UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS LIBRARY
AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
STACKS
CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS
The person charging this material is re-
sponsible for its renewal or its return to
the library from which it was borrowed
on or before the Latest Date stamped
below. You may be charged a minimum
fee of $75.00 for each lost book.
inutllof ton/ ono UFtoorlininfl of books oro rca&ons
for disciplinary action and may remit In dismissal from
the University.
TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-B4OO
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URB ANA-CHAMPAIGN
APR 0 8 1993
When renewing by phone, write new due date below
previous due date. L162
ff
..,,
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS STUDIES
IN THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES
VOL. V JUNE, 1916 No. 2
BOARD OF EDITORS
ERNEST L. BOGART JOHN A. FAIRLIE
LAURENCE M. LARSON
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
URBAN A, ILLINOIS
COPYRIGHT, 1916
BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
The Life of Jesse W. Fell
FRANCES MILTON I. MOREHOUSE, A.M.
507532
FELLS OF DALTON GATE
FELLS OF LONGLANDS
FELLS OF SWARTHMORE HALL
COATS OF ARMS OF THE FELL FAMILIES
Jesse W. Fell was a direct descendant of the
Fells of Longlands
FOREWORD
There are few men in any generation who see their lives
in relation to the accomplishment of that generation. Few
realize, altho all profess to believe, that appraisal of worth
must be according to the proportion of a man's part in the
advance of his day; and that all honors and distinctions fall
away from men when they stand before the bar of years, to be
judged in the stark light of truth as to character and service.
All men acknowledge this true, but the men are rare indeed
who apply it to their own lives, and make it the basis of their
individual schedule of values. Many men assert the immortal-
ity of the soul, but few can conceive themselves in any scheme
of time which transcends the limits of their own lives; or con-
tent themselves to labor without reward, because they believe
that in the fulness of time all souls must find full compensation.
In writing the story of a man whose part in the life of his
generation might in itself bring him some meed of remem-
brance, I am nevertheless most anxious that his rare quality of
indifference to such rewards as men might give, of steadfastness
to ideals hot generally held in his day, of faith in ultimate
things, should stand out as the true reason for his being brought
as fully as possible before men. Here was one who steadily
ignored or refused honor and fame, who despised no quiet and
unrecognized labor, who was not turned aside from his steady
aim by the pressure of circumstance; in short, whose belief in
the future was interpreted in all the doings of his busy life.
This is the sufficient reason for writing a life of Jesse W. Fell.
FRANCES M. MOEEHOUSE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Early Years, 1808-1836 9-21
II. Business Ventures and Home Life, 1834-1856 22-35
III. The Journalist, 1836-1858 36-38
IV. Founding the Normal School, 1853-1860 39-40
V. Political Activities, 1840-1860 50-62
VI. The Years of the Civil War 63-72
VII. Public Service After the Civil War 73-84
VIII. Railroads 85-91
IX. The Religious Liberal 92-95
X. Local Political Activities 96-105
XL The Tree Planter 106-111
XII. Last Years 112-118
Bibliography 119-121
Index _ 123
CHAPTER I
EARLY YEARS, 1808-1836
The Fell farm in New Garden Township, Chester County,
Pennsylvania, lay mainly upon a high ridge, which was known
by the Indian name of Toughkenamon, or Fire Brand Hill. It
is a region rich in historical associations, not far from Brandy-
wine battlefield. The house was built of stone, and in later
years was remodeled into a handsome country residence. Here
Jesse W. Fell was born, November 10, 1808. His parents were
Friends, of ancient and honorable English lineage, but of lim-
ited means and simple tastes. His father was a hatter, his
mother a preacher of the Hicksites. Because he had much skill
in song, his father, when he later united with the Methodists,
became a choir leader; and he sometimes turned his resonant
speaking voice to account in crying sales. There was a large
family; Jesse, named for his father, was the third child.
When he was eight years old, the family moved to another
town in New Britain Township, and subsequently to Downing-
ton. In the country Jesse attended, with his brothers and sis-
ters, the neighborhood subscription schools maintained among the
Friends of Pennsylvania; for there were then no public schools
in the state. These schools, within the limited scope of their
courses of study, were usually good, and the Fell children re-
ceived a solid foundation in the elementary subjects. The elder
brothers were apprenticed, upon reaching the proper age, to a
blacksmith and a wheelwright respectively. As Jesse was not
a robust lad, the parents and other relatives thought it best to
apprentice him to a tailor, and cast about for a skilful master
who might teach him this trade. But the boy himself objected
so strenuously that the plan was abandoned. He "would learn
a better business, ' ' he declared ; and his parents, not wishing to
coerce him, waited for some definite talent or liking to appear,
which might guide their son in deciding upon his vocation. As
yet the boy had no plan, save that of becoming wiser than he
was. He wanted to go to some school that would teach him
more than the country subscription schools offered.
9
10 JESSE W. FELL [274
Joshua Hoopes conducted a boarding school for boys in
Downington at the time, which was the best school in that part
of Pennsylvania. It was remarkable in that, at a time when
the classics formed the core of instruction in almost all sec-
ondary schools, it emphasized the natural sciences. The master
was an enthusiastic botanist, a popular lecturer on astronomy,
and sufficiently adept at mathematics to win the admiration of his
community. These subjects he had mastered by dint of sys-
tematic application of his really brilliant mind to printed treat-
ises, and by giving rein to an originality which the higher
schools of those days did not greatly encourage. Free from
the traditions of schools, this village schoolmaster gave to his
boys a type of education destined to become popular afterward,
but in other places practically unknown to his own day. He
taught of plants and animals, of husbandry and astronomy, of
literature and mathematics, with a wealth of practical applica-
tion which linked books with life and study with pleasure.
Jesse Fell wanted to attend this school but lacked funds.
He applied for admission, however, offering to pay for his tui-
tion by any kind of work that he could do. An arrangement
was made by which Jesse was to work in the master's kitchen-
garden and help about the house in return for his board and
tuition. The work was hard, but not unpleasant. His master
introduced him to the joy of intelligent gardening, took him
for long tramps in the woods, and allowed him the freedom of
his library. The books were a mine of riches to the boy, and
Joshua Hoopes' enthusiastic love of plant life stirred to re-
sponse a kindred feeling in the heart of his pupil. There grew
out of this pleasant period in the life of the boy that love of
trees which, in the man grown, was to give so richly to the
prairies of the "West.1
That West continually called him. The idea of going into
the new country beyond the mountains grew in him during the
two years of his stay at Joshua Hoopes' school. When he had
finished the course of study, Friend Hoopes wished him to enter
into a partnership with him in a vineyard enterprise which he
was then planning. Jesse Fell declined, not being willing to
relinquish his dreams of a larger career in a new country ; and
Friend Hoopes abandoned the scheme "for want of a suitable
partner." To further his plan of going west, Fell taught school
for a period of about two years, from 1826 to 1828. The schools
1Richard Edwards, Jesse W. Fell, 3.
275] EARLY TEARS 11
he taught were near his home, at "Buckingham, Colerain,
Brown's, and Little Britain. As he understood surveying and
other branches of higher mathematics, he was able to command
a higher salary than the customary one of two dollars per quar-
ter in cash. In the intervals of teaching he "kept store" for
Issachar Price of Callaghersville, while that country merchant
was away crying sales ; and in all his spare time he was reading
diligently.
The two years of teaching were a time of growth and devel-
opment for the slim, blue-eyed Quaker boy. He tested his
powers, enlarged his knowledge, broadened his interests. Altho
he later considered himself "but an indifferent pedagogue," he
was thought very efficient by those who employed him, except
at Colerain. This was an extremely rigid Presbyterian com-
munity, with a school in which the New Testament had been
the sole text in reading for a long time. Mr. Fell suggested that
his pupils bring other books that the reading might be varied,
whereupon he was denounced from the local pulpit as a Hick-
site who had "expelled the Bible from his school." Without
denying the first part of this charge, which was true, Jesse Fell
asked that the second accusation might be inquired into offi-
cially, and when it was repeated without investigation, he closed
the school, very hurt and very indignant.
It was while teaching that he had his first great lesson
in the uses of force and diplomacy. A school bully, larger than
himself, had defied him and had been whipped. After the
whipping he administered a lecture, so tinctured with kindness
and well-directed flattery — "what all men like if skilfully ap-
plied," said Mr. Fell in telling afterward of this experience —
that the boy resolved to reform his ways. He became later a
Methodist Episcopal minister of fine character and widespread
influence.
At this time, also, Fell began to speak in public, and
especially to debate whenever opportunity offered. At the little
country school-houses there were held political debates, as well
as other neighborhood meetings; and at these debates Fell,
when he was only seventeen years of age, made for himself a
name as a speaker, particularly upon the tariff, that subject so
dear to the Pennsylvanian.2
2The principal source of information for Fell's early life is the un-
finished manuscript biography begun by Richard Edwards from notes
dictated by Mr. Fell, and already noted. It is among the Fell MSS., as
are all papers, not otherwise placed, in the following pages.
12 JESSE W. FELL [276
In the fall of 1828, having saved a little money and bor-
rowed more from his brother Joshua, Jesse Fell started for the
West. He was twenty years of age, still slight and rather frail
in physique, and unacquainted with the world. He was going
to seek his fortune in an unknown country, with no definite
trade or profession as an asset. His family, with a helpful
confidence in his ability to do what he wished to do, bade him
godspeed. He spent the last night before starting for the West
with a dear friend, R. Henry Carter, with whom he talked far
into the night, of old days and days to come. In the morning
he set out for Pittsburg. A young man by the name of Drum-
mond, from Washington, started with him, but soon became
discouraged and returned to his home.3
This first stage of the journey was accomplished on foot,
except for a few miles at the end, when, very footsore, Fell
wavered in his resolve not to spend his money until he was
started upon the farther pilgrimage. He entered Pittsburg
upon the deck of a little canal boat. This city was then the
clearing house of all western enterprise, the gateway to the new
land, and a center for securing employment. Here Jesse Fell
met a Mr. Reese, who employed him as a book agent. He was
to take orders for- Malte Brun's Geography, Rollin's Ancient
History, Josephus' works, and one other book, the name of
which Mr. Fell afterward forgot. Armed with this means of
defraying expenses, he boarded a steamer for Wheeling, where
he soon fell in with a certain Mr. Howell, the publisher of the
Eclectic Observer, Mr. Howell conceived a fancy for the young
Quaker, and wished to interest him in his paper. This was a
journal of protest against slavery, capital punishment, and any
other institution which, in the eyes of the editor, deserved cen-
sure. Jesse Fell again decided against the half-gods; he was
bound for the newer and greater West.
While canvassing Wheeling, however, he found time to
write his first contribution to a periodical. The subject was one
upon which he had often grown eloquent in the country school
debates of Chester County: "The Abolition of Imprisonment
for Debt." Howell was delighted with its force and fervor.
Here was material worth the working — what an abolitionist he
3R. Henry Carter to E. J. Lewis, Mar. 8, 1887. Grace Hurwood to
Fannie Fell, Mar. 16, 1913. The latter includes notes of facts related to
Miss Hurwood by Mr. Fell. Franklin Price in the Fell Memorial (MS.),
9-10.
277] EARLY YEARS 13
would make ! He offered him an assistant editorship. But Fell
declined, and went on with his own plans. They carried him,
with his books, over the National Road, opened at that time
as far as Zanesville. He met interesting people on the road,
notably the Honorable Benjamin Ruggles, United States senator
from Ohio from 1815 to 1833.
But the people along the National Road, being busily en-
gaged in making homes in the wilderness, had no great thirst
for Josephus and Rollin. Mr. Fell perceived that the business
of selling books would give him no very speedy or considerable
help in winning his way to the "West. An illness took his small
savings. Consequently, as the winter of 1829-30 drew near,
he made his way back to Wheeling, where he spent the cold
months in Mr. Howell's office, setting type, writing for the
Eclectic Observer, and learning the tricks of a literary trade.
At this time he asked his father for money to invest in a part
interest in the Amulet, for which he had been agent. Very
fortunately, as he himself said afterward, his father was not
able to help him at that time, and the idea of this partnership
was given up.
When the spring returned, he set off again with his books
under his arm, up the Ohio and toward the north, through the
counties of Jefferson and Columbiana (where were people of
his own religious faith, upon whose friendly interest he might
confidently depend), and back to Pittsburg, the headquarters
of his book house. Throughout the journey he had kept a note-
book, which was later lost. The uncertain fortunes of a travel-
ing agent, his illness of the year before, and the knowledge of
the world which his experience was giving him, crystallized
what had before been but a vague ambition into a settled deter-
mination. He would prepare himself for a profession, which
in those days even more generally than at the present time, led
to honor, influence and power. He would be a lawyer.4
With this resolution in mind, but with his agent's para-
phernalia still in hand, he turned his face westward again in
the spring of 1830. He had gone as far as Steubenville when
the event occurred which was to prove the means of accomplish-
ing his desire. Walking along the sidewalk with an agent's
ready eye for a possible buyer, he espied a young man busily
4Elwood Brown to Jesse W. Fell, Dec. 20, 1829. Jesse Fell to Jesse
W. Fell, Jan. 16, 1830. Hannah Fell (an aunt) and Rebecca Fell (his
mother) to Fell, Feb. 6, 1830.
14 JESSE W. PELL [278
chopping wood. He looked not averse to good reading, and the
agent approached him in the interests of Josephus, Bollin, and
Fell. But the woodchopper was as poor as Fell himself, and
the two, finding a common interest in their common situation,
fell to discussing ways, means, and prospects. The woodchopper
was studying law, he said, in the office of a local firm of excel-
lent reputation. He would like to buy books, but needed every
cent he could make for bare living expenses. After he had been
admitted to the bar, he was to pay for his tuition ; and then he
would need all surplus funds for his law library. There was a
place for one more student with Stokeley and Marsh, and he
would introduce Fell to the firm.5 •
Fell soon made arrangements for his law course. He was
to pay his way in part by doing office work for the firm, and
partly by such odd jobs as he might find to do in that frontier
community, where there was usually work for all. His two
elder brothers helped him from time to time as their limited
means permitted. Stokeley and Marsh soon came to value him
very highly, while he regarded both the partners with the
greatest affection. About a year after beginning his studies in
their office, he made a visit to his old home, and was present at
the wedding of his brother Joshua, on January 16, 1831. On
the return journey his father brought him as far as Shippens-
burg, a point some forty miles west of Harrisburg.
For another year the law lessons in the office of Stokeley
and Marsh went on. The young men in the office had practice
in public speaking, for they were eligible to membership in The
Forum, a society whose object was the improvement of its
members "in speaking and general culture". Jesse Fell made
his first speech before this body upon his old theme of the
abolition of imprisonment for debt. The presiding officer, a
Mr. Wright, who had been a congressman and was later a judge,
praised his speech; and Fell tried again. Mr. Stokeley was a
local leader in the ranks of the Whigs, who were at that time
actively opposing Jackson. There were innumerable stump
BFell to Jesse Fell, June 26, 1830. The story as told by Edwards
implies that the idea of becoming a lawyer did not occur to Fell until
the time of his interview with the woodchopper. But a letter to his
parents, dated June 6, 1830, indicates that the idea had been with him for
some time; while Franklin Price states (Fell Memorial, 9) that he had
read Blackstone while still in Chester County.
279] EARLY YEARS 15
speeches to be made, and Mr. Stokeley gave to Jesse Fell his
share in the work. The younger man conceived a great admi-
ration for Henry Clay, which guided his political opinions and
activities while Clay lived. A youth working in Trumbull's
bookstore, and at that time a Clay enthusiast with the rest,
became his friend. This boy was Edwin M. Stanton, afterward
secretary of war under Lincoln.
The autumn of 1832, when Jesse Fell was preparing for
his bar examination, was an especially busy season. He took
these examinations, with three other aspirants, on the first of
October, passed them successfully, was admitted, and started
on foot for the West about a fortnight later.6 It was a some-
what risky enterprise, for the payment of his debts took most
of his money, leaving very little for the outfit and for traveling
expenses. His family helped him as they could, but this was
not much. Mr. Marsh, regretting to lose a youth who gave so
great promise, had offered him a partnership if he would stay
with him, his own partnership with Mr. Stokeley having recently
been dissolved. Again Fell chose to answer the call of the ulti-
mate mission. His plan was to travel through parts of Ohio
which he had not yet visited and through Indiana and Illinois.
He seems not to have thought of settling at once, as he suggested
to his father at the time that he "might return by steamboat
from St. Louis, as this may be done with little expense." He
seems also to have left with Mr. Marsh the idea of possibly re-
turning to enter into a partnership at a later time.
Traveling on foot through Ohio and Indiana, Mr. Fell came
to Eastern Illinois in November, 1832. The presidential election
had been held the day before he entered the state. At Danville
he met Judge McBoberts, a prominent citizen of those days, who
told him of a village then but lately founded, named Blooming-
ton. Its location Judge McRoberts thought good ; it was a ' ' com-
ing" town. In Decatur, the next considerable place which Fell
visited, this report of Bloomington was repeated. At Jackson-
ville, Judges Lockwood and Smith made out for him his certifi-
cate of admission to the bar of Illinois.7
In Springfield Fell was to talk to John T. Stuart, to whom
he had letters of introduction, and whose advice he wished be-
'Certificate of admission to Ohio Bar (James Ross Wells, clerk),
dated Oct. 13, 1832. Fell to some member of his family, Sept. 23, 1832.
Jesse or Rebecca Fell to Fell, Sept. 2, 1832.
7Nov. I, 1832. This certificate is also among the Fell MSS.
16 JESSE W. FELL [280
fore deciding upon a location. At sunset of a warm day in late
November, he arrived in the city which was afterward to be the
capital of Illinois. John Todd Stuart was sitting before the door
of his house when Fell approached, carrying the stout stick and
carpet-bag which were his worldly possessions. Many young
men so accoutred trod the streets of the new cities of the West
in those days, and Stuart with a characteristic friendliness spoke
cordially to this newcomer and asked him what he might do for
him. Fell answered that he was looking for John T. Stuart, and
would like to be directed to his house. Upon learning that he was
speaking to Mr. Stuart, Fell produced a letter from one of Stu-
art's clients in Philadelphia, introducing the Pennsylvanian and
asking the favor of advice and help for him. The two men sat
down then and there to discuss the question of location and op-
portunity.8
Mr. Stuart spoke especially, as had Fell's previous advisors,
of the new county of McLean, lately created by the legislature,
and its county seat of Bloomington. It was, he said, a very new
town, and he was quite sure that there was no lawyer there as
yet. With the quick decision which was one of his characteris-
tics, Fell determined to go at once to Bloomington, and rose to
depart. Stuart invited him to stay the night, but so eager was
Fell to reach his destination, that he declined the proffered rest
and entertainment, and trudged that night many miles on his
way to Bloomington. At New Salem, pausing for food and rest,
he first heard the name of Abraham Lincoln, when the townspeo-
ple told him of the company they had sent to the Black Hawk
"War. From there he went to Pekin, and then sixteen miles
farther to Dillon, since called Delavan, in Tazewell County. Here
he stopped to visit at the home of William Brown, members of
whose family he had known in Pennsylvania. He was almost
without money, but came "carrying a knapsack and feeling as
big as King Solomon in all his glory, ' ' and full of that buoyancy
and faith in the future which made him both representative and
leader in his day and place.9
William Evans built the first house in Bloomington in 1826.
Four years later, on the twenty-fifth of December, 1830, McLean
County was created. The first sale of town lots was on July 4,
8These facts were related to the writer by Judge James Ewing of
Bloomington, Dec. 4, 1912. Mr. Stuart had himself told them to Judge
Ewing. See also Fell to David Davis, Dec. 16, 1885.
9Joshua Brown to E. J. Lewis, Dec., 1896.
281] EARLY YEARS 17
1831. At the close of 1832 the town numbered about one hun-
dred people, while the neighboring settlement of Blooming Grove
had fully two hundred and fifty. General Gridley, lately re-
turned from the Black Hawk War, was the leading citizen.
When Jesse Fell arrived, William Evans had but lately sold his
house to James Allin, who opened a store in it, and laid out the
town in lots. There was no resident clergyman at that time, no
newspaper, and no lawyer.
Fell's survey of the situation satisfied him that there existed
a favorable opening for him, and he returned to Delavan, where
William Brown offered him employment for the winter as a tutor
to his children. Mr. Brown was the great man of his locality —
a man who had glass panes in the windows of his cabin, whose
family had "come west" in a carriage, and who employed a
teacher to instruct his children. He had brought his family from
Pennsylvania in 1828. Later, he became known in central Illi-
nois as "Joseph," because in a year of crop-failure he had sold
his good crop of corn for a dollar a bushel, the normal price of
grain in early days in Illinois. People for many miles around
came to him for food and seed. His home was a social center.
From it the young people started on long rides to lectures or
parties at Pekin or at distant farmhouses and settlements. The
eldest son, Joshua, was the leading spirit among the younger
men. Eliza, the eldest of the sisters, was a girl of rare loveli-
ness and ability, whose early death a few years later brought
great sorrow to the whole neighborhood. The children of two
other families attended Jesse Fell's classes that winter. In the
Brown home he found congenial friends, encouragement, and
good counsel, as well as the material help he needed.10
When the spring came he went back to Bloomington, and
opened his office in a small brick building at the northeast cor-
ner of Main and Front streets. The small legal library, which
Mr. Marsh had agreed to send him when he was located, to be
paid for when practice gave him means, arrived during the
spring, after a long journey down the Ohio and up the Missis-
sippi and the Illinois to Pekin, whence it was carted overland to
Bloomington. Fell boarded with James Allin, who, in addition
to his other activities, kept the only inn of that locality, at what
came afterward to be known as ' ' the old Stipp place. ' '
With the growth of population and the inevitable troubles
10E. M. Prince, "Hester Vernon (Brown) Fell", in Historical Ency-
clopedia of Illinois and History of McLean County, II, 1024-27.
18 JESSE W. PELL [282
in adjusting titles and claims to lands, there came legal business
in plenty to Bloomington 's first lawyer.11 On the second of May,
1833, he made his initial appearance in an Illinois courtroom.
This was at the third session of the Circuit Court in McLean
County, which sat for three days, and disposed of several cases.
Fell was attorney in two of these cases, securing favorable judg-
ment in both by default. At the next session, in September, he
had a number of cases, which he managed so well that his posi-
tion and clientele were henceforth assured.12
John T. Stuart continued to be his friend, furnishing him
letters of introduction and recommending him to clients. He be-
came known as a good judge of land, and located innumerable
farms for his clients, making the entries at the land office in Dan-
ville. Before long he began to acquire land for himself, and to
exhibit the outward and visible signs of prosperity. He bought
"John T. Stuart told Judge James Ewing that when he attended
court in Bloomington six months after Fell had settled there, Fell
told him he was worth about $60,000 above all debts. The statement is
manifestly inaccurate, as to the time of the occurrence ; but it gives
some idea of the rapidity with which fortunes were built up in the pros-
perous days of the early land-exchange. Fell was "worth $60,000" in 1837.
The first professional card used by Mr. Fell gives as references the
following lawyers : Richard Dorsey, Baltimore ; William Dorsey, Richard
Sturgeon and Amos Jeans, Philadelphia ; William P. Dixon, New York ;
Willis Hall, Albany, New York; D. B. Leight and Company, Louisville;
Hon. John C. Wright and Hon. Samuel Stokeley, Ohio ; and Hon. John
T. Stuart, Illinois.
12The first session of Circuit Court in McLean County was held
Sept. 22, 1831, at Mr. Allin's house, but with no docket; at the second,
held Sept. 27, 1832, the jury tried one appealed case, dismissed several
on the docket, and continued one. Record I, Circuit Court, McLean
County, 1-14. Fell to his parents, Nov. 17, 1833.
An incident related by Fell to Miss Grace Hurwood, and repeated
from her notes in the letter of March 16, 1913, referred to elsewhere,
goes to show that although a Quaker, Fell was not averse to defending
himself in traditional ways. He and another young lawyer became en-
gaged in an altercation in which his opponent accused him of lying. "I
told him that would have to be settled outside the courtroom, so when
court adjourned, we promptly went out to settle it in the time-honored
way. Neither of us gained much advantage over the other, as while he
was the stronger, I was the quicker, and we were parted before we could
finish. We had fought hard enough however to be willing to shake hands.
In the morning we were indicted for fighting 'to the disturbance and
alarm of the people'. My defense was that nobody was at all alarmed,
much to Lincoln's amusement, and the indictment was quashed."
283] EARLY YEARS 19
his first horse, McLean, on which he took those long night rides
to Danville, Springfield, Urbana and Vandalia, that soon began
to tell sadly upon his health. His restless energy responded to
the insistent demands of a growing, changing, developing
country. Some prophetic idea of its possibilities, and much boy-
ish eagerness to realize his dreams speedily, urged him to an ac-
tivity which was the continual wonder of all his friends. He was
interested in everything that promised to help the country of his
adoption, and developed early that loyalty to Bloomington and
McLean county which characterized him in so much that he did.
An instance of this loyalty to Bloomington occurred early
in his career. In 1834 an effort was made to take from McLean
County its territory west of the third principal meridian, and
add it to Tazewell County. This would have made the western
boundary line of McLean County scarce eight miles from Bloom-
ington, thus changing its central location to a western one, and
so furnishing a possible reason for removing the county seat to
another town at some future time. Mr. Fell opposed the move-
ment valiantly from the first. Fearing that its friends might
push the measure through the legislature if that body were left
unguarded, he spent most of the winter of 1834-35 in Vandalia,
where his efforts and influence were such that the project failed
of realization. McLean County owes to him, consequently, and
to those who worked with him, the distinction of being the
largest county in the state.13
The winter in Vandalia had results other than the preser-
vation of the territorial integrity of McLean County. John T.
Stuart of Springfield and Abraham Lincoln of New Salem were
both at that time members of the legislature from Sangamon
County. The two men roomed together, and Jesse Fell lived in
the same house. These men were very interesting to the east-
erner, who noted the sharp contrast between Stuart's attractive
person and polished manners and Lincoln's big-boned, angular,
wrinkled face and direct ways. Stuart introduced Fell to Lin-
coln, and the two became almost at once great friends, for there
was in them a fundamental likeness which transcended all dif-
ferences of creed, training or destiny. The friendship of the
trio lasted to the death of the president in 1865, and was ce-
mented by much mutual service. In 1838, when Stuart was a
candidate for Congress against Stephen A. Douglas, both Fell
13Fell to David Davis, Dec. 15, 1885. Lewis, Life, 3. Lawrence
Weldon, "Memorial of Jesse W. Fell" in Fell Memorial.
20 JESSE W. FELL [284
and Lincoln exerted themselves to the utmost to insure his elec-
tion. Douglas and Fell also, in spite of the vigorous opposition
of the latter on this and other occasions, were good friends,
serving each other in many ways with the greatest cordiality.14
Mr. Fell almost immediately, in spite of his youth and inex-
perience, seems to have become a leading citizen. This was
partly due, of course, to the fact that he was Bloomington 's
first regularly trained and capable lawyer ; but it must also have
been largely owing to innate qualities of leadership and to that
singular charm and adaptability to which many of his generation
have borne witness. In 1833, Benjamin Mills wrote to him ask-
ing for support for his candidacy to represent the third con-
gressional district in the next Congress. He interested himself
in securing a mail route from Bloomington to Springfield, con-
cerning which Governor Joseph Duncan wrote encouragingly in
the spring of 1834. He was in requisition for Fourth of July
orations, citizens ' mass meetings, and debating-clubs. In 1834
he became, by appointment, commissioner of school lands for
McLean County. The county records of that and the succeeding
year show many mortgages which he drew up with the school
money, both for town lots and for farms. The last of these was
made in October of 1835.15
Early in that year the state legislature chartered the State
Bank of Illinois, of which Mr. Fell became an agent. This insti-
tution consisted of a "parent bank" at Springfield, with
branches scattered over the state, and had a capital of one and
a half million dollars. During 1835 and 1836 the bank made
seventy-seven mortgages in the city and vicinity of Bloomington,
to most of which Fell's name is signed as witness to instrument.
The bank passed out of existence in February, 1842, having sus-
14Fell to Lincoln, July 20, 1838. Lincoln to Fell, undated, about July
25, 1838. Douglas to Fell, March 21, 1844.
15School money in Illinois was at this time unappropriated to its
ultimate use. Benjamin Mills to Fell, Feb. 22, 1833. (Mills was opposed
in this election by W. L. May, another personal friend of Fell.) Joseph
Duncan to Fell, Apr. 4, 1834. The manuscript of a Fourth of July ora-
tion, delivered in 1833 or 1834, is interesting in that it contains, besides
the usual congratulatory and patriotic sentiments, a strong plea for free
public schools. Fell delivered this same oration again in Clinton many
years later, at which time he noted the presence of two or three Revo-
lutionary soldiers.
285] EARLY YEARS 21
pended specie payment in May, 1837, with its bills at fifteen per
cent discount.16
The records of these and other enterprises show that by 1840
Fell had become a man of position and prominence in Central
Illinois. He was known chiefly for his dealings in real estate,
and of these it is meet to speak more fully.
16N. H. Ridgley to Fell, Oct. 30, Nov. 2, Nov. 6, Nov. 13, 1835; May
3, 1836. E. J. Phillips to Fell, May 10, 1836. Ridgley to Fell, Oct. 11, Oct.
29, Nov. 18, 1836. Phillips to Fell, Nov. 26; Ridgley to Fell, Oct. 26
and 29, 1836. See Thompson, "A Study of the Administration of Gov-
ernor Thomas Ford," in Governors' Letter-Books, 1840-1853^ xii'-l,
(///. Hist. Col. VII) ; Ford, History of Illinois, 191 ff.
CHAPTER II
BUSINESS VENTURES AND HOME LIFE, 1834-1856
The preemption law of 1830, practically reenacted in 1834,
provided that when two men settled on the same quarter-section
of government land, each of them might preempt an additional
eighty acres anywhere in the same land district.1 These claims
were called "floats." Many poor men were induced by capital-
ists to lend their names for floats, later to sell the claims so ac-
quired for enough to pay for the land they lived on. In this
way many hard-pressed pioneers were enabled to gain a title to
their farms, while such land-buyers as were shrewd enough and
had the requisite ready money, secured much fine land in Illi-
nois during the '30 's. Mr. Fell, who first visited the village of
Chicago late in 1833, afterward remarked to friends that land
in that locality might be secured in this way, and that it would
be a paying investment, as a great city would eventually stand
on the lake-front at that point. His friends laughed at him, as
much of the land for which he prophesied immense future values
was covered with water during most of the year.
But one man in Bloomington, William Durley, declared that
he believed Fell right in his estimate of Chicago's future, and
loaned him money for real-estate operations there. He de-
manded a high rate of interest as compensation, or if he pre-
ferred it when the time of settlement came, half of the land.
With this money Fell secured four floats in the fall of 1834, the
land being within the limits of the present city. When the notes
were due, Mr. Durley chose half the land as his share. Part of
the two "eighties" which came to him, Fell laid out in town
lots.2 The rest of the land he sold to David Davis, Dr. John An-
12ist Cong. Sess. I., Acts of the United States, Chap. 209, §2. (May
29, 1830.) 23rd Cong. Sess. I., Acts of the United States, Chap. 54, §§ 2-3.
(June 19, 1834.) Treat, The National Land System, 1785-1820, 306, 386.
Fell to his parents, Nov. 17, 1833.
2Lewis states {Life, 26) that they comprised "Fell's addition to Ca-
nalport". The property lies between 26th and 3ist streets, and west of
the tracks of the former Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago R. R. (now
part of the Pennsylvania System).
22
287] BUSINESS VENTURES AND HOME LIFE 23
derson, James Allin, M. L. Covell and O. Covell for eight thou-
sand dollars, taking their notes for the amount. After the crash
of 1837 he took back the land and surrendered the notes at the
earnest entreaty of the purchasers. His purpose was to hold the
land for the advance which he knew would follow when better
times had restored confidence. But altho he held out against
the storm longer than many, his liabilities were such finally
that he had to sacrifice even this resource. He mortgaged the
*' eighties" for eight hundred dollars each, the mortgages being
foreclosed by David Davis and others.3
While he owned land in and around Milwaukee, Fell was
much interested in the development of that city and of the
state of Wisconsin. Governor John Reynolds, writing to him
from Washington in 1836, sent the pleasant news of assured fed-
eral aid for a lighthouse in Milwaukee harbor, a survey of the
harbor, and a "road to start from that point running west to
the Mississippi." William L. May, having been elected to the
National House of Representatives, attempted at Fell's earnest
solicitation to secure a post-office at Chippewa, but failed, be-
•cause Chippewa was then still in the Indian country. Fell
owned lands "up the river from Cassville" in Wisconsin, in
1837, and made an inspecting tour among the Indians in "the
pine country" in the autumn of that year.4
But these operations in real estate in places far distant from
his own home, were insignificant when compared with Fell's
part in the development of Central Illinois. Gaining a reputa-
tion as a judge of land in connection with his business of locat-
ing tracts for settlement and investment, and becoming thor-
oly acquainted with the topography of the country and with
land values, through his work of loaning school funds and State
Bank funds, he entered early into extensive operations in Illinois
lands for himself and others. He had great faith in land. When
a boy, spending unhappy hours picking the stones from the
rocky farm in Pennsylvania, he had dreamed of the prairie, and
3Lewis, Life, 25-27. Fell was at this time unable to borrow money
of Eastern capitalists, while Davis had friends from whom he secured
the funds. William L. May to Fell, Feb. 28, 1838.
4 John Reynolds to Fell, June 28 and July 6, 1836. (Reynolds was
financially interested in the lands dealt in by Durley and Fell.) Fell to
Hester Vernon Brown, July 30, 1837 : "from the Plain River, Cook County,
"Wisconsin." Fell to Wm. Brown, Aug. 24, 1837.
24 JESSE W. FELL [288
wished that he might own farms in the land where, travelers
said, there were no stones in the fields. He was in a position,,
during those halcyon years between his arrival in Illinois and the
great panic of 1837, to satisfy this early ambition. He did so on
a scale which only the low land values and the easy speculation
of the day made possible. He was one of a generation of men of
large faith and far vision, who believed in their states, who fore-
saw the empire of the West that was to be, and who supported
their faith by generous investments. There were, besides men of
such a stripe, any number of mere adventurers, wildcat specula-
tors, who also contributed to the false feeling of security and pros-
perity that preceded the panic of 1837. The General Assembly, in
1836 and 1837, entered into an ambitious series of internal im-
provements, which while it saddled the state with a debt of more
than fourteen million dollars, was nevertheless a strong stimu-
lant to progress. The period was one of rapid development.
Merely to have been upon the market, to have been bought and
sold, to have a price, gave value and prominence to the western
lands and to western enterprise. When in addition to this towns
were founded and eastern people settled upon the prairie farms,
when mail routes and railroads were projected and built across
the wastes that separated the frontier cities, when schools and
churches and shops gave to western life an approximation of
conditions ''back East," the goal of the builders of the West
seemed in sight.6
In this work of nation-building Jesse Fell had no small part
in that region which he adopted for his home. He worked mainly
in Central Illinois, with Bloomington as a center, but branched
out wherever opportunity offered. Clinton was among the first
towns in which he became interested. He founded the town,
with James Allin, in 1835, naming it for DeWitt Clinton. Mr.
Fell had entered a goodly amount of land about the site of his
proposed town before laying it out, and made a handsome profit
from the sale of town lots. The town owes to him, as did all the
places where he had a chance to plant, its early growth of trees.
Fell did not escape paying the price for what he accom-
plished. His restless energy led him to overwork, and in June,
5Mail routes were established by Congress in response to petitions
from citizens of the localities to be served. In 1838, for instance, the-
people of McLean and Tazewell counties asked for a mail route from
Bloomington to Lacon. It was not granted at once, but came after some
delay. Richard M. Young to Fell, Feb. 21, 1839.
289] BUSINESS VENTURES AND HOME LIFE 25
1835, he became very seriously ill. He was in Chicago at the
time of his seizure, on the twenty-third of the month, and started
on the next day for Bloomington, hoping to reach his friends be-
fore the malady developed into one requiring constant care. He
succeeded in reaching the home of Dr. Gaylord at Oxbow Prairie
in Putnam County, where he was taken in and cared for while he
lay helplessly ill for three weeks. At the end of that time he
was placed in a carriage and taken to Bloomington, not without
further injury to his health, and was unable to attend to his us-
ual duties until about the end of July. Early in August, how-
ever, he made a long trip to St. Louis, stopping at the Brown
home in Delavan on the way. He himself attributed his illness
to exposure and overwork, explaining to his family that in the
six months preceding it he had ridden not less than five thou-
sand miles, going sixty, seventy, eighty, and even eighty-five
miles a day. These journeys, he further pointed out, he had made
in every kind of weather, hot and cold, wet and dry, swimming
his horse through streams and afterward riding in wet clothes
for hours, and making long rides at night. But the end for
which he had endured these hardships was by that time gained,
and he registered a vow never again to abuse his health and
strength in this manner. He had made, he said, not only what
he himself needed, but also a surplus with which to aid those
who had long aided him.6
Having thus earned a rest, in the autumn of that year he
went back to his old home for the first time since settling in the
West, stopping on the way for a visit at the home of his brother
Thomas in Lancaster, Ohio. In Pennsylvania he suffered a re-
turn of his former illness, lying ill at his brother Robert's in Lit-
tle Britain for over a month. In the spring of 1836, however, he
was back in Bloomington, not only looking after his own inter-
ests, but planning for his brother Kersey. He had entered land
for his brother Joshua during the preceding year, and this was
deeded to him in May, 1836. Kersey Fell, after a period of
clerkship for Covell and Gridley, was made clerk of the newly
erected DeWitt County with power to organize it. He was later
admitted to the McLean County bar and practised for many
years in Bloomington. Thomas left Ohio for the same place af-
ter his brother's visit in the autumn of 1835. Rebecca Fell, a
6Fell to some member of his family, Aug. 3, 1835. When Kersey
Fell arrived in Bloomington the next spring, he was told that his brother
was "one of the richest men in town". Lewis, Life, 25.
26 JESSE W. FELL [290
favorite sister, was being educated at Kimberton Boarding
School, and later became a teacher in McLean County.7 In 1837
all of Fell's family who were not already in the West came to
Bloomington, where they made their home subsequently.
Two years after his family had followed him to Illinois, Mr.
Fell married Hester Vernon Brown, a daughter of that home
which had first welcomed him to the West. She had been "fin-
ished" at a boarding school in Springfield since the days when
Fell had been tutor in the Brown home. Rev. Nathaniel Wright of
Tremont, a Universalist clergyman, performed the marriage cere-
mony, for both bride and bridegroom had become somewhat
liberal as to Quaker ways and Quaker customs.8 The wed-
ding day was January 26, 1838. Mr. Fell's parents were not
present, but his sister Rebecca and his brother Kersey attended,
and his close friend David Davis was best man. Joshua Brown,
brother of Hester, who was also a friend much valued, came to
the wedding from his home in Edwards County, and afterwards
helped to move the household goods into the cottage that Mr. Fell
had built in Bloomington. This cottage, later enlarged by many
additions, was on the land which Fell subsequently sold to David
Davis. In the accomplishments of Jesse Fell his wife had no
small part. She was a notable "manager," in the comprehen-
sive sense in which that word is used in speaking of housewives.
She was courageous, capable, and independent. In her own
home and in the community she seconded the efforts of her hus-
band with sympathy and ability. Outliving him by twenty
years, she was privileged to carry out some of the plans which he
himself had left unfinished; and in the same time she demon-
strated the force of her own personality, which for so many years
she had chosen to make second to his.
After the first few years in Bloomington Fell neglected his
law practice in favor of the more congenial work of buying and
7 McLean County Historical Society Transactions, II, 35. Fell to
Hester V. Brown, Feb. 28, 1837. Rebecca Fell to Fell, Nov. 20, 1836.
In this letter Fell's sister expresses the greatest love for and gratitude
to him. It is finely written and quaintly composed, but unbends in places
to a degree of childish carelessness and even to one faint suspicion of
slang. Other letters, models of an art carefully taught in girls' board-
ing schools of that day and showing both strength of character and an
irrepressible sense of humor, are dated June 10, Sept. 25, Oct. 23, and
Christmas, 1836.
8Rachel Sharpless (a great-aunt) to Hester Brown. Undated, but
about 1836.
291] BUSINESS VENTURES AND HOME LIFE 27
selling land. In 1836 he sold out both books and practice to
David Davis, altho he continued to use the same office with
him for some time. Davis had come from Maryland in the au-
tumn of 1835, and settled in Pekin. The chills and fever of the
early prairie days so sapped his strength that he had about de-
cided to leave Illinois, when Jesse Fell, alert for a good lawyer
to whom he might turn over his now burdensome practice, per-
suaded him to go to Bloomington. He offered his own books,
office and whatever financial aid might be necessary, as an in-
ducement ; and kept through a long life his promise of friendship
and help. With the practice and office, Fell sold him several hun-
dred acres of land, at the prevalent price of eight dollars per acre,
and this land became the nucleus of Davis' subsequently consid-
erable fortune.9
His real estate and other business took Fell frequently to
the eastern cities. In 1841 he made such a trip, of which inter-
esting details are to be found in various letters. Bidding his
wife good-bye at Pekin, whence she went to her father's home
with her son Henry, to stay until her husband's return, he
boarded the Glaugus for St. Louis. There he waited from
Monday until Wednesday for a boat to Cincinnati, taking then
the Goddess of Liberty, which he declared " a splendid boat,"
and which reached the city on Sunday evening. On Monday
morning he took passage in the Tioga for Wheeling, thence by
stage to Baltimore, where he arrived June 20, 1841. Two days
later he was in Washington.
In that city he met, in the House of Representatives, his old
preceptor and friend, General Stokeley of Steubenville. He in-
terested Stokeley in the manuscript of a book he had with him,
which had been copyrighted in March; and the two men ar-
ranged for its publication. It was a digest of laws and forms
relative to real estate, evidently intended. to be used as a refer-
ence or text book. No further reference is made to it after 1841,
and it was never published. Fell wrote to his -wife at the time
that he had secured favorable attention from some of the best
9The Bloomington Observer and M'Lean County Advocate of April
22, 1837, contains the professional card of "David Davis, Attorney and
Counsellor at Law. . . Office on Front street, with J. W. Fell, Esq. . ."
The same newspaper contains the card of Thomas Fell, vendue crier.
Fell in the Pantograph, June 29, 1886.
