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THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
KOYJ
THE
LIFE OF MARY LYON
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
RibcrsiDc prestf Cambritige
1910
COPYRIGHT, IQIO, BY BETH BRADFORD GILCHRIST
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
^_ T) Published April IQIO
/S37
THIRD IMPRESSION
PREFACE
EVERY book has many authors ; the title-page
names but one. To all those who in countless
ways have furthered the making of this book,
I gratefully acknowledge my debt: men and
women who knew Miss Lyon personally ; their
sons and daughters ; alumnae of Mount Holyoke
and people holding no affiliation with it, some
of them concerned with other schools ; members
of the college faculty who throughout the work
have given me so wise a seconding. The warm
helpfulness which Miss Lyon evoked in life has
met her biographer at every turn.
The book is immediately derived from a re-
quest made several years ago by President
Wool ley, voicing a demand that has been gath-
ering force through more than thirty years. In
its preparation all known manuscripts bearing
intimately or remotely on Miss Lyon's life have
been read, but it is not unlikely that some writ-
ings exist which have escaped the inquisitor's
eye. The college wishes to complete either in
vi PREFACE
original or in copy its collection of such docu-
ments, and information regarding any letters or
papers which may be known to the reader will
be welcomed by the librarian of the college.
B. B. G.
December, 1909.
CONTENTS
I. AFTER SIXTY YEARS 1
II. AT HOME . . . . . . . . 13
III. AT SCHOOL 39
IV. TEACHING 84
V. BREAKING GROUND FOR MOUNT HOLYOKE . 158
VI. THE FOUNDING OF MOUNT HOLYOKE . .217
VII. THE FOUNDING OF MOUNT HOLYOKE (Continued) 258
VIII. THE COST OF PIONEERING .... 327
IX. As HER STUDENTS KNEW HER .... 354
X. AN APPRECIATION 407
APPENDIX
A. Chronology of Mary Lyon's Life . . . 433
B. First Charter of Mount Holyoke . . . 436
C. Course of Study 437
D. Earliest Form of Diploma .... 442
BIBLIOGRAPHY . 443
INDEX .... 455
ILLUSTRATIONS
MARY LYON (photogravure) ....... Frontispiece
From a miniature painted in 1832.
SITE OF MARY LYON'S BIRTHPLACE, IN BUCKLAND, MASS. 14
The cellar of the house is seen in left foreground.
From a photograph by Asa S. Kinney.
CLESSONS RIVER m EARLY AUTUMN 30
•From a photograph by Asa S. Kinney.
THE WHITE HOMESTEAD AT ASHFIELD 56
From a photograph by Asa S. Kinney.
PROGRAMME OP THE EXHIBITION AT ASHFIELD ACADEMY
FEBRUARY 13, 1818 60
FACSIMILE OF LETTER TO Miss WHITE DATED FEBRU-
ARY 26, 1834 184
•
MOUNT HOLYOKE IN 1837 248
From " The History and Antiquities of Every Town in Mas-
sachusetts," by J. W. Barber, Worcester, 1839.
MOUNT HOLYOKE AFTER THE ADDITIONS OF 1840-41 286
The cupola shown in this picture, though planned by Miss
Lyon and voted by the trustees, was not actually built until
1800.
x ILLUSTRATIONS
MAHY LTON CHAPEL AND ADMINISTRATION HALL ON
THE SlTE OF THE FlRST BUILDING 324
From a photograph by Asa S. Kinney.
THE GRAVE OF MARY LYON 850
From a photograph by Asa S. Kinney.
MARY LYON AT FORTY-EIGHT 360
From a daguerreotype.
THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
THE LIFE OF MARY LTON
CHAPTER I
AFTER SIXTY YEARS
WHEN one dies who in life has counted foi
much, his fellows do not leave him unmemorial-
ized. Though he is no longer here to speak for
himself, print seems to make less final the sen-
tence of the Great Silence. It is a pledge that
not yet shall he join the ranks of the unknown
dead.
Such a compulsion Mary Lyon's death laid on
her contemporaries. To perpetuate the know-
ledge of her was to them a duty owed no less to
love than to humanity. The first memoir, a col-
laboration appearing after two years under the
name of Edward Hitchcock of Amherst College,
its editor and co-author with Miss Hannah
White and Mrs. Eunice Caldwell Cowles, as-
sisted by Mrs. Zilpah Grant Banister, all inti-
mate friends of Miss Lyon, carried into far cor-
ners of the world the inspiration of her living.
2 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
A reprint with changes followed, and still later
another memorial, written by Fidelia Fisk on
somewhat different lines. Mrs. Sarah Locke
Stow's semicentennial history of Mount Hoi-
yoke opens with a sketch of its founder which
is an epitome of careful research. But though
an age may photograph its dominant spirits,
it cannot take their measure. A life must re-
cede physically to appear in its true propor-
tions. Only when time has had a chance to
catch up with it and to turn the stuff of its
dreams into the fabric of reality, can men dis-
tinguish how far-reaching were the filaments
it spun into the future, how surely it helped by
its own foreshadowing to evoke a world that
was not when it lived. For while every person-
ality transcends its allotted span, a great man
stands, a Colossus, bridging generations. The
present view is certain not to be reproduced
exactly on the other side of half or of twice a
century; he may look bigger from over there
or less significant ; it is the same figure, but the
point of view has changed.
Such a shifting of ground calls out this book.
The early chroniclers of Mary Lyon wrought
AFTER SIXTY YEARS 3
in the shadow of her time, themselves a part
of what they wrote, and the end was not yet.
With the lapse of sixty years since her death,
their judgment calls, not for reversal, but for
filling out. Phases of which they took little note
bulk large in our eyes, slighted points grow sig-
nificant. The values they emphasized were the
values of their day. They knew the daring ge-
nius of the woman of whom they wrote ; they
recognized that the forces she had set in motion
had not yet worked to their legitimate conclu-
sions. She put her trust in the future, and the
restatement of her life in modern terms is a
debt already somewhat overdue.
On what was worthy of print and of the dead
our grandfathers held high notions. Their me-
morials, like their manners, breathe a measured
unfamiliar courtesy. They would dignify the
dead, forgetting in the might of what they did
those humannesses that had endeared them
to their kind. Even down to recent decades,
American letters have set up marble statues on
the graves they have delighted to honor. To the
generation that knew an original this mattered
little ; memory could breathe upon the stone
4 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
until the red blood ran through its veins. So
at first the men and women who had known her
thought the early Lives of Mary Lyon adequate.
The stiff and rather formal lines of her figure
filled out under the touch of reminiscence. The
sparkle came back to her bright blue eyes, the
pink to her cheeks, bespeaking, as one has writ-
ten, "a joyousness of spirit far more rare in
those days than now." To us who have not
their advantage only the facts remain, held in
a tissue of words into which we have no wand
to conjure life.
Yet among us still dwell a few who loved the
woman and who would not that, with them,
remembrance of the tingling touch of her per-
sonality should vanish from the earth.
The materials out of which to reconstruct her
figure leave much to be desired. She never
made ready for a biographer. She left little rec-
ord of herself in words. Her many letters, hur-
riedly written, unstudied, missives of occasion,
dealt strictly with the business in hand. While
she held in highest reverence the ability to
write, she herself wrote practically nothing be-
yond what necessity required. The sole excep-
tion is an unsigned booklet of a hundred pages,
"A Missionary Offering," struck off at white
heat during a time of financial stringency in the
affairs of the American Board, which, as we
have evidence, found enthusiastic readers of the
more critical sort. A few circulars and pam-
phlets exist, relative to the founding of Mount
Holyoke, the most important bearing unmis-
takably Miss Lyon's imprint, though in but
one case her signature, and all directed solely
to enlisting in her project the interest and aid
of her generation. She was too busy building
her ideas into the tissue of society to make notes
of what she was about. For hers was preemi-
nently a pragmatic genius: she spoke most
clearly in her deeds. So she elaborated no sys-
tem of education on paper. " One principle re- * /
duced to practice [is] better than ten in theory,"
she said.
This quality, while it gave her nature sanity
and poise, makes it unlikely that she will ever
receive full credit for the breadth of her edu-
cational outreach. A singular modernity dis-
tinguished her, and she found few or none
to whom she could disclose her whole mind.
6 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
In what many looked on as robust accomplish-
ment, she saw but a beginning. Of this a pas-
sage speaks here and there in letter or pam-
phlet or catalogue. Now and then, in talks to
her girls in afternoon "hall," she dropped a
word or two; illuminating sentences shine out
from the jottings of student note-books, the too
infrequent outposts of her dreams. Thinking
much of others, seldom of herself, careless of
her rights and spendthrift of her strength, a
woman with whom to know was a physical pas-
sion ; to do, a spiritual necessity, yet who did not
what she would but what she could — to her it
mattered little that her ideas might pass into
usage, uncopyrighted. To give them currency
mattered much.
The letters, both those she received and those
she sent, serve to fix the personal note. The
first place her among her kind, — they reflect
the everyday judgment of those with whom she
held intercourse. The second class of letters
is by far the more important. Out of the
thousands that she must have written only a
few score manuscripts remain : business notes,
alert and terse; friendly chats with relatives
AFTER SIXTY YEARS 7
and acquaintances; occasional answers to the
many inquiries regarding some department of
her school. They are eloquent of her life: no
leisurely rambles through the pleasant byways
of conversation ; to the point, yet fluent. The
independence of their swift running hand seems
more at home in our day than with the precise
penmanship of the thirties and forties. Frag-
ments of time sufficed for the writing; a wait
in a dentist's office, the interval between stages
of a journey, moments snatched from the
greedy duties of an executive position. Written
when men wrote even their letters of friendship
formally, there is about these letters a virility
that makes the labored epistles so character-
istic of the time sound more stilted. They are
quite free from self-consciousness and from any
attempt to be either eloquent or witty; she
was too simple and direct and unselfcentred
to be intentionally clever. But she never had
time to perfect her style. It is much easier to be
diffuse than concise, and her brain teemed with
thoughts that crowded unrebuked to the tip of
her pen. All her more public writings bear the
mark of haste in an unpruned exuberance of
8 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
idea. " I thought I could put it all on one sheet,
and probably I could if I had time," she apolo-
gizes once, with a sound instinct of self-criti-
cism. They are essentially the letters of a per-
son at home in action, telling big things simply,
without pictorial effect. Such letters as some of
these, scouts write in war time. In reading, one
gains the sense of a vast energy, the onrush of
an irresistible personality. There is something
alive here. And every now and then a bit of
vigorous or delicate phrasing, a tender simpli-
city of expression, denote them hers as certainly
as does her signature.
Supplementing the letters in helping to re-
vivify her figure, come the recollections of
those who knew her. Here we must tread gen-
tly, for we are stepping on memories. They
are less clear-cut, less distinct, less trustworthy,
than contemporary records. But after all due
allowances are made, something valuable re-
mains. Those set down within a few years of
her death may be accepted practically as they
stand. Of the later ones, when scores of people,
through the mists of a quarter or even a half
century and more, testify independently to her
9
possession of the same qualities, their word is
of worth. Memory does not always fail in old
age ; often it bridges nearer scenes to quicken
the long-past days of youth.
From such original documents as these, from
Miss Lyon's correspondence, her personal and
family papers, letters reminiscent of her, note-
books of her students and faculty, pamphlets
and catalogues of her own and of other schools,
this book takes its departure. In some cases
previous writings, notably the first memoir,
have been referred to for facts or quotations
not otherwise obtainable.
But is it worth while to disturb the dust on
these papers in order to visualize an ill-paid
teacher of girls ? Mary Lyon was not a pro-
found thinker; she added nothing to the sum
of the world's speculation. She was no scholar
in the sense of one who gives his life to reclaim
from nescience some narrow plot of knowledge.
She traveled little ; save for isolated excursions,
New England circumscribed her bodily life.
True, she founded a school ; but one may do
that any day now, — many other people did it
then.
10 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Were this all, perhaps it would not be worth
while. Were she merely one who, stepping out
of the rank and file of her contemporaries, took
the initiative, there would accrue to her only
the interest of daring. But some picturesque
people have the good fortune to be born at the
right time. They confer distinction on their
generation, their generation confers distinction
on them ; it is a mutual affair. Mary Lyon grew
up and did her work in the roomy half -century
that, the world over, sheltered so many begin-
nings. People were waking to an interest in
the world they lived in, too vulgar for the gen-
teel eighteenth century; everywhere speculat-
ing and experimenting, questioning old stand-
ards, calling on each other to stop and look and
listen. Miracles were then no fables, they hap-
pened every day. The sun took pictures, the
lightning ran errands, water unrolled an Alad-
din's carpet at one's feet. A holy world was not
afar off, the vision of saints, but a thing whose
imminence was demonstrable by mathematics
and in whose coming human enterprise must
bear its part. Even the day of doom was a date
foreknown and scheduled.
AFTER SIXTY YEARS 11
Men and women joined hands in brother-
hood. A passion of sympathy welled up in their
hearts, driving them into the ranks of the abo-
litionists ; sending them on missions to China,
India, Africa ; building hospitals, asylums, re-
formatories. The abounding energy that was
abroad swept over the country in great revivals
of religion ; quickened literature, science, edu-
cation, industry; hurled westward a tide of
emigration that rolled over the great plains,
crested the Rockies, and broke on the coast of
California. At the turn of the century it knocked
on the reserves of Asia. Out of the clamor of
many voices rose the national note, clearer,
more insistent. Isolation was going, commu-
nion was coming. What was true of America
was true also to a large extent of Europe. The
modern world was taking root.
And here we who would look at our origins
find Mary Lyon, a compelling figure, standing
at the beginning of to-day. She, too, adventured
with her fellows. There were many expeditions
then fitting out, and for many goals. We who
live in a generation widely experienced in the
higher education of women have forgotten that
12 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
it once served the purpose of a Golden Fleece.
It is hard for us to realize that women have not
always been, as a class, " citizens of the intellec-
tual world." We have forgotten how lately our
mothers landed on these shores, how critically
their passports were examined, how long they
remained in residence before they were allowed
to take out naturalization papers. The educa-
tional conviction that gripped the nineteenth
century called for men and women of creative
imagination who, through the fog of what was,
could see what ought to be. Her possession of
this imagination gives to the life of Mary Lyon
an interest for more than the student of educa-
tion. In company with discoverers of all ages
she embarked on chartless seas. No ship had
passed that way before. She might — who could
foretell ? — sight the coasts of a new world.
CHAPTER II
AT HOME
MART LYON was born, February 28, 1797, in
Buckland, a town of Franklin County, then in-
corporated as a part of Hampshire County, in
Massachusetts.
One who would seek her birthplace has a
choice of ways of approach. An advocate of
trains buys a ticket to Shelburne Falls, and
puffs beside the memory-haunting Deerfield
River. A lover of the open road leaves the val-
ley, and with the help of a venturesome yet
deliberate little trolley, climbs to Conway and
thence by stage to Ashfield. Or he may drive
to Ashfield from Williamsburg, if the legs of
the horse be stout. Mary Lyon lived upon the
heights. Whether the Mecca be gained from
north or south, it is by a road always a-tilt upon
the hills, a road that runs its rocky midlap, tree-
fringed and weather-roughened, through a
farm. A bar has of late halted the traveler
14 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
from Shelburne Falls and sent him on an up-
ward circuit of wild pastures. Coming from
Ashfield, one finds the way longer and sharper,
but there is no danger of getting lost. Men
working on the road will set a wanderer right ;
should he err again, only to be brought up
roundly in some dooryard terminal, an agile
white-bearded old man directs him, calling at-
tention by the way to " the most beautiful glen
in the world," a rating one feels no mission
to dispute. Thereafter a chair-bound invalid
cheerfully reassures distrust. Who are these
people who know their own landmarks ?
The road swerves about the shoulder of a hill
and a signboard points across the fields : " To
the Birthplace of Mary Lyon." A fence or two
and a damp pasture give on an open slope.
Gray stone- walls crisscross its quiet face, some
going definitely about their business, others
halting suddenly as though they had forgotten
with what intent they first set out. A little
brook scrambles down over the cool, shadowed
rocks. Beyond it young pines whisper to-
gether; on this side ancient apple trees stand
in knotted dignity, a group of elms, scattered
S3 3
fa «
O
E
AT HOME 15
birches, and maples start up the slope —
at the top the sheep go silently, silhouetted
against the sky. Midway, naked on the hill-
side, lies an old cellar-hole. Ferns cling in the
spaces between its stones. Out of one corner
grows a butternut, a bush of dogwood crouch-
ing at its foot. In front the ground slips down
past faint traces of an old road to a gray wall
and the woods.
A bronze tablet, set in a boulder near, marks
the spot as other than any hillside and any
cellar-hole. The driver, if such a commodity
was included in the livery bill, has given word
of the passing of the house. Disuse, followed
by a habit of ripping off clapboards, loosened
its hold on the slope and it was taken down
forty years ago. One does not miss it. Mary
Lyon was primarily an out-of-door product, a
creature with whose composition hills and the
open sky had more to do than houses. The
sight of her "mountain home" adds to know-
ledge a sense of intimacy. Sympathy with a
person's loves leads closest to his heart, and to I/
this "wild romantic little farm" she gave such./
a wealth of tenderness as strong natures often
16 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
lavish on the places that have passed into their
blood.
How quietly the sunshine sleeps, seeming to
hold in a spell of warm remembrance the child
who once ran riot here. The whole slope talks
of her to a wise listener. Over this rough rock-
threshold she bounded to the little waterfall.
Here her busy fingers threaded the June grass
for ripe strawberries. The tangle of cinnamon
roses to the southwest of the cellar-hole — has
it run wild from the old garden ? Perhaps one
or another of the gouty apple trees in slim
straight youth rained petals on an eager little
face. These grassy hints of ruts led her to
church on Sabbath mornings through a "wild
winding way," where in summer "the family
pony gave the mother her horseback ride,"
and in winter sped "that little sleigh, packed
so snugly and gliding so gently." Along here,
too, in the days when this green echo of a road,
lusty and brown, climbed over the hills to Ash-
field, came visiting aunts and cousins ; " child-
ish days," they were, "when the homes and
houses of uncles and friends form no unim-
portant part of the geographic literature."
AT HOME 17
And still, as in those far-off years, the top of
the hill "invites each aspiring heart." Where
she has led the way, one who knows her Mary
Lyon follows, up the brook, beyond the apple
trees, over juniper and ground-pine and out-
cropping rock-ledges sparkling with quartz
and mica crystals, by laurel bush and stunted
thorn-apple, up, ever up, across the grass, green
and juicy in spring, in autumn dry and slippery
and nibbled short by the sheep. Up this steep
she used to run, the nearer summits sinking as
she went, until, where the winds never cease to
blow, the kingdom of the hills was spread out
before her. Everywhere, mountains, moun-
tains, and more mountains. An ocean billow-
ing on every side, wave heaving after wave to
where the farthest crests break in faint blue
against the sky. A choppy sea runs to the
south ; to the north hills roll in longer sweeps.
Some of them bear names that carry far, —
Greylock, Wachusett, Monadnock, Holyoke,
Tom. And in between surge a multitude of
lesser heights. Color clothes them, infinite as tJ
the sea's and as changeful ; the sun kisses
their wooded crests, but a soft bloom creeps
18 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
out of the valleys and muffles their sides in
shadow.
One may stand here and see no more human
sign than a white steeple or a bit of road march-
ing sturdily away, and over its shoulder flinging
back its endless invitation. But move to the
north, and out of the green directly below pricks
the tiny village of Buckland. Snugly it nestles
in the valley, the insistent spire of its little
white church pointing upward, — New Eng-
land's symbol.
So it looked years ago to that other watcher ;
and here on the top of the world the energy that
pounded in her veins used to boil over. Simply
to be alive was joy. For very exuberance of
gladness her laugh rang out, rollicking to the
nearest hilltop, startling the colts in the next
pasture. Now only an infrequent whistle
breaks the stillness as a train crawls through
the valley.
Though it lies apart from the trodden way,
the hillside is not so hard to come at. A hun-
dred years ago matters were different. When
busy grist and carding mills made noises on
every running brook, and a man's world was
AT HOME 19
measured off by the stride of his horse, a town
fended for itself in sturdy isolation. It housed,
fed, warmed, clothed, and entertained itself;
the nearer it lay to the wilderness, the more
independent was its habit. Buckland, at the
close of the eighteenth century, lay very near
indeed. Starting out in a humble way as a
squire's deer-park, it had attained incorporate
existence during the Revolutionary War. Ash-
field, the parent, could count its years but two
or three decades further, and among Ashfield's
earliest settlers were ancestors of Mary Lyon.
By inheritance she was a pioneer. Most fam-
ilies feel that they have done their share toward
reclaiming the earth if they have found them-
selves once or twice in the skirmish-line of civi-
lization ; when the main column comes up they
fall into step again with the rank and file.
The child's forefathers, on her mother's side
at least, were of a hardier breed. Not that
she came of a race of New England nomads.
Wherever they went, there they set their mark
upon their times, and there the majority of
them stayed ; but in almost every generation the
old fire broke out anew, and, curiously enough,
20 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
with few breaks in the line of Mary Lyon's de-
scent. Even her father and mother, born and
bred in Ashfield, to make their home moved
over the line to the side of Putnam Hill in the
newer town of Buckland. From there her bro-
ther pushed on, in those capacious days when
western New York held the wilderness.
In the second decade of New England immi-
gration two men of the name of Smith sailed
for settlements on Massachusetts Bay. Lieu-
tenant Samuel Smith landed from the Eliza-
beth, of Ipswich, in 1634; Reverend Henry
Smith is known to have been in the colony two
years later. Having accomplished the voyage,
they were still ready to clasp hands with oppor-
tunity, and newer outposts on the Connecticut
soon lured them both to Wethersfield, where,
after eight or ten years of preaching, the minis-
ter died. Theological differences of opinion,
those whetstones of New England hardihood,
soon split the church, and the majority of its
members, in the interests of "peace and har-
mony," again fared forward, led by Reverend
John Russell, who had stepped into both Mr.
Smith's shoes, having become with Puritan
AT HOME 21
thoroughness at once the pastor of his church
and the father of his family. To the north, in
the Indian valley of Norwottuck, they founded
Hadley. There the intrepid Smiths halted
just long enough to unite the two lines: the
granddaughter of the lieutenant married the
grandson of the minister. Their son Chileab
was one of the first on the ground at South Had-
ley. That he did not stay longer would appear
to have been not wholly his fault in a day when
one man's beliefs were every man's business.
"Having agreed with Mr. Edwards who had
just been dismissed from the Northampton
Church," as the chronicle runs, Chileab Smith
inclined to help populate Ashfield, which, un-
der the name of Huntstown, by the middle of
the eighteenth century boasted two families.
Here he became the most picturesque figure
in the town's history and the great-grandfather
of Mary Lyon.
The wilderness broke against his clearing.
He rose up with danger and lay down with in-
security. His stockade held out hospitality to
other families. To come to close quarters with
nature makes a man not only quick of eye and
22 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
1 ]
hand and wit, but also generous. Those early
settlers did not ask favor from life. Hardily
they reached out to pluck good from the future,
and ever, as is the way with pioneers, hope
perched on their shoulder. No pessimist ever
breaks new trails, — it is not worth while.
The minds of the Smiths moved as stoutly as
their bodies. Lieutenant Smith and his son,
grandfather of the Ashfield Chileab, besides
holding many religious and civic offices, were
prominent in educational concerns. The lieu-
tenant, with four other "pious and able men,"
divided the management of Hadley's share of
the Hopkins bequest, an English legacy in-
tended " to give some encouragement in those
foreign plantations for the breeding up of hope-
ful youths in the way of learning, both at the
grammar school and college for the public ser-
vice of the country in future times." His son
succeeded him in the trust and stood staunchly
in a small minority that opposed any scrimp-
ing of the scholarly repast spread before those
"hopeful youths" of Hadley. When Chileab
of Ashfield refused to pay for the support of
a church that he did not attend, his orchards
AT HOME 23
were torn up and lands belonging to him were
sold to pay his tithes. He and his sons resisted
bravely, and for ten years with frequent trips
to the General Court in Boston fought the in-
justice of a union between church and state.
Their final victory made that quarter of the
world a more tolerant place in which to live.
Of this stock came Mary's mother, Jemima
Shepard. Behind her lay generations of clean
and hardy living ; in her veins ran the blood of
men and women who had met life with stout
hearts and had worn old age with virility. The
stalwart Chileab was ordained by his sons a
Baptist minister at eighty years.
History is more reticent about the Lyons.
They, too, came early to Ashfield. During the
Revolutionary War mention is made of Aaron
Lyon, senior, as of "a meet person to pro-
cure evidence against certain persons who are
thought to be inimical to the American States."
He was a patriot. Perhaps from him came his
son's notably lovable disposition.
Unseen, they stood about the cradle of the
little Mary Lyon, these alert, vigorous people
of her race, and gave gifts to the child. What
24 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
had been their own they gave her, — a sound
]/ . .
body, a dauntless spirit, a venturesome mind.
Into her hands they put resourcefulness. And
then at the last, instead of the wicked fairy, one
stepped forward who added a merry heart.
Her home supplied the contact with solid
fact needed to temper this dower to a normal
growth. Early she felt the rough edges of life.
Before she was six her father died. Her first
recorded memory is of this death that came so
harshly to the mountain home, while the De-
cember sun shone on the white slopes and
the neighbors whispered, one to another, " We
have all lost a friend — the peacemaker is
gone." That "first cold winter of widowhood"
bit deep into the child's remembrance. A little
rock-ribbed farm clutching at a New England
hillside offers insecure support to a woman with
a lusty family, and Mary was the fifth of seven,
six daughters and one son. A second brother
had died the year before she was born. Though
children, if they get enough nourishment, like
/hardy bulbs, root best in the cold, on poverty
such as was hers many would have been
stunted. Too elemental to be fastidious, she
AT HOME 25
made it succor her, drawing health from what
might have dwarfed one less vital. All her life
she had a way of forcing bleak circumstance //
to serve the ends of her spirit. Yet there is a -
frost that kills. Only the country could have
offered life without loss at the terms the Lyons
had to pay ; where so much comes free, inde-
pendence and even generosity may go hand
in hand with scanty means. Only in old New
England could it have mattered so little to
be poor. There the world gave a chance at
competence, instead of wealth. Money was not
highly esteemed ; people had little of it, perhaps
because they had for it few uses. America was
young, and money is seldom reckoned among
the chief assets of youth. Unsmothered by
things, minds had plenty of room in which to
work. Education was the badge of the only
aristocracy recognized; at the head of the
intellectual hierarchy stood the minister, a col-
lege-bred man. The phrase carried a rare and
high significance.
x With their purses empty of money, people's
thoughts became full of invention. Mrs. Lyon
was a master-magician, and under her touch
the little farm yielded a wealthy penury. Of
her in loving remembrance the daughter wrote
long afterward : —
" Want at that mountain home was made to
alk so fairly and so gracefully within that
little circle of means, that she had always room
enough and to spare for a more restricted neigh-
bor. I can now see that loved widow just as I
did in the days of my childhood. She is a little
less than forty years of age and her complexion
is as fair and her forehead as noble and as lofty
as on her bridal day. Now she is in that sweet
little garden, which needs only to be seen to be
loved. Now she is surveying the work of the
hired man and her little son on that wild ro-
mantic little farm, made, one would think,
more to feast the soul than to feed the body.
But almost always she was to be found busy,
both early and late, amid her household cares
and amid the culture of the olive-plants around
her table. In that little domain nothing was
left to take its own way. Everything was made
to yield to her faithful and diligent hand. It
was no mistake of that good-hearted neighbor
who came in one day, begging the privilege of
AT HOME 27
setting a plant of rare virtues in a corner of her
garden, because, as he said, there it could never
die. The roses, the pinks, and the peonies,
those old-fashioned flowers which keep time
with ' Old Hundred,' could nowhere grow so
fresh and so sweet as in that little garden. And
nowhere else have I ever seen wild strawberries
in such profusion and richness as were gath-
ered into those little baskets. Never were rare-
ripes so large and so yellow, and never were
peaches so delicious and so fair, as grew on the
trees of that little farm. The apples, too, con-
trived to ripen before all others, so as to meet
in sweet fellowship with peaches and plums to
entertain the aunts and the cousins. ...
"At that little mountain home every want
was promptly and abundantly met by the boun-
ties of summer and by the providence for
winter. The autumnal stores, so nicely sorted
and arranged, always traveled hand in hand
through the long winter, like the barrel of meal
and the cruse of oil. The apples came out fresh
in the spring, and the maple sugar, that most
important grocery of that little neighborhood,
was never known to fail till the warm sun on
the sparkling snow gave delightful indications
that sugar-days were near. When gathered
around that simple table no one desired a
richer supply than was furnished by the hand
of. that dear mother. The simple school-day
dress, too, so neat and so clean, was amply
sufficient in [the] view of those young minds,
while the rare gift of the Sunday suit, kept ex-
pressly for the occasion, formed an important
era in the life of the possessor and was remem-
bered with grateful smiles for many days to
come. The children of that household, thus
abundantly supplied, never thought of being
dependent or depressed. They felt that their
father had laid up for them a rich store in grate-
ful hearts and among the treasures which will
never decay, and that their mother, who was
considered in all that little neighborhood a sort
of presiding angel of good works, was continu-
ally adding to those stores. I can now remem-
ber just the appearance of that woman, who
had a numerous household to clothe, as she
said one day, ' How is it that the widow can do
more for me than any one else ?"
Under such a mother the child laid the f oun-
AT HOME 29
dations of her life. She was bred to making the
most of things. Simple pleasures yielded her a
vivid joy, and years later she blessed the home
that had taught her how to be happy on little.
"Economy," she flashed one day to her stu-
dents, "is not always doing without things. -It
is making them do the best they can." This
living up to the possibilities of things, great and
small, was a fashion of the time ; everybody of
standing practiced it, from the man who had
most to the one who had least. The habit,
gained in childhood, of disdaining no trifle,
opened before the woman many doors that
must otherwise have remained to her forever
closed. At the same time she knew when to be
lavish ; there are privations that do not pay.
On a farm one sees the adjustment continu-
ally going on between one's self and the sources
of life. There the peas have short shrift between
the vines and the kettle, the potatoes come
brown out of the earth soon to go into bins in the
cellar, the apples drop from the trees into ready
hands — a mouth is not far distant. When
Mary Lyon was young the round of a farm's
enterprise met every want, warming, feeding,
30 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
clothing. The widely divergent complications
of the modern economic system sprouted in
narrow quarters. The wool sheared from the
sheep that fed on Putnam Hill, she carded and
spun into thread ; of the thread she wove cloth
and on horseback carried it to Pomeroy's mill
on lovely Clessons River, to be dressed ; out of
the cloth that her hands had made she fash-
ioned garments and wore them. This early ex-
perience gave to all her later ventures that touch
of practicality which comes only from a per-
sonal accounting to the great facts of existence.
Common sense lay, a solid substratum, under
her most daring plans : she never divorced the-
ory from circumstance. A little farm, capably
managed, teaches adaptability ; and her meth-
ods were always shaped with an eye to actual
achievement, nor did she grow wedded to one
set way of doing things, even her own. Con-
vention did not fetter her. She saw it to be no
static thing, but another adjustment, and her
earth-bred sense taught her when to respect it
and when to set it aside.
She made acquaintance with humanity amid
the kindly influences of a big, busy family. The
AT HOME 31
jostlings, clashes of will, mutual concessions,
which make for ease of intercourse with one's
kind, were hers early. Together all the children
of that household worked, not with an enforced
industry, superimposed to keep them active ;
each fitted into the scheme of accomplishment.
As a matter of course she learned all the arts
of keeping house. Perhaps here, too, in a day
when nursing was a neighborly service, freely
rendered, she gained that acquaintance with
the face of illness which enabled her, years
after, at a glance to tell the nature of a malady.
Stockings, sheets, counterpanes, as well as cloth-
ing, came from her quick fingers. To the whir
of spinning-wheel and loom making quiet music
in every home she used to give credit for the
character of the women of her youth. They
had no nerves; theirs was fretless productive \
labor, and usefulness clothed them with con-
tent.
The child's inventive spirit would seem to
have budded characteristically. She was still
a very small person when she left her task and
climbed up in a chair to study the hour-glass.
Questioned by her mother as to what she was
32 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
doing, she answered that she thought she had
found a way of making more time! Practical
little Mary Lyon ! She argued wisely from the
premises at her disposal. If time were such a
valuable commodity, why not make more of it ?
So she grew up, busying her brain to help her
mother, adoring her elder brother, lavishing on
all she loved a wealth of affection that could not
do too much to make them happy. A frank,
spirited, lovable child, possessed of an energy
that was almost volcanic and of a sweet teach-
ableness that won hearts. Through glad eyes
she looked at the world and found it good, and
the people in it. Often she found it highly en-
tertaining. Her laugh lay very near her lips,
and to her keen sense of humor she added a
gift of putting amusing things in words, that
made her merry company.
As soon as she could toddle a mile she went
regularly to the nearest district school. But
when she was only six or seven, this school, in
the itinerant fashion of its kind, careless of the
disabilities of short legs, or perhaps desirous of
suiting other small constituents, moved a mile
farther from the Lyon homestead. After this
AT HOME 33
her schooling progressed irregularly — a term
here, a term there, in Ashfield or in Buckland,
while she lived with relatives or friends, help-
ing in the family, as the custom was, for her
board.
We do not know what books she had. The
Bible, certainly. What New England home was
without it ? On its pages children learned to
read — In the beginning God created the hea-
ven and the earth. Like Daniel Webster, she
probably was unable to remember a time when
she could not read the Bible. Watts's Psalms
and Hymns, the poetry of old New. England,
must have been hers early. Beyond this, little.
Those were days of few books, printed and
bound in leather ; men and women formed the
greater part of every library. Children gath-
ered about grandparents and aunts for stories.
Then in the firelight the kid and his master
passed over London Bridge, Indians crept
stealthily through the forest, old battles raged
once more. She heard much thoughtful talk,
grave discussion of knotty dogmas. Old New
England reared children on theology. The
shadow of the giant Edwards lay long over the
34 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
land, etching a religion, prickly on the outside
but very tender at the heart.
If there were few books, there were fewer
newspapers. News passed from mouth to
mouth, coaching between villages; it had not
then even dreamed of pricking hotly through
the air on a wire. Yet Buckland and its fellow
towns were not cut off upon their hills. What
stirred the whole loosely knit community stirred
them in time. " I remember," wrote Miss Lyon,
"the thoughts of my young heart when the
subject of foreign missions first began to find
its way into the family circle and was spoken
of as one of the marvelous things of the age."
The isolation of life gave strength to its cur-
rent, and what it lacked in breadth it added to
depth. A child's attention, roaming few fields,
explored them thoroughly. Mary soaked up
information like a sponge. She seems never
to have been confronted with more than she
could hold. And, like a sponge, when occasion
squeezed ever so little, she gave it out. Already
people liked to hear her talk; she did it in
headlong fashion, the words tumbling so fast
out of her mouth as sometimes to make her
AT HOME 35
speech almost unintelligible. We catch a
glimpse of her in a time of spiritual renewing
at Buckland, perched at recess on the crooked
limb of a big beech tree behind the school-
house, recounting to those gathered about her
the way of salvation as she had learned it at
home. Not that she had " experienced religion,"
as the old phrase went. A child's world reflects
the currents that move its elders, and she was
young, with an insatiable curiosity about life
and a facile gift of phrasing her discoveries.
Everything proved food to her appetite; she
fed as hungrily on unlettered learning as on the
lore that is coldly stored in books. Her interest
in the common crafts of men is oftener found
in boys than girls. During her teens the first
brick house was built in Buckland. The son
of the builder and owner has recorded that she
would come often to the yard, and telling him
that she wished to learn to make brick, would
help turn them up, load them on the wheel-
barrow, and later put them in the hake.
With all the other things that she learned,
she did not learn to play. It was an accom-
plishment which from abuse had in her youth
36 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
fallen into disrepute. Play, as a few moderns
practice it, a relaxation that is a recreation,
was a sealed art. A high seriousness held New
England. It took even its pleasures in the path
of duty. Busy battling with beasts and men,
throwing up defenses against the wilderness,
debating theological outposts, had left it scant
time and less inclination for amusement. When
a moment off guard costs dear, one does not
practice irresponsibility.
Yet with all its austerity of outline, the New
England that held the child Mary Lyon in its
toil-worn arms possessed a noble loveliness.
She was bred on beauty, not of man-made
things, but of nature and of soul. Her sensitive
little heart drank it in unconsciously ; only in
looking back did she understand. Out of the
eyes of the men and women of her childhood
acquaintance looked the sincerity that comes
of facing high verities. They walked, their feet
in the furrows, their heads among the stars.
Beliefs were to them what houses and lands,
stocks and bonds, are to their descendants,
tangible possessions. By them they took hold
on Heaven and swung it close to Earth, until
AT HOME 37
this life became but its antechamber. Ideals
were their only luxury. As the Greeks loved
beauty, old New England loved right. Duty
was its ecstasy. A cold passion ? Let none who
have not bowed at that shrine deny warmth
to its votaries. For duty done for love grows
lovely and clothes its worshipers in noble lines.
About the child the world moved to high and
stately music. Persons of distinction came and
went, men and women whose "lives went by
their consciences as their clocks went by the
sun." The cool-colored New England Sab-
bath wrapped her from sundown to sundown
in mighty thoughts. Want, walking gracefully,
smiled at her. Generosity grew up beside her.
Her mother, vigorous, thrifty, wealthy only in
love and helpfulness, broke for her the bread
of life.
Before her the year unrolled its glories. The
pageant of the seasons passed across the hills :
spring veiled itself in a translucent mist of pro-
mise; summer reveled in jubilant fulfillment;
autumn's wildfire torched the slopes to flame ;
winter glittered in frozen white against the blue.
Always she loved wild and lovely sights better
38 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
for this early initiation into the mysteries of
beauty. The mountains were her first teachers.
From them she stored up power as simply as
she drank energy from the soil. They grounded
her in the laws of perspective. She had a gift
for salient facts, and "on the whole" grew to be
a favorite phrase of hers. They taught her the
worth of noiseless work, seeing to it that she
never mistook clamor for force. The quiet
undeviating round of the seasons gave her pa-
tience; she caught the secret of waiting fret-
lessly for the forces of God to act. They did
miracles that no eye might see, and Mary
Lyon never required a human audience. Not
that she knew what was happening to her ; un-
conscious learning goes deepest. The hills fed
her imagination. What lay beyond their far-
thest peaks ? Nay, what lay between ? She
could not know it, but almost they spanned
her life. And ever they held out their invita-
tion. Some day in the fulness of time she
would make answer.
CHAPTER III
AT SCHOOL
FOR a person of enterprise and energy the
early nineteenth century in America was un-
questionably a time to be young. The United
States found itself in the position of a man who,
having secured the title to his homestead and be-
gun housekeeping in a small way, looks about
for further furnishings. The values of the situa-
tion inhered quite as much in its deficiencies
as in its possessions. Yet hitherto people of
foresight had usually seen to it that they were
born boys. A boy, within the scope of his abil-
ity, promoted speculation; he might become
almost anything. A girl was obviously intended
for a home-maker and her preparation included
little study ; nature has been at some pains to
teach humanity to avoid superfluous things.
Seventeenth-century Dr. Thomas Fuller, in
his "Church History of Britain," briefly dis-
cusses the "conveniency of she-colleges."
40 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
" Nunneries also were good she-schools where-
in the girls and maids of the neighbourhood
were taught to read and work ; and sometimes
a little Latin was taught them therein." But
nunneries had gone out of fashion in Protes-
tant Britain ; and as even a limited knowledge
of the classics appeared unnecessary in house-
wives, the thrifty founders of this country did
not propose to give it to them. Thereby they
made no unkind distinction in intellect; they
believed in learning for a boy only when he
meant to use it. Harvard was established be-
cause, as the Massachusetts settlers quaintly
phrased it, they " dreaded to leave an illiterate
ministry to the churches when our present min-
istry shall lie in the dust." Their point of view
coincides with that of many people who queried
two hundred years later, " When girls become
scholars, who is to make puddings and pies ?"
The idea of a woman preacher, lawyer, or
teacher of anything less simple than the A B C's
never having occurred to either Puritans or Cav-
aliers, it was quite as foreign to their thought
that a girl should care to go to college. Educa-
tion, moreover, was an expensive utility. In
AT SCHOOL 41
New England, where most was publicly made
of it, a town often had more than it could con-
veniently do to furnish its boys with the supply
of knowledge that the law required. The dame
school with its horn-book and primer sufficed
for girls. Inability to write her name did not
impugn a woman's gentility ; many ladies of the
Revolution made their mark. A few fashion-
able schools prolonged a rich girl's education,
but in most of them the graces crowded out
solidity and even sense. An exception appears
in the history-flavored Moravian Seminary
at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. With something
more than French, painting, and manners, it
schooled the gay colonials and the belles and
beauties of the young republic ; their names run
the polyglot gamut of its population. In the
South girls more often stayed at home, some-
times studying with their brothers' tutor and
putting on polish by a trip to Europe.
Not that there were then no blue-stockings,
but they — as until lately learned women have
been, history through — were exotics. More
than a decade before the end of the eighteenth
century Lucinda Foot in Connecticut prepared
with her brothers for Yale, and after exami-
nation received at twelve a Latin certificate
from President Stiles containing his pronounce-
ment that1 "she is fully qualified, except in
regard to sex, to be received as a pupil of the
freshman class in Yale University." Later she
studied the full college course, and, with Presi-
dent Stiles for a tutor, learned Hebrew. The
sisters of Jonathan Edwards read Greek and
Latin in their father's study. So did other New
England girls.
Yet Maria Edgeworth' swords, written about
the year that Mary Lyon was born, express
the practice of America equally with that of
England and the continent: "From the study
of the learned languages women, by custom,
fortunately for them, are exempted." Defoe's
academy remained a project only of ink and
paper: "To such whose genius would lead
them to it I would deny no sort of learning."
In Scotland Mary Somerville studied in secret
lest she should be thought unsexed by science.
No European country granted equal educa-
1 "Testorque omnino illam, nisi Sextis ratione, idoneam ut in
Classem Recentium in Universitate Yalensi Alumna admitteretur."
AT SCHOOL 43
tional facilities to boys and girls. The earth
belonged to men. For them it had been created ;
women came on the scene as a pleasant and in-
deed a necessary afterthought. The ages had
built a wall about them, shutting off the world's
activities. By stealth or with some friendly
help from the other side a few had always man-
aged to climb over and eat of the tree of know-
ledge, but the wall still held. Toward the end
of the century two bombs exploded near this
barrier; it did not stand so stoutly afterward.
The war for independence in America was
an experience from which the people concerned
never recovered sufficiently to be quite certain
that what had been must continue f orevermore.
Their faith in precedent had met a shock. The
other bomb was the invention of machinery.
It drew women out of their world-old setting
and thrust them into new relations. After
people had grown wonted to seeing them do
familiar work in a strange place and in a
strange way, they were less fearful of the dan-
gers incident to further scene-shifting.
When one woman could accomplish what it
had taken more than one to do before, the
44 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
others, of necessity, cast about for something
fresh. They hit on school-teaching. In all but
the most rudimentary form it had been hitherto
a manly enterprise ; but as life in the new land
gained security and homes pushed further from
sheltering villages, fortune, in shifting the edu-
cational base from town to district, gave men
much more of it than they cared to handle,
and they promptly relinquished the part least
remunerative. While the farms kept busy the
larger boys and the young men, neighborhood
schools were taught by women. In winter the
colleges flooded the country with muscular un-
dergraduates eager to replenish their purses,
— until far into the nineteenth century many
colleges arranged their calendars to include a
long school-keeping winter vacation. It fur-
nished an experimental course that supple-
mented richly the classic humanities.
But women's capital was meagre even for
the small summer venture, and their desire for
more knowledge, coupled at last with their abil-
ity to use it, won for them their opportunity.
Reverend Timothy D wight's coeducational
experiment at Greenfield Hill, William Wood-
AT SCHOOL 45
bridge's New Haven school for girls, ventures
by Yale students, Philadelphia's academy, the
beginning of Miss Pierce's Litchfield School,
and other sporadic attempts in the last decades
of the eighteenth century, offered a few of them
a welcome chance at more liberal learning.
While these private advances were in making,
the pressure of demand gradually broke down
the door of public schools. In 1790 Gloucester
decided that " Females . . . are a tender and
interesting branch of the Community but have
been much neglected in the Public schools in
this Town." Other towns sooner or later ar-
rived at Gloucester's point of view.
Odd hours were first allotted to girls' instruc-
tion, — intermediary scraps of time, noonings,
the left-overs from the more important job to
be performed on boys. Now girls no longer sat
on the steps of the schoolhouse to which their
brothers had dragged halting feet, and ab-
sorbed the third "R," as it were from the at-
mosphere, while the arithmetic lesson floated
through open windows from stumbling recita-
tions. Insistent pecking at the fallen crumbs
of knowledge had conquered. If it had come
46 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
more easily, would they, after all, have cared
so much ?
Academies, those nurseries of general cul-
ture, that in the latter half of the eighteenth
century had started to the relief of a decadent
learning, began to admit girls. Soon, over New
England and its environs, new academies
sprang up, offering education to all young peo-
ple on equal terms. From these the older gen-
eration of our own time drew its intellectual
life. The boys they either fitted for college or
passed on with liberal interests into the less ex-
acting professions and the trades ; to the girls
they gave the assets that made school-teachers.
On this situation fell Mary Lyon's youth.
An old profession was enlarging its borders,
accommodating itself to deal with new mate-
rial and to employ new services. In pay it gave
little beyond a frugal livelihood ; its intellectual
refreshments were meagre. Its glory lay in its
possibilities. As yet an inchoate thing, — this
education of girls, — a scanty affair of memory
and book, it awaited the hands of its exploit-
ers. Its aims, methods, ideals, were yet to be
announced. Persons of creative force might do
AT SCHOOL 47
with it what they would. One accomplishment
it had already made : a girl's schooling was be-
come of some small public interest. Ajar be-
fore her stood the door that led to knowledge.
Through this crack Mary Lyon pushed curi-
ously ; it widened to admit her, and she, passing
on, left the way more open behind her.
She did not drink decorously of the wells of
learning, she was too thirsty for that. Their
refreshment she took in gulps, and all too soon
they showed a dry bottom. How could it fare
otherwise with one of whom a teacher has tes-
tified that in four days she devoured all that
scholars were wont to learn of Alexander's Eng-
lish Grammar, and poured it forth at a sin-
gle lengthy recitation ? Her progress through
arithmetic was equally swift; her trenchant
brain cut to the heart of an operation and mas-
tered its reason quickly. In all this it must be
admitted that, whatever other qualities she
showed, she did not show discretion. The wells
were not sunk very deep in country districts.
So thoroughly alive was she that, unlike
many children, she found it no more of a task
to use her mind than her legs. With the
48 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
same joyous zest she entered into both activi-
ties. Given a book, it seemed as impossible for
her to stop short of its finish as to halt half-way
up Putnam Hill. " I should like to see what she
would make if she could be sent to college,"
said one of her teachers.
But no college admitted girls, and she did not
have money to go away to school. When the
educational means of her home and of the town
neared exhaustion she set to work to earn. In
1810 her mother married and went to live in-
side the lines of Ashfield, taking with her the
younger sisters; the three oldest were already
wives. For a year Mary kept house for her
brother and he paid her a dollar a week to in-
crease her fund. After his marriage she still
made her home with him, romping with the
merry babies that came to the hillside, a doting
aunt. Spinning and weaving added to her re-
sources. She began to teach, receiving in her
first position seventy-five cents a week and
board, a price then not uncommon. By such
resorts her store grew slowly. Now and then
she took a term at school.
When she was nineteen, Reverend Alvan
AT SCHOOL 49
Sanderson founded an academy in the thrifty
village of Ashfield. A Williams College gradu-
ate, dying on his feet, he put his final efforts
and a part of his small fortune where he thought
they would count for most, into an institution
that should give to the ambitious young people
of the Franklin County hills what the public
schools denied them. The experiment of start-
ing a school dependent for support on the pay-
ment of tuition met in many of the Ashfield
villagers caution and distrust, and even Mr.
Sanderson's relatives withheld encouragement.
In this dearth of sympathy he turned to two
people who from the first accorded him cordial
help. "Thomas White, Gentleman," as Mr.
Sanderson's will denominated one of the trustees
of the school, justice of the peace and at times
the town's representative in the legislature,
shared the expense of fitting up the building;
and when village prejudice shut many doors
against students from a distance, Mr. and Mrs.
White at great personal inconvenience opened
their own home.
Here in 1817 came Mary Lyon in a blue
homespun gown with running strings at neck
50 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
and waist, crude, awkward in gait, fresh from
the untutored hills. The scholars looked at her
with laughter on their lips. But she soon
ceased to appear to them a joke. It is not easy
long to feel superior to a person of whom one
cannot keep within reciting distance. When
she had been given study after study to hold
her to the more deliberate pace of her regular
classes, on a Friday afternoon as she was start-
ing for home the principal handed her Adams's
Latin Grammar, the accepted pabulum of the
incipient classicist in the days when a beginner
was hurled head-first at a language and left with-
out the aid of introductions to make acquaint-
ance. He assigned the first lesson and told her
to omit her extra studies while at work upon
it, congratulating himself upon having at last
found a clog to her energy. On Monday she
returned to school, and that afternoon, in the
large room where all the enterprises of the
academy went forward, occurred the recitation
of which Ashfield long talked. Called early in
the session to take her place on the central
bench where students sat to recite, her prompt
answers soon roused general attention. Schol-
AT SCHOOL 51
ars let fall their books to listen, leaning forward
in amazement and admiration, while, as the sun
dropped down the sky and behind the hills,
Mary Lyon went through the Latin Grammar.
Scarcely a slip she made, — her tongue twist-
ing swiftly through labyrinthine windings of
declensions and conjugations, her face intent,
her hands absently weaving her handkerchief
through her fingers as she talked.
"How did you ever do it ?" asked her seat-
mate afterward. " How could your head hold
it all in so short a time ?"
And Mary confessed that she had studied
all Sunday.
Questioned in later years about the episode,
she said : " Oh, it. was at one of those schools
where they do nothing but study and recite.
. . . You just learned what was in the book.
I traced out the likenesses and differences
among the declensions and conjugations and
could commit anything to memory quick, when
I was young. And as to the rules of syntax, they
are so much like those in English grammar that
it did not take long to learn them. So you see,
it was no great feat after all."
52 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Her lightning method of disposing of a sub-
ject became the wondering pride of her school-
fellows. She brought to such exploits an un-
crowded mind; being large and sparsely fur-
nished, it dispensed a spacious hospitality, and
she had to a remarkable degree the ability to
concentrate her attention at a given point.
This perfect focus resulted in a sort of bodily
transference of a study from the book to her
brain, a kind of mental photography in three
dimensions procured by a short time exposure.
Skimming was not to her taste, nor did she
ever trust to superficial acquaintance. Except-
ing such a gambol as this with the Latin gram*
mar, hers cannot be called mere rote learning,
;' You know I always found difficulties, doubts,
and inconsistencies in grammar," she told her
sister four years later, showing that she had
long before begun to think between the lines.
But there was no magic about her proficiency j
when she studied, she was all there all the time,
and the ability to use herself as a whole formed,
as well, one of her greatest social and executive
assets. It preserved her impressions. Her
memory held names and faces as indelibly
AT SCHOOL 53
as facts. "No one could study like Mary
Lyon and no one could clean the school-room
with such despatch," said a fellow student.
While her intellect was capturing their im-
aginations, her likableness was winning the
hearts of her schoolmates. Amanda White,
the Squire's graceful brown-haired daughter,
was attracted at sight. Long afterward she
wrote : " I loved her from my first acquaintance,
and felt that her heart was made for friendship
ere I had been one half-hour in her society.
We accidentally fell in company when she first
became a pupil in the Academy at Ashfield, as
we were returning from church, where we had
attended a lecture. We needed no formal intro-
duction. Her frank, open countenance invited
confidence, and a mutual feeling of interest was
at once awakened. We chatted upon various
subjects, and on learning that I was expecting
to enter the school also, she requested me to
take a seat with her. I did, and pursued the
same branches so far as I could keep up." So
began Mary Lyon's dearest girl friendship.
It is not recorded that anybody who ever
knew her disliked her. Before acquaintance
54 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
prejudice fell away. And who could help liking
this breezy school-girl, with the sparkling eyes,
clear rosy skin, and wealth of short burnished
curls, the kindly voice, and willing ways, who,
as Amanda continued, was "ever ready to lay
aside her books and lend a helping hand to
those of weaker intellect ? Though nearly thirty
years have passed I seem now to see her cheer-
ful laughing face turned upon me as I pre-
sented some Gordian knot in my studies for
her to unravel."
Her mind never seemed to tire. She stole
from sleep to learn, awake, — so said the
family where she boarded, — on an average,
twenty hours out of the twenty-four. Diffi-
culties exhilarated her ; more things to do only
gave her more capacity for doing. " She is all
intellect," people said of her; "she does not
know that she has a body to care for."
What she did know was that her time grew
short. Along the street that in after years edi-
tors and scholars, gentlemen of cultured leisure,
trod in genial dignity, beat the swift feet of an
eager girl. Hotly her days passed from her.
The money so toilsomely won fell away even
AT SCHOOL 55
under the simplicity of her demands. All her
small household store it is said she gave in ex-
change for the means of living while she stud-
ied. That first term she paid for her board with
two coverlets, spun, dyed, and woven by her-
self.
She had reached the point of leaving the
academy when, at the suggestion of "Squire"
White, the trustees voted her free tuition. Re-
port says that she taught enough classes to
equalize the obligation. It was probably not
long after this that, by invitation of the Squire
and his wife, she went to live in the big white
house that stood midway of the village street,
its open front door framing in summer a
glimpse of further green. In simple well-bred
dignity it stands there still, with an air of quiet-
ness that only long residence can give. It was
built in the final decade of the century before
last, when Mr. White married ; behind it the
ground dips to an apple-strewn meadow, on
whose further side a brook flows beside stately
elms of the Squire's planting.
This house became her adopted home. The
southeast windows in the second story look out
56 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
from the chamber she shared with the lovely
Amanda. A quaint brass knob lifts the latch
as one enters the room ; countless times it has
turned under the hand of Mary Lyon. For
here, after school-days were long done, she
came often, as to a place where she belonged,
and always she held it in her heart, as it in
turn held her.
