. In the evening
we encamped on a salt creek, about fifteen feet wide, having
to-day traveled 32 miles.

I obtained an emersion of the first satellite under favorable
circumstances, the night being still and clear.

One of our mules died here, and in this portion of our jour-
ney we lost six or seven of our animals. The grass which the
country had lately afforded was very poor and insufficient ;
and animals which have been accustomed to grain become soon
weak and unable to labor, when reduced to no other nourish-
ment than grass. The American horses (as those are usually
called which are brought to this country from the States) are
not of any serviceable value until after they have remained a
•winter in the country, and become accustomed to live entirely
on grass.

19th. — -Desirous to avoid every delay not absolutely neces-
sary, I sent on Carson in advance to Fort Hall this morning, to
make arrangements for a small supply of provisions. A few
miles from our encampment, the road entered a high ridge,
which the trappers called the " little mountain," connecting the
Utah with the Wind River chain ; and in one of the hills near
which we- passed I remarked strata of a conglomerate forma-
tion, fragments of which were scattered over the surface. We
crossed a ridge of this conglomerate, the. road passing near a
grove of low cedar, and descending upon one of the heads of
Ham's fork, called Muddy, where we made our mid-day halt.
In the river hills at this place, I discovered strata of fossilifer-
ous rock, having an oolitic structure, which, in connection
with the neighboring strata, authorize us to believe that here,
on the west side of the Rocky mountains, we find repeated the

232 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

modern formations of Great Britain and Europe, which have
hitherto been wanting to complete the system of North Ameri-
can geology.

In the afternoon we continued our road, and searching among
the hills a few miles up t*»e stream, and on the same bank, I
discovered, among the alternate beds of coal and clay, a stra-
tum of white indurated clay, containing very clearand beauti-
ful impressions of vegetable remains. This was the most in-
teresting fossil locality I had met in the country, and I deeply
regretted that time did not permit me to remain a day or two
in the vicinity ; but I could not anticipate the delays to which
I might be exposed in the course of our journey — or, rather, I
knew that they were many and inevitable ; and after remain-
ing here .only about an hour, I' hurried off, loaded with as
many specimens as I could conveniently carry.

Coal made its- appearance occasionally in the hills during
the afternoon, and was displayed in rabbit burrows in a kind
of gap, through which we passed over some high hills, and we
descended to make our encampment on the same stream, where
we found but very poor grass. In the evening a fine cow,
with>her calf, which had strayed off from some emigrant party,
was found several miles from the road, and brought into
camp; and as she gave an abundance of milk, we enjoyed to-
night an excellent cup of coffee. We traveled to-day 28
miles, and, as has been usual since crossing the Green river,
the road has been very dusty, and the weather smoky and
oppressively hot. Artemisia was characteristic among the
few plants.

20th. — We continued to travel up the creek by a very
gradual ascent and a very excellent grassy road, passing on
the way several small forks of the stream. The hills here are
higher, presenting escarpments of party-colored and apparently
clay rocks, purple, dark-red, and yellow, containing strata of
sandstone and limestone with shells, with a bed of cemented
pebbles, the whole overlaid by beds of limestone. The filter-
nation of red and yellow gives a bright appearance to the hills,
one of which was called by our people the Rainbow hill, and
the character of the country became more agreeable, and

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 233

traveling far more pleasant, as now we found timber and
very good grass. Gradually ascending, we reached the lower
level of a bed of white limestone, lying upon a white clay, on
the upper line of which the whole road is abundantly supplied
with beautiful cool springs, gushing out a foot in breadth and
several inches deep, directly from the hill-side.

At noon we halted at the last main fork of the creek, at an
elevation of 7,200 feet, and in latitude, by observation, 41° 39'
45" ; and in the afternoon continued on • the same excellent
road, up the left or northern fork of the stream, towards its
head, in a pass which the barometer placed at 8,230 feet above
the sea. This is a connecting ridge between the Utah or Bear
River mountains and the Wind River chain of the Rocky moun
tains, separating the waters of the Gulf of California on the
east, and those on the west belonging more directly to the Pa-
cific, from a. vast interior basin whose rivers are collected into
numerous lakes having no outlet to the ocean. From the sum-
mit of this pass, the highest which the road crosses between
the Mississippi and the Western ocean, our view was over a
very mountainous region, whose rugged appearance was great-
ly increased by the smoky weather, through which the broken
ridges were dark and dimly seen. The ascent to the summit
of the gap was occasionally steeper^ than the national road in the
Alleghanies ; and the descent, by way of a spur on the west-
ern side, is rather precipitous, but the pass may still be called
a good one. Some thickets of the willow in the hollows below
deceived us into the expectation of finding a camp at our
usual hour at the foot of the mountain ; but we found them
without water, and continued down a ravine, and encamped
about dark at a place where the springs began again to make
their appearance, but where our animals fared badly ; the
stock of the emigrants having razed the grass as completely as
if we were again in the midst of the buffalo,

21st. — An hour's travel this morning brought us into the
fertile and picturesque valley of Bear river, the principal trib-
utary to the Great Salt lake. The stream is here two hundred
feet wide, fringed with willows and occasional groups of haw.
thorns. We were now entering a region whicn. for us, pos-

234 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OP

sessed a strange and extraordinary interest.- We were upon
the waters of the famous lake which forms a salient point among
the remarkable geographical features of the country, and around
which the vague and superstitious accounts of the trappers had
thrown a delightful obscurity, which we anticipated pleasure
in dispelling, but which, in the mean time, left a crowded field
for the exercise of our imagination.

In our occasional conversations with the few old hunters who
had visited the region, it had been a subject of frequent specu-
lation ; and the wonders which, they related were not the. less
agreeable because they were highly exaggerated and impos-
sible;

Hitherto this lake had been seen only by trappers who, were
wandering through the country in search of new beaver-streams,
caring -very little for . geography ; its islands had never been
visited ; and none were to be found who had entirely made the
circuit of its shores ; and no instrumental observations or geo-
graphical survey, of any description, had ever been made any-
where in the neighboring- region. It was generally supposed
that it had no .visible outlet ; but among the trappers, including
those in my own camp, were many who believed that some-
where on its surface was a terrible whirlpool, through which
its waters found their way to the ocean by some subterranean
communication. All these things had made a frequent subject
of discussion in our desultory conversations around the fires at
night ; and my own mind had become tolerably well filled
with their indefinite pictures, and insensibly colored with their
romantic descriptions, which, in the pleasure of excitement, I
was well disposed to believe, and half expected to realize.

Where we descended into this beautiful valley, it is three to
four miles in breadth, perfectly level-, and bounded by moun-
tainous ridges, one above another, rising suddenly from the plain.

We continued our road down the river, and at night en-
camped- with a family of emigrants — two men, women, and
several children — who appeared to be bringing up the rear of
me great caravan. I was struck with the. fine appearance of
their cattle, some six or eight yoke of oxen, which really looked
as well as if they had been all the summer at woix on some

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 235

good .farm. It was strange-to see one small family traveling
along through such a country, so remote from civilization
Some nine years since, such a security might have been a
fatal one, but- since their disastrous defeats in the country a
little north, the Blackfeet have ceased to visit these waters.
Indians, however, are very uncertain in their localities ; and
the friendly feelings, also, of those now inhabiting it may be
changed.

According to barometrical observation at noon, the elevation
of the valley was 6,400 feet above the sea ; and our encamp,
ment at night in latitude 42° 03' 47", and longitude 111°
10' 53", by observation — the day's journey, having been -26
miles. This encampment was therefore within the territorial
limit of the United States; our traveling, from the time we
entered the valley of the Green river, on the 15th of August,
having been south of the 42d degree of north latitude, and con-
sequently on Mexican territory ; and this is the route all the
emigrants now travel to Oregon.

The temperature at sunset was 65° ; and at evening there
was a distant thunder-storm, with a light breeze from the
north.

Antelope and elk were seen during the day on the opposite
prairie ; and there were ducks and geese in the river.

The next morning, in about three miles from our encamp-
ment, we reached Smith's fork, a stream of clear water, about
50 feet in breadth. It is timbered with cottonwood, willow, and
aspen, and makes a beautiful debouchement through a pa£s about
600 yards wide, between remarkable mountain hills, rising ab-
ruptly on either side, and forming gigantic columns to the gate
by which it enters Bear River valley. The bottoms, which
below Smith's fork had been two miles wide, narrowed as we
advanced to a gap 500 yards wide, and during the greater jrart
of the day we had a winding route, the river making very
sharp and sudden bends, the mountains steep and rocky, and
the valley occasionally so narrow as only to leave space for a
passage through.

We made our halt at noon in a fertile bottom, where the
common blue flax was growing abundantly, a few miles belov\

236 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the mouth of Thomas's fork, one of the larger tributaries of the
river.

Crossing, in the afternoon, the point of a narrow spur, we
descended into a beautiful bottom, formed by a lateral valley,
which presented a picture of home beauty that went directly
to our hearts. The edge of the wood, for several miles along
the river, was dotted with the wnite covers of emigrant wagons,
collected in groups at different camps, where the smoke was
rising lazily from the fires, around which the women were oc-
cupied in preparing the evening meal, and the children playing
in the grass ; ana! herds of cattle, grazing about in the bottom,
had an air of quiet security, and civilized comfort, that made a
rare sight for the traveler in such a remote wilderness.

In common with all the emigration, they had been reposing
for several days in this delightful valley, in order to recruit
their animals on its luxuriant pasturage after their long jour-
ney, and prepare them for the hard travel along the compara-
tively sterile banks of the Upper Columbia. At the lower end
of this extensive bottom, the river passes through an open canon,
where there were high vertical rocks to the water's edge, and
the road here turns up a broad valley to the rigjat. It was al-
ready near sunset ; but, hoping to reach the river again before
night, we continued our march along the valley, finding the
road tolerably good, until we arrived at a point where it crosses
the ridge by an ascent of a mile in length, which was so very
steep and difficult for the gun and carriage, that we did not
reach tKe summit until dark.

It was absolutely necessary to descend into the y-alley for
water and grass ; and we were obliged to grope our way in
the darkness down a very steep, bad mountain, reaching t>e
river at about ten o'clock. It was late before our animals
were gathered into the camp, several of those which were very
weak being necessarily left to pass fhe night on tfce ridge ; and
we sat down again to a midnight supper. The road, in the
morning, presented an animated appearance. We found that
we had encamped near a large party of emigrants ; and a few-
miles below, another party was already in motion. Here the
valley had resumed its usual breadth, and the rivnr swept off

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 237

along tne mountains on the western side, the road continuing
directly on.

In about an hour's travel we met several Shoshonee Indians,
who informed us that they belonged to a large village which
had just come into the valley from the mountain to the west-
ward, where they had been hunting antelope and gathering
service-berries. Glad at the opportunity of seeing one pf their
villages, and in the hope of purchasing from them a few horses,
I turned immediately off into the plain towards their encamp-
ment, which was situated on a small stream near the river.

We had approached within something more than a mile of
the village, when suddenly a single horseman emerged from it
at full speed, followed by another and another in rapid succes
sion ; and then party after party poured into the plain, until,
when the foremost rider reached us, all the whole intervening
plain was occupied by a mass of horsemen, which came charg
ing down upon us with guns and naked swords, lances, and
bows and arrows — Indians entirely naked, and warriors fully
dressed for war, with the long red streamers of their war-bon-
nets reaching nearly to the ground, all mingled together in the
bravery of savage warfare. They had been thrown into a
sudden tumult by the appearance of our flag, which, among
these people, is regarded as an emblem of hostility — it being
usually borne by the Sioux and the neighboring mountain
Indians, when they come here to war ;. and we had, accordingly
oeen mistaken for a body of their enemies. A few words from
the chief q-uieted the excitement ; and the whole band, increas-
ing every moment in number, escorted us to their encampment,
where the chief pointed out a place for us to encamp, near his
own lodge, and we made known our purpose In visiting the vil-
lage. In a very short time we purchased eight horses, for
which we gave in exchange blankets, red and blue cloth, beads,
knives, and tobacco, and the usual other articles of Indian
traffic. We obtained from them also a considerable quantity
of berries, of different kinds, among which service-berries were
the most abundant ; and several kinds of roots and seeds, which
we could eat with pleasure, as any kind of vegetable food was
gratifying to us. I ate here, for the first time, the kooyah, 01

238 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

tobacco-root, (valenana edutis,) — the principal edible root among
tne Indians who inhabit the upper waters of the streams on the
western side of the mountains. It has a very strong -and
remarkably peculiar taste and odor, which I can compare to
no other vegetable that I am acquainted with, and which ta
some persons is extremely offensive. It was characterized by
Mr. Preuss as the most horrid food he had ever put in hi.s
mouth ; and when, in the evening, one of the chiefs sent hi*
wife to me with a portion which she had prepared as a delicac\
to regale, us, the odor immediately drove 'him out of the lodge ;
and frequently afterwards he used to beg that when those whc
liked it had taken what they desired, it might be sent away
To others, however, the taste is rather an. agreeable one ; an<?
I was afterwards glad when it formed an addition to our scanty
meals. It is full of nutriment ; and in its unprepared state it
said by the Indians to have very strong poisonous qualities, of
which it is deprived by a peculiar process, being baked in the
ground for about two days.

The morning of the 24th was disagreeably cool, with ai
easterly wind, and very smoky weather. We made a laU
start from the village, and, regaining the road, (on which
during all the day, were scattered the emigrant wagons,) we
continued on down the valley of the river, bordered by high
• and mountainous hills, on which fires are seen at the summit.
The soil appears generally good, although, with the grasses,
many of the plants are dried up, probably on account of the
great heat and want of rain. The common blue flax of culti-
vation, now almost entirely in seed — only a scattered flower
here and there remaining — is the most characteristic plant of
the Bear River valley. When we encamped at night, on the
right bank of the river, it was growing as in a sown field. We
had traveled during the day twenty-two miles, encamping in
latitude (by observation) 42° 36/x 56", chronometric longitude
111° 42' 05".

In our neighborhood the mountains appeared extremely
rugged, giving still greater value to this beautiful natural pass.

25th. — This was a cloudless but smoky autumn morning,
with a cold wind from the southeast, and a temperature of 45°

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 239

at sunrise. In a few miles I noticed, where a little stream
crossed the road, fragments of scoriated basalt scattered about —
the first volcanic rock we had seen, and which now became a
characteristic rock along our future road. In about six miles'
travel from our encampment, we reached one of the points in
our journey to which we had always looked forward with great
interest — the famous Beer springs. The place in which they
are situated is a basin of mineral waters enclosed by the moun-
tains, which sweep around a circular bend of Bear river, here
at its most northern point, and which, from a northern, in the
course of a few miles acquires a southern direction towards the
GREAT SALT LAKE. A pretty little stream of clear water en-
ters the upper part of the basin, from an open valley in the
mountains, and, passing through the bottom, discharges into
Bear river. Crossing this stream, we descended a mile below,
and made our encampment in a grove of cedar immediately at
the Beer springs, which, on account of the effervescing gas and
acid taste, have received their name from the voyageurs and
trappers of the country, who, in the midst of their rude and
hard lives, are fond of rinding some fancied resemblance to the
luxuries they rarely have the fortune to enjoy.

Although somewhat disappointed in the expectations which
various descriptions had led me to form of unusual beauty of
situation and scenery, I found it altogether a place of very
great interest ; and a traveler for the first time in a volcanic
region remains in a constant excitement, and at every step is
arrested by something remarkable and new. There is a con-
fusion of interesting objects gathered together in a small space.
Around the place of encampment the Beer springs were numer-
ous ; but, as far as we could ascertain, were confined en-
tirely to that locality in the bottom. In the bed of the river,
in front, for a space of several hundred yards, they were very
abundant; the effervescing gas rising up and agitating the
water in countless bubbling columns. In the vicinity round
about were numerous springs of an entirely different and
equally marked mineral character. In a rather picturesque
spot, about 1,300 yards below our encampment, and imme-
diately on the river bank, is the most remarkable spring of th«

240 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE or

place, in an opening on the rock, a white column of scat-
tered water is thrown up, in form like ajet-d'eau, to a variable
height of about three feet, and, though it is maintained in a
constant supply, its greatest height is only attained at regular
intervals, according to the action of the force below. It is ac-
companied by a subterranean noise, which, together with the-
motion of the water, makes very much the impression of a
steamboat in motion ; and, without knowing that it had been
already previously so called, we gave to it the name of the
Steamboat spring. The rock through which it is forced is
slightly raised in a convex manner, and gathered at the open-
ing into an urn-mouthed form, and is evidently formed by con-
tinued deposition from the water, and colored bright red by
oxide of iron. An analysis of this deposited rock, which I
subjoin, will give you some idea of the properties of the water,
which, with the exception of the Beer springs, is the mineral
water of the place.* It is a hot spring, and the water has a
pungent and disagreeable metallic taste, leaving a burning
effect on the tongue. Within perhaps two yards of the jet-
d'eau is a small hole of about an inch in diameter, through
which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot air, with a
light wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise. This
hole had been noticed by Dr. Wislizenus, a gentleman who
had several years since passed by this place, and who re-
marked, with very nice observation, that smelling the gas
which issued from the orifice produced a sensation of giddiness
and nausea. Mr. Preuss and myself repeated the observation,
and were so well satisfied with its correctness, that we did not
find it pleasant to continue the experiment, as the sensation of
giddiness which it produced was certainly strong and decided
A huge emigrant wagon, with a large and diversified family

* ANALYSIS.

Carbonate of lime 92-55

Carbonate of magnesia ..... 0'42

Oxide of iron - 1*05

Silica l

Alumina • - - - - • 5*98

Water and loss )

100-00

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 241

nad overtaken us and halted to noon at our encampment ; and,
while we were sitting at the spring, a band of boys and girls,
with two or three young men, came up, one of whom I asked
to stoop down and smell the gas, desirous to satisfy myself
further of its effects. But his natural caution had been
awakened by the singular and suspicious features of the place ,
and he declined my proposal decidedly, and with a few indis-
tinct remarks about the devil, whom he seemed to consider
the genius loci. The ceaseless motion and the play of the
fountain, the red rook and the green trees near, make this a
picturesque spot.

A short distance above the spring, and near the foot of the
same spur, is a very remarkable, yellow-colored rock, soft and
friable, consisting principally of carbonate of lime and cxide
of iron, of regular structure, which is probably a fossil coral.
The rocky bank along the shore between the Steamboat spring
and our encampment, along which is dispersed the water from
the hills, is composed entirely of strata of a calcareous tufa,
with the remains of moss and reed-like grasses, which is
probably the formation of springs. The Beer or Soda springs,
which have given name to this locality, are agreeable, but less
highly flavored than the Boiling springs at the foot of Pike's
peak, which are of the same character. They are very
numerous, and half hidden by tufts of grass, which we amused
ourselves in removing and searching about for more highly
impregnated springs. They are some of them deep, and of
various sizes — sometimes several yards in diameter, and kept
in constant motion by columns of escaping gas. By analysis,
one quart of the water contains as follows :

Grains.

Sulphate of magnesia 12-10

Sulphate of lime 2-12

Carbonate of lime ....... 3'86

Carbonate of magnesia ...... 3-22

Chloride of calcium --..••- 1-33
Chloride of magnesium ...... 1*12

Chloride of sodium ....... 2-24

Vegetable extractive matter, &c. .... 0'85

26-84

242 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

The carbonic acid, originally contained in the water, had
mainly escaped before it was subjected to analysis ; and it was
not, therefore, taken into consideration.

In the afternoon I wandered about among the cedars, which
occupy the greater part of the bottom towards the mountains.
The soil here has a dry and calcined appearance ; in some
places, the open grounds are covered with saline efflorescences,
and there are a number of regularly-shaped and very remark-
able hills, which are formed of a succession of convex strata
that have been deposited by the waters of extinct springs, the
orifices of which are found on their summits, some of them
naving the form of funnel-shaped cones. Others of these re-
markably-shaped hills are of a red-colored earth, entirely
bare, and composed principally of carbonate of lime, with
oxide of iron, formed in the same manner. Walking near one
of them, on the summit of which the springs were dry, my
attention was attracted by an underground noise, around which
I circled repeatedly, until I found the spot from beneath which
it came ; and, removing the red earth, discovered a hidden
spring, which was boiling up from below, with the same disa-
greeable metallic taste as the Steamboat spring. Continuing
up the bottom, and crossing the little stream which has been
already mentioned, I visited several remarkable red and white
hills, which had attracted my attention from the road in the
morning. These are immediately upon the stream, and, like
those already mentioned, are formed by the deposition of suc-
cessive strata from the springs. On their summits, the orifices
through which the waters had been discharged were so large,
that they resembled miniature craters, being some of them
several feet in diameter, circular, and regularly formed as if
by art. At a former time, when these dried-up fountains were
all in motion, they must have made a beautiful display on a
grand scale ; and nearly all this basin appears to me to have
been formed under their action, and should be called the
place of fountains. At the foot of one of these hills, or rather
on its side near the base, are several of these small limestone
columns, about one foot in diameter at the base, and tapering
upwards to a height of three or four feet ; and on the summit

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. !> ! '.}

the water is boiling up and bubbling over, constantly adding
to the height of the little obelisks. In some, the water only
boils up, no longer overflowing, and has here the same taste as
at the Steamboat spring. The observer will remark a gradual
subsidence in the water, which formerly supplied the foun-
tains ; as on all the summits of the h-Ms the springs are now
dry, and are found only low down upon their sides, or on the
surrounding plain.

A little higher up the creek its banks are formed by strata
of very heavy and hard scoriaceous basalt, having a bright
metallic lustre when broken. The mountains overlooking the
plain are of an entirely different geological character. Con-
tinuing on, I walked to the summit of one of them, where the
principal rock was a granular quartz. Descending the moun-
tains, and returning towards the camp along the base of the
ridge which skirts the plain, I found, at the foot of a mountain
spur, and issuing from a compact rock of a dark blue color, a
great number of springs having the same pungent and disa-
greeably metallic taste already mentioned, the water of which
was collected into a very remarkable basin, whose singularity,
perhaps, made it appear to me very beautiful. It is large —
perhaps fifty yards in circumference ; and in it the water is
contained, at an elevation of several feet above the surrounding
ground, by a wall of calcareous tufa, composed principally of
the remains of mosses, three or four, and sometimes ten' feet
high. The water within is very clear and pure, and three or
four feet deep, where it could be measured, near fhe wall ; and
at a considerably low level, is another pond or basin of very
clear water, and apparently of considerable depth, from the
bottom of which the gas was escaping in bubbling columns at
many places. This water was collected into a small stream,
which, in a few hundred yards, sank under ground, reappear-
ing among the rocks between the two great springs near the
river, which it entered by a little fall.

Late in the afternoon I set out on my return to the camp,
and, crossing in the way a large field of salt that was several
inches deep, found on my arrival that our emigrant friends,
who had been encamped in company with us. had resumed

COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

their journey, and the road had again assumed its solitary
character. The temperature of the largest of the Beer springs
at our encampment was 65° at sunset, that of the air being
62-5°. Our barometric observation gave 5,840 feet for the
elevation above the gulf, being about 500 feet lower than the
Boiling springs, which are of a similar nature, at the foot of
Pike's peak. The astronomical observations gave for our lati-
tude 42° 39' 57", and 111° 46' 00" for the longitude. The
night was very still and cloudless, and I sat up for an observa-
tion of the first satellite of Jupiter, the emersion of which took
place about midnight ; but fell asleep at the telescope, awaking
just a few minutes after the appearance of the star. ..

The morning of the 26th was calm, and the sky without
clouds, but smoky, and the temperature at sunrise 28-5°. At
the same time, the temperature of the large Beer spring, where
we were encamped, was 56° ; that of the Steamboat spring
87°, and that of the steam-hole, near it, 81 '5°. In the course
of the morning, the last wagons of the emigration passed by,
and we were again left in our place, in the rear.

Remaining in camp until nearly 11 o'clock, we traveled a
short distance down the river, and halted to noon on the bank,
at a point where the road quits the valley of Bear river, and,
crossing a ridge which divides the Great basin from the Pacific
waters, reaches Fort Hall, by way of the Portneuf river, in a
distance of probably fifty miles, 01 two and a half days' jour-
ney for wagons. An examination of the great lake which is
the outlet of this river, and the principal feature of geographi-
cal interest in the basin, was one of the main objects con-
templated in the general plan of our survey, and I accordingly
determined at this place to leave the road, and, after having
completed a reconnoissance of the lake, regain it subsequently
at Fort Hall. But our little stock of provisions had again be-
come extremely low ; we had only dried meat sufficient for
one meal, and our supply of flour and other comforts was en-
tirely exhausted. I therefore immediately dispatched one of
:he party, Henry Lee, with a note to Carson, at Fort Hall. di.
reeling him to load a pack-horse with whatever corld be ob-
tained there in the way of provisions, and endeavor to overta

ADVESTUKES AND EXPLORATIONS. U45

me on the river. In the mean time, we had picked up along
the road two tolerably well-grown calves, which would have
become food for wolves, and which had probably been left by
some of the earlier emigrants, none of those we had met hav-
ing made any claim to them ; and on these I mainly relied for
support during our circuit to the lake.

In sweeping around the point of the mountain which runs
down into the bend, the river here passes between perpendicu-
lar walls of basalt, which always fix the attention, from the
regular form in which it occurs, and its perfect distinctness
from the surrounding rocks among which it had been placed.
The mountain, which is rugged and steep, and, by our meas
urement, 1,400 feet above the river directly opposite the place
of our halt, is called the Sheep-rock — probably because a flock
of the mountain sheep (ovis montana) had been seen on the
craggy point.

As we were about resuming our march in the afternoon, I
was attracted by the singular appearance of an isolated hill
with a concave summit, in the plain, about two miles from the
river, and turned off towards it, while the camp proceeded on
its way southward in search of the lake. I found the thin and
stony soil of the plain entirely underlaid by the basalt which
forms the river walls ; and when I reached the neighborhood
of the hill, the surface of the plain was rent into frequent fis-
sures and chasms of the same scoriated volcanic rock, from 40
to 60 feet deep, but which there was not sufficient light to pen-
etrate entirely, and which I had not time to descend. Arrived
at the summit of the hill, I found that it terminated in a very
perfect crater, of an oval, or nearly circular form, 360 paces
in circumference, and 60 feet at the greatest depth. The
walls, which were perfectly vertical, and disposed like mason-
ry in a very regular manner, were composed of a brown-color-
ed scoriaceous lava, similar to the light scoriaceous lava of Mt.
Etna, Vesuvius, and other volcanoes. The faces of the walla
were reddened and glazed by the fire, in which they.had been
melted, and which had left them contorted and twisted by its
violent action.

Our route during the afternoon was a little rough, being (in

246 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OP

the direction we had taken) over a volcanic plain, where our
progress was sometimes obstructed by fissures, and black beds,
composed of fragments of the rock. On both sides, the moun-
tains appeared very broken, but tolerably well timbered.

Crossing a point of ridge which makes in to the river,
we fell upon it again before sunset, and encamped on the right
bank, opposite to the encampment of three lodges of Snake In-
dians. They visited us during the evening, and we obtained
from them a small quantity of roots of different kinds, in ex-
change for goods. Among them was a sweet root of very
pleasant flavor, having somewhat the taste of preserved quince
My endeavors to become acquainted with the plants which fur-
nish to the Indians a portion of their support, were only grad-
ually successful, and after long and persevering attention ;
and even after obtaining, I did not succeed in preserving then>
until they could be satisfactorily determined. In this portion
of the journey, I found this particular root cut up into small
pieces, that it was only to be identified by its taste, when the
bulb was met with in perfect form among the Indians lower
down on the Columbia, among whom it is the highly celebrated
kamas. It was long afterwards, on our return through Upper
California, that I found the plant itself in bloom, which I sup-
posed to furnish the kamas root, (camassia esculenta.) The
root diet had a rather mournful effect at the commencement,
and one of the calves was killed this evening for food. The
animals fared well on rushes.

27th. — The morning was cloudy, with appearance of rain,
and the thermometer at sunrise at 29°. Making un unusually
early start, we crossed the river at a good ford ; and, follow-
ing for about three hours a trail which led along the bottom,
we entered a labyrinth of hills below the main ridge, and halt-
ed to noon in the ravine of a pretty little stream, timbered
with cottonwood of a large size, ash-leaved maple, with cherry
and other shrubby trees. The hazy weather, which had pre-
vented any very extended views since entering the Green
River valley, began now to disappear. There was a slight
rain in the earlier part of the day, and at noon, when the
thermometer had risen to 79-5°, we had a bright sun, with

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 247

iky and scattered cumuli. According to the barometer, om
halt here among the hills was at an elevation of 5,320 feet.
Crossing a dividing ridge m the afternoon, we followed down
another little Bear River tributary, to the point where it emerged
on an open green flat among the hills, timbered with groves,
and bordered with cane thickets, but without water. A pretty
little rivulet coming out of the hillside, and overhung by tall
flowering plants of a species I had not hitherto seen, furnish-
ed us with a good camping-place. The evening was cloudy,
the temperature at sunset 69°, and the elevation 5,140 feet.
Among the plants occurring along the road during the day,
epinettes des prairies (grindelia squarraso) was in considerable
abundance, and is among the very few plants remaining in
bloom — the whole country having now an autumnal appear-
ance, in the crisp and yellow plants, and dried-up grasses
Many cranes were seen during the day, with a few antelope,
very shy and wild.

28th. — During the night we had a thunder-storm, with
moderate rain, which has made the air this morning very clear,
the thermometer being at 55°. Leaving our encampment at
the Cane spring, and quitting the trail on which we had been
traveling, and which would probably have afforded us a good
road to the lake, we crossed some very deep ravines, and, in
about an hour's traveling, again reached the river. We were
now in a valley five or six miles wide, between mountain
ranges, which, about thirty miles below, appeared to close up and
terminate the valley, leaving for the river only a very narrow
pass, or canon, behind which we imagined we would find the
broad waters of the lake. We made the usual halt at the
mouth of a small clear stream, having a slightly mineral taste,
(perhaps of salt,) 4,760 feet above the gulf. In the afternoon
we climbed a very steep sandy hill ; and after a slow and
winding day's march of 27 miles, encamped at a slough on the
river. There were great quantities of geese and ducks, of
which only a few were shot ; the Indians having probably
made them very wild. The men employed themselves in fish-
ing, but caught nothing. A skunk, (mephitis Amen
which was killed in the afternoon, made a supper for one of

248 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the messes. The river is bordered occasionally with fields or
cane, which we regarded as an indication of our approach to
a lake-country. We had frequent showers of rain during the
night, with thunder.

29th. — The thermometer at sunrise \vp«» 54°, with air from
the NW., and dark rainy clouds moving on the horizon ; rain
squalls and bright sunshine by intervals. I rode ahead with
Basil to explore the country, and, continuing about three miles
along the river, turned directly off on a trail running towards
three marked gaps in the bordering range, where the moun-
tains appeared cut through their bases, towards which the river
plain rose gradually. Putting our horses into a gallop on
some fresh tracks which showed very plainly in the wet
path, we came suddenly upon a small party of Shoshonee In.
dians, who had fallen into the trail from the north. We could
only communicate by signs ; but they made us understand
that the road through the chain was a very excellent one.
leading into a broad valley which ran to the southward. We
halted to noon at what may be called the gate of the pass ; on
either side of which were huge mountains of rock, between
which stole a little pure water stream, with a margin just suf-
ficiently large for our passage. From the river, the plain had
gradually risen to an altitude of 5,500 feet, and, by meridian
observation, the latitude of the entrance was 42°.

In the interval of our usual halt, several of us wandered
along up the stream to examine the pass more at leisure.
Within the gate, the rocks receded a little ba'ck, leaving a very
narrow, but most beautiful valley, through which the little
stream wound its way, hidden by the different kinds of trees
and shrubs — aspen, maple, willow, cherry, and elder; a fine
verdure of smooth short grass spread over the remaining space
to the bare sides of the rocky walls. These were of a blue
limestone, which constitutes the mountain here ; and opening
directly on the grassy bottom were several curious caves,
which appeared to be inhabited by root-diggers. On one side
was gathered a heap of leaves for a bed, and they were dry,
open, and pleasant. On the roofs of the caves I remarked
bituminous exudations from the rock.

ADVKNTUKK3 AND EXPLORATIONS. 249

The trail was an excellent one for pack-horses; but as it
sometimes crossed a shelving point, to avoid the shrubbery we
were obliged in seveml places to open a road for the carriage
through the wood. A squaw on horseback, accompanied by
five or six dogs, entered the pass in the afternoon; but was
too much terrified at finding herself in such unexpected com-
pany to make any pause for conversation, and hurried off at a
good pace — being, of course, no further disturbed than by an
accelerating shout. She was well and showily dressed, and
was probably going to a village encamped somewhere near,
and evidently did not belong to the tribe of root-diggers. We
now had entered a country inhabited by these people ; and as
in the course of the voyage we shall frequently meet with them
in various stages of existence, it will be well to inform you
that, scattered over the great region west of the Rocky moun-
tains, and south of the Great Snake river, are numerous In-
dians whose subsistence is almost solely derived from roots and
seeds, and such small animals as chance and great good for-
tune sometimes bring within their reach. They are miserably
poor, armed only with bows and arrows, or clubs ; and, as the
country they inhabit is almost destitute of game, they have no
means of obtaining better arms. In the northern part of the
region just mentioned, they live generally in solitary families;
and farther to the south they are gathered together in villages.
Those who live together in villages, strengthened by associa-
tion, are in exclusive possession of the more genial and richer
parts of the country ; while the others are driven to the ruder
mountains, and to the more inhospitable parts of the country.
But by simply observing, in accompanying us along our road,
you will become better acquainted with these people than we
could make you in any other than a very long description, and
you will find them worthy of your interest.

Roots, seeds, and grass, every vegetable that affords any
nourishment, and every living animal thing, insect or worm,
they eat. Nearly approaching to the lower animal creation,
their sole employment is to obtain food ; and they are con-
stantly occupied in struggling to support existence.

The most remarkable feature of the pass is the Standing

250 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

rock, wnich has fallen from the cliffs above, and standing per
pendicularly near the middle of the valley, presents itself
like a watch-tower in the pass. It will give you a tolerably
correct idea of the character of the scenery in thio country,
where generally the mountains rise abruptly up from com-
paratively unbroken plains and level valleys ; but it will en-
tirely fail in representing the picturesque beauty of this de-
lightful place, where a green valley, full of foliage and a hun-
dred yards wide, contrasts with naked crags that spire up into
a blue line of pinnacles 3,000 feet above, sometimes crested
with cedar and pine, and sometimes ragged and bare.

The detention that we met with in opening the road, and
perhaps a willingness to linger on the way, made the after-
noon's travel short ; and about two miles from the entrance,
we passed through another gate, and encamped on the stream
at the junction of a little fork from the southward, around
which the mountains stooped more gently down, forming a
small open cove.

As it was still early in the afternoon, Basil and myself in
one direction, and Mr. Preuss in another, set out to explore
the country, and ascended different neighboring peaks, in
the hope of seeing some indications of the lake ; but though
our elevation afforded magnificent views, the eye ranging over
a large extent of Bear river, with the broad and fertile Cache
valley in the direction of our search, was only to be seen a bed
of apparently impracticable mountains. Among these, the trail
we had been following turned sharply to the northward, and it
began to be doubtful if it would not lead us away from the ob-
ject of our destination ; but I nevertheless determined to keep
it, in the belief that it would eventually bring us right. A
squall of rain drove us out of the mountain, and it was late
when we reached the camp. The evening closed in with fre-
quent showers of rain, with some lightning and thunder.

30th. — We had constant thunder-storms during the night,
but in the morning the clouds were sinking to the horizon, and
the air was clear and cold, with the thermometer at sunrise ai
39°. Elevation by barometer 5,580 feet. We were in mo-
tion early, continuing up the little stream without encountering

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 251

any ascent where a horse would not easily gallop ; and, cross-
ing a slight dividing ground at the summit, descended upon
a small stream, along which continued the same excellent
road. In riding through the pass, numerous cranes were seen ;
and prairie hens, or grouse, (lonasia umbellus,) which lately
had been rare, were very abundant.

This little affluent brought us to a larger stream, down
which we traveled through a more open bottom, on a level
road, where heavily-laden wagons could pass without obstacle.
The hills on the right grew lower, and, on entering a more
open country, we discovered a Shoshonee village ; and being
tcsirous to obtain information, and purchase from them some
roots and berries, we halted on the river, which was lightly
wooded with cherry, willow, maple, service-berry, and aspen.
A meridian observation of the sun, which I obtained here, gave
42° 14' 22" for our latitude, and the barometer indicated a
height of 5,170 feet. A number of Indians came immediately
over to visit us, and several men were sent to the village with
goods, tobacco, knives, cloth, vermilion, and the usual trinkets,
to exchange for provisions. But they had no game of any
kind ; and it was difficult to obtain any roots from them, as
they were miserably poor, and had but little to spare from
their winter stock of provisions. Several of the Indians drew
aside their blankets, showing me their lean and bony figures ;
and I would not any longer tempt them with a display of our
merchandise to part with their wretched subsistence, when tlu-y
gave as a reason that it would expose them to .emporary starv-
ation. A great portion of the region inhabited by this nation,
formerly abounded in game — the buffalo ranging about in
herds, as we had found them on the eastern waters, and the
plains dotted with scattered bands of antelope ; but so rapidly
have they disappeared within a few years, that now, as we
journeyed along, an occasional buffalo skull and a few wild
antelope were all that remained of the abundance which ban
covered the country with animal life.

The extraordinary rapidity with which the buiTalo is disap-
pearing from our territories will not appear surprising when
we remember the great scale on which tneir destruction is

252 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

yearly carried on. With inconsiderable exceptions, the busi
ness of the American trading-posts is carried on in their skins;
every year the Indian villages make new lodges, for which the
skin of the buffalo furnishes the material ; and in that portion
of the country where they are still found, the Indians derive
their entire support from them, and slaughter them with a
thoughtless and abominable extravagance. Like the Indiana
themselves, they have been a characteristic of the Great We&t ;
and as, like them, they are visibly diminishing, it will be in-
teresting to throw a glance backward through the last twenty
years, and give some account of their former distribution
through the country, and the limit of their western range.

The information is derived principally from Mr. Fitzpatrick,
supported by my own personal knowledge and acquaintance
with the country. Our knowledge does not go farther back
than the spring of 1824, at which time the buffalo were spread
in immense numbers over the Green River and Bear River
valleys, and through all the country lying between the Colora-
do, or Green river of the Gulf of California, and Lewis's fork
of the Columbia river ; the meridian of Fort Hall then form-
ing the western limit of their range. The buffalo then re-
mained for many years in that country, and frequently moved
down the valley of the Columbia, on both sides of the river as
far as the Fishing falls. Below this point they never descend-
ed in any numbers. About the year 1834 or 1835 they began
to diminish very npidly, and continued to decrease until 1838
or 1840, when, with the country we have just described, they
entirely abandoned all the waters of the Pacific north of Lew-
is's fork of the Columbia. At that time, the Flathead Indians
were in the habit of finding their buffalo on the heads of Salm-
on river, and other streams of the Columbia ; but now they
never meet with them farther west than the three forks of the
Missouri, or the plains of the Yellow-stone river.

In the course of our journey it will be remarked that the
buffalo have not so entirely abandoned the waters of the Pacif-
ic, in the Rocky-Mountain region south of the Sweet Water, as
in the country north of the Great Pass. This partial distribu-
tion can only be accounted for in the great pastoral beauty of

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 253

Jiat country, which bears marks of having been one of their
favorite haunts, and by the fact that the white hunters have
more frequented the northern than the southern region — it be-
ing north of the South Pass that the hunters, trappers, and tra-
ders, have had their rendezvous lor many years past ; and
from that section also the greater portion of the beaver and rich
furs were taken, although always the most dangerous as well as
the most profitable hunting-ground.

In that region lying between the Green or Colorado river
and the head-waters of the Rio del Norte, over the Yampah,
Kooyah, While, and Grand rivers — all of which are the waters
of the Colorado — the buffalo never extended so far to the west-
ward as they dfd on the waters of the Columbia ; and only in
one or two instances have they been known to descend as far
west as the mouth of White river. In traveling through the
country west of the Rocky mountains, observation readily led
me to the impression that the buffalo had, for the first time,
crossed that range to the waters of the Pacific only a few years
prior to the period we are considering ; and in this opinion I
am sustained by Mr. Fitzpatrick, and the older trappers in that
country. In the region west of the Rocky mountains, we never
meet with any of the ancient vestiges which, throughout all the
country lying upon their eastern waters, are found in the great
highways, continuous for hundreds of miles, always several
inches, and sometimes several feet in depth, which the buffalo
have made in crossing from one river to another, or in traver-
sing the mountain ranges. The Snake Indians, more particu-
larly those low down upon Lewis's fork, have always been
very grateful to the American trappers, for the great kindness
(as they frequently expressed it) which they did to them, in
driving the buffalo so low down the Columbia river.

The extraordinary abundance of the buffalo on the east side
of the Rocky mountains, and their extraordinary diminution,
will be made clearly evident from the following statement :
At any time between the years 1824 and 1836, a traveler
might start from any given point south or north in the Rocky
Mountain range, journeying by the most direct route to tne
Missouri river ; and, during the whole distance, his road would

254 COL, FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

always be among large bands of buffalo, which would never
be out of his view until he arrived almost within sight of the
abodes of civilization.

At this time, the buffalo occupy but a very limited space,
principally along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains,
sometimes extending at their southern extremity to a conside-
rable distance into the plains between the Platte and Arkansas
rivers, and along the eastern frontier of New Mexico as far
south as Texas.

The following statement, which I owe to the kindness of Mr
Sanford, a partner in the American Fur Company, will fur
ther illustrate this subject, by extensive knowledge acquired
during several years of travel through the region inhabited by
the buffalo :

" The total amount of robes annually traded by ourselves
and others will not be found to differ much from the following
statement :

Robes.

American Fur Company - .... 70,000

Hudson's Bay Company ..... 10,000

All other companies, probably .... 10,000

Making a total of .... 90,000
as an average annual return for the last eight or ten years.

" In the northwest, the Hudson's Bay Company purchase
from the Indians but a very small number — their only market
being Canada, to which the cost of transportation nearly equals
the produce of the furs ; and it is only within a very recent
period that they have received buffalo robes in trade ; and out
of the great number of buffalo annually killed throughout the
extensive region inhabited by the Camanches and other kindred
tribes, no robes whatever are furnished for trade. During
only four months of the year, (from November until March,)
the skins are good for dressing; those obtained in the remain-
ing eight months are valueless to traders ; and the hides of
bulls are never taken off or dressed as robes at any season.
Probably not more than one-third of the skins are taken from
the animals killed, even when they are in good season, the
labor of preparing and dressing the robes being very great ;

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 255

and it is seldom that a lodge trades more than twenty skins
in a year. It is during the summer months, and in the early
part of autumn, that the greatest number of buffalo are killed,
and yet at this time a skin is never taken for the purpose of
trade."

From thess data, which are certainly limited, and decidedly
within bounds, the reader is left to draw his own inference of
rhe immense number annually killed.

In 1842, I found the Sioux Indians of the Upper Platte
demantes, as their French traders expressed it, with the failure
of the buffalo ; and in the following year, large villages from
the Upper Missouri came over to the mountains at the heads
of the Platte, in search of them. The rapidly progressive
failure of their principal, and almost their only means of sub-
sistence, has created great alarm among them ; and at this
time there are only two modes presented to them, by which
they see a good prospect for escaping starvation : one of these
is to rob the settlements along the frontier of the States ,* and
the other is to form a league between the various tribes of the
Sioux nation, the Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, and make war
against the Crow nation, in order to take from them their
country, which is now the best buffalo country in the west.
This plan they now have in consideration ; and it would proba-
bly be a war of extermination, as the Crows have long been
advised of this state of affairs, and say that they are perfectly
prepared. These are the best warriors in the Rocky moun-
tains, and are now allied with the Snake Indians ; and it is
probable that their combination would extend itself to the
Utahs, who have long been engaged in war against the Sioux.
It is in this section of country that my observation formerly led
me to recommend the establishment of a military post.

The farther course of our narrative will give fuller and more
detailed information of the present disposition of the buffalo in
the country we visited.

Among the roots we obtained here, I could distinguish only
five or six different kinds ; and the supply of the Indians whom
we met consisted principally of yampah, (anethum graveolens,)
tobacco- root, (valeriana,) and a large root of a species of

256 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

thistle, (circium Virginianum,) which now is occasionally abim.
dant, and is a very agreeably flavored vegetable.

We had been detained so long at the village, that in the af-
ternoon we made only five miles, and encamped on the same
river after a day's journey of 19 miles. The Indians inform-
ed us that we should reach the big salt water after having
slept twice and traveling in a south direction. The stream
had here entered nearly a level plain or valley, of good soil,
eight or ten miles broad, to which no termination was to be
seen, and lying between ranges of mountains which, on the
right, were grassy and smooth, unbroken by rock, and lower
than on the left, where they were rocky and bald, increasing
in height to the southward. On the creek were fringes of
young willows, older trees being rarely found on the plains,
where the Indians burn the surface to produce better grass.
Several magpies (pica Hudsopica) were seen on the creek this
afternoon ; and a rattlesnake was killed here, the first which
had been seen since leaving the eastern plains. Our camp to-
night had such a hungry appearance that I suffered the little
cow to be killed, and divided the roots and berries among the
people. A number of Indians from the village encamped
near.

The weather the next morning was clear, the thermometer
at sunrise at 44-5° ; and, continuing down the valley, in about
'five miles we followed the little creek of our encampment to
its junction with a larger stream, called Roseaux, or Reed river.
Immediately opposite, on the right, the range was gathered into
its highest peak, sloping gradually low, and running off to a
point apparently some forty or fifty miles below. Between this
(now become the valley stream) and the foot of the mountains,
we journeyed along a handsome sloping level, which frequent
springs from the hills made occasionally miry, and halted to
noon at a swampy spring, where there were good grass and
abundant rushes. Here the river was forty feet wide, with a
considerable current, and the valley a mile and a half in
breadth ; the soil being generally good, of a dark color, and
apparently well adapted to cultivation. The nay hdd become
oright and pleasant, with the thermometer at 71°. By obso»*

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 257

vntion, our latitude was 41° 59' 31", and the elevation above
the sea 4,670 feet, On our left, this afternoon, the range at
long intervals formed itself into peaks, appearing to terminate,
about forty miles below, in a rocky cape, beyond which sev-
eral others weie faintly visible ; and we were disappointed
when, at every little rise, we did not see the lake. Towards
evening, our way was somewhat obstructed by fields of arte-
misia, which began to make their appearance here, and we
encamped on the Roseaux, the water of which had acquired a
decidedly salt taste, nearly opposite to a canon gap in the
mountains, through which the Bear river enters this valley.
As we encamped, the night set in dark and cold, with heavy
rain, and the artemisia, which was our only wood, was so
wet that it would not burn. A poor, nearly starved dog, with
a wound in his side from a ball, came to the camp, and re-
mained with us until the winter, when he met a very unex-
pected fate.

SEPTEMBER.

1st. — The morning was squally and cold; the sky scattered
over with clouds ; and the night had been so uncomfortable,
that we were not on the road until eight o'clock. Traveling
between Roseaux and Bear rivers, we continued to descend the
valley, which gradually expanded, as we advanced, into a level
plain, of good soil, about 25 miles in breath, between moun-
tains 3,000 and 4,000 feet high, rising suddenly to the clouds,
which all day rested upon the peaks. These gleamed out in
the occasional sunlight, mantled with the snow which had fallen
upon them, while it rained on us in the valley below, of which
the elevation here was 4,500 feet above the sea. The coun-
try before us plainly indicated that we were approaching the
lake, though, as the ground we were traveling afforded no ele-
vated point, nothing of it as yet could be seen ; and at a
great distance ahead were several isolated mountains iv^-m
bling islands, which they were afterwards found to be. On this
upper plain the grass was everywhere dead ; and among the

258 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

shrubs with which it was almost exclusively occupied, (arte-
misia being the most abundant,) frequently occurred handsome
clusters of several species of dieteria in bloom. Purshia tri-
dentata was among the frequent shrubs. Descending to the
bottoms of Bear river, we found good grass for th<* animals,
and encamped about 300 yards above the mouth of Roseaux,
which here makes its junction, without communicating any of
its salty taste to the main stream, of which the water remain*
perfectly pure. On the river are only willow thickets, (salit
longifolia,) and in the bottoms the abundant plants arc canes,
soldiago, and helianthi, and along the banks of Roseaux are
fields of malva rotundifolia. At sunset the thermometer was
at 54-5°, and the evening clear and calm ; but I deferred
making any use of it until one o'clock in the morning, when ]
endeavored to obtain an emersion of the first satellite ; but ii
was lost in a bank of clouds, which also rendered our usua)
observations indifferent.

Among the useful things which formed a portion of GUI
equipage, was an India-rubber boat, 18 feet long, made some-
what in the form of a bark canoe of the northern lakes. The
sides were formed by two air-tight cylinders, eighteen inches
in diameter, connected with others forming the bow and stern.
To lessen the danger from accidents to the boat, these were
divided into four different compartments, and the interior space
was sufficiently large to contain five or six persons, and a con
siderable weight of baggage. The Roseaux being too deep tc
be forded, our boat was filled with air, and in about one houi
all the equipage of the camp, carriage and gun included, fer-
ried across. Thinking that perhaps in the course of the day
we might reach the outlet of the lake, I got into the boat with
Basil Lajeunesse, and paddled down Bear river, intending at
night to rejoin the party, which in the mean time proceeded
on its way. The river was from sixty to one hundred yards
broad, and the water so deep, that even on the comparatively
shallow points we could not reach the bottom with 15 feet-
On either side were alternately low bottoms and willow points,
with an occasional high prairie ; and for five or six hours we
followed slowly the winding course of the river, which crept

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 259

along with a sluggish current among frequent detours several
miles around, sometimes running for a considerable distance
directly up the valley. As we were stealing quietly down the
stream, trying in vain to get a shot at a strange large bird that
was numerous among the willows, but very shy, we came un-
expectedly upon several families of Root-Diggers, who were
encamped among the rushes on the shore, and appeared very
busy about several weirs or nets which had been rudely made
of canes and rushes for the purpose of catching fish. They
were very much startled at our appearance, but we soon es-
tablished an acquaintance ; and finding that they had some
roots, I promised to send some men with goods to trade with
them. They had the usual very large heads, remarkable
among the Digger tribe, with matted hair, and were almost
entirely naked : looking very poor and miserable, as if their
lives had been spent in the rushes where they were, beyond
which they seemed to have very little knowledge of any thing.
From the words we could comprehend, their language was
that of the Snake Indians.

Our boat moved so heavily, that we had made very little
progress ; and, finding that it would be impossible to overtake
the camp, as soon as we were sufficiently far below the Indians,
we put to the shore near a high prairie bank, hauled up the
boat, and cached our effects in the willows. Ascending the
bank, we found that our desultory labor had brought us only a
few miles in a direct line ; and, going out into the prairie, after
a search we found the trail of the camp, which was nowhere in
sight, but had followed the general course of the river in a large
circular sweep which it makes at this place. The sun was
about three hours high when we found the trail ; and as our
people had passed early in the day, we had the prospect of a
vigorous walk before us. Immediately where we landed, the
high arable plain on which we had been traveling, for several
days past, terminated in extensive low flats, very generally
occupied by salt marshes, or beds of shallow lakes, whence the
water had in most places evaporated, leaving their hard surface
incrusted with a shining white residu im, and absolutely cov-
ered with very small univalve shells. As we advanced, the

260 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

whole country around us assumed this appearance; ana there
was no other vegetation than the shrubby chenopodiaceous and
other apparently saline plants, which were confined to the
rising grounds. Here and there, on the river bank, which
was raised like a levee above the flats through which it ran,
was a narrow border of grass and short black-burnt willows ;
the stream being very deep and sluggish, and sometimes six
hundred to eight hundred feet wide. After a rapid walk of about
fifteen miles, we caught sight of the camp-fires among clumps
of willows, just as the sun had sunk behind the mountains on
the west side of the valley, filling the clear sky with a golden
yellow. These last rays, to us so precious, could not have
revealed a more welcome sight. To the traveler and the
hunter, a camp-fire in the lonely wilderness is always cheer-
ing ; and to ourselves, in our present situation, after a hard
march in a region of novelty, approaching the debouches of a
river, in a lake of almost fabulous reputation, it was doubly so.
A plentiful supper of aquatic birds, and the interest of the scene,
soon dissipated fatigue ; and I obtained during the night emer-
sions of the second, third, and fourth satellites of Jupiter, with
observations for time and latitude.

3d. — The morning was clear, with a light air from the north,
and the thermometer at sunrise at 45-5°. At three in the
morning, Basil was sent back with several men and horses for
the boat, which, in a direct course across the flats, was not ten
miles distant ; and in the mean time there was a pretty spot of
grass here for the animals. The ground was so low that we
could not get high enough to see across the river, on account
of the willows ; but we were evidently in the vicinity of the
lake, and the water-fowl made thi? morning a noise like thun-
der. A pelican (pelecanus onocrotalus) was killed as he passed
by, and many geese and ducks flew over the camp. On the
dry salt rnarsh here is scarce any other plant than salicornia
Uerlacea.

In the afternoon the men returned with the boat, bringing
with them a small quantity of roots and some meat, which the
Indians had told them was bear-meat.

Descending the river for about three miles, in the afternoon,

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 261

we found a bar to any further traveling in that direction — the
stream being spread out in several branches, and covering the
low grounds with water, where the miry nature of the bottom
did not permit any further advance. We were evidently on
the border of the lake, although the rushes and canes which
covered the marshes prevented any view ; and we accordingly
encamped at the little delta which forms the mouth of Bear
river — a long arm of the lake stretching up to the north, be-
tween us and the opposite mountains. The river was bordered
with a fringe of willows and canes, among which were inter-
spersed a few plants ; and scattered about on the marsh was a
species of uniola, closely allied to U. spicata of our sea-coast.
The whole morass was animated with multitudes of water-fowl,
which appeared to be very wild — rising for the space of a mile
round about at the sound of a gun, with a noise like distant
thunder. Several of the people waded out into the marshes,
and we had to-night a delicious supper of ducks, geese, and
plover.

Although the moon was bright, the night was otherwise
favorable; and I obtained this evening an emersion of the first
satellite, with the usual observations. A mean result, depend-
ing on various observations made during our stay in the neigh-
borhood, places the mouth of the river in longitude 112° 19' 30"
west from Greenwich ; latitude 41° 30' 22" ; and, according
to the barometer, in elevation 4,200 feet above the Gulf of
Mexico. The night was clear, with considerable dew, which
I had remarked every night since the first of September. The
next morning, while we were preparing to start, Carson rode
into the camp with flour arid a few other articles of light pro-
vision, sufficient for two or three days — a scanty but very ac-
ceptable supply. Mr. Fitzpatrick had not yet arrived, and
provisions were very scarce, and difficult to be had at Fort
Hall, which had been entirely exhausted by the necessities of
'he emigrants. He brought me also a letter from Mr. Dwight,
who, in company with several emigrants, had reached that
place in advance of Mr. Fitzpatrick, and was about continuing
sis journey to Vancouver.

Returning about five miles up the riv«r. w« were occupi« d

262 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

until nearly sunset in crossing to the left bank — the stream,
which in the last five or six miles of its course is very much
narrower than above, being very deep immediately at the
banks ; and we had great difficulty in getting our animals
over. The people with the baggage were easily crossed in
the boat, and we encamped on the left bank where we crossed
the river. At sunset the thermometer was at 75°, and there
was some rain during the night, with a thunder-storm at a dis-
tance.

5th. — Before us was evidently the bed of the lake, being a
great salt marsh, perfectly level and bare, whitened in places
by saline efflorescences, with here and there a pool of water,
and having the appearance of a very level seashore at low tide.
Immediately along the river was a very narrow strip of vege-
tation, consisting of willows, helianthi, roses, flowering vines,
and grass ; bordered on the verge of the great marsh by a
fringe of singular plants, which appear to be a shrubby sali-
cornia, or a genus allied to it.

About 12 miles to the southward was one of those isolated
mountains, now appearing to be a kind of peninsula ; and to-
wards this we accordingly directed our course, as it probably
afforded a good view of the lake ; but the deepening mud as
we advanced forced us to return towards the river, and gain
the higher ground at the foot of the eastern mountains. Here
we halted for a few minutes at noon, on a beautiful little
stream of pure and remarkably clear water, with a bed of rock
in situ, on which was an abundant water-plant with a white
blossom. There was good grass in the bottoms ; and, amidst
a rather luxuriant growth, its banks were bordered with a
large showy plant, (eupatorium purpureum,) which I here saw
for the first time. We named the stream Clear creek.

We continued our way along the mountain, having found
here a broad plainly-beaten trail, over what was apparently
the shore of the lake in the spring ; the ground being high and
firm, ana the soil excellent, and covered with vegetation,
among which a leguminous plant (gtycyrrhiza lepidota) was a
characteristic plant. The ridge here rises abruptly to the
height of about 4,000 feet, its face being very prominently

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 263

Barked with a massive stratum of rose-colored granular quartz,
which is evidently an altered sedimentary rock, the lines of
deposition being very distinct. It is rocky and steep — divided
into several mountains — and the rain in the valley appears to
be always snow on their summits at this season. Near a re-
markably rocky point of the mountain, at a large spring of
pure water, were several hackberry-trees, (celtis,) probably a
new species, the berries still green ; and a short distance far-
ther, thickets of sumach, (rhus.)

On the plain here I noticed blackbirds and grouse. In about
seven miles from Clear creek, the trail brought us to a place
at the foot of the mountain where there issued, with considera-
ble force, 10 or 12 hot springs, highly impregnated with salt,
[n one of these the thermometer stood at 136°, and in another
at 132*5°, and the water, which was spread in pools over the
low ground, was colored red.

An analysis of the red earthy matter deposited in the bed cf
the stream from the springs, gives the following result :

Peroxide of iron 33-50

Carbonate of magnesia ...... 2-40

Carbonate of lime --.-..- 50-43

Sulphate of lime ....... 2-00

Chloride of sodium ....... 3*45

Silica and alumina ....... 3-00

Water and loss 5-22

100-00°

At this place the trail we had been following turned to the
left, apparently with a view of entering a gorge in the moun
tain, from which issued the principal fork of a large and com
paratively well-timbered stream, called Weber's fork. We
accordingly turned off towards the lake, and encamped on this
river, which was 100 to 150 feet wide, with high banks, and
very clear pure water, without the slightest indication of
salt.