28 JESSE W. FELL [292
lawyers in the country concerning it. ' ' We think we shall be able
to make some money out of it, ' ' he added.10
Jeremiah Brown, a member of the House, was another old
friend whom it was a pleasure to greet. The Westerner found
much entertainment in visiting sessions of Congress, and wrote
his wife faithful accounts of what he saw there. Clay had intro-
duced his bank bill, which many thought would pass, " although
some fear." Fell heard him make a strong plea for it, which,
he wrote home, was ' ' a great effort ; " he still thought Clay a very
great man, but had decided that noted men are in general like
others — ' ' distance lends enchantment . . . " "I yesterday vis-
ited the President and Post Office Department — and had a cou-
ple of local postmasters dismissed. The President [Tyler] is a
clean, good sort of man — but 'ugly as sin.' ' He predicted the
creation of a national bank, the repeal of the sub-treasury law,
the distribution of the proceeds of the sale of public lands,
a slight modification of the tariff — events that any loyal Whig
might easily persuade himself that he saw upon the political
horizon.
From Washington he returned to Baltimore, and took pass-
age in a steamboat down Chesapeake Bay to the eastern shore of
Maryland, where he visited Frank Brattan, an old Bloomington
friend. Returning to Baltimore, he went the next day to Phil-
adelphia, noting the fact that it required but five hours to go a
hundred miles. In Philadelphia he was most impressed, to judge
by the space given to the matter in one of his punctiliously fre-
quent letters to his wife, by a new " bonne tt" being worn by the
Quaker girls of that city. "I have concluded," he wrote her,
' ' when I get ready to start home to buy thee a Bonnett, if I can
muster money enough to spare — of a very pretty fashion lately
introduced. If I get one I will get the materials to make some
more of the same kind. ... I have almost fallen in love with
the Quaker bells of Chestnut Street on account of their pretty
bonnetts. Not perhaps entirely on account of their bonnetts
either — but because they are in the first place in themselves very
pretty — and secondly because their dress and deportment is so
10The complete title : Digest of the Statute Laws of the States and
Territories of the United States concerning the promissory notes and
bills of exchange — the limitations of actions — the conveyance of real es-
tate and the appropriate modes of authenticating deeds, devises, letters
of attorney, etc. Copyright Office Records, U. S. D. C. MISC., March
6, 1841 ; District of Illinois. Fell to his wife, June 22 and July 6, 1841.
293] BUSINESS VENTURES AND HOME LIFE 29
neat and modest. Of all the city girls in the world commend
me to the Philadelphians. " He promised his son Henry books
and toys in the same letter.
During his stay in Philadelphia, besides attending to the
business which had taken him to the East, he visited a close
friend, Joseph J. Lewis, at Westchester. The return trip was
made by way of New York City and the Great Lakes. Fell ex-
pected to reach his home by the first of August or thereabouts;
there is no record of the exact date of his return. The details
of this trip to the East have been given with some degree of ful-
ness, not only because they serve to illustrate many of Fell's in-
terests, but because this was the first of many similar journeys;
for until old age forced him to limit his activities, he made one
or two trips to the Atlantic seaboard each year.
The real estate business, indeed, entailed far more absence
from home than suited Fell, but it also took him much into the
open, which was with him a strong consideration. Its financial
returns were greater than those of law practice, and it brought
him into constant contact with many men, and with the very
heart and spirit of the growth of the West. But the panic of 1837
put a stop to real estate operations, as to all other business. Fell
lost all that he had gathered together, and was compelled to take
benefit of the bankruptcy law of 1841. Surrendering all his lands,
he was discharged from his indebtedness (which was later en-
tirely repaid), and began again, as penniless as when he first
came to Illinois in 1832. As the bankruptcy court offered much
business for lawyers, he took up his old profession again, re-
luctantly but with marked success. The sessions were held in
the United States court at Springfield, and the work brought Fell
again into his old strenuous habits. He invariably prepared his
cases in Bloomington, that he might be with or near his family
as much as possible ; then leaving his home at sunset, he would
appear in court the next morning, ready after his all-night drive
to prosecute the business of the day.11
"Certificate of admission to the Illinois District Court, Feb. 10, 1842.
In an interview with Richard Edwards long afterwards, Fell explained
his dislike of law by saying that he wished to be able to use his powers
of persuasion where conviction urged, and not for money from clients;
and that he disliked to live indoors. "A few years later, having accu-
mulated some property, he voluntarily paid all his indebtedness, although
not legally liable." E. M. Prince, "Jesse W. Fell;" Lewis, Life, 34.
30 JESSE W. PELL [294
But the practice of law was as irksome to him as it had been
before, and he planned to escape from it as soon as possible. Since
real estate offered no means at that time, he resolved to try farm-
ing, and for that purpose moved in 1844 to a new home, which
was known then and for many years after as Fort Jesse. Some
people, appalled at its distance of four miles from the town,
called it Fell's Folly. It had been entered for Joseph J. Lewis,
and was far from any other habitation, having but one house
between it and Bloomington. There was a stream upon the
place, which in rainy seasons of the year became too swollen to
be forded. Here Fell made a cabin, and broke the virgin prairie
in very real pioneer fashion. He rejoiced in the opportunity to
plant trees, and put out many of the black locusts which were re-
garded at that time as particularly well fitted to Illinois condi-
tions, since they grew rapidly and produced a very hard and dur-
able wood. The borer, which makes the black locust an enemy
to all other trees and a nuisance in a community, had not then
appeared.12
The life of the Fells at Fort Jesse was the life of a typical
pioneer family. Nightly there burned in their window the
candle which pioneer custom prescribed as a guide for travel-
ers; and nightly, there howled around it the prairie wolves.
Henry Clay Fell relates an incident which illustrates the condi-
tions under which the prairie farm became a home. Mr. Fell
and his wife had gone to Bloomington, and while they were ab-
sent a storm had swollen the stream so that it became impass-
able. Two children, Henry and Eliza, had been left at the farm,
and at the coming of the storm they became much frightened.
While they crouched in a corner, a big grey wolf thrust in his
head at the window, where a pane of glass had been broken out.
Henry, altho then but seven years of age, had the courage of
pioneer children, and threw a footstool at the wolf's head, which
frightened him away. The pet deer, which the children had
brought into the cabin, and which attracted the wolves, was later
given to a son of General Gridley.13
In 1845 Fell bought a farm of one hundred acres near Pay-
son, Adams County, to which he moved from Fort Jesse that au-
tumn. About forty acres of the farm were in timber ; and thirty
acres of that under cultivation were set out to trees, Fell's inten-
tion being to establish a nursery which should cater to the mar-
12Jacob Spawr in Pantagraph, July I, 1881. Lewis, Life, 35.
13Lewis, Life, 35. Interview with Henry Fell, May 31, 1913.
295] BUSINESS VENTURES AND HOME LIFE 31
ket afforded by the increasing settlements in the neighborhood
of Quincy. The nursery business did not meet his expectations,
altho he sold enough fruit to make the venture a paying one.
The farm, which was about a mile and a quarter northwest of
the village, was known as Fruit Hill. As Quincy afforded him
his nearest large market, Fell set to work to have a good road
made to that town. He succeeded, largely through his own exer-
tions, in securing a straight road of twelve miles which passed
through his farm.14
During this period he found time to take an interest in
various public affairs, and particularly in education. He spoke
at teachers' institutes,15 and was much concerned for the wel-
fare of the local Methodist church, of which he became a member.
When he moved to Fruit Farm there was only a private school
at Payson, but during his residence a "seminary," kept in such
a way as more fully to serve the needs of the community, was
opened. Farming did not prevent an active interest in state
and national affairs, as a letter from Lincoln at this time shows.
As an orthodox Whig, he strongly disapproved the management
of the Mexican War, and wrote to Lincoln, then serving his state
in Washington, to ask him to present a petition for a speedy
peace. Lincoln promised to do so at the proper time, but added
that there was in Washington a feeling that the war was over
and that the treaty sent in would be endorsed.16 v
In 1849 a number of the citizens of Quincy, led by John
Wood, afterward governor, resolved to go to California, where
the gold fields were attracting people from all parts of the world.
Fell was asked to join^the party, and made preparations to go,
altho it was necessary to borrow money for the expedition. He
went to Bloomington and bade his friends good-bye, but at the
last minute failed to raise the funds necessary for an outfit, and
gave up the project.
In 1851 he arranged to return to Bloomington by trading
his Payson farm to his brother Robert for a farm of two hun-
dred forty acres near Bloomington. Robert Fell disposed of his
nursery stock to F. K. Phoenix, who came to Bloomington from
Delavan, Wisconsin, at Jesse Fell's earnest solicitation. Start-
ing with Robert Fell's stock of trees, Phoenix in time developed
14Lewis, Life, 37. Fell to Rachel Brown, Oct. i, 1848.
"The report of one such address, given before the Adams County-
Institute, is in the Western Whig of July 20, 1850. Lewis, Life, 36.
"Lincoln to Fell, Mar. i, 1848.
32 JESSE W. FELL [296
one of the most famous of the nurseries for which Normal was
later notable.
Upon his return to Bloomington Fell first engaged in news-
paper work, of which mention is made elsewhere more particu-
larly. He soon gave that up, however, to reenter the field of real
estate, which was again becoming a source of profit. Having lit-
tle money of his own, he made a trip to New York and Boston
in the autumn of 1852, for the purpose of interesting eastern
capitalists in Illinois land.17 In this he was very successful, and
during the decade following he bought and sold great tracts of
land throughout Central Illinois, founded several towns, and en-
larged others. Pontiac, Lexington, Towanda, Clinton, LeRoy,
El Paso and other towns were among those in which he was
largely interested. He made additions to Bloomington and De-
<?atur, and dealt in town lots in Joliet and Dwight. North Bloom-
ington, later Normal, was first planned in 1854.18
"With the founding of these towns came the need of means of
communication and transportation. In road-building of the
primitive sort which served Illinois for years, Fell did his part.
He secured, for instance, the surveying of a wagon-road parallel
to the railroad, from Bloomington to Towanda, altho he did
not succeed in having it extended to Lexington. He was active in
making a similar road from Lincoln to Minonk. Early in his life
he had learned surveying, and this stood him in hand later in
many ways. His ability to measure land and determine lines
saved time and money in numberless instances.19
17Fell to his wife, Sept. 26, 1852.
^Pantograph, Sept. i, 1899, Nov. 28, 29, and Dec. i, 1902. Bloom-
ington Intelligencer, Aug. 10, 1853. The first plats of North Bloomington
(undated, probably 1854) were lithographed by Latimer Brothers and
Seymour, 15 Nassau st., corner of Pine, N. Y. Mr. Fell's interests in
Pontiac came very near ending disastrously. An addition to the original
town was made on land bought from a youth whose father sold it as
his guardian. Later, the Supreme Court made a decision in a similar
case which would have invalidated the Fell title and all subsequent
titles, had not an astute lawyer of Pontiac, R. E. Williams, been able
to prove that the young man had accepted his guardian's arrangements
and receipted him. The Supreme Court upheld the Fell title.
For an account of an unsuccessful attempt at town-founding, see
J. O. Cunningham, History of Champaign County, 672 ff. Judge Cun-
ningham quotes Peck's Gazetteer (1837), which mentions "Byron, a town-
site in Champaign County", on page 168. Bloomington Observer, Nov.
17, 1838. Pantograph, Aug. 24, 1901, and Nov. 29, 1902.
"Interview, Henry Fell, May 31, 1913.
297] BUSINESS VENTURES AND HOME LIFE 33
Going farther afield, in 1855 he bought timber lands in
Southern Illinois, and built a lumber mill at Ullin, where the
Illinois Central railroad crosses the Cache Eiver about twenty
miles north of Cairo. Lyman Blakeslee was his partner in this
mill, and his brother Kersey in another at Valley Forge, which
was operated by Elijah Depew, an old neighbor in Bloomington.
E. J. Lewis, who was employed by Fell for about six months at
Ullin, records that the winter of 1855-56 was an unusually cold
one in Southern Illinois, the thermometer often falling to eight-
een degrees below zero. Armed with stout sticks and a compass,
Fell and Lewis tramped over the frozen swamps, personally in-
specting the low lands. The growth was cypress for the most
part, and the strange "knees" (root protuberances) greatly im-
pressed the two Pennsylvanians, to whom growths so fantastic
were entirely new. The mill at Ullin was kept busy sawing out
logs, for the unusual amount of ice in the rivers did great dam-
age to the steamboats on the Mississippi and the Ohio, breaking
wheels and injuring hulls. Putting into Cairo, they secured oak
and other lumber for repairs from Ullin by rail.
The brisk business of that winter led Fell to put great faith
in the Ullin venture, and in the autumn of 1856 he moved his
family to that place. But the normal demand for lumber in
Southern Illinois was not sufficient to guarantee a prosperous
business, and in the spring the family returned to North Bloom-
ington. The mills not having fulfilled their initial promise, Fell
again turned his attention chiefly to real estate, which had not
been neglected during his residence at Ullin.20 In 1856 he adver-
tised for sale "about 5000 acres of land" in Livingston, McLean,
and Vermillion counties, and about three hundred fifty town
lots in various parts of Illinois.21 In the autumn of that year he
conducted at least one auction sale of lots (at Towanda) and this
method of sale was repeated on a considerable scale in the fall of
1857. Late in the decade his holdings became very large, while
records in the abstract offices show that he drove a lively business
in transferring property.
It was during the summers of 1856 and 1857 that Fell built
the house at Fell Park in North Bloomington, which became aft-
erward one of the landmarks of Normal. The house still stands
(1916), altho removed from its original site. It was a roomy
square wooden structure, with a cupola atop, and verandas built
2°Lewis, Life, 44.
^Pantagraph, July 2, 1856. Tax list, May 14, 1859.
34 JESSE W. PELL. [298
around three sides. It stood upon a knoll which Mr. Fell had
selected more than twenty years before as a good place for his
final residence.22 Here he secured about eighteen acres on the
edge of the town, and planted the land to trees and shrubs ac-
cording to the plans of William Saunders of Philadelphia, a land-
scape gardener of reputation. A herd of deer was added later,
and the park was frequently opened to the public.23 Men
great in the history of Illinois and the nation were entertained
there ; it became a famous meeting-place of notable people. Love-
joy, Bryant, Lincoln, Davis, Swett, and other leaders were fre-
quent visitors. The Fell children entertained their friends there
freely; it was a center of social life. The master of the house,
himself usually absorbed in business, liked to have people about
him enjoy themselves. In the town's first years, this was the
only private house in Normal in which dancing was permitted.
The years at Fell Park were so full and so pleasant that one
likes to linger upon the story of its life. There Mr. Fell's chil-
dren grew to maturity, busy with many tasks and very happy.
Here his elder daughters Eliza and Clara were married, the for-
mer to "W. 0. Davis, for many years editor of the Pantagraph,
and the latter to Lieutenant James B. Fyffe, an officer of the
Thirty-third Illinois Volunteer regiment. Here the older chil-
dren went to school, with their cousins and neighbors, in a small
building used temporarily as a carpenter shop during the
building of the house. This was a district school, but as
it failed to meet all requirements, Mr. Fell employed Miss Mary
Daniels, lately graduated from Mt. Holyoke, to teach his own
children, their cousins, and the McCambridge children in his
own home. This private school was continued until the "model
school ' ' at the Normal School opened.24
The master of the house, who never grew away from the
simple ways of living in which he had been bred, directed the in-
dustries of the home group. He was himself a man busy with his
22In 1833, when riding over the prairie with a neighbor named Kim-
ler, Mr. Fell remarked that the roll in the prairie would be an ideal
place for a home ; whereupon Kimler had replied that probably no one
would be fool enough to build so far from the timber. Grace Hurwood
to Fannie Fell, Mar. 16, 1913. Captain J. H. Burnham, in his "Our
Duty to Future Generations," an Arbor Day address delivered at the
I. S. N. U. on April 21, 1905, relates the same incident.
23J. D. Caton to Fell, Aug. 9, 1866.
24William McCambridge, My Remembrances of Jesse W. Fell. (MS.)
299] BUSINESS VENTURES AND HOME LIFE 35
hands, where other men of his interests would have had manual
labor done by others. He pruned his own trees and supervised
personally the planting of shrubs or the erection of new build-
ings. All this workaday enterprise was not conducive to an ap-
pearance of immaculate grooming. His wife, and more especially
his daughters, tried to look after him to keep him fresh and trig.
His friends, driving to Fell Park to consult him on business or
politics, found him perspiringly industrious on the warmest sum-
mer days. Distinguished company, received in the parlor, waited
while Mr. Fell was being hunted through field and orchard. ' ' The
girls" waylaid his path with the paraphernalia of refreshment.
Somewhere between the back porch and the front parlor, a hasty
scrub, a brushing and a clean collar must be administered. He
submitted to this loving supervision good-naturedly; he loved to
be ' ' fussed over ' ' by his daughters, and he himself was a man of
fastidious personal habits. "It's all right, girls, it's all right,"
he would say. No amount of feminine emphasis, however, could
persuade him that one's personal appearance was a matter of
great moment; he was interested in bigger things. The happi-
ness of generations to come was the enterprise of men such as
he, and in view of that a dusty coat or work-soiled hands could
matter little.25
25Mrs. L. B. Merwin (a grand-daughter), interview, Nov. 29, 1912.
Dr. Sweney, the family physician, related a story which shows Fell's
indefatigable energy. A refractory horse had kicked him until he was a
mass of bruises, and the doctor, being called to repair the damage, had
swathed him in bandages and soaked him in liniment and left strict
orders that he was to be kept quiet. The next day, calling to redress
the bruises, the distressed and apologetic family had to "chase after
father" down to the edge of the place, about a quarter of a mile, and
bring him up for examination and admonition. — John Dodge, "Concern-
ing Jesse W. Fell," in the Fell Memorial.
CHAPTER III
THE JOURNALIST, 1836-1858
In the very early days of Bloomington, General Gridley made
a yearly trip to the East to buy stock for his general store. In
the autumn of 1836, Jesse Fell and James Allin intrusted to him
the important commission of purchasing the equipment of a
printing establishment, and of finding a man to edit and print a
newspaper for McLean County. Gridley induced two men, -na-
tives of Philadelphia, to return with him : William Hill and W.
B. Brittain. Hill had been employed for some time upon the St.
Louis Democrat, and was acquainted with Western ways and con-
ditions. Brittain came directly from Philadelphia, having
shipped the press and type by way of New Orleans. The two
men arrived in October, but Brittain became discouraged and
went back to Pennsylvania before the coming of the outfit. Hill
stayed, and setting up his press in a room in the court house,
brought out on January 14, 1837, the first number of the Bloom-
ington Observer. About twenty numbers were printed before
the paper suspended publication. It was well edited and well
printed, for a frontier paper; but in the little struggling town
it found insufficient support, despite its spirited interest in all
that concerned the welfare of the place.1
Fell and Allin were sadly disappointed at the fiasco. Al-
tho his finances were then at a low ebb, — or possibly because
of that — Fell bought what he did not already own of the sus-
pended Observer, and began to edit it himself in January, 1838.
This venture was somewhat more successful than the first one,
as the paper continued to appear for over a year, until condi-
tions caused by the hard times forced Fell again to stop its pub-
lication. The last number appeared in June, 1839, after which
time Bloomington had no paper for several years. Fell sold the
printing outfit, which tradition says was moved to Peoria.2
The recovery from the severe depression of 1837 seems to
have been especially slow in McLean County, where land specu-
iPantagraph, Jan. 14, 1857. Interview with Henry Fell, May 31, 1913.
Scott, Newspapers and Periodicals of Illinois, 27.
2The Democratic Press was established there in February, 1840. Scott,
Newspapers and Periodicals of Illinois, 278.
36
301] THE JOURNALIST 37
lation had been very brisk. Not until 1845 was there found a
man who had the courage to undertake to publish a newspaper
there. In that year E. B. Mitchell started the McLean County
Register, but shortly gave it up to Charles P. Merriman, who es-
tablished a weekly, the Western Whig. He associated R. H.
Johnson with him late in 1849, and early in 1850 Johnson and
I. N. Underwood became proprietors and editors. They asso-
ciated Merriman with them again somewhat later for about six
months. This arrangement terminated on November 19, 1851,
at the end of the fifth volume of the Western Whig, when Mr.
Fell and Mr. Merriman undertook the joint management and
editorship of the paper. A new outfit of type, brought up the
Illinois River and carted over from Pekin, was purchased and the
name of the publication changed to the Bloomington Intelli-
gencer. This partnership was in turn dissolved on March 17,
1852, when Mr. Fell became sole editor and publisher. He man-
aged the paper until the end of that volume, November 17, 1852,
and then retired, being succeeded by Mr. Merriman as sole owner.
Mr. Merriman was a classical scholar of some repute, and
changed the name again to the Pantagraph, a name under which
it has become well known and very influential throughout Central
Illinois.3
Fell 's connection with the Pantagraph did not cease with the
termination of his official editorship. His name appeared as
late as February 9, 1853, as contributing editor of the Intelli-
gencer. As a medium for moulding public opinion, he found it a
useful ally, and wrote for it often. Its editors and managers
found him a constant source of helpful suggestions, and seem to
have consulted with him on questions of business policy.
For many years after disposing of his partnership in the
Intelligencer, his newspaper work was of this occasional and un-
official nature. During the Civil War, his interest in reform cen-
tered in the struggle then waging, but after its close he cher-
ished the hope of establishing at Normal some kind of journal
which might become the mouthpiece of various reform move-
ments then more or less before the public. Interesting some of
his friends, he purchased an outfit for publishing a paper, and
was rapidly completing plans for its appearance when he learned
3Lewis, Life, 38. The issue of the Western Whig for Dec. u, 1847,
is No. 6, Vol. II. It was published at No. 3 Brick Row, Front street. The
inventory of the printing outfit of the Western Whig (no date, probably
Nov., 1851), is among the Fell MSS.
38 JESSE W. FELL [302
that Scibird and Waters, then proprietors of the Pantagraph,
were seeking a buyer for their paper. He had already carried
negotiations for an editor for his proposed paper, through corre-
spondence with Greeley and others, almost to the point of engag-
ing a certain Dr. Weil.4 But as the Pantagraph had already a
wide circulation and a considerable influence, it was far more
valuable to a man with a propaganda than any newly estab-
lished sheet could be, and Mr. Fell, with James P. Taylor and his
son-in-law William O. Davis, made haste to secure it. This was
in August, 1868. ,
The Pantagraph was a Republican organ of moderate parti-
zanship. Mr. Fell abandoned the idea of making Mr. Weil edi-
tor, deciding to fill that post himself. He entered into editorial
duties with zest, perhaps remembering his experience with the
ultra-ethical Eclectic Observer. Mr. Davis became business
manager. Fell was, however, a somewhat impractical chief, by
far too idealistic for the environment of a newspaper office.
Moreover, the confinement of office life was as irksome as ever.
After a few months, he gave up the editorial management, which
was taken over by his old friend Dr. E. R. Roe, in June of 1869.5
Mr. Fell retained his connection with the paper until late Octo-
ber, 1870, when he sold out his entire interest to his son-in-law.
Mr. Taylor also disposed of his share to Mr. Davis, leaving the
latter entirely responsible. Mr. Fell thereafter confined his
newspaper work to occasional editorials and to special articles
upon the subjects which engaged his interest.
4T. Tilton to Fell, Nov. 24, 1868. In this letter Dr. Weil, "long . . .
known to Mr. Bungay and Mr. Greeley," is recommended for the editor-
ship.
5Dr. Roe had entered the Federal army as "a bitter Jackson Demo-
crat," but came back "a Black Republican." He was in every way the
man to carry on Fell's dream of a popular newspaper advocating reform.
He was very popular, having been advanced to a colonelcy in the army
from the ranks. Upon his return to civil life he was elected a deputy in
the circuit clerk's office to follow Luman Burr. Luman Burr in the Daily
Bulletin, July 6, 1913. Bloomington Democrat, Sept. 30, 1864; Panta-
graph, Oct. i, 3, 1864; Aug. 12, 1868; Nov. i, 1870; Mar. 13, Oct. 23, 1871.
CHAPTER IV
FOUNDING THE NORMAL SCHOOL, 1853-1860
The advocates of free public schools in Illinois secured a
law authorizing but not establishing them, as early as 1825. This
law was so amended as practically to annul it two years later,
which means that Illinois had no public school system until 1855.
The desire for an effective public school law took definite form
^fter an impromptu conference at Bloomington of three men
who realized the need of the state and were disposed to take
measures to relieve it. These men were J. A. Hawley of Dixon,
H. H. Lee of Chicago, and Daniel Wilkins of Bloomington.
They issued a call to all friends of free schools for a meeting to
be held at Bloomington on December 26-28, 1853. The call was
signed by the secretary of state, who had charge of all educa-
tional affairs in those days, by the presidents and faculties of
two of the leading colleges of the state — Shurtleff and Illinois
Wesleyan — by the clergymen of Bloomington, and by others
who were interested. E. W. Brewster of Elgin was made presi-
dent of the conference, which was large and enthusiastic. Every
man who had a solution to offer for the educational problems of
the state was there with his resolutions, his friends, and his ar-
guments.1
Several of the principles embodied in the resolutions passed
•at that meeting were afterward incorporated in the state law,
and have been largely instrumental in shaping the educational
policy of Illinois. They included a plan for a State Teachers'
Institute, afterward the State Teachers' Association, which was
-carried out immediately and has been in operation ever since.
Another called for a state superintendent of schools, who should
-devote all his time to the interests of education. Authorized
1State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Reports, I, 127-138. Illi-
nois Teacher, I, 321-328. The convention here mentioned was not the first
-of an educational nature in the state, but the first that concerned itself
especially with the common school system. Illinois Teacher, I, 328-336.
.J. H. Burnham, "Educational Convention of 1853" in School Record of
McLean County (McLean County Historical Society; Transactions, II),
•118-127.
39
40 JESSE W. PELL [304
by a new state law, Governor Matteson appointed, on February 9,
1854, Ninian W. Edwards as the first superintendent of schools
in Illinois. A third resolution was in favor of a journal de-
voted to education. This periodical, called the Illinois Teacher,
was started after the Peoria meeting of 1854, with a curious
scheme of editorial management by which a different man was
made responsible for its contents each month. The result of this
division of labor was an uncertain quality of content and finan-
cial disaster. After a year's trial of the plan Mr. Charles E.
Hovey of Peoria, one of a valiant group of New Englanders who
were then the educational leaders of the state, was made editor
and manager. He was vigorous and able, and put the publica-
tion speedily and effectively upon its feet.2
Then there came up a question which was bound to cause a
discussion, for it involved the fundamental differences of men
whose training and ideals gave them widely diverging concep-
tions of the needs and the consequent policies of the state. This
was the question of the establishment of some institution for the
better training of teachers. All were agreed that such a school
was a vital need; scarcely any two were agreed as to just what
type of school could, in this new and growing country, accom-
plish the end sought in the best way. Jonathan B. Turner, from
whose fertile brain came the vast and comprehensive scheme re-
sulting finally in the founding of the great state universities of
the Middle and Far West,3 was trying to awaken enthusiasm for
a combination school to include agricultural, industrial, and nor-
mal school departments. The friends of the already established
denominational colleges, who feared the results of separating
education and religion by the founding of state schools, wished
to add normal departments to Shurtleff, McKendrie, Knox, and
"Wesleyan. A third group, armed with the record of the normal
schools of Massachusetts, strongly advocated a separate and "un-
trammeled" training-school exclusively for teachers.*
Jonathan Turner had organized the State Industrial League^
a society working for a state industrial college, and numbered
Mr. Fell, who was director of the McLean County division,5
2State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Reports, I, 146. Illinois'
Teacher, I, 8-18.
8E. J. James, Origin of the Land Grant Act of 1862, 25-27 (Univer^
sity of Illinois Studies, IV, No. i).
*Superintendent of Public Instruction, Reports, II, 52.
5Organized Feb. 9, 1854.
305] POUNDING THE NORMAL SCHOOL 41
among his sympathizers and helpers. Fell was eager to see the
industrial college founded, but knowing that a normal school was
both more popular and more immediately needed, was willing to
wait for the realization of the more comprehensive plan. With
Turner he bent his energies toward uniting educational forces
for the accomplishment of some one definite object.
The various schemes were further discussed and worked
over at a meeting held in Peoria in December of 1854. At the
third meeting in Springfield it became plain that the advocates
of a separate normal school were strongly in the majority, and
the next year in Chicago they secured the passage of a resolution
to the effect that the Association did not wish "to discuss any
university question, but occupy themselves with the interests of
common schools and Normal schools." Mr. Turner, whose vis-
ions of the future did not blind him to immediate demands and
practical methods, yielded his own larger plan with a grace
made possible by his great faith in its ultimate realization : and
the Association passed a resolution which called for an appro-
priation for "the immediate establishment of a State Normal
School for the education of teachers."6
The legislature, which had already (in 1855) established a
free school system, passed the desired law, and Governor Bissell
signed it on February 18, 1857. The law designated the members
of the state board of education, who were in charge of the af-
fairs of the school, but did not state its location, which was to be
decided by competitive bids.
It was after the passing of this law that Fell's interest iu
the normal school became intensified by the hope of securing it
for Bloomington. Long before this he had hoped to see an insti-
tution of learning, the exact nature of which was not then clear
to himself, in the town of North Bloomington. Upon his return
from Payson he had become a member of the first incorporated
board of trustees of the "Wesleyan University, serving until 1857.7
Now he saw in the projected normal school an opportunity of
realizing quickly his dream of making North Bloomington a
school town, and so attracting to it the class of citizens he wanted
'Superintendent of Public Instruction, Reports, II, 53ff. Illinois
Teacher, I, 254.
7His greatest service to the institution lay in his influence in changing
its location from Seminary Avenue near the present Chicago and Alton
shops, in the outskirts of Bloomington, to the central site which it occupies.
James Shaw in Fell Memorial, 4; John F. Eberhart, ibid. 19.
42 JESSE W. FELL [306
it to have. The block for the ' ' Seminary ' ' had long been selected,
but he abandoned it in favor of a larger tract farther removed
from Bloomington. Other people had other ideas as to what was
the best site. Five, besides the one favored, were offered. The
other five, however, had less in the way of subscription attached
than the one he advocated. This was part of the Parkinson farm
of three hundred fifty acres, owned at that time by Dr. Joseph
Payne and Meshac Pike, who had recently bought it. David Da-
vis and E. W. Bake well each added about forty acres, which
made the tract about a quarter-section.
Mr. Fell carried on the work of securing subscriptions, aided
by others who reported to him regularly. The amount of the
subscription was kept out of the newspapers, and very little
said of the matter where rival towns might hear of it. Any-
thing that could be used was solicited; and land, cash, notes,
even nursery stock and freight donations, were given. Friends
of popular education outside the state were appealed to by some,
altho few if any responded.8 As is often the case, many
of the offers were saddled with embarrassing conditions. One
set of offers stipulated that the site should be within a mile of
Bloomington ; another, that it must be within three-fourths of
a mile of the railroad crossing at North Bloomington; still an-
other, within three miles of Bloomington. Mr. Fell's site satis-
fied all these conditions.
Meantime other towns had not been idle. Batavia offered
a ready-made plant in the grounds and buildings of the Batavia
Institute and fifteen thousand dollars in cash. Washington, in
Tazewell County, offered the buildings and grounds of Washing-
ton Academy and cash to the amount of twelve hundred dollars.
Peoria was known to be piling up a large subscription, but no
one in Bloomington could find out just how formidable this rival
was.9
It was at this point that John F. Eberhart gave substantial
help. He was a teacher who had been forced by ill-health to give
up regular classroom work, and who spent much time in holding
8Among these was Alexander Campbell, the founder of the Church
of the Disciples. He seems to have been favorable to the project at first,
but later declined to help. Thirty years after, Fell attributed this to
Campbell's statement that "Mr. Bakewell and wife had done enough."
Bakewell had married Campbell's daughter. Campbell (Bethany, Va.) tp
Fell, 1857.
Superintendent of Public Instruction, Reports, II, 286-291.
307] POUNDING THE NORMAL SCHOOL 43
institutes throughout the state. This gave him an opportunity
to know conditions thoroly, and his knowledge of conditions
made him greatly interested in the projected normal school. He
met Mr. Fell first when attending an educational meeting in 1855
or 1856, when he was entertained at the Fell home. The two men
became fast friends, and when Eberhart found out how keenly
Fell wanted the normal school for his own town, he was minded
to give all possible aid. This resolution was strengthened by his
own dislike for Peoria, which he considered undesirable because
it was ' ' a river town and a whiskey town. ' ' He entered into the
contest for Fell and Bloomington, even as Simeon W. Wright
was entering it as a champion of Hovey and Peoria. For about
three months he worked with Fell in McLean County, a guest at
his home and party to all his plans.10
About a week before the final decision was to be made, Eber-
hart made a trip to Peoria to see clearly just what the situation
there might be ; and chanced, fortunately for his purpose, upon
a friend, a teacher, who in his enthusiasm told him the amount
of the subscription already secured. Returning at once to Bloom-
ington, he told Fell that it would be necessary to raise the Bloom-
ington subscription. Fell asked him if a ten thousand dollar ad-
vance would be sufficient, and Eberhart replied that it would
have to be more than that. Fell suggested fifteen thousand, but
Eberhart repeated that it must be still more. Fell inquired if
twenty thousand would do, and received the same reply. But
when he was asked if twenty-five thousand would cap Peoria 's
bid, Eberhart replied that such a bid would secure the normal
school. Fell vowed that Bloomington would raise the money.
But he wanted to see for himself just how things were at
Peoria, since Eberhart 's sense of honor prevented him from tell-
ing details. He knew that a powerful stimulus, combined with
knowledge of the real situation, would be necessary if his towns-
men were to be persuaded to raise their already generous bid.
Eberhart had brought him the news from Peoria on Friday, May
3, 1857. At Fell's request, he set off at once for Chicago, to in-
terview the three members of the board resident there, in the in-
terests of the Bloomington location. If these men were at all un-
friendly, they were effectively won over by Eberhart during the
week-end he spent in Chicago.
Meantime, having seen Eberhart off, Fell harnessed Tom to
the buggy and set off for Peoria, where he knew there was to be
10John Eberhart, in Fell Memorial, 23.
44 JESSE W. FELL [308
a citizens' mass meeting that night. He covered the forty-five
miles in time to attend the meeting, and was observed in the
audience by Hovey. No attempt, however, was made to keep
secret the amount of the subscription at this meeting. The jubi-
lant committee, sure that in the short time left no competitor
could equal their offerings, were not alarmed even at the sight
of their rival's appearance — an apparition that would have
meant more to them had they know him better.
It was late when the meeting adjourned, but early the next
morning Fell was back in Bloomington, briskly presenting to the
leading citizens the somewhat appalling dictum that an addi-
tional twenty-five thousand dollars must be subscribed. He be-
gan by raising his own cash subscription to two thousand dollars,
with seventy-five hundred dollars in Jackson County lands, worth
about five dollars an acre. Others caught his enthusiasm and
added to their subscriptions until the individual pledges, already
totalling fifty thousand dollars, amounted to seventy-one thou-
sand. The county commissioners, who had before subscribed for
the county a sum equal to the private subscriptions, now added
to the swamp lands already promised, enough to bring the whole
amount raised to one hundred forty-one thousand dollars.11
The meeting of the board was to be in Peoria on the seventh
of May. A tour of inspection to the proposed site at ' ' the Junc-
tion," as Normal was commonly called then, preceded the meet-
ing. The weather had been very rainy and the bare prairie about
Bloomington was a hopeless swamp, not liable to make a favor-
able impression upon critical visitors. Mr. Fell went over the
ground carefully the night before, found every mud-hole and
every dry ridge, and mapped out a course for the carriages in-
tended to minimize the danger of being mired in a bottomless pit
of Illinois mud. When the board made its tour of inspection,
Fell rode in the first carriage, and personally directed the driver
over the uncharted, soggy ground. The drivers of the other
carriages had orders to follow the first undeviatingly on pain of
losing life and wages, and on no account to allow the horses to
become mired. So conducted, the board made a safe trip and
"The three county commissioners who risked their popularity and
tenure of office to secure the normal school (for the pledge had to he
made without recourse to a vote) were A. J. Merriman, Milton Smith,
and Hiram Buck. They were reelected that fall, but were superseded by
a board of supervisors which ratified their action in May. Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction, Reports, II, Appendix 22, 37iff.
309] FOUNDING THE NORMAL SCHOOL 45
was returned to the station without accident. The young trees
planted along the streets of North Bloomington made a good im-
pression upon the members, it is recorded. From the proposed
site they went to the station, where they were to board the train
for Peoria. Some half a dozen Bloomingtonians and a reporter
accompanied them.12
At Peoria there was a similar inspection of the site offered,
after which the board sat publicly at the court house. The Bloom-
ington bid was accepted, with conditions attached to secure the
somewhat precarious county subscription, which had to be guar-
anteed by citizens.13 Over eighty prominent Bloomingtonians
signed this guarantee, Abraham Lincoln drew up the bond, and
the pledges were all met.14
Bloomington was exultant when Fell and his friends brought
back to them the news that they had won the new school, and
plans for the town that would in time grow up around it were
rampant. Ground for the building was broken promptly, the
cornerstone being laid on the twenty-fifth of September with
all due ceremony. Fell's address on that occasion revealed hi*
own conception of the future of the school. He hoped in time it
might become what, for reasons of financial expediency, it was
then called : a university. Especially, he hoped that an agricul-
tural school with an experiment farm would eventually become
part of the school, and that courses in mechanical studies might
be added as opportunity offered.15
The question of the principalship was a lively issue. Fell,
who was a warm personal friend of Horace Mann, had long cher-
ished in his heart the hope of securing his services for the need-
ful West. When planning the "seminary" which was to have
been located on the east side of the present Broadway in Nor-
12This reporter was Edward J. Lewis, later editor of the Pantograph,
and Fell's lifelong friend. The account given, with many incidents not
here noted, is found in his manuscript Life of Fell. Weekly Pantograph,
May 27, 1857. Lincoln Weldon, interview, July 12, 1913.
"Superintendent of Public Instruction, Reports, II, 359-364.
"7Wd, II, 373-378.
15The new school was to be financed from the income of the college
and seminary fund, then about ten thousand dollars per year, which was
permanently diverted for this purpose. Many, not without good ground,
objected to this diversion, and it was to answer their representations that
the singularly inappropriate name of the Illinois State Normal "Univer-
sity" was used, a name which has been retained even after the founding
of the state university. State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Re-
ports, I, 123 ; II, 276 ; Illinois Teacher, III, 395.
46 JESSE W. PELL [310
mal, he had corresponded with Mann and others relative to its
constitution, scope and curriculum. He now asked the great edu-
cator if he would consider the presidency of the proposed nor-
mal school. Mr. Mann was favorably disposed, and before the
location of the school had been actually secured, a subscription
list signed by Bloomington citizens promised material aid in
raising the salary of Horace Mann were he to become the head
of the new institution.16
The meeting of the board at which a ' ' principal ' ' was to be
elected was held in Bloomington. Shortly before the time of
meeting, a prominent friend of the Peoria faction came to John
F. Eberhart, who with Fell led the pro-Mann party, and told him
that it was a matter of political necessity that an Illinois man
be elected to the position. "If you elect Mann we'll kill him,"
said this advocate of local sovereignty ; and he further intimated
that nothing but the appointment of a Peorian could satisfy the
disappointed politicians of that city. When the situation be-
came known to Horace Mann, he telegraphed to Eberhart that
he would not be a candidate for the place if there were to be any
fight connected with it. Since Fell was equally opposed to dis-
sensions at this critical time and realized thoroly the need of
united support for the principal of -the struggling institution, the
plan of securing Horace Mann was reluctantly given up by his
friends, and the Middle West lost the strength which might have
accrued to this school through the leadership of the greatest edu-
cator of his day.17 After Mann, Mr. Charles Hovey was gener-
1<5The subscription list, dated May I, 1857, was signed by Jesse W.
Fell, K. H. Fell, W. H. Allin, C W. Holder, Jos. Payne, John Magoun,
F. K. Phoenix, John Dietrich, E. Thomas, McCann Davis, and amounted
to $750. Mr. Mann had agreed to accept the presidency at $2500. John
F. Eberhart, in Fell Memorial, 24, and interview, June 20, 1913. Mann to
Fell, June 23, 1856. President F. Wayland of Brown University to Fell,
Jan. 29, 1853. Illinois Teacher, III, 107.
17It has been said that the liberal religious views of Mann were
largely responsible for that disapproval which resulted in the vigorous
opposition to his presidency, the powerful Methodist faction in the state
considering him a dangerous leader of the young in spite of his ability.
Certain it is that his abolitionist leanings aroused antipathy among that
large number who sympathized with slavery or feared to have the ques-
tion agitated. Pro-slavery advocates especially remembered a speech of
Mr. Mann in which he had vigorously assailed Daniel Webster and the
Compromise of 1850. These considerations, combined with the fact that
Hovey was able to command powerful forces in support of his own can-
didacy, were quite sufficient to defeat the large-visioned plan of FelL
311] FOUNDING THE NORMAL SCHOOL 47
ally considered the best man for the position, although Eberhart,
who declined the nomination, and a Mr. Phelps were also con-
sidered. On the final vote, Hovey was elected by a bare majority.
Once elected, Hovey set to work with great energy and abil-
ity to make the normal school a success. The task was a hard
one. School opened in the historic Major's Hall, perched atop
a grocery store on Front street in Blopmington. There were
twenty-nine pupils on the opening day, October 5, 1857, and
more followed soon, the total enrollment for the year being one
hundred twenty-seven. There were two assistants, and a "model
school ' ' for observation and practice.
The troubles of the normal school began with the panic of
1857. Many of the men who had led in the subscriptions found
themselves unable to pay what they had promised, and the com-
missioners were unable to sell the swamp lands that had been
counted upon so confidently. Even the title to these lands was
found to be uncertain, and Fell made a trip to "Washington to
secure the complete and formal deed, in order that the lands
might be available in case buyers appeared.18 He returned early
in November, with word that the official confirmation would be
sent to Springfield. New complications arose, however, after he
had left Washington, and the patents for the thirty thousand
acres were not issued until January, 1858. The last payment on
the pledge from the county lands was paid in October, 1864.
The uncertainty of realizing money from the county grant,
with the scarcity of money in general and the unwillingness of
one or two of the wealthy land-owners to turn over their prom-
ised acres at the time when they were most needed, made it im-
possible to make the first payment to the contractors, and work
was suspended in December of 1857. Of all the thousands sub-
scribed, not even six or seven could be collected for immediate
use. The ingenious expedients of Charles Hovey during the dark
days that ensued included every possible scheme for making
something out of nothing. The school was without money, with-
out established credit, and without that public support which
comes with the tradition of success. Some of its opponents began
to suggest that a failure so apparent be abandoned. A few stanch
18In August, 1855, being himself unable to go, Fell had sent his son
Henry, now grown to manhood, to Washington to look after the school
warrants for Illinois, W. F. M. Arny being then in the patent office. He
(Henry Fell) remained until the last of October, and was moderately
successful in his mission.