In this home she first made acquaintance
with the amenities of living. Delicate high-
bred Mrs. White and the genial Squire ordered
life in a manner she had not known. Genera-
tions of gentlefolk lay behind them. It is not
the mere doing of a thing that counts, she
discovered, but how it is done. She came to
Ashfield oblivious to much that would have
troubled many girls ; so intent was she on her
purpose that she did not see her crudities. In-
deed, it was never her habit to compare her-
self with people. But at those infrequent mo-
ments when she did slip into introspection, all
her life, as is often the way with attractive per-
sons, she underrated her own charm.
When she went to live at Mr. White's, she
acknowledged that she needed help at many
AT SCHOOL 57
points. It is still told in the family that she
learned new ways with wonderful rapidity. Her
awkwardnesses began to slip away under the
Squire's kindly mimicry, — only he could do
it, — taking her into a room by herself and
showing her how she looked to others. She
grew more heedful of her dress ; Amanda saw
to this. That faculty of hers for concentration
worked against anything that had the ill-fortune
to be unable to secure her attention. She could
be intensely absent-minded when uninterested,
and she was always oblivious of her clothes.
"Oh," she once cried impulsively to a room-
mate in the years when she held an arduous
executive position, "don't let me ever go to
breakfast without my collar!" Her friend
Amanda has written that when they were away
at school together she never let Mary out of
her sight without inspection, " as she was very
likely to leave off some article or put on one
wrong-side-out. She was one of the unfortunate
ones whose wearing apparel seemed doomed to
receive the contents of every overturned ink-
stand or lamp, but she met every such accident
with the same good-humor and pleasantry she
58 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
manifested on all and every occasion." The
words call to mind the plaint of the head of a
small boarding-school in New York State who
fell in company with Miss Lyon at a time when
the latter was full of her Holyoke plans, too full
for silence. She talked and all the men present
gave her interested attention. "There were
spots on her dress," announced the keen-eyed
and immaculate one in grieved triumph, " and
she didn't know it!"
Seldom did the small accessories of living
manage to obtrude themselves on her conscious-
ness. It was no sketch of herself that she
struck off when she said of some women : " It
seems as if everything that belongs to them had
feet and went to its place, as soon as it was
done with." Amanda adds : " I made it a point
to attend to the nameless little duties necessary
to our comfort [in the room], leaving for her
share such as she could not well overlook or
omit."
But to give an impression that she grew up
into a careless woman would not be true. One
who knew her well tells us that in her earlier
teaching years, when " a friend, anxious that
AT SCHOOL 59
she should add more of feminine grace to her
great strength of mind and character, directed
her attention to some small defect, she replied
with the best humor in the world, ' I have cor-
rected more such things than anybody ought to
have. ' ' ' For all the help the Squire's household
gave her she thanked them with beaming eyes
and smiling face. Yet with aching hearts they
did it, as a duty owed to the feeling Amanda
has noted as already upon them, " that she was
fitting for some important station."
Here she laid the foundation of a social cul-
ture which enabled her to pass among her kind
with ease as well as with innate cordiality.
Too simple ever to become a "fine lady," she
had no taste for a husk of manners. People
interested her tremendously, and a country
training better than any urban refinement fitted
her to mingle with all sorts. Village intercourse
is very inclusive; life presses close, thrusting
one, unless she turn hermit, into acquaintance
with more than her own order.
So it came about that, although in proportion
to the time spent, probably none ever carried
away more learning from Sanderson Academy,
60 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Ashfield's contribution to Mary Lyon's devel-
opment was not most notably intellectual. The
Squire was a Whig in politics, he took a New
York paper; his neighbor, Squire Paine, im-
ported his news from Boston. These sheets
supplemented the Boston "Recorder," "The
Panoplist and Missionary Magazine." The
Bible and commentaries held a central place
in household interest. Colleges did not dig-
nify spoken languages by a prominent place
in their curricula, and people who were busy
living found little time to read. She dated her
literary awakening later and at another place.
Yet of all her schools Ashfield Academy held
her longest, and its genial influences, she de-
clared at the end of her life, first roused her
mental energies and imparted an impulse that
never ceased to act. " Many who would other-
wise never have had access to anything worthy
the name of literary advantages received there
the rudiments of an education. In that quiet
retreat among the hills the intellect was stirred,
the taste refined, and intensity given to the de-
sire for knowledge. To mind and heart that
institution was what the mountain airs are to
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HARWOOD, and EMILY SMITH. • . |£
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I 7th. " The Exile," — a Drama, by NATHAN LOOMIS, E. PAINE, Jun. S. COLTON, |
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AT SCHOOL 61
the physical powers." Under Elijah Burritt,
brother of "The Learned Blacksmith," and
known to the nineteenth century as the author
of "The Geography of the Heavens," she cal-
culated eclipses, and with a fellow student
made an almanac. One of her maps is extant,
its colored lines testifying alike to the nicety
of her workmanship and to the limited area
but spacious accommodations of the United
States in that early decade. Geography, arith-
metic, logic, rhetoric, English grammar seem to
have been her regular subjects during one quar-
ter. Scrutiny of an old exercise programme
yields her name in the cast of a school " drama."
What twentieth-century problem-play would
one not give for a chance to have seen " Chris-
tianity in India," and heard the dialogue be-
tween Mary Lyon as the mother and the boy
who acted the infant in the bulrushes!
During the next few years she studied as
opportunity offered. Terms of teaching gave
her terms of learning. For improvement in
penmanship she attended a writing- school in
Buckland taught by one Daniel Forbes, a fa-
mous master of the region, called by the boys
for his unbirched yet effective discipline "little
holy Daniel." The boy who showed her how to
make brick, grown an old man, remembered
having seen her sitting behind a work-bench in
one of his father's carpenter shops, temporarily
turned into a school-room. She took her seat
among the scholars until they asked that a
chair be placed for her at the master's table.
Hearing the younger pupils recite paid her tui-
tion. The monotonous toil required to lay the
foundation of skill in an art demanding in its
productions the delicate precision of a steel
engraving could not have been to her liking,
spirited as she was. But without it no educa-
tion was then considered passable, and she had
the will to hold herself to what might prove dis-
tasteful. The school-master who has himself
set down this account goes on to tell how one
day he gave her a Latin caption for her copy.
She handed back her book, asking that he write
it in English; she would not seem wiser than
she was, she said. Once she took a little of the
scanty inheritance that was her share of her
father's estate, and went for a term to Amherst
Academy, precursor of the college, and one of
AT SCHOOL 63
the leading academies in Massachusetts, where,
as an account has it, " her homespun apparel,
her extraordinary scholarship, and her bound-
less kindness, were about equally conspicuous."
Here she plunged into the study of chemistry.
Subsequently, a summer of teaching in Conway
yielded her more science under the tutelage
of Reverend Edward Hitchcock, pastor of the
church there, and trustee of Sanderson Acad-
emy ; later, in turn professor and president of
Amherst College. She made her home in his
family, and Mrs. Hitchcock gave her lessons
in drawing and painting, for many years yet to
be popularly held, with music, embroidery, and
manners, as the essentials of feminine educa-
tion. That she had never been taught to sing
caused her lifelong regret, so dearly did she love
melody and so strong grew her sense of the
«« practical importance" of vocal music. " I have
sometimes felt," she wrote in after years, "that
I would have given six months of my time when
I was under twenty, and defrayed my expenses,
difficult as it was to find time or money, could
I have enjoyed the privileges for learning vocal
music that some of our pupils enjoy."
Meanwhile, in 1819, her brother had moved
to western New York. It almost broke her
heart. He was her darling, and his babies with
tiny hands had woven an enchantment about
her life. To snap it hurt, and the pain did not
dull for months. With the home on the hillside
broken up, she followed her sisters to her mo-
ther's house.
Before she went — if we may credit tradition,
always an uncertain informant — both the tall
angels of teaching, love as well as religion, had
brushed her with folded wings. Of the latter
her word assures us. On the way home from
church she met him of a Sabbath in the fields.
He was clothed in the ruddy beauty of the year,
and the girl who had ever made response to
loveliness felt within herself a sweet and joyous
sense of God. Quaintly we are told in one of
the biographies that her intellect had always
approved God's government ; it had been the
) theme of her uncle's morning and afternoon
sermons. Now, as she walked, her whole being
seemed to open, flower-like, toward the Giver
of the earth's life and her own. She sought the
hills and they ministered to her. That such
AT SCHOOL 65
should have been her first personal experience
of God, rather than some form of the agonizing
self-torture so prevalent at the time, is signifi-
cant. Happiness always lay at the heart of her
faith.
Love, so says the story that has passed from
mouth to mouth, took her by the hand, but she
broke away. She had possibilities of more to
give, dimly she perhaps already felt, than any
man of her home hills could receive. So we
glimpse her, driven by an instinct as yet vague
and unbodied, a restless mastering desire, born
of hard circumstance, of starving appetites and
unfed aptitudes, that, whether or not it had al-
ready forced her to forego the natural life of
other girls, impelled her on, out into the world
to seek her own.
She was again at Ashfield Academy when
Amanda White made plans to attend a school
near Boston which, since its coeducational start
three years before, by the simple device of drop-
ping the "young gentlemen," had become a
woman's seminary. It is said to have possessed
a unique reputation for the opportunity given
for advanced study, affording girls a chance at
66 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
branches of learning which no other school al-
lowed them. The mere thought of going to Mr.
Emerson's seminary at Byfield bespoke a more
than ordinary thirst for knowledge.
The story current in the White family re-
counts how one day Amanda found her friend
in tears. Pressed for an explanation, Mary con-
fessed that she too wanted to go to Byfield.
"And so you can!" cried Amanda.
"Oh, no, I cannot."
"Father will find a way. Talk with him."
Mr. White proposed a loan. It would not be
well, he said, to disturb her little property then ;
later when she was teaching she could repay
him.
But she might not make a success of teach-
ing, she objected.
It is altogether credible that somehow, be-
tween her independent spirit and the Squire's
ever-ready generosity, the matter of her going
was adjusted. Together from the room they
had shared in the White homestead the two
girls set off for Byfield. The stage route be-
tween Boston and Albany ran through Ashfield
village, but the young adventurers did not go
AT SCHOOL 67
by coach. The Squire himself drove them with
their trunks in his spring wagon drawn by two
horses, the first vehicle of the kind known in
that part of the state and an object of admiring
note even in the capital.
The road was long and the goal in itself a bit
of an audacity. What should young women
already out of their teens want of more school-
ing, and why should they go for it so far?
Theirs would be no easy intercourse with home,
for letter-writing was a costly indulgence. To
await the convenience of some chance traveler
who would act as private post without charge
taxed patience; to send a single sheet by the
fast mail taxed purse. Envelopes were un-
known, and the space required in folding the
sheet so as to present a clear surface for the
address lessened its capacity, while a scrap of
extra paper doubled the cost. In the view of a
schoolgirl away from home in the early twen-
ties, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ap-
peared almost as commodious as does the
whole United States to-day.
Vivaciously Miss Lyon described that jour-
ney to some students at a time when European
68 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
travel was still a bold and infrequent exer-
cise : —
"You can hardly understand, young ladies,
what a great thing it was to get to Byfield. It
was almost like going to Europe now. Why, it
took us three long days to go from Ashfield to
Byfield. Good Esquire White, who was one of
my fathers, took me in his own carriage with
his daughter. I was really a little homesick the
second night, when I realized that I was so far
from home. You will laugh, and you may
laugh, for I am going to tell you that the next
day I was very homesick. We lost our way and
I did not know as we should ever find the noted
Byfield, for the good people near Boston did
not seem to know very well where it was. And
can you believe it, young ladies, Miss White
and I both cried ! I cried just as hard as I could ;
and I really think that I outcried my friend
whose good father smiled upon us. But we
found Byfield, for he did something better than
weep; and when he went back to Ashfield he
told our friends that he had left us in a good
place and that we could come back the next
fall."
AT SCHOOL 69
That arrival in the spring dusk, in the quiet
village near Newburyport, preluded the most
wonderful summer of her life. Sooner or later
to every keen young brain comes a moment
of illumination, an experience that seals its in-
tellectual citizenship. Often it is from a teacher
that a student learns more than from books, at
whose quickening contact his mind, awake be-
fore, yet seems to himself to shake off sleep
and look out through withdrawn curtains on
a world made new. This happened to Mary
Lyon when at Byfield she came in touch with
Reverend Joseph Emerson. A man of inde-
pendent reputation in his day, he is now best
remembered as her teacher.
Born of a versatile New England family
which related him remotely to Ralph Waldo
Emerson, — they had the same great-grand-
father,— he, too, had become a minister. But
though ill health forced him to desist from
preaching the millennium to a church in Bev-
erly, it could not divert his inclination to hasten
the coming of a righteous world. Initiative in
old New England usually proceeded from the
ministry. Twenty-one years before the first
70 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
normal school in Massachusetts, Joseph Em-
erson opened his seminary, with the avowed in-
tent of preparing women to be more intelligent
teachers. To his work he brought Harvard
scholarship of credit in a class that had in-
cluded Channing and Story, experience as a
popular and interest-provoking tutor at Cam-
bridge and elsewhere, wide reading occasioned
by a delight in literature, love of philosophy,
and a passion for system.
Below the what and how he always sought
the why. "It is thinking, close thinking that
makes the scholar," was his dictum. Recita-
tions were conducted by means of topics, a
device said to have originated with him. Follow-
ing after Socrates, he asked questions, search-
ing, inquisitive questions, eliciting a combina-
tion of fact with fact, discovering relations. His
students were led by the order of their studies
to perceive the apt quality of the figure which
likens knowledge to a tree, and they developed
a nice sense of intellectual equilibrium which
made them ever afterwards good climbers.
His was a broader recognition of values than
the age encouraged. But while he believed
AT SCHOOL 71
Latin and Greek had been somewhat over-
worked educationally, he agreed with Pesta-
lozzi that the potent interplay of word and idea
by which the mind advances the ball of thought
down the field is the greatest ground-gainer.
Therefore, he said, " The study of language, at
least of one language, is the study of studies,
with which all others are necessarily and most
intimately connected." His emphasis on know-
ledge of English influenced all Miss Lyon's
later practice. A citation from his remarks on
this point gives insight into the conditions
with which as a teacher she went forth to
grapple. "Children and youth are taught
to read what they do not understand, to
spell what they do not understand, to define
without understanding the definition, and to
commit to memory the words of Grammar,
Rhetoric, Geography, History, Philosophy,
Logic, etc., etc., while scarcely a sentence is
understood. In studying these branches the
pupil does indeed acquire ideas — ideas of
words both visible and audible, but not of the
objects which they signify. As it respects use-
ful knowledge and the power of recalling or
72 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
producing practical thoughts, his understand-
ing remains almost wholly barren and void.
Words, acquired in this parrot-like manner,
cannot be intelligibly used and are but lumber
in the mind."
As a natural corollary of his stress on the
language he led students to read English lit-
erature ; not the romanticists, — contemporary
letters are seldom taught in the schools, — but
Pope, Thomson, Gray, Cowper, Goldsmith,
Young. Milton's verse beat in long majestic
waves against their ears. No sign exists of their
knowing Shakespeare, though their teacher did.
His history lectures were bird's-eye glimpses of
nations; introductions to Homer, Greek phi-
losophy, ancient and modern conquerors, the
orators of antiquity and of England; but he
recommended further acquaintance, directing
with critical comment to Gibbon, Hume, Gold-
smith and others. A score of American chron-
iclers were presented with the words, " My dear
young friends, let not your hearts fail you at
the sight of such a formidable company of his-
torians. . . . Remember the study of your own
history is not a business to be despatched in a
AT SCHOOL 73
few months." While utility, broadly interpreted,
was his touchstone of the worth of a study, -
society being more in need, he thought, of dy-
namos than of encyclopaedias, — he seems to
have denied gender to mental capacity. " Fear-
lessly pursue celestial truth wherever the Word
and Spirit lead," he wrote a former assistant.
" Be not frightened at the sound of Philosophy !
Metaphysics! Speculation! Human Reason!
Logic ! Theory ! System ! Disputation ! These
can never harm you so long as you keep clear
of error and sin." An odd chase, truly, to be
urged on a woman in the early nineteenth
century! But in this inhered Joseph Emer-
son's finest accomplishment, — his stimulus to
unending alertness. He would appear to have
succeeded in getting out of the minds of those
who came under his teaching "that criminal
and stupefying notion that they knew enough
already." Once and for all he disarmed them
against knowledge, whatever its time or manner
of attack. " He who is not willing to be taught
by the youngest of his pupils is not fit to have
a pupil," he said.
His theories he impressed upon his students.
74 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Education ought to produce a vigorous mind
in a vigorous body. The doctrine of ill-health,
having served a young lady well in literature,
had grown more popular than ever in life. " It
has been the unhappy mistake of some," the
teacher remarked in a public lecture, "that in
order to be amiable they must be weak, in order
to possess delicacy of feeling their constitutions
must be sickly." He urged young women to
know themselves. "Many fail of accomplish-
ing what they undertake for a want of know-
ledge of their own weakness, and many do not
undertake what they might perform from igno-
rance of their own strength." Since the reason
for getting knowledge is to use it and the reason
for improving one's mind is the better to use
knowledge, without moral direction one be-
came, to Mr. Emerson's thought, at best a dere-
lict, at worst a ship manned by a pirate crew.
He declared frankly for Christianity as the only
safe pilot, but of small denominational differ-
ences he made little. In the Hebrew Scriptures,
his inheritance from that Puritan theocracy
which had ruled commonwealths by the Word
of Jehovah, he found a complete manual of life.
AT SCHOOL 75
Unlike his fathers, he did not go to it for di-
rect mandates. Great thoughts lend themselves
in every age to new in-readings, and Joseph
Emerson administered Biblical principles to
diet, exercise, mental development, school meth-
ods, and spiritual problems with an impartial
dexterity a trifle disconcerting to another gen-
eration. He had a gift for revivifying the past,
and to the receptive minds of his students he
transmitted the recognition of the eternal un-
staled freshness of all human experience.
Such was the teacher who now laid hands
on Mary Lyon. An exuberant nature like hers
gains much from the touch of a wise theorist.
It steadies, clarifies, defines. Instinctive grop-
ing in the dark gives place to a seeing stride
that carries a mind far. Mr. Emerson revealed
her to herself. But though her thought took
color from his, she was too instinct with life to
be warped into imitation. He recognized her
virility. Better disciplined minds had come to
his seminary, — none, he told his assistant,
that equaled Mary Lyon's in power.
To her the school was a revelation, and she
gave herself to it unreservedly. Each day
76 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
dawned for her a fresh adventure. Amanda
wrote home: "Sister Mary is quite provoked
that I have taken all the paper without leaving
her any room to put in a word. She sends much
love to all. She is gaining knowledge by hand-
fuls — time with her is too precious to spend
much of it in writing letters." She grudged the
very hours it took to eat. After lingering at
noon that she might ask questions of Mr. Em-
erson, her hurrying feet brought her to her
boarding-place, late for dinner but bubbling
over with animated speech. One who was then
the small son of the household set down his
recollections of this habit: "I remember Miss
Lyon better than Miss White, probably because
she was more demonstrative, full of talk on sub-
jects started in school and questions which my
father liked to put, so that she could hardly
take time to eat even when she came to the
table." She lived not by bread and butter in
those days.
Time was her fortune. Long ago she had
given up trying to make more of it, but always
she stretched her days to their utmost grasp.
The whole seven were now pressed into the ser-
AT SCHOOL 77
vice of study. Against remonstrance for mis-
using Sunday she protested with honest vigor.
To learn was a debt owed to opportunity, and
the days were all too few in which to pay it.
She gave over Sunday study only when a greater
good had succeeded in convincing her of its
honest right. She had never been averse to ren-
dering to God the things that are God's; she
had only been kept busy settling first other
claims which seemed more immediately press-
ing. The decision to make more room in her
life for the unseen came about through the ap-
pointment of a students' prayer meeting for
those who were Christians. It laid on her the
necessity of making up her mind whether or
not to go. After hard thought she took time
from study and attended the meeting. In after
weeks, while she added to her intellectual gains,
a feeling of spiritual poverty grew upon her and
she set herself to supply her lack, an enterprise
in which she was characteristically ready to
include others, though signs indicate that it
was probably no easier for her than for other
healthy young people to talk about her inner
experiences.
In those months at Byfield her life broad-
ened, she gained poise and balance. Her na-
ture was righting itself after the gusty driving
of her first imperious youth. Never again
would she thoughtlessly maltreat her body or
neglect her soul to favor her curious mind. To
the universe about her she began to return
more steadily a three-fold response.
Of that golden summer but three remem-
brancers remain. Two recall the student : a note-
book containing Mr. Emerson's "Concluding
Instructions," devoted mainly to the subject
of argumentation, and a slender sheaf of com-
positions, — three or four themes, the titles
of others, notes of Mr. Emerson's criticisms.
Thoughtful, deeply imaginative in spots, with
here and there foreshadowings of a powerful
simplicity of phrasing, this work bears the
stamp of its kind in a certain generality of note,
due in this case possibly as much to the imper-
sonal dignity of the subjects as to the inexperi-
ence of the writer. The titles discover a point
of view that has quite vanished from the aca-
demic world. English students do not now
write on the Goodness of God, the Value of the
AT SCHOOL 79
Bible, Benevolence, Cyrus, Queen Mary, Eden.
Our youthful ancestors were called upon to
deal with remote and weighty matters. " Very
well drawn" is Mr. Emerson's comment on a
sketch of Cleopatra. An epigrammatic sen-
tence he notes as indicating "an uncommon
degree of ease." "Was Caesar Justified in
Crossing the Rubicon?" — favorite riddle of
classic schoolmasters — draws from him the
inspirational sentence, "I often think of the
remark of one minister to another : * If I could
preach as well as you I would preach twice as
well.' "
The other memento is a little handwritten
book, found among Miss Lyon's papers after
her death ; one of those volumes of commemo-
ration current within memory and known to
the older chapters of the school-girl fraternity
as an album. Here friendships were put to
press. Their fragrance lingers about these yel-
lowing brown-spotted pages, scored with ad-
monitions to a suppositively forgetful memory,
and with those sad foreshadowings of death
which form so pleasant an indulgence in the
sunny immunity of youth.
80 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
" Farewell ! Remember Nancy ! "
" Life's wild dreams are flying fast,
Hope's gay meteor's light is past,"
wrote aging people in their teens and twenties.
To her who was "made for friendship" all this
lugubriousness spoke, as like solemnities have
4one to countless others, of young and rainbow
days, glad hearts and close-linked purposes.
Perhaps sometimes as those days drew into a
remoter past, she conned with a smile this ros-
ter of old school-fellows, summoning back to
their melancholy pennings remembrance of the
warm fleshly hands that wrote. With most of
them hereafter she had little acquaintance. But
there is one name, signed to a scriptural quota-
tion in chirography "faultily faultless," that
grew dearer to her, — "Z. P. Grant." Be-
tween Mr. Emerson's stately and ceremonious
young assistant and the impetuous student from
the Franklin County hills developed a friend-
ship that proved one of the determining factors
of the latter' s life.
These parchment-like pages represent an
educative force which had long been operative
AT SCHOOL 81
on men with or without fortune, but which the
Byfield seminary was among the first to press
into the common service of women. Mental
magnanimity, a product of the rubbing of new
against familiar scenes, comes at second-hand
cheaper and often almost as effectively as by
travel. Its enlargements are to be had at any
school draining a wide area; in proportion to
the extent of territory at a school's command
are the facets of its point of view. Byfield, ac-
cording to the catalogue of this particular year,
drew its students from all but one of the New
England states ; often it gathered from a wider
sweep. Amanda wrote home that Mr. Emer-
son "is of the opinion that they [the * young
ladies'] will profit more by spending consider-
able time in visiting and conversing with each
other than to spend it all in study." They
shared their backgrounds. They were still young
and malleable, despite the excess of their years
over the common schoolgirl age ; but not all were
of equal youth. Mary told her mother of the ad-
dition to the student body of a minister's widow
from Maine, apparently over thirty ; a circum-
stance that she said "would be remarked as
82 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
uncommon in any school but Mr. Emerson's."
In itself this arrival was an enlightening epi-
sode.
That Mary Lyon, in love though she was
with learning, could have lived untouched by
all this give and take of experience is impos-
sible of conjecture in one with such a human
gift. But her reply to it remains, of necessity,
conjecture. So, too, does the warm sympathy
that one feels must have bound her to these
whose names are written in her little book.
Together they were fitting themselves to be of
use in the world.
From her the call to service met a ready an-
swer. Mr. Emerson had but expressed an in-
stinct of her nature in crying out against "mere
book- worms, literary misers," who "have so
much to read they have no time to act."
Long afterward she turned a flashlight upon
these early years, and the impression was pre-
served in jerky fashion by the pen of a note-
taker. Fitly it stands at the end of her school-
days. " In my youth I had much vigor — was
always aspiring after something. I called it
loving to study. Had few to direct me aright.
AT SCHOOL 83
One teacher I shall always remember. He told
me education was to fit one to do good."
She went out from his presence committed
to the eternal quest of the mind. It was not in
her to become a recluse, even had necessity
relaxed its hold upon her fortunes. She had
too keen a taste for life to sit at a window with
a page of print under her hand and look out
upon the world ; she must be down in the thick
of the street where things happened. Brim-
ming over with energy, she might be counted
on, if they advanced with a lagging step, to
help them happen.
CHAPTER IV
TEACHING
EDUCATION'S last word is work. For when
necessity tugs, a man or woman stretches to
fit its measure. Hence, the problem of a wise
choice of occupation resolves itself into finding
one's point of greatest natural elasticity. But
since many people give equally well in more
than one direction, inquiry must often shift to
the varying merits of different kinds of work.
Some pursuits, by drawing more vigorously
than others on the whole nature, afford a more
liberal education.
Miss Lyon arrived at the opinion that a wo-
man, "capable of teaching and having taught
well, [is] ready for any other sphere of useful-
ness." The theory betrays itself so frankly as
one of the ripe fruits of experience as to play no
part among the factors operative on her own
decision. Nor was she inevitably a teacher,
except in that broad sense in which she said,
TEACHING 85
"Teaching is really the business of almost
every useful woman." Were she living to-day,
one cannot readily picture her a pedagogue.
In any corner of history she would have done
the unexploited thing. Liking for unworn ways
ran in her blood ; her eldest sister had taught
with repute in Buckland. She knew what it
meant to hunger and thirst after knowledge,
and her home had bred her to generosity.
Youth's most pressing engagement is with
acquisition, but Mary Lyon never cared to
keep it alone. Even in the enchanted days at
Byfield she wanted to share her good things.
The son of the family with which she boarded,
a delicate boy of ten or twelve years, and much
of a stay-at-home, wrote after the span of a life-
time, "I have not wholly forgotten some not
very successful experiments in teaching gram-
mar which she volunteered upon myself. Some
tears resulted from the operation, if not much
learning, though she was all patience and good-
nature."
Seven years earlier her first venture had
missed giving satisfaction. She herself used to
say that she failed in government. A remark
86 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
of one of her later pupils to the effect that " her
mirthful tendencies threatened her success as
a teacher" may shed light on the situation.
Discipline has often made shipwreck on the
reefs of laughter, and Mary Lyon laughed so
easily ! The next school went better, but Buck-
land people told her she would never equal her
sister. This early unsuccess led her to doubt
her ability, and once, in a fit of the blues, she
declared that she would never teach again. But
ever the quenchless flame of her spirit burned
up anew and drove her on. ;< Teach till you
make a success of it ! " she cried to her Holyoke
students, reading them the caption of a chapter
out of her own experience.
To her, fresh from Mr. Emerson's seminary,
was offered the position of assistant in Sander-
son Academy. No woman had ever been con-
nected with its teaching force, and at the head
stood, as usual, a college graduate. " Try her,'*
Mr. White urged the principal, who thought
that, like his predecessors, he needed a man's
aid. Five years later the trustees bluntly
crossed precedent again and elected her pre-
ceptress, with Miss Hannah White, Amanda's
TEACHING 87
sister, to help her. The attendance roundly
attested her popularity. Probably it was not
a mixed school; the previous winter had seen
the last of that kind which she ever taught.
Her choice and her forte lay with girls.
Circumstances led her naturally into this ab-
sorption. Two years after her first appointment
to Sanderson Academy, an invitation surprised
her to help Miss Zilpah Grant the ensuing
summer open in a new building at London-
derry, now Derry, New Hampshire, one of the
first incorporated academies in New England
designed exclusively for women. Desire said,
Go! Gratitude to Ashfield ordered, Stay! As
debate between them ran high, the opportunity
grew upon her spirit, a thing of vigorous possi-
bilities. She believed heartily in the plan for
the new school, with its promise of graded
study and more time for preparation on the
part of teachers. Always she liked to pull
good down out of the clouds, and in the end
she accepted the new position.
It gave her that which is of invaluable con-
sequence to the future leader, the training of
subordination. Association with Zilpah Grant,
88 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
primarily, like Joseph Emerson, a theorist,
filled out her proportions and tempered her ex-
uberance. Together the two friends tried out
their own and others' schemes, and these Miss
Lyon tested further in the hills. For Adams
Academy, like many others in that rigorous
time and climate, found it practicable to keep
its doors open but half the year. The warm
months she gave Miss Grant; winter saw her
either in Ashfield or in Buckland, usually
teaching the "select schools for young ladies"
that made her famous beyond the county.
The two towns vied with each other to secure
her services. By climbing to the third floor of
that first Buckland brick house to whose build-
ing she herself had lent a hand, the twentieth-
century pilgrim may stand in one of her school-
rooms. As when she taught here, it presents the
aspect of a barrel-vaulted hall. Four fireplaces,
one in each corner, secure it plentiful venti-
lation ; at either end light falls through oblong
windows topped by a third of fan-shaped glass.
Board benches run along the side walls ; in the
middle of one opens the door where the stairs
drop steeply down. Inconveniently remote
TEACHING 89
from the street, the hall grew too small as well,
and Ashfield lured her back. For a winter or
two the academy building was given over wholly
to " young ladies." Then Buckland fitted up a
new and larger place. All the old joiners, so
goes the story, chipped in and built Graham's
hall "about as quick as Jonah's gourd grew."
Wherever she went she drew girls from all
the towns around and even from beyond the
state. Teachers came; fathers brought their
daughters ; men interested in schools suggested
to their young townswomen that they enter
Miss Lyon's and learn her method. So effi-
cient were the pupils she sent out that commit-
tee-men were chosen in November instead of
March that they might engage her students ; and
attendance for a term served a girl in place of
a certificate. A teacher coming into the region
twenty years later found the recollection of
those schools still lingering among the hills, the
afterglow of a kind of pedagogic golden age.
Continually she introduced new methods.
She began by substituting for the multiplicity
of learning then in vogue a few plain subjects
studied thoroughly. " In teaching never intro-
90 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
duce studies which would not be profitable to
the scholars, merely for the sake of having the
school appear well," she said. "Rise above
such things." Each succeeding winter saw an
addition to the branches taught, and soon an
assistant, and later two, became a necessity.
" What new plans have you adopted ? New
books?" questions one of these women in a
letter written after but six months' separation.
" Make as much effort to gain knowledge from
objects around us, from passing events, and
from conversation, as from books," I find in
the notes for one of her Buckland talks. "In
most respects you will be directed in your con-
duct by your own good judgment, as you all
mean to do right and all undoubtedly can judge
well," she told her students, giving them a form
of government whereby under her guidance
they voted the few regulations in force over
their daily lives, and from their own number
elected officers to keep tally on their execution.
" Be faithful," she enjoined, "not only for your-
self, but that faithfulness in school may be fash-
ionable."
She was the first in Buckland to use maps in
TEACHING 91
the study of geography. Another winter she
experimented with the monitorial system, then
fighting its way against prejudice to the people's
favor. In place of a single long recitation she
substituted two shorter ones on the same sub-
ject, conducting the first herself, and leaving
that of the next half-day to the monitors in their
small divisions, while she passed briskly from
group to group, aiding as need called. "Use
invention of your own," she told the monitors,
"or you will never be good teachers." "My
recitation is taken up principally in general
questions and remarks," she wrote Miss Grant.
The two drew their inspiration from far fields.
Years before Horace Mann made his famous
seventh report they had investigated Pestaloz-
zi's theories. A combination of his method
with the monitorial scheme was made to work
admirably in their joint school.
To system Miss Lyon gave all the praise for
her success in the hills. Doubtless the woman
had quite as much to do with it. In her skillful
hands the new ways worked, and people came
to see how she did it. Requests multiplied for
permission to spend half a day observing in her
92 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
school, and she, remembering the courteous
reception her own investigating spirit had met
in Boston, could not refuse. Colonel Leavitt
of Heath, who was devoting a winter to the
scrutiny of schools, spent several days in Ash-
field, studying her methods. Alert herself, she
waked up her students. She asked them ques-
tions that made them think. " What course
would you take to educate a girl from four to
twenty?" "What are the advantages of the
monitorial system? What its evils?" Studies
developed unexpected possibilities. " In all my
attempts to teach grammar I think I can safely
say that I never saw so much lively interest in
the subject among so many as I now see from
day to day," she wrote Miss Grant, apologiz-
ing in the next sentence for her " seeming ego-
tism." Across the span of eighty years the Eng-
lish teacher may envy, but she has no heart to
condemn this modest elation. One is not wont
to think of grammar as under any circum-
stances lending itself to the production of a
"lively interest."
Lavishly she spent herself for her students.
Busy from morning till night, she devoted her
TEACHING 93
evenings one winter to a class in history, de-
fending herself for giving so much time to two
people on the ground that " it is what I so much
need." The episode aptly expresses her cheer-
ful habit of turning sober duties inside out,
and in their rosy linings rechristening them
opportunities.
It is natural to desire the whole of a good
thing, and Ashfield and Buckland, forced to
share their brilliant young teacher, made an
attempt to secure a monopoly of her attention.
So, too, did Miss Grant. Four years after the
opening of Adams Academy the trustees and
the principal, differing on a point of policy and
both equally stubborn, agreed to dissolve part-
nership. Miss Grant moved apparatus, teach-
ers, and many of her pupils to an academy
in Ipswich, Massachusetts, whose proprietors,
against her coming, had hastened to incorpo-
rate it. At the old Indian Agawam, grown
a thrifty sea-coast town, breathing strange ori-
ent odors, and easy of approach from Boston,
conditions favored the addition of a winter
session to the school year, a departure which
the principal justifies in a letter to her favor-
94 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ite helper. "Most academies are closed in
winter, and many wish to attend who cannot
devote their time in the summer." She offered
her the post of assistant principal.
The letters that traveled westward from Ips-
wich, "written with cold fingers but a warm
heart," reveal between their restrained lines an
almost importunate longing. Miss Lyon found
herself in the complimentary but uncomfort-
able position of being pulled hard at the same
time in opposite directions. Miss Grant wanted
her all the year round at Ipswich ; her towns-
people wanted her all the year round in Frank-
lin County. Both incited ministers, the patrons
of learning, to press on her attention reasons
why she should do as they individually wished.
Both assured her of unique fields for doing
good; both advised her that she hazarded
health and usefulness by division of energy;
both tugged at her heart-strings, the one with
the call of closest friendship, the other with
the claims of early gratitude and home-grown
bonds.
The county ministers' association passed
resolutions requesting her to stay, and, failing
TEACHING 95
to carry their point unaided, attempted to in-
duce Miss Grant to move west. But Buck-
land's reply to the latter's argument in favor
of the more abiding quality of Ipswich Sem-
inary lacked authority. Its plans for a perma-
nent school of its own fell through, and Miss
Lyon in the winter of 1829-30 taught her last
in Franklin County.
The seminary to which in six years of upbuild-
ing she had grown indispensable, and where,
nearly half the time as acting principal, she
now wholly spent her abounding vitality for
four years more, was doing with continuity,
apparatus, and a certain amount of accommo-
dation, what with little of this advantage she
had been trying to accomplish in the hills.
Derry-Ipswich was one of those headlands that
within a decade of each other had taken form
out of the chaos of feminine education. For
public opinion, still in its lightest mood, touched
the matter of women's schooling. It called for
extreme youth in the subject and quick finish
in the process. While their brothers acquitted
themselves as respectable citizens, girls were
intellectual tramps, seeking shelter for a term
or two under one literary roof, then blithely
taking to the road again to pause later, if chance
offered, at another. They seldom stopped to
form ties. In this haphazard fashion, careless
of the beginnings and ends of terms, on the
move as fortune and fancy favored, they made
acquisition of parlor tricks that after marriage
were generally sloughed off as precipitately as
they had been taken on. An ability to sing lan-
guishing airs, tinkle piano-keys, lisp French
phrases, and sketch impossible landscapes, the
conventional stock in trade of the youthful
spinster, betrayed likeness to a mirage; it af-
forded an airy spectacle having no connection
with terra firma. By the real emergencies of
life a girl and her education were soon parted.
A few wise women, acting independently, set
themselves to break up these habits of vagrancy
and to give a girl something worth keeping.
Among them, Mrs. Willard, successively at
Middlebury, Vermont, and Waterford and
Troy, New York ; Miss Beecher at Hartford,
Connecticut; Miss Grant and Miss Lyon at
Derry and Ipswich, deserted the fashionable
sands to build on the rock of self-respect. They
TEACHING 97
had to draft their own plans ; the thing that was
in their minds had never been patterned. Each
wrought from her own point of view, and her
school reflected her personality as inevitably as
does all self-directed work.
The fact that Derry-Ipswich had a plan at all
separated it from the guileless company of ordi-
nary boarding-schools ; the inclusions and omis-
sions of that plan distinguished it from its ven-
turesome contemporaries. Most of them essayed
to manage a judicious compromise. In advanc-
ing to an exposed position their commanders
prudently kept control of the old entrenchments.
One eye they still trained on the conventions.
Miss Grant and Miss Lyon boldly fixed both
upon life. With fine disdain of criticism they built
squarely on Joseph Emerson's doctrine of the
perfect respectability of women's brains. The
aim of Derry-Ipswich was not to " finish," but to
help each student find and sharpen the tools
whereby, with the help of time, the great op-
portunist, she might more nearly finish herself.
It came as a direct outgrowth of the older sem-
inary, breathing its atmosphere of order, schol-
arship, and thought, but having a practical
98 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
adaptation to existing educational conditions
which that school, stimulating as it had proved
in the case of individuals, conspicuously lacked.
"Mr. Emerson's plan . . . presupposed too much
previous improvement," wrote Miss Lyon.
" The course was too rapid for ordinary minds
and also for such as were young or but little
improved. We have more classes, our course is
slower, and the increased number of teachers
will enable us to execute our plans thoroughly."
Small schools with a family semblance serve
best the ends of small girls ; bigger ones profit
by numbers. Hence, a single school cannot
seek to become all things to all ages without
loss of efficiency. Derry-Ipswich, choosing a
high altitude, deliberately narrowed its field.
It encouraged numbers, setting value on that
traffic in points of view which is commonly
called conversation, at the same time cutting
off promiscuous attendance. It sought to at-
tract students at an age " past that of the com-
mon school girls of New England," and for sev-
eral years before Miss Lyon left the seminary
it had refused entrance under fourteen. To
the needs of an older growth of girls every cog
TEACHING 99
in its machinery was adapted. Waste of power,
like waste of time, its promoters held, may pro-
ceed from doing things legitimate enough, but
not the best, or from doing the best at the
wrong time — a mismatching of the action, the
girl, and the hour. To search out the perfect
fit is a teacher's business ; an insight Pestalozzi
bequeathed to the nineteenth century.
Academically, the seminary presented "a
thorough and extensive" and continually en-
larging course of English studies, carefully
graded, which, superimposed on the district or
public-school foundation, advanced a pupil by
examination and led to a diploma. This course
crystallized into three years, embracing "pri-
mary studies" and two "regular classes." A
small preparatory department, allowed to start
at Ipswich, was soon dropped, and in time,
though not until after Miss Lyon left the sem-
inary, the catalogue's specification of the de-
sirability of a certain amount of knowledge on
admission passed into entrance requirements.
Yet many came who did not take the regular
courses, and divisions were always made up
without regard to the time a young woman had
100 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
spent at the seminary, but with strict attention
to her readiness for the subject.
The required work included no "accom-
plishments." The study that could not prove its
worth in the general scheme, no matter how
well it might look on paper, found itself struck
out. " Away with French and music and paint-
ing from our school," Miss Grant once wrote
her associate, "until its worth is so much dimin-
ished that it must be patched and puffed up
with these appendages." The words are to be
taken more as a slur upon contemporary modes
of schooling than as pronouncing against the
arts per se. Drawing and painting were offered ;
Lowell Mason and his teachers came from
Boston to give lectures at Ipswich Seminary;
singing classes flourished and pianos awaited
practicing fingers. Out of class Miss Grant
sought to school students to social ease. She
cared much for appearance, but she trusted
in the hard study of plain subjects to give it,
conceiving true culture as an emanation from
a thinking personality. How successfully she
proved her proposition may be judged from
Miss Susan B. Anthony's remark that the first
TEACHING 101
"fashionably educated" teacher she ever had
came from Ipswich Seminary. From there,
too, proceeded that pattern of gracious ele-
gance, Miss Hannah Lyman, first " lady princi-
pal" of Vassar, whose fitness for the post Miss
Grant, then Mrs. Banister, guaranteed to Presi-
dent Raymond, and through whom she be-
came somewhat actively concerned in the social
organization of the college.
At Derry-Ipswich higher branches were im-
posed only on a thoroughly prepared basis. " If
you wish to have a polished education," Miss
Lyon said in one of her talks, "have a good
foundation. You would find it hard to polish
a piece of sponge, but not to polish steel. . . .
Some give to individuals a surface improve-
ment which seems to hang upon them like tin-
sel. Others put on gold ; it does not go on so
fast. . . . Surface improvement is rapid when
something new is brought before the mind ;
then it will sink down ; [the] solid is more uni-
form." In their emphasis on fundamentals
Miss Grant and Miss Lyon did not lay a unique
stress. Miss Abigail Hasseltine long practiced
it in Bradford Academy ; and at Hartford Miss
102 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Catherine Beecher once suspended all other
studies and for six months turned the atten-
tion of her whole school to the so-called " lower
branches." The way they were studied at
Derry-Ipswich robbed them of elementariness.
Attention centred on the thing behind the sym-
bol ; the country behind the map ; the language
behind the grammar ; the relations behind the
numbers. The student awoke to discover that
the simplest fact of everyday acquaintance may
engender a philosophy. Nothing derives its
authority from books. Grammar is " made by
the people," the skeleton of living speech.
"The grammarian," Miss Lyon concluded a
series of stimulating talks, punctuated by pene-
trating questions, "like the geographer, does
not make rivers or mountains, nor name them,
but records what these are and the names by
which people call them." Teachers were di-
rected, whenever a subject permitted, to encour-
age questions outside the immediate lesson,
but connected with it; perhaps in memory of
Joseph Emerson's dictum that it takes know-
ledge to put a wise interrogation.
Among the " General Directions for all the
TEACHING 103
Teachers" occurs this passage : " In each study,
let the teacher pursue such a course as will
lead the pupils to feel that their text-books
contain only the elements of the study. Let
the teacher refer to distinguished scholars in
that branch. . . . Let the teacher inspire the
scholar with a spirit to pursue the study more
extensively in future life." Under such train-
ing brains grew supple with exercise. Try to
demonstrate without looking first to see how a
proposition is done in the book, Miss Grant
suggested in geometry. In class the natural
juiciness of knowledge flowed in free discus-
sion. As at Byfield, students of "intellectual
philosophy" were led to consult their own
minds and to test the author's conclusions by
the original in each girl's possession.
Concerned with many studies at once, a
"mind does not become imbued with any of
them," said Miss Grant. Against this kind of
desultoriness she guarded by making the "se-
ries" the unit of work. Five "series" gave an
academic year. A study might run through
more than one "series," but each student's
schedule generally held but two subjects at a
104 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
time. The steeping process was expected to
give her time and energy to become interested
in what she did, and by narrowing the range of
impressions at once converging on her brain,
enable it the better to care for what it received.
Derry-Ipswich had no use for a mind that
leaked. After introducing a bit of information
the teachers helped foster the acquaintance.
They had one rule for this : Review ! Review !
Review !
An ordered way of living, held by Miss Grant
as a postulate to systematic study, presented a
problem which existing conditions made even
more defiant of solution. Mrs. Willard's Troy
Seminary, housing and schooling under one
roof, had at the time a notable appearance.
Scattered through the coast town, where the
nearest approach to concentration came with
the building of a house for the principals and
thirty-three students, a quarter of a mile from
the seminary, Miss Grant's girls kept the same
hours. They swayed to the rhythm of habit,
and that way lies ease.
Born autocrat though she was, a radical part
of Miss Grant's educational intent lay in con-
TEACHING 105
trolling students by leading them intelligently
to approve and voluntarily to assent to the reg-
ulations necessary for the community life of a
large school. " The government is intended to
be in rather than over them," she said. But
while Derry-Ipswich conveyed the effect of
being ruled by the consensus of public opinion,
that opinion took its direction at the will of the
principals. To the spirit of the seminary, fos-
tered in its earliest years, bequeathed and de-
veloped from generation to generation of stu-
dents, they looked for cooperation in executing
as well as in making the laws. External re-
wards and punishments fell outside the plan.
To excel gave one a possible chance of doing
something for the school, and it was bad
enough to have to report one's self for break-
ing a law of one's own voting. This system of
self-reporting, which Miss Grant had initiated
as Joseph Emerson's assistant, and used so
successfully in her own seminary, she did not
recommend to indiscriminate employment. A
teacher must first consult the moral barometer
of her little community. If a sluggish conscience
clouded the tube, it was no weather for self-
106 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
government. Truth was popular at Derry-
Ipswich and, without spying, its teachers man-
aged to keep a fair idea of the sincerity of the
reports.
The seminary stood for the vital contact of
life with life. To secure this personal relation
against the caprices of time and chance, the
school was divided into "sections." These
served the purpose of easy administration of
detail, and at the same time provided ready-
made a bond of intercourse between students
and teachers. A woman made it her business
to know intimately the girls making up the
small group to which she acted as "friend and
adviser," and to help them to an all-round
growth. " Speak of them as though they were
your younger sisters," the principals said to
new assistants. A jest on some dullard's limi-
tations, escaping in teachers' meeting, would
bring the quick words from Miss Lyon, " Yes,
I know she has a small mind, but we must do
the best we can for her." But with all her in-
corrigible optimism, hers was also that ability,
rare in women, to recognize and do the inevi-
table thing without either reproaches or repin-
TEACHING 107
ings. She could expel a scholar as good-hu-
moredly as she had received her. " I am sorry
for you," she would say, "but the good of the
institution requires it."
The good of the school ! At that bar stud-
ies, methods, privileges, persons, came to judg-
ment. Its emphasis stamped indelibly on these
young minds a sense of individual obligation to
the group. Beyond themselves, beyond their
sections, they saw the school. So the seminary
led them gently into those wider recognitions
which make for citizenship.
Neither the moment nor the manner had
been stumbled upon by chance ; things did not
happen accidentally at Derry-Ipswich. Frankly
it declared its programme. After childhood
and early youth, before permanently entering
on a sphere of action, there is ** a time when our
youth of both sexes need not simply a salutary
moulding influence, but when they need a
mighty power put forth upon them rousing
their souls to great and noble deeds of benevo-
lence. . . . Let a lady once become settled
down at the head of her own family with a nar-
row soul, and however amiable and lovely she
108 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
may be, ... a narrow soul she will carry with
her to the grave." In its expansive power in-
heres the value of a large school for girls of
this older growth. "They need to have their
views and feelings drawn away from self and
beyond the family, they need to learn by prac-
tice the true Christian philosophy of sacrificing
private interest to public good."
Religion is the Atlas on whose shoulders, by
these teachers' belief, rests the fabric of civili-
zation; and when at its malleable time they
sought to mint girl nature to useful woman-
hood, Christianity was the "mighty power"
they invoked. In an age when its sanctions
were often interpreted with partisan emphasis,
they refused to draw denominational lines.
" Not what I think or what you think, but what
is truth ?" questioned Miss Lyon. The outlook
of her generation and of her training contrib-
uted to the answer, but the majority of her
words breathe a truth to the human spirit that
knows no untimeliness. The seminary pre-
sented the uncommon spectacle of a commu-
nity actually living by the social teachings of
the Bible. It was one of the regular text-books ;
TEACHING 109
a course, conducted much like any efficient
Bible-study class, ran through the three years,
students reciting in sections on Monday morn-
ings. Tri-weekly morning talks by the princi-
pals quickened time-worn passages to new and
persuasive meanings, for Miss Lyon, at least,
possessed a freshness of outlook that compelled
attention. Deepening perceptions sought a
channel through which to act, and custom
answered to demand, until for every girl a half-
hour of quiet alone at the beginning and end of
day, when devotion was recommended but not
made obligatory, steadied nerves as well as souls.
Only the deftest touch may with impunity
seek to guide a life to sanctuary, and their suc-
cess bespeaks for these women deep sagacity.
History makes an enlightening comment on
this point. It was on a scriptural rock that
principal and trustees had split at Derry. The
trustees, content with present results but fear-
ful for the school's reputation and their own,
remonstrated against the prominence given
Biblical teaching. They lived to regret their
action, for the high repute of Adams Academy
passed from Derry with the passing of Zilpah
110 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Grant and Mary Lyon. Only two years after-
ward, in debt and disillusion, they attempted
by humble terms and a complete concession of
the involved point to lure Miss Grant back
again. Still later they opened negotiations with
Miss Lyon, then at the head of Mount Holyoke,
to secure a principal who should restore the
academy " to its former state." A recipe for the
lady, compounded of experience, learning, ac-
complished manners, and general acceptabil-
ity to the community, imposed on a firm reli-
gious character, suggests that experience may
have proved to the writer's satisfaction that
what he asked was procurable. Time, blur-
ring most of the individualities, has conveyed
an impression of the teachers of the school at
Derry and Ipswich, many of them its own grad-
uates, that does not lack the lighter tones of
grace and charm and beauty.
The seminary grew in numbers and repute.
From four the first summer at Derry, the teach-
ing force had increased, by 1834, to nine, with
five assistant-pupils. The catalogue three years
later remarks the large proportion of teachers
to students — about one to fifteen — as though
TEACHING 111
contrary to frequent custom. Qualitatively also,
these women formed a somewhat notable group :
most of them, proceeds an earlier record, " have
individually had the entire charge of a school
for young ladies." Students came from all over
the country and beyond. Teachers swarmed to
the seminary, — ambitious girls wishing to fit
themselves, women already embarked on the
profession. " It has often numbered among its
pupils," wrote Miss Lyon, "those who have
been employed as teachers in schools of almost
every grade, those who had, as they supposed,
completed their education years before. ' ' Heads
of academies sometimes spent from six months
to two years in the school as pupils, not of the
assistant variety. Special attention was often
paid to the needs of this class of students by
practical talks on school-teaching.
The seminary sent its product to every state
in the union. Some prefer not to start a new
school in the West until they can get an Ipswich
scholar for a teacher, runs contemporary testi-
mony to the efficiency of its output. On every
student who went to teach, Derry-Ipswich
pressed its twin injunctions to sincerity and
112 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
modesty. " Don't use high-sounding terms with
regard to your school ; don't call it an acad-
emy until it is one." "Don't talk about your
great responsibility, but rather feel it in your
heart." Had more people shared the scholarly
ideals of these Ipswich students, the cult of
ambitious titles would not have thrown into
confusion so much of the educational appara-
tus of the United States.
Through her presence and her absence the
seminary remained the principal's, but much
of its daily impulse flowed from Mary Lyon.
Miss Zilpah Grant, dark, personable, and com-
manding, but handicapped by fragile health,
contributed an effective figure-head and a brain
equal to devising and fitting together the ma-
chinery of its running gear. Her lively associate
furnished the sinews of success. Without her it
requires no stretch of fancy to surmise that
Ipswich Seminary would never have had the
span of life it enjoyed. The position brought
her a peculiar personal delight, in addition to
her professional pleasure. The two women
drew each other with all the force of their un-
likeness. Throughout her life people yielded
TEACHING 113
Miss Grant the centre of the stage, for there she
incontestably belonged. "It is an intellect to
govern a state or adorn the bench," affirmed
President Raymond. "Gail Hamilton" spicily
wrote of her in the "North American Review" »
under the title, "An American Queen"; and in
all innocence of intentional humor it was said
after her marriage that European visitors came
to this country to see Niagara and Mrs. Ban-
ister. The fact that Mary Lyon lavished on her
the sunniest affection of a big heart bespeaks
for the lady's statuesque proportions a certain
warmth of life. To the temperate, polished,
well-poised woman, the vigor and color of the
younger appealed with the alien charm of prod-
igal abundance. Through characteristic re-
serves of correspondence her affection breaks
now and then in some phrase which gathers
emphasis from the stately pen that wrote it.
The quaint formality of " My dear Miss Lyon,"
between friends, slips ever and again into " My
very dear Sister."
The ease of their relations silently testifies to
Miss Lyon's ability as a lieutenant. She owned
1 October, 1886.
114 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
the gift of wise reserve that conserves friend-
ship, and by virtue of its exercise two strongly
independent women worked in harmony. The
younger could suggest plans by the score, and
leave the other to choose among them. That
she had her own thoughts, not always coinci-
dent with those of her associate, a single pas-
sage in one of her later letters witnesses. It
breathes a fine loyalty to her professional supe-
rior. With a quiet mind Miss Grant could de-
part on those long rest-seeking vacations that
absorbed a year and a half of her time during
Miss Lyon's assistant-principalship. She left
her seminary in safe hands.
That young woman had never yet done a
half-hearted thing, and she did not begin when
she commenced teaching. All her life she ap-
pears not to have given herself to pursuits
in which she could take no interest, but her
method often reversed the ordinary weeding-out
process. "Anything may become interesting
which we think important," she used to say.
She taught well, primarily because she liked to
teach. So apt was she at squaring her deeds
with her words, that when we find her advising
TEACHING 115
students, "Clear perception is next important
to attention, let them [your scholars] not be
indefinite," it entails no license to apply the
words to her own class-room manner. " There
was no such thing as a pupil slurring over a re-
citation with her," remarked President Hitch-
cock. But before trafficking in ideas, as in
goods, one must open up a line of transporta-
tion. Teachers, as she told her students at Hoi-
yoke, must be able " to have their minds meet
other minds." Failing to effect a junction, no
matter how valuably freighted either side may
be, the whole enterprise fails. "Knowledge
must be drawn from the scholars' minds, put
in order and replaced," she continued. "The
teacher recalls it in a happier manner than the
scholar has experience to do."