6th. — Leaving the encampment early, *e again directed our
course for the peninsular butte across a low shrubby plain,
crossing in the way a slough-like creek with miry banks, and
wooded with thickets of thorn, (cratagus,) which were loaded

264 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

with berries. This time we reached the butte without any
difficulty, and, ascending to the summit, immediately at our
feet beheld the object of our anxious search — the waters of the
Inland Sea, stretching in still and solitary grandeur far beyond
the limit of our vision. It was one of the great points of the
exploration ; and as we looked eagerly over the lake in the first
emotions of excited pleasure, I am doubtful if the followers of -
Balboa felt more enthusiasm when, from the heights of the
Andes, they saw for the first time the great Western ocean.
It was certainly a magnificent object, and a noble terminus to
this part of our expedition ; and to travelers so long shut up
among mountain ranges, a sudden view over the expanse of
silent waters had in it something sublime. Several large isl-
ands raised their high rocky heads out of the waves ; but
whether or not they were timbered, was still left to our imagi-
nation, as the distance was too great to determine if the dark
hues upon them were woodland or naked rock. During the
day the clouds had been gathering black over the mountains to
the westward, and, while we were looking, a storm burst down
with sudden fury upon the lake, and entirely hid the inlands
from our view. So far as we could see, along the shores there
was not a solitary tree, and but little appearance of grass ; and
on Weber's fork, a few miles below our last encampment, the
timber was gathered into groves, and then disappeared entire-
ly. As this appeared to be the nearest point to the lake, where
a suitable camp could be found, we directed our course to one
of the groves, where we found a handsome encampment, with
good grass and an abundance of rushes, (equisetum liyemale.)
At sunset the thermometer was at 55° ; the evening clear and
calm, with some cumuli.

7th. — The morning was calm and clear, with a temperature
at sunrise of 39-5°. The day was spent in active preparation
for our intended voyage on the lake. On the edge of the stream
a favorable spot was selected in a grove, and, felling the tim-
ber, we made a strong coral, or horse-pen, for the animals,
and a little fort for the people who were to remain. We were
now probably in the country of the Utah Indians, though none
reside on the lake. The India-rubber boat was repaired with

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 265

prepared cloth and gum. and filled with air, in readiness for
the next day.

The provisions which Carson brought with him being now
exhausted, and our stock reduced to a small quantity of roots,
I determined to retain with me only a sufficient number of
men for the execution of our design ; and accordingly seven
were sent back to Fort Hall, under the guidance of Francois
Lajeunesse, who, having been for many years a trapper in the
country, was considered an experienced mountaineer. Though
they were provided with good horses, and the road was a re-
markably plain one of only four days' journey for a horse-
man, they became bewildered, (as we afterwards learned,) and,
losing their way, wandered about the country in parties of one
or two, reaching the fort about a week afterwards. Some
straggled in of themselves, and the others were brought in by
Indians who had picked them up on Snake river, about sixty
miles below the fort, traveling along the emigrant road in full
march for the Lower Columbia. The leader of this adventurous
party was Francois.

Hourly barometrical observations were made during the
day, and, after the departure of the party for Fort Hall, we
occupied ourselves in continuing our little preparations, and in
becoming acquainted with the country in the vicinity. The
bottoms along the river were timbered with several kinds of
willow, hawthorn, and fine cotton wood-trees (populus canaden-
sis) with remarkably large leaves, and sixty feet in height by
measurement.

We formed now but a small family. With Mr. Preuss and
myself, Carson, Bernier, and Basil Lajeunesse, had been
selected for the boat expedition — the first attempted on this in-
terior sea ; and Badeau, with Derosier, and Jacob, (the colored
man,) were to be left in charge of the camp. We were favor-
ed with most delightful weather. To-night there was a bril-
liant sunset of golden orange and green, which left the west-
ern sky clear and beautifully pure ; but clouds in the east mado
me lose an occultalion. The summer frogs were singing around
us, and the evening was very pleasant, with a temperature of
60° — a night of a more southern autumn. For our suppei

266 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

we had yampah, the most agreeably flavored of the roots,
seasoned by a small fat duck, which had come in the way of
Jacob's rifle. Around our fire to-night were many specula-
tions on what to-morrow would bring forth, and in our busy
conjectures we fancied that we should find every one of the
large islands a tangled wilderness of trees and shrubbery,
teeming with game of every description that the neighboring
region afforded, and which the foot of a white man or Indian
had never violated. Frequently, during the day, clouds had
rested on the summits of their lofty mountains, and we be-
lieved that we should find clear streams and springs of fresh
water ; and we indulged in anticipations of the luxurious re-
pasts with which we were to indemnify ourselves for past
privations. Neither, in our discussions, were the whirlpool
and other mysterious dangers forgotten, which Indian and
hunters' stories attributed to this unexplored lake. The men
had found that, instead of being strongly sewed, (like that of
the preceding year, which had so triumphantly rode the canons
of the upper Great Platte,) our present boat was only pasted
together in a very insecure manner, the maker having been
allowed so little time in the construction, that he was obliged
to crowd the labor of two months into several days. The
insecurity of the boat was sensibly felt by us ; and, mingled
with the enthusiasm and excitement that we all felt at the
prospect of an undertaking which had never before been ac-
complished, was a certain impression of danger, sufficient to
give a serious character to our conversation. The momentary
view which had been had of the lake the day before, its great
extent and rugged islands, dimly seen amidst the dark waters
in the obscurity of the sudden storm, were calculated to heighten
the idea of undefined danger with which the lake was generally
associated.

8th. — A calm, clear day, with a sunrise temperature of
41°. In view of our present enterprise, a part of the equip-
ment of the boat had been made to consist in three air-tight
bags, about three feet long, and capable each of containing five
gallons. These had been filled with water the night before,
and were now placed in the boat, with our blankets and instru.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATION'S. 207

ments, consisting of a sextant, telescope, spy-glass, thermome-
ter, and barometer.

We left the camp at sunrise, and had a very pleasant voyage
down the river, in which there was generally eight or ten feet
of water, deepening as we neared the mouth in the latter part
of the day. In the course of the morning we discovered that
two of the cylinders leaked so much as to require one man
constantly at the bellows, to keep them sufficiently full of air
to support the boat. Although we had made a very early
start, we loitered so much on the way — stopping every now
and then, and floating silently along, to get a shot at a goose
or duck — that it was late in the day when we reached the
outlet. The river here divided into several branches, filled with
fluvials, and so very shallow that it was with difficulty we
could get the boat along, being obliged to get out and wade.
We encamped on a low point among rushes and young willows,
where was a quantity of drift-wood, which served for our fires.
The evening was mild and clear ; we made a pleasant bed of
young willows ; and geese and ducks enough had been killed
for an abundant supper at night, and for breakfast the next
morning. The stillness of the night was enlivened by millions
of water-fowl. Lat. (by observation) 41° IV 26" ; and long.
112° 11' 30".

9th. — The day was clear and calm ; the thermometer at
sunrise at 49°. As is usual with the trappers on the eve of
any enterprise, our people had made dreams, and theirs hap-
pened to be a bad one — one which always preceded evil — and
consequently they looked very gloomy this morning ; but we
hurried through our breakfast, in order to made an early start,
and have all the day before us for our adventure. The chan-
nel in a short distance became so shallow that our navigation
was at an end, being merely a sheet of soft mud, with a few
inches of water, and sometimes none at all, forming the low.
water shore of the lake. All this place was absolutely cover,
ed with flocks of screaming plover. We took off our clothes,
and, getting overboard, commenced dragging the boat — making,
by this operation, a very curious trail, and a very disagreeable
imell in stirring up the mud, as we sank above the knee a*

268 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

every step. The water here was still fresn, with only an in
sipid and disagreeable taste, probably derived from the bed ol
fetid mud. After proceeding in this way about a mile, we
came to a small black ridge on the bottom, beyond which the
water became suddenly salt, beginning gradually to deepen,
and the bottom was sandy and firm. It was a remarkable di-
vision, separating the fresh waters of the rivers from the briny
water of the lake, which was entirely saturated with common
salt. Pushing our little vessel across the narrow boundary,
we sprang on board, and at length were afloat on the waters
of the unknown sea.

We did not steer for the mountainous islands, but directed
our course towards a lower one, which it had been decided we
should first visit, the summit of which was formed like the
crater at the upper end of Bear River valley. So long as we
could touch the bottom with our paddles, we were very gay ;
but gradually, as the water deepened, we became more still in
our frail batteau of gum-cloth distended with air, and with
pasted seams. Although the day was very calm, there was a
considerable swell on the lake ; and there were white patches
of foam on the surface, which were slowly moving to the
southward, indicating the set of a current in that direction, and
recalling the recollection of the whirlpool stories. The water
continued to deepen as we advanced — the lake becoming al-
most transparently clear, of an extremely beautiful bright-green
color ; and the spray, which was thrown into the boat and
over our clothes, was directly converted into a crust of com-
mon salt, which covered also our hands and arms. " Captain,"
said Carson, who for some time had been looking suspiciously
at some whitening appearances outside the nearest islands,
" what are those yonder ? — won't you just take a- look with
the glass ?" We ceased paddling for a moment, and found
them to be the caps of the waves that were beginning to
break under the force of a strong breeze that was coming up
the lake.

The form of the boat seemed to be an admirable one, and it
rode on the waves like a water-bird ; but, at the same time, it
was extremely slow in its progress. When we were a little

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 2G(J

more than half way across the reach, two of the divisions be-
tween the cylinders gave way, and it required the constant use
of the bellows to keep in a sufficient quantity of air. For a
long time we scarcely seemed to approach our island, but
gradually we worked across the rougher sea of the open chan-
nel, into the smoother water under the lee of the island, and
began to discover that what we took for a long row of pelicans,
ranged on the beach, were only low cliffs whitened with salt
by the spray of the waves ; and about noon we reached the
shore, the transparency of the water enabling us to see the bot-
torn at a considerable depth.

It was a handsome broad beach where we landed, behind
>vhich the hill, into which the island was gathered, rose some-
what abruptly ; and a point of rock at one end enclosed it in a
sheltering way; and as there was an abundance of drift-wood
along the shore, it offered us a pleasant encampment. We did
not suffer our frail boat to touch the sharp rocks, but, getting
overboard, discharged the baggage, and, lifting it gently out of
the water, carried it to the upper part of the beach, which was
composed of very small fragments of rock.

Among the successive banks of the beach, formed by the ac-
tion of the waves, our attention, as we approached the island,
had been attracted by one 10 to 20 feet in breadth, of a dark-
brown color. Being more closely examined, this was found to
be composed, to the depth of seven or eight and twelve inches,
entirely of the larva of insects, or, in common language, of the
skins of worms, about the size of a grain of oats, which had
been washed up by the waters of the lake.

Alluding to this subject some months afterwards, when trav-
eling through a more southern portion of this region, in com-
pany with Mr. Joseph Walker, an old hunter, I was informed
by him, that, wandering with a party of men in a mountain
country east of the great California range, he surprised a party
of several Indian families encamped near a small salt lake,
who abandoned ^heir lodges at his approach, leaving every
thing behind them. Being in a starving condition, they were
delighted to find in the abandoned lodges a number of skin
bags, containing a quantity of what appeared to be fish, dried

270 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

and pounded. On this they made a hearty supper, and were
gathering around an abundant breakfast the next morn-ing,
when Mr. Walker discovered that it was with these, or a sinii.
lar worm, that the bags had been filled. The stomachs of the
stout trappers were not proof against their prejudices, and the
repulsive food was suddenly rejected. Mr. Walker had fur-
ther opportunities of seeing these worms used as an article of
food ; and I am inclined to think they are the same as those
we saw, and appear to be a product of the salt lakes. It may
be well to recall to your mind that Mr. Walker was associated
with Capt. Bonneville in his expedition to the Rocky moun-
tains, and has since that time remained in the country, gener-
ally residing in some one of the Snake villages, when not en-
gaged in one of his numerous trapping expeditions, in which he
is celebrated as one of the best and bravest leaders who have
evpr been in the country.

The cliffs and masses of rock along the shore were whitened
by an incrustation of salt where the waves dashed up against
them ; and the evaporating water, which had been left in holes
and hollows on the surface of the rocks, was covered with a
crust of salt about one-eighth of an inch in thickness. It ap-
peared strange that, in the midst of this grand reservoir, one
of our greatest wants lately had been salt. Exposed to be
more perfectly dried in the sun, this became very white and
fine, having the usual flavor of very excellent common salt,
without any foreign taste ; but only a little was collected for
present use, as there was in it a number of small black insects.

Carrying with us tne barometer and other instruments, in the
afternoon we ascended to the highest point of the island — a
bare, rocky peak, eight hundred feet above the lake. Stand-
ing on the summit, we enjoyed an extended view of the lake,
enclosed in a basin of rugged mountains, which sometimes left
marshy flats and extensive bottoms between them and the shore,
and in other places came directly down into the water with
bold and precipitous bluffs. Following with our glasses the
irregular shores, we searched for some indications of a commu-
nication with other bodies of water, or the entrance of othei
rivers ; but the distance was so sreat that we could make ou

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 271

nothing with certainty. To the southward, several peninsular
mountains, 3,000 or 4,000 feet high, entered the lake, appear-
ing, so far as the distance and our position enabled us to deter-
mine, to be connected by flats and low ridges with the moun-
tains in the rear. These are probably the islands usually in-
dicated on maps of this region as entirely detached from the
shore. The season of our operations was when the waters were
at their lowest stage. At the season of high waters in the
spring, it is probable that the marshes and low grounds are
overflowed, and the surface of the lake considerably greater.
In several places the view was of unlimited extent — here and
there a rocky islet appearing above the waters, at a great dis-
tance ; and beyond, every thing was vague and undefined. As
we looked over the vast expanse of water spread out beneath
us, and strained our eyes along the silent shores over which
hung so much doubt and uncertainty, and which were so full
of interest to us, I could hardly repress the almost irresistible
desire to continue our explorations ; but the lengthening snow
on the mountains was a plain indication of the advancing sea-
son, and our frail linen boat appeared so insecure that I was
unwilling to trust our lives to the uncertainties of the lake. I
therefore unwillingly resolved to terminate our survey here,
and remain satisfied for the present with what we had been
able to add to the unknown geography of the region. We felt
pleasure, also, in remembering that we were the first who, in
the traditionary annals of the country, had visited the islands,
and broken, with the cheerful sound of human voices, the long
solitude of the place. From the point where we were standing,
the ground fell off on every side to the water, giving us a per-
fect view of the island, which is twelve or thirteen miles in
circumference, being simply a rocky hill, on which there is
neither water nor trees of any kind ; although the Fremontia
vcnnicularis, which was in great abundance, might easily be
taken for timber at a distance. The plant seemed here to de-
light in a congenial air, growing in extraordinary luxuriance
seven to eight feet high, and was very abundant on the upper
parts of the island, where it was almost the only plant. Tin's
is eminently a saline shrub : its leaves have n salt taste ; and

272 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

it luxuriates in saline soils, where it is usually a characteristic
It is widely diffused over all this country. A chenopodiaceous
shrub, which is a new species of OBIONE, (O. rigida, Torr. and
Frem.,) was equally characteristic of :he lower parts of the
island. These two are the striking plants on the island, and
belong to a class of plants which form a prominent feature in
the vegetation of this country. On the lower parts of the
island,, also, a prickly pear of very large size was frequent.
On the shore, near the water, was a woolly species of phaca ;
and a new species of umbelliferous plant (leptotamia) was scat-
tered about in very considerable abundance. These consti-
tuted all the vegetation that now appeared upon the island.

I accidentally left on the summit the brass cover to the ob-
ject end of my spy-glass : and as it will probably remain there
undisturbed by Indians, it will furnish matter of speculation to
some future traveler. In our excursions about the island, we
did not meet with any kind of animal ; a magpie, and another
larger bird, probably attracted by the smoke of our fire, paid
us a visit from the shore, and were the only living things seen
during our stay. The rock constituting the cliffs along the
shore, where we were encamped, is a talcous rock, or steatite,
with brown spar.

At sunset, the temperature was 70°. We had arrived just
in time to obtain a meridian altitude of the sun, and other ob-
servations were obtained this evening, which placed our camp
in latitude 41° 10' 42", and longitude 112° 21' 05" from
Greenwich. From a discussion of the barometrical observa-
tions made during our stay on the shores of the lake, we have
adopted 4,200 feet for its elevation above the Gulf of Mexico.
In the first disappointment we felt from the dissipation of our
dream of the fertile islands, I called this Disappointment island.

Out of the drift-wood, we made ourselves pleasant little
lodges, open to the water ; and, after having kindled large fires
to excite the wonder of any straggling savage on the lake
shores, lay down, for the first time in a long journey, in per-
fect security ; no one thinking about his arms. The evening
was extremely bright and pleasant ; but the wind rose during
the night, and the waves began to break heavily on the shore,

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 273

making our island tremble. I had not expected in our inland
'ourney to hear the roar of an ocean surf; and the strange-
ness of our situation, and the excitement we felt in the associ-
ated interest of the place, made this one of the most interesting
nights I made during our long expedition.

In the morning, the surf was breaking heavily on the shore,
and we were up early. The lake was dark and agitated, and
we hurried through our scanty breakfast, and embarked — hav-
ing first filled one of the buckets with water from the lake, of
which it was intended to make salt. The sun had risen by
the time we were ready to start ; and it was blowing a strong
gale of wind, almost directly off the shore, and raising a con-
siderable sea, in which our boat strained very much. Tt
roughened as we got away from the island, and it required all
the efforts of the men to make any head against the wind and
sea, the gale rising with the sun ; and there was danger of
being blown into one of the open reaches beyond the island.
At the distance of half a mile from the beach, the depth of the
water was 16 feet, with a clay bottom ; but, as the working of
the boat was very severe labor, and during the operation of
sounding it was necessary to cease paddling, during which the
boat lost considerable way, I was unwilling to discourage the
men, and reluctantly gave up my intention of ascertaining the
depth and the character of the bed. There was a general
shout in the boat when we found ourselves in one fathom, and
we soon after landed on a low point of mud, immediately un-
der the butte of the peninsula, where we unloaded the boat,
and carried the baggage about a quarter of a mile to firmer
ground. We arrived just in time for meridian observation,
and carried the barometer to the summit of the butte, which is
500 feet above the lake. Mr. Preuss set off on foot for the
camp, which was about nine miles distant ; Basil accompany-
ing him, to bring back horses for the boat and baggage.

The rude-looking shelter we raised on the shore, our scat-
tered baggage and boat lying on the beach, made quite a pic-
ture ; and we called this the Fisherman's camp. Lynosiru
graveolens, and another new species of OBIONE, (O. confertifo-
lia — Torr. fy Frem.,) were growing on the low grounds, with
18

274 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

interspersed spots of an unwholesome salt grass, on a saline
clay soil, with a few other plants.

The horses arrived late in the afternoon, by which time the
gale had increased to such a height that a man could scarcely
stand before it ; and we were obliged to pack our baggage
hastily, as the rising water of the lake had already reached
the point where we were halted. Looking back as we rode
off, we found the place of recent encampment entirely cover-
ed. The low plain through which we rode to the camp was
covered with a compact growth of shrubs of extraordinary
size and luxuriance. The soil was sandy and saline ; flat
places, resembling the beds of ponds, that were bare of vegeta-
tion, and covered with a powdery white salt, being interspersed
among the shrubs. Artemisia tridentata was very abundant,
but the plants were principally saline ; a large and vigorous
chenopodiaceous shrub, five to eight feet high, being charac-
teristic, with Fremontia vermicularis, and a shrubby plant
which seems to be a new salicornia. We reached the camp
in time to escape a thunder-storm which blackened the sky, and
were received with a discharge of the howitzer by the peo
pie, who, having been unable to see any thing of us on the
lake, had begun to feel some uneasiness.

llth. — To-day we remained at this camp, in order to obtain
some further observations, and to boil down the water which
had been brought from the lake, for a supply of salt. Roughly
evaporated over the fire, the five gallons of water yielded four-
teen pints of very fine-grained and very white salt, of which
the whole lake may be regarded as a saturated solution. A
portion of the salt thus obtained has been subjected to analysis,
giving, in 100 parts, the following proportions :

Analysis of the salt.

Chloride of sodium, (common salt,) - 97-80

Chloride of calcium, 0-61

Chloride of magnesium, --.... Q-24

Sulphate of soda, ------„ 0*23

Sulphate of lime, 1-12

100-00
Glancing your eye along the map, you will see a small

ADVENTURES AND EXPLOBATIONS. 275

stream entering Utah lake, south of the Spanish fork, and the
first waters of that lake which our road of 1844 crosses in
coming up from the southward. When I was on this stream
with Mr. Walker in that year, he informed me that on the up-
per part of the river are immense beds of rock-salt of very
great thickness, which he had frequently visited. Farther to
the southward, the rivers which are affluent to the Colorado,
such as the Rio Virgen, and Gila river, near their mouths,
are impregnated with salt by the cliffs of rock-salt between
which they pass. These mines occur in the. same ridge in
.vhich, about 120 miles to ;he northward, and subsequently in
their more immediate neighborhood, we discovered the fossils
belonging to the oolitic period, and they are probably connect-
ed with that formation, and are the deposite from which the
Great Lake obtains its salt. Had we remained longer, we
should have found them in its bed, and in the mountains around
its shores. By observation the latitude of this camp is 41° 15'
50", and longitude 112° 06' 43".

The observations made during our stay give for the rate of
the chronometer 31 '72", corresponding almost exactly with the
rate obtained at St. V rain's fort. Barometrical observations
were made almost hourly during the day. This morning we
breakfasted on yampah, and had only kamas for supper ; but
a cup of good coffee still distinguished us from our Digger ac-
quaintances.

12th. — The morning was clear and calm, with a tempera-
ture at sunrise of 32°. We resumed our journey late in the
day, returning by nearly the same route which we had traveled
in coming to the lake ; and, avoiding the passage of Hawthorn
creek, struck the hills a little below the hot salt-springs. The
flat plain we had here passed over consisted alternately of tolera-
bly good sandy soil and of saline plats. We encamped early
on Clear creek, at the foot of the high ridge ; one of the peaks
of which we ascertained by measurement to be 4,210 feet
above the lake, or about 8,400 feet above the sea. Behind
these front peaks the ridge rises towards the Bear River inoun-
tains, which are probably as high as the Wind River chain
This creek is here unusually well timbered with a variety r«f

276 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

trees. Among them were birch, (betula,) the narrow-leaved
poplar, (populus angustifolia,) several kinds of willow, (solix,)
hawthorn, (tratagus,) alder, (alnus viridis,) and cerasus, with
an oak allied to quercus alba, but very distinct from that or any
other species in the United States.

We had to-night a supper of sea-gulls, which Carson killed
near the lake. Although cool, the thermometer standing at
47°, musquitoes were sufficiently numerous to be troublesome
this evening.

13th. — Continuing up the river valley, we crossed several
small streams ; the mountains on the right appearing to con-
sist of the blue limestone which we had observed in the same
ridge to the northward, alternating here with a granular quartz
already mentioned. One of these streams, which forms a
smaller lake near the river, was broken up into several chan-
nels ; and the irrigated bottom of fertile soil was covered
with innumerable flowers, among which were purple fields of
eupatorium purpureum, with helianthi, a handsome solidago, (S.
canadensis,) and a variety of other plants in bloom. Continu-
ing along the foot of the hills, in the afternoon we found five
or six hot-springs gushing out together, beneath a conglomerate,
consisting principally of fragments of a grayish-blue limestone,
efflorescing a salt upon the surface. The temperature of these
springs was 134°, and the rocks in the bed were colored with
a red deposite, and there was common salt crystallized on the
margin. There was also a white incrustation upon leaves and
roots, consisting principally of carbonate of lime. There
were rushes seen along the road this afternoon, and the soil
under the hills was very black, and apparently very good ;
but at this time the grass is entirely dried up. We encamped
on Bear river, immediately below a cut-off, the canon by which
the river enters this valley bearing north by compass. The
night was mild, with a very clear sky ; and I obtained a very
excellent observation of an occultation of Tau. Arietis, with
other observations. Both immersion and emersion of the star
were observed ; but, as our observations have shown, the
phase at the bright limb generally gives incorrect longitudes,
Rnd we have adopted the result obtained from the emersioo

ADVENTUKES AND EXPLORATIONS. 277

it the dark limb, without allowing any weight to the immer-
sion. According to these observations, the longitude is 112°
05' 12", and the latitude 41° 42' 43". All the longitudes
on the line of our outward journey, between St. Vrain's fort
and the Dalles of the Columbia, which were not directly de-
termined by satellites, have been chronometrically referred to
this place.

The people to-day were rather low-spirited, hunger making
them very quiet and peaceable ; and there was rarely an oath
to be heard in the camp — not even a solitary enfant de garce.
It was time for the men with an expected supply of provisions
from Mr. Fitzpatrick to be in the neighborhood ; and the gun
was fired at evening, to give notice of our locality, but met
with no response.

14th. — About four miles from this encampment, the trail
led us down to the river, where we unexpectedly found an ex-
cellent ford — the stream being widened by an island, and not
yet disengaged from the hills at the foot of the range. We
encamped on a little creek where we had made a noon halt in
descending the river. The night was very clear and pleasant,
the sunset temperature being 67°.

The people this evening looked so forlorn, that I gave them
permission to kill a fat young horse which I had purchased
with goods from the Snake Indians, and they were very soon
restored to gayety and good humor. Mr. Preuss and myself
could not yet overcome some remains of civilized prejudices,
and preferred to starve a little longer ; feeling as much sad-
dened as if a crime had been committed.

The next day we continued up the valley, the soil being
sometimes very black and good, occasionally gravelly, and
occasionally a kind of naked salt plains. We found on the
way this morning a small encampment of two families of
Snake Indians, from whom we purchased a small quantity of
kooyah. They had piles of seeds, of three different kinds,
spread out upon pieces of buffalo robe ; and the squaws had
just gathered about a bushel of the root of a thistle, (circium
Virginianum.) They were about the ordinary size of carrots,
and, as I have previously mentioned, are sweet and well

278 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

flavored, requiring only a long preparation. They had a band
of twelve or fifteen horses, and appeared to be growing in
the sunshine with about as little labor as the plants they were
eating.

Shortly afterwards we met an Indian on horseback who had
killed an antelope, which we purchased of him for a little
powder and some balls. We crossed the Roseaux, and en-
camped on the left bank ; halting early for the pleasure of
enjoying a wholesome and abundant supper, and were pleasant-
ly engaged in protracting our unusual comfort, when Tabeau
galloped into the camp with news that Mr. Fitzpatrick was en-
camped close by us, with a good supply of provisions — flour,
rice, and dried meat, and even a little butter. Excitement to-
night made us all wakeful ; and after a breakfast before sun-
rise the next morning, we were again on the road, and, con-
tinuing up the valley, crossed some high points of hills, and
halted to noon on the same stream, near several lodges of
Snake Indians, from whom we purchased about a bushel of
service-berries, partially dried. By the gift of a knife, I pre-
vailed upon a little boy to show me the kooyah plant, which
proved to be valeriana edulis. The root which constitutes the
kooyah, is large, of a very bright yellow color, with the charac-
teristic odor, but not so fully developed as in the prepared sub-
stance. It loves the rich moist soil of river bottoms, which
was the locality in which I always afterwards found it. It
was now entirely out of bloom ; according to my observation,
flowering in the months of May and June. In the afternoon
we entered a long ravine leading to a pass in the dividing ridge
between the waters of Bear river and the Snake river, or
Lewis's fork of the Columbia ; our way being very much im-
peded, and almost entirely blocked up, by compact fields of
luxuriant artemisia. Taking leave at this point of the waters
of Bear river, and of the geographical basin which encloses the
system of rivers and creeks which belong to the Great Salt
Lake, and which so richly deserves a future detailed and ample
exploration, I can say of it, in general terms, that the bot-
toms of this river, (BearJ and of some of the creeks which )
saw, form a natural resting and recruiting station for travoJ

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. liT!)

era, now, and in all time to come. The bottoms are extensive ;
water excellent; timber sufficient; the soil good, and well
adapted to grains and grasses suited to such an elevated re-
gion. A military post, and a civilized settlement, would be
of great value here ; grass and salt so much abound. The
lake will furnish exhaustless supplies of salt. All the moun-
tains here are covered with a valuable nutritious grass, called
bunch-grass, from the form in which it grows, which has a
second growth in the fall. The beasts of the Indians were fat
upon it ; our own found it a good subsistence ; and its quantity
will sustain any amount of cattle, and make this truly a bucolic
region.

We met here an Indian family on horseback, which had
been out to gather service-berries, and were returning loaded.
This tree was scattered about on the hills ; and the upper part
of the pass was timbered with aspen, (populus trem. ;) the
common blue flowering-flax occurring among the plants. The
approach to the pass was very steep, and the summit about
6,300 feet above the sea — probably only an uncertain approxi-
mation, as at the time of observation it was blowing a violent
gale of wind from the northwest, with cumuli scattered in
masses over the sky, the day otherwise bright and clear. We
descended, by a steep slope, into a broad open valley — good
soil — from four to five miles wide, coming down immediately
upon one of the head- waters of the Pannack river, which here
loses itself in swampy ground. The appearance of the coun-
try here is not very interesting. On either side is a regular
range of mountains of the usual character, with a little timber,
tolerably rocky on the right, and higher and more smooth on
the left, with still higher peaks looking out above the range.
The valley afforded a good level road, but it was late when it
brought us to water, and we encamped at dark. The north-
west wind had blown up very cold weather, and the artemisia,
which was our firewood to-night, did not happen to be very
abundant. This plant loves a dry, sandy soil, and cannot
grow in the good bottoms where it is rich and moist, but on every
little eminence, where water does not rest long, it maintains
absolute possession. Elevation above the sea about 5,100 feet

280 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

At night scattered fires glimmered along the mountains,
pointing out camps of the Indians ; and we contrasted the com-
parative security in which we traveled through this country,
with the guarded vigilance we were compelled to exert among
the Sioux and other Indians on the eastern side of the Rocky
mountains.

At sunset the thermometer was at 50°, and at midnight at
30°.

17th. — The morning sky was calm and clear, the tempera-
ture at daylight being 25°, and at sunrise 20°. There is
throughout this country a remarkable difference between the
morning and mid-day temperatures, which at this season was
very generally 40° or 50°, and occasionally greater ; and fre-
quently, after a very frosty morning, the heat in a few hours
would render the thinnest clothing agreeable. About noon we
reached the main fork. The Pannack river was before us, the
valley being here 1-J miles wide, fertile, and bordered by
smooth hills, not over 500 feet high, partly covered with ce-
dar ; a high ridge, in which there is a prominent peak, rising
behind those on the left. We continued to descend this stream,
and found on it at night a warm and comfortable camp. Flax
occurred so frequently during the day as to be almost a cha-
racteristic, and the soil appeared excellent. The evening was
gusty, with a temperature at sunset of 59°. I obtained, about
midnight, an observation of an emersion of the first satellite,
the night being calm and very clear, the stars remarkably
bright, and the thermometer at 30°. Longitude, from mean
of satellite and chronometer, 112° 29' 52", and latitude, by
observation, 42° 44' 40".

18th. — The day clear and calm, with a temperature of 25°
at sunrise. After traveling seven or eight miles, we emerged
on the plains of the Columbia, in sight of the famous " Three
Suites,'' a well-known landmark in the country, distant about
45 miles. . The French word butte, which so often occurs in
this narrative, is retained from the familiar language of the
country, and identifies the objects to which it refers. It is
naturalized in the region of the Rocky mountains, and, even if
desirable, to render it in English, I know ot* QO word which

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 281

would be its precise equivalent. It is applied to the detached
hills and ridges which rise rapidly, and reach too high to be
called hills or ridges, and not high enough to be called moun-
tains. Knob, as applied in the western states, is their descrip-
tive term in English. Cerro is the Spanish term ; but no
translation, or periphrasis, would preserve the identity of these
picturesque landmarks, familiar to the traveler, and often seen
at a great distance. Covered as far as could be seen with ar-
temisia, the dark and ugly appearance of this plain obtained
for it the name of Sage Desert ; and we were agreeably sur-
prised, on reaching the Portneuf river, to see a beautiful green
valley with scattered timber spread out beneath us, on which,
about four miles distant, were glistening the white walls of the
fort. The Portneuf runs along the upland plain nearly to its
mouth, and an abrupt descent of perhaps two hundred feet
brought us down immediately upon the stream, which at the
ford is one hundred yards wide, and three feet deep, with
clear water, a swift current, and gravelly bed ; but a little
higher up the breadth was only about thirty-five yards, with
apparently deep water.

In the bottom I remarked a very great number of springs
and sloughs, with remarkably clear water and gravel beds.
At sunset we encamped with Mr. Talbot and our friends, who
came on to Fort Hall when we went to the lake, and whom we
had the satisfaction to find all well, neither party having met
with any mischance in the interval of our separation. They,
too, had had their share of fatigue and scanty provisions, as
there had been very little game left on the trail of the populous
emigration ; and Mr. Fitzpatrick had rigidly husbanded our
stock of flour and light provisions, in view of the approaching
winter and the long journey before us.

19th. — This morning the sky was very dark and gloomy,
and at daylight it began snowing thickly, and continued all
day, with cold, disagreeable weather. At sunrise the temper
ature was 43°. I rode up to the fort, and purchased from Mr.
Grant (the officer in charge of the post) several very indiffer.
ent horses, and five oxen, in very fine order, which were re-
ceived at the camp with great satisfaction : and, one being

282 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

killed at evening, the usual gayety and good humor were at
once restored. Night came in stormy.

20th. — We had a night of snow and rain, and the ihermom-
eter at sunrise was at 34° ; the morning was dark, with a
steady rain, and there was still an inch of snow on the ground,
with an abundance on the neighboring hills and mountains-
The sudden change in the weather was hard for our animals,
who trembled and shivered in the cold — sometimes taking ref-
uge in the timber, and now and then coming out and raking
the snow off the ground for a little grass, or eating the young
willows.

21st. — Ice made tolerably thick during this night, and in the
morning the weather cleared up very bright, with a tempera-
ture at sunrise of 29° ; and I obtained a meridian observation
for latitude at the fort, with observations for time. The sky
was again covered in the afternoon, and the thermometer at
sunset 48°.

22d. — The morning was cloudy and unpleasant, ana at sun-
rise a cold rain commenced, with a temperature of 41°.

The early approach of winter, and the difficulty of support-
ing a large party, determined me to send back a number of
the men who had become satisfied that they were not fitted for
the laborious service and frequent privation to which they were
necessarily exposed, and which there was reason to believe
would become more severe in the further extension of the voy-
age. I accordingly called them together, and, informing them
of my intention to continue our journey during the ensuing
winter, in the course of which they would probably be exposed
to considerable hardship, succeeded in prevailing on a number
of them to return voluntarily. These were : Charles de For-
rest, Henry Lee, J. Campbell, Wm. Creuss, A. Vasquez, A.
Pera, Patrick White, B. Tesson, M. Creely, Francois Lajeu-
nesse, Basil Lajeunesse. Among these I regretted very
much to lose Basil Lajeunesse, one of the best men in my
party, who was obliged, by the condition of his family, to be
at home in the coming winter. Our preparations having been
completed in the interval of our stay here, both parties were
iready this morning to resume their respective routes.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 283

Except that there is a greater quantity of wood used in its
construction, Fort Hall very much resembles the other trading
posts which have already been described to you, and would be
another excellent post of relief for the emigration. It is in the
low rich bottom of a valley, apparently 20 miles long, formed
by the confluence of Portneuf river with Lewis's fork of the
Columbia, which it enters about nine miles below the fort, and
narrowing gradually to the mouth of the Pannack river, where it
has a breadth of only two or three miles. Allowing 50 miles
for the road from the Beer springs of Bear river to Fort Hall,
its distance along the traveled road from the town of Westport,
on the frontier of Missouri, by way' of Fort Laramie and the
great South Pass, is 1,323 miles. Beyond this place, on the
line of road along the barren valley of the Upper Columbia,
there does not occur, for a distance of nearly 300 miles to the
westward, a fertile spot of ground sufficiently large to produce
the necessary quantity of grain, or pasturage enough to allow
even a temporary repose to the emigrants. On their recent
passage, they had been able to obtain, at very high prices and
in insufficient quantity, only such assistance as could be afford-
ed by a small and remote trading-post — and that a foreign one —
which, in the supply of its own wants, had necessarily drawn
around it some of the resources of civilization, but which ob-
tained nearly all its supplies from the distant depot of Van-
couver, by a difficult water-carriage of 250 miles up the Co-
lumbia river, and a land-carriage by pack-horses of 600 miles.
An American military post, sufficiently strong to give to their
road a perfect security against the Indian tribes, who are un-
settled in locality and very uncertain in their disposition, and
which, with the necessary facilities for the repair of their
equipage, would be able to afford them relief in stock and
grain from the produce of the post, would be of extraordinary
value to the emigration. Such a post (and all others which
may be established on the line to Oregon) would naturally
form the nucleus of a settlement, at which supplies and repose
would be obtained by the emigrant, or trading caravans, which
may hereafter traverse these elevated, and, in man> places,
desolate and inhospitable regions.

284 COL FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

I subjoin' an analysis of the soil in the river bottom nea*
Fort Hall, which will be of assistance in enabling you to forn
some correct idea of its general character in the neighboring
country. I characterize it as good land, but the analysis will
show its precise properties.

Analysis of the Soil.

Silicina 68-55

Alumina . . . . . . . . 7-45

Carbonate of lime . . . . . . . 8-51

Carbonate of magnesia i 5'09

Oxide of iron ....... 1*40

Organic vegetable matter 4-74

Water and loss .... . 4-26

100-00

Our observations place this post in longitude 112° 29' 54"
latitude 43° 01' 30", and the elevation above the sea, 4,500
feet.

Taking leave of the homeward party, we resumed our jour-
ney down the valley, the weather being very cold, and the
rain coming in hard gusts, which the wind blew directly in our
faces. We forded the Portneuf in a storm of rain, the water
in the river being frequently up to the axles, and about 110
yards wide. After the gust, the weather improved a little,
and we encamped about three miles below, at the mouth of the
Pannack river, on Lewis's fork, which here has a breadth of
about 120 yards. The temperature at sunset was 42°; the
sky partially covered with dark, rainy clouds.

23d. — The temperature at sunrise was 32° ; the morning
dark, and snow falling steadily and thick 'iy, with a light air
from the southward. Profited of being ooliged to remain ir;
camp, to take hourly barometrical observations from sunrise tc
midnight. The wind at eleven o'clock set in from the north-
ward in heavy gusts, and the snow changed into rain. In the
afternoon, when the sky brightened, the rain had washed all
the snow from the bottoms ; but the neighboring mountains,
from summit to foot, were luminously white — an inauspicious
commencement of the autumn, of which this was the first day.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 285

24th. — The thermometer at sunrise was 35°, and a blue sky
m the west promised a fine day. The river bottoms here are
narrow and swampy, with frequent sloughs ; and after cross-
ing the Pannack, the road continued along the uplands, ren-
dered very slippery by the soil of wet clay, and entirely cov-
ered with artemisia bushes, among which occur frequent frag-
ments of obsidian. At noon we encamped in a grove of
willows, at the upper end of a group of islands about half a
mile above the American falls of Snake river. Among the
willows here, were some bushes of Lewis and Clarke's currant,
(ribes aureum.) The river here enters between low mural
banks, which consist of a fine vesicular trap-rock, the interme-
diate portions being compact and crystalline. Gradually be-
coming higher in its downward course, these banks of scoriated
volcanic rock form, with occasional interruptions, its charac-
teristic feature along the whole line to the Dalles of the Lower
Columbia, resembling a chasm which had been rent through
the country, and which the river had afterwards taken for its
bed. The immediate valley of the river is a high plain cov-
ered with black rocks and artemisias. In the south is a bor-
dering range of mountains, which, although not very high, are
broken and covered with snow ; and at a great distance to the
north is seen the high, snowy line of the Salmon river moun-
tains, in front of which stand out prominently in the plain the
three isolated rugged-looking mountains commonly known as
the Three Suites. Between the river and the distant Salmon
river range, the plain is represented by Mr. Fitzpatrick as so
entirely broken up and rent into chasms as to be impracticable
for a man even on foot. In the sketch annexed, the point of
view is low, but it conveys very well some idea of the open
character of the country, with the buttes rising out above the
general line. By measurement, the river above is 870 feet
wide, immediately contracted at the fall in the form of a lock,
by jutting piles of scoriaceous basalt, over which the foaming
river must present a grand appearance at the time of high
water. The evening was clear and pleasant, with dew ; and
nt sunset the temperature was 54°. By observation, the lati-
tude is 42° 47' 05", and the longitude 112° 40/ 13". A fcw

286 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

hundred yards below the falls, and on the left bank of the river,
is an escarpment from which we obtained some specimens.

25th. — Thermometer at sunrise 47°. The day came in
clear, with a strong gale from the south, which commenced at
eleven of the last night. The road to-day led along the river,
which is full of rapids and small falls. Grass is very scanty •
and along the rugged banks are scattered cedars, with an
abundance of rocks and sage. We traveled fourteen miles,
and encamped in the afternoon near the river, on a rocky
creek, the bed of which was entirely occupied with boulders
of a very large size. For the last three or four miles the
right bank of the river has a palisaded appearance. One of
the oxen was killed here for food. The thermometer at eve-
ning was at 55°, the sky almost overcast, and the barometer
indicated an elevation of 4,400 feet.

26th. — Rain during the night, and the temperature at sun-
rise 42°. Traveling along the river, in about four miles we
reached a picturesque stream, to which we gave the name of
Fall creek. It is remarkable for the many falls which occur
in a short distance ; and its bed is composed of a calcareous
tufa, or vegetable rock, composed principally of the remains
of reeds and mosses, resembling that at the Basin spring, on
Bear river.

The road along the river bluffs had been occasionally very
bad ; and imagining that some rough obstacles rendered such
a detour necessary, we followed for several miles a plain
wagon-road leading up this stream, until we reached a point
whence it could be seen making directly towards a low place
in the range on the south side of the valley, and we became
immediately aware that we were on a trail formed by a party
of wagons, in company with whom we had encamped at Elm
grove, near the frontier of Missouri, and which you will re-
member were proceeding to Upper California under the direc-
tion of Mr. Jos. Chiles. At the time of their departure, no
practicable passes were known in the southern Rocky moun-
tains within the territory of the United States ; and the prob-
able apprehension of difficulty in attempting to pass near the
settled frontier of New Mexico, together with the desert char

AM) EXPLORATIONS. 287

acter of the unexplored region beyond, had induced them to
take a more northern and circuitous route by way of the S

!• pass and Fort Hull. They had still between them and the

the Sacramento a great mass of mountains, forming

the Sierra Ncrau'a. In -re commonly known as the Great Cali-

jornia mountain^ and which were at this time considered as

nling an impracticable barrier to wheeled-carriages.

Various considerations had suggested to them a division of the

party ; and a givater portion of the camp, including the wag-

•vith the mail and other stores, were now proceeding under

uidance of Mr. Joseph Walktr, who had engaged to con-
duct them, by a long sweep to the southward, around what is

1 the point of the mountain ; and, crossing through a pass
known only to himself, gain the banks of the Sacramento by
the valley of the Sari Joaquin. It was a long and a hazardous
journey for a party in which there were women and children.
Sixty days was the shortest period of time in which they could
reach the point of the mountain, and their route lay through a
country inhabited by wild and badly-disposed Indians, and

poor in game ; but the leader was a man possessing great
and intimate knowledge of the Indians, with an extraordinary
firmness and decision of character. In the mean time, Mr.
Chiles had passed down the Columbia with a party of ten or
twelve men, with the intention of reaching the settlements on
the Sacramento by a more direct course, which indefinite infor-
mation from hunters had indicated in the direction of the head-
waters of the Riviere aux Malheurs ; and having obtained
there a reinforcement of animals, and a supply of provisions,

1 he wagons before they should have reached the point of
the mountain, at a place which had been previously agreed
upon. In the course of oyr narrative, we shall be able to giv«
you some information of the fortunes which attended the move-
ments of these adventurous travelers.

Having discovered our error, we immediately regained the

the river, which the roa 1 quitted about noon, and

encamped at live o'clock on the stream called Raft river, (Ri.

••»•,) having travel* d only 13 miles. In the north,

*he Salm-.n River mountains are visih1 v far distance;

COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

and on the left, the ridge in which Raft river heads is about 20
miles distant, rocky, and tolerably high. Thermometer at
sunset 44°, with a partially clouded sky, and a sharp wind
from the S.W.

27th. — It was now no longer possible, as in our previous
journey, to travel regularly every day, and find at any mo-
ment a convenient place for repose at noon or a camp at night ;
but the halting-places were now generally fixed along the road,
by the nature of the country, at places where, with water,
there was a little scanty grass. Since leaving the American
falls, the road had frequency been very bad ; the many short,
steep ascents, exhausting the strength of our worn-out animals,
requiring always at such places the assistance of the men to
get up each cart, one by one ; and our progress with twelve
or fourteen wheeled-carriages, though light and made for the
purpose, in such a rocky country, was extremely slow ; and 1
again determined to gain time by a division of the camp. Ac-
cordingly, to-day, the parties again separated, constituted very
much as before — Mr. Fitzpatrick remaining in charge of the
heavier baggage.

The morning was calm and clear, with a white frost, and
the temperature at sunrise 24°.

To-day the country had a very forbidding appearance ; and,
after traveling 20 miles over a slightly undulating plain, we
encamped at a considerable spring, called Swamp creek, ris-
ing in low grounds near the point of a spur from the moun-
tain. Returning with a small party in a starving condition
from the westward 12 or 14 years since, Carson had met here
three or four buffalo bulls, two of which were killed. They
were among the pioneers which had made the experiment of
colonizing in the valley of the Columbia, and which had fail-
ed, as heretofore stated. At sunset the thermometer was at
46°, and the evening was overcast, with a cool wind from the
iS. E., and to-night we had only sage for firewood. Mingled
with the artemisia was a smubby and thorny chenopodiaceous
plant.

28th. — Thermometer at sunrise 40°. The wind rose early
to * gale from the west, with a very cold driving rain ; and

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 289

afVr an uncomfortable day's ride of 'J.") miles, we A,TC glad
when at evening we found a sheltered camp, where then- \\ as
an abundance of wood, at some elevated rocky islands covered
with cedar, near the commencement of another long canon of
the river. With the exception of a short detention at a deep
little stream called Goose creek, and some occasional rocky
places, we had to-day a very good road ; but the country has
a barren appearance, sandy, and densely covered with the ar-
temisias from the banks of the river to the foot of the moun-
tains. Here I remarked, among the sage bushes, green bunch-
es of what is called the second growth of grass. The river
to-day has had a smooth appearance, free from rapids, with a
low sandy hill-slope bordering the bottoms, in which there is a
little good <?oil. Thermometer at sunset 45°, blowing a gale,
and disagreeably cold.

29th. — The thermometer at sunrise 36°, with a bright sun,
and appearance of finer weather. The road for several miles
was extremely rocky, and consequently bad ; but, entering af-
ter this a sandy country, it became very good, with no other in-
terruption than the sage bushes, which covered the river plain
as far as the eye could reach, and, with their uniform tint of
dark gray, gave to the country a gloomy and sombre appear-
ance. All the day the course of the river has been between
walls of the black volcanic rock, a dark line of the escarp-
ment on the opposite side pointing out its course, and sweeping
along in foam at places where the mountains which border
the valley present always on the left two ranges, the lower
one a spur of the higher ; and, on the opposite side, the
Salmon River mountains are visible at a great distance. Hav-
ing made 24 miles, we encamped about five o'clock on Rock
cn-ck — a stream having considerable water, a swift current,
and wooded with willow.

30th. — Thermometer at sunrise 28°. In its progress towards
the river, this creek soon enters a chasm of the volcanic rock,
which in places along the wall presents a columnar appearance ;
and the mad becomes extremely rocky whenever it passes m-ar
its hanks. It is only about twenty feet wide where the road
crosses it, with a deep bed, and steep banks, covered with rocky

290 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

fragments, with willows and a little grass on its narrow bottom,
The soil appears to be full of calcareous matter, with whicu
the rocks are incrusted. The fragments of rock which had
been removed by the emigrants in making a road, where we
ascended from the bed of this creek, were whitened with lime ;
and during the afternoon's march I remarked in the soil a con-
siderably quantity of calcareous concretions. Towards even-
ing the sages became more sparse, aod the clear spaces were
occupied by tufts of green grass. The river still continued its
course through a trough, or open canon ; and towards sunset
we followed the trail of several wagons which had turned in
towards Snake river, and encamped, as they had done, on thp
top of the escarpment. There was no grass here, the soil
among the sage being entirely naked ; but there is occasionally
a little bottom along the river, which a short ravine of rocks,
at rare intervals, leaves accessible ; and by one of these we
drove our animals down, and found some tolerably good grass
bordering the water.

Immediately opposite to us, a subterranean river bursts out
directly from the face of the escarpment, and falls in white
foam to the river below. The main river is enclosed with
mural precipices, which form its characteristic feature along a
great portion of its course. A melancholy and strange-looking
country — one of fracture, and violence, and fire.

We had brought with us, when we separated from the camp,
a large gaunt ox, in appearance veiy poor; but, being killed
to-night, to the great joy of the people, he was found to be
remarkably fat. As usual at such occurrences, the evening
was devoted to gayety and feasting ; abundant fare now made
an epoch among us ; and in this laborious life, in such a coun-
try as this, our men had but little else to enjoy. The temper-
ature at sunset was 65°, with a clear sky and a very high
wind. By the observation of the evening, the encampment
was in longitude 114° 25' 04", and in latitude 42° 38' 44".

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 291

OCTOBER.

1st. — The morning clear, with wind from the west, and the
thermometer at 55°. We descended to the bottoms, taking
with us the boat, for the purpose of visiting the fall in the op-
posite cliffs ; and while it was being filled with air, we occu-
pied ourselves in measuring the river, which is 1,786 feet in
breadth, with banks 200 feet high. We were surprised, on
our arrival at the opposite side, to find a beautiful basin of
clear water, formed by the falling river, around which the
rocks were whitened by some saline incrustation. Here the
Indians had constructed wicker dams, although I was informed
that the salmon do not ascend the river so far ; and its charac-
ter below would apparently render it impracticable.

The ascent of the steep hill-side was rendered a little diffi-
cult by a dense growth of shrubs and fields of cane ; and there
were frequent hidden crevices among the rocks, where the
water was heard rushing below ; but we succeeded in reach-
ing the main stream, which, issuing from between strata of the
trap-rock in two principal branches, produced almost imme-
diately a torrent, 22 feet wide, and white with foam. It is a
picturesque spot of singular beauty, overshadowed by bushes,
from under which the torrent glances, tumbling into the white
basin below, where the clear water contrasted beautifully with
the muddy stream of the river. Its outlet was covered with a
rank growth of canes, and a variety of unusual plants, and
nettles, (urtica canabina,) which, before they were noticed, had
set our hands and arms on fire. The temperature of the spring
was 58°, while that of the river was 51°. The perpendicular
height of the place at which this stream issues is •!"> fl-rt above
tlu- river, and 162 feet below the summit of the precipice —
makiiu: nearly *J()0 feet for the height of the wall. On the
hill -side here was obtained a specimen consisting principally
of fragments of the shells of small Crustacea, ami which was
probably formed by deposition from these springs, proceeding
from sonfb lake or river in the highlands above.

We resumed ou: journey at noon, the day bring hot and

292 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

bright ; and, after a march of 17 miles, encamped at sunsei on
the river, near several lodges of Snake Indians.

Our encampment was" about one mile below the Fishing
falls — a series of cataracts with very inclined planes, which
are probably so named because they form a barrier to the as-
cent of the salmon ; and the great fisheries, from which the
inhabitants of this barren region almost entirely derive a sub-
sistence, commence at this place. These appeared to be un-
usually gay savages, fond of loud laughter ; and, in their ap-
parent good nature and merry character, struck me as being
entirely different from the Indians we had been accustomed to
see. From several who visited our camp in the evening, we
purchased, in exchange for goods, dried salmon. At this season
they are not very fat, but we were easily pleased. The In-
dians made us comprehend, that when the salmon came up the
river in the spring, they are so abundant that they merely
throw in their spears at random, certain of bringing out a fish.

These poor people are but slightly provided with winter
clothing ; there is but little game to furnish skins for the pur-
pose ; and of a little animal which seemed to be the most numer-
ous, it required 20 skins to make a covering to the knees. But
they are still a joyous, talkative race, who grow fat and be-
come poor with the salmon, which at least never fail them —
the dried being used in the absence of the fresh. We are en-
camped immediately on the river bank, and with the salmon
jumping up out of the water, and Indians paddling about in
boats made of rushes, or laughing around the fires, the camp
to-night has quite a lively appearance.

The river at this place is more open than for some distance
above, and, for the time, the black precipices have disappear-
ed, and no calcareous matter is visible in the soil. The ther-
mometer at sunset 74°, clear and calm.

2d. — The sunrise temperature was 48° ; the weather clear
and cairn. Shortly after leaving the encampment, we crossed
a stream of clear water, with a variable breadth of 10 to 25
yards, broken by 'rapids, and lightly wooded with willow, and
having a little grass on its small bottom-land. Th» barren-
ness of the country is in fine contrast to-day with the mingled

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 293

beauty ana grandeur of the riv«r, which is n»ore oj^n than
hitherto, with a constant succession of falls a.id rapids. Over
the edge of the black cliffs, and out from their faces, are fall-
ing numberless streams and springs ; and all the line of the
river is in motion with the play of the water. In about seven
miles we reached the most beautiful and picturesque fall I
had seen on the river.

On the opposite side, the vertical fall is perhaps 18 feet
high ; and nearer, the sheet of foaming water is divided and
broken into cataracts, where several little islands on the brink
and in the river above, give it much picturesque beauty, and
make it one of those places the traveler turns again and again
to fix in his memory. There were several lodges of Indians
here, from whom we traded salmon. Below this place the
river makes a remarkable bend ; and the road, ascending the
ridge, gave us a fine view of the river below, intersected at
many places by numerous fish dams. In the north, about
50 miles distant, were some high snowy peaks of the Salmon
River mountains ; and in the northeast, the last peak of the
range was visible at the distance of perhaps 100 miles or more.
The river hills consist of very broken masses of sand, covered
<• vn-y where with the same interminable fields of sage, and oc-
casionally the road isxvery heavy. We now frequently saw
Indians, who were strung along the river at every little rapid
where fish are to be caught, and the cry haggai, haggai, (fish,)
was constantly heard whenever we passed near their huts, or
met them in the road. Very many of them were oddly and
partially dressed in overcoat, shirt, waistcoat, or pantaloons,
or whatever article of clothing they had been able to procure
in trade from the emigrants ; for we had now entirely quitted
the country where hawks' bells, beads, and vermilion were
the current coin, and found that here only useful articles, and
chiefly clothing, were in great request. These, however, are
fa^i-rly sought after; and for a few trifling pieces of clothing,
travt -Icrs may procure food sufficient to carry them to the
Columbia.

We made a long stretch across the upper plain, and on-
camped on the bluff, where the grass was very green and

294 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

good, the soil of the upper plains containing a considerable pro-
portion of calcareous matter. This green freshness of the
grass was very remarkable for the season of the year. Again
we heard the roar of the fall in the river below, where the
water in an unbroken volume goes over a descent of several
fee.. The night is clear, and the weather continues very warm
and pleasant, with a sunset temperature of 70°.

3d. — The morning was pleasant, with a temperature at sun-
rise of 42°. The road was broken by ravines among the
hills, and in one of these, which made the bed of a dry creek,
I found a fragmentary stratum, or brecciated conglomerate,
consisting of flinty slate pebbles, with fragments of -limestone
containing fossil shells.

On the left, the mountains are visible at the distance of 20
or 30 miles, appearing smooth and rather low ; but at inter-
vals higher peaks look out from beyond, and indicate that the
main ridge, which we are leaving with the course of the river,
and which forms the northern boundary of the Great Basin,
still maintains its elevation. About two o'clock we arrived at
the ford where the road crosses to the right bank of Snake
river. An Indian was hired to conduct us through the ford,
which proved impracticable for us, the water sweeping away
the howitzer and nearly drowning the mules, which we were
obliged to extricate by cutting them out of the harness. The
river here is expanded into a little bay, in which there are two
islands, across which is the road of the ford ; and the emi-
grants had passed by placing two of their heavy wagons abreast
of each other, so as to oppose a considerable mass against the
body of water. The Indians informed us that one of the men,
in attempting to turn some cattle which had taken a wrong di-
rection, was carried off by the current and drowned. Since
their passage, the water had risen considerably ; but, fortu-
nately, we had a resource in a boat, which was filled with air
and launched ; and at seven o'clock we were safely encamped
on the opposite bank, the animals swimming across, and the
carriage, howitzer, and baggage of the camp, being carried
over in the boat. At the place where we crossed, above the
\slands, the river had narrowed to a breadth of 1,04°* feet bv
v

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 295

measurement, the greater portion of which was from six to
eight feet deep. We were obliged to make our camp where
we landed, among the Indian lodges, which are semicircular
huts made of willow, thatched over with straw, and open to the
sunny south. By observation, the latitude of our encampment
on the right bank of the river was 42° 55' 58X/ ; chronometric
longitude 115° 04' 46/x, and the traveled distance from Von
I Jail 208 miles.

4th. — Calm, pleasant day, with the thermometer at sunrise
at 47°. Leaving the river at a considerable distance to the
left, and following up the bed of a rocky creek, with oc-
casional holes of water, in about six miles we ascended, by a
long and rather steep hill, to a plain 600 feet above the river,
over which we continued to travel during the day, having a
broken ridge 2,000 or 3,000 feet high on the right. Th«*|>lain
terminates, where we ascended, in a* escarpment of vesicular
trap-rock, which supplies the fragments of the creek below.
The sky clouded over with a strong wind from the northwest,
with a few drops of rain and occasional sunlight, threatening
a change.

Artemisia still covers the plain, but Purshia tridcntatu
makes its appearance here on the hill-sides and on bottoms of
the creeks — quite a tree in size, larger than the artemisia.
We crossed several hollows with a little water in them, and
improved grass ; and, turning off from the road in the after-
noon in search of water, traveled about three miles up the li< d
of a willow creek, towards the mountain, and found a good
encampment, with wood and grass, and little ponds of wat«-r
m the bed of the creek ; which must be of more importance
at other seasons, as we found there several old fixtures for fish-
ing. There were many holes on the creek prairie, which had
been made by the Diggers in search of roots.

Wind increased to a violent gale from the N. W., with a
temperature at sunset of 57°.

f>th. — The morning was calm and clear, and at sunrise the
thermometer was at 32°. The road to-day was occasionally
extremely roeky.with hard volcanic fragments, and our travel,
ing very slow. In about nine miles the road brought us to a

296 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

group of smoking hot springs, with a temperature of 164°.
There were a few helian hi in bloom, with some other low
plants, and the place was green round about ; the ground warm
and the air pleasant, with a summer atmosphere that was very
grateful in a day of high and cold, searching wind. The
rocks were covered with a white and red incrustation ; and
the water has on the tongue the same unpleasant effect as that
of the Basin spring on Bear river. They form several branch-
es, and bubble up with force enough to raise the small peb-
bles several inches. The following is an analysis of the deposite
with which the rocks are incrusted :

Silica 72-55

Carbonate of lime 14-60

Carbonate of magnesia ...... 1-20

Omde of iron 4-65

Alumina 0'70

Chloride of sodium, &LC.

Sulphate of soda J. - m - - - - MO

Sulphate of lime, &c.