48 JESSE W. FELL [312
friends upheld the hands of the determined president at this
time, risking their own property by signing the notes it was
necessary to make. These men were Charles and Richard Holder,
and Jesse and Kersey Fell. Dr. George P. Rex and S. "W. Moid-
ton also helped by giving personal notes. The merchants of
Bloomington stood loyally by the school, furnishing materials on
credit upon the basis of the faith of the friends and guarantors
that the next legislature would make appropriations to cover all
debts. This was done at the next session, and work upon the
building was resumed in the spring of 1859. The school moved
into its new quarters in the autumn of 1860, and on October 5
of that year the last brick was laid, with short speeches, cheers,
and a free picnic lunch for all.19
It seemed to Fell and to other friends of the normal school,
that a formal dedication of the building would call attention to
the institution, and gain it friends and influence. It was a time
of great anxiety and uncertainty, and there were some who hesi-
tated to take time and expense for such an occasion during a
period of national peril. The dedication, however, which was on
January 30, 1861, not only gained the end for which it was
planned, but afforded a relief from the tense anxiety of the time,
a, comforting assurance of at least one great good accomplished,
which gave heart and encouragement to all who attended it. Mr.
Fell worked indefatigably to make the occasion successful. In-
vitations were sent to all the prominent men in the state, and
great crowds attended from Bloomington and the nearby towns.
It was one of the first normal schools built west of the Allegha-
nies, and the first state-endowed educational institution in Illi-
nois. Governor Yates and Ex-Governor Bebb of Ohio were there,
and many lesser stars. The speeches were given in the great hall
of the new building, and the feast which crowned the occasion
was in Royce's Hall in Bloomington. Mrs. Fell and her cousin,
Mrs. Holder, planned and managed the banquet, at which the
mayor presided and Mr. Fell was toastmaster.20
Fell's interest in the school continued always, and for many
years was actively shown. He attended the public meetings, en-
couraged the literary societies, and while a member of the board
of education superintended the planting of the campus, of which
"Superintendent of Public Instruction, Reports, II, 99-103.
20Newspaper clippings, undated, in the Scrapbook. Illinois Teacher,
VII, 78.
313] FOUNDING THE NORMAL SCHOOL 49
more in another chapter.21 Through the years of its gradual
growth and establishment he was regularly the man who secured
the necessary appropriations at Springfield.
21G. B. Robinson, secretary of the Wrightonian Society, to Fell, April
30, 1861. Mr. Fell became an honorary member of this society.
CHAPTER V
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES, 1840-1860
The strong admiration which Fell had for Henry Clay led
him to take a prominent part in local politics during the first
three years of his residence in Bloomington. He was never of
those who consider politics so inherently and ineradicably evil
that honest men can have no part in them. Politics interested him
in an absorbing way at times. He used the machinery of govern-
ment as a means of securing good ends, and also probably with
a keen appreciation of the fun of the game. And he was one of
the few men who do not ask or receive material compensation for
their participation in public affairs.1
Until 1840, his political activities seem to have been mainly
along the line of securing various favors for the districts in which
he was interested, and in urging the election of men who fa-
vored internal improvements. In that year he was much in de-
mand for stump speeches throughout Central Illinois, where the
campaign lacked none of that picturesqueness which character-
ized it in the country as a whole. On one occasion a monster pro-
cession was organized in Bloomington, to go to Peoria, forty
miles away. The chef-d'oeuvre of the expedition was a great
cannon — Black Betty — drawn by twelve horses, and with twelve
veterans of the War of 1812 upon it. The procession stopped at
Mackinaw, Tremont, Washington, and other towns on the way
for meetings. At Washington, after Fell and others had spoken,
General Gridley was called upon for a speech, and responded
acceptably. The possibility of entering political life appealed ta
General Gridley, and that fall he was nominated and elected to
the lower house at Springfield. Fell advised him the next year
to study law, and had afterward the pleasure of seeing him very
successful in this profession. The friendship between these two
men was cemented by mutual service and sacrifice, for part of
the debts for which General Gridley filed a petition in bankruptcy
in 1842 were contracted as security for Fell and others in enter-
1James Ewing, Memorial Address to Bloomington Bar Association,.
1887. Manuscript in Fell Papers.
50
315] POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 51
prises in which both were interested.2 Fell was able later amply
to compensate his friend for his devotion, but he never forgot the
service rendered at the time of the great panic.
Besides the stump speaking, Fell reached the people by
means of a circular letter, dated January 20, 1840, which set
forth the evils of the Jackson regime and the necessity for re-
form in the person and under the leadership of General Harri-
son. This document is couched in somewhat pompous phrase-
ology, but direct, pointed, and dignified — the latter a character-
ictic rare enough to be appreciated in the Western campaign lit-
erature of that day.
Fell's position on the question of repudiation is worthy of
comment. The financial panic of 1837 was of unequaled sever-
ity throughout the Middle "West, and its effects lasted well into
the next decade. Men who were able to weather the first months
of the long depression went under after brave resistance, when
the depression had continued until their hoarded resources were
exhausted. One after another, they took benefit of the bank-
ruptcy law passed by a special session of Congress called by Har-
rison. Land depreciated in value until the best tracts were sold
for a song, and then were offered vainly to buyers at any price.3
Not only were individuals ruined by the panic and hard times;
it was many years before the state of Illinois recovered from the
effects of 1837. The State Bank, as has been noted, suspended
payment in 1837, and failed in 1842. The state's internal im-
provement scheme did not collapse until about 1840, when the
legislature repealed the law. The construction of the Illinois
and Michigan Canal had stopped in 1839, and was not resumed
for some years. Interest on the state debt was paid regularly,
however, until 1841, when payments were suspended until July,
1846. The state became so seriously involved that many recom-
mended the extreme means of practical repudiation of the state
debt. This proposal aroused the more thoughtful of the men of Ill-
inois to a strong protest, and none opposed the suggestion more
vigorously than Jesse Fell. He published, in 1845, an open letter
to the Senate and House of Illinois, which was widely copied and
2The petition was made under the law of 1841, and bears date of Feb.
10, 1842. The schedule of debts amounts to $52,999.42. See Fell's sketch
of Gridley in Duis, Good Old Times in McLean County, 262-276.
3So late as 1848, Robert Fell was offered eighty acres near the farm
of his brother close to Bloomington for $3 per acre. Lewis, Life, 27.
52 JESSE W. FELL [316
probably had a considerable influence upon the public opinion of
the day regarding repudiation. He recommended the imposition
of a slight tax, which he said the people would gladly pay, and
which would recognize the moral obligation of the state. In ad-
dition to the primary motive of common honesty, he urged that
the passage of such a law would relieve the state of the responsi-
bility for the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which the bondhold-
ers would then take off its hands.4
During these years Fell remained a loyal Whig, working in
the party councils when occasion required, but steadily refusing
to accept office. In 1850 the Whigs of the neighborhood of
Quincy — it will be remembered that this was while he lived at
Payson — urged him to stand for representative. " [Your views]
on the really important question of the times — the non-extension
of slavery, will not only meet the approval of the entire Whigs
4Copy of a Letter upon State Repudiation, Jesse W. Fell to the Sen-
ate and House of Illinois, 1845. The following quotations will serve to
show his position, which was that of the more conservative thinkers in the
state generally :
"... We stand as on the verge of a precipice, and one false step
may precipitate us to a depth of dishonor and infamy from which we may
never recover. ... In such a contingency [practical repudiation] our credit
and reputation as a state will not only be gone but, it is feared, past re-
demption ; practical repudiation will have received your sanction, and,
in return, will consign the State to a depth of infamy from which
she can never hope to emerge; . . . Where, let me ask, is the
distinction, in morals or common honesty, between the man who boldly
proclaims he will not pay a debt, which he alleges was illegally contracted,
though based on a valuable consideration, and him who acknowledges that
he justly owes, has the means of making restitution, but refuses to make
the first effort to do so? ...
"Let us inquire, in the next place, what will be the practical effect, —
what the objects to be attained by this tax, light tho' it be. If no other
object was attainable, that of merely paying the amount of what we justly
owe would of itself be all-sufficient, and should impel us to a prompt and
cheerful performance of the act. But this is not all. By so doing you
will practically extinguish, — you will relieve the people of $6,000,000 of
their public indebtedness. Our bond holders stand pledged, in the event
of the passage through your bodies of a revenue law, imposing a light tax
for the purpose of paying a part of the accrueing interest on our debt, to
take the Michigan and Illinois Canal, with its attendant burdens, off our
hands, and prosecute it to completion within a given period. Thus reliev-
ing us of about one half of our immense State debt."
317] POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 53
of the county, but will I believe tend to secure a strong vote from
the free-soilers, who probably in this county and certainly in the
congressional district, hold the balance of power," wrote a local
Whig leader to him at the time.5 Fell refused the nomination.
A little later he found in the columns of the Intelligencer a
means of influencing public opinion which was practicable even
when his private affairs kept him busiest.6 He was untiring in
his efforts for his friends, and seems in all cases to have given ad-
vice which subsequent events justified. Again in 1854 there was
a demand that he be a candidate for the legislature, and another
refusal. He was wont to remark to his friends, indeed, that after
1852 his interest in politics was buried in the grave of Henry
Clay. That interest experienced a prompt and complete resusci-
tation, however, upon the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
In common with most Friends, the Fell family had long been
abolitionists, and when it became clear that the new Bepublican
party was to be organized about the central idea of opposition to
the extension of slavery, they united with it eagerly.7
The party was organized in Illinois on the 29th of May,
1856, in Major's Hall in Bloomington, altho several prelimi-
nary meetings had been held and the leaders were already well
5N. Bushnell to Fell, Aug. 23, 1850.
6For instance, Richard Yates, in a letter dated Nov. 17, 1852, explains
his methods of winning the election of 1852, and thanks Fell for his de-
fense of him in the Intelligencer, and for his help for several years past.
Yates' account of the campaign is very interesting. He wrote letters, of
which he had 150 copies made, to send to Whigs of influence, both known
and unknown to him. After ten days he went through each county in the
district, "had a little night meeting in each (this is what the Register
called my still hunt) and at the end of that time I commenced speaking
at the various county seats on a run, and in twenty days the whole Whig
columns from center to circumference were moving in solid phalanx and
shouting victory all along the line — Calhoun was cowed — his friends
alarmed — Judge Douglas and Shields and Gregg and Harris &c were
brought to the rescue — lying handbills and malignant falsehoods were
brought in requisition, but in vain — I went to bed the night of the election
conscious of victory."
7Jesse Fell to his son, Jesse W. Fell, June 16, 1832. In this letter
Fell's father tells of his mother's activity and interest in meetings held to
express sympathy for the colored people. Mrs. Fell the elder was an ad-
mirer of Mrs. Mott and cooperated with her in her efforts. E. M. Prince
states in the Fell Memorial that the senior Fell operated a station of the
Underground Railroad.
54 JESSE W. FELL [318
united.8 The convention held at that time was supposed to be
composed of one delegate for each six thousand people, which
gave three delegates to McLean County; but others besides dele-
gates participated freely in its business, especially as there seems
to have been practical unanimity concerning what was to be
done. People came in crowds from all parts of the state, and
there was great enthusiasm, which reached its highest pitch when
Lincoln gave the famous ' ' Lost Speech. ' ' Local tradition places
Fell among the many speakers whose efforts were entirely lost
sight of in the splendor of that matchless oration ; but his charac-
teristic activity at such times, it may be remarked in passing,
was rather the framing of resolutions and the urging of progres-
sive measures privately among his friends, than the making of
speeches.
By 1856, Illinois people had come thoroly to realize that
the Whig party had ceased to be ; but the character and policy of
its successor was not altogether clear. In no state, perhaps, was
the Republican party made up of elements more diverse than
composed it in Illinois. The third congressional district, for in-
stance, comprised in 1856 thirteen counties.9 The southern coun-
ties, still largely influenced by their southern antecedents, abomi-
nated abolitionists. The northern counties had been settled
mainly by New England and Ohio people, who brought with them
very decided anti-slavery views. Fifty-five delegates, represent-
ing the thirteen counties, met in convention July 2, 1856, and
nominated Owen Love joy, altho McLean and all the southern
counties had been instructed for Leonard Swett. Love joy was
known to be an abolitionist, an ex-member of the Liberty party.
Moreover, the southern counties had long yielded the nomination
to those of the north, and thought that a sense of fairness should
have granted them the nomination when they urged so able a
candidate as Leonard Swett. Because of these things, the dis-
gruntled counties held another convention on the sixteenth of
8Major's Hall was the third story, now demolished, of a building still
(1916) standing on Front street in Bloomington. Pantograph, June 4,
1856. Joseph Medill, "Lincoln's Lost Speech," in McClure's Magazine,
Sept., 1896. For an account of attempts at Republican organization before
1856, see J. H. Burnham, History of Bloomington and Normal, 109-114.
9Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Bureau, Putnam, Kankakee, Iro-
quois, McLean, DeWitt, Champaign, and Vermillion, of which the present
Ford County then formed a part.
319] POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 55
July at Bloomington, and nominated Judge T. L. Dickey of
Ottawa.10
Fell had been in the East during the first convention, at Ot-
tawa, but he was known to be strongly in favor of Swett. He
had gone on private business, but hoping to attend the latter part
of the Republican convention at Philadelphia, a hope which was
frustrated by delay in his business affairs. He returned, how-
ever, in time to attend the great ratification meeting in the square
in Bloomington, on the evening of the convention day. After
the "bolters" had spoken, some one called on Love joy, who had
appeared upon the scene. He came to the front and delivered a
speech so powerful that he won the unfriendly crowd completely.
It was a wonderful victory for the abolitionist, and for the prin-
ciples of freedom and equality which he advocated.11
On the second evening after, another mass meeting was held
on the square, at which Fell offered resolutions in favor of Love-
joy. The crowd was again carried away with enthusiasm, and
readily adopted them. Lovejoy sentiment grew from day to day.
Judge Dickey later withdrew from the contest, and Lovejoy was
elected by a large majority. It was during this campaign that
there sprang up the warm friendship between Fell and Lovejoy,
which was to last until the death of the latter in 1864.
During the campaign that followed Mr. Fell made many
speeches. The Republican organization in Illinois was rapidly
completed, and the party pushed its campaign so energetically
that it won the governorship, altho the Democrats were suc-
cessful in the general elections. During the summer the Bloom-
ington Democratic and Republican clubs exchanged speakers,
Mr. Fell being invited to represent his party before the Demo-
cratic Club.12 He was active in the county nominating conven-
tion in September. Throughout the summer, however, he seems
studiously to have confined himself to local activities.
Among the forces that were powerful in shaping public
opinion in Illinois after 1853, were the Kansas Aid Committee
10Pantagraph, June 11, July 2, 9, 23, 1856; April II, 1868.
"Brush, The Political Career of Owen Lovejoy (manuscript thesis,
University of Illinois), 12. Prince says (Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois
and History of McLean County, 1029) that this appearance of Lovejoy
had been planned by Mr. Fell, who thought it the best way of reconciling
discordant elements in the party. Burnham, History of Bloomington and
Normal, 114.
12Adlai Stevenson in Fell Memorial, 4pff.
56 JESSE W. PELL [320
and its allies. General W. F. M. Arny, a West Virginian who
lived in North Bloomington, was a leader in the work of helping
Northern men in Kansas.13 The big barn at his home was a depot
of supplies for Kansas families sent in by sympathizers from far
and near. The town was a recruiting station for immigrants
bound for Kansas. The Fells, being anti-slavery people, helped
in the work. In 1856, at the national convention of the society
held in Buffalo, Abraham Lincoln was appointed on the National
Kansas Aid Committee. He declined to serve, however, alleging
other pressing duties, and recommended Fell as a substitute.
General Arny wrote at once to Fell offering him membership, as
representative for Illinois, and asking him to attend the meeting-
in Chicago on July 30. Fell in turn declined, recommending
Arny himself for the post, to which in due time he was ap-
pointed, and served with marked ability.14
After 1856 Fell's interest in politics did not flag. His map
of Illinois, with the senatorial districts carefully inked in, and
the party vote for each district for 1858 written in the margin,
shows how closely he kept track of conditions and tendencies. He
was close to the people, and knew their ideas and their heroes.
He was close to the leaders, knowing their ambitions and their
motives. He was interested in all public affairs, concerned with
the growth of the country, solicitous for the right solution to na-
tional problems.15 In 1857 he was commissioned by the state
central committee as corresponding secretary to visit different
parts of Illinois for conferences with leaders. He knew the pulse
of the state as no one else could.
As has been noted, Fell met Lincoln in 1834-5, when Lincoln
and Stuart were serving in the state legislature. At circuit court
sessions they were more or less closely associated while Fell con-
tinued to ride the circuit, and after he had given up law for real
estate their friendship continued. In the campaigns of 1840 and
1844 they were active and friendly Whig partisans. They called
each other by their Christian names, and it was noted with
13Wm. M. McCambridge, "My Remembrances of Jesse W. Fell," man-
uscript. Pantograph, June 25, July 2 and 23, 1856.
14Arny to Fell, July 22, 1856. Chicago Tribune, same date. The Pan-
tograph of July 23, 1856, says that "A. Lincoln is a member of the na-
tional committee." The facts were related by Fell himself in a letter to
a newspaper, Oct. 3, 1881 ; Scrapbook.
"Dept. of Interior to Owen Lovejoy, May 25, 1858. Lovejoy to Fell;
undated.
321] POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 57
amusement by their common acquaintances that Fell never
called Lincoln ''Abe" after the easy fashion of most Illinoisans.
It was one of the Quaker characteristics which gave him a gentle
dignity which all men respected, that he did not use nicknames.
Lincoln was often at the Fell home in Bloomington, and the two
men seem to have carried on a friendly correspondence whenever
there was public business upon which they might cooperate.
John F. Eberhart says that Jesse W. Fell and his brother
Kersey were the first men to suggest Mr. Lincoln as presidential
timber.16 Be this as it may, there is no question that the idea of
joint debates between Lincoln and Douglas originated with Jesse
Fell and was repeatedly suggested until the debates became a
reality. They were first proposed by Mr. Fell in September of
1854 on the occasion of a speech by Senator Douglas in Bloom-
ington. Mr. Fell's request was then based on a general desire
of people to hear the two together. Douglas declined to debate,
and Lincoln goodnaturedly agreed to postpone his own talk until
"candlelight".17
There was no doubt among the Republicans of Illinois as to
their choice for senator in 1858. They wished to make the nomi-
nation at the state convention, a proceeding until then unheard-
of. In the McLean County convention, held June 5, Fell offered
resolutions ' ' that Lincoln is our first, last and only choice for the
vacancy soon to occur in the United States Senate ; and that de-
spite all influences at home or abroad, domestic or foreign, the
Eepublicans of Illinois, as with the voice of one man, are unalter-
ably so resolved ; to the end that we may have a big man, with a
big mind, and a big heart, to represent our big state."16 The
resolutions were read amid shouts of approval, and were adopted
with rounds of applause. Throughout the state the feeling was
the same. At the state convention, held in Springfield on the
16th, practically the same resolutions were adopted.19 It was at
Memorial, 26. J. R. Rowell in ibid.
"Stevenson, Something of Men I Have Known, 8. Lawrence Weldon,
"New Lincoln Stories" in Chicago Tribune, Feb. 9 and Pantagraph, Feb.
10, 1902. Fell's own account is in Oldroyd, Lincoln Memorial Album, 468-
472. James T. Ewing tells it in his contribution to the Fell Memorial.
^Pantograph, June I and 7, 1858.
19The comment in the Democratic organ, the Illinois Statesman, of
June 3, 1858, besides furnishing a typical example of the attitude of non-
Republicans toward Lincoln, refers to a "secret caucus" of the night be-
fore. Probably the presentation of the resolutions was carefully planned
by the leaders at this meeting.
58 JESSE W. FELL [322
the evening session of this convention that Lincoln delivered his
"House Divided" speech. To trace the courses of speeches and
replies that followed, as Lincoln and Douglas pushed their
rivalry, would be to repeat a story that has already been well and
fully told. Of especial interest here is the journey of Fell
through the states north and east of Illinois, during the time
when the debates were taking place in Illinois, and later. He
visited all the New England states but Maine, and New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana. Every-
where he found Eepublicans who were interested in the debates,
and who were eager to hear about the man who was successfully
defying and answering Stephen A. Douglas. As he sounded the
praises of his friend, the conviction grew in him that in a still
larger field Lincoln might become the successful rival of the
great Douglas.20
When he returned to Bloomington, Fell proposed to Lincoln
that he should be the next Republican candidate for president.
This was in his brother Kersey's law office. The story of that
conversation, which Mr. Fell afterward substantially repro-
duced, is well known. Lincoln professed to think it a very fool-
ish idea, and declined to write the autobiography for which his
friend asked, that he might acquaint people in the East with
Lincoln's personal history.21 Nevertheless Fell quietly pursued
the realization of his ' ' big idea, ' ' which other f oresighted Repub-
licans shared with him, through 1859. He was secretary of the
state central committee for his party, and in that capacity he
kept a sensitive finger on the pulse of the state. He found occa-
sion, moreover, in perfecting the state organization, to visit most
of the counties, where the people as a rule were eager to see
"Abe" Lincoln a presidential candidate. There was no need,
apparently, to urge Lincoln's name to Illinoisans. It was in
other states that the Lincoln propaganda must be pushed.
Lincoln himself began to think seriously of running for
president during the summer, and especially after visiting Kan-
sas and Ohio in the fall. On December 20, when Fell repeated
his request, Lincoln gave him the famous autobiography. With-
out waiting to copy the paper, Fell sent it at once to his friend,
Joseph J. Lewis, in Westchester, Pennsylvania. Mr. Lewis' use
20Lewis, Life, 64; Oldroyd, Lincoln Memorial Album, 472-478.
21Oldroyd, Lincoln Memorial Album, 477 (Fell's own account). Ar-
nold, Life of Lincoln, 155. Tarbell, Life of Lincoln, II, 128-130. Bloom-
ington Eye, March 6, 1887.
323] POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 59
of it forms one of the most interesting chapters in the story of
Lincoln's rise to the presidency.22
During all the years since leaving Pennsylvania, Fell had
never suffered himself to lose touch with public affairs in his na-
tive state. Through correspondence and through many return
visits, even after all his family had removed to Illinois, he kept
himself well informed of tendencies and opinions in Pennsyl-
vania.23 He knew that that state had already, in 1859, become a
stronghold of the new party, with opposition to slavery extension
and high tariff for the backbone of its platform. He knew that
Seward, who held the unswerving allegiance of New York, was not
popular in Pennsylvania. He knew that Lincoln, popular in the
West, needed the support of the East also, if he were to win
from Seward the Republican nomination in 1860; and that the
influence of Pennsylvania, direct and indirect, would be an im-
portant factor in the coming national convention. Pennsylva-
nia, if won for Lincoln, must know about him.
22Arnold, Life of Lincoln, 14. Joseph J. Lewis to Fell, Mar. 28, 1872.
Lewis to J. R. Osgood, same date. This autobiography, with the letter
from Lincoln which accompanied it (dated Dec. 20, 1859, and now in the
Oldroyd collection), was later the subject of a prolonged controversy be-
tween Mr. Fell and his family and Mr. Oldroyd, who made a notable col-
lection of Lincolniana. The manuscript was returned by Lewis to Fell,
and was later loaned, with the letter, to Mr. Oldroyd. Mr. Oldroyd re-
turned the autobiography, but has never returned the letter. Memoranda
among the Fell Papers, and letters ; from O. H. Oldroyd to Fell, April 3,
1882; Shelby M. Cullom to Lawrence Weldon, Aug. 30, 1887. A facsimile
of the autobiography was published in 1872 with an introduction by Mr.
Fell.
23Issachar Price to Fell, Downington, Pa., Sept. 24 1838. In this let-
ter, one of the most interesting in the Fell collection, Mr. Price gives a
rather pessimistic view of political conditions in Van Buren's administra-
tion. "Ritner cannot be elected ; he is the most prevaricating shuffling tool
that ever set on a throne," he says ; "promise one thing today and go right
to the contrary tomorrow ; this he has done in 20 instances to my own
knowledge & his great drill Sargeant Thad Stevens is the most barefaced
impudent scoundrel now unchained and running at large in the state."
This estimate, from which doubtless Fell deduced his own more charitable
conclusions, is followed by a prophecy of the vote in the coming election.
Speaking of national politics, this Pennsylvania village postmaster pre-
dicts : "Abolition will entirely swallow up antiism in fact anti-masonry
is defunct — abolitionism takes its place & the party that adopts it as a test
is destined to growl in a glorious minority for many a year to come & this
will be the end of the great and talented Whig party in the U States."
60 JESSE W. FELL [324
Joseph J. Lewis was a prominent Republican who wrote
persuasively, and who was personally influential in Eastern
Pennsylvania. He took care to inform himself rather minutely
concerning the Westerner before he prepared, from the auto-
biography and from other material which Fell furnished, an arti-
cle which introduced Lincoln to the people of his part of the
state. This article .appeared first in the Chester County Times
of February 11, 1860. It was widely copied throughout the
state and beyond it, and together with the personal work and
speeches of Lewis and others whom he interested, served to ac-
quaint the Pennsylvanians with the career and character of Ab-
raham Lincoln.2*
It is interesting to note how the two men who planned Lin-
coln's introduction to Pennsylvania selected from the material
at hand those elements which they knew would count for most
with the people with whom they dealt. He was "certainly not
of the first families," said Mr. Lewis. His ancestors were
Friends — a circumstance with which, it is safe to say, very few
Ulinoisans were acquainted. They had gone from Berks County,
Pennsylvania; but in Illinois no one traced the Lincoln family
back of its Virginia antecedents. Descendants of the same stock,
Mr. Lewis continued, still lived in Eastern Pennsylvania. He
had been a strong Whig leader, a friend of Henry Clay, a great
worker in the campaign of 1844, and was master of "the princi-
ples of political economy that underlie the tariff" question.
Pennsylvania was especially assured that: "Mr. Lincoln has
been a consistent and earnest tariff man from the first hour of
his entering public life. He is such from principle, and from a
deeply rooted conviction of the wisdom of the protective policy ;
and what ever influence he may hereafter exert upon the govern-
ment will be in favor of that policy."25 Lewis' account of Lin-
coln's sacrifice of his own chances of election to the Senate in
1854, when he asked his friends to vote for Trumbull rather than
risk the election of Governor Matteson, a Nebraska Democrat,
must have had its intended effect with the anti-slavery Repub-
licans of Pennsylvania. He attributed Douglas' success after the
debates of 1858 to an "old and grossly unequal apportionment
of the districts."
As the time for the national Republican convention drew
24J. J. Lewis to Fell, Jan. 30, 1860. Vickers Fell to E. J. Lewis, June
3, 1896. Daily Local News (Westchester, Pa.), Apr. 9, 1883.
25Blaine, Twenty Years in Congress, I, 196-207.
325] POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 61
near Lincoln's friends realized that, barring the chance of one
of those tricks of fate which sometimes change the course of
events at political meetings, his only serious rival was Seward.
Cameron and Bates had only local support, and were not greatly
feared. Leonard Swett, David Davis, and Jesse Fell were the
three Illinoisans most active in their efforts for Lincoln. Fell
had declined to be secretary of the Republican state committee
again, that he might have more time for field work. In the
spring of 1860 he had endeavored to secure full lists of names
from the entire state for the documents sent out by the Repub-
lican national committee. Nothing that could aid in preparing
Illinois to play her part in the coming drama was omitted.28
Financial support was assured through a well-organized system
of county assessments, collected in 1859 to be ready for campaign
purposes. It was planned that a great delegation should go
from Central Illinois to Chicago to support Lincoln.27
26Fell, in Duis, Good Old Times in McLean County, 280. Circular let-
ter of the Republican State Central Committee, June 23, 1860. This letter
was issued by the secretary, Horace White, who succeeded Fell. Circular
letter from Fell to chairmen of county central committees, May 8, 1860.
Both of these latter circulars show the methodical business administra-
tion by which Fell secured an unusual degree of unity and assured re-
sources for the great campaign.
27The account of the convention has been told many times. There is
a story of the events of the meeting which because of its connection with
Mr. Fell may be repeated here. It is unsupported by any sort of docu-
mentary evidence but persists among the older citizens of Bloomington to
an extent which at least warrants its repetition. It is to the effect that
the Illinois leaders discovered that the tickets of admission issued to dele-
gates and visitors to the convention were almost monopolized by the
large delegations from the East which supported Seward. The Lincoln
contingent, having gathered with great enthusiasm, was suddenly reduced
to the depths of despair by the announcement, on the morning of May
18, that all the tickets had been given out, and that they would therefore
have to content themselves with standing outside the Wigwam. The West-
ern leaders gathered quickly for a conference, because the popular enthu-
siasm for Lincoln of the delegations from Indiana and Illinois was an as-
set upon which they definitely counted in the session to come. Fell prom-
ised a solution, and made good his promise by securing another set of
tickets, similar to the first, which he had hastily printed. These were
fairly distributed to the leaders of the various delegations, including the
Seward men, who distributed them to their adherents. During the morn-
ing the Seward men, feeling secure of their seats in the Wigwam because
of the tickets they held, organized a monster parade for Seward, led by
62 JESSE W. FELL [326
Joseph Lewis, with other delegates from Pennsylvania, did
valiant work for Lincoln, and nominated Lewis ' old friend, John
Hiekman, for the vice-presidency. General Stokeley was a dele-
gate from Ohio who gave substantial aid.28 The Pennsylvania
contingent, returning full of enthusiasm to its own state, pushed
the campaign vigorously, Lewis keeping in close touch with Lin-
coln through his -correspondence with Fell. In order to bring to
Pennsylvania some of the enthusiasm of the Western men, Lewis
tried to secure Davis and Swett as campaign speakers for his
state, but failed to convince the central committee of the advis-
ability of this plan. Davis and Swett, of course, were well oc-
cupied in Illinois. Owen Love joy, candidate for the House, con-
ducted a lively campaign, guided in his methods by the advice
of Fell, who had become his close friend and hearty supporter.
Fell's own campaign notebook, filled with newspaper clippings
and notes for comment and reply, has been preserved, and shows
a collection of indictments of slavery, Southern commendations
of Buchanan (with caustic comment very belligerent for a
Quaker) and clippings about "Bully" Brooks. The summer and
autumn were for him, as for many Illinoisans, one long effort to
make Lincoln the head of the nation.29
the band which had come with them from New York. Returning to the
hall, they found the Western men already admitted in large numbers, and
ready to shout for Lincoln, while other crowds filled the streets for
blocks in every direction. — Henry Fell in the Fell Memorial, 12. Horace
White considers the story improbable. Horace White to the writer,
April 30, 1914. A good account of the convention from the standpoint of
an Illinoisan is found in a letter by Leonard Swett to the Hon. Josiah H.
Drummond of Portland, Maine, and dated May 27, 1860. Published in
the Moline (III.) Mail, and later in the Pantograph of Jan. 8, 1909.
28J. J. Lewis to Fell, May 28, 1860. Gen. Stokeley to Fell, Dec. 21,
1860.
29Concerning the campaign in Pennsylvania : Lewis to Fell, May 28,
June 17, July 9, Sept. i, Sept. 25, Oct. I, Oct. 21, 1860; John G. Nicolay to
Fell, July 19, 1860; Lincoln to Fell, Oct. 5, 1860. Concerning Owen Love-
joy: Lovejoy to Fell, May 28, June 27, July 21, Sept. II, 1860.
CHAPTER VI
THE YEARS OF THE CIVIL WAR
Following his election Lincoln stood the fire of a brisk siege
of office-seekers. Joseph J. Lewis was actively corresponding
with him and Fell during this time, not only because he hoped
to receive some sort of reward for his services in Pennsylvania,
but also because a man whom he had cordially disliked, and of
whose loyalty to Lincoln during the campaign he had the strong-
est doubts, seemed destined to receive a cabinet appointment.
This man was Simon Cameron. Stimulated by Lewis' represen-
tations concerning the character and ability of Cameron, Fell
visited the president-elect and told him what Lewis had written
him.1 Lyman Trumbull and others also told Lincoln of Camer-
1Lewis to Fell, Dec. 17, 1860; Jan. 15, 1861. In view of Cameron's
subsequent record as secretary of war it is interesting to note Lewis' un-
qualified condemnation. "At Harrisburg I found but one sentiment prev-
alent, and that was, of extreme satisfaction that the incarnation of the
idea of public corruption was not to enter the cabinet. Men spoke out
who had before been restrained by fear, and the feeling was one of great
relief. When we were informed that the place of secretary of the treas-
ury was offered to Cameron, and accepted by him, the information pro-
duced grief, and mortification. I felt mortified and humbled. I hap-
pened to enter a few nights after a room where a number of leading
Republicans were assembled discussing the subject. 'Is this the man,'
said one of them to me, 'that you promised us, had such an instinctive
horror of corruption that it could not be suffered to come near him?
What will you say when you find all the banality of Albany and Harris-
burg combined transferred to Washington and pervading all the highest
places in the government?' I was urged to undertake in company of
Henry C. Casey a mission to Springfield to disabuse the mind of the
president-elect, and relieve it from its delusion. I had but to answer that
Mr. Lincoln had but to know that he had been imposed upon & he would
certainly retrace his steps — that it was hard for a man in his position to
resist the pressure upon him from unexpected quarters and from men
who possessed his confidence and that it was our duty to make the truth
perfectly clear and apparent to his mind so that he might discover it even
through the mist which the hopes of personal favor or the fears of per-
sonal resentment had raised to obscure it. When the news came that Mr.
Lincoln had become informed and had acted on that information the joy
63
64 JESSE W. FELL [328
on's reputation and record. The president-elect seems to have
given up the idea of appointing him to the portfolio of war by
early January, but afterward again altered his plans ; and Cam-
eron's name appeared with the other appointments in March.
In the case of Norman B. Judd, who made the nomination
of Lincoln for the Illinoisans, Lincoln was more effectively coun-
seled. No paper "left by Mr. Fell illustrates better his sound po-
litical judgment than the letter of January 2, 1861, in which he
discusses with Lincoln the possibility of a cabinet appointment
for Judd or Davis. After speaking of his own high regard for
Judd, he said that in the state there was much bitterness toward
him, particularly in the Whig element of the party. The causes
of this included his opposition to Lincoln in his first contest for
the senatorship, which was still remembered in a way to make
his appointment "a bitter pill to many of your old and tried
friends." The Republicans of Whig antecedents wanted to see
David Davis in the cabinet; and of his loyalty and devotion
there could be no question. But Fell thought it unwise, since
Illinois had the presidency, to make any first-class appointments
there. He begged Lincoln not to increase the feud between the
two elements of the party (just then at its height because of the
imminence of the slavery conflict) by appointing the leader of
either. Indiana and Pennsylvania should be given cabinet ap-
pointments, but by avoiding the gift of any in Illinois friction
could be allayed. Davis had agreed with these sentiments in
October; nor did Fell add, what was probably patent to him,
that Davis might have changed his mind since then. He ex-
pressed a strong hope that his friend might be given a "first-
rate second class appointment."
Joseph Lewis would gladly have accepted a foreign post.
But this was not forthcoming, nor was any other federal ap-
pointment until March, 1863, when he was appointed commis-
sioner of internal revenue, a position for which Lincoln had been
considering him for about a year.2 Fell 's friends confidently ex-
pected to see him appointed to some place of importance, but
such an appointment was as distasteful to him then as at any
other time in his life. The circumstances of Lincoln's elevation
did not alter his own fixed plans, principles, and preferences,
was great. Many felt that a step had been taken which would save the
nation from disgrace and the Republican party in Penna from shame and
confusion . . ." See White, Life of Lyman Trumbult, 142-152.
2Lewis to Fell, Mar. i and 27, 1862; Mar. 13, 1863.
329] THE CIVIL WAR 65
which seem to have been to bring about what he considered desir-
able events and results, through personal influence rather than
by personal administration. At the outbreak of the war he was
offered a place as assistant quartermaster, with rank of captain.
This, with probably other similar offers, he declined, and con-
tinued for a time to carry on his regular business as usual.3
When the certainty of war was clear to everyone, at the fall
of Sumter, men who felt the responsibility of leading public
opinion bent their energies toward uniting the country in sup-
port of the government. The friends of Lincoln in Central Illi-
nois wished especially to hold up the hands of the president by
assuring him of popular support. On the day after the fall of
Fort Sumter, Mr. Fell hurriedly gathered together a group of
the leading men of Bloomington, both Republicans and Demo-
crats, in an upper room on Washington street. He had resolu-
tions ready as usual, which were voted for by everyone except
Mr. Snow, who sympathized with secession and had the courage
to say so in an overwhelmingly loyal community. Being united
among themselves these local leaders next turned their attention
to building up popular union sentiment. They had handbills
printed and distributed announcing a mass-meeting to be held
in Phoenix Hall that night; and before separating, agreed upon
a long program of speakers upon whose sentiments they could
rely, that there might be no time for possible dissenting volun-
teers from the audience.4 Mr. Spencer presided that evening,
and one prominent man after another addressed the people. A
great flag draped across the platform gave the keynote of loy-
alty. The people cheered it enthusiastically, and sang patriotic
songs. The resolutions were presented by Rev. C. G. Ames, who
called upon those "who in their hearts swore to the sentiments
therein expressed" to hold up their right hands in voting. "A
response like thunder came up from the densely packed audience,
3Fell to Richard Yates, Aug. 21, 1861. This letter has been lost, but
is on record.
4Among those who attended were C. P. Merriman and Dr. David
Brier, Republicans; Hamilton Spencer, T. P. Rogers, Allen Withers, Dr.
E. R. Roe, and H. P. Merriman, Democrats — the last two of the Demo-
cratic Statesman; and D. J. Snow of the Times. The speakers of the
evening meeting included James S. Ewing, Col. W. P. Boyd, Dr. T. P.
Rogers, Dr. E. R. Roe, Rev. C. G. Ames, Harvey Hogg, and E. M.
Prince. The resolutions are given in the Lewis Life, 68, and in the
Pantograph, Apr. 17, 1861. Dr. Roe's account of the meeting is in the
Pantograph for July 29, 1871.
66 JESSE W. FELL [330
and a thousand hands flashed in the light above the sea of heads,
like the drawing of myriad swords." This meeting, the first of
its kind in Illinois, was followed by many in other towns all over
the region, and is a type of the means by which the people were
stirred to loyal support of the administration.
As the friend of Lincoln, Mr. Fell found himself more in de-
mand as a political power than he had ever been. His old
friends found him responsive as formerly; new friends, called
to his attention by the circumstances of the times, found him
ready and anxious to help where help was needed. Owen Love-
joy called upon him freely for aid and advice ; Governor Yates
and Lyman Trumbull asked and received suggestions from him.
He united with Love joy to urge Davis' appointment to the su-
preme bench.5 Yates, who met determined and influential op-
position, largely upon personal grounds, especially appreciated
his loyal support. Opposition to the governor, at a time when
every element in Illinois should have been united in support of
the administration, seemed very foolish and wrong to Jesse Fell,
and he used his pen and his personal influence to gain better co-
operation for the governor.'
Fell's relations to Owen Love joy, whom he greatly admired,
5Owen Lovejoy to Fell, Apr. i, 1861 ; Fell to Yates, Apr. 8, June 12,
1861 ; Lyman Trumbull to Fell, Feb. i, June 7, 1861 ; Yates to Fell, Aug.
13, 1864.
Among the letters of this period is one from Fell to Governor Yates,
dated Aug. 18, 1864. It called Yates' attention to the fact that there was
no practical farmer among those appointed to suggest an application of
the funds accruing to Illinois under the Morrill Act, and suggested
George W. Minier of Tazewell County, a successful farmer and a forci-
ble writer, as a member of this committee. Letters concerning the ap-
pointment of Davis are not now available, but Fell's article in the Panto-
graph of Apr. n, 1868, contains a statement of his agency.
An undated petition to Lincoln in behalf of Jesse Bishop of Marion,
111., who had suffered at the hands of secession sympathizers, belongs
to this period. It is signed by Thomas I. Turner, Jesse W. Fell, Richard
Yates, W. Bushnell, Richard Oglesby, S. M. Cullom, and others. Kersey
Fell seems especially to have interested himself in helping those upon
whom the burdens of the war were heavy. A set of letters from him to
Governor Yates, dated from Sept. 21, 1861, to Dec. 27, 1864, are filled
with requests for passes, money, or permits to all sorts of folk who
needed help. ( Yates MSS.)
6Richard Yates to Fell, June 7, 1862.
331] THE CIVIL WAR 67
were especially close during the war.7 Love joy at Washington
and Fell in Illinois and other states of the Middle West found
many ways of helping each other; and they liked to compare
notes and opinions. Writing to his friend early in October, 1862,
Fell said: "Can it be possible that the Almighty, (who will
pardon my presumption) is so poor a general as to suffer this
war to come to a close without sweeping, as with the besom of
destruction, that damning sin that has thus culminated in civil
war. We will trust not — and will pray not ; at least till the ' old
cuss' shall be 'placed' — as Honest Old Abe expressed it — 'in
process of final' and may we justly add 'speedy extinction.' '
Love joy replied, "My trust is in God for the nation."8
Among the friends of Mr. Fell who by no means shared his
own Quaker aversion to war, was the "Fighting Schoolmaster,"
Charles E. Hovey, the normal school president who led the Thir-
ty-third Illinois out of the schoolroom into the field. Without
having had technical training in tactics he proved an able com-
mander. But he was never able to qualify his outspoken New
England anti-slavery sentiments, nor did he find any common
ground with the West Point officers with whom he was asso-
ciated, and who were able to understand the point of view of
Southern men. He asked and received Mr. Fell's aid in enter-
prises for which he needed an agent in civil life, while Fell ap-
preciated the opportunity of keeping in close touch with field
operations through a man whom he knew to be trustworthy.
His own participation in the war, until now delayed by the
pressure of private business and a distaste for military life, be-
gan in 1862. He had gone with Hovey to Washington in late
June, 1861, to see Lincoln about the organization of the normal
school regiment, and to observe the situation there for himself.
With Hovey he went out with the crowds which followed the
army to the disastrous battle of Bull Run. After the battle,
7Lovejoy to Fell, Dec. /, 1862; Fell to his brother Vickers Fell, Oct.