The activity of her own intellect carried her a
good deal more than half-way to meet her stu-
dents. The harder one was to get at, the more
eagerly she sought some point at which to es-
tablish communication. Her energy still throve
on opposition. " Make the dull ones think once
a day," she cried. "Make their eyes sparkle
once a day. They must pass over some things
116 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
which they do not understand, but when you
do [attempt it], make them think."
The fruit of thought in her own vivid phrase
is "an appetite for knowledge," and this she
was singularly fortunate in whetting in her stu-
dents. One who was both her pupil and fellow-
teacher has said of her method, " She did not
think so much of a perfect lesson, nor take so
much time for examination on the text-books
as many teachers do, but she made the hour
one of delightful improving conversation and
exhilarating mental activity. ' ' Truth went sing-
ing through her class-rooms out into the world,
and girls scampered blithely after, their faces
flushing to the zest of the chase, their minds
closing in on a new joy. "There are peculiar
sweets derived from gaining knowledge, de-
lights known only to those who have tested
them," she writes. She would have her girls
miss none of their legitimate joys. Brains good
at digging up facts often lack the knack of
hitching them to conclusions, and the world is
full of conclusions flourishing in cheerful immu-
nity from facts. " It is important that the mind
should become particular as well as general,"
TEACHING 117
ran a note-taker's quill ; " that it be trained to
definite action, and if it can be united with free-
dom of thought it will be happy." Her method
involved no less of plan because it was " active
and flexible."
Her versatility betrays itself astonishingly
in the range of subjects which she taught. "In
whatever department of literature or science
engaged, a looker-on would suppose that to
be her favorite pursuit," President Hitchcock
declared. Mental arithmetic was one of her
hobbies. She wrote of having "a delightful
time teaching history." "The plan of instruc-
tion must be good," was her advice to a young
teacher, "to render history interesting and
profitable. . . . On few subjects do teachers
fail more than on this." Her ear rejoiced in the
majesties of the Old Testament ; the cadence
of its English, the splendor of its imagery.
She loved Milton, the full-throated Puritan.
Had specialization come earlier into fashion,
what would have been her choice ? One who
knew her and taught with her, queries, "I
often wonder what a teacher of literature she
would have made !" Remembering her delight
118 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
in things reasonable, that turned the march of
Jonathan Edwards's argument into intellectual
recreation, fancy at first tends to allow to phi-
losophy the balance of her favor. But her in-
tense curiosity toward natural science halts
conjecture. President Hitchcock inclined to
think chemistry and Butler's "Analogy" the
subjects which she taught the best. " In almost
all her schools she lectured on chemistry," he
added, "and performed the experiments with
much success."
For this her preparation had been as thor-
ough as she could make it; her active spirit
abhorred any inadequacy. The better to equip
herself for work the first year at Adams Acad-
emy, she hurried from her school in the hills to
Amherst College, and the lectures of Professor
Amos Eaton. Something of the vitality of her
person has clung to recollection of her, and
long afterward undergraduates of the time re-
membered how she used to come into class, a
corner of her shawl trailing on the ground. A
little later, again under Amos Eaton, then " Pro-
fessor of chemistry and experimental philoso-
phy, and lecturer on geology, landsurveying,
TEACHING 119
and the laws regulating town offices and jurors,"
at the Rensselaer School in Troy, New York,
she spent a vacation studying in the first in-
stitute of technology in the country. A cir-
cular, preserved among her papers, explains
the school's then advanced method. "In the
course on chemistry students are divided into
sections, not more than five in a section. These
are not to be taught by seeing experiments and
hearing lectures according to the usual method,
but they are to lecture and experiment by turns,
under the immediate direction of a professor or
a competent assistant." " We shall have at least
one section of ladies to work as within," scrib-
bled Professor Eaton on the back of the sheet.
" Would it not be well for you to spend the term
here ? You would then be well prepared." He
adds a word about laboratory apparatus sent
to Deny. "I shall attend what lectures are
given to the Rensselaer School while I am here,
principally in chemistry and natural philoso-
phy," she wrote from Professor Eaton's home
on the day of her arrival. How long she stayed
we do not know, but at every turn of life she
availed herself of the chance to learn.
In nothing was she less visionary than in her
attitude toward the rewards of her profession, a
hardy union of enthusiasm and common sense
being perhaps her most persuasive quality. A
persistently logical mind would not let her,
after sowing intangibles, look to reap tangibles,
and she did not confuse for others the issues of
choice. "Never teach the immortal mind for
money," she cried. "If money-making is your
object, be milliners or dressmakers, but teach-
ing is a sacred, not a mercenary employment."
What she had to say on the motives that might
justly lead a woman of her generation to make
extraordinary efforts to become a better teacher,
was based on intimate acquaintance with
American school conditions in the fourth dec-
ade of her century, and she said it candidly. It
amounts to this. If you seek more learning for
the love of it, or from a desire to make yourself
more useful, the gain is worth the cost. But if
you want it to give your services a greater
money value, the facts will not bear you out.
Comparatively few positions offer flattering sal-
aries; these are mostly abundantly supplied, in
some cases so superabundantly as to produce
TEACHING 121
a degrading rivalry. Nor do they give oppor-
tunity for the greatest usefulness. The pupils in
these schools seldom make the best students.
Often a teacher with " a good mechanical and
military tact at getting along, who labors faith-
fully merely for the sake of the money at the end
of the year, will do as much good as the most
benevolent teacher." If you really want to see
yourself count, take a small school in the back
woods ; there are plenty of chances in the West.
It will pay you little in money, but it will pur-
chase those unnegotiable securities which are
the legitimate returns of love and patience and
self-giving.
Wrote a visitor to Ipswich in 1833 : "In fif-
teen minutes after I arrived I was gratified with
a sight of that noted and truly wonderful wo-
man, Miss Lyon. . . . She is the perfect image
of health." Referring to another person : " Her
expression reminded me of her in a moment,
just such full, smiling, happy blue eyes, plump
rosy cheeks, sandy hair, and as much more in-
tellect and intelligence as you can conceive."
The reference to her hair introduces contro-
versy, Miss Lyon's hair being " red, " " auburn,"
122 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
"sandy," or "light brown," according to the
describer. Before me lies a lock of it, brown,
with dominating glints of red. Perhaps the
nearest approach to the truth is contained in
the word of one who, but a few years later, used
as a child to love to sit and look at that hair.
She calls it a "golden-auburn."
The "noted and truly wonderful" Miss
Lyon was the same and yet not the same as the
impetuous girl who had tried to mould other
raw material and failed. She had taken plenty
of time to get herself in hand. The miracle of
life, which is the miracle of becoming, worked
fast in her, yet, so capacious was she, with an
effect of deliberation. The years reveal her,
preeminently, as a growing power. One can-
not plunge as she did into work, and come up,
after more than a decade, unchanged. By
teaching she was taught.
Yet there remains for the lover of youth a
compelling charm about that earlier figure. It
stands out as April against June, impulsively
yielding to the stirrings of life; a creature of
contrasts, easy smiles and tears, high spirits,
dark depressions, quick likings, swift aversions,
TEACHING 123
yet withal warm and sound at the heart and
holding in its very abandon the seeds of a
wealthy flowering. Youth is always a see-saw,
and it was inevitable that Mary Lyon should
play the game thoroughly. When she was up,
she shot very high indeed ; and when she went
down, she was buried in depression. Opposi-
tion's little finger tumbled her in the dust of
discouragement, from which she bounded up
as easily. She liked to go away by herself and
cry, and her ever-present humor twinkles in
the midst of tears in a story told of her after she
had been for some time a teacher. Asking one
night how long it would be before tea, she was
told to her evident disappointment that it was
nearly ready, but might be delayed to accom-
modate her. "Oh no," she said cheerfully, "I
was only wishing to have a good crying-spell,
and you could not give me time enough." Be-
low this fitful surface her will held steady as the
needle to the pole; directed by the insights of
her profession, it swept her out of the rapids
and into the deeper waters of an equable and
sunny life. Once having made up her mind
that she had better uses for her time than to
124 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
spend it in a "good crying-spell," she cried no
more; and those who saw her later, unruffled
by redoubling anxieties and rebuffs, found it
hard to believe that her calendar had ever held
an April leaf.
A very April's child was the self-distrust that
handicapped her first teaching years. She
thought lightly of her dignity, and feared close
association with students lest she lose her in-
fluence over them. In a houseful of girls at
Buckland she had recourse to the device of in-
troducing a subject to root out the frailties of
undirected table-talk. The unshadowed light of
youth showed evil and good alike, with pitiless
distinctness, and she had not yet learned to
make an ally of time. With that amazing self-
knowledge which was always hers, she gauged
her abilities justly ; her possibilities she had not
discovered how to measure. So she preferred
not to do at all what she was not sure that
she could do well. "That is one of the things
which I cannot do," she used to say, "but this
I can do very well, or so well that no one will
suffer loss ; and I want this for my part to-day."
But her work laid its big, inexorable hand upon
TEACHING 125
her and pushed her out into paths that she had
shunned.
For the people who feel constrained to prac-
tice what they preach, advice is a boomerang.
She who ate and slept in the fractions of time
remaining from more congenial pursuits, whose
delight it was to throw herself bodily to a rav-
enous learning, must ill press regularity upon
a school. If she sat up all night to study, could
she convincingly counsel her girls to go to bed ?
The responsibility for dispensing advice neces-
sitated on her part close inspection. Under the
scrutiny it appears to have shown unexpected
excellencies, for we find her soon closing a let-
ter to Miss Grant with the suggestive sentence :
"I believe I must be exceedingly cautious not
to encroach upon the time for sleep, even to
write to my dearest and best earthly friend."
The scholar in her began to teach. The
scholar was more immediately interested in
studies than students, in intellect than char-
acter. Her own education had been a haphaz-
ard affair, without calculated order; her own
appetite, too keen to question what it fed on.
In turn to make fine scholars summed her aim.
126 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
As she taught, the scholar passed over into the
teacher who chooses wise roads to wise ends.
Through what is, she glimpsed what ought to
be. Creative imagination stirred powerfully
within her. The future woman in hiding within
every present student emerged and claimed the
centre of her thought. The woman was to hope
and desire and love and dare and do, as well
as to think, and she felt it quite as much a part
of her business to open a girl's eyes to her op-
portunities in living as to stimulate her intellect.
No fortunate juxtaposition of people or happy
conformity of circumstance can have been es-
sential to the development of this view in Mary
Lyon, though undoubtedly both contributed
to its quickening.
Students caught her own ardor for goodness,
and morals, like the measles, are most readily
transmitted by way of a microbe. She taught
the Copernican system, which infinitely en-
larges the scope of one's universe. "If you
would make the most improvement, don't con-
fine your desires to self ; take an extended view
— look at the whole," she urged. "Let none
of your feelings be exhausted on trifles." She
TEACHING 127
came to see people, she said once, as contrac-
tions, and she liked to think what they were
contractions of. " Our thoughts have the same
effect on us as the company we keep," she
told her girls, and she put them in the way of
thinking largely. "Make them bigger than
their mothers and fathers!" It was a cry
out of her heart. She was dreaming of a race
of women strong- bodied, big-brained, great-
souled, and she wanted to help her dream come
true.
How did I happen and what am I for ? The
riddle that keeps humanity guessing found her
ready with an inspiriting answer. Her talks
on every-day affairs, health, habit, the use of
money, dress, manners, secrets, called to a high
self-respect. They sparkled to her lips from a
heart warm with human kindness and an un-
derstanding fed on keen observation of people.
Laughter rollicked through her character-
sketches; humor, smiling delicately, winged
shafts that were always pointed by shrewd
sense. She had a keen eye for form, and eccen-
tricity in little things hurt her feeling for har-
mony, betraying inner disorder. " Who would
128 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
be glad to have me prepare a few coats ready
for any one to put on ? " she asked once at Buck-
land in speaking of self-knowledge. " Who will
endeavor to put it on if it belongs to her ? " It
was a breezy talk blowing from high sunlit
spaces, and the seeds it scattered ripened to a
generous symmetry of life.
She infused into girls her own foresight of
what they might become ; perforce, since she
believed in them, they began to believe in them-
selves. "You were the first friend who ever
pointed out to me defects of character with
the expectation that they would be removed,"
wrote an Ipswich pupil in one of the few letters
of this kind which have been preserved. An-
other says that but for Miss Lyon's " kind coun-
sel and instructions" she would never have be-
come a missionary to the Indians. Still another
tells of success in banishing "that 'long face'
which you were so faithful in assisting me to
leave off at Ipswich. . . . Mr. has told
me but once that I looked ' sober. ' :
She shrank, at first, from much speech on
things that concern the soul. Her contempora-
ries noted that for many years she taught the
TEACHING 129
Bible as she would any other book, finding
in it, most emphatically, intellectual pleasure.
But need, whenever she heard its call, bugling
all her energies to action, brought out in time
her articulateness on this point also. Yet, so
far did her ideals outstrip her appreciation
of her success, that at the close of her life,
when others found her most eloquent, she felt
least satisfied. Such was the final insight that
her teaching brought her. Diffidently at first,
more and more confidently as her touch gained
experience, she sought to enlighten spirit as well
as mind and heart. Out of much observation
she came to believe that a person goes further
when consciously linked with God ; she believed
that to align one's self with Him enlarges all
one's powers, as though a creature that had
been battling against a mighty force suddenly
turned and swam with the current. " [A] great
mistake [is made] by good people in supposing
religion counter to principles of nature." To
her thought it was the supremely natural thing
in the world. "Our minds are so constituted
that nothing but God can fill them."
Her faith was very simple. The theology she
130 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
owned took color from Calvin's determining
brain, but one who knew her best in the Hoi-
yoke years now says, " I did not know she was
a Calvinist." The wonder is that in the genera-
tion when she lived she could have so laid her
emphasis as to leave the point in doubt with
memory. Religion with her was primarily nei-
ther an intellectual assent nor an emotional ex-
perience, but a life. As such she quickened it in
her girls. On no a priori grounds she sought to
lead them to make the " Great Decision," only
as experience showed her its fruits. She went
about it without bustle or excitement. Visitors
and townspeople seldom knew of what might
be going on beneath their eyes. They should
never be irregular for the sake of religion, she
counseled teachers.
Her gospel was like herself, buoyant and vig-
orous. She preached it in her smiling blue eyes
and in her strong and joyous life ; she preached
it in words that grew more sure with time.
Hers was a call to happiness. " God wants you
to be happy; he made you to be happy." "A
duty need not be unpleasant." Healthily she
warned against the asceticism which finds vir-
TEACHING 131
tue in deprivation : " You have no right to give
up your happiness because you are willing to."
Out of her own nature she defined her terms.
" Happiness is in activity," she said at Holyoke.
" God has so made us that the remembrance of
energy makes us happy." " Holiness leads to
the most vigorous action. Real holiness tends
to make the character energetic." To work
with God in the world was the Christian op-
portunity as she saw it ; in her own phrase, " to
labor with God as children with a father, to
walk by his side, to unite with Him in his great
work." To this strenuous holiness she called
her girls. But she never presumed on her posi-
tion to importune, or belittled religion by be-
seechings. Hers, to put the proposition ; theirs,
to become, or no, partners with opportunity,
adventurers for God. Life was not life in her
eyes without independence. "As well believe
for others as to educate in the highest sense.
Passive education is mechanical." " [Do] not at-
tempt anything," her note-book reports, "be-
cause I think it best, — not unless you believe it
is desirable, practical, and expedient. Feel the
force of it.'
132 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
This sense of the otherness of every person
underlay the remarkable stability of her work.
She found people different and she did not try
to make them alike. " We do the most good by
making the most of ourselves that we possibly
can. Each is to try to make the most of her own
powers and not to try to become somebody
else." Instead of setting a standard for her
school, she led each girl to fix her own. " We
expect your best, not what is good for another,
but yours." That brains are unequally distrib-
uted through the human species, seems never
to have troubled her ; what mattered was that
each person should know how to use what she
had to the best advantage. So with the bundle
of tendencies that makes habit. She herself
took no stitches in girls' characters; she put
them in a way to mend their own rents. And
she always helped them fasten the end of their
thread by the simple expedient of inquiring
from time to time how they were succeeding in
what they had set for themselves. But individ-
uals have rights as well as propensities, and
among them is the right to choose one's own
good. " If you really rather spend your money
TEACHING 133
on yourselves, spend it," Miss Lyon said once
at Ipswich in talking about giving. "I charge
you spend it on yourselves. If a spark of bene-
volence [exists] I would kindle it into a flame,
but ... I don't want artificial fire."
Meanwhile she lived the full life of a suc-
cessful teacher, made fuller in her case by the
liberal compulsions of her nature ; bearing her
part in difficult days' work that have little of
outward happening notable enough to mark
their sequence. Her letters reveal the passage
through her mind of some "floating ideas" for
enriching the study of English, and her dissat-
isfaction with many of the schoolbooks of the
period. She finds in their prevalent style little
of the "elevated simplicity" that she desires,
and she deplores their carelessness as inimical
to " solid scholarship." She tries to secure a re-
publication of Edwards's " History of Redemp-
tion," remarking, "Sometimes I almost fear
that we shall read our minds all away . . .
with a perpetual succession of books of mush-
room growth." With all the care of the semi-
nary resting on her shoulders she yet made time
during her last summer at Ipswich to teach a
134 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
woman who worked in the kitchen to read. The
woman was about forty years old, and had been
ashamed to let any one know of her inability.
Somehow, in that quietly absorbent way of hers,
Miss Lyon found it out, and straightway began
to teach her alone in her own room. It is but
one of the kindly deeds which were always flow-
ering unobtrusively beneath her busy feet. We
come upon the trace of another class of them in
a letter written by the father of one of her pu-
pils, accompanying an enclosure of money, per-
haps the final payment on a loan which she seems
to have made the girl. His sincere and hearty
thanks are Miss Lyon's for her " kindness to our
family and this dear child in particular." Some-
thing more valuable than money passed be-
tween the two. "If I am worth anything to
society," the girl wrote her sister, "I owe it
in great measure to dear Miss Lyon." Such
honest words, the unsalaried increment of the
teaching profession, repay grinding anxieties.
For she knew her days of dark perplexity, —
days when at the close of school she " seemed
to have but just physical strength enough left to
bear her home, just intellect enough to think
TEACHING 135
the very small thoughts of a little infant, and
just emotion enough to tremble under the
shock."
Her position brought her into wider contacts.
She came to know the townspeople as only one
who put conscience and care into the selection
of boarding-places for scores of girls could know
them. " Your friends here inquire after you
daily," Miss Grant wrote in one of the earlier
Ipswich winters ; " you have found favor in the
eyes of this people." Down the years flash
glimpses of visits to neighboring academies, of
short vacations passed in scholarly Andover.
As men and women in her own line of work
found her out, they applied to her for advice
and cooperation in their educational schemes
and for criticism of their text-books. Hearing
a report that she had been induced to consider
a position at Greenfield, Miss Beecher wrote
in haste : " Will you write me immediately if
there is any prospect that I could induce you
to join the faculty of the H. F. Seminary." Re-
quests for the recommendation of teachers
multiplied. The path to the seminary's hos-
pitable door was worn wide, and many people
136 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
trod it. On the days of semiannual public
examinations, carryalls from Andover rolled
over to Ipswich to help swell the audience of
coming events, when the calisthenics class light-
ened the mental programme by evolutions per-
formed with a discipline described by one of the
teachers as "not quite equal, perhaps, to West
Point Cadets."
Nor did an older civilization pass Derry- Ips-
wich by. Of the visitors from Europe, probably
the most notable, though not perhaps the most
inquisitive, was General Lafayette, who in his
indefatigable demonstration of America Re-
visited, stopped at Adams Academy in the sum-
mer of 1825. It is a dramatic picture of the
marquis's arrival that Miss Lyon's torn old
letter gives. The stage is set with darkness and
canopied with lightening-rent clouds. A hun-
dred girls, white as their gowns, cower under
the crashing thunder. Enter "three horsemen
riding full speed." Presto ! Terror turns to de-
light, dread to expectation. Cheeks flush and
eyes sparkle, heedless of the tremendous thun-
derclap that shakes the building as the courtly
Frenchman enters. One feels inclined to quar-
TEACHING 137
rel with time for tearing the sheet across at the
very point of the introductions.
It is a pity that so little of Mary Lyon's wit
has come down to us. Only here and there a
smile lights up the tale of her who must have
laughed so often, persisting, as it seems, in
despite of her biographers. Perhaps the good
people about her were too busy chronicling her
other qualities ; perhaps, too, they a little dis-
trusted the virtue of humor. The readiness
with which, on occasion, she packed a whole
philosophy into a sentence betrays a nimble
tongue. And she was quick at repartee. But
one or two of her bons mots persist, slipping
withal so lightly from her lips as to betoken an
irrepressible ease. "She could be a very merry
woman," one has written of her later Holyoke
days. And ever her heart tempered her wit to
kindly speech. Catherine Beecher, somewhat
out of health, wrote to arrange a meeting: "I
want you to come, therefore, prepared to be as
calm as a clock when you talk to me. ... I
can listen much better than I can talk, provided
you will not be too interesting."
To slur the point would belittle one of the
138 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
triumphs of her gently masterful nature. There
was little in her life to feed high spirits. Good
cheer had less vogue among earnest persons in
the earlier decades of the nineteenth century
than later, and the religious attitude of New
England tended to blight any but the most
hardy humor. Nor did she at any time in her
life escape the touch of personal grief. Separa-
tion from those she loved always hurt her, and
she felt keenly the far-scattering of her family.
Ties of blood bound her closely, and the ills
and sorrows of her relatives and friends struck
cruelly at her heart. In her sister Lovina Lyon
Putnam's sickness she tasted a bitterness harder
to endure than death. Worn with nursing her
husband, Mrs. Putnam fell ill of fatigue which
resulted in derangement of mind, and she was
taken to the Hartford asylum for the insane.
At once the youngest sister came to care for the
sick man and the five little children " left, like
orphans, while their father and mother are still
living," and Miss Lyon gave both of her money
and time. During these months she wrote
weekly letters to her sister in the asylum. Mr.
Putnam's death preceded his wife's discharge.
TEACHING 139
She came home to her family a widow, and
Mary lingered in the region that she might be
near them. But her sister's recovery proved
incomplete, and the anxious years of her fur-
ther illness in Hartford were brightened only
by hope and by the sight and report of her
gentle self-restraint when free from the clutch
of her disease. Less than a month before her
death, to Miss Lyon with the care of Ipswich
Seminary full upon her came sudden word of
the passing of her next younger sister, Ro-
sina, "a kind of darling among us all," as she
wrote. So she paid her toll of sorrow to the
years, and they gave her to walk in a sweet
surety of unseen things.
Her way did not lack those abundant ifs
that like sign-boards on every life-road point
conjecture to the might-have-been. Two in
particular which she set her face to pass, not
without hesitation, need a word of explanation.
The year after her summer at Byfield, her bro-
ther came on from his western home and tried
to persuade her to go back with him as a teacher.
His children were growing up, and Chautau-
qua County in New York could give them but a
140 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
poor kind of schooling. Love drew her power-
fully. But her friends felt that her preparation,
elaborate for that day, fitted her for a position
of wider usefulness than could be hers as the
teacher of a frontier school, and in the end her
brother went home alone. Later Rosina Lyon
followed him to Stockton and taught there until
her marriage. This way, too, was open to Mary.
If tradition be true and she spoke her first no
on the hills of Buckland, it was not her last.
She reached her definitive decision probably at
Ipswich, when, as we are told by her biograph-
ers, an opportunity presented itself which she
thought offered as great a chance for happiness
as marriage was ever likely to bring her. After
that, though men might come and men might
go, they occasioned her no disquietude of mind.
What were the claims and attractions of the
man or men who aspired to become the hus-
band of Mary Lyon, we have no means of know-
ing, but it is impossible to resist the suspicion
that they, solitary or several, left her most in
love with girls.
In the summer of 1833 occurred the first and
last breathing-space of her busy life, and with
TEACHING 141
one exception her only considerable trip. She
went for change and recreation, pushing south
as far as Philadelphia and west to Detroit. Let
it be remembered that these were days when a
traveler left Boston by stage at three o'clock
in the morning on an eighty-mile ride to the
docks at Norwich, Conn., where one boarded
the night boat for New York. The entries in
her journal from day to day are short, mere
clues for memory ; but on the last pages of the
book she jotted descriptions of such things as
she seems most particularly to have wished to
remember. The whole shows her to have jour-
neyed as she lived, with her eyes open and with
an objective interest in all she saw. I find a
single note of shopping, but she was such an
indefatigable sightseer that it is not surprising
to come upon the line : " Sick — visited by the
Dr.," scribbled in Philadelphia. Sundays she
always saved intact, spending them quietly and
going once, or sometimes oftener, to church.
" Visited Cambridge College, library, botanical
garden, and Mt. Auburn," is one of the earlier
entries. The "burying ground" at Princeton
drew her, probably to the grave of the college's
142 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
third president. She stopped at West Point;
and called on Mrs. Emma Willard, with whose
seminary she would indubitably have ac-
quainted herself while a student at the Rensse-
laer School. Here are notes of visits to hospi-
tals, prisons, porcelain works, schools for girls ;
of attendance on commencements, as passing
westward she came within range of these mid-
summer festivities; of meetings of the educa-
tional society.
But she had her holiday, too. It is the things
that she considered memorable which, falling
from the pen of an educational expert, bespeak
her range. A colorful panorama of the city of
Mexico delighted her with its scenic effects and
she investigated its mechanism. She knew all
about the George Washington, " the most splen-
did boat on Lake Erie," in which she voyaged
from Detroit to Buffalo ; rigging, crew, capa-
city,— nothing escaped her mention. A pas-
sage of minute description details the method
of building a big bridge which was one of the
sights near Philadelphia. Her miscellany of
small facts includes items on coal-mining and
Indian pronunciations.
TEACHING 143
Wild beauty moved her deeply : leaping wa-
terfalls, down which she scrambled, helping her-
self along " by trees, shrubs, and naked roots" ;
far-flung mountain views in the Catskills —
" peaks, like a vast ocean of luxuriant green,"
"the long and varying course of the Hudson
whitened with sails." She noted gleeful talk
and laughter within the mountain house ; with-
out, " the sweet stillness reminds you of a gal-
lery of paintings." Niagara, where she spent a
day and a half, wrapped her in glorious content,
though she owned in a letter to Miss Grant that
she had feared disappointment and had deter-
mined to have no "second-hand emotions."
Its memory she put away among her dearest
treasures. Quite as one would expect, she fin-
ished viewing it to her satisfaction, both in day-
light and by the full moon, which gave her sight
of a lunar bow ; and she came away with no re-
grets for having left anything undone, though
she has confessed to "a feeling like that of a
hungry man, who sits down to a table covered
with the richest dainties, and just as he begins
to taste is driven away to return no more." Her
method is so spiced with personality that I can-
144 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
not resist quoting from her conclusions. " Much,
I think, depends on the manner of visiting
the falls. The American side should by all
means be visited first, and I think the visit on
the Canada side should be reserved for the con-
clusion. All the little broken prospects and parts
of views should be taken from the American
shore and Goat Island, and sufficient time should
be allowed for the mind to expand and enlarge
and prepare to take in the greatness of the
overwhelming view on the Canada side."
The deepest joy of the summer must have
come with the renewing of family acquaintance.
The Lyons had been gradually gathering in
Stockton and Fredonia, New York, and a little
colony of relatives welcomed her, facing west-
ward, and again on her return. There were
new faces to be learned, familiar ones whose
lines she must bring up to date in her memory,
and a blank that wrung her heart. In a letter
to Miss Grant we glimpse a laughing-faced boy
who loves to be with his new aunt and talk with
her, and who seems, whenever she looks at him,
to body forth his joyous mother. We get the
impression that it was a friendly place to her,
TEACHING 145
this West, with much of novelty and interest,
but with little of strangeness, for she was a
friendly person. Her instincts reached out
broadly. The chambermaid at Rochester came
within the radius of her human kindliness ; the
journal notes a talk and the girl's name and
home county. And all along the way she met
men and women whom she knew, some of the
women old pupils of hers in New Hampshire or
Massachusetts. She came home enriched and
refreshed.
This journey, with a few subsequent months
at Ipswich, cuts cleanly across her life. It
marks the end of her career as a teacher, though
she did not break loose entirely from the class-
room. She had now grown to the full stature
of her womanhood. Hereafter changes in her
are less outwardly apparent. Attention must
shift to watching the effect which her eruptive
energy produced on the configuration of the
educational landscape of her times, for it was
no less revolutionary a change than this which
she set out to accomplish. Toward the end of
the summer of- 1834, she wrote her youngest
sister: "I am about to embark in a frail boat on
146 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
a boisterous sea. I know not whither I shall be
driven, nor how I shall be tossed, nor to what
port I shall aim."
By appending a few mutilated fragments of
Miss Lyon's talks at Buckland, Ashfield, and
Ipswich, one may not hope to give a later gen-
eration any adequate conception of her fluent,
incisive speech. Yet the quality of the woman
is rendered most graphically in her own words.
Gathered as are most of these from the pen
of an unwonted young note-taker in the early
thirties, through nearly eighty years they have
preserved their freshness. In the notes on teach-
ing, a reader must remember that she spoke to
women of whom many would find places in the
ungraded public schools.
How shall we lead children to think ? In a
lesson make one or two points very luminous,
and the pupil will gain more than if this light
were thrown over the whole. Don't be so long
as to be tedious. . . . Teach your scholars to
use definite and appropriate language — have
TEACHING 147
them use mathematical language definitely.
. . . Give out topics. Let the children write
a specified number of items on their slates.
Always write with them. A teacher should
have ability to trace cause and effect. Never
adopt any plan you see in a school, unless
you see the object. Have lessons recited
correctly, promptly, and clearly; have [them]
short.
In familiar parts ask little children ques-
tions. Be careful not to have them raise their
hands too much. Don't ask them, " How many
of you think so ?" to questions they all know.
Mix new facts with. old ones. Have more than
half of the questions such that all can answer
them. Don't let children use vulgarisms ; have
them use simple common terms rather than
technical terms. ... A little child will not re-
cite well unless he has a definite thing to learn.
Give a little dull stupid boy of ten years old
two or three pages to read and understand so
that he can answer questions - - he will not
learn anything. Have little children study a
very little while, not more than fifteen minutes
in the morning and fifteen in the afternoon.
148 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Give them something definite and have them
learn it perfectly. To lead them to learn their
lessons perfectly, have the lesson short at first.
Learn to despatch business ; learn to ask a great
many questions in fifteen minutes. Gain influ-
ence over the class. Give proper commendation
when a class recites well.
To interest scholars, the teacher should be
interested and should appear interested. A
teacher may be interested, however dry the
study. A teacher should never say the studies
are so dry arid dull, and she has been over them
so many times, she cannot feel interested. . . .
Let your scholars see you expect they will do
well. Have perfect system in lessons, but in
little things have variety. Sometimes turn
aside from the common course in reciting -
have something different. Always have some-
thing which is not in the lesson, but have it
short. Always expect some strange oddity in
school. The school must not be made a place of
literary amusement. Don't pledge your schol-
ars that you are going to make the lessons
interesting, let it come in accidentally. Be care-
ful not to give more explanation than neces-
TEACHING 149
sary. Lead them to help themselves. . . . Avoid
giving extra lessons for punishment.
How to lead scholars to remember : learn to
discriminate. The teacher should discriminate
and teach the scholars to. Ask the more im-
portant questions over more than once. By
being definite and too minute, a great deal is
lost. Remember things in round numbers.
Bring in a definite point or principle in every
lesson, and dwell a few moments upon it ; make
it very clear and then go on with the lesson with
rapidity. . . . Have comparisons and con-
trasts. [In history] compare one character with
another. . . . Have all scholars exert as much
mental effort, but [the] younger should exert
it less time; then they should have things to
amuse them and promote their health.
To teach children to learn fast, have some-
thing for them to learn as quick as they can.
Give them a list of words, or the Latin nu-
merals, or something similar, and give them a
few minutes to study and then call upon them
to recite. The best thing for them [to] under-
stand is mathematics.
The manner of sitting affects a recitation
150 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
very much : leaning and lolling, etc. are very
foreign to literature. Learn to sit with energy.
A scholar who leans and lolls when she recites
will jumble over her lesson and blunder along.
The teacher should stand, herself. Have young
children stand. Three or four smart scholars
will always raise their hands, but you must be
careful not always to call upon them.
By general instruction gain the attention of
the whole school ; bring in every scholar, even
the dullest. Excite public interest. Have every
scholar feel interested in the school, [and let]
a patriotic feeling expand their minds, enlarge
their hearts, and make them bigger than their
mothers and fathers.
The two or three last weeks are of very great
importance to every scholar. If they are well
improved, they are like clinching the nail after
it has been driving six months. If it is not
clinched, it will not take more than six months
for it to work out, and then it will be worse
than before, because there will be a vacancy.
It is very important a teacher should not be
schoolified. Don't talk about your school every-
where.
TEACHING 151
After the school was opened, we had a talk
from Miss Lyon. She said we must make it a
special object to begin right. Our characters
will be greatly influenced by the course we pur-
sue this winter. Habit is more powerful than
principle. We must not try to appear learned
and superior and strive to be the centre of the
circle. Avoid saying smart things. Fear not.
Just do our duty. . . . Strive to promote the
happiness of others. Cultivate interest in one
another. Endeavor not to impart our bad
feelings. Wear a cheerful face. Be quiet in
the street. A young lady who is ready to do
her part is much less noticed than one who is
not.
Early rising, young ladies, is not rising at any
particular hour, for what is early for one may
be late for another. Early rising for any indi-
vidual is rising at the earliest time proper for
her under the existing circumstances. The hour
of rising should not be decided on in the de-
licious dreaminess of the half- waking, and more
than half-dozing, state of one's morning slum-
bers ; but the decision should be made when you
152 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
are up and awake, with all your powers in vig-
orous exercise. In deciding, you must take into
view your age. Young persons, who have not
fully attained their growth, need more sleep
than those of mature age. You must consider
the state of your health. Feeble persons, with
constitutions made to run only half the three
score years and ten, need more sleep than the
strong and healthy. Some allowance, too,
must be made for the temperaments of differ-
ent individuals. Some require more sleep than
others, but those who need a large amount
should take their additional sleep in the early
part of the night. Who was it that said, " One
hour's sleep before midnight is worth two
after ?" Yes, Dr. D wight, a man of large ex-
perience and careful observation. Now, young
ladies, you are here at great expense. Your
board and tuition cost a great deal, and your
time ought to be worth more than both ; but in
order to get an equivalent for the money and
time you are spending, you must be systematic,
and that is impossible unless you have a regu-
lar hour for rising. If that hour is five, and you
are on your feet before the clock has done strik-
TEACHING 153
ing, then you are punctual ; but if you lie five
minutes, or even one, after that hour passes,
you are tardy and you must lose a little respect
for yourself in consequence. Persons who run
around all day after the half-hour they lost in
the morning never accomplish much. You may
know them by a rip in the glove, a string pinned
to the bonnet, a shawl left on the balustrade,
which they had no time to hang up, they were in
such a hurry to catch their lost thirty minutes.
You will see them opening their books and try-
ing to study at the time of general exercises in
school. But it is a fruitless race — they never
will overtake their lost half-hour. Good men,
from Abraham to Washington, have been early
risers. . . .
Now, young ladies, I want every one of you
to fix on an hour of rising for a week to come.
Be sure not to fix on too early an hour, for it
would not injure your character nearly so much
to make a mistake and decide to rise at six,
when you might rise at half-past five without
any injury to your health, as to fail of meeting
your own appointment.
154 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
We have no more right to misuse the body
than to take a neighbor's property. ... If all
the human race attended to the body as they
ought, health would be so general that sickness
would be an accidental circumstance. ... A
case of sickness would be like one deformed
tree in a well-managed orchard.
The present race of females are very fee-
ble ; we must try to have the next generation
stronger and more healthy. If a feeble mother,
when she comes from her bed-chamber, can
hardly stir, and looks so sick, and has no spirits,
and is afraid to have Susan go out for fear she
will wet her feet or the breeze will touch poor
Mary too roughly, her children will soon be as
sickly as herself. But if, on the contrary, she
looks happy and cheerful in the morning and
does the little she does do with a good grace,
and is not afraid to have the breath of heaven
touch her children, they will be strong, healthy,
and vigorous, their intellectual powers will
brighten and grow and beam forth from their
eyes, and they will be much more likely to be
good . . . and will do ten times the amount of
good in the world.
TEACHING 155
Men judge of the whole sex by their own
wives.
In deviating from custom avoid everything
odd. Respect fashions, if they are modest, even
if you do not follow them. Avoid rigidity and
declaiming against articles.
Never speak, unless you have something to
say. Never occupy a long time in saying what
could be said in a few minutes. If you look
a sentence before you utter it, it will not be
necessary [to speak].
It is the mark of a weak mind to be continu-
ally comparing the sexes and disputing and
making out the female sex as something great
and superior.
Giving ought not to depend on eloquence ; it
should be the result of cold judgment. It is
better to have a settled plan. . . . Don't give
so much but your benevolence will hold out all
winter, and all the year, and as long as you live.
. . . People can do all their duty. When they
156 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
have given all they ought, they do wrong if
they give any more.
Never neglect your heart because your con-
duct is wrong; neither neglect your conduct
because your heart is wrong ; but purify foun-
tain and stream together.
Those who have the care of children fre-
quently instil prejudice into them ; bring some
truth before them so often they get tired of it.
. . . Mother, exceeding careful of a daughter's
health, speaks to her every little while about
it, — prudence ; caution ; damp feet, — says so
much about it daughter gets tired, treats it
with scorn, minds nothing about it. Some-
times this is owing to the manner. ... I pre-
sume every one of us has some association with
some very important subject by which we have
gained a disgust. . . . We must act right ; per-
haps after a long time we shall get rid of it.
. . . You can do all that is required, however
it may be as to feeling. . . . Goodness does
not depend on loving duty but doing it.
TEACHING 157
Heaven is not a rest from delightful labor.
There is a great mistake in concerning our-
selves with that part of our work which belongs
to God. We are to use the means; we have
nothing to do with the success.
CHAPTER V
BREAKING GROUND FOR MOUNT HOLYOKE
•
"!T is one of the nicest of mental operations
to distinguish between what is very difficult and
what is utterly impossible," Miss Lyon wrote
Miss Grant. The problem for a given case, del-
icate in the second solution and the third, in
the first puts a person, as Mr. William James
would say, completely to his trumps. What
has been done, one may confidently predict can
be done again. It is the initial venture that
wears the face of hazard. Yet Mary Lyon
never attempted anything which she was not
reasonably sure that she could carry through.
Her daring, after all, resolves itself into a mar-
vel ously acute grasp of the factors entering
into a situation, among which she did not
through mock modesty fail to reckon her own
personality. She accepted herself simply and
without complacency. " True humility consists,
not in self-depreciation," she said, "but in a
BREAKING GROUND 159
just estimate of one's own powers or charac-
ter." Time had taught her fully to rest on her
abilities. She knew, too, how to lean on some-
thing bigger than herself. " All that ought to be
done can be done," she declared with Kant.
What she essayed to do was to take the edu-
cation of women out of the field of business
ventures and secure for it the same permanent
provision that two centuries of the American
public had given the training of men. Since the
inception of Harvard, colleges on stable founda-
tions had multiplied ; but as yet " the vital prin-
ciple," as Miss Lyon phrased it, was lacking
from the higher schooling of girls. Their teach-
ers, like children playing on the seashore, had
built houses of sand. They built them still.
Investigation reveals a state of inextricable
confusion in the affairs of these early schools,
whether incorporated or not; their lines of
cleavage are dubiously marked. As late as the
spring of 1837 Miss Lyon wrote of the wide use-
fulness of certain contemporary schools : " This
may be very great for a time, where there is no
principle of perpetual life, as is the case with
some of our most distinguished female semi-
160 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
naries. Amidst all their prosperity they have
no solid foundation, and in themselves no sure
principle of continued existence." A few years
earlier she had said : "Those which appear to
have the strongest claim to such a standing are
so dependent on their present teachers, and
their funds and accommodations are to such
an extent the property of private individuals,
that it would not be safe to predict even their
existence the next century."
Do not women as well as men need public
aid in getting an education ? she questioned.
On certain persons who had asked her help in
planning a new school for girls she commented
in a letter to Miss Grant : " They have no idea
of doing it except by shares, with the expecta-
tion of an income. They look at schools gen-
erally just as they would at mercantile busi-
ness."
The standpoint furnished her with the sub-
ject for a witty cartoon. " Suppose a gentleman,
having a large family depending on him for sup-
port, finds his health not sufficient for the du-
ties of his profession. Casting his eye around,
he looks on the office of a president of a college
BREAKING GROUND 161
as affording more ample means, and a more
pleasant and respectable situation for his fam-
ily, than any other he can command. But a
new college must be founded to furnish him the
place. He selects a large village in New Eng-
land, or at the West, or at the South, as may
best favor the accomplishment of his object,
and where he can find buildings which he can
buy or rent on some conditions, though they
may be far from being adapted to such an end.
He purchases his apparatus, or has none, and
procures professors on his own responsibility.
Thus prepared, he commences, making his
charge to the students such as will meet the
rent of buildings, furniture, and apparatus, and
the salaries of his professors, besides furnish-
ing a handsome support to his own family.
What could such a college do to encourage
thorough and systematic education in our coun-
try ? But this is scarcely a caricature of the
manner in which some female seminaries have
been founded. And where the benevolent prin-
ciple has existed, it has been confined to indi-
viduals, as if the trustees of a college should
depend upon the generosity of the president to
furnish the students gratuitously with all their
facilities for improvement, instead of obtaining
them by public benevolence."
To conserve present gains and to make sure
of future advancement, she saw clearly that
higher schools for women must be "founded,
endowed, and sustained." Full of the ripe fla-
vor of the woman is this passage from a hastily
written manuscript: "Some are devising one
way, some another, to awaken public attention
on the subject. But as yet much more has been
felt and said than done. Some would have the
subject written into notice, others would have it
talked into notice. Others again, who have
much more confidence in facts than in theory,
would above all have one example given of a
seminary that is founded and endowed by the
benevolent public. But the great desideratum
is to obtain funds ample enough to found one
seminary which would furnish the public with
a fair example of its peculiar benefits. Funds
for a second or a third could undoubtedly be
more easily obtained than for the first."
As she intimates, the thought of permanence
was not new. Things seldom happen out of a
BREAKING GROUND 163
clear sky. Years of eventless agitations, of slow
and toilsome approximations had set the stage.
Time waited for the great actor visibly to body
forth ideas that were as yet held in solution in
the air. Mrs. Emma Willard's " Address to the
Public," presented to the New York legislature
in 1819, asked for state aid in founding perma-
nent seminaries for girls which should be at once
adequately equipped and " secured against ad-
venturers of fortune." She based her claim
on women's value to the nation as teachers
and mothers. Her sketch provided for a
three years' course of systematic "literary"
study, supplemented by optional " ornamental
branches" and by "housewifery," with atten-
tion to "religion and morality." Trustees were
to be responsible " to provide suitable instruc-
tion," the only duty she specifically assigned
them. "The idea of a college for males will
naturally be associated with a seminary insti-
tuted and endowed by the public ; and the ab-
surdity of sending ladies to college may, at first
thought, strike every one to whom this subject
shall be proposed," she writes, hastening to dis-
pel "the phantom of a college-learned lady."
164 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Despite Mrs. Willard's verbs, her "Plan"
gives no evidence that she was thinking of a
school which should be either wholly a public
trust or the exclusive property of the state.
Widely circulated among politicians and ed-
ucators at home and abroad, the Address pro-
voked much thought. In 1825 a bill was intro-
duced into the legislature of Georgia entitled,
"An act to establish a public seat of learning
in this State for the education of females."
Joseph Emerson, in a lecture delivered three
years earlier, quoted from Mrs. Willard's writ-
ings. In the same address we find him indulg-
ing the "enrapturing hope" that before long
schools for women, "very greatly superior to
the present, will not only exist but be consid-
ered as important as are now our colleges for
the education of our sons. The distinguished
honor is probably reserved for our rising re-
public to exhibit to the world examples of such
female seminaries as the world has never wit-
nessed. But where such an institution shall be
erected, by whom it shall be founded, and by
whom instructed, it is yet for the hand of Provi-
dence to develop."
BREAKING GROUND 165
To trace here a direct transference of thought
might be logical and chronological, but it would
certainly be unwarranted. The notion of per-
manence could hardly have failed to occur
to any earnest teacher of girls in the early
nineteenth century. Many men and women
dreamed dreams. A popular theory holds that
ideas which make no practical difference are
negligible.
Yet the most notable of these early teachers
sought persistently to have their thoughts even-
tuate in action. Mr. Emerson proves an excep-
tion. The man himself was his school, and he
seems never to have sought to prolong its life
beyond his own. From Byfield to Saugus, from
Saugus to Wethersfield, Connecticut, it jour-
neyed with him, gradually lowering the age of
its clientele and ceasing altogether shortly be-
fore his death.
Mrs. Emma Willard, encouraged by the New
York legislature's reception of her "Plan," in
1819 moved from Middlebury, Vermont, to
Waterford, New York, where an academy had
been incorporated for her use and granted a
share of the state's "literary fund." The re-
166 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
commendation of five thousand dollars en-
dowment, reported to the legislators, was de-
feated, and the next year the regents decided
that the academy had no right to receive any
part of the state money. Twelve months later
the trustees petitioned, again in vain. That
year Mrs. Willard moved by invitation to Troy,
of whose corporation she rented the building
and lot of ground which became the nucleus of
a rapidly growing plant. An appeal to the legis-
lature failed to secure endowment, and alone,
paying yearly rentals, she built up the famous
school for which in 1837 she at last gained in-
corporation, the city having conveyed to the
trustees of the seminary just enough of its pro-
perty to enable it to pass under the authority of
the regents and so become entitled to share in
the state fund. It is said that Mrs. Willard her-
self furnished the trustees with money to secure
the transfer. The fact of the presence in the
seminary of many non-paying pupils witnesses
to its having been essentially private ; and when
from his mother's hands Mr. John Willard
took over the administration, he again leased
from the city. In 1872 Mr. and Mrs. John
BREAKING GROUND 167
Willard retired. But a school with such a her-
itage could not be allowed to lapse. The fol-
lowing year the trustees succeeded in raising
money to complete their purchase, "and the
perpetuity of the school was assured."1 Dur-
ing twenty-three years continued merely for
day pupils, in 1895 it was reorganized, re-
turning to the earlier traditions under the name
the Emma Willard School.
Academically, Mrs. Willard believed in a
combination of solidity and grace. Catalogues
of the forties and sixties reveal a large number
of studies, but no organized curriculum. "Di-
plomas are awarded to pupils having credit-
ably passed examination in the full course of
English studies, with Latin or one of the mod-
ern languages." No entrance requirements are
set down, and " pupils are admitted at any
time," but the earlier catalogues specify attend-
ance on the public examinations at the end of
the term.
Miss Catherine Beecher fared less fortunately
than Mrs. Willard. Beginning modestly over
a store, she moved into the basement of a
1 Emma Willard and Her Pupils, p. 815.
168 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
church, where, as she says, "nearly one hun-
dred young ladies had only one room, no globe
or large maps, and, most of the time, no black-
board and only two teachers." These teachers
met the requirements of their community by
hearing a rapid succession of parrot-like recita-
tions run through the day "at the rate of one
for every eight, ten, or fifteen minutes." The
unscholarly work that resulted drove Miss
Beecher to a larger plan. But her proposition
for a commodious study-hall, a library, a lec-
ture-room and recitation rooms, amused "the
leading gentlemen of Hartford" whose aid she
invoked. Women of influence then committed
themselves to its approval, and in the year when
Miss Grant went to Ipswich, Hartford Semi-
nary passed into incorporated life in a roomy
building. Eight teachers were installed, each
responsible for not more than one or two sub-
jects. Pupil assistants eked out this force of in-
struction. Recitation periods stretched to hour
lengths. Miss Harriet Beecher's " composition ' '
work appears particularly notable for its antici-
pation of modern English modes. Subject to
Miss Beecher's oversight, families in the city
BREAKING GROUND 169
continued to house non-resident students and
teachers. But the burden of administration,
academic and social, broke the principal's
health. "I was obliged to train most of my
teachers as well as myself," she said. Alone,
she could not go on. Wishing to keep what she
had won — for Hartford Seminary had roused
admiring comment even in Europe — and to
reach out toward a broader life, she broached
to Miss Grant the proposal of a merger, and
to the citizens of Hartford the subject of en-
dowment. Dr. Lyman Beecher reenforced his
daughter's representations. But after much
weighing of pros and cons, the uncertainty of
success in securing the permanence of even
one school, and the wide usefulness of Ipswich
Seminary, decided Miss Grant to decline. Hart-
ford failed to treat the plea for endowment seri-
ously, and so, for lack of " half the funds be-
stowed on our poorest colleges for young men,"
Miss Beecher saw the ground that she had toil-
somely gained lost in less time than it had taken
to win it. The seminary's decline speaks for
the truth of Miss Lyon's caricature. " My suc-
cessor," wrote Miss Beecher, "though an able
170 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
teacher, was a man who had a family to sup-
port and could not use all the school income,
as I had done, to retain the highest class of
teachers."
" If you can put into operation a permanent
school on right principles, you may well afford
to give up your life when you have done it,"
Joseph Emerson told Zilpah Grant, fearful on
account of her health to close with the offer
from Adams Academy. Despite its bequest of
four thousand dollars and its ambition for
longevity, the academy at Derry seems to have
been, like the seminary at Ipswich and count-
less others of that day and since, the property
of a joint-stock company whose affairs were
managed by a board of trustees. At Derry the
trustees paid the teachers ; a document shows
that they offered Miss Lyon the inviting salary
of six dollars a week and board to induce her to
return for a fifth year. The Ipswich trustees
leased the building to Miss Grant, rent free, on
condition that she furnish the requisite instruc-
tion. The principal supplied most of the appa-
ratus and the library. As early as the initial
year at Derry, Miss Lyon offered to help her
BREAKING GROUND 171
friend furnish a chemical laboratory. Such di-
vision of ownership appears, upon their sepa-
ration, to have put Miss Grant in Miss Lyon's
debt; and when in 1839 she herself left the
seminary, the care of this "school furniture"
pressed heavily upon her. Eventually she gave
it to Monticello Seminary, together with a stu-
dents'-aid fund which had latterly been in use
at Ipswich.
Her withdrawal was, like Miss Beecher's,
due to overwork. Collapse came inevitably
under a system which, while withholding the
necessary facilities, recklessly piled on one per-
son responsibility for housing, instructing, and
moulding the characters of a rapidly changing
procession of students, in a day when it was
hard, as Miss Grant said, to keep "even one
teacher longer than the time necessary for her
to become independent in her own depart-
ment." Not long after she left, the school was
sold, becoming the property of its new princi-
pal.
Through all these years Miss Grant never
quite gave over the hope Mr. Emerson had
voiced. Miss Lyon at first was little inclined to
172 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
accent permanence. She was young, and life
stretched long before her. "Never mind the
brick and mortar," she cried, " only let us have
living minds to work upon." But her friend
continued to talk to her about a seminary whose
buildings, library, and apparatus should be
held as were those of colleges for men. And
time, revealing more and more intimately the
imperious need of her generation, acquainted
her also with the thought of death, not as some
far impersonal event, but as an actual ceasing
of her activity upon the earth. Some day she
could no longer reach those living minds. What
then ? So she passed into the recognition that
fully to secure its fruits, a life must relate itself
with the future. Having admitted the idea, she
put herself unreservedly at its disposal, and
furthered her friend's work for Ipswich Sem-
inary with growing enthusiasm.
Their plans included "a seminary building
free of rent," containing a large hall, laboratory,
library, reading-room, and several recitation
rooms, furnished with books and apparatus ; a
roomy residence hall surrounded by a few acres
of ground ; and the commitment of all money
BREAKING GROUND 173
matters to "an agent appointed by the trus-
tees, to whom he should be responsible." The
matter was agitated, prospective trustees ap-
pointed, — Rufus Choate among them, — and
public apathy discovered. A project for turn-
ing the movement toward founding a New
England seminary for women- teachers met a
like response. In the process certain ideas got
into wider circulation : notions of continuity,
sounder scholarship, older students, education
for social service, better housing, less narrowly
local viewpoints. Miss Lyon advocated a cen-
tral position for the school, and for each stu-
dent a room " exclusively her own." Quite how
radical was the last provision, the twentieth
century may not easily gauge.
For a while she favored proving the feasi-
bility of the scheme in temporary quarters at
Amherst, where the buildings of Mount Pleas-
ant had fallen vacant. To attend college lec-
tures would be of advantage to the young wo-
men, and an advance by stepping-stones was
better than no move at all. Make a start, she
urged, then call on people to perpetuate it ; "You
know this is the way everything is done in New
174 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
England." But after all, removal from Ipswich
on these terms looked too rash to hazard. Even
her "highest hopes" could see nothing more
stable than rent " collected by dollars and cents
from the farmers and mechanics all over Frank-
lin and Hampshire counties in order to make
the experiment of three years." And there
were people, as always, who missed the point ;
she had to "pull down some of their castles.
Their plan, at best, would make the institution
all a personal affair," she wrote Miss Grant,"
for much of the activity went forward during
the chief's absence.
In the early spring of 1833 the "board of
prospective trustees" met and dissolved. An
attempt during the following months to revive
the project also failed. The prime mover in this
posthumous essay was an enthusiastic minister,
"a young man and not worn out," whom Miss
Lyon frankly warned of his liability to incur the
epithet "chimerical." The flagging of her own
victorious health probably contributed to her
discouragement. A permanent plant for the
higher education of women looked far off to
her that spring ; she gave the country twenty,
BREAKING GROUND 175
perhaps fifty, years to grow up to the thought.
"The public as such," she wrote Miss Grant,
"know nothing of any consequence about the
object, and care less than they know."