Organic vegetable matter

Water and loss

These springs are 'near the foot of the ridge, (a dark and
_ agged-looking mountain,) in which some of the nearer rocks
,.,ave a reddish appearance, and probably consist of a reddish-
b/own trap, fragments of which were scattered along the road
alter leaving the spring. The road was now about to cross
the point of this mountain, which we judged to be a spur from
the Salmon River range. We crossed a small creek, and en-
camped about sunset on a stream, which is probably Lake
river. This is a small stream, some five or six feet broad,
with a swift current, timbered principally with willows and
some few cottonwoods. Along the banks were canes, rose-
bushes, and clematis, with Purshia tridentata and artemisias
on the upper bottom. The sombre appearance of the country
is somewhat relieved in coming unexpectedly from the dark
rocks upon these green and wooded water-courses, sunk in
chasms ; and, in the spring, the contrasted effect must make
them beautiful.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 297

The thermometer at sunset 47°, and the night threatening
snow.

6th. — The morning warm, the thermometer 40° at sunrise,
and sky entirely clouded. After traveling about three miles
over an extremely rocky road, the volcanic fragments began
to disappear; and, entering among the hills at the point of the
mountain, we found ourselves suddenly in a granite country.
Here, the character of the vegetation was very much changed ;
the artemisia disappeared almost entirely, showing only at in-
tervals towards the close of the day, and was replaced by
Purshia tridentata, with flowering shrubs, and small fields of
dieteria divaricate, which gave bloom and gayety to the hills.
These were everywhere covered with a fresh and green short
grass, like that of the early spring. This is the fall or second
growth, the dried grass having been burnt off by the Indians ;
and wherever the fire has passed, the bright, green color is
universal. The soil among the hills is altogether different
from that of the river plain, being in many places black, in
others sandy and gravelly, but of a firm and good character,
appearing to result from the decomposition of the granite rocks,
which is proceeding rapidly.

In quitting for a time the artemisia (sage) through which we
had been so long voyaging, and the sombre appearance of
which is so discouraging, I have to remark, that I have been
informed that in Mexico wheat is grown upon the ground which
produces this shrub; which, if true, relieves the soil from the
character of sterility imputed to it. Be this as it may, there
is no dispute about the grass, which is almost universal on thn
hills and mountains, and always nutritious, even in its dry
state. We passed on the way masses of granite on the slope
of the spur, which was very much weathered and abraded.
This is a white feldspathic granite, with small scales of black
mica ; smoky quartz and garnets appear to constitute this por-
tion of the mountain.

The road at noon reached a broken ridge, on which \\vre
scattered many boulders or blocks of granite ; and, passing
very small streams, where, with a little more than the usual
timber, was sometimes gathered a little wilderness of plants,

298 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

we encamped on a small stream, after a march of 22 miles, in
company with a few Indians. Temperature at sunset 51° ;
and the night was partially clear, with a few stars visible
through drifting white clouds. The Indians made an un-
successful attempt to steal a few horses from us — a thing of
course with them, and to prevent which the traveler is on per-
petual watch.

7th. — The day was bright, clear, pleasant, with a tempera-
ture of 45° ; and we breakfasted at sunrise, the birds singing
in the trees as merrily as if we were in the midst of summer.
On the upper edge of the hills on the opposite side of the creek,
the black volcanic rock appears ; and ascending these, the
road passed through a basin, around which the hills swept in
such a manner as to give it the appearance of an old crater.
Here were strata and broken beds of black scoriated rock, and
hills composed of the same, on the summit of one of which
there was an opening resembling a rent. We traveled to-day
through a country resembling that of yesterday, where, al-
though the surface was hilly, the road was good, being firm,
and entirely free from rocks and artemisia. To our left, be-
low, was the great sage plain ; and on the right were the near
mountains, which presented a smoothly-broken character, or
rather a surface waved into numberless hills. The road was
occasionally enlivened by meeting Indians, and the day was
extremely beautiful and pleasant ; and we were pleased to be
free from the sage, even for a day. When we had traveled
about eight miles, we were nearly opposite to the highest por-
tion of the mountains on the left side of the Smoke River val-
ley ; and, continuing on a few miles beyond, we came sud-
denly in sight of the broad green line of the valley of the
Riviere Boiste, (wooded river,) black near the gorge where it
debouches into the plains, with high precipices of basalt, be-
tween walls of which it passes, on emerging from the moun-
tains. Following with the eye its upward course, it appears
to be shut in among lofty mountains, confining its valley in a
very rugged country.

Descending the hills, after traveling a few miles along the
plain, the road brought us down ripon the bottoms of the

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 299

river, which is a beautiful, rapid stream, with clour mountain
water ; and, as the name indicates, well wooded with some va-
rieties of timber — among which are handsome cottonwoods.
Such a stream had become quite a novelty in this country, and
we were delighted this afternoon to make a pleasant camp under
fine old trees again. There wore several Indian encampments
scattered along the river; and a number of their inhabitants,
in the course of the evening, came to the camp on horseback
with dried and fresh fish, to trade. The evening was clear,
and the temperature at sunset 57°.

At the time of the first occupation of this region by parties
engaged in the fur-trade, a small party of men, under the com-
mand of Reid, constituting all the garrison of a small fort

on this river, were surprised and massacred by the Indians ;
and to this event the stream owes its occasional name of Reid's
river. On the 8th we traveled about 26 miles, the ridge on
the right having scattered pines on the upper parts ; and, con-
tinuing the next day our road along the river bottom, after a
day's travel of 24 miles, we encamped in the evening on the
right bank of the river, a mile above the mouth, and early the
next morning arrived at Fort Eoise. This is a simple dwelling-
house on the right bank of Snake river, about a mile below the
mouth of Riviere Boisee ; and on our arrival we were re-
ceived with an agreeable hospitality by Mr. Payette, an officer
of the Hudson's Bay Company, in charge of the forj, all of whoso
garrison consisted in a Canadian engage.

Here the road recrosses the river, which is broad and deep ;
but, with our good boat, aided by two canoes, which VTIV
found at the place, the camp was very soon transferred tc> the
loft hank. Here we found ourselves again surrounded by the
; artemisia tridontata, and the, different shrubs which (lu-
ring our voyage had always made their appearance abundantly
on .saline soils, being here the prevailing and almost the only
plants. Among them the surface was covered with the usual
saline elllorcscences, which'herc consist almost entirely of'eai-
hoiiate of' soda, with a small portion of chloride of sodium. .Mr.
Payrtte had made hut slight attempts at cultivation, his otli.rt-
being limited to raisi ig ;l f,.\v vegetables, in which h-

300 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

ed tolerably well ; the post being principally supported by
salmon. He was very hospitable and kind to us, and we made
a sensible impression upon all his comestibles ; but our princi.
pal inroad was into the dairy, which was abundantly supplied,
stock appearing to thrive extremely well ; and we had an un-
usual luxury in a present of fresh butter, which was, however,
by no means equal .0 that of Fort Hall — probably from some
accidental cause. During the day we remained here, there
were considerable numbers of miserable, half-naked Indians
around the fort, who had arrived from the neighboring moun-
tains. During the summer, the only subsistence of these peo-
ple is derived from the salmon, of which they are not provident
enough to lay up a sufficient store for the winter, during which
many of them die from absolute starvation.

Many little accounts and scattered histories, together with
an acquaintance which I gradually acquired of their modes of
life, had left the aboriginal inhabitants of this vast region pic-
lured in my mind as a race of people whose great and constant
occupation was the means of procuring a subsistence ; and
though want of space and other reasons will prevent me from
detailing the many incidents which made this familiar to me,
this great feature among the characteristics of the country will
gradually be forced upon your mind.

Pointing to the group of Indians who had just arrived from
the mountains on the left side of the valley, and who were re-
garding our usual appliances of civilization with an air of be-
wildered curiosity, Mr. Payette informed me that, every year
since his arrival at this post, he had unsuccessfully endeavored
to induce these people to lay up a store of salmon for their
winter provision. While the summer weather and the salmon
lasted, they lived contentedly and happily, scattered along the
different streams where fish are to be found ; and as soon as
the winter snows began to fall, little smokes would be seen
rising among the mountains, where they would be found in
miserable groups, starving out the winter ; and sometimes, ac-
cording to the general belief, reduced to the horror of canni
balism — the strong, of course, preying on the weak. Certain
it is they are driver, to any extremity for food, and eat every

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 301

insect, and every creepii.g thing, however loathsome and re.
pulsive. Snails, lizards, ants — all are devoured with the readi-
ness and greediness of mere animals.

In common with all the other Indians we had encountered
since reaching the Pacific waters, these people use the Shosho-
nee or Snake language, which you will have occasion to re-
mark, in the course of the narrative, is the universal language
over a very extensive region.

On the evening of the 10th, I obtained, with the usual obser-
vations, a very excellent emersion of the first satellite, agree^
ing very nearly with the chronometer. From these observa-
tions, the longitude of the fort is 116° ±1' 00", latitude 43° 49'
21", and elevation above the sea 2,100 feet.

Sitting by the fire on the river bank, and waiting for the
immersion of the satellite, which did not take place until after
midnight, we heard the monotonous song of the Indians, with
which they accompany a certain game of which they are very
fond. Of the poetry we could not judge, but the music was
miserable.

llth. — The morning was clear, with a light breeze from
the east, and a temperature at sunrise of 33°. A part of a
bullock purchased at the fort, together with the boat, to assist
him in crossing, was left here for Mr. Fitzpatrick, and at 11
o'clock we resumed our journey ; and directly leaving the
river, and crossing the artemisia plain, in several ascents we
reached the foot of a ridge, where the road entered a dry sandy
follow, up which it continued to the head ; and, crossing a
dividing ridge, entered a similar one. We met here two poor
emigrants, (Irishmen,) who had lost their horses two days
since — probably stolen by the Indians ; and were returning to
the fort, in hopes to hear something of them there. They had
recently had nothing to eat ; and I halted to unpack an ani-
mal, and g;ivi.' thorn meat lor their dinner. In this hollow, the
artemisia is partially displaced on the hill-sides by grass;
and descending it — miles, about sunset we reached the
Juciiri' ait.c Ma/hrurs, (the unfortunate or unlucky river,) — a
considerable stream, with an average breadth of 50 feet, and,
at this time, 18 inches' depth of water.

302 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

The bottom lands were generally one and a half mile broad,
covered principally with long dry grass ; and we had difficulty
to find sufficient good grass for the camp. With the exception
of a bad place of a few hundred yards long, which occurred in
rounding a point of hill to reach the ford of the river, the road
during the day had been very good.

12th. — The( morning was clear and calm, and the thermom-
eter at sunrise 23°. My attention was attracted by a smoke
on the right side of the river, a little below the ford, where I
found, on the low banks near the water, a considerable num-
ber of hot springs, in which the temperature of the water was
193°. The ground, which was too hot for the naked foot, was
covered above and below the springs with an incrustation of
common salt, very white and good, and fine-grained.

Leading for five miles up a broad dry branch of the Malheurs
river, the road entered a sandy hollow, where the surface was
rendered firm by the admixture of other rock ; being good and
level until arriving near the head of the ravine, where it be-
came a little rocky, and we met with a number of sharp as-
cents over an undulating surface. Crossing here a dividing
ridge, it becomes an excellent road of gradual descent down a
very marked hollow ; in which, after ten miles, willows began
to appear in the dry bed of a head of the Riviere aux Bouleaux,
(Birch river;) and descending seven miles, we found, at its
junction with another branch, a little water, not very good or
abundant, but sufficient, in case of necessity, for a camp.
Crossing Birch river, we continued for about four miles across
a point of hill ; the country on the left being entirely moun-
tainous, with no level spot to be seen ; whence we descended
to Snake river — here a fine-looking stream, with a large body
of water and a smooth current ; although we hear the roar,
and see below us the commencement of rapids, where it enters
among the hills. It forms here a deep bay, with a low sand
island in the midst; and its course among the mountains is
agreeably exchanged for the black volcanic rock. The
weather during the day had been very bright and extremely
hot ; but, as usual, so soon as the sun went down, it was neces-
sary to put on overcoats.

.MiVEN'Tl'HKS AND EXPLORATIONS.

1 obtained this evening an observation of an emersion of the
first satellite, and our observations of the evening place this
encampment in latitude 44° IT 30", and longitude 110° 56'
45", which is the mean of ihe results from the satellite and
chronometer. The elevation above the sea is 1,880 feet. At
this encampment, the grass is scanty and poor.

13th. — The morning was bright, with the temperature at
sunrise 28°. The horses had strayed off during the night,
probably in search of grass ; and, after a considerable delay,
we had succeeded in finding all but two, when, about nine
o'clock, we heard the sound of an Indian song and drum ap-
proaching ; and shortly after, three Cayuse Indians appeared
in sight, bringing with them the two animals. They belonged
to a party which had been on a buffalo-hunt in the neighbor-
hood of the Rocky mountains, and were hurrying home in ad-
vance. We presented them with some tobacco and other
things, with which they appeared well satisfied, and, moderating
their pace, traveled in company with us.

We were now about to leave the valley of the great southern
branch of the Columbia river, to which the absence of timber,
and the scarcity of water, give the appearance of ar desert, to
enter a mountainous region, where the soil is good, and in
which the face of the country is covered with nutritious grasses
and dense forest — land embracing many varieties of trees pe-
culiar to the country, and on which the timber exhibits a luxu-
riance of growth unknown to the eastern part of the continent
and to Europe. This mountainous region . connects itself in
the southward and westward with the elevated country be-
longing to the Cascade or California range ; and, as will be
remarked in the course of the narrative, forms the eastern
limit of the fertile and timbered lands along the desert and
mountainous region included within the Great Basin — a term
which I apply to the intermediate region between the Rooky
mountains and the next range, containing many lakes, with
'heir own system of rivers and creeks, (of which the Great
Salt is the principal.) and which have no connection with the
ocean, or the great rivers which flow into it. This lireat Basin
is yet to be adequately expbred. And here, on quitting the

304 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OP

banks of a sterile river, to enter on arable mountains, the re-
mark may be made, that, on this western slope of our continent,
the usual order or distribution of good and bad soil is often re-
versed j the river and creek bottoms being often sterile, and
darkened with the gloomy and barren artemisia ; while the
mountain is often fertile, and covered with rich grass, pleasant
to the eye, and good for flocks and herds.

Leaving entirely the Snake river, which is said henceforth
to pursue its way through canons, amidst rocky and imprac
ticable mountains, where there is no possibility of traveling
with animals, we ascended a long and steep hill ; and crossing
he dividing ridge, came down into the valley of Burnt river,
which here looks like a hole among the hills. The average
r.j*eadt.h of the stream here is thirty feet ; it is well fringed
ivith the usual small timber ; and the soil in the bottoms is
good, with better grass than we had lately been accustomed to
see.

We now traveled through a very mountainous country ; the
stream running rather in a ravine than a valley, and the road
is decidedly bad and dangerous for single wagons, frequently
crossing the stream where the water is sometimes deep ; and
all the day the animals were fatigued in climbing up and de-
scending a succession of steep ascents, to avoid the precipitous
hill-sides ; and the common trail, which leads along the moun-
tain-side at places where the river strikes the base, is some-
times bad even for a horseman. The mountains along this
day's journey were composed, near the river, of a slaty cal
careous rock in a metamorphic condition. It appears origi
nally to have been a slaty sedimentary limestone, but it
present condition indicates that it has been altered, and ha^
become partially crystalline — probably from the proximity of
volcanic rocks. But though traveling was slow and fatiguing
to the animals, we were delighted with the appearance of the
country, which was green and refreshing after our tedious
journey down the parched valley of Snake river. The moun-
tains were covered with good bunch-grass, (festuca;) the
water of the streams was cold and pure ; th6ir bottoms were
landsomely wooded with various kinds of Irees ; and huge and

4DVENTURKS AND EXPLORATIONS. 305

lofty picturesque precipices where the river cut through the
mountain.

We found in the evening some good grass and rushes ; and
encamped among large timber, principally birch, which had
been recently burnt, and blackened, and almost destroyed by
lire. The night was calm and tolerably clear, with the ther.
mometer at sunset at 59°. Our journey to-day was about
twenty miles.

14th. — The day was clear and calm, with a temperature at
sunrise of 46°. After traveling about three miles up the
valley, we found the river shut up by precipices in a kind of
canon, and the road makes a circuit over the mountains. In
the afternoon we reached the river again, by another little
ravine ; and, after traveling along it for a few miles, left it en-
closed among rude mountains ; and, ascending a smaller
branch, encamped on it about five o'clock, very much elevated
above the valley. The view was everywhere limited by
mountains, on which were no longer seen the black and barren
rocks, but a fertile soil, with excellent grass, and partly well
covered with pine. I have never seen a wagon-road equally
bad in the same space, as this of yesterday and to-day. I
noticed where one wagon had been overturned twice, in a very
short distance ; and it was surprising to me that those wagons
which were in the rear, and could not have had much assist-
ance, got through at all. Still, there is no mud ; and the road
has one advantage, in being perfectly firm. The day had been
\varrn and very pleasant, and the night was perfectly clear.

l.")th. — The thermometer at Daylight was 42°, and at sun-
rise 40° ; clouds, which were scattered over all the sky, dis-
appeared svith the rising sun. The trail did not much im-
prove until we had crossed the dividing-ground between the
nriih'e (Burnt) and Powder rivers. The rock displayed on the
mountains, as we approached the summit, was a compact trap,
decomposed on the exposed surfaces, and apparently an altered
argillaceous sandstone, containing small crystalline nodules of
anolcime, apparently filling cavities originally existing. From
the summit here, the whole horizon shows high mountains ;
no high plain or level is to be seen ; and on the left, from soutu

306 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

around by the west to north, the mountains are black with
pines ; while, through the remaining space to the eastward,
they are bald, with the exception of some scattered pines.
You will remark that we are now entering a region where all
the elevated parts are covered with dense and heavy forests.
From the dividing-grounds we descended by a mountain-road
to Powder river, on an old bed of which we encamped. De-
scending from the summit, we enjoyed a picturesque view of
high rocky mountains on the right, illuminated by the setting
sun.

From the heights we had looked in vain for a well-known
randmark on Powder river, which had been described to me
by Mr. Payette as Farbre seul, (the lone tree ;) and, on arriving
at the river, we found a fine tall pine stretched on the" ground,
which had been felled by some inconsiderate emigrant axe.
It had been a beacon 'on the road for many years past. Our
Cayuses had become impatient to reach their homes, and trav-
eled on ahead to day ; and this afternoon we were visited by
several Indians who belonged to the tribes on the Columbia.
They were on horseback, and were out on a hunting excur-
sion, but had obtained no better game than a large gray hare,
of which each had some six or seven hanging to his saddle.
We were also visited by an Indian who had his lodge and
family in the mountain to the left. He was in want of ammu-
nition, and brought with him a beaver-skin to exchange, and
which he valued at six charges of powder and ball. I learned
from him that there are very few of these animals remaining
in this part of the country. .

The temperature at sunset was 61°, and the evening clear.
[ obtained, with other observations, an immersion and emersion
of the third satellite. Elevation 3,100 feet.

16th. — For several weeks the weather in the daytime has
been very beautiful, clear, and warm ; but the nights, in com-
parison, are very cold. During the night there was ice a quar-
ter of an inch thick in the lodge ; and at daylight the thermo-
meter was at 16°, and the same at sunrise, the weather being
calm and clear. The annual vegetation now is nearly gone,
almost all the plants being out of bloom.

ADVKNTt'ltKS AXD EXPLORATION 307

Last night t\vo of our horses had run off again, u hicn delay-
rd us until noon, and we made to-day but a short journey of
Itt miles, the road being very good, and encamped in a fine
bottom of Powder river.

The thermometer at sunset was at 01°, with an easterly
wind, and partially clear sky ; and the day has been quite
pleasant and warm, though more cloudy than yesterday ; and
the sun was frequently faint, but it grew finer and clearer to-
wards evening.

17th. — Thermometer at sunrise 25°. The weather at day-
light was fine, and the sky without a cloud ; but these came
up, or were formed by the sun, and at seven were thick over
all the sky. Just now, this appears to be the regular course —
dear and brilliant during the night, and cloudy during the
day. There is snow yet visible in the neighboring mountains,
which yesterday extended along our route to the left, in a lofty
and dark-blue range, having much the appearance of the Wind
River mountains. It is probable that they have received their
name of the Blue mountains from the dark-blue appearance
given to them by the pines. We traveled this morning across
the affluents to Powder river, the road being good, firm, and
level, and the country became constantly more pleasant and
interesting. The soil appeared to be very deep, and is black
and extremely good, as well among the hollows of the hills on
the elevated plats, as on the river bottoms, the vegetation being
such as is usually found in good ground. The following ana-
! result shows the precise qualities of this soil, and will
justify in science the character of fertility which the eye at-
tributes to it :

Analysis of Powder river soil.

Silica

Alumina ........

Carbonate of lime ......

Carbonate of magnesia ......

Oxido of iron .......

( Ir^anic matter .......

NVal'T and loss - - . - .. .

10U-00

308 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE o?

From the waters of this stream, the road ascended by a good
and moderate ascent to a dividing ridge, but immediately en
tered upon ground covered with fragments of an altered sili-
cious slate, which are in many places large, and render the
road racking to a carriage. In this rock the planes of deposi-
tion are distinctly preserved, and the metamorphisrn is evident-
ly due to the proximity of volcanic rocks. On either side, the
mountains here are densely covered with tall and handsome
trees ; and, mingled with the green of a variety of pines, is the
yellow of the European larch, (plnus larix,) which loses its
leaves in the fall. From its present color, we were enabled to
see that it forms a large proportion of the forests on the moun-
tains, and is here a magnificent tree, attaining sometimes the
height of 200 feet, which I believe is elsewhere unknown.
About two in the afternoon we reached a high point of the di-
viding ridge, from which we obtained a good view of the Grand
Rond — a beautiful level basin, or mountain valley, covered
with good grass, on a rich soil, abundantly watered, and sur-
rounded by high and well-timbered mountains — and its name
descriptive of its form — the great circle. It is a place — one
of the few we have seen on our journey so far — where a farmer
would delight to establish himself, if he were content to live in
the seclusion which it imposes. It is about 20 miles in diame-
ter, and may, in time, form a superb county. Probably with
the view of avoiding a circuit, the wagons^ had directly de-
scended into the Rond by the face of a hill so very rocky and
continuously steep as to be apparently impracticable, and, fol-
lowing down on their trail, we encamped on one of the branches
of the Grand Rond river, immediately at the foot of the hill. I
had remarked, in descending, some very white spots glistening
on the plain, and, going out in that direction after we had en-
camped, I found them to be the bed of a dry salt lake, or
marsh, very firm and bare, which was covered thickly with a
fine white powder, containing a large quantity of carbonate of
soda, (thirty-three in one hundred parts.)

The old grass had been lately burnt off from the surround,
ing hills, and, wherever the fire had passed, there was a recent
growth of strong, green, and vigorous grass ; and the soil of

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 309

the level prairie, which sweeps directly up to the foot of the
surrounding mountains, appears to be very rich, produ 'ir.g
dax spontaneously and luxuriantly in various places.

Analysis of Grand Rond soil.

Silica, 70-81

Alumina, 10-97

Lime and magnesia, ...... l«36

Oxide of iron, 2-21

Vegetable matter, partly decomposed, - - - 8'16

Water and loss, 5'46

Phosphate of lime, 1-01

KJO-00

The elevation of this encampment is 2.940 feet above the sea.
18th. — It began to rain an hour before sunrise, and con-
tinued until ten o'clock ; the sky entirely overcast, and the
temperature at sunrise 48°.

We resumed our journey somewhat later than usual, travel-
ing in a nearly north direction across the beautiful valley; ui.d
about noon reached a place on one of the principal streams,
where I had determined to leave the emigrant trail, in the ex-
pectation of finding a more direct and better road across the
Blue mountains. At this place the emigrants appeared to
have held some consultation as to their further route, and finally
turned directly off to the left; reaching the foot of the moun-
tain in about throe miles, which they ascended by a hill
as steep and difficult as that by which we had yesterday de-
scended to the Rond. Quitting, therefore, this road, which, af-
ter a very rough crossing, issues from the mountains by tho
heads of the Umatilah river, we continued our northern course
across the valley, following an Indian trail which had been
indicated to me by Mr. Payetfe, and encamped at the northern
extremity of the Grand Rond, on a slough-like stream of very
deep water, without any apparent current. There are some
pines here on the low hills at the creek ; and in the northwest
c.-inirr of the Rond is a very heavy body of timber, which de-
scends into the plain. The clouds, which had rested very low
ulong the mountain sides during tin1 day, rose gradually u > in
thft afternoon ; and in the evening the sky »vux almost enti elv

310 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

clear, \vith a temperature at sunset of 47°. Some indifferent
observations placed the camp in longitude 117° 28' 26", lati-
tude 45° 26' 47"; and the elevation was 2,600 feet above
the sea.

19th. — This morning the mountains were hidden by fog;
there was a heavy dew during the night, in which the exposed
thermometer at daylight stood at 32°, and at sunrise the tem-
perature was 35°.

We passed out of the Grand Rond by a fine road along the
creek, which, for a short distance, runs in a kind of rocky
chasm. Crossing a low point, which was a little rocky, the
trail conducted into the open valley of the stream — a handsome
place for farms; the soil, even of the hills, being rich and
black. Passing through a point of pines, which bore evidences
of being very much frequented by the Indians, and in which
the trees were sometimes apparently 200 feet high, and three
to seven feet in diameter, we halted for a few minutes in the
afternoon at the foot of the Blue mountains, on a branch of the
Grand Rond river, at an elevation of 2,700 feet. Resuming
our journey, we commenced the ascent of the mountains
through an open pine forest of large and stately trees, among
which the balsam pine made its appearance-; the road being
good, with the exception of one steep ascent, with a corres-
ponding descent, which might both have been easily avoided
by opening the way for a short distance through the timber.
It would have been well had we encamped on the stream where
we had halted below, as the night overtook us on the mountain,
and we were obliged to encamp without water, and tie up the
animals to the trees for the night. We halted on a smooth
open place of a narrow ridge, which descended very rapidly to
a ravine or piny hollow, at a considerable distance below ; and
it was quite a pretty spot, had there been water near. But
the fires at night look very cheerless after a day's march,
when there is no preparation for supper going on ; and, after
sitting some time around the blazing logs, Mr. Preuss and
Carson, with several others, volunteered to take the India-rub-
ber buckets and go down into the ravine in search of water.
It v as a very difficult way in the darkness down the slipperv

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 311

side of the steep mountain, and harder still to climb about half
a rnile up again ; but they found the water, and the cup of
coffee (which it enabled us to make) and bread were only en-
joyed with greater pleasure.

At sunset the temperature was 46° ; the evening remarka-
bly clear ; and I obtained an emersion of the first satellite,
which does not give a good result, although the observation
was a very good one. The chronometric longitude was 117°
28' 34", latitude 45° 38" 07", and we had ascended to an
elevation of 3,830 feet. It appeared to have snowed yes-
terday on the mountains, their summits showing very white
to-day.

20th. — There was a heavy white frost during the night, and
at sunrise the temperature was 37°.

The animals had eaten nothing during the night ; and we
made an early start, continuing our route among the pines,
which were more dense than yesterday, and still retained their
magnificent size. The larches cluster together in masses on the
side of the mountains, and their yellow foliage contrasts hand-
somely with the green of the balsam and other pines. After a
few miles we ceased to see any pines, and the timber consisted
of several varieties of spruce, larch, and balsam pine, which
have a regularly conical figure. These trees appeared from GO
to nearly 200 feet in height ; the usual circumference being 10
to 12 feet, and in the pines sometimes 21 feet. In open places
near the summit, these trees became less high and more branch-
ing, the conical form having a greater base. The instrument
carriage occasioned much delay, it being frequently necessary
to fell trees and remove the fallen timber. The trail we were
following led up a long spur, with a very gradual and gentle
rise. At the end of three miles, we halted at an open place
near the summit, from which we enjoyed a fine view over the
mountainous country where we had lately traveled, to take a
barometrical observation at the height of 4,460 feet.

After traveling occasionally through open places in the
forest, we were obliged to cut a way through a dense body of
timber, from which we emerged on an open mountain-side,
where we found a number of small springs, and encamped

312 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

after a day's journey of ten miles. Our elevation here was
5,000 feet.

21st. — There was a very heavy white frost during the night,
and the thermometer at sunrise was 30°.

We continued to travel through the forest, in which the road
was rendered difficult by fallen trunks, and obstructed by
many small trees, which it was necessary to cut down. But
these are only accidental difficulties, which could easily be re-
moved, and a very excellent road may be had through this
pass, with no other than very moderate ascents or declivities.
A laborious day, which had advanced us only six miles on the
road, brought us in the afternoon to an opening in the forest,
in which there was a fine mountain meadow, with good grass,
and a large clear-water stream— one of the head branches of
the Umatilah river. During this day's journey, the barometer
was broken ; and the elevations above the sea, hereafter given,
depend upon the temperature of boiling water. Some of the
white spruces which I measured to-day were twelve feet in
circumference, and one of the larches ten ; but eight feet was
the average circumference of those measured along the road.
I held in my hand a tape line as I walked along, in order to
form some correct idea of the size of the timber. Their height
appeared to be from 100 to 180, and perhaps 200 feet, and the
trunks of the larches were sometimes 100 feet without a limb ;
but the white spruces were generally covered with branches
nearly to the root. All these trees have their branches., par-
ticularly the lower ones, declining.

22d. — The white frost this morning was like snow on the
ground ; the ice was a quarter of an inch thick on the creek,
and the thermometer at sunrise was at 20°. But, in a few
hours, the day became warm and pleasant, and our road over
the mountains was delightful and full of enjoyment.

The trail passed sometimes through very thick young timber,
in which there was much cutting to be done ; but, after travel-
ing a few miles, the mountains became more bald, and we
reached a point from which there was a very extensive view
in the northwest. We were on the western verge of the Blue
mountains, long spurs of which, very precipitous on either side

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 313

extended down into the valley, the waters of the mountain
roaring between them. On our right was a h. funtain plateau,
covered with a dense forest ; and to the westward; immediate-
ly below us, was the great Nez Perce (pierced nose) prairie, in
which dark lines of timber indicated the course of many afflu-
ents to a considerable stream that was pursuing its way across
the plain towards what appeared to be the Columbia river.
This I knew to be the Walahwalah river, and occasional spots
along its banks, which resembled clearings, were supposed to
be the mission or Indian settlements ; but the weather was
smoky and unfavorable to far views with the glass. The rock
displayed here in the escarpments is a compact amorphous trap,
which appears to constitute the mass of the Blue mountains in
this latitude ; and all the region of country through which we
have traveled since leaving the Snake river has been the seat
of violent and extensive igneous action. Along the Burnt
River valley, the strata are evidently sedimentary rocks, altered
oy the intrusion of volcanic products, which in some instances
have penetrated and essentially changed their original condi-
tion. Along our line of route from this point to the California
mountains, there seems but little essential change. All our
specimens of sedimentary rocks show them much altered, and
volcanic productions appear to prevail throughout the whole
intervening distance.

The road now led along the mountain side, around heads of
the precipitous ravines ; and keeping men ahead to clear the
road, we passed alternately through bodies of timber and small
open prairies, and encamped in a large meadow, in view of the
great prairie below.

At sunset the thermometer was at 40°, and the night was
very clear and bright. Water was only to be had here by
descending a bad ravine, into which we drove our animals, and
had much trouble with them in a very close growth of small
pines. Mr. Preuss had walked ahead and did not get into the
camp this evening. The trees here maintained their size, and
one of the black spruces measured 15 feet in circumference.
In the neighborhood of the camp, pines have reappeared here
among the timber.

COL. FREMONT'S N^RRAIIVE OF

23d. — The morning was very clear ; there haa been a heavy
white frost during the night, and at sunrise the thermometer
was at 31°.

After cutting through two thick bodies of timber, in which
I noticed some small trees of hemlock spruce, (perusse,) the
forest became more open, and we had no longer any trouble to
clear a way. The pines here were 11 or 12 feet in circum-
ference, and about 110 feet high, and appeared to love the
open grounds. The trail now led along one of the long spurs
of the mountain, descending gradually towards the plain ; and
after a few miles traveling, we emerged finally from the forest,
in full view of the plain below, and saw the snowy mass of
Mount Hood, standing high out above the surrounding country
at the distance of 180 miles. The road along the ridge was
excellent, and the grass very green and good ; the old grass
having been burnt off early in the autumn. About 4 o'clock
in the afternoon we reached a little bottom of the Walahwalah
river, where we found Mr. Preuss, who yesterday had reacheH
this place, and found himself too far in advance of the camp
to return. The stream here has just issued from the narrow
ravines, which are walled with precipices, in which the rock
has a brown and more burnt appearance than above.

At sunset the thermometer was at 48°, and our position was
in longitude 118° 00' 39", and in latitude 45° 53' 35".

The morning was clear, with a temperature at sunrise of
24°. Crossing the river, we traveled over a hilly country
with a good bunch-grass ; the river bottom, which generally
contains the best soil in other countries, being here a sterile
level of rocks and pebbles. We had found the soil in the Blue
mountains to be of excellent quality, and it appeared also to be
good here among the lower hills. Reaching a little eminence
over which the trail passed, we had an extensive view along
the course of the river, which was divided and spread over its
bottom in a network of water, receiving several other tribu-
taries from the mountains. There was a band of several hun-
dred horses grazing on the hills about two miles ahead ; and
as we advanced on the road we met other bands, which Indians
were driving out to pasture also on the hills. True to its gen-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLOKATIONS. 315

eral character, the reverse of other countries, the hills and
mountains here were rich in grass, the bottoms barren and
sterile.

In six miles we crossed a principal fork, below which the
scattered waters of the river were gathered into one channel ;
and, passing on the way several unfinished houses, and some
cleared patches, unere corn and potatoes were cultivated, we
reached, in about eight miles further, the missionary establish
ment of Dr. Whitman, which consisted at this time of one
adobe house — i. e., built of unburnt bricks as in Mexico.

I found Dr. Whitman absent on a visit to the Dalles of the
Columbia ; but had the pleasure to see a fine-looking family
of emigrants, men, women, and children, in robust health, all
indemnifying themselves for previous scanty fare, in a hearty
consumption of potatoes, which are produced here of a remark-
ably good quality. We were disappointed in our expectation
of obtaining corn-meal or flour at this station, the mill belong-
ing to the mission having been lately burned down ; but an
abundant supply of excellent potatoes banished regrets, and
furnished a grateful substitute for bread. A small town of
Nez Perce Indians gave an inhabited and even a populous ap-
pearance to the station ; and, after remaining about an hour,
we continued our route and encamped on the river about four
miles below, passing on the way an emigrant encampment.

Temperature at sunset, 49°.

25th. — The weather was pleasant, with a sunrise tempera-
ture of 36°. Our road to-day had nothing in it of interest ;
and the country offered to the eye only a sandy, undulating
plain, through which a scantily-timbered river takes its course.
We halted about three miles above the mouth, on account of
grass ; and the next morning arrived at the Nez Perce fort,
one of the trading establishments of the Hudson Bay Company,
a few hundred yards above the junction of the Walahwalah with
the Columbia river. Here we had the first view of this river, and
found it about 1,200 yards wide, and presenting the appear-
ance of a fine, navigable stream. We made our camp in a
little grove of willows on the Walahwalah, which are the only
trees to be seen in the neighborhood ; but were obliged to send

316 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the animals back to the bncampment we had left, as there waa
scarcely a blade of grass to be found. The post is on the
bank of the Columbia, on a plain of bare sands, from which the
air was literally filled with clouds of dust and sand, during one
of the few days we remained here ; this place being one of the
several points on the river which are distinguished for prevail-
ing high winds, that come from the sea. The appearance of
the post and country was without merest, except that we here
saw, for the first time, the great rive/ on which the course of
events for the last half century has been directing attention and
conferring historical fame. The river is, indeed, a noble ob-
ject, and has here attained its full magnitude. About nine
miles above, and in sight from the heights about this post, is
the junction of the two great forks which constitute the main
stream — that on which we had been traveling from Fort Hall,
and known by the names of Lewis's fork, Shoshonee, and
Snake river ; and the North fork, which has retained the
name of Columbia, as being the main stream.

We did not go up to the junction, being pressed for time ;
but the union of two large streams, coming one from the south-
east, and the other from the northeast, and meeting in what
may be treated as the geographical centre of the Oregon val-
ley, thence doubling the volume of water to the ocean, while
opening two great lines of communication with the interior
continent, constitutes a feature in the map of the country
which cannot be overlooked ; and it was probably in reference
to this junction of waters, and these lines of communication,
that this post was established. They are important lines, and,
from the structure of the country, must forever remain so,
— one of them leading to the South Pass and to the valley of
the Mississippi, the other to the pass at the head of the Atha-
basca river, and to the countries drained by the waters of the
Hudson Bay. The British fur companies now use both lines ;
the Americans, in their emigration to Oregon, have begun to
follow the one which leads towards the United States. Bateaux
from tide- water ascend to the junction, and thence high up
the North fork, or Columbia. Land conveyance only is used
upon the line of Lewis's fork. To the emigrants to Oregon,

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 317

the Nez Perce is a point of great interest, as being, to those
who choose it, the termination of their overland journey. The
oroad expanse of the river here invites them to embark on its
bosom ; and the lofty trees of the forest furnish the means of
doing so.

From the South Pass to this place is about 1,000 miles ; and
as it is about the same distance from that pass to the Missouri
river at the mouth of the Kansas, it may be assumed that 2,000
miles is the necessary land travel in crossing from the United
States to the Pacific ocean on this line. From the mouth of
the Great Platte it would be about 100 miles less.

Mr. McKinley, the commander of the post, received us with
great civility ; and both to myself, and the heads of the emi-
grants who were there at the time, extended the rights of hos-
pitality in a comfortable dinner to which he invited us.

By a meridional altitude of the sun, the only observation
that the weather permitted us to obtain, the mouth of the Wa
lahwalah river is in latitude 46° 03' 46" ; and, by the road we
had traveled, 612 miles from Fort Hall. At the time of our
arrival, a considerable body of emigrants, under the direction
of Mr. Applegate, a man of considerable resolution and energy,
had nearly completed the building of a number of Mackinaw
boats, in which they proposed to continue their further voyage
down the Columbia. I had seen, in descending the Walahwa-
lah river, a fine drove of several hundred cattle, which they
had exchanged for California cattle, to be received at Vancou-
ver, and which are considered a very inferior breed. The
other portion of the emigration had preferred to complete their
journey by land along the banks of the Columbia, taking their
stock and wagons with them.

Having reinforced our animals with eight fresh horses, hired
from the post, and increased our stock of provisions with dried
salmon, potatoes, and a little beef, we resumed our journey
down the left bank of the Columbia, being guided on our road
by an intelligent Indian boy, whom I had engaged to accom-
pany us as far as the Dalles.

From an elevated point over which the road led, we obtained
another far view of Mount Hood, 150 miles distant. We ob.

318 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

tained on the river bank an observation of the sun at noon,
which gave for the latitude 45° 58' 08". The country to-day
was very unprepossessing, and our road bad ; and as we toiled
slowly along through deep loose sands, and over fragments of
black volcanic rock, our laborious traveling was strongly con-
trasted with the rapid progress of Mr. Applegate's fleet of
boats, which suddenly came gliding swiftly down the broad
river, which here chanced to be tranquil and smooth. At even-
ing we encamped on the river bank, where there was very
little grass, and less timber. We frequently met Indians on
the road, and they were collected at every favorable spot along
the river.

29th. — The road continued along the river, and in the course
of the day Mount St. Helens, another snowy peak of the Cas-
cade range, was visible. We crossed the Umatilah river at a
fall near its mouth. This stream is of the same class as the
Walahwalah river, with a bed of volcanic rock, in places split
into fissures. Our encampment was similar to that of yester-
day ; there was very little grass, and no wood. The Indians
brought us some pieces for sale, which were purchased to make
our fires.

31st. — By observation, our camp is in latitude 45° 50X 05",
and longitude 119° 22' 18". The night has been cold, and
we have white frost this morning, with a temperature at day-
light of 25°, and at sunrise of 24°. The early morning was
very clear, and the stars bright; but, as usual since we are
on the Columbia, clouds formed immediately ;ith the rising
sun. The day continued fine, the east being covered with
scattered clouds, but the west remaining clear, showing the
remarkable cone-like peak of Mount Hood brightly drawti
against the sky. This was in view all day in the southwest,
but no other peaks of the range were visible. Our road was
a bad one, of very loose, deep sand. We met on the way a
party of Indians unusually well-dressed. They appeared in-
telligent, and, in our slight intercourse, impressed me with
the belief that they possessed some aptitude for acquiring Ian-
guages.

We continued to travel along the river, the stream being

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 31(J

interspersed with many sand-bars (it being the season of low
water) and with many islands, and an apparently good navi-
gation. Small willows were the only wood ; rock and sand
the prominent geological feature. The rock of this section is
a very compact and tough basalt, occurring in strata which
have the appearance of being broken into fragments, assuming
the form of columnar hills, and appearing always in escarp-
ments, with the broken fragments strewed at the base and over
the adjoining country.

We made a late encampment on the river, and used to-night
the purshia tridentata for firewood. Among the rocks which
formed the bank, was very good green grass. Latitude 45°
44' 23", longitude 119° 45' 09".

NOVEMBER.

1st. — Mount Hood is glowing in the sunlight this morning
and the air is pleasant, with a temperature of 38°. We con-
tinued down the river, and, passing through a pretty green
valley, bounded by high precipitous rocks, encamped at the
lower end.

On the right shore, the banks of the Columbia are very high
and steep ; the river is 1,690 feet broad, and dark bluffs of
rock give it a picturesque appearance.

2d. — The river here entered among bluffs, leaving no longer
room for a road ; and we accordingly left it, and took a more
inland way among the river hills — on which we had no sooner
entered, than we found a great improvement in the country.
The sand had disappeared, and the soil was good, and covered
with excellent grass, although the surface was broken into high
hills, with uncommonly deep valleys. At noon we crossed
John Day's river, a clear and beautiful stream, with a swift
current and a bed of rolled stones. It is sunk in a deep val-
ley, which is characteristic of all the streams in this region ;
and the hill we descended to reach it well deserves the name

320 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

of mountain. Some of the emigrants had encamped on the
river, and others at the summit of the farther hill, the ascent
of which had probably cost their wagons a day's labor ; and
others again had halted for the night a few miles beyond,
where they had slept without water. We also encamped in a
grassy hollow without water ; but, as we had been forewarned
of this privation by the guide, the animals had all been water-
ed at the river, and we had brought with us a sufficient nuan-
tity for the night.

3d. — After two hours' ride through a fertile, hilly country,
covered, as all the upland here appears to be, with good green
grass, we descended again into the river bottom, along which
we resumed our sterile road, and in about four miles reached
the ford of the Fall river, (Riviere aux Chutes,) a considerable
tributary to the Columbia. We had heard, on reaching the
Nez Perce fort, a repetition of the account in regard to the un-
settled character of the Columbia Indians at the present time ;
and to our little party they had at various points manifested a
not very friendly disposition, in several attempts to steal our
horses. At this place I expected to find a badly-disposed band,
who had plundered a party of 14 emigrant men a few days
before, and taken away their horses ; and accordingly we made
the necessary preparation for our security, but happily met
with no difficulty.

The river was high, divided into several arms, with a rocky
island at its outlet into the Columbia, which at this place it
rivalled in size, and apparently derived its highly characteris-
tic name, which is received from one of its many falls some
forty miles up the river. It entered the Columbia with a roar
of falls and rapids, and is probably a favorite fishing station
among the Indians, with whom both banks of the river were
populous ; but they scarcely paid any attention to us. The
ford was very difficult at this time, and, had they entertained
any bad intentions, they were offered a good opportunity to
carry them out, as I drove directly into the river, and during
the crossing the howitzer was occasionally several feet under
water, and a number of the men appeared to be more often be
low than above. O:r guide was well acquainted with the

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 321

ford, ona we succeeded in getting every thing safe over to the
left bank. We delayed here only a short time to put the gun
in order, and, ascending a long mountain hill, resumed our
route again among the interior hills.

The roar of the Falls of the Columbia is heard from the
heights, where we halted a few moments to enjoy a fine view
of the river below. In the season of high water, it would be
a very interesting object to visit, in order to witness what is re-
lated of the annual submerging of the fall under the waters
which back up from the basin below, constituting a great natu-
ral lock at this place. But time had become an object of
serious consideration ; and the Falls, in their present state, had
been seen and described by many.

After a day's journey of 17 miles, we encamped among the
hills on a little clear stream, where, as usual, the Indians im-
mediately gathered round us. Among them was a very old
man, almost blind from age, with long and very white hair. I
happened of my own accord to give this old man a present of
tobacco, and was struck with the impression which my unpro-
pitiated notice made on the Indians, who appeared in a remark-
able manner acquainted with the real value of goods, and to
understand the equivalents of trade. At evening, one of them
spoke a few words to his people, and, telling me that we need
entertain no uneasiness in regard to our animals, as none of
them would be disturbed, they went all quietly away. In the
morning, when they again came to the camp, I expressed to them
the gratification we felt at their reasonable conduct, making
them a present of some large knives and a few smaller articles.

4th. — The road continued among the hills, and, reaching an
eminence, we saw before us, watered by a clear stream, a tol-
erably large valley, through which the trail passed.

In comparison with the Indians of the Rocky mountains and
the great eastern plain, these are disagreeably dirty in their
habits. Their huts were crowded with half-naked women and
children, and the atmosphere within was any thing but pleasant
to persons who had just been riding in the fresh morning air.
We were somewhat amused with the scanty dress of a woman,
who, in common with the others, rushed out of the huts on our

322 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

arrival, and who, in default of other covering, used a child for
a fig-leaf.

The road in about half an hour passed near an elevated
point, from which we overlooked the valley of the Columbia
for many miles, and saw in the distance several houses sur-
rounded by fields, which a chief, who had accompanied us
from the village, pointed out to us as the Methodist missionary
station.

In a few miles we descended to the river, which we reached
at one of its remarkably interesting features, known as the
Dalles of the Columbia. Th* whole volume of the river at this
place passed between the waJs of a chasm, which has the ap-
pearance of having been rent through the basaltic strata which
form the valley-rock of the region. At the narrowest place
we found the breadth, by measurement, 58 yards, and the
average height of the walls above the water 25 feet ; forming
a trough between the rocks — whence the name, probably ap-
plied by a Canadian voyageur. The mass of water, in the
present low state of the river, passed swiftly between, deep and
black, and curled into many small whirlpools and counter cur
rents, but unbroken by foam, and so still that scarcely the
sound of a ripple was heard. The rock, for a considerable
distance from the river, was worn over a large portion of its
surface into circular holes and well-like cavities, by the abra-
sion of the river, which, at the season of high waters, is spread
out over the adjoining bottoms.

In the recent passage through this chasm, an unfortunate
event had occurred to Mr. Applegate's party, in the loss of one
of their boats, which had been carried under water in the midst
of the Dalles, and two of Mr. Applegate's children and one
man drowned. This misfortune was attributed only to want
of skill in the steersman, as at this season there was no impedi-
ment to navigation ; although the place is entirely impassable
at high water, when boats pass safely over the great falls above,
in the submerged state in which they then find themselves.

The basalt here is precisely the same as that which consti-
tutes the rock of the valley higher up the Columbia, being very
compact, with a few round cavities.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS.

We passed rapidly three or four miles down the level valley
and encamped near the mission. The character of the forest
growth here changes, and we found ourselves, with pleasure,
again among oaks and other forest-trees of the east, to which
we had long been strangers ; and the hospitable and kind re-
ception with which we were welcomed among our country
people at the mission, aided the momentary illusion of hom*>

Two good-looking wooden dwelling-houses, and a large
schoolhouse, with stables, barn, and garden, and large cleared
fields between the houses and the river bank, on which were
scattered the wooden huts of an Indian village, gave to the
valley the cheerful and busy air of civilization, and had in our
eyes an appearance of abundant and enviable comfort.

Our land journey found here its western termination. The
delay involved in getting our camp to the right bank of th#
Columbia, and in opening a road through the continuous fores'
to Vancouver, rendered a journey along the river impractica
ble ; and on this side the usual road across the mountain re-
quired strong and fresh animals, there being an interval of three
days in which they could obtain no food. I therefore wrote
immediately to Mr. Fitzpatrick, directing him to abandon the
carts at the Walahvvalah missionary station, and, as soon as
the necessary pack-saddles could be made, which his party re-
quired, meet me at the Dalles, from which point I proposed to
commence our homeward journey. The day after our arrival
being Sunday, no business could be done at the mission ; but
on Monday, Mr. Perkins assisted me in procuring from the
Indians a large canoe, in which I designed to complete our
journey to Vancouver, where I expected to obtain the necessary
supply of provisions and stores for our winter journey. Three
Indians, from the family to whom the canoe belonged, were
engaged to assist in working her during the voyage, and, with
them, our water party consisted of Mr. Preuss and myself,
with Bernier and Jacob Dodson. In charge of the party wnich
was to remain at the Dalles I left Carson, with instructions to
occupy the people in making pack-saddles and refitting their
equipage. The village from which we were to take the canpe
was on the right bank of the river, about (en miles below, at

324 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the mouth of the Tinanens <:reek : and while Mr. Preuss pro-
ceeded down the river with the instruments, in a little canoe
paddled by two Indians, Mr. Perkins accompanied me with
;he remainder of the party by land. The last of the emigrants
had just left the Dalles at the time of our arrival, traveling
•some by water and others by land, making ark-like rafts, on
which they had embarked their families and households, with
their large wagons and other furniture, while their stock were
driven along the shore.

For about five miles below the Dalles, the river is narrow,
and probably very deep ; but during this distance it is some-
what open, with grassy bottoms on the left. Entering, then,
among the lower mountains of the Cascade range, it assumes
a general character, and high and steep rocky hills shut it in
on either side, rising abruptly in places to the height of fifteen
hundred feet above the water, and gradually acquiring a
more mountainous character as the river approaches the
Cascades.

After an hour's travel, when the sun was nearly down, we
searched along the shore for a pleasant place, and halted to
prepare supper. We had been well supplied by our friends at
the mission with delicious salted salmon, which had been taken
at the fattest season ; also, with potatoes, bread, coffee, and
sugar. We were delighted at a change in our mode of travel-
ing and living. The canoe sailed smoothly down the river ;
at night we encamped upon the shore, and a plentiful supply
of comfortable provisions supplied the first of wants. We en-
joyed the contrast which it presented to our late toilsome march-
ings, our night watchings, and our frequent privation of food.
We were a motley group, but all happy : three unknown In-
dians ; Jacob, a colored man ; Mr. Preuss, a German ; Bernier,
Creole French ; and myself.

Being now upon the ground explored by the South Sea
expedition under Captain Wilkes, and having accomplished
the object of uniting my survey with his, and thus presenting
a connected exploration from the Mississippi to the Pacific,
and the winter being at hand, I deemed it necessary to econo-
mize time by voyaging in the night, as is customary her<>, to

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 325

avoid the high winds, which rise with the morning, and decline
with the day.

Accordingly, after an hour's halt, we again embarked, and
resumed our pleasant voyage down the river. The wind rose
to a gale after several hours ; but the moon was very bright,
and the wind was fair, and the canoe glanced rapidly down the
stream, the waves breaking into foam alongside ; and our night
voyage, as the wind bore us rapidly along between the dark
mountains, was wild and interesting. About midnight we put
to the shore on a rocky beach, behind which was a dark-look-
ing pine forest. We built up large fires among the rocks,
which were in large masses round about ; and, arranging our
blankets on the most sheltered places we could find, passed a
delightful night.

After an early breakfast, at daylight we resumed our jour-
ney, the weather being clear and beautiful, and the river
smooth and still. On either side the mountains are all pine-
timbered, rocky, and high. We were now approaching one
of the marked features of the lower Columbia where the river
forms a great cascade, with a series of rapids, in breaking
through the range of mountains to which the lofty peaks of
Mount Hood and St. Helens belong, and which rise as great
pillars of snow on either side of the passage. The main
branch of the Sacramento river, and the Tlamatli, issue in
cascades from this range ; and the Columbia, breaking through
it in a succession of cascades, gives the idea of cascades to
the whole range ; and hence the name of CASCADE RANGE,
which it bears, and distinguishes it from the Coast Range lower
down. In making a short turn to the south, the river forms
the cascades in breaking over a point of agglomerated masses
of rock, leaving a handsome bay to the right, with several
rocky, pine-covered islands, and the mountains sweep at a dis-
tance around a cove where several small streams enter the
bay. In less than an hour we halted on the left bank, about
five minutes' walk above the cascades, where there were several
Indian huts, and where our guides signified it was customary
'-) hire Indians to assist in making the porbiirr. \Vhrn ;
inij with a boat as li^ht as a canoe, which may easily be car-

326 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

ried on the shoulders of the Indians, this is much the better
side of the river for the portage, as the ground here is very
good and level, being a handsome bottom, which I remarked
was covered (as was now always the case along the river) with
a growth of green and fresh-looking grass. It was long be-
fore we could come to an understanding with the Indians ; but
to length, when they had first received the price of their assist-
ance in goods, they went vigorously to work ; and, in a shorter
time than had been occupied in making our arrangements, the
canoe, instruments, and baggage, were carried through (a
distance of about half a mile) to the bank below the main
cascade, where we again embarked, the water being white
with foam among ugly rocks, and boiling into a thousand whirl-
pools. The boat passed with great rapidity, crossing and re-
crossing in the eddies of the current. After passing through
about two miles of broken water, we ran some wild-looking
rapids, which are called the Lower Rapids, being the last on
the river, which below is tranquil and smooth — a broad, mag-
nificent stream. On a low broad point on the right bank of
the river, at the lower end of these rapids, were pitched many
tents of the emigrants, who were waiting here for their friends
from above, or for boats and provisions which were expected
from Vancouver. In our passage down the rapids, I had
noticed their camps along the shore, or transporting their
goods across the portage. This portage makes a head of navi-
gation, ascending the river. It is about two miles in length ;
and above, to the Dalles, is 45 miles of smooth and good navi-
gation.

We glided on without further interruption between very
rocky and high steep mountains, which sweep along the river
valley at a little distance, covered with forests of pine, and
showing occasionally lofty escarpments of red rock. Nearer,
the shore is bordered by steep escarped hills and huge vertical
rocks, from which the waters of the mountain reach the river
in a variety of beautiful falls, sometimes several hundred feet
in height. Occasionally along the river occurred pretty bot-
toms, covered with the greenest verdure of the spring. To a
professional farmer,, however, it does not offer many places ov

ADYLYlViiivS AM) iiM'LOUATlO.NS. o'l'i'

sufficient extent to be valuable lor agriculture ; ami after
passing a few miles below the Dalles, I had scarcely seen a
place on the south shore where wagons could get to the river.
The beauty of the scenery was heightened by the continuance
of very delightful weather, resembling the Indian summer of
the Atlantic. A few miles below the cascades we passed a
singular isolated hill ; and in the course of the next six miles
occurred five \ 3ry pretty fulls from the heights on the left
bank, one of them being of a very picturesque character ; and
towards sunset we reached a remarkable point of rocks, distin-
guished, on account of prevailing high winds, and the delay it
frequently occasions to the janoe navigation, by the name of
Cape Horn. It borders the river in a high wall of rock, which
comes boldly down into deep water ; and in violent gales down
the river, and from the opposite shore, which is the prevailing
direction of strong winds, the water is dashed against it with
considerable violence. It appears to form a serious obstacle
to canoe traveling ; and I was informed by Mr. Perkins, that
in a voyage up the river he had been detained two weeks at
this place, and was finally obliged to return to Vancouver.

The winds of this region deserve a particular study. They
blow in currents, which show them to be governed txy fixed
laws ; and it is a problem how far they may come from the
mountains, or from the ocean through the breaks in the moun-
tains which let out the river.

The hills here had lost something of their rocky appearance,
and had already begun to decline. As the sun went down,
we searched along the river for an inviting spot ; and, finding
a clean rocky beach, where some large dry trees were lying
on the ground, we ran our boat to the shore ; and, after another
comfortable supper, ploughed our way along the river in dark-
ness. Heavy clouds covered the sky this evening, and the
wind began to sweep in ^usts among the trees, as if bad weather
were coming. As we advanced, the hills on both sides gr<-w
constantly lower ; on the right, retreating from the shore, and
rorming a somewhat extensive bottom of intermingled prairie
and wooded land. In the course of a few hours, and opposite
to a small stream coming in from the north, called the Tea

328 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Praine river, the highlands on the left declined to the plains,
and three or four miles more d .sappeared entirely on both sides,
and the river entered the low country. The river had gradu-
ally expanded ; and* when we emerged from the highlands, the
opposite shores were so distant as to appear indistinct in the
uncertainty of the light. About ten o'clock our pilots halted,
apparently to confer about the course ; and, after a little hesi-
tation, pulled directly across an open expansion of the river,
where the waves were somewhat rough for a canoe, the wind
blowing very fresh. Much to our surprise, a few minutes af-
terwards we ran aground. Backing off our boat, we made
repeated trials at various places to cross what appeared to be a
point of shifting sand-bars, where we had attempted to shorten
the way by a cut-off. Finally, one of our Indians got into the
water, and waded about until he found a channel sufficiently
deep, through which we wound along after him, and in a few
minutes again entered the deep water below. As we paddled
rapidly down the river, we heard the noise of a saw-mill at
work on the right bank ; and, letting our boat float quietly
down, we listened with pleasure to the unusual sounds, and
before midnight, encamped on the bank of the river, about a
mile above Fort Vancouver. Our fine dry weather had given
place to a dark cloudy night. At midnight it began to rain ;
and we found ourselves suddenly in the gloomy and humid
season, which, in the narrow region lying between the Pacific
and the Cascade mountains, and for a considerable distance
along the coast, supplies the place of winter.

In the morning, the first object that attracted my attention
was the barque Columbia, lying at anchor near the landing.
She was about to start on a voyage to England, and was now
ready for sea ; being detained only in waiting the arrival of
the express bateaux, which descend the Columbia and its north
fork with the overland mail from Canada and Hudson's Bay,
which had been delayed beyond the usual time. I immediately
waited upon Dr. McLaughlin, the executive officer of the Hud-
son Bay Company, in the territory west of the Rocky moun-
tains, who received me with the courtesy an-., hospitality for
which he has been eminently distinguished, and \vhich makes

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 329

a forcible and delightful impression on a traveler from the long
wilderness from which we had issued. I was immediately
supplied by him with the necessary stores and provisions to re-
fit and support my party in our contemplated winter journey
to the States ; and also with a Mackinaw boat and canoes,
manned with Canadian and Iroquois voyageurs and Indians,
ibr their transportation to the Dalles of the Columbia. In ad-
dition to this efficient kindness in furnishing me with these
necessary .supplies, I received from him a warm and gratifying
sympathy in the suffering which his great experience led him
to anticipate for us in our homeward journey, and a letter of
recommendation and credit for any officers of the Hudson Bay
Company into whose posts we might be driven by unexpected
misfortune.

Of course, the future supplies for my party were paid for,
bills on the Government of the United States being readily
taken ; but every hospitable attention was extended to me, and
I accepted an invitation to take a room in the fort, " and to
make myself at home while I stayed."