7, 1862.
8Lovejoy selected Fell to prepare, after his death, such a memoir as
might seem suitable. In April, 1864, therefore, his daughter wrote to
Fell asking him to do this last service for his friend. Fell was also among
those who raised money for the erection of a monument, and he seems
to have secured payment to Lovejoy's heirs of money owed him. Lucy I.
Lovejoy to Fell, Apr. 6, 1864. Circular letter from Princeton, signed by
John H. Bryant, C. C. Mason, and F. Bascom, May 10, 1864; Bryant to
Fell, Nov. 18, 1865.
68 JESSE W. FELL [332
while Hovey surveyed the field and interviewed spectators, Fell
found congenial employment in helping about the hospitals which
had been hastily improvised. He found there a certain Captain
McCook lying mortally wounded. He was able to help many,
and remained with Captain McCook and his father until the
death of the former. Returning from Washington impressed with
the magnitude of the coming struggle, the sense of his own obli-
gation to bear a part in it grew as time passed. In the second
year of the war he arranged his nursery and real estate busi-
nesses for a long absence, and offered his services to the presi-
dent. Knowing that his talents were not military, and that he
had passed the age when he might have been trained into a
fighting man, he accepted gladly the position of paymaster, to
which the rank of major was attached. The appointment seems
to have been a pet project of Lincoln, as his letters on the sub-
ject attest.9
He accepted the appointment on the 19th of July, 1862, and
began his duties soon afterward at Louisville, Kentucky. He
took with him as a clerk William 0. Davis, who was betrothed
to his daughter Eliza.10 As a friend of the president, he was
received among his colleagues with unusual interest, which gave
place soon, as Rodney Smith bears witness, to deep respect and
admiration. His habit of going about unarmed — the expression
of a fixed principle of trusting men — was regarded as a fool-
hardy concession to these ideals by his colleagues ; but there is no
record of any attack upon him during the entire time of his serv-
ice. He employed himself first in mastering the intricate red-
tape of the service, after which in August he was sent to Indian-
apolis to pay the Sixty-ninth Indiana Infantry. From there he
went to Springfield, Illinois, which was his headquarters while
he paid the Illinois troops then being hurried to the front. Ma-
jor William Smith, a more experienced paymaster, took Mr. Da-
9Lincoln to the secretary of war, Dec. 23, 1861, Mar. 29, 1862. "I
really wish Jesse W. Fell, of Illinois, to be appointed a Paymaster in the
Regular Army, at farthest, as early as the 1st of July, 1862. I wish noth-
ing to interfere with this; and I have so written as much as two months
ago, I think." — Adjutant General's Office, War Department, Washington,
File No. F-290-C.B. 1863. See also O. H. Browning to Fell, June 26, June
30, 1862.
10Rodney Smith to Captain E. J. Lewis, July 15, 1897. The letter is
copied in full on pages 73-78 of Lewis' Life. Mr. Davis was later trans-
ferred to the office of Internal Revenue at Washington, there to serve
under Fell's old Friend J. J. Lewis. Davis to Fell, Oct. 18, 1863.
333] THE CIVIL WAB 69
vis into his personal employ, giving Fell Rodney Smith, an ex-
perienced clerk, who had been in the service for some time.
Smith remained with him during the time of his service, and at
his request then became his successor.
The official records of Mr. Fell's service, which lasted about
eighteen months, show that he remained in Illinois until late in
September, when he made a trip to Fort Donelson to pay the
Eighty-third Illinois Infantry. After returning to Illinois, he
went to Camp Morton in Indiana in November, then spent six
months in Kentucky and Tennessee, going from Paducah to Cin-
cinnati about the first of August, 1863. In the spring of that
year he had a short leave of absence. Eemaining in Ohio after
his return to work but a short time, he returned to Kentucky,
to Covington and Camp "Wild Cat. His last payment was made
to the Forty-eighth Pennsylvania near London, Kentucky, on
September 18, 1863. The condition of his private affairs was
such at that time as imperatively to demand his attention, and
knowing that there were others who were capable of doing the
work without loss to the service, he resigned at Christmas time.
The resignation was accepted, and Fell hurried from Washing-
ton to Normal, to look after an accumulation of both private and
public business.11
Scarcely had he arrived at home when his friends began to
urge him to enter politics. The first public request was a "sug-
gestion" in the Pantagraph of December 26, 1863, that he be
sent to the next Congress as representative for the eighth dis-
trict. In an editorial on January 26 his name was suggested
again, with a repetition of the arguments in the first article. He
replied at once that the public work he had already done had en-
tailed a sacrifice of personal interests which he felt he could ill
afford to make, and added, "while the district can boast of a
Leonard Swett, my consent to be placed in such a position would
indicate a recklessness of the public weal, not to say vanity, that
I trust I cannot be capable of. ' ' Some of his friends refused to
consider this answer final, and made out a petition, signed by a
long roll of names, begging him to accept the nomination.12 Al-
"Major William Cumback to Fell, Feb. 4, 1864. Fell to his wife, Oct.
19, 1862, Feb. 23, 1863. Receipts, 1863.
12Mr. Fell, in his endorsement upon this paper, says he declined it
"as incompatible with proper attention to my private affairs ... & for the
further reason that I had solicited another and a better man to become
a candidate — To wit Leonard Swett." No date; about Feb. I, 1864.
70 JESSE W. FELL [334
exander Campbell paused in his advocacy of the "True Ameri-
can System of Finance" long enough to urge Fell to run for
Congress ; John H. Bryant, projbably feeling with Campbell that
Fell might take the place of the sadly missed Love joy, begged
him not to decline. But Fell was firm in his determination not
again to enter public life. Shelby M. Cullom was nominated at
the convention, and elected over John T. Stuart by a large ma-
jority. It may be mentioned here that Fell was again asked to
stand for Congress in 1866, and once more refused.13
Throughout the war his support of Lincoln, with that of
many other of the president's old friends in the "West, was un-
swerving and practical. The partial emancipation message of
March 6, 1862, drew from him a burst of loyal and affectionate
congratulation, which reveals the whole-heartedness of his faith
in Lincoln, at a time when even Illinois was rife with criticism.
He took the stump again in the campaign of 1864, speaking with
E. M. Prince at a series of meetings in country schoolhouses and
village halls. But he declined the post of secretary of the state
central committee.1*
The news of the assassination of Lincoln came with a pecul-
iar shock to the Illinois towns in which he had been a familiar
figure, and in which there were scores of his personal friends.
Fell heard of it as he returned from a business trip. Hurrying
home, but not stopping to have old Tom unharnessed from the
buggy, he told his wife the sad news, and then started back to
Bloomington to verify the report and have further particulars.
On the way he met his son Henry, took him into the buggy with
him, and begged for details.15 The day after, the McLean
County people expressed their sorrow at a great public meeting
13Alexander Campbell to Fell, Apr. 2, 1864. Bryant to Fell, May 14,
1864. Fell in the Pantograph, Apr. u, 1868.
14The Pantograph of May 23, 1862, has an account of a public meet-
ing held the night before, at which Fell spoke warmly in defense of the
presidential policy, then much criticized. In August another great meet-
ing of the same sort was held. Fell to Lincoln, Mar. 17, 1862. Panto-
graph, Oct. 5 and Oct. n, 1864. Lewis, Life, 80. Telegram from Thomas
J. Turner to Fell, July 11, 1864. Lincoln to Fell, Oct. 5, 1860.
15Henry C. Fell, "When Lincoln Visited Normal," in Normalite, June
7,
335] THE CIVIL WAR 71
held in the court house square, at which Fell presided and
spoke.16
A very dramatic episode gave to the days that followed a
lively interest, and may be related here because it illustrates
a prominent trait of Fell's character. Eev. Charles Ellis, the
pastor of the Free Congregational Church, was a New Englander
of strongly abolitionist views. In his sermon of April 23, 1865,
he essayed to speak upon the subject of the assassination and its
causes. His audience, which numbered many personal friends
of the dead president, was perhaps as keenly sensitive to the es-
timate placed upon Lincoln as any audience could have been.
Mr. Ellis began by saying that he believed that before God
Adams, Jefferson and Washington were more to blame for the
murder than Booth, for they had admitted slavery at the time
when the constitution was made. He then blamed Lincoln for
so long supporting a constitution which protected slavery, and
said that "he had not the moral courage to step forth like a
strong man in his might and do what his better nature told him
was his highest duty. He sacrificed the demands of God that he
might not offend a political party in the land, ' ' with much more
to the same effect.
In attributing the murder of Lincoln to his own fault in no
uncertain terms, Mr. Ellis aroused the indignation of the Bloom-
ington people to fever heat. Members of the congregation were
so angered that they were scarcely restrained from creating a
disturbance in the church. Mob violence was not unknown in
Bloomington during the war, as the Snow brothers could tes-
tify.17 A meeting of the members of the church was held a few
days later, for the purpose of demanding the immediate resigna-
tion of the pastor. Mr. Fell, however, spoke so forcibly of the
16On the day after the assassination President Edwards called a
meeting to be held in the assembly hall of the normal school, at which
Fell presided and spoke, it is said, with singular eloquence of his old
friend.
17These two brothers, with their sister, the president of the Bloom-
ington Ladies' Library Board, were considered to be among the finest peo-
ple in the town, but were extremely unpopular because of their frank
sympathy with the South. On one occasion, when recent recruiting had
aroused patriotic feeling to fever heat, a crowd of men and boys bom-
barded the office of the Times, and destroyed it. They were not satisfied
until "the crude little press and all the types were scattered on the street
below." The Snows sued for damages, but could get no conviction. Lu-
;man Burr, interview in Bloomington Bulletin, July 6, 1913.
72 JESSE W. FELL [336
fundamental principle upon which that church had been
founded — the principle of free speech — that he dissuaded the
congregation from a step which would have denied it. The Con-
gregationalists adopted instead a set of resolutions which he of-
fered, in which they refused to censure the sermon, asserting the
right of any man to express his ideas untrammeled in their
church; and reproved the "mob" which had caused the disturb-
ance on the Sunday before.18 Although thus formally vindi-
cated, Mr. Ellis found public opinion so against him that his use-
fulness in the community seemed at an end, and he resigned
within a few days.
™Pantagraph, May 6, 1865. It is said that Dr. McCann Dunn paid for
printing of the sermon, that all might know exactly what was said, since
highly colored reports concerning Dr. Ellis' words were promptly circu-
lated. John W. Cook says of this occurrence : "This community has
often had occasion to feel a sense of pride in the citizenship of Mr. Fell,,
but on this occasion he illustrated a degree of fidelity to a cherished prin-
ciple that lifted him to the serene heights of supreme manhood. His.
heart was heavy because of the national calamity and he mourned the
loss of his honored friend, but the principle of free speech could not be-
violated without his indignant protest." A Western Pioneer (MS).
CHAPTER VII
PUBLIC SERVICE AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
Altho keenly interested in national affairs, it was al-
ways for the concerns of his community that Mr. Fell found
deepest pleasure in planning and execution. In 1864 the people
of the township in which he lived resolved to correct an old
wrong that had caused great confusion and expense for many
years. The corner marks usually set up by government survey-
ors could not be located in Normal township, and people came
finally to the conclusion that only the outside boundaries had
ever been properly run. Judge Davis, C. R. Overman, and Mr.
Fell addressed a meeting on the first of October, 1864, and Mr.
Fell secured the adoption of a set of resolutions, which, after re-
citing the conditions, recommended legislative action to secure a
resurvey and an adjustment of all difficulties between those
whose boundary lines conflicted. A petition was signed, a com-
mittee appointed to circulate it, and Mr. Fell was commissioned
to present it at Springfield. He did this effectively, and the
necessary bill was passed on February 16, 1865. A case in chan-
cery was instituted accordingly, the next September, and a de-
cree for the resurvey secured, the commissioners' report being
confirmed by both lower and supreme courts.1 The decisions
which were thus reached in the most friendly and united spirit,
doubtless saved endless expensive law suits and hard feelings.
Perhaps no service of Mr. Fell to his community required more
tact, foresight, and hard work to accomplish than this achieve-
ment of the resurvey of the township, or meant more to the peo-
ple among whom he lived and worked.
On the same day on which he signed the resurvey bill, Gov-
ernor Oglesby also approved a bill changing the name of North
Bloomington to Normal. Under that name it was incorporated
February 25, 1867, with a charter which embodied a perpetual
1Samuel Colvin et al vs. Kersey H. Fell et al., 40 Illinois Reports 418.
The petition signed at the meeting is among the Fell MSS. It contains
about twenty-five names, with subscriptions for the expense involved, of
from twenty to twenty-five dollars. Pantograph, Oct. 6, 1864. Private
Laws of Illinois, 1867, III, 628-631
73
74 JESSE W. FELL [338
no-saloon clause.2 In making the deeds of sale to lots in Normal
(and there is little land in the town which was not at some time
owned by Mr. Fell) he had always stipulated that no intoxicat-
ing liquors should be sold upon the premises. Others who owned
land were in sympathy with his ideas, and it was understood
from the first that Normal should always be, as Bloomington was
in 1854 and 1855, a prohibition town. In 1866 the growing town
required a charter and its people wished it to include a clause
guaranteeing the continuance of this policy. The legislature of
Illinois was not so ardently temperate as Normal; and interests
which hoped to gain advantage from the change, tried to induce
it to omit the prohibition clause from the proposed charter. Hear-
ing of this, Mr. Fell called a citizens' meeting at the Baptist
Church on November 22, 1866, at which the people discussed the
situation and adopted a set of resolutions, ready to hand as us-
ual.3 At the suggestion of John Dodge, a close friend of Fell
and a man thoroly in sympathy with his ideas, the people
present signed the resolutions, and other signatures were se-
cured before an adjourned meeting held on December 6. At this
subsequent meeting a thoro canvass was reported, in which
President Edwards of the Normal School had cooperated by se-
curing the signatures of the students. Over nine hundred names
appeared on the petition, the names it is said of every man,
woman and child of six or over in the town. William A. Pennell
was appointed to go with Mr. Fell to present it to the legislature,
which granted the charter with the desired clause.4
Mr. Fell had been able by careful attention to his affairs
largely to free himself of debt by this time, and so felt free to
give some time to furthering the political prospects of his friends,
and to take a rest which he felt that several years of unremitting
labor had earned. Early in July of 1865 he received an invita-
tion from General Thomas Osborn, who was in charge of the
Twenty-fourth Army Corps at Richmond, to visit that city as
the guest of the corps. He accepted this invitation, and while in
the East went to New York and had an interview with Henry
Ward Beecher. Upon his return he was busied with the test case
^Private Laws, 1867, III, 321-336. The seal was affixed to the char-
ter Mar. 4, 1867.
3The resolutions are given, with an account of the meeting, in the
Pantagraph, Dec. 19, 1866. Fell, letter published in the Normalite, Mar.
26, 1908.
4Lewis, Life, 57.
339] PUBLIC SERVICE AFTER THE WAR 75
for securing the resurvey, spoken of before, and with efforts to
facilitate the discharge of certain Illinois regiments.5
During the years following the close of the war Mr. Fell de-
voted much time and effort to the building up of Bloomington
and Normal. He planted trees indefatigably, procured grants
that improved and enlarged the normal school, and encouraged
every enterprise which could bring desirable citizens or increased
wealth to the sections in which he was interested. No public en-
terprise asked his aid in vain, it is said ; certainly the list of his
interests is a long one. During the first few years of his resi-
dence in North Bloomington, he planned to develop the new
town as a manufacturing place as well as a school town. In 1857
he was much interested in the production of sorghum, for which
people then predicted a great future. He planted it generously,
set up a mill, with press, vats and reducing pans, and put his
product upon the market. There was not, however, an encour-
aging demand for it, and farmers generally declined to trouble
themselves with the crop, which required an outlay of labor in-
commensurate with returns. Mr. Fell after a time abandoned
the experiment.6
At about the same time he secured the location of a foundry
at North Bloomington,7 but this enterprise, after a career of
5C. Macalester to Fell, Nov. 7, 1864. Thomas O. Osborn to Fell, July
i, 1865. J. H. Bryant to Fell, Nov. 18, 1865. Lyman Trumbull to Fell,
Dec. 27, 1866. Stephen A. Douglas to Fell, Mar. 21, 1866. Gov. Oglesby
to Fell, Sept. 16, 1865. Fell to E. J. Lewis, July 26, 1865, quoting a letter
from himself to Secretary Stanton. (Lewis letters, in MSS of the Mc-
Lean County Historical Association.) These last letters referred to one
published substantially in the Pantograph of July 13, 1865, from Lewis,
in which he complained of being compelled to lie idly in camp with all
his men, after all action had ceased. Lewis could have been relieved at
any time, but did not like to leave camp (at Meridian, Miss.) without his
men.
6In 1842 and 1843, he had been interested in some experiments look-
ing toward the making of sugar from Indian corn. No written account
of these experiments remains. His conclusion was that the thing was
possible, but not commercially profitable. Interview with Henry Fell,
May 31, 1913.
7One Blakesly, his partner in this enterprise, built the foundry, and
also the huge boarding-house which was to accommodate the workmen.
Addison Reeder, a skilled mechanic and inventor, was brought from Lay-
town to be foreman and manager. Some cast iron fixtures, used in the
construction of the normal school buildings, were turned out before the
enterprise had to be given up, largely because of the impossibility of find-
76 JESSE W. FELL [340
many vicissitudes, was also given up, Mr. Fell deciding that Nor-
mal was destined not to become a manufacturing town. This
was in spite of the fact that in 1867 two coal-shafts had been
sunk, and had found coal, in or near Bloomington. Mr. Fell was
financially interested in that one which was located near the Chi-
cago and Alton tracks, and which has been operated successfully
to the present time. One business venture which was a success
from every point of view was the large hotel in Normal which
he built in partnership with William A. Pennell. It was a four-
story Mansard-roofed structure, with spacious rooms and wide
verandas, and a ballroom that made it the social center of both
towns. Good hostelries were rare, and this one became a land-
mark. It was burned in 1872, some time after Mr. Fell had dis-
posed of his share in the ownership.
No enterprise upon which the state entered after the close
of the war was of greater importance than the establishing of
the state university. It has been noted that from the first ef-
forts, sidetracked for the normal school and later deferred dur-
ing the struggle between North and South, its friends hoped to
have eventually one many-sided institution, wherein training of
many kinds might be had. No sooner was the war well over,
than the project was again urged upon Illinois. In Bloomington
interest was especially keen, for there people thought that now
the time was come for the expansion of the normal school into a
real university. The funds made available by the Morrill Act
would provide for the industrial university of which Turner and
Fell had long dreamed.8
ing efficient workmen; and Mr. Fell became liable for the greater part of
the loss of the venture. The plant was used about 1877 for the manufac-
ture of a patent furnace, by one Ruttan, a Canadian, who was the in-
ventor of a once-popular ventilating system. Neither the furnace nor
the stoves, which then and later were turned out of the same factory,
found a very good market. William McCambridge in the Pantograph,
Mar. 16, 1910.
8John F. Eberhart, in his contribution to the Fell Memorial, tells of
an interesting but unsuccessful attempt to establish a great state univer-
sity, early in the decade following the passage of the Morrill Act. There
was to be a central school in Chicago, "with affiliated institutions through-
out the state, especially at Normal. . . . Our plan was to get donations
of $100,000 from each of ten different men in the state and to have in-
corporated into the constitution of the state at the constitutional conven-
tion in 1870, a provision for the maintenance of the university. The $i,-
000,000 had been duly pledged. Mr. Fell, himself, pledged $100,000, and
341] PUBLIC SERVICE AFTER THE WAR 77
The first legislative action for the school was a bill author-
izing its establishment, and throwing open its location to bids.
The bill was introduced in 1865, but was defeated. A similar bill
was introduced two years later, providing for elections in coun-
ties or cities upon the question of raising money wherewith to
make a bid for the location of a state university. This bill
passed, and was approved by Governor Oglesby on January 25,
1867.9 In the meantime, however, other forces were at work to
locate the school definitely at Urbana. After President Buch-
anan had vetoed the Morrill Bill in 1859 and before Lincoln ap-
proved it in 1862, Dr. Charles A. Hunt of Urbana conceived the
idea of securing a state school for his own town. A "seminary"
building was being erected then at the north end of what is now
Illinois Field, and Dr. Hunt's plan was to use it for a larger and
better endowed school than could be had by merely local support.
He therefore wrote a memorial, which was signed by a large
number of Urbana citizens, and which was presented to the leg-
islature in January, 1861. This memorial pleaded for agricultur-
al education on the two-fold basis of the elevation of labor and
of public economy. The time was unpropitious for such an en-
terprise, however, and the memorial came to no immediate
success.10
No sooner was peace restored than the citizens of Urbana
set themselves anew to secure the industrial university, as it was
then called. Jonathan Turner, long the leader of the movement,
hoped that when it materialized this school would be at Jackson-
ville. Jesse Fell wanted it at Bloomington, a rounding out of
the university which had been begun with the normal school ten
years before. Several other communities in the state hoped to
gain it, and made generous offers for it. But the Urbana people
were both earliest in the field, and most resourceful in expedi-
had found six other men in the state who pledged $100,000 each. I
also pledged $100,000 and found two other men besides myself ..."
John Wentworth, upon whom the two leaders had relied to push the
project in the convention, grew cold in the cause, however, and it was
given up. Probably Turner's plan to put the state university upon a con-
stitutional basis appealed to Fell as a better idea.
^Public Laws, 1867, 122.
10The "Urbana and Champaign Institute" was incorporated by an act
approved Feb. 21, 1861. Private Laws, 1861, 24-26.
Dr. Hunt entered the army as a surgeon and died at the hospital at
Mound City in July, 1863. Joseph O. Cunningham, in the Times (Cham-
paign, 111.) of May 21, 1910.
78 JESSE W. FELL [342
ents. They introduced a bill definitely locating the institution at
Urbana, providing the offer — therein recited — of the people of
Champaign County were made good.11 Other towns were indig-
nant at this method, since it gave them no chance to compete.
Bloomington felt especially aggrieved, for the success of the Ur-
bana bill meant for them the death of a hope long cherished;
and Jacksonville was hardly less angry, because it had supported
Turner through the long years of his unsuccessful efforts. Not
a little heroic sacrifice had entered into the generous donation of
Bloomington in 1857, made when hard times were threatening
and war seemed imminent. One of the arguments most used by
those who had raised the money then was that in time other
schools might be added until a real university were founded.12
Mr. Fell's own conception of the educational system of the
state was a comprehensive one, involving a university compris-
ing every necessary technical and cultural school, at the head of
a system of common schools which included industrial training in
their curriculum. Teachers, he said, would profit by the breadth
gained by coming into contact with those who were in turn train-
ing for other kinds of work ; and as education was a field as dig-
nified as that of any other calling, it was practicable to make the
normal school one of the colleges in the university. To supple-
ment this theoretical justification, he set to work to raise a sub-
scription which should rival, if not exceed, that of Urbana.
His efforts were now even more earnest, if that were possible,
than they had been ten years before. He wrote a memorial pre-
senting the claims of Bloomington, which was received by the
legislature about the first of February, 1867. He and a number
of others went to Springfield to use what influence they might to
assure the acceptance, or at least the consideration, of the bid.
The decision hung fire during the greater part of February,
while the lobbies of Champaign, McLean, Morgan and Logan
Counties pushed their respective claims. The people of Cham-
paign County, knowing the manner of men they had to deal with
in Turner and Fell, had elected to the legislature, especially for
the purpose of pleading their cause, a man who was almost if
not quite Fell's equal in powers of persuasion. This was Clark
^Public Laws of Illinois, 1867, 123-129.
^Illinois Industrial University: Report of the Committee (pamphlet,
no date) ; circular letter, Jan. 25, 1866; J. B. Turner, "Industrial Univer-
sity" in Jacksonville Journal, Feb. 8, 1866; subscription lists. All in the
Turner Manuscripts.
343] PUBLIC SERVICE AFTER THE WAR 79
R. Griggs.13 He was successful in his mission; Champaign
County won the Industrial University. An inconsequential sop
was thrown to the defeated parties in the shape of a supplemen-
tary bill, passed March 8, which provided that the trustees might
locate the school in McLean, Logan or Morgan Counties if Cham-
paign County failed to fulfill its contract, a contingency which,
of course, never arose.
The new institution was, at first, scarcely more of a univer-
sity than the normal school had been. It was small, poorly en-
dowed, limited in curriculum and service. Its friends wanted to
see it really fulfill the purpose for which it had been created.
The Northern Illinois Horticultural Society, meeting in Bloom-
ington on March 2, 1870, besides criticizing the struggling insti-
tution roundly, passed a resolution which showed its kindlier at-
18Petition to the legislature, signed by Jesse W. Fell and fifteen others
of Bloomington and vicinity. Illinois State Journal, Jan. 17, 1867. The
subscription as given in the petition was $500,000; the Pantograph put it
at $550,000. (Lewis, Life, 89). Mr. Fell gave $15,000 of this, the largest
single subscription except that of Judge Davis. There was a site of 140
acres, and many smaller cash subscriptions. Both this and the offer of
Jacksonville exceeded that of Champaign County.
No shadow of reproach attaches to the methods used by Clark R.
Griggs in winning friends for the Urbana location. There were open ac-
cusations of bribery at the time, however, which involved some members
of the Urbana lobby. E. M. Prince, in his contribution to the Fell Me-
morial (p. 42) tells the story of the proposal of a bribe to the Blooming-
ton men. He went one morning, he says, to Mr. Fell's room, where Fell
was making plans for the day for the Bloomington contingent. He went
over the names of the members of the legislature, speaking of the char-
acteristics of each and of the kind of argument that would probably
prove effective in each case. One man "said that Urbana had contributed
quite a large amount of money to influence the members of the Legisla-
ture, but said that he thought a few hundred dollars from McLean County
would give it to them, as the members preferred McLean to Champaign.
Mr. Fell immediately spoke up and said, 'I am willing to procure a sub-
scription that will be conceded to be the greatest of any of the towns,
but I will not contribute a dollar to influence any member of the Legisla-
ture to vote for us. I will throw the whole thing up before I will have
anything of the kind.' " See Prince's article in the Pantograph of June
7, 1007.
See also affidavits, Jan. 25, 1867; G. W. Minier to Turner, Feb. 10,,
1867 ; History of the Champaign "Elephant" by One of the Ring, broad-
side, dated in pencil, Mar. 21, 1867 ; certificate of expenditure by Henry
E. Banner, Apr. 2, 1867. All in the Turner Manuscripts.
80 JESSE W. FELL [344
titude toward it. This was that the constitutional convention
then in session should endow it by a constitutional provision.14
But Fell had anticipated this action. Representing the
State Teachers' Association, he had addressed a memorial to the
convention on the last day of January preceding, which ex-
pressed his ideas of possible means and measures. It did not dic-
tate an exact scheme of support and management for the univer-
sity, altho it suggested several. It appealed to state pride,
urging that eight surrounding states had already established uni-
versities. It contained also a vivid prophecy of the service now
actually rendered the state in the study of soils, entomology,
engineering, agriculture, chemistry, mining methods, and the
use of waste by-products. But he adds: "To accomplish these
grand results, however, we must have, not a university in name
— another pretentious high school — but what has not yet been
fully organized upon this continent, a University in fact ; a grand
and comprehensive school, equal in its scope and power of devel-
opment to our present and future greatness, and in harmony
with the advancing civilization of the age. Anything that falls
short of this, at least in its scope and constitution, is alike un-
worthy of us as a people, and of the age in which it is our privi-
lege to live. The day of small endeavors in enterprises of this
kind, and with people like ours, has passed away, never to
return. WE WANT THIS OR NOTHING."15 Then follows a very
14Both Turner and Gregory were at this meeting. The latter invited
the members to visit Champaign and see for themselves what was being
done at the university. Turner's acceptance marked the beginning of his
personal friendship for Gregory, and his hearty cooperation with him in
building up the institution. Carriel, Life of Jonathan Baldwin Turner,
227-231. Joseph O. Cunningham, interview, May 10, 1914.
15Saying that its friends were not urging any special plan for pro-
viding it with funds, Fell mentions that fact that "some" propose to use
for the university the five per cent of the Illinois Central ; but another
plan, if more acceptable, would be considered by the university party.
"In view of the general desire to perpetuate the present relations of the
State with the Illinois Central Railroad, in regard to the fund referred
to, and of a morbid sensibility in the public mind in reference thereto,
whenever any measure affecting the same, however remotely, is proposed,
it may be wise, should you determine to provide for such an institution,
to abstain from making even any allusion to that fund, and in lieu
thereof, to provide that the one-tenth part of the two mill tax, or its
equivalent one-fifth of one mill, shall be set apart to that object, after
the extinguishment of our present state indebtedness. ... By the impo-
345] PUBLIC SERVICE AFTER THE WAR 81
earnest reply to the chief argument being urged against such
a plan — that the state was too poor to afford it. The plea was
an eloquent one, but it failed to gain its point with the consti-
tution-makers, who declined to saddle the state with any such
"burden".
Besides writing this plea for the teachers of the state, Fell
traveled much in the interests of the effort, and wrote many
letters. A draft of the proposed constitutional provision is
found in a set of resolutions passed by the State Teachers'
Association.16
sition, in this or some other way, of a slight tax, equal to the fiftieth
part of one per cent and by deferring the collection of even that till
our present bonded indebtedness is fully paid off, would seem to obviate
all reasonable objections ; and though it postponed for a few years a
work already too long delayed, the friends of this measure hope by this
concession, as to time, to receive not only your approval, but that of the
people to whom your work is soon to be submitted.
. . . "We not only have nothing of this kind within our limits, but
we are surrounded by six states, to wit: Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
Missouri, Kentucky, Indiana, to say nothing of two still younger States,
Minnesota and Kansas — all of which have State Universities. True,
Ann Arbor only has at present any just claims to this high rank; but
may we not reasonably hope and expect, . . . that in time some, possibly
all, of the States referred to may have their Universities in fact as well
as in name? . . ."
. . . "What we mean by the term 'University', in that broad and
comprehensive sense used to designate these the highest institutions of
learning known in the world, is, in the language of Webster, 'An assem-
blage of colleges established at any place, with professors for instructing
students in the sciences and other branches of learning, and where de-
grees are conferred. It is properly,' he continues, 'a universal school,
in which are taught all branches of learning, including the four profes-
sions of Theology, Medicine, Law, and the Arts and Sciences.' To
Americanize such an institution we should, perhaps, in present condi-
tion, at least, and acting for the State, have to drop the first of the
professions above named, and incorporate, more thoroughly than is
usually done, what is known as the elective principle — a principle largely
adopted at Cornell and elsewhere, and which enables the student to strike
out in any given direction he may desire, and thus fit himself for the
active duties of life. . . ."
16Notes indorsed by Fell upon an envelope containing a copy of the
Memorial. Henry Wing to Fell, Jan. 3, 1870; Pantograph, Feb. I, 1871;
"'State University' — To the Members of the Illinois Constitutional Con-
vention", reprint from the Pantograph and the Illinois State Journal, in
Illinois Teacher, XVI, 65.
82 JESSE W. FEkL. [346
In connection with the constitutional convention of 1870
one other occurrence is worthy of mention. Joseph Medill, a
member of the convention, wishing to procure the strong influ-
ence of Governor Palmer in favor of the proposed change,
asked Fell to call on the governor for an expression of opinion.
This Fell did, in a letter published in May. About a month
later the governor answered in a long letter which was a strong
plea for the new constitution. This reply was widely published,
and doubtless had much to do with the subsequent vote of the
people.17
Altho his efforts for the location and endowment of th&
university failed, in another direction Fell succeeded better.
The legislature in 1865 authorized the erection of a soldiers'
orphans' home, which was to be located by a commission. Fell,
deeply disappointed at the failure to build up the longed-for
university at Normal, set briskly at work to secure this smaller
institution for his own community. There was an initial appro-
priation of a hundred thousand dollars made by the state, to
which he secured an addition of fifty thousand in local sub-
scriptions, heading the list with a generous donation. Rock
Island, Decatur, Irvington, and Springfield competed for the
home, but the Normal subscription was the largest and the
commissioners decided unanimously in its favor, May 5, 1867.18
Mr. Fell's connection with the Soldiers' Orphans' Home did
not end with its location at Normal. Saying that, as homeless
and almost friendless children, they would have mainly to depend
upon their own exertions for a livelihood after their dismissal
from the Home, he claimed that it was both wisdom and obliga-
tion in the state to give to its charges not only a shelter, but a
training that would make them self-supporting upon reaching
maturity. In other words, he wanted the school which was con-
ducted at the Home to be a trade-school. But vocational educa-
tion was at that time almost unknown in the United States, and
was looked upon with disfavor as a dangerously paternal institu-
tion. No trades were taught at the Soldiers' Orphans' Home,
17 Palmer to Fell, June 18, 1870.
18A characteristic story is told of this canvass, concerning Fell and
Davis. Seeing his friend as he approached the office, Judge Davis de-
clared to Lawrence Weldon, who tells the story (Fell Memorial, p. 40) —
"There's Fell. I reckon he wants me to subscribe more money. I won't
do it. I won't do it. Reckon I'll have to, though." Fell did indeed induce
him to increase his already generous subscription.
347] PUBLIC SERVICE AFTER THE WAR 83
and Mr. Fell was thereat much disappointed. ' ' Don 't call it my
school," he is said to have rejoined when a friend asked him how
"his school" prospered. "It is not what I wanted it to be."
Thirty years after its founding, those features which he had
sought in vain to incorporate, were added to the Soldiers' Or-
phans' Home school.19
A somewhat similar project under private management
failed to materialize. This was the "College for Soldiers and
their Sons" which was to occupy the buildings of Western Un-
ion College and Military Academy at Fulton, Illinois. Mr. Fell
held some stock in the company advocating this scheme, but seems
never actively to have pushed it.
Shortly after the dedication of the Soldiers ' Orphans ' Home,
a competition for a state reform school was opened. Mr. Fell
started a subscription in Bloomington, which reached a total of
over sixty thousand dollars.20 There was at that time, however, a
strong opposition to the policy of concentration which he advo-
cated. The state was still imperfectly unified, and state institu-
tions were regarded as the perquisites of citizenship, to be dis-
tributed as equally as possible. The interests of the institution
were a secondary consideration. The prejudice against the pol-
icy of concentration was so strong, in fact, as to persuade Mr.
Fell of the wisdom of abandoning his efforts to locate the new in-
stitution in Normal. He did this the more willingly, perhaps, be-
cause the people of another town in which he was interested be-
gan to hope that they might win it. This town was Pontiac,
where Mr. Fell had owned land for many years. He found en-
thusiastic response when he started to raise a subscription there,
and was able to induce the township to vote bonds to the amount
of twenty-five thousand dollars, to which the board of supervisors
added twice as much in county bonds. He and his brother Ker-
sey offered the site for the buildings, sixty-four acres lying close
to the town. The total subscription of over ninety thousand
dollars won the location of the school.21
19E. M. Prince in Fell Memorial, 41.
20Based on the "Classification of the Normal Bids for the State
Industrial Reform School" among the Fell MSS, and exclusive of five
subscriptions dependent upon a particular location. Lewis says (Life,
99) that the subscription was $35,567.
21Pantagraph, July 8, 1869. The Fell Papers include the subscription
list and map used in the campaign. Comments by Mr. Fell are to the
effect that "we did not regard such an institution as a junior penitentiary,
84 JESSE W. PELL [348
The last state institution for which Fell and the Bloomington
community made a strong effort, was the Eastern Illinois Insane
Asylum. The location of this institution was before the people
in 1877. Mr. Fell, chairman of the committee appointed to di-
rect the efforts of the Bloomington people, made a report of the
advantages of location there, which was printed in the Panta-
graph of August 3, 1877. Its chief interest for us lies in its ad-
vocacy of advantage to the state as a whole rather than to any
one region — his old argument of "concentration versus scattera-
tion." Modern ideas of efficient and economical management
counted for so little at the time, however, when opposed to sec-
tional jealousy and local ambition, that the really excellent in-
ducements offered by Normal were declined in favor of the town
of Kankakee. Probably the same reasons accounted for the fact
that a committee composed of Jesse Fell, Lawrence "Weldon, and
Hamilton Spencer, appointed in 1885 to investigate the chances
of Bloomington for securing the projected home for the feeble-
minded, did not make a campaign for the institution.
but, as the name implies, as a reformatory institution." Fell presented
to Pontiac the land for a city park, which was named for him in 1915.
Pantograph, June 7, 1915, quoting from Pontiac Leader.
In 1871 occurred one of those movements for changing the capital
which often take place in states in which the center of population is still
shifting and uncertain. In March of that year, Peoria made an effort
to have the capital moved to that place. The discussion evoked many
statements of the shortcomings of Springfield, and when it became evi-
dent that the idea was to be thought of seriously, Bloomington people
had a meeting in their court house "to consider the question of making
an effort to have the capital brought here". After the explanatory
speeches a committee, of which Mr. Fell was a member, was appointed
to prepare an appeal to the legislature. The committee probably made
inquiries before doing the bidding of the townspeople, for nothing further
came of it. Lewis, Life, 101.
No account of Mr. Fell's service to his community could be com-
plete without mention of his unremitting efforts for the colored people
of Normal. He secured work for them, employing many himself, and
then showed them how to save and invest their earnings in homes, en-
couraging them to educate themselves and their children, and constituting
himself advisor and friend in their struggle for betterment. Largely as
a result of his interest in them, the colored people of that community
have become as a class self-respecting and property-owning citizens. Notes
on interview with George Brown, May 15, 1916.
CHAPTER VIII
RAILROADS
Mr. Fell's active efforts in behalf of railroads for Central
Illinois seem to have begun in 1835, when General William L. D.
Ewing sent a number of Bloomington men a request for their co-
operation in building the Illinois Central Railroad. This docu-
ment was addressed to the leading men of Bloomington, "Gen.
Covell, J. W. Fell Esq., Jno. W. S. Moon, Esq., Doct. Miller &C."1
It apprised them that General Ewing proposed to present at ' ' the
called session of our General Assembly" a bill for a railroad
from ' ' Ottawa, or some other suitable point on the Illinois river,,
through Bloomington, Decatur, Shelbyville, Vandalia, and thence
to the mouth (or near it) of the Ohio river on the most practica-
ble and convenient route. ' ' He asked their opinions on the mat-
ter, and indicated a willingness to appreciate the cooperation of
McLean County people. Nothing came of this early project. A
little later Fell became one of the incorporators of the Pekin,
Bloomington, and Wabash Railroad, which was to unite the Illi-
nois and Wabash rivers.2
The Illinois Central Railroad became the backbone of the
elaborate internal improvement bill of 1837, was taken up by the
Great Western Railway Company in 1843, and was the especial
care of Senator Sidney Breese during 1843-1850. Senator Doug-
las finally succeeded in endowing it by a grant of public lands,
in September, 1850, and construction began December 23, 1851.8
In the congressional grant, the termini of Galena and Cairo were
stipulated, but the course of the road between these two points
was left open. Powerful influences were endeavoring to change
it from E wing's proposed route eastward and westward, and
particularly to Peoria and to Springfield. Fell's candidate, Gen-
eral Gridley, elected to the state senate in 1850, worked untir-
ingly to maintain the original route through Bloomington, and
finally succeeded in securing a clause in the act of incorporation
with this provision. This was in February, 1851. The railroad
aOct. 20, 1835.
^Private Laws of Illinois, 1836, 8-12. E. M. Prince in Fell Memorial, 43.
3Brownson, History of the Illinois Central Railroad, 18-48.
85
86 JESSE W. PELL, [350
was to pass through Clinton and Decatur, towns in which Mr.
Fell was much interested, as well as through Bloomington. In
the spring of 1852 the road was started northward from Bloom-
ington to meet the line already begun from LaSalle southward.
Regular traffic on the completed road began May 23, 1853.4
On the day when ground was broken near David Davis'
home for the Illinois Central Railroad,5 engineers were locating
an extension of the Chicago and Alton (then called the Alton
and Sangamon) from Springfield to Bloomington. "Work pro-
gressed so rapidly that trains were running on this road just
five months from the date of location. Passengers from St.
Louis could change at Bloomington to the Illinois Central and
again at LaSalle to the Rock Island route, and so to Chicago.
At Bloomington there was no direct connection for many years
between the Chicago and Mississippi, of which the Alton and
Sangamon was a branch, and the Illinois Central. The transfer
was by cabs and omnibuses.
In 1853 Fell secured the right of way for the Chicago and
Mississippi from Bloomington to Joliet, and work began
promptly. Fell, who had lands along this route from which he
hoped to reap a profit, also secured from O. H. Lee, who had
charge of the building of the extension, a contract for himself
and his brother Thomas, to furnish ties and cord-wood. The
sale of lands in and around Pontiac, Lexington, Towanda, Nor-
mal, and Joliet, of course netted him handsome returns for the
investment of time and money for the Chicago and Alton. In-
deed, the dove-tailing of enterprises, the working-together-for-
good of all the forces that made for prosperity, was an accom-
plishment for which he had a peculiar talent.6
In the meantime, ten and a quarter acres of ground had
been conveyed to the Chicago and Mississippi for the depots
and shops which have since helped to make Bloomington in a
small way an industrial center. Many citizens wanted the sta-
tion-house of the new road built close to that of the Illinois Cen-
tral, with the point of intersection near the present site of the
"Wesleyan University. But Fell, with an eye to the founding of
a suburban town at the intersection of the two roads, at a point
farther west where he and others had secured land, stood for
its location at a considerable distance. The Bloomington station
^Bloomington Intelligencer, May 25, 1853.
5May 15, 1852.
6O. H. Lee to Fell, July 4, 1853. Pantograph, Apr. 18, 1908.
351] RAILROADS 87
was located about a mile from the Illinois Central station, and
the intersection formed a center for the new town of North
Bloomington.7 On August 4, 1854, the Pantagraph announced
that trains were running from Alton to Joliet, the full length of
the Chicago and Mississippi.8
Central Illinois needed in addition an east-and-west road.
In 1853 Fell and others organized a company to realize a pro-
jected "Wabash and Warsaw" railroad.9 On the third of May
he addressed a meeting at Carthage favoring a proposed road
from LaFayette, Indiana, through Bloomington, Pekin, and other
Illinois towns to Warsaw. Bloomington citizens subscribed fifty
thousand dollars to the stock by the middle of June, and the
county court ordered a vote on a county subscription of a hun-
dred thousand. The fifty thousand dollars, however, were rejected
later on technical grounds, and the order of the court was revoked
accordingly. The enthusiasm that had been so general died out
suddenly at this rebuff, and was reawakened later with some dif-
ficulty.