The plan seemed dead and buried, but she
could not lay its ghost. All summer from place
to place it followed her, crying out in the voice
of first-hand acquaintance with much that she
had heard before. Ever stronger hands the idea
laid on her imagination, until, if she could, she
would not have loosed its hold. Her appren-
ticeship had gone to gaining close touch with
girls, their powers, their needs, their pitifully
meagre chances. She had worked up from the
ranks, keeping her eyes open, and there was
not a phase of the feminine educational oppor-
tunity of the time that she did not know:
crowded heterogeneous public schools ; private
schools, the chief part of whose apparatus
Mark Hopkins defined in the next decade as
" pianos and guitars and music-books" ; higher
schools, shifting and uncertain, reaching out
for wider knowledge under conditions fre-
quently unhealthful for brains and bodies;
teachers in these schools, always overworked,
176 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
frequently ill-prepared and inefficient, the best
of them self-made scholars, often studying with
their classes, the worst showing that somebody
somewhere had bungled in the workmanship.
" Oberlin Collegiate Institute" was opening its
doors on a revolutionary programme, and she
was deeply interested, giving of her money.
But Oberlin proposed to fit every stage of hu-
man development, beginning with childhood,
and Miss Lyon believed in girls' schools of
specific character. Moreover Oberlin admitted
women, as it were, by virtue of their escorts.
It had not been founded primarily for them,
and it was not generally thought that they
would care to take college work, a "ladies'
course" being provided. The first two princi-
pals of this department were women trained
by Joseph Emerson. Coeducational in form,
Oberlin could have only an indirect influence
in raising the standard of women's schools.
Mary Lyon knew the imperative need of the
nation. A million and a half white children,
scattered through the United States, were grow-
ing up unschooled. Thirty thousand teachers,
according to a computation of Miss Beecher's,
BREAKING GROUND 177
must be had at once to cope with the situa-
tion ; thirty thousand more to supplant incom-
petents; ten thousand additional annually to
meet the need of a growing people. The prob-
lem of immigration pressed in the thirties. And
from where schools existed came tales of
slovenly instruction and unscholarly attitudes :
" men unqualified in intellect and unworthy in
character" ; in one small section of Indiana nine
drunken teachers and another "who staked
his last coat, and that unpaid for, at a horse-
race and lost it" ; fifty or sixty ragged children
huddled in a log-house in Ohio, " with a log or
two left out for light and ventilation, making
the air vocal for a radius of thirty rods, ... all
reading, spelling, or studying in a tone of voice
as loud as common conversation"; wealthy
"young ladies," whose instructor endangered
his popularity by bidding them lower their
voices in study. These were the Americans of
to-morrow and these their teachers. A young
nation that recognized itself as an experiment,
called for help, hoping after all to outlast the
prophets of dissolution. Men could not aid her,
- they were increasingly busy about other
178 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
things, — but there were women. "A lady in
America," asserted Miss Lyon, "who is not
patriotic, is not worthy the name of an Ameri-
can. . . . Our country is yet too young to have
a settled character, and it is in our power now
to mould it in any form we please."
She knew them, the women of her gener-
ation, adrift on the currents of a new world
of steam and machinery, a world of brain.
Dwarfed of full stature, unequal to opportunity,
pitiful might-have-beens, too many of them
lived, "among the common people, depressed
and degraded" ; in "the higher walks of life . . .
to a great extent deficient in intellectual culture,
in practical philosophy, in active and energetic
habits," wives of educated men who, as a west-
erner put it to Miss Lyon, had "never had a
dozen thoughts in all their lives." Unmarried
women fell a prey to all the ills of idleness.
Time, snatching their work out of their hands
and flinging it to machines, had left them open
to fresh employments. And the new world had
need of them. Small clutching fingers tugged
already at their skirts. But how shall they work
unless they are taught ? And how shall many
BREAKING GROUND 179
of them be taught at exorbitant prices ? Again,
it was President Hopkins who said that in the
highest girls' schools a student's yearly expense
was nearly double, and sometimes more than
double, what gave a man his whole college
course. And how shall they learn at moderate
cost, unless society interests itself to give them
the chance ? But how shall it give to whom it
sees no need of giving ? Most baffling puzzle
of all, — how may one woman so rouse people
to recognition of the worth of women's work,
that society shall secure to them, as it does to
men, an opportunity for training ? These were
the questions that confronted Mary Lyon dur-
ing the summer of 1833 and the year that
followed. Her answer has passed into history.
It was already clear that the "vital princi-
ple" must prove itself in a new school, a re-
plica of none already existing. Somehow or
other they had not promised convincingly
enough to open the public purse. She set her-
self to shape a plan which men could not reject.
Growing in her mind, it passed through many
phases. At Buckland, among the thirsty girls
of the hill country, she had vaguely pictured
180 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
"a seminary which should be so moderate in
expense as to be open to the daughters of farm-
ers and artisans and to teachers who might be
mainly dependent for support on their own ex-
ertions." Girls who were just entering woman-
hood in homes without wealth, born, as she had
been, to common ways, cried to her out of
starved lives, and her heart yearned over them.
Thoughts burned like fires within her. So
strongly did her stress fall for a time on the
needs of such young women as these, that her
friends once believed a reduction of expense
comprehended her main intent. " My thoughts,
feelings, and judgment are turned toward the
middle classes of society," she wrote Miss
Grant. " This middle class contains the main-
springs and main- wheels which are to move the
world." Glimpses came to her of a high sim-
plicity, a fashion of life "plain, though very
neat." She queried: "If it were really plain,
would it not be more respectable to have it
professedly so ?" At one tune the quick-moving
West beckoned her. Miss Grant directed her
attention to a definite site in Ohio, and later
the promoters of Monticello Seminary in Illi-
BREAKING GROUND 181
nois besought her to accept its leadership. But
though New England now scorned the project,
she saw that, winning New England, she won
all. "Improvements in education seldom make
any progress eastward," she said. " New Eng-
land influence is vastly greater than its compar-
ative size and population would indicate. It is
the cradle of thought. New England mind car-
ries the day everywhere, and the great business
is to get the New England conscience enlight-
ened and accurate."
Seeing, men would believe. But how in the
face of indifference secure the one convincing
demonstration? "Honorably to do this," she
wrote Miss Beecher, "from twenty to forty
thousand dollars must be raised; and such a
sum, raised for such an object, would form al-
most an era in female education. ... I am
convinced that there are but two ways to ac-
complish such an object. First, to interest one,
two, or a few wealthy men to do the whole ; sec-
ond, to interest the whole New England com-
munity, beginning with the country population,
and in time receiving the aid and cooperation
of the more wealthy in our cities. Each of these
182 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
modes, if practicable, would have its advan-
tages. The first, if done at all, could be done
sooner and with very little comparative labor.
The second would require vastly more time and
labor ; but if it were accomplished, an important
and salutary impression would be made on the
whole of New England." It was like her to
choose the greater good. " This may seem like
a wild scheme," she wrote her mother in the
letter announcing her decision to leave Ipswich,
" but I cannot plead that it is a hasty one."
Before she went she had offered to abide Miss
Grant's decision as to which of them should re-
main and carry on the old work, which should
go out to the new ; and when, in the early stages
of effort, the committee in charge sent Miss
Grant an invitation to become with Miss Lyon
joint head of the proposed seminary, it carried
her cordial seconding. The doing, rather than
who did it, concerned her chiefly. Devoted
lover that she was, with a wrench of the heart
she pulled loose from the old ties.
So with magnificent audacity she set out to
accomplish that at which the most powerfully
befriended of her educational contemporaries
BREAKING GROUND 183
had failed. One must acknowledge at the out-
set a feeling of hopefulness about the venture.
She possessed to a notable degree qualities
which, where they existed among the others,
often obtained at a lower power, and in none
were so fortunately combined. Miss Beecher,
though brilliant, was erratic; Mrs. Willard
had a family to remember ; Miss Grant lacked
health. In that vigorous body of hers Mary
Lyon owned a wonderful reservoir of life.
Seemingly exhaustless, it fed the tireless de-
mands of her spirit. This vast energy endowed
her with a tremendous capacity for long-con-
tinued work. Her mind, retentive, coherent,
adaptable, inventive, gave her a complete hold
on whatever situation was in hand. She had
executive ability and a persuasive personality.
Schooled to "perplexities and difficulties," of
late she had learned to meet ridicule.
At the beginning she was handicapped by
not being able to get at her object directly ; eti-
quette required a woman to be seen, not heard.
The propriety of opening her lips, even at a
prayer- meeting, agitated the thirties in pam-
phlet discussion. Miss Lyon's experience with
184 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Ipswich had taught her conclusively the
greater chance of success, attained with less
friction, for a scheme which appeared to origi-
nate with men. Otherwise, as she remarked
to Miss Grant, " many good men will fear the
effect on society of so much female influence,
and what they will call female greatness." To
withdraw herself as far as might be into the
background, at the same time pushing forward
a few gentlemen of independence and repute
who would yet do what she wanted them to
do, required a nice diplomacy. Incidentally, it
meant a great deal of work. It was not easy to
bring a group of men to the point of action and
hold them there against their own skepticism.
"To her," confessed President Hitchcock after-
wards, "we pledged whatever of influence or
time we could devote to the work, but . . . lit-
tle did we imagine that any of us should live
to see the work accomplished."
She opened her campaign in the spring of
1834, with an unsigned circular addressed to
the friends and patrons of Ipswich Seminary.
These folders acquainted those into whose
hands they fell with the new programme of an
[facsimile of letter to Miss White, dated February $6, 1834}
BREAKING GROUND 185
undertaking already somewhat familiar. Its
writer planted a thought with the point of a
question, and left it to sprout. " To effect such
an object," the circular inquires, " could not
a separate and independent institution, simi-
lar in character to the Ipswich Seminary, be
founded and sustained by the Christian pub-
lic ? Could not this be effected by some plan
like the following ?" There ensued a concise
explanation of the main features of the " plan."
Most lay readers found it interesting and gave
it their approval. So at this time did ministers,
without whom none of New England's colleges
had been founded, and by whom they were still
largely prof essored. The ministers' associations
of Hampshire and Franklin counties were the
first to pass sanctioning resolutions, and later
clerical societies of wider alignments more or
less grudgingly followed suit.
On the sixth of September, 1834, a dozen
gentlemen, representative of the eastern and
central parts of Massachusetts, met in Miss
Lyon's private parlor at Ipswich, there to in-
spect, according to David Choate, " a few small
seeds which Miss Lyon was wishing to put into
186 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
the ground somewhere and sometime, allowing
us to have something to say as to the place and
time and so forth, yet not wholly surrendering
anything entirely up to any, and still allowing
us the innocent fancy of thinking ourselves for
the time being co-workers with her."
Miss Lyon put it differently. " A meeting of
a few gentlemen was held on Saturday, and
Rev. Drs. Dana and Packard, Professor Hitch-
cock, Rev. Mr. Felt, Mr* George W. Heard,
Mr. David Choate, and General Rowland were
appointed a committee to make a commence-
ment, and go on (provided they are successful)
to appoint trustees, etc. A circular is soon to be
printed with the doings of the meeting."
This committee had power to add to its
membership and to fill its vacancies. It repre-
sented the enterprise before the public until a
charter was granted and permanent trustees
were named. Nearly twenty-eight years later
Mr. Choate wrote of the birth of this fragile
venture: "I shall never forget, I think, . . .
how gently we tried to rock its cradle or how
carefully we endeavored, at Miss Lyon's bid-
ding, to carry it in our arms !"
BREAKING GROUND 187
A thousand dollars was needed at once to
finance the raising of the main fund; thereby
enabling the committee to assure people that
not one penny of their gifts would be diverted
to meet the expense of agents or of advertising.
This sum Miss Lyon undertook to secure from
women. In their beginnings, she said, every
college and theological seminary found men
ready with donations, why should not women's
money give the first push to an attempt to ad-
vance their education by the same method ?
Then would the initial thousand dollars prove
an argument hard to turn, witnessing out of
slender purses to a mighty strength of desire.
But it must come easily. " The success of the
whole enterprise may depend on the prompt-
ness with which this call is met." Few women
held property, and fewer of those with access
to wealth cared for such an impersonal thing
as the public good. To hard-working mothers
ambitious for their daughters, and to girls hope-
ful of a chance to learn, she must look for much
of the money. Nor did she propose to go far
afield after it. In less than two months, and
while still discharging her duties as acting head
of Ipswich Seminary, she had raised very nearly
the full amount, mainly in and about Ipswich.
Her own students and teachers contributed
more than a quarter of the sum, the ladies of
the town gave almost half, and former pupils
and women in towns near by made up the
rest.
From house to house Miss Lyon went, pour-
ing out a flood of joyous explanation ; talking so
fast that her listeners found no chance to stem
the tide of words until she had anticipated their
e\se^y objection. Face to face with her, they
saw things through her radiant eyes. A teacher
in the seminary wrote of those calls: "She
talked, now with the lady of the house, now
with the husband. She told the husbands in a
very good-natured but earnest way that she had
come to get them to cut off one little corner of
their estates and give it to their wives to in-
vest in the form of a seminary for young ladies.
She held before them the object dear to her
heart — the bringing of a liberal education
within the means of the daughters of the com-
mon people — till it loomed up to them, for the
time, as it did ever before her eyes. She put it
BREAKING GROUND 189
to the lady whether, if she wanted a new shawl,
a card- table, a new carpet, or some other article
of elegance in her furniture or wardrobe, she
could not contrive means to procure it. ...
Ladies, that in ordinary subscriptions to bene-
volent objects did well to put down their fifty
cents, gave her five or ten dollars of hard-earned
money, collected by the slow gains of patient in-
dustry, and gave it of their own free will, yea,
gave it as a privilege from which they would not
have been willing to be debarred. They paid it
on the spot, grateful that it had come to their
hands at such a time as that."
These gifts dedicated anew to the undertak-
ing her into whose hands they passed, and
through her they committed irrevocably its
masculine sponsors. She completed this first
move, triumphant, but tired to the bone. Yet
ever life renews itself, and her recuperative
abilities were strong. One of the group of earli-
est biographers tells us that at this time Miss
Lyon, when brain-weary, could at will sink
into semi-stupor for one, or even two or three
days, rousing but seldom and taking little food.
Out of such mental hibernations she came re-
190 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
freshed and " ready for a campaign that would
exhaust anybody else."
The college town of Amherst and the family
of Professor Hitchcock offered her on leaving
Ipswich a congenial place in which to " read,
write, plan, and do a thousand other things."
She pursued her study of science, and again
grew to be a familiar figure at college lectures.
One of her letters jnakes mention of a course in
geology given by Professor Hitchcock, " which
I have long desired to attend." This circum-
stance, together with her earlier and later in-
terest, gratified in the same company, takes
subtler significance from the fact that Mr.
Hitchcock, " one of the grandest of our teach-
ers," as Mr. Birdseye calls him, and a growing
authority on geology, was a pre-Darwinian evo-
lutionist. Living in his home gave her many
chances to discuss her project with intelligent
men. Here she invited a few western Massa-
chusetts leaders to listen to her plans and offer
counsel. "Everybody liked to hear her talk,"
says Dr. Edward Hitchcock, " Old Doc," as
generations of Amherst men lovingly call him.
From under this hospitable roof she went
BREAKING GROUND 191
forth on excursions. Any call for her presence
issued by the new project found her ready to
make prompt response, and other needs drew
on her time. When the death of his only daugh-
ter led Judge Wheaton to decide in her mem-
ory to found a school, the Wheatons enlisted
Miss Lyon's help. In their own town they
sought to reproduce the lines of Ipswich Semi-
nary for the service of home-keeping girls.
Much thought she gave to forwarding their
plans, much of herself. Wheaton Seminary
opened in the spring of 1835, with Miss Eunice
Caldwell, late of the Ipswich faculty, in the
principal's chair, whither this able, self-dis-
trustful, and altogether charming young woman
had allowed herself to be conducted only by
Miss Lyon's confidence in her adequacy to the
position. Two years later the Massachusetts
legislature empowered the corporation of pro-
prietors to hold real estate to the amount of
ten thousand dollars and personal estate to the
amount of ten thousand dollars, to be devoted
exclusively to the cause of education. Succeed-
ing acts swiftly increased these sums. Miss
Lyon's presence at Norton helped start the
192 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
machinery of academic routine ; in these initial
weeks she planned there for quiet study by her-
self, and there again and again in the two years
and a half that ensued, she returned for con-
sultation.
But the great work of that fall and winter at
Amherst was to plan for the embodiment of
her own thought. Its different phases related
themselves to each other, and out of broken
arcs emerged a clear luminous round. All the
drafts that she had drawn and altered, all the
sheets that she had written and burned in her
toils for the foundation of Ipswich Seminary,
counted now. Her policies were hers, not her
counselors'. She understood to a nicety when
to concede and when to stand firm, and she had
the courage to trust her own judgment. After-
wards men like President Hitchcock looked
back and marveled at the sagacity with which
she sometimes withstood "the advice of wise
and judicious friends." So inevitably did time
prove her right, that, as one of their number
said later, the trustees grew afraid to oppose
her decisions.
"I have much stronger desires to do some-
BREAKING GROUND 193
thing towards establishing some general prin-
ciples on female education than to accomplish
much myself," she wrote on the eve of her ad-
venture. The words crowd into a sentence the
enduring import of her work. "Beyond any
woman I ever knew," Professor William Tyler
of Amherst College declared -at the fiftieth
anniversary of Mount Holyoke, " [she was] a
woman of ideas and principles, and she be-
came the founder of this institution simply as
a means of incorporating and perpetuating
them." Her policies shaped themselves toward
three main ends : perpetually to secure to young
women, on the same terms as it was provided
for young men, a training that should fit them
likewise honorably to serve society ; to equalize
so far as might be their opportunity for this
training and for the work to which it fitted them ;
and to do these things now.
She asked for " a fund to be committed to
an independent, self-perpetuating board of
trustees, known to the churches as faithful, re-
sponsible men — not as a proprietary invest-
ment, but as a free offering, leaving them no
way for an honorable retreat from their trust,
194 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
and binding them with solemn responsibilities
to hundreds and thousands of donors, who have
committed their sacred charities to their con-
scientious fidelity. Give to a literary institu-
tion, on this principle, an amount of property
sufficient to be viewed as an object of great
importance, and it is almost impossible to ex-
tinguish its vital life by means of adversity." At
the start she carried but one man's judgment on
this point of free gifts. A member of the advis-
ory committee proposed a compromise in the
form of a neat little scheme for scholarships ; by
contributing two hundred and fifty dollars in
whole, half, or quarter shares, the one or more
givers were to be entitled to send a student at
fifteen dollars a year less than the regular terms.
But in the end the committee by vote sustained
Miss Lyon's objections, and agreed on unat-
tached donations. After writing a friend, " This
is the first attempt I have ever known of being
made to advance female education by public
beneficence," perhaps she was not altogether
surprised that people appeared a little slow in
grasping her idea.
The plant, thus provided by and held in trust
BREAKING GROUND 195
for society, was designed to have an equipment
better than that of the best private schools, and
to furnish a large number of students with a
home and facilities for intellectual work. Its
teachers were to hold salaried positions under
appointment by trustees, and its student body
was to be strictly limited to " adult young ladies
at an age when they are called upon by their
parents to judge for themselves to a very great
extent, and when they can select a spot con-
genial to their taste." "Any provision in an in-
stitution like this for younger misses must be a
public loss far greater than the individual good,"
declared Miss Lyon. None of the customary
favors were to be granted "to any particular
place or to any particular portion of the com-
munity except as the immediate vicinity must,
of necessity, be more benefited than those more
distant."
"The character of the young ladies who shall
become members of this Seminary the first
year," she audaciously informed the public,
" will be of great importance to the prosperity
of the institution itself, and to the cause of
female education. Those who use their influ-
196 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ence in making out the number will sustain no
unimportant responsibility. It is very desira-
ble that the friends of this cause should con-
sider the real design of founding this institution
before they use their influence to induce any
of their friends and acquaintances to avail
themselves of its privileges."
The education to be supplied on this founda-
tion naturally related itself " to the wants of the
great mass of the community rather than of a
few families. ... A female seminary adapted
particularly to the wants of the great mass of
the respectable common people would be well
adapted, if not the best adapted, to the wants
of the most genteel families in our cities, but
the reverse would not probably be true." It
must also be a growing education. For perma-
nence, by Mary Lyon's definition, consists not
only in "perpetual vitality," but also in "con-
tinual prosperity and usefulness." She was too
wise to indulge in much specification. Know-
ing her, one recognizes how sincere and vital
was the one rule she laid down : the training here
given would aim at an all-round womanhood,
physically, mentally, spiritually developed. The
BREAKING GROUND 197
new school was to be perpetually Christian,
though it aligned itself with no denomination,
and according to the programme advanced by
the committee, it was " to have every advantage
which the state of education in this country will
allow."
When she tried to give a closer definition of its
intellectual point of departure, she found her-
self hampered by the lack of any acknowledged
standard in women's training. " A long list of
branches to be taught," she wrote, "can be no
standard at all. For, if so, a contemplated
manual-labor school to be established in one of
the less improved of the western states, whose
prospectus we chanced to notice some two or
three years since, would stand higher than most
of our New England colleges." To the semi-
naries at Troy, Hartford, and Ipswich she
turned to make herself understood. Most in-
telligent people knew about one of them, and
in rural New England Ipswich's fame had no
rival. The new seminary was announced as
beginning at the point of culture where they
then stood. " Of course there will be room for
a continued advancement, ' ' she affirmed . "But
198 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
at the commencement . . . it is to adopt the
same high standard of mental discipline [as
Ipswich Seminary]; the same slow, thorough,
patient manner of study; the same systematic
and extensive course of solid branches.'*
"To meet public, not private wants," to
serve the many, not the few, the life within
these walls must be fitted closely to the life with-
out ; the academic must be made to further the
uses of the big busy world. Over and over again
she reiterated that the education here to be
given was for service. " It is designed to culti-
vate the missionary spirit among its pupils,"
declares the committee's second circular, im-
mediately defining this use of the word mission-
ary; "that they should live for God and do
something." Into memory leaps Carlyle's im-
perative, voiced in the same decade : " Produce !
Produce ! Were it but the pitiful lest infinitesi-
mal fraction of a product, produce it in God's
name." But the only chance for unmarried
women to "do something," other than domestic
labor, factory-work, dressmaking, or millinery,
was to teach, and for that few were fitted. Mary
Lyon reached out to grasp for more of them a
BREAKING GROUND 199
share in the world's work. She asked Chris-
tian people to invest money in their training,
picturing the Protestant church in America, for
two hundred years a great social force iden-
tified with the larger interests of humanity,
founding colleges and theological seminaries to
secure men fitted to its patriotic uses, but still
saying to women, " We need not your services."
In all this she uttered no pronouncement
against the institutions of society. Most women,
she thought, would marry, as they had always
done, and marriage in that generation gave them
plenty to do. But, for the majority, between
girlhood and marriage fell years of waiting
which were years of idleness. It appeared to
her no disadvantage if they taught less than
a lifetime; for this women had been given
versatility. After marriage they would uphold
their successors, and she commented on the
benefits accruing to the public schools from
such a "circulating system." The culture of
mind and heart which would fit them to be-
come good teachers, would also make them
good mothers and useful members of society.
Men talked a great deal about the "power of
200 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
WOMAN," seeming to prefer her in a native or
wild state, where such training as she had came
to her as a result of the natural attritions of liv-
ing. Goodness sufficed this creature. She might
happily possess physical charm, too, but it was
thought unsafe to tinker with her mind. Mary
Lyon was inclined to say little about "power"
and less about " WOMAN," but with all her soul
she believed in women and in the necessity
for their education. Educated women, she
declared, " exert a power over society which
cannot be exerted by mere goodness without
intellectual strength." The question of mental
capacity she seems not to have argued at all ;
matters beyond the reach of words to modify
always failed to draw her fire, and the hottest
disputant may well have perceived an element
of the ludicrous in trying to press the point
against the person of such an antagonist.
She believed in education for the common uses
of humanity. It would help girls to face life
more squarely ; it would give women poise, en-
franchisement of spirit, setting them above the
tyranny of vicissitude and circumstance. She
had seen many of her Ipswich students in homes
BREAKING GROUND 201
of their own, and had "noticed with peculiar
interest the cultivated and good common sense,
the correct reasoning, the industry and perse-
verance, the patience, meekness, and gentleness
of many of them." She wished that men could
see these women and compare them with others,
untrained, but similarly placed. She thought
that then they would realize that the money ex-
pended on their education had not been " thrown
away." "Would it not be a less evil," she
queried, "for the farmers and mechanics
through the land, who are to spend all their
lives in laboring to support their families, to
have scanty stores of learning than for their
wives, who must train up the children, to be
thus scantily furnished?"
We have a jocular catch of the street, " No-
thing is too good for an American." That every
person has a right to a chance at the best de-
fines the essentially democratic point of view,
and Miss Lyon saw clearly that in a democratic
country the road to highest usefulness ought
to be as widely open to women as it was to men.
Therefore the best education must no longer re-
main the perquisite of rich girls or even of the
202 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
well-to-do. "I wish," she wrote a friend, "the
same interest could be excited to extend female
education to the common walks of life that
exists with regard to male education." Of an-
other she questioned : " Do not many value our
highest female seminaries according to their
expenses ? Is it not popular, or rather gratify-
ing, to young ladies to attend expensive sem-
inaries when perhaps their brothers would
rather glory in being able to pursue their stud-
ies at a moderate expense ? Is there not a
general feeling that female education must be
expensive, and those who cannot bear the ex-
pense must do without it ? And is not this one
reason why ladies are so much more aristocra-
tic than gentlemen and why their aristocracy is
founded on so much lower and more despicable
principles?"
To republicanize women's education meant
to lower the price, and only the application of
men's methods made it possible to do this while
bettering the quality. " How moderate are the
charges in our colleges compared with the real
expense of the privileges!" cried Miss Lyon.
Hence, as a natural entail to society ownership,
BREAKING GROUND 203
the new seminary advertised reduction of ex-
pense. "Such a reduction could not, indeed,
be expected to meet the wants of the more needy
and dependent," remarked the founder. What
it did attempt to do was to put within the reach
of the great majority of " industrious and en-
terprising" Americans, advantages which even
the wealthy could not then command. "We
hope and expect that it will be like our Colleges,"
runs the committee's circular, "so valuable
that the rich will be glad to avail themselves of
its benefits, and so economical that people in
very moderate circumstances may be equally
and as fully accommodated." Against only two
kinds of young women did Miss Lyon discrim-
inate: "harmless cumberers of the ground,"
as she called some who, she also said, might be
personally very dear; and those " whose highest
ambition is to be qualified to amuse a friend in
a vacant hour."
Her declaration that the buildings should
house the whole student body on identical
terms, together with her plans for lowering ex-
pense, met with opposition which will appear
more particularly later. Again she triumphed,
to write, "The principle of entire equality
among the pupils is to be adopted. The charges
will be the same to all without reference to their
means. Whatever of favor in this respect they
receive will come to them not as an individual
charity, demanding individual gratitude, but
through the medium of a public institution,
founded by the liberality of the Christian com-
munity, not for their sakes as individuals, but
for the sake of the children and youth of our
country who must come successively under
their care."
These measures looking toward the object,
the manner, and the means of women's educa-
tion, were permanent policies. Beneath them
all lies one fundamental and coherent recogni-
tion : the social enterprise is a company having
two partners. Both need to work, both need
training to work well, and both return to so-
ciety interest on any investment in their educa-
tion. Mary Lyon was not in the business of
founding a single school. " The ultimate result
to be anticipated from the establishment of the
proposed seminary is to encourage the benevo-
lent public to build up and sustain literary in-
BREAKING GROUND 205
stitutions for the benefit of females, and to pro-
mote education among adults."
The fact of the multiplication of such schools
concerned her less than the method. Here,
with her genius for hitting the bull's eye, she
laid chief stress. A great national need winged
her words. Should this need be met by public
or by private enterprise ? In determining the
means to be used to supply trained women for
public service, she saw "the most important
result of this grand experiment on the benevo-
lence of the Christian community. ... It is
testing the great question of duty on this sub-
ject. This constitutes its chief importance. It
is like signing the Declaration of Independence :
the battles were still to be fought, but the ques-
tion of independence was then settled."
The difficulty lay in getting independence
declared, but she never failed twice at the same
point. The ways she took to overcome popular
indifference form another group of policies,
which she frankly ticketed as temporary, and
whose duplication in other institutions she did
not necessarily recommend. Promises of per-
manence, of better equipment, of more scholarly
206 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
work, had not moved society to action; "the
great and honorable among the good" had not
turned aside to help her. But there are ways of
getting at people on their own level, and draw-
ing them up to where they can see further. " I
was convinced," she wrote Miss Beecher in
reply to an exhortation from the latter, "that,
to give the first impulse to this work, something
must be presented which is more tangible and
of real, though of less value, and be made to
stand out in bold relief. For this purpose we
have chosen the reduction of expenses, as com-
pared with other large seminaries not aided by
the public. Every step we take proves it a good
selection." In effecting this "bold relief,"
she proposed that students and teachers should
join with the community at large. Such a com-
bination would relieve the public of any sus-
picion that it was being bled. Two devices she
evolved: a plan for securing teachers who
would take part of their pay in the joy of the
work and of the good they could do, and a pro-
ject for cooperative housework. At no points
did she suffer more criticism and misunder-
standing. Miss Grant at first opposed both de-
BREAKING GROUND 207
vices. Yet Miss Lyon was probably right in her
belief that she could not have succeeded without
them. Whether one regard their adoption as
evidencing a true or a faulty judgment, it may
be enlightening to press inquiry into her exact
attitude toward the two measures.
In her view, they served the community as a
guaranty of good faith on the part of the man-
agement. " When any new mode of benevolent
operations is commenced, it is generally de-
manded by those who contribute, and some-
times to a degree almost unreasonable, that
the plan should bear striking marks of self-
denial and economy. In obtaining the funds
for the proposed seminary, it is necessary to
meet this demand as far as possible. If funds
for a second institution of the kind or a third
should be raised, perhaps nothing of the kind
would be necessary. No mode of economy is,
however, to be adopted which will at all interfere
with the greatest improvement of the pupils."
In specifying that the housework would be done
by all the students, sharing equally, she fur-
nished those for whose money she asked with
" a kind of pledge," as she phrases it, " or rather
208 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
illustration, of what is meant by self-denial and
economy in the institution."
Having adopted it as an expedient, her fertile
brain swiftly found in the arrangement much
promise. Hurriedly penned pages fill out the
lines of print. She even came to write, "The
main object of this proposed plan is not to re-
duce the expense." While a slight reduction,
she thinks, will indeed be effected, the low cost
of hired service subtracts from the argument all
conclusive weight. Certain other intentions are
disclaimed. It is not a scheme whereby a stu-
dent may partially earn her way. " Could the
avails amount to any considerable sum unless
this business should be made the leading object,
instead of study ?" Would it not be better for
a girl to take all her time for a year or two, earn
what she can, and then study ? She has no faith
hi any of the "manual-labor" schemes by
which people propose to have women support
themselves at school, " such as raising silk, at-
tending to grapevines, spinning, weaving, etc.,
etc. I should expect," she writes, "that any
attempt of the kind would become a bill of ex-
pense, rather than an income." About the car-
BREAKING GROUND 209
rying out of the plan, "there shall be nothing
which will seem like productive labor, lest it
should tend eventually to cultivate a mean and
mercenary spirit among the members of the
school." While still at Ipswich, she writes Miss
White: "After the acquaintance I have had
with many cultivated and interesting families
whose daughters performed in a systematic
manner all their own labor, I have the greatest
confidence that a system might be formed by
which all the domestic work of a family of one
hundred could be performed by the young la-
dies themselves and in the most perfect order
without any sacrifice of improvement in know-
ledge or refinement." Such girls "would not
stoop to receive a definite number of cents
daily or weekly," but "with the utmost cheer-
fulness and dignity" they would do their share
for the sake of the school.
Explicitly she declares that it is no part of the
plan to teach "domestic work" ; that should be
done by the mothers at home. Nor does it de-
sign to affect the distinctions of society, par-
ticularly the relations between mistress and
maid. On this account there must be all stu-
210 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
dent work or none; mixing scholars and ser-
vants is injudicious. Indirectly, however, it may
exert "a happy influence" on social distinctions
by preparing the students "to bear with true
dignity the various and extreme changes"
which fall to the lot of American women. She
goes on to say positively : " The adoption of a
feature like this in an institution which aims
to be better endowed than any existing female
seminary in the country, must give it an attitude
of noble independence which can scarcely fail
to exert an elevating influence on its members."
By freeing the establishment from " the will of
hired domestics," the arrangement will promote
the health, improvement, and happiness of the
students. The exercise will be good for them ;
they will not become estranged from the ordi-
nary conditions of home life ; and they will be
relieved " from that servile dependence on com-
mon domestics to which young ladies as mere
boarders in a large establishment are often
subject, to their great inconvenience." The de-
vice will give to the whole round of life a tone
of mutual helpfulness and service. It will act
as a " moral sieve" to keep out the self-centred
BREAKING GROUND 211
and to bring in those, "whether more or less
wealthy," whose thoughts and wishes go be-
yond themselves. She questions whether it may
not do away with much of the prejudice exist-
ing among ordinary people against the educa-
tion of women. Yet it is, after all, "a mere
appendage, and not an essential feature of the
proposed institution. If experiment should
prove the plan to be impracticable or inexpe-
dient (which, however, we do not expect), do-
mestics could be introduced to perform the
family labor, and the change would not at all
affect the essential and more important fea-
tures of the school."
Perhaps only a thinker bred in the idealistic
New England that shaped Ralph Waldo Em-
erson could have conceived quite such an ac-
companiment to the higher education. " I had
rather stretch my arm or rise from my chair
than be served by one who does it not from
love," wrote Emerson at the beginning of the
next decade. Only a very sane idealist could
have made it work.
Low salaries bore a much closer relationship
to tuition than did "domestic work" to the cost
THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
of living. "The charges to the pupils for board
and tuition will be placed at cost, without rent
for buildings or furniture," promised the spon-
sors of the enterprise. To start the ball rolling
Miss Lyon dared not ask too much, lest she get
nothing. People must be broken gently to new
notions. So she issued her first call merely for
the production of the plant itself: buildings
and equipment. On the academic side these
included "a large seminary hall, recitation-
rooms, a library and reading-room, chemical-
room, etc., . . . and also library and appa-
ratus." "Additional funds for other purposes
would be highly valuable to the institution,"
people read in the printed pamphlet setting
forth the matter, " but nothing farther is pro-
posed in the present effort."
Given the necessity for "moderate" tuition,
the only alternative to endowed chairs is
slender-salaried teachers. Against this Miss
Beecher, as well as Miss Grant, protested.
Miss Lyon was setting a dangerous precedent ;
good schools waited on good teachers and good
teachers on adequate pay. She was deflecting
salaries in the wrong direction, — they ought
BREAKING GROUND 213
to go up, not down. Otherwise teaching would
remain, as Miss Beecher vigorously declared,
" the resort of the dull, stupid, and shiftless that
can do nothing else." The profession could not
be sustained by a missionary spirit. She feared
Miss Lyon was "starting wrong," for all plans
which tended to sink the price of tuition would
probably be discountenanced by the best edu-
cators. Her counter-proposals were not likely
to commend themselves to a democratic person.
She suggested getting around the difficulty in
one of two ways ; by charging a high price for
tuition, with the understanding that a part or
the whole would be remitted to all who could
not pay, or by setting a medium price and re-
quiring those who could afford it to pay rent,
the rest living rent-free.
Miss Lyon wrote Miss Beecher, "I thank
you for your interest in my plans, expressed in
the sincere way of criticism on one point." Both
to her and to Miss Grant she disclaimed any in-
tention of establishing a precedent. The ques-
tion of salary was a legitimate consideration
for a woman, though on her own list of motives
for teaching it stood neither first nor second.
214 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
As usual, she had looked at the matter from all
sides, and any possible loss the plan might en-
tail seemed to her a less imperative issue than
the present need of bringing into existence an
example of the sort of thing that she had in
mind. The following passages taken from let-
ters to both women clearly reveal her attitude :
"While the public are so little prepared to
contribute liberally to an object like this, may it
not be expedient that those who first enter the
field as laborers should receive as a reward so
little of 'filthy lucre' that they may be able to
commend themselves to every man's conscience,
even to those whose minds are narrow and
whose hearts are not much enlarged by Chris-
tian philanthropy ? If such a course should be
desirable at the commencement, how many
years or how many scores of years must elapse
before it would be no longer needful, time alone
can decide."
"Neither do we consider it necessary that
other institutions should adopt the same stand-
ard, or that this institution should certainly
abide by it evermore, though at present it is
essential to our success."
BREAKING GROUND 215
"I do not mean to ask any other one con-
nected with the institution to make such sacri-
fices as I can cheerfully make. This may not
be necessary for my successor, but it is neces-
sary in my case, at least for a few years."
Miss Lyon found herself in the position of
a modern manufacturer launching a new pro-
duct, and with as keen a business sense she hit
on much the same method. Here was a new
brand of education for which she must create
a demand. If at first she set on it a high or
even a normal price, many people whose pa-
tronage she wished to secure would continue
either to go without or to get their own or their
daughters' training at neighborhood academies
or at private schools. These sold an article
neither so good in kind nor of so high a grade,
but until a practical demonstration of the differ-
ence could be given purchasers would be con-
tent with it. To introduce the new education
she proposed to put the price below par for a
while, and with intimate knowledge of the un-
selfish proclivities of women, she asked the first
demonstrators to give a part of their services.
This, then, was her proposition: to found
216 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
an institution of the highest available culture
which should fit young women for usefulness ;
democratic ; independent both of the life of a
single teacher and of the fluctuations of the
money-market; the resource neither of slen-
der-pursed gentility nor of financial promoters ;
enduring, as were colleges for men, "from
generation to generation." It reads naturally
to-day. Before the middle of the nineteenth
century, the conception outlined a gigantic un-
dertaking. The women of a locality which
expected no direct returns had paid the antici-
pated expense of advertising. With their money
she put the idea before the general public,
whose attitude was "yet to be determined by
fair experiment."
CHAPTER VI
THE FOUNDING OF MOUNT HOLYOKE
"WHEN we decide that it is best to perform a
certain duty we should expect success in it, if
it is not utterly impossible," Miss Lyon had
said at Ipswich. The next three years of her life
passed into a practical illustration of her creed.
Most founders of educational institutions have
supplied capital from their own pockets. Be-
yond what were stored in brain and body, she
had but the scantiest resources. The problem
which confronted her was how to bring a suffi-
cient number of indifferent people, possessed
of more or less money, to recognize the need
and practicability of her enterprise. "If the
funds can once be raised," she wrote, "the in-
stitution may live and grow and prove its own
character. The question of raising funds is the
great and difficult one, which outweighs almost
all others."
The quality of the men whom she asked to
218 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
help her appears in their acceptance of her de-
sign. They were broad-minded persons, capable
of according hospitality, as is noted in the first
memoir, to " the complicated plans of a woman
so unlike all other women they had ever met."
They were also gentlemen of daring. It was
a necessary quality of men concerned in what
Miss Beecher characterized forty years later as
an attempt "to gain perpetuity by endowments
for an institution which should secure as high
intellectual training for the daughters as for the
sons of a family." Professor Hitchcock wrote
in 1861: "To be its advocate in those early
days when most men treated the project as a
quixotic dream was quite a different thing
from what it is now, when the plan has had the
prestige of twenty-five years of successful trial,
and the name of its founder is enrolled high
among the wise and eminent benefactors of the
race."
Before it could gain much headway the pro-
ject must be fitted to " a local habitation and a
name." For the former, various propositions
were made by various people. The trustees of
Abbot Academy at Andover offered "to change
the character of the prosperous institution
under their direction," and to erect buildings for
dormitories and commons. Miss Lyon's own
inclinations turned to the "genial soil" of the
Connecticut, and "a small country village
where," as she said, "the institution will rise
up and grow under the protection of an ex-
tended population rather than of one town."
Both decisions she left to the committee. In-
vestigation on their part narrowed the range
of choice to South Deerfield, Sunderland, and
South Hadley. All three were in western Mas-
sachusetts and all offered large subscriptions to
secure the award. No railroad then threw the
balance of favor to any one of them. The only
lines of track in New England joined Bos-
ton with Worcester, Lowell, and Providence,
— not for several months yet to be opened for
traffic.
The decisive meeting was scheduled for Jan-
uary the eighth, 1835. Though etiquette for-
bade her presence at the committee's deliber-
ations, its members wished Miss Lyon to be
accessible for consultation. The mercury was
below zero at Amherst, and it lacked three or
220 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
four hours of sunrise, when she and Professor
Hitchcock, each wrapped in a buffalo robe,
took seats in the stage for Worcester. Near the
following midnight Mr. Felt came to tell her
that South Deerfield had been negatived. The
next day saw South Hadley chosen.
In April a name was selected. Seminary
came naturally. The term was then non-com-
mittal, popularly used to denote a school of any
grade. The Encyclopaedia Americana of 1836 l
employs the word interchangeably with college,
and in President Humphrey's usage two years
later it covers both Sunday Schools and the
most important colleges for men.2 Professor
Hitchcock had already proffered the reading
public a full-fed mouthful of pure Greek.
Pangynaskean Seminary conveyed to the in-
tellectual a reminder of that strongly stressed
development of the whole woman. But most
people do not listen when a man speaks Greek.
Mr. Hitchcock's readers inclined to laugh, not
pleasantly, but in derision. Mount Holyoke
1 Vol. xi> p. 255.
2 Great Britain, France, and Belgium: A Short Tour in
1835 (published 1838), by Heman Humphrey, President of
Amherst College, pp. 277-287.
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED
sentinels the east bank of the Connecticut River
near South Hadley, and at the christening the
committee voted to borrow a name of the moun-
tain. There are fashions in words as in the cut
of sleeves. Male and female went out of polite
usage several decades ago. When Mary Lyon
lived they moved in the best circles both in
literature and life. Troy, Hartford, Ipswich:
they were all "female seminaries" glorying in
the word that falls quaintly on modern ears.
Even so late as in the early sixties Vassar was
incorporated as a "Female College." Mount
Holyoke Female Seminary — its very title
breathed triumph. For when, on the eleventh
of February, 1836, the Governor signed a char-
ter empowering the trustees to hold property
to the value of a hundred thousand dollars, its
founder knew that the kingdom of letters had
been divided.
Long before that date Miss Lyon and her
counsel had delivered the cause to judgment.
"Conduct proves feeling. People will always
give their money for that which they value
most," she had been wont to say, and she would
have her venture rooted in broad affections,
222 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
"an object of delightful remembrance." Her
wide acquaintance aided advertisement, old
friends and new converts zealously scattering
pamphlets and circulars. Agents traversed New
England explaining the project and booking
subscriptions. Reverend Roswell Hawks, col-
league pastor at Cummington, was first among
the ministers to engage in this work ; in one
way and another he served Mount Holyoke un-
weariedly for twenty years. Most of the solici-
tors only temporarily relinquished their charges.
One devoted a few weeks to canvassing a re-
gion where he had influence, while the profes-
sors of Amherst College supplied his pulpit.
Increasingly through these years New England
felt that tightening of the money market which
led to the panic of 1837, and even promises came
hard. Once Mr. Hawks traveled for three
months without getting a cent. Another solici-
tor, shut up by a three days' snowstorm, wrote,
" Were not the times such as they are, 't would
be pleasant to raise money for this grand enter-
prise." But the campaign could not wait on
time or opportunity ; the vocabulary of its com-
mander held but one word — Now !
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 223
When the lieutenants faced failure, she took
the field herself. Her green velvet money-bag
grew to be a familiar sight through the country-
side. "I wander about without a home," she
wrote her mother and sister, " scarcely knowing
one week where I shall be the next."
A letter to Miss Grant dated at South Had-
ley details succinctly one of these swift dashes
from place to place. " I have not entirely given
up going to New York this autumn. I am think-
ing of going directly to New York from Boston.
But it is almost impossible for me to predict
my own movements. I spent last Wednesday
night at Belchertown, Thursday night at Barre,
Friday night at Amherst, and yesterday re-
turned here. I leave to-morrow on an excur-
sion around on the hills, for the sake of convers-
ing with some individuals about our enterprise.
I expect to get around to Belchertown the last
of the week on my way to Boston. ... I am
going to Boston to endeavor to find out whether
it is safe for us to attempt anything there this
autumn. If it seems expedient, I shall write to
Mr. Hawks, and he will go on and make the
attempt."
She traveled much with Mr. Hawks or an-
other solicitor ; often a member of the commit-
tee took her to call on an influential man whose
interest they wished to enlist; sometimes she
spoke to mixed audiences in district school-
houses among the Franklin County hills. Her
words flowed as easily in a stage-coach as in
a parlor. The road between Boston and the
Connecticut knew her so well that the time
came when she could not go ten miles without
a greeting from some fellow-passenger who, by
naming, introduced her to the rest. They had
all heard of her, and questions followed.
In these years she came often to Ashfield, re-
lying on Squire White to set forward her affairs
in many a kindly way. " When I am wandering
about, it is pleasant and consoling to think that
under the roof of your dear home I can have
a resting place when I need," she wrote Miss
Hannah White. They were busy breathing-
spots. In the east sitting-room of "White
Homestead," the Squire's granddaughter has
turned an inward eye back upon those far years
when she was a child in the old house. " Often
and often have I seen grandfather and Miss
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 225
Lyon sitting in this very room, — a table, its
leaves opened, drawn near the fireplace ; papers,
plans of the seminary spread out upon it ; she on
one side and he on the other. Sometimes they
worked over them until after midnight." She
paints a pleasant picture. One can almost see
the fine portly Squire, his strong but kindly
face moulded into thoughtful lines, and op-
posite him the eager absorbed woman in her
simple well-cut green gown, a bit of lace at the
throat, firelight and candlelight shining on her
clear skin and picking out the red-gold lights
in her curly auburn hair whose generous coils
glint through the meshes of the white turban
that she always wore indoors. In the morning
she would be up and away by stage, or the Squire
would carry her where she wished to go. Early
she had written him of her plans, as to one
upon whose understanding she could rely ; he
gave largely and he influenced others to give.
The care of her property, long since of her
own earning, was in his hands, and we find her
writing intelligently, with apparent knowledge
of his investments, now and then counting on
his liberality to advance on what he might not
THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
be able, before she wanted the money, to con-
vert into cash. Every cent of personal ex-
pense and postage, the latter no inconsiderable
sum, she paid herself, and in one way and an-
other poured her savings freely into Mount
Holyoke's till. In view of the small salaries
paid in the best private schools for girls, it is
surprising to find Miss Lyon herself among the
largest donors to the project. But her name ap-
pears on no subscription paper.
The books in which donations are set down
make significant reading. One of them records
about twenty-seven thousand dollars sub-
scribed by a few more than eighteen hundred
people in ninety-one towns. The largest single
sums entered here are two of a thousand dollars
each; the smallest, three of six cents. Several
two hundred and fifty dollar entries appear,
and many of one hundred. But much is set
down in fifty cents, single dollars, twos, threes,
and fives. Something of the toilsomeness of the
quest speaks in the faded ink of these pages.
There are other lists. Between the lines one
reads the programme of Mary Lyon's days ; up
at all hours, out in all weathers, matching dif-
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 227
ficulties and disappointments with an indomit-
able will, facing rebuffs with irrepressible faith.
The life brought wonder, dismay, and fear to
the hearts of her friends. They begged her to
look to her health, and wrought small protec-
tions against the exposures of winter travel.
But from the thing which she had set herself
to do hardship could not turn her aside. The
woman who, coming to close quarters with life,
wrote to a friend, " Our personal comforts are
delightful but not essential," wrote also, — and
the words voice no heroic dream of inexperi-
ence, they rise out of the thickest of the fight
for Mount Holyoke, — " Had I a thousand lives,
I could sacrifice them all in suffering and hard-
ship for its sake. Did I possess the greatest
fortune, I could readily relinquish it all, and
become poor, and more than poor, if its pros-
perity should demand it."
Mount Holyoke was all in Mary Lyon's
head. Nothing existed to which she could
point and say, "See! It works!" People had
inclined to think that women's education could
be promoted only "by local feelings, by party
spirit, or by expectations of personal advan-
228 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
tage." "The plan is too great," some said.
Though religious feeling operated powerfully
in foundings for men, the attempt to apply to
women's concerns the slogan "For God and
Country," to which had risen Harvard, Yale,
Princeton, Brown, Williams, Amherst, and
most of their fellows, struck a good many esti-
mable persons as unwarranted, indelicate, and
even wicked.
Half a century after these difficult years,
William Seymour Tyler, appointed professor
at Amherst in 1836, later a trustee of Mount
Holyoke,and subsequently first president of the
board of trustees of Smith College, rendered
account of the reception accorded to what he
termed the first of the Mount Holyoke ideas:
"That of an institution with a board of trus-
tees, a permanent faculty of instruction, and a
fixed course of studies, with suitable buildings
and grounds, with proper endowments and
permanent funds, with library and laborato-
ries and apparatus and collections. . . . This
whole idea, and every particular that I have
enumerated, was disputed, repudiated, ridi-
culed, before this institution was founded. But
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 229
now the idea and all the particulars are settled
principles and established facts, and the credit
of settling them belongs to Mount Holyoke
Seminary.
"The objections to this idea of equalizing
the educational advantages of the two sexes
were many and various, and not always con-
sistent with each other or consonant with the
courtesy due to the gentler sex. It was an inno-
vation uncalled for, unheard of until now since
the foundation of the world, and unthought of
now except by a few strong-minded women and
radical men, who would level all distinctions
and overturn the foundations of the family, of
society, of the church, and of the state. It was
unnatural, unphilosophical, unscriptural, un-
practical and impracticable, unfeminine and
anti- Christian ; in short all the epithets in the
dictionary that begin with un and in and anti
were hurled against and heaped upon it. Had
not Paul said, ' I suffer not a woman to teach
nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be
in silence; and if they will learn anything let
them ask their husbands at home' ? It would
be the entering wedge to woman's preaching,
230 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
practicing, lecturing, voting, ruling, buying and
selling, doing everything that men do and per-
haps doing it better than men do, and so
overstocking all the trades and professions, -
hinc illae lacrymae / ... At the same time it
was insisted that such occupations as mathe-
matics and philosophy were not suited to the
tastes or the capacities of women ; they did n't
want them and would n't undertake them ; and
if they did, they would ruin their health, impair
their gentleness, delicacy, modesty, and refine-
ment, unsex them, and unfit them for their
proper sphere. In short, it was like the famous
logico-illogical borrowed kettle. First : it never
was borrowed ; second : it had been returned ;
third: it was broken when it was borrowed;
and fourth : it was whole when it was returned.
"Miss Lyon herself did not escape severe
criticism. Her pupils and associates loved and
admired her. All who knew her honored her.
But it was not then the fashion to praise her.
She had not yet been canonized. She was well-
nigh a martyr, but not yet a saint. She was her-
self strong-minded, they said. In person she
was no fairy. In manner she was not one of the
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 231
graces. She was enthusiastic, quixotic, vision-
ary, ambitious. Her masculine intellect was no
judge of woman's capacities. Her robust con-
stitution was no measure of ordinary women's
health and strength and powers of endurance.
It was unbecoming her sex to solicit subscrip-
tions in person, to address public meetings, to
ride all over the country with Mr. Hawks, and
ask for sixpenny contributions."
Even Miss Lyon's friends remonstrated
against these departures from what they
termed good taste. But Miss Lyon "insisted
that it was better to violate taste than not to
have the work done." "What do I that is
wrong?" she demanded. "I ride in the stage-
coach or cars without an escort. Other ladies
do the same. I visit a family where I have been
previously invited, and the minister's wife or
some leading woman calls the ladies together
to see me, and I lay our object before them. Is
that wrong ? I go with Mr. Hawks and call on
a gentleman of known liberality at his own
house, and converse with him about our enter-
prise. What harm is there in that ? If there is
no harm in doing these things once, what harm
232 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
is there in doing them twice, thrice, or even a
dozen times ? My heart is sick, my soul is
pained with this empty gentility, this genteel
nothingness. I am doing a great work. I can-
not come down."
Naturally independent, she never tried to be
queer. "In deviating from others, be as inof-
fensive as possible," she said : " excite no need-
less opposition." But in matters of moment,
where she knew she was right, people must con-
form to her, not she to them. One of her closest
friends wrote: "She made the impression on
every one with whom she had anything to do,
from the common day-laborer to the president
of a college, that if she set herself to do any-
thing, it was of no use to oppose her." Three
things, as she had once recommended to stu-
dents, she now determined "cheerfully to en-
dure," — the "opposition and ridicule of ene-
mies to the cause" ; "the imprudent measures
and misrepresentations of those who profess to
be inquiring after the truth" ; and " the discour-
agements and cold-heartedness of real friends."
To her the goal looked large, " possibly greater,"
one man suggested, "than to some others."
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 233
The words brought her no dismay. "The ob-
ject of this institution," she said, "penetrates
too far into futurity and takes in too broad a
view to discover its claims to the passing mul-
titude. We appeal in its behalf to wise men
who can judge what we say. We appeal to
those who can venture as pioneers in the great
work of renovating a world. Others may stand
waiting for the great multitude to go forward."
But pioneering seems a bit reckless to most
people. So many thousands of dollars was
much to put into an untried scheme. "You
may yourself make the thing go admirably,"
wrote another man ; " your successor may not
be equally skilled, and there may be failure."
It was a staunch supporter who warned her lest
the wings of her imagination be carrying her a
little too high. Fortified as she was against her
friends, neither the indifference of ministers'
associations nor the gibes of sarcastic editors
could turn her from the dream on which her
heart was set. Criticism did not take her by
surprise. Misunderstanding did not daunt her.
" I suppose you have heard that I was endea-
voring to establish a manual-labor school for
234 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ladies," she wrote Miss White. "I have heard
so."
The calm centre of the storm, she preserved
an integrity alike of body and of soul. More
humor went into the making of Mount Hoi-
yoke than the world knows. *' I shall write again
soon and tell you some of the ludicrous things
I am trying to do," she scribbled Miss Grant
from an overnight stopping-place. Her merry
heart sucked the venom from many a bitter
episode, and left it powerless to poison mem-
ory. Through shadow and through sunshine
she turned a friendly face to all her kind. A
solicitor who traveled with her for weeks but
once saw her discouraged, and then only for a
few minutes. She never sapped her energy by
worry or wasted force in irritation. Quite sim-
ply she could say, as she did say three or four
years later, " I learned twenty years ago never
to get out of patience." Neither man nor wo-
man succeeded in drawing her into altercation ;
she would argue for her plans fairly and vigor-
ously, but she would neither "talk back" nor
allow another to do it for her.
In the last months of this stormy session with
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 235
the public purse a particularly virulent article
appeared in a so-called Religious Magazine.