I found many American emigrants at the fort ; others had
already crossed the river into their lane of promise — the Wa-
lahmette valley. Others were daily arriving ; and all of them
have been furnished with shelter, so far as it could be afforded
by the buildings connected with the establishment. Necessary
clothing and provisions (the latter to be returned in kind from
the produce of their labor) were also furnished. This friendly
assistance was of very great value to the emigrants, whose
families were otherwise exposed to much suffering in the
winter rains, which had now commenced ; at the same time
they were in want of all the common necessaries of life.
Those who had taken a water conveyance at the Nez Perce
fort continued to arrive safely, with no other accident than has
been already mentioned. The party which had crossed over
the Cascade mountains were reported to have lost a number of
their animals ; and those who had driven their stock down the
Columbia had brought them safely in, and found for them a
ready and very profitable market, and were already proposing
to return to the States in the spring for another supply*

t
330 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

In the space of two days our preparations had been com-
pleted, and we were ready to set out on our return. It would
have been very gratifying to have gone down to the Pacific,
and, solely in the interest and love of geography, to have seen
the ocean on the western as well as on the eastern side of
the continent, so as to give a satisfactory completeness to the
geographical picture which had been formed in our minds ;
but the rainy season had now regularly set in, and the air was
filled with fogs and rain, which left no beauty in any scenery,
and obstructed observations. The object of my instructions
had been entirely fulfilled in having connected our reconnois-
sance with the surveys of Captain Wilkes ; and although it
would have been agreeable and satisfactory to terminate here
also our ruder astronomical observations, I was not, for such a
reason, justified to make a delay in waiting for favorable
weather.

Near sunset of the 10th, the boats left the fort, and encamped
after making only a few miles. Our flotilla consisted of a
Mackinaw barge and three canoes — one of them that in which
we had descended the river ; atid a party in all of twenty men.
One of the emigrants, Mr. Burnet, of Missouri, who had left
his family and property at the Dalles, availed himself of the
opportunity afforded by the return of our boats to bring them
down to Vancouver. This gentleman, as well as the Messrs.
Applegate, and others of the emigrants whom I saw, possessed
intelligence and character, with the moral and intellectual
stamina, as well as the enterprise, which give solidity and
respectability to the foundation of colonies.

llth. — The morning was rainy and misty. We did not
move with the practised celerity of my own camp ; and it was
nearly nine o'clock when our motley crew had finished their
breakfast and were ready to start. Once afloat, however, they
worked steadily and well, and we advanced at a good rate up
the river; and in the afternoon a breeze sprung up, which
enabled us to add a sail to the oars. At evening we encamped
on a warm-looking beach, on the right bank, at the foot of the
high river-hill, immediately at the lower end of Cape Horn.
On the opposite shore is said to be a singular hole in the moun-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 331

tain, from which the Indians believe comes the wind producing
these gales. It is called the Devil's hole ; and the Indians, 1
was told, had been resolving to send down one of their slaves
to explore the region below. At dark, the -wind shifted into
its stormy quarter, gradually increasing to a gale from the
southwest ; and the sky becoming clear, I obtained a good
observation of an emersion of the first satellite ; the result of
which being an absolute observation, I have adopted for the
longitude of the place.

12th. — The wind during the night had increased to so much
violence, that the broad river this morning was angry and
white ; the waves breaking with considerable force against
this rocky wall of the cape. Our old Iroquois pilot was un-
willing to risk the boats around the point, and I was not dis-
posed to hazard the stores of our voyage for the delay of a day.
Further observations were obtained during the day, giving for
the latitude of the place 45° .33' 09" ; and the longitude ob-
tained from the satellite is 122° 6' 15".

13th. — We had a day of disagreeable and cold rain, and,
late in the afternoon, began to approach the rapids of the cas-
cades. There is here a high timbered island on the left shore,
below which, in descending, I had remarked, in a bluff of the
river, the extremities of trunks of trees, appearing to be im-
bedded in the rock. Landing here this afternoon, I found, in
the lower part of the escarpment, a stratum of coal and forest-
trees, imbedded between strata of altered clay, containing the
remains of vegetables, the leaves of which indicate that the
plants were dicotyledonous. Among these, the stems of some
of the ferns are not mineralized, but merely charred, retaining
still their vegetable structure and substance ; and in this con-
dition a portion also of the trees remain. The indurated ap-
pearance and compactness of the strata, as well, perhaps, as
the mineralized condition of the coal, are probably due to ig-
neous action. Some portions of the coal precisely resemble
in aspect the canal coal of England, and, with '-he accompany-
ing fossils, have been referred to the tertiary formation.

These strata appear to rest upon a mass of agglomerated
rock, being but a few feet above, the water of the river ; and

332 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

over them is the escarpment of perhaps 80 feet, rising gradu-
ally in the rear towards the mountains. The wet and cold
evening, and near approach of night, prevented me from ma-
king any other than a slight examination.

The current was now very swift, and we were obliged to
cordelle the boat along the left shore, where the bank was cov-
ered with large masses of rocks. Night overtook us at the
upper end of the island, a short distance below the cascades,
and we halted on the open point. In the mean time, the lighter
canoes, paddled altogether by Indians, had passed ahead, and
were out of sight. With them was the lodge, which was the
only shelter we had, with most of the bedding and provisions.
We shouted, and fired guns ; but all to no purpose, as it was
impossible for them to hear above the roar of the river ; and
we remained all night without shelter, the rain pouring down
all the time. The old voyageurs did not appear to mind it
much, but covered themselves up as well as they could, and
lay down on the sand-beach, where they remained quiet until
morning. The rest of us spent a rather miserable night ; and,
to add to our discomfort, the incessant rain extinguished our
fires ; and we were glad when at last, daylight appeared, and
we again embarked.

Crossing to the right bank, we cordelled the boat along the
shore, there being no longer any use of the paddles, and pul
into a little bay below the upper rapids. Here we found a
lodge pitched, and about 20 Indians sitting around a blazing
fire within, making a luxurious breakfast with salmon, bread,
butter, sugar, coffee, and other provisions. In the forest, on
the edge of the high bluff overlooking the river, is an Indian
graveyard, consisting of a collection of tombs, in each of which
were the scattered bones of many skeletons. The tombs were
made of boards, which were ornamented with many figures of
men and animals of the natural size — from their appearance,
constituting the armorial device by which, among Indians, the
chiefs are usually known.

The masses of rock displayed along the shores of the ravine
in the neighborhood of the cascades, are clearly volcanic pro-
ducts. Between this cove, which t called Graveyard bay, and

ADVENTURES AND EXF LORATIONS. 333

another spot of smooth water abov« , on the right, called Luders
bay, sheltered by a jutting point of huge rocky masses at the
fbot of the cascades, the shore along the intervening rapids is
lined with precipices of distinct strata of red and variously-
colored lavas, in inclined positions.

The masses of rock forming the point at Luders bay consist
of a porous trap, or basalt — a volcanic product of a modern
period. The rocks belong to agglomerated masses, which
form the immediate ground of the cascades, and have been
already mentioned as constituting a bed of cemented conglom-
erate rocks, appearing at \arious places along the river.
Heret they are scattered along the shores, and through the
bed of the river, wearing the character of convulsion, which
forms the impressive and prominent feature of the river at this
place.

Wherever we came in contact with the rocks of these moun-
tains, we found them volcanic, which is probably the charac-
ter of the range ; and at this time, two of the great snowy
cones, Mount Regnier and St. Helens, were in action. On
the 23d of the preceding November, St. Helens had scattered
its ashes, like a white fall of snow, over the Dalles of the Co-
lumbia, 50 miles distant. A specimen of these ashes was
given to me by Mr. Brewer, one of the clergymen at the
Dalles.

The lofty range of the Cascade mountains forms a distinct
boundary between the opposite climates of the regions along
its western and eastern bases. On the west, they present a
barrier to the clouds of fog and rain which roll up from the
Pacific ocean and beat against their rugged sides, forming the
rainy season of the winter in the country along the coast.
Into the brighter skies of the region along their eastern base,
this rainy winter never penetrates ; and at the Dalles of the
Columbia the rainy season is unknown, the brief winter being
limited to a period of about two months, during which the earth
is covered with the slight snows of a climate remarkably mild
for so high a latitude. The Cascade range has an average
distance of about 130 miles from the sea-coast. It extends far
both north and south of the Columbia, and is indicated to the

334 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

distant observer, both in course and position, by the lofty vol.
canic peaks which rise out of it, and which are visible to an
immense distance.

During several days of constant rain, it kept our whole force
laboriously employed in getting our barge and canoes to the
upper end of the Cascades. The portage ground was occu-
pied by emigrant families ; their thin and insufficient clothing,
bareheaded and barefooted children, attesting the length of
their journey, and showing that they had, in many instances,
set out without a due preparation of what was indispensable.

A gentleman named Luders, a botanist from the city of
Hamburg, arrived at the bay I have called by his name while
we were occupied in bringing up the boats. I was delighted
to meet at such a place a man of kindred pursuits ; .but we
had only the pleasure of a brief conversation, as his canoe,
under the guidance of two Indians, was about to run the rapids;
and I could not enjoy the satisfaction of regaling him with a
breakfast, which, after his recent journey, would have been an
extraordinary luxury. All of his few instruments and bag-
gage were in the canoe, and he hurried around by land to meet
it at the Graveyard bay ; but he was scarcely out of sight,
when, by the carelessness of the Indians, the boat was drawn
into the midst of the rapids, and glanced down the river, bot-
tom up, with a loss of every thing it contained. In the natural
concern I felt for his misfortune, I gave to the little cove the
name of Luders bay.

15th. — We continued to-day our work at the portage.

About noon, the two barges of the express from Montreal
arrived at the upper portage landing, which, for large boats, is
on the right bank of the river. They were a fine-looking
crew, and among them I remarked a fresh-looking woman
and her daughter, emigrants from Canada. It was satisfactory
to see the order and speed with which these experienced water-
men effected the portage, and passed their boats over the cas-
cades. They had arrived u»; noon, and in the evening they
expected to reach Vancouver. These bateaux carry the ex-
press of the Hudson Bay Company to the highest navigable
point of the North Fork of the Columbia, whence it is car

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 335

ried by an overland party to Lake Winipec, where it is
divided ; part going to Montreal, and part to llurlsor Bay.
Thus a regular communication is kept up between three very
remote points.

The Canadian emigrants were much chagrined at the change
of climate, and informed me that, only a few miles above, they
had left a country of bright blue sky and a shining sun. The
next morning the upper parts of the mountains which directly
overlook the cascades, were White with tjie freshly fallen snow,
while it continued to rain steadily below.

Late in the afternoon we finished the portage, and, embarking
again, moved a little distance- up the right bank, in order to
clear the smaller rapids of the cascades, and have a smooth
river for the next morning. Though we made but a few miles,
the weather improved immediately ; and though the rainy
country and the cloudy mountains were close behind, before
us was the bright sky ; so distinctly is climate here marked by
a mountain boundary.

17th. — We had to-day an opportunity to complete the
sketch of that portion of the river down which we had come
by night.

Many places occur along the river, where the stumps; or
rather portions of the trunks of pine-trees, are standing along
the shore, and in the water, where they may be seen at a con-
siderable depth below the surface, in the beautifully clear water.
These collections of dead trees are called on the Columbia the
submerged forest, and are supposed to have been" created by the
effects of -some- convulsion which formed the cascades, and
which, by damming up the river, placed these trees under
water and destroyed them. But I venture to presume that the
cascades are older than the trees ; and as these submerged
forests occur at five or six places along the river, I had an op-
portunity to satisfy myself that they have oeen formed by
immense land-slides from the mountains, which here closely
shut in the river, and which brought down with them into the
river the pines of the mountain. At one place, on the right
bank, I remarked a place where a portion of one of these
slides seemed to have planted itself, with all the evergreen

336 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

foliage, and the vegetation of the neighboring hill, directl)
amidst the falling and yellow leaves of the river trees. It oc-
curred to me that this would have been a beautiful illustration
to the eye of a botanist.

Following the course of a slide, which was very plainly
marked along the mountain, I found that in the interior parts
the trees were in their usual erect position ; but at the extremity
of the slide they were rocked about, and thrown into a confusion
of inclinations.

About 4 o'clock in the afternoon we passed a sandy bar in
the river, whence we had an unexpected view of Mount Hood,
bearing directly south by compass.

During the day we used oar and sail, and at night had
again a delightful camping ground, and a dry place to sleep
upon.

18th. — The day again was pleasant and bright. At 10
o'clock we passed a rock island, on the right shore of the
river, which the Indians use as a burial-ground ; and halting
for a short time, about ah hour afterwards, at the village of
our Indian friends, early in the afternoon we arrived again at
the Dalles.

Carson had removed the camp up the river a little nearer
to the hills, where the animals had better grass. We found
every thing in good order, and arrived just in time to partake
of an excellent roast of California beef. My friend, Mr.
Gilpin, had arrived in advance of the party. His object in
visiting this country had been to obtain correct information
of the Walahmette settlements ; and he had reached this
point in his journey, highly pleased with the country over
which he had traveled, and with invigorated health. On the
following day he continued his journey, in our returning boats,
to Vancouver.

The camp was now occupied in making 'the necessary pre-
parations for our homeward journey, which, though homeward,
contemplated a new route, and a great circuit to the south and
southeast, and the exploration of the Great Basin between the
Rocky mountains and the Sierra Nevada. Three principal
ob'ects were indicated, by report or by maps, as being on this

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 337

route ; the character or existence 01 which I wished to asc^r .
fain, and which I assumed as landmarks, or leading points, on
the projected line of return. The first of these points was the
Tlamatli lake, on the table-land between the head of Fall river,
which comes to the Columbia, and the Sacramento, which" goes
to the Bay of San Francisco ; and from which lake a river of
the same name makes its way westwardly direct to the ocean.
This lake and river are often called Klamet, but I have chosen
to write its name according to the Indian pronunciation. The
position of this lake, on the line of inland communication be-
tween Oregon and California ; its proximity to the demarca-
tion boundary of latitude 42° ; its imputed double /character
of lake, or meadow, according to the season of the year ; and
the hostile and warlike character attributed to the Indians
about it — all made it a desirable object to visit and examine
From this lake our course was intended to be about southeast,
to a reported lake called Mary's, at some days' journey in the
Great Basin ; and thence, still on southeast, to the reputed
Buenaventura river, which has had a place in so many maps,
and countenanced the belief of the existence of a great river
flowing from the Rocky mountains to the Bay of San Fran-
cisco. From the Buenaventura the next point was intended
to be in that section of the Rocky mountains which includes
the heads of Arkansas river, and of the opposite waters of the
Californian gulf; arid thence down the Arkansas to Bent's fort,
and home. This was our projected line of return — a great
part of it absolutely new to geographical, botanical, and geolo-
gical science — and the subject of reports in relation to lakes,
rivers, deserts, and savages hardly above the condition of mere
wild animals, which inflamed desire to know what this terra
incognita really contained.

It was a serious enterprise, at the commencement of winte ',
to undertake the traverse of such a region, and with a party
consisting only of twenty-five persons, and they of many na-
tions— American, French, German, Canadian, Indian, and
colored — and most of them young, several being under twenty-
one years of age. All knew that a strange country was to be
explored, and dangers and hardships to Iv? encountered ; Vnt

338 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

wo one Menched at the prospect. On the contrary, courage
and confidence animated the whole party. Cheerfulness, readi-
ness, subprdination, prompt obedience, characterized all ; nor
did any extremity of peril and privation, to which we were af-
terwards exposed, ever belie, or derogate from, the fine spirit
of this brave and generous commencement. The course of the
narrative will show at what point, and for what reasons, we
were prevented from the complete execution of this plan, after
having made considerable progress upon it, and how we were
forced by desert plains and mountain ranges, and deep snows,
far to the south, and near to the Pacific ocean, and along the
western base of the Sierra Nevada, where, indeed, a new and
ample field of exploration opened itself before us. For the
present, we must follow the narrative, which will first lead us
south along the valley of Fall river, and the eastern base of
the Cascade range, to the Tlamath lake, from which, or its
margin, three rivers go in three directions — one west, to the
ocean ; another north, to the Columbia ; the third south, to
California.

For the support of the party, I had provided at Vancouver a
supply of provisions for not less than three months, consisting
principally of flour, peas, and tallow — the latter being used in
cooking ; and, in addition to this, I had purchased at the mis-
sion some California cattle, which were to be driven on the
hoof. We had 104 mules and horses — part of the latter pro-
cured from the Indians about the mission ; and for the susten-
ance of which, our reliance was upon the grass which we
should find, and the soft porous wood which was to be substi-
tuted when there was none.

Mr. Fitzpatrick, with Mr. Talbot and the remainder of the
party, arrived on the 21st ; and the camp was now closely en-
gaged in the laoor of preparation. Mr. Perkins succeeded in
obtaining as a guide to the Tlamath lake two Indians — one of
whom had been there, and bore the marks of several wounds
ae had received from some of the Indians in the neighborhood ,
and the other went along for company. In order to enable us
to obtain horses, he dispatched messengers to the various In-
iian villages in the neighborhood, informing them that we were

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 33S

desirous to purchase, and appointing a day for them to bring
them in.

We made, in the mean time, several excursions in the vi-
cinity. Mr. Perkins walked with Mr. Preuss and myself to
the heights, about nine miles distant, on the opposite side of the
river, whence, in fine weather, an extensive view may be had
over the mountains, including seven great peaks of the Cas-
cade range ; but clouds, on this occasion, destroyed the antici-
pated pleasure, and we obtained bearings only to three that
were visible — Mount Regnier, St. Helens, and Mount Hood.
On the heights, about one mile south of the mission, a very
fine view may be had of Mount Hood and St. Helens. In
order to determine their position with as much accuracy as
possible, the angular distances of the peaks were measured
with the sextant, at different fixed points from which they could
be seen..

The Indians brought in their horses at the appointed time,
and we succeeded in obtaining a number in exchange for
goods ; but they were relatively much higher here, where
goods are plenty and at moderate prices, than we had found
them in the more eastern part of our voyage. Several of the
Indians inquired very anxiously to know if we had any dol-
lars ; and the horses we procured were much fewer in num-
ber than I had desired, and of thin, inferior quality ; the oldest
and poorest being those that were sold to us. These horses,
as ever in our journey you will have occasion to remark, are
valuable for hardihood and great endurance.

24th. — At this place one of the men was discharged ; and
at the request of Mr. Perkins, a Chinook Indian, a lad of nine-
teen, who was extremely desirous to " see the whites," and
make some acquaintance with our institutions, was received
into the party under my special charge, with the understand-
ing that I would again return him to his friends. He had
lived for some time in the household of Mr. Perkins, and spoke
a few words of the English language.

25th. — We were all up early, in the excitement of turning
towards home. The stars were brilliant, and the morning
cold, the thermometer at daylight 26°.

340 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Our preparations had been fully completed, and to-day we
commenced our journey. The little wagon which had hitherto
carried the instruments, I judged it necessary to abandon ; and
it was accordingly presented to the mission. In all our long
traveling, it had never been overturned or injured by any ac-
cident of the road ; and the only things broken were the glass
lamps, and one of the front panels, which had been kicked out
by an unruly Indian horse, The howitzer was the only
wheeled carriage now remaining. We started about noon,
when the weather had become disagreeably cold, with flurries
of snow. Our friend Mr. Perkins, whose kindness had been
active and efficient during our stay, accompanied us several
niles on our road, when he bade us farewell, and consigned
is to the care of our guides. Ascending to the uplands be-
vond the southern fork of the Tinanens creek, we found the
snow. lying on the ground in frequent patches, although the
pasture appeared good, and the new short grass was fresh and
green. We traveled over high, hilly land, and encamped on a
little branch of Tinanens creek, where there were good grass
and timber. The southern bank was covered with snow,
which was scattered over the bottom ; and the little creek, its
borders lined with ice, had a 'chilly and wintry look. A num-
ber of Indians had accompanied us so far on our road, and re-
mained with us during the night. Two bad-looking fellows,
who were detected in stealing, were tied and laid before the
fire, and guard mounted over them during the night. The
night was cold, and partially clear.

26th. — The morning was cloudy and misty, and but a few
stars visible. During the night water froze in the tents, and
at sunrise the thermometer was at 20°. Left camp at 10
o'clock, the road leading along tributaries of the Tinanens, and
being, so far, very good. We turned to the right at the fork
of the trail, ascending by a steep ascent along a spur to the
dividing grounds between this stream and the waters of Fall
river. The creeks we had passed were timbered principally
with oak and other deciduous trees. Snow lies everywhere
here on the ground, and we had a slight fall during the morn-
ing ; bu towai ds noon the bright sky yielded to a bright sun.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 341

This morning we had a grand view of St. Helens and Regnier :
the latter appeared of a conical form, and very lofty, leading
the eye far up into the sky. The line of the timbered country
is very distinctly marked here, the bare hills making with it a
remarkable contrast. The summit of the ridge commanded a
fine view of the Taih prairie, and the stream running through
it, which is a tributary to the Fall river, the chasm of which
is visible to the right. A steep descent of a mountain hill
brought us down into the valley, and we encamped on the
stream after dark, guided by the light of fires, which some
naked Indians, belonging to a village on the opposite side, were
kindling for us on the bank. This is a large branch of the Fall
river. There was a broad band of thick ice some fifteen feet
wide on either bank, and the river current is swift and bold.
The. night was cold and clear, and we made our astronomical
observation this evening with the thermometer at 20°.

In anticipation of coming hardship, and to spare our horses,
there was much walking done to-day ; and Mr. Fitzpatrick and
myself made the day's journey on foot. Somewhere near the
mouth of this stream are the falls from which the river takes
its name.

27th. — A fine view of Mount Hood this morning ; a rose-
colored mass of snow, bearing S. 85° W. by compass. The
sky is clear, and the air cold ; the thermometer 2-5° below
zero, the trees and busies glittering white, and the rat id stream
filled with floating ice.

Stiletsi and the Wliite Crane, two Indian chiefs who haa ac-
companied us thus far, took their leave, and we resumed our
journey at 10 o'clock. We ascended by a steep hill from the
river bottom, which is sandy, to a volcanic plain, around which
lofty hills sweep in a regular form. It is cut up by gullies of
basaltic rock, escarpments of which appear everywhere in the
hills. This plain is called the Taih prairie, and is sprinkled
with some scattered pines. The country is now far more inter-
csting to a traveler than the route along the Snake and Colum-
bia rivers. To our right we had always the mountains, from
tne midst of whose dark pine forests the isolated snowy peaks
were looking out like giants. They served us for grand bea

342 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

cons to show the rate at which we advanced in our journey.
Mount Hood was already becoming an old acquaintance, and,
when we ascended the prairie, we obtained a bearing to Mount
Jefferson, S. 23° W. The Indian superstition has peopled
these lofty peaks with evil spirits, and they have never yet
known the tread of a human foot. Sternly drawn against the
sky, they look so high and steep, so snowy and rocky, that it
appears almost impossible to climb them ; but still a trial would
have its attractions for the adventurous traveler. A small
trail takes off through the prairie, towards a low point in the
range, and perhaps there is here a pass into the Wahlamette
valley. Crossing the plain, we descended by a rocky hill into
the bed of a tributary of Fall river, and made an early encamp-
ment. The water was in holes, and frozen over ; and we were
obliged to cut through the ice for the animals to drink. An
ox, which was rather troublesome to drive, was killed here for
food.

The evening was fine, the sky being very clear, and I ob-
tained an immersion of the third satellite, with a good observa-
tion of an emersion of the first; the latter of which gives for
the longitude, 121° 02' 43" ; the latitude, by observation, be-
ing 45° 06' 45". The night was cold — the thermometer dur-
ing the observations standing at 9°.

28th. — The sky was clear in the morning, but suddenly
clouded over, and at sunrise it began to snow, with the thermom-
eter at 18°.

We traversed a broken high country, partly timbered with
pine, and about noon crossed a mountainous ridge, in which,
from the rock occasionally displayed, the formation consists of
compact lava. Frequent tracks of elk were visible in the snow.
On our right, in the afternoon, a high plain, partially covered
with pine, extended about ten miles, to the foot of the Cascade
mountains.

At evening we encamped in a basin narrowly surrounded
by rocky hills, after a day's journey of twenty-orw miles.
The surrounding rocks are either volcanic products, r-r highly
altered by volcanic action, consisting of quartz and reddish-
colored silicious masses.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 34.')

29th. — We emerged iroiu the basin, by a narrow pass, upon
a considerable branch of Fall river, running to the eastward
through a narrow valW The trail, descending this stream,
brought us to a locality of hot springs, which were on either
bank. Those on the left, which were formed into deep hand-
some basins, would have been delightful baths, if the outer air
had not been so keen, the thermometer in these being at 89°.
There were others on the opposite side, at the foot of an escarp,
ment, in which the temperature of the water was 134°. These
waters deposited around the spring a brecciated mass of quartz
and feldspar, much of it of a reddish color.

We crossed the stream here, and ascended again to a high
plain, from an elevated point of which we obtained a view of
six of the great peaks — Mount Jefferson, followed to the south-
ward by two others of the same class ; and succeeding, at a
still greater distance to the southward, were three other lower
peaks, clustering together in a branch «ridge. These, like the
great peaks, were snowy masses, secondary only to them ; and,
from the best examination our time permitted, we are inclined
to believe that the range to which they belong is a branch from
the great chain which here bears to the westward. The trail,
during the remainder of the day, followed near to the large
stream on the left, which was continuously walled in between
high rocky banks. We halted for the night on a little by-
stream.

30th. — Our journey to-day was short. Passing over a high
plain, on which were scattered cedars, with frequent beds of
volcanic rock in fragments interspersed among the grassy
grounds, we arrived suddenly on the verge of the steep and
rocky descent to the valley of the stream we had been follow-
ing, and which here ran directly across our path, emerging
from the mountains on the right. You will remark that the
country is abundantly watered with large streams, which pour
down from the neighboring range.

These streams are characterized by the narrow and chasm-
like valleys in which they run, generally sunk a thousand feet
below the plain. At the verge of this plain, they frequently
commence in vertical precipices of basaltic rock, and which

344 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE -OF

leave only casual places at which they can be entered by
horses. The road across the country, which would otherwise
be very good, is rendered impracticable for wagons by these
streams. There is another trail among the mountains, usually
followed in the summer, which the snows now compelled us to
avoid ; and I have reason to believe that this, passing nearer
the heads of these streams, would afford a much better road.

At such places, the gun-carriage was unlimbered, and sepa-
rately descended by hand. Continuing a few miles up the left
bank of the river, we t_,L-amped early in an open botto^ among
the pines, a short distance below a lodge of Indians. Here,
along the river the bluffs present escarpments seven or eight
hundred feet in height, containing strata of a very fine porce-
lain clay, overlaid, at the height of about five hundred feet, by
a massive stratum of compact basalt one hundred feet in thick-
ness, which again is succeeded above by other strata of vol-
canic rocks. The clay strata are variously colored, some of
them very nearly as white as chalk, and very fine-grained.
Specimens brought from these have been subjected to micro-
scopical examination by Professor Bailey, of West Point, and
are considered by him to constitute one of the most remarkable
deposites of fluviatile infusoria on record. While they abound
in genera and species which are common in fresh water, but
which rarely thrive where the water is even brackish, not one
decidedly marine form is to be found among them ; and their
fresh-water origin is therefore beyond a doubt. It is equally
certain that they lived and died at the situation where they
were found, as they could scarcely have been transported by
running waters without an admixture of sandy particles ; from
which, however, they are remarkably free. Fossil infusoria
of a fresh-water origin had been previously detected by Mr.
Bailey, in specimens brought by Mr. James D. Dana from the
tertiary formation of Oregon. Most of the species in those
specimens differed so much from those now living and known,
that he was led to infer that they might belong to extinct
species, and considered them also as affording proof of an
alteration, in the formation from which they were obtained, of
fresh and salt-water dcr osites, which, common enough in

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 345

fiuropi , had not hitherto been noticed in the United States.
Coming evidently from a locality entirely different, our speci-
mens show very few species in common with those brought by
Mr. Dana, but bear a much closer resemblance to those inhab-
iting the northeastern states. It is possible that they are from
a more recent deposite ; but the presence of a few remarkable
forms which are common to the two localities renders it more
probable that there is no great difference in their age.

I obtained here a good observation of an emersion of the
second satellite ; but clouds, which rapidly overspread the sky,
prevented the usual number of observations. Those which we
succeeded in obtaining, are, however, good j and give for the
latitude of the place 44° 35' 23", and for the longitude from
the satellite 121° 10' 25".

DECEMBER.

1st. — A short distance above our encampment, we crossed
the river, which was thickly lined along its banks with ice.
In common with all these mountain-streams the water was
very clear and the current swift. It was not everywhere ford-
able, and the water was three or four feet deep at our crossing,
and perhaps a hundred feet wide. As was frequently the case
at such places, one of the mules got his pack, consisting 01'
sugar, thoroughly wet, and turned into molasses. One of the
guides informed me that this was a "salmon-water," and
pointed out several ingeniously-contrived places to catch the
fish ; among the pines in the bottom I saw an immense one,
about twelve feet in diameter. A steep ascent from the oppo-
site bank delayed us again ; and as, by the information of our
guides, grass would soon become very scarce, we encamped
on the height of land, in a marshy place among the pines,
where there was an abundance of grass. We found here a
single Nez Perce family, who had a very handsome horse in
their drove, which we endeavored to obtain in exchange for a
good cow ; but th« man " had two hearts," or, rather, he had

346 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OP

one and his wife had another: she wanted the cow, but he
loved the horse too much to part with it. These people attach
great value to cattle, with which they are endeavoring to sup-
ply themselves.

2d. — In the first rays of the sun, the mountain peaks thi?
morning presented a beautiful appearance, the snow being en-
tirely covered with a hue of rosy gold. We traveled to-day
over a very stony, elevated plain, about which were scattered
cedar and pine, and encamped on another branch of Fall river.
We were gradually ascending to a more elevated region,
which would have been indicated by the rapidly increasing
quantities of snow and ice, had we not known it by other
means. A mule, which was packed with our cooking-utensils,
wandered off among the pines unperceived, and several men
were sent back to search for it.

3d. — Leaving Mr. Fitzpatrick with the party, I went ahead
with the howitzer and a few men, in order to gain time, as our
progress with th^ ^un was necessarily slower. The country
continued the same — very stony, with cedar and pine ; and we
rode on until dark, when we encamped on a hill-side covered
with snow, which we used to-night for water, as we were una-
ble to reach any stream.

4th. — Our animals had taken the back track, although a
great number were hobbled ; and we were consequently de-
layed until noon. Shortly after we had left this encampment,
the mountain trail from the Dalles joined that on which we
were traveling. After passing for several miles over an arte-
misia plain, the trail entered a beautiful pine forest, through
which we traveled for several hours ; and about 4 o'clock de-
scended into the valley of another large branch, on the bottom
of which were spaces of open pines, with occasional meadows
of good grass, in one of which we encamped. The stream iz
very swift and deep, and about 40 feet, wide, and nearly half
frozen over. Among the timber here, are larches 140 feet
hiajh, and over three feet in diameter. We had to-night the
rare sight of a lunar rainbow.

5th. — To-day the country was all pine forest, and beautiful
weather made our journey delightful. It was too warm a,*

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 347

noon for winter clothes; and the snow, which lay everywhere
in patches through the forest, was melting rapidly. After a
few hours' ride*, we came upon a fine stream in the midst of
the forest, which proved to be the principal branch of the Fall
river. It was occasionally 200 feet wide — sometimes narrow,
ed to 50 feet — the waters very clear, and frequently deep.
We ascended along the river, which sometimes presented sheets
of foaming cascades — its banks occasionally blackened with
masses of scoriated rock — and found a good encampment on
the verge of open bottom, which had been an old camping-
ground of the Cayuse Indians. A great number of deer-horns
were lying about, indicating game ;n the neighborhood. The
limber was uniformly large, some j, the pines measuring 22
feet in circumference at the ground, and 12 to 13 feet at six
feet above.

In all our journeying, we had never traveled through a coun-
try where the rivers were so abounding in falls ; and the name
of this stream is singularly characteristic. At every placf
where we come in the neighborhood of the river, is heard the
roaring of falls. The rock along the banks of the stream, and
the ledge over which it falls, is a scoriated basalt, with a bright
metallic fracture. The stream goes over in one clear pitch,
succeeded by a foaming cataract of several hundred yards.
In a little bottom above the falls, a small stream discharges into
an enlonnoir, and disappears below.

We made an early encampment, and in the course of the
evening Mr. Fitzpatrick joined us here with the lost mule.
Our lodge-poles were nearly worn out, and we found here a
handsome set, leaning against one of the trees, very white,
and cleanly scraped. Had the owners been, here, we would
have purchased them; but as they were not, we merely left
the old ones in their place, with a small quantity of tobacco.

6th. — The morning was frosty and clear. We continued up
the stream on undulating forest ground, over which there was
scattered much falling timber. We met here a village of Nez
Perce Indians, who appeared to be coming down from the
mountains, and had with thsrn fine bands of horses. With them
were a frw Snake Indians of the root-digging species.

348 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the forest we emerged Hto an open valley ten or twelve miles
wide, t.irough which the stream was flowing tranquilly, up-
wards of two hundred feet broad, with occasional islands, and
bordered with fine broad bottoms. Crossing the river, which
here issues from a great mountain ridge on the right, we cor
tinned up the southern and smaller branch over a level coun
try, consisting of fine meadow-land, alternating with pine for-
ests, and encamped on it early in the evening. A warm sun-
shine made the day pleasant.

7th. — To-day we had good traveling ground, the trail lead-
ing sometimes over rather sandy soils in the pine forest, and
sometimes over meadow-land along the stream. The great
beauty of the country in summer constantly suggested itself
to our imaginations j and even now we found it beautiful, as
we rode along these meadows, from half a mile to two miles
wide. The rich soil and excellent water, surrounded by no.
ble forests, make a picture that would delight the eye of a
farmer.

I observed to-night an occultation of a Geminorum ; which,
although at the bright limb of the moon, appears to give a very
good result, that has been adopted for the longitude. The oc-
cultation, observations of satellites, and our position deduced
from daily surveys with the compass, agree remarkably well
together, and mutually support and strengthen each other.
The latitude of the camp is 43° 30' 36" ; and longitude, de-
duced from the occultation, 121° 33' 50".

8th. — To-day we crossed the last branch of the Fall river,
issuing, like all the others we had crossed, in a southwesterly
direction from the mountains. Our direction was a little east
of south, the trail leading constantly through pine forests. The
soil was generally bare, consisting, in greater part, of a yel-
lowish-white pumice-stone, producing varieties of magnificent
pines, but not a blade of grass ; and to-night our horses were
obliged to do without food, and use snow for water. These
pines are remarkable for the red color of the bolls ; and among
them occurs a species of which the Indians had informed me
when leaving the Dalles. The unusual size of the cone (16 or
18 inches long) had attracted their attention ; and they pointed

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 349

it out to me among the curiosities of the country. They are
more remarkable for their large diameter than their height;
which usually averages only aoout 120 feet. The leaflets are
short — only two or three inches long, and five in a sheath ; the
bark of a red color.

9th. — The trail leads always through splendid pine forests.
Crossing dividing grounds by a very fine road, we descended
very gently towards the south. The weather was pleasant,
and we halted late. The soil was very much like that of yes-
terday ; and on the surface of a hill near our encampment,
were displayed beds of pumice-stone ; but the soil produced
no grass, and again the animals fared badly.

10th. — The country began to improve ; and about eleven
o'clock we reached a spring of cold water on the edge of a sa-
vannah, or grassy meadow, which our guides informed us was
an arm of the Tlamath lake ; and a few miles further we en-
tered upon an extensive meadow, or lake of grass, surrounded
by timbered mountains. This was the Tlamath lake. It was
a picturesque and beautiful spot, and rendered more attractive
to us by the abundant and excellent grass, which our animals,
after traveling through pine forests, so much needed ; but the
broad sheet of water which constitutes a lake was not to be seen.
Overlooking it, immediately west, were several snowy knobs,
belonging to what we have considered a branch of the Cascade
range. A low point, covered with pines, made out into the
lake, which afforded us a good place for an encampment, arid
for the security of our horses, which were guarded in view on
the open meadow. The character of courage and hostility at-
tributed to the Indians in this quarter induced more than usual
precaution; and, seeing smokes rising from the middle of the
lake (or savannah) and along the opposite shores, I directed
;he howitzer to be fired. It was the first time our guides had
teen it discharged ; and the bursting of the shell at a distance,
which was something like the second fire of the gun, amazed
and bewildered them with delight. It inspired them with tri-
umphant feelings ; but on the camps at a distance the effec
was different, for the smokes in the lake and on the shores im
mediately disappeared.

350 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

The point on which we were encamped forms, with the op-
posite eastern shore, a narrow neck, connecting the body of
the lake with a deep cove or bay which receives the principal
affluent stream, and over the greater part of which the water
(or rather ioe) was at this time dispersed in shallow pools.
Among the grass, and scattered over the prairie lake, appeared
to be similar marshes. It is simply a shallow basin, which, for
a short period at the time of melting snows, is covered with
water from the neighboring mountains ; but this probably soon
runs off, and leaves for the remainder of the year a green sa-
vannah, through the midst of which the river Tlamath, which
flows to the ocean, winds its way to the outlet on the south-
western side.

llth. — No Indians made their appearance, and I determined
to pay them a visit. Accordingly the people were gathered
together, and we rode' out towards the village in the middle
of the lake which one of our guides had previously visited.
It could not be directly approached, as a large part of the lake
appeared a marsh ; and there were sheets of ice among the
grass on which our horses could not keep their footing. We
therefore followed the guide for a considerable distance along
the forest ; and then turned off towards the village, which we
soon began to see was a few large huts, on the tops of which
were collected the Indians. When we had arrived within half
a mile of the village, two persons were seen advancing to meet
us ; and, to please the fancy of our guides, we ranged our-
selves into a long line, riding abreast, while they galloped
ahead to meet the strangers.

We were surprised, on riding up, to find one of them a wo-
man, having never before known a squaw to take any part in
the business of war. They were the village chief and his wife,
who, in excitement and alarm at the unusual event and appear-
ance, had come out to meet their fate together. The chief
was a very prepossessing Indian, with handsome features, and
a singularly soft and agreeable voice — so remarkable as to
attract general notice.

The huts were grouped together on the bank of the river
which, from being spread out in a shallow marsh at the uppef

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 351

end of the lake, was collected here into a single stream. The}
were largo round huts, perhaps 20 feet in diameter, with
rounded tops, on which was the door by which they descend-
ed into the interior. Within, they were supported by posts
and beams.

Almost like plants, these people seem to have adapted them-
selves to the soil ^nd to be growing on what the immediate
locality afforded. Their only subsistence at the time appear-
ed to be a small i'.sh, great quantities of which, that had been
smoked and dried, were suspended on strings about the lodge.
Heaps of straw were lying around ; and their residence in the
midst of grass and rushes had taught them a peculiar skill in
converting this material to useful purposes. Their shoes were
made of straw or grass, which seemed well adapted for a
snowy country ; and the women wore on their heads a closely-
woven basket, which made a very good cap. Among other
things, were party-colored mats about four feet square, which
we purchased to lay on the snow under our blankets, and to
use for table-cloths.

Numbers of singular-looking dogs, resembling wolves, were
sitting on the tops of the huts ; and of these we purchased a
young one, which, after its birthplace, was named Tlamath.
The language spoken by these Indians is different from that
of the Shoshonee and Columbia River tribes ; and otherwise
than by signs they cannot understand each other. They made
us comprehend that they were at war with the people who
lived to the southward and to the eastward ; but I could obtain
from them no certain information. The river on which they
live enters the Cascade mountains on the western side of the
lake, and breaks through them by a passage impracticable for
travelers ; but over the mountains, to the northward, are passes
which present no other obstacle than in the almost impenetra-
ble forests. Unlike any Indians we had previously seen, these
wore shells in their noses. We returned to our camp, after
remaining here an hour or two, accompanied by a number of
Indians.

In order to recruit a little the strength of our animals, and
obtain some acquaintance with the locality, we remained here

352 OOL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

for the rerrainler of the day. By observation, the latitude of
the camp was 42° 56X 51", and the diameter of the lake, or
meadow, as has been intimated, about 20 miles. It is a pic-
turesque and beautiful spot, and, under the hand of cultivation,
might become a little paradise. Game is found in the forest,
timbered and snowy mountains skirt it, and fertility character-
izes it. Situated near the heads of three rivers, and on the line
of inland communication with California, and near to Indians
•noted for treachery, it will naturally, in the progress of the
settlement of Oregon, become a point for military occupation
and settlement.

From Tlamath lake, the further continuation of our voyage
assumed a character of discovery and exploration, which, from
the Indians here, we could obtain no information to direct, and
where the imaginary maps of the country, instead of assisting,
exposed us to suffering and defeat. In our journey across the
desert, Mary's lake, and the famous Buenaventura river, were
two points on which I relied to recruit the animals and repose
the party. Forming, agreeably to the best maps in my pos-
session, a connected water-line from the Rocky mountains to
the Pacific ocean, I felt no other anxiety than to pass safely
across the interyening desert to the banks of the Buenaventura,
where, in the softer climate of a more' southern latitude, OUT
norses might find grass to sustain them, and ourselves be shel
tered from the rigors of winter, and from the inhospitable des.
ert. The guides who had conducted us thus far on our jour,
ney were about to return ; and I endeavored in vain to obtain
others to lead us, even for a few days, in the direction (east)
which we wished to go. The chief to whom I applied alleged
the want of horses, and the snow on the mountains across
which our course would carry us, and the sickness of his fami-
ly, as reasons for refusing to go with us.

12th. — This morning the camp was thronged with Tlamath
Indians from the southeastern shore of the lake ; but, knowing
the treacherous disposition which is a remarkable characteristic
of the Indians south of the Columbia, the camp was kept con-
stantly on its guard. I was not unmindful of the disasters*
which Smith and other travelers had met with in this country,

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 353

and therefore was equally vigilant in guarding against treache-
ry and violence.

According to the best information I had been able to obtain
from the Indians, in a few days' traveling we should reach
another large water, probably a lake, which they indicated ex-
actly in the course we were about to pursue. We struck our
tents at 10 o'clock, and crossed the lake in a nearly east di-
rection, where it has the least extension — the breadth of the
arm being here only about a mile and a half. There were
ponds of ice, with but little grass, for the greater part of the
way, and it was difficult to get the pack-animals across, which
fell frequently, and could not get up with their loads, unassist-
ed. The morning was very unpleasant, snow falling at inter-
vals in large flakes, and the sky dark. In about, two hours we
succeeded in getting the animals over ; and, after traveling
another hour along the eastern shore of the lake, we turned up
into a cove where there was a sheltered place among the tim-
ber, with good grass, and encamped. The Indians, who had
accompanied us so far, returned to their village on the south-
eastern shore. Among the pines here, I noticed some five or
six feet in diameter.

13th. — The night has been cold ; the peaks around the lake
gleam out brightly in the morning sun, and the thermometer is
at zero. We continued up the hollow formed by a small afflu-
ent to the lake, and immediately entered an open pine for-
est on the mountain. The way here was sometimes obstructed
by fallen trees, and the snow was four to twelve inches deep.
The mules at the gun pulled heavily, and walking was a little
laborious. In the midst of the wood, we heard the sound of
galloping horses, and were agreeably surprised by the unex-
pected arrival of our Tlamath chief with several Indians. He
seemed to have found his conduct inhospitable in letting the
strangers depart without a guide through the snow, and had
come, with a few others, to pilot us a day or two on the way.
After traveling in an easterly direction through the forest for
about four hours, we reached a considerable stream, with a
oorder of good grass ; and here, by the advice of our guides,
we encamped. It is about thirty feet wide, and two to foui

354 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

feet deep, the water clear, with some current ; and, according
to the information of our Indians, is the principal affluent to the
lake, and the head-water of the Tlamath river.

A very clear sky enabled me to obtain here to-night good
observations, including an emersion of the first satellite of
Jupiter, which gave for the long. 121° 20' 42", and for the
lat. 42° 51' 26'- . This emersion coincides remarkably well
with the result obtained from an occultation at the encampment
of December 7th to 8th, 1843 ; from which place, the line of
our survey gives an easting of 13 miles. The day's journey
was 12 miles.

14th. — Our road was over a broad mountain, and we rode
seven hours in a thick snow-storm, always through pine forests,
when we came down upon the head-waters of another stream,
on which there was grass. The snow lay deep on the ground,
and only the high swamp-grass appeared above. The Indians
were thinly clad, and I had remarked during the day that they
suffered from cold. This evening they told me that the snow
was getting too deep on the mountain, and I could not induce
them to go any farther. The stream we had struck issued
from the mountain in an easterly direction, turning to the
southward a short distance below ; and, drawing its course
upon the ground, they made us comprehend that it pursued its
way for a long distance in that direction, uniting with many
other streams, and gradually becoming a great river. With-
out the subsequent information, which confirmed the opinion,
we became immediately satisfied that this water formed the
principal stream of the Sacramento river ; and, consequently,
that this main affluent of the bay of San Francisco had its
source within the limits of the United States, and opposite a
tributary to the Columbia, and near the head of the Tlamath
river, which goes to the ocean north of 42°, and within the
United States.

15th. — A present, consisting of useful goods, afforded much
satisfaction to our guides ; and, showing them the national
flag, I explained that it was a symbol of our nation ; and they
engaged always to receive it in a friendly manner. The chief
pointed out a course, by following which we would arrive at

ADVE.NTUKES AND EXPLORATIONS. 355

/he big water, where no more snow was to be found. Travel-
ing in a direction N. 60° E. by compass, which the Indians
informed me would avoid a bad mountain to the right, we
crossed the Sacramento where it turned to the southward, and
entered a grassy level plain — a smaller Grand rlond ; from
the lower end of which the river issued into an inviting country
of low rolling hills. Crossing a hard-frozen swamp on the
farther side of ihe Rond, we entered again the pine forest, in
which very deep snow made our traveling slow and laborious.
We were slowly but gradually ascending a mountain j and,
after a hard journey of seven hours, we came to some naked
places among the timber, where a few tufts of grass showed
above the snow, on the side of a hollow ; and here we encamped.
Our cow, which every day got poorer, was killed here, but the
meat was rather tough.

16th. — We traveled this morning through snow about three
feet deep, which, being crusted, very much cut the feet of our
animals. The mountain still gradually rose ; we crossed
several spring heads covered with quaking asp ; otherwise it
was all pine forest. The air was dark with falling snow,
which everywhere weighed down the trees. The depths of the
forest were profoundly still ; and below, we scarcely felt a breath
of the wind which whirled the snow through their branches.
I found that it required some exertion of constancy to adhere
steadily to one course through the woods, when we were un-
certain how far the forest extended, or what lay beyond ; and,
on account of our animals, it would be bad to spend another
night on the mountain. Towards noon the forest looked clear
ahead, appearing suddenly to terminate ; and beyond a certain
point we could see no trees. Riding rapidly ahead to this
spot, we found ourselves on the verge of a vertical and rocky
wall of the n.ountain. At our feet—more than a thousand
feet below — we looked into a green prairie country, in which
a beautiful lake, some twenty miles in length, was spread along
the foot of the mountains, its shores bordered with green grass.
Just then the sun broke out among the clouds, and illuminated
the country below, while around us the storm raged fiercely.
Not a particle of ice was to be seen on the lake, or snow on

356 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

its borders, and all was like summer or spring. The glow of
the sun in the valley below brightened up our hearts with sud-
den pleasure ; and we made the woods ring with joyful shouts
to those behind ; and gradually, as each came up, he stopped
to enjoy the unexpected scene. Shivering on snow three fee;
deep, and stiffening in a cold north wind, we exclaimed at once
that the names of Summer Lake and Winter Ridge should be
applied to these two proximate places of such sudden and vio-
lent contrast.

We were now immediately on the verge of the forest land,
in which we had been traveling so many days ; and, looking
forward to the east, scarce a tree was to be seen. Viewed
from our elevation, the face of the country exhibited only
rocks and grass, and presented a region in which the artemisia
became the principal wood, furnishing to its scattered inhabi-
tants fuel for their fires, building material for their huts, and
shelter for the small game which ministers to their hunger
and nakedness. Broadly marked by the boundary at the
mountain wall, and immediately below us, were the first
waters of tha( jreat Interior Basin which has the Wahsatch
and Bear River mountains for its eastern, and the Sierra
Nevada for its western rim ; and the edge of which we had
entered upwards of three months before, at the Great Salt Lake.

When we had sufficiently admired the scene below, we be-
gan to think about descending, which here was impossible, and
we turnc'J towards the north, traveling always alon^ the rocky
wall. We continued on for four or five miles, making inef-
fectual attempts at several places; and at length succeeded in
getting down at one which was extremei^ difficult of descent.
Night had closed in before the foremost reached the bottom,
and it was dark before we all found ourselves together in the
valley. There were three or four half-dead dry cedar-trees
on the shore, and those who first arrived lundled bright fires to
light on the others. One of the mules rolled over and over
two or three hundred feet into a ravine, but recovered himself
without any other injury than to his pack ; and the howitzer
was left midway the mountain until morning. By observation,
the latitude of this encampment is 42° 57' 22' '. It delayed

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 357

us until near noon the next day to recover ourselves and put
every thing in order ; and we made only a short camp along
the western shore of the lake, which, in the summer tempera-
ture we enjoyed to-day, justified the name we had given it.
Our course would have taken us to the other shore, and over
the highlands beyond ; but I distrusted the appearance of the
country, and decided to follow a plainly-beaten Indian trail
leading along this side of the lake. We were now in a country
where the scarcity of water and of grass makes traveling dan-
gerous, and great caution was necessary.

18th. — We continued on the trail along the narrow strip of
land between the lake and the high rocky wall, from which we
had looked down two days before. Almost every half mile we
crossed a little spring, or stream of pure cold water, and the
grass was certainly as fresh and green as in the early spring.
From the white efflorescence along the shore of the lake, we
were enabled to judge that the water was impure, like that of
lakes we subsequently found, but the mud prevented us from
approaching it. We encamped near the eastern point of the
lake, where there appeared between the hills a broad and low
connecting hollow with the country beyond. From a rocky
hill in the rear, I could see, marked out by a line of yellow
dried grass, the bed of a stream, which probably connected the
lake with other waters in the spring.

The observed latitude of this encampment is 42° 42' 37".

19th. — After two hours' ride in an easterly direction, through
a low country, the high ridge with pine forest still to our right,
and a rocky and bald but lower one on the left, we reached a
considerable fresh-water stream, which issues from the piny
mountains. So far as we had been able to judge, between this
stream and the lake we had crossed dividing grounds, and there
did not appear to be any connection, as might be inferred from
the impure condition of the lake water.

The rapid stream of pure water, roaring along between
oanks overhung with aspens and willows, was a refreshing and
unexpected sight ; and we followed down the course of the
stream, which brought us soon into a marsh, or dry lake,
formed by the expanding waters of the stream. It was cover-

358 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

ed with high reeds and rushes, and large patches of ground
had been turned up by the squaws in digging for roots, as if a
farmer had been preparing the land for grain. I could not
succeed in finding the plant for which they had been digging.
There were frequent trails, and fresh tracks of Indians ; and,
from the abundant signs visible, the black-tailed hare appears
to be numerous here. It was evident that, in other seasons,
this place was a sheet of water. Crossing this marsh towards
the eastern hills, and passing over a bordering plain of heavy
sands, covered with artemisia, we encamped before sundown
on the creek, which here was very small, having lost its water
in the marshy grounds. We found here tolerably good grass.
The wind to-night was high, and we had no longer our huge
pine fires, but were driven to our old resource of small dried
willows and artemisia. About 12 miles ahead, the valley ap
pears to be closed in by a high, dark-looking ridge.

20th. — Traveling for a few hours down the stream this
morning, we turned the point of a hill on our left, and came
suddenly in sight of another and much larger lake, which,
along its eastern shore, was closely bordered by the high black
ridge which walled it in by a precipitous face on this side.
Throughout this region the face of the country is characterized
by these precipices of black volcanic rock, generally enclosing
the valleys of streams, and frequently terminating the hills.
Often, in the course of our journey, we would be tempted to
continue our road up the gentle ascent of a sloping hill, which,
at the summit, would terminate abruptly in a black precipice
Spread out over a length of 20 miles, the lake, when we first
came in view, presented a handsome sheet of water, and I
gave to it the name of Lake Abert, in honor of the chief of
the corps to which I belonged. The fresh-water stream we
had followed emptied into the lake by a little fall ; and I was
doubtful for a moment whether to go on, or encamp at this
place. The miry ground in the neighborhood of the lake did
not allow us to examine the water conveniently, and, being
now on the borders of a desert country, we were moving cau-
tiously. It was, however, still early in the day, and I con-
tinued on trusting either that the water would be drinkable

ADVHNTl KKS AND KXI'LOUATiON.S. J5U

or that we should find some little spring from the hill-side. We
wi-re following an Indian trail which led along the steep rocky
preeipice — a black ridge along the western shore holding out
no prospect whatever. The white efflorescences which lined
the shore like a bank of snow, and the disagreeable odor which
tilled the air as soon as we came near, informed us too plainly
that the water belonged to one of those fetid salt lakes which
are common in this region. We continued until late in the
evening to work along the rocky shore, but, as often aftcr-
ivards, the dry, inhospitable rock deceived us; and, halting on
the lake, we kindled up fires to guide those who were strag-
gling along behind. We tried the water, but it was impossible
to drink it, and most of the people to-night lay down without
eating ; but some of us, who had always a great reluctance to
close the day without supper, dug holes along the shore, and
obtained water, which, being filtered, was sufficiently palata-
ble to be used, but still .retained much of its nauseating
taste. There was very little grass for the animals, the shore
being lined with a luxuriant growth of chenopodiaceous shrubs,
which burned with a quick bright flame, and made our firewood.

The next morning we had scarcely traveled two hours along
the shore, when we reached a place where the mountains made
a bay, leaving at their feet a low bottom around the lake.
Here we found numerous hillocks covered with rushes, in the
midst of which were deep holes, or springs, of pure water ;
and the bottom was covered with grass, which, although of a
salt and unwholesome quality, and mixed with saline efflo-
rescences, was still abundant, and made a good halting-place
to recruit our animals, and we accordingly encamped here for
the remainder of the day. I rode ahead several miles to as-
certain if there was any appearance of a water-course entering
the lake, but found none, the hills preserving their dry charac-
ter, and the shore of the lake sprinkled with the same white
powdery substance, and covered with the same shrubs. There
were flocks of ducks on the lake, and frequent tracks of In-
disuis ii\ni\tr the shore, where the grass had Seen recently burn*
by their ti

U". n.si-piidi-d the hordrnnji mountain, in order to obtain amor*

360 COL. FREMONT S NARRATIVE OF

perfect view of the lake, in sketching its figure : hills sweep en
tirely around its basin, from which the waters have no outlet.

22d. — To-day we left this forbidding lake. Impassable
rocky ridges barred our progress to the eastward, and I accord
ingly bore off towards the south, over an extensive sage-plain.
At a considerable distance ahead, and a little on our left, was
a range of snowy mountains, and the country declined gradu-
ally towards the foot of a high and nearer ridge, immediately
before us, which presented the feature of black precipices now
becoming common to the country. On the summit of the
ridge, snow was visible ; and there being every indication of
a stream at its base, we rode on until after dark, but were un-
able to reach it, and halted among the sage-bushes on the open
plain, without either grass or water. The two India-rubbei
bags had been filled with water in the morning, which afforded
sufficient for the camp; and rain in the night formed pools,
which relieved the thirst of the animals. Where we encamped
on the bleak sandy plain, the Indians had made huts or circular
enclosures, about four feet high and twelve feet broad, of artemisia
bushes. Whether these had been forts or houses, or what they
had been doing in such a desert place, we could not ascertain.

23d. — The weather is mild ; the thermometer at daylight
38°; the wind having been from the southward for several
days. The country has a very forbidding appearance, present-
ing to the eye nothing but sage, and barren ridges. WTe rode
up towards the mountain, along the foot of which we found a
lake, that we could not approach on account of the mud ; and,
passing around its southern end, ascended the slope at the foot
of the ridge, where in some hollows we had discovered bushes
and small trees — in such situations, a sure sign of water. We
found here several springs, and the hill-side was well sprinkled
with a species ofj'estuca — a better grass than we had found for
many days. Our elevated position gave us a good view over
the country, but we discovered not'iing very encouraging.
Southward, about ten miles distant, was another sma/1 lake,
towards which a broad trail led along the ridge ; and this ap-
pearing to afford the most practicable rou e, I determined to
continue our journey in that direction.

ADVEMUKES A^D EXPLORATIONS. 301

iMtn. — \Ve r.unul the water at the lane tolerably pure, aim
encamped at the farther cud. There were some good grass
and canes along the shore, and the vegetables at this place
consisted principally of chenopodiaceous shrubs.

'25ih. — We were roused on Christinas morning by a dis-
charge from the small-arms and howitzer, with which our
people saluted the day; and the name of which we bestowed
on the lake. It was the first time, perhaps, in this remote and
desolate region, in which it had been so commemorated. Al-
ways, on days of religious or national commemoration, our
voyageurs expect some unusual allowance ; and having nothing
else, I gave them each a little brandy, (which was carefully
guarded, as one of the most useful articles a traveler can carry,)
with some coffee and sugar, which here, where every eatable
was a luxury, was sufficient to make them a feast. The day
was sunny and warm ; and resuming our journey, we crossed
some slight dividing grounds into a similar basin, walled in on
the right by a lofty mountain ridge. The plainly-beaten trail
still continued, and occasionally we passed camping-grounds
of the Indians, which indicated to me that we were on one of
the great thoroughfares of the country. In the afternoon J
attempted to travel in a more eastern direction ; but after a
few laborious miles, was beaten back into the basin by an im-
passable country. There were fresh Indian tracks about the
valley, and last night a horse was stolen. We encamped on
the valley bottom, where there was some cream-like water in
ponds, colored by a clay soil, and frozen over. Chenopodia-
ceous shrubs constituted the growth, and made again our fire-
wood. The animals were driven to the hill, where there was
tolerably good grass.

26th. — Our general course was again south. The country
consists of larger or smaller basins, into which the mountain
waters run down, forming small lakes: they present a perfect
levd, from which the mountains rise immediately and abruptlv.
Urtxvem the successive hasins, the dividing grounds are usu-
ally very slight; and it is probable that in the seasons of high
water, many of these basins are in communication. At such
times there is evidently an abundance of water, though now \ve

"i>6'J COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

find scarcely more than the dry beds. On eitb 3r ,lde, the
mountains, though not very high, appear to be rocky and sterile.
The basin in which we were traveling declined towards the
southwest corner, where the mountains indicated a narrow out-
let ; and, turning round a rocky point or cape, we continued
up a lateral branch valley, in which we encamped at night, on
a rapid, pretty little stream of fresh water, which we found un
expectedly among the sage, near the ridge, on the right side of
the valley. It was bordered with grassy bottoms and clumps
of willows ; the water partially frozen. This stream belongs
to the basin we had left. By a partial observation to-night, our
camp was found to be directly on the 42d parallel. To-night
a horse belonging to Carson, one of the best we had in the-
camp, was stolen by the Indians.