Mr. Fell had much opposition during this period from those
who would not be served by a road of the proposed route. A
Pekin paper questioned his motives in advocating a road through
towns in which he had holdings. The Bloomington Times also
attacked him vigorously, but was answered by Mr. Fell himself
in the Intelligencer.10 He had by this time become the local di-
rector of the proposed road. In September he urged the sub-
scription of the fifty thousand dollars at a meeting at the court
house, and the subscription of a like amount to another proposed
road, the Quincy and Bloomington. He then entered into an ac-
7John H. Burnham, Our Duty to Future Generations. An address
-delivered Apr. 21, 1905, at the I. S. N. U.
8The tracks of the Chicago and Rock Island were used from Joliet
to Chicago until March 18, 1858, when the road transferred to its own
tracks. Lewis, Life, 42.
9The Intelligencer of Mar. 23, 1853, gives the names of the corpo-
rators of "The Bloomington and Wabash Valley R. R. Company1' as
follows : David Davis, Isaac Funk, James Miller, A. Gridley, E. H.
Didlake, R. O. Warriner, John W. Ewing, W. H. Temple, Wm. T. Major,
John Moore, John E. McClun, Jesse W. Fell, J. H. Robinson, A. Withers,
Wm. T. Flagg, W. H. Holmes. The issue of April 27 has an account
of the meeting at which Mr. Fell was sent "to the western part of the
route" to interest people in the venture. See also issues of May 18,
July 20, Aug. 10, Aug. 24, 1853; Pantagraph, Apr. 26 and June 28, 1853.
^Intelligencer, Aug. 3, Aug. 24, Sept. 12, 1853.
88 JESSE W. FELL [352
tive personal campaign to secure the money. The city voted it
almost unanimously on October 15. Large subscriptions had
been made in Tazewell County, Keokuk, and LaFayette, so that
the total amount by December 14 was over a million dollars.11
Despite all these efforts the road was not built. In March,
1854, it was announced that steps had been taken to let the con-
tract of construction ; but construction did not follow.12 In the
winter and spring of 1855-56 more meetings were held in the
towns along the proposed route, and Mr. Fell with others again
circulated the ready subscription-list. But people were tiring of
the subject, and there was little success. A new company was in-
corporated in 1855, for the building of the Bloomington, Kanka-
kee, and Indiana State Line Railroad, with Mr. Fell as a lead-
ing stockholder and worker.13 It also failed to secure popular
support. Then in 1857, when the panic had added to the usual
chariness in giving to public enterprises, a futile attempt was
made. At the November election, a proposal that the county
should subscribe a hundred thousand dollars was defeated by a
vote of 1570 to 1166.
The east-and-west road was not again actively advocated
until 1866, when a number of Danville people began to push the
project. There were several groups, each urging a different
route, as usual ; but those who proposed a road from Danville to
Bloomington through Urbana and LeBoy were most active. An-
other projected road passed directly from Bloomington to La-
Fayette, through Cheney's Grove. The Tonica and Petersburg
line of the Chicago and Alton, already partly constructed, might
be deflected, urged Mr. Fell and others, to Bloomington. Fell
spoke in favor of this scheme at a meeting on December 29, 1866,
using a map — a favorite device — to show his meaning.14 The
resolutions he offered at the close of his speech were adopted.
They endorsed the idea of the road and appointed a committee to
sound the community concerning the hundred thousand dollar
subscription. It proved to be very difficult to secure pledges,
partly because many people believed that the road would come in
any case, and the spending of so much money was therefore use-
™>Intelligencer, Dec. 14, 1853.
^Pantograph, Man. 15, 1854.
^Private Laws of Illinois, 1853, 342-346. At about the same time
Mr. Fell and others incorporated the Bloomington Gas Light and Coke
Company. Ibid., 1855, 650.
^Pantagraph, Dec. 29 and 31, 1866.
353] RAILROADS 89
less. An accusation was made against Fell and Gridley, touching
their disinterestedness in the matter, to which Fell replied by
publishing a letter from T. B. Blackstone, the president of the
Chicago and Alton ; and the canvass went on. President Black-
stone convinced Mr. Fell that the new road would be built
through Washington were the money not subscribed at Blooming-
ton.15 In April, Fell succeeded in securing a joint appropriation
of seventy-five thousand dollars from the township and the city.
In June the township voted a hundred thousand dollars each to
the "LaFayette, Bloomington and Mississippi" and to the "Dan-
ville, Urbana and Pekin" roads.
Then followed busy days in Bloomington, for there were
three railroads being built. The one from Jacksonville was com-
pleted for traffic on August 14, 1867.16 The Danville road from
Bloomington to Pekin was completed in 1869, and to Covington
on September 2, 1870, giving railroad communication between
Indianapolis and Peoria. The other east-and-west road, of which
General Gridley was president and Fell an active director, was
less fortunate. Financial support was hard to find, but work
began in spite of this in October, 1869. The contractors, Howard
and Weston, had promised to finish the road to the Indiana line
by January 1, 1871; but the company failed early in 1870. A
new contract was let, but it was only partly fulfilled. The Wa-
bash company finally finished the road, which established regular
service on July 13, 1872. So at last, after efforts extending over
twenty years, east-and-west communication by rail was realized.
It was not in a form so direct as Mr. Fell and his colleagues had
hoped to have it, but it has proved practicable and helpful.
It has been noted that the Chicago and Alton Railroad estab-
lished shops at Bloomington soon after entering the town. These
shops were largely destroyed by fire on November 1, 1867. Al-
most at once, it was proposed to rebuild them in Chicago, or some
other city where labor might more easily be had. The loss to
Bloomington would have been very great, and Mr. Fell with
some friends set himself to find the means of making their reten-
tion sure. Judge David Davis, General Gridley and Mr. Fell in-
duced R. E. Williams, then local attorney for the road, to go
with them to Chicago for an interview with President Black-
stone. The latter assured the trio that, altho feeling for re-
15Blackstone to Fell, Dec. 13 and 28, 1866, Jan. i, 1867.
16This road was leased to the Chicago and Alton for 99 years in
June, 1868.
90 JESSE W. PELL [354
moval was strong in the company, he himself favored the reten-
tion of the shops where they had been, if only additional land
for needed extension could be secured. This reasonable request
surprised the Bloomington men, who had expected to be asked
for a bonus in money. Returning to Bloomington, the matter
was presented to the people at a mass-meeting on November 26.
General Gridley and Mr. Fell spoke ; the latter had, as usual,
resolutions to be adopted and a definite plan for raising the
money. Many in the audience signed the guarantee that night,
and within a few days the number of guarantors reached 740.
After much negotiation, the citizens agreed to give about thirty
acres of land, some of which had to be gotten by condemnation
proceedings. The railroad company advanced the money to pay
for it, at the usual rate of ten per cent. The new shops were
larger and better than the old, and correspondingly more valu-
able to Bloomington.17
One other enterprise of a similar nature remains to be re-
corded. In 1867 a number of people began to discuss the build-
ing of a street railway from Bloomington to Normal. A member
of the board of education who lived in southern Illinois objected
that the -noise of cars would disturb the scholastic quiet of the
community, but people in general thought it a good idea.18 A
company was incorporated, to which was given a franchise to
build the railway through Bloomington, Normal, and the cam-
pus. It was operated at first by a dummy engine, later by horse
and mule power. The cars ran every forty minutes until nine
o'clock at night.
The purpose of presenting the somewhat detailed accounts
of enterprises in which Jesse Fell was interested, which have
filled the pages of this chapter and the preceding one, has been
to show by what means the leaders of the era of settlement in the
Middle West managed to achieve results which appear marvelous
in whatever light they may be seen. Fell was but one of a host
17To raise the money required, the Bloomington constituency framed
a bill authorizing an issue of bonds. It passed the General Assembly,
but was vetoed by Governor Palmer on grounds of unconstitutionality.
A committee from Bloomington visited Palmer, and after explaining the
situation to him, received his promise not further to oppose the bill.
They worked to secure a repassage, succeeding only after much lobbying
in the senate. The bonds were paid duly, with no question of their
validity.
18P. G. Roots to Messrs. Hatch and Fell, May 23, 1867.
355] RAILROADS 91
of workers who changed the wilderness into a land of settled in-
stitutions within the measure of a generation. Few men, per-
haps, united so many qualities of leadership as he possessed ; but
the difference between him and other men in this respect was
one of degree rather than of kind. It was a period rich in social
service, altho "social service" had not then become so much
of a conscious slogan as it has been since. It was a period when
people were closer to the government than they are now, when
living was simpler, when the machinery of civilization was
formed by popular effort, in a more direct way than has been
the case in later years ; when men of limited means and many in-
terests laid the foundation for economic and political achieve-
ment carefully and solidly, knowing what structure they reared
and conscious that what they wrought would shape in great
measure the future of their commonwealth. It is as a type of
such men that Jesse Fell has real significance for the people of
the Middle West.
CHAPTER IX
THE RELIGIOUS LIBERAL
The Unitarian movement in New England had its parallel
among the Quakers in the Hicksite schism, begun in 1827 by
Elias Hicks, a brilliant and influential Friend. He denied the
deity of Christ and the special inspiration of the Scriptures,
tenets held by the orthodox Friends. Rebecca Fell, Jesse W.
Fell's mother, was a warm friend and admirer of Elias Hicks,
and followed him into the sect which he established. The father,
however, while he left the orthodox meeting at the same time, did
not become a Hicksite, but united with the Methodists, whose
creed agreed more nearly with his own personal belief.1 The
father became an exhorter in his new church home, the mother a
preacher among the Hicksites. The harmony of the family was
in no wise disturbed, for both parents were tolerant and not dis-
posed to exaggerate differences. Some of the children followed
the father, some the mother in their religious faith. Jesse,
whose special privilege it was to accompany his mother to meet-
ing on First Days and Fourth Days, came closely to sympathize
with her in her religious ideas ; and his activity as a leader of lib-
eral religious thought in his community in after years, may
largely be attributed to the influence of his mother's teaching
and example. She was a woman of vigorous mentality, altho
of but rudimentary education, as were most of the women of her
time. With her husband, she centered the training of her chil-
dren about the necessity of uncompromising honesty, universal
freedom, and fidelity to conviction.2
After removing to Bloomington in 1837, the Fell family con-
tinued to hold meetings after the fashion of Friends, altho
*At this time, the simplicity of dress and manners of the Methodists
was very like that of the Friends, and such a transition was easily made,
entailing little change of accepted doctrine or custom.
2Jesse Fell to Fell, Sept. 2, 1832. This letter shows the intensely
religious nature of Jesse W. Fell's father. It describes a camp-meeting
in which he had taken part with great pleasure and profit, and expresses
the tenderest wishes for his son's spiritual welfare. Another letter of
Fell's father, dated Jan. 6, 1835, shows similar characteristics.
92
357] THE RELIGIOUS LIBERAL 93
there were few of their faith in the town. The meetings were
held on Sunday afternoons at the house, and the attendance was
such as often to crowd the rooms. John Magoun, beloved by
everyone who knew him and an especial friend of the Fells, came
to these Quaker gatherings. The elder Mrs. Fell's voice was
often heard in admonition, and her husband's, altho he was
totally blind, in song. In his youth Jesse Fell the elder had been
a famous singer in his community, and in his old age his voice
was still sweet.
Under such influence, it was inevitable that Mr. Fell's relig-
ious faith should be both simple and strong. Wherever he was,
at appropriate times and places he joined people of many denom-
inations and shades of belief in their worship ; and in all his life
there appears no word of intolerance for the beliefs of others.
His temporary connection with the Methodist Episcopal church
at Payson has been mentioned on another page. Upon his return
to Bloomington he did not uite with any church, altho he
attended the "West Charge" Methodist church, then under the
care of James Shaw.3
It is significant of the character of the people of Blooming-
ton that there were in the town a great many of differing views
but tolerant dispositions, who during the early years were drawn
together for purposes of worship. Westerners were usually af-
filiated, when they had religious affiliations at all, with the more
radically evangelical denominations. In Bloomington there had
been a Congregational church of abolitionist leanings for many
years, and Baptist and Methodist churches which, altho they
contained many families from the South, were for the most part
opposed to the extension of slavery. In 1855 the more radical
element in the Presbyterian church had separated itself from the
mother church, and formed the Second Presbyterian church.
Thus clearly, during the decade, the political and sectional prej-
udices held by people generally affected their church affiliations.4
On the evening of the tenth of July, 1859, a group of people
who were interested in forming a religious organization to which
Christians of differing creeds might belong, met in the office of
Kersey Fell. There were about twenty in attendance. Eliel
Barber was chairman, Jesse Fell secretary. The result of the
3James Shaw in Fell Memorial, 4.
4Dr. John W. Cook, A Western Pioneer. Address at the semi-
centennial of the founding of the Unitarian Church in Bloomington, Oct.
3, 1909. (Manuscript in possession of the author.)
94 JESSE W. FELL [358
conference was that the secretary was directed to write to Rev,
Charles G. Ames, of Boston, asking him to come to Bloomington
to look the field over. He came, preached a series of eight ser-
mons, and visited the people who were interested in the possibil-
ity of forming a new church. He made his home with the Fells
while in Bloomington, and became a very dear friend of that
household.5
A church, known at first as the Free Congregational Society,,
was organized on the seventh and eighth of August. Many
shades of Protestant belief were included. There were Universal-
ists, Friends, Campbellites, Baptists, Episcopalians, Congrega-
tionalists and Spiritualists among the members.6 The resident
clergymen of Bloomington were invited to preach for them until
the new pastor, Mr. Ames, could take up his work.
Phoenix Hall was used for the services of the new church for
almost ten years. Here the pastors, for the most part New Eng-
land men, nurtured anti-slavery sentiments and fostered devo-
tion to the federal union. Rev. Ichabod Codding, the fourth pas-
tor, was a fearless abolitionist, and spoke boldly his progressive
views. During his pastorate, which like those of most "Western pas-
tors was a short one, the society dedicated its house of worship,
on March 15, 1868. Other ministers succeeded Mr. Codding —
free and fearless speakers and thinkers for the most part, reform-
ers rather than pastors, intellectual guides whose brief stay in
the community served to waken thought and to deepen religious
faith. Two of them, Rev. C. C. Burleigh and Rev. J. F. Thomp-
son, a New Englander and an Englishman, became strong friends
of Mr. Fell. Mr. Burleigh, a friend of the poet Whittier, was a
quiet man of great spiritual force, but a man who gained no de-
5Ames to Fell, July 15, 1859. Ames to E. M. Prince, Sept. 23, 1899.
Vickers Fell to Fell, Mar. 4, 1862. J. J. Lewis to Fell, Mar. 2, 1862. It
was Mr. Ames, a radical New England abolitionist, who preached the
famous sermon known as "the funeral sermon of John Brown". It was
delivered on Sunday, Dec. 4, 1859, was printed in the local press, and
afterward in a pamphlet which had wide distribution. His personal esti-
mate of Mr. Fell is given in the letter to Mr. Prince just cited. C. G.
Ames, in the Christian Register, Mar. 18, 1909.
6At a meeting held at the close of the regular service on the seventh
of August, attended by about fifty people, Fell presented a set of resolu-
tions looking toward the organization of the church. He and Kersey
Fell, Mr. Phoenix, Mr. Stillwell, and others talked, after which the
resolutions were adopted. Thirty-two people entered the society the next
night, twenty more on August 14. Dr. J. W. Cook, A Western Pioneer^
359] THE EELIGIOUS LIBERAL 95
gree of popularity in the hustling "Western town in which his lot
was for a short time cast.7 Mr. Thompson, who followed him,
was on the other hand most acceptable to Bloomington, and later
became immensely popular in Los Angeles. In speaking of the
friendships which came to Fell through his church relations, it
is meet here to mention Robert Collyer, with whom he often con-
sulted and who became a valued personal friend.8
During the years after its founding the church gradually
lost its composite congregational character, and became more
homogeneous in belief. Unitarian doctrines came to be the pre-
vailing opinion of the congregation. The name was therefore
changed on December 9, 1885, to that of the "Unitarian Church
of Bloomington." Mr. Fell remained an active member and con-
stant attendant of this organization as long as he lived.
7"Give him," wrote Robert Collyer to Fell in 1873, in introducing art
English clergyman who was viewing the sights of America, "if you can,
a chance to meet Charles Burleigh. He may not otherwise see one of
the Old Ironsides." Rev. Burleigh had preached in Pennsylvania many
years before upon the subject of slavery, and the Fells had known of
him then. "... last third-day evening we all (a few excepted) re-
paired to the Meeting-house where we heard a very interesting and1
eloquent speech delivered by Charles Burleigh on the subject of immediate
emancipation. He is employed by the anti-slavery society of Philadel-
phia to deliver lectures on that subject; he is the most profound reasoner
I ever heard. And if dignity of manners, eloquence, and sound reason
can do anything to promote the cause, he is well adapted to the office."'
Rebecca Fell to Fell, Christmas, 1836.
8Robert Collyer to Fell, July 3, Sept. 18, Nov. 8, 1866; June 7, 1870;
Sept. 15, 1873. A spirited letter upon "Broad-Gauge Theology", contain-
ing a clear defense of his liberal beliefs, appeared in the Pantograph of
February 15, 1868.
CHAPTER X
LATER POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
The congressional campaign of 1868 was one of especial in-
terest to Mr. Fell. In March, an editorial in the Pantagraph
had again proposed his name as a candidate for Congress, a pro-
posal which received the usual short shrift from him.1 The pub-
lic request was repeated, and again declined. The Republicans
of McLean then asked General Giles A. Smith to be their candi-
date, and he accepted. Fell, however, thought this a false and
foolish move, inasmuch as Shelby M. Cullom, the member then
sitting, was a tried and proved man. There followed a lively
controversy between the Cullom-Fell party and the Smith ad-
herents, waged both in the newspapers and in all public and pri-
vate places where Republicans gathered for council. The county
committee called a mass-meeting for the purpose of selecting and
instructing delegates to the district convention. It met on the
eleventh of April, but was so tumultuous a gathering that little
lousiness could be transacted. General Smith seems to have had
control of the party machinery, but the machine was so power-
fully opposed by Fell and his colleague Gridley, that none of the
routine business decided upon could be forced through. A dele-
gate county convention was therefore called, to meet on the
twenty-seventh ; and the war between Smith and Fell continued.
The friends of Smith published a vigorous attack entitled "The
Other Side, ' ' to which Fell replied as vigorously.2 When it met,
the second county convention proved more tractable than the
first had been, and nominated Smith as McLean's candidate.
Fell continued his exertions throughout the district, however,
and on the fourth of May the friends of Cullom were gratified by
a vote of five counties to two in his favor, at the district conven-
tion. He was elected by a large majority in November.
The story of this congressional struggle in McLean County
illustrates a condition of division which was fairly typical of the
is, Life, 92.
2Pantagraph, Apr. 9, 10, n for the notice of the mass convention;
Apr. ii, article by Fell answering attack in "The Other Side"; other
interesting matter in issues of Mar. 25-30, 1868.
96
361] LATER POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 97
situation of the Republican party in Illinois after the war. The
unity which only a great common purpose can give, had passed
away with the coming of peace. Discontent with the extreme
congressional reconstruction policy, altho not then so decided
as later, had begun to appear; Johnson's foolish blunders had
complicated the situation. Locally, many men aspired to the
honors which the Republicans had to distribute. The struggle
for the nomination to the governorship, for instance, was unus-
ually sharp. Robert G. Ingersoll, who had expected to be a candi-
date for attorney general, upon the report of the withdrawal of
Palmer decided to try for this higher office.3 In the convention,
however, Palmer took the nomination away from him and also
from Jesse K. Dubois and S. W. Moulton. Governor Palmer's
advocacy of states' rights divided the Republican ranks to some
extent, and finally resulted in his leaving the party in 1872, with
some adherents.
In 1870 a bitter quarrel arose between Mr. Cullom and Mr.
Fell, which resulted in Cullom 's defeat in his race for reelection.
The cause of this difference was Cullom 's appointment of John
F. Scibird as Bloomington 's postmaster. It will be remembered
that the firm of Scibird and Waters sold the Pantagraph to Davis
and Fell in August, 1868. Scarcely was the sale made, when
Scibird and Waters began to plan the publication of a rival Re-
publican paper, which appeared, under the name of The Leader,
the next December. Fell and Davis regarded this as a breach of
faith in their rivals, inasmuch as they had purchased the Panta-
graph with the understanding that they were buying the Repub-
lican paper of Bloomington; and the two newspapers soon
worked up a rivalry as spirited as usually develops under such
circumstances. Added to this circumstance were other consid-
erations which gave Fell a much stronger reason for resenting
Cullom 's appointment.
3Ingersoll to Fell, Mar. 25, 1868. Another letter, dated four days
later, establishes Fell's position as favoring first Moulton, then Corwin,
and last Ingersoll himself. "In the meantime," says the irrepressible
Peorian, "dear friend, stick to your tree planting. There is nothing like
agriculture and horticulture. Stay in the beautiful fields. Hear the
birds sing praises to Corwin and Moulton. I would rather the birds
would do it than to have you. I know that you will enjoy yourself a
great deal more working in the garden than meddling about the governor
question." There is more of the same tenor, and finally this postscript:
"Now is the time to plant trees. All should be planted before the 6th
of May."
98 JESSE W. FELL [362
General Gridley had asked in return for the assistance he
had given Fell in supporting Cullom in 1868, Fell's influence in
favor of the retention of Gridley 's brother-in-law, Dr. Cromwell,
as postmaster. Dr. Cromwell was a good postmaster, but his ap-
pointment by Andrew Johnson was with difficulty confirmed by
the senate, as were many other appointments by that unpopular
president. Mr. Fell, seeing no good reason for opposing his re-
appointment, urged it upon Cullom, and received what Fell un-
derstood to be his promise that he would retain him. But for
some reason Cullom changed his mind, and after Grant's elec-
tion Scibird was given the appointment. Added to this was the
fact that Fell had urged Cullom 's renomination in 1868 with the
understanding that he was not to run again. These considera-
tions put Fell in the position of a man who must either vindicate
his own honor or impeach that of others, and he took a course
calculated to clear himself of suspicion.
Cullom repeatedly acknowledged at the time that he owed
his nomination in 1868 to the efforts of Fell and Gridley. The
equally vigorous opposition which the Pantagraph and its guiding
spirit evinced two years later, made his prospects hopeless in Mc-
Lean County, and doubtful throughout the district. McLean de-
clared for General John McNulta, but the district, after a bitter
struggle lasting through the summer, nominated Colonel Jona-
than Merriam of Tazewell. Mr. Merriam was a man of fine char-
acter but comparatively unknown, and was defeated in Novem-
ber by the Democratic candidate, James C. Robinson. The fact
that the division among the Republicans had resulted in Repub-
lican defeat did not tend promptly to heal the wounds among the
factions. Nevertheless Fell and Cullom found that mutual ex-
planations removed the cause of their personal differences, and
they became again the best of friends.4
Although his informal and unadvised ways of doing things
were distinctively Western and might have been expected to win
a degree of approval in that section of the country, the four years
of Grant's first administration seem to have aroused as much crit-
icism in his own state as in any other. There was in Illinois a
strong Southern element which, altho it had not made the
state disloyal during the great struggle, still felt much sympathy
for the subdued states, subjected to the indignities of military
*Mr. Fell's own account of the controversy to that date is in the
Pantagraph of July 22, 1870. Shelby M. Cullom to the writer, Mar. 15,
1912.
363] LATER POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 99
and carpet-bag rule. Sunmer, toward whom Grant had behaved
with what most people considered inexcusable injustice, was no-
where more beloved than in the Middle West, where he had long
been a popular hero. And the best men everywhere were dis-
satisfied with the position of the party leaders upon the civil
service question.
Carl Schurz was the guiding spirit of the Liberal Republi-
can movement of 1872, and its strongest adherents were in those
states where his influence, and that of his friends, was strong.
His election to the senate in 1869 was the first sign of the tri-
umph of a new set of ideas in the Republican party. Tariff-
reform Republicans joined hands with the reconstruction-reform
men, but as tariff-reform men were comparatively few in most
of the states where the insurgents hoped to gain a following, this
issue was kept in the background. The passage of the Ku-Klux
hill in 1871 was so actively opposed by Schurz and Trumbull as
to cause these two leaders to draw together and to gather around
them the more liberal elements in the party ; and this group was
further unified by the New York Custom House affair. Never-
theless, as late as in December of 1871 neither Trumbull nor
Schurz had openly planned to oppose Grant's reelection.5
Early in January the movement, which as yet had appeared
only as a division in Congress, began to take on a more popular
aspect. In Missouri and in Southern Illinois, where the South-
ern element was strong, there was a great deal of fighting among
the people in support of Schurz, Trumbull, and Sumner. The
Missouri Liberal Republicans held a convention in January, and
issued a call for a national mass convention in May. Preconven-
tion speculation as to the presidential candidate of this seceding
Republican gathering centered at that time about two men, Ly-
man Trumbull and Charles Francis Adams. The people of the
southern third of Illinois, as well' as many throughout the state
who remembered Trumbull 's service, were very hopeful concern-
ing his chances. Governor Palmer and the influential Jesse K.
Dubois were his leading supporters. Adams was probably better
known in the nation than Trumbull, and had proved his ability in
5Horace White, Life of Lyman Trumbull, 269-271, quoting an inter-
view published in the Louisville Courier-Journal, Dec. 3, 1871, and New
York Times, Dec. 6. A letter from Trumbull to W. C. Flagg, among the
Flagg MSS, dated Jan. 10, 1872, however, shows that at that date Trum-
bull was contemplating open opposition to Grant in the Republican party.
Flagg was, according to his own statement, Trumbull's only confidant at
this time.
100 JESSE W. PELL [364
the difficult position of minister to England during the Civil
War.
Just when Trumbull 's prospects were brightest, Judge David
Davis decided that he would be a candidate for the nomination.
Leonard Swett, the famous criminal lawyer, long an associate
and close personal friend of Judge Davis, became his manager,
and enlisted the services of Fell in arousing the people of Mc-
Lean County and Central Illinois to the support of a citizen of
their own community for the nomination. Fell, from the first an
advocate of a milder reconstruction policy and for that reason
thoroly in sympathy with the Liberals, had been a Trumbull
adherent until Davis made his decision, when he changed to sup-
port an old and dear friend.6 By the first of April, then, he was
being consulted as to the plans for the Davis campaign at Cincin-
nati. Swett, ingenious and indefatigable, estimated the
strength of the Trumbull faction, and proposed that to counter-
act it a train load of Davis supporters should go to Cincinnati,
that they might influence the nomination there as the Illinois
delegations had in 1860. McLean, Tazewell, Livingston, Logan,
DeWitt, Champaign, Ford, Iroquois and Vermillion counties were
strongly in favor of Davis, and from these counties Swett drew
the delegations upon which he mainly depended.7 Peoria
County, and especially the German population (the strength of
6Fell to Lyman Trumbull, Mar. 4, Apr. 11, 1872. (Trumbull
Library of Congress.) Trumbull to Fell, Mar. 9, 1872. Mr. Fell's sym-
pathy for the once oppressed black man did not blind him to the shame
of the existing oppression of white men in the South. A letter to James
G. Elaine, written Mar. 3, 1885, but possibly never sent, shows plainly
his ideas upon the subject, and contains some very entertaining com-
ments. After referring to the failure of Republican reconstruction, he
says : "Unfortunately the Democracy of this country neither learns nor
forgets much, and without outside aid, I have slender hopes in that direc-
tion." He thinks reform must come through some liberal leader. "As
possibly you may know, I was quite intimately acquainted with Abm.
Lincoln, & in a feeble way did something in 1858, 9 and 60 in bringing
him before the people as a presidential candidate. In the enclosed I have
ventured to say what were some of his views touching the matter in
hand — reconstruction. Had he lived doubtless they would have been
modified. . . . Whilst you are not where many of us would have you,
are you not in a position where you can be almost as influential? Your
2nd vol., in which you will discuss this very question, is yet to be pub-
lished. Why not give this matter your patient, very best thought?"
7 Swett to Fell, Apr. I, 1872.
365] LATER POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 101
the Republican party there), would accept any man who might
be nominated, in the opinion of Robert Ingersoll.8
Early in April a number of disaffected Republicans met at
the home of Horace White in Chicago, and agreed to issue a call
for the Cincinnati meeting, signed by as many influential men
as might be induced to join the movement. As this followed the
one already issued by Missouri (and was copied from the one is-
sued in New York), it was called a "Response." It appeared
first in the Chicago Times, April 17, 1872. Thirty-eight men, in-
cluding Gustav Koerner and Horace White, Dubois, Miner,
Jayne, and Fell, signed the call as first published, and within a
few days a longer list appeared, comprising the names of hun-
dreds of Illinois Republicans.9 Palmer, at first inclined to favor
the Regulars, decided in March to espouse the new cause, and de-
clined the Regular Republican nomination for the governorship,
which was accepted by Oglesby.10
Trumbull kept Fell informed of the trend of affairs *in Wash-
ington, while Fell wrote him of the local situation.11 Trumbull
8The letter from Robert Ingersoll to Mr. Fell, dated Peoria, Apr. 6,
1872, expresses with remarkable frankness that would-be statesman's
resentment of his rejection by the people of Illinois. "You must not
expect me to make a speech at Cincinnati," he says. "I am done. I can
conceive of no circumstances under which I would make a political
speech. If ever in this world a man was thoroughly sick of political
speaking, I am that man. Understand me, I am an admirer and a friend
of Judge Davis. I want to see him president of the United States and
I believe he will be. And what little I do will be done for him. I am
going to take no active part for anybody. For some reason, the leaders
in politics are not my friends, and never have been. My only ambition
is to get a living and to take good care of my family. The American
people have lost the power to confer honor. . . . Leonard Swett wrote
me upon the subject of going to Cincinnati. I wrote him that I was
sick of politics. By the way, if his letter had been about one-tenth as
long, it would have been infinitely better. His letter is good ; but too
much of it. All his points could have been made in one column. A
letter never should be so long as to require an index."
9White to Fell, Apr. 10, 1872. Fell to Trumbull, Apr. 8. Chicago
Times, Apr. 17, and Pantograph, Apr. 19, 20.
™Carlinville Democrat, Apr. 17. Pantograph, Apr. 18. On the 23d
of April, Palmer delivered a very influential anti-Grant speech at Spring-
field, which served greatly to strengthen the forces of the Liberals.
"Fell to Trumbull, Apr. 8, II, 1872. (Trumbull MSS, Library of
Congress.) Trumbull to Fell, Apr. u, 16, 1872. Trumbull's letter of
April u spoke of the Cooper Union meeting, at which Trumbull and
102 JESSE W. FELL [366
would give no formal consent to the use of his name before the
convention until late in April, apparently with an unselfish de-
sire not to hamper the success of the, reform wave by introduc-
ing personal factions. Indeed, he tried to impose on other lead-
ers an entirely impracticable policy of entire silence with regard
to candidates until the meeting at Cincinnati.
Meantime the Davis group was vigorously pushing its candi-
date in the only region in which he could command much sup-
port ; for, being a jurist and not a political leader, and being but
little known throughout the country, his strongest claim to rec-
ognition lay in his having been the personal friend and appointee
of Lincoln, — a claim that amounted to little except in Illinois.
Since men with even less fame have succeeded in winning nomina-
tions from the lottery of convention chance, Swett and Fell had
lively hopes that with a good delegation of local supporters they
might carry the day in Cincinnati. The Democrats, strong in
Illinois, were rallying to his support. Among these was Adlai
Stevenson, a man of considerable influence and a neighbor of
Judge Davis, who with his adherents formed part of the Davis
party at the convention. Swett was a skilful manager, and by
convention time had gained half the Illinois forces for Davis.
The Labor Reform party had already nominated him for presi-
dent in February.12
Returning from a tree-planting expedition to his Iowa lands
just before the convention, Fell preceded by a few days the dele-
gation which started from Bloomington at five o'clock on April
29. Judge Davis' generosity in providing facilities for the at-
tendance of his supporters made the following a large one ; con-
temporary accounts say it was also a very noisy and confident
one. About 550 men from Bloomington and vicinity went to
Cincinnati; the entire Illinois contingent numbered over a
thousand.13
The Davis party, ensconcing itself early at headquarters and
marshalling its forces in well-organized companies which gave a
strong impression of confidence and success, seemed to lead all
others before the convention opened.14 There was an under-
Schurz both spoke to an immense audience, and said that the movement
had attained such proportions that no one faction could then control it.
12Stanwood, History of the Presidency, 336.
13Pantagraph, Apr. 10, 13, 17, 19, 27, 30, and later issues.
14"It is obvious that the Davis crowd is the calmest, the most confi-
dent, and the best organized and disciplined. They pitched their tents
367] LATER POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 103
standing — in which it is natural to suspect the old combination
of Lewis and Fell — that Davis should have first place, and Gov-
ernor Curtin of Pennsylvania second; an arrangement which
Curtin's own ambition to head the ticket brought to naught.
Adams, by far the most able and best prepared of all possible
candidates, was unpopular in the "West because of the very quali-
ties which made his strength — his distinguished ancestry, his
long and successful diplomatic service, his thoro education
and statesmanlike qualities. His opponents reviled him as an
* ' aristocrat ; " to which his friends answered by inquiring with
asperity if it were in the Constitution that the president had to
•come from Illinois?
The "hordes" from that state had but a fictitious strength,
for they were divided into three factions, supporting Palmer,
Trumbull and Davis respectively. On the twenty-ninth of April
there was waged an all-day fight among the Illinois leaders, who
could arrive at no kind of agreement. Swett and Fell found
themselves pitted against White and Bryant, the capable Trum-
Imll managers. On the thirtieth — Tuesday— the leaders decided
to divide the Illinois vote among the three candidates. They
called a meeting at three o'clock in Greenwood Hall. Dr. Jayne
of Springfield, a • Trumbull supporter, issued the call. Fell pre-
sided, and the secretary was a Palmer man. About a thousand
the earliest, and have worked up in detail all the strong points of their
candidate and all the weak points of his rivals.
"It is claimed that Davis is the only man in the crowd who is per-
sonally popular. Adams is aristocratic, Brown belongs to the 'hurrah'
school, but has few warm friends ; Trumbull is cold as a fish ; Cox is
phlegmatic and Greeley is pudgy and eccentric. 'But Davis,' says Jesse
Fell, 'is a man who is beloved by those who know him. I have known
him personally and intimately for thirty years, as I knew Lincoln, and
Tie is just such an honest, faithful, straightforward, incorruptible man;
and he possesses the same personal magnetism. He would give us the
same enthusiastic campaign and the same overwhelming victory. All
of those who were old Abe's associates before 1860 are now asking
Davis' nomination. He now lives in Central Illinois, and has made two
million dollars in fair dealing, and he hasn't an enemy in all that region,
nor in the world. The last two times he was elected Judge without a
single dissenting vote from either party. ['] This is the way his friends
talk; and Fell is one of the sincerest of men, and his moderation gives
weight to his words. Davis seems ahead at this hour. Curtin is to get
the second place, in consideration of giving Pennsylvania's vote to Davis
ior the first." — Chicago Post of Apr. 28, quoted in Pantograph.
104 JESSE W. PELL [368
Illinoisans attended the meeting, and came to an agreement con-
cerning the division of the votes.15 There was a street procession
for Davis after the meeting, and great enthusiasm. In the even-
ing an adjourned meeting was addressed by Judge Wentworth
and John Hickman, the latter from Pennsylvania.
In spite of all these well-laid plans Davis was foredoomed
to failure, the leaders in the party being uncertain both of his
ability to attract the popular vote and of his interest in the par-
ticular reforms they advocated.16 Starting with a vote of ninety-
two and a half, he lost steadily, retaining only six in the final
ballot. His supporters were scarcely less disappointed than was
Schurz at the failure to nominate Adams or Trumbull, both men
far more likely to carry the Liberal banner to victory. The
"Gratz Brown trick" by which Greeley won the nomination in
spite of his eccentricities, his extreme views, and the lack of con-
fidence of his colleagues, seemed to stun the party leaders every-
where.
Governor Palmer was among the first to recover from the
shock and to shape a definite program. Assuming that despite
personal disappointment the Davis supporters would rally to the
ticket, he wrote to Fell asking for a survey of the field in his-
county and estimates of Liberal strength, and asking his support
for Greeley.17 Palmer was personally much attached to Greeley,
who had befriended him in the Tribune the winter before, and
was therefore the more willing to urge the disgruntled into self-
forgetting efforts for the cause. A state convention was to be ar-
ranged for, and -strong efforts would be necessary to popularize
the erratic editor of the Tribune, against whom the Middle West
still remembered his harsh criticisms of Lincoln. With Adlai
Stevenson, leader of the Democrats, Fell arranged a mass-meet-
ing to ratify the nomination. This was held on May 12. Fell
"Twenty-one were to go to Davis, eleven to Trumbull, and ten to*
Palmer. Cincinnati Commercial, May I ; Chicago Times, May I ; Panto-
graph, May 2.
16Horace White attributes the failure of Davis to "the editorial fra-
ternity, who, at a dinner at Murat Halstead's house, resolved that they
would not support him if nominated, and caused that fact to be made
known." Lyman Trumbull, 380-381. A letter from one of the McLean
County delegates to the Pantograph of May 3 says that "It is believed,
and is doubtless true, that Belmont's visit here resulted in buying every
Cincinnati paper as well as those of Louisville, to oppose Davis at all!
hazards." This letter is dated 1 :3O p. m., Thursday.
"Palmer to Fell, May 8, 1872.
369] LATER POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 105
presented the ratification resolutions with a speech, which was
followed by speeches by Adlai Stevenson, General Gridley, Major
Sterlein (speaking for the Germans), Dr. Rogers, and others.
A letter from Governor Palmer was read. By the end of the
meeting, it is fair to assume that the leaders themselves were al-
most persuaded that they wanted Horace Greeley to be
president.18
Horace White of the Chicago Tribune, stanch Trumbull man
that he was, entered heartily into the Greeley campaign through
loyalty to a cause which he did not feel justified in abandoning be-
cause of poor leadership. He wrote to Fell in late May to tell
him that it had been agreed at the state convention (which Fell
did not attend) that the Illinois member of the national executive
committee was to be Jesse Fell. This appointment was declined,
Mr. Fell doubtless feeling that he could not effectively serve a
man of whose fitness for the presidency he was not sure.19
Nevertheless his personal relations with Greeley during the
summer and autumn of 1872 continued to be friendly, and while
in New York late in November, he was granted one of the last
interviews which that sadly disappointed and broken man could
have given to any of his friends.20 Fell himself gradually with-
drew from active participation in politics after the Cincinnati
meeting, feeling that the day of his service in that field was past.
**Panta,graph, May 7, 1872, for Fell's declaration in favor of Greeley ;
May 9, call for a ratification meeting; May 13, account of the meeting.
"White to Fell, May 28, 1872.
20Greeley to Fell, Nov. 23, 1872. The note, in Greeley's altogether
inimitable scrawl, is very characteristic :
Dear Sir :
Call at the Tribune office at 4 P. M. (Sunday,) second floor
on the south side. Knock and it shall be opened.
Yours,
Horace Greeley.
Mr. Fell, of Illinois, Astor House, city.
CHAPTER XI
THE TREE-PLANTER
It was J. A. Sewall who, when the etherialized earthiness of
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps' Gates Ajar had set every-one to discuss-
ing his idea of heaven, replied to a young woman who had asked
him if he thought there were trees in heaven: "I really don't
know, but if Jesse Fell gets there and finds none, he will hunt
around and find some somewhere and plant them."1
The remark shows the extent to which Mr. Fell and tree-
planting were associated in the minds of those who knew him. It
was his great passion, perhaps more than anything else his life-
work, to set trees in the bare prairie and watch them make of
it a garden. From his first months in the new land, when the
bleakness of its prairie struck his eyes with especial force, used as
they were to the rolling wooded stretches of Pennsylvania and
Ohio, he looked forward to the planting of trees. That there
were no trees except along the streams was, to him, the one dis-
advantage of the prairie.2 Therefore he planted trees in the
towns in which he owned land. He lined the streets of Lexing-
ton, Clinton, Pontiac, and other places with rows of maples and
elms. Wherever he held a block of lots, there clumps or rows of
trees marked the land that Fell owned.
But at no other place did Mr. Fell plant trees with quite the
loving enthusiasm which he gave to that work in Bloomington
and Normal. In the summer of 1856, when visiting in West
Philadelphia and Germantown, he was especially impressed with
the beauty of the streets there. Germantown was shaded by
stately old trees, but West Philadelphia was a new town, al-
ready beautified by careful and extensive planting. Vowing that
he would make his own town in Illinois as lovely as West Phil-
1J. A. Sewall to Fannie Fell, March 15, 1909.
2Fell to his parents, Nov. 17, 1833. The settlements were built in the
edges of the groves, he says, in some places extending two miles into
the plain. "As the settlements move out into the prairie, people will turn
their attention to the cultivation of the forest trees. This in some neigh-
borhoods has already been done." A. W. Kellogg in Pontiac Sentinel,
Aug. 29, 1889.
106
371] THE TREE-PLANTER 107
adelphia, Fell planned a comprehensive planting campaign,
which he began to put into effect the next year.8
His first move was to secure a special act from the legisla-
ture to permit the fencing of young trees planted hi open
streets, for their temporary protection.4 His desire was to plant
double rows along all the streets, with something like the spa-
cious prodigality of Hadley, Massachusetts. But North Bloom-
ington streets were not surveyed upon so generous a scale, and
so only a few streets could have double rows. Even so, twelve
thousand trees were set out in Normal before a single house was
erected.5 The stimulus and example so given, together with the
ease of acquisition afforded by the nurseries, made planting a
fashion. People vied with each other in making their private
grounds beautiful. They quoted Mr. Fell's version of an old
couplet —
"He who plants a tree (and cares for it)
Does something for posterity,"
and acted upon its suggestion. Bloomington had already be-
come known as the ' ' Evergreen City, ' ' and Normal came to share
in the name. But evergreens do not attain a permanent growth
in prairie soil, and of late years the greater part of the conifers
so enthusiastically planted by that generation, have given way
to the more adaptable maples and elms.6
Many of the trees planted were from Mr. Fell's own nurser-
ies. Unsold lots were utilized as branch nurseries, and the noble
Fell Park, with its groves, lawns, drives and gardens, set an ex-
ample of beauty and gave Normal a place of recreation. Mr.
Fell personally supervised all planting, and it is due to his great
and loving care that of the trees suited to Illinois conditions,
scarcely one has died in the half century since their planting.