It aroused Professor Hitchcock to take up the
cudgels in print. The editor-author believed in
leaving a "young lady under the care of her
natural guardians with all the influences of
home clustering around her." But allusions to
a "Protestant nunnery" and "servile labor,"
sarcastic personalities, and denunciations of
women teachers as "masculine," could not de-
flect Miss Lyon from the way of highest dig-
nity. Pins in the hands of little men might
prick, but she was too big to notice them.
Mr. Hitchcock gave her his article, to be
published or suppressed as she should choose.
"That was the last I ever saw of it," he said.
A simple faith was her working hypothesis
of life. "Faith's business is to make things
real," she said. More closely than most Chris-
tians she acted on what she believed. Prayer
was a habit with her, — no ceaseless petition-
ing, but a constant intercourse ; and she asked
others to pray ; particularly she believed in the
force of her mother's prayers. " Mary will not
give up," her mother told an Ashfield neighbor.
236 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
"She just walks the floor and says over and
over again, when all is so dark, ' Commit thy
way unto the Lord, trust also in Him, and He
shall bring it to pass. Women must be educated
— they must be ! " A habit of prayer and a
sense of humor forge invincible armor.
Meanwhile many forces were working for her.
The very articles that provoked adjectives like
"chimerical" and "wicked" met eyes of dis-
criminating intelligence. The nicety of empha-
sis which made New England a citadel of intel-
lectual conservatism and gave to its concessions
a compelling weight rendered it vulnerable to
argument. Mary Lyon appealed to the com-
mon sense, the intelligence, the spirit of fair
play in New Englanders. And the deep heart
of New England answered her, beating, as it
has nearly always beat, in the right place.
Newspapers of the time noted in Northampton
a " large and respectable " meeting of ladies and
gentlemen from all parts of the county who
gathered in the Edwards Church and, decid-
ing that "females" had not yet received their
due share of public attention, proceeded to put
themselves on record as favoring the new pro-
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 237
ject. But the centres of population, gallantly as
they now and then responded, did not bear the
brunt of financing the venture. Mount Holyoke
was won in those countless unrecorded assem-
blies in country churches and in district school-
houses, where audiences saw the strange sight
of a woman sitting in the teacher's chair, and
paid her the compliment of going away thought-
ful. A minister — more than one was often
present — introduced Miss Lyon to these meet-
ings. " She did not need anybody to speak for
her," a man said after one of them. Her ad-
dress was as alien to common usage as was
her presence. She had that directness of method
which is the prerogative of greatness. There
was in it no circumlocution, no confusion. Reli-
gion she made a very simple vital experience,
— "It is you and I and God, nothing else";
the education of women, a very pressing need.
She told of the new school that was being
founded and offered her hearers an opportu-
nity to help. A vivid quality in her speech took
hold on their hearts and made her words per-
sist in memory. After the span of a long life-
time a man heard the echo of her voice as it
238 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
had sounded of a summer afternoon in the ears
of a boy : " Don't think any gift too small. I
want the twenties [and the] fifties, but the dol-
lars and half dollars, with prayer, go a great
way. We are to have prayer in the new build-
ing, so let it be gifts with prayer."
She spoke out of a great sincerity, and behind
her words pressed the authority of her life. The
plain-living, high-thinking people of New Eng-
land farms and villages were not to be frightened
by bogies. They knew that she knew what she
was talking about. The schools at Buckland
and Ashfield, the seminary at Derry and Ips-
wich, reenforced her speech. Young women
had come from them, not less, but more home-
loving, healthy, and useful than they went. If
she dreamed dreams, these hard-headed men
and women, wringing meagre livings from
rocky hillsides, understood very well that no-
thing is more real than the stuff that dreams
are made of. Their sons grew up to be editors,
statesmen, preachers, presidents of colleges.
They would give their daughters a chance, too.
Miss Lyon made them a business proposition
and they took her record as security, looking
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 239
to her to get their money's worth. One daugh-
terless man, tilling a farm not over fertile and
with five sons to educate, gave her a hundred
dollars. Two spinster sisters living in the slen-
der comfort of their time signed each for the
same sum ; soon afterwards they lost their pro-
perty, but rather than be denied the pleasure of
fulfilling their pledges, they earned the money
with their own hands. Of such gifts was Mount
Holyoke built.
Of course, people sometimes cruelly disap-
pointed her faith. They were not usually those
whose purses were most empty. The charming
silver-haired lady who so graciously presides
in "White Homestead" has sent the following
account of an incident which is still a picture
in her memory. " On one of the many occasions
when, as a child, I witnessed the coming, the
tarrying, and the going of Miss Lyon through
the welcoming doors of this home, she arrived
at early evening, unexpectedly, sure as always
of a warm reception. The stage had brought
her from Northampton, Amherst, or Greenfield,
and she came full of expectation and enthusi-
asm. Would Mr. White take her at once to
240 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
W — , where, she had learned, was living a
family of wealth who might give liberally for
the seminary buildings then going up ? ' Supper
and a good night's rest, Miss Lyon, and then
my horses shall take you there.' Next morning,
just as they were starting, my grandmother in
her gentle way laid her hand on Miss Lyon's
shoulder, saying, 'Do not expect much, my
dear Miss Lyon. We know the people. I fear
you will not be successful.' With a beaming
face Miss Lyon replied, ' Oh, I am told they are
very rich and I am sure they will help liberally.'
As Miss Lyon entered, on their return, I stood
by my grandmother's side and saw the play of
conflicting emotions over her mobile features
as she grasped the arm of her friend, saying,
* Yes, it is all true, just as I was told. They live
in a costly house, it is full of costly things, they
wear costly clothes' — then drawing nearer and
almost closing her eyes, she whispered with un-
forgettable emphasis, 'But oh, they're little
bits of folks!'"
The distinctive gift of an organizer, ability
to fit workers to the work, was hers in rare
measure. People walked before her like open
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 241
books, casual talk yielding judgments which
she seldom found cause radically to change.
And it is no disparagement of the native fine-
ness of her lieutenants to say that they were
nobler men and women for working by her side.
Dr. Humphrey, Mr. Hitchcock's predecessor
in the Amherst presidency, once described Miss
Lyon's influence over people as holding them
in " a sort of enchanted circle ... by invisible
attractions which it was hard to resist and from
which very few wished to be released." Ye,t it
must be said that she never tried to sweep others
into accord with her by sheer force of her own
momentum. From first to last many forwarded
her plans for a time who did not see their way
to continue in the work ; but when one helper
fell away she found another. The ability to
value and to use equipments quite foreign to
her own, richly augmented her resources. Of
the indefatigable Mr. Hawks she told Miss
Beecher: "Whatever may be thought of my
sanguine temperament, he cannot be charged
with being over-zealous. But his deficiency in
zeal is more than made up by his unwearied
efforts, his never-ending patience and perse-
242 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
verance, his sound common sense, his careful
observation of human nature, and his intimate
acquaintance with New England people."
She always sought skilled hands into which to
commit definite duties. Her method of approach
appears in the story told of her first interview
with Andrew Porter. It was on a snowy day
in April that she drove to Monson to acquaint
one of the best business men in western Massa-
chusetts with the trustees' request that he take
charge of building, an oversight for which ex-
perience had aptly fitted him. Mr. Porter was
not at home and Miss Lyon awaited his return.
During the days that passed before she spoke
with him she prayed both for courage to make
her request and for willingness to receive his
answer. At first he verged toward refusal ; over-
work had recently led to his partial withdrawal
from business. She pointed out that this would
give him more time, and asked that he withhold
a final decision. Mrs. Porter allied herself with
Miss Lyon. For three years she had desired her
husband to relinquish business cares ; now she
wished him to take them on " and trust the Lord
for health." Eventually he accepted the com-
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 243
mission, and for forty years "Deacon" Porter
freely gave Mount Holyoke of his money and
his time.
"Deacon" Safford, a wealthy Boston manu-
facturer and the largest donor to the project,
was another trustee who caught his wife's en-
thusiasm. He had himself cherished vague
notions of more democratic education for girls.
Of these he spoke to his brother-in-law, Dr.
Edwards of Andover Theological Seminary,
who told him that Miss Lyon was working along
this line of thought. Already Mr. Safford knew
her, but the pressure of other interests crowded
the matter from his mind until she herself re-
vived his recollections. From that time, his
house became her Boston home.
Wisely as she knew how to choose her aids,
she commanded as well the subtler art of work-
ing with them. An indefinable fusing influence
went out from her. They might differ radically
in opinion, they were one in loyalty. Scholars,
farmers, business men, delicate and lovely wo-
men lit their torches from her devotion. " It
is an object that lies very near my heart," wrote
Mrs. Porter of what she called, in its promise,
244 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
"our beloved institution." Joseph Avery of
Conway, another trustee who made the affairs
of Holyoke as pressing as his private concerns,
could so ill bear to see a cent of the money given
it go to waste that he paid for a useless archi-
tect's plan out of his own pocket, without de-
creasing his large subscription. Miss Lyon her-
self testified that Professor Hitchcock had been
" compelled often either to give over the enter-
prise or to perform labors to which few men
would be competent."
The blackest days of those chequered years
drew on with the summer of 1836. "The times
grow worse and worse," she wrote that spring.
The trustees had promised to begin building
when the pledges should reach the twenty-five
thousand dollar mark. While pinching circum-
stance deferred the date, their very caution dis-
couraged confidence. " It is now more than two
years since they began to talk about that school,
and the building is not even commenced,"
cried a traveler. " Why don't they set the car-
penters to work and then send their agents out
to solicit funds ?"
Sensing to the full the psychological value of
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 245
making a start, Miss Lyon had the previous
summer thought of borrowing a few thousands
on which to begin. Yet the trustees had not
been idle. In March they had called for esti-
mates of building, in May they had chosen a
site. In July they reconsidered. ToMissLyon's
mind, guiltless of favoritism toward the spot
selected, this action presaged danger. Lines
of disagreement had been too sharply drawn
before. "Another dark cloud seems now to be
gathering over our prospects," she wrote Miss
Grant, "perhaps one of the darkest that has
ever hung over our enterprise, and yet I can
scarcely tell why it should be so." Steadily she
opposed reopening the question of location, lest
it hazard all ; but she found several men so dis-
satisfied with the place selected that she waived
her own judgment and agreed to a special meet-
ing of the building committee. At this session
it was decided to call a meeting of the trus-
tees.
And then, with her heart full of forebodings,
she went quietly away to Norton to spend the
Intervening days, and "to see," as she said,
"how the new house comes on." The "new
246 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
house" was a dormitory which, against fears
bred by its novelty, Miss Caldwell declared that
Miss Lyon fairly "talked into being." Giving
herself in generous thought to Wheaton, she
escaped the wear and tear of conjecture about
Mount Holyoke. It was never her way to an-
ticipate decisions. "I do not ask you now to
consider this question," she once advised a
niece, " because I think it better to defer the
serious consideration of important questions
till they can be put into a definite shape and
till the time has really arrived for considering
them." By such restraints she carried without
staggering a load that would have crushed an-
other. Yet written to Zilpah Grant under the
shadow of this threatening cloud, so bravely
resisted, these rare sentences of self-revelation
withdraw the veil for a moment from before
the quivering intimate heart of her. "I do
not know that I uniformly expect much in this
world, but ere I am aware, I find myself in-
dulging the prospect that the present trying cir-
cumstances will be over, that in time I shall be
settled down again in a pleasant field for doing
good, where I shall not be constantly changing,
with no resting-place, and constantly meeting
with one obstacle after another. I always fear
when I find my heart thus clinging to the hope-
of future good."
The trustees confirmed the site already
chosen, but the "trying circumstances" held
on tenaciously. Only a part of the contemplated
building could be put up ; its completion must
wait for easier times. With the cellar nearly
dug, quicksand was discovered. On examina-
tion, an expert pronounced the ground safe,
but better a little farther back. Sixty feet from
the road the digging began again. "I wish it
could have gone much farther back, but this
was something I could not control," wrote Miss
Lyon. The authority on foundations raised a
doubt about the quality of the bricks. No more
could be had until they were made the next
summer. A second expert reinstated the bricks
in the good opinion of their purchasers. Work
was going merrily when one morning, while
the masons breakfasted, the walls collapsed.
' Then," said the man in charge, " I did dread
to meet Miss Lyon. Now, thought I, she will
be discouraged." But as he hurried toward the
248 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ruins, she met him, smiling and exclaiming joy-
ously over the workmen's escape.
In the midst of these mischances the corner-
stone was laid. A golden October day wrapped
in the mantle of its deep content the intrepid
men and women who gathered in South Hadley
thus to seal their work. Some consciousness of
the unique value of the occasion must have
quickened their pulses, something of decorous
rejoicing have looked out of their faces. Yet
the day gave pause, not surcease. From it they
took renewed devotion against the busy months
to come. But to her who saw more than they
all, whose sure-footed imagination already
walked those unbuilt halls, traversing the
length and breadth of them, whose eyes had
peeped into room after room before one stone
was set upon another, visualizing the very girls
at study within them — to her the day brought
a draft of deep refreshment. The triumph of it
thrills in her words to Zilpah Grant: "The
stones and brick and mortar speak a language
which vibrates through my very soul. How
much thought and how much feeling have I
had on this general subject in years that are
HI
.
.
Hi*
fflPk I id
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 249
past ! And I have indeed lived to see the time
when a body of gentlemen have ventured to
lay the corner-stone of an edifice which will
cost about fifteen thousand dollars — and for
an institution for females. Surely the Lord hath
remembered our low estate. This will be an era
in female education. The work will not stop
with this institution. This enterprise may have
to struggle through embarrassments for years,
but its influence will be felt. It is a concession
on the part of gentlemen in our behalf, which
can be used again and again."
She needed all the invigoration that such a
day could give her. Though with visible ac-
tivity, interest quickened, and gifts increased,
the building committee continually faced a pos-
sible suspension of work. Hard times shrunk
payments on old subscriptions, dated new ones
far ahead, and tied up money away from even
Deacon Porter's ability to borrow. Quite how
near Mount Holyoke came more than once to
shipwreck, a few of the yellowed letters make
very plain. But one stood at the helm who
stopped at no personal sacrifice ; tireless, watch-
ful, alert to each new peril. When men coun-
seled delay, she urged that they go forward. A
torn letter, the dated leaf gone, lies under my
hand, in which she sent word to her lawyer
through his daughter that she wished to advance
to the trustees, as she said, "the little that I
possess as I am very anxious they should build.
... I suppose no one to whom your father
has lent money which is now due could object
to paying it with a notice of six months." Be-
fore the river froze, lumber must be bought;
and the month after the exercises around the
corner-stone found Mary Lyon up and away,
collecting overdue subscriptions, pressing others
into the work, and calling in money owed her
personal account that she might lend it on the
doubtful security of a donation paper. In March
Mr. Porter closed contracts with the mechan-
ics for finishing the building. In May Mrs.
Porter wrote Miss Lyon at Norton: "I rejoice
to hear you think of coming next week. I think
it important you should. I will now tell you in
confidence that husband and I believe all the
building committee are becoming discouraged
about proceeding with the building, fearing it
will not be possible to raise the ten thousand
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 251
dollars which will be necessary by the first of
October, if they advance. . . . Now if you can
come, it may raise their drooping spirits."
Yet through the spring Mount Holyoke had
been steadily gaining friends. Mr. Porter
talked of it in New York, and wealthy men
lent him approving ears. In Boston Mr. Saff ord
issued invitations to a meeting at his house,
and more than three thousand dollars was sub-
scribed on a rainy night. It was not a day of
huge fortunes. In her record of the evening
Miss Lyon flashes a side-light on decorum in
the thirties. "The gentlemen thought there
would be no impropriety in their admitting
three ladies to hear what was being said on the
subject, — Mrs. Safford, Miss Caldwell, and
myself. Deacon Safford wanted that we should
be present, and asked the opinion of several
gentlemen, who thought it would be proper and
approved of it." Later in the year, a gift came
from as far south as Alabama.
While men prepared the shell, Miss Lyon had
made herself responsible for the furnishings,
and here again she turned trustfully to women.
When building commenced, she began sow-
252 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ing her letters broadcast through the country
among her own and her friends' friends. Wis-
dom tempered the request to their abilities.
Her scheme provided for the furnishing of stu-
dent rooms, each by a single town, through
the united generosity of its ladies. This plan
gave definiteness to aim and locality to interest.
Any person able to contribute more than a
moderate amount was urged to help swell the
general furniture fund. And since what is every-
body's business is never done, she committed
the project in every community to one woman
of influence and energy. But again her pres-
ence proved more potent than print. These are
the matters on which we have found her talking
with the women while Mr. Hawks interviewed
the men. Many towns failed in such trying
times to reach the fifty or sixty dollar mark set
for a room ; others were reported as engrossed
in their own concerns. But sometimes a single
person gave more than the specified amount.
One man furnished a room in memory of his
daughter; a woman promised to give most or
all of the crockery. Small sums crept to the
hands of women known to be interested. The
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 253
students and teachers of Wheaton Seminary
contributed over two hundred dollars for one
of the parlors. Gifts, big and little, from chil-
dren, students, home-keeping girls, ladies of
wealth, and women "eager and willing," but
"chiefly dependent on their palm-leaf hats"
for spending-money — she welcomed them all
gladly and put them all to use.
In the widespread loyalty which they repre-
sent, these records read like the donations to
seventeenth-century Harvard when the united
New England colonies rallied to the support of
the first college for men, families giving to it out
of their poverty a cow or a sheep, corn or salt,
a piece of cloth or of silver plate. Yet by that
perilous June two hundred years later, not a
third of Mount Holyoke's necessary furniture
had come in. "Everything that is done for
us now," cried Miss Lyon, "seems like giv-
ing bread to the hungry and cold water to the
thirsty."
That busy, busy year of 1837 ! With marvel-
ous dexterity she kept all her balls soaring.
Questions of teachers and apparatus, applica-
tions of students, had long held her thought,
254 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
and to them she brought the experience of
years. But when Mrs. Porter asked her to ex-
amine dining and tea sets, she ventured on
fresh ground. In the first weeks of summer the
status of the furniture fund kept her constantly
on the road. By midsummer South Hadley im-
peratively demanded her presence. Now men
labored on the interior, and the woman who in
consultation with wise friends had planned the
rooms and knew their every use by heart had
much to do. She ate and slept at the home
of the courtly Princetonian, Reverend Joseph
Condit, and spent her days with the workmen.
" When the joiner- work was done," wrote Mrs.
Eunice Caldwell Cowles, " she made ready for
the mason; when the masonry was done, she
made ready for the painter; and when the
painter had done, she saw to the drying. The
workmen might complain of her interference
and dictation, but it was little she minded the
complaining if the work was done to her mind."
Week after week, on Monday Mr. Porter
drove the twenty-one miles from Monson, and
on Saturday drove back. Were he present or
absent, many questions came to Miss Lyon for
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 255
decision. She despatched them quickly, and
as quickly reversed a verdict if later she saw
just cause. Nothing short of the best satisfied
her, the most convenient. " My head is full of
closets, shelves, cupboards, doors, sinks, tables,
etc.," she wrote her mother. " You will think
this new work for me and indeed it is." That
she could do it so successfully is the best refuta-
tion of the charge that love of mental pursuits
necessarily spoils a woman for practical con-
cerns.
In these months she put behind her an in-
credible amount of work. Her salvation lay in
despatch. "I have so much letter- writing to
do that I seem not to have much time for any-
thing else," was her lament, "and yet I have
five times as much as I can do which I wish
to do."
The date of receiving students, more than
once deferred, had now been set for the eighth
of November. Already people questioned its
possibility. All the money that the trustees felt
justified in borrowing on the security of unpaid
subscriptions was needed to complete the build-
ing, and still the furniture ran menacingly
256 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
short. Expected bedding failed to arrive.
Again and again that fall Miss Lyon drew on
her own resources for hundreds of dollars. " I
doubt not that I shall have all I need in this
world, but I should be very much tried to want
to obtain something for the seminary which I
thought it best to pay for myself, but could not
for the want of money." As a last resort an ap-
peal went forth for the temporary loan of such
things as were imperatively needed, to be re-
turned when the women who were furnishing
rooms should get their money raised. To en-
tering students she wrote asking them to see
what they could borrow among their friends,
and to report to her ; a request, not a mandate,
made with hesitancy lest it be misunderstood.
In June she had written a niece: "Some-
times it seems as if my heart would sink under
the weight that rests upon me. How all can be
done that must be done before the first of No-
vember I know not." To her dearest friend she
confided in mid-September: "When I look
through to November eighth it seems like look-
ing down a precipice of many hundred feet,
which I must descend. I can only avoid look-
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 257
ing to the bottom, and fix my eye on the near-
est stone till I have safely reached it."
Beyond South Hadley people laughed, de-
nounced, or hoped, as was their way. Some of
them prayed. But many kept company with
the woman who once told Miss Lyon that,
while she thought the plan excellent, she feared
Mount Holyoke would prove like a wonderful
machine Dr. Beecher used to tell of, "admi-
rably contrived, admirably adjusted, but it had
one fault — it would n't go! "
CHAPTER VII
THE FOUNDING OF _ MOUNT HOLYOKE,
Continued
THE hours dwindled toward the eighth of No-
vember. For days from all points of the com-
pass students had been converging on South
Hadley by stage-coach and private carriage.
Girls, stiff from riding almost continuously
since before dawn, on the last afternoon of
grace were swung from chaises by fathers and
friends' fathers, to stumble through a side door
into a five-storied brick building that rose, stark
and blindless, out of a waste of sand. Deacon
Porter was helping lay the front threshold, paint
pots and work benches furnished the parlors,
and Miss Lyon met them in the dining-room.
There stood tables spread for the hungry ; near
by, a merry group of young women were hem-
ming linen and finishing off quilts and coun-
terpanes. Hammer- strokes resounded through
the house. Coatless, on his knees in " seminary
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 259
hall," Deacon Safford tacked matting, looking
up with a smiling word to new comers : " We
are in glorious confusion now, but we hope for
better order soon." In Miss Lyon's parlor Elihu
Dwight of the village laid carpet with girlish
"help." Trustees' wives washed dishes in the
kitchen, — fragile Mrs. Porter, lovely Mrs. Saf-
ford in her dainty French calico with its gay
ribbons. Upstairs, young Mr. Dwight's con-
temporaries were busy under soft- voiced direc-
tion setting up beds, putting furniture in place,
now and then dashing out to unload a cart
freshly arrived at the seminary's door, lend-
ing themselves to many labors. In time John
Dwight gave his aid to Nancy Everett, and
amid all the straitened hubbub of that No-
vember day, two buildings of the later Mount
Holyoke began to take misty shape within the
future.
Activity was contagious. Fathers found men
ready to lend a hand for a moment, and trunks
whisked upstairs. Students unpacked swiftly
and came down ready to join in the joyous
cooperation that turned work into play and
removed homesickness afar off. "We were as
260 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
busy as bees and as happy as could be," runs
the record. " The very pulse of the machine,"
Miss Lyon moved here, there, everywhere;
greeting new students with the intimate word
that bespoke remembrance of their letters ; call-
ing for volunteers and setting them enthusiasti-
cally to sewing, paring apples, unpacking fur-
niture, giving out bedding as the boxes came ;
or, with swift divination of individual need,
insisting on sending her dinner to the room of
some three days' traveler — stealing the hearts
out of their bodies by the warmth of her cordial
touch, the sunny goodness of her face. Her
spirit commingled with the adventurous soul
of youth in an alchemy that gilded discomfort
and transformed want into abounding plenty.
What matter that the first night there were not
beds enough to sleep on ? At Miss Lyon's re-
quest the old families of South Hadley opened
their hospitable doors to students as readily
as their sons had given her of their young
muscle.
For weeks the women of the town had aided
in carry ing forward her preparations. " How
kind the South Hadley people were to us !" one
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 261
writes under date of November eighth. Another
girl's journal remarks: "Helped get the first
breakfast at Holyoke. Miss Lyon and I were
the first to appear in the kitchen." There had
been no time for further diarizing ; the busy day
sped on, unwritten. Examinations began to
go forward amid the clamor of alien activities.
Singly, in twos, in groups, the girls took them,
teachers and students seated together on the
stairs, or side by side on a pile of mattresses in
a hall-way, little oases of scholarly seclusion.
Classing by inquisition into real attainment held
the spice of novelty for young women, many of
whom had spent their lives attending schools,
but who now with comic light-heartedness saw
their bags of knowledge strangely shrinking.
And then at four o'clock, when the last tack
had been driven in " seminary hall," a pause fell
on the fleet occupations. With examinations far
from finished, and many loads of furniture still
on the road, a bell rang and Mount Holyoke
opened.
Thus it will be seen that at its inception the
new institution drew fortune from misfortune,
strangling in its cradle privations that threat-
262 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ened existence, against odds winning a stronger
hold on life. For beneath the merry bustle of
those opening days, under the high-hearted
breasting of inconvenience and even of aus-
terity, were weaving fine filaments of personal
loyalty and devotion. Such bonds were new to
women's educational experience. The sense of
Alma Mater, which under settled conditions
might have grown more tardily, began to hap-
pen at once as by a kindly magic. Yet there
was about it no magic other than that of a won-
derfully contagious personality acting along
lines of generous partnership. In sharing the
opportunity to work for Mount Holyoke, Miss
Lyon communicated something of her own
tenderness to the attitude of these first students.
Responsibility discovered to them that they, too,
belonged ; and the home feeling, so normally and
yet so subtly conveyed at the outset, became
the atmosphere of the place. "Our family*'
was an expression often on Miss Lyon's lips.
When adversity pinched in the days that fol-
lowed, she gathered her girls about her. " This
is an experiment," she would say, "and I can-
not succeed without your help. The life of the
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 263
institution depends upon this first year." After-
wards she used to speak with pride of those ear-
liest students. Gallantly they responded to her
appeals, their imaginations rallying at the trum-
pet-note that bugled through her words. For
us of a later and more trammeled generation
a charm invests that spirited company of pre-
collegians, setting off in the freshness of morn-
ing upon their great adventure. They were in
love with learning, and hardship could not dull
their zest.
To understand the early Mount Holyoke,
whose launching was attended with so much
heroic endeavor, one must view it as did Miss
Lyon, and as she gave her girls in some measure
also to see it ; a bundle of tendencies, the initial
expression of a vast potentiality, the beginning
of a movement world- wide in uplift. Its im-
mediate mission in her thought was to go ex-
ploring, nosing a way among reefs and rocks
until, its hull kissing the waters of a wider
opportunity, it should no longer be allowed to
cruise alone. A pattern craft, propelled by a
new power, she outfitted it for what in her mind
was to be an endless voyage. " Much care will
264 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
be taken," declares the prospectus, "to adopt
and settle principles which may be permanent
and to form and mature a system of operations
which may essentially outlive those to whose
care it is at first committed."
This work of organization presented prob-
lems as difficult of conquest and as far-reach-
ing in their solution as the financing had done.
License and limitation joined hands before Miss
Lyon: its pioneer position seemed to promise
the enterprise a free field ; contemporary life and
thought hedged it with restriction. She solved
her puzzles along the line suggested by a sen-
tence or two thrown out to her students in an-
other connection. "Do the best you can to-
day." "I have seen many persons waiting to
get ready to do something." Miss Lyon "did
something" without waiting; and while study
of the young Mount Holyoke shows that it bore
everywhere marks of environment in a gen-
eration less progressive than she, it reveals as
unmistakably a modifying effect on the very
conditions that restrained it.
A single practical illustration suggests the
extent to which her ideas suffered curtailment
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 265
through translation into fact. Among the ear-
lier papers in her handwriting is a plan for a
building to provide suites of rooms throughout,
two bedrooms and a study being allotted to two
students. These suites were to be grouped in
six divisions, each housing a "section" with
its teacher, and giving access to a "section"
parlor. The groups would unite for " meetings
and family devotion, but in all other respects
be as distinct and independent as six separate
and distinct families, occupying six separate
houses." The heads of these groups were slated
for the principal teachers, but in academic
work section lines would be disregarded. A
lover of analogy will find here curious hints
and foreshadowings.
There existed no ladder to give access to
the new seminary. The first entrance require-
ments— English grammar, modern geography,
United States history, Watts on the Mind, and
arithmetic — were plain matters, but the circu-
lars which Miss Lyon sent to applicants two
years before the doors opened, urging them to
use the extra months in further study, form an
enlightening commentary on current educa-
266 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
tional practices. Besides telling them what to
study for preparation she found it necessary to
employ some specification in her directions as
to how to set about it in order to attain habits
of clearness, accuracy, and rapidity of thought.
To those who had made sure of their entrance-
work advanced study was recommended. The
greater the real capital on admission, she said,
the greater will be the proportionate income,
but " a superficial passing over any branch be-
fore commencing it regularly in school is always
an injury instead of a benefit." She superim-
posed her seminary at first on " nothing . . . but
that thorough course which should be pursued
in every common school. But many who have
been a long time at an academy cannot be re-
ceived for want of suitable qualifications." The
people's schools held a place close to her repub-
lican heart, and anything which should lead
them to give thorough attention to the funda-
mental branches of an English education and
enable them to hold girls until they had laid
firmly the basis for higher work, would, she felt
convinced, raise their standard. The various
parts of the American educational machine
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 267
called for nothing more imperatively than for
definition ; " Each should confine itself to its own
appropriate business." And while she never at-
tempted directly to untangle the feminine snarl,
or to elevate the public school, she expected
this result as a by-product of the new move-
ment, her theory being that the imposition of
an institution of specific character and rigid
standard would, working downward, define
the status of lower schools, lead to the estab-
lishment of direct feeders for the higher, and
necessarily bring system out of the existing
confusion of studies.
Two common faults in the order of women's
education operated with its manner to limit the
number of well-prepared candidates : an incli-
nation to put little girls to hard study so as, in
Miss Lyon's phrase, " to finish the child's edu-
cation before her time seems of much value,"
and to defer acquisitions easily made in child-
hood and which come later only with waste of
time. Let her speak for herself here. The in-
intellectual forcing of children is " like a man's
borrowing money to become rich on such terms
that in a few years the principal and interest
268 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
will render him a bankrupt." Where it does not
result in "ruined constitutions, nervous excita-
bility, sadness without a reason, religious de-
pression, and the first appearances of mono-
mania ... it often proves forever fatal to
high intellectual cultivation, so that the child,
instead of becoming a prodigy, as was expected,
never attains even to mediocrity. Such repul-
sive associations may be formed with the title-
page and aspect of every text-book as will ren-
der every future lesson a task rather than a
delight. The most discouraging field which any
teacher was ever called to cultivate is the mind
of a young lady who has been studying all her
days, and has gone over most of the natural and
moral sciences without any valuable improve-
ment, until she is tired of school, tired of books,
and tired almost of life." "Among the things
neglected till too late a period are the manners ;
the cultivation of the voice, including singing,
pronunciation and all the characteristics of good
reading ; gaining skill and expedition in the com-
mon necessary mechanical operations, such as
sewing, knitting, writing and drawing ; and ac-
quiring by daily practice a knowledge and love
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 269
of domestic pursuits. To these might be added
some things which depend almost entirely on
the memory, such as spelling ; and others which
are suited to lay the foundation of a literary
taste, such as a judicious course of reading,
practice in composition, etc. Those who are
to attend to instrumental music, the ornamen-
tal branches, and the pronunciation of foreign
languages, must commence early." Against
both these malpractices the new enterprise
threw its influence, "as this institution pro-
poses to conduct young ladies through a regu-
lar intellectual course after the age of sixteen."
In the matter of instruction, from a twentieth-
century point of view, Miss Lyon found herself
facing the problem that confronts a man who
tries to lift himself by his boot-straps. Mount
Holyoke in action might pour a stream of well-
equipped minds into the teaching force of lower
schools ; where was the spring that should feed
its own ? It would not have been consonant with
her plans to admit men to the resident faculty
in those early years. Women had yet to prove
themselves as students, and as she said once to
her girls, "Either gallantry or want of confi-
270 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
dence makes gentlemen let young ladies slip
along without knowing much. They will make
boys study." Nor at this critical stage in femi-
nine education would one confident hi the worth
of women's brains, and eager to inspire girls
with a belief hi their own mental abilities, have
chosen so to undermine their faith, even had the
salaries she could offer admitted of men's intro-
duction. Aside from these arguments there was
one more definitive. President Garfield's clas-
sic definition of a college — a boy at one end
of a log and Mark Hopkins at the other -
cuts cleanly to the root of the best educational
growth of the time. A college made men through
personal intercourse with men. In this light
Mary Lyon viewed Mount Holyoke, as a plant
for the development, not of intellectual gym-
nasts, but of enlightened, useful women; and
with this aim she chose her teachers from the
best material at her command. They were not
scholars in the sense of persons versed in origi-
nal research. The American university, even
for men, waited on the threshold of another gen-
eration.
In the midst of such incertitude as this,
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 271
Mount Holyoke took its departure with less of
compromise to the state of turmoil within and
without than circumstances might have justi-
fied. It provided a regular course of three years,
called junior, middle, and senior, and the ma-
jority of its first students remained throughout
the year. Afterwards a year's residence was
required. There was no preparatory depart-
ment. Since people were unwonted to notions
of a requisite age and any rigidity of intellectual
requirement, some slight elasticity prevailed
along these lines in the beginning, which the
second fall found unnecessary. But the initial
students were chosen by careful sifting of over
double the number of applications, and many
were young women whose ages, to Miss Lyon's
delight, ran well into the twenties; some of
them had long been waiting for the seminary to
open. Accessions from Ipswich and Wheaton
helped provide for the small senior class.
She gathered her nascent college out of its
elements with the sanity which practice always
lends to theory. Routine fell into the lines
worked out at Ipswich, with its "series," its
"sections," and its quiet half-hours at the be-
272 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ginning and close of day. In subsequent years
we find several "sections" of juniors corre-
sponding to the freshmen of to-day, each in
personal touch with one of the younger teach-
ers. Regularity of habit, she declared, promotes
health of body, as surely as does a systematic
course of study, strength of mind. Walking
and calisthenics were made the rule in an age
that had not learned to rank air and exercise
among commonplaces of training. Together,
faculty and undergraduates constituted a com-
munity designed to become in itself a social
education.
Among the moderns there is no clearer re-
cognition of the enlarging function that col-
lege friendships play hi a girl's horizon than is
to be found in Miss Lyon's words about the re-
sults commonly incident to a home or small'
school training. A girl so educated, she said,
"is in danger of feeling that her mother and
her sisters are of more importance in the scale
of being than all the rest of the world, that her
home is the centre of the universe and the stand-
ard by which everything is to be tried. If she
belongs to a plain country family, she looks on
the wealthy in cities and large villages as proud,
extravagant, and haughty — if she has been con-
fined to the city or large village, she looks on
every daughter of the hills and valleys as out-
landish and vulgar." An antidote to this illib-
erality is to be found in a large seminary, unit-
ing such "refinement and elevation" with such
"plainness, simplicity, and economy" as to
draw the best quality of student " from all parts
of the country and from all classes of the com-
munity." Here will be checked "the spirit of
monopolizing privileges" which naturally re-
sults from the special care required by a little
girl. "The young lady needs to feel herself a
member of a large community, where the inter-
ests of others are to be sought equally with her
own. She needs to learn by practice as well as
by principle that individual accommodations
and private interests are to be sacrificed for the
public good ; and she needs to know from experi-
ence that those who make such a sacrifice will
receive an ample reward in the improvement
of the community among whom they are to
dw^ll." — " We must always consider the good
of the whole" became a proverb among her
274 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
girls, and the mainspring of Mount Holyoke's
life.
Beyond the frankly educative she enlisted
those unobtrusive suggestions that reach out
so powerfully from the backgrounds of exis-
tence. Even in the first experimental years
every arrangement was made to yield a positive
force, teaching silent lessons of sincerity, inde-
pendence and interdependence, adaptability
and economy ; and let it be always remembered
that in Miss Lyon's use, economy " necessarily
implies good judgment and good taste." " The
right use of money is to accomplish what you
wish with it," she said in one of her afternoon
talks. " A poor man may not be as economical
in spending fourpence as a rich man in spend-
ing a thousand dollars." Conservation of en-
ergy, avoidance of waste, convey her meaning
to ears wonted to the word's more petty usages.
"The great object of introducing economy into
the seminary's affairs is to make the school
really better," she wrote. Nowhere were there
loose threads ; means served the ends to which
she bent them with a completeness that deeply
impressed those young experiencing natures.
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 275
"I never knew the value of time as I do here,"
one girl wrote a friend.
But, conscious as was her intent in all this,
danger lurks in speaking of her methods as
though they were in some way separable from
her singularly direct and whole-souled person-
ality. The principles she wrought into the
framework of Mount Holyoke are simply the
records of her own reactions on life.
To spectators the most notable of these un-
academic persuasions, and the most hazardous,
was undoubtedly the feature of cooperative
housework. Distorted in the public mind, the
project weighted her mail with " a multitude of
serious and rather apprehensive inquiries about
the domestic work, as though this was the
main thing," — inquiries which she fell into
the habit of passing over lightly, " not sympa-
thizing much with warm commendation or at-
tempting to vindicate." "I was desirous that
our warm friends who thought it an excellence
should look upon it in its real light, as a small
one; and strangers who might fear it to be a
defect would feel it to be one easily submitted
to."
276 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
But in those laborious days from which
Mount Holyoke swung away, nothing about
the plant cost her more incessant thought than
did the manipulation of "the little appendage."
It proved far easier to secure all her teachers
than to fill the place of domestic superintend-
ent, yet she abated no jot of her demand. She
wanted " a lady of influence, of education, of an
ability to plan and to gain power over others ;
in short, one who, besides all her knowledge
and skill in domestic affairs, would lead all the
young ladies to look up to her with respect."
When years of correspondence and interview-
ing yielded only a woman who broke down at
the outset, she did the work herself, writing a
fellow educator, " Where we have had an inter-
est in planning we can sometimes make up in
zeal what we lack in skill." So heavy was the
burden laid upon her that she used to say to her
girls, " Had I known how complicated the af-
fairs of our domestic system would be, I should
never have undertaken it, but it brings a kind
of atmosphere very important for literary pur-
suits."
What she meant by this remark appears to-
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 277
ward the end of a letter written in May, 1838, to
Reverend Theron Baldwin, then just opening
Monticello Seminary. " For many weeks I was
engaged many hours every day about the do-
mestic department, sometimes contriving about
the fitting of furniture and cooking utensils,
again, planning for the division of labor and
for time and place so that everything could be
done in season and in order, without any loss
to the young ladies and with no interference
with studies or recitations. I had several points
to gain, and sometimes my whole energy was
devoted to one and sometimes to another. One
point was that a high standard should be es-
tablished for the manner of having the work
done ; another, that every department of the do-
mestic work should be popular with the young
ladies. For three or four months I never left the
family for a single half-day. I then said to the
young ladies that I considered the family as
organized, and that I wished to go to Boston to
be absent two. or three weeks, that I might,
besides finding a little rest, know whether the
wheels which I had been occupied so long in
arranging could move without my aid. On my
return everything was in perfect order, and
there has not been a time since when I could
not be absent or sick three months without any
sensible loss to the domestic department. Now
I need not go into the kitchen once a month
unless I prefer, though I do love daily to pass
around from room to room in the basement
story, and see how delightfully the wheels move
forward. . . .
"Our circumstances are so very favorable
that I feel that the plan is scarcely tested for
others. In the first place, we have none under
sixteen, and nearly all are from firm, well-bred
families of New England. They have been gen-
erally well educated thus far, and well trained
in domestic pursuits. Again we have no do-
mestics. If anything is not quite so pleasant the
query never arises whether it is not more suit-
able that domestics should do it. ... We have
a hired man who boards himself. He takes care
of our garden, saws wood, and performs various
little offices for our comfort. The family is so
large that by a proper division of time all can be
done and each occupied but a short time. No
young lady feels she is performing a duty from
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 279
which she could be relieved by the payment of
higher bills."
In the "union of interests " that the arrange-
ment secures, in its promotion of " social viva-
city," easy acquaintance, and the home feeling,
Miss Lyon sees definite advantages. Exercise
she ranks first. " This is worth very much more
than I anticipated, especially in the winter.
The daily work brings an hour of regular ex-
ercise, coming every day and the same hour of
the day. . . . The oldest and most studious
scholars are those who have always troubled
me by neglecting exercise. But they walk more
here of their own accord, without influence,
than any young ladies of the same character I
have ever seen. . . . Our young ladies study
with great intensity, but they seem just as vig-
orous the last of the term as ever. The vivacity
and apparent vigor of our young ladies near the
close of our winter term of twenty weeks, and
at the examination, was noticed as unusual by
gentlemen of discrimination. Whatever they
do they seem to do with their might, whether
it be study or walking or domestic work or
gathering plants or singing."
That from the big, airy "domestic hall" of
those early days, fitted with every device pro-
curable to lighten labor, emanated the influ-
ences which Miss Lyon publicly bespoke for it,
we have abundant proof in the testimony of her
students. " It was a daily object lesson in sys-
tem and order, a beautiful example of success-
ful cooperative housekeeping," one wrote years
later. Teams, each captained by an older stu-
dent and nominated " circles" and " circle-lead-
ers," deftly and withal merrily despatched cook-
ery, table- setting, dish-washing, and the like,
a girl being " assigned to that in which she has
been well trained at home." The few who had
hitherto escaped such pastimes attacked new
occupations with timidity or zest, according to
their temper. Now and then, of course, came
one whom housework galled ; but in the main
they were happy young persons, the more cheer-
fully, because unconsciously, learning lessons
of adaptability, resource, and relativity that
would stand them in good stead in after life.
Without fanciful conceit one must allow to the
"domestic work" of these early days a place
not unlike that which athletics and student
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 281
government hold in twentieth-century college
life. It developed team work and the gift of
leadership, as truly as it bred the community
sense that makes for citizenship.
Seen in perspective, this phase of the Mount
Holyoke enterprise falls into relation with other
movements of the time, a triumphant flowering
of the same New England spirit that blossomed
episodically at Brook Farm and Fruitlands.
Both seminary and colonies voiced a protest
against the notion that there is any incom-
patibility in a person's working with hands
and with head. — " Labor may dwell with
thought," cried Emerson — a declaration of the
essential unity of man. Between lay all the dif-
ference that divides success from failure. The
lettered men and women who wiped dishes and
milked cows at Brook Farm lived in too frankly
experimental a fashion, and living is not an ac-
tivity that results normally under glass. Mary
Lyon used her cooperative venture as a means
to something quite different ; circumstance had
pushed her to close quarters, and she, as was
her wont, had but devised a plan to get her way.
How completely and perfectly it worked is best
indicated by a story related of one of the mul-
titude of doubters. A wealthy Boston judge,
who on account of this feature of its life had
long hesitated to send his only child to Mount
Holyoke, went over the whole plant on the oc-
casion of his first visit after her entrance. Later
he confessed to Miss Lyon : " My only objection
now is, that the domestic work is made so easy,
your pupils will be spoiled for home experi-
ence."
So the year drew on through the disabili-
ties, obstacles, and overwork incident to ini-
tial ventures which must prove to a somewhat
skeptical public their right to life. It is pleasant
to read Miss Lyon's estimate of the result, her-
self her most discerning critic : " On the whole
the success of our institution in every depart-
ment is greater than I anticipated. I am more
and more interested in this enterprise as a
means of developing some important principles
of female education, especially of the impor-
tance and practicability of introducing system."
A Thursday in August brought the first com-
mencement, simply called " anniversary day,"
and the earliest of the superabundant com-
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 283
mencement crowds. The programme, for all
its quaint entries, summons to view a time that
has left indelible marks upon our own. Pub-
lic examinations, Monday and Tuesday, held
with no preparatory drilling, as The Hamp-
shire Gazette informs us a few years later, and
conveying the "effect of pleasing lectures in
the free interchange of questions and answers,
instead of the tiresome repetitions of an ordi-
nary school-room examination." Wednesday,
a liberal exodus over " the Notch " to Amherst's
commencement. Thursday morning, the last
examinations and the reading of compositions,
interspersed with music, in a crowded "semi-
nary hall." And there Miss Lyon would have
had the graduating exercises, but she yielded
to the representations of the trustees to her
entire later satisfaction.
Near noon the procession started up the vil-
lage street: stalwart trustees, men of learning
and of affairs ; that small earliest faculty, with
the adjectives "brilliant," "graceful," "charm-
ing," "vivacious " sounding pleasantly along
the way; white-gowned students, bare-headed
under light parasols — all turning their steps
284 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
to the waiting church, where the address would
be given by a speaker from abroad, and the
graduates receive their simple English inscribed
parchments. But though this first orator had
shunned food and sleep to rewrite his speech,
having discovered after listening for a while to
the examinations that "it would never do to
present anything he had brought with him,"
his address was to draw from Miss Lyon the
comment to Miss Grant, " good, but not quite
as finished as I should have liked." Later, at
the seminary, Mount Holyoke and its guests
would sit down to the anniversary dinner.
As in fancy one watches that procession a
sentence of Miss Lyon's springs to mind.
" Sorrow is sometimes remembered joy." Years
that were gone, summers and winters of rebuff
and struggle, pressed into her cup on this first
commencement a poignant sweetness. It spar-
kled in her eyes and kindled in her mobile
face. One who went often to the " anniversa-
ries" said that Miss Lyon never appeared so
well as on such days. "Kindness, gentleness,
ease and dignity of manner were always very
marked. She was never disconcerted, never in
a hurry, and always seemed to have time to
see every one and to well meet all that was laid
upon her. There was at such times scope for
all her powers."
As the new enterprise proved itself, she who
was its founder became also its builder. For
all its disabilities at birth, Mount Holyoke
never required that tentative period of adoption
which is to be found in the history of many edu-
cational organisms. It came into being as the
people's own, grounded in wide affections ; and
though it ever won new friends, from the first
it began to grow. One cannot fancy Mary Lyon
establishing anything to stand still ; she was
not a stationary person. The continual turn-
ing away of applicants for lack of room — four
hundred were refused the second year — joined
with ocular proof of the practicability of the
experiment. "The institution must live," Miss
Lyon wrote the public in the spring of 1839;
"but whether its influence shall be extended
and its principles disseminated, is yet to be
determined. Much depends upon the prompt-
ness with which the present wants of the insti-
tution are met." Now at her appeal purse-
strings loosened somewhat more easily. The
completion of the main building and the ad-
dition of a wing at the southern end raised the
housing capacity from eighty at opening until
in point of numbers Mount Holyoke held its
own with the largest New England colleges.
And still there was not room enough. Girls
unable to get in one year applied for the next,
or waited two or three and tried again. A
second wing to the north, designed by Miss
Lyon, was not built until after her death.
Meanwhile apparatus, library, and collections
increased slowly through outside gifts and by
expenditure of seminary funds.
In passing out of the first hand-to-mouth
stage and expanding into the proportions origi-
nally planned for its initial appearance, Mount
Holyoke, like all new communities, developed
law. There were no regulations the first year
beyond the rule of love ; but as life gained cer-
tainty and numbers increased, this pressed for
more particular definition. Miss Lyon met the
need as she had met it at Ipswich, seeking to
lead girls into wider social recognitions, reach-
ing forward to an ideal in which reciprocity of
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 287
advice and deference should be the only gov-
ernment. There were no arbitrary commands ;
new rules often came by student request, and
never without cause. If one were to be given,
she would preface its enunciation with the re-
mark that a person must pay the penalty of life
in a community by giving up some of the privi-
leges which might be enjoyed if she lived alone.
After an explanation of its working, her girls
could be counted on to adopt the measure. Com-
mon sense and conscientiousness must guide
them in reporting deviations, she said ; if they
possessed these, they needed no explanation ; if
they had them not, no explanation would do
them any good. An attempt to picture in detail
and for a different age this system of self- report-
ing could only succeed in showing how time
makes ancient good uncouth. The regulations
looked toward the preservation of good breed-
ing and scholarly attitudes. While some stu-
dents found them irksome, more than one old
lady has told me, " I never paid much attention
to the rules — they were only what seemed just
and right, what one would naturally do."
Beneath all her practices ran this warm co-
288 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
operative current. When the plans of a land-
scape artist for beautifying the grounds proved
too costly to be carried out, she asked the girls
going home in the second spring vacation to
bring back flower-seeds and shrubbery; she
would have the ground enriched and" the yard
fenced. They returned, their trunks full of
roots and seeds that blossomed gayly in the
summer months. She made the seniors feel
that it was their privilege to help her keep
order in the house, gently hinting at ways in
which they might aid ; from all classes she asked
suggestions which should serve to make her
afternoon talks helpful and timely, fitting
closely student needs ; she impressed on them
the invigorating understanding that they bore
a part in making Mount Holyoke a success
— let them remember in whatever they did
to seek its good. "You have all embarked
in this ship," she said, "and if the ship sinks
must sink with it."
With physical enlargement came more ease
of life. The comfort of her girls was a matter
not beyond Miss Lyon's thought. " There is a
best way to do every thing," she used to say;
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 289
and unwearyingly she sought it, testing, chang-
ing, simplifying. It took eleven years and re-
modeling of the kitchen regions to bring the
domestic system to a point where she is re-
ported to have confessed herself nearly satis-
fied with it. This indefatigability sometimes
wore on less active spirits. She was always ex-
perimenting, said Mr. Hawks, president of the
trustees ; adding by way of illustration that he
used to tiptoe past the door of her parlor lest,
hearing his step, she call him in and propose
something new.
To the retrospective eye in no department
does her alertness appear more forcibly than in
the purely academic. The young Mount Hoi-
yoke was a laboratory wherein a tireless chem-
ist sought to demonstrate a new principle in
women's education: a "thorough, systematic,
and uninterrupted course of study." "Its de-
sign is to promote the best interests of the pub-
lic, rather than to secure the greatest amount
of patronage. Efforts are made to furnish the
best possible school, and not to secure the
greatest number of scholars. It has adopted a
regular system to which it strictly adheres. It
290 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
is open for the reception of all who can meet
its requisitions." Many people had thought
that on these terms learning would not prove
attractive to girls. "The result shows," wrote
Miss Lyon, " that it is still safer to seek wisdom
rather than riches."
Her method of founding accounts largely for
the closeness with which she was able to ap-
proximate her own standards. Instead of offer-
ing people an institution ready made, she had
enlisted their help to make one. The venture,
so inaugurated, was also fortunate in the kind
of students which it drew. Many of them were
young persons of well-defined intellectual back-
grounds. " There is a great amount of educated
parentage here," remarked Miss Lyon, "chil-
dren of professional men, ministers, etc. — not
so much wealth." Her emphasis, strong at first
on the full measure of preliminary acquire-
ment, stiffened, and by 1840 she was able to
write all candidates: "As the plans and prin-
ciples of the institution are now so well un-
derstood, probably any indulgence hereafter
relative to preparation will be unnecessary and
inexpedient."
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 291
Students who failed in entrance examinations
went home or sought opportunity elsewhere to
make up their work. We learn of a small school
opened by one of the first Holyoke graduates,
to which Miss Lyon used to send girls deficient
in preparation, going herself now and then to
investigate their progress. The seminary ' s sud-
den leap into popularity had tended to bring
down the average undergraduate age, and after
a few years she returned to the first method of
accepting candidates, not in order of applica-
tion, but by careful sifting so as to get the best.
The circular prepared to give notice of the
change remarks: "Some parents wish to send
their daughters here because the expenses are
less than at other institutions. But this is no
valid argument for their being received. Many
whose money has been expended in the build-
ing up of this institution have less pecuniary
ability than the parents of our scholars. But
they had a higher object in view than pecuniary
relief." In kindly fashion she often advised
students to stay out a year that they might
not bring to their studies, especially to the se-
nior philosophical work, too great immaturity.
292 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
"Knowledge and reflection," she thought,
should "balance." "There is a defect in educa-
tion," says a student note-book. "Knowledge
of books increases faster than knowledge of
character. ... I don't know how this defect
is to be remedied unless by invisible pictures.
There is no such thing as teaching the power of
reflection. We can make [students] commit to
memory, but all we can do in this matter is to
stand about the outer court and say, Won't you
reflect?"
Just as distinctly she tried to make it under-
stood that Mount Holyoke was designed only
for the strong of body and mind, those old
enough to think and act wisely for themselves
and others. There were girls whom such a life
might blight, and she counseled parents to look
thoughtfully into this.
The curriculum, plain and substantial, fol-
lowed the lines of an educational taste already
beginning to break away from a diet of the hu-
manities. Mathematics, English, science, and
philosophy, with a pinch of political economy
and history, made up the diploma course in the
beginning ; but the initial catalogue lays down
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 293
a programme of growth. More will be added to
the senior branches, and certain senior studies
are to find place in earlier years. From the first
Miss Lyon encouraged students to go outside
the prescribed bounds ; work was always done
that did not for years creep into print. " The
study of the languages has ever been designed
to be embraced in the regular course," says an-
other catalogue, referring to the restraint im-
posed by current notions of women's education.
So Latin was taught the first year; in 1840 all
candidates for reception a year from that fall
were advised to spend as much of the interven-
ing time as possible in its study ; by 1847 it held
a place in the regular course and was required
for admission.
I find these jottings among the notes : " Her
opinion upon education she gave us to-day —
thorough discipline of the mind gained by Latin
and mathematics, as in the training of young
men, before the higher English branches. Have
the roots grow and expand before we expect to
gather fruit." "Miss Lyon . . . dwelt at length
on the discipline of mind she wished us to ac-
quire, and that she expected us to know by ex-
294 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
perience what hard study is. It was her desire
that we should all have one difficult and one
easier study: the first, mathematics or Latin,
and probably confine ourselves to it the whole
year. She required a note expressing our
choice."
A dash of modern languages and music
spiced the whole, though they did not count
toward graduation. There were no "extras."
We find some mention of equivalents, and oc-
casionally a very slender chance for choice in
the diploma course. Outside its bounds the
opportunity was wider ; a young woman with
barely enough time at her disposal to graduate,
would, Miss Lyon believed, often gain from a
broader range of studies more than she would
lose in missing a diploma ; and she encouraged
students to spend double time in the middle
class. But the public mind accustomed itself
slowly to the notion of several consecutive years
of study for girls, and the early class rosters are
full of non-graduates.
At the close of the thirties, and again near
the middle of the forties, she tried to lengthen
the regular course to four years, — a change
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 295
which the catalogues had for some time been
gently heralding. But here even Miss Lyon
met defeat. Student notes yield a mangled echo
of the explanation that she gave her girls. " The
only reason why we do not put four years in, is
the narrowness of means and views of those
who would feel it too much. Young men are
required to prepare much longer, but young
ladies are admitted without excuse. The trus-
tees object to adding another year. We design
to make the three years' course more rigid. We
would take a leap, but cannot, and expect to ad-
vance gradually."