27th. — We continued up the valley of the stream, the prin
cipal branch of which here issues from a bed of high moun-
tains. We turned up a branch to the left, and fell into an In-
dian trail, which conducted us by a good road over open bottoms
along the creek, where the snow was five or six inches deep.
Gradually ascending, the trail led through a good broad pass
in the mountain, where we found the snow about one foot deep.
There were some remarkably large cedars in the pass, which
were covered with an unusual quantity of frost, which we sup-
posed might possibly indicate the neighborhood of water ; and
as, in the arbitrary position of Mary's lake, we were already
beginning to look for it, this circumstance contributed to our
hope of finding it near. Descending from the mountain, we
reached another basin, on the flat lake bed of which we found
no water, and encamped among the sage on the bordering plain,
where the snow was still about one foot deep. Among this the
grass was remarkably green, and to-night the animals fared
tolerably well.

28th. — The snow being deep, I had determined, if any more
horses were stolen, to follow the tracks of the Indians into the
mountains, and put a temporary check to their sly operations ;
but it did not occur again.

Our road this morning lay down » level valley, bordered
by steep moi: Uainous ridges, rising /cry abrupl'y from the

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. '.}(','.}

plain. Artemisia was the principal plant, mingled with Fre.
niontia and the chenopodiaceous shrubs. The artemisia was
here extremely large, being sometimes a foot in diameter, and
eight feet high. Riding quietly along over the snow, we came
suddenly upon smokes rising among these bushes ; and, gal-
loping up, we found two huts, open at the top, and loosely built
of sage, which appeared to have been deserted at the instant ;
and, looking hastily around, we saw several Indians on the
crest of the ridge near by, and several others scrambling UD
the side. We had come upon them so suddenly, that they
had been well-nigh surprised in their lodges. A sage fire was
burning in the middle ; a few baskets made of straw were
lying about, with one or two rabbit-skins ; and there was a
little grass scattered about, on which they had been lying.
" Tabibo — bo !" they shouted from the hills — a word which, in
the Snake language, signifies white — and remained looking at
us from behind the rocks. Carson and Godey rode towards
the hill, but the men ran off* like deer. They had been so
much pressed, that a woman with two children had dropped
behind a sage-bush near the lodge, and when Carson acci-
dentally stumbled upon her, she immediately began screaming
in the extremity of fear, and shut her eyes fast to avoid seeing
him. She was brought back to the lodge, and we endeavored
in vain to open a communication with the men. By dint of
presents, and friendly demonstrations, she was brought to calm-
ness ; and we found that they belonged to the Snake nation,
speaking the language of that, people. Eight or ten appeared
to live together, under the same little shelter ; and they seemed
to have no other subsistence than the roots or seeds they might
have stored up, and the hares which live in the sage, and which
they are enabled to track through the snow, and are very
skilful in killing. Their skins afford them a little scanty cov-
eriiiLr. Herding together among bushes, and crouching almost
naked over a little sage fire, using their instinct only to procure
food, these may be considered, among human beings, the near-
est approach to the animal creation. We have reason to believe
that these h'ul never before seen the face of a white man.
The day ha i been pleasant, but about two o'clock it be^;m

364 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

.o blow ; and crossing a slight dividing ground we encamped on
the sheltered side of a hill, where there was good hunch-grass,
having made a day's journey of 24 miles. The night closed in,
threatening snow ; but the large sage-bushes made bright fires.

29th. — The morning mild, and at 4 o'clock it commenced
snowing. We took our way a< "ross a plain, thickly covereo
with snow, towards a range of hills in the southeast. The
sky soon became so dark with snow, that little could be seer
of the surrounding country ; and we reached the summit of
the hills in a heavy snow-storm. On the side we had ap
preached, this had appeared to be only a ridge of low hills ;
and we were surprised to find ourselves on the summit of a bed
of broken mountains, which, as far as the weather would
permit us to see, declined rapidly to some low country ahead,
presenting a dreary and savage character ; and for a moment
I kxjked around in doubt on the wild and inhospitable prospect,
scaicely knowing what road to take which might conduct us
to some place of shelter for the night. Noticing among the
hills the head of a grassy hollow, I determined to follow it, in
the hope that it would conduct us to a stream. We followed
a winding descent for several miles, the hollow gradually
broadening into little meadows, and becoming the bed of a
stream as we advanced ; and towards night we were agreeably
surprised by the appearance of a willow grove, where we
found a sheltered camp, with water and excellent and abundant
grass. The grass, which was covered by the snow on the
bottom, was long and green, and the face of the mountain had
a more favorable character in its vegetation, being smoother,
and covered with good bunch-grass. The snow was deep, and
the night very cold. A broad trail had entered the valley from
the right, and a short distance below the camp were the tracks
where a considerable party of Indians had passed on horseback,
who had turned out to the left, apparently with the view of
crossing the mountains to the eastward.

30th. — After following the stream for a few hours in a
southeasterly direction, it entered a canon where we could no!
follow ; but, determined not to leave the stream, we searched
a passage beJow, where we could regain it, and entered a reg-

ADVENTURES AND KXPLOUATIONS. 365

ular narrow valley. The water had now more the appearance
of a flowing creek ; several times we passed groves of willows,
and we began to feel ourselves out of all difficulty. From our
position, it was reasonable to conclude that this stream would
find its outlet in Mary's lake, and conduct us into a better
country. We had descended rapidly, and here we found very
little snow. On both sides, the mountains showed often stu-
pendous and curious-looking rocks, which at several places so
narrowed the valley, that scarcely a pass was left for the camp.
It was a singular place to travel through — shut up in the earth,
a sort of chasm, the little strip of grass under our feet, the
rough walls of bare rock on either hand, and the narrow strip
of sky above. The grass to-night was abundant, and we en
camped in high spirits.

iUst. — After an hour's ride this morning, our hopes were
onct: more destroyed. The valley opened out, and before us
;i'_i;im lay one of the dry basins. After some search, we dis-
rovcn il a high- water outlet, which brought us in a few miles,
and by a descent of several hundred feet, into a long, broad
basin, in which we found the bed of the stream, and obtained
sufficient water by cutting the ice. The grass on the bottoms
was salt and unpalatable.

Here we concluded the year 1843, and our new year's eve was
rather a gloomy one. The result of our journey began to be very
uncertain; the country was singularly unfavorable* to travel;
the grasses being frequently of a very unwholesome character,
and the hoofs of our animals were so worn and cut by the rocks,
that many of them were lame, and could scarcely be got along.

JANUARY.

NEW YEAR'S DAY, 1844. — We continued down the valley,
between a dry-looking black ridge on the left, and a more
snowy and high one on the right. Our road was bad along
the bottom, beiii<r broken by gullies and impeded by sage, and
sandy on ihc hills, where there is not a blade of grass, nor
(iocs any appear on the mountains The soil in many place*

,3GG COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

consists of a fine powdery sand, covered with a saline efflores-
cence ; and the general character of the country is desert.
During the day we directed our course towards a black cape,
at. the foot of which a column of smoke indicated hot springs.

2d. — We were on the road early. The face of the country
was hidden by falling snow. We traveled along the bed of the
stream, in some places dry, in others covered with ice ; the
traveling being very bad, through deep fine sand, rendered
tenacious by a mixture of clay. The weather cleared up a
little at noon, and we reached the hot springs of which we had
seen the vapor the day before. There was a large field of the
usual salt grass here, peculiar to such places. The country
otherwise is a perfect barren, without a blade of grass, the
only plant being some dwarf Fremontias. We passed the
rocky cape, a jagged broken point, bare and torn. The rocks
are volcanic, and the hills here have a burnt appearance —
cinders and coal occasionally appearing as at a blacksmith's
forge. We crossed the large dry bed of a muddy lake in a
southeasterly direction, and encamped at night, without water
and without grass, among sage-bushes covered with snow.
The heavy road made several mules give out to-day ; and a
horse, which had made the journey from the States success-
fully, thus far, was left on the trail.

3d. — A fog, so dense that we could not see a hundred yards,
covered the* country, and the men that were sent out after the
horses were bewildered and lost ; and we were consequently
detained at camp until late in the day. Our situation had
now become a serious one. We had reached and run over
the position where, according to the best maps in n*.iy posses-
sion, we should have found Mary's lake or river. We were
evidently on the verge of the desert which had been reported
to us ; and the appearance of the country was so forbidding,
that I was afraid to enter it, and determined to bear away to
the southward, keeping close along the mountains, in the full
expectation of reaching the Buenaventura river. This morning
I put every man in the camp on foot — myself, of course, among
the rest — and in this manner lightened by distribution the loads
of the animals WA traveled seven or eight miles along th»

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 3GT

rid^c bordering the valley, and encamped where there v,
few bunches of grass on the bed of a hill-torrent, without \va.
ter. There were some large artermsias ; but the prim-ip:.!
plants are chenopodiaceous shrubs. The rock composing the-
mountains is here changed suddenly into white granite. The
fog showed the tops of the hills at sunset, and slurs enough for
observations in the early evening, and then closed ovrr us ;; ;
before. Latitude by observation, 40° 48' lo".

4th. — The fog to-day was still more dense, and the people
again were bewildered. We traveled a few miles around
the western point of the ridge, and encamped where ihcro
were a few tufts of grass, but no water. Our animals now
were in a very alarming state, and there was increased anx-
iety in the camp.

5th. — Same dense fog continued, and one of the mules dieJ
in camp this morning. I have had occasion to remark, on
such occasions as these, that animals which are about to die
leave the band, and, coming into the camp, lie down about the
fiivs. We moved to a place where there was a little better
grass, about two miles distant. Taplin. one of our best men,
who had gone out on a scouting excursion, ascended a moun-
tain near by, and to his surprise emerged into a region of
bright sunshine, in which the upper parts of the mountain
were glowing, while below all was obscured in the dark-
est fog.

6th. — The fog continued the same, and, with Mr. Preuss
and Carson, I ascended the mountain, to sketch the leading
features of the country as some indication of our future route,
while Mr. Fitzpatrick explored the country below. In a very
short distance we had ascended above the mist, but the view
obtained was not very gratifying. The fog had partially
cleared off from below when we reached the summit ; and in
the southwest corner of a basin communicating with that in
which we had encamped, we saw a lofty column of smoke, K»
mill's distant, indicating the presence of hot springs. Then-,
also, appeared to be the outlet of those draining channels of the
country; mid, as such places afforded always more or less
. I determined to steer in that direction. The rid we wo

3GS COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

had ascended appeared to be composed of fragments of white
granite. We saw here traces of sheep and antelope.

Entering the neighboring valley, arid crossing the bed of
another lake, after a hard day's travel over ground of yielding
mud and sand, we reached the springs, where we found an
abundance of grass, which, though only tolerably good, made
this place, with reference to the past, a refreshing and agree-
able spot.

This is the most extraordinary locality of hot springs we had
met during the journey. The basin of the largest one has a
circumference of several hundred feet; but there is at one ex-
tremity a circular space of about fifteen feet in diameter, en-
tirely occupied by the boiling water. It boils up at irregular
intervals, and with much noise. The water is clear, and the
spring deep : a pole about sixteen feet long was easily immersed
in the centre ; but we had no means of forming a good idea of
the depth. It was surrounded on the margin with a border of
green grass, and near the shore the temperature of the water
was 206°. We had no means of ascertaining that of the
centre, where the heat was greatest ; but, by dispersing the
water with a pole, the temperature at the margin was increased
to 208°, and in the centre it was doubtless higher. By driving
the pole towards the bottom, the water was made to boil up
with increased force and noise. There are several other inter-
esting places, where water and smoke or gas escape ; but they
would require a long description. The water is impregnated
with common salt, but not so much as to render it unfit for gen-
eral cooking ; and a mixture of snow made it pleasant to
drink.

In the immediate neighborhood, the valley bottom is covered
almost exclusively with chenopodiaceous shrubs, of greater
luxuriance, and larger growth, than we have seen them in any
preceding part of the journey.

I obtained this evening some astronomical observations.

Our situation now required caution. Including those which
gave out from the injured condition of their feet, and those
stolen by Indians, we had lost, since leaving the Dalles of the
Dolumbia. fifteen animals ; and of thes»> nine had been left in

ADVKNTl !UvS AND KXl'LO RATIONS. 369

'.!n- last. I'.'W days. 1 therefore determined, until we should
reach a country of water and vegetation, to feel our way ahead,
by having the line of route explored some fifteen or twenty
miles in advance, and only to leave a present encampment
when the succeeding one was known.

Taking with me Godey and Carson, I made to-day a thorough
exploration of the neighboring valleys, and found in a ravine,
in the bordering mountains, a good encamping place, where
was water in springs, and a sufficient quantity of grass for a
night. Overshadowing the springs were some trees of the
sweet ccttonwood, which, after a long interval of absence, we
saw again with pleasure ; regarding them as harbingers of a
better country. To us, they were eloquent of green prairies
and buffalo. We found here a broad and plainly-marked* trail,
on which there were tracks of horses, and we appeared to have
regained one of the thoroughfares which pass by the watering-
places of the country. On the western mountains of the val-
ley, with which this of the boiling spring communicates, we
remarked scattered cedars — probably indicating that we were
on the borders of the timbered region extending to the Pacific.
We reached the camp at sunset, after a day's ride of about
40 miles. The horses we rode were in good order, being of
some that were kept for emergencies, and rarely used.

Mr. Preuss had ascended one of the mountains, and occupied
the day in sketching the country; and Mr. Fitzpatrick had
found, a few miles distant, a hollow of excellent grass and pure
water, to which the animals were driven, as I remained another
day to give them an opportunity to recruit their strength. In.
ilians appear to be everywhere prowling about like wild ani-
mals, and there is a fresh trail across the snow in the valley near.

Latitude of the boiling springs, 40° 39' 46".

On the 9th we crossed over to the cottonwood camp. Among
the shrubs on the hills were a few bushes ofephedra accident alia,
which afterwards occurred frequently along the road, and, as
usual, the lowlands were occupied with artemisia. While the
party proceeded to this place, Carson and myself reconnoitred
the road ir advance, and found another good encampment for
the following nay.

370 v COL. FREMONT S NARRATIVE OF

10th. — We continued our reconnoissance ahead, pursuing a
south direction in the basin along the ridge ; the camp follow-
ing slowly after. On a large trail th?re is never any doubt
of finding suitable places for encampments. We reached the
end of the basin, where we found, in a hollow of the mountain
which enclosed it, an abundance of good bunch-grass. Leav-
ing a signal for the party to encamp, we continued our way
up the hollow, intending to see what lay beyond the mountain.
The hollow was several miles long, forming a good pass ; the
snow deepening to about a foot as we neared the summit. Be-
yond, a defile between the mountains descended rapidly about
two thousand feet; and, filling up all the lower space, was a
sheet of green water, some twenty miles broad. It broke upon
our eyes like the ocean. The neighboring peaks rose high
above us, and we ascended one of them to obtain a better view.
The waves were curling in the breeze, and their dark-green
color showed it to be a body of d^ep water. For a long time
we sat enjoying the view, for we had become fatigued with
mountains, and the free expanse of moving waves was very
gratefu}. It was set like a gem in the mountains, which, from
our position, seemed to enclose it almost entirely. At the west
ern end it communicated with the line of basins we had left a
few days since ; and on the opposite side it swept a ridge of
snowy mountains, the foot of the great Sierra. Its position at
first inclined us to believe it Mary's lake, but the rugged moun-
iains were so entirely discordant with descriptions of its low
rushy shores and open country, that we concluded it some un-
known body of water, which it afterwards proved to be.

On our road down, the next day, we saw herds of mountain
sheep, and encamped on a little stream at the mouth of the de-
file, about a mile from the margin of the water, to which we
hurried down immediately. The water is so slightly salt, that,
at first, we thought it fresh, and would be pleasant to drink
when no other could be had. The shore was rocky — a hand-
some beach, which reminded us of the sea. On some largo
granite boulders that were scattered about the shore, I remark-
ad a coating of calcareous substance, in s,me places a few
inches, and in others a foot in thickness. Near our camp, ti;e

ADVENTURES AM) EXPLORATIONS. ^7L

hills, which wore of prirni''ve rock, wore also covered with
this substance, which was in too groat quantity on the moun-
tains along the shore of the lake to have been deposited by
water, and has the appearance of having been spread over the
rocks in mass.*

Where we had halted appeared to be a favorite camping-
place for Indians.

13th. — We foil -wed ogajfci a broad Indian trail along the
shore of the lake to the southward. For a short space we had
room enough in the bottom ; but, after traveling a short dis-
tance, the water swept the foot of the precipitous mountains,
the peaks of which are about 3,000 feet above the lake. The
trail wound along the base of these precipices, against which
the water dashed below, by a way nearly impracticable for the
howitzer. During a greater part of the morning the lake was
nearly hid by a snow-storm, and the waves broke on the nar
row beach in a long line of foaming serf, five or six feet high.
The day was unpleasantly cold, the wind driving the snow
sharp against our faces; and, having advanced only about 12
miles, we encamped in a bottom formed by a ravine, covered
with good grass, which was fresh and green.

We did not get the howitzer into camp, but were obliged to
leave it on the rocks until morning. We saw several flocks
of sheep, but did not succeed in killing any. Ducks were
riding on the waves, and several large fish were seen. The
mountain sides were crusted with the calcareous cement pre-
viously mentioned. There were chenopocliaceous and other

* The label attached to a specimen of this rock was lost ; but I ap-
pouc? an analysis of that which, from memory, I judge to be the speci-

•1HT

('iirboiiate of lime 77-31

Carbonate of magnesia 5-25

Oxide ot iron . 1-60

Alumina 1 •().">

Silica 8-55

L8 matter, water, and IOM .... G-fc-*

100-00

3T2 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

shrubs al..ig the beach ; and, at the foot of the rocks, an abun-
dance of ephedra occidentalism whose dark-green color makes
them evergreens among the shrubby growth of the lake. T\
wards evening the snow began to fall heavily, and the country
had a wintry appearance.

The next morning the snow was rapidly melting under a
warm sun. Part of the morning was occupied in bringing up
the gun ; and, making only nine miles, we encamped on the
shore, opposite a very remarkable rock in the lake, which had
attracted our attention for many miles. It rose, according to
our estimate, 600 feet above the water, and, from the point we
viewed it, presented a pretty exact outline of the great pyra-
mid of Cheops. Like other rocks along the shore, it seemed
to be incrusted with calcareous cement. This striking feature
suggested a name for the lake, and I called it Pyramid Lake ;
and though it may be deemed by some a fanciful resemblance,
I can undertake to say that the future traveler will find much
more striking resemblance between *his rock and the pyramids
of Egypt, than there is between them and the object from which
they take their name.

The elevation of this lake above the sea is 4,890 feet, being
nearly 700 feet higher than the Great Salt lake, from which it
lies nearly west, and distant about eight degrees of longitude.
The position and elevation of this lake make it an object of
geographical interest. It is the nearest lake to the western
rim, as the Great Salt lake is to the eastern rim, of the Great
Basin which lies between the base of the Rocky mountains
and the Sierra Nevada — and the extent and character of
which, its whole circumference and contents, it is so desirable
to know.

The last of the cattle which had been driven from the
Dalles was killed here for food, and was still in good condi-
tion.

15th. — A few poor-looking Indians made their appearance
this morning, and we succeeded in getting one into the camp.
He was naked, with the exception of a tunic of hare-skins.
He told us that there was a river at the end of the lake, but
that he lived in the rocks r.j>ar by. From the few words our

ADVKVITIIKS AND KXPI.OK ATIOXS. •"".'>

people could understand, he spoke a dialect of the Snake lan-
guage ; hut we were not ah'" 4o understand enough to know
whether the river ran in or out, or what was its course ; con-
sequently, there still remained a chance that this might be
Mary's lake.

( •' roves of large cottonwood, which we could see at the mouth
of the river, indicated that it was a stream of considerable si/.e,
and, at all events, we had the' pleasure to know that now we
were in a country where human beings could live. Accom-
panied by the Indian, we resumed our road, passing on the
way several caves in the rock where there were baskets and
seeds, but the people had disappeared. We saw also horse-
tracks along the shore.

Early in the afternoon, when we were approaching the
groves at the mouth of the river, three or four Indians met us
on the trail. We had an explanatory conversation in signs,
and then we moved on together towards the village, which the
chief said was encamped on the bottom.

Reaching the groves, we found the inlet of a large fresh-
water stream, and all at once were satisfied that it was neithei
Mary's river nor the waters of the Sacramento, but that wo
had discovered a large interior lake, which the Indians inform-
ed us had no outlet. It is about 35 miles long, and, by the
mark of the water-line along the shore, the spring level is
about 12 feet above its present waters. The chief commenced
speaking in a loud voice as we approached ; and parties of In-
dians, armed with bows and arrows, issued from the thickets.
We selected a strong place for our encampment — a grassy
bottom, nearly enclosed by the river, and furnished with abun-
dant firewood. The village, a collection of straw huts, was a
few hundred yards higher up. An Indian brought in a large
fish to trade, which we had the inexpressible satisfaction to
find was a salmon-trout ; we gathered round him eagerly.
The Indians were amused with our delight, and immediately
brought in numbers, so that the crimp was soon stocked. Tin ir
flavor was excellent — superior, in fact, to that of any fish I
have ever known. They were of extraordinary si 7.0 — about
us large a* the Columbia lliver salmon — generally from t\\v

374 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

to four feet in length. From the information of Mr. Walker,
who passed among some lakes lying more to the eastward, this
fish is common to the streams of the inland lakes. He subse-
quently informed me that he had obtained them weighing six
pounds when cleaned and the head taken off, which corre
sponda very well with the size of those obtained at this place.
They doubtless formed the subsistence of these people, who
hold the fishery in exclusive possession.

I remarked that one of them gave a fish to the Indian we
had first seen, which he carried off to his family. To them it
was probably a feast ; being of the Digger tribe, and having
no share in the fishery, living generally on seeds and roots.
Although this was a time of the year when the fish have not
yet become fat, they were excellent, and we could only im-
agine what they are at the proper season. These Indians
were very fat, and appeared to live an easy and happy life.
They crowded into the camp more than was consistent with
our safety, retaining always their arms ; and, as they made
some unsatisfactory demonstrations, they were given to un-
derstand that they would not be permitted to come armed into
the camp ; and strong guards were kept with the horses.
Strict vigilance was maintained among the people, and one-
third at a time were kept on guard durjrig the night. There
is no reason to doubt that these dispositions, uniformly pre-
served, conducted our party securely through Indians famed
for treachery.

In the mean time, such a salmon-trout feast as is seldom
seen was going on in our camp ; and every variety of manner
in which fish could be prepared — boiled, fried, and roasted in
the ashes — was put into requisition ; and every few minutes
an Indian would be seen running off to spear a fresh one.
Whether these Indians had seen whites before, we could not
be certain ; but they were evidently in communication with
others who had, as one of them had some brass button*, and
we noticed several other articles of civilized manufacture.
We could obtain from them but little information respecting
t!;e country. They made on the ground a drawing of the
river, which they represented as issuing from another lake ir>

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS.

llic mountains throe or four days distant, in a direction a little
west of south ; beyond \vl.ich, they drew a mountain ; and
further still, two rivers; on one of which they told us that
people likb ourselves traveled. Whether they alluded to the
settlements on the Sacramento, or to a party from the United
States which had crossed the Sierra about three degrees to the
southward, a few years since, I am unable to determine.

I tried unsuccessfully to prevail on some of them to guide us
for a few days on the road, but they only looked at each other
and laughed.

The latitude of our encampment, which may be considered
the mouth of the inlet, is 39° 5V 13" by our observations.

16th. — This morning we continued our journey along this
beautiful stream, which we naturally called the Salmon Trout
river. Large trails led ap on either side ; the stream was
nandsomely timbered with large cottonwoods ; and the waters
were very clear and pure. We were traveling along the
mountains of the great Sierra, which rose on our right, covered
with snow ; but below the temperature was mild and pleasant.
We saw a number of dams which the Indians had constructed
to catch fish. After having made about 18 miles, we encamp-
ed under some large cottonwoods on the river bottom, where
there was tolerably good grass.

17th. — This morning we left the river, which here issues from
the mountains on the west. With every stream 1 now expected
to see the great Buenaventura ; and Carson hurried eagerly to
search, on every one we reached, for beaver cuttings, which
he always maintained we should find only on waters that ran
to the Pacific ; and the absence of such signs was to him a sure
indication that the water had no outlet from the Great Basin. We
lull >\ved the Indian trail through a tolerably level country, with
small sage-bushes, which brought us, after 20 miles' journ.-y,
to another large stream, timbered with cottonwood, and flow-
ing also out of the mountains, but running more directly to the
eastward.

On the way we surprised a family of Indians in the hills;
but inr man ran up the mountain with rapidity ; and tin- u<>.
man was so territi. d, and kept up such a continued scream.

376 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

i' .g, that wt could do siothing with her, and were obliged to lei
her go.

18th. — There were Indian lodges and fish-dams on the stream.
There were no beaver cuttings on the river ; but below, it
turned round to the right ; and, hoping that it would prove a
branch of the Buenaventura, we followed it down for about
three hours, and encamped.

I rode out with Mr. Fitzpatrick and Carson to reconnoitre
the country, which had evidently been alarmed by th*e news
of our appearance. This stream joined with the open valley
of another to the eastward ; but which way the main water
ran, it was impossible to tell. Columns of smoke rose over the
country at scattered intervals — signals by which the Indians
here, as elsewhere, communicate to each other that enemies are
in the country. It is a signal of ancient and very universal
application among barbarians.

Examining into the condition of the animals when I return,
ed into the camp, I found their feet so much cut up by the
rocks, and so many of them lame, that it was evidently impos-
sible that they could cross the country to the Rocky moun-
tains. Every piece of iron that could be used for the purpose
had been converted into nails, and we could make no further
use of the shoes we had remaining. I therefore determined
to abandon my eastern course, and to cross the Sierra Nevada
into the valley of the Sacramento, wherever a practicable pass
could be found. My decision was heard with joy by the peo-
ple, and diffused new life throughout the camp.

Latitude, by observation, 39° 2¥ 16".

19th. — A great number of smokes are still visible this morn-
ing, attesting at once the alarm our appearance had spread
among these people, and their ignorance of us. If they
knew the whites, they would understand that their only ob-
ject in coming among them was to trade, which required
peace and friendship ; but they have nothing to trade — con-
sequently, nothing to attract the white man ; hence their feai
and flight.

At daybreak we had a heavy snow ; but set out, and, re
turning up the stream, went out of our way in a circuit ove

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. ,'i77

a little mountain ; find encamped on the same stream, a few
miles above, in latitude 39° 19' 21" by observation.

20th. — To-day we continued up the stream, and encamped
on it close to the mountains. The freshly fallen snow was
covered with the tracks of Indians, who had descended from
the upper waters, probably called down by the smokes in the
plain.

We ascended a peak of the range, which commanded a view
of this stream behind the first ridge, where it was winding its
.course through a somewhat open valley, and I sometimes re-
gret that I did not make the trial to cross here ; but while we
had fair weather below, the mountains were darkened with
falling snow, and, feeling unwilling to encounter them, we
turned away again to the southward. In that direction we
traveled the next day over a tolerably level country, having
always the high mountains on the west. There was but little
snow or rock on the ground ; and, after having traveled 24
miles, we encamped again on another large stream, running
off to the northward and eastward, to meet that we had left.
It ran through broad bottoms, having a fine meadow-land ap-
pearance.

Latitude 39° 01' 53".

22d. — We traveled up the stream about fourteen miles, to
the foot of the mountains, from which one branch issued in the
southwest, the other flowing S.S.E. along their base. Leaving
the camp below, we ascended the range through which the
first stream passed, in a canon ; on the western side was a circu-
lar valley about 15 miles long, through which the stream wound
its way, issuing from a gorge in the main mountain, which
rose abruptly beyond. The valley looked yellow with faded
; and the trail we had followed was visible, making to-
wards the gorge, and this was evidently a pass ; but again,
while all was bright sunshine on the ridge and on the valley
where * . were, the snow was falling heavily in the moun-
tains. I determined f ^o still to the southward, and encamp-
ed on the stream near the fonts, .^* animals being fatigue*
and the grass tolerably good.

The rock of the ridge we had ascended is a compact lava. OB

378 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

burning a granitic appearance and structure, and containing,
in some places, small nodules of obsidian. So far as composi-
tion and aspect are concerned, the rock in other parts of the
ridge appears to be granite ; but it is probable that this is only
a compact form of lava of recent origin.

By observation, the elevation of the encampment was 5,020
foet ; and the latitude 38° 49' 54".

2£J. — We moved along the course of the other branch to-
wards the southeast, the country affording a fine road ; and,
passing some slight dividing-grounds, descended towards the
valley of another stream. There was a somewhat rough-look-
ing mountain ahead, which it appeared to issue from, or to
enter — we could not tell which ; and as the course of the val-
ley and the inclination of the ground had a favorable direction,
we were sanguine to find here a branch of the Buenaventura ;
but were again disappointed, finding it an inland water, on
which we encamped after a day's journey of 24 miles. It was
evident that, from the time we descended into the plain at
Summer lake, we had been flanking the great range of moun-
tains which divided the Great Basin from the waters of the
Pacific ; and that the continued succession, and almost con-
nection, of lakes and rivers which we encountered, were the
drainings of that range. Its rains, springs, and snows, would
sufficiently account for these lakes and streams, numerous as
they were.

24th. — A man was discovered running towards the camp as
we were about to start this mornin;/, who proved to be an In-
dian of rather advanced age — a s>rt of forlorn hope, who
seemed to have been worked up into the resolution of visiting
the strangers who were passing through the country. He
seized the hand of the first man he met as he came up, out of
breath, and held on, as if to assure himself of protection. He
brought with him, in a little skin bag, a few pounds of the
seeds of a pine-tree, which to-day we saw for the first time,
and which Dr. Torrey has described as a new species, under
the name ofpinus monophyttus ; in popular language it might
be called the nut pine. We purchased them all from him.
The nut is oily, of very agreeable flavor, and must be verv

ADVJESTUWSS AND EXPLORATIONS. 379

nutritious, as it constitutes the. principal suosistcnce of the
tribes unioni: which wo were now traveling. By a present
of scarlet cloth, and other striking articles, we prevailed upon
this man to be our guide of two days' journey. As clearly as
possible by signs, we made him understand our object ; ami
he engaged to conduct us in sight of a good pass which lie
knew. . Here we ceased to hear the Shoshonee language —
that of this man being perfectly unintelligible. Several In-
dians, who had been waiting to see what reception he would
meet with, now came into camp ; and, accompanied by the
new-comers, we resumed our journey.

The road led us up the creek, which here becomes a rather
rapid mountain stream, fifty feet wide, between dark-looking
hills without snow ; but immediately beyond them rose snowy
mountains on either side, timbered principally with the nut
pine. On the lower grounds, the general height of this tree is
twelve to twenty feet, and eight inches the greatest diameter ;
it is rather branching, and has a peculiar and singular, but
pleasant odor. We followed the river for only a short distance
along a rocky trail, and crossed it at a dam which the Indians
made us comprehend had been built to catch salmon trout.
The snow and ice were heaped up against it three or four feet
deep entirely across the stream.

Leaving here the stream, which runs through impassable
canons, we continued our road over a very broken country,
passing through a low gap between the snowy mountains.
The rock which occurs immediately in the pass has the ap-
pearance of impure sandstone, containing scales of black mica.
This may In- onlv a stratilied lava. On issuing from the gap,
the compact lava, and other volcanic products usual in the
country, again occurred. \\'e descended from the gap into a
wide valley, or rather basin, and encamped on a small tribu-
tary to the last stream, on which there was very good grass. It
was covered with such thick ice, that it iv<niired some labor witJi
pickaxes to make holes ll>r the animals to drink. The hanks
are lightly wooded \sith willow, and on the upper bottoms are
sain- ;iii'l Fremontia, witli cplu'drn occidnilti/i.*, which begins
to occur more frequently. The day has been a summer one,

380 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE or

warm and pleasant ; no snow on the trail, vvl.ich, as we are all
on foot, makes traveling more agreeable. The hunters went
into a neighboring mountain, but ibund no game. We have
live Indians in camp to-night.

25th.— The morning was cold and bright, and as the sun
rose the day became beautiful. A party of twelve Indians
came down from the mountains to trade pine nuts, of which
each one carried a little bag. These seemed now to be the
staple of the country ; and whenever we met an Indian, his
friendly salutation consisted in offering a few nuts to eat
and to trade ; their only arms were bows and flint-pointed
arrows. It appeared that in almost all the valleys the neighbor-
ing bands were at war with each other ; and we had some
difficulty in prevailing on our guides to accompany us on this
day's journey, being at war with the people on the other side
of a large snowy mountain which lay before us.

The general level of the country appeared to be getting
higher, and vy,e were gradually entering the heart of the moun-
tains. Accompanied by all the Indians, we ascended a long
ridge, and reached a pure spring at the edge of the timber,
where the Indians had waylaid and killed an antelope, and
where the greater part of them left us. Our pacific conduct
had quieted their alarms ; and though at war among each other,
yet all confided in us — thanks to the combined effects of power
and kindness — for our arms inspired respect, and our lit-
tle "presents and good treatment conciliated their confidence.
Here we suddenly entered snow six inches deep, and the ground
was a little, rocky, with volcanic fragments, the mountain ap-
pearing to be composed of such rock. The timber consists
principally of nut pines, (pinus monophyllus,) which here are
of larger size — 12 to 15 inches in diameter; heaps of cones
lying on the ground, where the Indians have gathered the
seeds.

The snow deepened gradually as we advanced. Our guides
wore out their moccasins ; and putting one of them on a horse,
we enjoyed the unusual sight of an Indian who could not ride.
lie could not even guide the animal, and appeared to have nc
knowledge of horses. The snow was three or four feat deev

ADVENTLTvKS AND EXPLORATIONS. 381

on the summit of the pass; and from this point the guide point-
ed out our future road, declining to go any further. Below us
\v:is ;i little valley ; and beyond this the mountains rose high-
er still, one ridge above another, presenting a rude and rocky
outline. We descended rapidly to the valley : the snow im-
peded us but little ; yet it was dark when we reached the foot
of the mountain.

The day had been so warm that our moccasins were wet
with melting snow ; but here, as soon as the sun begins to de
cline, the air gets suddenly cold, and we had great difficulty
to keep o"r feet from freezing — our moccasins being frozen
perfectly stiff. After a hard day's march of 27 miles, we
reached the river some time after dark, and found the snow
about a foot deep on the bottom — the river being entirely frozen
over. We found a comfortable camp, where there were dry
willows abundant, and we soon had blazing fires. A little
brandy, which I husbanded with great care, remained, and I
do not know any medicine more salutary, or any drink (except
coffee) more agreeable, than this in a cold night and after a
hard day's march. Mr. Preuss questioned whether the famed
nectar ever possessed so exquisite a flavor. All felt it to be a
reviving cordial.

The next morning, when the sun had not yet risen over
the mountains, the thermometer was at 2° below zero .
but the sky was bright and pure, and the weather changec
rapidly into a pleasant day of summer. I remained encamped
in order to examine the country, and allow the animals a day
of rest, the grass being good and abundant under the snow.

The river is fifty or eighty feet wide, with a lively current,
and very clear water. It forked a little above our camp, one
of its branches coming directly from the south. At its hear!
appeared to be a handsome pass ; and from the neighboring
heights we could see, beyond, a comparatively lo\v and open
country, which was supposed to form the valley of the Buena-
vontura. The other branch issued from a nearer pass, in a
direction S. 75° W., forking at the foot of the mountain, and
receiving a part of its wuJi-rs from a little lake. 1 was in
advance of the camp when our Just guides had lelt us ; bin,

382 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

so far _ ;v>uld be understood, this was the pass which thoy
had indicated, and, in company with Carson, to-day I set ou;
to explore it. Entering the range, we continued in a north-
westerly direction up the valley, wkich here bent to the right.
It was a pretty open bottom, locked between lofty mountains,
which supplied frequent streams as we advanced. On the
lower part they were covered with nut-pine trees, and above
with masses of pine, which we easily recognised, from the
darker color of the foliage. From the fresh trails which
occurred frequently during the morning, deer appeared to be
remarkably numerous in the mountain.

We had now entirely left the desert country; and were on
the verge of a region which, extending westward to the shores
of the Pacific, abounds in large game, and is covered with a
•singular luxuriance of vegetable life.

The little stream grew rapidly smaller, and in about twelve
miles we had reached its head, the last water coming imme-
diately out of the mountain on the right ; and this spot was se-
lected for our next encampment. The grass showed well in
sunny places ; but in colder situations the snow was deep, and
began to occur in banks, through which the horses found some
difficulty in breaking a way.

To t.ie left, the open valley continued in a southwesterly di-
rection, with a scarcely perceptible ascent, forming a beautiful
pass, the exploration of which we deferred until the next day,
and returned to the camp.

To-day an Indian passed through the valley, on his way
into the mountains, where he showed us was his lodge. We
comprehended nothing of his language ; and, though he ap-
peared to have no fear, passing along in full view of the camp,
he was indisposed to hold any communication with us, but
showed the way he was going, and pointed for us to go on our
road.

By observation, the latitude of this encampment was 38°
18' 01/x, and the elevation above the sea 6,310 feet.

27th. — Leaving the camp to follow slowly, with directions
to Carson to encamp at the place agreed on, Mr. Fitzpatrick
and myself continued the reconnaissance. Arriving at the head

ADVI:NTI KI;.S AND EXPLORATIONS, 383

•f the stream, we began to enter the pass — passing occasional-
ly through open groves of large pine-trees, on tlio warm side
of the defile, where the snow had melted away, occasionally
exposing a large Indian trail. Continuing along a narrow
an 'ailow, we reached, in a few miles, the gate of the pass, where
there was a narrow strip of prairie, about 50 yards wide, be-
tween walls of granite rock. On either side rose the moun-
tains, forming on the left a rugged mass, or nucleus, wholly
covered with deep snow, presenting a glittering and icy sur-
face. At the time, we supposed this to be the point into which
they were gathered between the two great rivers, and from
which the waters flowed off to the bay. This was the icy and
cold side of the pass, and the rays of the sun hardly touched
the snow. On the left, the mountains rose into peaks, but they
were lower and secondary, and the country had a somewhat
more open and lighter character. On the right were several
hot springs, which appeared remarkable in such a place. In
going through, we felt impressed by the majesty of the moun-
tain, along the huge wall of which we were riding. Here
there was no snow ; but immediately beyond was a deep bank,
through which we dragged our horses with considerable effort.
We then immediately struck upon a stream, which gathered
itself rapidly, and descended quick ; and the valley did not
preserve the open character of the other side, appearing below
to form a canon. We therefore climbed one of the peaks on
tlio right, leaving our horses below ; but we were so much
shut up that we did not obtain an extensive view, and what we
saw was not very satisfactory, and awakened considerable
doubt. The valley of the stream pursued a northwesterly di-
rection, appearing below to turn sharply to the right, beyond
which further /iew was cut off. It was, nevertheless, resolved
to continue our road the next day ctiwn this valley, which we
trusted still would prove that of the middle stream between the
two great rivers. Towards the summit of this peak, the fields
f snow wore four or five feet deep on the northern side ; and
we saw several large hares, which had on their winter color,
being white as the snow around them.

The winter day is short in the mountains, the sun having

384 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

but a small space of sky to travel over in the visible part
above our horizon ; and the moment his rays are gone, the
air is keenly cold. The interest of our work had detained
us long, and it was after nightfall when we reached the camp.

28th. — To-day we went through the pass with all the campj
and, after a hard day's journey of twelve miles, encamped on
a high point where the snow had been blown off, and the ex-
posed grass afforded a scanty pasture for the animals. Snow
and broken country together made our traveling difficult ; "we
were often compelled to make large circuits, and ascend the
highest and most exposed ridges, in order to avoid snow, which
in other places was banked up to a great depth.

During the day a few Indians were seen circling around us
on snow-shoes, and skimming along like birds ; but WP could
not bring them within speaking distance. Godey, who was a
little distance from the camp, had sat down to tie his moccasins,
when he heard a low whistle near, and, looking up, saw two
Indians half hiding behind a rock about forty yards distant ;
they would not allow him to approach, but breaking into a
iaugh, skimmed off over the snow, seeming to have no idea of
the power of firearms, and thinking themselves perfectly safe
when beyond arm's length.

To-night we did not succeed in getting the howitzer into
camp. This was the most laborious day we had yet passed
through, the steep ascents and deep snow exhausting both men
and animals. Our single chronometer had stopped during the
day, and its error in time occasioned the loss of an eclipse of a
satellite this evening. It had not preserved the rate with
which we started from the Dalles, and this will account for the
absence of longitudes along this interval of our journey.

29th. — From this height we could see, at a considerable dis-
tance below, yellow spots in the valley, which indicated that
there was not much snow. One of these places we expected
lo reach to-night ; and some time being required to bring up the
gun, I went ahead with Mr. Fitzpatrick and a few men, leav-
ing the camp to follow, in charge of Mr. Preuss. We followed
a trail down a hollow where the Indians had descended, the
snow being so deep that we never came near the ground ; but

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 385

Jiis only made our descent the easier, and, when we readied
a little affluent to the river, at the bottom, we suddenly found
ourselves in presence of eight or ten Indians. The/ seemed
to be watching our motions, and, like the others, at first wen-
indisposed to let us approach, ranging themselves like birds on
a fallen log, on the hill-side above our heads, where, being out
of our reach, they thought themselves safe. Our friendly de-
meanor reconciled them, and, when we got near enough, they
immediately stretched out to us handfuls of pine-nuts, which
seemed an exercise of hospitality. We made them a few
presents, and, telling us that their village was a few miles be-
low, they went on to let their people know what we were. The
principal stream still running through an impracticable canon,
we ascended a very steep hill, which proved afterwards the
last and fatal obstacle to our little howitzer, which was finally
abandoned at this place. We passed through a small meadow
a few miles below, crossing the river, which depth, swift cur-
rent, and rock, made it difficult to ford ; and, after a few more
miles of very difficult trail, issued into a larger prairie bottom,
at the farther end of which we encamped, in a position ren-
dered strong by rocks and trees. The lower parts of the moun-
tain were covered with the nut-pine. Several Indians appeared
on the hill-side, reconnoitring the camp, and were induced to
come in ; others came in during the afternoon ; arid in tlio
evening we held a council. The Indians immediately made it
clear that the waters on which we were also belonged to the
Great Basin, in the edge of which we had been since the 17th
of December ; and it became evident that we had still the great
ridge on the left to cross before we could reach the Pacific
waters.

We explained to the Indians that we were endeavoring to
find a passage across the mountains into the country of the
whites, whom we were going to see ; and told them that v, e
wished them to bring us a guide, to whom we would givo
presents of scarlet cloth, and other articles, which were shown
to tin-in. They looked at the reward we offered, and conferred
with each other, but pointed to the snow on tlio mountain, and
drew their hands across their necks, and raised them abova

386 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE of

their heads, to show the depth ; and signified that it was impos-
sible for us to get through. They made signs that we must go
to the southward, over a pass through a lower range, which
they pointed out : there, they said, at the end of one day's
travel, we would find people who lived near a pass in the great
mountain ; and to that point they engaged to furnish us a guide.
They appeared to have a confused idea, from report, of whites
who lived on the other side of the mountain ; and once, they
told us, about two years ago, a party of twelve men like coir-
selves had ascended their river, and crossed to the other waters.
They pointed out to us where they had crossed ; but then, they
said, it was summer time ; but now it would be impossible. 1
believe that this was a party led by Mr,. Chiles, one of the only
two men whom I know to have passed through the California
mountains from the interior of the Basin — Walker being the
other ; and both were engaged upwards of twenty days, in the
summer time, in getting over. Chiles's destination was the
bay of San Francisco, to which he descended by the Stanislaus
river ; and Walker subsequently informed me that, like my.
self, descending to the southward on a more eastern line, day
after day he was searching for the Buenaventura, thinking that
he had found it with every new stream, until, like me, he aban-
doned all idea of its existence, and, turning abruptly to the
right, crossed the great chain. These were both western men,
animated with the spirit of exploratory enterprise which char-
acterizes that people.

The Indians brought in during the evening an abundant sup-
ply of pine-nuts, which we traded from them. When roasted,
their pleasant flavor made them an agreeable addition to ur
now scanty store of provisions, which were reduced to a very
low ebb. Our principal stock was in peas, which it is not neces-
sary to say contain scarcely any nutriment. We had still a
little flour left, some coffee, and a quantity jf sugar, which I
reserved as a defence against starvation.

The Indians informed us that at certain seasons they have
rish in their waters, which we supposed to be salmon-trout : for
the remainder of the year they live upon the pine-nuts, which
form their great winter subsistence — a portion being always at

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS.

hand, shut up in the natural storehouse of the cones. At
present, they were presented to us as a whole people living
upon this simple vegetable.

The other division of the party did not come in to-night, but
encamped in the upper meadow, and arrived the next morning.
They had not succeeded in getting the howitzer beyond the
place mentioned, and where it l.ad been left by Mr. Preuss, in
obedience to my orders ; and, in anticipation of the snow-bank:,
and snow-fields still ahead, foreseeing the inevitable detention
to which it would subject us, I reluctantly determined to leave
it there for the time. It was of the kind invented by the French
for the mountain part of their war in Algiers ; and the distance
it had come with us proved how well it was adapted to its pur
pose. We left it, to the great sorrow of the whole party, who
were grieved to part with a companion which had made the
whole distance from St. Louis, and commanded respect for n<a
on some critical occasions, and which might be needed for tho
same purpose again.

30th. — Our guide, who was a young man, joined us this
morning ; and, leaving our encampment late in the day, we
descended the river, which immediately opened out into a
broad valley, furnishing good traveling ground. In a short
distance we passed the village, a collection of straw huts ; and
a few miles below, the guide pointed out the place where the
whites had been encamped, before they entered the mountain.
With our late start we made but ten miles, and encamped on
the low river-bottom, where there was no snow, but a great deal .
of ice ; and we cut piles of long grass to lay under our blan-
kets, and fires were made of large dry willows, groves of
which wooded the stream. The river took here a northeasterly
direction, and through a spur from the mountains on the left
was the gap where we were to pass the next day.

31st. — We took our way over a gently rising ground, the
dividing ridge being tolerably low; and traveling easily along
a broad trail, in twelve or fourteen miles reached the upper
part of the pass, when it began to snow thickly, with \vr\
weather. The Indians had only the usual scanty covering,
wid appeared to si ffer greatly from the cold. All loft us, ex

388 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

0

cept our guide. Half hidden by the storm, the mountains
looked dreary ; and, as night began to approach, the guide
showed great reluctance to go forward. I placed him between
two rifles, for the way began to be difficult. Traveling a little
farther, we struck a ravine, which the Indian said would con-
duct us to the river; and as the poor fellow suffered greatly,
shivering in the snow which fell upon his naked skin, I would
not detain him any longer ; and he ran off to the mountain,
where he said was a hut near by. He had kept the blue and
scarlet cloth I had given him tightly rolled up, preferring rather
to endure the cold than to get them wet. In the course of the
afternoon, one of the men had his foot frostbitten; and about
dark we had the satisfaction to reach the bottoms of a stream
timbered with large trees, among which we found a sheltered
camp, with an abundance of such grass as the season afforded
for the animals. We saw before us, in descending from the
pass, a great continuous range, along which stretched the
valley of the river ; the lower parts steep, and dark with pines,
while above it was hidden in clouds of snow. This we felt
instantly satisfied was the central ridge of the Sierra Nevada,
the great California mountain, which only now intervened be-
tween us and the waters of the bay. We had made a forced
march of 26 miles, and three mules had given out on the
road. Up to this point, with the exception of two stolen by
Indians, we had lost none of the horses which had been brought
from the Columbia river, and a number of these were still
strong and in tolerably good order. We had now 67 animals
in the band.

We had scarcely lighted our fires, when the camp was
crowded with nearly naked Indians ; some of them were fur-
nished with long nets in addition to bows, and appeared to
nave been out on the sage hills to hunt rabbits. These nets
were perhaps 30 to 40 feet long, kept upright in the ground
by slight sticks at intervals, and were made from a kind of
wild hemp, very much resembling in manufacture those com-
mon among the Indians of the Sacramento valley. They
came among us without any fear, and scattered themselves
about the fires, mainly occupied in gratifying their astor-ish-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 389

ment, I was struck by the singular appearance of a row of
about a dozen, who were sitting ou their haunches perched on
a log near one of the fires, with their quick sharp eyes follow-
ing every motion.

We gathered together a few of the most intelligent of the
Indians, and held this evening an interesting council. I ex-
plained to them my intentions. I told them that we had come
from a very far country, having been traveling now nearly a
year, and that we were desirous simply to go across the moun-
tain into the country of the other whites. There were two
who appeared particularly intelligent — one, a somewhat old
man. He told me that, before the snows fell, it was six sleeps
to the place where the whites 'lived, but that now it was im-
possible to cross the mountain on account of the deep snow ;
and showing us, as the others had done, that it was over our
beads, he urged us strongly to follow the course of the river,
which he said would conduct us to a lake in which there were
nuiny large fish. There, he said, were many people ; there
was no snow on the ground ; and we might remain there until
the spring. From their descriptions, we were enabled, to
judge that we had encamped on the upper water of the Salmon
Trout river. It is hardly necessary to say that our communi-
cation was only by signs, as we understood nothing of their
language ; but they spoke, notwithstanding, rapidly and ve-
hemently, explaining what they considered the folly of our
intentions, and urging us to go down to the lake. Tah-ve, a
word signifying snow, we very soon learned to know, from its
frequent repetition. I told him that the men and the horses
were strong, that we would break a road through the snow ;
and spreading before him our bales of scarlet cloth, and trin-
kets, showed him what we would give for a guide. It was
necessary to obtain one, if possible ; for I had determined here
to attempt the passage of the mountain. Pulling a bunch of
crrass from the ground, after a short discussion among them-
selves, the old man made us comprehend, that if we could
break through the snow, at the end of three days we would
come down upon grass, which he showed us would be about
«ix inches high, aiiJ where the ground was entirely free. So

390 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

far, he said, he had been in hunting for elk ; but beyond that
(and he closed his eyes) he had seen nothing ; but there was
one among them who had been to the whites, and, going out of
the lodge, he returned with a young man of very intelligent
appearance. Here, said he, is a young man who has seen the
whites with his own eyes ; and he swore, first by the sky, and
then by the ground, that what he said was true. With a large
present of goods, we prevailed upon this young man to be our
guide, and he acquired among us the name of Melo — a word
signifying friend, which they used very frequently. He was
thinly clad, and nearly barefoot ; his moccasins being about
worn out. We gave him skins to make a new pair, and to enable
him to perform his undertaking to us. The Indians remained
in the camp during the night, and we kept the guide and two
others to sleep in the lodge with us — Carson lying across the
door, and having made them comprehend the use of our fira
arms.

FEBRUARY.

1st. — The snow, which had intermitted in the evening, com-
menced falling again in the course of the night, and it snowed
steadily all day. In the morning I acquainted the men with
my decision, and explained to them that necessity required us
to make a great effort to clear the mountains. I reminded
them of the beautiful valley of the Sacramento, with which
they were familiar from the descriptions of Carson, who had
been there some fifteen years ago, and who, in our late priva-
tions, had delighted us in speaking of its rich pastures and
abounding game, and drew a vivid contrast between its sum-
mer climate, less than a hundred miles distant, and the falling
snow around us. I informed them (and long experience had
given them confidence in my observations and good instru-
ments) that almost directly west, and only about 70 miles dis
tant, was the great farming establishment of Captain Sutler —
a gentleman who had formerly lived in Missouri, and, emi*

ADVKM'i:iM-:s AND KXIM.OIi. \TIONri. ,'VJl

grating to this country, had become the possessor of a princi-
pality. I assured them that, from the heights of the "mountain
before us, we should doubtless see the valley of the Sacramento
river, and with one effort place ourselves again in the midst of
plenty. The people received this decision with the cheerful
obedience which hud always characterized them, and the day
was immediately devoted to the preparations necessary to ena-
ole us to carry it into effect. Leggins, moccasins, clothing —
all were put into the best state to resist the cold. Our guido
was not neglected. Extremity of suffering might make him
desert ; we therefore did the best we could for him. Leggins,
moccasins, some articles of clothing, and a large green b.an-
ket, in addition to the blue and scarlet cloth, were lavished
upon him, and to his great and evident contentment. He ar-
rayed himself in all his colors, and, clad in green, blue, and
scarlet, he made a gay-looking Indian ; and, with his various
presents, was probably richer and better clothed than any of
his tribe had ever been before.

I have already said that our provisions were very low ; we
had neither tallow nor grease of any kind remaining, and tlio
want of salt became one of our greatest privations. The poor
clog which had been found in the Bear River valley, and which
had been a compagnon de voyage ever since,- had now become
fat, and the mess to which it belonged, requested permission to
kill it. Leave was granted. Spread out on the snow, tho
meat looked very good ; and it made a strengthening meal
for the greater part of the camp. Indians brought in two
or three rabbits during the day, which were purchased from
them.

The river was 40 to 70 feet wide, and now entirely frozen
over. It was wooded with large cottonwood, willow, and grain
de bceiif. By observation, the latitude of this encampment wa<
38° XT 18".

iid. — It had ceased snowing, and this morning the lower aii
was clear and frosty; and six or seven thousand feet above,
ihe peaks of the Sierra now and then appeared amonir llu1
rolling clouds, which were rapidly dispersing before the sun.
< »ur Indian shook his head as he pointed to the icy pinnacles

392 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

shooting high up into the sky, and seeming almost immediately
above us. Crossing the rive- on the ice, and leaving it imme-
diately, we commenced the ascent of the mountain alono- the
valley of a tributary stream. The people were unusually si-
lent, for every man knew that our enterprise was hazardous,
and the issue doubtful.

The snow deepened rapidly, and it soon became necessary
to break a road. For this service, a party of ten was formed,
mounted on the strongest horses, each man in succession open-
ing the road on foot, or on horseback, until himself and his
horse became fatigued, when he stepped aside, and, the remain-
ing number passing ahead, he took his station in the rear. Leav-
ing this stream, and pursuing a very direct course, we passed
over an intervening ridge to the river we had left. On the
way we passed two low huts entirely covered with snow, which
might very easily have escaped observation. A family was liv-
ing in each ; and t'he only trail I saw in the neighborhood was
from the door-hole to a nut-pine tree near, which supplied them
with food and fuel. We found two similar huts on the creek
where we next arrived ; and, traveling a little higher up, en-
camped on its banks in about four feet depth of snow. Carson
found near, an open hill-side, where the wind and the sun had
melted the snow, leaving exposed sufficent bunch-grass for the
animals to-night.

The nut-pines were now giving way to heavy timber, and
there were some immense pines on the bottom, around the roots
of which the sun had melted away the snow ; and here we made
our camp and built huge fires. To-day we had traveled 16
miles, and our elevation above the sea was 6,760 feet.

3d. — Turning our faces directly towards the main chain, we
ascended an open hollow along a small tributary to the river
which, according to the Indians, issues from a mountain to the
south. The snow was so deep in the hollow, that we were
obliged to travel along the steep hill-sides, and over spur?,
where the wind and sun had in places lessened the snow, and
where the grass, which appeared to be in good quality along
the sides of the mountains, was exposed. We opened oar road

ADYKMTKKS AND EXPLORATIONS. 393

in the same way as yesterday, but made only seven miles, and
encamped by some springs at the foot of a high and steep hill,
by which the hollow ascended to another basin in the moun-
tain. The little stream below was entirely buried in snow.
The springs were shaded by the boughs of a lofty cedar, which
here made its first appearance ; the usual height was 120 to
130 feet, and one that was measured near by was six feet in
diameter.

There being no grass exposed here, the horses were sent
back to that which we had seen a few miles below. We oc-
cupied the remainder of the day in beating down a road to the
foot of the hill, a mile or two distant ; the snow being beatec
down when moist, in the warm part of the day, and then haru
frozen at night, made a foundation that would bear the weight
of the animals next morning. During the day several Indians
joined us on snow-shoes. These were made of a circular hoop,
about a foot in diameter, the interior space being filled with an
open network of bark.

4th. — I went ahead early with two or three men, each with a
led horse to break the road. We were obliged to abandon the
hollow entirely, and work along the mountain-side, which was
very steep, and the snow covered with an icy crust. We cut
a footing as we advanced, and trampled a road through for the
animals ; but occasionally one plunged outside the trail, and
slided along the field to the bottom, a hundred yards below.
Late in the day we reached another bench in the hollow,
where, in summer, the stream passed over a small precipice.
Ftere was a short distance of dividing ground between the two
ridges, and beyond an open basin, some ten miles across, whose
bottom presented a field of snow. At the further or western
»ide rose the middle crest of the mountain, a dark-looking ridge
of volcanic rock.

The summit line presented a range of naked peaks, appa-
rently destitute of snow and vegetation ; but below, the face
of the whole country was covered with timber of extraordinary
size.

Towards a pass which the guide indicated here, we attempted
in the afternoon to force a road ; but after a laborious plunging

394 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

through two or three hundred yards, our best horses gave out,
entirely refusing to make any further effort, and, for the time,
we were brought to a stand. The guide informed us that we
were entering the deep snow, and here began the difficulties
of the mountain ; and to him, and almost to all, our enterprise
seemed hopeless. I returned a short distance back, to the
break in the hollow, where I met Mr. Fitzpatrick.

The camp had been occupied all the day in endeavoring to
ascend the hill, but only the best horses had succeeded ; the
animals, generally, not having sufficient strength to bring
themselves up without the packs ; and all the line of road be-
tween this and the springs was strewed with camp-stores and
equipage, and horses floundering in snow. I therefore im-
mediately encamped on the ground with my own mess, which
was in advance, and directed Mr. Fitzpatrick to encamp at
the springs, and send all the animals, in charge of Tabeau,
with a strong guard, back to the .place where they had been
pastured the night before. Here was a small spot of level
ground, protected on one side by the mountain, and on the other
sheltered by a little ridge of rock. It was an open grove of
pines, which assimilated in size to the grandeur of the moun-
tain, being frequently six feet in diameter.

To-night we had no shelter, but we made a large fire around
the trunk of one of the huge pines ; and covering the snow
with small boughs, on which we spread our blankets, soon
made ourselves comfortable. The night was very bright and
clear, though the thermometer was only at 10°. A strong
wind, which sprang up at sundown, made it intensely cold ;.
and this was one of the bitterest nights during the journey.

Two Indians joined our party here ; and one of them, an
old man, immediately began to harangue us, saying that our-
selves and animals would perish in the snow ; and that if we
would go back, he would show us another and a better way
across the mountain. He spoke in a very loud voice, and there
was a singular repetition of phrases and arrangement of word.';,
which rendered his speech striking and not unmusical.

We had now begun to understand some words, and, with the
aid of signs, easily comprehended the old man's simple ideas,

ADY'ENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 395

" Rock upon rock — rock upon rock — snow upon snow," said
he ; " even if you got over the snow, you will not be able to
get down from the mountains." He made us the sign of
precipices and showed us how the feet of the horses would
slip, and re row them off from the narrow trails that led along
their sides. Our Chinook, who comprehended even more
readily than ourselves, and believed our situation hopeless,
covered his head with his blanket, and began to weep and la-
ment. " I wanted to see the whites," said he ; " I came away
from my own people to see the whites, and I wouldn't care to
die among them, but here" — and he looked around into the
cold night and gloomy forest, and, drawing his blanket over
his head, began again to lament.