The original twelve thousand trees were increased to thirty-five
thousand before many years. It is to be noted that long before
the transplanting of large trees became a common feat, Fell in-
vented a variety of huge cart which could be used for this pur-
3Lewis, who tells this anecdote of Mr. Fell (Life, 54), was with him
during the drive through West Philadelphia when this resolution took
form.
*Laws of Illinois, 1857, I, 509. Approved Feb. 13, 1857.
5 Pantograph, May 27, 1857; July 26, 1865. Raymond Buchan in
Pantograph, Mar. 16, 1898.
6Henry Shaw, "Evergreens," in Pantograph, July 19, 1854.
108 JESSE W. PELL [372
pose, and full-grown trees were transplanted in Normal to beau-
tify the homes of those who wanted results quickly.7
From the first, Mr. Fell assumed the responsibility of look-
ing after the grounds of the Normal School. He wanted to have
planted upon its campus every tree that would flourish in Central
Illinois, that the studies of botany and forestry might be pur-
sued there to advantage. He insisted, at a time when expert ad-
vice upon aesthetic matters was not highly valued, that the
grounds should be planned by a professional landscape gar-
dener, and secured the services of William Saunders of Phila-
delphia, who had planned his own grounds at Fell Park, for this
purpose.8
The rather elaborate plans of Saunders were not carried out
by the board of education during the first hard years, when the
school was struggling for life. Year after year passed indeed,
and the campus remained almost as bare as in the beginning.
Finally, to secure the realization of his hopes and plans, Mr.
Fell became a member of the board of education in 1866, contin-
uing until 1872. He secured, with the cooperation of interested
friends, the passage of a law which went into effect February 28,
1867, relative to the planting of the campus.9 This act included
an appropriation of three thousand dollars, and with the pros-
pect of this cash assistance he set to work. The entire campus
was subsoiled and plowed during the spring and summer of
1867. Before his official work had begun, Mr. Fell had planted
some trees upon the grounds ; in 1868 he set out 1740, and 107
more the next year. Saunders' plan was followed as closely
as circumstances permitted. In 1870, patches of oats and pota-
toes yielded a small income for use in defraying the expense of
this planting. Even with this help, the appropriation was in-
sufficient, and the work had to be completed at Fell's own ex-
pense. Having finished as nearly as was then possible the work
which he regarded as peculiarly his own, he resigned from the
hoard.
7Lewis, Life, 55. Raymond Buchan, of Osman, Illinois, set out most
of the trees under Fell's direction. "He was the best man I ever knew,"
said Buchan of him. Pantograph, May 27, 1857. John Dodge, "Concern-
ing Jesse W. Fell," in Fell Memorial.
8Saunders to Fell, Oct. 15 and 29, 1858. Saunders advised that a
nursery be started upon the grounds, a plan which was carried out in a
small way. The planting plans (for which Saunders charged $65) are
among the Fell papers.
^Public Laws of Illinois, 1867, 21.
373] THE TREE-PLANTER 109
In 1885 he became interested in the efforts of Dr. Stennett
of the Northwestern Railroad to induce railroad companies to
plant trees for ties. The more scientific control of the supply of
wood for railroads had been, years before, a hobby of his own.10
Mr. M. G. Kerr of St. Louis, also interested in the project, asked
him to write for the forthcoming report of the bureau of forestry,
which Kerr hoped to make of commercial value. So far as known,
this article was never written, probably on account of the condi-
tion of Mr. Fell's health.11
His interest in trees led to his friendship with Henry Shaw
of St. Louis. For Jesse Fell alone, it was said, would this rigid
Presbyterian Puritan open his famous garden on the Sabbath.
Then the two men would walk around together, admiring new
or particularly fine specimens, and discussing varieties and cul-
ture. Sometimes Mr. Fell took his son Henry with him on these
week-end trips to St. Louis.12
Mr. Fell's last extensive venture in real estate was so essen-
tially a tree-planting enterprise that it may best be related here.
In 1869 a number of Bloomington men became interested in Iowa
lands. As the representative of this group of men, Mr. Fell went
to Iowa that summer, and selected a tract of about forty sections
— more than twenty-five thousand acres — in Lyon County in the
northwestern corner of the state. Even in its unimproved state
this section of the country was exceedingly attractive. "In thir-
ty-two of the thirty-seven states comprising our union, ' ' said Mr.
Fell in describing it, "I have never beheld so large a body of
surpassingly beautiful prairie as is here to be found. There is
absolutely no waste land, and scarce a quarter-section not af-
fording an admirable building-site."
The plan of the proprietors was to survey a town in the cen-
ter of their holdings, and to start the work of improvement on
each farm by breaking a few acres of land, and by planting trees
and willow hedge.13 The town was named Larchwood, and the
10O. H. Lee to Fell, July 4, 1853.
11M. G. Kerr to Fell, Sept. 22, 1885. The letter is accompanied by
"A Circular addressed to presidents of Railways, with the request that
you may express to me your views and experience on the uphill road
of interesting Railroad men in matters of Forest Culture," a set of
"Inquiries addressed to Railway Managers," and a circular from the
Department of Agriculture.
12Henry Fell, interview, May 31, 1913.
13Lewis, Life, 104. The original company included, besides Mr. Fell,
Charles W. Holder, John Magoun, R. E. Williams, A. Burr, E. H. Rood,
110 JESSE W. PELL, [374
settlement came to be known as the Larchwood Colony. For
many years Mr. Fell devoted much time each spring and fall to
personal supervision of the improvements there. As in Normal and
other places in Illinois, he did not trust the work to employees,
but superintended the setting of the trees himself, sometimes
helping with the actual labor. The improvements accomplished
were unusual. In May, 1873, Fell set out a hundred thousand
trees and cuttings, distributed through eight sections of land. At
that time a hundred fifty thousand trees had already been set
out, and a tract of forty acres in the center of a number of sec-
tions insured a "start" of ten acres of broken ground to every
immigrant who bought a quarter-section. Larchwood farms at
that time were selling at from four to six dollars the acre.14
The history of Larchwood serves to illustrate one of Jesse
Fell's notable characteristics. General Gridley, who knew him
well, was wont to say of him that he was never mistaken in his
estimate of the ultimate value of a piece of land, but that his
eager nature greatly discounted the length of time which would
elapse before that value was realized. Imaginative and enthusi-
astic, full of faith in the development of the West, he calculated
upon an increase in value far more rapid than the actual rate
of settlement justified. What he thought would be an accom-
plished fact in ten years, the slow moving forces of development
realized, perhaps, after thirty or forty. Larchwood, with its un-
usual advantages, did not grow as its promoters hoped it would,,
and about 1880 the Illinois owners decided to sell what was left
of the tract.15 An Englishman, Richard Sykes, who dealt exten-
Richard Edwards, Milner Brown, and Daniel Brown. The willow hedge
was planted because it would grow quickly, and later furnish fuel. Fell,
To Hon. George D. Perkins, Commissioner of Immigration for the State
of Iowa, June 27, 1880. (A printed letter.)
14An account of a settler appeared in the Pantograph, Apr. 12, 1872.
One by a settler in a neighboring vicinity, ibid., Apr. 25, 1872.
1BAt that time, there were about fifty miles of willow hedge outlining
the farms, and many of the trees were from twenty to thirty feet high.
White willow, box elder, white maple, white ash, cottonwood, basswood,,
black walnut, honey locust, chestnut, European and American larch, white
and Scotch pines, osage orange, arbor vitae, Norway and native spruces,
were among the trees and shrubs then growing. The catalpa speciosa>
Mr. Fell's favorite protege, was a feature of the village planting. See
Dr. John A. Warder, American Journal of Forestry for Oct., 1882. (Also
reprinted as a circular.)
Captain Henry Augustine, long a prominent nurseryman of Normal*
375] THE TREE-PLANTER 111
sively in American lands, purchased the Larchwood farms, and
came to America with his brother and a party of friends in April,
1882, to see the estate that he had acquired.16 He had previously
brought out a pamphlet con'cerning Larchwood, and after in-
specting the farms took up the work of further development with
enthusiasm. He sent George E. Brown, an experienced forester
from Scotland, to take charge of the groves, and sent saplings
for planting. Delighted to find a successor so in sympathy with
his ideas, Fell long kept up friendly relations with Mr. Sybes
and various Larchwood residents.17
has told of his first meeting with Mr. Fell and of his championing of
the Speciosa. A shy, awkward German boy, seeking his fortune in the
new country, Mr. Fell called him in from the road one day, and had a
long talk with him in his office. Finding that he loved trees, Mr. Fell
explained to him the difference between the worthless and harmful varie-
ties of the catalpa, and the useful Speciosa. He showed him the slight
difference in the seed which is the only distinguishing mark in appear-
ance. Mr. Augustine in later years himself became an extensive grower
and dealer in the Speciosa. Henry Augustine, interviews. Fell in the
Pantograph, Dec. 30, 1882.
16The sale took place in 1881. Sykes to Fell, Nov. 26, 1881 ; March
10, 19, 1882; March 10, 1884; Aug. 4, 1886. Close Brothers to Fell, Jan.
26, 1882. Newspaper clipping of Jan. 19, 1881, in Scrap Book.
17As late as 1886, Fell was still corresponding concerning titles to
Larchwood property. Sykes to Fell, Aug. 4, 1886.
CHAPTER XII
THE LAST YEAES
His unsuccessful efforts for David Davis were, as has been
said, Fell 's last important active participation in politics. After
that, altho still interested in the issues of the day, he did
no campaigning, save for some local projects in which he was in-
terested. He continued to correspond with men who were in the
field, and occasionally, upon request, expressed his opinions in
the press.1 Logan, engaged in 1874 with the formulation and
passage of the Resumption Act, wrote to him upon finance;
Wentworth and Murray discussed the election of 1876 with him.*
As the faithful friend of Judge Davis, he seems to have arranged
for his election to the Senate in 1877. He induced Palmer, the
incumbent at that time, to withdraw from the race, and to throw
the weight of his influence to the side of Davis. Logan was de-
feated, and Cullom became governor of Illinois.3 Any injustice
still called forth a spirited defense of the person wronged, as in
the case of S. W. Moulton, who was accused by political enemies
of having had secession sympathies ; and in the campaign against
severe corporal punishment at the Soldiers' Orphans' Home,
waged in 1877.4 With his brother Kersey, he induced William
1Note, for example, the undated newspaper clipping, quoting a letter
of Fell's dated Sept. 20, 1880, at Larchwood, giving reasons for support-
ing Garfield.
2Logan to Fell, Feb. 16, 1874; Jan. n, 1875. Wentworth to Fell,
July 3, 1876. Bronson Murray to Fell, Dec. 18, 1876.
3Fell to Palmer, Jan. 15, 1877. Endorsement by Fell. Later, Fell
was active in a movement for erecting a bust to Judge Davis. H. C.
Whitney to Fell, Jan. 23, 1887.
*Moulton to Fell, Jan. 9, 1884. Davis to Fell, Feb. 4, 1882; Jan. 22,
1885. Oglesby to Fell, Mar. 17, 1884; Sept. 18, 1886. J. B. Foraker to
Fell, Jan. 26, 1887. This last letter is in reference to an abortive attempt
to secure the nomination of Robert T. Lincoln for president in 1888.
Pantagraph, Jan. 4, 1884. Fell, "Oglesby and Logan," in Chicago Tribune,
Jan. 13, 1879. Bloomington Leader, July 23, 1877.
112
377] THE LAST YEARS 113
A. Allin and David Davis to give Franklin Park to the city of
Bloomington.5
Business was not by any means given up. Altho he had
always made money easily, he had lost as well, and had given
much away. He was no hoarder; money in itself was nothing
to him.8 Withdrawing from the larger enterprises of his prime,
in his old age Mr. Fell bent his energies toward securing
property which might be depended upon to yield an income to
his family after his death. Some land he owned in the out-
skirts of Normal was planted to strawberries and larger fruit,
and from this he derived an incalculable amount of pleasure and
a satisfactory return in money. Fell Park was sold to a syndi-
cate, which after his death divided it up into city lots. Its great
beauty became but a memory to the people of Normal, altho
some of the fine trees still shade that part of the town.7
He kept in close touch with friends, among whom Jonathan
Turner, Richard Edwards, Lawrence "Weldon, John H. Bryant,
and Charles G. Ames were perhaps nearest to him.8 His grand-
children, who lived very close to his home, were a source of
great pleasure to him, and he took the keenest interest in their
education. When not in school, these children were usually at
their grandfather's, "keeping store" in the playhouse he had
built years before for his own children, or listening to him as
he sang to them or told them stories, working as he did so
among his trees and shrubs. They took long drives with him
into the country, and planned with him wonderful things to do
in the future ; for when he was an old man, Jesse Fell retained
that fresh and buoyant forward-looking which had made him
strong to accomplish in his youth, and passed it on to those who
had their lives still before them. And with these family ties he
kept up, later than any secular activity, his church work and
church attendance. A new movement to which he gave some
5Franklin Price in Pantograph, May 10, 1900, and Normal Advocate,
Apr. 21, 1894.
6He told Eberhart once that he liked to make it, and enjoyed spending
it for the benefit of other people, many of whom didn't know how to
take care of themselves. The remark shows his somewhat paternal
attitude toward society, and explains many of his projects.
7Pantagraph, Mar. 18, 25, 1888. Thomas Slade in Bloomington Leader,
Mar. 2, 1877. Bloomington Eye, Mar. 25, 1888.
8Turner to Fell, Jan. i, 1879. Bryant to Fell, Feb. 25, 1885. Ames to
Fell, Mar. 20, 1883.
114 JESSE W. FELL [378
time and attention and his unqualified assent, was that of woman
suffrage, then in the days of its greatest struggle for a hearing.
When Susan B. Anthony debated with President Hewitt of the
normal school, it was he who introduced the pioneer suffrage
advocate, and in his home she was entertained.9
Some time was spent in travel. In 1872 he made his first
trip to the Pacific coast.10 In 1873 he paid a visit to his old home
in Pennsylvania, and treasured until his death the memory of
drinking water again at the spring in the milk-house, sitting by
the fire-side, and having tea with the hospitable people who had
bought his father's old farm. He spent the night with B. Henry
Carter, as he had the last night before starting for the "West
in 1828. In later years he took, with various members of his
family, trips through the farther West, which seemed to him a
wonderful new world. He was planning a winter in California
when overtaken by his last illness.11
In ripening years a keen sense of humor, which during his
more strenuous days was either subordinated to more important
things, or forgotten by others in the memory of accomplishment,
found frequent expression. It crept into conversation, bright-
ened letters, even led to gentle Quaker jokes. These he could
take as well as give, as two newspaper notices, quoted by Mr.
Lewis, prove.12 The first appeared on January 28, 1874, and
read — "J. W. Fell mourns the loss of an umbrella, left in the
court room yesterday. He would be pleased if the finder would
leave it at the Pantagraph office." The sequel came the next
day: "J. W. Fell desires to return thanks for the generous
supply of umbrellas left for him at the Pantagraph office yester-
day in answer to his advertisement of one lost. Altho most of
these offerings are better adapted to dry weather than wet, Mr.
Fell is not disposed to look a gift horse in the mouth, but accepts
the varied assortment with the feeling that it is pleasant to be
remembered in the hour of one's distress."
9Fell to Sarah E. Raymond (Mrs. S. R. Fitzwilliam), Nov. 22, 1886.
10Leonard Swett to Thomas A. Scott, Sept. 6, 1872.
"Newspaper clipping in the Scrap Book, Sept. 8, 1884. Bloomington
Leader, Feb. 18, 1887.
12Lewis, Life, 104.
379] THE LAST YEARS 115
It was a few years later that a young girl invited him to
a dance. The reply was as follows:13
Miss Florence Richardson:
The fair invites ! and so, you bet,
Your invitation I'll accept.
But I must tell you in advance
My Quaker foot it will not dance.
A thousand times I have lamented
That Fox and Penn were so demented
As to proscribe what all can see
With half an eye, is poetry;
If not in words, in what is better, —
In motion, life, spirit, letter.
Yes, if I could, I'd skip and prance
In all the ecstacy of dance;
For I am young, and supple too,
I'm not quite three-score ten and two.
But what's the use? My education's
So neglected I'd scare the nation !
So goodbye dance, it's not for me,
As you and all can plainly see.
But, what of that? I shall propose
To play a game of dominoes ;
And if perchance you're so inclined
Will play a game of mind with mind,
Holding to each other's view
The things of life, both old and new;
The ups and downs, the weals and woes
That follow man, where'er he goes.
Meet at the hotel? Very well,
There you'll find Yours,
J. W. Fell.
These instances will suffice to show the quality of the humor
in which he met the days of declining strength. His last years
were happy as they were busy. "I was glad to know," wrote
John H. Bryant to him in 1885, "that you had got beyond all
fears of the future, that terrible burden that weighs down with
gloom, misery, and wretched forebodings so many of our race,
and especially innocent children who are reared under orthodox
instruction."1*
In the winter of 1885-86 he suffered a severe illness, begin-
ning with an attack of pneumonia in December, from which his
13Jan. 24, 1880. Newspaper clipping in Scrap Book, and manuscript.
Normal, Jan., 1880.
"Bryant to Fell, Feb. 25, 1885.
116 JESSE W. PELL [380
convalescence was very slow. At times his family despaired
of his recovery. He did rally, however, and grew stronger dur-
ing the summer, so that people hoped he might be spared for
several years. But when cold weather came again, there was a
relapse. He became really ill in January, but refused to stay
closely at home. In February he spent two days in Chicago,
attending to business for the Normal School which urgently
demanded attention. He returned to his home in a very serious
condition, made worse perhaps by worry over school affairs,
then at a most critical juncture. The family physician, in con-
sultation with others, pronounced it a case of anaemia of the
brain. For a week he lay in a comatose sleep. Bousing himself
finally, he spoke to members of the family, repeated Pope's
"Universal Prayer", a favorite poem, and the "Now I Lay me"
which he had said since boyhood. His death occurred on Feb-
ruary 25, 1887.15
The usual marks of respect and regret at the death of a
prominent and beloved citizen were paid him. Telegrams, let-
ters, and flowers were sent from far and near. Newspapers
printed eulogies and reviewed his life and work. Town councils,
the Bloomington Bar Association, churches, schools, passed reso-
lutions of respect.16 The funeral, on the twenty-eighth of Feb-
ruary, was held in the large assembly hall of the Normal
School; no church could have held the crowds that attended.
The public schools were closed. Business in Normal was sus-
pended.17 Special cars were run from Bloomington to Normal,
to accommodate the people who wished to pay the last honors
to Jesse Fell. The aisles, corridors, and stairs, and the steps of
the building were filled with silent mourners who could not find
room in the hall. Eev. Eichard Edwards, his old friend and
neighbor, preached the funeral sermon. Mr. Fell had selected
him for this duty, pledging him to the briefest possible account
of his accomplishment, a pledge which Dr. Edwards kept at the
cost of some criticism from those who did not understand the
circumstances.
^Chicago Tribune, Feb. 26, 1887. Pantograph, Mar. 7, 15, 19, 1887.
Richard Edwards to Fell, Feb. 4, 1887.
16A lodge of Knights of Pythias, shortly after organized in Bloom-
ington, was named for him, altho he himself was never a member
of any such organization.
i-1 Bloomington Leader, Feb. 26, 1887. California (Missouri) Demo-
crat, Mar. 3, 1887, quoting from St. Louis Republican of Feb. 26, 1887.
381] THE LAST TEAES 117
The service over, the procession formed for the long drive
to the cemetery at Bloomington. No tribute could have been
more eloquent than the appearance of the funeral procession.
The country roads were as bad as Illinois country roads can be
in spring, but carriages, carts and heavy farm wagons had come
in from all the surrounding country. Shabby and smart vehicles
alternated in the line that followed the hearse; and the proces-
sion was so long that when the last mourners were leaving the
Normal School, the first ones had reached the court house in
Bloomington. The Bloomington school children joined those of
Normal at this point.18
There was sincere mourning, for in death men pay eager
tribute to qualities which are accepted without appreciation, or
quite ignored, in life. Mr. Fell had not been unappreciated in
life. He had won from men the only thing he asked of them,
a trust and goodwill answering to that he bore them. It is doubt-
ful if those among whom he lived had any adequate idea of the
part he had played in public affairs for many years, and few of
them understood the magnitude of the work of development
which he, and others like him, accomplished for the Middle West.
But those personal qualities which distinguished him among
men, all men saw and honored. " It is a good thing, ' ' said Judge
James Ewing of him, in voicing this appreciation, "to have
known one man whose life was without spot or blemish ; against
whose honor no man ever spoke; who had no skeleton in his
closet; whose life was open as the day and whose death comes
to a whole community as a personal sorrow." And John W.
Cook, who knew him well, said of him at the memorial service
held in his own church on the sixth of March :19
"In that picture gallery of the soul that we call memory,
there will always be a gracious presence. The personality is
vivid ; the outlines are sharply defined ; the face is full of earnest
purpose ; every line is suggestive of tireless energy and the rad-
iance of hope. A simple, honest, unostentatious man; yet
wherever he has gone good deeds have marked his footsteps. As
if by magic, stately trees have sprung from the path over which
18The telephone was then just coming into use, and the one connect-
ing the court house with the Normal School was used on this occasion
by Henry Augustine, who had charge of arrangements, and who related
the details given to the writer.
19James S. Ewing in the Fell Memorial. Pantograph, Mar. 7, 1887;
Mar. 27, 1890; June 20, 1892.
118 JESSE W. FELL [382
he has walked. In their gracious shade generations yet unborn
shall mention his name with gratitude. Institutions whose only
aim is helpfulness to man record his generosity and public
spirit."
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
I, MANUSCRIPTS.
The Fell Manuscripts. — A collection of letters, memoranda, drafts,
and other documents, in the possession of the Misses Alice and Fannie
Fell, of Normal, Illinois. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to-
manuscripts are to parts of this collection. Transcripts in the Historical
Survey, University of Illinois.
The Lewis Life of Jesse W. Fell. — A manuscript biography by Ed-
ward J. Lewis, a friend of Mr. Fell, written about 1900. It was prepared
from facts gained by long personal acquaintance with Mr. Fell, from
access to sources in the Fell Manuscripts, and from notes by Richard
Edwards. In the possession of the Misses Fell. Referred to as the
Lewis Life.
Notes by Richard Edwards, in the possession of his daughter, Miss
Ellen S. Edwards, of Bloomington, Illinois. These are contemporary
notes of interviews with Mr. Fell regarding events extending down to
about 1840.
The Fell Memorial. — A collection of sketches and appreciations of
Mr. Fell by various personal friends. In the possession of the Misses
Fell. The page references to the Memorial in this thesis refer to the
abridged transcript in the Illinois Historical Survey, University of
Illinois.
Flagg Manuscripts. — Transcripts in the Illinois Historical Survey,
University of Illinois.
Photostatic reproductions of letters from Fell to Trumbull, from the
Trumbull Papers in the Library of Congress, Washington. The repro-
ductions are in the Illinois Historical Survey.
Transcripts from Records of the War Department and Copyright
Office, Washington, in the possession of the author.
Brush, Elizabeth P. The Political Career of Owen Lovejoy. Manu-
script thesis, University of Illinois, 1912.
II. PERIODICALS.
Files of the Bloomington Observer and McLean County Advocate,
the Western Whig, the Intelligencer, the Pantagraph, in the McLean-
County Historical Society Collection, Court House, Bloomington.
The Illinois Teacher.
McClure's Magazine.
Clippings from newspapers. A collection of these in a book, in the
possession of Miss Alice Fell, of Normal, is referred to as the Scrap
Book.
119
120 JESSE W. PELL. [384
III. DOCUMENTS.
United States Congress, Statutes at Large.
Illinois, Session Laws.
Illinois State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Reports.
IV. MISCELLANEOUS.
Arnold, Isaac N. The Life of Abraham Lincoln, Chicago, 1891.
Elaine, James G. Twenty Years of Congress. Norwich, Conn.
1884-6.
Browne, Robert H. Abraham Lincoln and the Men of His Time.
z vols. Chicago, 1907.
Brownson, Howard G. A History of the Illinois Central Railroad
to 1870. Urbana, 1915. University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sci-
ences, IV.
Cunningham, Joseph C. (editor). History of Champaign County,
with Newton Bateman and Paul Selby's Historical Encyclopedia of Illi-
nois. Chicago, 1905.
Duis, E. Good Old Times in McLean County. Bloomington, 1874.
Ford, Thomas. History of Illinois. Chicago, 1854.
Herndon, William H., and J. W. Weik. Lincoln, the true story of a
great life. 3 vols. Chicago, New York, and San Francisco, 1889.
Hill, Frederick Trevor. Lincoln the Lawyer. New York, 1906.
History of McLean County, Illinois. Chicago, 1879.
James, Edmund Janes. Origin of the Land Grant Act of 1862.
University of Illinois Studies, IV, No. 7.
Lamon, Ward H. The Life of Abraham Lincoln. Boston, 1872.
Lapsley, Arthur B. (editor). The Writings of Abraham Lincoln.
New York, 1905.
McLean County Historical Transactions. Bloomington, 1809.
Moses, John. Illinois, Historical and Statistical. 2 vols. Chicago,
1892.
Newton, Joseph Fort. Lincoln and Herndon. Cedar Rapids, Iowa,
1910.
Nicolay, John G., and Hay, John. Abraham Lincoln : a History. 10
vols. New York, 1800.
Oldroyd, Osborn H. Lincoln Memorial Album. Springfield, 1882.
Peck, John Mason. Gazeteer of Illinois. Jacksonville, Illinois, 1834.
Portrait and Biographical Album of McLean County. Chicago, 1887.
Prince, Ezra M., and John H. Burnham. History of McLean County,
in Newton Bateman and Paul Selby's Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.
Chicago, 1008. 2 vols.
Scott, Franklin W. Newspapers and Periodicals of Illinois, 1814-
1879. Springfield, 1910. Illinois Historical Collections, VI.
Stevenson, Adlai E. Something of Men I Have Known. Chicago,
1009.
Tarbell, Ida M. The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln. New York,
1896.
385] BIBLIOGRAPHY 121
Tarbell, Ida M. The Life of Abraham Lincoln. 2 vols. New York,
1900.
Thompson, Charles M. A Study of the Administration of Governor
Thomas Ford. Springfield, 1911. Illinois Historical Collections, VII.
Weldon, Lawrence. "Reminiscences of Lincoln as a Lawyer," in
Abraham Lincoln, Tribute from his Associates. Pp. 237-255. New York,
ca, 1889.
Whitney, Henry C. Lincoln, the President. 2 vols. New York,
1908.
INDEX
Abolition movement, 54, 55, 93.
Adams, Charles Francis, 99.
Allin, James, 17, 22, 24, 36.
Allin, William A., 113.
Alton and Sangamon R. R., 86.
Ames, Rev. Charles G., 65, 94, 113.
Amulet, 13.
Anderson, Dr. John, 22.
Anthony, Susan B., 114.
Arny, W. F. M., 47, 56.
Barber, Eliel, 93.
Batavia Institute, 42.
Beecher, Henry Ward, 74.
Bishop, Jesse, 66.
Bissell, Gov., 41.
Black Betty, 50.
Blackstone, T. B., 89.
Blakeslee, Lyman, 33.
Bloomington, 16, 19, 32, 106.
Bloomington, Kankakee and Indiana State Line R. R.,
Bloomington and Wabash Valley R. R., 87.
Boyd, Col. W. P., 65.
Brattan, Frank, 28.
Breese, Sidney, 85.
Brewster, E. W., 39.
Briar, Dr. David, 65.
Brown, Daniel, HO.
Brown, Eliza, 17.
Brown, Ellwood, 13.
Brown, Hester Vernon, 26.
Brown, Jeremiah, 28.
Brown, Joshua, 16, 26.
Brown, George E., in.
Brown, Milner, no.
Brown, Rachel, 31.
Brown, William, 16.
Brown's, n.
Bryant, John H., 34, 70, 103, 113, 115.
Buck, Hiram, 44.
Buckingham, u.
Burleigh, Rec. C. C, 94.
123
124 JESSE W. FELL [388
Burr, A., lOQ.
Byron, Illinois, 32.
Cabinet appointments, 1860-61, 63.
Cameron, Simon, 63.
Campbell, Alexander, 42, 70.
Carter, R. Henry, 12, 114.
Caton, J. D., 34.
Charter of Normal, 73.
Chippewa, Wisconsin, 23.
Clay, Henry, 15, 28.
Clinton, Illinois, 20, 24, 32, 106.
Colerain, Pennsylvania, II.
College and Seminary Fund, 45.
Cook, John W., 117.
Covell, M. L., 22, 85.
Covell, O., 22.
Cullom, Shelby M., 70, 96.
Cunningham, J. O., 32.
Daniels, Mary, 34.
Banner, Henry E., 79.
Danville, Urbana and Pekin R. R., 89.
Davis, David : buys Chicago land of Fell, 22 ; serves as best man at
Fell's wedding, 26 ; takes Fell's law practice, 27 ; a guest at Fell
Park, 34 ; a Lincoln supporter in 1860, 61 ; considered for a cabinet
position, 64; urged by Fell for supreme bench, 66; urges resurvey
of Normal Township, 73 ; interested in retention of Chicago and
Alton shops, 89; decides to try for presidential nomination, 1872,
100; elected to Senate, 1877, 112; gives part of Franklin Park to
Bloomington, 113.
Davis, W. O., 34, 38, 68.
Decatur, Illinois, 32.
Delavan, Illinois, 16.
Depew, Elijah, 33.
Dickey, T. L., 55.
Digest of State Laws, etc., 28.
Dodge, John, 35, 74.
Douglas, Stephen A., 19, 20, 85.
Downington, Pennsylvania, 9.
Dwight, Illinois, 32.
Dubois, Jesse K., 97, 99, 101.
Duncan, Gov. Joseph, 20.
Dunn, Dr. McCann, 72.
Durley, William, 22.
Eastern Illinois Insane Asylum, 84,
389] INDEX 125
Eberhart, John F., 42, 46, 76.
Eclectic Observer, 12, 38.
Edwards, Ninian W., 40.
Edwards, Richard, n, 29, 74, no, 113, 116.
Ellis, Rev. Charles, 71.
El Paso, Illinois, 32.
Evans, William, 16.
"Evergreen City", 107.
Ewing, James, 16, 18, 65, 117.
Ewing, William L. D., 85.
Fell, Clara, 34.
Fell, Eliza, 30, 34, 68.
Fell, Hannah, 13.
Fell, Henry C, 27, 30, 47, 70, 109.
Fell, Jesse, Sr., 9, 53, 92.
Fell, Kersey, 24, 26, 33, 48, 83, 93, 112.
Fell, Rebecca, 13, 24, 26, 92.
Fell, Robert, 24, 31, 51.
Fell, Thomas, 24, 27.
Fell Park, 33, 107, 113.
"Floats," 22.
Grant, U. S., 98.
"Gratz Brown Trick," 104.
Great Western R. R. Company, 85.
Greeley, Horace, 38, 104, 105.
Gregory, John Milton, 80.
Gridley, Gen. Asahel: Bloomington's leading citizen, 1832, 17; goes to
the East for goods, 36; begins his political career, 50; attitude toward
Illinois Central, 85; accused of self-interest, 89; works with Fell
against Smith, 96; wishes to retain Dr. Cromwell, 98; endorses
Horace Greeley, 1872, 105.
Griggs, Clark R., 79.
Harrison Campaign, 1840, 50.
Halstead, Murat, 104.
Hawley, J. A., 39.
Hewett, C. E., 114.
Hickman, John, 62, 104.
Hicksites, 92.
Hill, William, 36.
Hogg, Harvey, 65.
Holder, Charles and Richard, 48, 109.
Hoopes, Joshua, 10.
Hovey, Charles, 40, 46, 47, 67.
Hunt, Dr. Charles A., 77.
Hurwood, Grace, 12, 18, 34.
126 JESSE W. PELL [390
Illinois and Michigan Canal, 51.
Illinois Central R. R., 85.
Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home, 82, 112.
Illinois State Normal University, 45, 108, 116.
Illinois State Reform School, 83.
Illinois State Teachers' Association, 80.
Illinois Teacher, 40.
Illinois Wesleyan University, 41.
Industrial University, 78.
Ingersoll, Robert G., 97.
Johnson, R. H., 37.
Joliet, Illinois, 32.
Judd, Norman B., 64.
Kansas Aid Committee, 55.
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 53.
Kimberton Boarding School, 24.
LaFayette, Bloomington and Mississippi R. R., 89.
Larchwood, 109.
Leader, 97.
Lee, H. H., 39.
Lee, O. H., 86.
LeRoy, Illinois, 32.
Lewis, E. J., 16, 33.
Lewis, Joseph J., 29, 58, 60, 63, 64.
Lexington, Illinois, 32, 106.
Liberal Republican Movement, 99.
Lincoln, Abraham: in the Black Hawk War, 1832,. 16; meets Fell, 19;
with Fell works for Stuart, 1838, 20; Fell writes him about Mexican
War, 31 ; a guest at Fell Park, 34; draws up bond for I. S. N. U.,
45; the Lost Speech, 54; appointed on Kansas Aid Committee, 56;
nominated for Senate, 1858, 57; autobiography, 58; introduced to
Pennsylvania, 60 ; Cameron, 63 ; Judd, 64; appoints Fell paymaster,
68; assassination of, 70.
Lincoln-Douglas debates, suggested by Fell, 57.
Lincoln, Illinois, 32.
Little Britain, Pa., 11.
Livingston County, 33.
Lockwood, Judge, 15.
Logan, John A., 112.
Love joy, Owen, 34, 54, 62, 65, 66.
McCambridge, William, 34.
McCook, Captain, 68.
McLean County, 16, 18, 20, 24, 33, 70, 78, 96, 100.
391] INDEX 127
McLean County Register, 37.
McNulta, Gen. John, 98.
McRoberts, Judge, 15.
Magoun, John, 93, 109.
Major's Hall, 47, 53.
Mann, Horace, 45.
May, W. L., 20, 23.
Merriam, Col. Jonathan, 98.
Merriman, A. J., 44.
Merriman, Charles P., 37, 65.
Merriman, H. P., 65.
Mexican War, protest, 31.
Mills, Benjamin, 20.
Milwaukee, 23.
Minier, George W., 66.
Minonk, Illinois, 32.
Mitchell, R. B., 37.
Moon, John W. S., 85.
Morrill Bill, 77.
Moulton, S. W., 97, 112.
New Salem, Illinois, 16.
Normal, Illinois, 32, 74, 106.
North Bloomington, Illinois, 32, 41, 45, 86.
Northern Illinois Horticultural Society, 79.
Oglesby, Gov., 73, 77, 101.
Oldroyd controversy, 59.
"Other Side, The," 96.
Osborn, Gen. Thomas, 74.
Overman, C. R., 73.
Palmer, Gov., 82, 90, 97, 99, 101, 104, 112.
Panic of 1837, 47.
Pantagraph, 37.
Paymaster's service, 68.
Payne, Dr. Joseph, 42.
Payson Farm, 30.
Pekin, Bloomington and Wabash R. R., 85.
Pennell, William A., 74, 76.
Pennsylvania campaign, 1860, 62.
Phillips, E. J., 20.
Pike, Meshac, 42.
Phoenix, F. K., 31.
Pontiac, 32, 83, 106.
Preemption laws, 22.
Price, Franklin, 14.
128 JESSE W. PELL [392
Price, Issacher, 11, 59.
Prince, E. M., 17, 29, 65, 70.
Public school law, 39.
Quincy road, 31. .'
Real estate operations, 32, 86, 109.
Reeder, Addison, 75.
Republican party in Illinois, 53, 61.
Repudiation in Illinois, 51.
Resurvey of Normal Township, 73.
Rex, Dr. George P., 48.
Reynolds, Gov. John, 23.
Richardson, Miss Florence, 115.
Ridgley, N. H., 20.
Robinson, James C, 98.
Roe, E. R., 38, 65.
Rogers, T. P., 65.
Rood, E. H., 109.
Ruggles, Benjamin, 13.
Saunders, William, 34, 108.
Schurz, Carl, 99.
Scibird and Waters, 38, 97.
Sewall, J. A., 106.
Seward, unpopular in Pennsylvania, 59.
Sharpless, Rachel, 26.
Shaw, Henry, 109.
Shaw, James, 93.
Smith, Gen. Giles A., 96.
Smith, Milton, 44.
Smith, Rodney, 68.
Snow Brothers, 71.
Snow, D. J., 65.
Sorghum, 75.
Spawr, Jacob, 30.
Spencer, Hamilton, 65, 84.
Stanton, Edwin M., 15.
State Bank of Illinois, 20, 51.
State Industrial League, 40.
Sterlein, Mayor, 105.
Steubenville, 13.
Stevenson, Adlai E., 102, 104.
Stokeley and Marsh, 14, 17.
Stokeley, Gen. Samuel, 27, 62.
Stuart, John T., 15, 18, 70.
Sumner, Charles, 99.
393] INDEX 129
Swamp lands, McLean County, 47.
Sweet, Leonard, 34, 54, 61, 69, 100, 102.
Sykes, Richard, no.
Taylor, James P., 38.
Tazewell County, 19, 24, 88.
Thompson, Rev. J. F., 94.
Towanda, 32.
Trumbull, Lyman, 66, 99.
Turner, Jonathan B., 40, 77, 80, 113.
Tyler, President, 28.
Ullin, Illinois, 33.
Underwood, I. N., 37.
University of Illinois, 45, 77.
Vandalia, 19.
Vermilion County, 33.
Wabash and Warsaw R. R., 87.
Washington Academy, 42.
Weldon, Lawrence, 19, 84, 113.
Wentworth, Judge John, 104, 112.
Western Whig, 37.
White, Horace, 62, 101, 103, 105.
Whittier, John G., 94.
Wilkins, Daniel, 39.
Williams, R. E., 32, 89, 109.
Withers, Allen, 65.
Wood, Gov. John, 31.
Wright, Rev. Nathaniel, 26.
Wright, Simeon W., 43.
Yates, Gov. Richard, Sr., 48, 53, 66.
Young, Richard M., 24.
Jesse W. Fell Memorial Gateway
MONDAY, JUNE FIVE
ONE THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN
at three o'clock
ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
DEDICATORY SERVICES
OF THE
Jesse W. Fell Memoriel Gateway
MONDAY, JUNE FIVE
ONE THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN
at three o'clock
ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
EDITORIAL COMMENT
THE FELL MEMORIAL
It would be difficult to overestimate the real significance of the
simple yet beautiful exercises that wer held on the campus on the
afternoon of June 5, 1916, in connection with the dedication of the
Jesse VV. Fell Memorial Gateway. Mr. Fell had finisht his life work
more than twenty-nine years before, but the perspective that these
years had lent to the events of his life had servd but to bring their
meaning into bolder relief and to show with greater vividness the
bredth of his vision and the sterling qualities of his character. What
to him in his life had been an inspiring vision had now become a living
reality whose value to the people of the state, the simplest observer
can appreciate. It is indeed a fortunate thing that the good women
of the Women's Improvement League of Normal caught the signifi-
cance of Mr. Fell's life work and sought, through the aid of friends, to
bild an enduring monument of stone to his memory, which wil catch
the eye of every one of the thousands of students who, during the
years to come, wil seek training and inspiration in the institution he
lielpt to found.
The Alumni Quarterly
OF THE I. 5. N. V.
Volume V AUGUST, 19i6 Number 3
DEDICATION OF JESSE FELL MEMORIAL GATEWAY
JUNE 5, 1916
The following words of welcome were extended by Col. D. C. Smith, president of the day.
Fellow Citizens:
The large numbers in which you have gathered here this afternoon
in memory of Jesse W. Fell, who more than a quarter of a century
ago passed into the "quiet haven of us all," testify, as words cannot,
that he was far more than an ordinary man.
And the fact that his many friends throughout the state and else-
where, through the signal aid of the Women's Improvement League of
Normal, have caused to be erected the "Jesse W. Fell Memorial Gate-
way" that we have met to dedicate, is evidence of their abiding love
for his memory and their continued gratitude for his simple, earnest
life, of which we shall presently hear from some who knew him best.
THE DEBT OF NORMAL UNIVERSITY TO JESSE W. FELL
DAVID FELMLEY
It is always an interesting study to trace the influence of early en-
vironment upon the subsequent careers of notable men and women,
for we usually find that the associations, the interests, and the activ-
ities of youth and early manhood determine the trend of one's entire
life.
In the opinion of many American writers, the best body of immi-
grants from England settled not on the banks of the James nor on
the shores of Massachusetts Bay but in the five southeastern counties
of Pennylvania. It was from this stock that Jesse W. Fell was de-
scended. In early life he showed unusual aptitude for study so his
parents sent him to the best schools available. After reaching the
age of eighteen he taught school for two years, then turned his atten-
tion to law, studying for two years with a law firm at Steubenville,
Ohio. This firm offered him a partnership, but he had heard won-
derful stories of the fertility and beauty of Central Illinois. In the
fall of 1832, with carpetbag and walking stick, he came into the little
2 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
village built in the hazel brush that skirted the northern margin of
Blooming Grove and stretched off to the prairie to the north. Mc-
Lean county was less than two years old, Bloomington scarcely eigh-
teen months. He was Bloomington's first lawyer, but if he had de-
pended upon law alone he would have had little to do. Immigration
was active, real estate in demand, so we find young Mr. Fell locating
claims, buying lands for his eastern friends, making shrewd invest-
ments for himself. On one of his trips to the country in 1833 he
stopped on the ridge now just south of the Alton railroad between
Broadway and Fell avenue. Behind him to the south and southwest
lay Blooming Grove and Major's Grove. To the west, north, and east
lay the billowy swell of the prairie, not a tree in sight, hardly a set-
tler's cabin. Here, he said 'to his companion, some day I shall build
my home.
Lands rose rapidly in value. In 1836 he was already esteemed a
wealthy man. Then came the crash of 1837 with failure and bank-
ruptcy in its train. The real estate business was dead. Mr. Fell re-
sumed his law practice for a few years, but in 1844 he definitely and
finally abandoned it. There is no doubt that with his industry, his
clearness of vision, and his rare powers of persuasion he would have
made a success of the law, but it was altogether too narrow a field
for him. It is an old maxim that the law is a jealous mistress. He who
is to attain a high place in this profession early learns that it is not
conducive to the development of many of the finer qualities of the
human soul. Jesse Fell preferred to do things, to mold the physical
world, to civilize this raw country, to convert the wilderness and the
prairie into the garden and the city and to aid in developing the in-
tellectual and social life that are the chief elements of civilization.