Again we turn to the notes for interpretation
of her phrase "to advance gradually." "I have
much faith in learning in imparting solidity to
character. . . . When young ladies are thor-
oughly educated, as men are, frivolity will be
banished from their minds. Men will not turn
and talk with them as they never talk among
themselves. We make the rules for admission
to the classes very rigid in order to raise the
standard of education and hope in fifty years
from this the influence will be felt far and wide. ' '
" We do not require much of the senior class.
296 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
We shall look on the studies required, fifty years
hence, as we do on the studies of Cambridge in
the first year."
Glowingly she talked those afternoons in hall,
the seer's eye glancing down the years while she
pictured, as one who listened has recorded, the
Mount Holyoke "of the future, its course of
study extended in all departments, with all the
aids and appliances for illustration that could
be furnished." Greek, Hebrew, more music;
she denied no learning that might inform or
discipline the mind. "She often said she
thought the time would come when Bible-class
teachers would feel that they must study the
scriptures in the original languages in which
they were written." Together they stood at a
beginning, she told her hearers, small as had
been the beginning of Yale, but mighty in its
potentiality. Girls' hearts burned under her
words. So by her speech she emphasized her
acts, planting at the heart of her undertaking
the principle of progression. And because the
garment of her work was change, it won sta-
bility.
Against the coming day she raised a standard
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 297
of scholarship famous for thoroughness, sincer-
. ity, and disinterestedness. Her girls breathed
an intellectual atmosphere remarkably free
from contaminating particles. As at Ipswich,
there were no prizes ; even when compositions
were publicly read, none read her own. In
the joy of mental activity they found their re-
ward, as she had found hers. Three classes
of women, she told them, ought to consider
well the thought of striving for a higher edu-
cation: the few who had studied enough to
love study, such as had the rudiments of this
love in them but had been denied its develop-
ment, and those who could learn if they tried
long and hard. " But ladies are turned aside by
a thousand things which never interrupt gen-
tlemen, and if they would build high they must
not be satisfied with laying the foundation."
Present achievement she focused against the
background of a future, and her students car-
ried away a sense of the greatness of what they
did not know, so stimulating to the appetite as
to have made some of them eager scholars long
after their three-score years and ten.
Lecturers from Amherst and Williams sup-
298 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
plemented the work of the regular classes, and
one year we hear of a Frenchman coming over
from Northampton several times a week. For
the others, a name or two must suffice. "Pro-
fessor Snell has consented to render us a lit-
tle aid about our philosophical department," *
writes Miss Lyon to a niece, ten years after
Mount Holyoke opened. "He has been twice
to look over the apparatus. He is to meet me in
Boston this week . . . and we hope to make
considerable additions. When that is done we
hope he will come over once or twice a week
and give experiments." In the third year of the
seminary he delivered a course of lectures on
architecture previously given at Amherst. Here
came Professor Hitchcock, lecturing with a
manikin on physiology, and bringing to the
geology classes stimulating contact with the
mind of an original searcher after truth. One
should guard against reading back into this
science-study modern scope and method. Yet,
elementary as much of the work must have
been, it marked an abrupt divergence from the
point of view represented by the head of a girls'
1 "Natural philosophy."
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 299
school in Virginia, a woman esteemed for her
"rank and intelligence," who at the end of the
thirties commented on physiology as " a useless
study which young ladies cannot understand."
The teachers, four at first, with three assist-
ant pupils, increased with the number of stu-
dents, averaging about one to sixteen. No evi-
dence shows any attempt at organization of
the faculty. In practice, department lines were
sometimes broken over in men's colleges. Miss
Ly on chose women "whose spirit would be con-
genial to the genius of the seminary," and so
welded them to solidarity that President Hitch-
cock declared she always seemed surrounded
by "just the right sort of persons." They were
eager to do good work, and among them were
women of strong mentality. That all proved
equally illuminating instructors is hardly sup-
posable, and a few were over young. Now and
then a note of adverse criticism sounds in the
paean of praise that has come down to us. The
tradition of text-book supremacy bound some
of them. It remains true that they were picked
women ; weaklings do not test new ways.
Though Miss Lyon herself, after the first
300 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
years, gave practically all teaching into other
hands, now and then later students passed
through the door of a class-room into her invig-
orating presence. "I used to think of her as
having been in the past a good teacher," said
one of them recently, " but when she took the
class in Butler's 'Analogy' for a little while, I
saw of what stuff she was. She loved logic, the
order of arguments, and her class felt the full
force of her intellect." It is in connection with
a public examination that Mr. Hitchcock re-
lates a bit of conversation between two college
presidents in the audience. When Miss Lyon
had finished with her class in "Analogy," one
president turned to the other : " How is it that
these young ladies recite in Butler so much bet-
ter than our senior classes ?" "I do not know,"
was the answer, " unless it be that they have a
better teacher."
The impulse of her unquenchable curiosity
could not fail in less direct ways to leave its
impress on the intellectual temper of Mount
Holyoke. The keen edge of her appetite never
dulled. One of the last summer vacations of
her life found her joining President Hitchcock,
then state geologist, in a field excursion into
Vermont. They pushed as far north as Bur-
lington, — young Edward Hitchcock driving
Miss Lyon and one of her associates. " A few
years since," writes Professor Charles Hitch-
cock of Dartmouth, " I stopped for dinner at
a house in North Chittenden, and was told that
my father and Miss Lyon had once done the
same thing some forty years earlier. It was
evidently a red-letter day for that family."
Out of all these varied activities she evoked a
"Holyoke spirit" in which alertness, democ-
racy, sincerity, and an unobtrusive helpfulness
came to be a widely recognized blend. Her
girls, like herself, did not live for applause, and
people learned to count on them to succor needy
good with quiet, effective deeds. In conquering
distrust of the new education, the "Holyoke
spirit" played no minor role ; by the output of a
plant men judge it. "Such a young lady from
the city was a mere cipher in her father's fam-
ily before attending the Mount Holyoke Semi-
nary," remarked an influential Boston woman.
"Now her aid, kindness, solace, and counsel
are invaluable."
302 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Requests for teachers came from all over the
country to supply all grades of schools. Men
wrote from Alabama for the plan of the build-
ing, and from Illinois and Wisconsin to inquire
into the theory and practice of Mount Holyoke
as a guide in founding Rockford Seminary
conjointly with Beloit College. Women who
never came into Miss Lyon's presence knew
all about her, and under their knowledge life
quickened into new meanings. Lucy Larcom
wrote of that rare colony of young women,
teachers in summer, tenders of looms in winter,
poets and novelists, earning by hand and brain
the money to send brothers to college or to gain
more education for themselves ; " Mount Hol-
yoke Seminary broke upon the thoughts of many
of them as a vision of hope . . . and Mary
Lyon's name was honored nowhere more than
among the Lowell mill-girls."
From Amherst Emily Dickinson jubilantly
informed a friend : "I am fitting to go to South
Hadley seminary, and expect, if my health is
good, to enter that institution a year from next
fall. Are you not astonished to hear such news ?
You cannot imagine how much I am antici-
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 303
pating in entering there. It has been in my
thought by day, and my dreams by night, ever
since I heard of South Hadley seminary." So
widely did the seminary become known, that
in many quarters of the globe the word still
slips easily from older tongues, a persistent tri-
bute to Mount Holyoke's early fame. But Miss
Lyon met triumph as equably as she had
looked into the face of ridicule. " We are on the
top wave of popularity just now," she would
say with cheerful coolness as she went about
her work.
Amusing records exist of swift conversions.
Dr. D. K. Pearsons has sketched one of them.
The indefatigable donor to colleges, himself
among the pioneers in the art — who, when a
young doctor in Chicopee, caught, as he claims,
his own interest in education from watching
Miss Lyon — drove a "skeptical minister" to a
commencement in South Hadley. While the
doctor ' ' talked Mary Lyon ' ' the minister looked
the other way. "Going home after the exer-
cises, I had all I could do to hold that man in
the wagon, he was so interested in Mary Lyon
and the girls she graduated that day."
304 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
The objections raised to the higher educa-
tion of women in the first half of the nineteenth
century have a curiously familiar sound in the
twentieth. Fears were entertained for health,
manners, charm. The account of another com-
mencement, printed originally in the Boston
Recorder under "Notes of a Traveller," is so
deliciously flavored with the vintage of 1840
as to forbid omission from these pages. It bears
date of August fourteenth.
MOUNT HOLYOKE FEMALE SEMINARY
It is a noble affair. I have not long thought
so. — I imagined it the Sine Dulci — a sort of
New England Female Oberlin, with rude
buildings, and untasteful arrangements, and a
studious avoidance of all that makes woman
lovely, so far as they can be separated from
what makes her respectable and in some re-
spects, useful. — It is no slander to say this, for
hundreds have thought it and do still ; and be-
sides, I have recanted ; and do fully, with one
slight exception, retract all I have spoken in
derogation of the once named Pangynaskean
school. — Yesterday was the time of their An-
niversary. And I am sure that not one, of the
crowds which filled the beautiful edifice and
listened to the performances, has any remaining
doubts that it is one of the finest schools in our
land. The location is charming. The scenery
varied. The building in good taste; well fin-
ished ; handsomely furnished ; surrounded by
neat fences and elegant grounds. The menage
is excellent. So good a dinner and so well served
I have never before seen on a common table,
or on any similar public occasion. The school
room was decorated with plants. The teachers
and pupils seemed good-humored and happy.
And though some of the lighter accomplish-
ments, as drawing, music, and embroidery,
were either not exhibited, or evidently not made
very prominent in the course of instruction,
yet there was no evidence that precision, awk-
wardness, and coarseness of taste are promoted
by the principles and habits of the institution,
plain and domestic as they are. Of President
Hopkins' address and Mr. Condit's farewell
address, I can only say that they were worthy
of the. occasion. I mentioned an exception to
my approval. I hardly know whether to erase
306 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
that line, or to explain it by objecting to the pub-
lic conferring of degrees. I think, however, it
is an evil, slight in itself, but leading to others,
and endangering that beautiful seclusion in
which female loveliness should live and move,
and have both its being and its rewards.
Twelve young ladies, without parents, rising
in a crowded church to receive a broad diploma
with its collegiate seal, presented to my view
the least attractive spectacle of a most interest-
ing day — ought I to point out a spot upon the
sun ? Perhaps so, if there is any hope of re-
moving it. But it is a noble school, and will cer-
tainly flourish. So much for my confession and
recantation. I have not liked it, and should not
have advised any young lady to attend it who
could well attend a different school. Now, I
know of none which I would sooner recom-
mend even to a wealthy parent, who desired
that his daughter should be well educated,
without show on the one hand, or pedantry and
awkwardness on the other.
It was in the address to which the "Travel-
ler" refers that President Hopkins said : "This,
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 307
I understand, is the only female seminary in the
Union where the buildings and grounds, the
library and apparatus, are pledged as perma-
nent contributions to the cause of female edu-
cation. All other seminaries are sustained by
individual enterprise, in so'me cases by a single
person, in others by associations who receive
an income from the investment of their money.
It is on this ground especially that the trustees
of this seminary present their claims upon the
liberality of the public, and as it seems to me
with good reason. It is an attempt to do for the
daughters of the State what the State itself and
beneficent individuals have from the first done
for its sons."
Had the speaker made his first statement a
year earlier, he would not have been in error.
The "exception of recent origin," recorded by
footnote in the printed address, probably refers
to Monticello Seminary, which, after nearly
two years of private ownership, had shortly be-
fore been deeded to trustees and the following
year received a charter. Or may it point to
Georgia Female College ? Incorporated some
months after Mount Holyoke, with the right to
308 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
grant degrees, it opened in 1839, with a pre-
paratory department only recently shuffled off
and leaving a trace of its existence in what are
referred to in the latest catalogue 1 as " sub-
collegiate pupils." The incubus of a mortgage
led in five years to its sale and subsequent trans-
fer from the Georgia conference of the Meth-
odist-Episcopal Church to the whole Church
South, and a new charter, incorporating Wes-
leyan Female College. Having leased the plant
for years, always to a minister of the Methodist
church, in 1896 the trustees again took over its
operation. The "college" at Macon seems to
have been the first of women's institutions to
claim the name ; English, mathematics, natural
science, Latin or Greek, and a modern language
led to a degree. It offered no philosophy and
the scope of its learning is a point which the
loss of early records leaves in doubt.
The eye lingers among these yellowing com-
mencement papers. How quaint is their blend-
ing of things new and old, how coeval are they
with the timeless ways of men ! Take the ques-
tion with which Professor Hitchcock begins
1 1908-1909.
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 309
his talk at Mount Holyoke's fifth anniversary:
" Why is it necessary that these addresses should
be confined to the subject of female education ?
Why should not the speaker be allowed the
same wide field in which to choose his subject
as is given to those who address young men in
our colleges at their annual commencements ?"
A twentieth-century auditor at a woman's col-
lege often feels like echoing, Why, indeed ?
Or note the guarded manner of a still earlier
speaker : " Whether the progress of experience
will establish, by universal consent, a three or
four years' course of study in the higher depart-
ments of knowledge as the proper one for those
females who are able to obtain a liberal edu-
cation, is not yet known. Nor can we yet de-
termine whether it will be found expedient
to congregate them generally in seminaries for
this purpose. This much, however, is certain.
There are interesting and important experi-
ments in progress — and this Seminary is one
of the most interesting and important of them
— which must exert great influence on the pub-
lic mind. Should it be proved that one or two
hundred females can be retained in a seminary
310 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
during a three years' course of study without,
on the one hand, restricting the well-disposed
too much by regulations made for the unruly
and the wayward, and, on the other, without
those corrupting influences to which large semi-
naries are supposed to be peculiarly liable, the
founding of this institution will form an epoch
in the history of the female mind in this land."
Features of the life which was fashioned
under so wise and tender a hand take color
from the age. The daily schedule with its early
hours, the fast days, the grave and heart-
searching Sabbaths, the whale-oil lamps, the
open Franklin stoves, the individual wood-
bins, betoken a time that has quite vanished
from the thought of men. In the loftiness of
its purpose, in its simplicity, sincerity, and ear-
nestness, in its very rigor and restriction, the
young Mount Holyoke shows clearly the col-
lege pattern of its time. And while one might
have bespoken for it something more of light-
someness, it had its relaxations. Choir-practice
gave outlet to overflowing spirits, and then as
now the lovely rolling country invited adven-
turous feet. Decorous Thanksgiving gayeties
peep through the years, with Miss Lyon " in fine
spirits." It was her thrifty way often to further
several ends at once : witness those excursions
into the woods after blueberries which she or-
ganized, with the young men of South Hadley
for drivers. There were more ambitious outings,
too, occasions such as that in which Amherst
and Mount Holyoke joined for the christening
of Mount Norwottock. From one of these pic-
nics, which Williston Seminary also shared,
has been preserved an agile bit of Miss Lyon's
repartee. Francis A. March, the philologist,
then a college student, proposed the health
of " Mary Lyon and Mount Holyoke Seminary
— a jewel set in fine gold." — " Mr. March —
may the mind of March keep pace with the
march of mind !" she flashed, as he named the
toast.
. Despite its limitations, there was nothing
negative about the training Mount Holyoke
offered in these earliest years. Perhaps at no
period has the higher education yielded a more
efficient output of women. The explanation is
not far to seek. There is a department of per-
sonal dynamics without which the most com-
312 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
plete equipment in other lines fails somewhat
of its purpose, and here the young venture
was amply endowed. To know Mary Lyon
was an education in itself. Her spirit challenged
all a girl's dormant faculties to see and seek
the best. Life, physical, intellectual, spiritual,
quickened at the touch of her vital presence.
Let her come once or twice before a class whose
interest a teacher had acknowledged herself
unable to arouse, and immediately such an en-
thusiasm awoke as to make the study, we are
told, a subject of conversation with those girls at
all times and in nearly all places. But whether
or no in the class-room a student caught the
"full force of her intellect," they shared alike
her weekly afternoon lectures and what would
now be called her chapel talks. For the latter
a few notes sufficed, jotted on a slip of paper
which was generally thrown away when th.e
occasion for its use had passed. It was not her
way to prepare in advance for the others. " I
look around to get the inspiration of your
countenances," she said once. And again, "I
do not mature my thoughts much. I do not
give you anything very choice or rare."
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 313
For us to-day, perhaps there is no nearer
path to the Mary Lyon of the seminary-hall
platform than through the notes, and still we
follow afar off. The best that these jottings
can do is to suggest to the imaginative reader
a few of her thoughts, detached drops of the
swift sparkling current of speech that so mar-
velously swayed her hearers' mood to hers.
"After perhaps a diffuse talk to us," reports
a listener, "she would condense so completely
that, as one said, she gave the text after the
sermon." The same qualities appear as at
Ipswich, mellowed by years into deeper in-
sight. She "leads us not in the beaten track
of thought," writes a teacher. Time had not
sobered her. "Playful," "vivacious," "very
animated and interesting," run comments on
her informal afternoon talks.
"Do be particular about your dress," she
begs whimsically. "Anything peculiar about
the hair or dress affects me as I look at you. My
mind runs like lightning. A mind of this char-
acter has many faults connected with it. But
in reading character, where I am disappointed
once for the worse I am ten times for the better.
[I] find [people] worth more than I expected.
I feel as if I should go down to the grave
mourning for this [misapprehension]. It is
contrary to my principles to think of unfavor-
able things." — "Taste should be made a sub-
ject of practical education," is a remark that
takes its departure from Gothic cottages and
brings up again at clothes. By her definition it
consists in "the combination of things which
do not strike the eye. ... I don't like to wear
anything that attracts attention. If anything
is in good taste the change in the fashion is
slight for several years. . . . All ladies can't
be independent enough to be singular, can't
have dignity of mind enough. If your minds
are likely to be corroded and feel ashamed,
then be imitators. Never be singular so as to
be noticed ; but select and combine so as to be
in fashion."
"The body and mind each strives to see
which will rule. The body is like the brute,
the mind ranges in eternity. . . . The master
should have the place of the master. The mind
should not sit down and wash the body's feet,
but the body should obey the mind. Example :
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 315
we wake in the morning. The mind says, * Get
up!' Body says, 'It is cold!' . . . The mind
says, 'Walk!' The body says, 'Go and get
excused."
"Let not external familiarity be too strong.
Let not the roots spread on the surface. . . .
Let friendships grow forty weeks before they
become ripened. You need not put your arms
about each other to show your love. The best
friendships are not the soonest manifest. They
ripen slowly. You are here from all parts of the
United States. There are many subjects of
common interest to you. Go in and visit each
other and go out with ceremony."
" We are not aware how much happiness con-
sists in remembering. ... In what you say,
think, look, you are weaving the web of eter-
nity. . . . Avoid things and do things to make
remembrances pleasant. . . . In whatever situ-
ation do not ask for ease ; ask for such as will
make up a desirable picture."
" In pursuing an education have a right idea
of what an education is. Don't judge what you
have a taste for. Some of the best mathemati-
cians are dull scholars at first."
316 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
"This institution is a great intellectual and
moral machine, and if you will jump in you
may ride very fast. Do something — teach -
have a plan — live for some purpose. Nothing
is more pleasant than a cultivated, refined,
well-organized family."
" What kind of a mind have you got ? Learn
to carry everything through without breaking it
off. Bring the mind to a perfect abstraction and
let thought after thought pass through it. No
great man thinks he can do anything without
the power of abstraction. ... If your mathe-
matics are all broken and shattered, get the
connection as in grammar. There is intellectual
delight in this. No pleasure is like the pleasure
of active effort."
As the eye slips over the pages, what pic-
turesquely suggestive sentences flash to meet
it! "When you write a letter, write what
stands out in bold relief — let it be warm like
the living daughter." — "There are those who
travel all their lives in a nutshell." — " Eternity
is more like time, except in degree, than we
think." — "Avoid trying the patience or irri-
tating the feelings of others." — " You have not
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 317
governed a child until you make the child smile
under your government ; your self-control is not
perfect until you cease to be irritated by your
own government." — "We can't begin a moon
and go out with the same sleeves." — "Never
put anything in the fire that a bird will open
its bill to get." — "Nothing so weakens our
faith in others as our own failures."
Pestalozzi said of his grandfather: "The
best way for a child to learn to fear God is to
see and hear a real Christian." So across the
span of years her students have seen Mary
Lyon standing at the heart of a type of devout
life which was of an exquisite and convincing
purity. With child-like eagerness she reached
out for spiritual bounties, and few could re-
sist her gentle touch. The difference between
what she was and what she seemed never dis-
turbed a girl's hesitant devoutness. And she
was wise, adding to a subtle feeling for the right
moment a keen sense of the privacies of person-
ality ; it is not decent for any but God to see a
naked soul. After an unfortunate experience
with one of those blunderers who would force
entrance behind closed doors, a girl whom Miss
318 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Lyon loved came to the seminary, steeling her-
self against Miss Lyon's power. ** She shall not
make me a Christian," was her thought. All
her life after she gave thanks for Miss Lyon's
reticence. On her morning talks before the
whole student body, and on group meetings,
she relied largely for results. Most of all she
relied on prayer. "Say little — pray much."
Yet so delicate was her recognition of the ne-
cessity for personal initiative that she some-
times hesitated to ask others in the seminary
to pray with her. "I would not speak to you
things that would rouse your feelings merely,
but I would awaken your consciences." And
always normally and steadily the academic
work went on. President Hitchcock has said
that during these periods of inner awakening,
"a person might live for weeks in the seminary
... and yet see nothing unusual save a deep
solemnity and tenderness during religious ex-
ercises. . . . Those exercises would not be
much multiplied . . . nor would the subject
of religion be obtruded upon the visitor, or
introduced, unless he manifested an unusual
interest in the state of the school."
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 319
To her who was their priest and prophet the
women who had been her girls looked back
with tender and ever-growing reverence. She
spoke " like the voice of God in our midst," one
writes. "Her face was a benediction." An-
other, referring to a talk before those who were
not Christians, has said: "She touched my
heart. Before that she had reached my intellect
and I respected her. Ever after I loved her."
"Through all her lectures she preserved the
friendly, sincere tones of conversation," re-
corded an associate. " When she read such a
passage as 'He that is holy, let him be holy
still ' ; or, ' If any man thirst, let him come unto
me and drink,' the very words seemed to the
hearer to have a soul in them." " Gentle," " win-
ning," " persuasive," — sweetly her listeners lift
the words across the dusty years. But she
could be inexorable, too. Her message bore no
undertone of sad labors or anchorite denials ; it
blew persistently a joyous call to service. To
her thought the supremacy of the universe lies
with the souls who give themselves. Looking
over a note- taker's shoulder, we catch the echo
of her words. " Those obtain the greatest hap-
320 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
piness who seek it indirectly by promoting
that of others. 'Let love through all our ac-
tions run,' in every deed, look, word, or thought."
— " How much happier you would be to live
in a thousand lives beside yourself rather than
to live in yourself alone ! This throwing out the
whole soul in powerful, vigorous, disinterested
action for others, no matter how self-denying,
will make you receive a hundredfold in return.
First, you must give yourself to Christ, and
then go about like Him. He was never striving
for a place where to live."
She called to no dreamy other-worldliness.
"Religion is fitted to make us better in every
situation in life" ; and she summoned students
to note the effect which a faithful performance
of duty had on their feelings and health. The
girl who asked Miss Lyon for an excuse from
calisthenics class so that she might have more
time to read her Bible, received answer that it
was just as much a religious duty to learn her
lessons and take exercise as it was to read her
Bible or to pray. Aristotle's doctrine that the
intellect is perfected through activity, found in
her nature a rarely unified interpretation. She
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 321
never roused feeling without at the same time
providing opportunity for the action that pre-
serves healthy poise.
To counteract the temptation to self-centred
narrowness which, she felt, assails student-life,
her girls were bred to a habit of generosity bv
linking their efforts with the fresh and eager
liberalities stirring in the world outside their
campus. Where to-day a thousand lines of fra-
ternity bind men to men, in those loosely knit
times few cables carried the rising currents of
good- will, and for devout hearts the strongest
of these was missions. The figures of Mount
Holyoke's annual subscriptions to home and
foreign missions throughout Miss Lyon's ad-
ministration rise, with its growth, above the
thousand-dollar line, a large sum in view of
those small student-purses. To this purpose
Miss Lyon herself always devoted from a third
to a half of her tiny salary.
Beyond their money she bade them give
themselves. "Do what nobody else wants to
do, go where nobody else wants to go." "Be
willing to do anything anywhere ; be not hasty
to decide that you have no physical or mental
322 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
strength, no faith or hope." Her words, sped
by the power of her life, winged a compelling
invitation straight to the heroic heart of youth.
It is small wonder that they answered her, stu-
dents and teachers going out to girdle the earth
with quiet, steadfast service. They pressed into
new paths with earnest morning faces, and
they carried into old ways fresh vigor. The
most salient impress of their training appears
in a certain fine adequacy to life, however and
wherever they might touch hands with it. Ad-
aptable, resourceful, independent, they knew
how to use themselves, and, what is quite as
much to the point, they possessed the will to
do it.
Wherever they went, Miss Lyon's wise fore-
sight preceded them and her love followed, into
their homes, their schools, their mission-sta-
tions. Here is her recipe for a woman mission-
ary : " piety, a sound constitution, and a merry
heart." It is still noteworthy that her enthusi-
asm never ran away with her sagacity. "Do
not expect to make over this world," she coun-
seled. In reply to a letter from Miss Beecher
proposing the establishment in Cincinnati of a
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 323
clearing-house for the distribution of teachers
through the middle West, occurs this passage :
" There is a difficulty as to my immediate suc-
cess in furnishing teachers for your enterprise.
For young ladies must not only be willing to go,
but must also gain the approbation of father,
mother, or, perhaps, brother or sister or sister's
husband. As the enterprise now is, it will be
difficult to satisfy very careful friends. Just
write to me of a particular place by name, and
that a teacher can have proper assurance of her
paying expenses and a salary of, say, only a
hundred dollars, and I have little doubt that I
can send you a good teacher with full consent
of friends as soon as I can find a safe escort.
But if I can only say I wish to send a teacher
to Miss Beecher, to spend a few weeks at Cin-
cinnati in preparing for an unknown field with
an unknown salary, and to be under obligation
to an unknown donor, the case is different. . . .
You will excuse me if my suggestions are bor-
rowed from my own experience the last ten
years. Having had many obstacles thrown in
my own way, I anticipate them for others ; and
having been blessed with more success than I
324 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ever hoped, I am prepared to expect success
for others as I do for you."
A very close and tender bond held its daugh-
ters to that early Mount Holyoke. The brother
of one girl wrote Miss Lyon, " Sometimes I
accuse her of having left at least two thirds of
her heart at Mount Holyoke Seminary." ' Your
Holyoke home " —the phrase slipped from Miss
Lyon's pen to be warmly echoed under many
stars. As she had set the fashion of loving it, so
she sought to foster the relation in an intimacy
that distance might not destroy. She would
keep it always to them a friendly spot. It was
she who invited the first class reunions, and
devised the plan of the journals that traveled
from Mount Holyoke to lonely stations in
China, India, Persia, Africa, and the wide
American West, holding far-away women in
touch with their Alma Mater and drawing in
return letters that kept it in touch with them.
Their names were often on her lips, and suc-
ceeding generations of undergraduates came to
think of them as honored sisters who had gone
before.
Where now was but "a little one," she saw
<! £
MOUNT HOLYOKE FOUNDED 325
in coming years a mighty mother, and against
the day of reminiscence that she knew would
dawn, her capacious brain made ready with a
forethought that recalls the student's exclama-
tion: "It is remarkable how she takes every-
thing into view!" Perhaps no act of her life
revealed more prescience and practicality than
the founding in 1839 of the Memorandum So-
ciety, forerunner of the later alumnae associa-
tion, with the double aim of recording informa-
tion about its members and of preserving the
records of Mount Holyoke. The words that
explained it to her girls — words of which the
note-taker's quill has kept for us a fragmentary
glimpse — may well close this study of her
grasp, hinting as they do at the limitless reach
of her spirit. She had been talking about sym-
pathetic associations with the past, speaking
of Greece, and suddenly she turned to flash
upon her hearers the insight that they, too,
were makers of history. "This institution is
destined to exist thousands of years. It is
founded on a strong basis, destined to be of a
higher order than any seminary in the country."
Catching at the illustration nearest to her lis-
326 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
teners' thought, " It is as likely that it will con-
tinue as that Amherst College will [continue].
[The] design of [the] Memorandum Society is
to preserve a knowledge of facts connected
with the school. It is of vast importance, and
could we look back upon fifty years of its exist-
ence, we should see its utility."
CHAPTER VIII
THE COST OF PIONEERING
A PERSON may not whole-heartedly throw six-
teen of her richest years into the vindication of
an unpopular idea, without paying the price.
Those years yielded Mary Lyon a strong, sweet,
satisfying sense of life, and life on less heroic
terms, one feels instinctively, could never have
contented her. She preferred quality to quan-
tity. Better twenty years with an education
than forty without, she had said at Ipswich.
When she cried to her girls, " Do not ask for a
life of ease, you are asking a curse !" the words
voiced in negative form her own fundamental
attitude toward existence. And she did not be-
grudge the cost.
As freely as she had spent herself to finance
Mount Holyoke, she poured her energies into
its upbuilding. The Boston "Daily Mail," in
its issue of August 15, 1846, after touching on
the anniversary of the "distinguished institu-
328 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
tion at South Hadley for the training of female
minds," the " eloquent address," the " forty-two
graduates," the excess of demand over accom-
modation, continues in the expansive phrases
of sixty years ago : " The stranger who looks at
this institution, its splendid edifice, unsurpassed
by any college building in the land, containing
nearly one hundred neatly furnished rooms,
with a large chapel, dining-hall, and library,
surrounded by extended gardens, - - could
hardly believe that it had all resulted from the
persevering efforts of one Female, enlisting
the benevolent energies of others. Yet such is
the fact, and it affords a striking illustration
of the power of mind, stimulated by motives of
philanthropy. The object of its originator was
to furnish the means of a thorough education to
promising daughters of the poor, as well as of
the rich ; and this object has been entirely real-
ized."
The "Female" thus delicately glimpsed be-
tween the lines of the "Daily Mail's" modest
verbiage put more than mind into the work. It
had called for blood and tissue and she had
built it out of her own life. Under the most
THE COST OF PIONEERING 329
favorable conditions an educational concern
generally overworks its organizers ; and Mount
Holyoke, ill supplied with money and ham-
pered by adverse currents of public opinion,
had little with which to ease the way of Mary
Lyon. Two courses lie open to one who would
do a thing for which he lacks seeming neces-
sities: either to give it up entirely or to add
himself to slender material resources and by
expenditure of energy and invention eke out
that of purse. Miss Lyon was an adept in this
combination, but it is a mastery that drains
vitality, and from the merging point of the
thirties and forties, when the enlargement of
the building threw upon her added burdens,
a consciousness of her body forced itself now
and again more or less insistently on her atten-
tion.
It could hardly have been otherwise. The
incessant and exposing rigors of the three years'
campaign for funds had led directly into the no
less incessant toil of organization. An old lady,
who as a student entered Mount Holyoke in
the fall of 1837, remarks with a twinkle in her
eye, "Going near Miss Lyon that first year
330 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
was like getting in front of an automobile";
adding, " But she always had time for a cordial
word." She had not planned to be so busy.
Loads dropped unexpectedly from weaker
shoulders and she picked them up. When the
health of the person who had been engaged as
domestic superintendent proved unequal to the
demands made upon it, Miss Lyon, sympa-
thizing with the woman's open disappointment,
sent her away with a parting gift out of her own
purse nearly equal to the salary she had re-
ceived, and took her work upon herself. In the
spring Miss Caldwell's strength gave out, and
for several weeks Miss Lyon added most of her
associate's duties to the formidable assortment
already her own. Her hitherto invincible mem-
ory began to show signs of overstrain. " To tell
the truth," she wrote, "during the last year,
much of the time, amidst all my cares about
school, family, domestic concerns, obtaining
furniture, setting up housekeeping, economiz-
ing our means, and contriving how to do with-
out what we cannot have, it has seemed as if I
should forget everything, unless it was on my
memorandum."
THE COST OF PIONEERING 331
Miss Caldwell has given insight into a sin-
gle phase of the principal's activity that first
year which would seem to have been enough
to absorb one woman's whole attention. " Be-
sides giving systematic religious instruction,
she matured a course of study, watched the re-
citations, directed individual students in the
selection of studies, criticised compositions,
instructed the middle class in chemistry, —
performing with them a course of experiments,
— and taught several other branches. For the
first time in her life she taught Whately's Logic,
and entered into it with as much eagerness and
relish as she had plunged into Virgil in the days
of her youth."
Even when Mount Holyoke had surprised
people by turning out well, its founder must be
always ready to meet sudden drafts on her
reserves. Marriage and the mission field, some-
times twin calls, sometimes drawing separately,
lured from her teaching force trusty helpers;
and though she let them go cheerfully, it cost a
struggle. The parting with her two brilliant
nieces, Lucy Lyon and Abigail Moore, who
near the middle of the forties sailed with their
332 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
husbands, the one for China, the other for
India, cut cords of intimate association on
which she may well have built rich promise.
What hopes sailed away from her over the
Indian Ocean with Abigail Moore Burgess, so
lately her own assistant, we may not know.
She was not given to talking about what might
have been. We do know that these agitations
packed into her already over full years much
extra work to which a cautious generation did
not hesitate to add. Every gain in the growth
that reads so easily to-day was purchased at
an outlay of persuasion. People who confessed
gladness that she had cajoled them into found-
ing Mount Holyoke feared much further to
dare the future, and there were always many
who distrusted permanence. It would not long
outlive Miss Lyon, they said. Men objected
even to enlarging the building, and only her
unflagging urgency spurred the trustees to ac-
tion. How her spirit must have chafed at re-
straint, compelled to "advance slowly" when
she would have leaped ! " The wear and tear of
what I cannot do is a great deal more than the
wear and tear of what I can do," she used to
THE COST OF PIONEERING 333
quote. And though she bore it buoyantly, there
was ever present with her a sense of account-
ability to that wide circle of men and women
who had made Mount Holyoke possible. Such
drains as these sap life.
Nor were many of the duties that contributed
to draw the pattern of those arduous days what
she would have chosen as the most congenial
ways of spending time. There often fell to her
oversight matters as far from ordinary admin-
istrative detail as those which pass through
matron's hands, superintendent's office, and
bookstore. She had to remember to have the
ink made ; to engage men to carry baggage ; to
keep furniture and linen in repair ; to order sup-
plies for the table ; to think of menus for the
three daily meals, and sometimes, when she
went away, to leave them written out for the
time of her absence ; to study recipes ; to har-
monize academic and domestic schedules — in
itself no slight triumph of her rapid brain.
After commencement she must linger to
oversee the closing of the house, and before the
fall term, arrive early to open it. Now and then
she asked a young teacher to help her, and one
334 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
of them has left a pleasant picture of the " priv-
ilege," as she calls it, of staying a week with
Miss Lyon, feeling the "warm social side of
her heart" expressed in her " light-hearted man-
ner. . . . How she enjoyed the simple meal at
the small table ! But the small talk was worth
remembering." Another summed the situation
in a pregnant sentence : " All things which be-
long to no one else are hers ; and this amount is
no small fraction of the whole."
That such use of her strength was in one
sense a waste, she knew quite well. " The time
I have devoted [to domestic duties]," she said
once to her girls, "has been stolen from liter-
ary and moral pursuits." But those who blaze
new trails may not pick and choose, and the
compulsion that was always upon her to finish
what she had begun drove relentlessly. She
must so fit together the machinery of her enter-
prise that persons less unique than she could
run it successfully. "Uncommon talents are
very convenient," she had once scribbled, "but
they are of so rare occurrence that any estab-
lishment, so organized that it be sustained
and prosper only by such talents, would ever
THE COST OF PIONEERING 335
be in danger of falling by its own weight, and
of being crushed by its own ruins."
On the success of her experiment turned is-
sues too big for caution or regret. In her last
year she wrote Mrs. Burgess : " My life is made
up, as you know, of an endless number of
duties of nameless littleness, interwoven if not
confused together. But still my work is a good
work."
This mastery of detail, coupled with imagi-
nation and broad grasp, — a blend that marks
the administrative mind, wherever applied, —
made her twelve years' leadership a marvel of
management. Judged merely from a business
standpoint, Miss Lyon's administration was a
notable achievement. Its high power of effi-
ciency, secured at astonishingly small cost,
caused Mount Holyoke to become the wonder
of visitors; and to-day the inquisitor into old
figures, while allowing largely for depreciation
in the purchasing power of money, finds in her
skill at making ends meet, and sometimes over-
lap, a hint of wizardry. Sixty dollars a year
covered board and tuition, exclusive of charges
for fuel and lights. It had been advertised that
336 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
expense would be put at cost, and the first year's
experimental charge was sixty-four dollars.
The closeness of her estimate conveys an il-
luminating notion of her practical acumen.
During her management the plant freed itself
from the debt incurred in building. In all,
she succeeded in raising nearly seventy thou-
sand dollars out of a generation largely indiffer-
ent to the higher education of women and com-
paratively lean-pursed, — a sum probably not
to be paralleled to-day under millions in the
expenditure of personal power that it repre-
sented.
It is difficult to see where she found time to
do all that she did, for her habitual accessibility
to need laid her open to demands of the most
varied character. The Wheatons wrote asking
advice in the purchase of chemical apparatus.
A missionary society was started at the semi-
nary, and on her election to the presidency she
gave thought and time to making the meetings
"extremely interesting." The incident sends
memory flitting back to a mission band num-
bering sixty children which she had formed at
Buckland twenty-five years earlier, climbing
THE COST OF PIONEERING 337
stone walls and letting down pasture-bars in
the furtherance of her invitations. Ever con-
siderate of her girls' happiness, during a spring
vacation she invited those students who could
not go home to join with her in a reading
circle; while the rest sewed, one read aloud
from Prescott's "Conquest of Peru." To the
multitude of applications for teachers she
brought solicitous care to provide in every
case the right woman and, as in undergraduate
affairs, an inspiriting insight into individual
ability that in itself went far to make one fit.
Sometimes a shake-up was required to set free
the candidate she wanted ; but always she had
another in mind to supply the vacant place, if
release were granted. Her insistence on scru-
pulous honesty of contract was seconded by her
sense of the courtesies due in an educational
situation. While she sought to remove "that
false mantle of charity, which has been thrown
over a great many little schools and great ones,
too," bad faith or rivalry between promoters
of education won her fearless disapproval ;
she had no use for a person who would try to
steal the territory of any self-respecting school.
" Love thy neighbor as thyself, and, As ye would
that others should do to you, etc., are to me
broad commands, and have a peculiar power
and sacredness in all public efforts to do good."
Yet with all her necessity to use the minutes,
she never pressed them into the too obvious
service that forms some people's notion of im-
proving time, and against this infelicity she
warned her students.
The explanation of the surprising volume of
her accomplishment probably lies in two facts
already noted — the rapidity and the com-
pleteness with which she turned her attention
from one thing to another. She could mobilize
her mental forces at a moment's notice, though
her absorption might be so profound that a
touch was needed to rouse her from her work.
Lucy Lyon told of breaking in on her aunt's
settlement of some vexed kitchen problem with
a question about a certain baffling point in But-
ler's "Analogy." The explanation came as in-
stantaneously as though she had concerned her-
self only with abstruse matters all her life.
It must not be thought that she spent her
strength recklessly. So far as the conditions
THE COST OF PIONEERING 339
incident to pioneering permitted, she was pru-
dent. "It is a great thing to know how to rest
rightly." Now and then she liked to run away
from South Hadley," partly for my own benefit,"
as she wrote Mrs. Banister before one of these
excursions, "and partly to sustain my credit
for taking proper care of my unworthy self."
Though on most of these rest-trips she car-
ried letters which her student secretaries and
the teachers could not answer for her, and ac-
complished much business, she came back with
a fresh grip on her work. Mr. Porter's Monson
home was a favorite retreat, and Mr. Safford's
Beacon Street house always welcomed her
gladly. Once in a while we learn of an outing
of unalloyed recreation; such as the month
when, traveling in company with Mr. and Mrs.
Safford, she revisited Niagara and stopped at
her brother's in Ohio. It was on this journey
that she arrived at a relative's in western New
York just in time to save his homestead from
passing under the hammer.
Here is a suggestive bit from a letter written
at Somers, Connecticut, to her most intimate
niece : —
340 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
;< You know how exhausted I am at the close
of the anniversary, and how difficult I find it to
sleep the last two or three weeks. So just be-
fore Mary left, it occurred to us that it would
be a good plan for me to go home with Mary to
rest and make up my sleep. Without waiting to
see whether I could or riot, I put the thought
into requisition. This is the best place I could
have had for rest. It is so quiet, so peaceful,
the air so pure and fresh, you are so surrounded
with kind faces and kind hearts. It is so good
to rest the first thing. I shall want to do just so
next year."
In simple pleasures she renewed herself, in
friendly faces and in lovely scenes. She made a
delightful guest, and people were always beg-
ging her to visit them. With thoughtful re-
source she could solve a threatening dilemma
and leave a hostess in serene ignorance of how
she did it. Her gift at finding people worth
while ignored the lines of size and outward cir-
cumstance, and servants and children adored
her. Mrs. Porter, writing of her "help," re-
marked: "Adeline sends respects and joins
with me in an invitation to have you come and
THE COST OF PIONEERING 341
visit us. She says she would rather have Miss
Lyon come than any one who visits here. . . .
I wish she was as happy in having all my friends
come as you. It would be much to my comfort."
An amusing story tells how Miss Lyon's un-
expected arrival was announced one evening
at the Safford home. A German maid, not
fully wonted to her duties or to the speech of
her new country, answered the bell, and leaving
the guest standing on the door- step beside her
trunk, rushed through the house, shouting joy-
fully, " The Lyon — she be come ! The Lyon
— she be come! "
Mr. Hitchcock's little girls laboriously wrote
her letters: "I have made considerable pro-
gress in my Latin. ... I think the verbs are
very interesting as you said they would be."
And in the heart of the ferryman's small daugh-
ter, for whom Miss Lyon always had a pleas-
ant greeting, dwelt a deep and wordless ad-
miration ; she confessed long afterwards that in
church she liked just to sit and look at Miss
Lyon's bonnet!
Nor were they girls alone whom she num-
bered in her train. More than one "little lad"
342 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
she "borrowed" of an afternoon. "I was her
errand boy for more than a year and I never
saw a cross look out of her eyes," said one of
them long after. A citizen of South Hadley
who, as boy and young man, served her in
many ways, ends his stories with the words : " I
would have done anything she asked me to.
Everybody would."
"Almost the only time I ever met Miss
Lyon," runs another's recollection, "was when,
a young lad, I was employed to drive her to
Belchertown. She had a text-book on moral
science with her, in which she studied most of
the way, but she paused long enough to inquire
into my boyish plans, and gave me words of en-
couragement that have been help and stimulus
to me ever since."
The part of hostess fitted her as happily as
that of guest, and she played it as impartially.
She delighted to welcome people to Mount
Holyoke, — strangers, new acquaintances, old
friends whom she might not have seen for years,
persons of note and of obscurity, — and to
share them with her girls. A lecturer passing
through the region, and pausing for a call, would
THE COST OF PIONEERING 343
find himself eagerly pressed into service; arid
more than one student carried away remem-
brance of the joy in Miss Lyon's face when she
could say, " My dear friend Mrs. Banister is in
the parlor, and I want to arrange to have you
all meet her."
While her vivacity was never more evident
than in the large evening gatherings that her
invitations drew from time to time to "sem-
inary hall," her simplicity and thoughtfulness
everywhere opened a quick road to hearts.
Not long ago an old lady said to me : " I remem-
ber distinctly the time when I, not quite five
years old, went to the seminary to see my sister.
My father, another sister, and I, stopped there
after a visit elsewhere. I, a child, did not ex-
pect to have any attention paid me, but Miss
Lyon, busy entertaining my elders, took pains
to make me happy, too. She saw me admiring
a vase on the mantel and lifted it down to a
table where I could see it better. Then she
talked pleasantly with me."
But of all the visitors she loved to entertain,
none came by more urgent invitation than
the babies. The busiest Holyoke days yield
344 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
glimpses of chubby little people asleep on her
couch and bed, or awake, with Miss Lyon " run-
ning to get them this and that." It is said that
one year she used often to borrow a certain
three-year-old for his nap.
To a person of such social temper, the tasks
that so filled her days as to debar her from
many of the common offices of friendship must
sometimes have proved irksome. "How I
should love, if I ever did such a thing, to write
you a long letter!" she cries. Another passage
interprets the words. " When I have a business
letter to write and know that I need not add a
single line to business in hand, I can catch a
few moments and sit right down and write it.
But when I think of writing a letter of friend-
ship, I dislike to give the odds and ends of a
tired-out mind." This personal correspond-
ence reveals a depth of tenderness that does
not always accompany widespread affiliations.
While the capacity for friendship that Amanda
White had noted in her youth led her at each
new turn of life into fresh and ardent associa-
tions, sundering circumstance never put out
the old fires. Years of absence might bank in-
THE COST OF PIONEERING 345
timacy ; no friend, returning, found the hearth-
stone cold.
The relations between Miss Lyon and her
nieces and nephews which the letters discover
are particularly charming. On their familiar,
newsy pages a reader catches unpremeditated
glimpses of her boundless generosities of heart
and purse. How she managed with her tiny
salary, — she refused to accept more than two
hundred dollars a year in addition to living ex-
penses, — and with all her public gifts and
nameless private bounties, to ease the educa-
tional way of so many of her ambitious young
kindred remains a mystery. For though she
always planned her loans to help them to a
place where they might help themselves, know-
ing that good is dearly bought at the price of
independence, her love was continually prompt-
ing some thoughtful gift. Niece after niece en-
tered Mount Holyoke and went out to a posi-
tion that her aunt had secured her; even the
college nephews asked help in getting vacation
schools. She delighted to gather them about
her. The boy whose acquaintance she first
made on the western trip writes to say that he
346 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
is "pretty much settled in Old Yale"; and in
the spring she has him up from New Haven
and a second nephew over from Williams, to
meet another cousin who is studying at East-
hampton. This Williston Seminary student
is a brother of the niece who has been to her
aunt " a daughter indeed and even more than a
daughter." " He tells me all about his affairs,"
she writes Abigail in India, "which I encour-
age him to do. ... I shall continue to help
him along a little. I enjoy watching over him
a little very much. I love to do it for his own
sake, I love to do it for his mother's sake, and
I love to do it for his far-off sister's sake."
Nephews- in-law succumbed to her spell, and
the daily letters from Lucy Lyon Lord and her
husband that brightened the lonely interval
between the good-bye at Mount Holyoke and
their sailing for China deepen the stress of feel-
ing in the niece's words, "You do not know
how like a mother you seem to us both."
In 1840 her own mother had died, but a few
weeks after the youngest sister. The following
year we find her writing of a great desire to go
up into the hills and " spend a little while with
THE COST OF PIONEERING 347
my dear aunt and enjoy her sweet simple hos-
pitality. She is the nearest resemblance left to
my very dear mother, and as the spring opens,
when I used to watch the traveling and plan
my business to go and see my mother, I have
a strong desire to visit my aunt."
From a word dropped now and then in the
free intercourse of friendship, it would appear
that for years the feeling had sometimes visited
Miss Lyon that she was not destined to long
life. There is an unsentimental note in these
simple sentences ; the thought did not color her
daily temper or claim from her any particular
attention. She never doubted immortality, she
had made life too well worth living for that;
and with every year the other world that was
so vital a reality to her faith grew a more
friendly place. " I have asked God to keep me
alive just so long as I can do something for
Him which no one else can do," she remarked
once. On her fiftieth birthday, " the most sol-
emn day of her life," she turned, as she said,
her face toward sunset. " I felt that I could no
longer do as I had done," runs a fragment of
remembered conversation. "The disposition
348 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
was not wanting, but waning health forbade the
expectation. ... It is evening with me now.
... I gather up the odds and ends and keep
the machine in motion. I need rest and repose
is grateful. I have laid aside my armor and
... it has become natural for me to think and
speak more of the results of duties discharged,
of actions performed, than it once was. I have
for it more tune, and a setting sun, you know,
always invites to different thoughts and inspires
far other emotions than when shining upon us
with his morning beams or throwing down
upon us his meridian splendors."
We must not take the words too literally, or
carry their import too far into her life. Mary
Lyon fell in harness. For two years after that
birthday she worked with scarcely a vacation,
much of the time "maturing changes" in the
academic and domestic organization of Mount
Holyoke; and death surprised her in a resur-
gence of health that had seemed to both herself
and her friends a promise of longer service.
" My health has been unusually good this year,"
she wrote in midwinter of the twelfth year of
her administration, dating the letter at Monson
THE COST OF PIONEERING 349
from out "an old-fashioned vacation of real
rest in this sweetest of all resting places."
After her return to South Hadley a case of
erysipelas appeared among the seniors. At first
it occasioned no uneasiness in the minds of
doctor or authorities ; but without warning the
malignant symptoms developed which a few
years before had accompanied fatal epidemics
in many parts of the countiy. Word of the dis-
ease, escaping through the student body, threat-
ened to spread panic. At once Miss Lyon or-
dered disinfectants distributed and called her
girls together. Work, would continue, she said,
but those who were afraid might go home. Few,
if any, went. Her quiet courage calmed them.
" No pen can describe the wonderful sweetness
and beauty of her chapel talks during the last
week she was with us," writes one of her stu-
dents. Tenderly, heroically, she talked, her
words lifted on a tide of strong emotion. " Shall
we fear what God is about to do ? There is
nothing in the universe that I fear, but that I
shall not know all my duty or shall fail to do it."
The senior died with her father and Miss
Lyon beside her, and following immediately
350 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
on the strain of those sad, exacting days and
nights news came to Miss Lyon that one of her
nephews had terminated an attack of insanity
by committing suicide. She was already suffer-
ing from a cold and headache, and the mental
anguish produced by the shock led to serious
illness. Her physician pronounced the case
erysipelas of mild and non-malignant type, but
from the first he was fearful of a fatal outcome.
The disease left her with congestion of the brain.
" I should love to come back to watch over the
seminary," those who were with her heard her
say in a moment of consciousness, "but God
will take care of it." On the fifth of March,
1849, after a short sharp illness, measuring little
more than a week, she died.
Her death came to that student community,
in the journal's phrase, " like the blotting of the
sun out of the heavens at midday." News of it
traveled through the world, and to people
widely different in condition and nationality
brought a sense of loneliness and loss. Some-
thing vivid had gone from earth and left it
duller. Men and women who had worked with
her gathered again in South Hadley, now to
THE COST OF PIONEERING 351
honor in heartfelt sorrow the greatness and
lovableness of the woman whom ex-president
Humphrey of Amherst College called, in her
funeral sermon, one of the happiest persons he
had ever known.
They buried her near an oak south of the
orchard, and there through the growth of years
Mount Holyoke has held her in its heart, close
as she ever liked to be to human ways. Women
full of days and honor, once her students, bring
flowers to that quiet grove-encircled place ; col-
lege presidents come to stand for a moment be-
fore they go about their business; the warm,
busy, joyous life of the campus flows around
it, and ever pass the feet of girls such as she
loved.
Death tested the work of her life and found
it good. Despite foreboding prophecy Mount
Holyoke endured and the higher education of
women on permanent foundations became an
established fact. Yet she died not without sac-
rifice. The famous Mrs. Sigourney wrote Mrs.
Porter: "I often think of the deep interest I
felt at the examinations of her wonderful insti-
tution. ... It then appeared to me that her
352 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
system could never be perfectly carried out by
any person but herself. The peculiar features
might, indeed, be preserved and illustrated,
but the mind that was to give energy and per-
vade and quicken every one within the sphere
of its influence would, I feared, have no coun-
terpart."
Many people have wondered what changes
would have come to Mount Holyoke had Miss
Lyon lived the ten years that her friends be-
lieved stretched before her from that winter of
1849, and some have seen South Hadley the
seat of a college in name as well as in purpose
and function. What her persuasive speech
would indubitably have secured sooner came
late. Public opinion, crystallizing about the
visible expression of her work, sought to im-
mortalize its form at the cost of its spirit, for-
getting that in her hands form had always
been a plastic thing. Against this barrier her
successors continued long to fling themselves,
gaining an inch where they had sought an ell.
Yet through the grudging years ceaselessly
Mount Holyoke developed, and faster than
aliens ever knew. Cramping timidities and
THE COST OF PIONEERING 353
misapprehensions could not turn it from its
goal, for the woman who gave it life had so
built herself into its constitution that it could
not choose but change. Its growth is the final
triumph of her conquering vitality.
CHAPTER IX
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER
THIS is a chapter of memories. There is no
mustiness about them, they were not laid away
remote years ago with rosemary between their
leaves. People have lived with them, and recol-
lections keep best in use. It was nearly half a
century after her student days were done that
a woman wrote, " [I have] never passed a sin-
gle week since leaving the seminary without
recalling Miss Lyon and her teachings."
The pity is that of such recollections com-
paratively few have been preserved. Her stu-
dents, like their teacher, were too busy living to
have recourse often to words of commemora-
tion. And many who might have told much
have slipped away unquestioned. Yet still we
meet old ladies who through seventy years have
never ceased to be her lovers. There is no
surer way to make one of them happy than to
ask her of Mary Lyon. They delight to talk
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 355
about her, sitting a little straighter in their
chairs, questioning the past with glad remem-
bering eyes.
They themselves are notable women.
Though on some shoulders old age has laid re-
straining fingers, others carry their more than
four- score years with the agility of girls, and
they are all alert at heart. One nearly ninety
helps her high-school granddaughter through
knotty passages in Virgil ; another, who has
but recently joined their greater company, be-
gan the study of Italian after her seventieth
birthday and grew proficient in it ; a third has
laid down an active college presidency within
the year. D istinction resides in their thought and
speech, and about them clings a fine aroma
distilled from many decades of brave unselfish
living. Such are the women who call Miss
Lyon "wonderful." How they love her! Yet
with what reverence they speak her name!
"No memoir or history can do her justice.'*
Across scores of years they look to her as to an
event in their lives, the biggest thing that ever
happened to them.