Seated around the tree, the fire illuminating the rocks ana
the tall bolls of the pines round about, and the old Indian
haranguing, we presented a group of very serious faces.

5th. — The night had been too cold to sleep, and we were up
very early. Our guide was standing by the fire with all his
finery on ; and seeing him shiver in the cold, I threw on
his shoulders one of my blankets. We missed him a few
minutes afterwards, and never saw him again. He had desert-
ed. His bad faith and treachery were in perfect keeping with
the estimate of Indian character, which a long intercourse with
this people had gradually forced upon my mind.

While a portion of the camp were occupied in bringing up
the baggage to this point, the remainder were busied in making
sledges and snow-shoes. I had determined to explore the
mountain ahead, and the sledges were to be used in transport-
ing the baggage.

The mountains here consisted wholly of a white micaceous
granite. The day was perfectly clear, and, while the sun was
in the sky, warm and pleasant.

By observation our latitude was 38° 42' 26" ; and elevation
by the boiling point, 7,400 feet.

<>th. — Accompanied by Mr. Fitzpalrick, I set out to-day
with a reconnoitring party on snow-shoes. We marched a' I
in single file, trampling the snow as heavily as we coul*
Crossing the oper. basin, in a march of about ten miles we

396 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

reached the top of one of the poaks, to the left of the pass indicated
by our guide. Far below us, dimmed by the distance, was a
large snowless valley, bounded on the western side, at the dis-
tance of about a hundred miles, by a low range of mountains,
which Carson recognised with delight as the mountains border-
ing the coast. " There," said he, "is the little mountain — it is
fifteen years since I saw it ; but I am just as sure as if I had
seen it yesterday.'' Between us, then, and this low coast range,
was the valley of the Sacramento ; and no one who had not
accompanied us through the incidents of our life for the last
few months xmld realize the delight with which at last we
looked down upon it. At the distance of apparently 30 miles
beyond us wore distinguished spots of prairie ; and a dark line
which could be traced with the glass, was imagined to be the
course of the river ; but we were evidently at a great height
above the valley, and between us and the plains extended miles
of snowy fields and broken ridges of pine-covered mountains.

It was late in the day when we turned towards the camp ;
and it grew rapidly cold as it drew towards night. One of the
men became fatigued, and his feet^ began to freeze, and build-
ing a fire in the trunk of a dry old cedar, Mr. Fitzpatrick re-
mained with him until his clothes could be dried, and he was
in a condition to come on. After a day's march of 20 miles,
we straggled into the camp one after another, at nightfall ; the
greater number excessively fatigued, only two of the party
having ever traveled on snow-shoes before.

All our energies are now directed to getting our animals
across the snow ; and it was supposed that after all the bag-
gage had been drawn with the sleighs over the trail we had
made, it would~be sufficiently hard to bear our animals. At
several places between this point and the ridge, we had discov-
ered some grassy spots, where the wind and sun had dis-
persed the snow from the sides of the hills, arid these were to
form resting-places to support the animals for a night in their
passage across. On our way across we had set on fire several
Broken stumps, and dried trees, to melt holes in the snow for
.he camps. Its general depth was five feet ; but we passed over
places where it was 20 feet deep, as shown by the trees.

APVKN'ITHKS AND EXPLORATION^. 397

With one party drawing sleighs loaded with baggage, I ad-
vanced to-day about four miles along the trail, and encamped
at the first grassy spot, where we expected to bring our horses.
Mr. Fitzpatrick, with another party, remained behind, to form
an intermediate station between us and the animals.

8th. — The night has been extremely cold ; but perfectly
still, and beautifully clear. Before the sun appeared this
morning, the thermometer was 3° below zero ; 1° higher, when
his rays struck the lofty peaks ; and 0° when they reached
our camp.

Scenery and weather, combined, must render these moun-
tains beautiful in summer ; the purity and deep-blue color of
the sky are singularly beautiful ; the days are sunny and
bright, and even warm in the noon hours ; and if we could be
free from the many anxieties that oppress us, even now we
would be delighted here ; but our provisions are getting fear-
fully scant. Sleighs arrived with baggage about ten o'clock ;
and leaving a portion of it here, we continued on for a mile
and a half, and encamped at the foot of a long hill on this side
of the open bottom.

Bernier and Godey, who yesterday morning had been sent
to ascend a higher peak, got in, hungry and fatigued. They
confirmed what we had already seen. Two other sleighs ar-
rived in the afternoon ; and the men being fatigued, I gave
them all tea and sugar. Snow clouds began to rise in the
S.S.W. ; and, apprehensive of a storm, which would destroy
our road, I sent the people back to Mr. Fitzpatrick, with di-
rections to send for the animals in the morning. With me re-
mained Mr. Preuss, Mr. Talbot, and Carson, with Jacob.

Elevation of the camp, by the boiling point, is 7,920 feet.

9th. — During the night the weather changed, the wind ris-
ing to a gale, and commencing to snow before daylight ; In-
fore morning the trail was covered. We remained quiet in
camp all day, in the course of which the weather improved.
Four sleighs arrived towards evening, with the bedding of tin-
men. We sufler much from the want of salt ; ami all the
men are becoming weak from insufficient food.

10th. — Taplin was sent hack with a few men to assist Mr

398 .COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Fitzpatrick ; and continuing on with three sleighs carrying a
part of the baggage, we had the satisfaction to encamp within
two and a half miles of the head of the hollow, and at the foot
of the last mountain ridge. Here two large trees had been set
on fire, and, in the holes, where the snow had been melted
away} we found a comfortable camp.

The wind kept the air filled with snow during the da} ; the
sky was very dark in the southwest, though elsewhere very
clear. The forest here has a noble appearance ; and tall cedar
is abundant; its greatest height being 130 feet, and circum-
ference 20, three or four feet above the ground ; and here I
see for the first time the white pine, of which there are some
magnificent trees. Hemlock spruce is among the timber, oc-
casionally as largo as eight feet in diameter, four feet above
the ground ; but, in ascending, it tapers rapidly to less than
one foot at the height of eighty feet. I have not seen any
higher than 130 feet, and the slight upper part is frequently
broken off by the wind. The white spruce is frequent ; and
the red pine (pinus Colorado of the Mexicans) which constitutes
the beautiful forest along the banks of the Sierra Nevada to
the northward, is here the principal tree, not attaining a
greater height than 140 feet, though with sometimes a diame-
ter of 10. Most of these trees appeared to differ slightly from
those of the same kind on the other side of the continent.

The elevation of the camp by the boiling point, is 8,050 feet.
We are now 1,000 feet above the level of the South Pass in
the Rocky mountains ; and still we are not done ascending.
The top of a flat ridge near was bare of snow, and very well
sprinkled with bunch-grass, sufficient to pasture the animals
two or three days ; and this was to be their main point of sup-
oort. This ridge is composed of a compact trap, or basalt of
a columnar structure ; over the surface are scattered large
boulders of porous trap. The hills are in many places en-
tirely covered with small fragments of volcanic rock.

Putting on our snow-shoes, we spent the afternoon in ex-
ploring a road ahead. The glare of the snow, combined with
great fatigue, had rendered many of the people .earl)
blind; but we were fortunate in having some black sill '-r.nd

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 399

Kerehii rs, which, worn as veils, very much relieved the
eye.

llth. — High wind continued, and our trail this morning was
nearly invisible — here and there indicated by a little ridge of
snow. Our situation became tiresome and dreary, requiring
a strong exercise of patience and resolution.

In the evening I received a message from Mr. Fitzpatrick,
acquainting me with the utter failure of his attempt to get our
mules and horses over the snow — the half-hidden trail had
proved entirely too slight to support them, and they had broken
through, and were plunging about or lying half buried in
snow. He waa occupied in endeavoring to get them back to
his camp ; and :n the mean time sent to me for further instruc-
tions. I wrote to him to send the animals immediately back
to their old pastures ; and, after having made mauls and shovels,
turn in all the strength of his party to open and beat a road
through the snow, strengthening it with branches and boughs
of the pines.

12th. — We made mauls, and worked hard at our end of the
road all day. The wind was high, but the sun bright, and the
snow thawing. We worked down the face of the hill, to meet
the people at the -other end. Towards sundown it began to
grow cold, and we shouldered our mauls and trudged back to
camp.

13th. — We continued to labor on the road ; and in the course
/>f the day had the satisfaction to see the people working down
(he face of the opposite hill, about three miles distant. During
the morning we had the pleasure of a visit from Mr. Fitzpat-
rick, with the information that all was going on well. A party
of Indians had passed on snow-shoes, who said they were goinir
10 the western side of the mountain after fish. This was an
indication that the salmon were coming up the streams ; and
we could hardly restrain our impatience as we thought of them,
dnd worked with increased vigor.

The meat train did not arrive this evening, and I _
(Jodey leave to kill our little dog, (Tlamath,) which he pivparril
in Indian fashbn ; scorching oil* the hair, and washing tho
skin with soap ind snow, «nd then cutting it up into jii. c. s.

400 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

which were laid on the snow. Shortly afterwards, the sleigh
arrived with a supply of horse-meat; and we had to-night an
extraordinary dinner — pea-soup, mule, and dog.

14th. — The dividing ridge of the Sierra is in sight from this
encampment. Accompanied by Mr. Preuss, I ascended to-day
the highest peak to the right ; from which we had a beautiful
view of a mountain lake at our feet, about fifteen miles in
length, and so entirely surrounded by mountains that we could
not discover an outlet. We had taken with us a glass ; but
though we enjoyed an extended view, the valley was half hid-
den in mist, as when we had seen it before. Snow could be
distinguished on the higher parts of the coast mountains ; east-
ward, as far as the eye could extend, it ranged over a terrible
mass of broken snowy mountains, fading off blue in the dis-
tance. The rock composing the summit consists of a very
coarse, dark, volcanic conglomerate ; the lower parts appeared
to be of a slaty structure. The highest trees were a few scat-
tering cedars and aspens. From the immediate foot of the
peak, we were two hours reaching the summit, and one hour
and a quarter in descending. The day had been very bright,
still, and clear, and spring seems to be advancing rapidly.
While the sun is in the sky, the snow melts rapidly, and gush-
ing springs cover the face of the mountain in all the exposed
places ; but their surface freezes instantly with the disappear-
ance of the sun.

I obtained to-night some observations ; and the result from
these, and others made during our stay, gives for the latitude
38° 41' 57", longitude 120° 25' 57", and rate of the chro-
nometer 25. 62".

16th. — We had succeeded in getting our animals safely to
the first grassy hill ; and this morning I started with Jacob on
a reconnoitring expedition beyond the mountain. We traveled
along the crests of narrow ridges, extending down from the
mountain in the direction of the valley, from which the snow
was fast melting away. On the open spots was tolerably good
grass; and I judged \ve should succeed in getting the camp
down by way of these. Towards sundown we discovered some
icy spots in a deep holbw ; and, descending the mountain, we

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 401

encamped on the head-water of a little creek, where at last the
water found its way to the Pacific.

The night was clear and very long. We heard the cries of
some wild animals, which had been attracted by our fire, and
a flock of geese passed over during the night. Even these
strange sounds had something pleasant to our senses in this
region of silence and desolation.

We started again early in the morning. The creek acquired
a regular breadth of about 20 feet, and we soon began to hear
the rushing of the water below the icy surface, over which we
traveled to avoid the snow ; a few miles below we broke
through, where the water was several feet deep, and halted to
make a fire and dry our clothes. We continued a few miles
farther, walking being very laborious without snow-shoes.

I was now perfectly satisfied that we had struck the stream
on which Mr. Sutter lived ; and, turning about, made a hard
push, and reached the camp at dark. Here we had the pleas-
ure to find all the remaining animals. 57 in number, safely
arrived at the grassy hill near the camp ; and here, also, we
were agreeably surprised with the sight of an abundance of salt.
Some of the horse-guard had gone to a neighboring hut for pine
nuts, and discovered unexpectedly a large cake of very white
fine-grained salt, which the Indians told them they had brought
from the other side of the mountain ; they used it to eat with
their pine nuts, and readily sold it for goods.

On the 19th, the people were occupied in making a road and
bringing up the baggage ; and, on the afternoon of the next
day, February 20, 1844, we encamped, with the animals and
all the materiel of the camp, on the summit of the PASS in the
dividing ridge, 1,000 miles by our traveled road from the
Dalles to the Columbia.

The people, who had not yet been to this point, climbed the
neighboring peak to enjoy a look at the valley.

The temperature of boiling water gave for the elevation of
the encampment, 9,338 feet above the sea.

This was 2,000 feet higher than the South Pass in the Rocky
mountains, and several peaks in view rose several thousand
feet still higher. Thus, at the extremity of the continent, and

402 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

near the coast, the phenomenon was seen of a range of moun-
tains stiL higher than the great Rocky mountains themselves.
This extraordinary fact accounts for the Great Basin, and
shows that there must be a system of small lakes and rivers
here scattered over a flat country, and which the extended
and lofty range of the Sierra Nevada prevents from escaping
to the Pacific ocean. Latitude 38° 44' ; longitude 120° 28'.

Thus the Pass in the Sierra Nevada, which so well deserves
its name of Snowy mountain, is eleven degrees west and about
four degrees south of the South Pass.

21st. — We now considered ourselves victorious over the
mountain ; having only the descent before us, and the valley
under our eyes, we felt strong hope that we should force our
way down. But this was a case in which the descent was not
facile. Still deep fields of snow lay between them, and there
was a large intervening space of rough-looking mountains,
through which we had yet to wind our way. Carson roused
me this morning with an early fire, and we were all up long
before day, in order to pass the snow-fields before the sun
should render the crust soft. We enjoyed this morning a
scene at sunrise, which even here was unusually glorious and
beautiful. Immediately above the eastern mountains was re-
peated a cloud-formed mass of purple ranges, bordered with
bright yellow gold ; the peaks shot up into a narrow line of
crimson cloud, above which the air was filled with a greenish
orange ; and over all was the singular beauty of the blue sky.
Passing along a ridge which commanded the lake on our right,
of which we began to discover an outlet through a chasm on
the west, we passed over alternating open ground and hard-
crusted snow-fields which supported the animals, and encamp-
ed on the ridge, after a journey of six miles. The grass was
better than we had yet seen, and we were encamped in a
clump of trees 20 or 30 feet high, resembling white pine. With
the exception of these small clumps, the ridges were bare ;
and, where the snow found the support of the trees, the wind
had blown it up into banks 10 or 15 feet high. It required
much care to hunt out a practicable way, as the most one»
places frequently led to impassable banks.

ADVENTURES iND EXPLORATIONS. 403

WP had hard and doubtful labor yet before us, as the snow
appeared to be heavier where the timber began further down,
with few open spots. Ascending a height, we traced out the
best line we could discover for the next day's march, and had
at least the consolation to see that the mountain descended rap-
idly. The day had been ene of April — gusty, with a few oc-
casional flakes of snow — which, in the afternoon, enveloped
" the upper mountain in clouds. We watched them anxiously,
as now we dreaded a snow-storm. Shortly afterwards we
heard the roll of thunder, and, looking towards the valley,
found it enveloped in a thunder-storm. For us, as connected
with the idea of summer, it had a singular charm, and we
watched its progress with excited feelings until nearly sunset,
when the sky cleared off brightly, and we saw a shining line
of water directing .its course towards another, a broader and
larger sheet. We knew that these could be no other than the
Sacramento and the Bay of San Francisco ; but, after our long
wandering in rugged mountains, where so frequently we had
met with disappointments, and where the crossing of every
ridge displayed some unknown lake or river, we were yet al-
most afraid to believe that we were at last to escape into the
genial country of which we had heard so many glowing de-
scriptions, and dreaded to find some vast interior lake, whose
bitter waters would bring us disappointment. On the southern
shorn of what appeared to be the bay could be traced the
gloaming line where entered another large stream ; and again
the Buenaventura rose up in our minds.

Carson had entered the valley along the southern side of the
bay, and remembered perfectly to have crossed the mouth of a
very large stream, which they had been obliged to raft ; but
the country then was so cr tirely covered with water from snow
and rain, that he had beer ublo to form no correct impressions
of water -courses.

\Vc had the satisfaction to know that at least there were
people below. Fires were lit up in the valley just at night,
appearing 1f> be in answer to ours ; and these 'signs of li:
nexved, in some measure, the gavety of the camp. They ap-
peared so near, that we judged them to be among tbr timoci

404 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

of some of the neighboring ridges ; but, having them con-
stant]y in view day after day, and night after night, we after-
wards found them to be fires that had been kindled by the In-
clians among the tiilares, on the shore of the bay, 80 miles
distant.

Among the very few plants that appeared here, was the
common blue flax. To-night a mule was killed for food.

22d. — Our breakfast was over long before day. We took
advantage of the coolness of the early morning to get over the
snow, which to-day occurred in very deep banks among the
timber ; but we searched out the coldest places, and the ani-
mals passed successfully with their loads over the hard crust.
Now and then the delay of making a road occasioned much laboi
and loss of time. In the after part of the day, we saw before
us a handsome grassy ridge point ; and, making a desperate
push over a snow-field 10 to 15 feet deep, we happily succeed-
ed in getting the camp across, and encamped on the ridge,
after a march of three miles. We had again the prospect of
a thunder-storm below, and to-night we killed another mule —
now our only resource from starvation.

We satisfied ourselves during the day that the lake had an
outlet between two ranges on the right ; and with this, the
creek on which I had encamped probably effected a junction
below. Between these, we were descending.

We continued to enjoy the same delightful weather ; the
sky of the same beautiful blue, and such a si.'iset and sun-
rise as on our Atlantic coast we could scarcely imagine.
And here among the mountains, 9,000 feet above the sea, we
have the deep-blue sky and sunny climate of Smyrna and
Palermo, which a little map before me shows are in the same
latitude.

The elevation above the sea, by the boiling point, is 8,565
feet.

23d. — This was our most difficult day ; we were forced off
the ridges by the quantity of snow among the timber, and
obliged to take to the mountain sides, where occasionally rocks
and a southern exposure afforded us a chance to scramble
along. Rut these were steep, and slippery with snow r ad ice

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 405

and the tough evergreens of the mountain impeded our way,
tore our skins, and exhausted our patience. Some of u>
the misfortune to wear moccasins with parfl£che soles, so slip-
pery that we could not keep our feet, and generally crawled
across the snow-beds. Axes and mauls were necessary to-day,
to make a road through the snow. Going ahead with Carson
to reconnoitre the road, we reached in the afternoon the rivei
which made the outlet of the lake. Carson sprang over, clear
across a place where the stream was compressed among rocks,
but the parjlcche sole of my moccasin glanced from the icy
rock, and precipitated me into the river. It was some few
seconds before I could recover myself in the current, and
Carson, thinking me hurt, jumped in after me, and we both
had an icy bath. We tried to search awhile for my gun, which
had been lost in the fall, but the cold drove us out ; and mak-
ing a large fire on the bank, after we had partially dried our-
selves we went back to meet the camp. We afterwards found
that the gun had been slung unaer the ice which lined the
banks of the creek.

Using our old plan of breaking roads with alternate horses,
we reached the creek in the evening, and encamped on a dry
open place in the ravine.

Another branch, which we had followed, here comes in on
the left; and from this point the mountain wall, on which
we had traveled to-day, faces to the south along the right bank
of the river, where the sun appears to have melted the snow ;
but the opposite ridge is entirely covered. Here, among the
pinos, the hill-side produces but little grass — barely sufficient
to keep life in the animals. We had the pleasure to be rained
upon this afternoon ; and grass was now our greatest solicitude.
Many of the men looked badly; and some this evening were
giving out.

12 Hh. — We rose at three in the morning for an astronomical
observation, and obtained for the place a lat. of 38° 46X
long. 120° 34' 2()/x. The sky was clear and pure, with a
sharp wind from the northeast, and th^ thermomeiei '-' In-low
the freczinrr point.

We continued viown the south face of the mountain ; our road

406 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

leading over dry ground, we were able to avoid the snow al
most entirely. In the course of the morning, we struck a foot-
path, which we were generally able to keep ; and the ground waa
soft to our animals' feet, being sandy or covered with mould.
Green grass began to make its appearance, and occasionally
we passed a hill scatteringly covered with it. The character
of the forest continued the same ; and, among the trees, the
pine with sharp leaves and very large cones was abundant,
some of them being noble trees. We measured one that had
10 feet diameter, though the height was not more than 130
feet. All along, the river was a roaring torrent, its fall very
great ; and, descending with a rapidity to which we had long
been strangers, to our great pleasure oak-trees appeared on the
ridge, and soon became very frequent ; on these I remarked
great quantities of mistletoe. Rushes began to make their ap-
pearance ; and at a small creek where they were abundant,
one of the messes was left with the weakest horses, while we
continued on.

The opposite mountain-side was very steep and continuous —
unbroken by ravines, and covered with pines and snow ; wlvie
on the side we were traveling, innumerable rivulets poured
down from the ridge. Continuing on, we halted a moment at
one of these rivulets, to admire some beautiful evergreen-trees,
resembling live-oak, which shaded the little stream. They
were forty to fifty feet high, and two in diameter, with a uni-
form tufted top ; and the summer green of their beautiful
foliage, with the singing birds, and the swe-et summer \yind
wnich was whirling about the dry oak leaves, nearly intoxicated
us with delight ; and we hurried on, filled with excitement, to
escape entirely from the horrid region of inhospitable snow; to
the perpetual spring of the Sacramento.

When we had traveled about ten miles, the valley opened a
tittle to an oak and pine bottom, through which ran rivulets
closely bordered with rushes, on which our half-starved horses
foil with avidity ; and here we made our encampment. Here
the roaring torrent has already become a river, and we had
descended to an elevation of 3,864 feet.

Along our road to-day the rock was a white granite, wmch

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 407

appears to constitute the upper part of the mountains on both
the eastern and western slopes ; while between, the central is
a volcanic rock.

Another horse was killed to-night, for food.

25th. — Believing that the difficulties of the road were passed,
and leaving Mr. Fitzpatrick to follow slowly, as the condition
of the animals required, I started ahead this morning with a
oarty of eight, consisting of myself, Mr. Preuss and Mr. Tal-
bot, Carson, Derosier, Towns, Proue, and Jacob. We took with
us some of the best animals, and my intention was to proceed
as rapidly as possible to the house of Mr. Sutter, and return
to meet the party with a supply of provisions and fresh ani-
mals.

Continuing down the river, which pursued a very direct
westerly course through a narrow valley, with only a very
slight and narrow bottom-land, we made twelve miles, and en-
camped at some old Indian huts, apparently a fishing-place on
the river. The bottom was covered with trees of deciduous
foliage, and overgrown with vines and rushes. On a bench of
the hill near by, was a hill of fresh green grass, six inches
long in some of the tufts which I had the curiosity to measure.
The animals were driven here ; and I spent part of the after-
noon sitting on a large rock among them, enjoying the pause-
less rapidity with which they luxuriated on the unaccustomed
food.

The forest was imposing to-day in the magnificence of the
trees ; some of the pines, bearing large cones, were 10 feet in
diameter. Cedars also abounded, and we measured one 28£
feet in circumference, four feet from the ground. This noble
tree seemed here to be in its proper soil and climate. We
found it on both sides of the Sierra, but most abundant on the
west.

26th* — We continued to follow tne stream, the mountains on
either hand increasing in height as we descended, and shutting
vip the river narrowly in precipices, along which we had great
lifficulty to get our horses.

It rained heavily during the afternoon, and we were forced
off the nver to the heights above ; whence we descended, at

408 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

night-fall, the point of a spur between the river and a fork of
nearly equal size, coming in from the right. Here we saw, on
the lower hills, the first flowers in bloom, which occurred sud-
denly, and in considerable quantity — one of them a species of
gilia.

The current in both streams (rather torrents than rivers)
was broken by large boulders. It was late, and the animals
fatigued ; and not succeeding to find a ford immediately, we
encamped, although the hill-side afforded but a few stray
bunches of grass, and the horses, standing about in the rain,
looked very miserable.

27th. — We succeeded in fording the stream, and made a
trail by which we crossed the point of the opposite hill, which,
on the southern exposure, was prettily covered with green
grass, and we halted a mile from our last encampment. The
river was only about 60 feet wide, but rapid, and occasionally
deep, foaming among boulders, and the water beautifully clear.
We encamped on the hill-slope, as there was no bottom level,
and the opposite ridge is continuous, affording no streams.

We had with us a large kettle ; and a mule being killed
here, his head was boiled in it for several hours, and made a
passable soup for famished people.

Below, precipices on the river forced us to the heights, which
we ascended by a steep spur 2,000 feet high. My favorite
horse, Proveau, had become very weak, and was scarcely able
to bring himself to the top. Traveling here was good, except
in crossing the ravines, which were narrow, steep, and frequent.
We caught a glimpse of a deer, the first animal we had seen ;
but did not succeed in approaching him. Proveau could not
keep up, and I left Jacob to bring him on, being obliged to
press forward with the party, as there was no grass in the
forest. We grew very anxious as the day advanced and no
grass appeared, for the lives of our animals depended on find-
ing it to-night. They were in just such a condition that grass
and repose for the night enabled them to get on the next day.
Every hour we had been expecting to see open out before us
the valley, which, from the mountain above, seemed almost at
our feet. A new and singular shrub, which had made its ap«

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. iOE

pearance since crossing the mountain, was very frequent to-
day. It branched out near the ground, forming a clump eight
to ten feet high, with pale-green leaves, of an oval form ; and
the body and blanches had a naked appearance, as if stripped
of the bark, which is very smooth and thin, of a chocolate
color, contrasting well with the pale green of the leaves. The
day was nearly gone ; we had made a hard day's march, and
found no grass. Towns became light-headed, wandering off
into the woods without knowing where he was going, and Jacob
brought him back.

Neai night-fall we descended into the steep ravine of a hand-
some creek 30 feet wide, and I was engaged in getting the
horses up the opposite hill, when I heard a shout from Carson,
who had gone ahead a few hundred yards — " Life yet," said
he, as he came up, " life yet ; I have found a hill-side sprinkled
with grass enough for the night." We drove along our horses,
and encamped at the place about dark, and there was just room
enough to make a place for shelter on the edge of the stream.
Three horses were lost to-day — Proveau ; a fine young horse
from the Columbia, belonging to Charles Towns ; and another
Indian horse, which carried our cooking utensils. The two
former gave out, and the latter strayed off into the woods as
we reached the camp.

29th. — We lay shut up in the narrow ravine, and gave the
animals a necessary day ; and men were sent back after tho
others. Derosier volunteered to bring up Proveau, to whom
he knew I was greatly attached, as he had been my favorite
horse on bofh expeditions. Carson and I climbed one of the
nearest moumains ; the forest land still extended ahead, and
the vtalley appeared as far as ever. The pack-horse was found
near the carnp ; but Derosier did not get in.

MARCH.

1st. — Derosier did not gee in during the night, and leaving
him to follow, as no grass remained here, we continued on ovfef

410 COL. FREMONT'S NALIRATIVE OF

the uplands, crossing many small streams, and camped again
on the river, having made six miles. Here we found the hill-
side covered (although lightly) with fresh green grass ; and
from this time forward we found it always improving and abun-
dant.

We made a pleasant camp on the river .hill, where were
some beautiful specimens of the chocolate-colored shrub, which
were a foot in diameter near the ground, and fifteen to twenty
feet high. The opposite ridge runs continuously along, un-
broken by streams. We are rapidly descending into the spring,
and we are leaving our snowy region far behind ; every
thing is getting green ; butterflies are swarming ; numerous
bugs are creeping out, wakened from their winter's sleep ;
and the forest flowers are coming into bloom. Among those
which appeared most numerously to-day was dodecatkeon den-
tatum.

We began to be uneasy at Derosier's absence, fearing he
might have been bewildered in the woods. Charles Towns,
who had not yet recovered his mind, went to swim in the
river, as if it were summer, and the stream placid, when it
was a cold mountain torrent foaming among the rocks. We
were happy to see Derosier appear in the evening. He came
in, and, sitting down by the fire, began to tell us where he
had been. He imagined he had been gone several days, and
thought we were still at the camp where he had left us ; and
we were pained' to see that his mind was deranged. It ap-
peared that he had been lost in the mountain, and hunger and
fatigue, joined to weakness of body and fear of perishing in
the mountains, had crazed him. The times were severe when
stout men lost their minds from extremity of suffering — when
horses died — and when mules and horses, ready to die of starv-
ation, were killed for food. Yet there was no murmur.ng or
hesitation.

A short distance below our encampment the river moun-
tains terminated in precipices, and, after a fatiguing march of
only a few miles, we encamped on a bench where there were
springs, and an abundance of the freshest grass. In the mean
lime, Mr. Preuss continued on down the river, and, unaware

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 411

that we had encamped so early in the day, was lost. When
ni^ht arrived, and he did not come in, we began to understand
what i id happened to him; but it was too late. to make any
search.

3d. — We followed Mr. Preuss' trail for a considerable dis-
tance along the river, until we reached a place where he had
descended U the stream below and encamped. Here we
shouted and hred guns, but received no answer ; and we con-
cluded that he had pushed on down the stream. I determined
to keep out from the river, along which it was nearly imprac
ticable to travel with animals, until it should form a valley.
At every step the country improved in beauty ; the pines
were rapidly disappearing, and oaks became the principal
trees of the forest. Among these, the prevailing tree was
the evergreen oak, (which, by way of distinction, we call the
live-oak ;) and with these occurred frequently a new species ol
oak bearing a long slender acorn, from an inch to an inch and a
half in length, which we now began to see formed the principal
vegetable food of the inhabitants of this region. In a short dis-
tance we crossed a little rivulet, where were two old huts, and
near by were heaps of acorn hulls. The ground round about
was very rich, covered with an exuberant sward of grass ; and
we sat down for a while in the shade of the oaks, to let the
animals feed. We repeated our shouts for Mr. Preuss ; and
this time were gratified with an answer. The voice grew
rapidly nearer, ascending from the river ; but when we ex-
pected to see him emerge, it ceased entirely. We had called
up some straggling Indian — the first we had met, although for
two days back we had seen tracks — who, mistaking us for his
fellows, had been only undeceived on getting close up. It
would have been pleasant to witness his astonishment ; he
would not have been more frightened had some of the old
mountain spirits they are so much afraid of suddenly appeared
in his path. Ignorant of the character of these people, we had
now an additional cause of uneasiness in regard to Mr. Preuss;
ne had no arms with him, and we began to think his chance
doubtful. We followed on a trail, still keeping out from the
river, and descended to a very large creek, dashing with greal

4 IS COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

velocity over a pre-eminently rocky bed, and among large boul-
ders. The bed had sudden breaks, formed by deep holes and
ledges of rock running across. Even here, it deserves the
name of Rock creek, which we gave to it. We succeeded in
fording it, and toiled about three thousand feet up the opposite
hill. The mountains now were getting sensibly lower ; but still
there is no valley on the river, which presents steep and rocky
banks ; but here, several miles from the river, the country is
smooth and grassy ; the forest has no undergrowth ; and in
the open valleys of rivulets, or around spring-heads, the low
groves of live-oak give the appearance of orchards in an old
cultivated country. Occasionally we met deer, but had not.
the necessary time for hunting. At one of these orchard-
grounds, we encamped about noon to make an effort for Mr.
Preuss. One man took his way along a spur leading into
the river, in hope to cross his trail ; and another took our own
back. Both were volunteers; and to the successful man was
promised a pair of pistols — not as a reward, but as a token
of gratitude for a service which would free us all from muc-h
anxiety.

We had among our few animals a horse which was so
much reduced, that, with traveling, even the good grass could
not save him ; and, having nothing to eat, he was killed this
afternoon. He was a good animal, and had made the journey
round from Fort Hall.

Dodecatlieon dentatum continued the characteristic plant in
flower ; and the naked-looking shrub already mentioned con-
tinued characteristic, beginning to put forth a small white blos-
som. At evening the men returned, having seen or heard
nothing of Mr. Preuss ; and I determined to make a hard push
down the river the next morning and get ahead of him.

4th. — We continued rapidly along on a broad plainly-beaten
trail, the mere traveling and breathing the delightful air being
a positive enjoyment. Our road led along a ridge inclining to
the river, and the air and the open grounds were fragrant with
flowering shrubs ; and in the course of the morning we issued
on an open spur, by which we descended directly to the stream.
Here the river issues suddenly from the mountains, which

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 413

hitherto had hemmed it closely in ; these now become softer,
and change sensibly their character ; and at this point com-
mences the most beautiful valley in which we had ever traveled.
We hurried to the river, on which we noticed a small sand
beach, to which Mr. Preuss would naturally have gone. We
found no trace of him, but, instead, were recent tracks of bare-
footed Indians, and little piles of muscle-shells, and old fi.
where they had roasted the fish. We traveled on over th .
river grounds, which were undulating, and covered with grass
to the river brink. We halted to noon a few miles beyond,
always under the shade of the evergreen oaks, which formed
open groves on the bottoms.

Continuing our road in the afternoon, we ascended to the
uplands, where the river passes round a point of great beau-
ty, and goes through very remarkable dalles, in character re-
sembling those of the Columbia. Beyond, we again descended
to the bottoms, where we found an Indian village, consisting
of two or three huts ; we had come upon them suddenly, and
the people had evidently just run off. The huts were low and
slight, made like beehives in a picture, five or six feet high,
and near each was a crate, formed of interlaced branches and
grass, in size and shape like a very large hogshead. Each of
these contained from six to nine bushels. .These were filled
with the long acorns already mentioned, and in the huts were
several neatly-made baskets, containing quantities of the acorns
roasted. They were sweet and agreeably flavored, and we
supplied ourselves with about half a bushel, leaving one of our
shirts, a handkerchief, and some smaller articles, in exchange.
The river again entered for a space among the hills, and we
followed a trail leading across a bend through a handsome hol-
low behind. Here, while engaged in trying to circumvent a
deer, we discovered some Indians on a hill several hundred
yards ahead, and gave them a shout, to which they responded
by loud and rapid talking and vehement gesticulation, but made
no stop, hurrying up the mountain as fast as their legs could
carry them. We passed on, and again encamped in a grassy
grove.

The absence of Mr. Preuss gave me great concern ; and.

414 COL. FREMONT'S NAUHATIVE OF

for a Jarge reward, Derosier volunteered to go back on the trail
I directed him to search along the river, traveling upward for
the space of a day and a half, at which time I expected he
would meet Mr. Fitzpatrick, whom I requested to aid in the
search ; at all events, he was to go no farther, but return to
this camp, where a cache of provisions was made for him.

Continuing the next day down the river, we discovered three
squaws in a little bottom, and surrounded them before they
could make their escape. They had large conical baskets,
which they were engaged in filling with a small leafy plant
(erodium cicutarium) just now beginning to bloom, and covering
the ground like a sward of grass. These did not make any
lamentations, but appeared -very much impressed with our ap-
pearance, speaking to us only in a whisper, and offering us
smaller baskets of the plant, which they signified to us was
good to eat, making signs also that it was to be cooked by the
fire. We drew out a little cold horse-meat, and the squaws
made signs to us that the men had gone out after deer, and that
we could have some by waiting till they carne in. We ob-
served that the horses ate with great avidity the herb which
they had been gathering; and here also, for the first time,
we saw Indians eat the common grass — one of the squaws
pulling several tufts, and eating it with apparent relish. See-
ing our surprise, she pointed to the horses ; but we could not
well understand what she meant, except, perhaps, that what
was good for the one was good for the other.

We encamped in the evening on the shore of the river, at a
place where the associated beauties of scenery made so strong
an impression on us that we gave it the name of the Beautiful
Camp. The undulating river shore was shaded with the live-
oaks, which formed a continuous grove over the country, and
the same grassy sward extended to the edge of the water, and
we made our fires near some large granite masses which were
lying among the trees. We had seen several of the acorn
caches during the day, and here there were two which were
very large, containing each, probably, ten bushels. Towards
evening we heard a weak shout among the hills behind, and
had the pleasure to see Mr. Preuss descending towards the

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 415

camp. Like ourselves, he had traveled to-day 25 miles, but
had seen nothing of Derosier. Knowing, on the day he was lost,
that I was determined to keep the river as much as possible, he
had not thought it necessary to follow the trail very closely, but
walked on, right and left, certain to find it somewhere along
the river, searching places to obtain good views of the coun-
try. Towards sunset he climbed down towards the river to
look for the camp ; but, finding no trail, concluded that we
were behind, and walked back till night came on, when, being
very much fatigued, he collected drift-wood and made a large
fire among the rocks. The next day it became more serious
and he encamped again alone, thinking that we must hav«
taken some other course. To go back would have been mad
ness in his weuk and starved condition, and onward towards
the valley was his only hope, always in expectation of reach-
ing it soon. His principal means of subsistence were a few
roots, which the hunters call sweet onions, having very little
taste, but a good deal of nutriment, growing generally in
rocky ground, and requiring a good deal of labor to get, as he
had only a pocket-knife. Searching for these, he found a nest
of big ants, which he let run on his hand, and stripped them
off in his mouth ; these had an agreeable acid taste. One of
his greatest privations was the want of tobacco ; and a pleas-
ant smoke at evening would have been a relief which only a
voyageur could appreciate. He tried the dried leaves of the
live-oak, knowing that those of other oaks were sometimes
used as a substitute ; but these were too thick, and would not
do. On the 4th he made seven or eight miles, walking slowly
along the river, avoiding as much as possible to climb the hills.
In little pools he caught some of the smallest kind of frogs,
which he swallowed, not so much in the gratification of hun-
ger, as in the hope of obtaining some strength. Scattered along
the river were old fire-places, where the Indians had roasted
muscles and acorns ; but though he searched diligently, he did
not there succeed in finding either. He had collected firewood
for the night, when he heard, at some distance from the river,
the barking of what he thought were two dogs, and walked ic
that direction aa quickly as he was ablo, hoping to find there

416 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

some Indian hut, but met only two wolves ; and, in his disap-
pointment, the gloom of the forest was doubled.

Traveling the next day feebly down the river, he found five
or six Indians at the huts of which we j»ave spoken : some
were painting themselves black, and others roasting acorns.
Being only one man, they did not run off, but received him
kindly, and gave him a welcome supply of roasted acorns.
He gave them his pocket-knife in return, and stretched out his
hand to one of the Indians, who did not appear to comprehend
the motion, but jumped back, as if he thought he was about to
lay hold of him. They seemed afraid of him, not certain as
to what he was.

Traveling on, he came to the place where we had found the
squaws. Here he found our fire still burning, and the tracks
of the horses. The sight gave him sudden hope and courage ;
and, following as fast as he could, joined us at evening.

6th. — We continued on our road through the same surpass-
ingly beautiful country, entirely unequalled for the pasturage
of stock by any thing we had ever seen. Our horses had now
become so strong that they were able to carry us, and we
traveled rapidly — over four miles an hour ; four of us riding
every alternate hour. Every few hundred yards we came
upon a little band of deer ; but we were too eager to reach the
settlement, which we momentarily expected to discover, to halt
for any other than a passing shot. In a few hours we reached
a large fork, the northern branch of the river, and equal in
size to that which we had descended. Together they formed
a beautiful stream, 60 to 100 yards wide; which at first, igno-
rant of the nature of the country through which that river ran,
we took to be the Sacramento.

We continued down the right bank of the river, traveling for
a while over a wooded upland, where we had the delight to
discover tracks of cattle. To the southwest was visible a black
column of smoke, which we had frequenth noticed in descend-
ing, arising from the fires we had see a from the top of the
Sierra. From the upland we descendpti into broad groves on
the river, consisting of the evergreen, and a new species of a
white-oak, with 0. large tufted top, and three to six feet in diam-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 417

eter. Among these was no brushwood ; and the grassy sur-
face gave to it the appearance of parks in an old-settled coun-
try. Following the tracks of the horses and cattle, in search
of people, we discovered a small village of Indians. Some of
these had on shirts of civilized manufacture, but were other-
wise naked, and we could understand nothing from them : they
appeared entirely astonished at seeing us.

We made an acorn meal at noon, and hurried on ; the val-
ley being gay with flowers, and some of the banks being abso-
lutely golden with the Californian poppy, (eschescholtzia crocea.)
Here the grass was smooth and green, and the groves very open ;
the large oaks throwing a broad shade among sunny spots.
Shortly afterwards we gave a shout at the appearance, on a
little bluff, of a neatly-built adobe house, with glass windows.
We rode up, but, to our disappointment, found only Indians.
There was no appearance of cultivation, and we could see no
cattle ; and we supposed the place had been abandoned. We
now pressed on more eagerly than ever : the river swept round
a large bend to the right ; the hills lowered down entirely ;
and, gradually entering a broad valley, we came unexpectedly
into a large Indian village, where the people looked clean, and
wore cotton shirts and various other articles of dress. They
immediately crowded around us, and we had the inexpressible
delight to find one who spoke a little indifferent Spanish, but
who at first confounded us by saying there were no whites in
the country ; but just then a well-dressed Indian came up, and
made his salutations in very well-spoken Spanish. In answer
to our inquiries, he informed us that we were upon the Rio de
Jos Americanos, (the river of the Americans,) and that it joined
the Sacramento river about ten miles below. Never did a name
sound more sweetly ! We felt ourselves among our country-
men ; for the name of American, in these distant parts, is ap-
plied to the citizens of the United States. To our eager inqui-
ries he answered, " I am a vaquero (cowherd) in the service of
Capt. Sutler, and the people of this rancheria work for him. "
Our evident satisfaction made him communicative; and he
\veiit on to say that Capt. Sutter was a very rich man, and al-
ways glad to see his country people. We asked for his

418 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

He answered, that it was just over the hill before us ; and
offered, if we would wait a moment, to take his horse and con-
duct us to it. We readily accepted this civil offer. In a short
distance we came in sight of the fort ; and, passing on the way
the house o.f a settler on the opposite side, (a Mr. Sinclair,) we
forded the river • and in a few miles were met, a short distance
from the fort, by Capt. Sutter himself. He gave us a most
frank and cordial reception — conducted us immediately to his
residence — and under his hospitable roof we had a night of
rest, enjoyment, and refreshment, which none but ourselves
could appreciate. But the party left in the mountains, with
Mr. Fitzpatrick, were to be attended to ; and the next morning,
supplied with fresh horses and provisions, I hurried off to meet
them. On the second day we met, a few miles below the forks
of the Rio de los Americanos ; and a more forlorn and pitiable
sight than they presented, cannot well be imagined. They
were all on foot — each man, weak and emaciated, leading a
horse or mule as weak and emaciated as themselves. Thoy
had experienced great difficulty in descending the mountains,
made slippery by rains and melting snows, and many horses
fell over precipices, and were killed ; and with some were lost
the packs they carried. Among these, was a mule with the
plants which we had collected since leaving Fort Hall, along
a line of 2,000 miles' travel. Out of 67 horses and mules,
with which we commenced crossing the Sierra, only 33 reached
the valley of the Sacramento, and they only in a condition to
be led along. Mr. Fitzpatrick and his party, traveling more
slowly, had been able to make some little exertion at hunting,
and had killed a few deer. The scanty supply was a great
relief to them ; for several had been made sick by the strange
and unwholesome food which the preservation of life compelled
them to use. We stopped and encamped as soon as we met ;
and a repast of good beef, excellent bread, and delicious salmon,
which I had brought along, was their first relief from the suf-
ferings of the Sierra, and their first introduction to the luxuries
of the Sacramento. It required all our philosophy and for-
bearance to prevent pleniy from becoming as hurtfjl to us now,
^s scarcity had been

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 1 I'-J

The next day, March 8th, we encamped at the junction of
the two rivers, the Sacramento and Americanos ; and thus
found the whole party in the beautiful valley of the Sacramento.
It was a convenient place for the camp ; and, among other
things, was within reach of the wood necessary to make the pack-
saddles, which we should need on our long journey home, from
which we were farther distant now than we were four months
before, when from the Dalles of the Columbia we so cheerfully
took up the homeward line of march.

Captain Sutter emigrated to this country from the western
part of Missouri in 1838-39, and formed the first settlement in
the valley, on a large grant of land which he obtained from
the Mexican Government. He had, at first, some trouble with
the Indians ; but, by the occasional exercise of well-timed
authority, he has succeeded in converting them into a peaceable
and industrious people. The ditches around his extensive
wheat-fields ; the making of the sun-dried bricks, of which his
fort is constructed ; the ploughing, harrowing, and other agri-
cultural operations, are entirely the work of these Indians, for
which they receive a very moderate compensation — principally
in shirts, blankets, and other articles of clothing. In the same
manner, on application to the chief of a village, he readily ob-
tains as many boys and girls as he has any use for. There
were at this time a number of girls at the fort, in training for
a future woolen factory ; but they were now all busily en-
gaged in constantly watering the gardens, which the unfavora-
ble dryness of the season rendered necessary. The occasional
dryness of some seasons, I understood to be the only complain
of the settlers in this fertile valley, as it sometimes renders the
crops uncertain. Mr. Sutter was about making arrangements
to irrigate his lands by means of the Rio de los Americanos.
He had this year sown, and altogether by Indian labor, three
hundred fanegas of wheat.

A few years since, the neighboring Russian establishment
of Ross, being about to withdraw from the counjtry, sold to him
a large number of stock, with agricultural and other stores,
with a number of pieces of artillery and other munitions ol
*ar; for those, a regular yearly payment is made in grain

420 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

The fort is a quadrangular adobe structure, mounting twelve
pieces of artillery, (two of them brass,) and capable of ad-
mitting a garrison of a thousand men ; this, at present, con-
sists of forty Indians in uniform — one of whom was always
found on duty at the gate. As might naturally be expected,
the pieces are not in very good order. The whites in thu
employment of Capt. Sutter, American, French, and German,
amount, perhaps, to thirty men. The inner wall is formed
into buildings, comprising the common quarters, with black-
smith and otiier workshops ; the dwelling-house, with a large
distillery-house, and other buildings, occupying more the centre
of the area.

It is built upon a pond-like stream, at times a running creek
communicating with the Rio de los Americanos, which enters
the Sacramento about two miles below. The latter is here a
noble river, about three hundred yards broad, deep and tran-
quil, with several fathoms of water in the channel, and its
banks continuously timbered. There were two vessels be-
longing to Capt. Sutter at anchor near the landing — one a
large two-masted lighter, and the other a schooner, which was
shortly to proceed on a voyage to Fort Vancouver for a cargo
of goods.

Since his arrival, several other persons, principally Ameri-
cans, have established themselves in the valley. Mr. Sinclair,
from whom I experienced much kindness during my stay, is
settled a few miles distant, on the Rio de los Americanos. Mr.
Coudrois, a gentleman from Germany, has established himself
on Feather river, and is associated with Capt. Sutter in agri-
cultural pursuits. Among other improvements, they are about
to introduce the cultivation of rape-seed, (brassica rapus,) which
there is every reason to believe is admirably adapted to the
climate and soil. The lowest average produce of wheat, as
far as we can at present know, is thirty-five fanegas for one
sown ; but, as an instance of its fertility, it may be mentioned
that Senior Valejo obtained, on a piece of ground where sheep
had been pastured, 800 fanegas for eight sown. The produce
being different im 'arious places, a very correc* idea cannot be
formed.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 421

An impetus was given to the active little population by our
arrival, as we were in want nf every thing. Mules, horses,
and cattle, were to be collected ; the horse-mill was at work
day and night, to make sufficient flour ; the blacksmith's shop
was put in requisition for horse-shoes and bridle-bits; and
pack-saddles, ropes, and bridles, and all the other little equip-
ments of the camp, were again to be provided.

The delay thus occasioned was one of repose and enjoyment,
which our situation required, and, anxious as we were to re-
sume our homeward journey, was regretted by no one. In the
mean time, I had the pleasure to meet with Mr. Chiles, who
was residing at a farm on the other side of the river Sacramen-
to, while engaged in the selection of a place for a settlement,
for which he had received the necessary grant of land from the
Mexican government.

It will be remembered that we had parted near the frontier
of the states, and that he had subsequently descended the val
ley of Lewis's fork, with a party of ten or twelve men, with
the intention of crossing the intermediate mountains to the
waters of the Boy of San Francisco. In the execution of this
design, and aided by subsequent information, he left the Co-
lumbia at the mouth of Malheur river, and, making his way to
the head-waters of the Sacramento with a part of his company,
traveled down that river to the settlements of Nueva Helvetia.
The other party, to whom he had committed his wagons, and
mill-irons, and saws, took a course further to the south, and the
wagons and their contents were lost.

On the 22d we made a preparatory move, and encamped
near the settlement of Mr. Sinclair, on the left bank of the Ric
de los Americanos. I had discharged five of the partv ; Neal.
the blacksmith, (an excellent workman, and an unmarried
man, who had done his duty faithfully, and had been of very
great service to me,) desired to remain, as strong inducements
were offered here to mechanics.

Although at considerable inconvenience to myself, his good
conduct induced me to comply with his request ; and I ob-
iained for him from Capt. Sutler, a present compensation of
two dollars and a half per dieru, with a promise that it should

422 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

be increased to five, if he proved as good a workman as had
been represented. He was more particularly an agricultural
blacksmith. The other men were discharged with their own
consent.

While we remained at this place, Derosier, one of our besi
men, whose steady good conduct had won my regard, wander,
ed off from the camp, and never returned to it again, nor has
he since been heard of.

24th. — We resumed our journey with an ample stock of
provisions and a large cavalcade of animals, consisting of 130
horses and mules, and about 80 head of cattle, five of which
were milch-cows. Mr. Sutler furnished us also with an Indian
boy, who had been trained as a vaquero, and who would be
serviceable in managing our cavalcade, great part of which
were nearly as wild as buffalo, and who was, besides, very anx-
ious to go along with us. Our direct course home was east, but
the Sierra would force us south, above 500 miles of traveling,
to a pass at the head of the San Joaquin river. This pass, re-
ported to be good, was discovered by Mr. Joseph Walker, of
whom I have already spoken, and whose name it might there-
fore appropriately bear. To reach it, our course lay along the
valley of the San Joaquin — the river on our right, and the lofty
wall of the impassable Sierra on the left. From that pass we
were to move southeastwardly, having the Sierra then on the
right, and reach the " Spanish trail" deviously traced from one
watering-place to another, which constituted the route of the
caravans from Puebla de los Angelas, near the coast of the
Pacific, to Sa?ita Fe of New Mexico. From the pass to this
trail was 150 miles. Following that trail through a desert,
relieved by some fertile plains indicated by the recurrence of
the term vegas, until it turned to the right to cross the Colorado,
our course would be northeast until we regained the latitude
we had lost in arriving at Eutah lake, and thence to the Rocky
mountains at the head of the Arkansas. This course of trav-
eling, forced upon us by the structure of the country, would
occupy a computed distance of 2.000 miles before we reached
the head of the Arkansas — not a settlement to be seen upon
it — and the names of places along it, all be'r»g Spanish or In-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS.

dian, indicated that it had been but little trod by American feet.
Though long, and not free from hardships, this route presented
some points of attraction, in tracing the Sierra Nevada — turn-
ing the Great Basin, perhaps crossing its rim on the south —
completely solving the problem of any river, except the Colo-
rado, from the Rocky mountains on that part of our continent
— and set ing the southern extremity of the Great Salt lake, of
which the northern part had been examined the year before.

Taking leave of Mr. Sutter, who, with several gentlemen,
accompanied us a few miles on our way, we traveled about 18
miles, and encamped on the Rio de los Cosumnes, a stream re-
ceiving its name from the Indians who live in its valley. Our
road was through a level country, admirably suited to cultiva-
tion, and covered with groves of oak-trees, principally the
evergreen-oak, and a large oak already mentioned, in form like
those of the white-oak. The weather, which here, at this sea-
son, can easily be changed from the summer heat of the valley
to the frosty mornings and bright days nearer the mountains,
continued delightful for travelers, but unfavorable to the agri-
culturists, whose crops of wheat began to wear a yellow tinge
from want of rain.

25th. — We traveled for 28 miles over the same delightful
country as yesterday, and halted in a beautiful bottom at the
ford of the Rio de los Mukelemnes, receiving its name from an-
other Indian tribe living on the river. The bottoms on the
stream are broad, rich, and extremely fertile, and the uplands
are shaded with oak groves. A showy lupinus, of extraordi-
nary beauty, growing four to five feet in height, and covered
with spikes in bloom, adorned the banks of the river, and filled
the air with a light and grateful perfume.

On the 26th we halted at the Arroyo de las Calaveras, (Skull
creek,) a tributary to the San Joaquin — the previous two
streams entering the bay between the San Joaquin and Sacra-
mento rivers. This place is beautiful, with open groves of
oak, and a grassy sward beneath, with many plants in bloom,
some varieties of which seem to love the shade of the trees,
and grow there in close small fields. Near the river, and re-
olacing the grass, are great quantities of ammo/e, (soap plan!,)

4124 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the leaves of which are used in California for making, among
other things, mats for saddle-cloths. A vine with a small white
flower, (melothria ?) called here la yerba buena, and which,
from its abundance, gives name to an island and town in the
bay, was to-day very frequent on our road — sometimes running
on the ground or climbing the trees.

27th — To-day we traveled steadily and rapidly up the val-
ley ; for, with our wild animals, any other gait was impossi-
ble, and making about five miles an hour. During the earlier
part of the day, our ride had been over a very level prairie, or
rather a succession of long stretches of prairie, separated by
lines and groves of oak timber, growing along dry gullies,
which are filled with water in seasons of rain ; and, perhaps,
also, by the melting snows. Over much of this extent, the
vegetation was sparse ; the surface showing plainly the action
of water, which, in the season of flood, the Joaquin spreads
over the valley. About one o'clock we came again among
innumerable flowers ; and a few miles further, fields of the
oeautiful blue-flowering lupine, which seems to love the neigh-
borhood of water, indicated that we were approaching a stream.
We here found this beautiful shrub in thickets, some of them
being 12 feet in height. Occasionally three or four plants
were clustered together, forming a grand bouquet, about 90
feet in circumference, and 10 feet high ; the whole summit
covered with spikes of flowers, the perfume of which is very-
sweet and grateful. A lover of natural beauty can imagine
with what pleasure we rode among these flowering groves,
which filled the air with a light and delicate fragrance. We
continued our road for about a half a mile, interspersed through
an open grove of live-oaks, which, in form, were the most sym-
metrical and beautiful we had yet seen in this country. The
ends of their branches rested on the ground, forming somewhat
more than a half sphere of very full and regular figure, with
leaves apparently s'maller than usual.

The Californian poppy, of a rich orange color, was numerous
to-day. Elk and several bands of antelope made their appearance.

Our road was now one continued enjoyment; and it was

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 425

pleasant riding among this assemblage of green pastures with
varied flowers and scattered groves, and out of the warm green
spring to look at the rocky and snowy peaks where lately we
had suffered so much. Emerging from the timber, we camo
suddenly upon the Stanislaus river, where we hoped to find
a ford, but the stream was flowing by, dark and deep, swol-
len by the mountain snows ; its general breadth was about 50
yards.

We traveled about five miles up the river, and encamped
without being able to find a ford. Here we made a large
coral, in order to be able to catch a sufficient number of our
wild animals to relieve those previously packed.

Under the shade of the oaks, along the river, I noticed ero-
dium cicutarium in bloom, eight or ten inches high. This is
the plant which we had seen the squaws gathering on the Rio
de los Americanos. By the inhabitants of the valley it is
highly esteemed for fattening cattle, which appear to be very
fond of it. Here, where the soil begins to be sandy, it supplies
to a considerable extent the want of grass.

Desirous, as far as possible, without delay, to include in our
examination the San Joaquin river, I returned this morning
down the Stanislaus for 17 miles, and again encamped without
having found a fording-place. After following it for eight
miles further the next morning, and finding ourselves in the
vicinity of the San Joaquin, encamped in a handsome oak grove,
and, several cattle being killed, we ferried over our baggage
in their skins. Here our Indian boy, who probably had not
much idea of where he was going, and began to be alarmed at
the many streams which we were rapidly putting between him
and the village, deserted.

Thirteen head of cattle took a sudden fright, while we were
driving them across the river, and galloped off. I remained &
day in the endeavor to recover them ; but, finding they had
taken the trail back to the fort, let them go without further ef-
fort. Here we had several days of warm and pleasant rain,
which doubtless saved the crops below.

426 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

APRIL.

On the 1st of April, we made 10 miles acioss a prairie with-
out timber, when we were stopped again by another large
river, which is called the Rio de la Merced, (river of our Lady
of Mercy.) Here the country had lost its character of ex-
treme fertility, the soil having become more sandy and light ;
but, for several days past, its beauty had been increased by
the additional animation of animal life; and now, it is crowded
with bands of elk and wild horses ; and along the rivers are
frequent fresh tracks of grizzly bear, which are unusually
numerous in this country.

Our route had been along the timber of the San Joaquin,
generally about eight miles distant, over a high prairie.

In one of the bands of elk seen to-day, there were about 200 ;
but the larger bands, both of these and wild horses, are gener-
ally found on the other side of the river, which, for that rea-
son, I avoided crossing. I had been informed below, that the
droves of wild horses were almost invariably found on the
western bank of the river ; and the danger -of losing our ani-
mals among them, together with the wish of adding to our
reconnoissance the numerous streams which run down from the
Sierra, decided me to travel up the eastern bank.

2d. — The day was occupied in building a boat, and ferrying
our baggage across the river ; and we encamped on the bank.
A large fishing eagle was slowly sailing along, looking after
salmon ; and there were some pretty birds in the timber, with
partridges, ducks and geese innumerable in the neighborhood.
We were struck with the tameness of the latter bird at Helve-
tia, scattered about in flocks near the wheat-fields, and eating
grass on the prairie ; a horseman would ride by within 30
yards, without disturbing them.

3d. — To-day we touched several times the San Joaquin riv-
er— here a fine-looking tranquil stream, with a slight current,
and apparently deep. It resembled the Missouri in color, with
occasional points of white sand ; and its banks, where steep,
were a kind of sandy clay ; its average width appeared to be

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 427

about eighty yards. In the bottoms are frequent ponds, where
our approach disturbed multitudes of wild fowl, principally
geese. Skirting along the timber, we frequently stalled elk;
and large bands were seen during the day, with antelope and
wild horses. The low country and the timber rendered it diffi-
cult to keep the main line of the river; and this evening we
encamped on a tributary stream, about five miles from its
mouth. On the prairie bordering the San Joaquin bottoms,
there occurred during the day but little grass, and in its place
was a sparse and dwarf growth of plants ; the soil being sandy,
with small bare places and hillocks, reminded me much of the
Platte bottoms; but, on approaching the timber, we found a more
luxuriant vegetation, and at our camp was an abundance of
grass and pea-vines.

The foliage of the oak is getting darker ; and every thing,
except that the weather is a little cool, shows that spring
is rapidly advancing ; and to-day we had quite a summer
rain.

4th. — Commenced to rain at daylight, but cleared off brightly
at sunrise. We Ferried the river without any difficulty, and
continued up the San Joaquin. Elk were running in bands
over the prairie and in the skirt of the timber. We reached
the river at the mouth of a large slough, which we were unable
to ford, and made a circuit of several miles around. Here the
country appears very flat ; oak-trees have entirely disappeared,
and are replaced by a large willow, nearly equal to it in size.
The river is about a hundred yards in breadth, branching into
sloughs, and interspersed with islands. At this time it appears
sufficiently deep for a small steamer, but its navigation would
be broken by shallows at low water. Bearing in towards the
river, we were again forced off by another slough ; and passing
around, steered towards a clump of trees on the river, and find-
ing there good grass, encamped. The prairies along the left
bank are alive with immense droves of wild horses ; and they
had been seen during the day at every opening through the
woods which afforded us a view across the river. Latitude,
by observation, 37° 08' 00" ; longitude 120° 45' 22".