In 1851 began the most active period of his life. The Federal land
grant had been made for the Illinois Central Railroad, but the location
of the road had not been finally established. A powerful faction
was determined to carry the road not directly north from Cairo to
LaSalle, but to carry it from Vandalia to the northwest through
Springfield and Peoria to Galena. General Gridley was then the
state senator. It was through his efforts and Fell's that the final
location of the road was made through Decatur, Clinton, and Bloom-
ington. After May, 1853, trains were running regularly through
Bloomington.
Meanwhile the Chicago and Alton railroad was creeping up from
the southwest. Mr. Fell was an intimate friend of E. P. Morgan, the
chief engineer of the road, and of Mr. Blackstone, its president and
chief operator. He helped secure the right-of-way from Bloomington
to Chicago and laid out Pontiac, Dwight, and other towns.
Early in 1854 it was definitely settled that the route through Bloom-
ington should be half a mile to the west of the public square and that
the crossing point should be two miles to the north. This distance
made it possible to locate a new town at the junction. So Mr. Fell
immediately bought a large tract of land around the intersection and
began to lay it off in city blocks.
DEBT OF NORMAL UNIVERSITY TO JESSE W. FELL 3
In 1856 he began the erection of his residence on the site that he
had selected twenty-two years before, the house now standing on the
southeast corner of Irving and Fell avenue and occupied by Mrs. J. W.
Heckethorn. There was then only one house within the present
limits of Normal, the cottage occupied by the station agent. Mr. Mc-
Cambridge.
From the first Mr. Fell had planned to make something more of
North Bloomington than the ordinary prairie village. He wished to
build a town that would be noted for its morality, sobriety, and good
society, and was already planning the establishment of a college or
seminary of learning, when in 1857 the legislature passed the Act es-
tablishing the Normal University.
Although occasional suggestions of a normal school for Illinois
were made from time to time in newspaper articles and addresses
after the founding of the first Massachusetts Normal Schools in 1839,
it was not until 1854 that an organized movement really began. At
the second meeting of the State Teachers Association held at Peoria
in 1854, the proposition was made to use the College and Seminary
funds, about $216,000, lying idle in the state treasury, for founding a
normal school.
There were two counter propositions. One by Jonathan Turner to
use the funds for an Industrial University; the other by the old col-
lege men who feared a divorce between religion and education to dis-
tribute the funds among existing denominational colleges. Mr. Fell
was with Turner in the early stages of the discussion, for he was a
life-long advocate of vocational and industrial education, but his ex-
perience as a teacher and school official brought him in 1856 and Tur-
ner also to the support of the normal school, and the bill creating this
institution became a law on February 18, 1857. The Board was author-
ized to fix the permanent location of said Normal University at the
place where the most favorable inducements were offered.
Mr. Fell began at once to secure subscriptions of land and money
to induce the Board to fix the location at North Bloomington. He
pleaded, argued, persuaded. If we can believe contemporary accounts
he soon had Bloomington as thoroughly aroused as Chicago seems to
be on the "preparedness" proposition. On April 8, 1857, appeared in
the Bloomington Pantagraph:
"The advantages to be conferred by such an institution upon the
place of its location are too obvious to need enlarging upon. Richly
endowed from a government fund, collecting within its walls every
year the flower of the youth of every part of the state, and organized
with a full corps of the ablest instructors, the Normal University will
doubtless take rank among the noblest institutions of learning in the
country, and give to the town which contains it a degree of promin-
ence at home and abroad scarcely second to that enjoyed by the state
capital itself."
To the individual subscriptions of land and money the county com-
4 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
missioners were induced to add $70,000 of the fund derived from the
sale of swamp lands. The subscription totalled:
Swamp lands $70,000
Other lands 38,000
Cash 33,725
In all $141,725
Jesse Fell's subscription of $9,000 was the largest single subscrip-
tion from cash subscribers.
When the bids were opened Bloomington's total was so far above
Peoria's the Board of Education agreed to locate the institution in
Bloomington, provided that suitable security should be given to guar-
antee the swamp land funds. Abraham Lincoln drew up the bond, and
Jesse Fell and his brother, Kersey Fell, headed the list of bondsmen
Thus was secured for McLean county the State Normal University.
With the location of the Normal University on May 7, 1857, the trou-
bles of the Board had just begun. George N. Randall, of Chicago, was
secured as architect, the main building planned, the contract let for
$83,000, and work started. By fall the foundation was up. Then burst
the financial panic of 1857 and progress was stopped for eighteen
months. Almost every bank in the state suspended payment. Central
Illinois was hit very hard. Money could not be had, there was no
market for the swamp lands whose sale was to provide funds for the
building. The wealthiest and most eminent of all the subscribers de-
clared that he would not pay his subscription until the building was
finished, that is, until it was no longer needed. There were trying
times. President C. E. Hovey, charged by the Board with the duty of
realizing upon the subscription, was aided at every turn by Jesse W.
Fell. The building was completed in 1861, though with serious shrink-
age in some of the subscriptions. The legislature came to the rescue
with two appropriations aggregating $100,000 to lift the mortgage and
complete the furnishing and equipment of the institution.
In 1858 the name of the settlement at the junction was changed
from North Bloomington to Normal. In 1867 when the population had
grown to several hundred Mr. Fell secured from the legislature a
special charter under which the town is now governed. It provides that
no intoxicating liquors shall ever be sold within its borders. In fact
Mr. Fell had previously provided in many title deeds for lots that no
liquor should ever be sold upon the premises. It is notable that the
petition to the legislature for the prohibition clause was signed by
every man, woman, and child in Normal over six years of age.
By this provision of the charter many desirable citizens have been
attracted to Normal. Parents have felt that the absence of the saloons,
of the pool rooms that accompany them, of the undesirable citizens
that so frequently haunt them, make Normal a much safer place
of residence for their sons and daughters while off at school.
In his boyhood Mr. Fell had as a teacher Joshua Hooper, a famous
schoolmaster of Chester county, Pennsylvania, one of the best botan-
ists of his day. Jesse Fell was more than a pupil. He became a com-
panion of his master, and under him developed a life-long interest
DEBT OF NORMAL UNIVERSITY TO JESSE W. FELL 5
in trees and flowers. It was in the early forties that Mr. Fell began
to manifest his passion for tree planting. A year spent on the open
prairie northeast of Bloomington probably hastened the conviction
that nothing was more necessary to the taming of the prairie than to
plant it with trees. At first the black locust, with its rapid growth and
durable wood, finely adapted for fencing, attracted his attention.
When the borers attacked the young locust groves, he tried other
trees in our prairie soils, hard and soft maples, ash and American and
British elm, linden, catalpa speciosa, tulip tree, European larch,
and many evergreens were planted in great numbers by him. It is
said that 13,000 trees had been planted by him along the streets of
Normal and in the grounds about his residence when there were
still hardly a dozen houses in the present town. He brought to
Bloomington Mann, Overman, Phoenix, and other men who made
Bloomington one of the largest nursery centers in the country.
Furthers the Work
In 1867 Mr. Fell was appointed the local member of the Board of
Education, the position now held by Mr. Capen. He at once secured
an appropriation of $3500 from the legislature for the proper planting
of the campus, a project that had always been near his heart. Wil-
liam Saunders, the foremost landscape gardener of the day, had been
brought on from Philadelphia eight years before to make a suitable
plan. The planting was done under Mr. Fell's personal management,
many fine trees being transplanted from his own private grounds
known as Fell Park. The original plantings in the campus included
almost every species that would flourish in this soil and climate.
After the losses incident to storm and sleet, the ravages of borers
and to the removal of trees to make way for new buildings, we still
had in 1901, 940 trees of forty-one species. The great storm of June 10,
1902, destroyed many of these, but later plantings have more than
replaced the losses in numbers and variety.
The six years which Mr. Fell sat upon the Board of Education
were years of rapid development of the Normal University. It was
then everywhere recognized as the leading normal school of the
United States in the extent of its revenue, the value of its building
and grounds, the number of students and the ability and reputation of
its faculty.
The Home and School
In 1865 Jesse Fell headed a movement to establish a home for the
orphans of the soldiers of the Civil war. Normal, under his leader-
ship, raised a large subscription and secured the location. This in-
stitution has for fifty years served its purpose in an admirable way.
With the passing of the veterans of the Civil War, the institution has
been converted into a State Home for dependent children. It must
be a source of gratification to the friends of Jesse W. Fell that the
two institutions in Normal to which he gave so much are now brought
into organic union.
Beginning with September the school at this Home will become a
part of the training school of the State Normal University.
6 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
The Man HimseM
In summing up the services of Jesse W. Fell to the Normal Univer-
sity we do not forget that the best part of it has not yet been told.
In viewing this memorial that his friends have erected we are not
unmindful that its highest values are not those of the mason or of
the brass founder, nor are they to be found in the taste and skill of
the architect who plans the work, or of the artists who have designed
the bronzes. They are to be found in the character of the man whose
name this memorial bears and whose services it commemorates.
The character of a people is measured by the type of man it honors.
Every country has its heroes who embody the national ideals, every
town its distinguished citizens who, through personal excellence and
public service, win universal esteem and are held in memory long
after they are passed away. Normal is singularly fortunate in the man
who, by common accord, is ranked as its founder and most distin-
guished citizen. As a friend he was loyal, true, self-sacrificing, and
obliging. But his love did not stop with the companion into whose
eyes he might look or whose hand he might grasp. The breadth of
his sympathy and affection embraced men of all faiths, of all races,
and of generations yet unborn. As a man of Quaker birth and breed-
ing he loved and practiced the arts of peace. As a lawyer he was a
potent force in the political life of the state. As a promoter of rail-
road building he took an active part in the industrial development of
the state. When the steady encroachment of the slave power made it
clear to every lover of human liberty that the friends of freedom
must stand together, he was a leader in the formation of the Repub-
lican party. He saw the greatness of Lincoln and was most zealous in
securing his nomination for the presidency. He was a lover of trees
and planted them by the thousand. He valued education and with
characteristic energy persuaded the people of McLean county by
generous subscriptions of land and money to establish the State Nor-
mal University within its borders. He saw the degradation wrought
by alcohol and secured for his new town a charter that forever forbids
the sale of intoxicants within its borders.
But Jesse Fell was not merely great in the excellence of his charac-
ter, in his honesty, his unselfishness, his kind heartedness, his patriot-
ism as abstract qualities; he was pre-eminently a man of action. We
honor him for what he did, both for the kind of enterprises he under-
took and the spirit in which he wrought. Mr. Fell had faith in the
future. He saw the great city of Bloomington in the strangling, un-
kempt country village of eighty years ago; he saw in Normal the seat
of a great educational institution; he saw in Illinois a real empire
state, great in its natural resources, greater still in intellectual and
moral worth, and he shaped his life in accordance with these visions.
Some men called him visionary. Like all other seers he merely lived
in advance of his generation. His only mistakes seemed to have
been in underestimating the amount of time needed for the realiza-
tion of his hopes.
The greatest indebtedness of the Normal University to Jesse Fell
is the example of his life, his character and his worth. It is difficult
DEBT OF NORMAL UNIVERSITY TO JESSE W. FELL 7
to summarize in a few words the character of Jesse W. Fell. I have
read the estimates placed upon him by more than a score of his con-
temporaries, the men who knew him well and were abundantly able
to set forth their estimate of his character. They all testify to his
superlative worth as a man and as a citizen. Yet it seems that no two
have viewed his life from the same angle nor have caught the same
radiant light from the soul within. His most conspicuous quality
seems to have been his energy. While other men thought and planned
and talked, Jesse Fell brought to pass. He possessed a genius for
accomplishment, tireless energy, undaunted courage, and a persist-
ence that was rarely unsuccessful. He was a born leader, skillful in
plan, to organize, to enlist aid and sympathy, to convince and to per-
suade, to subdue opposition, to kindle in others the flame of his own
enthusiasm. He was a born advocate, skillful yet fair to his oppon-
ents, more anxious to persuade them than to overwhelm them.
Others who knew him personally will speak at length of his per-
sonal characteristics. For me it is enough to say in closing, that this
memorial has been erected in order that we may show to our children
and to our children's children the type of man that we delight to
honor, the citizen of whom we are justly proud.
PERSONAL REMINISCENCES
JOHN W. COOK
Memorial structures are the efforts of a grateful people to celebrate
in imperishable material the virtues of those who have wrought well
for their kind. They are an endeavor to keep active and beneficent
in the lives of men, those wholesome and regenerating principles that
were the springs of action of the characters in whose honor and whose
memory they are erected.
We are here today to give meaning to this graceful entrance to
these beautiful grounds. If the words we shall say could, by some
art of magician, be an open book for the passer by, its significance
would be for the aspiring and sensitive mind an evangel, for we are
to tell the story of a man whose supreme ambition was to promote
justice throughout the land. He sought the freedom of the slave
from the cruel tyranny that gave the lie to our fundamental political
principle. He championed the cause of freedom and toleration in re-
ligious belief. He defended the sacred privilege of freedom of speech
when the cause that he regarded as the noblest in annals of mankind
was attacked. He fought the battle for the care of the orphan of the
man who had given his life for his country. He built about the com-
munity of his love the high wall of protection against the tempting
devil of drink. He fostered with liberal hand the institutions that
make for the rule of reason in the world. He fought with relentless
energy corruption in high places and in all places. He sought no
public recognition and aspired to no place of honor. He was content
to fight for the good cause in his own way with no ulterior end to
8 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
subserve. Such a character is rare enough to merit especial recog-
nition and to have dedicated to his memory a perpetual reminder of
his virtues.
Life Full of Incident
In anticipation of this event my mind, of late, has been dwelling
with fond recurrence upon its memories of Mr. Fell. Indeed, brief
have been the periods that I have not recalled some familiar incident
of his noble life, in all of the intervening years since I last looked
upon his face. Again I have been reading the rich material that I
eagerly gleaned from all available sources and carefully treasured
nearly thirty years ago. Through it all, like the call of a melodious
bugle, in the still air of the quiet morning rings the one insistent, in-
spiring, engaging note. Men seemed striving with each other in an
all-accordant chorus, to swell the voice of appreciation of the ines-
timable worth of this modest, self-forgetful man, whose eyes always
were seeking the welfare of his fellow men. I have slight need to
go afield for what I have to say today. The brief minutes will permit
only a scanty clipping from what would require far more time than is
at my disposal in even a hasty telling.
Under His Own Trees
And first of all I wish to say that I know of no place more fitting
for his memorial than here. Beside this ever flowing and inspiring
spring of life, where youth is breaking the seals of futurity and fore-
casting high destiny and striving for its ample realization, let an in-
destructible reminder of his career defy the ruthless hand of time. As
the years shall come and go and the long processions of the young
shall pass through this noble gateway, let them receive a new and
perpetual baptism of that generous spirit which is aptly character-
ized by his immortal friend — "With malice toward none; with charity
for all." And let there be a fitting volume writ in simple phrase that
shall tell of him and of his gracious life, and on each recurring birth-
day of the institution that he did so much to found and foster, let his
name be spoken so those who go out to help to make the new and
better commonwealth shall keep his spirit in the transforming energy
of their lives.
His First Acquaintance
Although I became a student at the Normal School in 1862 I had no
personal acquaintance with Mr. Fell until some two years later. His
name was a household word among the students but it would have
been an honor beyond our most ardent expectations to be recog-
nized by a man so widely known and so universally esteemed. The
time came, however, when I had the coveted privilege of winning his
attention although I have forgotten the occasion. After that the
going was delightful and as the years slipped by the intimacy
increased.
A Pen Portrait
You would like to know about his personal appearance. He was of
medium height, spare of figure, and with a face full of intelligence and
light. You have become familiar with it as it is portrayed by his
THE JESSE W. FELL, HOMESTEAD
PERSONAL REMINISCENCES 9
picture that hangs in the reception room of the main building. He
was the most industrious of men and Judge Davis declared him to be
the most energetic man that he had ever known. With this estimate
I am in entire agreement. Even in his walk there was a slight in-
clination forward as if he could not keep his body apace with the
plans which his busy brain was ever organizing. He it was who
carried out the original plans for the decoration of the campus. It
was a treeless plain before he began his work upon it. There could
not have been found in all its area a riding whip for a horseman. He
prepared for it by circling the root of the superb evergreens with
which his home place was crowded and when the clump of solidly
attached earth was ready for removal he personally superintended the
transfer of these great trees to the already prepared field. He had
zealously cultivated it the preceding year so that everything was in
readiness. At this task he worked with more physical energy than
any of his helpers. I never heard of one of the transplanted trees
that disappointed him. In consequence, the campus was transformed
in a single year from a bare prairie to a place of beauty.
Mind and Body
Indeed, so intense was his physical activity that he found it difficult
in his more advanced life to induce his body to take the requisite
amount of sustenance to keep the fires burning hot enough for his de-
mands, and I recall a conversation in which he related his annoyance
that the machinery, upon which he had been accustomed to rely with
such complete confidence, would not steam in harmony with his ex-
pectations. And this physical energy was but the concomitant of his
mental energy. He was afire with enthusiasm. He subordinated all
of his fine endowment to the leadership of his splendid will. And all
who came within the range of his influence caught the contagious
inspiration. Was he a visionary? It never seemed so to me, for his
large plans, with few exceptions, rounded to noble consummation. I
am quite convinced that the one disappointment of his life was the
failure of the plan to secure at Normal the location of the University
of Illinois. It has always been my understanding that the offer of
this county far surpassed that of any other. What it was that de-
feated his undertaking I have never learned. I well remember that
historic contest and the alternating hopes and fears that filled the
minds of our people.
An Old School Gentleman
Mr. Fell is aptly described by the familiar phrase, "A gentleman of
the old school." By this is meant that he was characterized by a
courtliness of manner quite unusual in these less chivalrous days.
He was a careful observer of the canons of etiquette and employed
them in his relations to others with strict impartiality. Politeness
has been defined as, "the ceremonial form in which we celebrate the
equality of all men in the substance of their humanity." To be a
human being was to win his respect and to receive the homage which
he conceived to be due a human being. I have seen him rise in a
crowded street car and offer his seat to a poor negro woman, with
10 THB ALUMNI QUARTERLY
the irresistible grace that was his wont. That she was a woman was
enough to win his recognition as entitled to the conventional cour-
tesies of polite society. And with him they were far from being
formal ceremonies for there was always shining through them the
knightly spirit of the true cavalier. His kindness of heart was always
evident and he was scrupulously careful lest he should inflict pain
when dealing with the humblest.
His Gift in Writing
As a writer he was unusually engaging. He had the art of speech
when his pen was in his hand. When I knew him he shrank from
public addresses, but earlier in his life he was a rapid, terse and force-
ful speaker. His letters best illustrated his gracefulness of expres-
sion. Our relations were not of a character to invite correspondence,
yet I carefully preserved the two that I received from him. They
exhibited a grace of expression that lifted them out of the ordinary,
and although one of them was only a request for an interview upon a
matter of mutual interest, it was so charmingly rendered as to invite
many readings before it was put among my epistolary treasures.
One cannot but linger fondly over these memories, and before
turning to other aspects of his rich and varied life I must be permitted
to quote briefly from his loving friend of many years, former Presi-
dent Richard Edwards. In the address which Dr. Edwards delivered
at the funeral in Normal Hall he said: "Let me begin by saying that
Mr. Fell was an honest man. He had so many other high qualities
that we are in danger of not observing this * * *. *He who has been
through the intensest activities of life, through those scenes where
selfishness, duplicity, corruption are most apt to have full sway, and
who has come out of it all with a maiden sensitiveness to anything
like unfairness or dishonesty, deserves our esteem * * *. He kept his
hands clean and his heart pure. He committed no false or foul act.
He entertained no debasing or unworthy thought. So sensitive was
Mr. Fell to this principle of rigid honesty that I have known him to
insist upon making good pecuniary losses sustained by his friends
through the dishonesty of other men, because he had been the means
of making the parties acquainted with each other."
His Forceful Character
To this testimony of Dr. Edwards I may add that any indirection
on the part of men in public life made hot his indignation. He would
have none of them henceforth. There are men still living in Bloom-
ington who are members of a political convention held there on a
day almost fifty years ago, in which instructions were sought for the
county delegation to assist in the renomination of a public official. I
may add that I was the candidate's cordial supporter as I was during
his long subsequent official career. Mr. Fell, however, believed that
he had broken faith with some of his friends and opposed him with
such vigor that he succeeded in securing the adjournment of the con-
vention after a scene that defies description. His opposition defeated
the desired renomination and resulted in the temporary retirement of
the candidate from public life. Prominent in that historic struggle
PERSONAL REMINISCENCES tl
were a few whose names are household words in this community.
Their number was small but under the rallying enthusiasm of Mr.
Fell their effectiveness was irresistible.
Words of His Friends
In further view of this aspect of Mr. Fell's character Honorable
James S. Ewing, at the memorial meeting of the Bloomington Bar
Association, in an exquisite tribute to his memory, said: "It is a good
thing to have known one man whose life was without spot or blem-
ish; against whose honor no man ever spoke; who had no skeleton in
his closet; whose life was as open as the day and whose death comes
to a whole community as a personal sorrow."
Similarly Honorable Joseph W. Fifer: "Jesse Fell was one of these
moral heroes; he was the product of our free institutions, and I am
proud he was an American citizen. His pure, exalted and unselfish
life will help teach the world the great lesson that the indispensable
basis of all true greatness is integrity of character, and that the only
way to be happy in this life is to make others happy."
Brave words these. They ring the recurring sentiment of every
utterance of that memorial occasion.
His Ancestry
And now that I have tried in these brief minutes to tell you some-
thing of his personality, you will anticipate his political alignment.
As another will tell you he came from a family that had been identified
with the Society of Friends from its origin about the middle of the
seventeenth century. That he would ally himself with the anti-slavery
party was thus a foregone conclusion. Like men of his kind, he was
an ardent admirer of Henry Clay, with whom he became personally
acquainted and whose name he perpetuated in his own family by
conferring it upon his only, son. Few of the present generation can
imagine the ardor with which the followers of the great Commoner
attached themselves to his cause. His failure to achieve the place for
which he repeatedly strove was a heart breaking experience to vast
numbers of his adherents. My father once cautioned me, with quiv-
ering lip, against ever attaching myself to any political leader whose
defeat I could not contemplate with comparative equanimity. We had
been talking of his political idol, Henry Clay.
His Stand in Politics
Although bitterly opposed to slavery, Mr. Fell had not indentified
himself actively with the Abolition party. Unconsciously he was
waiting for the evolution of a political party that should incorporate
the slavery question in some of its multifarious aspects in its plat-
form. Time was to give him his ample opportunity. The Kansas-
Nebraska Bill so solidified the anti-slavery sentiment as to make the
creation of the Republican party a logical necessity. As soon as it
appeared he was one of its active adherents.
And now I am going to make a claim for Mr. Fell that I have not
thus far come upon. I cannot resist the conviction that there orig-
inated with him an idea that made him an historic character and thus
identified him personally and potentially with tremendous events
12 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
that were world wide in their consequences. I do not claim for him
the far vision that might have foreseen what followed from the forces
that were set in motion. Short-sighted creatures of a day, we may,
nevertheless, release energies that by the natural accumulation of in-
ertia may precipitate catastrophies that rock a world, bury old wrongs
in the ruins of the castles they have built for their own preservation,
and thus make possible a new day of freedom for mankind.
Here are some statements whose correctness is amply verified by
Hon. Owen T. Reeves, Hon. A. E. Stevenson, and Hon. James S.
Ewing.
On the twelfth day of September, 1854, Senator Stephen A. Doug-
las came to Bloomington to make a public address. He stopped at
the old National Hotel, at the corner of Front and Main streets.
Lawrence Weldon, then engaged at the practice of the law, at Clinton,
came up to hear the speech and went with Mr. Ewing and Dr. Stev-
enson to call upon the senator. Shortly after, Mr. Lincoln, who had
probably come up from Springfield for the same purpose, came in to
pay his respects to the honored guest. After a brief conversation
Mr. Lincoln withdrew. Shortly after, Mr. Fell entered the room and
was cordially greeted by Judge Douglas, for they were old acquaint-
ances. The tide of conversation ran along in the usual way for a
time, but Mr. Fell had an especial purpose to subserve. He therefore
said to the Judge that there was much feeling over the question of
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and that many of Mr. Lincoln's friends
would be greatly pleased to hear a joint discussion between himself
and Mr. Lincoln on these new and vital questions that were so vitally
interesting the people.
Judge Douglas seemed much annoyed and after hesitating a mo-
irent said: "No! I won't do it. I come to Chicago. I am met by
an old-line Abolitionist; I come to the center of the state and am met
by an Administration Democrat. I can't hold the Abolitionists re-
sponsible for what the Whigs say; I can't hold the Whigs responsible
for what the Abolitionists say, and I can't hold either responsible for
what the Democrats say. It looks like 'dogging' a man over the state.
This is my meeting. The people came here to hear me and I want to
talk to them." Mr. Fell said: "Well, Judge, perhaps you may be right;
perhaps some other time it may be arranged." And so it was that Mr.
Fell did not carry his point for that 'meeting.
The Joint Discussion
But Mr. Fell did not give up the idea of the joint discussion. It
was his pertinacious following of the scheme that gave to the country
that memorable series of illuminating addresses, unsurpassed in all
the annals of debate in which the supreme question, the question of
fate, in the forum of a nation, was held up to the reason and the con-
sciences of men.
Who doubts for a moment the effect of those debates upon the
destiny of Abraham Lincoln? It would be the most violent of as-
sumptions to assert that he would have been nominated for the presi-
dency of the Republican party in 1860 without the prominence they
gave him. He took his logical place thereafter at the front of the
PERSONAL REMINISCENCES 13
champions of the anti-slavery movement, for he had proved himself
more than equal to the most redoubtable protagenist of the pro-
slavery movement. I cannot resist the conclusion that this remark-
able train of sequences logically followed Mr. Fell's resolute purpose
as foreshadowed in the brief incident that I have related.
His Part in Debate
But again. After the first debate at Ottawa, Lincoln came to
Bloomington for a conference with friends from all parts of the
state. Judge Reeves is responsible for the statement that Mr. Fell
was present at that conference, as we should fully expect. At the
Ottawa meeting Judge Douglas had propounded to Mr. Lincoln a
number of questions to be answered at Freeport. Mr. Lincoln told
his friends what answers he should give to those questions, and he also
told them, he proposed to propound certain questions to Judge Doug-
las at that meeting. Among them was this one: "Can the people of a
territory, in any legal way, against the consent of any citizen of the
United States, exclude slavery from a territory prior to its admission
as a state?"
The members of the conference saw clearly that if Judge Douglas
should answer this question in the affirmative he would certainly be
elected to the Senate, for there were many Republicans favorably
disposed to him because of his opposition to the attitude of the admin-
istration. It was believed that he would so answer. Lincoln saw that,
although such an answer would close his hope for the coveted sena-
torship, the South would never nominate so uncertain a candidate
in 1860. In consequence, the conference therefore protested against
the submission of such an interrogative and voted against it with a
single exception. That exception, I need not say, was Mr. Fell. Did
his stand in the premises account in any way for Lincoln's reply to
the conference — "Judge Douglas may indeed defeat me for the Senate
but he will at the same time defeat himself for the presidency in 1860,
and that is a far greater issue."
Shaped the Result
Prophetic words! They were verified to the letter. Did Jesse
Fell's support of Lincoln's plan fall into the causal series again?
Who can answer? The logic, if so, is firmly knit — Mr. Fell's sugges-
tion of the joint debate; the consequent nation-wide fame of Lin-
coln; the consequent nomination; the fatal question; the two Demo-
ocratic candidates in 1860; the triumphant election of Lincoln; the
abolition of slavery; the indissoluble reunion of the states; one flag!
One common destiny!
Did this modest man ever allow himself to trace the conclusions
of the successive syllogisms to the final conclusion? Dr. Edwards
besought him to write a frank and free autobiography and he really
began it, but his modesty soon got the better of his resolution and
he gave it up, declaring that he could not bring himself to the task.
If he had only been willing to write a book of "Recollections" what
revelations we might have had!
14 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
Champion of Liberty
I said, a few minutes ago, that he championed the cause of free-
dom and toleration in religious matters. This he did especially in the
part he took in the organization of what was long known as the Free
Congregational Church of Bloomington.
Which of two of the major differences that formerly drove sharp
lines of social cleavage among men arouses the bitterer controversies,
icligion or politics? We oi the present know little of the implacable-
ness of the hostility which formerly existed between men who were
in separate political camps and who affirmed belief in separate relig-
ious creeds. At the same polling place we interrupt a friendly con-
versation to deposit our several ballots and resume the cordial inter-
change of thoughts as we again go together on our common way.
The spirit of conflict over religious differences has quite folded its
wings and shed its sharp talons and taken on the semblance of the
dove rather than that of the hawk. There was a time, however, and
it was not long ago, when the bitterness engendered by the rise of
differing sects was the death of friendships, the divider of families
and the destroyer of community peace. And this conflict over creeds
often appeared to be a minor difference of doctrine or an inconse-
quential variation in ceremonial observance, but the hostility was
none the less intense.
In Church Organization
Imagine, then, the introduction into the institutional life of Bloom-
ington of an organization that seemed to be indifferent to a body of
doctrine that was regarded by the great majority of men and women
in the west as indispensable to give validity to any rightful claim to
the name religion. Such a phenomenon appeared in July, 1839. I
have not time now to trace its history. Of course, the Fells, Jesse
and Kersey, were there. Let it suffice to say that an organization was
effected and that Charles G. Ames, predestined to a notable career,
was called to conduct the Sabbath services of The Free Congrega-
tional Society. On another occasion I tried to tell, with some degree
of fullness, the history of the first half century of the life of this
pioneer society. Its rank represented many shades of opinion, both
theological and political. Of course, its personnel had at least one
common point of agreement; all were committed to the idea of entire
freedom of religious belief and of speech.
Of course Mr. Ames would speak his mind on the slavery question.
He did so and some of his parish were so offended that they with-
drew. But Mr. Ames was incapable of bitterness. While he pre-
ferred that they should stay, he could not deprive himseli of freedom
of speech to retain them, for freedom was the principle upon which
the society was founded.
Before his nomination Mr. Lincoln dined with Mr. Ames. The
"Irrepressible Conflict" was thoroughly discussed, Mr. Ames taking
very advanced grounds. Upon leaving, Mr. Lincoln said, "I am as
strong an anti-slavery man as you are, but I recognize some practical
difficulties in dealing with it that you do not seem to see."
PERSONAL REMINISCENCES 15
Some Intimate Details
After the execution of John Brown Mr. Ames preached his funeral
sermon. Having been a member of his choir in old Phoenix Hall I
had enjoyed some acquaintance with him and therefore felt free to
write him, some seven years ago, with regard to this famous address.
I quote briefly from his reply:
"On the last Sunday of November, 1859, I gave notice that on the
following vSunday, if the telegraph brought the news of the execution
of John Brown, I should preach his funeral sermon. The Society was
in no mood to lay restrictions on freedom of speech, but there were
those who said 'we've just launched our little bark in troubled waters
and now Mr. Ames will blow us sky-high.' Phoenix Hall was none
too large for those who came and there was great seriousness and
perfect attention through the full hour's discourse. The next morn-
ing came the request for a copy for publication which was granted.
* * * oh, those were great days. I wonder if you live them over
with such palpitations as come to me." I regard this quotation as
germane to my theme as Mr. Fell was one of those who were called
upon to stand behind Mr. Ames in those troublous times.
I am deeply conscious of the need of brevity but I must be per-
mitted to relate a single additional incident in this connection. One of
the successors of Mr. Annes was Mr. Ellis whose pastoral relations
were very abruptly discontinued. He was a strong abolitionist and
was so extreme as to have been one of those who volunteered to at-
tempt to rescue John Brown from his Virginia captors. On April 23,
1865, when the country was speechless with grief over the tragic
ending of the life of the great president, M)r. Ellis preached a sermon
in Phoenix Hall in which he took occasion to criticise Mr. Lincoln
in severe terms.
A Startling Incident
It is easy to imagine the effect upon the Bloomington audience of
such an address and especially at such a time. In the Hall were
many of Lincoln's personal friends, men who were bound to him not
alone by political ties, but also by the bonds of warm affection. Here
and there were soldiers recently from the front, whose veneration
for the murdered chief magistrate was greater than for any other
character in American annals. Here was Mr. Jesse Fell, the man to
whom in 1860 Mr. Lincoln had addressed his autobiography, and one
can possibly imagine how his heart must have been wrung by so
ruthless and so utterly foolish a violation of. the canons of the most
ordinary common sense. The speaker was hissed and hooted and
escaped by the back stairs to a drug store near by, from which he
was rescued by Mrs. William Lewis, a present resident of Blooming-
ton, and taken to her home. On the succeeding Monday the address
was published in full and may be found, as may Mr. Ames' funeral
sermon, in the files of the Pantagraph. An opportunity was thus
offered to read exactly what Mr. Ellis had said.
But nothing could induce Mr. Fell to do violence to his principle of
free speech and a free pulpit. At the next meeting of the Society he
1 6 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
offered a series of resolutions denouncing the interference with the
speaker's explicit right to be heard, however unpalatable his utter-
ances might be. This single illustration of his fidelity, under the
most trying circumstances, to a principle which he regarded as a
fundamental necessity in a free country lifted him in my esteem to
the serene heights of supreme manhood.
His Philanthropy and Zeal
No time remains to give other illustrations of those qualities which
mark him off so distinctly and so superbly. Yonder on the hill is
the home of those wards of the state who, orphaned by their fathers'
devotion to the country were deprived of that parental care which
is the due of every child of our common humanity. It is there be-
cause of his philanthropy and patriotic zeal. Here rise the noble
buildings of an institution to which thousands of grateful hearts turn
with the most tender emotions. He wrought the deed, far more than
any one else, that brought it here. We walk between these double
rows of trees that he planted. One day he told me why he was im-
pelled to adopt this particular plan. It was because he had happened
to be in old Germantown, Pennsylvania, in the heat of a summer day.
As he walked beneath the over-arching branches that met above his
head, he determined to go to his new home and imitate the thought-
fulness of an unknown benefactor.
That I knew him, and had at least some modest share in his regard,
has been one of the great gratifications of my life. Among my treas-
ures is a memento which he ordered sent to me as he lay upon his
couch of pain from which he realized he should never rise. Thank
God for all of His heroes. They lift the world to the arching sky
and leave an open door between the earth and the heavens. He was
one of that great company and lived his life of simple devotion here in
our own little comrrtunity. Great souls need no hilltops for their
homes in order that they may be singled out as the benefactors of
mankind.
His memory is a precious treasure and as the new generations come
and go this memorial structure will retell the inestimable worth of
this simple, unostentatious man.
VALUE OF MEMORIALS
EDMUND J. JAMES
It was a little over fifty-three years ago that I first saw Jesse W.
Fell. It was on the occasion of a visit of my parents to the Illinois
State Normal University who, in looking for a place to buy a farm and
"settle down permanently," as they expressed it, were especially con-
cerned about the schools of the neighborhood. They had examined
one or two farms north of Normal and so wished to see whether the
educational facilities offered by this school met their desires as to the
opportunities for their children. I was tagging as a lad 8 years old
VALUE OF MEMORIALS 17
after my mother as she went into the primary room, then conducted
by Miss Hammond, who afterwards became the wife of W. L. Pills-
bury. As we came out on the porch on the south side of the Normal
University building, Dr. Edwards, who was kindly showing us about,
stretched his arm out in a sweeping way towards the south campus
and said: "The trees you see here have all been planted by the Hon-
orable Jesse W. Fell. And there he is now, planting still others,"
he said, as he pointed toward a man superintending the planting of
certain shrubs or sm,all trees. "He is sometimes called," Dr. Ed-
wards remarked to my mother, "Jesse the tree planter."
My parents purchased a farm immediately north of Normal, where
for ten years I lived and from which for six years I trudged back and
forth to school while I was preparing for college in the grammar and
high school departments of the Normal University. Mr. Fell was a
favorite of mine, as he was of all the children, so far as I know.
He was kind to us and let us play without disturbance wherever he
was working, provided we did not interfere too much with the pro-
gress of the work, and sometimes, I think, even when we did. I
remember my mother's saying once that Mr. Fell was a real public
benefactor, and I wondered what that was and asked her what she
meant. "A public benefactor " she said, "is a man who is doing things
for the benefit of other people all the while and especially for the
benefit of the community in which he is living."
I think there could be better descriptions of Mr. Fell and his work
than this. I need not make any extended reference to the life and
services of Mr. Fell. They will be fully discussed and presented by
persons better able to treat that subject than I. I only desire to add
my testimony to that of all the others to the fact that Mr. Fell was
a man of power and influence in many different directions in the com-
munity in which he lived, and that in every direction this power and
influence when exerted were exerted for the public good, for the ad-
vancement of the common interest; and in this respect he was a
model citizen, a man after whom his fellow citizens could well pat-
tern their own conduct, and to whom the teachers and preachers and
mothers of the community could point with pride as one whose life
and activity were worthy of emulation by the children of the
community.
I should like to emphasize on this occasion the service which this
community is rendering to itself by this formal recognition of the
great work which Mr. Fell did for it and for the successive genera-
tions which will make up this community in all the years to come.
We have been very much concerned just at the present time with
the question whether, as a matter of fact, we are at all, in any proper
sense of that term, a nation.
We had a most astonishing illustration more than fifty years ago of
how loose were the bonds which held us together as a people when
the country suddenly divided into two great sections. These sec-
tions flew at each other's throats with all the ferocity and bitterness
and energy which have been displayed in the great war now going on
beyond the seas. And many things have since happened and some
1 8 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
things have happened lately that have rather called our attention to
the fact that we do not, all of us at any rate, who live within the
confines of the American Republic, think as Americans, think in the
terms of the nation; but that we are still in some respects only an
aggregate and not a thoroughly organized life unit. We are a collec-
tion of states and territories, of people from different races and differ-
ent faiths and different histories — not yet melted and unified into a
single people of uniform texture.
There is little hope of this ever being accomplished until the nation
has become a true organic instead of an aggregate unit.
The comparison has often been made between the "body politic" and
the "body physical" and there are some lessons which may be learned
by us from the comparison. The body physical, according to modern
theories of biology, is made up in essence of cells which are the last
and final units out of which all portions of the body, and, finally the en-
tire body, are composed. In these cells is the center of life and activ-
ity,' the center of bodily health and bodily weakness and disease and
death. If the cells function as they ought to do, all of them, each in its
own way, we may be' sure that the body as a whole will be vigorous and
strong and effective. If the cells, however, become weak and anaemic
and ineffectual, we may expect to see the body dry up and disappear.
So I should think of the nation as constituted of cells, not the
individual human beings, but the ultimate or, if you please, the primal
unit of organization, namely, the comm,unity. If the community is
of the right composition, if it is organized in a healthy and vigorous
way and performs its duties in a healthy and vigorous way, and all
the communities do this, then we may expect to see a perfect national
life as the flower and fruitage, so to speak, of this perfect community
life, and unless this community life is of the right type, it is vain
indeed that we build upon the tower, so to speak, upon the roof of
this great structure when the foundation elements are decayed. If
the civic life of the community is conducted on a low level, we have
in so far as it is a part of the nation, a weak element which itself may
become the source of disease and, like a cancer, by spreading its
influence in the surrounding tissue, may ultimately undermine and
develop a running sore which may seriously hamper, if not ultimately
destroy, the organism of which it is a part.
Those communities in the United States in which education is neg-
lected, in which the health of the community receives no attention, in
which moral and religious influences are not cultivated, in which a
low type of civilization prevails, are communities which may become
centers of disease, stretching far and wide through the body politic.
This is something we do not always realize. In a large way, we have
a classic example in our own history. When the people of certain
communities thought it was a good thing to import the black man
from Africa and make him a slave, the foundation was laid for infinite
trouble, not so much for the slave, for in many cases his condition
was really improved over that in the native wildness from which he
-.vas taken, but the masters and the life of the master's wife and chil-
VALUE OF MEMORIALS 19
dren and the life of the community which was made up of the masters
of these black slaves.
In the course of time as the country became industrially part slave
and part free, it became perfectly plain to far-seeing men, even of the
time of the Revolution, nearly a hundred years before the struggle
finally came, that no community could endure, no body politic could
continue to live, in which one part of the body was made up of cells
depending for their industrial development upon the institution of
human slavery and another part of the body was made up of cells
whose industrial life was based upon a system of free and independent
labor. It took a long time for this cancerous growth of slavery to
make such headway as to finally threaten the destruction of the en-
tire nation. But it came, just as inevitably as the sun rose and set,
and it finally had to be cut out in all its ramifications — we have not
completed the work yet by any means — by a process which for a
time threatened to destroy the entire organism.
So today any community which permits its children to grow up in
ignorance, which does not cultivate and organize and develop the
various elements which enter into a complete and well-rounded
education, is a cell full of danger to itself and to the larger commun-
ities and the body politic as a whole.
We have com'munities in the United States today — and they are not
all in one part of the country, either — communities which are so de-
based as to form real centers of danger to the health of the common-
wealth and the nation.
Now the process of civilization is not by any means an easy one,
and every higher civilization is brought forth in pain and tears, and
the human race tends steadily to fall behind unless efforts are con-
tinually put forth which involve blood and sweat. History has
shown that in nearly every country and in nearly every time this
work of standing, in season and out of season, for the forces which
make for the uplift of the community, this standing for the right
against the wrong, for the light against the darkness, for freedom
against slavery, for justice over against injustice, for equal oppor-
tunity for all over against monopoly and slavery, has been the privi-
lege and the burden of comparatively few members of the commun-
ity, those men whom we call leaders, those men to whose call to ad-
vance we respond, those men whose leadership we recognize and
follow.
Jesse W. Fell was one of these men, and this community, thanks to
his leadership and that of men like him, thanks to the original consti-
tution of the community, made up of many different elements from
many different parts of the country, has moved forward steadily to the
ever completer life as one of those fundamental cells of national
existence.
Next to working out in a direct and immediate way through com-
petent organs of action the welfare of the community, the element
which has added most to civilization is the public spirit of private
individuals, men of far-seeing vision like the man whom we honor
today. Next to leading itself in all these respects, a group of people
20 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
shows its fitness as an element in civilization by its willingness to
follow the leadership of men like Mr. Fell. And in that respect Nor-
mal has shown a wise capability.