Not that they saw her then as they have
356 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
learned to see her since. "We were too small
and near to take in her greatness." Apprecia-
tion grew upon them. "A perfect character"
is the tribute of one who has classed herself
at Mount Holyoke as among the gayest of
thoughtless girls. And character her students
came, with Miss Lyon, to rank as the worthiest
of human possessions. Time taught them as
well to understand what she had given them.
Another says of her Holyoke training, "It
helped me to take an active place in the world's
work, whenever opportunity offered, giving me
confidence, hope, and zeal."
I cull sentences at random from letters bear-
ing various dates within the last thirty-five
years. "What I should have been if I had
never seen Miss Lyon passes my imagina-
tion." "A strength seemed imparted to me."
"Through all the more than forty years of an
extremely busy life since my graduation I have
been sensible of Miss Lyon's personal influ-
ence abiding with me." "Her memory has
been to me continually an inspiration to over-
come difficulties." "I find myself even now
quoting her pithy sayings . . . few words, but
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 357
containing the essence of wisdom." "From
year to year, ever since it was my privilege to
know Miss Lyon, my admiration, love, and
reverence for her have increased, and I cannot
think there has been a woman since her time
who was her equal."
How strikingly her person persists in visual
remembrance ! Nearly every old lady who talks
or writes confesses to having a very vivid
mental picture of Miss Lyon. " If I could only
make you see her, as I do!" she says. Little
more than a decade ago a woman who as a girl
had known her only a few months wrote, "I
remember her face and figure as well as though
I had seen her within five years." It would
seem as though, once known, she could not be
forgotten, so little power have the mists of
more than half a century to dim the clear-cut
impress that her living presence made.
Translated into words, these memories differ
as widely as do all descriptions by many people
of the same person. She was of medium height,
they say, muscular and well-rounded, with a
large, finely formed head and beautifully mod-
eled hands, the clear ruddy skin that accom-
358 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
panics auburn hair, eyes brightly blue and very
expressive, a prominent nose, a wide mouth, a
friendly smile, and a rapid, energetic, often
awkward walk. Her hair had " a natural wavy
toss and curl hard to manage in the prim
smooth style then in vogue, so little strands
of it would fly out" and flutter with the cap-
strings, which were never tied. Beautiful hair
she had and beautiful eyes, but recollection
sighs over the caps. It was then the fashion for
women past youth to wear something on their
heads indoors. She put on the turban after a
fever at Ipswich, and from force of habit con-
tinued to wear it until the first Holyoke year,
when her girls, knowing that turbans had gone
out and caps come in, clubbed together and
commissioned Mrs. Safford to shop for them
in Boston. " We wanted her to be in the fash-
ion," one remarks in telling this episode and
describing the "pretty and becoming puffs
of smooth dark chestnut hair" on which the
turban rested. Miss Lyon said, "I thought I
should always arrange my hair this way and
always wear a turban, but I will do almost any-
thing to please my daughters." She was not
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 359
particular about her clothes beyond securing
serviceableness and good taste in cut and make,
and she liked to think so intensely while dress-
ing that she always wanted some one to look her
over afterwards and see that all was right.
Departing from the path of specific descrip-
tion, some call her plain ; others remember her
as "decidedly attractive, not beautiful, but
good to look upon" ; still others agree with the
one who says that at anniversary, " her auburn
hair done high on her head, with a scarf of lace
and blue ribbons, the natural excitement of the
occasion brought the pink color to her cheeks,
making her the most beautiful woman we ever
saw." Perhaps the truth lurks in the sentence,
"She fascinated from my first acquaintance,
and I saw no fault in her." Her charm per-
tained probably more to look than line ; she had
a "wonderfully expressive face." When she
talked or listened, it grew "radiantly beauti-
ful"; when she was buried in oblivious thought,
it became non-committal, at times almost like
a mask of vacancy. "Her face to me was al-
ways like sunshine," one writes. And some
recollect meeting her on the stairs of a morn-
360 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
ing just before service, as she was coming
from her preparation, with such a light upon
it that they could think only of the face of
Moses who wist not that it shone.
Her pictures satisfy none of them. They
miss this mobility. "Not one but is a painful
caricature," they say. "All lack expression."
"A good picture of her could never have been
taken, for it would have been impossible to
catch the vivacity of her face." "There is no
true portrait of her and I fear there never can
be one. It would be difficult for an artist to
paint that speaking, glowing, tender, wonder-
ful face with the living subject before him;
how can it be done by description or imagina-
tion?"
She was not to be induced to take time
enough to sit for her portrait during the Holyoke
years, and the only pictures that remain of her
at this period are a dim daguerreotype or two and
certain large paintings and crayons which were
made after her death. The source of the turban
pictures is a bit of ivory painted at Ipswich,
when she and Miss Grant exchanged minia-
tures. The other picture shown in this book is
MARY LYON AT FORTY-EIGHT
(From a daguerreotype)
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 361
reproduced from a daguerreotype for which
she sat in Boston four years before her death,
as a final gift to a young missionary whom she
was seeing off to Ceylon, and which that mis-
sionary's daughter recently brought back to
this country. At the tune, we are told, she was
excessively weary and not well, and the pain of
parting threw its shadow on her face.
A delicate bit of interpretation penned three
years ago in a private letter finds its way to
these pages. " Perhaps I idealize her more and
more as the years go on, but I like the picture
of her in her turban — though I never saw her
wear a turban — best of all the pictures I have
seen. ... It seems to me such a sweet, re-
fined, earnest, innocent soul looking out of that
quiet thoughtful face. The later pictures, or
the other pictures, look as though she had bat-
tled with the world — more determined to over-
come, more defiant of obstacles. I can hardly
explain what I mean. You know I was there
only two years, and I did not often get very
near her. I never felt personally acquainted
with her and I saw her only once after I gradu-
ated. But I think of her as a beautiful soul, and
362 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
perhaps that is the reason why I like the most
spiritual, innocent face better than those which
express the conflict and stress of her great un-
dertaking."
She was " full of affectionate ways." ;< Your
precious letter and sweet little present came to
me" ; so begins a letter to a young alumna, the
invitation to whose wedding she accepted with
the words, " I have a strong desire to afford my-
self the pleasure of attending that important
event." But she did not get away, after all : she
was too busy. Another remembers that in con-
nection with something Miss Lyon was saying
in one of her talks, " her eyes rested on me with
a beaming look that went through my heart. I
thought then that, were I in Heaven and she
should look at me so, I could ask for nothing
more, which perhaps shows how very youthful
I was. It is so I love to remember her, with that
look, — she often had it, — a look of all-embrac-
ing love. I see it now, though I did not under-
stand it then. Others may speak of her reli-
gious nature : that is too sacred forme, though I
felt the power of it as much as any. Hers was a
great human heart, many-sided. I remember
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 363
after one of her visits to Boston, perhaps to see
a missionary off, she spoke of having been to
see a great picture there and how she sat before
it, feeling its beauty and power."
Motherly is the adjective used most fre-
quently in these personal recollections. " I feel
that I am again an orphan," at her death wrote
a student who had married in Northampton.
" Since we have been here and seen Miss Lyon
so often, I have loved her more and more, and
have called her mother, and she has treated me
with all the affectionate tenderness of a mother."
Simple, unaffected genuineness pertained to
everything she said or did. "I remember my
father accompanied me to the seminary as I
had never been any great distance from home.
As we sat waiting in the parlor we heard a quick
step in the hall, the door opened, and Miss
Lyon came forward with such hearty cordiality
and genuine welcome that my father felt per-
fectly safe to entrust me to her care." "It made
a deep impression on me that such a busy wo-
man as Miss Lyon should stop to comfort a
lonely homesick girl." "Miss Lyon's personal-
ity was much to me. I shall never lose the im-
364 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
pression, nay I almost feel even now the imprint,
of the kiss with which Miss Lyon received meat
the seminary ... I thought then the kiss was
lovely. I seem now to feel it, a holy thing."
Another adds, " I always felt I could go to her
as I would to my mother, and though I had a
great reverence for her, I never had the hesita-
tion in approaching her which some girls had."
Those who did thus go found her of a sweet
reasonableness and always open to suggestions.
She herself was frank and she liked others to be.
They all learned to trust her justice as fully
as her love, and both were argus-eyed. " It was
characteristic of Miss Lyon to treat her schol-
ars as ladies who were worthy of deference
and whose opinions she respected. This char-
acteristic of looking at the good in her girls did
much to cultivate it. A misdemeanor took
her by surprise." "Those summoned to her
presence for reproof left her with new impulse
of affection." Another put away " those words
of reproof" among her " dearest memories."
" In one unfortunate case of theft ... I re-
member how much I was impressed with her
love and sympathy, and yet the justice she
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 365
manifested towards the unfortunate one. How
thoroughly she impressed it upon us that we
should care for our money and valuables so as
to place no temptation in the way of others, and
never speak unnecessarily of the incident. Her
whole method in the treatment of the case has
influenced me all my life."
It was her sense of fairness that caused the
semiannual shake-up in rooms, and the plan
of cooperative housework offered wide chance
for its discovery. Students doing the heavier
kinds of work were scheduled for fewer min-
utes. A girl, uncomplainingly finishing a task
that her circle had left undone when their time
was up, welcomed the gentle peremptoriness
with which Miss Lyon sent her away : " Don't
do them all, I will send some one else down.
This is more than your share." Typical of her
care for their health is the story another tells.
She was not a robust girl, and she looked still
more delicate. Miss Lyon found her one day
ironing table-cloths. For a minute or two she
watched, and then said in her quick decisive
fashion, "You are not strong enough for that
work, you must have something lighter."
366 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
It is a magic way with girls to which these
letters testify. "Her methods were the most
perfect exemplification of * Decrees and Free
Moral Agency' of anything this earth affords.
She moulded the strongest will without any
friction." " Perhaps the most remarkable thing
about Miss Lyon was a certain power she pos-
sessed of bringing her scholars to believe, to
feel, and to do as she desired. I could never
quite analyze this power. She was a graceful
and eloquent speaker, but she made no attempt
at oratory, and we were not conscious of any
magnetic spell. It did not seem to be argument
or logic, though, beginning afar off on the out-
ward periphery of her subject, she obtained the
assent of the intellect before she made any ap-
peal to the heart."
She knew them as they never dreamed she
could. One relates how Miss Lyon spoke to her
about a fault of which, though conscious her-
self, she had supposed all others ignorant. She
had a mysterious gift of divining aptitudes for
special household tasks, and she could make
the hardest work popular with the senior class,
— "my cherished young ladies," as she called
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 367
them. " A fourth story back room (in the room-
arranging time) looking out upon the clothes-
lines, became after a few words from her the
very one that you wanted to take." With her
adroitness at changing the current of personal
wishes went also an inspiriting stimulus to self-
confidence. " She makes a girl feel assured of
her ability to do whatever is laid upon her," a
woman wrote, looking back upon those distant
years.
Her speech was the more effective because
she never used words when an action would do
instead. Deeds in her hands served the same
meaning purpose as stories in the mouth of
Lincoln, and like him she never broke their
force by making the application. Entertaining
anecdotes are told to show the masterly skill
with which Miss Lyon wielded this kind of sug-
gestion. One deals with incipient graft. A clever
pie-circle conceived the satisfying idea of les-
sening the amount put into each pie an unno-
ticeable degree so as to provide an extra one for
their own eating. Nobody, so far as they knew,
was aware of the expedient, until one day each
girl on the circle received an invitation to come
to Miss Lyon's room. Presenting themselves in
her parlor at the appointed hour, they found on
the table a thick luscious pumpkin pie, which
their hostess cordially served to her enlight-
ened and shame-faced guests.
These are simple artless records of homely
doings and they are necessarily detached and
fragmentary. They make no new points and
adduce no unfamiliar qualities. We know Miss
Lyon as a very busy woman, but can anything
convey that impression so concretely as this
sentence ? " I remember seeing her once in the
domestic hall whither she had fled at the sound
of some need, trailing a long piece of dress-
lining pinned to her back, having escaped from
the hands of the dressmaker, who in her room
was holding the scissors ready for another clip
at the next chance." Her hardihood speaks in
the rumored answer made to Mr. Hawks one
cold evening, when he was trying to persuade
her not to go out with him on Mount Holyoke's
business: "If you can drive, I can ride." Her
wit retorts in the anecdote, possibly apocry-
phal, which tells how Miss Lyon and Mr.
Hawks disagreed on a certain matter. "I am
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 369
the head of this institution," said the presi-
dent of the trustees. "Then I am the neck,"
she rejoined.
Nor can the deep satisfaction of her pre-
sence and the persistence and delight of her
memory be more graphically pictured than by
two passages from the pen of a member of
the class of 1838, who returned the following
year as a teacher. Between them lies an inter-
val of fifty-seven years. " I am reminded more
than ever as the year comes round, how much
time I spent in her room last spring and sum-
mer, how kindly she listened to all my diffi-
culties, how patiently she would help me out
of them and how light she would make every-
thing seem. . . . How many times of late
when the way has looked dark . . . have I
wished that I could go to Miss Lyon, that I
could make her my confessor, as I used to do."
At the end of the century a new picture of the
first building revived so clearly memories of
old rooms and associations that she wrote the
donor: "I have hardly had them out of my
waking or dreaming thoughts since your letter
came. I have even wakened in the morning
with the feeling that I had been with dear Miss
Lyon all night."
Of the women who write the rest of this chap-
ter a few were teachers as well as students at
Mount Holyoke. The paragraphs, representa-
tive of a mass of similar material, are here and
there drawn from earlier letters, but most of
them must be dated within the new century.
If the reader will but fancy himself in the
company of a charming old lady, delicately
silvery as a bit of thistledown; will watch the
smile that lights her face to beauty more signi-
ficant than that of youth ; will listen to the pride
and love hi her grave sweet voice, and will not
fail to catch at times the twinkle in her eye,
these fragments of talks and letters may yield
him some freshness of insight that more con-
nected chapters cannot give.
I remember her with wonderful distinctness
- as who, indeed, that ever came in contact
with her magnetic personality could fail to do !
I call to mind as vividly as if it were yesterday
my first glimpse of her. A frightened, homesick
girl, at the end of a thirty-six hours' journey
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 371
mostly by stage-coach, ended by a novel ferry
experience in the dark of a September even-
ing, I arrived at the seminary chilled and tired
to the last degree. As the white pillars gleamed
in the moonlight it seemed like a wonderful
palace. Miss Whitman received us, tall and
cold and benign, and took us across echoing
floors to the little south reception room, con-
taining the least possible amount of furniture.
Miss Lyon presently came bustling in, gathered
me in her motherly arms and kissed my tear-
wet face, saying, " As soon as you have some-
thing to eat and a good night's sleep you will
feel better, my dear."
The next morning she was smiling in her place
at the breakfast table and spoke cheery words
to the solemn little group of homesick girls as-
sembled there. Knowing what a boon employ-
ment would be, — and truth to say we were
sorely needed as an advance-guard to help
settle things for the fast-coming students, — we
were all allotted certain tasks. Mine was to
sweep the big floors in what was then called
"the wooden building," at that time connect-
ing the south wing of the large brick structure
372 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
with the "wood rooms," each of the students'
rooms having a numbered compartment for
storing wood. Miss Lyon was ubiquitous and
seemed to overlook everything. It was simply
marvelous, the way in which she kept every de-
tail in mind, and planned and arranged for a
family of nearly three hundred.
But it was in morning exercises in the semi-
nary hall that she impressed us most. Those
who listened to her earnest words and saw her
dear face all alight with feeling can never for-
get it, and no one can reproduce the one or the
other. Her large blue eyes looked down upon
us as if she held us all in her heart. Sometimes
her voice was solemn, sometimes caressing, at
others almost playful. There was a vein of
humor in her make-up that, notwithstanding
she habitually dealt with the serious questions
of life, was simply irrepressible, and it was de-
lightful to see and hear her when that came up-
permost, as it would do sometimes in the most
unexpected manner. But she always resumed
her dignity in the most graceful way imaginable,
with a half-apologetic look that was altogether
charming.
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 373
While loving and tender when we were ill or
in trouble, how stern and yet how merciful was
she in dealing with our shortcomings ! It was
my good and bad fortune to be summoned sev-
eral times to her room to answer for unusual
misdemeanors in the first months of my stay
at the seminary. My faults were the more hei-
nous as I had "entered in advance," and was
expecting to complete the course in two years ;
and what she termed the "immaturity" of my
character was a great trial to her. The tears I
shed in her little parlor were of genuine contri-
tion and humiliation. She was so lovely and
kind, and at the same time so inexorable, that
I felt I just had to do as she wished me to ! It
was hard to conform to the very strait rules, for
I was young and full of all manner of irrepres-
sible frolic. She was sagacious enough to recog-
nize that she could not change temperament,
but she could and did so win and control my
affection and impulses that the effort to do
right became a pleasure.
Dear Miss Lyon ! I said good-bye to her in
the little spaceway back of the seminary hall
near the door of the reading-room. How vividly
374 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
I recall it after fifty years ! " On the whole,"
was a favorite expression of hers in summing
up a line of argument. I said, " Good-bye, dear
Miss Lyon. Have n't I been 'on the whole' a
pretty good girl these two years ? " ' Yes, yes,
my dear, as good as you could be perhaps, but
you must grow better and better every year of
your life."
Then she kissed me good-bye, and I saw her
no more.
I was not so much impressed by her dignity
as by her warm loving heart, and I was very
fond of her. I remember her sitting by me and
holding my hand when I was very homesick,
and saying to me, "I'm sorry you are so home-
sick. Don't you remember how anxious you
were to come, and that I took you in when there
really was not room for one more ? "
" I know it, Miss Lyon," I said, " and I never
shall forgive you for doing it."
I have forgotten just how she answered the
impertinent speech, but I remember it was any-
thing but severe.
As I passed out of her room one day after a
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 375
nice little talk with her, my section teacher also
being in the room, I overheard the latter say,
:< You are spoiling that girl, you indulge her so
much. If I or the other teachers refuse her any-
thing, she goes to you and she gets it."
"Well," said Miss Lyon, "she is young and
far from her mother, and I am sorry for her,
and I don't believe it will hurt her."
I have always rejoiced that Mount Holyoke
was chosen as the home of my school life, and
this was owing to Miss Lyoii's own attractive
personality. An uncle, who was the guardian
of myself and two older sisters, met her when
she was using every possible means to gain the
money for a beginning of her life-work, and he
was so impressed with her manner, her earnest-
ness, and her sure prophecy of success, that he
immediately made application for admittance
for his three small nieces to the seminary, as
soon as each should reach the required age.
Miss Lyon had a remarkable mind. There
were no little things about her. Great things
were always before her. That was why she ac-
complished so much for the girls of New Eng-
land, why her influence is so world-wide, why
so many "around the throne of God in Hea-
ven" will say, "It is through Mary Lyon's in-
fluence that I have come from Africa, from
India, from the islands of the sea."
She looked forward to the time when the
courses of study for young women and young
men should coincide. She used to say she re-
gretted very much that the state of public
opinion would not allow her to make Latin and
Greek a required part of the course l ; that with
mathematics only, the seminary had but one
foot to stand upon.2 She was greatly delighted
1 The writer graduated in 1845.
2 The allusion seems to be to the contemporary college
practice of laying chief stress on mathematics and the classics.
When Mount Holyoke opened the requirements for entrance
to the principal American colleges were " a good knowledge
of English grammar, arithmetic, some acquaintance with
geography, an ability to read the easier Latin authors, and
some progress in the study of Greek. . . . The course of
instruction . . . embraces a further study of the Latin and
Greek languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, rhetoric,
and practice in English composition, moral and intellectual
philosophy, and some treatise of natural law and the law of
nations." Encyclopedia Americana, vol. iii, p. 318 (1836).
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 377
when a student came who had already studied
one or both of the dead languages.
I have often attempted to analyze the secret
of Miss Lyon's influence over her scholars.
She had great mental resources. No one could
resist the impression that these were deeper and
richer than we had yet fathomed. But the sense
of her reserved power was not the key. One ele-
ment was her deep interest in her pupils. She
was not particularly demonstrative in her man-
ifestation of affection ; but as her beaming face
looked down upon us, as those speaking eyes
met ours, every one of us felt that she sought our
best, our highest good, — and more than this,
that she loved us after the manner of our
mothers. . . . Another element was the hon-
esty and intensity of her convictions. . . . Still
another was her utter self-unconsciousness.
She so spoke to us that her great thoughts stood
foremost. She was in the background. Her
scholars sat in those seats before her and were
permanently changed in habits and character.
She was a mighty moral architect.
At one time she started off with a short talk
378 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
on comparative anatomy. The scientist in ex-
huming animal remains may find but one bone
or one tooth, but from that alone he forms the
entire animal and tells us whether it ate grass
or flesh, whether it was gentle or ferocious. So
little things indicate character. Knowing one
trait of a person, whether he does or fails to do
some little thing, the whole individual is re-
vealed. You need know no more. If Domi-
tian would amuse himself by catching flies and
piercing them through with a bodkin, it was to
be expected that he would kill Christians. The
great principle was developed in a masterly
way. It was so far a magnificent lecture by it-
self ; but the initiated knew there was " some-
thing coming," that the argumentum ad homi-
nem would soon be apparent. It came at length.
The descent was easy, but by no means ridicu-
lous, — in fact it was solemn. It seemed that,
much to Miss Lyon's satisfaction, the ironing-
room had been nicely refitted. The coverings
were white and dainty. But upon its inaugural
day these were badly discolored, some showed
the imprint of the iron, while a few had been
burned through. We do not think Miss Lyon
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 379
cared so much for the spoiling of the goods.
She took that joyfully. But it did pain her that
any of her dear family should evince a care-
lessness akin to recklessness. It was the moral
tarnish she feared. It might be a straw, but it
showed the way of the wind.
Miss Lyon herself is the one figure which
rises before me whenever I think of the semi-
nary, — a grand woman, far in advance of her
time. The one study I had under her was But-
ler's "Analogy." She proved herself a wonder-
ful instructor. My only wish was that she could
have taught us everything we attempted to
learn.
She used to say, " Commence your topic with
a brief sentence. Let none of your periods be
long. Avoid the use of the copulative conjunc-
tion ' and. ' State your ideas and facts clearly
and consecutively, not in the words of the book,
but in your own best English. Aim to speak
smoothly, not with hitches and jerks. Stop
when you have done."
380 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
It was on one of the longest days of summer
that E— - came to my room in trouble and
tears. To my query, "What is it?" she gave
me answer, "They are going to send me home
to-morrow, and I don't want to go. It is be-
cause I have headaches. I suppose they are
afraid I shall get sick, but it is the heat that af-
fects me so. Ever so many teased me before I
came, saying that I would soon be sent home
in disgrace, and now they will say, *I told you
so,' and / can't bear it."
I condoled with her and declared that she
should not go if I could do anything to prevent
it. I knew it would be useless to appeal to the
teacher who had charge of the health of the
young ladies, for her decisions were like the
laws of the Medes and Persians. I went
straight to Miss Lyon's room. "Miss Lyon,"
I said, " they are going to send E home,
and she does not wish to go, and I do not wish
to have her go. I came to ask you to say that
she need not go till the end of the term."
Miss Lyon replied, " She has had headache
so much that we have thought it would be well
for her to go home and recruit before the exam-
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 381
inations come on. She can come back in time
for them."
I argued further, with genuine altruism:
" But, Miss Lyon, there is a reason why I ask it.
We were told before we came, that you would
not keep such wild girls long ; if she goes now
it will be said that she has been suspended ; and
/ — don't — want — her — to — go."
At this climax my tears began to flow. Miss
Lyon laid her hand kindly on my shoulder and
said, "Do not feel troubled. We will try to do
what seems best. This is just what you want,
is it not ?" The broad, genial smile and air of
trust with which she asked the question would
have disarmed the most willful. If she per-
ceived an element of the ludicrous in what to us
was so serious, she did not betray it. She dis-
missed me without a definite answer, yet I was
sure she comprehended and was sympathetic.
Nothing more was said to E about going
home. Perhaps she took an ounce of preven-
tion, or a mind-cure was wrought, for her head-
aches vanished.
This is one of many instances of Miss Lyon's
motherly instinct or inclination to gratify her
382 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
daughters — so she liked to call us — in any
reasonable request.
There were times, however, when some of
these daughters were dissatisfied with her rul-
ings. One morning the early birds discovered
bills posted about town announcing a vocal
concert by the Hutchinson Family, to be given
that evening in the meeting-house. A number
of the students wished to attend. Great was
their surprise and indignation when permission
was withheld. Miss Lyon told us that present
arrangements would not admit of our sparing
the time for an evening entertainment, and re-
quested us to bear in mind the principle that
one should not ask a favor for herself which
could not be granted to all. Poor Jane W—
was the chief mourner and considered herself
a martyr. The Hutchinsons were friends of her
family, and on that account had sent her a com-
plimentary ticket which she thought it very im-
polite not to use. She found many sympathiz-
ers. A few said it was inconsistent in Miss
Lyon to urge us to cultivate vocal music and
then not let us hear any but our own. The
Hutchinsons showed their good- will by giving
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 383
us a serenade that night, yet the malcontents
continued to grumble a little. Early the next
morning, the young ladies on duty near the par-
lor passed the word that Mr. Hutchinson was
calling on Miss Lyon, and was probably giving
her a piece of his mind for her disrespect to his
family. Then even the murmurers took her
part, for all knew that her judgments were right,
and no one wished her to suffer reproach for
our sakes. By the time she bade us good-morn-
ing in the hall, ill-humor had subsided and
every heart was loyal.
After devotions, Miss Lyon told us of her
pleasant interview with Mr. Hutchinson in
which he had kindly offered to give us a con-
cert. Upon this a door was opened, the singers
filed in, took their places on the platform, and
for an hour entertained us in their happiest
manner. All agreed that this was better than
an evening out, and no face expressed more
pleasure than Miss Lyon's.
A few months later, huge posters foretold
the coming of a menagerie. " It is nothing to
us," the young ladies said. But, lo and be-
hold ! when the eventful day arrived, Miss Lyon
384 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
not only gave general permission, but advised us
to improve this opportunity to see the elephant
and the other rare specimens of animated na-
ture. The manager had written to her weeks
before to inquire whether the students would
be allowed to attend, for if their patronage were
withheld it would not pay to move the caravans
to South Hadley. In replying, she informed
him that she would be glad to give such a privi-
lege, but as many of them were of limited
means it might be as well for him to admit
them at special rates. So it happened that, be-
ing identified by teachers stationed near the
entrance of the tent, we were admitted at half
the regular price.
In giving us permission, Miss Lyon made
but one restriction. We were not to stay to wit-
ness the performance, but when we should see
any teacher moving toward the exit we were to
follow her at once. After viewing the animals,
we took seats while the elephants marched
around the amphitheatre. One with a howdah
on its back was halted near us, and the mana-
ger called for ladies to mount and ride. Two
or three misses started forward and then drew
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 385
back timidly, until a young lady of the senior
class, with head erect and fearless mien, walked
to the front, climbed the ladder, and seated her-
self as if she were an eastern princess accus-
tomed to take her airing in this manner. There
was a whispering among the juniors : " What a
bold, bad action for a missionary's daughter!
How dares a senior set us such an example ?"
Some said she would surely be suspended, per-
haps expelled. Others thought she might be
let off with a public reprimand, if duly peni-
tent. It was believed that the sentiment of the
seminary would certainly demand some heroic
measure.
The great beast went around with its bur-
den, the senior descended safely and resumed
her former seat, unabashed. Directly a tiger
leaped from its cage and rolled over and over
with its keeper, in frightful play. The perform-
ance was well under way or ever we were aware,
and we had seen no teachers moving. Bless
their kind hearts ! Was it that they in their in-
nocence did not know when it was time to start,
or were our eyes turned away from our chap-
erons and holden that we should not see them ?
386 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
When all was over and we went out with the
crowd, we spied a teacher near the gate appar-
ently watching for stragglers, but we passed by
on the other side without a challenge. At sup-
per-time all the lambs were secure in the fold,
and not a wolf among them. We never heard
that the audacious senior met with the slightest
reproof, nor lost caste for her rash exploit.
Miss Lyon, wise as Solomon, knew when to
keep silence and when to speak.
Miss Lyon had a wonderful faculty of study-
ing character: she would sometimes look so
intently into one's face, that she seemed to look
beyond the features into the very soul. In one
of her talks to the girls, at what was called the
general exercise in the hall, she was trying to
impress upon them the importance of forming
good habits in little things ; she said that " char-
acter, like embroidery, was made stitch by
stitch" ; that after a while a few marked traits
would determine the character, and that we had
it largely in our power to make ourselves a force
for good or bad. Miss Lyon arose from her
seat on the platform, and stepping forward said :
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 387
"Why! young ladies, by the principle of com-
parative anatomy I can tell by one or two char-
acteristics what you are likely to make of your-
selves." Pointing with her finger, she said : "I
could walk down this aisle, and tell by the tie
of your shoes who were good students in geom-
etry." There was an audible drawing in of
feet. (It was before the days of button shoes.)
It was not strange that where so many had
their home under one roof some case would
occur every year that called for special disci-
pline. Miss Lyon required the most convincing
evidence before she would believe anything ill
of her dear pupils ; but when once convinced of
their unfitness to remain members of the family,
they were quietly expelled. When fully in-
formed of the particulars of the offence, Miss
Lyon would inform us of it at the morning devo-
tions, and tell us what was to be the punish-
ment of the girl. Then she would say : " Young
ladies, you know all about it, and there is no
occasion to talk with each other or even to
speak to your room-mate of the matter. Above
all things do not say or think, How could she
do such a thing? I could not."
388 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
Her lectures in the hall showed her mental
grasp and power of thought and speech. Such
prayers, brief, but comprehensive and wonder-
fully tender! Such expositions of the Bible I
have never heard since. Her intimacy with
God gave her almost unerring judgment. Her
spiritual vision was clear. During the great re-
vival of 1847 she waited till she was sure that
one and another, here and there, were moved
by the spirit ; then she called a meeting in her
parlor of those who wished to speak with her
on the subject of religion. How I trembled as
I turned the knob of the door, fearing I should
be the only one present. To my astonishment
the room was full ; many friends whom I met
several times a day were there. Miss Lyon
alone had read their secret hearts. She had
great power to win us over to her way of think-
ing. On going into her first missionary lecture,
I was warned to steel my heart against her per-
suasive eloquence. "She will make you feel
just as she does about going on foreign mis-
sions." Vain precaution. Her views of duty be-
came ours as we listened to her impassioned
but reasonable presentation of the subject.
AS HEE STUDENTS KNEW HER 389
She loved self- sacrifice and she inspired it in
others. " Go where no one else is willing to go
- do what no one else is willing to do." The
angel Gabriel sent to this world on a mission
would not ask whether he was to sweep the
streets or preach the gospel. This principle she
applied to the domestic work. If there was any
especially unpleasant work to do, she gave the
senior class the privilege of volunteering to do
it; volunteers were never wanting. She de-
clared the domestic department was not in-
tended to teach young ladies to do housework,
that they should learn from their mothers at
home. She did not even want them to love it.
It seemed the best way to carry on the work of
the family, and each was expected to do her
part, cheerfully and without loss of dignity or
self-respect; and this became a factor in the
development of character.
The great beautiful domestic hall was an
eye-opener to me. Besides the setting of the
large plan, the many contrivances for neatness,
economy, and convenience appealed to me and
in principle have helped me many times since in
390 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
domestic arrangements under very different cir-
cumstances and with few resources. I have never
gotten over the necessity of promptness. The
circumstances which make not only prompt-
ness but exactness, regularity, and thorough-
ness so necessary would seem to cultivate those
qualities, especially when the doing, or failing,
was followed by such evident results, perhaps
affecting many other individuals. Ability to
work harmoniously with others was another
thing that had a chance to grow on some of
those domestic circles. From my present stand-
point, the mind which set in motion the wheels
in that domestic hall and kept them running
was indeed a wonder — remembering that all
the material used belonged to, and was being
fitted in, at the same time, to the great super-
structure of which the domestic hall was a mere
adjunct, subject to change and growing less as
circumstances permitted. There was somewhat
less of the hard work done by the students in
1848 than in 1846.
Every household regulation had its reason
drawn from the law of love. To enter rooms
during study hours was to steal the time of im-
provement from others ; to neglect the corners
in cleaning halls or stairs was to place upon
others selfishly the work belonging to you; to
nick the dishes was to be unfaithful stewards
of property bought with self-sacrifice, — for
every brick in that building and all its furniture
was to her sacred, as purchased by the self-
denial of many who gave cheerfully out of their
means, for love of the great cause.
She was wonderfully persuasive. We would
go down to the hall sometimes, knowing that a
vote was to be taken on some matter, and de-
termined against voting a certain way. " She
will try to make us vote so-and-so, and I won't
vote that way, if she does want us to — I won't
do it." And then Miss Lyon would talk to us
and we wTould do as she desired.
Her teachings roused the spirit of self-de-
pendence in her pupils. For instance, a young
lady in Heath, Massachusetts, once riding
with a friend, found the road obstructed by a
fallen tree. After looking at it she exclaimed,
392 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
"I have not been to Mount Holyoke two
years to be turned back by such an obstacle."
She therefore alighted and with the help of
her friend dragged the offending tree out of
the way. Such a spirit was very general
among the daughters of Mount Holyoke.
Can any one who was present forget the day
when, rising to her feet at table, Miss Lyon re-
quested the silver circle to bring teaspoons for
the dessert, saying, " To-day our dessert is like
some young ladies whom you may have known,
very soft and very sweet, but lacking in con-
sistency." That word consistency was, from
that day, one of our jewels.
" Privilege and obligation, like sisters, go
hand in hand."
"Do not let any one, as she hears your voice
in the little prayer-meeting, think of you, I
suppose she is a real good person, but I wish
she would pay me the two cents she borrowed. "
" The whole is equal to the sum of all its
parts. If you permit yourself to do less than
you ought in study or [less than] the best you
can in matters of right, your character is so far
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 393
deficient, and in failing, you lose your own self-
respect, and the power to influence others."
Greatly surprised was I, upon being invited
by Miss Lyon to return the following year to
be one of the teachers. Nothing could be so
pleasing to me as thus to be associated with the
dear one ; but from her instructions it seemed
too selfish and not right. ... In her room one
day she said : " You will see a paper on the
writing-table. I wish you to read and sign your
name to it." It was a pledge that I return as a
teacher. While nothing would be so pleasing
to me, I still doubted it being right and returned
home without yielding.
The trustees of a medical college in Wil-
loughby, Ohio, applied to Miss Lyon to send
them a teacher to establish a seminary for young
ladies in Willoughby. The college faculty had
disbanded and left a good building for that pur-
pose. She recommended my humble self, and
I commenced work in March, 1847, in a town
of only forty families, with fourteen pupils.
In twelve weeks there were about thirty. So I
consented to return in September, to begin the
school for one year; which was duly adver-
tised. The success of the matter was beyond
expectations. It grew from year to year, so
that the seventh year there were two hundred
and thirty-five different pupils and fourteen
graduates, having the same course of studies
as used at Holyoke. . . . We had students from
New York City, New Orleans, and almost
every state in the Union. From overwork I was
obliged to resign. Soon after I left, a fire de-
stroyed the building, and five counties asked for
the school; and the trustees decided that the
county that would give most for it should be
favored ; which proved to be Lake Erie County
and the work was resumed at Painesville, bear-
ing the name of Lake Erie Seminary, and after-
wards Lake Erie College. I have written this to
show the issue of my yielding to the impression
made by Miss Lyon when she advised us not
to consult our own wishes in taking a place for
usefulness.
With granite principles and a moral compass
that never veered Miss Lyon had also power
of adaptation. ... In our little parlor we
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 395
frequently welcomed my brother, who was in
charge of the village academy, Miss C— - being
like another older sister. One evening he was
taken suddenly and violently ill in our parlor,
too ill it seemed to be removed ; yet he must be.
I sent a young lady to report our dilemma to
Miss Lyon, who came at once in person. Greet-
ing the sick young man in genuine motherly
fashion, she bade him feel perfectly at home and
be content to remain in the care of his sister
until the physician should pronounce it safe
for him to leave. She directed that a bed should
be at once placed in our parlor, and that he
should be cared for as faithfully as he could be
in his father's house. Then a consultation in
the hall (not above a whisper) comes back to me
so vividly. Taking my hands in hers, she told
me not to be troubled, that this was clearly
Providential and all right, that my classes should
be passed over to other teachers for the time
being and part of Miss C— -'s also, that she
might relieve me, if necessary. With a wonder-
ful insight she had taken the diagnosis of the
case at a glance and saw that a course of fever
was on our hands and gave thoughtful direc-
396 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
tions for the patient and nurses. " Your brother
is one of our family now — take good care of
him."
This was a strange episode truly in a young
ladies' seminary. But the great family was like
a sisterhood, all getting a new peep into the
great heart of our mother superior as the days
of weakness and delirium drew forth daily
manna of devices and alleviations.
When my sister was to be married a second
time, Miss Lyon had the wedding Thanksgiv-
ing evening in the seminary hall. The ceremony
was performed in the presence of all the young
ladies who were spending the vacation there.
Miss Lyon, the gracious and interested hostess,
saluted the bride and saw that the refreshments
she had so thoughtfully provided were served.
She was not the teacher, she was the mother,
the hostess, in her own home, giving her
daughter in marriage. I fear those who did not
know her in those early days will never under-
stand how truly tender and loving, and how
womanly she was.
In the seminary hall during one of the long
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 397
vacations were many busy workers, making
over carpets and repairing mattresses under
Miss Lyon's direction, that all might be in
readiness when her family returned. She had
sent to Northampton and from her own scanty
means purchased oranges, more rare and more
highly prized than now, that she might have the
pleasure of making others happy. One beauti-
ful afternoon, when the sun was flooding the
room with glory, she came in, her face all aglow
with her own beautiful secret, and distributed
the precious fruit. The next day, sitting by my
mother in our own parlor, she put her hand
into her capacious pocket and took out, one
after another, the oranges she had brought as
a special gift. Surely there were never such
oranges before nor since.
Her advice to teachers was : " Never scold.
If you cannot teach without scolding, lay aside
your office. Do not consider it beneath your
dignity to instruct little children; one should
know as much as a minister in order to teach
a child how to read."
398 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
One word of hers I remember in regard to
trials. " You will all have them. When God
sends you a trial it will be a trial for you. What
he sends you may not be a trial for another.
He will give you sustaining grace."
I hear her words : " In your service for the
Master, do not desire or expect praise or reward .
Do all out of sheer love for your Saviour. Live
near Him, not afar off. Try to please Him, try
to be like Him. A present trust in Him is the
best preparation for every trial that may come
to you, the best preparation for your closing
hour."
One day she sent for me. I went to her office.
Handing me a composition, she asked me to
read three or four lines. I did so. ' That will
do," Miss Lyon said. The next day I heard
that I was to read the composition at anni-
versary. Miss Lyon wanted a good reader and
had tried several. This incident is very char-
acteristic of her. It shows her swift, direct,
business-like way of despatching a matter.
Miss Lyon would have liked to be very
friendly and intimate with her students had
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 399
she had time. When she was dressed for an
occasion, she looked very pretty. I recollect
how, once when she was going out to a wedding
in town, we gathered about the door to get a
peep at her. She liked to have us approve her
dress. She was very particular that in our
manners and ways of living we should not be
like college boys. She never said girls, always
young ladies.
Miss Lyon's personal appearance was de-
cidedly attractive. She was not beautiful, but
there was nothing in face or form to repel. She
did not excel in the graces of the drawing-
room, and was not fastidiously nice in matters
of etiquette, but was never lacking in winning
dignity and cordiality, whether meeting the
learned college president, the distinguished di-
vine, the governor of the state, or the timid
young girl who came to be taught by her. Her
dress was simple, but always tidy, except when
she put her head into the Rumford oven, and
had to be sent to her room to change her cap.
This Rumford oven was a new invention which
none of us had seen till Deacon Safford donated
400 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
one to Holyoke. He explained to our lady of the
house all its conveniences and how it was to be
handled, and she taught others and was very
fond of using it herself. She had great vivacity
of expression, and enjoyed a good joke, even
when she was the subject of it, and could laugh
with the merriest.
Next to the training I received from a godly
father and mother I owe more to Mary Lyon
than I can express. Not a day of my life passes
that I do not put in practice something I learned
of her. It was my mother's dying request that
her six daughters should go to Mount Holyoke
as pupils of Mary Lyon. In all, our family
were there twenty-five years as scholars and
teachers ! My father used to say, " We certainly
know Mary Lyon and Mount Holyoke well."
We did and loved it dearly.
I roomed with Miss Lyon for a part of one
term, and came to know her intimately. She
was one of the most cheerful, sunny room-
mates I ever had. Many, I believe, think of her
as austere in face and manner — nothing is
farther from the truth. I never think of her with-
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 401
out seeing her radiant face, strong but lovely,
her great blue eyes and clear complexion.
More than once she said to me, " Miss T ,
I shall not live to see this a college, but I be-
lieve you will live to see the time when girls
shall have just as good opportunities as their
brothers." She sought to make the course of
study such as should lead to a collegiate course,
and was especially anxious her students should
have Latin.
I know that before the corner-stone was laid
her plan was carried before the Congregational
Association of Massachusetts. One of the cler-
gymen, who was her friend, and thoroughly
interested in the plan, laid it before the august
body that were assembled and asked for their
approval. This they declined, and her friend
said in reporting it to her, " So you must take
this as the indication of Providence." But
Mary Lyon knew the Providence of God better
than they all, and she said, "We will go on."
Miss Lyon always believed in the best that
was possible for the seminary. The parlors,
for example, were furnished better than many
of the home parlors, and some were inclined
402 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
to criticise because she had carpets on the floors
and furniture better than the ordinary. I heard
her say once, " I want our young ladies to see
that which is suited to the best homes ; I want
them ready to grace the finest and to beautify
the lowest."
She looked into all the details, and as she
said more than once, " I pray as truly that the
bread may be sweet for this great family as I
do for the conversion of the world."
The Christian power of Miss Lyon was in-
describable. It permeated all our lives and
made us feel that it was a solemn as well as a
blessed thing to live. I cannot describe her
power as a teacher of the Bible, but I know and
believe that no one who came under her teach-
ing failed to feel its influence all her Me. I re-
member one cold winter it was almost impossi-
ble to keep any place but the dining-room (that
was large enough for us all) warm. We had
our Bible lesson together in the dining-room in
the evening. We were going through the wil-
derness with Moses and the tribes. How we
enjoyed those lessons as taught by Miss Lyon !
The tables she had represent the twelve tribes
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 403
when encamped, and the room seemed all alight
with the cloud of fire which they were to follow.
The Bible became a wonderful book as she
opened it up to us. She never talked doctrines
- except faith, hope, and charity. There was
never anything dogmatical or metaphysical in
her talks. The Bible was made a living reality.
So many passages I marked bring back to me
the blessed lessons. She never talked in a way
to criticise others. I did not know all the six
years I was there that she was born a Baptist.
I never heard her speak of denominations, but
she made us feel that we were to work for the
Master wherever our lot was cast.
Once a week she had a "family meeting,"
as she called it, when she talked as a mother of
a family to her children. She allowed us to
bring in notes of criticism and questions that
we penned on slips of paper, no one knowing
of course by whom they were written or who
was intended to be criticised. I well remember
one day when she had answered a criticism in
a way that made us all laugh, she said : " Oh,
don't turn and look at each other, if the coat fits
you, put it on, don't try to put it on your neigh-
404 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
bor." She had a faculty of making a careless
thing look very careless, and a wasteful thing
look very wasteful and sinful.
Ours was a large class of fifty, and we asked
if we could not have some special privilege. I
remember how her luminous face turned upon
us those big blue eyes, and she said : " Oh, yes,
young ladies, you shall have the privilege of
being the best students and finest characters
we have ever graduated."
Another day, near the close of the term, she
said : " Some of you will be disappointed, per-
haps, when you get home. You will find humble
work to do, — washing dishes, darning stock-
ings for your brothers and sisters, and you will
say, ' Was it for this that I studied higher math-
ematics and Butler's "Analogy" ?' Did you ever
stand by a little lake and drop in a pebble, and
watch the circles as they widened and widened
and were lost in the distance ? So lift your mo-
ther's burdens, help with the little brother or
sister. You may not know the result, but be
sure that your influence will widen and widen
into eternity."
She was systematic in her habits, but not
AS HER STUDENTS KNEW HER 405
rigidly so. She was most thoughtful of her stu-
dents and all about her. I well remember the
first faculty meeting that I attended. After a
little season of prayer she spoke of the impor-
tance of our knowing our students personally,
and, as far as possible, putting ourselves in
then* places. If we rebuked, always to do it
kindly, and in such a way that there could be
no resentment. If we found a student dull and
slow, never to let her realize that we knew it,
but to help and encourage such most carefully.
I never knew a student irritated by anything
Miss Lyon said or did. If she had occasion to
rebuke, it was done with such tenderness and
sorrow that the student herself would be made
tender. She had a keen sense of the ridiculous,
and told me once that she had to be very watch-
ful that she did not hurt any one's feelings by
anything that was satirical or that would lead
one to think that she wanted to ridicule. She
had a remarkable memory as to pupils and
their characteristics, and took great interest in
individual students, knowing much of their
history but never speaking of that which was
unpleasant or undesirable.
406 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
When I went to bid Miss Lyon good-by after
my marriage, just before we sailed for India,
she put her arms about me and kissing me said,
"Dear child, I wanted to see you more before
you left, but never mind, there will be time
enough in heaven." She was in heaven before
we reached Ceylon.
CHAPTER X
AN APPRECIATION
THERE remains only to pass in review Miss
Lyon's salient traits, and to indicate the cur-
rents of her influence. Yet the work has been
hitherto ill done, if this chapter appear in any
real sense necessary. The reader's impressions
of the woman are already formed, and he can
trace the outline of her shadow on later decades.
Whether he approve or distrust her methods
and accomplishments, he but reproduces the
judgments of her day. Lover of quiet though
she was, her ideas evoked from her generation
ardent praise and as vociferous censure. It is to
be remembered as a somewhat notable fact
that in spite of this she made no personal en-
emies.
Genius always holds an element of mystery ;
but in so far as her peculiar gift may be defined,
it would seem to have consisted primarily in
knowing the exact point at which to apply her-
408 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
self so as to secure the largest results. This
incisive temper, qualifying her equally as stu-
dent, teacher, and organizer, was furthered by
a rare harmony of development. All her abili-
ties pulled together with joyous energy, and
no disuse or ill use sapped their united vigor.
Both President Humphrey and President
Hitchcock voiced appreciations of Miss Lyon,
and to-day perhaps there is no fairer way of
looking at her characteristics than through the
eyes of these men who were her friends.
Mr. Hitchcock spoke and wrote out of
thirty years of intimate acquaintance. "It
gives a just view of the character of her mind
to say that it corresponded to that of her body;
that is, there was a full development of all the
powers, with no undue prominence to any one
of them. . . . She did, however, exhibit some
mental characteristics, either original or ac-
quired, more or less peculiar. It was, for ex-
ample, the great features of a subject wThich her
mind always seized upon first. . . . The in-
ventive faculties were also very fully developed.
. . . Rarely did she attempt anything in which
she did not succeed; nor did she undertake it
AN APPRECIATION 409
till her clear judgment told her that it would
succeed. Then it mattered little who or what
opposed. At first she hesitated, especially when
any plan was under consideration that would
not be generally approved; but when upon
careful consideration she saw clearly its practi-
cability and importance, she nailed the colors
to the mast; and though the enemy's fire
might be terrific, she stood calmly at her post
and usually saw her opposers lower their flag.
She possessed in an eminent degree that most
striking of all the characteristics of a great
mind, viz., perseverance under difficulties.
When thoroughly convinced that she had truth
on her side, she did not fear to stand alone and
act alone, patiently waiting for the hour when
others would see the subject as she did. This
was firmness, not obstinacy; for no one was
more open to conviction than she ; but her con-
version must result from stronger arguments,
not from fear or the authority of names.
" Miss Lyon possessed also the power of con-
centrating the attention and enduring long-
continued mental labor in an extraordinary
degree. When once fairly engaged in any im-
410 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
portant subject . . . there seemed to be no
irritated nerves or truant thoughts to intrude ;
nor could the external world break up her al-
most mesmeric abstraction.
"Another mental characteristic was her
great power to control the minds of others.
And it was done, too, without their suspecting
it ; nay, in opposition often to strong prejudice.
Before you were aware, her well-woven net of
argument was over you, and so soft were its
silken meshes that you did not feel them. One
reason was that you soon learnt that the fingers
of love and knowledge had unitedly formed the
web and woof of that net. You saw that she
knew more than you did about the subject;
that she had thrown her wThole soul into it ; that
in urging it upon you she was actuated by be-
nevolent motives and was anxious for your good ;
and that it was hazardous for you to resist so
much light and love. ... It was often amaz-
ing to see how triumphantly she would carry
through any measure in her school that seemed
important. She knew how to form and set in
motion a current which made individual oppo-
sition as powerless as chaff before the whirl-
AN APPRECIATION 411
wind. But this talent was not confined to her
schools. Wherever it was necessary or desirable
to influence individuals, or collections of men
or women, she knew how to spin those silken
cords that would lead them where she pleased.
Yet she never pleased to lead them where rea-
son and conscience and benevolence did not
point the way. Generally, too, those who were
thus influenced were not aware that the in-
visible force by which they were gently urged
along emanated from her. Like a practiced
mesmerist, she had thrown them into a better
than somnambulic state and it needed only her
volitions afterwards to determine their move-
ments. Sometimes, indeed, during their hallu-
cination she contrived to get money out of their
pockets ; but when they awoke from the dream
of benevolence they were always thankful that
they had been robbed and invited the robber
to come again when the cause of education or
religion demanded further help.
"She had a marvelous power of executing
whatever she had the means of doing. Her prac-
tice trod close upon the heels of theory, and
usually was nearly as perfect, like the molecu-
412 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
lar operations in chemistry and crystallography.
Having great skill in estimating the difficulties
to be overcome and in devising adequate means,
she also possessed a most unusual power of ac-
complishing the most by those means. . . .
The promptness, too, with which this execu-
tive power was manifested deserves notice. The
moment a thing was found to be desirable and
practicable, she felt uneasy till it was in the
course of execution.
" Great energy in accomplishing objects may
not always be associated with much wisdom;
but this is essential to the management of a
large literary institution. Here are numerous
and quite diverse elements to be controlled. As
to pupils, it is one important qualification . . .
to be able to adapt the means and motives to the
peculiarities of character and opinion and pre-
judices among them. And then a large corps
of teachers must be selected and made to act
in unison or a firebrand will be thrown into the
school. Moreover, in most schools in this coun-
try it is necessary that the principal exercise a
rigid watchfulness over its pecuniary interests,
being cognizant of every expenditure and of the
AN APPRECIATION 413
smallest means of income ; the whole demand-
ing no mean financial ability. Still further, in
schools dependent on public patronage the
principal is expected to see to it that the public
are kept informed of its advantages, and their
attention favorably drawn towards it. Now to
meet successfully these various and compli-
cated duties requires great versatility of powers
and much wisdom founded on experience. . . .
None acquainted with Miss Lyon will doubt
that she was eminently successful in her ad-
ministration of several admirable schools of
wrhich the Holyoke Seminary was the most ex-
tensive; yet was it conducted with wonderful
skill and success. My own conviction is that
her talents for administration were decidedly
superior to her skill as an instructor in science
or literature.
"It is in her religious character, and there
alone, that we shall find the secret and power-
ful spring of all the efforts of her life which she
would wish to have remembered. But I ap-
proach this part of her character with a kind
of awe, as if I were on holy ground, and were
attempting to lay open that which she would
414 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
never wish revealed. In her ordinary inter-
course, so full was she of suggestions and plans
on the subject of education and of her new
seminary that you would not suspect how deep
and pure was the fountain of piety in her heart ;
nor that from thence the waters flowed in which
all her plans and efforts were baptized and de-
voted to God. But, as accidentally, for the last
thirty years, the motives of her actions have
been brought to light, I have been every year
more deeply impressed with their Christian
disinterestedness and with the entireness of
her consecration to God."
Ex-President Humphrey declared that he
had never known a woman to combine so much
physical, intellectual, and moral power as Miss
Lyon. "Such labors as she performed would
have broken down almost any other constitu-
tion years and years ago. Such constitutional
energy as she possessed, always in action, often
intense, would have shattered any ordinary
framework, long ere the meridian of life. Such
tasks as she imposed upon her brain, espe-
cially during the three years which she spent in
planning the Seminary and enlisting the neces-
AN APPRECIATION 415
sary agencies for getting it up, would have dis-
organized almost any other. . . . Miss Lyon's
mind was of a high order ; clear, strong, active,
well balanced, inventive ; which no discourage-
ment could depress, no obstacle daunt. It is
very rare indeed to find such mental strength
and such quenchless ardor controlled by the
soundest discretion and the best ' round-about
common sense.' One of the strong proofs of
Miss Lyon's intellectual superiority, which
must have struck all who knew her, was the
power which she had to influence other minds.
. . . But it was the moral and religious in Miss
Lyon's character which eclipsed all her other
endowments and in which her great strength
lay. . . . To do the greatest possible good to
the greatest number was her study and delight.
... In humble imitation of her Saviour she
seemed, wherever she went and in all her rela-
tions, to be the very embodiment of love and
good-will to men ; and never to have thought
of herself, of her own ease, advantage, or con-
venience. It was enough for her that others
were made wiser and better and happier, at
whatever cost of toil or sacrifice to herself. She
416 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
seemed scarcely to know that she had any per-
sonal interests to care for. ... I do not be-
lieve that an instance can be recollected by any
human being since she entered on her bright
career of usefulness in which she appeared to be
actuated in the slightest degree by selfishness."
It is a woman of mighty stature that these
men delineate. From their point of view she
sometimes made mistakes — "who does not ?"
— but they could find in her no moral blemish.
Though she never fulminated against the natu-
ral instincts of men, neither wish for fame nor
desire for earthly immortality drew her on. Her
contemporary biographers acknowledge that
they searched carefully for any trace of these
motives, knowing "that in the lives of most
persons eminent for benevolence the little imp,
selfishness, is not infrequently seen peeping out
from behind the cloak of benevolence." They
looked in vain. Yet at any suggestion that she
was perfect, Mr. Hitchcock exclaimed years
later, "those large eyes of hers would have
opened in unwonted amazement ! " She worked
for the joy of doing, and she never saw her own
spiritual beauty.