5.h — During the earlier part of the day's ride, the country

428 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OP

presented a lacustrine appearance ; the river was deep, and
nearly on a level with the surrounding country ; its banks
raised like a levee, and fringed with willows. Over the bor-
dering plain were interspersed spots of prairie among fields of
tule, (bulrushes,) which in this country are called tulares, and
little ponds. On the opposite side, a line of timber was visible,
which, according to information, points out the course of the
slough, which at times of high water connects with the San
Joaquin river— a large body of water in. the upper part of the
valley, called the Tule lakes. The river and all its sloughs
are very full, and it is probable that the lake is now discharg-
ing. Here elk were frequently started, and one was shot out
of a band which ran around us. On our left, the Sierra main-
tains its snowy height, and masses of snow appear to descend
very low towards the plains ; probably the late rains in the
valley were snow on the mountains. We traveled 37 miles,
and encamped on the river. Longitude of the camp, 120° 28'
34", and latitude, 36° 49' 12".

6th. — After having traveled fifteen miles along the river,
we made an early halt, under the shade of sycamore-trees
Here we found the San Joaquin coming down from the Sierra
with a westerly course, and checking our way, as all its tribu-
taries had previously done. We had expected to raft the river;
but found a good ford, and encamped on the opposite bank,
where droves of wild horses were raising clouds of dust on the
prairie. Columns of smoke were visible in the direction of the
Tule lakes to the southward — probably kindled in the tulares
by the Indians, as signals that there were strangers in the val-
ley.

We made, on the 7th, a hard march in a cold chilly rain
from morning until night — the weather so thick that we travel-
ed by compass. This was a traverse from the San Joaquin to
the waters of the Tule lakes, and our road was over a very
level prairie country. We saw wolves frequently during the
day, prowling about after the young antelope, which cannot
run very fast. These were numerous during the day, and two
were caught by the people.

Late in the afternoon we discovered timber, which was found

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 429

to be groves of oak-trees on a dry arroyo. The rain, which
had fallen in frequent showers, poured down in a storm at sun-
set, with a strong wind, which swept off the clouds, and left a
clear sky. Riding on through the timber, about dark we found
abundant water in small ponds, 20 to 30 yards in diameter,
with clear deep water and sandy beds, bordered with bog rush-
es, (juncus effusus,) and a tall rush (scirpus lacustris) twelve
feet high, and surrounded near the margin with willow-trees in
bloom ; among them one which resembled salix myricoides.
The oak of the groves was the same already mentioned, with
small leaves, in form like those of the white-oak, and forming,
with the evergreen-oak, the characteristic trees of the valley

8th. — After a ride of two miles through brush and open
groves, we reached a large stream, called the River of the
Lake, resembling in size the San Joaquin, and being about 100
yards broad. This is the principal tributary to the Tule lakes,
which collect all the waters in the upper part of the valley.
While we were searching for a ford, some Indians appeared
on the opposite bank, and having discovered that we were not
Spanish soldiers, showed us the way to a good ford several
miles above.

The Indians of the Sierra make frequent descents upon the
settlements west of the Coast. Range, which they keep constant-
ly swept of horses ; among them are many who are called
Christian Indians, being refugees from Spanish missions. Sev-
eral of these incursions occurred while we were at Helvetia.
Occasionally parties of soldiers follow them across the Coasl
Range, but never enter the Sierra.

On the opposite side we found some forty or fifty Indians,
who had come to meet us from the village below. We made
them some small presents, and invited them to our encampment,
which, after about three miles through fine oak groves, we
made on the river. We made a fort, principally on account
of our animals. The Indians brought otter-skins, and several
kinds of fish, and bread made of acorns, to trade. Among
them were several who had come to live among these Indiana
when the missions were broken up, and who spoke Spanish
fluently. They informed us that they were called by the

430 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Spaniards mansitos, (tame,) in distinction from the wilder
tribes of the mountains. They, however, think themselves
very insecure, not knowing at what unforeseen moment the
sins of the latter may be visited upon them. They are dark-
skinned, but handsome and intelligent Indians, and live princi-
pally on acorns and the roots of the tule, of which also their
huts are made.

By observation, the latitude of the encampment is 36° 24'
50", and longitude 119° 41' 40".

9th. — For several miles we had very bad traveling .over
what i-s called rotten ground, in which the horses were fre-
quently up to their knees. Making towards a line of timber,
we found a small fordable stream, beyond which the countiy
improved, and the grass became excellent; and crossing a
number of dry and timbered arroyos, we traveled until late
through open oak groves, and encamped among a collection of
streams. These were running among rushes and willows ;
and, as usual, flocks of blackbirds announced our approach to
water. We have here approached considerably nearer to the
eastern Sierra, which shows very plainly, still covered with
masses of snow, which yesterday and to-day has also appeared
abundant on the Coast Range.

10th. — To-day we made another long journey of about forty
miles, through a country uninteresting and flat, with very little
grass and a sandy soil, in which several branches we crossed
had lost their water. In the evening the face of the country
became hilly ; and, turning a few miles up towards the moun-
tains, we found a good encampment on a pretty stream hidden
among the hills, and handsomely timbered, principally with
large cottonwoods, (populus, differing from any in Michaux's
Sylva.) The seed-vessels of this tree were now just about
bursting.

Several Indians came down the river to see us in the even
ing : we gave them supper, and cautioned them against steal
mg our horses ; which they promised not to attempt.

llth. — A broad trail along the river here takes out among
the hills. " Buen camino," (good road,) said one of the In-
dians, of whom we had inquired about the pass ; and, follow-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 431

ing it accordingly, it conducted us beautifully through a very
broken country, by an excellent way, which, otherwise, we
should have found extremely bad. Taken separately, the hills
present smooth and graceful outlines, but, together, make bad
traveling ground. Instead of grass, the whole face of the
country is closely covered with erodium cicutarium, here only
two or three inches high. Its height and beauty varied in a
remarkable manner with the locality, being, in many low places
which we passed during the day, around streams and springs,
two and three feet high. The country had now assumed a
character of aridity ; and the luxuriant green of these little
streams, wooded with willow, oak, or sycamore, looked very
refreshing among the sandy hills.

In the evening we encamped on a large creek, with abundant
water. I noticed here in bloom, for the first time since leaving
the Arkansas waters, the Minbilis Jalapa.

12th. — Along our road to-day the country was altogether
sandy, and vegetation meager. Ephedra occidentals, which we
had first seen in the neighborhood of the Pyramid lake, made
its appearance here, and in the course of the day became
very abundant, and in large bushes. Towards the close of the
afternoon, we reached a tolerably large river, which empties,
into a small lake at the head of the valley ; it is about thirty
five yards wide, with a stony and gravelly bed, and the
swiftest stream we have crossed since leaving the bay. The
bottoms produced no grass, though well timbered with willow
and cottonwood ; and, after ascending several miles, we
made a late encampment on a little bottom, with scanty grass
In greater part, the vegetation along our road consisted now
of rare and unusual plants, among which many were entirely
new.

Along the bottoms were thicKets consisting of several varie-
ties of shrubs, which made here their first appearance ; and
among these was Garrya elliptica, (Lindley,) a small tree be-
longing to a very peculiar natural order, and, in its general
appearance, (growing in thickets,) resembling willow. It now
became common along the streams, frequently supplying the
place of salix longifolia.

432 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE or

IfJth. — The water was low, and a few miles above we R)*tW
the river at a rapid, and marched in a southeasterly direction
over a less broken country. The mountains were now very
near, occasionally looming out through fog. In a few hours
we reached the bottom of a creek without water, over which
the sandy beds were dispersed in many branches. Immediately
where we struck it, the timber terminated ; and below, to the
right, it was a broad bed of dry and bare sands. There were
many tracks of Indians and horses imprinted in the sana,
which, with other indications, informed us was the creek issu-
ing from the pass, and which we have called Pass creek. We
ascended a trail for a few miles along the creek, and suddenly
found a stream of water five feet wide, running with a lively
current, but losing itself almost immediately. This little
stream showed plainly the manner in which the mountain
T'aters lose themselves in sand at the eastern foot of the Sierra,
leaving only a parched desert and arid plains beyond. The
stream enlarged rapidly, and the timber became abundant as
we ascended.

A new species of pine made its appearance, with several
kinds of oaks, and a variety of trees ; and the country chang-
ing its appearance suddenly and entirely, we found ourselves
again traveling among the old orchard-like places. Here we
selected a delightful encampment in a handsome green oak
hollow, where among the open bolls of the trees was an abun-
dant sward of grass and pea-vines. In the evening a Christian
Indian rode into the camp, well dressed, with long spurs, and a
sombreo, and speaking Spanish fluently. It was an unexpected
apparition, and a strange and pleasant sight in this desolate
gorge of a mountain — an Indian face, Spanish costume, jing-
ling spurs, and horse equipped after the Spanish manner. He
informed me that he belonged to one of the Spanish missions to
the south, distant two or three days' ride, and that he had ob-
viined from the priests leave to spend a few days with his
relations in the Sierra. Having seen us enter the pass, he had
come down to visit us. He appeared familiarly acquainted
with the country, and gave me definite and clear information
in regard to the desert region east of the mountains. I had

ADVENTCTRES AND EXPLORATIONS.

entered the pass with a strong disposition to vary my loute, and
to travel directly across towards the Great Salt lake, in the view
of obtaining some ac juaintance with the interior of the Great
Basin, while pursuu r a direct course for the frontier ; but his.
representation, whic i described it as an arid and barren desert,
that had repulsed by its sterility all the attempts of the Indians
to. penetrate it, determined me for the present to relinquish the
plan, and agreeably to his advice, after crossing the Sierra,
continue our intended route along its eastern base to the Span-
ish trail. By this route, a party of six Indians, who had come
from a great river in the eastern part of the desert to trade
with his people, had just started on their return. He would
himself return the next day. to San Fernando, and as our roads
would be the same for two days, he offered his services to con-
duct us so far on our way. His offer was gladly accepted.
The fog which had somewhat interfered with views in the val-
ley, had entirely passed off, and left a clear sky. That which
had enveloped us in the neighborhood of the pass proceeded
evidently from fires kindled among the tulares by Indians living
near the lakes, and which were intended to warn those in the
mountains that there were strangers in the valley. Our posi-
tion was in latitude 35° IT 12", and longitude 118° 35' 03".
14th. — Our guide joined us this morning on the trail ; and,
arriving in a short distance at an open bottom where the creek
forked, we continued up the right-hand branch, which was en-
riched by a profusion of flowers, and handsomely wooded with
sycamore, oaks, cottonwood, and willow, with other trees, and
some shrubby plants. In its long strings of balls, this sycamore
differs from that of the United States, and is the platanus occi-
dentaJus of Hooker — a new species recently described among
the plants collected in the voyage of the Sulphur. The cotton-
wood varied its foliage with white tufts, and the feathery seeds
were flying plentifully through the air. Gooseberries, nearly
ripe, were very abundant in the mountains ; and as we passed
the dividing grounds, which were not very easy to ascertain,
the air was filled with perfume, as if we were entering a
highly cultivated garden ; and, instead of green, our pathway
and the mountain sides were covered with fields of yellow

4.34 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

flowers, which here was the prevailing color. Our journey
to-day was in the midst of an advanced spring, whose green
and floral beauty offered a delightful contrast to the sandy val-
ley we had just left. All the day, snow was in sight on the
butte of the mountain, which frowned down upon us on the right ;
but we beheld it now with feelings of pleasant security, as we
rode along between green trees, and on flowers, with humming,
birds and other feathered friends of the traveler enlivening
the serene spring air. As we reached the summit of this
beautiful pass, and obtained a view into the eastern country,
we saw at once that here was the place to take leave of all
such pleasant scenes as those around us. The distant moun-
tains were now bald rocks again, and below the land had any
color but green. Taking into consideration the nature of the
Sierra Nevada, we found this pass an excellent one for
horses ; and with a little labor, or perhaps with a more per.
feet examination of the localities, it might be made sufficient-
ly practicable for wagons. Its latitude and longitude may
be considered that of our last encampment, only a few miles
distant. The elevation was not taken — our half- wild caval-
cade making it troublesome to halt before night, when once
started.

We here left the waters of the bay of San Francisco, and,
though forced upon them contrary to my intentions, I cannot
regret the necessity which occasioned the deviation. It made
me well acquainted with the great range of the Sierra Nevada
of the Alta California, and showed that this broad and ele-
vated snowy ridge was a continuation of the Cascade Range
of Oregon, between which and the ocean there is still another
and a lower range, parallel to the former and to the coast, and
which may be called the Coast Range. It also made me well
acquainted with the basin of the San Rrancisco bay, and with
the two pretty rivers and their valleys (the Sacramento and
San Joaquin) which are tributary to that bay, and cleared up
some points in geography on which error had long prevailed.
It had been constantly represented, as I have already stated.
that the bay of San Francisco opened far into the interior, by
iome river coming down from the base of the Rocky moun.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 435

trims, and u^on which supposed stream the name of Rio Buena-
ventura had been bes'owed. Our observations of the Sierra
Nevada, in the long distance from the head of the Sacramento,
to the head of the San Joaquin, and of the valley below it,
which collects all the waters of the San Francisco bay, show
that this neither is nor can be the case. No river from the
interior does, or can, cross the Sierra Nevada — itself more
lofty than the Rocky mountains ; and as to the Buenaventura,
Ihe mouth of which seen on the coast gave the idea and the
name of the reputed great river, it is, in fact, a small stream
of no consequence, not only below the Sierra Nevada, but
actually below the Coast Range — taking its rise within half a
degree of the ocean, running parallel to it for about two de-
grees, and then falling into the Pacific near Monterey. There
is no opening from the bay of San Francisco into the interior
of the continent. The two rivers which flow into it are com-
paratively short, and not perpendicular to the coast, but lateral
to it, and having their heads towards Oregon and southern
California. They open lines of communication north and
south, and not eastwardly ; and thus this want of interior com-
munication from the San Francisco bay, now fully ascertained,
gives great additional value to the Columbia, which stands
alone as the only great river on the Pacific slope of our conti-
nent which leads from the ocean to the Rocky mountains, and
opens a line of communication from the sea to the valley of the
Mississippi. *

Four companeros joined our guide at the pass ; and two go-
ing back at noon, the others continued on in company. De-
scending from the hills, we reached a country of fine grass,
where the erodium cicutarium finally disappeared, giving place
to an excellent quality of bunch-grass. Passing by some
springs where there was a rich, sward of grass among groves
of large black-oak, we rode over a plain on which the guide
pointed out a spot where a refugee Christian Indian had been
killed by a party of soldiers which had unexpectedly pene-
trated into the mountains. Crossing a low sierra, and descend,
ing a hollow where a spring gushed out, we were struck by
the sudden appearance of yucca trees, which gave a strange

436 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

and southern character to the country, and suited well with the
dry ar.d desert region we were approaching. Associated with
the idea of barren sands, their stiff and ungraceful form makes
them to the traveler the most repulsive tree in the vegetable
kingdom. Following the hollow, we shortly came upon a
creek timbered with large black-oak, which yet had not put
forth a leaf. There was a small rivulet of running water, with
good grass.

15th. — The Indians arho had accompanied the guide return,
ed this morning, and I purchased from them a Spanish saddle
and long spurs, as reminiscences of the time ; and for a few
yards of scarlet cloth they gave me a horse, fhich afterwards
became food for other Indians.

We continued a short distance down the creek, in which our
guide informed us that the water very soon disappeared, and
turned directly to the southward along the foot of the moun-
tain ; the trail on which we rode appearing to describe the
eastern limit of travel, where water and grass terminated.
Crossing a low spur, which bordered the creek, we descended
to a kind of plain among the lower spurs, the desert being in
full view on our left, apparently illimitable. A hot mist lay
over it to-day, through which it had a white and glistening ap-
pearance ; here and there a few dry-looking buttes and isolated
black ridges rose suddenly upon it. " There," said our guide,
stretching out his hand towards it, " there are the great llanos,
(plains,) TIO hay agua ; no hay zacate—nada : there is neither
water nor grass — nothing ; every animal that goes upon them,
dies." It was indeed dismal to look upon, and to conceive so
great a change in so short a distance. One might travel the
world over, without finding a valley more fresh and verdant —
more floral and sylvan — more alive with birds and animals —
more bounteously watered — than we had left in the San Joa-
quin : here, within a few miles' ride, a vast desert plain
spread before us, from which the boldest traveler turned away
in despair.

Directly in front of us, at some distance to the southward,
and running out in an easterly dir action from the mountains,
stretched a sierra, having at the eas ern end (perhaps 50 mile*

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 437

distant) some snowy peaks, on which, by the information of
our guide, snow rested all the year.

Our cavalcade made a strange and grotesque appearance ;
and it was impossible to avoid reflecting upon our position and
composition in this remote solitude. Within two degrees of
the Pacific ocean — already far south of the latitude of Monte-
rey— and still forced on south by a desert on one hand, and a
mountain range on the other — guided by a civilized Indian,
attended by two wild ones from the Sierra — a Chinook from
the Columbia, and our mixture of American, French, German
— all armed — four or five languages heard at once — above a
hundred horses and mules, half wild — American, Spanish, and
Indian dresses and equipments intermingled — such was our
composition. Our march was a sort of procession. Scouts
ahead and on the flanks ; a front and rear division ; the pack-
animals, baggage, and horned-cattle in the centre ; and the
whole stretching a quarter of a mile along our dreary path.
In this form we journeyed, looking more as if we belonged to
Asia than to the United States of America.

We continued in a southerly direction across the plain, to
vhich, as well as to all the country, so far as we could see,
the yucca trees gave a strange and singular character. Several
new plants appeared, among which was a zygophyllaceous
shrub, (zygophyllum Californicum, Torr. and Frem.,) some-
times ten feet in height ; in form, and in the pliancy of its
branches, it is rather a graceful plant. Its leaves arc small,
covered with a resinous substance ; and, particularly when
bruisod and crushed, exhale a singular but very agreeable and
refreshing odor. This shrub and the yucca, with many varie-
ties of cactus, make the characteristic features in the vegeta-
tion for a long distance to the eastward. Along the foot of the
mountain, 20 miles to the southward, red stripes of flowers
were visible during the morning, which we supposed to be va-
riegated sandstones. We rode rapidly during the day, and in
the afternoon emerged from the yucca forest at the foot of an
outlier of the Sierra before us, and came among the fields of
flowers we had seen in the morning, which consisted princi-
pally of the rich orange-colored California poppy, mingled with

438 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

other flowers of brighter tints. Reaching the top of the spur,
which was covered with fine bunch-grass, and where the hills
were very green, our guide pointed to a small hollow in the
mountain before us, saying, "a este piedra hay agua." He
appeared to know every nook in the country. We continued
our beautiful road, and reached a spring in the slope at the
foot of the ridge, running in a green ravine, among granite
boulders ; here nightshade, and borders of buckwheat, with
their white blossoms around the granite rocks, attracted our
notice as familiar plants. Several antelopes were seen among
the hills, and some large hares. Men were sent back this
evening in search of a wild mule with a valuable pack,
which had managed (as they frequently do) to hide itself along
the road.

By observation, the latitude of the camp is 34° 41X 42",
and longitude 118° 20' 00". The next day the men returned
with the mule.

17th. — Crossing the ridge by a beautiful pass of hollows,
where several deer broke out of the thickets, we emerged at a
small salt lake in a vallon lying nearly east and west, where a
trail from the mission of San Buenaventura comes in. The
lake is about 1,200 yards in diameter; surrounded on the
margin by a white salty border, which, by the smell, reminded
us slightly of Lake Abert. There are some cottonwoods, with
willow and elder, around the lake ; and the water is a little
salt, although not entirely unfit for drinking. Here we turned
directly to the eastward along the trail, which, from being sel-
dom used, is almost imperceptible ; and, after traveling a few
miles, our guide halted, and, pointing to the hardly visible trail,
" aqui es camino," said he, " no se pierde — va siempre." He
pointed out a black butte on the plain at the foot of the moun-
tain, where we would find water to encamp at night ; and,
giving him a present of knives and scarlet cloth, we shook
hands and parted. He bore off south, and in a day's ride
would arrive at San Fernando, one of several missions in this
part of California, where the country is so beautiful that it is
considered a paradise, and the name of its principal town
(Puebla dz los Angeles) would make it angelic. \V "on-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 439

tinued on through a succession of valleys, and came into a
most beautiful spo. of flower fields ; instead of green, the hills
were purple and orange, with unbroken beds, into which each
color was separately gathered. A pale straw-color, with a
bright yellow, the rich red orange of the poppy mingled with
fields of purple, covered the spot with a floral beauty ; and,
on the border of the sandy deserts, seemed to invite the
traveler to go no farther. Riding along through the per-
fumed air, we soon after entered a defile overgrown with the
ominous artemisia tridentata, which conducted us into a sandy
plain covered more or less densely with forests of yucca.

Having now the snowy ridge on our right, we continued oui
way towards a dark butte, belonging to a low sierra on thf»
plain, and which our guide had pointed out for a landmark.
Late in the day, the familiar growth of cottonwood, a line of
which was visible ahead, indicated our approach to a creek,
which we reached where the water spread out into sands, and
a little below sank entirely. Here our guide had intended we
should pass the night ; but there was not a blade of grass, and,
hoping to find nearer the mountain a little for the night, we
turned up the stream. A hundred yards above, we found the
creek a fine stream, sixteen feet wide, with a swift current.
A dark night overtook us when we reached the hills at the
foot of the ridge, and we were obliged to encamp without
grass ; tying up what animals we could secure in the dark-
ness, the greater part of the wild ones having free range for
the night. Here the stream was two feet deep, swift and
clear, issuing from a neighboring snow peak. A few miles
before reaching this creek, we had crossed a broad dry river,
bed, which, nearer the hills, the hunters had found a bold and
handsome stream.

18th. — Some parties were engaged in hunting up the scat-
tered horses, and others in searching for grass above ; both
were successful, and late in the day we encamped among some
spring-heads of the river, in a hollow which was covered with
only tolerably good grasses, the lower ground being entirely
overgrown wi*h large bunches of the coarse stiff grass, (cart*
ntchensis.)

440 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Our latitude, by observation. Was 34° 27' 03", and longi-
tude 117° 13' 00",

Traveling close along the mountain, we followed up, in the
afternoon of the 19th, another stream, in hopes to find a grass-
patch like that of the previous day, but were deceived ; except
some scattered bunch-grass, there was nothing but A>ck and
sand ; and even the fertility of the mountain seemed withered
by the air of the desert. Among the few trees was the nut
pine, (pinus monophyllus.)

Our road the next day was still in an easterly direction along
the ridge, over very bad traveling ground, broken and con-
founded with crippled trees and shrubs ; and, after a difficult
march of eighteen miles, a general shout announced that we
had struck the great object of our search — THE SPANISH TRAIL
— which here was running directly north. The road itself,
and its course, were equally happy discoveries to us. Since
the middle of December we had continually been forced south
by mountains and by deserts, and now would have to make six
degrees of northing, to regain the latitude on which we wished
to cross the Rocky mountains. The course of the road, there-
fore, was what we wanted ; and, once more, we felt like going
homewards. A road to travel on, and the right course to go,
were joyful consolations to us ; and our animals enjoyed the
beaten track like ourselves. Relieved from the rocks and
brush, our wild mules started off at a rapid rate, and in fifteen
miles we reached a considerable river, timbered with cotton-
wood and willow, where we found a bottom of tolerable grass.
As the animals had suffered a great deal in the last few days,
I remained here all next day, to allow them the necessary re-
pose ; and it was now necessary, at every favorable place, to
make a little halt. Between us and the Colorado river we were
aware that the country was extremely poor in grass, and scarce
for water, there being many jornadas, (days' journey,) or long
stretches of forty to sixty miles, without water, where the road
was marked by bones of animals.

Although in California we had met with people who had
passed over this trail, we had been able to obtain no correct
information about it ; and the greater part of what we had

'

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 441

heard was found to be only a tissue of falsehoods. The rivers
that \\ j found on it were never mentioned, and others, particu-
larly described in name and locality, were subsequently seen
in another part of the country. It was described as a tolera-
bly good sandy road, with so little rock as scarcely to require
the animals to be shod ; and we found it the roughest and
rockiest road we had ever seen in the country, and which
nearly destroyed our band of fine mules and horses. Many
animals are destroyed on it every year by a disease called the
foot-evil ; and a traveler should never venture on it without
having his animals well shod, and also carrying extra shoes.

Latitude 34° 34' 11"; and longitude 117° 13' 00".

The morning of the 22d was clear and bright, and a snowy
peak to the southward shone out high and sharply defined. As
has been usual since we crossed the mountains and descended
into the hot plains, we had a gale of wind. We traveled down
the right bank of the stream, over sands which are somewhat
loose, and have no verdure, but are occupied by various sfirubs.
A clear bold stream, 60 feet wide, and several feet deep, had a
strange appearance, running between perfectly naked banks
of sand. The eye, however, is somewhat relieved by willows,
and the beautiful green of the sweet cottonwoods with which
it is well wooded. As we followed along its course, the river,
instead of growing constantly larger, gradually dwindled away,
as it was absorbed by the sand. We were now careful to take
the old camping-places of the annual Santa Fe caravans,
which, luckily for us, had not yet made their yearly passage.
A drove of several thousand horses and mules would entirely
have swept away the scanty grass at the watering places, and
we should have been obliged to leave the road to obtain sub-
sistence for our animals. After riding 20 miles in a north,
easterly direction, we found an old encampment, where we
halted.

By observation, the elevation of this encampment is 2,250
feet.

23d. — The trail followed still along the river, which, in tho
Bourse of the morning, entirely disappeared. We continued
along the dry bed, in which, after an interval of about 10

442 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

miles, the water reappeared in some low places, well timbere-'
with cotton wood and willow, where was another of the cus-
tomary camping-grounds. Here a party of six Indians came
into camp, poor and hungry, and quite in keeping with the
character of the country. Their arms were bows of unusual
length, and each had a large gourd, strengthened with meshes
of cord, in which he carried water. They proved to be the
Mohahve Indians mentioned by our recent guide ; and from
one of them, who spoke Spanish fluently, I obtained some in-
teresting information, which I would be glad to introduce here.
An account of the people inhabiting this region would un-
doubtedly possess interest for the civilized world. Our jour-
ney homewards was fruitful in incident ; and the country
through which we traveled, although a desert, afforded much
to excite the curiosity of the botanist ; but limited time, and
the rapidly advancing season for active operations, oblige me
to omit all extended descriptions, and hurry briefly to the con-
clusion of this report.

The Indian who spoke Spanish had been educated for a
number of years at one of the Spanish missions, and, at the
breaking up of those establishments, had returned to the moun-
tains, where he had been found by a party of Mohahve (some-
times called Amuchaba) Indians, among. whom he had ever
since resided.

He spoke of the leader of the present party as " mi amo,"
(my master.) He said they lived upon a large river in the
southeast, which the "soldiers called the Rio Colorado;" but
that, formerly, a portion of them lived upon this river, and
among the mountains which had bounded the river valley to the
northward during the day, and that here along the river they
had raised various kinds of melons. They sometimes came
over to trade with the Indians of the Sierra, bringing with
them blankets and goods manufactured by the Monquis and
other Colorado Indians. They rarely carried home horses, on
account of the difficulty of getting them across the desert, and
of guarding them afterwards from the Pa-utah Indians who
inhabit the Sierra, at the head of the Rio Virgen, (river of the
Virgin.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 443

He informed us that, a short distance below, this rivei
finally disappeared. The two different portions in which wa-
ter is found had received from the priests two different names ;
and subsequently I heard it called by the Spaniards the Rio
de las Animas, but on tb ; map we have called it the Mohahve
river.

24th. — We continued down the stream (or rather its bed)
for about eight miles, where there was water still in several
holes, and encamped. The caravans sometimes continued be-
low, to the end of the river, from which there is a very long
Jornada of perhaps 60 miles, without water. Here a singular
and new species of acacia, with spiral pods or seed-vessels,
made its first appearance ; becoming henceforward, for a con-
siderable distance, the characteristic tree. It was here com-
paratively large, being about 20 feet in height, with a full
and spreading top, the lower branches declining towards th<»
ground. It afterwards occurred of smaller size, frequently in
groves, and is very fragrant. It has been called by Dr. Tor-
rey, spirolobium odoratum. The zygophyllaceous shrub had
been constantly characteristic of the plains along the river;
and here, among many new plants, a new and very remarka-
ble species of eriogonum (eriogonum inflatum, Tor. & Frem.)
made its first appearance.

Our cattle had become so tired and poor by this fatiguing
traveling, that three of them were killed here, and the meat
dried. The Indians had now an occasion for a great feast,
and were occupied the remainder of the day and all night m
cooking and eating. There was no part of the animal for
which they did not find some use, except the bones. In the
afternoon we were surprised by the sudden appearance in the
camp of two Mexicans — a man and a boy. The name of the
/nan was Andreas Fuentes ; and that of the boy, (a handsome
lad, 11 years old,) Pablo Hernandez. They belonged to a
party consisting of six persons, the remaining four being the
wife of Fuentes, and the father and mother of Pablo, and San-
tiago Giacorne, a resident of New Mexico. With a cavalcade
of about thirty horses, they had come out from Peubla de los
netr the coast, urder th« guidance of Giacome, in

4 U COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

advance of the great caravan, in order to travel more at leis-
ure, and obtain better grass. Having advanced as far into the
desert as was considered consistent with their safety, they
halted at the Archiletle, one of the customary camping-grounds,
about 80 miles from our encampment, where there is a spring
of good water, with sufficient grass ; and concluded to await
there the arrival of the great caravan. Several Indians were
soon discovered lurking about the camp, who, in a day or two
after, came in, and, after behaving in a very friendly manner,
took their leave, without awakening any suspicions. Their
deportment begat a security which proved fatal. In a few
days afterwards, suddenly a party of about one hundred In-
dians appeared in sight, advancing towards the camp. It was
too late, or they seemed not to have presence of mind to take
proper measures of safety ; and the Indians charged down into
their camp, shouting as they advanced, and discharging flights
of arrows. Pablo and Fuentes were on horse-guard at the
time, and mounted according to the custom of the country.
One of the principal objects of the Indians was to get posses-
sion of the horses, and part of them immediately surrounded
the band ; but, in obedience to the shouts of Giacome, Feun-
tes drove the animals over and through the assailants, in spite
of their arrows ; and, abandoning the rest to their fate, carried
them off at speed across the plain. Knowing that they would
be pursued by the Indians, without making any halt except to
shift their saddles to other horses, they drove them on for
about sixty miles, and this morning left them at a watering-
place on the trail, called Agua de Tomaso. Without giving
themselves any time for rest, they hurried on, hoping to meet
the Spanish caravan, when they discovered my camp. I re-
ceived them kindly, taking them into my own mess, and pro-
mised them such aid as circumstances might put it in my
power to give.

25th. — We left the river abruptly, and, turning to the north,
regained in a few miles the main trail, (which had left the
river sooner than ourselves,) arid continued our way across a
lower ridge of the mountain, through a miserable tract of sand
and gravel. We crossed at intervals the broad beds of dry

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 445

gullies, where in the seasons of rains and melting snows there
would be brooks or rivulets : and at one of these, where there
was no indication of water, were several freshly-dug holes, in
which there was water at the depth of two feet. These holes
had been dug by the wolves, whose keen sense of smell had
scented the water under the dry sand. They were nice little
wells, narrow, and dug straight down ; and we got pleasant
water out of them.

The country had now assumed the character of an elevated
and mountainous desert ; its general features being black,
rocky ridges, bald, and destitute of timber, with sandy basins
between. Where the sides of these ridges are washed by gul-
lies, the plains below are strewed with beds of large pebbles or
rolled stones, destructive to our soft-footed animals, accustomed
to the soft plains of the Sacramento valley. Through these
sandy basins sometimes struggled a scanty stream, or occurred
a hole of water, which furnished camping-grounds for travelers.
Frequently in our journey across, snow was visible on the sur-
rounding mountains ; but their waters rarely reached the sandy
plain below, where we toiled along, oppressed with thirst and
a burning sun. But, throughout this nakedness of sand and
gravel, were many beautiful plants and flowering shrubs, which
occurred in many new species, and with greater variety than
we had been accustomed to see in the most luxuriant prairie
countries ; this was a peculiarity of this desert. Even where
no grass would take root, the naked sand would bloom with
some rich and rare flower, which found its appropriate home in
the arid and barren spot.

Scattered over the plain, and tolerably abundant, was a hand-
some leguminous shrub, three or four feet high, with fine bright
purple flowers. It is a new psoralea, and occurred frequently
henceforward along our road.

Beyond the first ridge, our road bore a little to the east of
north, towards a gap in a higher line of mountains ; and, after
traveling about 25 miles, we arrived at the Agua de Tomaso—
the spring where the horses had been left ; but, as we expected,
they were gone. A brief examination of the ground convinced
us that they had been driven off by the Indiana. Carson and

446 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Godey volunteered, with the Mexican, to pursue them ; and,
well mounted, the three set off on the trail. At this stopping-
place there are a few bushes, and a very little grass. Its
water was a pool ; but near by was a spring, which had been
dug out by Indians or travelers. Its water was cool — a great
refreshment to us under a burning sun.

In the evening Fuentes returned, his horse having failed ;
but Carson and Godey had continued the pursuit.

I observed to-night an occultation of a2 Cancri, at the dark
limb of the moon, which gives for the longitude of the place
116° 23' 28" ; the latitude, by observation, is 35° 13' 08".
From Helvetia to this place, the positions along the intervening
line are laid down, with the longitudes obtained from the chro-
nometer, which appears to have retained its rate remarkably
well ; but henceforward, to the end of our journey, the few
longitudes given are absolute, depending upon a subsequent
occultation and eclipses of the satellites.

In the afternoon of the next day, a war-whoop was heard,
such as Indians make when returning from a victorious enter-
prise ; and soon Carson and Godey appeared, driving before
them a band of horses, recognised by Fuentes to be part of
those they had lost. Two bloody scalps, dangling from the
end of Godey's gun, announced that they had overtaken the In-
dians as well as the horses. They informed us, that after
Fuentes left them, from the failure of his horse, they continued
the pursuit alone, and towards night-fall entered the mountains,
into which the trail led. After sunset the moon gave light,
and they followed the trail by moonshine until late in the night,
when it entered a narrow defile, and was difficult to follow.
Afraid of losing it in the darkness of the defile, they tied up
their horses, struck no fire, and lay down to sleep, in silenct-
and in darkness. Here they lay from midnight until morning.
At daylight they resumed the pursuit, and about sunrise dis-
covered the horses ; and, immediately dismounting and tying
up their own, they crept cautiously to a rising ground which
intervened, from the crest of which they perceived the encamp-
ment of four lodges close by. They proceeded quietly, and
had got within 30 or 40 yards of their object, when a move

ADVENTUKES AND EXPLORATIONS. 447

ment among the horses discovered them to the Indians. Giving
the war-shout, they instantly charged into the camp, regardless
of the number which the four lodges would imply. The In-
dians received them with a flight of arrows shot from their long,
bows, one of which passed through Godey's shirt-collar, barely
missing the neck : our men fired their rifles upon a steady aim,
and rushed in. Two Indians were stretched upon the ground,
fatally pierced with bullets : the rest fled, except a little lad
that was captured. The scalps of the fallen were instantly
stripped off; but in the process, one of them, who had two balls
through his body, sprang to his feet, the blood streaming from
his skinned head, and uttering a hideous howl. An old squaw,
possibly his mother, stopped and looked back from the mountain,
sides she was climbing, threatening and lamenting. The fright,
ful spectacle appalled the stout hearts of our men ; but they did
what humanity required, and quickly terminated the agonies
j»f the gory savage. They were now masters of the camp,
which was a pretty little recess 'in the mountain, with a fine
spring, and apparently safe from all invasion. Great prepara-
tions had been made to feast a large party, for it was a very
proper place to rendezvous, and for the celebration of such
orgies as robbers of the desert would delight in. Several of
the best horses had been killed, skinned, and cut up ; for the
Indians living in mountains, and only coming into the plains to
rob and murder, make no other use of horses than to eat them.
Large earthen vessels were on the fire, boiling and stewing
the horse-beef; and several baskets, containing 50 or 60 pairs
of moccasins, indicated the presence, or expectation, of a con-
siderable party. They released the boy, who had given strong
evidence of the stoicism, or something else, of the savage char,
acter, in commencing his breakfast upon a horse's head, aa
soon as he found he was not to be killed, but only tied as a
prisoner. Their object accomplished, our men gathered up
all the surviving horses, fifteen in number, returned upon their
trail, and rejoined us, at our camp, in the afternoon of the same
day. They had rode about 100 miles, in the pursuit and re-
turn, and all in 30 hours. The time, place, object, and num-
bers considered, this expedition of Carson and Godey may be

448 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

considered among the boldest and most disinterested which the
annals of western adventure, so full of daring deeds, can present.
Two men, in a savage desert, pursue day and night an unknown
body oi' Indians, into the defile of an unknown mountain — attack
them on sight, without counting numbers — and defeat them in
an instant — and for what? To punish the robbers of the
desert, and to avenge the wrongs of Mexicans whom they did
not know. I repeat : it was Oa.son and Godey who did this —
the former an American, born in the Boonslick county of Mis-
souri ; the latter a Frenchman, born in St. Louis, — and both
trained to western enterprise from early life.

By the information of Fuentes, we had now to make a long
stretch of 40 or 50 miles across a plain which lay between us
and the next possible camp ; and we resumed our journey late
in the afternoon, with the intention of traveling through the
night, and avoiding the excessive heat of the day, which was
oppressive to our animals. For several hours we traveled
across a high plain, passing, at the opposite side, through a
canon by the bed of a creek, running northwardly into a small
lake beyond, and both of them being dry. We had a warm,
moonshiny night ; and, traveling directly towards the north-star,
we journeyed now across an open plain, between mountain-
ridges — that on the left being broken, rocky, and bald, accord-
ing to Carson and Godey, who had entered here in pursuit of
the horses. The plain appeared covered principally with the
zygopliyllum Cahfornicum, already mentioned ; and the line of
our road was marked by the skeletons of horses, which were
strewed to considerable breadth over the plain. We were al-
ways warned on entering one of these long stretches, by the
bones of these animals, which had perished before they could
reach the water. About midnight we reached a considerable
stream-bed, now dry — the discharge of the waters of this basin,
(when it collected any) — down which we descended, in a
northwesterly direction. The creek-bed was overgrown with
shrubbery, and several hours before day it brought us to the
entrance of a canon, where we found water, and encamped.
This word canon is used by the Spaniards to signify a defile or
gorge in a creek or river, where high rocks press in close, and

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 449

make a narrow way, usually difficult, and often impossible to
be passed.

In the morning we found that we had a very poor camping-
ground — a swampy, salty spot, with a little long, unwholesome
grass ; and the water, which rose in springs, being useful only
to wet the mouth, but entirely too salt to drink. All around
was sand and rocks, and skeletons of horses which had not been
able to find support for their lives. As we were about to start,
we found, at the distance of a few hundred yards, among the
hills to the southward, a spring of tolerably good water, which
was a relief to ourselves ; but the place was too poor to remain
long, and therefore we continued on this morning. On the
creek were thickets of spirololium odoratum (acacia) in bloom,
and very fragrant.

Passing through the canon, we entered another sandy ba-
sin, through which the dry stream-bed continued its north-
westerly course, in which direction appeared a high snowy
mountain.

We traveled through a barren district, where a heavy gale
was blowing about the loose sand, and, after a ride of eight
miles, reached a large creek of salt and bitter water, running
in a westerly direction, to receive the stream-bed we had left.
It is called by the Spaniards Amargosa — the bitter-water of
the desert. Where we struck it, the siream bends ; and we
continued in a northerly course up the ravine of its valley
passing on the way a fork from the right, near which occurred
a bed of plants, consisting of a remarkable new genus of cru-
rifera.

Gradually ascending, the ravine opened into a green valley,
where, at the foot of the mountain, were springs of excellent
water. We encamped among groves of the new acacia, and
there was an abundance of good grass for the animals.

This was the best camping-ground we had seen since we
struck the Spanish trail. The day's journey was about twelve
miles.

29th. — To-day we had to reach the Archilette, distant seven
miles, where the Mexican party had been attacked, and, leav.
ing our encampment early, we traversed a part of the desert.

450 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the most sterile and repulsive we had yet seen. Its prominent
features were dark sierras, naked and dry ; on the plains a
few straggling shrubs — among them, cactus of several varie-
tie? Fuentes pointed out one called by the Spaniards bisnada,
which has a juicy pulp, slightly acid, and is eaten by the trav-
eler to allay thirst. Our course was generally north ; and,
after crossing an intervening ridge, we descended into a sandy
plain, or basin, in the middle of which was the grassy spot,
with its springs and willow bushes, which constitutes a camp-
ing-place in the desert, and is called the ArcJiilette. The dead
silence of the place was ominous ; and, galloping rapidly up,
we found only the corpses of the two men : every thing else
was gone. They were naked, mutilated, and pierced with ar-
rows. Hernandez had evidently fought, and with desperation.
He lay in advance of the willow half- faced tent, which shelter-
ed his family, as if he had come out to meet danger, and to re-
pulse it from that asylum. One of his hands, and both his legs,
had been cut off. Giacome, who was a large and strong-look-
ing man, was lying in one of the willow shelters, pierced with
arrows.

Of the women no trace could be found, and it was evident
they had been carried off captive. A little lap-dog, which had
belonged to Pablo's mother, remained with the dead bodies, and
was frantic with joy at seeing Pablo ; he, poor child, was fran-
tic with grief, and filled the air with lamentations for his father
and mother. Mi Padre f Mi Madre ! — was his incessant
cry. When we beheld this pitiable sight, and pictured to our-
selves the fate of the two women, carried off by savages so
brutal and so loathsome, all compunction for the scalped-alive
Indian ceased ; and we rejoiced that Carson and Godey had
been able to give so useful a lesson to these American Arabs
who lie in wait to murder and plunder the innocent traveler.

We were all too much affected by the sad feelings which the
place inspired, to remain an unnecessary moment. The night
we were obliged to pass there. Early in the morning we left
it, having first written a brief account of what had happened,
and put it in the cleft of a pole planted at the spring, that the
approaching caravan might learn the fate of their friends. In

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 451

commemoration of the event, we called the place Ague de Her-
nandez— Hernandez's spring. By observation, its latitude was
35D 51' 21".

30th. — We continued our journey over a district similar to
that of the day before. From the sandy basin, in which was
the spring, we entered another basin of the same character,
surrounded everywhere by mountains. Before us stretched a
high range, rising still higher to the left, and terminating in a
snowy mountain.

After a day's march of 24 miles, we reached at evening the
bed of a stream from which the water had disappeared, a little
only remaining in holes, which we increased by digging ;
and about a mile above, the stream, not yet entirely sunk,
was spread out over the sands, affording a little water for the
animals. The stream came out of the mountains on the left,
very slightly wooded with cottonwood, willow, and acacia, and
a few dwarf-oaks ; and grass was nearly as scarce as water.
A plant with showy yellow flowers (Stanleya integrifolia) oc-
curred abundantly at intervals for the last two days, and eriogo-
num injlatum was among the characteristic plants.

MAY.

1st. — The air is rough, and overcoats pleasant. The sky is
blue, and the day bright. Our road was over a plain, towards
the foot of the mountain ; zygophyllum CaUfornicum, now in
bloom, with a small yellow flower, is characteristic of the
country ; and cacti were very abundant, and in rich fresh
bloom, which wonderfully ornaments this poor country. We
encamped at a spring in the pass, which had been the site of
an old village. Here we found excellent grass, but very little
water. We dug out the old spring, and watered some of our
animals. The mountain here was wooded very slightly with
the nut-pine, cedars, and a dwarf species of oak ; and among
the shrubs were Purshia tridentata, artemisia, and ephedra or*
cidentalis. The numerous shrjbs which constitute the

452 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

lat.ion of the plains are now in bloom, with flowers of white
yellow, red, and purple. The continual rocks, and want oi
water and grass, began to be very hard on our mules anc
horses ; but the principal loss is occasioned by their crippled
feet, the greater part of those left being in excellent order, and
scarcely a day passes without some loss ; and, one by one,
Fuentes' horses are constantly dropping behind. Whenever
they give out, he dismounts and cuts off their tails and manes,
to make saddle-girths — the last advantage one can gain from
them.

The next day, in a short but rough ride of 12 miles, we
crossed the mountain ; and, descending to a small valley plain,^
encamped at the foot of the ridge, on the bed of a creek, and
found good grass in sufficient quantity, and abundance of water
in holes. The ridge is extremely rugged and broken, present-
ing on this side a continued precipice, and probably affords very
few passes. Many digger tracks were seen around us, but no
Indians were visible.

3d. — After a day's journey of 18 miles, in a northeasterly
direction, we encamped in the midst of another very large
oasin, at a camping ground called las Vegas — a term which
the Spaniards use to signify fertile or marshy plains, in con-
tradistinction to Hanos, which they apply to dry and sterile
plains. Two narrow streams of clear water, four or five feet
deep, gush suddenly, with a quick current, from two singularly
large springs ; these, and other waters of the basin, pass out in
a gap to the eastward. The taste of the water is good, but
rather too warm to be agreeable ; the temperature being 71°
in the one, and 73° in the other. They, however, afford a de-
lightful bathing-place.

4th. — We started this morning earlier than usual, traveling
in a northeasterly direction across the plain. The new acacia
(spirolobium odoratum) has now become the characteristic tree
of the country; it is in bloom, and its blossoms are very fra-
grant. The day was still, and the heat, which soon became very
oppressive, appeared to bring out strongly the refreshing scent
of the zygophyllaceous shrubs and the sweet perfume of the
acacia. The snowy ridge we had just crossed looked out con-

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 453

spicuously in the northwest. In about five hours' ride, we
crossed u gap in the surrounding ridge, and the appearance of
skeletons of horses very soon warned us that we were engaged
in another dry Jornada, which proved the longest we had made
in all our journey — between fifty and sixty miles without a
drop of water.

Travelers through countries affording water and timber can
have no conception of our intolerable thirst while journeying
over the hot yellow sands of this elevated country, where the
heated air seems to be entirely deprived of moisture. We ate
occasionally the Usnada, and moistened our mouths with the
acid of the sour dock, (rumex venosus.) Hourly expecting to
find water, we continued to press on until towards midnight,
when, after a hard and uninterrupted march of 16 hours, our
wild mules began running ahead ; and in a mile or two we
came to a bold running stream — so keen is the sense of that ani-
mal, in these desert regions, in scenting at a distance this
necessary of life.

According to the information we had received, Sevier river
was a tributary of the Colorado; and this, accordingly, should
have been one of its affluents. It proved to be the Rio de los
Aiigeles, (river of the Angels) — a branch of the Rio Virgen.
(river of the Virgin.)

5th. — On account of our animals, it was necessary to remain
to-day at this place. Indians crowded numerously around us
in the morning ; and we were obliged to keep arms in hand ail
day, to keep them out of the camp. They began to surround
the horses, which, for the convenience of grass, we were guard-
ing a little above, on the river. These were immediately driven
in, and kept close to the camp.

In the darkness of the night we had made a very bad en-
campment, our fires being commanded by a rocky bluff within
50 yards ; but, notwithstanding, we had the river and small
thickets of willows on the other side. Several times during
the day the camp was insulted by the Indians; but, ;
being our object, I kept simply on the defensive. Some of the
Indians were on the bottom, and others harauguing us from
the bluffs ; and they were scattered in every direction over tho

454 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

hills. Their language b'ung probably a dialect of the Utaht
with the aid of signs some of our people could comprehend
them very well. They were the same people who had mur-
dered the Mexicans ; and towards us their disposition was
evidently hostile, nor were we well disposed towards them.
They were barefooted, and nearly naked ; their hair gathered
up into a knot behind ; and with his bow, each man carried a
quiver with thirty or forty arrows partially drawn out. Be-
sides these, each held in his hand two or three arrows for in-
stant service. Their arrows are barbed with a very clear
translucent stone, a species of opal, nearly as hard as the dia-
mond ; and, shot from their long bow, are almost as effective
as a gunshot. In these Indians, I was forcibly struck by an
expression of countenance resembling that in a beast of prey ;
and all their actions are those of wild animals. Joined to the
restless motion of the eye, there is a want of mind — an absence
of thought — and an action wholly by impulse, strongly ex-
pressed, and which constantly recalls the similarity.

A man who appeared to be a chief, with two or three others
forced himself into the camp, bringing with him his arms, in
spite of my orders to the contrary. When shown our weap-
ons, he bored his ear with his fingers, and said he could not
hear. "Why," said he, "there are none of you." Counting
the people around the camp, and including in the number a
mule that was being shod, he made out 22. " So many," said
he, showing the number, " and we — we are a great many ;"
and he pointed to the hills and mountains round about. " If
you have your arms," said he, twanging his bow, " we have
these." I had some difficulty in restraining the people, partic-
ularly Carson, who felt an insult of this kind as much as if it
had been given by a more responsible being. " Don't say that,
old man," said he ; " don't you say that — your life's in danger"
— speaking in good English ; and probafc^y the old man was
nearer to his end than he will be before he meets it.

Several animals had been necessarily left behind near the
6amp last night ; and early in the morning, before tne Indians
made their appearance, several men were sent to bring them
in. When I was beginning to be uneasy at their absence, they

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 455

returned with information that they had been driven off from
the trail by Indians ; and, having followed the tracks in a
short distance, they found the animals cut up and spread out
upon bushes. In the evening I gave a fatigued horse to some
of the Indians for a feast ; and the village which carried him
off refused to share with the others, who made loud complaints
from the rocks of the partial distribution. Many of these In-
dians had long sticks, hooked at the end, which they use in
hauling out lizards, and other small animals, from their holes.
During the day they occasionally roasted and ate lizards at our
fires. These belong to the people who are generally known
under the name of Diggers ; and to these I have more partic-
ularly had reference when occasionally speaking of a people
whose sole occupation is to procure food sufficient to support
existence. The formation here consists of fine yellow sand-
stone, alternating with a coarse conglomerate, in which the
stones are from the size of ordinary gravel to six or eight inches
in diameter. This is the formation which renders the surface
of the country so rocky, and gives us now a road alternately
of loose heavy sands and rolled stones, which cripple the ani-
mals in a most extraordinary manner.

On the following morning we left the Rio de Jos Angeles,
and continued our way through the same desolate and revolt-
ing country, where lizards were the only animal, and the tracks
of the lizard eaters the principal sign of human beings. After
twenty miles' march through a road of hills and heavy sands,
we reached the most dreary river I have ever seen — a deep
rapid stream, almost a torrent, passing swiftly by, and roaring
against obstructions. The banks were wooded with willow,
acacia, and a frequent plant of :he country already mentioned,
(Garrya elliptical) growing in thickets, resembling willow, and
bearing a small pink flower. Crossing it we encamped on the
left bank, where we found a very little grass. Our three re-
maining steers, being entirely given out, were killed here. By
the boiling point, the elevation of the river here is 4,060 feet ;
and latitude, by observation, 36° 41' 33". The stream was
running towards the southwest, and appeared to come from a
snowy mountain in the north. It proved to be the Rio Virgen

456 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE ,OF

— a tributary to the Colorado. Indians appeared in bands on
the hills, but did not come into camp. For several days we
continued our journey up the river, the bottoms of which were
thickly overgrown with various kinds of brush ; and the sandy
soil was absolutely covered with the tracks of Diggers, who
followed us stealthily, like a band of wolves ; and we had no
opportunity to leave behind, even for a few hours, the tired
animals, in order that they might be brought into camp after a
little repose. A horse or mule, left behind, was taken off in a
moment. On the evening of the 8th, having traveled 28 miles
up the river from our first encampment on it, we encamped at
a little grass-plat, where a spring of cool water issued from the
bluff. On the opposite side was a grove of cottonwoods at the
mouth of a fork, which here enters the river. On either side
the valley is bounded by ranges of mountains, everywhere
high, rocky, and broken. The caravan road was lost and
scattered in the sandy country, and we had been following an
Indian trail up the river. The hunters the next day were sent
out to reconnoitre, and in the mean time we moved about a mile
farther up, where we found a good little patch of grass. There
being only sufficient grass for the night, the horses were sent
with a strong guard in charge of Tabeau to a neighboring hol-
low, where they might pasture during the day ; and, to be
ready in case the Indians should make any attempt on the an-
imals, several of the best horses were picketed at the camp.
In a few hours the hunters returned, having found a convenient
ford in the river, and discovered the Spanish trail on the other
side.

I had been engaged in arranging plants ; and, fatigued with
the heat of the day, I fell asleep in the afternoon, and did not
awake until sundown. Presently Carson came to me, and report-
ed that Tabeau, who early in the day had left his post, and,
without my knowledge, rode back to the camp we had left, in
search of a lame mule, had not returned. While we were
speaking, a smoke rose suddenly from the cottonwood grove
below, which plainly told us what had befallen him ; it was
raised to inform the surrounding Indians that a blow had been
struck, and to tell them to be on their guard. Carson, with

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 457

several men well mounted, was instantly sent down the river,
but returned in the night without tidings of the missing man.
They went to the camp we had left, but neither he nor the mule
was there. Searching down the river, they found the tracks of
the mule, evidently driven along by Indians, whose tracks were
on each side of those made by the animal. After going several
miles, they came to the mule itself, standing in some bushes,
mortally wounded in the side by an arrow, and left to die, that
it might be afterwards butchered for food. They also found, in
another place, as they were hunting about on the ground for
Tabeau's tracks, something that looked like a little puddle of
blood, but which the darkness prevented them from verify-
ing. With these details they returned to our camp, and their
report saddened all our hearts.

10th. — This morning, as soon as there was light enough to
follow tracks, I set out myself, with Mr. Fitzpatrick and several
men, in search of Tabeau. We went to the spot where the
appearance of puddled blood had been seen ; and this, we saw
at once, had been the place where he fell and died. Blood
upon the leaves, and beaten-down bushes, showed that he had
got his wound about twenty paces from where he fell, and that
he had struggled for his life. He had probably been shot
through the lungs with an arrow. From the place where he
lay and bled, it could be seen that he had been dragged to the
river bank, and thrown into it. No vestige of what had be-
longed to him could be found, except a fragment of his horse
equipment. Horse, gun, clothes — all became the prey of
these Arabs of the New World.

Tabeau had been one of our best men, and his unhappy
death spread a gloom over our party. Men, who have gone
through such dangers and sufferings as we had seen, become
like brothers, and feel each other's loss. To defend and
avenge each other, is the deep feeling of all. We wished to
avenge his death ; but the condition of our horses, languish-
ing for grass and repose, forbade an expedition into unknown
mountains. We knew the tribe who had done the mischief—-
the same which had been insulting our camp. They knew
what they deserved, and had the discretion to show them-

458 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

selves to us no more. The day oefore, they infested our
camp ; now, not one appeared ; nor did we ever afterwards
see but one who even belonged to the same tribe, and he at a
distance.

Our camp was in a basin below a deep canon — a gap of
two thousand feet deep in the mountain — through which the
Rio Virgen passes, and where no man or beast could follow
it. The Spanish trail, which we had lost in the sands of the
basin, was on the opposite side of the river. We crossed over
to it, and followed it northwardly towards a gap which was
visible in the mountain. We approached it by a defile, ren-
dered difficult for our barefooted animals by the rocks strewed
along it ; and here the country changed its character. From
the time we entered the desert, the mountains had been bald
and rocky ; here they began to be wooded with cedar and
pine, and clusters of trees gave shelter to birds — a new and
welcome sight — which could not have lived in the desert we
had passed.

Descending a long hollow, towards the narrow valley of a
stream, we saw before us a snowy mountain, far beyond which
appeared another more lofty still. Good bunch-grass began to
appear on the hill-sides, and here we found a singular variety
of interesting shrubs. The changed appearance of the coun-
try infused among our people a more lively spirit, which was
heightened by finding at evening a halting-place of very good
grass on the clear waters of the Santa Clara fork of the Rio
Virgen.

llth. — The morning was cloudy and quite cool, with a
shower of rain — the first we have had since entering the desert,
a period of 27 days — and we seem to have entered a different
climate, with the usual weather of the Rocky mountains. Our
march to-day was very laborious, over very broken ground,
along the Santa Clara river ; but then the country is no longer
so distressingly desolate. The stream is prettily wooded with
sweet cottonwood trees — some of them of large size ; and on
the hills, where the nut-pine is often seen, a good and whole-
some grass occurs frequently. This cottonwood, which is
now in fruit, is of a different species from any in Michaux's

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 459

Sylva. Heavy dark' clouds covered the sky in the evening,
and a cold wind sprang up, making fires and overcoats con
fortable.

12th. — A little above our encampment the river forked, and
we continued, up the right-hand branch, gradually ascending
towards the summit of the mountain. As we rose towards the
head of the creek, the snowy mountains on our right showed
out handsomely — high and rugged, with precipices, and cov-
ered with snow for about two thousand feet from their summits
down. Our animals were somewhat repaid for their hard
marches by an excellent camping-ground on the summit of the
r>'dge, which forms here the dividing chain between the waters
of the Rio Virgen, which goes south to the Colorado, and those
of Sevier river, flowing northwardly, and belonging to the
Great Basin. We considered ourselves as crossing the rim of
the basin ; and, entering it at this point, we found here an ex-
tensive mountain meadow, rich in bunch-grass, and fresh with
numerous springs of clear water, all refreshing and delightful
to look upon. It was, in fact, that las Vegas de Santa Clara,
which had been so long presented to us as the terminating
point of the desert, and where the annual caravan from Cali-
fornia to New Mexico halted and recruited for some weeks.
It we.s a very suitable place to recover from the fatigue and
exhaustion of a month's suffering in the hot and sterile desert.
The meadow was about a mile wide, some ten miles long, bor-
dered by grassy hills and mountains — some of the latter rising
two thousand feet, and white with snow down to the level of
the vegas. Its elevation above the sea was 5,280 feet ; lati-
tude, by observation, 37° 28' 28" ; and its distance from where
we first struck the Spanish trail about 400 miles. Counting
from the time we reached the desert, and began to skirt, at our
descent from Walker's Pass in the Sierra Nevada, we had
traveled 550 miles, occupying 27 days, in that inhospitable
region. In passing before the Great Caravan, we had the ad-
vantage of finding more grass, but the disadvantage of finding
also the marauding savages, who had gathered down upon the
trail, waiting the approach of that prey. This greatlj in-
creased our labors, besides costing us the life of an excellent

460 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

man. We had to move all day in a state of watch, and pre-
pared for combat — scouts and flankers out, a front and rear
division of our men, and baggage- animals in the centre. At
night, camp duty was severe. Those who had toiled all day,
had to guard, by turns, the camp and the horses, all night.
Frequently one-third of the whole party were on guard at
once ; and nothing but this vigilance saved us from attack.
We were constantly dogged by bands, and even whole tribes
of marauders ; and although Tabeau was killed, and our camp
infested and insulted by some, while swarms of them remained
on the hills and mountain-sides, there was manifestly a con-
sultation and calculation going on, to decide the question of
attacking us. Having reached the resting-place of the Vegas
de Santa Clara, we had complete relief from the heat and pri
Cations of the desert, and some relaxation from the severity of
camp duty. Some relaxation, and relaxation only — for camp-
guards, horse-guards, and scouts, are indispensable from the
time of leaving the frontiers of Missouri until we return tc
them.