I am greatly pleased to see that this community recognizes the
great significance of an event like this — namely, the erection of a
memorial in honor of the men who have done things worth while in
the community, especially in honor of the men who saw the best
things that were possible to the community and stirred up and spur-
red it on to realize these best things. It was not merely the work
Mr. Fell did himself directly in planting these trees, in urging the
improvement of the schools, in bringing one after another of the
public agencies into more efficient action, but it was his work in
stimulating other people to emulate his example. And one of the
evidences that you have done that is not only to be seen in the
external evidences which we see around us in improved schools, in
paved streets, in improved water supply, and in enlarged and im-
proved churches, in adequate drainage, etc., etc., but one sees it also
in this willingness to acknowledge an indebtedness to the men who
are wise enough to lead such enterprises.
I have often said to members of the Illinois Legislature when pre-
senting to it the claims for the support of the institution which I
have the honor to represent today, that the people of Illinois have
vested for the time being in them the trusteeship for determining the
level upon which the community shall move. The business of a leg-
islator is not simply to do what his constituents want him to do, but
to do the thing which his constituents ought to do and to throw the
full impetus of his power and strength into compelling the state to
undertake the tasks which the interests of society demand it should
undertake. The duty of your local member in the legislature and of
every other member in the Illinois Legislature is not merely to see
how little money he can give to the building up of this great Normal
University, of which we are all so proud, but to discern if possible
what the function of this institution ought to be and then by every
means in his power help to the realization of that function. In fact
the member of a board of trustees should be a prophet. He should
have visions and these should be visions of the higher life of the com-
munity and the higher level upon which the community may walk,
and the fundamental purpose of his trusteeship is that he shall help
the community up to those higher levels and hold it steadily and true
to its higher levels. This was the work as Mr. Fell conceived it, and
to which he gave unsparing industry and absolute devotion, and be-
cause you recognize that end, because you recognize, even though
in large part unconsciously, that somehow or other this is your in-
terest projected in this large way by this seer and prophet, you are
willing to honor him by this beautiful memorial. He cares nothing
about it, of course. His family in a few years will care nothing about
it. It will not be long until everyone will have passed away who ever
saw Mr. Fell or who ever saw anybody who ever saw him, or spoke
to him, and the personal element will disappear as the years go on,
but this monument will ever stand here to remind the boys and girls
VALUE OF MEMORIALS 21
of this community as they play about its foundation, and the men
and women who pass by, that here was a man who deserved well of
his community, and they will be led by the existence of this monu-
ment to ask what he did and why and how, and the story will ever
again be told to bring new inspiration and new life into each suc-
ceeding generation.
I have a friend, a most competent and brilliant and highly edu-
cated woman, who declared to me when she saw the monument
erected to her father, who was one of the greatest Americans, that no
man deserved a monument, no man had ever done so much as to
really deserve in any proper sense that his memory should be kept
alivq, that none of us, no matter how hard we labored, could perform
any work of supererogation, and that therefore it was an idle, nay
an immoral act, this erection of monuments in honor of men and
women who, no matter how much they have accomplished, have
fallen far short of their duty to their day and generation. There is,
of course, something to be said for this point of view, and I am sure
that no man or woman ever performed any service for the com-
munity of any great value who did not, in the bottom of his heart,
feel that it was such an infinitely slight service that he should be
almost ashamed of thinking of it as a service to his fellowmen.
But monuments of this sort are erected not to flatter living men,
but to call the attention of the boys and girls of each successive
generation to the things that are most worth while in the lives of
members of their own community, to the things that men will be
m>ost grateful for, to the things upon which the community will lay
the most weight, to the things that men will think about after one
has passed out.
This people will remember Andrew Carnegie, for example, not for
the fact that he accumulated a great fortune of millions of dollars,
not that he was one of the great industrial figures in the day and gen-
eration in which he lived, not that he was one of the captains of in-
dustry who shaped the course of men's occupations, in many different
directions, but because he devoted this money which he accumulated
in this way to what he conceived to be good purposes, and even
though he should be mistaken in the form of its application, and even
though the gifts he made should produce harm rather than good, yet
the motives of the man will be the things that are remembered, and
if the American people should decide that his motives were unworthy,
that he gave this money not for the purpose of accomplishing good,
from a sincere wish to do it, but simply for the purpose of magnifying
his own name, they will forget him or they will blame him.
Monuments of this sort help us to teach in a concrete and direct
way to our children what are the really worth while things in the de-
velopment of a community and a nation, and so I have always been
in favor of seeing them erected in honor of men who have done
really great and useful things. It is an honor to Mr. Fell that the
people of this generation, that you, standing about here, few of whom
knew him personally, few of whom could really have had any con-
ception of the largeness of the man's mind and activities, erect this
22 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
monument to him. It is a much more significant, much more helpful,
and to my mind much more useful service which this memorial will
do by virtue of the fact that it is an honor to the community which
has raised it, for you honor yourselves far more than you honor him
in the events of this day.
Let every citizen, no matter how humble, take new heart in view of
these facts. We are sometimes inclined to despair of the Republic
when we see so many difficulties in life, communal, state and national.
We sometimes hang our head in shame at the events which have oc-
curred within the limits of the great Republic without any adequate
reaction in the direction of national or local uplift. But in the life
of every man who has fixed before himself as a goal the ideal of ren-
dering public service, we get a new inspiration, a new outlook, a
new hope.
From the contemplation of this gateway, let the little boy and girl
learn the humble lesson of picking up the papers and other rubbish
which are flying over the streets, which they perhaps have themselves
thrown there. Let the citizen living in a humble cottage with a few
square feet about it realize that as he keeps that lot, as he improves
that lot, he is doing a duty by his community and by his fellowmen
that will help raise the standard of life in the community as a whole.
Let every man of influence and power and wealth and resources in the
community recognize that it is a part of his business to work to im-
prove these conditions under which the life of this community must
be carried on, that it is a part of his business to see that the schools
are improved, that the churches are supported, that the public insti-
tutions of all kinds are made as efficient for their purpose as they
can possibly be made. Let the member of the city council have borne
in upon him the conviction that a public office is a public trust and
that the man who violates in any way the interest of the community
for any purpose whatever, whether it is in violation of the law or
not, is a scoundrel, is an unworthy citizen, one who ought not to walk
in the shadow or come into the same street where a monument has
been erected to such a man as Jesse W. Fell. With such a spirit, with
such a life, we may be sure that this prime cell of our great Republic
can give an example in its local health which all other similar cells of
the nation might follow.
A PHILANTHROPIST OF MIGHTY VISION
J. H. BURNHAM
Jesse. W. Fell was a lover of mankind, a man of mighty vision. He
loved his family and was never happier than when in their midst,
planning and working for their future welfare. He wisely planned
for the benefit of his adopted town, for the county of McLean, for
the state of Illinois, for the nation, for the freedom of the slave, and
always labored for the good of all mankind.
*N -
Vt
Wv
~s-;i
N.r^
A PHILANTHROPIST OF MIGHTY VISION 23
As early as 1834, when for two years he had lived in Bloomington
as its first lawyer, he spent nearly a whole session of the Illinois
Legislature at Vandalia, and, almost unaided, prevented the western
tier of townships from being sliced off from McLean county in the
interest of a new county seat. His clear vision told him that only
thus could the new town of Bloomington retain its prestige and the
new county of MfcLean preserve its grand outline, and the service he
then performed has never yet been sufficiently appreciated.
The new county of McLean was tolerably well established by this
time but Mr. Fell was exceedingly anxious that its future should be
provided for, and so became one of the prime movers in the pioneer
effort to start a newspaper. The first issue of "The Bloomington
Observer" started, mainly, by the personal efforts of Mr. Fell, was
dated January 14, 1837. After going through the vicissitudes inci-
dent to a newspaper in a new county, we find its successor, "The
Bloomington Intelligencer" in the sole ownership of Mr. Fell on
March 17, 1852. The paper passed the next year to the ownership
of Mr. C. P. Merriman and then became the well known Pantagraph.
This newspaper has been published the most of the time as a daily.
However it was believed by Mr. Fell and his friends to be scarcely
up to the requirements of the town and county. Being resolutely re-
solved upon making this newspaper of more service to the public,
Mr. Fell, in company with his son-in-law, Mr. Wm. O. Davis, pur-
chased a controlling interest in 1868, and the two entered most ener-
getically upon their chosen labor of developing the journal in ac-
cordance with the needs of this intelligent community. Fortu-
nately, Mr. Davis had the necessary financial means, and experience
soon proved that he also possessed a remarkable aptitude for news-
paper management. Its growth has been of the most substantial
character, and the descendants of Mr. Davis, now owning the news-
paper, are proVing themselves true to the tradition of their ancestors.
In 1845 when the state of Illinois was in imminent danger of re-
pudiating its enormous bonded indebtedness, and was about to be
driven into hopeless bankruptcy by incompetent leaders, Mr. Fell
published an open letter to the Senate and House of Representatives,
boldly advocating the imposition of taxes and he eloquently urged
the policy of re-establishing the state's financial credit upon a sound
and reliable basis. The plan which he recommended was followed in
the main, and his influence at that early day is said to have been very
powerful. His vision told him that this state's magnificent agricul-
tural domain could only thus be put in the way of its subsequent
wonderful development.
In the various periods of railroad building in 1838 to 1881 he was
always a vigorous leader. He was either a projector or a railroad
official in every scheme for a north and south or an east and west
railroad in this vicinity. He secured a large portion of the right-of-
way for the Chicago and Alton railroad from Bloomington to Joliet,
was the chief agent in the donation of the machine shop site in 1853
and thus secured for Bloomington the immense advantages which
have followed, and which will no doubt permanently continue.
24 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
While we are considering some of these almost marvelous achieve-
ments of this great man, we may reflect that no doubt his active and
vigorous mind contemplated many a project which was never carried
to a successful issue. His vision was so broad and his mind dwelt so
intensely on benefiting his fellow men that we can well conceive that
he must often have felt the want of practical co-operation in some
of his most heartfelt projects.
Mr. Fell once told me that at a very early day when wearily riding
on Horseback along the line of the present Illinois Central railroad
in company with General Gridley, they discussed the possible im-
provements likely to be enjoyed by future travelers along the iron
rails which they fondly hoped would follow their route. How pleas-
ant must have been his reflections in after life when all, and more
than all, that his prophetic vision had predicted, actually came to
pass in the lifetime of this earnest and brilliant railroad advocate.
The present generation needs to be told on this and other appro-
priate occasions, of Mr. Fell's almost superhuman exertions in be-
half of all suggestions and plans for the advancement of the religi-
ous, educational, moral, agricultural and community development of
his neighborhood, the county, the state, the nation and the whole
world in which he lived, but this paper can touch only a few of his
characteristic efforts in the directions indicated.
The man who planned our Normal campus, who planted with his
own hands many of its grandly spreading trees upon a broad and
almost desolate prairie, which I well remember, and who planted
thousands of others in the streets of Normal — twelve thousand of
them before Normal was anything but North Bloomington — no doubt
had a vision of what their noble grandeur would be in fifty to sixty
years, and perhaps believed that some of them would survive for
centuries and in their final enormous growth in this rich soil would
carry forward to future observers some remembrance of their origin.
But the same man in giving names of trees to no less than thirteen
of the streets of Normal perhaps never realized in his own modest
mind that he was thus preserving for all time a most beautiful and
touching reminder of his affectionate love for the town he had
founded. Normal is truly indebted to the charming visions which
must have occupied the founder's thoughts during this labor of love
for coming generations.
In the early part of 1867, when the grand effort was being made in
this county to secure the location of the Industrial University, which
is now the Illinois State University at Champaign, Mr. Fell's efforts
were little short of miraculous. I was one of the workers in the cause
and had opportunity to become acquainted with the man and ob-
serve his methods of action, and I have never forgotten how ably,
earnestly, enthusiastically, eloquently and persuasively Mr. Fell pre-
sented his arguments which resulted in an offer of five hundred and
thirty thousand dollars for the coveted prize. Most of this was in
eight and ten per cent county, town and city bonds voted by McLean
county, the township and city of Bloomington and by Normal town-
ship and village.
A PHILANTHROPIST OF MIGHTY VISION 25
Very few of us realized the actual possibilities of the university
idea, but from the success which had then already been exhibited at
the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor, it is evident that Mr.
Fell had in mind almost a complete vision of what is now to be seen
at Urbana and Champaign. Had that institution been located here
and had it been properly fostered, what a boon Normal real estate
would have secured! That it would have been fostered here was
proved by the fact that nothwithstanding Mr. Fell's bitter disap-
pointment, which it took years to heal, he nobly seconded the effort
made in 1870 to induce the State Constitutional Convention, then in
session, to provide in the new instrument for very liberal permanent
assistance to be given to the great institution. Mr. Fell grandly and
magnanimously took the lead in this effort through a memorial from
the Illinois State Teachers' Association to the convention, and he
thus nobly proved that his early efforts in behalf of that institution
as well as in aid of Normal, were based as much on his desire for
general educational advancement as for his own pecuniary profit.
We ought to give a brief notice of Mr. Fell's efforts to have this
state adopt the Maine Liquor Law at the June election in 1855, and
we must not forget the remarkable steps he took in 1867 to perpetually
prevent the sale of liquor in this town of Normal.
We shall also find that there has been running through all of Mr.
Fell's life efforts a never ending thread of elevated thought and action
in behalf of great public questions. He never forgot the poor and
needy and by his wise advice and counsel he placed many a poor
man in the way of future comfort and competence. Some of these
were ex-slaves for whom he had a peculiar sympathy, and he entered
heartily into plans for their future welfare. Nothing appeared to
give him more pleasure than to witness the progress these once
down-trodden people began to make at oncei, in their new environ-
ments, and to the very last he eagerly watched their advancement in
all parts of the nation. From the very first he was active in his op-
position to slavery, and gave most effective aid to the great cause of
freedom through his wonderful assistance in bringing Abraham Lin-
coln's abilities to the notice of the people, both before and after 1858.
He was enthusiastic in advocating Lincoln's nomination and election
to the presidency. It is a candid opinion of good judges that no
single individual in the United States performed more important
service, everything considered, in bringing about the election of him
who has proved to be the nation's idol.
The statements embodied in imperishable bronze upon the tablet
dedicated here today are most admirably calculated to impress and
inform future generations as to the most important characteristics of
this great man — this noble-hearted philanthropist — although it will
be almost impossible for those who never had the good fortune of his
personal acquaintance to realize the grandeur and great modesty of
his character. It appears proper to add that such was the simplicity
of the man that we may well believe he never anticipated he would
be deemed worthy of such public remembrance as has been mani-
fested today, or had any idea of its possible occurrence.
26 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
PRESENTATION OF MEMORIAL GATEWAY TO TOWN OF
NORMAL
MRS. D. C. SMITH
As President of the Women's Improvement League of Normal, the
pleasing task is mine to present to the Town of Normal, through you,
its Mayor, the stone gateway just erected at the east entrance to this
campus in memory of Jesse W. Fell.
It is a tribute of love from his many friends far and near, who ad-
mired him while he was with them and who now honor his memory.
The bronze medallion portrait upon one of the main posts is a gift
from the grandchildren, and is dedicated by them with affection to the
grandfather whom they knew and loved.
The League is exceedingly pleased to know that the Town has au-
thorized you to present this gateway for perpetual preservation to the
Illinois State Normal University, thus linking together the University
and the Town in further memory of him who was the friend and lover
of both.
The members of the League feel a sense of pride, pardonable I
trust, in the fact that they have been permitted to bear some humble
part in the erection of this memorial gateway, and they cherish the
hope that in the years to come many who look upon it, and pause to
study the portrait and read the inscription it bears, .may be inspired
with Jesse W. Fell's rare public spirit and be moved to walk' in
his ways.
ACCEPTANCE FOR MEMORIAL GATEWAY FOR TOWN OF
NORMAL
O. L. MANCHESTER
Mr. Chairman, Madam President of the Women's Improvement
League:
In behalf of the Town of Normal I accept this gift. While it is
primarily and fundamentally a memorial to Jesse W. Fell, it will, in
a secondary and less important way stand as a testimony to the good
will, the thoughtfulness, and the perseverance of the Women's Im-
provement League.
By the Town Council of the Town of Normal I am authorized
not only to accept this gateway but to give it away. Therefore, to
the Illinois State Normal University, as represented by its Board of
Trustees and its President present here today, I now present this
memorial. That the women have wished that this transfer be made
in this way emphasizes the fact that they wish the most cordial and
helpful relations to continue to exist between the school and the town.
May this beautiful memorial for generations and centuries to come
continue to stretch out its ample white arms in welcome to the young
men and women not only of Normal and McLean county but to those
of the whole state of Illinois.
ACCEPTANCE FOR UNIVERSITY 27
ACCEPTANCE FOR PERPETUAL PRESERVATION
CHAS. L. CAPEN
The first Constitution ever written provided that rewards should be
conferred upon public benefactors. When such are bestowed by pri-
vate liberality, and by affection, it is a coronation. It has been well
said the greatest of public benefactors are the founders of such in-
stitutions as that upon whose ground we celebrate today. Every such
a one is but the shadow of a great philanthropist who created it.
Illinois is blest more than in all other mighty achievements in the
character of her pioneers, whose pure souls with unflagging energy
established the foundations and set up the ideals of the highest civili-
zation. The guide posts and land marks they handed down to us
were those of education, progress and the higher life that for all time
point and illuminate the true path.
Never had any community bestowed upon it, one whose public and
private virtue, whose deeds and achievements were greater or more
lasting in good, than was and is Jesse W. Fell — none of whom the
saying of Lamartine is truer that Providence seems to delight at rare
intervals in bestowing upon a community a great spiritual leader.
Of the most modest of men, working always for others and not for
himself, he never sought personal distinction. He had much to do
in establishing the common school system of the state; then with
wise foresight recognizing schools could not succeed well without
trained teachers, he rendered yeoman service in having passed the
charter of our Normal School: but for his heroic and long-continued
labors, it would have been located elsewhere, and this village not have
been. He provided important surroundings, one being the curse of
the saloon should not tempt the student; he planted many of the trees
on the campus with his own hands and at his own expense; at the
critical time in the panic of 1857 he, with one or two others, saved the
institution from its creditors; during the after period of stress and
storm he never hesitated to make any individual sacrifice, to devote
his time and wisdom for its good. The debt of gratitude is none the
less if he builded better than he knew.
We owe it to his character, as well as to ourselves, in this critical
time when such strong efforts are being made to discard the ideals of
the past, and to substitute for them those so strongly advocated in
certain quarters, that this beautiful gateway built by the loving hands
of the women of Normal, and by them given, shall stand as a perpetual
protest against the false and dangerous doctrine the acquisition of
wealth and the devotion of the chief energy and concern should be
that which has wrecked the principal nations of Europe, and, if ac-
cepted, cannot fail to produce a like result for us. The beautiful
architecture is in itself an inspiration and culture to every one who
passes through its portals, and teaches that we must depend more
than ever before upon the lessons of our schools and churches, that
the most important ambition should be for a broader and deeper life
rather than for a more extravagant living, and that love of country
is to be exhibited in the upper and nobler spheres. Mr. Fell was of
28 THE ALUMNI QUARTERLY
the Society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, whose every action
is controlled by the inner light, and was one of the truest of that de-
nomination. It is justice to call him the height of Normal, as Scipio
was called the height of Rome.
It is my good fortune to accept with gratitude, in the name of the
State Board of Education this noble gift, and to promise in its name
it shall be sacredly cherished and preserved. The Board is only a
trustee, and acts for all the citizens of the state in memory of her
distinguished son; for the residents of this county and village who
are what they are because he lived and strove among them and still
lives and strives for the hundreds of students now fitting themselves
for the highest employment of life, and the thousands yet to come.
This gift is not limited to the present generation, but is for posterity
as well; example and influence cannot die; it will act something like
a miracle upon the hearts and minds of all.
THE EARLY DAYS OF NORMAL
URBAN A-CHAMPAIGN, ILL., May 23, 1914.
* * * I can still remember the bare appearance of almost
everything in and about the village, when the trees which "Jesse,
the Tree Planter, ' ' had set out were not yet grown. They were
of the promise of things to be, a promise which has been more
than realized, but it took the eye of faith to see in the distant
future what was to come out of his life and work.
EDMUND J. JAMES.
NATURE PAINTED IN GREEN AND GOLD
* * * In the early fifties between the Illinois Central and
the land, whereon three or four years later was to arise the
stately edifice of the Normal University, rolling, unbroken prairie
sloped down from the hilltops to the north to the "slough" which
meandered southwesterly across the valley and flowed beneath
the Alton through the gap of a spindly bridge of piling where
now the street car subway is found. The prairie, upland and
slough, stretched southward until the cultivated fields near Sugar
Creek were reached.
Drear and desolate in the dead of winter as an arctic land-
scape, the country took on thrilling beauties with the dawn of
spring. From the days when the streams were yet scarcely freed
from their icy fetters, when the buds were swelling on the cotton-
woods and the catkins were showing on the willows; when the
grasses of valley and hillside were beginning to tinge the land
with green, thruout all the spring and summer and all the
autumn until the frost colored the foliage and cut down the
golden sunflowers, an ever-changing panorama of beauty was
painted on the prairie.
THE SPRING FRESHETS
In those times before the surface waters were spirited away
by drainage, the rainfall did not disappear quickly as it does
now. In the spring the valleys were often flooded by heavy
downpours, the little streams which never ceased to flow except
for a few weeks in summers of drought, were quickly swollen
and spread wide. The thickest slough grasses impeded the cur-
rent and the water escaped but slowly thru the grassy barriers.
IN THE HEART OF NORMAL
These marshy places were the homes of almost countless
varieties of beautiful and fragrant flowers, and tall and graceful
grasses. The red-tipped blackbird swung upon the willows, the
meadow lark piped in grass, flocks of snipe wheeled low in air
and waded in the shallows.
Such was the picture presented by the low-lying parts of
Normal in the prairie days of sixty years ago. Such scenes are
to be found today only upon the rapidly disappearing frontiers.
CLEAR STREAMS OF LONG AGO
A clear stream used then to flow from the northwest to the
Illinois Central embankment, there turning south thru a ditch
cut for it when the railway barred its southeastward flow. A
few yards farther south, it was joined by another brook rippling
from the northeast, passing under the Central thru a one-arch
culvert. At what is now the west end of Beaufort street, the
united stream wound southwesterly here and there beneath
clumps of bending willows and thru grassy expanses, a veritable
paradise of flowers.
This rivulet in springtime now and then spread beyond its
shallow banks, the water reaching almost to the Chicago & Alton
and extending on the north to the rise of the hillsides.
A MEMORY OF GOLDEN YELLOW
One of the most beautiful of floral transformations of early
spring days in this little valley, now in the very center of things,
in the busy town, was the bursting forth of the cowslips, by
which the marsh was bordered growing on the edges of the water
and in it — wide ribbons of vivid light — green leaves brilliant in
the sunlight. Last night an open blossom amid the leaves ! This
morning, the green has turned to gold, the May flowers are in
bloom ! It is as if some fairy host has splashed paint of golden
yellow upon the verdant stripes of yesterday. Down the valley
and up as far as one can see is the cowslip glory, brighter than
the yellow primrose and the buttercup.
THE VARIED COLORS
And then came that morning later on, when the swamp mus-
tard blossoms made great splashes of pure white ; and the days
when the philox bloomed — pink patches set on the tawny green
upland grass and the deeper and ranker green of the lowland.
THE SUNFLOWERS
Next in beauty to the April surprise of the cowslips, per-
haps, was the blooming of the sunflowers. Late in the summer
they began to glow. Of these there were scores of varieties —
great tall ones lifting their golden blooms ten feet in air and
lesser ones bearing yellow flowers and yellow with black centers
nearer to the ground. When the sun flower season was at its
prime, there was a wide golden border on either side of the tall
slough grass.
Flags, the wild fleur de lys, flaunted their banners of blue
and gold in marshy places and when they faded bequeathed an
Egyptian heritage of cat-tails.
THE PRAIRIE UPLANDS
How beautiful, too, were the upland levels and the hillsides !
Clad in verdure by the grasses brilliant green in spring, chang-
ing to yellow and russets in the summer and autumn, spangled
by a continually changing host of flowers! In early spring the
violets, blue, and delicately veined with white; pansies, spring
beauties, big sorrel flowers, pink and yellow and white ; odorous
clumps of fragrant, creamy meadow sweet; blue gentians, the
swamp and upland anemones; wild flax, flowering grasses, the
gleaming yellow puccoon, wonderful groups of deep red and
orange milkweeds.
THE PRAIRIE ROSES
And the roses ! Deep pink, and pinkish white, they bloomed
in profusion everywhere — along the edges of the slough-grass,
on the hillsides and hilltops and by the dusty roadsides. They
reveled on the railway embankments and hung their perfumed
buds and blossoms over the edges of cuts.
WILLIAM MCCAMBRIDGE.
Washington, D. C., June 3, 1916.
A STUDENT'S MEMORY OF THE CAMPUS
(The Daily Pantagraph)
The approach of the occasion on June 5, upon which the
Jesse W. Fell memorial gateway will be dedicated, has brought
from many Normal students of earlier days, a message of appre-
ciation. With each student passing from the university there
goes a recollection of the remarkable beauty of the grounds, the
beauty that was made possible thru the thought and effort of
Jesse W. Fell.
Mr. Benjamin Robinson, of Cambridge, has written con-
cerning the effect which his memory holds of school days at
Normal :
"Having heard of the approaching dedication of the Jesse
Fell gateway at Normal, I have been thinking with a great deal
of interest and affection of the beautiful campus to which this
new gateway will give appropriate and dignified approach.
' ' While a student at Normal more than thirty years ago, the
campus meant a great deal to me. Its wide lawns, gentle slopes
and abundant shade made it a constant joy. But I fear at the
time I took these blessings too much for granted.
"On the other hand, as from time to time I have revisited
Normal, I have been more and more impressed with the extent
to which the beauty of the campus is the matured result of wise
and farsighted planning. In the first place, the grounds of the
University were laid out on a surprisingly liberal scale with
ample foresight and obviously with a fine faith in the future of
the institution, a faith which is certainly worthily justified.
"The next impressive feature of the campus is the variety
of its trees. This must have been the result of considerable study
and selection with due regard to soil and climate and their group-
ing tho undertaken long before landscape gardening had become
a recognized science in our country, was nevertheless accom-
plished in a very pleasing way to give fine vistas and beautiful
mass of foliage with just enough of plan and no obtrusive
formality.
' ' On inquiry I learned long ago, that Mr. Jesse W. Fell was
in large measure responsible for all this and it is on this account
that on the dedication of the Jesse Fell gate I am taking the
liberty to write and tell you how much the campus has meant
to an old Normal student.
" It is a highly interesting sort of arboratum where successive
generations of students may learn to distinguish a fine variety
of trees and derive from them many admirable ideas for attractive
planting about public buildings elsewhere as they scatter to other
centers. It is furthermore a wonderful object lesson of what can
be accomplished in the beautifying of a tract of bare prairie
land by the faith, foresight and intelligent efforts of one public
spirited man."
Very respectfully yours,
BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON.
Cambridge, Mass.
FELL HALL
DEAR MISSES FELL:
It gives me great pleasure to inform you that by a unanimous
vote the State Board of Education, at its recent meeting, named
the new dormitory, on the grounds of the Normal School, ' ' Fell
Hall ' ', in recognition of the great services your honored father
rendered the institution : in its creation and thereafter as long as
he lived. The Board well knows that but for his remarkable
labors, enthusiasm and executive ability, the school would have
been located elsewhere, and the Village of Normal have been
little more than a railroad crossing. The State Board was glad
to bestow this little tribute in memory of a great benefactor.
It also appointed a Committee to prepare a suitable bronze
tablet to be placed upon or near the main entrance. Only part
of the building is now under construction : when fully completed,
the dormitory will be the largest and most noticeable of all the
structures upon the grounds.
This action of the Board has received the approbation of all
connected with the School and of the entire community.
Very sincerely, your friend,
CHARLES L. CAPEN,
President State Board of Education.
Bloomington, Illinois,
December Twenty-third,
Nineteen Hundred, Sixteen.
A SHORT SKETCH
of
HESTER BROWN FELL
BROWNS OF NOTTINGHAM
From Authentic Records
HESTER VERNON (BROWN) FELL
Hester Vernon (Brown) Fell was the daughter of William
and Rachel (Milner) Brown and a direct descendant of James
Brown who came from England prior to 1679. James Brown's
brother, William, who in 1682 came over to America in the same
vessel with the great leader of their faith, William Penn, tells
of their father's "convincement" in the following quaint lan-
guage. "About the first going forth of that eminent minister
of the Gospel, William Dewsbury, he came to the town where
this pious man dwelt, who observed him as he was passing
along, and taking notice of the solidity of his countenance,
invited him to turn in and to break bread with him. He accept-
ed the invitation and when they sat down the said William
Brown had a little ceremony, or what is called 'grace before
meat'. William Dewsbury was invited to help himself, but sit-
ting in a grave manner, he replied, 'If thou wilt first partake
with me T shall be free to partake with thee.' After a short
silence he was drawn forth in testimony, beginning with these
words, '0, Earth ! Earth ! hear the word of the Lord !' branch-
ing out in a powerful manner which effectually reached and
convinced this religious man. After this he accompanied W.
Dewsbury on the way towards a neighboring village, and
recommended him to a certain man's house, who was likewise
religiously inclined and also effectively convinced on W. D.'s
visit.
"When William Brown came back, his wife asked him
wherefore he brought that madman to their house ; he answered,
'Why, woman, he hath brought the Eternal Truth from God to
us. ' She was somewhat affected and did not know the mean-
ing of it ; but becoming more inwardly thoughtful, she was also
convinced."
"After William Penn obtained a grant from King Charles
IT., for the province of Pennsylvania, and upon the proposal
thereupon of many Quakers — or Friends, as they styled them-
selves— removing from England to settle in America, there was
a doubt in the minds of some (who were valuable) about the
propriety of such a removal, lest it should be deemed flying
from persecution ; but William Dewsbury, traveling into those
parts where the Browns lived, had a meeting there and proved
the means of settling and reconciling the minds of some that
were in doubts, expressing in his testimony to this effect; 'The
HESTER VERNON (BROWN) FELL
Lord is about to plant the wilderness of America with a choice
vine or noble seed, which shall grow and flourish,' and, in the
language of a prophet divinely inspired, he added nearly thus :
'I see them, I see them, under his blessing arising into a state
of prosperity,' thereby foretelling the spreading of the Truth
in America."
James Brown settled first at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania.
"At a Friends' meeting in Burlington, Ye 8th of Ye 6th
Month, 1679, he was joyned in marriage to Honour Clayton,
daughter of William Clayton, who had immigrated in 1677. *'
William Clayton was one of the nine justices who in 1681 sat
at Upland, Pennsylvania, afterward called Chester by William
Penn, and was a member of Penn's Council, 1682- '84.
In 1702 James, with his brother William, moved to Not-
tingham, forty miles distant, a place "accounted far back in
the wilderness," where he spent the remainder of his days. It
is natural to believe that William Brown, who laid out the
"Nottingham lots" gave this name from Nottinghamshire in
remembrance of his early home in England. About ten miles
west of this place, in Little Brittain, Lancaster County, more
than a century later, on March 2, 1819, was born to William
and Rachel Brown their daughter, Hester Vernon, the great,
great, great granddaughter of James Brown.
In 1828, Hester's father, William Brown, brought his
family to Illinois, settling on a farm on the Mackinaw River in
Tazewell County. They drove from Pennsylvania, having a
four-horse team to convey their household goods and a two-
horse carriage in which the family rode. They were nearly
four weeks on the way, often stopping at farm houses for the
night. If the house was too small to accommodate the family,
they spread their own bedding on the floor for a part of them,
and the rest slept on beds prepared in their wagon, which was
covered and comfortably arranged for this itinerant living.
The event of the journey which impressed itself most vividly on
the mind of Hester, then a child of nine years, was jolting over
the corduroy roads across the marshy lands of Indiana.
There were other than financial reasons that lead William
Brown at the age of forty-eight to leave his comfortable eastern
home, surrounded as it was by old friends and numerous rela-
tives, to brave the inevitable hardships of pioneer life. His
thought was for his children, three of whom were entering upon
manhood. For these sons he was looking forward to the time
when they would be forming homes of their own with new
ties and relationships and this gentleman of the old school and
his good wife were willing to make any sacrifice for the future
of their children.
However, while he thus cheerfully gave up ease and com-
fort to face the uncertainty of western pioneer life, he always
held to his inherited ideals of home life and manners and
required conformity to these from all in his home, whether
members of the family or helpers on the farm which soon
amounted to a section of land.
The family arrived at their new home in October. On the
farm, which William Brown had purchased from the govern-
ment and which he owned till the time of his death, were two
log-cabins which the family occupied until spring, when a
house of hewn logs was built. None of the houses in the vicinity
were furnished with windows. There were openings left for
air and light which, in some cases, were closed by oiled paper,
excluding the cold and admitting some light. William Brown,
however, went to St. Louis before the coming on of cold weather
to procure glass window panes. In taking this journey,
he walked to Pekin, a distance of sixteen miles, where he took
a boat to St. Louis. Upon his return his eldest son, Isaiah,
met him with a wagon at Pekin.
The winter of 1828 was a severe season, two years before
the winter of the "big snow". Snow fell early and almost con-
tinuously and lay on the ground to a depth of two and three
feet. At that time game was abundant and one of the brothers
trapped one hundred and twenty-five prairie chickens during
the winter ; venison, too, was plentiful. They had brought with
them a goodly amount of provisions and these, in addition to
what was obtained on the trip to St. Louis, kept the family well
supplied during this first winter in their new western home.
William's wife, Rachel Milner Brown, by her thrift and ingenu-
ity, helped to keep the family from suffering many of the
privations that usually fell to the lot of early pioneers.
As was usual in this new western country, there were no
schools near at hand. On this account, a teacher was em-
ployed for a time in the Brown home to instruct the younger
members of the family. Joshua, the second son of William and
Rachel Brown, who was about nineteen years old when they
arrived in Illinois, in a letter written by him in his eighty eighth
year, says he remembers perfectly Jesse W. Fell's arrival at his
father's in the fall of 1832. "He came by steamboat to Pekin, and
footed it to our house, a distance of sixteen miles, carrying a
knapsack and feeling as big as King Solomon in the height of
his glory. ' ' Jesse, the young pioneer, readily accepted an invita-
tion to teach the younger children of the Brown family during
the ensuing winter.
At the age of seventeen, Hester and one of her sisters were
sent to Springfield to attend a school for young ladies, kept by
HESTEE VERNON (BROWN) FELL
a very excellent teacher, and the girls received what, at that
time, was considered a superior education.
Among the reminsicences of her girlhood days, given by
Mrs. Jesse W. Fell, are these ; one winter day in 1836, a brother
rode horseback to the post-office, four miles distant. It was
raining when he left home, but before his return the weather
turned cold, and his clothing was frozen so tightly to the sad-
dle that it had to be thawed to release him. In recalling with
her grandchildren her childhood days in Illinois she often
said: "Thoughts of my mother always bring to my mind the
picture of a trim figure in a neat, quaker drab garb." This
mother of hers never failed to order her new friends' bonnet
from Philadelphia, where alone they had the art, or fine art,
of constructing those perfect creations of simplicity with never
a wrinkle nor twist nor sign of a stitch. The few plaits needed
in joining the crown to the front and main part of the bonnet
were so exact that no tape could discover in them a hint of
variation. The narrow bonnet strings of ribbon were its nearest
approach to ornamentation. Beneath the bonnet was worn a
net cap to save the slightest soil from the immaculate bonnet
and soften the outline of the face. When not in use the bonnet
was stored away in a clothes press in a round bandbox with an
outside cover of cotton goods, which was drawn together at the
top with a cord.
Her father was very fond of well bred horses and had
none but the best on his place. One which was of immense size
and strength, was often brought into requisition to carry people
across the Mackinaw when the water was unusually high — a
sort of living ferry. Mrs. Fell often told of what a fine "eques-
trian" he was and with what ease and grace he would place
his hand on the pommel of the saddle and vault upon his horse.
In 1833, when there was a general failure of the corn crop,
her father having an abundance was called upon for seed corn
by the farmers far and near. The grain would have com-
manded almost any price, but William Brown would not take
advantage of their necessity and charged only the current price
of $1.00 per bushel. Consequently he was known in all that
region as "Joseph."
Extracts from letters of her father to his cousin, Jeremiah
Brown, of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, will give a glimpse
of the life of the early Illinois pioneer.
Tazewell County, 11 mo, 5th, 1829.
* * * I have purchased two hundred acres of land which
will be as much as I need at present. My prospects are fair, how
they will turn out Providence only knows. Besides this purchase
BIOGRAPHY
I have been able to lend as much money as will bring me a hand-
some farm every year and still as much cash as will purchase, as
I need and what I will need for other purposes. Among all dis-
advantages I have one satisfaction, that is, I owe no man any-
thing but good will and I feel myself a free man and, if I keep
my senses, no man will ever catch me otherwise. * * *
Tazewell County, 4th mo, 20th, 1830.
* * * The people of this country are from all parts of the
Union; with different manners and habits from what we have
been used to and almost as many religions as people, but they
are very kind and obliging. I can do very well with them. * * *
May peace, prosperity and happiness attend thee and thine
with all my friends and relations, which is the sincere wish of
thy old friend and relation,
J. Brown, Jr. WILLIAM BROWN.
From another letter written in eighteen thirty four, when he
was a member of the Illinois Legislature from Tazewell County,
to this same cousin, then a member of the Pennsylvania House
of Representatives, we have the following:
* * * " I am in Vandalia at this time and shall remain here
until the first of March. I should like it, if thee would write to
me, as soon as thee receives this, and send a statement of how the
canals and railroads of thy state are coming on. I was elected
to the Legislature at the last election, and, as our State seems
wild to follow the Eastern States in improvements, I would like
to know whether the works are like to be an advantage to the
State in general or not." * * *
The young people of those days did not lack for entertain-
ment, and those of the Brown neighborhood thought nothing
of riding on horseback to a party at Pekin, sixteen miles dis-
tant. But those were the good old days of work as well as
play, and the girls, as well as the boys, had their tasks or
"stints", as they were called, to perform each day, and this
discipline prepared Hester Brown for the accomplishment of
the arduous duties which fell to her lot, at a later period, as
the wife of a pioneer in the city many of whose streets and
avenues bear testimony to the interest taken in the- infant enter-
prise by herself and her worthy husban'd.
On January 26, 1838, Hester Brown married Jesse W. Fell,
who by this time had opened the first law office in Bloomington.
Jesse W. Fell as well as his wife came from a Quaker family,
his mother being a speaker in the Quaker meetings. His family
were the first Quakers in Bloomington and religious meetings
HESTER VERNON (BROWN) FELL
were held in their home. Her father, as well as her husband's
father, in common with all Quakers, were strong anti-slavery
men. Both William Brown and Jesse Fell, Sr., were known to
have assisted slaves in getting from the South to Canada via the
"underground railroad," as it was called.
The exact route of this so-called "underground railway"
through the portion of the Illinois where the Brown family
lived, has been obliterated by forgetfulness and the long num-
ber of years that have passed by since it was used. In fact, it
is doubtful if there were ever a distinct line along which all the
negroes were transported by friendly assistance. However, it
is recalled that the runaways generally took the route along
the Illinois river north from St. Louis, then followed the Macki-
naw so as to keep within the protection of the timber as long
as possible. They seldom sought the road across the open
prairie, for fear of being detected.
There was a large hound named "Pete" in the family in
those days, and the stories of his service to the runaway negroes
are still extant. It is said that he would growl and bark at
any strange white man who approached the house, but if a
negro was discovered by him Pete would scratch at the door and
later at the garments of some member of the family until
attention was called to the hiding place of the colored man
and the latter was thus, through the intelligence of the dog,
assisted to shelter. Pete's life of service extended over twenty-
years.
The young people went to housekeeping on what is now the
George P. Davis place, and Jesse W. Fell, who was fond of
horticulture and was something of a botanist, began what
proved to be his life work, the planting of trees. In 1857 they
removed to Normal, building the first house erected in that
village, on the corner of Broadway and what is now Irving
Avenue. The Fell residence was, for many years, the finest in
Normal and many will recall the extensive and beautiful park
which filled the triangle between the Chicago and Alton rail-
road, Broadway and Vernon Avenue. In this home Mr. and
Mrs. Fell reared their children. Mrs. Fell was always noted
for her energy and good management. At the time of the dedi-
cation of the Normal University building, she and her cousin,
Mrs. Charles Holder, were the prime movers in preparing the
banquet — they called it a big dinner then — which was given
in the large hall.
Church services were held at that time in the University
building, as no church had as yet been erected in Normal, and
some of Mrs. Fell's children attended their first Sunday school
BIOGRAPHY
there. In these early days the grounds of the Fell homestead
were always open to the students.
Mr. Fell died in Normal on the 25th day of February, 1887,
in his seventy-ninth year. Mrs. Fell survived him by nearly
twenty years, her death occurring in Normal on June 12, 1906.
We believe the best insight into her character will be gained
from the following words uttered at that time by Rev. J. H.
Mueller, who had been her pastor for fourteen years :
"Mrs. Fell has always appeared to me more than anything
else the pattern of a great fidelity. I do not know anybody
who has been more faithful to life 's trust. I have often listened
to portions of the beautiful story of her life, — especially the
stories of those early years of hardship and denial, and yet of
her triumphant faith. Those of us who knew her only in the
gentleness of her latter years, could hardly think of her as on*
among those early pioneers whose nerves were iron and whose
confidence in human nature was almost divine. There was
something in those brave pathfinders of our civilization in this
western land, — something so strong, so confident, so self-reliant,
that we who now live can hardly understand. The duties of
these men and women were hard ; and the harvests often scant;
and the joys of life always mixed with hunger and fatigue and
loneliness. Hers was that gracious faculty — may I call it the
Christlike gift ? — of always thinking and speaking well and
kindly of every fellow mortal. I do not recall the first unkindly
word she ever spoke.
She never forgot life's spring; she never forgot how to
be young and joyous. She was the friend of the children; and
they, in turn, came to her for friendship's sake.
"She was like herself alone, especially in her thinking.
Of Quaker stock, hers was the independent faith — the faith in
God which knows no limitations. She cared nothing for the
beaten paths, the 'footprints' made by others. She went where
truth and conscience called her. I have heard her give ex-
pression to very quaint, yet always generous, ideas. Her life was
full of motion. Her heart was always open as the gates of day.
She never lacked the sentiment of appreciation. She sought the
light and found it ; and stranger than all else, she never kept it
for herself alone. She had the courage and the goodness to tell
her honest thoughts. I never discovered a taint or touch of malice
in her life. Surely, she, if anyone, leaves behind an untarnished
memory. Her light will keep on burning."