AN APPRECIATION 417
Preeminently she was a builder. Whomever
and whatever her constructive personality
touched, it quickened. Probably no woman has
laid a more persuasive hand on American so-
ciety than she. Nor has her influence been the
less compelling because its results have not al-
ways been accredited to her. She came upon
a democracy in the making, and she left it more
democratic than she found it. For Mary Lyon
was typically American; the national strain of
mingled idealism, pluck, persistence, and en-
ergy rose in her to high power. Her roots struck
deep into the new world's history; her life is
eloquent of its opportunity ; her genius belongs
to that practical order which has hitherto mo-
nopolized the transcendent expressions of its
creative force.
An age makes no more response than does
a person to one who is wholly out of sympathy
with it. She embodied the deep indwelling
spirit of her generation, its outreach, its stir
of bourgeoning life, its promise. Others have
articulated that spirit in other mediums. Emer-
son became its voice, and between the message
of Emerson and the practice of Mary Lyon,
418 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
wide as was often their divergence, runs a deep
independent parallelism. Both interpreted life
in terms of love and duty. Both taught sincer-
ity, simplicity, and heroism ; the value of a hu-
man soul ; the dignity of work ; the indivisibil-
ity of man and his need of an education that
shall make him physically, intellectually, and
morally responsive to the universe. Both found
spiritual meaning in common things. Emerson
would walk, work, speak, inspired by the di-
vine ; Mary Lyon knew with years an ever deep-
ening sense of God as an abiding Presence
which glorified alike her holiest communions
and the homeliest doings of her busy days. "I
have a hundred little perplexities and troubles
every day that I should be ashamed to mention
even to my mother, but I can tell them all to
Christ, and never do I carry one of them to
Him but He sends me away refreshed and
strengthened." — "Religion does not seem to
me to tend now to a cultus, as heretofore," said
Emerson, "but to a heroic life." Mary Lyon
lived it. One might trace the parallelism more
minutely, setting sentence against sentence,
but such analysis is not within the purpose of
AN APPRECIATION 419
this biography. Emerson wrote his words on
paper and bound them into books. Mary Lyon
gathered girls about her, and having filled their
souls full of her thoughts, she sent them out to
live, and by their living spread them.
More than three thousand students trans-
mitted her influence to the rising currents of
the American enterprise, and the overwhelm-
ing majority became active centres for the dis-
semination of her spirit. Wherever they went
- north, south, east, west ; into the farthest
corners of the globe — they lived by her, talked
about her, quoted her, as is the wont of people
who have experienced a great phenomenon of
nature or humanity. Recollection of her held
them steady when they were tempted in cow-
ardice to shirk some untried issue of a later day.
What they had gained from her they passed on
in home and in school to newer generations.
Girls went out from her presence to mother
leaders of American life, among them a presi-
dent of the United States, and to stamp on
thousands of sons and daughters the under-
standing that citizenship requires service. Pop-
ular education in every grade of advancement
420 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
felt the quickening impulse of the teachers she
had trained, women who believed nothing
more strongly than that the fundamental prin-
ciple of all useful living is to get right moral
direction. People who spread themselves over
too much ground seldom make lasting con-
quests. Mary Lyon focused her energy at one
point, the higher education of women ; yet her
wealthy life fed more streams than it is possible
to trace. Many a later movement of national
and world significance has been forwarded by
men and women who bore more or less dis-
tinctly the imprint of her personality.
Had she done this alone, she would have held
a place among the most notable of American
educators. Mark Hopkins defined the differ-
ence between a skillful professor and a true
educator: The true educator's most necessary
quality is not talent but influence; only when
education seeks to make man what he ought to
be, does it cease to be a useful art and become a
power which moulds human society. But Mary
Lyon did more than react upon things as they
were through the ennobling of individual char-
acter. She dealt with a trend of social evolution,
AN APPRECIATION 421
and she dealt knowingly. It is her distinction to
have made clear and unmistakable application
to women's education of principles long reg-
nant over that of the other half of humanity.
Since her day founders have furthered this
application; the fact remains that in Mount
Holyoke she first formulated the proposition
of the woman's college, a permanent plant for
the higher education of a nation's daughters.
What name it bore matters little; a name cannot
conceal identity. In 1868 a committee from the
Senate of Massachusetts, recommending a grant
of forty thousand dollars to Mount Holyoke,
reported upon Mary Lyon's aim: "Her ob-
ject was to establish a female seminary which
should be in every respect on a par with our best
colleges." Four years earlier another Senate
document declared: "This institution, as ap-
pears in the foregoing, is organized and carried
on upon the broad basis of a college, — a col-
lege for girls." And because she gave form to
tendencies of what in the mass men call civiliza-
tion, history will rank her in its final reckoning
as a profound practical sociologist.
A pioneer is seldom isolated. He is but the
422 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
audible exponent of the inarticulate gropings
of many minds. Mary Lyon did not create the
demand for the higher education of women;
she was not even the first to voice it. But from
her shaping hands that education took indi-
vertible direction. With her ear pressed close to
the age, she heard the marching feet of the fu-
ture. Women were face to face with a new era,
and she sought to prepare them nobly to meet
it. In so doing, by the law of life she built on
what had gone before. Yet ske built so differ-
ently as to mark a beginning and not a consum-
mation. It is the way of genius to fashion the
new out of the old.
An investigator into the feminine educational
history of the United States cannot fail to be
struck by its evolutionary trend. The college
movement began as an offshoot from a semi-
nary movement, previously initiated, which is
still active, each having defined itself more ac-
curately with time. Despite a few outstanding
exceptions, the seminary movement, whatever
names it may employ, has continued essentially
private, a business development. Mount Hoi-
yoke marked the initial appearance of the new
AN APPRECIATION 423
species. While resembling the root-stock, it was
yet as alien from the seminary in tendency as
was the first man from his prehensile prototype ;
a creature of higher potentialities — another.
Mary Lyon was right in prophesying that the
second and third foundations would come eas-
ier than the first. She was right in saying that
Mount Holyoke might have to struggle under
financial embarrassments for years. She was
right, too, in her declaration that its influence
would be felt. When a person has beliefs which
he is willing to put into practice without hag-
gling over the price, the effect is irresistible.
Mount Holyoke became localized only be-
cause it was first an idea in a woman's head,
an idea that she wanted to have get to work in
human society. As she had intended, the cam-
paign for its founding stimulated thought on
the subject of women's education which was
far-reaching in effect, and its success helped to
destroy skepticism in a region of commanding
scholastic influence. The pioneer service which
Mount Holyoke rendered during its first half-
century of life President Seelye of Smith epit-
omized in his semicentennial greeting. Un-
424 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
able to be present, he wrote : " I should like at
least to testify to the obligation which our
higher schools for women are under to Mary
Lyon and to the institution which she founded.
Most of them owe their very existence to
Mount Holyoke Seminary ; all of them are un-
speakably indebted to the work which it has
accomplished in the past fifty years in provid-
ing better and more abundant material for
their work, in educating so many accomplished
and self-sacrificing teachers, and in giving so
clear and forcible expression to the truth that
intelligence is as valuable in a woman's mind
as it is in a man's and is as capable and as
worthy of the highest cultivation."
Elmira College was founded in 1855. But
the full flowering of collegiate education for
women awaited ampler fortunes. In 1861,
when Matthew Vassar placed four hundred
thousand dollars in the holding of trustees for
the establishment of Vassar, he said: "It was
also in evidence that for the last thirty years
the standard of education for the sex has been
constantly rising in the United States ; and the
great, felt, pressing want has been ample en-
AN APPRECIATION 425
dowments to secure to female seminaries the
elevated character, the stability and perma-
nency of our best colleges. ... In pursuance
of this design I have obtained from the legis-
lature an act of incorporation conferring on
the proposed seminary the corporate title of
Vassar Female College." At its opening in
1865 the requisite age was placed at fifteen
and a provisional course was instituted. Wide
diversity in preparation divided students into
" collegiates " and "preparatories." "Candi-
dates for the first year of the regular course are
examined to a certain extent in Latin, French,
and Algebra," remarks the chronicler of those
experimental, history-making years.
Smith and Wellesley, commencing in the
next decade, found themselves also in a posi-
tion to set standards. Smith was the first of
women's schools to start as a pure college, hav-
ing at once a full collegiate curriculum and no
preparatory department. "The requirements
for admission will be substantially the same as
at Harvard, Yale, Brown, Amherst, and other
New-England Colleges," announced the pro-
spectus, If inasmuch as the High Schools and
426 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
most of the Academies wisely furnish the same
preparatory instruction to both sexes." Promi-
nent among the trustees of Smith were men
who, having known Mary Lyon or her work,
looked to Mount Holyoke as to " the germ of
all the women's colleges." In founding Welles-
ley Mr. Durant, one of the Holyoke trustees,
avowed an intent to duplicate Mount Holyoke
in spirit and aim. Fashioning the details of his
plan in accordance with such modifications of
the pattern as were called for by the times, his
thought inevitably turned from the word semi-
nary to "college," and he urged that Mount
Holyoke also change its name.
Nor did Holyoke-trained women fail in their
teaching to cooperate with the future. Let
them cultivate that part of their nature which
would make them love permanence, Miss Lyon
used to urge upon her students, together with
an injunction to adapt their schools, if they
taught, to the real needs of the constituency
served. Of the American educational concerns
taking immediate departure from her influence,
Lake Erie, Mills, and The Western have al-
ready attained collegiate rank. But the impetus
AN APPRECIATION 427
which the founding of Mount Holyoke gave to
the education of women was also world-wide
in its expression ; and the institutions of higher
learning that look directly to Mary Lyon for
their inspiration put a girdle round the earth,
from America to Japan and from South Africa
to Spain.
There can be nothing rigid about the higher
education, whether of women or of men. For
so long as education would serve humanity, its
forms must continue to be garments of an end-
less growth, witnessing continual adjustment
to the enlarging life and thought of the world.
Her own share in securing this adjustment
Mary Lyon characterized with instinctive ac-
curacy when she said at Ipswich, that she
should ask for nothing more than "to labor in
the portico and spend her days in clearing the
ground" for that which was to come.
Yet there she did her work so well, enunci-
ating so clearly the principles which have gov-
erned the development of colleges for women,
that later comment has been but amplified re-
iteration. In her emphasis on student maturity,
definition of entrance requirement, solidity of
428 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
curriculum, integrity of work, better equip-
ment, and public ownership, she made sure
provision for the expansion that has come with
time. Most organizers have followed her lead
in stressing the worth of community life, and
in making dormitory accommodation for girls.
Preparatory departments have slipped out of
college catalogues. And to-day the latest
thought is swinging back to her strong accent
on the value of personal influence in the devel-
opment of useful women.
More than seventy years ago she summed
in forecast what might be expected as the fruit
of this phase of her life. Referring to the cha-
otic state of women's education in the thirties,
she said : " We cannot hope for a state of things
essentially better, till the principle is admitted
that female seminaries designed for the public
benefit must be founded by the hand of public
benevolence and be subject to the rules en-
joined by such benevolence. Let this principle
be fully admitted and let it have sufficient time
to produce its natural effects, and it will be
productive of more important results than can
be easily estimated. Then our large seminaries
AN APPRECIATION 429
may be permanent, with all the mutual respon-
sibility and cooperation which the principle of
permanency produces. Then, if 'the teacher
makes the school,' there will be a school which
will find the teacher. Then each public semi-
nary may be a central point around which
several smaller and more private schools may
cluster, and to which they may look for influ-
ence, for guidance, and for a supply of teachers.
There will then be laid a broad and sure foun-
dation for system, improvement, and elevation
in female education. May we not hope that
this state of things is not far distant ? . . . Per-
haps the influence which this seminary exerts
in this respect will be more important in its
results than all its other influence."
Thus she moved, an epic figure, through
what Professer Tyler termed the heroic age of
the higher education of women. For Mary
Lyon's life is a heritage that Mount Holyoke
cannot claim alone. Her nature sounded a
trumpet-call to her generation, and men and
women rallied to her faith in them. Out of their
noblest selves, their hopes, toils, sacrifices, as-
pirations, she built a new institution into the
430 THE LIFE OF MARY LYON
forces of American democracy. It was at the
point in history where she stood that, with
Archimedean purpose, she applied her lever;
so should men and women together lift the
wide earth up to God.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A. CHRONOLOGY OF MARY LYON'S LIFE
1797 February 28. Born in Buckland, Mass.
1802 December 21. Death of father, Aaron Lyon.
1810 Mother remarried and went to live in Ashfield.
1814 Taught in Shelburne Falls, — first of seven con-
secutive summers of district-school teaching in
and about Buckland.
1817 Fall and winter, student at Ashfield Academy.
1818 Autumn term, student at Amherst Academy.
Winter, taught district school.
1819 Brother moved to Western New York. — Spring,
" family school " in Buckland ; autumn, " select
school" in Buckland; winter, district school.
1820 Fall or winter, student at Ashfield Academy.
1821 Summer, student at Byfield Seminary under Jo-
seph Emerson. Winter, taught in Sanderson
Academy, Ashfield.
1822 March. Joined Congregational Church of Buck-
land. — Spring, fall, and winter terms, assist-
ant in Sanderson Academy.
1823 Summer, taught in Conway and studied science
with Rev. Edward Hitchcock. Fall and winter
terms, assistant in Sanderson Academy.
1824 Attended lectures at Amherst College. — Taught
in Adams Academy, Londonderry, N. H., the
434 APPENDIX
first of four summers. Winter, school for girls
in Buckland.
1825 Spring, attended lectures at the Rensselaer
School, Troy, New York. — Winter, assistant
in Sanderson Academy, preceptress of girls'
school in Buckland.1
1826 to 1828 Winters, preceptress of Sanderson Acad-
emy, Ashfield, Mass.
1828 to 1830 Ipswich Seminary in summer; "select
school" at Buckland in winter.
1830 to 1834 Assistant-principal of Ipswich Seminary.
Efforts for endowment of the seminary.
1832 Death of sisters: Rosina, August 18; Lovina,
September 18.
1833 Summer of travel through Middle Atlantic
States and the West.
1834 to 1837 Founding of Mount Holyoke.
1834 Circular to friends and patrons of Ipswich Sem-
inary. — September 6, first meeting of men held
at Ipswich. — Raising of initial $1,000. — Win-
ter spent at Professor Hitchcock's " in the pro-
secution of science."
1835 January 8, location chosen. April, name se-
lected.— Opening of Wheaton Seminary.
1836 February 11, Mount Holyoke chartered. — Oc-
tober 3, corner-stone laid.
1837 November 8, Mount Holyoke opened.
1837 to 1849 Principal of Mount Holyoke.
1839 February. Death of sister, Jemima.
1 See Historical Address of Sanderson Academy and Hitchcock
Memoir. May we explain the apparent discrepancy by supposing
that she taught a few weeks in Sanderson Academy before her Buck-
land school began ?
APPENDIX 435
1840 to 1841 Main building extended and south wing
built. — Death of youngest sister. — Mother's
death. — Trip to Niagara and Ohio.
1843 Wrote "A Missionary Offering."
1849 March 5, died at South Hadley, Mass.
B. FIRST CHARTER OF MOUNT HOLYOKE
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS
In the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred
and Thirty-Six
An Act to incorporate Mount-Holyoke Female Seminary.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-
tives in General Court assembled and by the authority
of the same, that William Bowdoin, John Todd, Joseph
D. Condit, David Choate, and Samuel Williston, their
associates and successors be and are hereby incorporated
by the name of the Trustees of Mount-Holyoke Female
Seminary, to be established in South-Hadley in the
County of Hampshire, with the powers and privileges
and subject to the duties and liabilities provided in
" Chapter forty-fourth of the Revised Statutes passed
November fourth in the year one thousand eight hun-
dred and thirty-five," and with power to hold real and
personal estate not exceeding in value one hundred thou-
sand dollars, to be devoted exclusively to the purposes
of education.
HOUSE OF REPS. Feb : 10, 1836.
Passed to be enacted. JULIUS ROCKWELL, Speaker.
IN SENATE Feb : 10, 1836.
Passed to be enacted. HORACE MANN, President.
EDWARD EVERETT.
C. COURSE OF STUDY
(From the Catalogue of 1837-1838.)
COURSE OF STUDY AND INSTRUCTION
There is an extensive and systematic English course of study
pursued in the Seminary in three regular classes, denominated
Junior, Middle and Senior. The studies of each class are de-
signed for one year, though the pupils will be advanced from
class to class according to their progress, and not according to
the time spent in the Institution. In some cases, individuals
may devote a part of their time to branches not included in the
regular course, (Latin for instance) and occupy a longer period
in completing the studies of one class.
PREPARATORY STUDIES
The requisites for entering the Junior class are, an acquaint-
ance with the general principles of English Grammar, a good
knowledge of Modern Geography, History of the United States,
Watts on the Mind, Colburn's First Lessons, and the whole of
Adams's New Arithmetic, or what would be equivalent in Writ-
ten Arithmetic. These branches are to be required of candi-
dates for admission to the Seminary.
STUDIES OF THE JUNIOR CLASS
English Grammar, Ancient Geography, Ancient and Modern
History, Sullivan's Political Class Book, Botany, Newman's
Rhetoric, Euclid, Human Physiology.
438 APPENDIX
STUDIES OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
English Grammar continued, Algebra, Botany continued,
Natural Philosophy, Smellie's Philosophy of Natural History,
Intellectual Philosophy.
STUDIES OF THE SENIOR CLASS
Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Ecclesiastical History, Evi-
dences of Christianity, Whately's Logic, Whately's Rhetoric,
Moral Philosophy, Natural Theology, Butler's Analogy.
The above is the course, as pursued in the Seminary the pre-
sent year. To the studies of the Senior class, there will probably
be added, hereafter, two or three branches, and something will
be taken from the present list, and added to those of the two pre-
ceding classes. On this account, it will be more important, that
the preparation to enter the Junior class should be full and
thorough.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUPILS
None can be admitted to the Junior class without passing a
good examination on all the preparatory studies, whatever may
be their attainments in other branches. But individuals may be
admitted to the Middle and Senior classes, by passing a good
examination on the preparatory studies, and on such branches
of the regular course as shall be equivalent to a full prepara-
tion.
(From the Catalogue of 1848-1849.)
STUDIES REQUIRED FOR ADMISSION TO THE
SEMINARY
A good knowledge of Wells' English Grammar, with an abil-
ity to apply the principles in analyzing and parsing, and of Mod-
APPENDIX 439
ern Geography, and a readiness in Mental Arithmetic, (such as
Colburn's First Lessons,) that is, an ability to give a correct
answer to the questions as they are read by the teacher, and to
give an account of all the steps of the mental process, — also a
good knowledge of common Arithmetic, including all the more
difficult rules. In the examination of Arithmetic, a list of ques-
tions taken from different authors is used. It is recommended
that candidates for admission go through two or three different
authors, so as thus to gain more mathematical discipline, and
be better prepared for examination. Adams's New Arithmetic
and Greenleaf's are particularly recommended. A good know-
ledge of Mitchell's Ancient Geography, of Andrews and Stod-
dard's Latin Grammar, and Andrews's Latin Reader, of the
History of the United States, and of Watts on the Mind, is also
required.
EXCEPTIONS
[This entry appears in a few catalogues after the announcement
of advanced entrance requirements.]
In some special cases, Latin and Ancient Geography may
be deferred till after admission to the Seminary, and two years
be spent in the Junior Class to make up the deficiency.
STUDIES OF THE JUNIOR CLASS
Review of English Grammar, Latin (Cornelius Nepos),
History (Worcester's Elements, Goldsmith's Greece, Rome and
England, and Grimshaw's France), Day's Algebra, Playfair's
Euclid (old edition), and Wood's Botany commenced; also
Smellie's Philosophy of Natural History,1 and Marsh's Eccle-
siastical History.1
1 Not strictly required of those who have a good knowledge of
Latin.
440 APPENDIX
STUDIES OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
Latin, Cutter's Physiology, Silliman's Chemistry, Olmsted's
Natural Philosophy, Olmsted's Astronomy, Wood's Botany
continued, Newman's Rhetoric; also, Alexander's Evidences
of Christianity.1
STUDIES OF THE SENIOR CLASS
Playfair's Euclid finished, Wood's Botany continued, Hitch-
cock's Geology, Paley's Natural Theology, Upham's Mental
Philosophy in two volumes, Whately's Logic, Wayland's
Moral Philosophy, Butler's Analogy 1 and Milton's Paradise
Lost.1
All the members of the school attend regularly to composi-
tion, reading and calisthenics. Instruction is given in vocal
music, in linear and perspective drawing, and in French. Those
who have attended to instrumental music, can have the use of
a piano a few hours in each week.
It is expected as a general rule, that all who enter the Semi-
nary will pursue the branches of the regular course in order,
taking the required Latin in its place, whether they can go
through the whole course or not. Still there may be exceptions
to this rule in favor of those who can spend but one year in
the Institution, who have not made great advance in the English
branches, and who with this one year are to finish their school
education. It is believed, however, that there is no occasion
for extending this exception to the younger class of applicants,
who expect thus to finish their education in one year. Such,
1 Not strictly required of those who have a good knowledge of
Latin.
APPENDIX 441
if they cannot defer this last year of their pupilage till they have
more age, will gain as much or more benefit at some other
•school, where their studies will not be encumbered and re-
stricted by a regular system. No pledge is required for a con-
tinuance in the Seminary for more than a year. A commencing
of the regular course in order, is all that is expected. All enter
the Institution, only for one year at first. The question of
returning the second is left for future decision.
D. EARLIEST FORM OF DIPLOMA
MOUNT HOLYOKE FEMALE SEMINARY
This certifies that Miss has completed the prescribed
course of study at this Seminary and by her proficiency and
correct deportment merits this testimonial of approbation.
In testimony whereof the trustees affix their seal at South
Hadley, Massachusetts, this fourth day of August in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-two.
MARY LYON, PRINCIPAL
By order of the Trustees,
Secretary, JOSEPH D. CONDIT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
THIS list of the most important printed material upon
which the biography is based, excludes all summaries in
the form of books and magazine articles dealing with
the progress of education, together with appreciations of
Miss Lyon's life and work, which have not resulted from
first-hand knowledge either of the events themselves or
of documentary evidence. The only exception to the
first ruling is to be found in the citation of publications
issued by the United States Bureau of Education and
by Columbia University, — these volumes being under-
stood as embodying authentic information furnished by
the institutions described, or gained from careful study
of original sources. Newspaper references are not cov-
ered by this bibliography. Nor does it account for a
mass of manuscript material in the Mount Holyoke
College archives and elsewhere.
I. MARY LYON
A. Written by Mary Lyon.
To the friends and patrons of Ipswich Female
Seminary. [Spring, 1834.] Reprinted with report of
meeting on Sept. 6. Joseph B. Felt, scribe, Ipswich,
Mass., Sept. 8, 1834.
Circular.
444 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, South Hadley,
1835.
Prospectus.
[Circular letter.] South Hadley, n. d.
General View of the principles and design of
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. [South Hadley,
Mass., May, 1837.]
Female Education. Tendencies of the principles
embraced and the system adopted in the Mount
Holyoke Female Seminary. [South Hadley, Mass.,
June, 1839.]
Preparation for admission. [South Hadley, Sept.,
1840.]
Circular.
[Circular to] Candidates for Mount Holyoke
Female Seminary, n. d.
A Missionary Offering. Boston, 1843.
B. Written about Mary Lyon.
FISK, FIDELIA. Recollections of Mary Lyon.
Boston, 1866.
HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. A Chapter in the Book
of Providence.
Anniversary Address. Mount Holyoke, 1849.
. Power of Christian benevolence illus-
trated in the life and labors of Mary Lyon. North-
ampton, 1851.
. [The Same.] A new edition, abridged
and in some parts enlarged, by Mrs. Eunice Cald-
well Cowles. New York, 1858.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 445
HUMPHREY, HEMAN. The Shining Path; A Ser-
mon preached in South Hadleyat the funeral of
Miss Mary Lyon, March 8, 1849.
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, Memorial.
Twenty-fifth Anniversary. 1862.
Address by E. N. KIRK, and reminiscences by RTJFUS
ANDERSON, DAVID CHOATE, JOEL HAWES, EDWARD
HITCHCOCK, THOMAS LAURIE.
STOW, SARAH D. LOCKE. History of Mount
Holyoke Seminary during its first half-century. 1887.
SOULE, ANNAH MAY. MS. notes on similarities in
the teaching of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Mary
Lyon.
II. EDUCATION
ABBOT ACADEMY. McKeen, Philena and Phebe.
History of Abbot Academy. Andover, Mass, 1880.
ADAMS ACADEMY.
See DERRY AND IPSWICH SCHOOLS.
American Annals of Education and Instruction for
the year 1836. William C. Woodbridge, editor.
American Journal of Education (Barnard's).
BALDWIN, THERON.
See Monticello Seminary.
BANISTER, MRS. [Z. P. GRANT.] Hints on Edu-
cation. Boston, 1856.
. Use of a Life. A Memorial, by L.
T. Guilford. New York, 1885.
446 BIBLIOGRAPHY
BEECHER, CATHARINE E. Suggestions respecting
improvements in education, presented to the trustees
of the Hartford Female Seminary. 1829.
. Educational reminiscences and sug-
gestions. New York, 1874.
BUCKLAND FEMALE SCHOOL. Catalogue of the
teachers and pupils for the term ending March 2,
1830.
BUSH, G. G. History of higher education in
Massachusetts. United States Bureau of Education :
Circular of Information, No. 6, 1891.
College Curriculum.
See SNOW, Louis FRANKLIN.
DANA, DANIEL. Hints on reading.
Address delivered in the Ipswich Female Seminary,
Jan. 15, 1834.
DERBY AND IPSWICH SCHOOLS. Catalogues of the
officers and members of the Adams Female Acad-
emy. 1824, 1825, 1826.
. Catalogues of the officers and mem-
bers of the Ipswich Female Academy. 1828, 1829.
. Catalogues of the officers and mem-
bers of the Ipswich Female Seminary. 1830-1836.
. Catalogues of the officers and mem-
bers of the seminary for female teachers at Ipswich,
Mass. 1837-1839.
. Ipswich Female Seminary. Maxims
for teachers, n. d.
Pamphlet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 447
— . The Passing of Ipswich Seminary
Monticello Seminary. Echo, No. 20.
DICKINSON, EMILY, Letters: edited by Mabel
Loomis Todd. Vol. I. Boston, 1894.
DWIGHT, TIMOTHY. Travels in New England and
New York. New Haven, 4 vols. 1821-1822.
EMERSON, JOSEPH. Catalogue of the members of
the female seminary under the care of Mr. Emerson,
commenced at Byfield and continued at Saugus, near
Boston. 1818-1822.
. Prospectus of the female seminary
at Wethersfield, Ct., comprising a general prospec-
tus, course of instruction, maxims of education, and
regulations of the seminary; with notes relating to
books, branches of literature, methods of instruc-
tion, etc., etc. 1826.
— . Recitation lectures upon the acquisi-
tion and communication of thought. 1826.
— . Letter to a class of young ladies upon
the study of the history of the United States. 1828.
. Life of. Emerson, Ralph. Boston,
1834.
EMMA WILLARD SCHOOL. Catalogues of the officers
and pupils of the Troy Female Seminary. 1843-
1864.
. Annual catalogue of the Emma
Willard School. 1895-1896.
. [Circular sent to the citizens of Troy
in 1871.]
See also WILLARD, EMMA.
448 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAIRCHILD, JAMES H.
See OBERLIN COLLEGE.
GEORGIA, EDUCATION IN.
See JONES, CHARLES E.
GUILFORD, L. T.
See BANISTER, MRS.
IPSWICH SEMINARY.
See DERRY AND IPSWICH SCHOOLS.
JONES, CHARLES EDGEWORTH. Education in
Georgia.
United States Bureau of Education: Circular of Infor-
mation, No. 4, 1888.
LARCOM, LUCY A.
See WHEATON SEMINARY.
LITCHFIELD SCHOOL. E. N. Vanderpoel, com-
piler. Chronicles of a pioneer school from 1792-
1833, being the history of Miss Sarah Pierce and of
her Litchfield school. Edited by Elizabeth C. Barney
Buel. Cambridge, 1903.
LORD, JOHN.
See WILLARD, EMMA.
LOSSING, BENSON J.
See VASSAR COLLEGE.
MASSACHUSETTS, EDUCATION IN.
See BUSH, G. G.
MONTICELLO SEMINARY. Theron Baldwin. His-
torical address. Echo, No. 15.
MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE. Address to the
Christian public. Northampton, June 15, 1835.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 449
Circular signed by JOHN TODD, JOSEPH PENNEY, and
ROSWELL HAWKS.
. General view of the principles and
design of the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary.
In Religious Magazine and Family Miscellany; New
Series, vol. i, pp. 184-189. 1837.
. Prospectus of Mount Holyoke Fe-
male Seminary, Boston. 1837.
Signed by J. D. CONDIT, secretary, in behalf of the
trustees. South Hadley, Mass., May 1, 1837.
. Annual catalogues, 1837-8
The title of the 1837-8 catalogue reads : First annual
catalogue of the officers and members of the Mount Holyoke
Female Seminary.
. Anniversary addresses : —
1839. Rufus Anderson.
1840. Mark Hopkins.
1841. Bela B. Edwards.
1842. Edward Hitchcock.
1844. Edward N. Kirk.
1845. Joel Hawes.
1846. J. D. Condit.
1849. Edward Hitchcock.
. [Circular issued by the trustees.
April 20, 1849.]
. Massachusetts Senate [Document]
No. 136, 1868.
Report of committee on the petition of Mount Holyoke
Seminary for a grant of $40,000.
450 BIBLIOGRAPHY
. Semi-centennial celebration, 1837-
1887. 1888.
See also LYON, MARY.
New York, Education in.
See SHERWOOD, SIDNEY.
OBERLIN COLLEGE. James H. Fairchild. Ober-
lin : its origin, progress, and results. An address pre-
pared for the alumni of Oberlin College, assembled
Aug. 22, 1860. Oberlin, 1871.
. James H. Fairchild. Oberlin: the
Colony and the College. 1833-1883. Oberlin, 1883.
PALMER, GEORGE HERBERT.
See WELLESLEY COLLEGE.
PORTER, DEACON ANDREW W. Sumner, C. B.
Sermon, n. d.
POTTER, ALONZO, and EMERSON, GEORGE B. The
School and the Schoolmaster, Boston, 1843.
RAYMOND, JOHN HOWARD. Life and Letters.
Edited by his eldest daughter. New York, 1881.
See also VASSAR COLLEGE.
RENSSELAER SCHOOL. [Announcement.] 1824.
SAFFORD, DANIEL. A memoir ; by his wife. Bos-
ton, 1861.
SANDERSON ACADEMY. Historical Address. 1889.
SHERWOOD, SIDNEY. History of higher education
in the State of New York.
United States Bureau of Education, Circular of Infor-
mation, No. 3, 1900.
SIGOURNEY, MRS. L. H. Letters to my pupils,
BIBLIOGRAPHY 451
with narrative and biographical sketches. New
York, 1860.
SMITH COLLEGE. [Prospectus.] Northampton,
Mass., Sept. 10, 1872.
. Tyler, W. S. Address before the cit-
izens of Northampton, Dec. 9, 1872.
. Addresses at the inauguration of
Rev. J. Clark Seelye as President, July, 1875.
. Official circulars.
. Celebration of the Quarter-Cente-
nary. Cambridge, 1900.
SNOW, Louis FRANKLIN. The College Curricu-
lum in the United States. New York, 1907.
Columbia University Contributions to Education.
STOWE, HARRIET BEECHER. Life, by Charles
Edward Stowe. Boston, 1891.
TYLER, W. S.
See MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE, Semi-centennial cele-
bration, and SMITH COLLEGE.
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION. Reports
of Commissioner.
See also BUSH, G. G., JONES, CHARLES E., and
SHERWOOD, SIDNEY.
VASSAR COLLEGE. Prospectus of the Vassar
Female College. May, 1865.
. Lossing, Benson J. Vassar College
and its Founder. New York, 1867.
. Vassar College: a sketch of its
foundation, aims, and resources, and of the develop-
452 BIBLIOGRAPHY
ment of its scheme of instruction to the present time
New York, May, 1873.
. Historical sketch of Vassar College.
Prepared for the Commissioner of the Bureau of
Education. New York, 1876.
. Addresses at the celebration of the
completion of the twenty-fifth academic year. 1890.
See also RAYMOND.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE. [Prospectus.] Dec. 1874.
. Circular for 1876, Nov. 20, 1875.
— . Circular for 1876. June 11, 1876.
. Circular to parents. June 1, 1877.
. Circular to parents and students.
Aug. 1, 1879.
— . Calendar, 1878-1879.
. Palmer, George Herbert. Life of
Alice Freeman Palmer. Boston, 1908.
WHEATON SEMINARY. Wheaton, Eliza Baylies.
Life, by Harriet E. Paine. Cambridge, 1907.
. Larcom, Lucy A. A Semicentennial
Sketch. Cambridge, 1885.
WILLARD, EMMA. Letter addressed as a circular
to the members of the Willard Association for the
improvement of female teachers. 1838.
. Life of Emma Willard, by John
Lord. New York, 1873.
. Emma Willard and her pupils [Mrs.
A. W. Fairbanks, editor]. New York, 1898.
Published by Mrs. Russell Sage.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 453
III. MISCELLANEOUS
BUCKLAND CENTENNIAL, Sept. 10, 1879.
Pamphlet.
BUSHNELL, HORACE. Work and Play. New York,
1866.
ELLIS, E. R. Biographical Sketches of Richard
Ellis, the first settler of Ashfield, Mass,, and his de-
scendants. Detroit, 1888.
FELT, JOSEPH B. History of Ipswich, Essex, and
Hamilton. Cambridge, 1834.
JUDD, SYLVESTER. History of Hadley, including
the early history of Hatfield, South Hadley, Am-
herst, and Granby. Springfield, 1905.
LARCOM, LUCY. A New England Girlhood. Bos-
ton, 1890.
INDEX
ABBOT Academy, 218, 219.
Adams Academy, 87, 170, 433;
disagreement between principal
and trustees, 93, 109, 110. See
also Derry-Ipswich.
Amherst Academy, 62.
Amherst College, 63, 173, 283,
311, 326, 351, 425; Mary Lyon
attends lectures at, 118, 433;
professors from, lecture at
Mount Holyoke, 297, 298.
Ashfield Academy. See Sander-
son Academy.
Avery, Joseph, 244.
Baldwin, Rev. Theron, 277.
Banister, Mrs. Z. P. See Grant.
Beecher, Catherine, 137, 183;
principal of Hartford Seminary,
96, 102, 167-170; wishes to se-
cure Mary Lyon as teacher,
135 ; correspondence with Mary
Lyon about Mount Holyoke,
181, 206, 212, 213, 241; charac-
terizes Mount Holyoke, 218;
effort to supply Middle West
with trained teachers, 322, 323.
Beecher, Harriet, "composition"
work at Hartford Seminary,
168.
Beecher, Lyman, advocates Hart-
ford-Ipswich merger, 169 ; story
of machine that " would n't
go," 257.
Burgess, Mrs. See Moore, Abi-
gail.
Burritt, Elijah, 61.
Byfield Seminary, 65-82, 98, 165,
433.
Caldwell, Eunice (Mrs. John
Cowles), 251; biographer of
Mary Lyon, 1; principal of
Wheaton Seminary, 191; quo-
tations from, 254, 331; at
Mount Holyoke, 330.
Carlyle, Thomas, 198.
Choate, David, describes begin-
nings of Mount Holyoke, 185,
186.
Choate, Rufus, 173.
College curriculum in the United
States in 1836, 376 n.
Condit, Rev. Joseph, 254, 305, 442.
Cowles, Mrs. Eunice Caldwell.
See Caldwell.
Dame schools, 41.
Dana, Daniel, 186.
Defoe, projected academy for
women, 42.
Derry-Ipswich Seminary, 95, 97-
112; its curriculum, 99-101;
entrance requirements, 99;
method of study, 102, 103, 198;
the "series," 103, 104; govern-
ment, 105; "sections," 106;
development of social sense,
456
INDEX
107, 108; religious influence,
108, 109; attention given to
training of teachers, 111 ; public
examinations, 136; proposed
merger with Hartford Seminary
169; financial status, 170, 171;
effect on public opinion, 238.
Dickinson, Emily, 302.
Diploma, 99, 284, 306, 442.
Durant, Henry F., 426.
Dwight, Timothy, Greenfield Hill
School, 45.
Eaton, Amos, Mary Lyon studies
under, 118, 119.
Edgeworth, Maria, testifies to
scope of women's education,
42.
Education of women, before 1800,
39-46; why thought unneces-
sary, 40; nunneries, 40; dame
schools, 41; of rich girls in
eighteenth century, 41; of
southern girls, 41; learned
women rare, 41, 42; girl passes
entrance examinations to Yale,
41, 42; stimulated by Revolu-
tionary War and invention of
machinery, 43 ; demand for wo-
men as teachers, 44, 176-178;
private ventures near the end of
the eighteenth century, 44, 45 ;
opening of public schools to
girls, 45; coeducational acade-
mies, 46 ; work of Joseph Emer-
son, 70-75, 81, 82, 98; lack of
system in, 95, 96, 159-162, 175,
266-269, 282, 309, 310 ; pioneers
in higher education, 96; joint
work of Zilpah Grant and Mary
Lyon at Derry and Ipswich,
97-112; absence of permanent
schools, 159, 160-162", 165, 167,
169, 170, 174, 175, 307, 428,
429; viewed as a business en-
terprise, 160-162, 170, 174;
"Plan" of Emma Willard pro-
viding for state aid, 163; she
disclaims the idea of a college,
163; her seminary a private
school, 165-167; its academic
character, 167; Joseph Emer-
son predicts the foundation of
higher schools, 164; work of
Catherine Beecher at Hartford,
167-170; decline of Hartford
Seminary for lack of funds, 169;
attempt to endow Ipswich
Seminary, 172-175; project for
a New England seminary for
women-teachers, 173; founding
of Oberlin, 176; supply and de-
mand in the fourth decade of
the nineteenth century, 175-
178; expense of, 179, 202; the
seminary movement in retro-
spect, 422 ; rise and evolution of
the college movement, 421-428;
influence of Mount Holyoke
beyond the United States, 427.
See also Mary Lyon and Mount
Holyoke.
Edwards, Jonathan, 21, 33, 133,
141 ; sisters study the classics,
42.
Elmira College; 424.
Emerson, Rev. Joseph, 66, 69, 70,
105 ; as a teacher, 70-75, 80-82,
98, 102; on Mary Lyon's com-
positions, 78, 79; moves his
seminary, 165; predicts higher
schools for women, 164; advises
INDEX
457
Zilpah Grant to establish a
permanent school, 170; con-
nection with Oberlin through
his pupils, 176.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, related
to Rev. Joseph Emerson, 69;
compared with Mary Lyon,
211, 281, 417, 418.
Emma Willard School, 167. See
Troy Seminary.
Entrance requirements, of Ameri-
can colleges in 1836, 376 n. ; at
Ipswich Seminary, 98, 99; no
mention of, at Troy, 167; at
Mount Holyoke, 261, 265, 266,
269, 271, 290, 291, 293, 295, 437-
439; at Vassar, 425; at Smith,
425.
Felt, Joseph, 186, 220.
Fisk, Fidelia, recollections of
Mary Lyon, 2.
Foot, Lucinda, passed entrance
examinations to Yale, 41, 42.
Fuller, Thomas, on "shercol-
leges," 39, 40.
Georgia, An act to establish a
public seat of learning for Fe-
males, 164; Georgia Female
College. See Wesleyan Female
College.
Gloucester, votes to educate girls,
45.
Grant, Zilpah P. (Mrs. Banister),
80, 94-96, 170, 183; helps pre-
pare memoir of Mary Lyon, 1 ;
assistant to Joseph Emerson,
80; opens Adams Academy, 87;
influence on Mary Lyon, 87,
88; moves her school to Ips-
wich, 93, 109, 110; appearance
and characteristics, 112, 113;
as a teacher, 97-114; declines
Miss Beecher's invitation to
Hartford, 169; emphasis on
need of permanent schools, 172;
invited to Mount Holyoke, 182;
opposes Miss Lyon's temporary
policies, 206, 212; recipient of
letters from Miss Lyon, 91, 92,
125, 143, 144, 158, 160, 175,
180, 223, 234, 245, 248, 256,
284, 339; connection with Vas-
sar, 101.
Hamilton, Gail, on Miss Grant,
113.
Hartford Seminary, 95, 96, 168-
170, 197, 221.
Harvard College, 40, 70, 141, 159,
228, 425 ; compared with Mount
Holyoke in popular support,
253.
Hawks, Roswell, 222-224, 231,
241, 252, 289, 368.
Heard, George W., 186.
Hitchcock, President, 63, 190,
241 ; biographer of Mary Lyon,
1 ; she studies with, 63, 190, 300,
301, 433, 434; connection with
Mount Holyoke, 184, 186, 190,
218, 220, 235, 244, 298, 300,
308, 318; on Mary Lyon, 117,
118, 192, 408-414.
Hitchcock, Charles, 301.
Hitchcock, Dr. Edward, 190, 301.
Hopkins, Mark, 270, 420; our
girls' schools, 175, 179; on
Mount Holyoke, 306, 307.
Hopkins bequest, Hadley's share
in, 22.
458
INDEX
Rowland, General, 186.
Humphrey, Heman, 220; on
Mary Lyon, 241, 351, 414-
416.
Ipswich Seminary, 93, 197, 198,
221, 271, 297; efforts for en-
dowment of, 172-175; sold,
171. See also Derry-Ipswich
Seminary.
Larcom, Lucy, 302.
Lafayette, 136.
Lake Erie College, 393, 394, 426.
Litchfield, Miss Pierce's School,
45.
Lord, Mrs. Edward. See Lyon,
Lucy.
Lyman, Hannah, 101.
Lyon; Aaron, grandfather of
Mary, 23.
Lyon, Aaron, father of Mary, 23,
24, 433.
Lyon, Aaron, brother of Mary, 20,
26, 48, 64, 139, 339, 433.
Lyon, Electa, eldest sister, 85.
Lyon, Freelove, youngest sister,
138, 346, 435.
Lyon, Jemima (Mrs. Wing), 434.
Lyon, Lovina (Mrs. Daniel Put-
nam), sister, 138, 139, 434.
Lyon, Lucy (Mrs. Edward Lord),
niece, 331, 338, 346.
Lyon, Mary, previous biographies
of, 1, 2; demand for a new Life,
2-4; materials for a new Life,
4-9; letters, 6-8. 344, 345;
birth, 13, 433; birthplace, 13-
18; ancestry, 19-24; father and
mother, 23; brothers and sis-
ters, 24; father's death, 24, 433;
home life, 24-31; definition of
economy, 29; tries to make
time, 31, 32; early schooling,
32, 33; books, 33; learns to
make brick, 35, 88; youthful
characteristics, 18, 32, 34, 35,
47, 48, 82, 83, 122-124; keeps
house for brother, 48 ; begins to
teach, 48, 433; salary, 48, 170,
345 ; attends Ashfield Academy,
49-55, 60, 61, 65, 433; recites
Latin Grammar, 50, 51; per-
sonal appearance, 49, 50, 57,
58, 118, 121, 122, 225, 284, 357-
362, 372, 399, 401, 404, 416;
character as a student, 47, 48,
52-54, 75-79; friendship with
Amanda White, 53, 54, at the
White home, 55, 56, 59, 60,
224, 225; social training, 56-59;
more schooling, 61-63; attends
Amherst Academy, 62, 63, 433 ;
brother moves west, 64, 433;
religious experience, 35, 64, 77,
129-131, 235, 317-322, 398,
402, 403, 413-416, 418; joins
church, 433; of romantic love
and marriage, 65, 140; attends
Joseph Emerson's Byfield Sem-
inary, 65-83, 433 ; journey from
Ashfield to Byfield, 68; com-
positions at Byfield, 78; mem-
ory-book, 79, 80; friendship
with Zilpah Grant, 80, 87, 88,
112-114, 343; opinions on
teaching, 84, 86, 115-117, 120.
121, 146-151, 199, 397: early
unsuccess as a teacher, 85, 86;
appointed to Sanderson Aca-
demy, 86, 433; decides not to
move west, 139, 140; connec-
INDEX
tion with Adams Academy, 87,
88, 433, 434; schools for girls at
Buckland and Ashfield, 88-95,
434 ; characteristics as a teacher,
89-93, 102, 106, 107, 114-118,
125-133, 300, 312, 379; connec-
tion with Ipswich Seminary, 94,
95, 434 ; opinions on education,
101, 116, 117, 131, 133, 195,
196, 198, 200-202, 266-270,
272-274, 282, 289, 293-295,
297, 337 ; interest in science, 63,
118, 119, 171, 190, 300, 301
434; talks to students, 126-128,
130, 131, 146-157, 312-317,
318-322, 327, 349, 372, 377-
879, 386, 387, 391, 392, 397,
398; influence on students, 128,
134, 317, 318, 322, 354-406,
419; wit and humor, 32, 123,
137, 234, 311, 368, 369, 400,
403, 405; concerning relatives,
138, 139, 144, 331, 332, 339,
345-347, 350, 433-435; travel,
140-145, 339, 434, 435; leaves
Ipswich, 145, 146, 182; de-
plores lack of "the vital prin-
ciple " in women's schools, 159-
160; sees the need of public aid,
160; caricatures the way girls'
schools are started, 160-162;
truth of the caricature illus-
trated, 169, 170; proposes to
give an object lesson of a per-
manent school 162; has not
always emphasized perma-
nence, 172; attempts to secure
endowment of Ipswich Semi-
nary, 172-175, 434; causes im-
pelling her to act, 175-179;
patriotism, 178; thoughts turn
toward middle class of society,
180; site in Ohio suggested,
180; invited to become head of
Monticello Seminary, 180; calls
New England "the cradle of
thought," 181; writes Miss
Beecher of two ways of raising
the money, 181, 182; need of
diplomacy, 183, 184; addresses
circular to friends of Ipswich
Seminary, 184, 434; calls first
meeting of men at Ipswich, 185,
186, 434; raises first thousand
dollars from women, 187-189,
434; recuperative power, 189;
spends winter at Amherst, 190,
434; calls meeting of leading
men of western Massachusetts,
190; helps open Wheaton Sem-
inary, 191, 192, 434; aim in
founding Mount Holyoke, 192,
193, 204, 205, 428, 429; perma-
nent policies defined, 193-204;
temporary policies, 205-215 ;
criticised by Miss Beecher and
Miss Grant, 206, 212, 213 ; com-
pared with Ralph Waldo Emer-
son, 211, 281, 417-419; raises
money for Mount Holyoke,
223-227, 231, 237-240, 250-
253, 336; personal expenditure
for Mount Holyoke, 226, 250,
256; disregard of hardship, 223,
224, 227, 246, 247, 327-331;
meets opposition and criticism,
227-236 ; protests against " gen-
teel nothingness," 231, 232;
calls for pioneers, 233; use of
prayer, 235, 236, 242, 318, 418;
speaks in school-houses, 237;
discovers "little bits of folks."
460
INDEX
239, 240; ability to select and
use workers, 240-244; writes
Miss Grant of "another dark
cloud," 245; not discouraged,
234, 246, 247, 250, 251; writes
Miss Grant after laying of cor-
ner stone, 248, 249 ; writes of a
point of etiquette, 251 ; oversees
finishing of building, 254, 255;
multiplication of activities be-
fore opening, 253-257; opens
Mount Holyoke, 258-263, 434;
secures cooperation of students,
256, 260-263, 287, 288; handi-
capped by public opinion and
practice, 264-271, 293-296,
332 ; organizes Mount Holyoke,
271-281, 329-331; writes Rev.
Theron Baldwin about the do-
mestic system, 277-279; guides
Mount Holyoke's development,
285-301, 348; channels of edu-
cational influence, 302, 303,
337. 393, 394, 419, 421-430 (see
also Mount Holyoke) ; writes
Miss Beecher in regard to fur-
nishing teachers for Middle
West, 323; interest in alumnae,
322, 324 ; founds Memorandum
Society, 325, 326; activities
while at the head of Mount
Holyoke, 329-338; character of
administration, 335, 412, 413;
rest trips, 338-340. 348, 349,
435; as guest, 340; with serv-
ants, 340, 341 ; as hostess, 342-
344; with children, 340-344;
premonitions of death, 347,
348; fiftieth birthday, 347 348;
death, 349-351, 435; pictures
of, 360-362; as seen by Presi-
dent Hitchcock, 408-414; as
seen by President Humphrey,
414-416; summary of position
as pioneer of the college move-
ment in women's education,
421-430.
Lyon, Rosina, 139, 140, 144, 434.
Mills College, 426.
Milton, 72, 117.
Missions, 11, 34, 60, 128; "A Mis-
sionary Offering," 5 435 ; inter-
est at Mount Holyoke, 321, 322,
324, 331, 332, 336, 376, 388,
389; recipe for a woman mis-
sionary, 322.
Monticello Seminary, 171, 180,
277, 307.
Moore, Abigail (Mrs. Burgess),
331, 332, 335, 346.
Moravian Seminary, 41.
Mount Holyoke, semicentennial
history, 2; inception of idea,
179, 180; projected, 184; first
meeting to discuss, 185, 186,
434; first money raised, 187-
189, 434; second meeting to
discuss 190; idea developed,
192; permanence, 193, 194, 216,
264, 307, 325, 326, 429; age
limit for students, 195, 269, 271,
273, 278, 291, 292, 375, 427;
entrance requirements, 261,
265, 266, 271, 290, 291, 293,
295, 427, 437, 438, 439; curricu-
lum, 197, 292-298, 376, 401,
428, 437-440; equipment, 195,
203, 210, 212, 285, 286, 328;
fitted to public need, 196, 198,
199, 204, 273, 322; character of
students, 195, 196, 203, 273,
INDEX
461
278, 290-292; all-round devel-
opment emphasized, 196, 220;
stress on system, 272, 282, 289,
437, 440, 441; principle of
growth, 196, 197, 285, 286, 289-
296, 325, 352, 353, 401, 376,
435, 438, 439 ; democratic spirit,
201-204, 273, 328; religious
character, 197, 317-320, 388,
389, 402, 403; anticipated re-
sult of founding, 204, 205, 233,
249, 263, 295, 296, 428, 429;
cooperative housework, 205-
211, 275-282, 289, 330, 333,
338, 365, 366, 371, 389-391;
salaries, 211-215, 345; tuition,
335, 336 ; main fund raised, 217,
222-227, 238-240, 244, 251,
286, 336; furniture, 251-253,
255, 256; opposition to, 218,
227-235, 332, 401 ; located, 218,
434; named, 220, 221, 434;
chartered, 221, 434, 436; friends
of, 184, 185, 186, 190, 218,
222, 224, 225, 241-244, 258-
260; delays and mishaps in
building, 244, 245, 247, 249-
251 ; corner stone laid, 248, 434 ;
opens 255, 258-263, 434; diffi-
culties of organization, 264-
270; teachers, 269, 270, 283,
298, 299; no preparatory de.
partment, 271; "series," 271;
"sections," 271, 272; com-
mencement, 282-284, 327-328,
303-310; diploma, 284, 306,
442; government, 286, 287, 364,
367, 373, 387, 390, 391, 405;
the "Holyoke spirit," 301; in-
fluence on education, 302, 303,
309, 310, 423, 424, 426, 427;
described in Boston Recorder,
304-306; described in Boston
Daily Mail, 328; recreation at,
310, 311, 382-386; called a
college by legislature of Massa-
chusetts, 421; "germ of all the
women's colleges," 228, 229,
421-429.
Occupations open to women when
Mount Holyoke was founded,
198.
Oberlin College, 176, 304.
Packard, Theophilus, 186.
Pangynaskean Seminary, 220,
304.
Pearsons, Dr. D. K., 303.
Pestalozzi, 71, 91, 99, 317.
Philadelphia, "female" academy,
45.
Pierce, Miss Sarah, Litchfield
School, 45.
Porter, Andrew, 242, 243, 249,
250, 251, 254, 258, 339.
Porter, Mrs., 242, 243, 250, 254,
257, 340, 351.
Raymond, John Howard, 101.
Religious Magazine, 235.
Rensselaer School, 118, 119, 434
Rockford College, 302.
Russell, Rev. John, 20.
Safford, Daniel, 243, 251, 259,
339, 341, 399.
Safford, Mrs., 243, 251, 259, 339,
358.
Sanderson Academy, 49, *63;
Mary Lyon's tribute to, 60;
Mary Lyon attends, 49-55, 60.
462
INDEX
61, 65, 433; Mary Lyon
teacher in, 86, 87, 433.
Sanderson, Alvan, 49.
"Sections," 106, 265, 271.
Seminary, usage of word, 220.
"Series," 103, 104, 271, 272.
Shepard, Jemima, mother of Mary
Lyon, 23, 25, 48, 235, 255, 433;
pictured by her daughter, 26-
28; death, 346, 435.
Sigourney, Mrs. L. H., writes of
Mary Lyon and Mount Hoi-
yoke, 351.
Smith, Chileab, 21, 22, 23.
Smith, Rev. Henry, 20.
Smith, Lieutenant Samuel, 20, 22.
Smith College, 228, 425, 426.
Snell, Ebenezer, 298.
Somerville, Mary, 42.
Southern girls, education of in
eighteenth century, 41.
Stiles, Ezra, 42.
Stow, Mrs. Sarah Locke, 2.
Troy Seminary, 95, 96, 104, 165-
167, 197, 221.
Tyler, William Seymour, 193,
429; describes opposition to
Mount Holyoke, 228-231.
Vassar College, 101, 221, 424, 425.
Vassar, Matthew, 424.
Webster, Daniel, 33.
Wellesley College, 425, 426.
Wesleyan Female College, 307,
308.
Western College, 426.
Wheaton Seminary, 191, 192, 245,
246, 253, 271, 336.
White, Amanda, 51, 53-59, 65-68,
76, 86, 344.
White, Hannah, 86, 87, 209, 224,
234 ; biographer of Mary Lyon,
1.
White, Thomas, 49, 55-60, 66-68,
86, 224, 225, 239, 240.
Williams College, 297, 346.
Willard, Emma, 96, 104, 142, 183;
issues " Address to the Public,"
163, 164; principal of Troy
Seminary, 165-167.
Willard, Mr. and Mrs. John, 166.
Woodbridge, William, New Ha-
ven school for girls, 45.
Yale College, 45, 228, 346, 425;
beginning compared with that
of Mount Holyoke, 296.
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