After we left the Vegas, we had the gratification to be joined
by the famous hunter and trapper, Mr. Joseph Walker, whom
I have before mentioned, and who now became our guide. He
had left California with the great caravan ; and perceiving,
from the signs along the trail, that there was a party of whites
ahead, which he judged to be mine, he detached himself from
the caravan, with eight men, (Americans,) and ran the gaunt-
let of the desert robbers, killing two, and getting some of the
horses wounded, and succeeded in overtaking us. Nothing but
his great knowledge of the country, great courage and presence
of mind, anrl good rifles, could have brought him safe from such
a perilous enterprise.

13th. — We remained one day at this noted place of rest and
refreshment ; and, resuming our progress in a northwestward-
ly direction, we descended into a broad valley, the water of
which is tributary to Sevier lake. The next day we came in
sight of the Wahsatch range of mountains on the right, white
with snow, and here forming the southeast part of the Great
Basin. Sevier lake, upon the waters of which we now were,

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 461

belonged to the system of lakes in the eastern part of tne Basin
—of which, the Great Salt lake, and its southern limb, the Utah
lake, were the principal — towards the region of which we
were now approaching. We traveled for several days in this
direction, within the rim of the Great Basin, crossing little
streams which bore to the left for Sevier lake ; and plainly
seeing, by the changed aspect of the country, that we were
entirely clear of the desert, and approaching the regions which
appertained to the system of the Rocky mountains. We
met, in this traverse, a few mounted Utah Indians, in advance
of their main body, watching the approach of the great
caravan.

16th. — We reached a small salt lake, about seven miles
long and one broad, at the northern extremity of which we en-
camped for the night. This little lake, which well merits its
characteristic name, lies immediately at the base of the Wah-
satch range, and nearly opposite a gap in that chain of moun-
tains through which the Spanish trail passes ; and which,
again falling upon the waters of the Colorado, and crossing
that river, proceeds over a mountainous country to Santa Fe.

17th. — After 440 miles of traveling on a trail, which served
for a road, we again found ourselves under the necessity
of exploring a track through the wilderness. The Spanish
trail had borne off to the southeast, crossing the Wah-satch
range. Our course led to the northeast, along the foot of
that range, and leaving it on the right. The mountain pre-
sented itself to us under the form of several ridges, rising one
above the other, rocky, and wooded with pine and cedar ; the
last ridge covered with snow. Sevier river, flowing north-
wardly to the lake of the same name, collects its principal wa-
ters from this section of the Wah-satch chain. We had now
entered a region of great pastoral promise, abounding with fine
streams, the rich bunch-grass, soil that would produce wheat,
and indigenous flax growing as if it had been sown. Consist-
ent with the general character of its bordering mountains, this
fertility of soil and vegetation does not extend far into the Great
Basin. Mr. Joseph Walker, our guide, and who has more
knowledge of these parts than any man I know, informed me

462 COL. FREMONT'S ^AiuU

Jiat all the country to the left was unknown to him, and that
even the Digger tribes, which frequented Lake Sevier, could
tell him nothing about it.

20th. — We met a band of Utah Indians, headed by a well-
known chief, who had obtained the American or English name
of Walker, by which he is quoted and well known. They
were all mounted, armed with rifles, and used their rifles well.
The chief had a fusee, which he carried slung, in addition to
his rifle. They were journeying slowly towards the Spanish
trail, to levy their usual tribute upon the great California cara-
van. They were robbers of a higher order than those of the
desert. They conducted their depredations with form, and
under the color of trade and toll, for passing through their
country. Instead of attacking and killing, they affect to pur-
chase— taking the horses they like, and giving something nom-
inal in return. The chief was quite civil to me. He was
personally acquainted with his namesake, our guide, who
made my name known to him. He knew of my expedition
of 1842; and, as tokens of friendship, and proof that we had
met, proposed an interchange of presents. We had no great
store to choose out of; so he gave me a Mexican blanket,
and I gave him a very fine one which I had obtained at Van-
couver.

23d. — We reached Sevier river — the main tributary of the
lake of the same name — which, deflecting from its northern
course, here breaks from the mountains to enter the lake. It
was really a fine river, from eight to twelve feet deep ; and
after searching in vain for a fordable place, we made little
boats (or rather rafts) out of bulrushes, and ferried across.
These rafts are readily made, and give a good conveyance
across a river. The rushes are bound in bundles, and tied
hard ; the bundles are tied down upon poles, as close as they
can be pressed, and fashioned like a boat, in being broader in
the middle and pointed at the ends. The rushes, being tubular
and jointed, are light and strong. The raft swims well, and
is shoved along by poles, or paddled, or pushed and pulled by
swimmers, or drawn by ropes. On this occasion, we used
ropes — one at each end — and rapidly drew our little floaf

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 463

backwards and forwards from shore to shore. The norses
swam. At our place of crossing, which was the most north
ern point of its bend, the latitude was 39° 22' 19". The
banks sustained the character for fertility and vegetation
which we had seen for some days. The name of this river
and lake was an indication of our approach to regions of
which our people had been the explorers. It was probably
named after some American trapper or hunter, and was the
first American name we had met with since leaving the Co-
lumbia river. From the Dalles to the point where we turned
across the Sierra Nevada, near 1,000 miles, we heard Indian
names, and the greater part of the distance none ; from Nueva
Helvetia (Sacramento) to las Vegas de Santa Clara, about
1,000 more, all were Spanish ; from the Mississippi to the Pa-
cific, French and American or English were intermixed ; and
this prevalence of names indicates the national character of the
first explorers.

We had here the misfortune to lose one of our people, Fran-
ijois Badeau, who had been with me on both expeditions ; dur-
ing which he had always been one of my most faithful and
efficient men. He was killed in drawing towards him a gun
by the muzzle ; the hammer being caught, discharged the gun,
driving the ball through his head. We buried him on the
banks of the river.

Crossing the next day a slight ridge along the river, we en-
tered a handsome mountain valley covered with fine grass, and
directed our course towards a high snowy peak, at the foot of
which lay the Utah lake. On our right was a bed of high
mountains, their summits covered with snow, constituting the
dividing ridge between the Basin waters and those of the Colo-
rado. At noon we fell in with a party of Utah Indians com-
ing out of the mountain, and in the afternoon encamped on a
tributary to the lake, which is separated from the waters of the
Sevier by very slight dividing grounds.

Early the next day we came in sight of the lake ; and, as
we descended to the broad bottoms of the Spanish fork, three
horsemen were seen galloping towards us, who proved to be
Utah Indians — scouts from a village, which was encamped

464 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

near the mouth of the river. They were armed with rifles,
and their horses were in good condition. We encamped near
them, on the Spanish fork, which is one of the principal tribu-
taries to the lake. Finding the Indians troublesome, and de-
sirous to remain here a day, we removed the next morning
farther down the lake and encamped on a fertile bottom near
the foot of the same mountainous ridge which borders the
Great Salt lake, and along which we had journeyed the pre-
vious September. Here the principal plants in bloom were
two, which were remarkable as affording to the Snake Indians
— the one an abundant supply of food, and the other the most
useful among the applications which they use for wounds.
These were the kooyah plant, growing in fields of extraordinary
luxuriance, and convollaria stellata, which, from the experience
of Mr. Walker, is the best remedial plant known among these
Indians. A few miles below us was another village of Indians,
from which we obtained some fish — among them a few salmon
trout, which were very much inferior in size to those along the
Californian mountains. The season for taking them had not
yet arrived ; but the Indians were daily expecting them to come
up out of the lake.

We had now accomplished an object we had in view when
leaving the Dalles of the Columbia in November last : we had
reached the Utah lake ; but by a route very different from the
one we had intended, and without sufficient time remaining to
make the examinations which we desired. It is a lake of note
in this country, under the dominion of the Utahs, who resort
to it for fish. Its greatest breadth is about fifteen miles, stretch-
ing far to the north, narrowing as it goes, and connecting with
the Great Salt lake. This is the report, which I believe to
be correct ; but it is fresh water, while the other is not only salt,
but a saturated solution of salt ; and here is a problem which
requires to be solved. It is almost entirely surrounded by
mountains, walled on the north and east by a high and snowy
range, which supplies to it a fan of tributary streams. Among
these, the principal river is the Timpan-ogo — signifying Rock
river — a name which the rocky grandeur of its scenery, re-
tnaikable even in this country of rugged mountains, has

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 465

obtained for it from the Indians. In the Utah language, og-
wah-be, the term for river, when coupled with other words in
common conversation, is usually abbreviated to ago ; timpan
signifying rock. It is probable that this river furnished the
name which on the older maps has been generally applied to
the Great Salt lake ; but for this I have preferred a name
which will be regarded as highly characteristic, restricting
to the river the descriptive term Timpan-ogo, and leaving
for the lake into which it flows the name of the people who
reside on its shores, and by which it is known throughout the
country.

The volume of water afforded by the Timpan-ogo is proba-
bly equal to that of the Sevier river ; and, at the time of our
visit, there was only one place in the lake-valley at which
the Spanish fork was fordable. In the cove of the mountains
along its eastern shore, the lake is bordered by a plain, where
the soil is generally good, and in greater part fertile ; watered
by a delta of prettily timbered streams. This would be an
excellent locality for stock-farms ; it is generally covered with
good bunch-grass, and would abundantly produce the ordinary
grains.

In arriving at the Utah lake, we had completed an immense
circuit of twelve degrees diameter north and south, and ten
degrees east and west ; and found ourselves, in May, 1844, on
the same sheet of water which we had left in September, 1843.
The Utah is the southern limb of the Great Salt lake ; and
thus we had seen that remarkable sheet of water both at its
northern and southern extremity, and were able to fix its posi-
tion at these two points. The circuit which we had made,
and which had cost us eight months of time, and 3,500 miles
of traveling, had given us a view of Oregon and of North
California from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific ocean, and
of the two principal streams which form bays or harbors on
the coast of that sea. Having completed this circuit, and be-
ing now about to turn the back upon the Pacific slope of our
continent, and to recross the Rocky mountains, it is natural to
look back upon our footsteps, and take some brief view of the
leading feat ires and general structure of the country we had

466 OOL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

traversed. These are peculiar and striking, and differ essen.
tially from the Atlantic side of the country. The mountains
all are higher, more numerous, and more distinctly defined in
their ranges and directions ; and, what is so contrary to the
natural order of formations, one of these ranges, which is near
the coast, (the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range,) presents
higher elevations and peaks than any which are to be found
in the Rocky mountains themselves. In our eight months'
circuit, we were never out of sight of snow ; and the Sierra
Nevada, where we crossed it, was near 2,000 feet higher than
the South Pass in the Rocky mountains. In height, these
mountains greatly exceed those of the Atlantic side, constantly
presenting peaks which enter the region of eternal snow ; and
some of them volcanic, and in a frequent state of activity.
They are seen at great distances, and guide the traveler in his
course.

The course and elevation of these ranges give direction to
the rivers and character to the coast. No great river does, or
can, take its rise below the Cascade and Sierra Nevada range ;
the distance to the sea is too short to admit of it. The rivers
of the San Francisco bay, which are the largest after the Co-
lumbia, are local to that bay, and lateral to the coast, having
their sources about on a line with the Dalles of the Columbia,
and running each in a valley of its own, between the Coast range
and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada range. The Columbia is
the only river which traverses the whole breadth of the coun-
try, breaking through all the ranges, and entering the sea.
Drawing its waters from a section of ten degrees of latitude in
the Rocky mountains, which are collected into one stream by
three main forks (Lewis's, Clark's, and the North fork) near
the centre of the Oregon valley, this great river thence pro-
ceeds by a single channel to the sea, while its three forks lead
each to a pass in the mountains, which opens the way into the
interior of the continent. This fact in relation to the rivers of
this region, gives an immense value to the Columbia. Its mouth
is the only inlet and outlet to and from the sea : its three forks

*i «<> the passes in the mountains : it is, therefore, the only
iine of communication between the Pacific and the interior of

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 467

North America ; and all operations of war or commerce, of
national or social intercourse, must be conducted upon it.
This gives it a value beyond estimation, and would involve
irreparable injury if los .. In this unity and concentration of
its waters, the Pacific side of our continent differs entirely from
the Atlantic side, where the waters of the Alleghany moun.
tains are dispersed into many rivers, having their different en-
trances into the sea, and opening many lines of communication
with the interior.

The Pacific coast is equally different from that of the At-
lantic. The coast of the Atlantic is low and open, indented
fvith numerous bays, sounds, and river estuaries, accessible
everywhere, and opening by many channels into the heart of
:he country. The Pacific coast, on the contrary, is high and
oompact, with few bays, and but one that opens into the heart
of the country. The immediate coast is what the seamen call
^•on-bound. A little within, it is skirted by two successive
ranges of mountains, standing as ramparts between the sea and
the interior of the country ; and to get through which there is
but one gate, and that narrow and easily defended. This struc
lure of the coast, backed by these two ranges of mountains,
with its concentration and unity of waters, gives to the country
an immense military strength, and will probably render Oregon
die most impregnable country in the world.

Differing so much from the Atlantic side of our continent, ii»
wast, mountains, and rivers, the Pacific side differs from it in
another most rare and singular feature — that of the Great
Interior Basin, of which I have so often spoken, and the whole
forrri and character of which I was so anxious to ascertain.
Iis existence is vouched for by such of the American traders
and hunters as have some knowledge of that region ; the struc-
ture of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains requires it to be
there ; and my own observations confirm it. Mr. Joseph
Walker, who is so well acquainted in those parts, informed mo
that, from the Great Salt lake west, there was a succession of
lakes and rivers which have no outlet to the sea, nor any con-
nection with the Columbia, or with the Colorado of the Gulf of
California. He describe'd some of these lakes as being large,

468 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

with numerous streams, and even considerable rivers falling
into them. In faoi,, all concur in the general report of these
interior rivers and lakes ; and, for \v*nt of understanding the
force and power of evaporation, which so soon establishes an
equilibrium between the 'loss and supply of waters, the fable
of whirlpools and subterraneous outlets has gained belief, as
the only imaginable way of carrying off the waters which have
no visible discharge. The structure of the country would re-
quire this formation of interior lakes ; for the waters which
would collect between the Rocky mountains and the Sierra
Nevada, not being able to cross this formidable barrier, nor to
get to the Columbia or the Colorado, must naturally collect
into reservoirs, each of which would have its little system of
streams and rivers to supply it. This would be the natural
effect ; and what I saw went to confirm it. The Great Salt
lake is a formation of this kind, and quite a large one ; and
having many streams, and one considerable river, 400 or 500
miles long, falling into it. This lake and river I saw and
examined myself; and also saw the Wah-satch and Bear River
mountains, which enclose the waters of the lake on the east,
and constitute, in that quarter, the rim of the Great Basin.
Afterwards, along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, where
we traveled for 42 days, I saw the line of lakes and rivers
which lie at the foot of that Sierra ; and which Sierra is the
western rim of the Basin. In going down Lewis's fork and
the main Columbia, I crossed only inferior streams coming in
from the left, such as could draw their water from a short dis-
tance only ; and I often saw the mountains at their heads white
with snow, — which, all accounts said, divided the waters of the
desert from those of the Columbia, and which could be noothei
than the range of mountains which form the rim of the Basin
on its northern side. And in returning from California along
the Spanish trail, as far as the head of the Santa Clara fork of
the Rio Virgen, I crossed only small streams making theii
way south to the Colorado, or lost in sand, (as the Mo-hah-ve ;)
while to the left, lofty mountains, their summits white with
§now, were often visible, and which must have turned water
to the north as well as to the south, and thus constituted, on

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 469

this part, the southern rim of the Basin. At the head of the
Santa Clara fork, and in the Vegas de Santa Clara, we crossed
the ridge which parted the two systems of waters. We entered
the Basin at that point, and have traveled in it ever since ;
having its southeastern rim (the Wah-satch mountain) on the
right, and crossing the streams which flow down into it. The
existence of the Basin is, therefore, an established fact in my
mind : its extent and contents are yet to be better ascertained.
It cannot be less than 400 or 500 miles each way, and must
lie principally in the Alta California ; the demarcation latitude
of 42° probably cutting a segment from the north part of the
rim. Of its interior, but little is known. It is called a desert,
and, from what I saw of it, sterility may be its prominent char-
acteristic ; but where there is so much water, there must be
some oasis. The great river, and the great lake, reported,
^nay not be equal to the report ; but where there is so much
now, there must be streams ; and where there is no outlet,
here must be lakes to hold the accumulated waters, or sands
to swallow them up. In this eastern part of the Basin, con-
taining Sevier, Utah, and the Great Salt lakes, and the rivers
and creeks falling into them, we know there is good soil and
good grass, adapted to civilized settlements. In the western
part, on Salmon Trout river, and some other streams, the same
remark may be made.

The contents of this great Basin are yet to be examined.
That it is peopled, we know ; but miserably and sparsely.
From all that I heard and saw, I should say that humanity
here appeared in its lowest form, and in its most elementary
state. Dispersed in single families ; without fire-arms ; eating
seeds and insects ;• digging roots, (and hence their name,) —
such is the condition of the greater part. Others are a degree
higher, and live in communities upon some lake or river that
supplies fish, and from which they repulse the miserable Dig-
ger. The rabbit is the largest animal known in this desert ;
its flesh affords a little meat ; and their bag-like covering is
made of its skins. The wild sage is their only wood, and here
it is of extraordinary size — sometimes a foot in diameter, and
six or eight feet high. It serves for fuel, for building material;

470 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

for shelter to the rabbits, and for some sort of covering for tho
feet and legs in cold weather. Such are the accounts of the
inhabitants and productions of the Great Basin ; and which,
though imperfect, must have some foundation, and excite our
desire to know the whole.

The whole idea of such a desert, and such a people, is a
novelty in our country, and excites Asiatic, not American
ideas. Interior basins, with their own systems of lakes and
rivers, and often sterile, are common enough in Asia ; people
still in the elementary state of families, living in deserts, with
no other occupation than the mere animal search for food, may
still be seen in that ancient quarter of the globe ; but in America
such things are new and strange, unknown and unsuspected, and
discredited when related. But I natter myself that what ia
discovered, though not enough to satisfy curiosity, is sufficient
to excite it, and that subsequent explorations will complete what
has been commenced.

This account of the Great Basin, it will be remembered, be-
longs to the Alta California, and has no application to Oregon,
whose capabilities may justify a separate remark. Referring
to my journal for particular descriptions, and for sectional
boundaries between good and bad districts, I can only say, in
general and comparative terms, that, in that branch of agricul-
ture which implies the cultivation of grains and staple crops,
it would be inferior to the Atlantic States, though many parts
are superior for wheat ; while in the rearing of flocks and
herds it would claim a high place. Its grazing capabilities are
great ; and even in the indigenous grass now there, an element
of individual and national wealth may be found. In fact, the
valuable grasses begin within one hundred and fifty miles of
the Missouri frontier, and extend to the Pacific ocean. East
of the Rocky mountains, it is the short curly grass, on which
the buffalo delights to feed, (whence its name of buffalo,) and
which is still good when dry and apparently dead. West of
-hose mountains it is a larger growth, in clusters, and hence
called bunch-grass, and which has a second or fall growth.
Plains and mountains both exhibit them ; and I have seen good
pasturage at an elevation of ten thousand feet. In this sponta-

ADVENT0RES AND EXPLORATIONS. 47 1

neous p ocluct the trading or traveling caravans can find sub-
sister<ce for their animals ; and in military operations any num.
ber of cavalry may be moved, and any number of cattle may
be driven ; and thus men and horses be supported on long ex-
peditions, and even in winter, in the sheltered situations.

Commercially, the value of the Oregon country must be
great, washed as it is by the North Pacific ocean — fronting
Asia — producing many of the elements of commerce — mild
and healthy in its climate — and becoming, as it naturally will.
a thoroughfare for the East India and China trade.

Turning our faces once more eastward, on the morning of
the 27th we left the Utah lake, and continued for two days to
ascend the Spanish fork, which is dispersed in numerous
branches among very rugged mountains, which afford few
passes, and render a familiar acquaintance with them necessary
to the traveler. The stream can scarcely be said to have a
valley, the mountains rising often abruptly from the water's
edge ; but a good trail facilitated our traveling, and there were
frequent bottoms, covered with excellent grass. The streams
are prettily and variously wooded ; and everywhere the moun-
tain shows grass and timber.

• At our encampment on the evening of the 28th, near the
head of one of the branches we had ascended, strata of bitumi-
nous limestone were displayed in an escarpment on the rivei
bluffs, in which were contained a variety of fossil shells of
new species.

It will be remembered, that in crossing this ridge about 120
miles to the northward in August last, strata of fossiliferous
rock were discovered, which have been referred to the oolitic
period ; it is probable that these rocks also belong to the same
formation.

A few miles from this encampment we reached the bed of
the stream, and crossing, by an open and easy pass, the di-
viding ridge which separates the waters of the Great Basin
from those of the Colorado, we reached the head branches of
one of its larger tributaries, which, from the decided color of
its waters, has received the name of White river. The snows
of the mountains were now beginning to melt, and all tnc little

472 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

rivulets were running by in rivers, and rapidly becoming diffi
cult to ford. Continuing a few miles up a branch of White
river, we crossed a dividing ridge between its waters and those
of Uintah. The approach to the pass, which is the best known
to Mr. Walker, was somewhat difficult for packs, and imprac-
ticable for wagons — all the streams being shut in by narrow
ravines, and the narrow trail along the steep hill-sides allow-
ing the passage of'only one animal at a time. From the sum-
mit we had a fine view of the snowy Bear River range, and
there were still remaining beds of snow on the cold sides of
the hills near the pass. We descended by a narrow ravine,
in which was rapidly gathered a little branch of the Uintah,
and halted to noon about 1,500 feet below the pass, at an ele-
vation, by the boiling point, of 6,900 feet above the sea.

The next day we descended along the river, and about noon
reached a point where three forks come together. Fording one
of these with some difficulty, we continued up the middle
branch, which, from the color of its waters, is named the Red
river. The few passes, and extremely rugged nature of the coun-
try, give to it great strength, and secure the Utahs from the in-
trusion of their enemies. Crossing in the afternoon a somewhat
broken highland, covered in places with fine grasses, and with
cedar on the hill-sides, we encamped at evening on another
tributary to the Uintah, called the Duchesne fork. The water
was very clear, the stream not being yet swollen by the melt-
ing snows, and we forded it without any difficulty. It is a
considerable branch, being spread out by islands, the largest
arm being about a hundred feet wide, and the name it bears is
probably that of some old French trapper.

The next day we continued down the river, which we were
twice obliged to cross ; and, the water having risen during the
night, it was almost everywhere too deep to be forded. Af-
ter traveling about sixteen miles, we encamped again on the
left bank.

I obtained here an occultation of Scorpii at the dark limb of
me moon, which gives for the longitude of the place 112° 18
30", and the latitude 40° 18' 53",

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 473

JUNE.

1st. — We left to-day the Duchesne fork, and, after travers-
ing a broken country for about sixteen miles, arrived at noon
at another considerable branch, a river of great velocity, to
which the trappers have improperly given the name of Lake
fork. The name applied to it by the Indians signifies great
swiftness, and is the same which they use to express the speed
of a racehorse. It is spread out in various channels over sev-
eral hundred yards, and is everywhere too deep and swift to
be forded. At this season of the year, there is an uninter-
rupted noise from the large rocks which are rolled along the
bed. After infinite difficulty, and the delay of a day, we suc-
ceeded in getting the stream bridged, and got over with the
loss of one of our animals. Continuing our route across a
broken country, of which the higher parts were rocky and
timbered with cedar, and the lower parts covered with good
grass, we reached, on the afternoon of the 3d, the Uintah fort,
a trading-post belonging to Mr. A. Roubideau, on the princi-
pal fork of the Uintah river. We found the stream nearly as
rapid and difficult as the Lake fork, divided into several chan-
nels, which were too broad to be bridged. With the aid of
guides from the fort, we succeeded, with very great difficulty,
in fording it, and encamped near the fort, which is situated a
short distance above the junction of two branches which make
the river.

By an immersion of the first satellite, (agreeing well with
the result of the occultation observed at the Duchesne fork,)
the longitude of the post is 109° 56' 42", the latitude 40° 27'
45".

It has a motley garrison of Canadian and Spanish engages
and hunters, with the usual number of Indian women. We
obtained a small supply of sugar and coffee, with some dried
meat and a cow, which was a very acceptable change from the
pi no f i on which we had subsisted for some weeks past. I
strengthened my party at this place by tho addition of August*

474 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

Arcnambeau, an excellent voyageur and hunter, belonging to
the class of Carson and Godey.

On the morning of the 5th we left the fort* and the Uintah
river, and continued our road over a broken country, which
afforded, however, a rich addition to our botanical collection ;
and, after a march of 25 miles, were again checked by an-
other stream, called Ashley's fork, where we were detained
until noon of the next day.

An immersion of the second satellite gave for this place a
longitude of 109° 27' 07", the latitude, by observation, being
40° 28' 07".

In the afternoon of the next day we succeeded. in finding a
ford ; and, after traveling 15 miles, encamped high up on the
mountain-side, where we found excellent and abundant grass,
which we had not hitherto seen. A new species of efymus,
which had a purgative and weakening effect upon the animals,
had occurred abundantly since leaving the fort. From this
point, by observation 7,300 feet above the sea, we had a view
of the Colorado below, shut up amongst rugged mountains, and
which is the recipient of all the streams we had been crossing
since we passed the rim of the Great Basin at the head of the
Spanish fork.

On the 7th we had a pleasant but long day's journey,
through beautiful little valleys and a high mountain country,
arriving about evening at the verge of a steep and rocky ra-
vine, by which we descended to " Brown's hole." This is a
place well known to trappers in the country, where the canons
through which the Colorado runs expand into a narrow bu*
pretty valley, about 16 miles in length. The river was sev
eral hundred yards in breadth, swollen to the top of its banks,
near to which it was in many places 15 to 20 feet deep. We
repaired a skin-boat which had been purchased at the fort,
and, after a delay of a day, reached the opposite banks with

* This fort was attacked and taken by a band of the Utah Indians since
we passed it, and the men of the garrison killed — the women carried off-
Mr. Roubideau, a trader of St. Louis, was absent, and so escaped the fate
of tho rest.

ADVENTURES AND EXPLOR ATIO I 47 5

much less delay than had been encountered on the Uintah wa-
ters. According to information, the lower end of the valley is
the most eastern part of the Colorado ; and the latitude of our
encampment, which was opposite to the remains of an old fort
on the left bank of the river, was 40° 46' 27", and, by obser-
vation, the elevation above the sea 5,150 feet. The bearing
to the. entrance of the canon below was south 20° east. Here
the river enters between lofty precipices of red rock, and the
country below is said to assume a very rugged character, the
river and its affluents passing through canons which forbid all
access to the water. This sheltered little valley was formerly
a favorite wintering ground for the trappers, as it afforded
them sufficient pasturage for their animals, and the surround-
ing mountains are well stocked with game.

We surprised a flock of mountain sheep as we descended to
the river, and our hunters killed several. The bottoms of a
small stream called Vermilion creek, which enters the left
bank of the river a short distance below our encampment^
were covered abundantly with jP. vermicularis, and other che-
nopodiaceous shrubs. From the lower end of Brown's hole
we issued by a remarkably dry canon, fifty or sixty yards
wide, and rising, as we advanced, to the height of six or eight
hundred feel. Issuing from this, and crossing a small green
valley, we entered another rent of the same nature, still nar-
rower than the other, the rocks on either side rising in nearly
vertical precipices perhaps 1,500 feet in height. These places
are mentioned, to give some idea of the country lower down
on the Colorado, to which the trappers usually apply the name
of a canon country. The canon opened upon a pond of wa-
ter, where we halted to noon. Several flocks of mountain
sheep were here among the rocks, which rung with volleys of
small-arms. In the afternoon we entered upon an ugly, bar-
ren, and broken country, corresponding well with that we had
traversed a few degrees north, on the same side of the Colora-
do. The Vermilion creek afforded us brackish water and in-
different grass for the night.

A few scattered cedar-trees were the only improvement of
the country on the following day ; and at a little «pring of bad

476 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

water, where we halted at noon, we had not even the shelter
of these from the hot rays of the sun. At night we encamped
in a fine grove of cottonwood-trees, on the banks of the Elk
Head river, the principal fork of the Yampah river, commonly
called by the trappers the Bear river. We made here a very
strong fort, and formed the camp into vigilant guards. The
country we were now entering was constantly infested by
war parties of the Sioux and other Indians, and is among the
most dangerous war-grounds in the Rocky mountains ; parties
of whites having been repeatedly defeated on this river.

On the llth we continued up the river, which is a consider-
able stream, fifty to a hundred yards in width, handsomely
and continuously wooded with groves of the narrow-leaved cot-
tonwood, populus angustifolia ; with these were thickets of
willow, and grain du bwuf. The characteristic plant along
the river is F. vermicularis, which generally covers the bot-
toms ; mingled with this are saline shrubs and artemisia. The
new variety of grass which we had seen on leaving the Uintah
fort had now disappeared. The country on either side was
sandy and poor, scantily wooded with cedars, but the river bot-
toms afforded good pasture. Three antelopes were killed in
the afternoon, and we encamped a little below a branch of tht
river, called St. Vrain's fork. A few miles above was the fort
at which Frapp's party had been defeated two years since ;
and we passed during the day a place where Carson had been
fired upon so close that one of the men had five bullets through
his body. Leaving this river the next morning, we took our
way across the hills, where every hollow had a spring of run-
ning water with good grass.

Yesterday and to-day we had before our eyes the high
mountains which divide the Pacific from the Mississippi wa-
ters ; and entering here among the lower spurs or foot-hills of
the range, the face of the country began to improve with a
magical rapidity. Not only the river bottoms, but the hills
were covered with grass j and among the usual varied flora
of the mountain region, these were occasionally blue with the
showy bloom of a lupinus. In the course of the morning we
had the first glad view of buffalo, and. welcomed the appear

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 477

ance of two old bulls with as much joy as if they hftd been mes-
sengers from home ; and when we descended to noon on St.
Vrain's fork, an affluent of Green river, the hunters brought
in mountain sheep and the meat of two fat bulls. Fresh en-
trails in the river showed us that there were Indians above,
and at evening, judging it unsafe to encamp in the bottoms,
which were wooded only with willow thickets, we ascended
to the spurs above, and forted strongly in a small aspen grove,
near to which was a spring of cold water. The hunters kill-
ed two fine cows near the camp. A band of elk broke out of
a neighboring grove ; antelopes were running over the hills ;
and on the opposite river-plains herds of buffalo were raising
clouds of dust. The country here appeared more variously
stocked with game than any part of the Rocky mountains we
had visited ; and its abundance is owing to the excellent pas-
turage, and its dangerous character as a war-ground.

13th. — There was snow here near our mountain camp, and
the morning was beautiful and cool. Leaving St. Vrain's
fork, we took our way directly towards the summit of the di-
viding ridge. The bottoms of the streams and level places
were wooded with aspens ; and as we neared the summit, we
entered again the piny region. We had a delightful morning's
ride, the ground affording us an excellent bridle-path, and
reached the summit towards mid-day, at an elevation of 8,000
feet. With joy and exultation we saw ourselves once more
on the top of the Rocky mountains, and beheld a little stream
taking its course towards the rising sun. It was an affluent of
the Platte, called Pullam's fork, and we descended to noon
upon it. It is a pretty stream, twenty yards broad, and bears
the name of a trapper who, some years since, was killed here
by the Gros Venire Indians.

Issuing from the pines in the afternoon we saw spread out
before us the valley of the Platte, with the pass of the Medicine
Butte beyond, and some of the Sweet Water mountains ; but a
smoky haziness in the air entirely obscured the Wind River
chain.

We were now about two degrees south of the South Pass,
ard our course home would have been eastwardly ; but thai

478 COL. FREMONT'S NAKRAITVE OF

would have taken us over ground already examined, and
therefore without the interest that would excite curiosity.
Southwardly there were objects worthy to be explored, to wit :
the approximation of the head-waters of three different riv-
ers— the Platte, the Arkansas, and the Grand River fork of
the Rio Colorado of the Gulf of California ; the passages at the
heads of these rivers ; and the three remarkable mountain coves,
called Parks, in which they took their rise. One of these
Parks was, of course, on the western side of the dividing ridge ;
and a visit to it would once more require us to cross the sum-
mit of the Rocky mountains to the west, and then to recross lo
the east, making in all, with the transit we had just accomplish-
ed, three crossings of that mountain in this section of its course.
But no matter. The coves, the heads of the rivers, the approxi-
mation of their waters, the practicability of the mountain passes
and the locality of the three Parks, were all objects of interest,
and, although well known to hunters and trappers, were unknowr
to science and to history. We therefore changed our course
and turned up the valley of the Platte instead of going down it

We crossed several small affluents, and again made a fortifiei1
camp in a grove. The country had now became very beauti-
ful— rich in water, grass, and game ; and to these were added
the charm of scenery and pleasant weather.

14th. — Our route this morning lay along the foot of the
mountain, over the long low spurs which sloped gradually
down to the river, forming the broad valley of the Platte
The country is beautifully watered. In almost every hollow
ran a clear, cool, mountain stream ; and in the course of the
morning we crossed seventeen, several of them being large
creeks, forty to fifty feet wide, with a swift current, and tolera-
bly deep. These were variously wooded with groves of aspen
and cottonwood, with willow, cherry, and other shrubby
trees. Buffalo, antelope, and elk, were frequent during
the day; and, in their abundance, the latter sometimes re-
minded us slightly of the Sacramento valley.

We halted at noon on Potter's fork — a clear and swift
stream, forty yards wide, and in many places deep enough to
swim our animals ; and in the evening encamped on a pretty

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 479

itream, where there were several beaver dams, and many trees
recently cut down by the beaver. We gave to this the name
of Beaver Dam creek, as now they are becoming sufficiently
rare to distinguish by their names the streams on which they
are found. In this mountain they occurred more abundantly
than elsewhere in all our journey, in which their vestiges had
been scarcely seen.

The next day we continued our journey up the vulley, the
country presenting much the same appearance, except that t he-
grass was more scanty on the ridges, over which was spread
a scrubby growth of sage ; but still the bottoms of the creeks
were broad, and afforded good pasture-grounds. We had an
animated chase after a grizzly bear this morning, which we
tried to lasso. Fuentes threw the lasso upon his neck, but it
slipped off, and he escaped into the dense thickets of the creek,
into which we did not like to venture. Our course in the
afternoon brought us to the main Platte river, here a handsome
stream, with a uniform breadth of seventy yards, except where
widened by frequent islands. It was apparently deep, with a
moderate current, and wooded with groves of large willow.

The valley narrowed as we ascended, and presently degen-
erated into a gorge, through which the river passed as through
a gate. We entered it, and found ourselves in the New Park
— a beautiful circular valley of thirty miles diameter, walled
in all round with snowy mountains, rich with water and with
grass, fringed with pine on the mountain sides below the snow
line, and a paradise to all grazing animals. The Indian name
for it signifies " cow lodge," of which our own may be consid-
ered a translation ; the enclosure, the grass, the water, and
the herds of buffalo roaming over it, naturally presenting the
idea of a park. We halted for the night just within the gate,
and expected, as usual, to see herds of buffalo; but an Arnpa-
hoe village had been before us, and not one was to be seen.
Latitude of the encampment 40° 52' 44". Elevation by the
boiling point 7,720 feet.

It is from this elevated cove, and from the gorges of the
surrounding mountains, and some lakes within their bosoms,
that the Great Platte river collects its first waters, and assumes

480 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

ity first form ; and certainly no river could ask a more beauti-
ful origin.

16th. — In the morning we pursued our way through the
Park, following a principal branch of the Platte, and crossing,
among many smaller ones, a bold stream, scarcely fordable,
called Lodge Pole fork, and which issues from a lake in the
mountains on the right, ten miles long. In the evening we
encamped on a small stream near the upper end of the Park.
Latitude of the camp 40° 33' 22".

17th. — We continued our way among the waters of the Park
over the foot-hills of the bordering mountains, where we found
good pasturage, and surprised and killed some buffalo. We
fell into a broad and excellent trail, made by buffalo, where a
wagon would pass with ease ; and, in the course of the morn,
ing we crossed the summit of the Rocky mountains, through a
pass which was one of the most beautiful we had ever seen.
The trail led among the aspens, through open grounds, richly
covered with grass, and carried us over an elevation of about
9,000 feet above the level of the sea.

The country appeared to great advantage in the delightful
summer weather of the mountains, which we still continued to
enjoy. Descending from the pass, we found ourselves again
on the western waters ; and halted to noon on the edge of
another mountain valley, called the Old Park, in which is formed
Grand river, one of the principal branches of the Colorado
of California. We were now moving with some caution, as,
from the trail, we found the Arapahoe village had also passed
this way ; as we were coming out of their enemy's country,
and this was a war-ground, we were desirous to avoid them.
After a long afternoon's march, we halted at night on a small
creek, tributary to a main fork of Grand river, which ran
through this portion of the valley. The appearance of the
country in the Old Park is interesting, though of a different
character from the New ; instead of being a comparative plain,
it is more or less broken into hills, and surrounded by the high
mountains, timbered on the lower parts with quaking asp and
pines.

1 8th. — Our scouts, who were as usual ahead, made from a

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 481

butle this morning the signal of Indians, and we rode up in
time to meet a party of about 30 Arapahoes. They wero
men and women going into the hills — the men for game, the
women for roots — and informed us that the village was en-
camped a few miles above, on the main fork of Grand river,
which passes through the midst of the valley. I made them
the usual presents ; but they appeared disposed to be unfriendly,
and galloped back at speed to the village. Knowing that we
had trouble to expect, I descended immediately into the bot-
toms of Grand river, which were overflowed in places, the
river being up, and made the best encampment the ground
afforded. We had no time to build a fort, but found an open
place among the willows, which was defended by the river on
one side and the overflowed bottoms on the other. We had
scarcely made our few preparations, when about 200 of them
appeared on the verge of the bottom, mounted, painted, and
armed for war. We planted the American flag between us;
and a short parley ended in a truce, with something more than
the usual amount of presents. About 20 Sioux were witK
them — one of them an old chief, who had always been frie'.dly
to the whites. He informed me that, before coming down, a
council had been held at the village, in which the greater part
had declared for attacking us — we had come from their ene-
mies, to whom we had doubtless been carrying assistance in
arms and ammunition ; but his own party, with some few of
the Arapahoes who had seen us the previous year in the plains,
opposed it. It will be remembered that it is customary for
this people to attack the trading parties which they meet in this
region, considering all whom they meet on the western side of
the mountains to be their enemies. They deceived me into
the belief that I should find a ford at their village, and I could
not avoid accompanying them ; but put several sloughs between
us and their village, and forted strongly on the banks of the
river, which was everywhere rapid and deep, and ovor a
hundred yards in breadth. The camp was- generally crowded
with Indians ; and though the baggage was carefully watched
nnd covered, a number of things were stolen.

The next morning we descended the river for about eight

482 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

miles, and halted a short distance above a canon, through which
Grand river issues from the Park. Here it was smooth and
deep, 150 yards in breadth, and its elevation at this point
6,700 feet. A frame for the boat being very soon made, our
baggage was ferried across ; the horses, in the mean time,
swimming over. A southern fork of Grand river here makes
its junction, nearly opposite to the branch by which we had
entered the valley, and up this we continued for about eight
miles in the afternoon and encamped in a bottom on the left
bank, which afforded good grass. At our encampment it was
70 to 90 yards in breadth, sometimes widened by islands, and
separated into several channels, with a very swift current and
bed of rolled rocks.

On the 20th we traveled up the left bank, with the prospect
of a bad road, the trail here taking the opposite side ; but the
stream was up, and nowhere fordable. A piny ridge of moun-
tains, with bare rocky peaks, was on our right all the day, and
a snowy mountain appeared ahead. We crossed many foaming
torrents with rocky beds, rushing down the river ; and in the
evening made a strong fort in an aspen grove. The valley
had already become very narrow, shut up more closely in
densely timbered mountains, the pines sweeping down the verge
of the bottoms. The coq de prairie (tetrao europhasianus} was
occasionally seen among the sage.

We saw to-day the returning trail of an Arapahoe party
which had been sent from the village to look for Utahs in the
Bayou Salade, (South Park;) and it being probable that they
would visit our camp with the desire to return on horseback,
we were more than usually on the alert.

Here the river diminished to 35 yards, and, notwithstanding
the number of affluents we had crossed, was still a large
stream, dashing swiftly by, with a great continuous fall, and
not .yet forr'able. We had a delightful ride along a good trail
among the fragrant pines ; and the appearance of buffalo in
great numbers indicated that there were Indians in the Bayou
Salade, (South Park,) by whom they were driven out. We
halted to noon under the shade of the pines, and the weather
was raDst delightful, The country was literally alive with

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 483

buffalo ; and the continued echo of the hunters' rifles on
the other side of the river for a moment made me uneasy,
thinking perhaps they were engaged with Indians ; but in
a short time they came into camp with the meat of seven fat
cows.

During the earlier part of the day's ride, the river had been
merely a narrow ravine between high piny mountains, backed
on both sides, but particularly on the west, by a line of snowy
ridges ; but, after several hours' ride, the stream opened out
into a valley with pleasant bottoms. In the afternoon the river
forked into three apparently equal streams ; broad buffalo
trails leading up the left hand, and the middle branch, indi-
cating good passes over the mountains ; but up the right-hand
branch, (which, in the object of descending from the mountain
by the main head of the Arkansas, I was most desirous to
follow,) there was no sign of a buffalo trace. Apprehending
from this reason, and the character of the mountains, which are
known to be extremely rugged, that the right-hand branch led
to no pass, I proceeded up the middle branch, which formed a
flat valley- bottom between timbered ridges on the left and
snowy mountains on the right, terminating in large buftes of
naked rock. The trail was good, and the country interesting;
and at nightfall we encamped in an open place among the
pines, where we built a strong fort. The mountains exhibit
their usual varied growth of flowers, and at this place I no-
ticed, among others, thermopsis montana, whose bright yellow
color makes it a showy plant. This has been a characteristic
in many parts of the country since reaching the Uintah waters.
With fields of iris were aquilegia c&rulea, violets, esparcette,
and strawberries.

At dark we perceived a fire in the edge of the pines, on the
opposite side of the valley. We had evidently not been dis-
covered, and, at the report of a gun, and the blaze of fresh fuel
which was heaped on our fires, those of the strangers were in-
stantly extinguished. In the morning, they were found to be
a party of six trappers, who had ventured out among the moun-
tains after beaver. They informed us that two of the number
with which they had started had been already killed by the

484 COL. FREMONT'S N'ABRATIVE OF

•

Indians — one of them but a few days since — by the Arapanoes
We had lately seen, who had found him alone at a camp on
this river, and carried off his traps and animals. As they
were desirous to join us, the halters returned with them to the
encampment, and we continued up the valley, in which the
stream rapidly diminished, breaking into small tributaries —
every hollow affording water. At our noon halt, the hunters
joined us with the trappers. While preparing to start from
their encampment, they found themselves suddenly surrounded
by a party of Arapahoes, who informed them that their scouts
had discovered a large Utah village in the Bayou Salade,
(South Park,) and that a large war-party, consisting of almost
every man in the village, except those who were too old to go
to war, were going over to attack them. The main body had
ascended the -left fork of the river, which afforded a better pass
than the branch we were on, and this party had followed our
trail, in order that we might add our force to theirs. jCarson
informed them that we were too far ahead to turn back, but
would join them in the bayou ; and the Indians went off ap-
parently satisfied. By the temperature of boiling water, our
elevation here was 10,430 feet, and still the pine forest contin
ued, and grass was good.

In the afternoon we continued our road occasionally through
open pines, with a very gradual ascent. We surprised a herd
of buffalo, enjoying the shade at a small lake among the pines,
and they made the dry branches crack, as they broke through
the woods. In a ride of about three-quarters of an hour, and
having ascended perhaps 800 feet, we reached the summit of
tJie dividing ridge, which would thus have an estimated height
of 11,200 feet. Here the river spreads itself into small branches
and springs, heading nearly in the summit of the 4-idge, which
is very narrow. Immediately below us was a green valley,
through which ran a stream ; and a short distance opposite
rose snowy mountains, whose summits were formed into peaks
of naked rock. We soon afterwards satisfied ourselves thaf
immediately beyond these mountains was the main branch of
the Arkansas river — most probably heading directly with the
;ittle stream below us, which gathered its waters in the snowy

ADVENTURES AND LAKLOKATION8. 46,3

mountains near Dy. Descriptions of the rugged character of
the mountains around the head of the Arkansas, which their
appearance amply justified, deterred me from making any at-
ternpt to reach it, which would have involved a greater length
of time than now remained at my disposal.

In about a quarter of an hour, we descended from the sum.
rnit of the Pass into the creek below, our road having been very
much controlled and interrupted by the pines and springs on
the mountain-side. Turning up the stream, we encamped on
a bottom of good grass near its head, which gathers its waters
in the dividing crest of the Rocky mountains, and, according
to the best information we could obtain, separated only by the
rocky wall of the ridge from the head of the main Arkansas
river. By the observations of the evening, the latitude of our
encampment was 39° 20' 24", and south of which, therefore,
is the head of the Arkansas river. The stream on which we
had encamped is the head of either the Foniaine-qw.-bouit, a
branch of the Arkansas, or the remotest head of the south fork
of the Platte, as which you will find it laid down on the map.
But descending it only through a portion of its course, we have
not been able to settle this point satisfactorily. In the evening
a band of buffalo furnished a little excitement, by charging
through the camp.

On the following day we descended the stream by an excel-
lent buffalo-trail, along the open grassy bottom of the river.
On our right, the bayou was bordered by a mountainous range,
crested with rocky and naked peaks ; and below, it had a beau-
tiful park-like character of pretty level prairies, interspersed
among low spurs, wooded openly with pine and quaking asp, con-
trusting well with the denser pines which swept around on the
mountain sides. Descending always the valley of the stream,
towards noon we descried a mounted party descending the point
of a spur, and, judging them to be Arapahoes — who, defeated
or victorious, were equally dangerous to us, and with whom
a fight would be inevitable — we hurried to post ourselves as
strongly as possible on some willow islands in the river. We
had scarcely halted when they arrived, proving to be a party
of Utah women, who told us that on the other side of the ridg*

486 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

their viuage was fighting with the Arapahoes. As soon as
they had given us this information, they filled the air with
cries and lamentations, which made us understand that some
of their chiefs had been killed.

Extending along the river, directly ahead of us, was a low
piny ridge, leaving between it and the stream a small open
bottom, on which the Utahs had very injudiciously placed their
village, which, according to the women, numbered about 300
warriors. Advancing in the cover of the pines, the Arapahoes,
about daylight, charged into the village, driving off a great
number of their horses, and killing four men ; among them, the
principal chief of the village. They drove the horses perhap?
a mile beyond the village, to the end of a hollow, where they
had previously forted, at the edge of the pines. Here the
Utahs had instantly attacked them in turn, and, according to
the report of the women, were getting rather the best of the
day. The women pressed us eagerly to join with their people,
and would immediately have provided us with the best horses
at the village ; but it was not for us to interfere in such a con.
fiict. Neither party were our friends, or under our protection ;
and each was ready to prey upon us that could. But we could
not help feeling an unusual excitement at being within a few
hundred yards of a fight, in which 500 men were closely en-
gaged, and hearing the sharp cracks of their rifles. We were
in a bad position, and subject to be attacked in it. Either
party which we might meet, victorious or defeated, was certain
to fall upon us ; and, gearing up immediately, we kept close
along the pines of the ridge, having it between us and the vil-
lage, and keeping the scouts on the summit, to give us notice
of the approach of Indians. As we passed by the village,
which was immediately below us, horsemen were galloping to
and fro, and groups of people were gathered around those who
were wounded and dead, and who were being brought in from
the field. We continued to press on, and, crossing another
fork, which came in from the right, after having made fifteen
miles from the village, fortified ourselves strongly in the pines,
a short distance from the river.

During the afternoon, Pike's Peak had been plainly in view

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS.

before us, and, from our encampment, bore N. 87° E. by com-
pass. This was a familiar object, and it had for us the face
of an old friend. At its foot were the springs, where we had
spent a pleasant day in coming out. Near it were the habita-
fions of civilized men ; and it overlooked the broad smooth
plains, which promised us an easy journey to our home.

The next day we left the river, which continued its course
towards Pike's Peak ; and taking a southeasterly direction, in
about ten miles we crossed a gentle ridge, and, issuing from
the South Park, found ourselves involved among the broken
spurs of the mountains which border the great prairie plains.
Although broken and extremely rugged, the country was very
interesting, being well watered by numerous affluents to the
Arkansas river, and covered with grass and a variety of trees.
The streams, which, in the upper part of their course, ran
ih rough grassy and open hollows, after a few miles all descend-
ed into deep and impracticable canons, through which they
found their way to the Arkansas valley. Hero the buffalo
trails we had followed were dispersed among the hills, or
crossed over into the more open valleys of other streams.

During the day our road was fatiguing and difficult, remind-
ing us much, by its steep and rocky character, of our travel-
ing the year before among the Wind River mountains ; but al-
ways at night we found some grassy bottom, which afforded us
a pleasant camp. In the deep seclusion of these little streams,
we found always an abundant pasturage, and a wild luxuriance
of plants and trees. Aspens and pines were the prevailing
timber : on the creeks oak was frequent ; but the narrow-leaved
cottonwood, (populus angustifoUa,) of unusually large size, and
seven or eight feet in circumference, was the principal tree.
With these were mingled a variety of shrubby trees, which
aided to make the ravines almost impenetrable.

After several days' laborious traveling, we succeeded in ex-
tricating ourselves from the mountains, and on the morning of
Ihe 28th encamped immediately at their foot, on a handsome
tributary to the Arkansas river. In the afternoon we descend-
ed the stream, winding our way along the bottoms, winch were
densely wooded with oak, and in the evening encamped near

4:88 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

the main river. Continuing the next day our road along the
Arkansas, and meeting on the way a war-party of Arapahoe
Indians, (who had recently been committing some outrages at
Bent's fort, killing stock and driving off horses,) we arrived
before sunset at the Pueblo, near the mouth of the Fontaine-
qui-bouil river, where we had the pleasure to find a number of
our old acquaintances. The little settlement appeared in a
thriving condition ; and in the interval of our absence an-
other had been established on the river, some thirty miles
above.

On the 30th of June our cavalcade moved rapidly down the
Arkansas, along the broad road which follows the river.

JULY.

On the 1st of July we arrived at Bent's fort, about 70 miles
below the mouth of the Fontaine-qui-bouit. As we emerged into
view from the groves on the river, we were saluted with a dis-
play of the national flag, and repeated discharges from the gunsr
of the fort, where we were received by Mr. George Bent with a
cordial welcome and a friendly hospitality, in the enjoyment
of which we spent several very agreeable days. We were
now in the region where our mountaineers were accustomed
to live ; and all the dangers and difficulties of the road being
considered past, four of them, including Carson and Walker,
remained at the fort.

On the 5th we resumed our journey down the Arkansas
traveling along a broad wagon-road, and encamped about 2Q
miles below the fort. On the way we met a very large villag<
of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians, who, with the Arapahoes
were returning from the crossing of the Arkansas, where they
had been to meet the Kioway and Camanche Indians. A few
days previous they had massacred a party of fifteen Dela-
wares, whom they had discovered in a fort on the SmoV/ Hill
river, losing in the affair several of their own people. They
were desirous that we should bear a pacific messaga fo the

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS. 489

Uelawares on the frontier, from whom they expected retalia-
tion ; and we passed through them without any difficulty o/
delay. Dispersed over the plain in scattered bodies of horse-
men, and family groups of women and children, with dog-
trains carrying baggage, and long lines of pack-horses, their
appearance was picturesque and imposing.

Agreeably to your instructions, which required me to com-
plctc, as far as practicable, our examinations of the Kansas, I
left at this encampment the Arkansas river, taking a north-
easterly direction across the elevated dividing grounds which
separate that river from the waters of the Platte. On the 7th
we crossed a large stream, about forty yards wide, and one or
two feet deep, flowing with a lively current on a sandy bed.
The discolored and muddy appearance of the water indicated
that it proceeded from recent rains ; and we are inclined to
consider this a branch of the Smoky Hill river, although, pos-
sibly, it may be the Pawnee fork of the Arkansas. Beyond
this stream we traveled over high and level prairies, halting
at small ponds and holes of water, and using for our fires the
bois de vache, the country being without timber. On the
evening of the 8th we encamped in a cottonwood grove on the
banks of a sandy stream-bed, where there was water in holes
sufficient for the camp. Here several hollows, or dry creeks
with sandy beds, met together, forming the head of a stream
which afterwards proved to be the Smoky Hill fork of the
Kansas river.

The next morning, as we were leaving our encampment, a
number of Arapahoe Indians were discovered. They belong-
ed to a war-party which had scattered over the prairie in re-
turning from an expedition against the Pawnees.

As we traveled down the valley, water gathered rapidly in
the sandy bed from many little tributaries ; and at evening it
had become a handsome stream, fifty to eighty feet in \v.dth,
with a lively current in small channels, the water being prin-
cipally dispersed among quicksands.

Gradually enlarging, in a few days' march it became a
river eighty yards in breadth, wooded with occasional grove*
of cotton wood. Our road was generally over level upland

490 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

bordering the river, which were closely covered with a sward
of buffalo-grass.

On the 10th we entered again the buffalo range, where we
had found these animals so abundant on our outward journey,
and halted for a day among numerous herds, in order to make
a provision of meat sufficient to carry us to the frontier.

A few days afterwards, we encamped, in a pleasant even-
ing, on a high river prairie, the stream being less than a hun-
dred yards broad. During the night we had a succession of
thunder-storms, with heavy and continuous rain, and towards
morning the water suddenly burst over the banks, flooding the
bottoms and becoming a large river, five or six hundred yards
in breadth. The darkness of the night and incessant rain had
concealed from the guard the rise of the water; and the river
broke into the camp so suddenly, that the baggage was in-
stantly covered, and all our perishable collections almost en-
tirely ruined, and the hard labor of many months destroyed in
a moment.

On the 17th we discovered a large village of Indians en-
camped at the mouth of a handsomely wooded stream on the
right bank of the river. Readily inferring, from the nature
of the encampment, that they were Pawnee Indians, and con-
fidently expecting good treatment from a people who receive
regularly an annuity from the government, we proceeded di-
rectly to the village, where we found assembled nearly all
the Pawnee tribe, who were now returning from the crossing
of the Arkansas, where they had met the Kioway and Ca-
manche Indians. We were received by them with the un-
friendly rudeness and characteristic insolence which they never
fail to display whenever they find an occasion for doing so
with impunity. The little that remained of our goods was
distributed among them, but proved entirely insufficient to
satisfy their greedy rapacity; and, after some delay, and con-
siderable difficulty, we succeeded in extricating ourselves from
the village, and encamped on the river about 15 miles below.*

* In a recent report to the department, from Major Wharton, who visit-
ed the Pawnee villages with military force some months afterwards, it ia

AD VENT CUES A -ORATIONS.

The country through which we had been traveling since
leaving the Arkansas river, for a distance of 260 miles, pre-
sented to the eye only a succession of far-stretching green
prairies, covered with the unbroken verdure of the buffalo-
jrruss, and sparingly wooded along the streams with straggling
trees and occasional groves of cot ton wood ; but here the coun-
try began perceptibly to change its character, becoming a
more fertile, wooded, and beautiful region, covered with a
profusion of grasses, and watered with innumerable little
streams, which were wooded with oak, large elms, and tho
usual varieties of timber common to the lower course of the
Kansas river.

As we advanced, the country steadily improved, gradually
assimilating itself in appearance to the northwestern part of the
state of Missouri. The beautiful sward of the buffalo-grass,
which is regarded as the best and most nutritious found on the
prairies, appeared now only in patches, being replaced by a
longer and coarser grass, which covered the face of the coun-
try luxuriantly. The difference in the character of the grasses
became suddenly evident in the weakened condition of our
animals, which began sensibly to fail as soon as we quitted the
buffalo-grass.

The river preserved a uniform breadth of eighty or a hun-
dred yards, with broad bottoms continuously timbered with
large cottonwood-trees, among which were interspersed a few
other varieties.

While engaged in crossing one of the numerous creeks which
frequently impeded and checked our way, sometimes obliging
us to ascend them for several miles, one of the people (AK-xis
Ayot) was shot through the leg by the accidental discharge of
a rifle — a mortifying and painful mischance, to be crippled foi
lif- by an accident, after having nearly accomplished in safety
a long and eventful journey. He was a young man of remark

rtatM that the Indiana had intended to attack our party during the night
wo remained at this encampment, but were prevented by the interposition
of the Pawnee Loupe.

492 COL. FREMONT'S NARRATIVE OF

ably good and cheerful temper, and had been among the use-
ful and efficient men of the narty.

After having traveled directly along its banks for 290 miles,
we left the river, where it bore suddenly off in a northwesterly
direction, towards its junction with the Republican fork of the
Kansas, distant about 60 miles ; and, continuing our easterly
course, in about 20 miles we entered the wagon-road from
Santa Fe to Independence, and on the last day of July en-
camped again at the little town of Kansas, on the banks of the
Missouri river.

During our protracted absence of 14 months, in the course
of which we had necessarily been exposed to great varieties of
weather and of climate, not one case of sickness had ever oc-
curred among us.

Here ended our land journey ; and the day following our
arrival, we found ourselves on board a steamboat rapidly
gliding down the broad Missouri. Our travel-worn animals
had not been sold and dispersed over the country to renewed
labor, but were placed at good pasturage on the frontier, and
are now ready to do their part in the coming expedition.

On the 6th of August we arrived at St. Louis, where the
party was finally disbanded, a great number of the men having
their homes in the neighborhood.

Andreas Fuentes also remained here, having readily found
employment for the winter, and is one of the men engaged to
accompany me the present year.

Pablo Hernandez remains in the family of Senator Ben-ton,
where he is well taken care of, and conciliates good-will by his
docility, intelligence, and amiability. General Almonte, the
Mexican minister at Washington, to whom he was of course
made known, kindly offered to take charge of him, and to carry
him back to Mexico ; but the boy preferred to remain where
he was until he got an education, for which he shows equal
ardor and aptitude.

Our Chinook Indian had his wish to see the whites fully
gratified. He accompanied me to Washington, and, after re-
maining several months at the Columbia College, was sent by
the Indian department to Philadelphia, where, among otlnr

ADVENTURES AND EXPLORATIONS ' 493

things, he learned to read and write well, and speak the Eng-
lish language with some fluency. He will accompany me in«
a few days to the frontier of Missouri, where he will b<
with seme one of the emigrant companies to the village at the
Dulles of the Columbia.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. C. FREMONT,

Oakland Public Schools
Book Dw